United States       Solid Waste and      EPA530-R-95-042
            Environmental Protection   Emergency Response    September 1995
            Agency          (5306W)
&EPA     Report to Congress:
            Recovery and Recycling
            Of Plastics from
            Durable Goods

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                                     CONTENTS

                                                                                 Page

 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY 	ES_!

 SECTION 1   INTRODUCTION	j

       1.1     Scope and Purpose of Report 	1

       1.2     Background	          2


 SECTION 2   STATUS OF POSTCONSUMER DURABLE PLASTICS
              RECYCLING IN THE U.S	                   4

       2.1     Recycling of Postconsumer Durable Plastics Found
              InMSW	4

       2.2     Recycling of Other Postconsumer Durable Plastics 	4

       2.3     Overview of the Durables Recycling Process	6


 SECTION 3   BARRIERS TO RECYCLING POSTCONSUMER
              DURABLE PLASTICS	                                  «
      3.1     Lack of Well-Developed Infrastructure for Collecting
             Durables for Plastics Recovery	
      3.2    Lack of Economical Dismantling Methods ...................................... 8

      3.3    Difficulties in Identifying Plastic Resins in Durables .............................. 8

      3.4    Lack of Economical Sorting Technologies ...................................... 9

      3.5    Conflicts Between Product Design Objectives and Recyclability ..................... 9

      3.6    Competition with Virgin Resins ........................................     9
SECTION 4   CURRENT INITIATIVES IN RECYCLING OF POSTCONSUMER
             DURABLE PLASTICS
      4.1     Developing a Collection Infrastructure ........................................ 1 1

             4.1.1  Transportation Equipment and Major Appliances  ......................... 11
             4.1.2  Computers and Electronic Equipment  ..... .............................. 12
             4. 1 .3  Other Activities ............................................         12

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       4.2      Enhancing Dismantling Operations	12

       4.3      Enhancing Resin Identification	13

               4.3.1   Transportation Equipment  	13
               4.3.2   Computer and Business Equipment  	13
               4.3.3   Other Activities	14

       4.4      Enhancing Design for Recycling	14

               4.4.1   Transportation Equipment  	14
               4.4.2   Computer and Business Equipment  	15
               4.4.3   Other Activities	15
       4.5      Advancements in Sorting Technologies  	15

       4.6      Enhancing Markets for Recovered Plastics	16


SECTION 5    EPA ACTIVITIES TO ACCELERATE PLASTICS RECYCLING  	17

       5.1      1990 Report to Congress	17

       5.2      Recycling Means Business 	17

       5.3      City/Industry Redesign Project	18

       5.4      Comprehensive Procurement Guidelines  	18

       5.4      Guidance on Environmentally Preferable Products	19

       5.5      Chicago Board of Trade Partnership	19

       5.6      WasteWi$e  	19


APPENDIX A

       Resin Characteristics, Markets, and Products 	A-l

       References 	A-3

       Non-Federal Contacts  	A-9

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                                       Executive Summary


       In September 1994, Congress directed the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) to report on
activities to accelerate the recovery of plastics in postconsumer durable goods (such as cars, appliances,  and
electronics). This report summarizes progress in the recovery of plastics from postconsumer durable goods.

       Postconsumer durable goods are items used by consumers for three years or more prior to discard. Plastics
are an important, though generally not a major, component of durable goods. Major categories of durable goods
include  transportation  equipment,  major appliances, computers  and business  equipment, building  and
construction materials, and furniture and furnishings.


Current Generation and Recycling Rates:

       •       Of the  207 million tons of municipal solid waste (MSW) generated in 1993, only 6.3 million
                tons were plastics from postconsumer durables. An additional 1.7 million tons of postconsumer
                durable plastics are managed outside the MSW stream.   Total estimated  generation of all
                postconsumer plastics from durables is 8 million tons annually. Available data shows less than
                three percent (0.21 million tons) of this material was recycled in 1993.

       •       The  collection  and  recycling of plastics from durables  is still in its  infancy and has  not
                accelerated as quickly as recovery of other commodities due to the barriers outlined below.


Barriers to Expanded Recycling:

       •       In  the  recycling of postconsumer  plastics, costs  are incurred in  collecting, dismantling,
                separating,  cleaning, and processing the material.   These costs make plastics  recycling
                expensive relative to the  value  of  the material recovered, limiting  the amount of activity
                currently underway. While plastics recycling hi general has many of the same  barriers that limit
                recycling of plastic durables, these barriers  are more complex for postconsumer plastic durables.
                Specific barriers that limit plastics recovery from durables include:

                       Lack of a mature  infrastructure for collecting durable goods. Except for cars,
                       automobile batteries and major appliances  which generally are collected for their
                       metals, no well-established systems exist to collect or take back durables for recovery
                       after they have been used by consumers. The systems that are in place focus on  the
                       recovery of metals and refrigerants, not plastics.

                       Lack of economical methods for dismantling durable goods. To recover plastic
                       parts from durables, the goods must be taken apart. Currently,  dismantling is a manual
                       operation that is only economical for a small number of high-value parts that  are
                       removed easily.

                       Difficulties in identifying plastics within durables. Durable goods frequently contain
                       many different plastic parts. These parts can be manufactured from one or more plastic
                       resins (e.g., PET, PVC). Plastics are most valuable when they are sorted and processed
                       by resin type. To facilitate sorting, plastics can be marked to identify specific resin
                       type; however,  until recently few durables manufacturers marked plastics in their

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                        goods. Also, several different marking systems exist, which can lead to confusion
                        among manufacturers who are considering marking parts. Use of multiple resins in a
                        single application can make sorting even more complex.

                        Lack of economical technologies for sorting plastics. Like dismantling, sorting resins
                        is currently a manual operation. Automated processes exist and are technically feasible
                        but, generally, they have not proven to be economical for durables applications.

                        Conflicts between product design objectives and recyclability. Design objectives
                        for durables, such as durability, longevity and lightweighting, can be inconsistent with
                        recycling objectives, like ease of disassembly or ease of resin separation. An example
                        common in the  auto industry occurs  in "engineered" plastics that are developed to
                        replace metal parts and reduce weight.  These "engineered" plastic parts are designed
                        with unique characteristics for specific applications using multiple resins or additives.
                        This leads to an increase in the number of different types of plastic being used which
                        makes it more difficult to collect, identify, sort and reuse these plastics.

                        Competition with virgin resins. Although demand for recycled plastics is increasing,
                        it is currently difficult to supply high-quality, recycled plastic resins at prices that are
                        competitive with virgin plastics. At  present, many recovered plastic resins  from
                        durables are more expensive  than virgin resins, primarily due to the costs associated
                        with separating,  cleaning,  and processing recovered resins.  As more cost-effective
                        techniques are developed and as more design-for-recycling initiatives are implemented,
                        prices should become more competitive.
Industry Activities:
EPA Activities:
                A  number of private  sector activities are underway to facilitate plastics recovery from
                postconsumer durables. The automotive, appliance, computer, furniture, and building products
                industries all have initiated pilot programs to further the feasibility of recycling plastics from
                postconsumer goods.   Durables manufacturers are increasingly realizing  the importance  of
                marking plastic parts to identify the types of resins used. Additionally, more advanced resin
                identification systems are being investigated and tested. Research also is under way to develop
                more automated methods for sorting plastic resins, and manufacturers are looking closely at
                product design changes that will enhance the recyclability of durables.
                In its 1989 strategy document, The Solid Waste Dilemma: An Agenda for Action, the Agency
                has established a national goal of recycling 25% of all municipal solid waste.  EPA's role in
                helping to achieve this goal focuses on the development of markets and on providing recycling
                information to businesses, industry, and government (federal, state, tribal, and local).

                EPA is concentrating most of its plastics recycling efforts on developing markets for recycled
                resins and in supporting plastics recycling through voluntary programs and information sharing.
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                Specifically,  EPA is implementing "Recycling Means  Business," a strategy  designed to
                encourage development of environmentally sound  and economically sustainable markets for
                recycled materials. Following are brief descriptions of illustrative projects under the Recycling
                Means Business strategy:

                        EPA's Jobs Through Recycling Program fosters the development of recycling markets
                        by partnering  with states and tribes to provide assistance in the following areas:
                        research; technology  development and transfer;  financing/investment; and business
                        development.  Some  activities under this program are targeted at expanding plastics
                        recycling.

                        EPA established WasteWi$e, a voluntary waste reduction and recycling program in
                        partnership with the nation's leading businesses.  Over 400 companies participate in
                        WasteWi$e, and more than 70 are working specifically to reduce, reuse or recycle
                        plastics, or to manufacture products from recovered postconsumer plastics.

                        EPA is working with the Chicago Board of Trade and its partner organizations to
                        develop  a system to  link buyers  and sellers of recyclables on an electronic cash
                        exchange. Plastics are among the first commodities scheduled to be included in the
                        exchange.  A national computerized trading system  will increase efficiency in the
                        recycling market.  Combined with trade dispute arbitration and standard testing
                        protocols, this effort should lead to increased recycling throughout the country.

