United States
Environmental Protection
Agency
Solid Waste
and Emergency Response
(5306W)
EPA530-R-98-017
December 1998
www.epa.gov
xvEPA
Municipal Solid Waste
Source Reduction
A Snapshot of State Initiatives
Printed on paper that contains at least 30 percent postconsumer fiber.
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CONTENTS
Introduction 2
Source Reduction Planning 7
State In-House Programs 12
Residential Programs 16
Commercial Programs 21
Local Government Program Support 28
A Final Word 31
Appendices
Appendix A: State Source Reduction Contacts 32
Appendix B: State Source Reduction Resources 38
Appendix C: State Source Reduction Fact Sheets 50
List of Exhibits
Exhibit A Source Reduction Program Breakdown 3
Exhibit B Examples of Source Reduction Activities 4
Exhibit C Source Reduction Planning 7
Exhibit D MSW Materials Banned From Disposal Facilities by Various States 9
Exhibit E State In-House Programs 12
Exhibit F Consumer Purchasing Programs 16
Exhibit G Composting/Grasscycling Programs 17
Exhibit H Commercial Programs 21
Exhibit I Local Government Program Support 28
List of Tables
Table 1 State Source Reduction Efforts 5
Table 2 Source Reduction Planning 10
Table 3 State In-House Programs 15
Table 4 Consumer Education Programs 19
Table 5 Backyard Composting/Grasscycling Programs 20
Table 6 Commercial Programs 26
Table 7 Support for Local Governments 30
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INTRODUCTION
"ver the past few years,
the United States has made
significant progress in
diverting municipal solid waste (MSW)
from landfills and combustion facilities. In
1996, 27 percent of MSW was recovered,1
exceeding the national goal of 25 percent
set by the U.S. Environmental Protection
Agency (EPA). States have played an inte-
gral role in helping the nation to achieve
this goal through a variety of MSW man-
agement practices, including recycling,
composting, and source reduction. Source
reduction (also called waste prevention) has
come to be recognized as a commonsense
approach with significant potential to use
resources efficiently, save money, and
reduce waste. Consequently, the benefits of
source reduction are prompting an increas-
ing number of states to move beyond tradi-
tional waste management programs and
find new options for waste reduction initia-
tives. These initiatives emphasize creating
less waste in the first place as opposed to
simply diverting waste from disposal.
Since the late 1980s, many states have
demonstrated initiative by instituting a
number of innovative source reduction poli-
cies, such as mandating reduction goals and
planning requirements, legislating disposal
bans, and implementing extensive education
and outreach campaigns. Source reduction
remains a top priority for EPAs solid waste
management program, and states will con-
tinue to play a crucial role in assisting the
Agency to meet its current goal of freezing
U.S. per capita waste generation at 1990 lev-
els. Municipal Solid Waste Source Reduction:
A Snapshot of State Initiatives features a num-
ber of successful and innovative state pro-
grams. It also catalogs publications and
resources related to source reduction.
EPA took this snapshot to get a picture of
state initiatives, to share successful activities
and strategies, and help foster effective source
reduction programs nationwide. This snap-
shot is specifically focused on MSW; state
activities geared to the source reduction of
hazardous, toxic, or industrial wastes are not
addressed in this document. Furthermore,
this document highlights state source reduc-
tion activities in effect as of the Fall of 1997.
Consequently, some of the programs
described in this report might have changed
since the information was first compiled. In
addition, all of the program information
highlighted in this snapshot was voluntarily
submitted by state government solid waste
professionals. It should be noted that an
independent review of this self-reported data
was not undertaken. Despite these limita-
tions, EPA hopes this information inspires
states to take additional actions and enhance
existing programs. EPA also encourages states
to communicate and partner with each other
to share program-specific details when estab-
lishing new source reduction programs.
What Are States Doing?
This snapshot reveals state initiatives in
five main areas related to source reduction,
as shown in Exhibit A with a state-by-state
breakdown in Table 1 on page 5: Source
Reduction Planning, through goal setting
and research, State In-House Programs,
implemented within state governments,
Residential Programs, within the homes of
the residents, Commercial Programs, in
business and industrial workplaces, and
Support for Local Governments, through
financial and technical assistance. State
efforts strive to alter individual behavior
through educational and technical assistance
programs and also serve the important
1 U.S. EPA. 1998. Characterization of Municipal Solid Waste in the United States: 1997 Update.
EPA530-R-98-007. Washington, DC.
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Exhibit A
function of providing financial support for
local source reduction activities. Key find-
ings of this report include the following:
• Most states are active in source reduc-
tion. As shown in Exhibit A, almost all
states (47 states) undertake some type of
source reduction activity.
• A number of states have demonstrated
significant commitment to source
reduction. Ten states—California,
Colorado, Connecticut, Maine,
Massachusetts, Minnesota, New York,
Rhode Island, Tennessee, and Texas—
took a comprehensive approach by
adopting a wide array of source reduction
activities. As demonstrated in Table 1,
these states enacted source reduction
efforts across all five of the main areas
outlined earlier. In addition, six of these
states go a step further by establishing a
specific statewide source reduction goal.
• Many states focus on commercial pro-
grams. With 39 of the 47 states reporting
programs, it appears that a primary focus is
on the commercial sector. Most commer-
cial sector programs educate the business
community about finding ways to reduce
waste generation and reuse products.
• Half of the states support residential
programs. Twenty-three states actively edu-
cate residents and foster source reduction in
the residential sector. The most popular
efforts include backyard composting and
consumer purchasing education campaigns.
• In-house programs and support for local
source reduction activities garner equal
support. Twenty-seven states promote and
implement in-house source reduction pro-
grams, and 28 assist local governments in
implementing source reduction efforts.
State in-house programs generally focus on
procurement and office policies stressing
Source Reduction Program Breakdown
0 10 20 30
• Source Reduction Planning - 31 states
• State In-House Programs - 27 states
Residential Programs - 23 states
• Commercial Programs - 39 states
Support for Local Governments - 28 states
• Overall - 47 states
source reduction. Support for local source
reduction tends to consist of grant financ-
ing and technical assistance programs.
Source Reduction:
What Is It?
Source reduction programs seek to change
peoples behavior by helping them find less
waste-intensive practices or
alternative uses for existing
waste materials without hav-
ing to dispose of or recycle
them. Essentially, source
reduction eliminates the need
to manage waste. Exhibit B
provides examples of source
reduction programs imple-
mented by states.
EPA considers source
reduction to include reuse
activities. Reusing materials
in their current form, with-
out any conversion process or transporta-
tion, reduces the need for manufacturing
new products, thereby saving valuable
resources and creating less waste for disposal.
"Source reduction,
often called 'waste pre-
vention, ' is any change
in the design, manu-
facturing, purchase, or
use of materials or
products (including
packaging) to reduce
their amount or toxic-
ity before they become
MSW"2
1 U.S. EPA. 1995. Source Reduction Bibliography. EPA530-B-95-011. Office of Solid Waste. Washington, DC.
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Exhibit B
Examples of Source Reduction Activities
• Connecticut set a source reduction goal of 15 percent reduction by 2000.
• Minnesota sponsored workshops on environmentally responsible purchasing for
public sector employees, focusing on reducing common waste streams through
responsible purchasing decisions.
• Maine created the Master Composter Manual and funded the certification of vol-
unteers as master composters through annual training courses.
• Massachusetts provides technical assistance to businesses through the
WasteCap partnership program, which offers free consulting on source reduction
to all businesses in the state.
• Washington provides technical assistance to local governments to help them
implement source reduction programs.
Report Organization
This document briefly examines source
reduction activities across five major areas,
including source reduction planning, state
in-house activities, residential programs,
commercial programs, and local govern-
ment support, based on information con-
tained in individual state fact sheets found
in Appendix C. Each of the five major areas
is discussed individually in the following
chapters:
• Source Reduction Planning highlights
state goals or mandates that call for
source reduction. This section also focus-
es on activities states adopted to help
achieve their goals and describes efforts
to measure the success of their source
reduction programs.
• State In-House Programs describes
source reduction activities, reuse pro-
grams, and procurement guidelines in
place within state operations and facilities
such as government agencies, courthous-
es, schools, and park services.
• Residential Programs looks at programs
targeted to consumers and households,
including consumer purchasing educa-
tion campaigns and support for backyard
composting and grasscycling activities.
• Commercial Programs presents state
efforts to assist the business community
in learning about source reduction
options and evaluating the resource effi-
ciency of processes and practices.
• Support for Local Governments
describes state assistance to municipal
source reduction programs, primarily in
the form of grants and technical assis-
tance as well as other forms of outreach.
Tables are provided at the end of each of
the chapters. These tables provide a break-
down of specific source reduction efforts
underway in various states. If a state is not
listed in a particular table, there was either
insufficient information on that states pro-
gram or the component is not part of that
state's source reduction efforts.
In addition, this document includes sev-
eral appendices that provide useful refer-
ence material. Appendices include
individual state fact sheets, state contact
information, and source reduction program
resources available from the states, orga-
nized by source reduction topic areas.
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Table 1
(as reported in fall 1997)
AL
AK
AR
AZ
CA
CO
CT
DE
FL
GA
HI
ID
IL
IN
IA
KS
KY
ME
MD
MA
Ml
MN
MS
MO
MT
NE
NV
NH
NJ
NM
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
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Table 1
(continued from page 5)
States
NY
NC
ND
OH
OK
OR
PA
Rl
SD
TN
TX
VT
VA
WA
WV
Wl
WY
Source Reduction
Planning
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
State In-House
Programs
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
Residential
Programs
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
Commercial
Programs
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
Support for
Local Government
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
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SOURCE REDUCTION PLANNING
Lore than half of the
states (31 states) undertake
some level of source reduction
planning. As Exhibit C shows, states
approach planning either by establishing
numeric statewide goals, investigating the
feasibility of various source reduction pro-
grams, or mandating source reduction plans
at the local level. Table 2 on page 10 sum-
marizes each of the 31 states' approach to
planning.
Three major findings of state planning
activities stand out:
• Twenty-three states established waste
reduction goals. Nearly one quarter of
those states (five states) set specific
numeric source reduction goals. Maine,
Massachusetts, and Minnesota, for
instance, each have a source reduction
goal of 10 percent. Other states chose
broader reduction goals that encompass
recycling and composting as well as
source reduction.
• Six states set up task forces or dedicated
staff to examine source reduction options
and explore the potential for implement-
ing successful programs. For example,
both Maine and Rhode Island estab-
Exhibit C
Source Reduction Planning
lished task forces to work with their vari-
ous state agencies to establish or expand
source reduction initiatives in their offices.
Fourteen states imposed a waste reduc-
tion-related mandate at the local level.
The most popular mandate is requiring
local governments to develop solid waste
management plans including source
reduction elements. Other mandates
include unit-based pricing systems and
landfill bans.
Establishing Goals
The five states with numeric source reduc-
tion goals—Connecticut, Maine,
Massachusetts, Minnesota, and Rhode
Island—pledge 10 to 20 percent reduction
with target dates ranging from the late 1990s
to the early 2000s. Most of these states sup-
port their goals with comprehensive source
reduction programs targeting all sectors and
providing support at the local level as well.
For example, Connecticut set a goal of 15
percent source reduction to be reached by
2000. The state supports this goal with
strong in-house source reduction program-
ming, residential and business initiatives, and
local government financing programs.
^
o 5 10 15
• Set Waste Reduction Goal - 23 states
• Establish Task Force - 6 states
Set Local Government Mandate - 14 states
»iV,.
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The remaining 18 states adopted broad
waste reduction or diversion goals encom-
passing all activities that reduce materials
needing final disposal. These states empha-
size waste reduction or diversion goals that
are very broad and include not only source
reduction activities, but also programs such
as composting and recycling. Associated
goals range from 25 to 50 percent waste
reduction to be achieved by the late 1990s
or early 2000s. For example, Missouri set a
goal to reduce waste by 40 percent by
1998. To support the goal, Missouri offers
source reduction public education targeted
at residents, provides grants to the commer-
cial sector for source reduction activities,
and assists local government source reduc-
tion activities through funding efforts.
Additionally, New Hampshire set a 40 per-
cent waste reduction goal for 2000. Like
Missouri, New Hampshire supports goal
achievement through a variety of source
reduction efforts including state in-house
policies, commercial technical assistance,
and local government support. Although
the goals are broad and states target a vari-
ety of sectors, source reduction remains a
common thread.
State task forces often serve as the start-
ing point for state research into successful
source reduction program options. Six state
task forces were identified, as shown in
Table 2, including programs in California,
Maine, Maryland, Pennsylvania, Rhode
Island, and Washington. Several of the task
forces analyze and develop policy recom-
mendations addressing reduction of specific
waste streams. Others identify opportuni-
ties for internal state activities and outreach
to businesses and the public.
Washington appointed a task force to
investigate and evaluate product packaging
reduction methods. The task force included
representatives from the Department of
Trade and Economic Development, the
Department of Ecology, local governments,
the public, environmental associations, and
industry. The group reviewed opportunities
to reduce the volume and weight of prod-
uct packaging entering the waste stream,
shift from single-use disposable packaging
to reusable packaging, and increase aware-
ness of the contribution of packaging to the
solid waste stream. The task force conduct-
ed outreach to businesses on reducing
packaging waste and ensured that state
agencies procure materials with minimal
packaging to decrease incoming waste.
Washington's task force also considered
federal and state packaging standards and
requirements as it established guidelines for
state agencies and industry to follow.
Ultimately, the group submitted an action
plan for the state's consideration and rec-
ommended guidelines for a state awards
program to recognize environmental excel-
lence in packaged products.
Pennsylvania passed legislation in 1988
requiring the state to study source reduc-
tion programs. The state chose to designate
a staff person, rather than a task force, to
analyze source reduction issues and provide
direction for potential source reduction
programs. The result was an educational
program for schools about source reduction
methods. The curriculum targets students
of all grade levels and is being tested in sev-
eral schools.
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Exhibit D
S-11111 u Reduction
The most common mandate requires
local governments or solid waste planning
authorities to submit solid waste manage-
ment plans. North Dakota's legislature,
striving to reach their 40 percent waste
reduction goal, requires solid waste man-
agement districts to reduce the amount of
waste generated, incorporate materials
reuse, and initiate composting programs.
California's legislature also requires local
governments to adopt source reduction ele-
ments in their waste management plans.
The state supports local governments in
several ways to ensure they can meet the
goals of their plans. The California
Materials Exchange provides workshops
and outreach to local governments on the
creation of waste exchange networks. The
state also provides technical assistance in
the form of waste reduction workshops and
a Business Kit to assist local governments in
working with businesses in their areas.
