x>EPA
United States
Environmental Protection
Agency
Office of Solid Waste
(5306W)
EPA530-B-95-011
December 1995
Source Reduction
Bibliography
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Prevent Waste — Share This Document!
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EPA530-B-95-011
December 1995
Source Reduction Bibliography
United States Environmental Protection Agency
Office of Solid Waste
Washington, DC 20460
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Contents
Introduction iii
Business and Institutional Program Development/Guidance 1
Case Studies 7
Community Source Reduction Program Development/Guidance 9
Materials Exchanges 11
Packaging 12
Policy/Legislation 14
Public Outreach/Education 18
Toxic Materials in the Waste Stream 21
Variable Rates/Unit Pricing 23
Indices
Title Index A-l
Author Index B-l
Periodicals C-l
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Introduction
Over the last decade, a wide range of literature
has been published on waste reduction, covering
the specific topics of source reduction, recycling,
composting, and buying recycled products. A cur-
sory review of these materials, however, reveals
that relatively few documents focus solely on
source reduction, while other documents might
only contain a chapter or a section devoted to
source reduction. Consequently, finding relevant
information on source reduction often can be dif-
ficult and time-intensive.
The objective in compiling this bibliography is
to make information on source reduction more
accessible to solid waste managers. This bibliog-
raphy compiles information sources on source re-
duction published since 1989. Significant effort
was made to ensure that the information here is
up-to-date, commonly available, and is either to-
tally or substantially dedicated to source reduction.
Source reduction (or waste prevention)
is the design, manufacture, purchase,
use or reuse of materials or products
(including packages) to reduce their
amount or toxicity before they enter the
solid waste stream.
Audience and Scope
This bibliography is designed for municipal solid
waste planners, policy makers, and others involved
in managing or implementing programs on
waste prevention.
The references are organized into 10 source
reduction topics:
• Business and Industrial Program
Development/Guidance
• Case Studies
• Community Source Reduction Program
Development/Guidance
• Materials Exchanges
• Packaging
• Policy/Legislation
• Public Outreach/Education
• Toxic Materials in the Solid Waste
Stream
• Variable Rates/Unit Pricing
Each citation includes the title, author, date of
publication, and a brief abstract describing the
nature and content of the reference. The bibli-
ography also includes information on how each
item can be obtained and its cost.
Publications are arranged alphabetically within
each topic category by title.The appendix in-
cludes alphabetical indices by title and author or
publisher (see pages A-l and B-l).
Periodicals and Other Unclassified
Reference Materials
A substantial number of journal articles on
source reduction have been published. Periodicals,
however, are not included in this bibliography.
Appendix C-l contains a list of selected peri-
odicals that cover source reduction topics. Most
journals publish an annual index of articles by
subject.
Locating and Obtaining New Sources
This guide will be updated periodically to reflect
changes in the listed resources and to add infor-
mation as it becomes available. EPA invites
readers to identify new sources of information
and studies for inclusion in the next edition of
this source reduction bibliography by filling out
and mailing the enclosed reply card.
111
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Acknowledgments
The assistance provided by the following individuals toward the development
of this bibliography is greatly appreciated:
Kenneth Brown, Minnesota Office of Waste Management
Andy Duncan, University of Michigan
Kathy Frevert, California Integrated Waste Management Board
Ellen Z. Harrison, Cornell Waste Management Board
Reid Lifset, Yale University
Paul Ligon, Tellus Institute
iv Introduction
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Business and Institutional Program
Development/Guidance
Berkshire Recycles: A Handbook for
Berkshire County Businesses on
Commercial Recycling and Waste
Reduction
June 1990, 29 pp, $5
Center for Ecological Technology
112 Elm Street
Pittsfield, Massachusetts 01201
413445-4556
The purpose of this handbook is to show businesses how
to simplify the process of setting up waste reduction and
recycling programs. Sections 1 through 3 help readers
evaluate options and provide step-by-step guidelines for
designing tailored programs. Sections 4 through 7 include
directories of markets, haulers, and sources of recycling
containers and recycled products. The source reduction
section discusses options for four different types of busi-
nesses: offices, restaurants, retail outlets, and industry.
The Bottom Line . . . A Guide to Waste
Reduction for New York State Businesses
1992, 24 pp, $2
New York State Department of Economic
Development
Office of Recycling Market Development
1 Commerce Plaza, Room 950
Albany, New York 12245
518486-6291
This publication was written to help businesses in New
York state develop effective waste management programs
that emphasize waste reduction, the components of
which include source reduction, reuse, and recycling.
The document discusses strategies to avoid waste disposal
costs.
Business Guide for Reducing Solid Waste
EPA Document No. 530-K-92-004
November 1993, 41 pp, no charge
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
401 M Street, SW. (5305 W)
Washington, DC 20460
800 424-9346
This is a how-to guide, complete with waste assessment
worksheets, for figuring out the most economical and
sensible way to reduce solid waste in business. It walks
readers through the process of setting up a source reduc-
tion program.
Business Guide to Waste Reduction &
Recycling
1992, HOpp, $25
Xerox Document and Software Service
Xerox Corporation
701 South Aviation Boulevard
El Segundo, California 90245-9935
800445-5554
This book contains guidelines for companies seeking to
control the amount of waste they generate. The guide-
lines present a wide variety of options for office product
reuse and recycling. The book presents an analysis of the
waste commonly generated by offices, followed by a brief
evaluation of the waste disposal problem. The authors
propose strategies for increasing management participa-
tion and for promoting employee enthusiasm for source
reduction and recycling. Employee training programs are
described, including the establishment of a team structure.
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Business Waste Reduction and Recycling
Handbook
January 1991, 42 pp, no charge
King County Solid Waste Division
Department of Public Works
Business Recycling Program
400 Yesler Way, Room 600
Seattle, Washington 98104
206 296-4466
This handbook includes a series of worksheets that can
be used to quantify current disposal techniques (direct
service and self-haul), quantify recyclable materials, and
estimate savings from reduced disposal needs.
Convenience Store Guide to Solid Waste
Management
1993, 56 pp, $30
National Association of Convenience
Stores
1605 King Street
Alexandria, Virginia 22314-2792
703 684-3600
This guide was written for convenience store managers.
It includes an inventory of store-level waste reduction,
reuse, and recycling practices specific to the convenience
store industry. It also recommends ways in which to
inform consumers of a store's waste reduction program
and provides a listing of recycling facilities and resource
groups in each of the 50 states.
Environmental Fact Sheets — Plastics:
The Facts on Source Reduction
EPA Document Number 530-SW-90-017c
1990, 3 pp, no charge
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
401 M Street, SW (5305W)
Washington, DC 20460
800 424-9346
This fact sheet discusses methods that businesses can
implement to reduce plastics use, and reasons that they
should do so. By reducing the use of plastics, companies
can reduce the volume of their plastic wastes. The main
focus of the fact sheet is in solid waste reduction for
industries, and it mentions toxicity reduction briefly.
Food For The Earth
Food for the Earth, The Composting
Council, National Audubon Society
1994, 4 pp, no charge
Food For The Earth
114 South Pitt Street
Alexandria, Virginia 22314
703 739-2407
This four-page brochure describes the Food For The
Earth program, an industrial composting program offer-
ing information, guidelines, and advice to retail food-
service (restaurants and grocery stores) and industrial
foodservice (large-scale production) companies. Such
companies can reduce their waste generation significantly
by composting their organic waste.
Food For Thought: San Francisco
Restaurants' Guide to Waste Reduction
and Recycling
Terry Engle
1992, 12 pp, $5
San Francisco Recycling Program
1145 Market Street, Room 401
San Francisco, California 94103
415 554-3400
This guide was developed for food service establishments
in the San Francisco area, and presents a variety of
suggestions that restaurants can use to reduce waste. The
guide is divided into two sections: tips and ideas on waste
reduction and recyclables, and lists of local resources
from which businesses can get more information, order
supplies, or obtain recycling services. Although the
second section is less applicable to businesses outside of
the San Francisco area, the tips and suggestions found in
the first section are useful on a nationwide basis.
Business and Institutional Program Development/Guidance
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The G.O.L.D. Manual: Methods to
Assist State Agencies and Institutions in
the Development of Waste Reduction and
Recycling Plans
January 1991, 94 pp, $19.50
Washington State Department of Ecology
NTIS Document No. PB93-101400
National Technical Information Service
5285 Port Royal Road
Springfield, Virginia 22161
800 553-6847
This manual contains an outline of plan components,
worksheets, and waste reduction and recycling informa-
tion for various facility types. It includes information
about: facility evaluations, substitutes for waste-intensive
products, waste reduction techniques, purchasing prac-
tices, existing recycling programs, educational efforts, and
communication program evaluations.
The G.O.L.D. Plan: A Strategy For
Waste Reduction and Recycling at State
Government Facilities
January 1991, 62 pp, $19.50
Washington State Department of Ecology
NTIS Document No. PB93-101418
National Technical Information Service
5285 Port Royal Road
Springfield, Virginia 22161
800 553-6847
This publication defines a strategy for incorporating
waste reduction and recycling into the management and
operation of state government facilities. The plan
describes the types of waste generated at state facilities
and addresses issues like waste reduction, procurement,
recycling, education, and communication.
Mandatory Commercial Solid Waste
Recycling: Rhode Island Case Study
September 1992, 94 pp, cost of photocopy
Center for Environmental Studies
P.O. Box 1943
Brown University
Providence, Rhode Island 02912
401 863-3449
This study analyzes the mandatory business recycling
system in Rhode Island. One chapter is devoted to source
reduction. The document gives waste stream charac-
terization data, research description and methodology,
highlights of the survey (i.e. success stories, financial
impacts of recycling, program improvements), recommen-
dations, and conclusions.
The Newark Guide to Source Reduction
and Buying Recycled in the Workplace
December 1992, 21 pp, no charge
Newark Office of Recycling
62 Frelinghuysen Avenue
Newark, New Jersey 07114
201 733-6683
This booklet contains practical information about initiat-
ing source reduction activities in the workplace. Included
are source reduction tips; checklists for offices, retail
stores, manufacturers, and food service establishments;
and examples of source reduction strategies at numerous
companies and institutions. The booklet also contains a
section about how and why to buy recycled products.
Office and Commercial Waste Reduction:
A Hoiv-To Guide for Illinois Businesses
and Organizations
1991, 56 pp, no charge
Clearinghouse
Illinois Department of Energy and
Natural Resources
325 West Adams Street, Room 300
Springfield, Illinois 62704-1892
217785-0310
This manual focuses on waste reduction, which consists
of reducing the amount of solid waste entering the waste
stream, produced by commercial establishments, indus-
tries, and organizations. Waste reduction is achieved by
two principal methods: waste volume reduction at the
source and recycling. Practical suggestions are offered on
the application of these approaches to reduce the quan-
tity and cost of waste requiring disposal.
Business and Institutional Program Development/Guidance
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Office Guide to Recycling and Buying
Recycled Products
February 1994, 12 pp, no charge
Ohio Department of Natural Resources
Division of Litter Prevention and
Recycling
1889 Fountain Square Court, Building F-2
Columbus, Ohio 43224-1331
614265-6333
This document gives several strategies for reducing the
waste that an office produces, including choosing prod-
ucts with minimal packaging and maximum durability.
Forms and worksheets to facilitate recordkeeping and
monitoring are also included.