                        EPA has issued procurement guidelines that are designed to  stimulate markets for
                        recycled materials, including postconsumer plastics.  Examples of items listed in the
                        procurement guidelines that use postconsumer plastics are carpet, office supplies and
                        playground surfaces.
Conclusion:
         EPA is  encouraged by the nation's advancements in recycling in recent years and is committed to
continuing to facilitate progress in the recycling of plastics as well as other commodities. The Agency believes
industry is in the best position to lead efforts to increase durables recycling because of the unique problems and
the diverse  nature of the products manufactured. In its continuing efforts the Agency remains receptive to
working cooperatively with industry and academia to facilitate recycling of postconsumer plastic durables.
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                                            SECTION 1


                                        INTRODUCTION


        This section outlines the scope of this report and provides a brief background of EPA's past activities.
 Plastic durables are defined for the purposes of the report, and major sources of durables are listed with an
 explanation of the two major categories of plastic resins.


 1.1     SCOPE AND PURPOSE OF REPORT

        In September 1994, Congress directed the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) to report on
 activities to accelerate plastics recycling  in the United States, particularly  the  recovery of plastics in
 postconsumer durable goods (such as cars, appliances, and electronics). This report provides a snapshot of current
 plastics recycling initiatives and an update on progress to recover plastics from postconsumer durable goods.

        Information contained in this report is based upon a review of relevant studies, reports, and articles from
 the plastics, solid waste, and durables industries  literature,  and from discussions with representatives from
 industry and academic organizations involved hi recycling activities or research. Appendix A lists references used
 to prepare this report, as well as  individuals contacted for information on current activities.

        EPA has been working to facilitate and support plastics recycling for several years. In 1988, EPA formed
 a task force to examine the municipal solid waste1 (MSW) management issues challenging the nation. The task
 force published the results of its findings in 1989 in its report entitled The Solid Waste Dilemma: An Agenda for
 Action. The report outlined six goals for improving MSW management in the United States and emphasized
 significant roles for industry and academia in helping to address the goals outlined in the report.  One of these
 goals was to increase recycling efforts by government, corporations, and individuals. The Agenda for Action
 identified plastics as a promising material for increased recovery and recycling.

        In 1990, EPA submitted a Report to Congress that examined the production and use of plastics in the
 United States, the impacts of plastic waste on MSW management, and the methods for reducing these impacts,
 including recycling.  Since then, EPA has engaged in a variety of activities to accelerate the recycling of all
 recyclable commodities, with many projects targeting plastics hi particular. While the majority of postconsumer
 durable plastic recycling activities are being conducted in the private sector, EPA continues to form partnerships
 with industry,  universities, and research institutions to further plastics  recycling. The Agency, through its
 Recycling Means Business Strategy and its Jobs Through Recycling Initiative, also is supporting the efforts of
 states, tribes, and local municipalities to increase recycling.  (EPA  activities are described in greater detail in
 Section 5 of this report.)
 In the 1994 update of EPA's waste characterization report, EPA defines municipal solid waste to include wastes
such  as  durable  goods,  nondurable  goods, containers and packaging, food  scraps,  yard trimmings, and
miscellaneous inorganic wastes from residential, commercial, institutional, and industrial sources. It does not
include wastes from other sources such as construction and demolition wastes, automobile bodies and other types
of transportation equipment which are considered as durables for purposes of this report.
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1.2    BACKGROUND

       The U.S. Department of Commerce defines durable goods as items that consumers use for 3 or more
years before discarding.2 Figure 1 lists major categories of durables used for purposes of this report.
                 MAJOR SOURCES OF POSTCONSUMER DURABLE PLASTICS
           Major categories of postconsumer durables covered in this report include:

           •       Transportation  equipment—Cars,  trucks,  buses,  motorcycles,  railroad
                   locomotives and rolling stock, and aircraft

           •       Major appliances—Stoves, refrigerators, dishwashers, washers, dryers, and
                   room air conditioners

           •       Computers and business  equipment—Personal computers, fax machines,
                   printers, copiers, telephones, calculators, adding machines, and miscellaneous
                   other business equipment and supplies

           •       Building  and  construction materials—Carpeting;  tile;  sheet  vinyl  and
                   other floor coverings;  wallpaper and other wall coverings; window  and
                   door frames; sinks, lavatories, bathtubs, and other plumbing fixtures; wire
                   and cable; pipes; insulation; and siding

           •       Furniture and furnishings—Upholstered  furniture; bedding (mattresses);
                   rigid plastic chairs, tables, and other items; garden and patio furniture; and
                   table tops

           •       Other—Small appliances such as toasters and hah* dryers; housewares such
                   as cooking utensils, tableware, cookware, and kitchen gadgets; televisions,
                   stereo components, and other electronic products; lawn and garden equipment;
                   small boats and other water craft; sporting goods and equipment;  power tools
                   and hand tools; and telephones
 Figure 1. Categories of durable goods.
2 Many durables discussed in this report have much longer service lives. Automobiles typically average 10 years
of service, while major appliances, such as refrigerators, average up to 17 years of service.
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       Plastics are valued in durable goods. Because they are lightweight, inexpensive, and can be engineered
with specifically tailored performance characteristics, many durable goods incorporate plastics as a significant
material component.  However, in many cases plastics are not the major component of the durable product (e.g.,
new cars contain approximately 8 percent plastics by weight).

       There are two primary classes of resins used to formulate the plastics contained  in durable goods,
thermoplastics and thermosets:

       •       Thermoplastics—Thermoplastics are malleable resins. Once these resins have been recovered
                from products, they can be melted and reprocessed into resin feedstocks. These feedstocks are
                then used to manufacture new products. Examples of thermoplastic resins include poly vinyl
                chloride (PVC) and polyethylene terephthalate (PET).

       •       Thermosets—Thermosets tend to be rigid and insoluble. As such, they cannot be melted and
                reformed. Since thermosets cannot be converted back to resin feedstock, recycling opportunities
                are  more limited.  Thermosets can be shredded and compressed into other products such as
                carpet underlay.  Examples of thermoset include polyesters and polyurethanes.

Table A-1 in the Appendix specifies the characteristics of the most common thermoplastic and thermoset resins,
and provides examples of products that use each type.

       A durable good might contain many different types of plastic resins, including both thermoplastics and
thermosets. Some durables, such as  automobiles, can contain dozens of different types  of  plastic resins.
Automobile instrument panels, for example, can contain up to 30 different plastic resins (APC, no date (b)).

       Durable goods that have been used by consumers and discarded are referred to as postconsumer waste.
Recycling of postconsumer durables occurs when this material is diverted from the MSW stream to MSW
recycling facilities or is sent to special durables recycling centers (such as automobile or appliance dismantling
facilities).  Materials that are not recycled are disposed of in MSW landfills or construction and demolition
landfills,  or  are burned in waste-to-energy facilities.  While exact statistics on  the amount  of plastics  in
postconsumer durable waste are not available, an estimated 6.3 million tons are generated annually in MSW
(EPA, 1994). A further 0.9 million tons of plastics waste are generated as automotive waste (APC, 1994a), and
another 0.9 million tons are generated as renovation and demolition wastes (APC, 1993).  The total estimated
generation of postconsumer durable plastics waste is more than 8 million tons annually.
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                                         SECTION 2

                 STATUS OF POSTCONSUMER DURABLE PLASTICS
                         RECYCLING IN THE UNITED STATES
       The majority of plastics recycling statistics used in this report are generated from data collected while
studying municipal solid waste. This section supplies information on those categories of durables for which
information is readily available in public literature and provides a general overview of the typical durables
recycling process.
2.1    RECYCLING OF POSTCONSUMER DURABLE PLASTICS FOUND IN MSW

       EPA estimates that of the 6.3 million tons of plastics in postconsumer durables generated as part of the
MSW  stream in 1993, approximately 150,000 tons or 2.4 percent was recovered  and recycled (Table 1).
Recovery rates for plastics in durables vary by resin, with the highest recovery seen for PET at 37.5 percent and
polypropylene (PP) at 18.0 percent.  Recovery rates for all other resins were well below 2 percent.  As noted
earlier, EPA's statistics for MSW do not include many components of the durable universe.  The  recycling
statistics listed above are just for those durables that are included within EPA's definition of MSW and do not
include automobile and transportation equipment and most building and construction materials.

       Manufacturer take-backs are another group of postconsumer durables that are not captured in the above
statistics.  Manufacturers  and retailers sometimes take back end-of-life durables  when  replacements are
purchased. The manufacturer or retailer may then recover, recycle, or dispose of the durables outside of the
MSW system. National statistics or estimates of the amount of material recovered or disposed of in this fashion,
and the amount of plastics contained therein, are not available. However, these practices are still relatively
limited.