In communities across the country, pro-
grams using unit-based pricing, also referred
to as variable-rate pricing, are in place to
encourage resident accountability for waste
disposal costs. A common benefit cited by
states with unit-based programs is the over-
all reduction in the amount of waste gener-
ated by residents and businesses. One of the
states, Oregon, reports mandatory institu-
tion of unit-based pricing systems. Local
governments that do not comply become
ineligible for state waste disposal program
grants. In two other states, Wisconsin and
Iowa, unit-based pricing programs are
required for communities not reaching the
statewide 25 percent recycling goal.
MSW
From Disposal Facilities by-
Various
Leaves
Grass clippings
General yard waste
Office and computer paper
Newsprint
Corrugated cardboard
Paperboard
Glass
Plastic
Aluminum
Steel containers
States also adopted material disposal
bans, requiring generators to find other
legal disposal options or to change behav-
iors and processes to eliminate the affected
waste streams. As shown in Exhibit D,
banned materials range from landscaping
waste to recyclable materials like corrugated
cardboard or plastic containers. Known
material bans are included in the source
reduction planning sections of state-specific
fact sheets found in Appendix C.
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Table 2
v ' (as reported in fall 1997)
AL
AK
CA
CO
CT
HI
IA
IL
KY
ME
MD
MA
MN
MO
MT
NE
NH
NJ
NM
NY
Waste Reduction and 25%
Recycling
Waste Prevention
Source Reduction and 50%
Recycling
Source Reduction or 15%
Source Reduction and
Recycling 40%
Waste Reduction
Waste Reduction
Source Reduction
Source Reduction
Source Reduction
Waste Reduction
Waste Reduction
Waste Reduction
Waste Reduction
Waste Reduction
Waste Reduction
Waste Reduction
X
2000
1989 2000
X
X
50%
25%
10%
10%
10%
40%
25%
50%
40%
50%
10%
1991 2000 X
xc
X
1997 X
1988 X
X
1990 2000
2000 Xc
1998
1991 1996
1994 2002
1990 2000
1990 2000
2000
1987
10
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Table 2
," (continued from page 10)
States Type of
Goal*
ND Waste Reduction
OH Waste Reduction
OR
PA
Rl
SD
TN
TX
VT
WA
Wl
Source Reduction
Waste Reduction
Waste Reduction
Waste Reduction
Overall Solid Waste
Management Goal
Percent Baseline Goal Target Designated Source Mandate Local
Reduction Goal Year6 Date Reduction Planning Governments' Source
Task Force Reduction Planning
40%
25%
1991 2000
1994
50%
40%
50%
X
X
2001
2000
1990
X
X
xc
X
X
X
xc
xc
Notes:
State goals documented in this report are as reported by the states either in state policy documents or through direct contact with
state officials. Several states indicated waste reduction goals, which EPA interprets to include source reduction in addition to other
waste management activities such as recycling and composting.
BBaseline year indicates the year against which the state is measuring its progress toward the reduction goal.
cln addition to mandating source reduction planning, Iowa, Minnesota, Washington, and Wisconsin require local governments to
implement unit-based pricing programs. Oregon also requires unit-based pricing, but does not mandate source reduction planning.
11
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STATE IN-HOUSE PROGRAMS
m • « ill
he increased cost of
waste disposal and the
need for efficient use of
resources affect state governments and busi-
ness and industry in similar ways, generally
requiring a review of operating practices
and improvements in fiscal management.
As shown in Table 3 on page 15, 27 states
adopted in-house programs for source
reduction. Internal source reduction pro-
grams generally seek to reduce waste within
selected state departments or agencies,
while others encompass entire state govern-
ments. Successful efforts add breathing
room to tight budgets and make for effi-
cient use of resources. An analysis of in-
house efforts shows the following:
• Eighteen of the 27 states with in-house
programs, as shown in Exhibit E, have
established a source reduction policy.
Many states address the common waste
stream of office paper by implementing
double-sided copying policies for docu-
ments. Other states, such as New Mexico
and Texas, have established reuse and
surplus supply programs. West Virginia
and Rhode Island set policies requiring
composting and grasscycling programs at
all state facilities.
Exhibit E
State In-House Programs
Four states support source reduction
policies through their purchasing habits
by setting procurement guidelines. For
example, Ohio's procurement guidelines
encourage the purchase of reused or
reusable materials, such as reconditioned
office furniture and equipment or send-
and-return envelopes.
Ten states choose various other incentives
such as funding pilot projects, setting up
demonstration sites, or sponsoring
awards programs to encourage source
reduction within state-owned facilities.
Policies Pave the Way for
Reducing Waste
Most states with in-house source reduc-
tion programs primarily target paper to cut
office waste. Common state policies
include double-sided copying and use of
waste paper to print draft reports. Other
states eliminate the purchase of single-use,
disposable items, such as replacing dispos-
able cafeteria implements with reusable
mugs and trays. Other emerging policy
trends include reusing envelopes for inter-
nal mail delivery, establishing an e-mail
o 5 10 15
• Established Source Reduction Policy - 18 states
• Established Procurement Guidelines - 4 states
• Established Incentive Programs - 10 states
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system, and converting to electronic data-
bases to view and store information.
North Carolina relies on source reduc-
tion policies as the primary waste reduc-
tion strategy at all state agencies. Agencies
review their operations to identify source
reduction and other waste reduction
opportunities. State policies include
requiring double-sided copying for all
documents, avoiding unnecessary printing
or photocopying, and discouraging the use
of disposable products when reusable
items are available. North Carolina also
passed unique legislation that limits distri-
bution of published reports. State agencies
notify persons who typically receive state
reports that one has been published and
provide information on its subject, title,
and the location of state libraries where it
is available.
Maine established an Interagency Waste
Reduction and Recycling Task Force. This
task force assists state agencies in establish-
ing new or expanded source reduction ini-
tiatives to prevent waste at their offices,
such as double-sided copying policies and
employee education programs.
Your to
—
Procurement programs and purchasing
mandates are common among state gov-
ernments. Purchasing policies tend to
focus on purchasing copy machines and
printers with double-sided copying capa-
bility, buying remanufactured or recharge-
able toner cartridges, acquiring reusable
cafeteria items and other reusable products,
purchasing products with minimal or
reusable packaging, and using send-and-
return envelopes.
In 1990, Massachusetts set a statewide
goal to reduce waste by 10 percent over the
next 10 years through an extensive source
reduction program. The state government
set an example for the state by requiring its
agencies to participate in an environmental-
ly preferable purchasing program coordi-
nated by the state purchasing agency. A
cornerstone of the program is the use of
send-and-return envelopes by five state
agencies, eliminating the need for separate
return envelopes.
Also in 1990, Connecticut developed a
program to incrementally eliminate state
agency purchases of single-use items.
Connecticut's Bureau of Purchasing admin-
isters the program and regulates agency par-
ticipation and annual progress reporting.
Agencies periodically update plans to reduce
purchases of disposable items in accordance
with the procurement policy. Connecticut
expects significant waste reduction through
this policy and has claimed a 90 percent
reduction in the purchase of these items
since adopting the guideline.
Efforts Through
Ten states set up financial assistance
programs, recognition incentives, and tech-
nical assistance to encourage agencies to
start source reduction programs.
California funded a demonstration project
at the state capitol and financed grasscy-
cling programs at all state office buildings.
Florida provided internal demonstration
project funds and grants for additional
research by the state's colleges and universi-
ties. Washington and Maine set up awards
programs to recognize government agen-
cies in their states with outstanding source
reduction programs.
13
-------
Three states have chosen to fund onsite
composting efforts at schools, another
emerging trend. Massachusetts and
Vermont both fund schools that have vol-
unteered to set up composting programs.
New Hampshire set up a pilot project to
investigate best management practices for
school composting programs. In 1996,
New Hampshire completed the first phase
of the project by publishing a school com-
posting manual. With state technical assis-
tance, schools are using the manual to run
pilot projects to compost kitchen food
waste. Once the pilot projects become suc-
cessful, New Hampshire plans to expand
the composting program to other schools.
14
-------
Table 3
State In-House Programs
reported in M 199?)
AK
CA
CT
HI
IL
MA
MS
NH
NY
OH
Rl
TX
VA
WV
Source Reduction
Policy Mandate
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
In-House Procurement
Guidelines
X
X
X
X
Provides Funds or
Awards Programs for
Source Reduction
X
X
X
School Source Reduction,
Composting, or
Education Programs
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
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RESIDENTIAL PROGRAMS
IVes
esearch conducted by
the Minnesota Office of
Waste Management indi-
cates that an average home can reduce its
municipal solid waste by 10 percent
through source reduction. State govern-
ments play an important role in educating
and helping residents reduce waste at
home. This, in turn, will help contribute to
the state's source reduction efforts. Looking
across state programs, our snapshot shows
the following:
• Twenty-three states implement residential
source reduction activities through gener-
al consumer programs, more specific
backyard composting and grasscycling
programs, or both. Tables 4 and 5 on
pages 19 and 20, respectively, summarize
the states' efforts. The majority of those
states (15 states) focus on educating con-
sumers to modify their purchasing prac-
tices. Exhibit F shows the array of
methods states use to educate consumers.
The most popular educational approach-
es are public education programs and
school curricula (nine states). Other
states, such as New York and
Connecticut, produce educational mate-
rials to inform shoppers of ways to
reduce waste.
• Fourteen states support source reduction
at home through backyard composting
and grasscycling initiatives. Exhibit G
presents the types of activities states
undertake to support those initiatives.
Most of the states (nine states) develop
educational brochures. Missouri, for
example, distributes plans for backyard
compost bins and a homeowner's com-
posting guide.
Increasing Action Through
Consumer Education on
Purchasing Practices
Education is the key to successful source
reduction programs. Most outreach pro-
grams focus on explaining the relationship
between an individual's consumption of
goods and the generation of waste. As
Exhibit F
Consumer Purchasing Programs
0246
• Educational Brochures - 7 states
Workshops/Presentations - 9 states
Public Education/School Curricula - 9 states
• Awards/Public Recognition - 2 states
I Advertisements - 3 states
Other Multimedia Approaches - 1 state
-------
indicated in Exhibit F, major consumer
outreach activities include educational
brochures, workshops, integration of source
reduction programming in school curricula,
awards and recognition programs, and
advertisements. Tennessee, for example,
educates its residents through an outreach
program that explains techniques, costs and
benefits, and examples of source reduction.
Another successful approach to getting
the source reduction message out to resi-
dents is multimedia campaigns. The
Minnesota Office of Environmental
Assistance (OEA) educates its residents on
solid waste issues through a campaign that
includes fact sheets, press releases, staff pre-
sentations and workshops, videos, displays,
and booths at environmental education
events. Rhode Island sponsors public edu-
cation programs that encourage consumers
to buy in bulk quantities and to choose
products with less packaging. Packaging
waste, which makes up more than one
third of the U.S. municipal solid waste
stream,3 is a key area for source reduction.
The state employs a multimedia public
education campaign incorporating presen-
tations, demonstrations, educational tours
of landfills, a teacher training curriculum
entitled Solid Waste and the Environment,
and educational brochures and videos.
Residents Pitch in Through
Backyard Composting and
Grasscycling
Another popular state-level source
reduction activity involves reducing the
amount of grass, leaves, and other yard
trimmings needing disposal or municipal
Exhibit G
Composting/Grasscycling Programs
0246
• Workshops/Presentations - 5 states
Training Programs - 4 states
Educational Brochures - 9 states
B Demonstration Sites - 4 states
I Provide Compost Bins - 2 states
Other Multimedia Approaches - 8 states
composting. Yard trimmings, another focus
area for residential outreach, make up more
than 14 percent of municipal solid waste in
the United States.4 As shown in Table 5 on
page 20, 14 states fund composting equip-
ment purchases or provide public education
through workshops, demonstration sites,
advertisements, and technical support
materials. These programs provide alterna-
tives to yard trimmings disposal or munici-
pal composting, especially in the states with
landfill bans on yard trimmings. North
Carolina and Texas established demonstra-
tion sites to educate the public about back-
yard composting. Connecticut and Rhode
Island set up a partnership between the
two states to share outreach materials and
programs. Maine and Massachusetts start-
ed successful residential training programs
on backyard composting and grasscycling.
In 1991, Connecticut initiated a volun-
tary home composting public education
3 U.S. EPA. 1998. Characterization of Municipal Solid Waste in the United States: 1997 Update.
EPA530-R-98-007. Washington, DC.
4 Ibid.
-------
program. To increase the effectiveness of
yard trimmings source reduction,
Connecticut and Rhode Island joined
forces in 1993, initiating a grasscycling
education program entitled Don't Trash
Grass! The program is funded by federal
start-up grants and ongoing in-kind contri-
butions from the states. The program
objective is to teach environmentally
friendly lawn management techniques
using educational tools such as a 12-minute
video for television broadcast and
brochures distributed at public outlets.
Additionally, Connecticut holds workshops
to teach nature center educators about
home composting and grasscycling.
Maine's Waste Management Agency
(MWMA) initiated its Master Composter
program in 1993, with the assistance of the
University of Maine Cooperative Extension
(UMCE). UMCE developed a community
education program providing technical
instruction on home composting of yard
trimmings and food scraps. Participants
receive educational materials, including the
UMCE Master Composter Manual, and
certification as master composters after
completing the course. As an additional
promotional measure, the state provides
grants to towns interested in purchasing
backyard composting bins for residents.
Massachusetts educates local trainers on
the latest in composting technology and
provides the necessary equipment. Since
1991, the Massachusetts Department of
Environmental Protection (MADEP) has
conducted home composting coordinator
training programs. Each year, in the spring
and fall, the state holds workshops to edu-
cate the general public and enlist volunteer
home composting coordinators. More than
300 trained home composting coordinators
present workshops in their communities,
set up demonstration sites with materials
supplied by the MADEP, distribute com-
post bins, and serve as local sources of
composting information. MADEP staff
present additional materials and public ser-
vice announcements to a wide range of
audiences in support of the program.