An Ounce of Prevention: Waste Reduction
Strategies for Health Care Facilities
Connie Leach Bisson, Glenn McRae,
Hollie Gusky Shaner
Catalog Number 05007
1993, 214 pp, $60.95
American Society for Healthcare
Environmental Services
American Hospital Association
840 North Lake Shore Drive
Chicago, Illinois 60611
312280-3365
This book illustrates a basic approach to implementing
waste reduction and recycling strategies in health care
facilities. The first chapter is devoted to source reduc-
tion, while the others discuss general public environ-
mental education and communications, waste assessment,
recycling, and buying recycled products.
Recycling and Source Reduction for the
Lodging Industry
1993, 84 pp, $17 (member), $27
(non-member)
American Hotel & Motel Association
(AHMA)
P.O. Box 753
Waldorf, Maryland 20604
301 705-7455
While this document is primarily devoted to recycling in
the hotel industry, a small section discusses source reduc-
tion. It discusses the changes that hotels and motels can
make to reduce waste, like using durable soap dispensers
instead of disposable plastic bottles and reducing the
packaging on single-use items. Included is a discussion of
a survey conducted by the AHMA to determine the
percentage of hoteliers that had recycling or reduction
programs.
Reducing Office Paper Waste
Robert Graff and Bette Fishbein
1991, 25 pp, $18
INFORM, Inc.
381 Park Avenue South
New York, New York 10016-8806
212 361-2400
This report analyzes office paper waste and outlines possi-
ble solutions, using photocopying as the focus from
which other strategies can be extrapolated. It discusses
the source reduction and cost savings potential of both
two-sided photocopying and of reducing the number of
photocopies made. The report creates a framework for
evaluating costs and benefits by assessing the impact of a
variety of scenarios on the quantity of copy paper waste
generated.
Business and Institutional Program Development/Guidance
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Resourceful Waste Management: A Guide
for Minnesota/Metropolitan Area
Businesses and Industries
Fall 1994/1995, 80 pp, no charge
Waste Education Clearinghouse
Office of Environmental Assistance
520 Lafayette Road North, 2nd Floor
St. Paul, Minnesota 55155
612215-0232
This document is an updated version of a November
1993 publication by the same title. The first half of the
guide provides information on how to make businesses
"green," with suggestions like maintaining environmen-
tally sound lunchrooms, offices, and production spaces.
The second half applies mainly to Minnesota businesses,
and includes lists of information resources for recycling
and source reduction.
Solid Progress
1993, 13 pp, no charge
Grocery Manufacturers of America
1010 Wisconsin Avenue, NW, Suite 900
Washington, DC 20007
202 337-9400
This document discusses the grocery industry's progress
in waste reduction and recycling. The brochure gives
examples and success stories for companies that have
changed their packaging and purchasing habits to create
less waste, and recycled that which they do create.
Source Reduction and Recycling:
Environmental Stewardship for the 1990s
1990, 6 pp, no charge
Eastman Kodak Company
Literature and Marketing Support - 412 L
Rochester, New York 14650-0608
800 242-2424
Kodak supports improvements in environmental quality
by directing business units to demonstrate environmental
sensitivity in each element of the product life cycle.
Source reduction, through process improvements and the
use of fewer, different, or recycled materials, is a primary
goal. Kodak is developing new products, technologies,
and programs that minimize waste and support recycling.
Source Reduction Now: How to
Implement a Source Reduction Program
Kenneth Brown
February 1993, 130 pp, no charge
Waste Education Clearinghouse
Office of Environmental Assistance
520 Lafayette Road North, 2nd Floor
St. Paul, Minnesota 55155
612215-0232
This manual summarizes almost three years of field
research conducted by the Minnesota Office of Environ-
mental Assistance. It provides information on how to
measure product and behavior changes that prevent waste
creation, gives guidelines on how to implement a success-
ful source reduction program in an organization, and
describes problems and suggests well-tested methods to
solve those problems. The manual includes charts for
calculating savings, case studies, fact sheets, and checklists.
The Supermarket Diet: Watching Our
Waste
Jackie Prince
December 1990, 43 pp, $5
Publications
Environmental Defense Fund (EDF)
257 Park Avenue South
New York, New York 10010
212 505-2100
This report focuses on source reduction and recycling in
the food service industries. Shopping bags, in-store solid
waste management, consumer awareness and education,
and labeling programs are the main areas of discussion.
EDF offers specific recommendations on each of these
areas and examples of stores that have already implemented
reduction programs. The appendices contain a list of defi-
nitions and the Food Marketing Institute's solid waste
policy statement.
Business and Institutional Program Development/Guidance
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Waste in the Workplace
1991, 28 pp, $6.50
Keep America Beautiful, Inc.
Order Department
Mill River Plaza
9 West Broad Street
Stamford, Connecticut 06902
203 323-8987
This book discusses how small businesses can reduce the
amount of municipal solid waste they add to the waste
stream. The appendices list resources, equipment, and
steps in development of the program. Worksheets are
provided as well.
The Waste Not Book
1993, 70 pp, $35
Minnesota Hospital Association
Public Affairs Division
2221 University Avenue, SE., Suite 425
Minneapolis, Minnesota 55414
612 331-5571
This book is a practical guide for hospitals. It offers inno-
vative ideas for reducing the amount of material that
becomes waste. The book contains success stories from
Minnesota hospitals, presented by type of material. It
also includes information on buying products and materi-
als that encourage source reduction, properly disposing
of infectious waste, and conducting waste audits.
Waste Prevention: It Makes Good
Business Sense
EPA Document No. 530-F-93-008
September 1993, 2 pp, no charge
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
401 M Street, SW (5305W)
Washington, DC 20460
800 424-9346
This pamphlet discusses the principles, benefits, and
approaches to waste reduction in a business environment.
It provides information on using or manufacturing mini-
mal or reusable packaging, using and maintaining durable
equipment and supplies, reusing products and supplies,
and reducing the use of hazardous constituents.
Waste Not, Want Not!
1991, 20 pp, no charge
Scott Paper Company
Environmental Division
Scott Plaza 1
Philadelphia, PA 19113
610522-5000
This booklet addresses source reduction and recycling in
various businesses. Aspects of source reduction are
discussed, such as identifying the high waste generation
rates, choosing high performance products, controlling
materials use, reducing packaging waste, and improving
office efficiency. Other parts of the booklet give tips on
starting an effective recycling program, conducting a trash
audit, finding buyers or brokers for trash, instituting source
reduction practices, promoting a program within a
company, and setting realistic goals for waste reduction.
Wisconsin's Business Waste Reduction &
Recycling Portfolio: Protect the
Environment and Your Bottom Line
Wisconsin Department of Natural
Resources
1995, 8 pp, $10 (out-of-state), no charge
(in-state)
Wisconsin Department of Administration
Document Sales Unit
P.O. Box 7840
202 South Thornton Avenue
Madison, Wisconsin 53707-7840
608 266-3358
This brochure contains information on waste reduction
and recycling in Wisconsin. It includes a fact sheet on
the statutory requirements of the Waste Reduction and
Recycling Law for Wisconsin businesses; information on
the economic and environmental advantages of waste
reduction and recycling; a list of available resources;
source reduction trends among Wisconsin businesses; and
telephone numbers for in-state resources.
Business and Institutional Program Development/Guidance
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Case Studies
55 Simple Things Universities and
Colleges Can Do to Reduce Waste: Case
Studies of University Source Reduction,
Recycling, and Composting
May 1991, 45 pp, $10
Integrated Solid Waste Management
Office
Board of Public Works
200 North Main Street, Room 580
City Hall East
Los Angeles, California 90012
213237-1444
This guidebook (developed to help the City of Los
Angeles comply with California's recycling law) is
intended to help colleges and universities improve waste
reduction and recycling activities on campus. Strong
administrative leadership and the cooperation of univer-
sity staff, students, and faculty are necessary to develop
waste reduction and recycling programs. The first
chapter emphasizes the importance of reducing and
reusing, and describes 16 ways to reduce or reuse waste
generated on campuses. A directory in the back of the
guidebook provides information about specific programs
in California.
Description of a Successful College
Recycling Program: A Look at Reed
Recycling: Reed College (Portland,
Oregon)
May 1993, 23 pp, cost of photocopy
Reed College Recycling
P.O. Box 118
Reed College
Portland, Oregon 97202
503235-3451
This report was written by those who instituted a reduc-
tion and recycling program at this small college. They
describe the different aspects of the program, including
paper reuse and recycling, reusable mug promotion and
sales, and education. Although the information is very
specific to Reed College, it does give some insight into
the challenges of university reduction and recycling.
Illinois Success Stories in Waste Reduction
1992, 30 pp, no charge
Clearinghouse
Illinois Department of Energy and
Natural Resources
325 West Adams Street, Room 300
Springfield, Illinois 62704
217785-0310
This booklet presents success stories about Illinois compa-
nies and organizations that have taken action to use
resources wisely and reduce solid waste. The case studies
reflect many business areas, including communications
and publishing, distribution, health care, retail, utilities,
and manufacturing.
Precycle: Final Report
1990, 30 pp, no charge
Boulder Energy Conservation Center
P.O. Box 791
Boulder, Colorado 80306
303 441-3278
This report documents Boulder's experience, from initial
design to program evaluation, in developing a broad-
based, highly visible source reduction campaign. In
September 1990, the City of Boulder launched a pilot
project on precycling in grocery stores. "Precycling"
means practicing resource conservation by using only
what is really needed. Boulder's precycling project was
sponsored by EPA and was designed not only to initiate
precycling in Boulder, but also to serve as a model pro-
gram for the Rocky Mountain Region.
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Source Reduction Case Studies and Fact
Sheets
1990 to present, 4 pp each, no charge
Environmental Services Division
Departments of Commerce and Natural
Resources
P.O. Box 30004
Lansing, Michigan 48909
517335-1178
This series of case studies and fact sheets covers source
reduction and other related topics. The Michigan Envi-
ronmental Services Division has published them over the
last several years. The exact titles for the case studies and
fact sheets concerning conservation tips for businesses,
waste reduction terms, employee involvement in waste
reduction, and other subjects can be obtained by contact-
ing the Michigan Environmental Services Division.
Spotlight on Waste Prevention: EPA's
Program To Reduce Solid Waste at the
Source
EPA Document No. 530-K-95-002
August 1995, 16 pp, no charge
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
401 M Street, SW. (5305W)
Washington, DC 20460
800 424-9346
This booklet discusses the reasons to prevent waste; the
benefits businesses, governments, and consumers can
achieve through waste prevention; and what EPA is
doing to encourage the proliferation of waste prevention
as a business ethic.
Waste Prevention Pays Off: Companies
Cut Waste In the Workplace
EPA Document No. 530-K-92-005
September 1993, 24 pp, no charge
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
401 M Street, SW. (5305W)
Washington, DC 20460
800 424-9346
This booklet provides information on reducing waste in
the office environment. It presents brief overviews of
waste prevention efforts that work for different types of
businesses. The handbook includes strategies for using or
manufacturing minimal or reusable packaging; using and
maintaining durable equipment and supplies; reusing
products and supplies; using supplies and materials more
efficiently; composting yard trimmings; exchanging, sell-
ing, or giving away unneeded goods or materials; and
eliminating unnecessary items.
Case Studies
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Community Source Reduction Program
Development/Guidance
Decision-Makers' Guide to Solid Waste
Management, Volume II
August 1995, 355 pp, no charge
EPA Document No. 530-R-95-023
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
401 M Street, SW. (5305 W)
Washington, DC 20460
800 424-9346
This guide is designed to help local government policy-
makers and other solid waste management practitioners
understand solid waste management issues. It offers vari-
ous approaches and discusses how these options affect
each other. The guide includes information about source
reduction, municipal solid waste collection and transfer
systems, recycling, composting, combustion, land dis-
posal, special wastes, public education and involvement,
and financing and revenues.