       The 2.4 percent recycling rate for durable plastics wastes was below the average of 3.5 percent for all
plastics in MSW (Table  1).  The recycling rates for other major plastics categories ranged from 0.4 percent for
nondurables to 6.1 percent for plastic containers and packaging. The recycling rates of soft drink bottles (41.1
percent) and milk and water bottles (23.6 percent) are currently two of the highest rates of all plastics (EPA,
1994).
2.2    RECYCLING OF OTHER POSTCONSUMER DURABLE PLASTICS

       Some durables are recycled separately from MSW in special facilities dedicated to processing these
durables. The best example, and the only durables category for which reliable data is available, is automobiles.
In 1992, scrapped automobiles contained an estimated 0.92 million tons of plastics.3 Dismantlers removed 0.06
million tons (6.7 percent) of plastics for recycling (APC, 1994a). The remaining 0.86 million tons of plastics
(93.3 percent) was either landfilled or disposed of in energy recovery facilities.
    Equivalent to 4.3 percent of MSW.

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                                       Table 1

              Generation, Recovery, and Discard of Plastics in MSW (1993)

Durables3
PET
HOPE
PVC
LDPE
PP
PS
Other resins
Nondurable goods
Plastic containers and
packaging
Soft drink
bottles
Milk and water
bottles
TOTAL PLASTICS
Generation
{'000 tons)
6,310
80
800
700
1,250
500
1,040
1,940
4,630
8,360
560
550
19,300
Recovery
('000 tons)
150
30
10
nes.
10
90
neg.
10
20
510
230
130
680
Rate"
2.4%
37.5%
1.3%
neg.
0.8%
18.0%
neg.
0.5%
0.4%
6.1%
41.1%
23.6%
3.5%
Discard
('000 tons)
6,160
50
790
700
1,240
410
1,040
1,930
4,610
7,850
330
420
18,620
a Does not include transportation equipment.

b Recovery as a percent of generation.


Source:  U.S. EPA, 1994. Characterization of Municipal Solid Waste in the United States:
1994 Update. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. Washington, DC. EPA530-R-94-042.
(November).
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2.3     OVERVIEW OF THE DURABLES RECYCLING PROCESS

        Figure 2 provides a general overview of the major steps involved in the recovery and recycling of
plastics from durables.  The steps include:

        •      Collection—Durables can be collected for recycling through several avenues: 1) municipalities
               can collect durables along with (or separated from) household waste; 2) independent haulers,
               manufacturers, or retailers can collect or arrange to take back these items; or 3) consumers can
               drop off used durables at recycling centers or other locations (e.g., automotive scrap yards).

        •      Dismantling—Dismantling involves removing parts that are valuable, can be readily recycled,
               or must be removed for safe  disposal or recycling (e.g., fluids, refrigerants and other gases,
               hazardous materials).  Major plastic components are separated from other durable components
               in this stage and those that are considered for recycling continue to a sorting stage.

        •      Refurbishing—Some durables  and some dismantled parts from durables are recycled intact and
               sold back to parts dealers as used or replacement parts, or to consumers as used durables.

        •      Sorting and Shredding—Plastics are most valuable when they can be sorted by resin type and
               processed separately. Manual identification systems (i.e., hand sorting) are used to separate and
               sort plastics into compatible types.  Sorted plastics are almost always then shredded to facilitate
               handling and further processing.

        •      Contaminant Removal—Sorted plastics  may be  washed to remove contaminants, such as
               fasteners, or processed to remove coatings, such as paint.  Some contaminant removal also may
               occur prior to shredding (for example, removal of metal trim or fasteners from plastic parts).
               This is not shown in the schematic.

        •      Reformulation—For thermoplastics, the shredded plastic, known as flake, is reformulated into
               resin pellets.  Thermosets, which cannot be melted, are not reformulated into resins.

        •      Products/Applications—The  recycled thermoplastic resins  are  either  used as 100 percent
               recycled resins or blended with virgin plastics.  These 100 percent recycled or blended resins
               are then  incorporated  into  new products.    Some  technologies  also  convert recycled
               thermoplastic resins back to monomers (plastics precursors) or basic chemicals, which may be
               used to produce new plastics or for other purposes (including  use as fuel). The recycled
               thermosets are generally compression molded into new products or material.

        •      Durables  shredding—Following  dismantling, the durable "hulks"  are normally shredded.
               Automobile hulks, for example, are shredded into fist-sized chunks by automotive shredders.

        •      Separation for metals recovery—The  shredded hulks may  contain  ferrous and nonferrous
               metals, plastics, rubber, textiles, and other materials.  Metals are separated and sold for scrap,
               and the remaining shredder residue is typically landfilled.

        •      Resin  separation and reformulation (theoretical)—Research is ongoing to  find ways to
               separate plastics from shredder residue, isolate individual resin types, and reformulate into new
               plastics.
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          Durables Collected
          for Recycling &
          Refurbishing
           Dismantling
                                         Major
                                         Plastic
                                     Components
Sorting
           Durables
           Shredding

           Separation from
           Metals
              Non-Metal
           Shredder Residue
         1  Resin Separation
         i  & Reformulation
                                                          Contaminant
                                                          Removal and
                                                          Shredding
   Thermosets
       \
                                                      Products/Applications
                         Current recycling process
                         Theoretical/experimental recycling process
Figure 2.  General overview of durables recycling process.
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                                         SECTION 3

                            BARRIERS TO RECYCLING OF
                        POSTCONSUMER DURABLE PLASTICS


        Recycling of plastics from postconsumer durables is not as widespread as recycling of other types of
wastes, including other plastics. This section describes the factors that currently limit the recycling of plastics
from durables.


3.1     LACK OF WELL-DEVELOPED INFRASTRUCTURE FOR COLLECTING DURABLES FOR
        PLASTICS RECOVERY

        The sophistication and maturity of the collection infrastructure for postconsumer durables varies among
the various durable categories. For example, the collection infrastructure is well developed for recycling metals
in motor vehicles and appliances, while collection systems for computers and other business equipment are in
the early stages of development. The vast majority of durables are collected primarily to recover metals, remove
hazardous materials, or refurbish or reuse parts. Plastics in durables are significantly less valuable than the metal
components and  are costly to recover. As a result, plastics are treated as a by-product of the recycling process
and are not recovered in most cases.
3.2     LACK OF ECONOMICAL DISMANTLING METHODS

        Dismantling durable goods is an important step in the recycling process, because it enables the processor
to recover intact plastic parts or assemblies, minimizes contamination of the plastics, and produces a relatively
homogenous  stream of material for further processing. So far, however, dismantling by hand is the only
demonstrated technology for recovery of plastic parts or assemblies and has proven economical for only a small
number of high-value parts or assemblies (e.g., car bumpers) that are easily removed.


3.3    DIFFICULTIES IN IDENTIFYING PLASTIC RESINS IN DURABLES

       Most postconsumer durable products contain many  different plastic parts, each of which might be
manufactured from different plastic resins. Proper identification of the resins in durable products would facilitate
sorting and processing. Current marking systems are based on letter and number codes that represent specific
resins.

       Identifying plastic resins  in durables  is complicated  for several reasons.   First,  few durables
manufacturers were marking resins until recently.  For example, industry sources estimate that only 10 percent
of parts are marked on cars being scrapped today (Fosnaugh, 1995). Second, some durables manufacturers still
do not mark parts with resin identification codes.  Among the reasons for failing to mark parts are the costs of
modifying molds, and the use of several different marking systems. Although all resin marking systems are
similar, the existence of multiple systems might lead to some confusion and hinder more complete adoption of
parts marking.

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 3.4     LACK OF ECONOMICAL SORTING TECHNOLOGIES

         Currently, sorting of plastics from postconsumer durables is largely a manual operation.  A number of
 automated technologies exist for sorting mixed plastics following dismantling or shredding. These technologies
 are based on differences in density, wetting characteristics, electrostatic charge, softening point, and optical
 characteristics of different resins. While technically feasible, these processes have not proven to be economical
 for durable applications.
 3.5     CONFLICTS BETWEEN PRODUCT DESIGN OBJECTIVES AND RECYCLABILITY

        The economical recycling of plastics from durables is highly dependent on the ease with which parts can
 be identified, removed, and separated to produce clean resin streams. Design criteria that facilitate recycling
 include:

        •      Use of fewer resins—Parts made from fewer resins are most economical to remove during
                dismantling. Fewer resins reduce the complexity of sorting and separation.

        •      Improvements in fastener technologies and design—Fasteners include screws, rivets, bolts,
                nails, snaps, and other items that hold plastic parts together. Changes that enhance recyclability
                include use of molded-in fasteners, reductions in the number of fastener types,  and improved
                fastener locations. These improvements will reduce the amount of contaminant material that
                must be removed from  the plastics  and facilitate manual disassembly of durables to recover
                plastics.