18
-------
Table 4
Consumer Education Programs
(as reported in fall 1997)
State Educational
Program Focus
Educational Workshops/ Public Education/ Awards and Advertising Other
Brochures Presentations School Curricula Public Recognition (Multimedia
Campaigns)
AK
CA|
CO
CT
MA
MN
MS
MO
NE
NM
NY
PA
Rl
TN
Wl
General Source
Reduction
Integrated Waste
Management
General Source
Reduction
Yard Waste Reduction
Yard Waste Reduction
General Source
Reduction
General Source
Reduction
Consumption Issues
And Composting
General and
Composting
Composting
Programs
General and
Composting
General Source
Reduction
Purchasing and
Composting
General Source
Reduction
Composting
Programs
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
-------
Table 5
Backyard Composting/Grasscycling Programs
(as reported in fall 1997)
State Landfill Ban Workshops/ Training Educational Demonstration Provide Other
for Yard Waste Presentations Programs Brochures Sites Compost Bins (Multimedia
Campaigns)
AZ
HI
ME
MA
NE
NC
Rl
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X X
X
X
X X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
-------
COMMERCIAL PROGRAMS
C,
i ommercial wastes from
business and industry make up
between 35 and 45 percent of
the U.S. municipal solid waste stream.5
With such a large potential for source
reduction, it is no wonder that two-thirds
of all states have focused their efforts on
commercial reduction programs. As shown
in Table 6 on page 26, 39 states sponsor
commercial source reduction activities.
Specifically:
• As demonstrated in Exhibit H, 20 states
provide businesses with onsite technical
assistance, publications, workshops, and
other outreach activities. New Mexico
and Mississippi provide commercial
waste reduction assessments and help
businesses to plan their reduction pro-
grams. Ohio's Department of Natural
Resources developed a Waste Reduction
Guide for Ohio Business and Industry.
Arizona's Department of Environmental
Quality administers a technical assistance
program and provides local workshops
Exhibit H
on source reduction, recycling, and com-
posting for businesses.
Seventeen states fund commercial source
reduction programs through grants, tax
credits, and award programs. Illinois,
one of eight states with grant programs,
annually provides commercial source
reduction grant and loan awards of $6 to
$8 million. Specific tax credits, found in
four states, also assist businesses finan-
cially. California and New Jersey spon-
sor award programs to help spur source
reduction activity.
Seven states set up materials exchange
programs to promote reuse of leftover
materials and help participating business-
es avoid unnecessary disposal or purchas-
ing costs. Tennessee's Division of Solid
Waste contracts with the University of
Tennessee Center for Industrial Services
(CIS) to operate a commercial/industrial
materials exchange program.
Four states support onsite composting
efforts of businesses. Arizona, for
Commercial Programs
0 5 10
• Technical Assistance - 20 states
• Material Exchanges - 7 states
H Incentive Programs - 17
• Onsite Composting - 4 states
Source Reduction Mandates - 9 states
Mil
•H
'U.S. EPA. 1998. Characterization of Municipal Solid Waste in the United States: 1997 Update.
EPA530-R-98-007. Washington, DC.
-------
example, contributes to a composting
demonstration site run by the Desert
Botanical Gardens, which demonstrates
how small businesses can incorporate
composting into their waste reduction
programs.
• Nine states adopted mandatory planning
and material restrictions to address particu-
larly troublesome waste streams and pro-
mote source reduction. Most states
mandating source reduction focus on pack-
aging issues, such as Connecticut's adop-
tion of regulations for reducing the volume
or weight of disposable packaging. Rhode
Island, taking another route, requires busi-
nesses to develop source reduction programs
and report annually on their progress.
• '
.'
State technical assistance programs vary
widely. Outreach efforts range from waste
reduction publications, which appear to be
the most abundant and affordable outreach
option, to onsite technical assistance, where
the one-on-one interaction proves to be an
effective means of outreach.
Maine and Massachusetts both admin-
ister "WasteCap" programs designed to
work directly with businesses to find source
reduction and recycling alternatives to
waste disposal. The Massachusetts
Department of Environmental Protection
initiated the WasteCap partnership pro-
gram to provide source reduction consult-
ing services for Massachusetts businesses.
WasteCap assists businesses by identifying
waste reduction opportunities, providing
technical assistance workshops, and main-
taining an information clearinghouse. The
state also supports an awards program to
recognize manufacturers excelling at pack-
aging reduction. Maine's WasteCap
Program, administered by the Maine
Chamber and Business Alliance, provides
companies with technical expertise and
assistance in recognizing waste minimiza-
tion opportunities, including source reduc-
tion, and its benefits in the workplace.
Michigan's Office of Waste Reduction
Services (OWRS) actively provides technical
assistance. OWRS helps businesses identify
source reduction options under a partnership
between the Departments of Commerce and
Natural Resources. Services include tele-
phone consultations and onsite visits, waste
reduction publications, waste stream audits,
and analysis of industry-specific waste reduc-
tion opportunities and techniques. Michigan
also runs the Retired Engineer Technical
Assistance Program. Retired engineers, scien-
tists, and other professionals conduct onsite
waste assessments to identify waste reduction
opportunities at commercial facilities. This
service is nonregulatory, voluntary, and pro-
vided free of charge to Michigan businesses
with fewer than 500 employees and to insti-
tutions of any size.
These full-service approaches, exhibited
by Maine, Massachusetts, and Michigan,
are also supported by several other states,
including Connecticut, Tennessee, and
Washington. Additionally, some states aug-
ment their standard technical assistance
programs with composting assistance,
materials exchange and reuse programs, and
waste reduction partnering opportunities.
One such partnering program works
cooperatively with the commercial sector to
study waste issues and find effective source
reduction strategies. Missouri established a
source reduction advisory board to create a
partnership among state and local govern-
ments, the commercial sector, and private
citizens. The advisory board studied waste
issues and published a report offering sug-
gestions to reduce and reuse packaging,
-------
reduce litter, and educate consumers and
industry about product choices and alterna-
tives designed for source reduction.
Publications used in conjunction with
the technical assistance efforts or as "do-it-
yourself" guides are also popular among
state outreach efforts. Additional informa-
tion on state publications is included in
Appendix B.
II'
,«> f i.als
MI ,.
Materials exchange and reuse programs
find alternative homes for wastes bound for
final disposal sites. Such programs help
generators and users financially since most
programs move commodities for free to
avoid disposal costs. Exchange programs
use word-of-mouth referrals, printed list-
ings, and online services to provide valuable
infrastructure to participating businesses.
The Vermont Agency of Natural
Resources funds the "Vermont Business
Materials Exchange," developed to promote
reuse of commercial and industrial waste
materials. Materials listings are included in
quarterly catalogs, on a Web site, and on an
electronic list server that announces new
listings and materials that need to move
quickly.
The California Materials Exchange pro-
gram (CalMAX), created in 1991, helps find
alternative uses for nonhazardous discards.
Through CalMAX, business, industry, and
other organizations can find markets for
unwanted materials, reducing disposal costs
and providing free or inexpensive materials
to others. CalMAX distributes a free
bimonthly catalog that contains available
and wanted materials listings, innovative
matches, and creative reuse ideas.
—
Four states promote onsite composting
programs to avert the disposal of organic
wastes, such as food scraps and yard trim-
mings. Finding alternatives to transported
disposal of these wastes is an important
cost-saving activity for businesses.
Common alternatives include onsite com-
posting and mulching, and states typically
approach composting assistance through
education and technical assistance.
California supports a landscaping waste
reduction education and outreach program
to businesses, including the publication
Keeping Green: A Landscaper's Guide to
Reducing Waste. California distributes this
40-page information guide to businesses
through local governments and advertises
statewide in landscaping trade magazines
and at major home improvement and gar-
dening centers. The campaign promotes
their "landscaping heroes," people who
highlight landscaping waste reduction as a
responsibility and an important opportuni-
ty for industry to impact the environment
and their bottom lines.
Hawaii promotes onsite composting by
sponsoring an annual workshop for com-
mercial establishments. Hawaii's
Department of Health provides informa-
tion on how to set up onsite composting
and covers the costs and benefits of onsite
management.
23
-------
lire, ik inv: i iic• 5-1na!icial
Barrier
Providing capital for start-up technology
or cutting-edge ideas provides a much
needed solution to one of the biggest barri-
ers to new ideas—funding. Setting stan-
dards and allowing innovation to dominate
the application process produces multiple
benefits for the states, including innovation
in waste reduction programs, progress
toward state reduction goals, and proof of
state commitment to source reduction.
Michigan's Department of Environ-
mental Quality (MDEQ) administered
waste prevention programs under the 1989
Solid Waste Alternatives Program (SWAP).
The competitive SWAP grant and loan pro-
gram provided the private sector with
matching funds for approved research and
demonstration projects seeking alternative
solutions to solid waste management prob-
lems. Grants and loans are no longer avail-
able, but many of the nearly 300 funded
projects established ongoing, long-term
programs. Michigan's Environmental
Protection Board also funds alternative
solid waste management projects, which
supplements the state's funding of alterna-
tive waste management options, including
source reduction programs.
State governments often provide addi-
tional financial incentives for source reduc-
tion activities through tax credits. Tax
credits generally require businesses to com-
mit to a desired source reduction activity
and apply for the credit based upon meet-
ing qualification criteria. Some credits are
given based on equipment purchases for
source reduction, and others are given
based on a company's source reduction per-
formance or activities. In 1992, Delaware
started the state-sponsored Green Industries
Initiative. The program offers tax incentives
and loans to industries for waste reduction
activities. Arkansas provides a system of tax
credits offering companies a 30 percent
reduction on corporate or income taxes for
use of equipment related to source reduc-
tion, reuse, or recycling.
Many states identify and showcase com-
mercial source reduction successes to
encourage positive actions toward reduc-
tion. Whether monetary or honorary
awards are given, states recognize the efforts
of business and industry. The California
Waste Reduction Awards Program annually
recognizes businesses statewide that have
made outstanding efforts to reduce nonhaz-
ardous waste.
Foi,ii)
M i»J,
In contrast to promoting source reduc-
tion through voluntary programs and out-
reach, source reduction mandates require
businesses to include source reduction as
part of their approach to solid waste man-
agement. State mandates include restric-
tions on products and packaging entering
or manufactured within the state and
mandatory source reduction plans for busi-
ness and industry.
States looking for source reduction
options in the commercial sector some-
times target packaging waste due to the
high volume of this material in the waste
stream. Five states have used this approach
to mandate source reduction. States some-
times require manufacturers to change
package specifications for their products
and absorb the associated costs. Aside from
initial costs, changes which substantially
reduce packaging result in savings to the
manufacturer and its customers.
24
-------
Consumers can either reuse the packaging
or have less to dispose of or recycle.
Oregon, for example, mandates that all
rigid plastic containers must either be
reusable five times, in addition to meeting
other recycled-content criteria, or be source-
reduced 10 percent over 5 years if no recy-
cled content is included in the containers.
Some states adopted packaging source
reduction practices through the Coalition
of Northeastern Governors (CONEG)
Challenge. The Challenge, initiated by
CONEGs Source Reduction Task Force,
seeks to encourage companies to eliminate
unnecessary packaging, minimize waste
wherever possible, reuse products whenever
possible, and use recycled-content
packaging.
Another approach to mandatory source
reduction is the requirement for submission
of commercial source reduction plans for
state approval. Found in only three states,
planning mandates are uncommon due to
the reporting burden and administrative
requirements. Pennsylvania has passed leg-
islation targeted specifically at the reduc-
tion of private sector municipal solid waste.
The state mandated that all businesses gen-
erating municipal solid waste prepare
source reduction plans by 1993. Businesses
report on the types of wastes that they gen-
erate and discuss their strategies for source
reduction.
25
-------
Table 6
Commercial Programs
(as reported in fall 1997)
Technical Assistance Materials Exchange/ Financial/Public Onsite Source Reduction
Programs Reuse Programs Recognition Incentives Composting Mandates
AK
AR
CO
DE
HI
IN
KS
ME
Ml
MS
MT
NV
NJ
NM
OH
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
(continued on page 27)
-------
Table 6
Commercial Programs
(continued from page 26)
OR
Rl
TN
VT
Wl
Technical Assistance Materials Exchange/ Financial/Public Onsite Source Reduction
Programs Reuse Programs Recognition Incentives Composting Mandates
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
-------
Lrrr
• *
LOCAL GOVERNMENT PROGRAM
SUPPORT
1—lOC
seal governments play a
critical role in source reduc-
tion by working directly
with residents, consumers, businesses, and
institutions to implement the array of
source reduction activities described in the
preceding chapters. Twenty-eight states,
shown in Table 7 on page 30, provide
financial and technical assistance to local
governments to aid them in their efforts.
Examples include providing grants, spon-
soring workshops, and preparing technical
outreach materials for local governments to
distribute to their targeted audiences.
Other findings show:
• The most popular means of support is
through financing programs. As shown in
Exhibit I, 20 states provide grant funds to
local governments. Whether large or
small, grants often open doors to new and
innovative local source reduction pro-
grams and activities. Vermont awards
small grants (less than $5,000) for source
reduction projects, including a packaging
reduction program and educational
materials on reuse and composting.
Minnesota's Office of Environmental
Assistance also awarded grants, totaling
$381,000 in 1994, to local governments
and school district projects.
Exhibit I
Twelve states provide technical assistance
to strengthen local programs. States pro-
vide two main types of technical assis-
tance—onsite assistance and outreach
materials—that focus on specific source
reduction issues, such as backyard com-
posting, outreach to businesses, or unit-
based pricing. For example, the
University of Kentucky Extension
Service provides consumer education and
information materials to counties
throughout the state. The Extension ser-
vice also provides educational materials
on backyard composting, reuse, and
source reduction.
Financial Incentives Bring
Source Reduction
Opportunities
Many states support local source reduc-
tion efforts through grant programs. Such
grant programs generally incorporate flexi-
ble requirements allowing local govern-
ments to choose their own approaches and
programming. These types of financial
incentives assist local governments over the
first hurdle in source reduction program-
ming by taking away the pressure of
putting municipal dollars on the line.
Local Government Program Support
0 5 10
• Grant Programs - 20 states
I Technical Assistance - 12 states
-------
Texas supports local backyard compost-
ing efforts through the state's municipal
solid waste grant program. The grant pro-
gram provided $3.9 million in new capital
to local governments in 1996 and 1997,
split between centralized municipal com-
posting and residential backyard efforts.
Michigan sponsors Solid Waste Assistance
Program (SWAP) grants for local govern-
ments. SWAP grants fund programs that
demonstrate the effectiveness of alternative
solid waste management practices, which
commonly include source reduction
elements.
"I '• ' •
States offer technical assistance to their
local governments as a means to help local
planners do their jobs and strengthen
municipal source reduction efforts. State
approaches include providing onsite techni-
cal assistance to municipalities, such as
source reduction workshops, and develop-
ing technical outreach materials and
resources for local program managers.
California assists local government tech-
nical assistance efforts through training and
outreach materials. The state sponsors fre-
quent "train the trainer" workshops with
local governments to convey residential
outreach techniques that promote backyard
composting. California also helps local gov-
ernments work with the commercial sector
through the California Materials Exchange
program (CalMAX). CalMAX offers work-
shops and information to local govern-
ments to assist the development of local
waste exchange networks. Additional com-
mercial outreach comes from California's
Business Kit. It was developed to assist
municipal commercial outreach efforts by
providing outreach techniques and model
assistance resources local governments can
adapt for use in their outreach programs.