Forty Ways to Make Government
Purchasing Green
Eleanor J. Lewis and Eric Weltman
1992, 102 pp, $6
Government Purchasing Project
P.O. Box 19367
Washington, DC 20036
202 387-8030
This document lists purchasing activities that federal
agencies can implement to help the environmental prod-
ucts market and decrease the amount of solid waste
generated. The book discusses basic purchasing principles
and includes case studies and resources that might be
helpful to purchasers seeking environmentally preferable
products. Checks should be made payable to "CRSL."
Making Less Garbage: A Planning Guide
for Communities
Bette K. Fishbein and Caroline Gelb
1992,192 pp, $30
INFORM, Inc.
381 Park Avenue South
New York, New York 10016-8806
212 361-2400
This report is divided into three parts. Part I, The Essen-
tials of Source Reduction Planning, discusses solid waste
issues in the United States and the benefits of source
reduction. It describes how communities can establish
source reduction policies, goals, and measurement
systems; and outlines the administrative structure and
budget requirements for an effective source reduction
program. Part II, Source Reduction Initiatives, describes
dozens of specific activities that are being implemented
around the country to reduce the amount and/or toxicity
of solid waste. These activities include government, insti-
tutional, and business programs; education; economic
incentives and disincentives; regulatory measures; and
programs aimed specifically at reducing toxics. Part III, a
Source Reduction Planning Checklist, presents an outline of
the essential components of effective source reduction
programs and a list of specific strategies that can be
selected in accordance with local needs.
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Pollution Prevention Resource Guide
1993, 80 pp, no charge
Alaska Department of Environmental
Conservation
Pollution Prevention Office (incorporated
into Office of Compliance Assistance,
1995)
555 Cordova Street
Anchorage, Alaska 99501
907 269-7500
This document discusses the reasons and methods for
instituting pollution prevention and source reduction pro-
grams in local communities. The document contains lists
of resources that include governmental organizations, citi-
zens' groups, related businesses, and publications. Much
of the information is Alaska-specific, but it offers insight
into what might be available in other regions.
Waste Prevention Tool Kit for Local
Governments
Ellen 2. Harrison and Richard J. Angell
December 1992, 172 pp, $14.95
Cornell University Resource Center
7 Business and Technology Park
Ithaca, New York 14850
607 255-2080
This document can be used to implement local waste
prevention programs. Several chapters include camera-
ready flyers and fact sheets that can be reproduced by
local governments. Some of the topics covered include
unit pricing, yard waste bans, procurement policies, and
consumer education.
Waste Reduction and the Model
Community
Myra Gordon
October 1989, 55 pp, $25
Central States Education Center
809 South Fifth Street
Champaign, Illinois 61820
217344-2371
This document discusses solid waste reduction methods
for creating a "model" community. The document pro-
vides information about how to implement a waste reduc-
tion program, presents a case study of the Champaign-
Urbana program, and contains outreach materials from a
model supermarket. The guide also provides a waste
reduction checklist, worksheets, sample letters, press
releases, and resource lists.
Waste Reduction Programs for
Commercial/Industrial Solid Waste: A
Guide for Local Governments
March 1994, 134 pp, no charge
North Carolina Office of Waste Reduction
Department of Environment, Health, and
Natural Resources
3825 Barrett Drive, Suite 300
Raleigh, North Carolina 27609
919541-4100
800763-0136
This manual helps community recycling coordinators
establish or expand waste reduction programs for com-
mercial and industrial solid waste. It provides information
to help local governments work with offices, retailers/
wholesalers, hotels, service industries, universities/
colleges, printers and publishers, textile mills, hospitals,
restaurants, public/private schools, property owners, and
manufacturing industries.
10
Community Source Reduction Program Development/Guidance
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Materials Exchanges
By-Product and Waste Search Service
1995, 2 pp, no charge
Iowa Waste Reduction Center
By-Product and Waste Search Service
University of Northern Iowa
Cedar Falls, Iowa 50614-0185
800422-3109
This flyer is a promotional pamphlet for the By-Products
& Waste Search Service, a free and confidential program
that promotes the reuse of Iowa industry by-products and
wastes. The service helps companies analyze their waste
streams, facilitates materials exchanges, and locates secon-
dary materials for companies to use in their own operations.
California Waste Exchange: Directory of
Industrial Recyclers
1994, 42 pp, no charge
California Environmental Protection Agency
Department of Toxic Substances Control
Hazardous Waste Management
P.O. Box 806
Sacramento, California 95812-0806
916324-1802
This directory is designed to promote the use, reuse,
and exchange of industrial wastes. As raw material costs
escalate, waste and materials exchanges become more
attractive and necessary. The document lists California
recyclers by address, phone, contact person, and the
materials they deal with.
How To Recycle or Reuse Almost Anything
New York City Department of
Sanitation/Recycling Program
June 1991, 18 pp, no charge for New York
City residents
Recycling Program
Bowling Green Station
New York, New York 10274-0156
212219-8090
This guide is designed to help businesses recycle or reuse
much of their waste stream. It contains listings of materi-
als and firms in the New York City area that will take
materials for recycling or reuse. It also lists buy-back and
drop-off centers, and contains suggestions for reusing
many of the materials listed.
Review of Industrial Waste Exchanges
EPA Document No. 530-K-94-003
September 1994, 61 pp, no charge
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
401 M Street, SW (5305W)
Washington, DC 20460
800 424-9346
This report reviews the current activities and status of
North American waste exchanges, including marketing
systems for waste and surplus from the federal govern-
ment. It also provides recommendations for encouraging
greater levels of reuse and recycling through waste
exchanges.
Starting a Materials Donation Program:
A Step-By-Step Guide
May 1993, 56 pp, no charge
Materials for the Arts
New York City Departments of Cultural
Affairs and Sanitation
410 West 16th Street, 4th Floor
New York, New York 10011
212255-5924
This document discusses the reasons for and methods to
begin a materials exchange program that benefits local
arts organizations. Businesses of all kinds donate material
that they would otherwise throw away, and arts organiza-
tions pick out the things that they can use (i.e. scrap
textiles, machinery, paper). The booklet gives a step-by-
step explanation of how to organize an exchange program.
11
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Packaging
Case Reopened: Reassessing Refillable
Bottles
David Saphire
1995, 366 pp, $25
INFORM, Inc.
381 Park Avenue South
New York, New York 10016-8806
212 361-2400
This book discusses the value of source reduction in gen-
eral, explains the history of refillable bottles, provides
comparative cost and environmental data for refillable
versus single-use containers, discusses relevant marketing
and policy issues (e.g. mandatory deposit regulations),
and includes case histories.
Delivering the Goods: Benefits of
Reusable Shipping Containers
David Saphire
1995, 32 pp, $20
INFORM, Inc.
381 Park Avenue South
New York, New York 10016-8806
212 361-2400
This document focuses on the benefits of reusing packag-
ing as a strategy for reducing solid waste at its source. It
provides comparative waste generation and cost data for
reusable plastic crates versus single-use corrugated ship-
ping containers. It also discusses product performance
issues, design features, obstacles to container reuse, and
success stories.
Final Report of the Source Reduction
Task Force
September 1989, 21 pp, $20
Coalition of Northeastern Governors, Inc.
Policy Research Center
400 North Capitol Street, NW.
Washington, DC 20001
202 624-8450
This report presents several long-term actions to address
the issue of source reduction. It recommends the forma-
tion of the Northeast Source Reduction Council, which
would be made up of state officials, business and industry
representatives, and non-profit groups. The council's
mandate is to encourage source reduction through modifi-
cations in product design and packaging of consumer
products, to serve as a forum for CONEG states to
recommend solid waste management policies, and to over-
see a consumer education campaign on packaging source
reduction.
Food Packaging, Food Protection, and the
Environment: A Workshop Report
October 1991, 27 pp, no charge for single
copies
Institute of Food Technologies
22ILaSalle Street, Suite 300
Chicago, Illinois 60601
312 782-8424
This report discusses the important role that packaging
plays in preserving food and ensuring that it is distrib-
uted safely from the processing plant to the consumer. It
addresses public concern about packaging disposal and
presents recommendations for uniform, national packag-
ing standards and a coding system to identify recyclable
materials in packaging. The report also discusses an 11-
step plan for implementing national uniformity which
includes encouraging ongoing efforts to design and use
packages that minimize resource consumption, support
integrated solid waste management, and use life cycle
analysis in source reduction efforts.
12
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loPP Packaging Reduction, Reuse,
Recycling and Disposal Guidelines
1993, lOpp, $5
Institute of Packaging Professionals
481 Carlisle Drive
Herndon, Virginia 22070
703 318-8970
These guidelines help packaging professionals examine
the environmental impacts of their structural design and
engineering decisions. Individual companies can tailor the
guidelines to suit their specific requirements.
An Ounce of Prevention: Strategies for
Cutting Packaging Waste
1994, 75 pp, $15
Californians Against Waste Foundation
92 6 J Street, Suite 606
Sacramento, California 95814
916443-8317
This action guide for manufacturers promotes reducing
waste by reducing packaging. The guide focuses on mate-
rial procurement, internal transport, and consumer/exter-
nal packaging design. Source reduction checklists and
waste audit guidelines are included for companies to
apply the information directly to their own situations.
Packaging and the Environment:
Alternatives, Trends, and Solutions
Susan E.M. Selke
1990, 77 pp, $39
Technomic Publishing Company, Inc.
852 New Holland Avenue, Box 3535
Lancaster, Pennsylvania 17604
717291-5609
This book examines packaging's influence on water and
air pollution, ozone depletion, and solid waste genera-
tion. It also discusses degradable packaging, legislative
approaches to reducing packaging in solid waste, and
environmental considerations in packaging design.
Preferred Packaging Manual
1991, 44 pp, $50
Coalition of Northeastern Governors, Inc.
Policy Research Center
400 North Capitol Street, NW.
Washington, DC 20001
202 624-8450
This publication presents CONEG's Preferred Packaging
Guidelines, which establish the following hierarchy of
alternatives for source reduction in packaging: eliminate,
minimize, refill/reuse, and recycle and buy recycled mate-
rial. The manual also provides information on applying
the guidelines.
Taking the CONEG Challenge: First Year
Update - Voluntary Packaging Reductions
by Industry
November 1993, 40 pp, $30
Coalition of Northeastern Governors, Inc.
Policy Research Center
400 North Capitol Street, NW.
Washington, DC 20001
202 624-8450
This report provides specific examples of voluntary
source reduction actions that companies have taken to
address the solid waste problem. Represented products
cover a wide range, including beverages, chemicals,
computers, paper products, electronics, food, auto parts,
plastics, pharmaceuticals, photographic equipment, soaps,
cosmetics, and tobacco. The report addresses package
elimination and minimization, reusable/refillable/return-
able packaging, recyclable/recycled material, and heavy
metals in packaging.
Packaging
13
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Policy/Legislation
Curbing Waste in a Throwaway World:
Report of the Task Force on Solid Waste
Management
1990, 68 pp, $25.00
National Governors' Association
Publications
P.O. Box 421
Annapolis, Maryland 20701
301 498-3738
This report discusses the progress of the National Gover-
nors' Association Task Force on Solid Waste Manage-
ment. In this report, the Task Force states that a
combination of source reduction and recycling will be
required if individuals and businesses are to reach a 50
percent waste reduction goal by 2000. The recommenda-
tions put forth in this document include state strategies
to achieve goals and a mechanism for measuring progress.