        •      Reduced use ofadhesives, additives, reinforcements, and coatings—These materials can make
                disassembly harder and/or contaminate the recycled resin stream.

        Design objectives for durables often conflict with recyclability. In some cases, design modifications that
 would improve the recyclability of durables are inconsistent with the general objectives of sturdiness, wearability,
 longevity, and reduced maintenance. For example, fiber-reinforced plastics are widely used in structural parts'
 of automobiles because of their durability, yet these fibers break down when ground for recycling, rendering the
 resins unsuitable for reuse in structural applications (Environment Today, 1993), though they could be used for
 low value applications such as fillers or plastic lumber.

        Another design objective that can conflict with recyclability is weight reduction. In automobiles, efforts
 to design lighter cars (to improve fuel efficiency) have resulted in greater use of plastics. As designers seek to
 replace  more parts with plastics, the need arises for plastics with specialized  properties. To meet these needs
 manufacturers have created numerous "engineered" plastics with unique characteristics designed for specific
 applications. This trend leads to an increase in the number  of different types of plastics used, a result that is
 generally inconsistent with increased recyclability due to the difficulty of collecting, identifying, sorting and
 reusing  these "engineered" plastics.


 3.6     COMPETITION WITH VIRGIN RESINS

        Although the demand for recovered plastic resins is growing, it is difficult to supply this material at
prices that are competitive with virgin resins. At present,  many recovered plastic resins from durables are more
 expensive than virgin resins, primarily due to the high costs associated with separating, cleaning, and processing
recovered resins. Further,  some manufacturers remain  concerned about the  performance characteristics and


                                                -9-

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consistency of supply of reformulated plastics compared to virgin materials.  Initially, recycled plastic resins
varied in quality causing some manufacturing defects and excessive levels of scrap.  However, today many
companies supplying  recycled resins claim they can  meet virgin resin  specifications and  it appears that
misgivings about the quality and supply of recycled resins are being overcome as the market matures.

        The price that recyclers can command for their recovered product is based on the price of virgin resins.
The price of virgin resins can fluctuate considerably, which in turn leads to fluctuations in the price of recycled
resins. Given the economics of recycling, price fluctuations may discourage market entrants.
                                                 -10-

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                                          SECTION 4

                      CURRENT INITIATIVES IN RECYCLING OF
                        POSTCONSUMER DURABLE PLASTICS
        This section describes several ongoing initiatives to recycle postconsumer durable plastics and addresses
both current recycling efforts and activities that could facilitate future recycling.
4.1     DEVELOPING A COLLECTION INFRASTRUCTURE

        Although, for the most part, the current collection infrastructure for durables is not oriented toward
plastics recovery, its existence could help pave the way for more plastics recovery in the future. Several efforts
in this area are already underway, as described below.


        4.1.1   Transportation Equipment and Maj or Appliances

        Transportation equipment and major appliances contain large amounts of metals and are, therefore,
commonly collected for recycling.  The infrastructure for collecting, dismantling and recycling automobiles is
the most developed of all durables in this category. Approximately 90 percent of all cars scrapped in the United
States are processed first by dismantlers and then by shredders.4 The dismantlers strip the vehicles for useable
parts and fluids. The remaining "hulks" are sold to shredders who recover the ferrous and nonferrous metals and
landfill the remaining automotive shredder residue (ASR), which contains plastic and other materials.

        Roughly 12,000 independent dismantlers and 200 shredders operate in the United States (AAMA, 1993).
Many shredders are capable of processing up to 1,500 vehicles a day (Ryan, 1995). Although recycling of
plastics from  cars currently is  limited, there is a  growing incentive to recover plastics.   In recent years,
manufacturers have been making lighter cars by replacing metal parts with plastic parts. As a result, shredders'
revenues (from metals sales) are declining at the same time that they are paying more to dispose of the growing
amount of ASR (Fosnaugh, 1995).  This trend could provide an economic incentive for more plastics recovery
in the future.

        There is relatively little information available describing the collection and recycling of materials from
other types of transportation equipment (e.g., trucks, buses, trains, airplanes). Some trucks and buses may be
collected and processed hi the  same fashion as automobiles (i.e., dismantled and then shredded for metals
recovery). Other end-of-life vehicles, as well as scrapped railroad equipment and airplanes, may be stripped by
their owners for replacement parts and/or sold for scrap. Statistics on the fate  of such equipment and the amount
of plastics recycling that occurs are not available.

        The majority of major appliances also are collected for metal recovery. The Steel Recycling Institute
reports a recovery rate of 62 percent in 1993 for steel from refrigerators, water  heaters, washers, and dryers (Wilt,
1994). Appliances also are collected to remove hazardous materials such as PCBs, mercury, chlorofluorocarbons
(CFCs), and hydrochlorofluorocarbons (HCFCs) from refrigerators, freezers, furnace blowers, and air conditioner
        4 The remaining 10 percent of scrapped cars are processed directly by shredders with no intermediate
dismantling (APC, 1994a).

                                               -11-

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units, as mandated by environmental regulations. The infrastructure for appliance recycling is growing and, like
automobiles, could eventually provide the opportunity for further recycling of plastics.

        Examples of activities currently underway to collect appliances and automobiles for plastics recovery
include:

        •       One plastics manufacturer has entered into a partnership with a private company to collect
                polycarbonate scrap from appliances and automotive parts such as bumpers. The scrap will be
                sent to a processing center where it will be cleaned, granulated, and reformulated into a new line
                of recycled-content resins (Ford,  1995).

        •       One automaker is collecting bumpers from a number of vehicle models and shipping them to
                a resin supplier. The resin supplier blends the bumper plastic with virgin resins to  make taillight
                housings for new vehicles (Gabriele and Monks, 1993). A number  of dismantlers  also are
                stockpiling other types of bumpers in anticipation of future markets.
        4.1.2   Computers and Electronic Equipment

        Some plastics are now being recovered from scrapped computers and electronic products. A number of
original equipment manufacturers (OEMs) have set up take-back centers for their products in the United States
based on their experience in Europe (where take-back legislation has mandated such centers). One U.S. OEM
operates a recovery center in New Hampshire that recycles identifiable plastics (i.e., parts  of known resin
content). Efforts in the United States are limited, and statistics on the amount of recycling being performed are
unavailable.
        4.1.3   Other Activities

        A few demonstration projects are under way to determine the feasibility  of collecting plastics for
recycling from other types of durables :

        •      The American Plastics  Council (APC), the Vinyl Siding Institute,  and a private firm are
               conducting a demonstration project to collect vinyl siding scrap for remanufacturing into PVC
               pipe (Ford,  1994). Although the vinyl being used for the demonstration is not postconsumer,
               the concept, if feasible, would be applicable to demolition and renovation projects.

        •      APC  also has  sponsored a demonstration project to explore  the potential for  collecting
               polyurethane foam from mattresses, which would be recycled into carpet underlay (Miller,
               1995a).
4.2     ENHANCING DISMANTLING OPERATIONS

        Several automotive dismantlers have begun to refine the dismantling process to recover plastics. These
dismantlers currently remove large plastic pieces such as fasciae, instrument panels, and bumpers when there is
an established  resale opportunity.  Additionally, several  demonstration projects  are underway to test other
dismantling opportunities for automobiles:
                                                -12-

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         •      Some companies have set up test programs to buy parts back from dismantles. One plastics
                 manufacturer  is contracting with a third party recycler to buy bumpers  at a set price and
                 transport them to a processing plant. Over 3 million pounds of bumpers were recovered in 1992
                 (APC, 1994a).

         •      The three major car manufacturers in America have jointly established the Vehicle Recycling
                 Partnership (VRP), a demonstration project to dismantle and recycle automobiles. The VRP is
                 studying which automotive parts can be recycled cost effectively. It will propose design-for-
                 disassembly guidelines based on its findings. Among the plastic parts which show promise for
                 more  widespread recycling are  bumpers, bumper fasciae,  gas tanks, radiator  end caps,
                 instrument panels, seat cushions, and interior trim (VRP, 1993).

         •       Another company is conducting dismantling trials on automobiles. In 1993-94, the company
                 processed 100,000 pounds  of automobile plastics in order to  identify the unit  processes
                 necessary to develop a recycling line capable of handling a variety of plastic automotive parts
                 (Ryan, 1995).


 4.3     ENHANCING RESIN IDENTIFICATION

         Currently, most  dismantling targets parts or assemblies of known resin composition  Improved
 technologies for identifying resins would enable more widespread dismantling of durables, because dismantlers
 would not need  prior information regarding  the type of plastic being removed.   Such a breakthrough could
 facilitate the establishment of large-scale dismantling and recycling operations.

         The most commonly used marking systems are those that imprint resin identification codes on plastic
 parts. The  Society of Plastics Industries (SPI), the International Organization for Standardization (ISO)  and the
 Society of Automotive Engineers (S AE) all have developed similar marking systems. Dismantlers and r'ecyclers
 are familiar with the three systems.