New Hampshire works with local gov-
ernments through annual site visits to all
types of local solid waste facilities. The visits
incorporate technical assistance elements to
help municipalities find effective waste
management activities, typically including
source reduction elements. To support the
ongoing education efforts of New
Hampshire municipalities, the state publish-
es a newsletter that provides source reduc-
tion, reuse, and recycling program ideas.
29
-------
Table 7
Support for Local Governments
(as reported in fall 1997)
Grant Programs
Onsite Technical Assistance
Technical Outreach Materials
AZ
CO
FL
KY
MA
MN
NV
NJ
NC
OH
Rl
TX
WA
WY
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
-------
A FINAL Wo RD
I tate source reduction
efforts vary across the coun-
try, but there is little doubt
that the efforts are a strong testament to
the importance of reducing waste. The ben-
efits of source reduction programs lie in
their potential to prevent waste, increase
efficiency, and save natural resources. This
helps explain why source reduction is at the
top of the nations MSW management hier-
archy. By prioritizing source reduction
activities, organizations can avoid the
inevitable costs of solid waste collection
and disposal and achieve solid waste man-
agement goals effectively.
This snapshot is intended to be a refer-
ence tool for states. The examples within
the chapters and the elaborations found in
the fact sheets in Appendix C are meant to
help states generate new ideas for future
programs and understand how others are
approaching this valuable waste manage-
ment strategy. EPA encourages states to
incorporate source reduction into their
integrated solid waste management pro-
grams. The state programs highlighted in
this report illustrate the positive impacts
such an approach can have.
ill
//,
In i
In j
f" i
-------
State Source Reduction Contacts
(as of December 1998)
ALABAMA
Alabama Department of Economic and
Community Affairs
Michael W. Forster
State Recycling Coordinator
401 Adams Avenue
P.O. Box 5690
Montgomery, AL 36103-5690
Phone: 334 242-5336
Fax: 334 242-0552
ALASKA
Alaska Department of Environmental
Conservation
Division of Statewide Public Service
555 Cordova Street
Anchorage, AK 99501
Phone: 907 269-7586
Fax: 907 269-7600
Web site: http://www.state.ak.us/dec/
home.htm
ARIZONA
Arizona Department of Environmental
Quality
Waste Programs Division
3033 North Central Avenue
Phoenix, AZ 85012
Phone: 602 207-4865
Fax: 602 207-2383
ARKANSAS
Arkansas Department of Pollution Control
and Ecology
8101 1-30 Building D
P.O. Box 8913
Little Rock, AR 72219-8913
Phone: 501 682-0812
Fax: 501 682-0880
CALIFORNIA
California Integrated Waste Management Board
Kathy Frevert
8800 Cal Center Drive
Sacramento, CA 95828
Phone: 916 255-2200
Fax:916255-2602
E-mail: kfrevert@CIWMB.ca.gov
Web site: http://www.ciwmb.ca.gov/
COLORADO
Colorado Office of Energy Conservation
Kelly Roberts
1675 Broadway, Suite 1300
Denver, CO 80202-4613
Phone: 303 620-4292
Fax: 303 620-4288
E-mail: oec@csn.net
Web site: http://www.state.co.us/ gov_dir/oec
CONNECTICUT
Department of Environmental Protection
Kim Trella
79 Elm Street
Hartford, CT 06106
Phone: 860 424-3365
Fax:860424-4081
E-mail: kim.trella@po.state.ct.us
Web site: http://dep.state.ct.us
DELAWARE
Department of Natural Resources
89 Kings Highway
P.O. Box 1401
Dover, DE 19903
Phone: 302 739-3820
Web site: http://www.dnrec.state.de.us./air/
air_wste.htm
FLORIDA
Florida Department of Environmental
Protection
Waste Reduction Section
Ron Henricks, Administrator
2600 Blair Stone Road
Tallahassee, FL 32399-2400
Phone: 850 921-9223
Fax: 850 921-3000
E-mail: henricks_r@dep.state.fl.us
Web site: http://www.dep.state.fl.us/waste
GEORGIA
Department of Natural Resources
Seven Martin Luther King Jr. Drive,
Suite 450
Atlanta, GA 30334
Phone:404651-5120
Web site: http://www.ganet.org/dnr/p2ad
-------
." '/All
Hawaii Department of Health
Office of Solid Waste Management
Carrie McCabe
919 Ala Moana Boulevard, Third Floor
Honolulu, HI 96814
Phone: 808 586-4240
Fax: 808 586-7509
E-mail: cmccabe@eha.health.state.hi.us
Idaho Division of Environmental Quality
Donna Rodman
1410 North Hilton
Boise, ID 83706
Phone: 208 373-0502
Fax: 208 373-0169
E-mail: drodman@deq.state.id.us
ILLINOIS
Illinois Department of Commerce and
Community Affairs
Office of Recycling and Waste Reduction
325 West Adams Street, Third Floor
Springfield, IL 62704
Phone: 217 785-2800
Fax:217785-2618
Web site: http://www.commerce.state.il.us
INDIANA
Department of Commerce
Energy Policy Division
One North Capital, Suite 700
Indianapolis, IN 46204-2288
Phone:317232-8940
Fax:317232-8995
IOWA
Natural Resources Department
Wallace State Office Building
DesMoines, IA50319
Phone: 515 281-6284
Fax: 515281-8895
Web site: http://www.state.ia.us/
government/dnr/
KANSAS
Department of Health and Environment
Division of Environment, Bureau of Waste
Management
William Bider
Forbes Field Building 740
Topeka, KS 66620-0001
Phone: 913 296-1600
Fax:913296-1592
Web site: http://www.state.ks.us/public/
kdag/bwm
KENTUCKY
Resource Conservation and Local Assistance
Branch
Division of Waste Management
Joy Morgan or Charles Peters
14 Reilly Road
Frankfort, KY 40601
Phone: 502 564-6716
Fax: 502 564-4049
E-mail: morgan@nrdep.nr.state.ky.us or
peters@nrdep.nr.state.ky.us
LOUISIANA
Department of Environmental Quality
Solid Waste Division
7290 Blue Bonnet
P.O. Box 82178
Baton Rouge, LA 70810-2178
Phone: 225 765-0792
Fax: 225 765-0299
MAINE
Maine Waste Management Agency
Office of State Planning
Waste Management and Recycling Program
State House Station 38
Augusta, ME 04333
Phone:207287-5313
Fax: 207 287-6489
Web site: http://www.state.me.us/spo
-------
MARYLAND
Maryland Department of the Environment
2500 Broening Highway
Baltimore, MD 21224
Phone:410631-3315
Fax:410631-3321
Web site: http://www.mde.state.md.us/was
! ,
Department of Environmental Protection
Division of Solid Waste
1 Winter Street, Fourth Floor
Boston, MA 02108
Phone: 617 292-5960
Fax: 617 556-1049
Executive Office of Environmental Affairs
Scott Cassel
Director of Waste Policy and Planning
100 Cambridge Street, 20th Floor
Boston, MA 02202
Phone: 617 727-9800, extension 291
Fax:617727-2754
E-mail: scassel@state.ma.us
I N
Department of Environmental Quality
Waste Management Division
P.O. Box 30241
Lansing, MI 48909
Phone: 517 373-2730
Fax: 517373-4797
INESOTA
Minnesota Office of Environmental
Assistance
520 Lafayette Road North
St. Paul, MN 55155-4100
Phone: 612 296-3417 or 800 657-3843
Fax:612215-0246
Web site: http://www.omea.state.mn.us
MISSISSIPPI
Department of Environmental Quality
P.O. Box 20305
Jackson, MS 39289-1503
Phone: 601 961-5241
Fax: 601 354-6612
Division of Environmental Quality
Solid Waste Management Program
P.O. Box 176
Jefferson City, MO 65102-0176
Fax: 573 526-3902
Web site: http://www.state.mo.us/dnr/deq/
swmp/homeswmp .htm
)NTANA
Montana Department of Environmental
Quality
Pollution Prevention Bureau
P.O. Box 200901
1520 East 6th Avenue
Helena, MT 59620
Phone: 406 444-6697
Fax: 406 444-6836
Nebraska Department of Environmental
Quality
M.J. Rose
The Atrium Building
1200 "N" St. Suite 400
P.O. Box 98922
Lincoln, NE 68509-8922
Phone: 402 471-4210
Fax: 402 471-2909
E-mail: deq201@mail.deq.state.ne.us
NEVADA
Nevada Division of Environmental
Protection
Bureau of Waste Management
Solid Waste Branch
Suzanne Sturtevant
Recycling Coordinator
333 West Nye Lane
Carson City, NV 89706-0851
Phone: 702 687-4670, extension 3008
Fax: 702 687-6396
-------
Department of Environmental Services
Waste Management Division
Christopher Way
Supervisor
6 Hazen Drive
Concord, NH 03301
Phone: 603 271-6847
Fax: 603 271-2456
E-mail: nhpoas@des.state.nh.us
Web site: http://www.state.nh.us/des
V" JERSEY
Department of Environmental Protection
401 East State Street
P.O. Box 414
Trenton, NJ 08625-0414
Phone: 609 530-8208
Fax: 609 777-0769
Web site: http://www.state.nj.us/dep/dshw/
recycle
NEW MEXICO
Solid Waste Bureau
Cathy Tyson
P.O. Box 26110
Santa Fe, NM 87502
Phone: 505 827-2883
Fax: 505 827-2902
E-mail: catherine_tyson@nmenv.state.nm.us
VYORK
Department of Environmental Conservation
Division of Solid Waste and Hazardous
Materials
Bureau of Waste Reduction
Steve Hammond
50 Wolf Road
Albany, NY 12233-7250
Phone: 518 457-6934
Fax: 518457-0629
DLINA
Division of Pollution Prevention and
Environmental Assistance
P.O. Box 29569
Raleigh, NC 27626-9569
Phone: 919 715-6500
Fax:919715-6794
Web site: http://www.p2pays.org
North Dakota Department of Health
Division of Waste Management
Robert Tubbs-Avalon
P.O. Box 5520
Bismarck, ND 58506-5520
Phone: 701 328-5166
Fax: 701 328-5200
E-mail: ccmail.btubbsav@ranch.state.nd.us
Web site: http://www.ehs.health.state.nd.us
Ohio Department of Natural Resources
Division of Recycling and Litter Prevention
Donna M. Stusek
1889 Fountain Square Court, F-2
Columbus, OH 43224-1331
Phone: 614 265-6333
Fax:614262-9387
E-mail: donna.stusek@dnr.state.oh.us
Web site: http://www.dnr.state.oh.us.odnr/
recycling
OK MA
Department of Environmental Quality
Pollution Prevention Program
707 North Robinson
Oklahoma City, OK 73102
Phone: 800 869-1400
E-mail: dianne.wilkins@oklaosf.state.ok.us
Web site: http://www.deq.state.ok.us
35
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OREGON
Oregon Department of Environmental
Quality
Waste Management and Cleanup Division
Paul Slyman
811 SouthWest 6th Avenue
Portland, OR 97204
Phone: 503 229-6165
Fax: 503 229-5830
E-mail: S LYMAN. Paul@deq.state. or. us
Web site: http://www.deq.state.or.us/
wmc/solwaste/rsw.htm
PENNSYLVANIA
Bureau of Waste Management
Department of Environmental Resources
P.O. Box 2063
Harrisburg, PA 17105
Phone: 717 787-7382
Fax:717787-1904
Web site: http://www.dep.state.pa.us
'..:•. '
Department of Environmental Management
235 Promenade Street
Room 425
Providence, RI 02908
Phone: 401 222-3434
Fax: 401 222-6802
Web site: http://www.state.ri.us/dem
Department of Health and Environmental
Control
Office of Solid Waste Reduction and
Recycling
2600 Bull Street
Columbia, SC 29201
Phone: 803 896-4225
Fax: 803 896-4001
Web site: http://www.state.sc.us/dhec/
eqchome.htm
SC • '
South Dakota Department of Environment
and Natural Resources
Solid Waste Program
Greg Buntrock
Environmental Project Scientist
Joe Foss Building
523 East Capitol
Pierre, SD 57501-3181
Phone: 605 773-3153
Fax: 605 773-6035
E-mail: gregb@denr.state.sd.us
Web site: http://www.state.sd.us/denr/
denr.html
TENNESSEE
Division of Solid Waste Assistance
Department of Environment and
Conservation
401 Church Street, 14th Floor
L&C Tower
Nashville, TN 37243-0455
Phone: 615 532-0091
Fax: 615 532-0231
Web site: http://www.state.tn.us/
environment/swa
TEXAS
Office of Pollution Prevention and Recycling
Andrew Neblett
TNRCC, MC 112
P.O. Box 13087
Austin, TX 78711-3087
Phone: 512239-3166
Fax: 512239-3165
E-mail: aneblett@tnrcc.state.tx.us
Web site: http://www.tnrcc.state.tx.us
UTAH
Utah Department of Environmental Quality
Office of Planning and Public Affairs
Sonj a Harriet
168 North 1950 West
P.O. Box 144810
Salt Lake City, Utah 84114-4810
Phone: 801 536-4477
Fax: 801 536-4401
Web site: http://www.eq.state.ut.us/
-------
Agency of Natural Resources
Department of Environmental Conservation
Environmental Assistance Division
Carolyn Grodinsky
103 South Main Street
Waterbury, VT 05671-0411
Phone: 802 241-3477
Fax: 802 241-3273
E-mail: Carolyng@wasteman.anr.state.vt.us
Web site: http://www.state.vt.us/anr/
waste.htm
'VIRGINIA
Department of Environmental Quality
629 East Main Street
P.O. Box 10009
Richmond, VA 23240-0009
Phone: 804 698-4000
Fax: 804 698-4083
Web site: http://www.deq.state.va.us/
envprog/wstman.html
WISCONSIN
Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources
Bureau of Waste Management
Susan Hundt Bergan
Recycling Team Leader
101 S. Webster St.
P.O. Box 7921
Madison, WI 53702
Phone: 608 264-6032
Fax: 608 267-2768
E-mail: bergas@dnr.state.wi.us
Web site: http://www.dnr.state.wi.us
WYOMING
Wyoming Department of Environmental
Quality
250 Lincoln Street
Lander, WY 82520
Phone: 307 332-6924
Fax: 307 332-7726
Web site: http://www.trib.com/wyoming/
recycle
WASHINGTON
Department of Ecology
Solid Waste and Financial Assistance Program
P.O. Box 47600
Olympia, WA 98504-7600
Phone: 360 407-6000
Fax: 360 407-6102
Web site: http://www.wa.gov/ecology/swfa/
swhome.html
WEST'VIRGINIA
Department of Conservation Education and
Litter Control
Division of Natural Resources
1900 Kanawah Blvd.
Building 3, Room 782
Charleston, WV 25305
Phone: 304 558-3370
Fax: 304 558-6207
-------
State Source Reduction Resources
(Listed in chapter order)
STATE IN-HOUSE PROGRAMS
Title:
Format:
Published:
Notes:
Contact:
Phone:
E-mail:
Web site:
Cafeteria Waste Composting: Suggested System Design
Manual
Carolyn Grodinsky
Agency of Natural Resources, Department of Environmental Conservation,
Environmental Assistance Division
103 South Main Street
Waterbury, VT 05671-0411
802 241-3477
Carolyng@was tertian.anr.state.vt.us
http://www.state.vt.us/anr/waste.htm
Title: Consolidated Solid Waste Report
Format: Report
Published:
Notes:
Contact:
Phone:
E-mail:
Web site:
This report profiles Minnesota's solid waste management successes and future issues.