Federal Disincentives: A Study of Federal
Tax Subsidies and Other Programs
Affecting Virgin Industries and Recycling
August 1994, 73 pp, no charge
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
Attn: Michael Podolsky
Office of Policy, Planning, and Evaluation
Office of Policy Analysis
401M Street, SW. (2125)
Washington, DC 20460
202 260-9099
This report focuses on the use of incentive policies to
stimulate both recycling and source reduction. It defines
and describes programs included under the heading of
incentives and a range of objectives that the incentives are
intended to achieve. The report also presents a sample of
existing incentive programs that are either proposed or
already in place in the United States. No attempt is
made in this report to catalog all of the incentive pro-
grams that are in place. Instead, it illustrates the range of
incentives that might be utilized to achieve source reduc-
tion and recycling goals.
Federal Options for Reducing Waste
Disposal
U.S. Congress
October 1991, 85 pp, no charge
CBO Publications
Room 413, Ford House Office Building
2nd & D Streets, SW.
Washington, DC 20515
202 226-2809
This report examines actions that the U.S. government
might take to address municipal solid waste issues. A
disposal tax and reuse subsidy, a virgin material tax, an
investment tax credit for recycling, and a recycling credit
system are discussed.
Germany, Garbage, and the Green Dot:
Challenging the Throwaway Society
Bette Fishbein
1994, 262 pp, $28
INFORM, Inc.
120 Walls Street
New York, New York 10005
212 361-2400
This book documents Germany's Packaging Ordinance,
which makes industry responsible for packages to the end
of their lifecycle. It provides detailed analysis of the Duel
System set up by industry and discusses other applica-
tions of extended producer responsibility for products,
such as automobiles and electronic goods. This book
looks at the implications, for the U.S., of a policy that
provides incentives to reduce waste at the design stage
for packages and products.
14
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Getting at the Source: Strategies for
Reducing Municipal Solid Waste
World Wildlife Fund and
The Conservation Foundation
1992, 138 pp, $15 (paperback),
$25 (hardcover)
Island Press
P.O. Box 7
Covelo, California 95428
800828-1302
This book explores the concept of source reduction, pro-
vides an evaluation framework for devising effective
source reduction strategies, and examines several strate-
gies in detail, such as labeling programs for consumer
products. The authors place particular emphasis on the
product component of the waste stream and explore how
systematic changes in the design and use of products
would reduce waste. Household batteries are used in an
example of the application of the recommended framework.
Guidelines for the Collection of Recyclable
Materials and Reduction of Solid Waste
in the State System of Education
August 1989, 15 pp, no charge
Office Of Environmental Education
Florida Education Center
325 West Gaines Street
Room 224-C
Tallahassee, Florida 32399-0400
904 487-7900
This document discusses the basic reasons for implement-
ing source reduction and recycling programs, including
economic, environmental, and legislative incentives. It
describes the elements that should be included in a source
reduction program and a recycling program. Suggestions
are included for pooling efforts with neighboring educa-
tion facilities to find markets and share procurement
costs.
Montgomery County Policy on Waste
Reduction
April 1993, 4 pp, no charge
Montgomery County Department of
Environmental Protection
Executive Office Building
101 Monroe Street, 6th Floor
Rockville, Maryland 20850
301217-2803
This pamphlet, published by Montgomery County, Mary-
land, places source reduction at the top of its hierarchy
for solid waste management and states that all waste
reduction measures within the county's power should be
implemented. The framework of the county-wide program
is composed of the following waste reduction goals:
achieve zero trash growth per person and per employee;
expand waste reduction information and programs; exam-
ine county government operations for waste reduction
opportunities; participate in and encourage regional waste
reduction efforts; and explore waste reduction incentives
and disincentives.
Overcoming Barriers to Large-Scale
Diversion of Municipal Solid Waste
Doug MacDonald and Paula Vopni
1993, 118pp, $30
International Council for Local
Environmental Initiatives
World Secretariat
8th Floor, East Tower, City Hall
Toronto, Ontario M5H 2N2 Canada
416392-1462
This report surveys the current barriers to large-scale
solid waste reduction and recycling programs in North
America and Europe. It offers an analysis of the prob-
lems with diversion efforts of the 1980s and 1990s,
including separation, collection, financing, and markets,
and provides case studies of particularly successful efforts
in diverting solid waste. An extensive bibliography is
included, as is a contact list for the best sources of infor-
mation on related topics.
Policy/Legislation
15
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Prosperity Without Pollution: The
Prevention Strategy for Industry and
Consumers
Joel S. Hirschhorn and Kirsten U.
Oldenburg
1991, 369 pp, $24.95
Van Nostrand - Reinhold
7625 Empire Drive
Florence, Kentucky 41042
800 842-3636
This book describes pollution prevention benefits and
strategies for hazardous and solid waste reduction. It
emphasizes individual responsibility in these efforts. The
solid waste reduction sections focus on changing con-
sumer behavior and reducing packaging, junk mail, and
the toxicity of household products.
The Solid Waste Dilemma: An Agenda
for Action
EPA Document No. 530-SW-89-019
February 1989, 70 pp, no charge
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
401 M Street, SW. (5305 W)
Washington, DC 20460
800 424-9346
This report presents EPA's goals and recommendations
for state and local government, industry, and private
citizens, to address municipal solid waste management
issues. The report recommends integrating source reduc-
tion, recycling, combustion, and landfilling to custom
design a solid waste management program.
Source Reduction: A Working Definition
William E. Franklin and Warren A. Bird
December 1989, 26 pp, $1.50
Council on Packaging in the Environment
1255 23rd Street, NW, Suite 850
Washington, DC 20037
202 331-0099
This booklet is the result of a collaboration between
U.S. Congress, Office of Technology Assessment; U.S.
Environmental Protection Agency; Coalition of North-
eastern Governors; and the Environmental Action Foun-
dation. The document discusses source reduction as a waste
management option, specific terms used to describe
source reduction goals, conditions to be included in the
definition of source reduction, and source reduction
measurement.
Source Reduction as an Option for
Municipal Waste Management
H.M. Freeman
NTIS Document No. PB90-113176
1989, 32 pp, $22
National Technical Information Service
5285 Port Royal Road
Springfield, Virginia 22161
800 553-6847
This document is an overview of approaches to lowering
or eliminating the volume or toxicity of wastes in the
refuse stream. It examines four criteria: toxicity contribu-
tors, significant quantity contributors, items with short
useful life spans, and items that contribute significantly to
the waste stream.
Source Reduction Council ofCONEG:
Progress Report
March 1990, 64 pp, $35
Coalition of Northeastern Governors, Inc.
Policy Research Center
400 North Capitol Street, NW.
Washington, DC 20001
202 624-8450
This progress report of the Source Reduction Council of
the Coalition of Northeastern Governors (CONEG)
details the activities of the Council from its inception in
September 1989 to March 1990. The report focuses on
model toxics legislation (prohibiting the use of heavy met-
als in packaging), preferred packaging guidelines (identifi-
cation and quantification of types and amounts of
packaging), and an informational program (mailing lists,
issues statement, and a clearinghouse on source reduction
technologies).
16
Policy/Legislation
-------
University and College Solid Waste
Reduction and Recycling
Bruce A. Hegberg, Gary R. Brenniman,
and William H. Hallenbeck
1992, 129 pp, no charge
Clearinghouse
Illinois Department of Energy and
Natural Resources
325 West Adams Street, Room 300
Springfield, Illinois 62704
217785-0310
This report provides guidance for Illinois universities and
community colleges on how to develop effective waste
reduction plans that comply with Illinois' "College Recy-
cling Law." Under this law, all Illinois public universities
and community colleges are required to develop a waste
reduction plan covering 10 years, followed by 5-year up-
dates. All plans should be developed by January 1, 1995
and should achieve, by January 1, 2000, a 40 percent
reduction of the 1987 level of solid waste destined for
landfill disposal.
Waste Prevention, Recycling, and
Composting Options: Lessons Learned
from 30 Communities
EPA Document No. 530-R-92-015
February 1994, 50 pp, no charge
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
401M Street (5 3 05W)
Washington, DC 20640
800 424-9346
This report presents various strategies that can be used
by municipalities to reduce net waste generation. It pro-
vides a brief overview of variable refuse rates, and com-
ments on the positive affects of variable rate pricing on
recycling participation and source reduction. The report
includes several case studies.
Waste Reduction: Policy and Practice
1990, 100 pp, $39.95
John Wiley & Sons
1 Wiley Drive
Summerset, New Jersey 08875
212645-7880
This book is about policy and practice to reduce the
amount of toxicity of solid waste produced in the U.S. It
refers to "waste reduction" as the sum of source reduc-
tion and recycling. The book begins with a charac-
terization of solid waste streams, emphasizing hazardous
waste and municipal solid waste. It also addresses the
reduction of industrial wastes and municipal solid waste.
Existing federal and state requirements for reducing
industrial wastes are addressed first, followed by a discus-
sion of recent federal legislative initiatives in the area. A
similar review follows for municipal solid waste reduction
policy.
Worldwatch Institute Report: State of the
World 1991
1991, 17 pp, $11.95
Worldwatch Institute
1776 Massachusetts Avenue, NW
Washington, DC 20036
202 452-1999
This book discusses various alternatives for managing
solid waste, among other things. A full chapter, "Reduc-
ing Waste, Saving Materials," is devoted to source reduc-
tion. Ultimately, the goal is to reduce the amount of
material entering the manufacturing process. A frame-
work of incentives must be devised to encourage
consumers to reduce waste. Programs that take a "cradle-
to-grave" approach will be more effective in promoting
waste reduction, reuse, and recycling than those that
award labels based on a single characteristic, such as if a
product is made from recycled materials.
Policy/Legislation
17
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Public Outreach/Education
Buy Recycled Training Manual: A
Guidebook for Buying Recycled Products
October 1994, 123 pp, $15 (government
and non-profit), $20 (individual and
private)
Northeast Maryland Waste Disposal
Authority
25 South Charles Street, Suite 2105
Baltimore, Maryland 21202
410333-2730
This is a Maryland-specific document that discusses buy-
ing recycled products. Maryland resources and companies
are cited, although the principles apply to a broader audi-
ence. Another version of the manual includes more gen-
eral information (see below).
Buy Recycled Training Manual: A
Guidebook for Government Buyers and
Using Agencies
December 1993, 86 pp, $15 (government
and non-profit), $20 (individual and
private)
Northeast Maryland Waste Disposal
Authority
25 South Charles Street, Suite 2105
Baltimore, Maryland 21202
410333-2730
This version of the above-referenced manual includes
information for a national audience. It discusses the prin-
ciples behind the need to buy recycled goods, and the
strategies for doing so. It contains a large list of suppliers
of environmentally preferable products, reprints of EPA
Fact Sheets on the procurement guidelines, and includes
a brief discussion of waste reduction.
The Consumer's Handbook for Reducing
Solid Waste
August 1992, 36 pp, no charge
EPA Document No. 530-K-92-003
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
401 M Street, SW (5305 W)
Washington, DC 20460
800 424-9346
This booklet describes many waste reduction steps the
consumer can take in the course of everyday living. It
encourages the consumer to make a positive contribution
toward the problem of disposing of waste. It includes the
nine lives of a peanut butter jar, and many other creative
reuse suggestions, as well as suggestions for recycling.
Environmental Shopping Guide
June 1992,26pp, $5
Pennsylvania Resources Council, Inc.
3606 Providence Road
Newtown Square, Pennsylvania 19073
610353-1555
This document is designed to promote buying products
packaged in recycled or recyclable materials that are not
harmful to the environment. The kit includes a recycling
fact sheet, sample press release, and suggestions for modi-
fying shopping habits.