         Parts marked with resin identification codes facilitate sorting by manual methods, but manual sorting
 processes are slow and susceptible to human error (i.e., they may lead to commingling of incompatible plastic
 types).  Researchers are working on bar coding and chemical marking systems  that could facilitate more
 automated  sorting (U.S.  DOE,  1994).  These systems are being targeted first at  plastic containers  and the
 technology  is largely still under development or in the early stages of commercialization. Because many durables
 have useful lives of 10 to 15 years or more, it will be some time before identification systems adopted today can
 have any impact  on the recyclability of plastic parts.  Other systems also continue to be investigated such as
 systems that identify plastics based on differences in the densities of various resins.  For separation of durables,
 these systems have yet to move  beyond the research  and prototype stage, as they have been hindered by the
 presence of many different resin types and large amounts  of contaminants, coatings, and adhesives in the waste
 stream common in most durables.


       4 J.I   Transportation Equipment

       Automobile manufacturers have been gradually adopting various resin marking systems for plastic car
parts over the last 10 years. Approximately 10 percent of the plastic parts in 10-year-old cars are marked while
40 percent of plastic parts are marked on cars averaging 4 to 5 years old, and 80 percent of the plastic parts are
marked on newer cars (Fosnaugh, 1995).  The adoption of marking systems by the automakers will  facilitate
identification and  sorting in the future.
                                                -13-

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        4.3.2   Computer and Business Equipment

        Manufacturers of computers and other business equipment recently have begun marking resins in their
products' parts. No consensus has been reached, however, concerning a universal marking system. One personal
computer manufacturer is marking all parts heavier than 1-3/4 oz. with a code similar to the ISO and SAE
standard (Gardner, 1992).  This manufacturer also  is identifying  the resin manufacturer for  more complete
material identification (Kirby and Wadehra, 1992). Another computer manufacturer uses a combination of the
SPI codes and other information on its equipment, and one printer manufacturer labels the resins used in its toner
cartridges (Gardner, 1992).
        4.33   Other Activities

        Some manufacturers of building and construction materials mark their products to convey information
about the products' composition, capacities, and other specifications. Although not specifically done to facilitate
recycling, this marking can be useful to recyclers.
4.4     ENHANCING DESIGN FOR RECYCLING

        Efforts are underway to incorporate ease of disassembly and recycling as design objectives for a number
of durables. These efforts are often referred to as design for recycling (DFR) or, alternatively, design for
disassembly (DFD) or design for the environment (DFE). Tools to help designers evaluate design alternatives
and their impact on environmental objectives are just starting to become available. The status of several DFR
initiatives for various durables is described below.
        4.4.1   Transportation Equipment

        Each of the three major automakers in the United States has developed DFR guidelines (Fosnaugh,
1995). In addition, the Vehicle Recycling Partnership has produced and circulated DFR guidelines. Many
automakers have specific design projects under way that will facilitate recycling:

        •      One company is looking at designing plastic instrument panel (IP)  components for easy
               separation. Another company is redesigning IPs to allow the whole assembly to be recycled
               together (Gabriele and Monks, 1993).

        •      A single-resin IP and a bumper/fascia assembly will be used by another automaker on at least
               one 1996 model. Since the assembly does not contain many different resin types, the assembly
               would not require dismantling prior to processing (Gabriele and Monks, 1993).

        •      Another company is reclaiming reinforced and painted nylon (plastic) parts, which can be
               reprocessed into reusable nylon (Gabriele and Marks, 1993).
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         4.4.2   Computer and Business Equipment

         Many major electronics manufacturers recently have begun emphasizing DFR, including recyclability
 of plastics parts:
         •       In addition to labeling parts, one major computer manufacturer is designing computers with
                 molded-in color (to avoid coatings that can contaminate recycled resins), reducing the use of
                 adhesives, moving toward molded-in snap-on fasteners, and reducing the number of resins used
                 (Gardner, 1992).

         •       The Institute  of Electrical  and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) and the Microelectronics and
                 Computer Technology Corp., an industry consortium, are coordinating DFD/DFR efforts in the
                 electronics industry (McAdams, 1995).


        4.4.3    Other Activities

        •       Take-back programs appear to be stimulating DFR programs among appliance manufacturers
                 and at least one major appliance manufacturer has a DFR program underway (Nussbaum and
                Templeman, 1990). What is not known, however, is the  extent to which such programs
                emphasize recyclability of plastics. Design for recovery of hazardous materials may be a more
                immediate concern of these programs.

        •      DFR issues have not been the subject of wide discussion in either the building/construction or
                the furnishing/furniture industries. APC  is, however, planning focus groups to identify DFR
                issues among designers, architects, OEMs, furnishing designers and manufacturers and others
                (Miller, 1995a).


4.5     ADVANCEMENTS IN SORTING TECHNOLOGIES

        Work is being done to develop more automated methods for sorting plastic resins.  These systems may
be capable of sorting either intact plastics parts or shredded plastics.  Systems that sort intact plastic parts are
referred to as macro-sorting while systems used for shredded plastics are termed micro-sorting.

        •      Macro-sorting—Wash-float  sorting  separates the  "light"  resins  (e.g.,  polyethylene  and
               polypropylene) from the "heavy" ones (e.g., polystyrene  and PVC) (Mustafa, 1993)  This
               processing  technology was developed for single-resin waste streams such as bottles  and
               packaging materials in which surface contamination can be removed by detergent washing. The
               technology is not suited for reclaiming polymer wastes made of commingled resins, highly
               contaminated resins, and/or resins containing coatings, paints, adhesives, or additives Because
               these resin characteristics are typical of durable goods, wash-float technologies are not likely
               to apply to most durables recycling applications (U.S. DOE, 1994).

        •      Micro-sorting—Micro-sorting involves separating different resin types following shredding
               according to differences in density, wetting characteristics, electrostatic charge, softening point
               or optical characteristics.  These technologies are under development and have the potential to
               eliminate "presorting" at the part level if they are technically and economically feasible  Micro-
               sorting  is required if resin identification and sorting is not practical at the part level prior to
               shredding.
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        A further method for processing mixed or unmixed plastics is  chemical conversion.  Conversion
processes degrade plastics by reacting them with water, alcohol, ammonia, biological agents, or light (U.S. DOE,
1994). The conversion products can be further separated, purified, repolymerized, or reused (usually as a fuel).
When chemical conversion produces  either  new polymers or chemicals that are  directly used to  produce
polymers, it is considered a recycling process.  Conversion that yields materials which are burned as fuel, is not
considered recycling.
4.6     ENHANCING MARKETS FOR RECOVERED PLASTICS

        As consumers demand more products with recycled content, resin manufacturers and suppliers must
locate reliable sources of quality recycled plastics.  Postconsumer durables represent an important potential
source for large amounts  of such resins, including some resins not widely available from nondurables (e.g.,
polycarbonate).  Increased demand for recycled resins should thus provide additional incentives to recycling of
postconsumer durable plastics.

        In recent years, several resin manufacturers and suppliers have begun to market lines of resins with
recycled content to manufacturers. One major plastics manufacturer began marketing a line of recovered resins
to durables manufacturers in 1992 (Reisch, 1992). Another plastics manufacturer recently introduced a line of
recovered engineered thermoplastics.

        Plastic companies also are setting up partnerships under which they acquire recycled plastics and provide
technical  support to OEMs on the use of recycled resins.  For example, several plastics  companies have
agreements under which they secure a source of recycled plastic, process the plastic, and blend it with virgin
resins for use by an OEM in automotive applications.  One automaker, in partnership with a plastics company,
is recycling plastic bumpers into tail lamp housings that include at least 50 percent postconsumer plastic. This
automaker also is transforming plastic battery housings into new splash shields (APC, 1995; Lang,  1995). With
a different plastics manufacturer, this same automaker is recycling postconsumer acrylonitrile/butadiene/styrene
(ABS) from car parts  to produce interior car  components (Chemical Marketing Reporter, 1994).   Public
announcements of these partnerships have not been made in many cases, however, because companies consider
this to be a proprietary business strategy. The practice is probably more widespread than otherwise reported.