Source reduction is discussed along with other waste reduction methods.
Waste Education Clearinghouse, Office of Environmental Assistance
520 Lafayette Road North, Second Floor
St. Paul, MN 55155
612215-0232
Title: Recycling and Waste Prevention Presentations for Schools
Format: Brochure
Published:
Notes:
Contact:
Phone:
E-mail:
Web site:
This brochure specifically targets and promotes waste reduction education for chil-
dren, highlighting programs available on request for school presentations.
Mississippi Department of Environmental Quality
P.O. Box 10385
Jackson, MS 39289-0385
601 961-5171
-------
Format:
Published:
Notes:
Contact:
Phone:
E-mail:
Web site:
Title:
Format:
Published:
Notes:
Contact:
Phone:
E-mail:
Web site:
The G.O.L.D. Methods to Assist State Agencies Institutions In
Development of Waste Reduction Recycling Plans
Manual
This manual contains an outline of plan components, worksheets, and waste reduc-
tion information for various types of facilities. The topics covered in this manual
include facility assessments, purchasing practices, educational efforts, and communi-
cation program evaluations.
Washington State Department of Ecology
National Technical Information Service, 5285 Port Royal Road
Springfield, VA 22161
800 553-6847
The G.O.L.D. Plan: A Strategy for Waste Reduction Recycling at State
Facilities
Manual
This publication defines a strategy for incorporating waste reduction into manage-
ment and operation of state government facilities. The plan explains the type of
waste generated at state facilities and addresses issues such as waste reduction, pro-
curement, and education.
Washington State Department of Ecology
National Technical Information Service, 5285 Port Royal Road
Springfield, VA 22161
800 553-6847
Format:
Published:
Notes:
Contact:
Phone:
E-mail:
Web site:
Yon Can Do It Too! Preventing Office Wiste at California Integrated Waste
Manual
This manual assists all types of state organizations in establishing their own waste
prevention programs. Options for reducing office waste are discussed along with tips
on implementing reduction programs.
Kathy Frevert
California Environmental Protection Agency, Integrated Waste Management Board
Cal Center Drive
Sacramento, CA 95826
916255-2200
kfrevert@CIWMB.ca.gov
http://www.ciwmb.ca.gov/
39
-------
RESIDENTIAL PROGRAMS
Title: a Bit at a
Format: Manual
Published:
Notes:
Contact:
Phone:
E-mail:
Web site:
This publication offers practical tips to reduce household waste.
New York State Department of Economic Development, Office of Recycling Market
Development
1 Commerce Plaza, Room 950
Albany, NY 12245
518 486-6291
Title:
Format:
Published:
Notes:
Contact:
Phone:
E-mail:
Web site:
to
Manual
This manual explains solid waste issues and how reducing, reusing, and recycling
positively impacts the waste stream. It also provides examples of different activities
and methods of reducing waste and includes a glossary of solid waste terms.
Minnesota Office of Environmental Assistance
520 Lafayette Road, Second Floor
St. Paul, MN 55155
612 296-3417 or 800 657-3843
Title: Way: at
Format: Manual
Published:
Notes:
Contact:
Phone:
E-mail:
Web site:
This manual provides guidance on home composting of yard waste and food scraps.
New York State Department of Economic Development, Office of Recycling Market
Development
1 Commerce Plaza, Room 950
Albany, NY 12245
518 486-6291
Title: to
Format: Manual
Published:
Notes:
Contact:
Phone:
E-mail:
Web site:
This workbook focuses on source reduction techniques residents can employ.
Division of Solid Waste Assistance, Department of Environment and Conservation
401 Church Street, 14th Floor, L&C Tower
Nashville, TN 37243-0455
615 532-0091
http://www.state.tn.us/environment/swa
40
-------
Title; in
Format: Manual
Published:
Notes: This outreach manual provides residents with information on composting, grasscy-
cling, and landscaping. It also recommends additional resources to assist residents
with source reduction.
Contact: North Carolina Division of Pollution Prevention and Environmental Assistance
P.O. Box 29569
Raleigh, NC 27626-9569
Phone: 919 715-6500 or 800 763-0136
E-mail: nowaste@owr.ehnr.state.nc.us
Web site:
41
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COMMERCIAL PROGRAMS
Title: 1997 Case Studies on Waste Reduction in
Format: Case Studies
Published: 1997
Notes: These case studies, compiled in 1997, discuss waste reduction in businesses. Successful
waste reduction programs are outlined and serve as examples for other businesses.
Contact: Department of Environmental Quality, Pollution Prevention Program
1000 NE 10th Street
Oklahoma City, OK 73117-1212
Phone: 405 271-1400
E-mail: dianne.wilkins@oklaosf.state.ok.us
Web site: http://www.deq.state.ok.us/waste.html
Title: Comparison of Using Disposable Versus Reusable Dishes Silverware in a
Cafeteria
Format: Report
Published:
Notes:
Contact: Carolyn Grodinsky
Agency of Natural Resources, Department of Environmental Conservation,
Environmental Assistance Division
103 South Main Street
Waterbury VT 05671-0411
Phone: 802 241-3477
E-mail: Carolyng@wasteman.anr.state.vt.us
Web site: http://www.state.vt.us/anr/waste.htm
Title: Get Down to Business...Reduce, Reuse, Recycle
Format: Manual
Published:
Notes: This manual provides tips on reducing waste generated by small businesses including
source reduction, recycling, and reuse.
Contact: Michael Forster
Alabama Department of Environmental Management, Land Division - Solid Waste
Branch
1751 Congressman WL. Dickinson Drive
Montgomery, AL 36109-2608
Phone: 334 242-5336
E-mail:
Web site:
Title: Illinois Success Stories in. Waste Reduction
Format: Report
Published:
Notes: This report presents models of successful waste reduction programs implemented by
businesses for other businesses to emulate.
Contact: Illinois Department of Energy and Natural Resources Information Clearinghouse
325 West Adams Street, Room 300
Springfield, IL 62704-1892
Phone: 800 252-8955 (in Illinois) or 217 785-0310
E-mail:
Web site:
42
-------
Title: Office Commercial Waste Reduction: A How-To Guide for
Organizations
Format: Manual
Published:
Notes: This manual focuses on waste reduction, including practical examples of source
reduction techniques, to help businesses reduce the cost of waste disposal.
Contact: Illinois Department of Energy and Natural Resources Clearinghouse
325 West Adams Street, Room 300
Springfield, IL 62704-1892
Phone: 217785-0310
E-mail:
Web site:
Title: Office Guide to Recycling Buying Recycled Products
Format: Manual
Published:
Notes: This manual provides strategies for reducing waste in the office. It also includes
examples of forms and worksheets to assist with program monitoring.
Contact: Donna M. Stusek
Ohio Department of Natural Resources, Division of Recycling and Litter Prevention
1889 Fountain Square Court, F-2
Columbus, OH 43224
Phone: 614265-6333
E-mail:
Web site: http://www.dnr.state.oh.us/odnr/recycling
Title: Resourceful Waste Management: A Guide for Minnesota/Metropolitan Area
Business and Industries
Format: Manual
Published:
Notes: This publication provides Minnesota businesses with source reduction information and
resources. Examples include environmentally sound lunchrooms, office spaces, and pro-
duction areas.
Contact: Waste Education Clearinghouse, Office of Environmental Assistance
520 Lafeyette Road North, Second Floor
St. Paul, MN 55155
Phone: 615215-0232
E-mail:
Web site:
Title: Reusable Transport Packaging Directory
Format: Manual
Published:
Notes: This directory is compiled to assist businesses in locating manufacturers that make
reusable containers. The type of packaging and names of manufacturers are provided
for each.
Contact: Minnesota Office of Environmental Assistance
520 Lafayette Road, Second Floor
St. Paul, MN 55155-4100
Phone: 612 296-3417 or 800 657-3843
E-mail:
Web site: http://www.pca.state.mn.us/waste/index.html
43
-------
Title: The Llne...A. to for
Format: Manual
Published:
Notes: This manual helps businesses in New York develop effective waste management pro-
grams emphasizing waste prevention techniques.
Contact: New York State Department of Economic Development, Office of Recycling Market
Development
1 Commerce Plaza, Room 950
Albany, NY 12245
Phone: 518 486-6291
E-mail:
Web site:
Title:
Format: Newsletter Special Issue
Published: 1993
Notes: This special issue contains articles on a variety of topics, including: waste reduction guid-
ance, recycling, buying recycled, waste exchange, and packaging waste reduction.
Contact: Office of Waste Reduction
North Carolina Department of Environment, Health and Natural Resources
PO Box 27687
Raleigh, NC 27611-7687
Phone: 919 571-4100
E-mail:
Web site:
Title: Waste Guide Iowa
Format: Manual
Published:
Notes: This manual is designed to assist businesses in evaluating various alternatives to manage
waste materials more efficiently.
Contact: Iowa Department of Natural Resources, Waste Management Assistance Division
900 East Grand Avenue, Wallace State Office Building
Des Moines, IA 50319-0034
Phone: 515 281-8941
E-mail:
Web site: http://www.state.ia.us/government/dnr/organiza/epd/solwaste/solwste.htm
Title: Waste Guide Ohio's Industry
Format: Manual
Published:
Notes:
Contact: Donna M. Stusek
Ohio Department of Natural Resources, Division of Recycling and Litter Prevention
1889 Fountain Square Court, F-2
Columbus, OH 43224
Phone: 614 265-6333
E-mail:
Web site: http://www.dnr.state.oh.us/odnr/recycling
44
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LOCAL GOVERNMENT PROGRAMS
Title:
Format:
Published:
Notes:
Contact:
Phone:
E-mail:
Web site:
A Source for
Communities
Manual
This manual discusses how source reduction can become a successful method of
reducing waste through public education, reduction in commercial, industrial, and
institutional waste, and diversion potential.
North Carolina Division of Pollution Prevention and Environmental Assistance
P.O. Box 29569
Raleigh, NC 27626-9569
919715-6500
Title:
Format: Manual
Published:
Notes: This manual is designed to assist local governments in working with the commercial
sector and also provides outreach ideas.
Contact: Kathy Frevert
California Integrated Waste Management Board
8800 Cal Center Drive
Sacramento, CA 95828
Phone: 916255-2200
E-mail: kfrevert@CIWMB.ca.gov
Web site: http://www.ciwmb.ca.gov/
Title: to a
Format: Display
Published: 1993
Notes: This tabletop display illustrates the basic concept of how consumers can implement
source reduction methods. Additional information on grasscycling and home com-
posting complements the display.
Contact: Kim Trella
Department of Environmental Protection
79 Elm Street
Hartford, CT 06106-5127
Phone: 860 424-3365
E-mail: kim.trella@po.state.ct.us
Web site: http://dep.state.ct.us
45
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Title: Pollution Prevention Guide
Format: Manual
Published:
Notes:
Contact:
Phone:
E-mail:
Web site:
This guide discusses the reasons and methods for instituting a pollution prevention
and source reduction program in local communities.
Alaska Department of Environmental Conservation, Pollution Prevention Office
555 Cordova Street
Anchorage, AK 99501
907 269-7500
Title: Quantifying MSW Source Reduction: Grasscycllng Composting
Format: Fact Sheet
Published:
Notes: This publication provides equations to help municipalities estimate the amount of
waste prevented by grasscycling and home composting.
Contact: Kim Trella
Department of Environmental Protection
79 Elm Street
Hartford, CT 06106-5127
Phone: 860 424-3365
E-mail: kim.trella@po.state.ct.us
Web site: http://dep.state.ct.us
Title:
Format:
Published:
Notes:
Contact:
Phone:
E-mail:
Web site:
Waste Programs Commercial/Industrial Solid Waste: A
Local Govern men ts
Manual
This manual is designed to assist community establishment or expansion of waste
reduction programs for commercial and industrial solid waste. Information is provided
to help local governments work with offices, retailers and wholesalers, service indus-
tries, universities and colleges, and institutions.
North Carolina Office of Waste Reduction, Department of Environment, Health
and Natural Resources
3825 Barret Drive, Suite 300
Raleigh, NC 27609
919 541-4100 or 800 763-0136
48
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MULTIPLE AREAS
Title:
Format:
Published:
Notes:
Contact:
Phone:
E-mail:
Web site:
of
Fact Sheet
This series of fact sheets covers many different topics including: commercial and
industrial solid waste reduction, residential solid waste source reduction, and swap
shops cost-effective residential reuse.
North Carolina Division of Pollution Prevention and Environmental Assistance
P.O. Box 29569
Raleigh, NC 27626-9569
919715-6500
Title:
Format:
Published:
Notes:
Contact:
Phone:
E-mail:
Web site:
Title:
Format:
Published:
Notes:
Contact:
Phone:
E-mail:
Web site:
of Waste Site
Electronic
Various materials from the Kentucky Division of Waste Management are made avail-
able through this Web site. Regulations, statutes, forms, reports, and program publi-
cations can either be viewed online or ordered from contacts provided.
Joy Morgan or Charles Peters
Resource Conservation and Local Assistance Branch
14 Reilley Road
Frankfort, KY 40601
502 564-6716
http://www.state.ky.us/agencies/nrepc/waste/dwmhome.htm
EPA
Publications List
1993
This series of fact sheets, guides, reports, assessments, and other resources covers source
reduction and other related topics. Titles can be obtained by contacting the Ohio
Environmental Protection Agency.