18
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King County Home Waste Guide: A
Home Tour Through the World of Waste
Reduction and Recycling
1990, 40 pp, no charge
King County Solid Waste Division
Department of Public Works
400 Yesler Way, Room 600
Seattle, Washington 98104
206296-4352
This guide is designed to help measure the current dis-
posal habits of King County citizens and recommend
ways to reduce the amount of waste they generate. The
guide includes a home quiz with tips on waste reduction
and recycling; a resource catalog that lists contacts for
more details on waste reduction and recycling; and a
checklist that explains how to reduce, reuse, recycle, and
compost.
Leave Less Behind for the Future
Campaign: Research Findings
1993, 197 pp, no charge
California Integrated Waste Management
Board
Public Education and Assistance Section
8800 Cal Center Drive
Sacramento, California 95826
916255-2200
This packet is the printed material from an educational
campaign for reduction and recycling of waste. Research
findings, consumer guides, and promotional materials
were originally included, although only the research
guide is currently available. There is limited information
on source reduction.
Minnesota's Consumer Handbook to
Reducing Waste
March 1993, 39 pp, no charge
Waste Education Clearinghouse
Office of Environmental Assistance
520 Lafayette Road North, 2nd Floor
St. Paul, Minnesota 55155-4100
612215-0232
This handbook contains a description of the solid waste
crisis, and how reducing, reusing, and recycling can
help alleviate the problem. Each "R" is described and
examples are provided for implementing it. A chart is
included, comparing products with more and less packag-
ing, and the cost and waste savings gained by buying
products with less packaging. The handbook also
includes a solid waste glossary.
Promoting Source Reduction and
Recyclability in the Marketplace,
Executive Summary
September 1989, 144 pp, $35
NTIS Document No. PB90-163-122
National Technical Information Service
5285 Port Royal Road
Springfield, VA 22161
800 553-6847
This book explores existing research, surveys, and
consumer-oriented education programs showing how
consumers, through their purchasing decisions, can pro-
mote source reduction and recyclability. Strategies that
can be successful in stimulating household demand for
environmentally preferable products and packages are
identified. The book states that definitions, labeling, and
other important messages must be standardized and
well-publicized so that they are readily recognized and
understood by the consumer.
SMART (Saving Money and Reducing
Trash) Holiday Shopping and School
Shopping
1992, 1 p each, no charge
Waste Education Clearinghouse
Office of Environmental Assistance
520 Lafayette Drive North, 2nd Floor
St. Paul, Minnesota 55155
612215-0232
These pamphlets contain examples of products that have
minimal packaging, and list the cost savings and waste
reduced by buying one type of packaging over another.
Reuse ideas are also presented. About one-half of house-
hold waste comes from the packaging of products.
Through "SMART" shopping, consumers can save
money and reduce waste.
Public Outreach/Education
19
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Solid Waste Source Reduction Education
Program
1992, 150 pp, no charge
Environmental Services Department
City of Greensboro
P.O. Box 3136
Greensboro, North Carolina 27402
Attn: Jerry Bulla
910373-2867
This document describes a research project that shows
how residential solid waste generation rates are affected
by differing education levels. A similar study was con-
ducted on the business community in the second phase of
the project. Overall results were substantial and positive.
The Three Rs: A Helpful Guide to
Improving the Environment
1993, 23 pp, $0.25
DuPage Environmental Awareness Center
P.O. Box 3200
Lisle, Illinois 60532
708 719-2452
This pamphlet provides a brief description of how to
recycle, buy recycled products, reduce waste, and imple-
ment these ideas in a community and workplace. The
pamphlet includes short case studies, charts of plastic
types and waste reduction options, questions and answers,
and steps for starting a program.
You Can Cut It! A Complete Guide to
Reducing Indiana's Solid Waste at the
Source
October 1993, 148 pp, no charge
Indiana Department of Environmental
Management
Indiana Recycling Coalition
P.O. Box 6015
105 South Meridian Street
Indianapolis, Indiana 46206-6027
800451-6027
This guide gives tips to help businesses, industries, insti-
tutions, and citizens change habits that can cause exces-
sive waste generation. The guide is divided up into
sections pertaining to each of the above audiences, and
offers explanations, strategies, fact sheets, and informa-
tion on conducting education campaigns.
20
Public Outreach/Education
-------
Toxic Materials in the Waste Stream
Characterization of Products Containing
Lead and Cadmium in Municipal Solid
Waste in the United States, 1970 to 2000,
Final Report, Executive Summary
January 1989, 44 pp, no charge
EPA Document No. 530-SW-89-015C
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
401 M Street, SW. (5305 W)
Washington, DC 20460
800 424-9346
and
Characterization of Products Containing
Lead and Cadmium in Municipal Solid
Waste in the United States, 1970 to 2000,
Final Report
January 1989, 200 pp, $47.50
NTIS Document No. PB89-151-039
National Technical Information Service
5285 Port Royal Road
Springfield, VA 22161
800 553-6847
This report characterizes the sources of lead and cad-
mium in products disposed of in municipal solid waste
between 1970 and 1986, with projections to the year
2000. Lead-acid batteries are the largest sources of lead
in the waste stream and are projected to increase steadily
between 1970 and 2000. Other lead sources, such as lead
solder in cans and lead in pigments, virtually disappeared
between 1970 and 1986. Discards of nickel-cadmium
household batteries increased dramatically after 1970.
The report also discusses the recycling potential for both
types of batteries.
Characterization of Products Containing
Mercury in Municipal Solid Waste in the
United States, 1970 to 2000, Final
Report, Executive Summary
March 1992, 23 pp, no charge
EPA Document No. 530-S-92-013
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
401 M Street, SW. (5305 W)
Washington, DC 20460
800 424-9346
and
Characterization of Products Containing
Mercury in Municipal Solid Waste in the
United States, 1970 to 2000, Final Report
March 1992, 115pp, $35
NTIS Document No. PB92-162-569
National Technical Information Service
5285 Port Royal Road
Springfield, VA 22161
800 553-6847
This report identifies the products in municipal solid
waste that contain mercury, and quantifies the mercury
present in these products. Discarded household batteries
are classified a major source of mercury, while light
bulbs, paint residues, thermometers, thermostats, and pig-
ments are less intensive sources of mercury in municipal
solid waste.
21
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A Database of Safer Substitutes for
Hazardous Household Products - Phase
One Report
Philip Dickey
July 1990, 81pp, $5
Washington Toxics Coalition
4516 University Way, NE.
Seattle, Washington 98105
206632-1545
This report is the first of three studies investigating the
environmental hazards associated with the use of pesti-
cides, solvents, and some cleaning products. Phase I
focuses on laundry detergents. It reveals that powdered
laundry detergents were significant sources of arsenic in
wastewater. The level of arsenic in detergents was found
to generally correlate with phosphate content.
A Database of Safer Substitutes for
Hazardous Household Products - Phase
Two Report
Philip Dickey
March 1991, 108pp, $5
Washington Toxics Coalition
4516 University Way, NE.
Seattle, Washington 98105
206632-1545
Phase II of this three-part report investigates the environ-
mental hazards associated with the use of dishwashing
detergents, bleaches, general purpose cleaners, scouring
powders, and toilet bowl cleaners. Study results indicate
that automatic dishwashing detergents and powdered
bleaches contribute arsenic to wastewater. These house-
hold products do not appear to contribute other metals
to any significant extent, however.
A Database of Safer Substitutes for
Hazardous Household Products - Phase
Three Report
Philip Dickey
October 1992, 41 pp, $5
Washington Toxics Coalition
4516 University Way, NE.
Seattle, Washington 98105
206632-1545
This third report in the series investigates metals in the
residential waste stream from cosmetics, tap water,
human wastes, and household soil generated through
common cleaning activities. The analysis of tap water is
based on data from the Seattle Water Department. The
incidence of metals in human waste was investigated by
searching medical literature for established data on met-
als in urine and feces.
Tackling Toxics in Everyday Products:
A Directory of Organizations
Nancy Lilienthal, Michele Ascione, and
Adam Flint
1992, 192 pp, $19.95
INFORM, Inc.
381 Park Avenue South
New York, New York 10016-8806
212689-4040
This guide provides information about the problems
caused by products containing toxic chemicals. It dis-
cusses indoor air pollution, smog, water, and air pollution
from the disposal of household hazardous wastes. It pre-
sents examples of products containing toxic constituents
and suggests less toxic alternatives. It discusses policies
and research needed to address this issue based on the
results of a nationwide survey. The directory also includes
an extensive listing of organizations and government
agencies working to prevent and alleviate problems
caused by toxic chemicals in products.
22
Toxic Materials in the Waste Stream
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Variable Rates/Unit Pricing
An Assessment of Unit Pricing for
Municipal Solid Waste
A Report for the Pennsylvania Joint
Legislative Air and Water Pollution
Control and Conservation Committee
Tony M. Guerrieri
September 1994, 15 pp, no charge
Pennsylvania House of Representatives
House Box 202254
Harrisburg, Pennsylvania 17120
717787-7570
This report discusses Pennsylvania's approach to unit pric-
ing. The state encourages localities to use unit pricing to
reduce the waste stream, in order to reach the statewide
goal of recycling 25 percent of the waste stream by 1997.
The report examines eight unit pricing communities, six
of which had recycling rates greater than the statewide
average of 16 percent, and seven of which had annual per
capita waste generation rates below the state average of
0.8 tons.
Charging Households for Waste
Collection and Disposal: The Effects of
Weight or Volume-Based Pricing on Solid
Waste Management
P. Kaldijian
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
NTIS Document No. PB91-111-484
September 1990, 100 pp, $26
National Technical Information Service
5285 Port Royal Road
Springfield, Virginia 22161
800 553-6847
This report examines the effects of unit pricing on waste
generation, household waste disposal behavior, and waste
management costs. It also examines particular features of
unit pricing and its interaction with other programs that
divert materials from the waste stream. The report dis-
cusses case studies solid waste systems in Seattle, Wash-
ington, Perkasie, Pennsylvania, and Ilion, New York.
Garbage by the Pound: On the Streets
Lisa Skumatz, Hans Van Dusen, Jennie
Carton
January 1995, 13 pp, $16.50
Reason Foundation
3415 South Sepulveda Boulevard, Suite
400
Los Angeles, California 90034
310391-2245
This paper discusses the use of variable-rate pricing for
residential waste disposal. By basing the trash service fees
on the weight of waste being disposed of, residents are
encouraged to reduce their waste generation. The paper
includes the results of studies on incentive systems in vari-
ous communities across the country.
Garbage by the Pound Pilot Project
Summary
April 1991, 48 pp, no charge
City of Seattle
Solid Waste Utility
710 2nd Avenue, Suite 505
Seattle, Washington 98104
206 684-7680
This report discusses a one-year pilot study, from Febru-
ary 1990 to February 1991, that tests a weight-based unit
pricing system for municipal garbage collection. The report
relates the results of economic, labor, and human error
analyses. The EPA-funded unit pricing test appeared to
lower the amount of garbage put out for collection by 15
percent during the pilot, and 60 percent of the residents
in the study said that they were satisfied with the system.
23
-------
Garbage, Recycling, and Illicit Burning
or Dumping
Don Fullerton and Thomas Rumanian
Working Paper #43 74
May 1993, 50 pp, $5
National Bureau of Economic Research
1050 Massachusetts Avenue
Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138
617868-3900
This paper is an analysis of an economic model of house-
hold waste disposal behavior. The model shows that a
unit-based fee would lead to some burning or dumping,
whereas a disposal tax on products, coupled with rebates
for proper waste disposal, would encourage legal disposal
of garbage. The study is purely theoretical and involves
no empirical data.