        Plastics  recovered from durables also may be used in lower end applications, most notably in building
and construction products. Recovered  mixed plastics (i.e., plastic wastes containing many different resins)  are
widely used to manufacture plastic lumber and can be incorporated into asphalt and concrete formulations. In
conjunction  with APC,  Michigan State University is  evaluating the use of ASR  in concrete through a field
demonstration project. Preliminary findings indicate that concrete composed of 2 to 3 percent ASR increases  the
concrete's strength as well  as its crack and impact resistance.
                                                -16-

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                                            SECTION 5


             EPA ACTIVITIES TO ACCELERATE PLASTICS RECYCLING


         State, Tribal and local governments along with private industry have taken significant steps to collect
  and sort plastics for recycling. Attention is now turning towards the need for steady markets for this collected
  matenal-to use what currently is being collected and to encourage greater efforts in collecting new types of
  resins and products  EPA is supporting plastics recycling through the Agency's participation in numerous
  projects to build markets and facilitate information sharing, however EPA recognizes that industry is in the best
  position to lead efforts to increase plastic durables recycling.  Brief descriptions of a few of EPA's projects are
  provided below.                                                                        F  J


  5.1     1990 REPORT TO CONGRESS

         In 1990, EPA prepared a Report to Congress entitled Methods to Manage and Control Plastic  Wastes
 The report primarily focused on issues of degradability and the threat to marine life posed by discarded plastics'
 It  also addressed the environmental impacts of postconsumer plastic wastes  and methods to improve their
 management through source reduction and recycling. This report identified recycling as a key issue in reducing
 the environmental impact of plastic wastes.


 5.2     RECYCLING MEANS BUSINESS

         To help foster environmentally sound and economically sustainable markets for recycled materials EPA
 launched Recycling Means Business. The three main goals of this market development strategy are to:   '

         (1)     Support the link between increased market capacity and sustainable economic growth.

        (2)     Leverage federal resources and build federal partnerships for market development.

        (3)     Develop infrastructures that support markets for recyclables and recycled products.

        Jobs Through Recycling (JTR) is one EPA initiative under Recycling Means Business  The JTR initiative
is supporting state, tribal and national efforts to provide technical, financial and other assistance to businesses
that process and use recovered materials. In 1994 and 1995, EPA awarded cooperative agreements to selected
states  and  tribes to establish  Recycling and Reuse Business Assistance Centers (RBACs) and Recycling
Economic Development Advocate (REDA) positions.

        The RBACS typically  are located within a state environmental or economic development agency or are
part of a waste management board.   They provide technical, business, financing, and marketing assistance to
recycling and reuse businesses.  The REDAs are business development professionals who have a recycling
background. They work out of state or tribal economic development offices.

rm    Some examples of activities focusing on plastics recycling that have been initiated or expanded through
JTR are described below:                                                                        fe

        •      Rhode Island is establishing a disassembly and processing center to handle various materials
               including plastics recovered from electronic equipment.  The Rhode Island Departments of
                                              -17-

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               Environmental Management and Economic Development, in partnership with local universities,
               APC, and  other  organizations, will  assist companies  in  financing recycling  operations,
               conducting  employee training,  disseminating  public information and  conducting  public
               education programs, and marketing recycled plastic products and plastic materials recovered
               from discarded consumer electronics and appliances.

        •      Vermont, through its Agency of Natural Resources and its Agency for Development and
               Community Affairs, is working to create a viable infrastructure for recycling plastics wastes.
               Vermont will improve the collection of plastics wastes and encourage the purchase of recycled
               plastics by state government and Vermont-based companies.

        •      New York will initiate a partnership with plastic resin manufacturers and OEMs of computers,
               furniture, automobiles, construction materials, and toys. The state will implement a variety of
               research and development activities to develop processor and manufacturer specifications for
               plastics  recovered from durables, recommend efficient material handling methods and quality
               control systems, and conduct pilot tests of recovered postconsumer plastics.

        JTR  also is supporting  the  development  of  a national network to share,  among  businesses and
manufacturers, information on recycled  materials handling practices, innovative recycling technologies, and new
applications for recovered  materials, including  plastics. EPA  is  working  with Washington State's Clean
Washington Center,  the National Recycling Coalition and the National Institute of Standards and Technology
(NIST) within the Department of Commerce, to establish and operate this network as part of NIST's Recycling
Technology Assistance Partnership (ReTAP).
5.3     CITY/INDUSTRY REDESIGN PROJECT

        The City/Industry Redesign Project was formed to improve the economics of plastic recycling. Towards
this end, the project has developed recommendations to prevent contamination of recovered plastic and to reduce
the number of steps needed before processing, thereby making recycling more cost-effective for manufacturers,
businesses, and local governments. EPA, the Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources, and the New York
Department of Economic Development are project sponsors. While focusing on containers, many of the product
redesign recommendations emerging from this project also could be relevant for recycling of postconsumer
plastics recovered from durables.
5.4     COMPREHENSIVE PROCUREMENT GUIDELINES

        EPA has a number of responsibilities under section 6002 of the Resource Conservation and Recovery
Act and under the 1993 Executive Order 12873, "Federal Acquisition, Recycling, and Waste Prevention." On
May 1,1995, EPA issued a Comprehensive Procurement Guideline (CPG) designating items that are, or can be,
made with recovered materials.  EPA also developed a draft Recovered Materials Advisory Notice (RMAN)
recommending recycled content levels for the products listed in the CPG.

        Government agencies must purchase the items designated by EPA containing recovered material. In
developing procurement specifications, agencies can use the ranges recommended in EPA's RMAN. EPA listed
in the CPG several products which can be made from recycled plastic, including floor tiles, patio blocks,
playground surfaces, traffic cones and barricades, carpet, and office supplies. By harnessing the government's
significant purchasing power  through the CPG—federal procurement alone represents almost 10 percent of the
nation's gross domestic product—critical additional demand for recycled plastic products can be generated.


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 5.4     GUIDANCE ON ENVIRONMENTALLY PREFERABLE PRODUCTS

         Another EPA activity implementing Executive Order 12873 is the development of proposed guidance
 on federal acquisition of environmentally preferable products and services, as mandated under Section 503  EPA
 has drafted seven principles to help federal purchasers in addressing environmental preferability in purchase of
 products  and services.  As part of implementing the environmental preferability  provisions of the Executive
 Order, EPA established a number of pilot projects.  One of the pilots will focus  on identifying attributes for
 environmentally preferable computers.  Among other things, EPA may consider attributes  such as recycled
 content and the recyclability of plastic casings. This could lead to increased Federal purchases  of products
 manufactured with recovered postconsumer plastic and could encourage manufacturers to design computers for
 easy disassembly and recycling.                                                              F
 5.5
         EPA teamed with the Chicago Board of Trade (CBOT), the National Recycling Coalition's Recycling
 Advisory Council, Washington State's Clean Washington Center, and the New York State Office of Recycling
 Market Development to develop a system that will link buyers and sellers of recyclables on an electronic cash
 exchange. CBOT will install, manage, and monitor a computer bulletin board that will serve as a clearinghouse
 for end-users and suppliers.  The bulletin board will provide reliable information on contacts, access to markets
 and the quality and commercial value of recycled materials. Standardized inspection procedures to test product
 quality and a neutral forum to mediate disputes between buyers and sellers also will be provided  Plastics
 particularly PET and HOPE, are among the first commodities to be included in this recycled materials exchange.'


 5.6     WASTEWI$E

        WasteWi$e is a voluntary partnership which  EPA established with America's leading businesses to
 prevent waste, recycle, and purchase and/or manufacture recycled-content products.  Program partners set their
 own goals, design programs to best implement these goals, and report their progress to EPA.

        Over 70  WasteWi$e partners are working specifically to reduce, reuse or recycle plastics  or to use or
 manufacture products made from recovered postconsumer plastics. For example, a division of a major appliance
 manufacturer plans to use a plastic base for assembling and transporting its appliances.  Once an appliance has
 been delivered to a consumer and installed, the manufacturer will take back and reuse the base The company
 also is exploring the recovery of plastic scrap from its electrical wire coating process. (Currently this scrap is
 disposed of.) The company will use the recovered plastic to manufacture new plastic-coated electrical wire.