Office of Pollution Prevention
Ohio Environmental Protection Agency
1800 Watermark Drive, P.O. Box 1049
Columbus, OH 43266-0149
614 644-3469
-------
Title:
Format:
Published:
Notes:
Contact:
Phone:
E-mail:
Web site:
Source Reduction Case Studies and Fact Sheets
Fact Sheet
This series of case studies and fact sheets covers source reduction and other related
topics. Topics include conservation tips for businesses, waste reduction terms, and
employee involvement in waste reduction.
Michigan Environmental Services Division, Departments of Commerce and Natural
Resources
P.O. Box 30004
Lansing, MI 48909
517335-1178
Title: Source Reduction Now
Format: Manual
Published: 1993
Notes: This comprehensive manual is designed to assist organizations in implementing source
reduction programs. The manual complements a training video of the same title.
Contact: Waste Education Clearinghouse, Office of Environmental Assistance
520 Lafayette Road North, Second Floor
St. Paul, MN 55155
Phone: 612215-0232
E-mail:
Web site:
Title: The Resource
Format: Report
Published:
Notes: This bimonthly report focuses on source reduction activities occurring in the public
and private sectors.
Contact: Waste Education Clearinghouse, Office of Environmental Assistance
520 Lafayette Road North, Second Floor
St. Paul, MN 55155
Phone: 612215-0232
E-mail:
Web site:
48
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Format:
Published:
Notes:
Contact:
Phone:
E-mail:
Web site:
\ou Can Cut It!: A Complete Guide to .Reducing Indiana's Solid '
Source
Manual
¥-Asfe at the
This guide is full of tips for business and industry, institutions, and everyday citizens
to help them understand waste practices they need to change, how they are involved,
and how participation benefits them.
The Indiana Department of Environmental Management, Office of Pollution
Prevention and Technical Assistance
P.O. Box 6015, 105 South Meridian Street
Indianapolis, IN 46206-6015
317 232-8172 or 800 451-6027
Titles Keeping Green
Format: Manual
Published:
Notes: This information guide supports the California Integrated Waste Management
Boards backyard composting program. It assists residents wishing to start and con-
tinue home composting.
Contact: Kathy Frevert
California Integrated Waste Management Board
8800 Cal Center Drive
Sacramento, CA 95828
Phone: 916255-2200
E-mail: kfrevert@CIWMB.ca.gov
Web site: http://www.ciwmb.ca.gov/
49
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State Source Reduction Fact Sheets
States voluntarily provided information on
solid waste source reduction activities in the
many areas highlighted in the Snapshot.
Program details provided by the states are
included in this appendix. Information is bro-
ken out into five primary areas:
• Source Reduction Planning. Any activity
that assists the state in implementing state
source reduction activities. Some examples
include goal-setting activities, local plan-
ning mandates, and task forces.
• State In-House Programs. Activities and
programs that focus on source reduction
opportunities within the walls of the state
government, including agencies and depart-
ments, courthouses, schools, and parks.
Some examples include educational pro-
grams, equipment and supply reuse, and
procurement guidelines.
• Residential Programs. Source reduction
programs that affect residents at home.
Examples include outreach and consumer
educational campaigns on purchasing choic-
es, backyard composting assistance and pro-
grams, and grasscycling programs.
• Commercial Programs. Programs that
affect source reduction in state businesses.
Examples include technical assistance out-
reach and educational campaigns, state sup-
ported materials reuse and exchange
programs, tax incentives, and awards pro-
grams.
• Support for Local Governments. State
efforts to assist local governments pursue
source reduction programs including finan-
cial and technical support.
ALABAMA
Source Reduction Planning
Alabama established a 25 percent waste
reduction and recycling goal.
State In-House Programs
None noted.
Residential Programs
None noted.
Commercial Programs
None noted.
Support for Local Governments
None noted.
ALASKA
Source Reduction Planning
Alaska requires solid waste permit applicants
to demonstrate consideration of source reduc-
tion in their solid waste plan.
State In-House Programs
Alaska requires its state agencies to participate
in the Green Star program, which includes
elements of source reduction.
Residential Programs
Alaska provides consumer education and local
workshops to its residents.
Commercial Programs
Alaska supports a statewide materials
exchange. The state also encourages business-
es to join its statewide voluntary Green Star
program, which includes elements of source
reduction.
Support for Local Governments
None noted.
-------
ARIZONA
Source Reduction Planning
None noted.
State In-House Programs
Arizona has an in-house "Green Team" which
promotes a double-side copying policy to all
state employees. The state reuses paper from
copy centers as notepads. Additionally,
Arizona established a reuse program that
includes surplusing used equipment and fur-
niture.
Residential Programs
Backyard composting programs, which have
been implemented in 12 municipalities, are
supported by the state of Arizona.
Commercial Programs
Arizona Department of Environmental Quality
(ADEQ) staff administer a technical assis-
tance program and provide local workshops
on source reduction, recycling, and compost-
ing for businesses. The state also contributes
to a composting demonstration site run by
the Desert Botanical Gardens, which demon-
strates how small businesses can incorporate it
into their waste reduction programs.
Arizona sponsors Waste Reduction Assistance
(WRA) grants that fund public jurisdiction,
profit, and non-profit entities that implement
projects that will incorporate source reduc-
tion or recycling initiatives. Arizona, along
with Arizona Clean and Beautiful, cosponsors
the "Governors Pride In Arizona" awards
each year. The awards program recognizes
organizations and citizens who have been
exemplary in beautification, litter reduction,
waste reduction, and recycling projects.
Support for Local Governments
Arizona sponsors the Waste Reduction
Initiative Through Education (WRITE) grant
assistance program that funds local public
education programs, which incorporate
source reduction, recycling, buy recycled, and
composting related curricula.
Arizona also administers educational programs
that focus on technical assistance, and the
ADEQ provides local workshops on waste pre-
vention and recycling. Additionally, the state
contributes to a technical assistance program on
waste reduction for rural areas of the state.
ARKANSAS
Source Reduction Planning
None noted.
State In-House Programs
None noted.
Residential Programs
None noted.
Commercial Programs
Arkansas provides business incentives to encour-
age more small businesses to recover their trans-
port packaging. The state also has established a
system of tax credits that gives companies a 30
percent reduction on corporate or income taxes
for using equipment related to recycling, waste
reduction, or reuse.
Support for Local Governments
None noted.
CALIFORNIA
Source Reduction Planning
The California Integrated Waste Management
Board (CIWMB) developed a Statewide
Waste Prevention Plan in 1993. The plan
includes six goals:
1) Create awareness and encourage individu-
als to incorporate waste prevention prac-
tices into daily activities.
2) Acquire basic information about the effec-
tiveness of waste prevention approaches
needed to initiate efforts.
3) Build or expand communication networks
within and across the CIWMB board,
other state agencies, local governments,
-------
educational institutions, and commercial
and industrial facilities.
4) Assist local governments in achieving
waste diversion mandates through waste
prevention.
5) Encourage waste prevention within orga-
nizations including state and local govern-
ments, institutions, universities and
schools, and businesses.
6) Develop incentives and assistance to encour-
age design, manufacture, distribution, sales,
and reuse of products or packaging that
decrease the amount or toxicity of waste gen-
erated.
In 1994, the state legislature required coun-
ties statewide to adopt source reduction ele-
ments in their waste management plans.
CIWMB created the Waste Management
Task Force to identify opportunities in waste
prevention statewide.
State In-House Programs
California has instituted several 'in-house'
source reduction programs, including demon-
stration projects for grasscycling at the state
capital and construction and demolition
waste prevention projects at the Presidio.
CIWMB implemented a "You Can Do It
Too! Preventing Office Waste at the
CIWMB" model waste prevention program
at two other California state agencies.
Residential Programs
California supports educational efforts
through inclusion of source reduction pro-
gramming in school curriculum on integrated
waste management.
Commercial Programs
A 1993 legislative waste prevention mandate
was adopted on recycling or reuse of rigid
plastic containers. The legislation specifically
required the plastics industry to reach, by
1995, an aggregate recycling rate of 25 per-
cent or reuse of the containers at least
5 times. Alternatively, the containers may be
composed of 25 percent post-consumer con-
tent or be source reduced by 10 percent over
5 years.
In addition to the in-house demonstration
projects noted, the state also funded a pilot
waste reduction program aimed at assisting
businesses in identifying waste prevention
opportunities.
Technical assistance and outreach to the com-
mercial sector in California is based in several
waste prevention areas. California supports a
landscaping waste reduction education and out-
reach program to local governments and busi-
nesses, a "Keeping Green" landscaper's guide,
and a backyard composting information guide.
Technical assistance also is offered through print
materials focusing on construction and demoli-
tion waste prevention opportunities.
The California Materials Exchange program
(CalMAX) includes outreach to local business-
es to provide them with workshops and infor-
mation on creating their own waste exchange
networks. Additional outreach includes an
educational program aimed at top manage-
ment of California industry and is comple-
mented by the "Waste Reduction Awards
Program," created to recognize outstanding
voluntary non-hazardous waste reduction
activities in the private sector.
Support for Local Governments
To assist local government, CalMAX includes
outreach to local governments to provide
them with workshops and information on cre-
ating their own waste exchange networks.
Additional state outreach to local governments
includes waste reduction workshops and the
development of a "Business Kit" to assist them
in working with their local businesses.
California provides assistance to local govern-
ments for residential backyard composting
programs. Assistance includes seed funding
for "train the trainer" programs and provision
of a limited number of composting bins for
backyard composting activity.
-------
developed during the leaf mandate and in
preparation for the 1998 grass ban.
In 1991 the state initiated a voluntary home
composting public education program funded
by a $20,000 grant from the Stripper Well
Fund and additional support from the DEE
In 1993, Connecticut partnered with the
Massachusetts Department of Environmental
Protection (MADEP) on a grass recycling
education program entitled "Don't Trash
Grass!" The program is funded by federal
start-up grants and ongoing in-kind services
by the Connecticut and Massachusetts DEPs.
Education tools include a 12-minute video
broadcast on television and a brochure dis-
tributed at public outlets and independently
by local governments and organizations. The
goal of the program is to encourage grasscy-
cling and other environmentally friendly lawn
management techniques like onsite compost-
ing education. Additional support came in
the Spring of 1995 and Fall of 1996 when
DEP held workshops to teach nature center
educators about home composting and grass
recycling.
Connecticut law requires the DEP to develop
a public education program addressing waste
reduction, with a goal of promoting the basic
concepts of consumer source reduction. A
state-developed source reduction presentation
entitled "Environmental Shopping" is given to
groups upon request. Examples and the
potential economic benefits of source reduc-
tion are typically discussed with the audience.
Commercial Programs
In 1992, the Connecticut DEP began work-
ing with the Connecticut Business
Environmental Council, Inc. (CBEC), an
independently operated nonprofit organiza-
tion of business volunteers. A state Technical
Assistance Committee trains and supervises
the CBEC volunteers. The group provides
technical assistance in recycling and solid
waste management to Connecticut compa-
nies. Volunteers assist companies with waste
audits, hauler contract negotiations, and
developing more cost-effective waste mini-
mization and source reduction programs. The
program is free, but assisted companies are
expected to become active volunteers or con-
tribute to the organization's technical assis-
tance fund. CBEC is currently providing free
waste audits to businesses with under 100
employees.
Support for Local Governments
The Connecticut DEP funds source reduc-
tion and recycling education by allocating
more than $600,000 and granting $1.7 mil-
lion annually to regions and municipalities
through the Recycling Trust Fund established
by the General Assembly in 1986.
In Addition...
Connecticut DEP is engaging in early mea-
surement on source reduction initiatives by
local governments through annual reporting
requirements. Municipalities report on activi-
ties related to grass cycling and backyard com-
posting, which gain the localities source
reduction credits that apply toward its source
reduction and recycling rates.
Source Reduction Planning
None noted.
State In-House Programs
None noted.
Residential Programs
None noted.
Commercial Programs
Delaware supports a system of commercial tax
incentives to reward source reduction activities.
The state offers tax credits to companies using
recycled equipment or providing source reduc-
tion opportunities. Credits are determined by
the level of source reduction achieved, or per
employee expenditures on recycled content
products or supplies. In 1992, Delaware start-
ed the state-sponsored Green Industries
Initiative. This program offers tax incentives
and loans to industries for waste reduction.
Support for Local Governments
None noted.
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HAWAII
Source Reduction Planning
None noted.
State In-House Programs
In 1988, Florida established the Solid Waste
Management Trust Fund to provide funding
for the solid waste activities of the Florida
Department of Environmental Protection and
for research by Florida's state and private col-
leges and universities.
Residential Programs
None noted.
Commercial Programs
None noted.
Source Reduction Planning
Hawaii set a goal to divert 50 percent of its
waste from the landfill by the year 2000,
using 1991 as its baseline year. Hawaii
requires each county to develop a solid waste
management plan to support that goal.
State In-House Programs
Hawaii state law mandates double-side copy-
ing for all state documents.
Residential Programs
Hawaii Department of Health (HDOH) pro-
motes backyard composting to residents to
encourage on-site management of green
waste.
Support for Local Governments
Florida provides grants to local governments
for recycling programs, which often incorpo-
rate source reduction activities.
GEORGIA
Source Reduction Planning
None noted.
State In-House Programs
None noted.
Residential Programs
None noted.
Commercial Programs
Tax credits are offered by the state of Georgia
to businesses in less developed areas for creating
recycling or source reduction jobs. Also, in
1992, Georgia instituted a Coalition of
Northeastern Governors (CONEG) model ban
on heavy metals in packaging.
Support for Local Governments
None noted.
Commercial Programs
HDOH supports a materials exchange pro-
gram to promote reuse to businesses. HDOH
is also supporting research for the develop-
ment of a construction waste minimization
guide, which will be distributed with building
permits, at commercial workshops, and upon
request.
HDOH hosts an annual workshop to pro-
mote on-site composting to commercial
establishments. The department also provides
information on how to set up composting
on-site and covers cost benefits of on-site
management.
Support for Local Governments
None noted.
IDAHO
Source Reduction Planning
None noted.
State In-House Programs
Idaho encourages a double-sided copying pol-
icy and using e-mail rather than sending
Residential Programs
None noted.
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Commercial Programs
None noted.
Support for Local Governments
None noted.
ILLINOIS
Source Reduction Planning
The Illinois Solid Waste Management Act of
1986 requires counties with populations
exceeding 100,000 to complete solid waste
management plans by 1991.
State In-House Programs
Illinois' in-house source reduction program
relies on a state procurement plan based upon
purchasing preferences.
Residential Programs
None noted.
packaging by suppliers, industry requests for
minimal amount of packaging from suppliers,
an increase in bulk container and concentrate
usage, reuse of corrugated, shrink wrap, and
cords, and operation of both in-house and
shared reuse programs. The program is sup-
ported by the State Package Waste Reduction
Task Force.