Household Demand for Garbage and
Recycling Collection with the Start of a
Price Per Bag
Don Fullerton and Thomas Rumanian
Working Paper #4670
March 1994, 50 pp, $5
National Bureau of Economic Research
1050 Massachusetts Avenue
Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138
617868-3900
This paper gives the results of a Charlottesville, Virginia,
study that measured household garbage generation before
and after the city implemented a unit pricing system.
The survey found that recycling increased 15 percent,
waste volume fell 37 percent, and waste weight fell 14
percent. The survey also showed that illegal dumping
accounted for about 28 percent of the total reduction.
Mandates or Incentives? Comparing
Packaging Regulations with User Fees for
Trash Collection
Lynn Scarlett
Publication No. 158
May 1993, 32 pp, $18
Reason Foundation
3415 South Sepulveda Boulevard, Suite
400
Los Angeles, California 90034
310391-2245
This booklet examines two approaches being considered
by Massachusetts for solid waste management. The first
would impose regulations for a statewide initiative to
require specific recycled-content levels for consumer
products and require the use of reusable, reduced, or
recycled packaging. The alternative to this plan is to put
in place a unit pricing system, which would create a
market-based incentive to accomplish similar goals.
Pay-As-You-Throw: Lessons Learned
About Unit Pricing
April 1994, 85 pp, no charge
EPA Document No. 530-R-94-004
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
401 M Street, SW (5305 W)
Washington, DC 20460
800 424-9346
This document describes the advantages and potential
barriers to unit pricing systems. It provides practical,
proven stategies and advice to solid waste officials to help
them decide if unit pricing could work in their communi-
ties. It reviews program options, explains the types of
waste containers typically used, the different ways to
structure a billing system, and other important choices. It
also provides a six-step process showing how to estimate
the amount of waste a community would produce under
unit pricing, create a rate structure, and estimate the
resulting revenues. Case studies and answers to commonly
asked questions about unit pricing programs are also
included.
24
Variable Rates/Unit Pricing
-------
A Primer on Variable Rate Pricing for
Solid Waste Services
June 1994, 2 5 pp, no charge
U.S. Conference of Mayors
162 01 Street, NW.
Washington, DC 20006
Attn: Reginald Lawson
202 293-7330
This introductory brochure is written for municipalities
that are considering a unit pricing system. It gives tips on
how to start a successful program, and addresses imple-
mentation issues. The brochure discusses the various
mechanisms that can be used and the pros and cons of
each one.
Solid Waste Management: Planning
Issues & Opportunities
Robert Gottlieb, Gary Davis, and Sidney
Wolf
1990, 71 pp, $15
American Planning Association
1313 East 60th Street
Chicago, Illinois 60637
312431-9100
This report examines solid waste management options,
examples of solid waste legislation, and case studies on
various communities, such as Seattle, Washington,
Perkasie, Pennsylvania, Queen Village in Philadelphia,
Pennsylvania, and North Hempstead, New York. It also
discusses waste stream composition.
State Solid Waste Policy Report: A Focus
on Greater Minnesota
November 1992, 166 pp, no charge
Minnesota Office of Environmental
Assistance
520 Lafayette Road North, 2nd Floor
St. Paul, Minnesota 55155-4100
612 296-3417
This report is a review of Minnesota's waste management
system in which unit pricing is mentioned briefly. St.
Louis Park, a unit pricing community, is discussed. The
report examines historical and contemporary statewide
programs, county initiatives, industrial and residential
waste generation trends, waste collection and transporta-
tion systems, and collection system costs.
Unit Pricing: Providing an Incentive to
Reduce Municipal Solid Waste
EPA Document No. 530-SW-91-005
February 1991, 12 pp, no charge
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
401 M Street, SW (5305W)
Washington, DC 20460
800 424-9346
EPA published this informational brochure for any city
solid waste manager interested in unit pricing methods
for municipal solid waste collection. The brochure
describes unit-based pricing and the economic theory
behind it. It discusses the potential benefits of unit pric-
ing, including reduced waste generation, extended landfill
life, reduced labor costs for collection, greater recycling
participation, and increased resource conservation.
User Fee Potential for Proprietary
Activities
David S. Hasson
(presented to the Association of
Washington Cities 1991 Annual
Convention, Spokane, Washington)
June 1991
CH2M Hill
825 Northeast Multnomah, Suite 1300
Portland, Oregon 97232
503 235-5000
This discussion outlines the primary issues involved in
the implementation of both user fees and disposal taxes.
During this period of increased concern about property
taxes and revenues needed for government services,
municipalities are turning to user fees to meet revenue
needs. Charging user fees for proprietary activities has
been common, but tax revenues also have been used.
Variable Rates/Unit Pricing
25
-------
Variable Rate Pricing: A Practical Guide
for Local Decisionmakers
Mark Lennon and Lisa Skumatz
May 1995, 85 pp, no charge
Coalition of Northeastern Governors
400 North Capitol Street, NW.
Washington, DC 20001
202 624-8450
This workbook is designed to assist in the evaluation,
planning, and implementation of variable rate pricing for
solid waste management services. It walks the reader
through planning, budgeting, selling the program, imple-
mentation, and operational concerns. The workbook also
includes worksheets and exercises to familiarize readers
with the process of implementing a unit pricing program.
The appendices discuss illegal dumping, multifamily
dwellings, seasonal populations, and bag-distribution
issues.
Variable Rates for Municipal Solid Waste:
Implementation Experience Economics
and Legislation
Lisa Skumatz
Publication No. 160
June 1993, 43 pp, $18
Reason Foundation
3415 South Sepulveda Boulevard, Suite
400
Los Angeles, California 90034
310391-2245
This booklet examines the economics, mechanics, and
politics of unit pricing systems. The author shows the dif-
ferent ways in which unit pricing programs can be run,
comparing bags, tags, and prescribed cans; private and
public hauling; and complementary programs like com-
posting and services for multi-unit housing. The author
discusses policies of various states that require or encour-
age unit pricing, and steps for evaluating a program's per-
formance.
Variable Rates in Solid Waste: Handbook
for Solid Waste Officials — Volume I -
Executive Summary
Lisa Skumatz and Cabell Breckinridge
City of Seattle Engineering Department,
Solid Waste Utility
1990, 45 pp, $26
NTIS Document No. PB90-272-055
and
Variable Rates in Solid Waste: Handbook
for Solid Waste Officials — Volume II -
Detailed Manual
1990, 309 pp, $62.50
NTIS Document No. PB90-272-063
National Technical Information Service
5285 Port Royal Road
Springield, Virginia 22161
800 553-6847
This manual describes an alternative to traditional source
reduction methods: charging user fees at variable rates
for solid waste collection and disposal services. Variable
can rates or bag/tag systems offer a number of advan-
tages over traditional solid waste funding mechanisms:
they give customers control over the bill, provide incen-
tives for waste reduction and recycling, can lead to sys-
tem savings, can be implemented more quickly than
capital investments, and can be implemented in different
situations.
26
Variable Rates/Unit Pricing
-------
Whatever You Call It, It Works...
Unit-Based Pricing for Solid Waste
Management: A "How To..." Manual for
New Hampshire Communities
Mark Lennon
May 1994, 35 pp, $10
New Hampshire Department of
Environmental Services
c/o Joyce Perrault
6 Hazen Drive
P.O. Box 95
Concord, New Hampshire 03302-0095
603271-3503
This manual was written to help solid waste managers
and operators in New Hampshire muncipalities to evalu-
ate, plan, and implement unit-based pricing programs.
The document covers planning, budgeting, selling the
program to residents and officials, implementation, and
operational concerns.
Wisconsin Volume Ba$ed Rate Collection
Guide: Economic Incentives for Source
Reduction and Recycling
Sherri Cruder, Shannon Green, Linda
Schuerman
November 1993, 62 pp, $10
University of Wisconsin—Extension
Solid & Hazardous Waste Education
Center
610 Langdon Street, Room 529
Madison, Wisconsin 53703
608 262-0385 (no phone orders)
This guide presents materials that can be used to plan
and implement, or to redesign, volume based rate (VBR)
solid waste collection programs. It contains information
about the feasibility of implementing VBRs from the
political, staff, and resident perspectives; VBR program
design options; and specific programs used by more than
200 communities in Wisconsin.
Variable Rates/Unit Pricing
27
-------
Title Index
53 Simple Things Universities and Colleges
Can Do to Reduce Waste: Case Studies of
University Source Reduction, Recycling,
and Composting
Integrated Solid Waste Management
Office
7
Assessment of Unit Pricing for Municipal Solid
Waste, An
Pennsylvania House of Representatives 23
Berkshire Recycles: A Handbook for Berkshire
County Businesses on Commercial
Recycling and Waste Reduction
Center for Ecological Technology 1
Bottom Line . . . A Guide to Waste Reduction
for New York State Businesses, The
New York State Department of Economic
Development
Business Guide for Reducing Solid Waste
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency.
1
Business Guide to Waste Reduction & Recycling
Xerox Document and Software Service 1
Business Waste Reduction and Recycling
Handbook
King County Solid Waste Division 2
Buy Recycled Training Manual: A Guidebook
for Buying Recycled Products
Northeast Maryland Waste Disposal
Authority 18
Buy Recycled Training Manual: A Guidebook for
Government Buyers and Using Agencies
Northeast Maryland Waste Disposal
Authority 18
By-Product and Waste Search Service
Iowa Waste Reduction Center 11
California Waste Exchange: Directory of
Industrial Recyclers
California Environmental Protection Agency. ..11
Case Reopened: Reassessing Refillable Bottles
INFORM, Inc 12
Characterization of Products Containing Lead
and Cadmium in Municipal Solid Waste
in the United States, 1970 to 2000, Final
Report, Executive Summary
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency 21
and
Characterization of Products Containing
Lead and Cadmium in Municipal Solid
Waste in the United States, 1970 to
2000, Final Report
National Technical Information Service 21
Characterization of Products Containing
Mercury in Municipal Solid Waste in the
United States, 1970 to 2000, Final
Report, Executive Summary
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency 21
and
Characterization of Products Containing
Mercury in Municipal Solid Waste in the
United States, 1970 to 2000, Final Report
National Technical Information Service 21
Charging Households for Waste Collection and
Disposal: The Effects of Weight or
Volume-Based Pricing on Solid Waste
Management
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency 23
Consumer's Handbook for Reducing Solid
Waste, The
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency 18
Convenience Store Guide to Solid Waste
Management
National Association of Convenience
Stores 2
Curbing Waste in a Throwaway World: Report
of the Task Force on Solid Waste
Management
National Governors' Association
Publications 14
Database of Safer Substitutes for Hazardous
Household Products - Phase One Report, A
Washington Toxics Coalition 22
Database of Safer Substitutes for Hazardous
Household Products - Phase Three
Report, A
Washington Toxics Coalition
A-l
-------
Database of Safer Substitutes for Hazardous
Household Products - Phase Two Report, A
Washington Toxics Coalition
22
Decision-Makers' Guide to Solid Waste
Management, Volume II
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency.
Delivering the Goods: Benefits of Reusable
Shipping Containers
INFORM, Inc
12
Description of a Successful College Recycling
Program: A Look at Reed Recycling:
Reed College (Portland, Oregon)
Reed College Recycling
Environmental Fact Sheets — Plastics: The
Facts on Source Reduction
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency.
Environmental Shopping Guide
Pennsylvania Resources Council, Inc. . .
Federal Disincentives: A Study of Federal Tax
Subsidies and Other Programs Affecting
Virgin Industries and Recycling
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. ..