        Another WasteWi$e partner, a national soft-drink company, is now using 100 percent postconsumer
plastic crates for transporting 2-liter bottles to retail stores instead of single-use shippers. The company also is
making durable crates with an expected lifespan of seven years out of older  100-percent postconsumer HOPE
crates that are no longer usable because of a bottle redesign.
                                                -19-

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      APPENDIX A


RESIN CHARACTERISTICS,
MARKETS, AND PRODUCTS

     REFERENCES

NON-FEDERAL CONTACTS

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                                                     Table A-l

                                 Resin Characteristics, Markets, and Products
  Low-density
  polyethylene (LDPE)
 Largest volume resin used
 for packaging; moisrure-
 proof; inert	
 Packaging
High-clarity extruded film, wire and cable
coatings, refuse bags, coated papers
 Polyvinyl chloride
 (PVC)
 Strength and clarity;
 brittle unless modified
 with plasticizers	
 Building and construction,
 packaging
 High-density
 polyethylene (HOPE)
Construction pipe, meat wrap, blister packs,
cooking oil bottles, phono records, wall
covering, flooring
 Tough, flexible,
 translucent
 Packaging
Milk and detergent bottles, heavy-duty films
(e.g., boil bag pouches), liners, wire and
cable insulation
 Polypropylene (PP)
Stiff, heat and chemical
resistant
                                                Furniture and furnishings,
                                                packaging, other
                             Syrup bottles, yogurt and margarine tubs,
                             fish nets, drinking straws, auto battery cases,
                             carpet backing, office machines and
                             furniture, auto fenders
 Polystyrene (PS)
Brittle, clear, rigid, good
thermal properties; easy to
process	
                                                Packaging, consumer products
                             Disposable foam dishes and cups, egg
                             cartons, take-out containers, foam insulation,
                               >sette tape cases	
 Other Styrenics
Strong, stretchable
                                               Adhesives, coatings and inks
                                                     Assembly and construction adhesives,
                                                     pressure sensitive labels and tapes, footwear
                                                      oles, roof coatings
 Polyethylene
 terephthalate (PET)
Tough, shatter resistant
Packaging, consumer products
                                                     Soft drink bottles and other beverage
                                                     containers, food and medicine containers,
                                                     synthetic textiles, x-ray and photographic
                                                     film, magnetic tape
 Acrylonitrile/
 butadiene/styrene
 (ABS)	
Tough, abrasion-resistant
Transportation, electrical and
electronic products
                                                     Pipe, refrigerator door linings, telephones,
                                                     porting goods, automotive brake parts
1 Phenolic
Polyurethane
Urea and melamine
Polyester, unsaturated
========
Heat resistant, strength,
shatter resistant
Malleable for rigid or
flexible foams
Rigid, chemically
resistant
Malleable for fabrication
of large parts
Building and construction
Furniture and furnishings,
building and construction,
transportation
Building and construction,
consumer products
Building and construction,
transportation
Handles, knobs, electrical connectors,
appliances, automotive Darts
Cushioning, auto bumpers and door panels,
varnishes
Plywood binding, knobs, handles, I
dinnerware, toilet seats
Electrical components, automobile parts, 1
coatings, cast shower/bath units 1
Source: U.S. EPA, 1990. Report to Congress: Methods to Manage and Control Plastic Wastes  U S
Environmental Protection Agency.  Washington, DC. EPA/530-SW-89-051a.  February.
                                                      A-l

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                                         REFERENCES



  AAMA, 1993.  Backgrounder: Automobile Recycler.  American Automobile Manufacturers Association
         Washington, DC. (December).


  Aftermarket Business. 1992.  Vehicle recycling consortium announced by Big 3 automakers.  (May 1) p. 11.

  American Metal Market.  1994. Junked appliances avoided recyclers: Mississippi's CFC law altering flows
         (September 14) p. 7.                                                                &      •


  Andrews Gerald D., and Pallatheri M. Subramanian, eds.  1991.  Emerging technologies in plastics recycling
         American Chemical Society, Division of Polymer Chemistry (June).


  APC. No date (f). Paint and coatings removal. APC Project Description.


  APC. 1994b.  Repair and reuse of automotive plastic parts. APC Automotive Report Series (October).

 APC. 1994c. Economics of recovery and recycling.  APC Automotive Report Series (December).


 APC. 1993. Opportunities for Recycle/Recovery of Plastics in the Furniture and Furnishings Market  Prepared
         by Strategic Analysis, Inc., for the American Plastics Council. (June 23)


 APC. No date (e). Plastics identification and sorting technology. APC Project Description.


 APC. 1994a. Disposal practices for post-use automotive plastics. APC Automotive Report Series (October).

 APC. No date (b). Applied multimaterial separation technology. APC Project Description.

 APC. No date (d). Coverings separation.  APC Project Description.


 APC.  No date (a).  Advanced mechanical recycling technologies for plastics. APC Project Description.

 APC.  No date (c).  Compounding studies. APC Project Description.


 APC.  No date (g).  Size reduction and materials liberation technologies. APC Project Description.

 Azar, Jack.  1993. Asset recycling at Xerox.  EPA Journal (July-September), p. 14.


 Baumann, Gert F. 1992.  Automotive polyurethane parts can be recycled. RecyclingPlas. May 21. p. 128.

 Bell, Terry. 1995a. Telephone interview with Terry Bell, Chair, APC Appliance Subcommittee.  March 6,1995.


 Bell,  Terry.  1995b.  Follow-up telephone interview with Terry Bell, Chair,  APC Appliance Subcommittee
        March 17, 1995.


Beverage Industry. 1994. Industry issues:  Recycled PET prices increase due to packaging advances. (May)
                                              A-3

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 Biddle and Assoc.  1995.  Program idea: Advanced separation operations for the recovery of plastics from
        durable goods.  MBA Polymers (Michael Biddle) (January 31). p. 58.

 Biddle, Mike.  1995. Telephone interview with Mike Biddle, MBA Polymers. March 3,1995.

 Bonsignore, Patrick V., BJ. Jody, and E. Daniels.  1991. Separation techniques for auto shredder residue.
        (Argonne National Laboratory). In Designing for recyclability and reuse of automotive plastics.  Society
        of Automotive Engineers: Warrendale, PA. (February), p. 59.

 Brooke, Lindsay. 1993. Recycling—What's next? A recent "summit meeting" at MIT looked at strategies to
        increase the recycling of durable goods.  Automotive Industries (May), p. 43.

 Brown, Howard. 1994.  A carpeted path to plastics recycling.  NREL In Review (Summer), p. 10.

 Chemical Marketing Reporter.  1994a.  APC launches  R&D on large-scale recycling.. (March 7).

 Chemical Marketing Reporter.  1994b.  Plastic recycling woes. (March 7) p. 5.

 Chemical Engineering Progress. No date. Plastics, rubber recycling advance.  (February) p. 18.

 Clean Washington Center. No date (a).  Evaluation of small-scale PCR reprocessing equipment (technology
        brief).  Washington Department of Trade and Economic Development.

 Clean Washington  Center.  No date  (b).   Plastic manufacturers process assessments (technology brief).
        Washington Department of Trade and Economic Development.

 Clegg, A.J., and D.J. Williams. No date. The strategic and competitive implications of recycling and design for
        disassembly in  the electronics industry.  Department of Manufacturing Engineering, Loughborough
        University.

 Daniels, Larry.  1992.  The vehicle recycling partnership.  RecyclingPlas. May 21. p.  116.

 Daniels, Ed. 1995. Telephone interview with Ed Daniels, Argonne National Laboratory.  March 3, 1995.

 Dillon, Patricia.  1994a.  Mandated electronic equipment recycling in Europe: Implications for companies and
      • U.S. public  policy.  Proceedings  1994  IEEE  International  Symposium  on  Electronics and the
        Environment. (May), p. 15.

Dillon, Patricia.  1994b.  Salvageability by design: Legislative efforts to mandate electronics recycling  have
        begun and companies are already designing their products to comply. IEEE Spectrum.  (August), p. 18.

Environment Today.  1993a. Mazda builds towards recyclable cars with plastic innovations. (February) p. 14.

EPA, Inc.  1994. The electronics recycling handbook.  Electronics Processing Associates, Inc.

Evans, R.J., Tatsumoto, K., Czernik, S., and Chum,  H.L.  1992. Innovative pyrolytic approaches to the recycling
        of plastics  to monomers.  Chemical Technologies Research Branch. National Renewable Energy
        Laboratory (NREL). (May).
                                               A-4

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 Field, Frank.   1995.   Telephone interview with Frank Field, Director,  Materials System Laboratory
         Massachusetts Institute of Technology. March 6, 1995.

 Forcucc, Francesco, and David Tompkins.  1991. Automotive interiors: Design for recyclabilitv Designing for
         Recyclability and Reuse (February),  p. 41.


 Ford, Tom.  1994.  Polymer Reclaim will recover vinyl siding. Plastics News (February 21). p. 16.

 Fosnaugh, Jerry.  1995.  Telephone interview with Jerry Fosnaugh,  Chair, APC Automotive Subcommittee
         March 3,1995.


 Fosnough, Jerry. 1993. Plastics applications face new challenges to sustained growth. American Metal Market
         (November 4). p. 14.


 Gabriele, Michael  C, and Richard Monks.  1993.   SAE highlights new  automotive plastics materials and
         technology.  Plastics Technology (April),  p. 67.

 Gardner, Jonathan.  1992. IBM labeling computer parts for disassembly. Plastics News (June 1).  p. 4.

 Goodwin, Morgan.  1994. Carnegie studies product design for recycling.  American Metal Market.  (March), p.



 Gunderson, Gary W.  1992. Plastics recycling through pyrolysis: A project report.  RecyclingPlas.  May 21. p.



 Hagan, Ralph S.  1994.  Plastics: Key  materials for innovation and productivity in major appliances   APC
         Project Description (February).


 Hanson, David.  1991. Plastics industry maps major recycling plan.  Chemical and Engineering News (April 8)
        p. 13.


 High Performance Plastics. 1994. Automated plastics recycling for car parts (August)
        p. 8.


 Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers.  1994. Management of Plastics Wastes in the ECE Region  San
        Francisco, CA. (May 2-4).


 Kirby, J. Ray, and Inder L. Wadehra.  1992. Recycling thermoplastic parts in business machine applications
        May 21. RecyclingPlas. p. 152.

 Krause, F.E.  1994.  Vinyl durables recycling. Journal of Vinyl Technology (September), p.  177.

 Lang, Nancy.  1995.  Auto industry targets fluff for recycling.  Waste Age (January)
        p. 77.


Leaversuch, Robert. 1993. Vacuum-cleaner upgrades: a fertile polymer market. Modern Plastics. (May), p.
        56.


Maher, Jim. 1995. Telephone interview with Jim Maher, President, EPAinc.  March 6,1995.
                                                A-5

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 Mapleston, Peter.  1993.  Chemical recycling may be an option to meet mandated reclaim levels.  Modern
        Plastics. (November), p. 58.

 Massachusetts Institute of Technology.  1993. Design and disposal of durable products: What's the best route?
        Report from the Conference on Technology, Business and the Environment Program.  Royal Sonesta
        Hotel, Cambridge, MA. (March 24-25).

 Maten, Al. 1995. Telephone interview with Al Maten, Chair, APC Durables Committee. March 6,1995.

 Materials Edge. 1992.  PPI plucks novel plastics from waste stream. Materials Edge. (February).

 McAdams, Cheryl L. 1995. Resurrecting the computer graveyard.  Waste Age (February), p. 65.

 Mechanical Engineering—CIME.  1994f. New ways to recycle plastics. (June) p. 30.

 Miller, Craig.  1995a. Telephone interview with Craig Miller, Chair, APC Construction and Building Materials
        Subcommittee.  March 6,1995.

 Miller, Craig.  1995b. Follow-up telephone interview with Craig Miller, Chair,  APC Construction and Building
        Materials Subcommittee.  March 17,1995.

 Miltz, J., and A. Ram. 1993. Update on plastics and the environment: Progress  and trends. Plastics Engineering
        (March), p. 75.

 MIT. 1994. The greening of durable products: Improving coordination in the world of recycling.  Report from
        the Conference on Technology, Business and the Environment Program.  Massachusetts Institute of
        Technology, Royal Sonesta Hotel, Cambridge, MA (October 3-4).

 Modern Plastics International.  1990a.  Designing for disassembly: Durable goods makers build in recyclability.
        (December) p.  14.

 Modern  Plastics  International.    1990b.   Advanced composites suppliers react  to  environmental issues.
        (December) p.  15.

 Mustafa, Nabil. 1993.  Plastic waste management: Disposal, recycling, and reuse.  New York, NY:  Marcel
        Dekker, Inc.

 Nash, Jennifer. 1994.  The greening of durable products:  Improving coordination in the world of recycling.
        Charge to participants at the Conference on Technology, Business and the Environment Program.
        Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Royal Sonesta Hotel, Cambridge, MA (October 3-4).

 National Recycling Coalition, Inc.  No date. Plastics recycling (fact sheet).

 New Scientist.  1992. New sets for old in TV heaven.  (October) p. 9.

 Nir, Moira  Marx.  1994a.   Implications of post-consumer plastic waste (Part I).   Plastics  Engineering
        (September), p. 29.

Nir, Moira Marx. 1994b.  Implications of post-consumer plastic waste (Part II).  Plastics Engineering (October)
        p. 21.


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 Norwalk, Stan. 1992. Recycled poluethylene file: The opportunity, the challenges, and the entry barriers  May
         21. RecyclingPlas. p. 43.


 Nussbaum, Bruce, and Templeman, John.  1990. Built to last—until it's time to take it apart  Business Week
         (September 17). p. 102.


 Nutter, Doug. 1995. Telephone interview with Doug Nutter, Chair, APC Business and Computer Equipment
         Subcommittee. March 3,1995.


 Oregon Department of Environmental Quality.  No date.  Decisionmaker's guide to recycling plastics  Solid
         Waste Reduction and Recycling Section/EPA Region X Solid Waste Program.  Resource Integration
         Systems, Ltd./Waste Matters Consulting.

 Plastics News. 1994a. Auto scrap project under way. (February 21) p.  16.

 Plastics News. 1994b. Keeping costs low is vital to making computers "green "
         (February 21) p. 16.


 Plastics News. 1993c. GHA resins target computer industry.  (December 13) p. 10.

 Plastics Week. 1992b. SPI project shows auto recycling has a long way to go in the U.S. (February 24) p. 5.

 Porada, Thomas. 1994. Materials recovery: Asset alchemy. (Digital Equipment Corporation). Proceedings 1994
        IEEE International Symposium on Electronics and the Environment. (May), p. 171.

 Reisch, Marc.  1992.  Dow offers recycled resins for packaging.  Chemical and Engineering News (June 1).  p.



 Ryan, Chris.  1995.  Telephone interview with Chris Ryan, wTe, Inc.  March 6,1995.

 Sample, Paul.  1995. Telephone interview with Paul Sample, ASTM. March 6, 1995.


 Shearer, Brent. 1995. Automakers try resin recycling. Chemical Marketing Reporter (January 2). p. 7.

 Singh, Sachchida R, Elvio Piccolino, Johan B. Bergenholz, and Richard C. Smith.  1991. Recycling  of RIM
        polyurea elastomers by thermal processing. SAE Conference on Designing for Recyclability and Reuse
        of Automobile Plastics (February).
        p. 23.


 Society of Plastics Engineers.  1994.  Proceedings of the ANTEC '94 conference. Plastics Engineering (May



 SPI  Composites Institute.  1992.   Recycling of SMC: The energy/environment picture. SMC Automotive
        Alliance.


 Super, M.S., Enick, R.M., and Beckman, E.J.  1991. Separation of thermoplastics by density using near- and
        supercritical fluids as a precursor to recycling (Report to the Polymer Technology Conference)
        American Chemical Society: Philadelphia, PA. (June).


U.S. Congress.  1992a. Plastics recycling: Problems and possibilities. February.


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U.S. Congress.  1992b. Green products by design: Choices for a cleaner environment. Office of Technology
        Assessment. (September).

U.S. DOE.  No date. Environmental consciousness: A strategic competitiveness issue for the electronics and
        computer industry.  U.S. DOE/ Microelectronics and Computer Technology Corp.

U.S. DOE.  1994. A research needs assessment for waste plastics recycling: Volume 1-Executive Summary and
        Volume II-Project Report. U.S. Department of Energy, Office of Energy Research, Office of Program
        Analysis. (December). DOE/ER-30168.

U.S. EPA,  1990.  Report to Congress: Methods to Manage and Control Plastic Wastes. U.S. Environmental
        Protection Agency.  Washington, DC. EPA/530-SW-89-05la. February.

U.S. EPA,  1994.   Characterization of Municipal Solid Waste in the United States:  1994 Update.  U.S.
        Environmental Protection Agency. Washington, DC. EPA530-R-94-042. (November).

Vernyi, Bruce. 1994. Profit is hard to  find in auto scrap. Plastics News (March 14).
        p.  11.

Walter, Gunter.   1991.   Activities for recycling and disposal of used vehicles.  Plastics  in Automotive
        Engineering (April).

Wigotsky, Victor. 1994.  Recycling: Making headway (plastics recycling). Plastics Engineering (December).
        p. 20.

Wilt, Catherine A. 1994. State laws, private efforts promote white goods recycling.
        37(3):44-46 (March).

Wolf, Horst-Henning, and R. Hoock.  1992. Used car recycling with consideration to the recycling of plastics.
        May 21. RecyclingPlas. p. 99.

Worden, Edward.  1994a. Auto plastic durables pace research project.  American Metal Market (March 8). p.
        17.

Worden, Edward.  1994b.  Talking van sells recycling. American Metal Market (April 14). p. 7.

Worden, Edward.  1993.  Plastics can  go on, on, on; material integrity holds during recycling, Forman says.
        American Metal Market (November 22). p. 11.

Zolotor, Aaron M. 1994.  Composition, properties, and economic study of recycled refrigerators. APC  Project
        Description (April).
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                          LIST OF NON-FEDERAL CONTACTS


The following associations and individuals were interviewed by telephone and provided input into this report:

1.         American Plastics Council.  Interviewed March 3 and March 6,1995.

2.         Biddle, Mike. MBA Polymers. Interviewed March 3,1995.

3.         Daniels, Ed. Argonne National Labs. Interviewed March 3,1995.

4.         Field, Frank. Director of the Materials System Laboratory, Massachusetts Institute of Technology.
           Interviewed March 6,1995.

5.         Maher, Jim. President, Electronics Processing Associates Inc. (EPAinc). Interviewed March 6,
           1995.

6.         Ryan, Chris. wTe Corp. Interviewed March 6, 1995.

7.         Sample, Paul. ASTM. Interviewed March 6, 1995.
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