Support for Local Governments
None noted.
IOWA
Source Reduction Planning
Iowa requires unit-based pricing programs for
communities not reaching the statewide 25
percent recycling goal.
State In-House Programs
None noted.
Commercial Programs
Illinois provides for a commercial source
reduction incentive program based on annual
grant and loan awards of $6 million to
$8 million. Additional support for source
reduction is Illinois' adoption of the
Coalition of Northeastern Governors
(CONEG) packaging reduction model.
Support for Local Governments
None noted.
INDIANA
Source Reduction Planning
None noted.
State In-House Programs
None noted.
Residential Programs
None noted.
Commercial Programs
In 1992, Indiana industry voluntarily agreed
to reduce all packaging by 15 percent by 1994.
Reduction methods include: reusing transport
Residential Programs
Residential source reduction is promoted by
Iowa through a yard waste ban at landfills.
Commercial Programs
Iowa has a comprehensive recycling law that
includes packaging restrictions. A portion of
the law adopts a Coalition of Northeastern
Governors (CONEG) model ban on heavy
metals in packaging.
Support for Local Governments
None noted.
KANSAS
Source Reduction Planning
None noted.
State In-House Programs
None noted.
Residential Programs
None noted.
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Commercial Programs
Kansas passed a comprehensive recycling law
in 1990, which includes the establishment of
source reduction programs. However, the
state restricts mandates on businesses; there-
fore the law cannot require industry to adopt
alternative waste management approaches.
Support for Local Governments
In 1995, the Kansas Legislature introduced a
grant program targeting cities to support solid
waste management planning.
KENTUCKY
Source Reduction Planning
Kentucky set a 25 percent waste reduction
goal to be reached by July 1, 1997. Progress
toward achieving that goal has not been mea-
sured at this time.
Kentucky requires each county to prepare a
Solid Waste Management Plan that addresses
all aspects of solid waste management. All
counties incorporated public education as an
integral part of their plan and many encour-
age wiser purchasing practices such as buying
products packaged to create less waste.
State In-House Programs
None noted.
Residential Programs
Backyard composting is promoted by the
Cooperative Extension Service and the
Division of Waste Management.
Commercial Programs
The University of Louisville's Pollution
Prevention Center offers free services to busi-
ness and industry to help them reduce waste.
The center trains solid waste coordinators to
conduct site assessments. One industry saved
thousands of dollars and reduced its waste
flow 20 percent through reusable shipping
containers and packaging reductions.
Support for Local Governments
The University of Kentucky Extension
Service provides source reduction and wise
shopping education and informational
materials to counties throughout the state.
Extension also provides educational materials
on backyard composting, reuse, and waste
reduction.
LOUISIANA
Source Reduction Planning
None noted.
State In-House Programs
None noted.
Residential Programs
None noted.
Commercial Programs
None noted.
Support for Local Governments
None noted.
MAINE
Source Reduction Planning
Maine set source reduction and reuse goals
that specify a 10 percent reduction of munici-
pal solid waste generated based on a 1988
baseline.
State In-House Programs
A 1992 Executive Order required that state
agencies establish new or expand current waste
reduction initiatives and created the Inter-
Agency Waste Reduction and Recycling Task
Force. The order mandates state agencies to
follow certain office policies such as double-
sided copying and employee education.
The Governors Waste Reduction Awards
Program, initiated in 1992, awards the public
and private sector for outstanding waste
reduction efforts and programs.
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Residential Programs
In 1993, the Maine Waste Management
Agency initiated the Master Composter pro-
gram. The University of Maine Cooperative
Extension (UMCE) was contracted to develop
a community education program promoting
home composting of yard trimmings and food
scraps and to provide technical instruction. In
1994, Maine contributed $26,600 to this pro-
gram, creating the UMCE Master Composter
Manual, and funding the certification of volun-
teers as Master Composters through a training
course. An evaluation and program report is
being prepared by UMCE.
Commercial Programs
The Maine WasteCap Program was imple-
mented in 1990 to provide companies with
technical expertise and assistance in recognizing
waste minimization opportunities and the ben-
efits of waste prevention in the workplace. The
program is administered by the Maine
Chamber and Business Alliance.
In 1994 MWMA began a series of industry-
targeted technical assistance workshops on pur-
chasing for source reduction. Their focus was
primarily on the health care industry, and fund-
ing was only available for one year.
Also in 1994, Maine started its "Reusable Bag
Campaign," a voluntary program that
encourages businesses and citizens to use
reusable bags. In fiscal years 1994 and 1995
Maine contributed approximately $7,000 for
administrative costs and staff time and
$3,500 for development of the logo and slo-
gan "Bring Your Own Bag." A $5 license fee
is charged for merchants using the logo.
Revenues from this fee help fund the pro-
gram.
The Maine Packaging Reduction Challenge is
a voluntary program initiated in 1994, mod-
eled after the Coalition of Northeastern
Governors (CONEG) packaging reduction
challenge.
The Governors Waste Reduction Awards
Program, initiated in 1992, awards the public
and private sector for outstanding waste
reduction efforts and programs.
Support for Local Governments
Maine provides grants to local governments
to purchase backyard composting bins for res-
idents in support of the states extensive yard
waste programs.
MARYLAND
Source Reduction Planning
A proposed legislative bill in 1995 planned the
creation of a task force to address the issue of
waste reduction activities in Maryland.
State In-House Programs
None noted.
Residential Programs
Maryland created a fact sheet on backyard
composting for educating residents.
Commercial Programs
None noted.
Support for Local Governments
None noted.
MASSACHUSETTS
Source Reduction Planning
In 1990 the state established a source reduction
goal of 10 percent by the year 2000.
State In-House Programs
Massachusetts has an environmentally prefer-
able purchasing program coordinated by the
state's purchasing agency, the Operational
Services Division (OSD), with funding pro-
vided by Massachusetts Department of
Environmental Quality (MADEP). Two
recent purchases focusing on source reduction
included a contract for a "Send and Return"
envelope eliminating the need for a separate
return envelope by five agencies, and the
installation of roll paper towel dispensers
replacing individual multi-fold paper towel
dispensers in a state office building in Boston.
-------
OSD will evaluate the "Send and Return"
contract and may attempt to extend its use to
other agencies if deemed successful.
Massachusetts is planning programs to reduce
organics generated at state facilities, parks, pris-
ons, universities, and military facilities. The
state also implemented a school composting
and educational program.
Residential Programs
Massachusetts implemented municipal leaf
and grass composting programs and has
banned these materials from landfill disposal.
MADEP has conducted Home Composting
Coordinator training programs since 1991.
Workshops are held each year in the Spring and
Fall to educate the general public and to enlist
volunteer Home Composting Coordinators. A
core of more than 300 trained Home
Composting Coordinators present workshops
in their communities, set up demonstration
sites with materials supplied by the MADE!?
distribute compost bins, and serve as local
sources of composting information. Additional
presentations and public service announce-
ments (PSAs) are presented by MADEP staff to
a wide range of audiences.
DEP also sponsors the "Don't Trash Grass"
program that encourages residents to grasscy-
cle. The program is supported by workshops
and the dissemination of printed materials,
videos, and print and radio PSAs.
Commercial Programs
MADEP helped initiate the "WasteCap" part-
nership program, which provides free consult-
ing on source reduction to all businesses in
Massachusetts. The WasteCap program assists
businesses by helping to identify waste reduc-
tion opportunities, provides technical assis-
tance workshops, and maintains a
clearinghouse of information. The state also
supports an awards program to recognize
manufacturers that have reduced packaging.
Additionally, a joint program with the
Massachusetts Department of Food and
Agriculture encourages and trains farmers to
compost organics generated on the farm to
avoid disposal at landfills.
Support for Local Governments
DEP has provided home composting bins and
educational materials to 184 communities
since 1994 through a state-funded grant pro-
gram. An estimated 78,000 bins had been dis-
tributed by 1997, reducing disposal by an
estimated 30,000 tons per year.
MICHIGAN
Source Reduction Planning
None noted.
State In-House Programs
None noted.
Residential Programs
None noted.
Commercial Programs
The Michigan Department of Environmental
Quality (MDEQ) administers waste preven-
tion programs under the 1989 Solid Waste
Alternatives Program (SWAP). The competi-
tive SWAP grant and loan program provides
the private sector with matching funds for
approved research and demonstration projects
related to alternative solid waste management.
Grants and loans are no longer available, but
many of the 299 funded projects involved
long-term implementation of programs and are
ongoing. An additional program managed by
the Environmental Protection Board distributes
funds for solid waste alternative projects.
The Michigan Office of Waste Reduction
Services provides technical assistance includ-
ing source reduction to businesses under a
partnership between the Departments of
Commerce and Natural Resources. Services
include technical assistance through tele-
phone consultations, on-site visits, publica-
tions including waste reduction checklists,
analysis of waste reduction opportunities and
techniques by industry sector, and audits and
analysis of waste stream data.
-------
Through the Retired Engineer Technical
Assistance Program (RETAP), retired engi-
neers, scientists, and other professionals con-
duct on-site waste assessments and identify
waste reduction opportunities at commercial
facilities. Upon invitation by a facility, teams
of RETAP professionals review operations for
potential waste reduction strategies and
opportunities, including source reduction.
This service is nonregulatory voluntary, and
provided free of charge. It is available to
Michigan businesses with less than 500
employees and institutions of any size.
Support for Local Governments
The MDEQ administers SWAP grants for the
public sector with matching funds for
approved research and demonstration projects
related to alternative solid waste management.
MINNESOTA
Source Reduction Planning
The state of Minnesota set goals for increas-
ing source reduction and regulates new types
of packaging introduced into the state.
Additional goals were established to achieve a
25 percent reduction in per capita packaging
waste by 1995 and 10 percent overall source
reduction by the year 2000. If this voluntary
program does not work, Minnesota plans to
seek a regulation.
One option Minnesota employs is establish-
ing unit-based pricing programs in communi-
ties not complying.
Minnesota has allocated administrative duties
in the waste reduction and source reduction
arena to the Legislative Commission on Waste
Management and program responsibilities to
the Minnesota Office of Waste Management,
now called the Office of Environmental
Assistance (OEA). OEA conducts, implements,
and executes legislation, mandates, and goals.
State In-House Programs
Minnesota OEA conducts School Waste
Reduction Workshops with assistance from
the Minnesota Technology Assistance
Program (MnTAP). Workshops are conduct-
ed throughout the state to educate school
administrators and personnel on source
reduction in a school environment. Also,
workshops on environmentally responsible
purchasing, held in 1994, taught public sec-
tor purchasing employees about alternatives
available for reducing common waste streams
through responsible purchasing decisions.
Residential Programs
Source reduction education programs imple-
mented by the state include an information
hotline, online information sites, workshops,
speaker bureaus, school activities, meetings,
and conferences.
Commercial Programs
For the 1991-1992 period, the Office of Waste
Management offered $800,000 in source reduc-
tion-specific grant funds to Minnesota business
and industry with matching grants of up to
$50,000, provided by a group of 23 public and
service sector sources. In 1994 OEA awarded
$381,000 in grants to 18 local governments,
business, school districts, and community
group projects designed to reduce generation of
solid waste.
OEA supports several commercial source
reduction programs. The Minnesota Materials
Exchange Alliance, initiated in 1993, is a
state-wide umbrella organization representing
four local exchange programs and other inter-
ested parties. Waste materials useful to other
industries are exchanged for reuse. The office
supports the Governor's Awards for
Excellence in Pollution Prevention, which
began in 1994 honoring Minnesota business-
es, public institutions, organizations, and
individuals displaying excellence in solid waste
source reduction. Also, the fourth annual
Pollution Prevention Conference, held in June
1994, addressed key solid waste source reduc-
tion issues such as transport packaging reuse
and source reduction in hospitals.
Technical assistance outreach is provided by
OEA through a case study series of industrial
and commercial business sectors developed for
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Support for Local Governments
A portion of the Solid Waste Management
Programs $17 million grant program is provid-
ed to solid waste management districts to help
the state meet its waste reduction goal.
MONTANA
Source Reduction Planning
Montana set a voluntary waste reduction goal
of 25 percent by 1996, with 1991 set as its
baseline year for 1996. No results have been
measured yet.
State In-House Programs
None noted.
Residential Programs
None noted.
Commercial Programs
Montana has a small business assistance cen-
ter devoted to providing technical assistance
to small businesses for implementing source
reduction initiatives.
Support for Local Governments
A Community Assistance Center provides
technical assistance on source reduction to
local governments.
NEBRASKA
Source Reduction Planning
Nebraska established a goal of 50 percent solid
waste reduction by 2002 with July 1, 1994, set
as a the baseline date. The Department of
Environmental Quality determined waste was
reduced by 25 percent as of July 1, 1996. This
level of achievement was met through a variety
of activities, including source reduction, recy-
cling, and composting. Nebraska plans to
reduce waste by 40 percent as of July 1, 1999,
in order to meet its 2002 goal.
State In-House Programs
The Departments of Environmental Quality
and Administrative Services work together on
an in-house source reduction pilot project. A
planning committee outlined a process for
data collection, determined possible source
reduction activities, and discussed the eco-
nomic impacts of implementing a program.
Following review of the pilot project, the
state plans to expand source reduction activi-
ties to other state office buildings.
Nebraska set up a state policy directing all
agencies to use duplex copying whenever possi-
ble and an office supply reuse program.
Residential Programs
State agency work with Keep America Beautiful
affiliate programs in Nebraska provides sup-
port, training, and resources for solid waste
education, including source reduction activities
for homes and business offices. These affiliates
and local municipalities work together to pro-
vide brochures and workshops on backyard
composting. One program gave each workshop
participant a composting bin after completing
the training.
Commercial Programs
Nebraska implemented state regulations ban-
ning some types of nonbiodegradable packag-
ing, such as plastic rings, plastic trash and
grocery bags, and disposable diapers.
Regulations, however, would only apply if
alternative biodegradable packaging and
products cost less to use.
The Nebraska Department of Environmental
Quality administers annual solid waste grants,
which consider source reduction as the top pri-
ority for waste reduction.
Keep America Beautiful affiliates coordinate the
Nebraska Materials Exchange program and
manage a statewide database for businesses,
industries, and schools in Nebraska.
Support for Local Governments
None noted.
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In Addition...
The pilot in-house state source reduction pro-
gram tracks reduction of waste. Initial data is
collected through a waste audit, then paper
use is measured through copiers, printers,
mail, and recycling bins. From this data,
duplex copy rates and recycling rates are cal-
culated. Forms were created to gather data
and develop recommendations for source
reduction activities. A quality assurance plan
was designed to maintain accuracy and con-
sistency in data collection.