Federal Options for Reducing Waste Disposal
CBO Publications
18
14
14
Final Report of the Source Reduction Task Force
Coalition of Northeastern Governors, Inc.... 12
Food For The Earth
Food For The Earth 2
Food For Thought: San Francisco Restaurants'
Guide to Waste Reduction and Recycling
San Francisco Recycling Program
Food Packaging, Food Protection, and the
Environment: A Workshop Report
Institute of Food Technologies 12
Forty Ways to Make Government Purchasing
Green
Government Purchasing Project 9
Garbage by the Pound: On the Streets
Reason Foundation 23
Garbage By the Pound Pilot Project Summary
City of Seattle 23
Garbage, Recycling, and Illicit Burning or
Dumping
National Bureau of Economic Research 24
Germany, Garbage, and the Green Dot:
Challenging the Throwaway Society
INFORM, Inc 14
Getting at the Source: Strategies for Reducing
Municipal Solid Waste
World Wildlife Fund and
The Conservation Foundation
15
G.O.L.D. Manual: Methods to Assist State
Agencies and Institutions in the
Development of Waste Reduction and
Recycling Plans, The
Washington State Department of Ecology.
G.O.L.D. Plan: A Strategy For Waste
Reduction and Recycling at State
Government Facilities, The
Washington State Department of Ecology.
Guidelines for the Collection of Recyclable
Materials and Reduction of Solid Waste
in the State System of Education
Florida Education Center
15
Household Demand for Garbage and Recycling
Collection with the Start of a Price Per Bag
National Bureau of Economic Research 24
How To Recycle or Reuse Almost Anything
New York City Department of
Sanitation/Recycling Program
11
Illinois Success Stories in Waste Reduction
Illinois Department of Energy and
Natural Resources
loPP Packaging Reduction, Reuse, Recycling
and Disposal Guidelines
Institute of Packaging Professionals . ..
King County Home Waste Guide: A Home
Tour Through the World of Waste
Reduction and Recycling
King County Solid Waste Division.. ..
Leave Less Behind for the Future Campaign:
Research Findings
California Integrated Waste Management
Board
Making Less Garbage: A Planning Guide for
Communities
INFORM, Inc
13
19
19
Mandates or Incentives? Comparing
Packaging Regulations with User Fees
for Trash Collection
Reason Foundation
Mandatory Commercial Solid Waste Recycling:
Rhode Island Case Study
Center for Environmental Studies
MN's Consumer Handbook to Reducing Waste
Waste Education Clearinghouse
. 3
19
A-2
Title Index
-------
Montgomery County Policy on Waste Reduction
Montgomery County Department of
Environmental Protection 15
Newark Guide to Source Reduction and Buying
Recycled in the Workplace, The
Newark Office of Recycling 3
Office and Commercial Waste Reduction: A
How-To Guide for Illinois Businesses and
Organizations
Illinois Department of Energy and
Natural Resources
3
Office Guide to Recycling and Buying Recycled
Products
Ohio Department of Natural Resources 4
Ounce of Prevention: Strategies for Cutting
Packaging Waste, An
Californians Against Waste Foundation 13
Ounce of Prevention: Waste Reduction
Strategies for Health Care Facilities, An
American Society for Healthcare
Environmental Services 4
Overcoming Barriers to Large-Scale Diversion
of Municipal Solid Waste
International Council for Local
Environmental Initiatives
Packaging and the Environment: Alternatives,
Trends, and Solutions
Technomic Publishing Company, Inc
Pay-As-You-Throw: Lessons Learned About
Unit Pricing
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency.
Pollution Prevention Resource Guide
Alaska Department of Environmental
Conservation
15
13
24
Precycle: Final Report
Boulder Energy Conservation Center .
Preferred Packaging Manual
Coalition of Northeastern Governors, Inc..
Primer on Variable Rate Pricing for Solid
Waste Services, A
U.S. Conference of Mayors
. 10
.. 7
.. 13
. 25
Promoting Source Reduction and Recyclability
in the Marketplace
National Technical Information Service .
Prosperity Without Pollution: The Prevention
Strategy for Industry and Consumers
Van Nostrand - Reinhold
19
16
Recycling and Source Reduction for the
Lodging Industry
American Hotel & Motel Association 4
Reducing Office Paper Waste
INFORM, Inc 4
Resourceful Waste Management: A Guide for
Minnesota/Metropolitan Area Businesses
and Industries
Waste Education Clearinghouse 5
Review of Industrial Waste Exchanges
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency 11
SMART (Saving Money and Reducing Trash)
Holiday Shopping and School Shopping
Waste Education Clearinghouse 19
Solid Progress
Grocery Manufacturers of America 5
Solid Waste Dilemma: An Agenda for Action,
The
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency 16
Solid Waste Management: Planning Issues if
Opportunities
American Planning Association 25
Solid Waste Source Reduction Education
Program
Environmental Services Department.
20
Source Reduction: A Working Definition
Council on Packaging in the Environment .. 16
Source Reduction and Recycling:
Environmental Stewardship for the 1990s
Eastman Kodak Company 5
Source Reduction as an Option for Municipal
Waste Management
National Technical Information Service 16
Source Reduction Case Studies and Fact Sheets
Departments of Commerce and Natural
Resources 8
Source Reduction Council of CONEG:
Progress Report
Coalition of Northeastern Governors, Inc.
Source Reduction Now: How to Implement a
Source Reduction Program
Waste Education Clearinghouse
. 16
Spotlight on Waste Prevention: EPAs Program
To Reduce Solid Waste at the Source
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency ..
Title Index
A-3
-------
Starting a Materials Donation Program: A
Step-By-Step Guide
Materials for the Arts 11
State Solid Waste Policy Report: A Focus on
Greater Minnesota
Minnesota Office of Environmental
Assistance
25
Supermarket Diet: Watching Our Waste, The
Environmental Defense Fund
Tackling Toxics in Everyday Products:
A Directory of Organizations
INFORM, Inc
Taking the CONEG Challenge: First Year
Update - Voluntary Packaging Reductions
by Industry
Coalition of Northeastern Governors, Inc..
Three Rs: A Helpful Guide to Improving the
Environment, The
DuPage Environmental Awareness Center .
Unit Pricing: Providing an Incentive to Reduce
Municipal Solid Waste
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. .. .
University and College Solid Waste Reduction
and Recycling
Illinois Department of Energy and
Natural Resources
User Fee Potential for Proprietary Activities
Association of Washington Cities 1991
Annual Convention (presented by David
S. Hasson)
Variable Rate Pricing: A Practical Guide for
Local Decisionmakers
Coalition of Northeastern Governors . .
Variable Rates for Municipal Solid Waste:
Implementation Experience Economics
and Legislation
Reason Foundation
77
13
20
25
17
25
26
26
Waste Prevention Pays Off: Companies Cut
Waste In the Workplace
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
Waste in the Workplace
Keep America Beautiful, Inc
Waste Not Book, The
Minnesota Hospital Association.
Waste Not, Want Not!
Scott Paper Company
Waste Prevention, Recycling, and Composting
Options: Lessons Learned from 30
Communities
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency 17
Waste Prevention Tool Kit for Local
Governments
Cornell University Resource Center.
10
Waste Reduction and the Model Community
Central States Education Center 10
Waste Reduction: Policy and Practice
John Wiley & Sons
17
Waste Reduction Programs for
Commercial/Industrial Solid Waste: A
Guide for Local Governments
North Carolina Office of Waste Reduction . . 10
Whatever You Call It, It Works... Unit-Based
Pricing for Solid Waste Management: A
"How To..." Manual for New Hampshire
Communities
New Hampshire Department of
Environmental Services
27
Wisconsin Volume Ba$ed Rate Collection
Guide: Economic Incentives for Source
Reduction and Recycling
University of Wisconsin — Extension, Solid
& Hazardous Waste Education Center
27
Variable Rates in Solid Waste: Handbook for
Solid Waste Officials — Volume I -
Executive Summary
and
Variable Rates in Solid Waste: Handbook
for Solid Waste Officials — Volume II -
Detailed Manual
National Technical Information Service ..
Wisconsin's Business Waste Reduction &
Recycling Portfolio: Protect the
Environment and Your Bottom Line
Wisconsin Department of Administration
Worldwatch Institute Report: State of the
World 1991
Worldwatch Institute
Waste Prevention: It Makes Good Business Sense
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. ..
26
. 6
You Can Cut It! A Complete Guide to
Reducing Indiana's Solid Waste at the
Source
Indiana Recycling Coalition
17
20
A-4
Title Index
-------
Author Index
Alaska Department of Environmental
Conservation
Pollution Prevention Resource Guide .
10
American Hotel & Motel Association
Recycling and Source Reduction for the
American Planning Association
Solid Waste Management: Planning Issues
dortunities
25
American Society for Healthcare
Environmental Services
An Ounce of Prevention: Waste Reduction
Strategies for Health Care Facilities
Association of Washington Cities 1991
Annual Convention (presentation by
David S. Hasson)
User Fee Potential for Proprietary Activities .... 25
Boulder Energy Conservation Center
Precycle: Final Report 7
California Environmental Protection Agency
California Waste Exchange: Directory of
Industrial Recyclers
California Integrated Waste Management
Board
Leave Less Behind for the Future
Research Findings
11
19
Californians Against Waste Foundation
An Ounce of Prevention: Strategies for
Cutting Packaging Waste
CBO Publications
Federal Options for Reducing Waste Disposal.
Center for Ecological Technology
Berkshire Recycles: A Handbook for Berkshire
County Businesses on Commercial Recycling
and Waste Reduction
.. 13
. 14
Center for Environmental Studies
Mandatory Commercial Solid Waste
Recycling: Rhode Island Case Study .
3
Central States Education Center
Waste Reduction and the Model Community .... 10
City of Seattle
Garbage by the Pound Pilot Project Summary ..23
Coalition of Northeastern Governors, Inc.
Final Report of the Source Reduction Task
Force
12
Coalition of Northeastern Governors, Inc.
Preferred Packaging Manual 13
Coalition of Northeastern Governors, Inc.
Source Reduction Council of CONEG:
ress Report 16
Coalition of Northeastern Governors, Inc.
Taking the CONEG Challenge: First Year
Update - Voluntary Packaging Reductions by
Industry 13
Coalition of Northeastern Governors
Variable Rate Pricing: A Practical Guide for
Local Decisionmakers 26
Cornell University Resource Center
Waste Prevention Tool Kit for Local
Governments 10
Council on Packaging in the Environment
Source Reduction: A Working Definition 16
Departments of Commerce and Natural
Resources
Source Reduction Case Studies and Fact Sheets... 8
DuPage Environmental Awareness Center
The Three Rs: A Helpful Guide to Improving
the Environment
20
Eastman Kodak Company
Source Reduction and Recycling:
Environmental Stewardship for the 1990s.
Environmental Defense Fund
The Supermarket Diet: Watching Our Waste. .
Environmental Services Department
Solid Waste Source Reduction Education
Florida Education Center
Guidelines for the Collection of Recyclable
Materials and Reduction of Solid Waste in the
State System of Education
20
15
Food For The Earth
Food For The Earth .
B-l
-------
Government Purchasing Project
Forty Ways to Make Government Purchasing
Green 9
Grocery Manufacturers of America
Solid Progress
5
Illinois Department of Energy and Natural
Resources
Illinois Success Stories in Waste Reduction 7
Illinois Department of Energy and Natural
Resources
Office and Commercial Waste Reduction: A
How-To Guide for Illinois Businesses and
dtions 3
Illinois Department of Energy and Natural
Resources
University and College Solid Waste Reduction
and Recycling 17
Indiana Recycling Coalition
You Can Cut It! A Complete Guide to
Reducing Indiana's Solid Waste at the Source.... 20
INFORM, Inc.
Case Reopened: Reassessing Refillable Bottles 12
INFORM, Inc.
Delivering the Goods: Benefits of Reusable
Shipping Containers 12
INFORM, Inc.
Germany, Garbage, and the Green Dot:
Challenging the Throwaway Society. . ..
14
INFORM, Inc.
Making Less Garbage: A Planning Guide for
Communities 9
INFORM, Inc.
Reducing Office Paper Waste 4
INFORM, Inc.
Tackling Toxics in Everyday Products:
A Directory of Organizations
22
Institute of Food Technologies
Food Packaging, Food Protection, and the
Environment: A Workshop Report 12
Institute of Packaging Professionals
loPP Packaging Reduction, Reuse, Recycling
and Disposal Guidelines 13
Integrated Solid Waste Management Office
53 Simple Things Universities and Colleges
Can Do to Reduce Waste: Case Studies of
University Source Reduction, Recycling, and
Composting 7
International Council for Local
Environmental Initiatives
Overcoming Barriers to Large-Scale
Diversion of Municipal Solid Waste..
Iowa Waste Reduction Center
By-Product and Waste Search Service.
15
11
John Wiley & Sons
Waste Reduction: Policy and Practice 17
Keep America Beautiful, Inc.
Waste in the Workplace 6
King County Solid Waste Division
Business Waste Reduction and Recycling
Handbook 2
King County Solid Waste Division
King County Home Waste Guide: A Home
Tour Through the World of Waste Reduction
and Recycling 19
Materials for the Arts
Starting a Materials Donation Program: A
Step-By-Step Guide 11
Minnesota Hospital Association
The Waste Not,
Minnesota Office of Environmental
Assistance
State Solid Waste Policy Report: A Focus on
Greater Minnesota
Montgomery County Department of
Environmental Protection
Montgomery County Policy on Waste
Reduction
25
15
National Association of Convenience Stores
Convenience Store Guide to Solid Waste
Management
National Bureau of Economic Research
Garbage, Recycling, and Illicit Burning or
Dumping 24
National Bureau of Economic Research
Household Demand for Garbage and
Recycling Collection with the Start of a Price
Per Bag 24
National Governors' Association Publications
Curbing Waste in a Throwaway World:
Report of the Task Force on Solid Waste
Management
14
National Technical Information Service
Characterization of Products Containing Lead
and Cadmium in Municipal Solid Waste in
the United States, 1970 to 2000, Final Report. . 21
B-2
Author Index
-------
National Technical Information Service
Characterization of Products Containing
Mercury in Municipal Solid Waste in the
United States, 1970 to 2000, Final Report .
National Technical Information Service
Promoting Source Reduction and Readability
in the Marketplace, Executive Summary ....
National Technical Information Service
Source Reduction as an Option for Municipal
Waste Management
21
19
16
National Technical Information Service
Variable Rates in Solid Waste: Handbook for
Solid Waste Officials — Volume I - Executive
Summary
and
Variable Rates in Solid Waste: Handbook for
Solid Waste Officials — Volume II - Detailed
Manual
26
New Hampshire Department of
Environmental Services
Whatever You Call It, It Works...Unit-Based
Pricing for Solid Waste Management: A
"How To..." Manual for New Hampshire
Communities
New York City Department of
Sanitation/Recycling Program
How To Recycle or Reuse Almost Anything.
New York State Department of Economic
Development
The Bottom Line . . . A Guide to Waste
Reduction for New York State Businesses . .
27
11
Newark Office of Recycling
The Newark Guide to Source Reduction and
Buying Recycled in the Workplace
North Carolina Office of Waste Reduction
Waste Reduction Programs for
Commercial/Industrial Solid Waste: A Guide
for Local Governments
Northeast Maryland Waste Disposal
Authority
Buy Recycled Training Manual: A Guidebook
for Buying Recycled Products
Northeast Maryland Waste Disposal
Authority
Buy Recycled Training Manual: A Guidebook
for Government Buyers and Using Agencies. ..
Ohio Department of Natural Resources
Office Guide to Recycling and Buying Recycled
Products
10
18
18
Pennsylvania House of Representatives
An Assessment of Unit Pricing for Municipal
Solid Waste 23
Pennsylvania Resources Council, Inc.
Environmental Shopping Guide ....
Reason Foundation
Garbage by the Pound: On the Streets
Reason Foundation
Mandates or Incentives? Comparing
Packaging Regulations with User Fees for
Trash Collection
Reason Foundation
Variable Rates for Municipal Solid Waste:
Implementation Experience Economics and
ition
Reed College Recycling
Description of a Successful College Recycling
Program: A Look at Reed Recycling: Reed
College (Portland, Oregon)
San Francisco Recycling Program
Food For Thought: San Francisco
Restaurants' Guide to Waste Reduction and
Recycling
Scott Paper Company
Waste Not, Want Not!
Technomic Publishing Company, Inc.
Packaging and the Environment:
Alternatives, Trends, and Solutions.. .
U.S. Conference of Mayors
A Primer on Variable Rate Pricing for Solid
Waste Services
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
Business Guide for Reducing Solid Waste
18
23
24
26
13
25
1
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
Characterization of Products Containing Lead
and Cadmium in Municipal Solid Waste in
the United States, 1970 to 2000, Final
Report, Executive Summary 21
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
Characterization of Products Containing
Mercury in Municipal Solid Waste in the
United States, 1970 to 2000, Final Report,
Executive Summary 21
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
Charging Households for Waste Collection and
Disposal: The Effects of Weight or
Volume-Based Pricing on Solid Waste
it
23
Author Index
B-3
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U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
The Consumer's Handbook for Reducing Solid
Waste 18
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
Decision-Makers' Guide to Solid Waste
Management, Volume II 9
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
Environmental Fact Sheets — Plastics: The
Facts on Source Reduction 2
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
Federal Disincentives: A Study of Federal Tax
Subsidies and Other Programs Affecting
Virgin Industries and Recycling 14
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
Pay-As-You-Throw: Lessons Learned About
Unit Pricing 24
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
Review of Industrial Waste Exchanges .
11
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
The Solid Waste Dilemma: An Agenda for Action ... 16
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
Spotlight on Waste Prevention: EPAs
ram To Reduce Solid Waste at the Source.... 8
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
Unit Pricing: Providing an Incentive to
Reduce Municipal Solid Waste 25
U.S Environmental Protection Agency
Waste Prevention: It Makes Good Business Sense. ... 6
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
Waste Prevention Pays Off: Companies Cut
Waste In the Workplace 8
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
Waste Prevention, Recycling, and Composting
Options: Lessons Learned from 30
Communities 17
University of Wisconsin—Extension, Solid &
Hazardous Waste Education Center
Wisconsin Volume Ba$ed Rate Collection
Guide: Economic Incentives for Source
Reduction and Recycling 27
Van Nostrand - Reinhold
Prosperity Without Pollution: The Prevention
Strategy for Industry and Consumers 16
Washington Toxics Coalition
A Database of Safer Substitutes for
Hazardous Household Products - Phase One
Report
Washington Toxics Coalition
A Database of Safer Substitutes for
Hazardous Household Products - Phase Three
Report
Washington Toxics Coalition
A Database of Safer Substitutes for
Hazardous Household Products - Phase Two
Report
Washington State Department of Ecology
The G.O.L.D. Manual: Methods to Assist
State Agencies and Institutions in the
Development of Waste Reduction and
Recycling Plans
Washington State Department of Ecology
The G.O.L.D. Plan: A Strategy For Waste
Reduction and Recycling at State Government
Facilities
Waste Education Clearinghouse
MN's Consumer Handbook to
Waste .. 19
Waste Education Clearinghouse
Resourceful Waste Management: A Guide for
Minnesota/Metropolitan Area Businesses and
Industries 5
Waste Education Clearinghouse
SMART (Saving Money and Reducing
Trash) Holiday Shopping and School Shopping .. 19
Waste Education Clearinghouse
Source Reduction Now: How to Implement a
Source Reduction Program 5
Wisconsin Department of Administration
Wisconsin's Business Waste Reduction &
Recycling Portfolio: Protect the Environment
and Your Bottom Line 6
World Wildlife Fund and The Conservation
Foundation
Getting at the Source: Strategies for Reducing
Municipal Solid Waste 15
Worldwatch Institute
Worldwatch Institute Report: State of the
World 1991
Xerox Document and Software Service
Business Guide to Waste Reduction &
Recycling
17
B-4
Author Index
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Periodicals
Beverage World
Keller International Publishing Corp.
150 Great Neck Road
Great Neck, New York 11021
516829-9210
12/year
BioCyde: Journal of Composting and Recycling
419 State Avenue
Emmaus, Pennsylvania 18049
610967-4135
12/year
EPA Journal
Superintendent of Documents
P.O. Box 371954
Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15250-7954
202 260-6643
6/year
Governing Magazine
Grain Communications, Inc.
2300 N Street, NW., Suite 760
Washington, DC 20037
862-8802
13/year
Household Hazardous Waste Management News
Waste Watch Center
16 Haverhill Street
Andover, Massachusetts 01810
508 470-3044
4/year
Innovation
Industrial Designers Society of America
1142 East Walker Road
Great Falls, Virginia 22066
703 759-0100
4/year
Journal of Environmental Systems
Baywood Publishing Co., Inc.
26 Austin Avenue, Box 337
Amityville, New York 11701
516691-1270
4/year
MSW Management
Forester Communications
5638 Hollister Avenue, Suite 301
Santa Barbara, California 93117
805681-1300
7/year
Municipal Solid Waste News
Solid Waste Association of North America
1100 Wayne Avenue, Suite 700
Silver Spring, Maryland 20910-3621
301 585-2898
12/year
Plastics News
Grain Communications, Inc.
Circulation Department
965 East Jefferson Avenue
Detroit, Michigan 48207
800 678-9595
52/year
Pollution Prevention News
U.S. EPA (7409)
401 M Street, SW
Washington, DC 20460
Attn: Ruth Heikkinen
202 260-1803
6/year
Pulp fa Paper
Circulation Department
P.O. Box 1065
Skokie, Illinois 60076-8065
800 682-8297
13/year
Recycling Today
GIF Inc.
4012 Bridge Avenue
Cleveland, Ohio 44113-3320
216961-4130
12/year
Resource Recovery Report
5313 38th Street, NW.
Washington, DC 20015
202 362-6034
12/year
C-l
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Resource Recycling
P.O. Box 10540
Portland, Oregon 97210
503 227-1319
12/year
Resources, Conservation and,
Elsevier Science
655 Avenue of the Americas, 3rd Floor
New York, New York 10010-5107
Attn: Journals Information Department.
212 633-3752
12/year
Solid Waste Report
Business Publishers, Inc.
951 Pershing Drive
Silver Spring, Maryland 20910
800 274-6737
5 2/year
Solid Waste Technology
Adams/Green Industry Publishing, Inc.
7221 West 79th Street, Suite 208
Overland Park, Kansas 66204
913 642-6032
7/year
Waste Age
4301 Connecticut Avenue, Suite 300, NW.
Washington, DC 20008
800829-5411
12/year
World Wastes
Argus Press
Fulfillment Department
P.O. Box 41369
Nashville, Tennessee 37204-1094
615 377-3322
12/year,,
World Watch
1776 Massachusetts Avenue, NW.
Washington, DC 20036
800 825-0061
6/year
C-2
Periodicals
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Suggestions and Additions to the Source Reduction Bibliography
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Source Reduction Bibliography
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
Municipal and Industrial Solid Waste Division
401 M Street, SW. (5306W)
Washington, DC 20460
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