NEVADA
Source Reduction Planning
None noted.
State In-House Programs
None noted.
Residential Programs
None noted.
Commercial Programs
Nevada's Department of Environmental
Protection (NDEP) funds nonprofit organiza-
tion and university efforts to work with busi-
nesses in implementing source reduction and
recycling programs.
Support for Local Governments
NDEP sponsors an annual grant awards pro-
gram for local governments to support their
source reduction and recycling community
programs.
NEW HAMPSHIRE
Source Reduction Planning
New Hampshire has established a goal of 40
percent solid waste reduction in the year
2000, using 1990 as the baseline year.
State In-House Programs
New Hampshire started a pilot composting
project, which operates at two schools. In
1996, the state completed the first phase of the
project by publishing a composting manual for
schools. The schools are running pilot projects
to compost kitchen food waste, with state
technical assistance. Once the pilot projects are
deemed successful, New Hampshire plans to
expand the composting program to other
schools.
Residential Programs
None noted.
Commercial Programs
New Hampshire's WasteCap program links busi-
nesses desiring to share information on waste
reduction and recycling opportunities. It pro-
vides technical assistance to businesses that want
to help achieve state solid waste reduction goals
through voluntary efforts.
New Hampshire also promotes composting
of source separated food wastes at commer-
cial facilities.
Support for Local Governments
New Hampshire conducts site visits to more
than 100 local solid waste facilities every year.
This effort provides information to local gov-
ernments on solid waste management activi-
ties that they can implement. New Hampshire
also publishes a newsletter which provides
information to local governments on recycling,
reuse, and source reduction options.
NEW JERSEY
Source Reduction Planning
New Jersey established goals to limit per
capita waste generation at 1990 levels, cap total
waste generation by 1995, and reduce total
waste generation by the year 2000.
State In-House Programs
None noted.
Residential Programs
None noted.
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Commercial Programs
New Jersey supports an awards program, which
recognizes businesses that have implemented
successful source reduction programs.
Support for Local Governments
New Jersey advocates source reduction by
encouraging counties to limit the amount and
toxicity of materials in the waste stream and
offers recycling grants to counties while allow-
ing them to be used to finance source reduc-
tion programs. Several counties have responded
by requiring businesses to perform waste audits
and receive recommendations from county
offices on source reduction opportunities.
Many counties also have mandated unit-based
pricing programs as an incentive to practice
source reduction.
Source Reduction Planning
The state of New Mexico set waste stream
reduction goals of 25 percent by 1995 and 50
percent by 2000.
State In-House Programs
New Mexico promotes the reuse of state sup-
plies and equipment through the State
Surplus Office.
State Building Recycling Coordinators are also
educated on source reduction methods and
programs and educational signs are posted to
promote waste reduction activities.
Residential Programs
The Solid Waste Bureau in New Mexico
developed and distributed backyard compost-
ing brochures and distributed composting
bins in 5 municipalities. The bureau also pro-
vides consumer education slide shows on
source reduction.
Commercial Programs
New Mexico provides investment tax credits to
materials manufacturers who create jobs
through source reduction programs.
The Solid Waste Bureau provides commercial
waste reduction assessments to characterize
wastes and plan reduction programs. In addi-
tion, it promotes nearby materials exchanges
in Texas and California.
Support for Local Governments
None noted.
NEW YORK
Source Reduction Planning
New York set a goal in its 1987 State Solid
Waste Management Plan to reduce waste by 8
to 10 percent and made source reduction its
top strategy for waste reduction.
State In-House Programs
New York established mandates for state
agencies to reduce waste through source
reduction and set up programs to educate the
public and private sectors on source reduc-
tion. An executive order issued in 1991
requires state agencies to reduce waste, pri-
marily through source reduction activities.
New York requires state agencies to reuse
envelopes to send materials, purchase and use
double-sided copying equipment, and submit
an annual report on waste reduction efforts.
Residential Programs
New York initiated an on-going source reduc-
tion educational program in 1989. The
Department of Environmental Conservation
(DEC) allocated two person-years to the edu-
cational programs and one person-year to
source reduction. DEC has prepared source
reduction brochures and provided presenta-
tions to schools and other public forums.
DEC also received two grants from the U.S.
Environmental Protection Agency to produce
consumer educational materials to educate
shoppers on ways to reduce waste through
their purchasing choices.
DEC initiated an educational and technical
assistance program in 1993, entitled "Leave It
on the Lawn," which promotes on-site yard
management with goals to encourage backyard
composting and grasscycling. DEC provides
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promotional assistance and demonstrations to
educate the public on the practice of backyard
composting. New York has also produced a
backyard composting brochure and continues
to develop additional educational and promo-
tional materials for its program. New York has
issued a material ban on grass clippings and
other yard materials going to incinerators.
Commercial Programs
New York's material ban on grass clippings
and other yard materials going to incinerators
applies to commercial programs. DEC also
received two grants from the U.S.
Environmental Protection Agency to produce
a source reduction manual for grocery stores.
Support for Local Governments
Sixteen communities in New York have estab-
lished unit-based pricing programs. The state
provides technical assistance and education to
any community that wants to start a unit-
based pricing program. New York also pro-
vides community program officials the
publication Variable Rates in Solid Waste: A
Handbook for Solid Waste Officials. All com-
munity programs are voluntary and not rou-
tinely monitored by the state of New York.
DEC also provides grants to municipalities to
develop source reduction educational programs.
NORTH
Source Reduction Planning
None noted.
State In-House Programs
North Carolina legislation requires state agen-
cies to incorporate source reduction in their
management strategies. North Carolina's gov-
ernor issued an executive order in 1993 that
requires state agencies to review their opera-
tions and determine where waste can be
reduced. The order also requires that state
agencies:
• Avoid unnecessary printing or photocopy-
ing of printed material.
• Use two-sided copying on all documents
when feasible and practicable.
• Discourage the use of disposable products
where reusable products are available and
economically viable.
• Acquire durable items or items with mini-
mal packaging.
• Purchase reusable, refillable, repairable,
more durable, and less toxic supplies and
products.
• Report annually on the amount of waste
generated.
State agencies are not allowed to distribute
reports in mass; instead, they must notify per-
sons that a report has been published and
where they can find it (e.g., libraries, state
offices).
Residential Programs
North Carolina mandates some residential
source reduction by issuing landfill bans on
aluminum cans and yard waste. To support the
yard waste ban, North Carolina's Department
of Pollution Prevention and Environmental
Assistance (DPPEA) helped establish backyard
composting demonstration sites in 33 coun-
ties. North Carolina's Cooperative Extension
Service established a "Grasscycling Lawn Care
Plan" to promote proper watering, fertilizing,
and mowing of lawns and leaving clippings on
the ground after mowing it. The state also
developed a brochure on grasscycling, backyard
composting and vermicomposting to provide
information to the public.
Additional efforts to promote source reduc-
tion in the state include:
• Backyard composting and grasscycling
informational inserts in state employee pay-
roll envelopes.
• Earth Day ad campaign encouraging reuse
reduction of waste materials.
• Use Less Stuff Day campaign encouraging
the reduction in unsolicited mail.
Commercial Programs
The North Carolina DPPEA manages the
Pollution Prevention Challenge grant program,
which provides businesses with matching
funds to develop source reduction programs.
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North Carolina has taken regulatory action to
mandate some source reduction by issuing
landfill bans on aluminum cans and yard
waste.
Support for Local Governments
North Carolina sponsors two grant programs
that provide incentives for source reduction
and recycling. North Carolina's Community
and Business Assistance Section annually
issues a request for proposals to local govern-
ments for Solid Waste Reduction Assistance
Grants (SWAG). The program currently
allows local governments to use these grants
to establish source reduction projects rather
than recycling programs.
DPPEA codeveloped a workshop on source
reduction strategies for businesses and local gov-
ernments, which it presented from 1993 to
1995 upon request. It also produced a fact sheet
on source reduction which local governments
can distribute to area businesses.
Additional assistance to local governments
includes Use Less Stuff Day support and a
Planning Resource Guide for Local
Governments. The Use Less Stuff Day assis-
tance included source reduction and reuse art-
work and program information for municipal
governments. The Planning Resource Guide
included a chapter on source reduction, which
included specific information on how local
governments could implement programs.
Source Reduction Planning
In 1991 North Dakota set a goal of 40 per-
cent waste reduction by the year 2000. To
meet the waste reduction goal, North Dakota
has passed legislation requiring solid waste
management districts to implement source
reduction strategies.
State In-House Programs
None noted.
Residential Programs
North Dakota's Department of Health provides
a backyard composting and grass recycling
brochure for public distribution.
Commercial Programs
None noted.
Support for Local Governments
North Dakota purchased a copy of the National
Recycling Coalition's transport packaging reduc-
tion slide show for use by local governments in
outreach to businesses.
OHIO
Source Reduction Planning
Ohio has established a goal of 25 percent
solid waste reduction by 1994.
State In-House Programs
Ohio state agencies follow procurement
guidelines that encourage the purchase of
reused materials. The state also provides waste
reduction technical assistance to state colleges
and universities.
Residential Programs
None noted.
Commercial Programs
Ohio's Department of Natural Resources
developed a technical assistance resource for
the commercial sector, entitled Waste
Reduction Guide for Ohio Business and
Industry. The state also implemented the
Governor's Award for Outstanding
Achievement in Pollution Prevention that
annually recognizes Ohio businesses for their
waste reduction programs.
Support for Local Governments
The state provides start-up funding for local
governments seeking to expand their waste
management programs to waste reduction.
Ohio also provides technical assistance to local
government. The state assists municipalities in
developing waste reduction and yard waste
composting programs. Educational materials
also are provided to support the program.
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OKL H 1A
Source Reduction Planning
None noted.
State In-House Programs
None noted.
Residential Programs
None noted.
Commercial Programs
Oklahoma created a tax credit program with-
in its Recycling, Reuse, and Source Reduction
Incentive Act.
Support for Local Governments
None noted.
OREGON
Source Reduction Planning
Oregon mandates the use of unit-based pric-
ing programs in all communities. Local gov-
ernments that do not comply become
ineligible for state waste program grants.
State In-House Programs
None noted.
Residential Programs
None noted.
Commercial Programs
Oregon mandates that all rigid plastic containers
must either: be reusable five times, in addition to
other recycled content criteria, or the packaging
must be source reduced 10 percent over five
years with no material substitution allowed.
Oregon also issued a landfill ban on yard wastes.
Support for Local Governments
Oregon has given two grants to two counties
(Ashland and Curry), to establish composting
programs. Ashland County will provide support
for a backyard composting program. Curry
County will implement food composting pro-
grams at its schools.
Oregon developed a resource efficiency program
that provides support to local governments for
source reduction programs. Interested local gov-
ernments receive a tool kit of materials and a
video on source reduction.
PENNSYLVANIA
Source Reduction Planning
Pennsylvania passed legislation in 1988 that
designated one staff person to study the imple-
mentation of source reduction programs.
Source reduction staff found the best approach
would be the development of an educational
program for schools on source reduction meth-
ods. The curriculum is targeted for students of
all grade levels and is currently being tested in
several schools.
State In-House Programs
Pennsylvania's in-house programs took the form
of a source reduction education program for
schools.
Residential Programs
Pennsylvania created a unit-based pricing sys-
tem for waste disposal, issued a landfill ban on
leaves, and required yard waste to be compost-
ed. Pennsylvania has developed educational
outreach programs to its citizens to inform
them about source reduction.
Commercial Programs
Pennsylvania passed legislation targeted
specifically at the reduction of private sector
municipal solid waste. The state mandated
that all businesses that generate municipal
solid waste must prepare source reduction
plans by 1993. Businesses are required to
report the types of waste they generate and
discuss their strategies for source reduction.
The state also issued a landfill ban on leaves
and requires yard waste to be composted.
Support for Local Governments
None noted.
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Source Reduction Planning
Rhode Island supports source reduction as
one of its top priorities in its overall effort to
reduce waste. State law requires solid waste
management officials to maximize methods of
source reduction before any new waste dis-
posal facility is sited. The Department of
Environmental Management (DEM) employs
10 people who work specifically on the devel-
opment of source reduction programs.
Rhode Island set up a Source Reduction Task
Force to study possibilities for developing in-
house source reduction programs. The task
force developed some recommendations, and
Rhode Island contracted with the Rhode
Island Resource Recovery Corporation
(RIRRC) to implement the recommended
source reduction strategies.
State In-House Programs
The RI RRC conducted a waste composition
analysis in 1989 and 1990 to identify targets
for source reduction and subsequently issued
a report entitled Potential for Source Reduction
Activities Through Procurement in Rhode Island
State Agencies. The report identified several
items that could be targeted through source
reduction strategies, including air filters, dispos-
able cups, laser-printer cartridges, typewriter
ribbons, unwanted mail, bathroom paper tow-
els, and two-way envelopes.
Currently, Rhode Island requires all state
agencies to purchase double-sided copiers and
use duplex copying for all memorandums,
reports, and other documents. Rhode Island
also passed legislation requiring all state agen-
cies to participate in the OEM's grasscycling
program.
Residential Programs
Rhode Island sponsors public education pro-
grams to promote consumer waste reduction.
Key messages include purchasing products in
bulk quantities, choosing products with less
packaging, and recycling waste materials. The
state uses adapted instructional brochures and
videos developed by the State of Connecticut.
RI RRC sent more than 25,000 brochures
about waste reduction programs to the public
during the first six months of the campaign.
Radio and newspaper advertisements were
placed and local government and business
presentations were used to advertise the pro-
gram. The state also established a hotline,
staffed by RI RRC, for the public to ask ques-
tions about waste reduction activities.
RIRRC conducted a source reduction educa-
tional program that targeted many audiences,
including residents, teachers, and students.
The educational activities implemented
include presentations and demonstrations,
educational tours of local landfills, develop-
ment of a "Solid Waste and the
Environment" teacher training curriculum,
and various educational brochures.
The state has banned the disposal of yard
wastes in landfills. To support the source
reduction of these wastes Rhode Island start-
ed a home composting education program.
Rhode Island developed a brochure, OSCAR's
Guide to Home Composting, to educate the
public about alternative yard waste options.
Rhode Island also placed advertisements on
radio stations, ran newspaper advertisements,
and continues to conduct local events to cre-
ate awareness and educate the public on com-
posting. Rhode Island is currently testing
various backyard composting educational
projects in conjunction with school recycling
programs.
The state expanded its yard waste composting
program in 1993 to include a grasscycling edu-
cational campaign called "Don't Trash Grass."
Rhode Island distributed brochures and a com-
munity action handbook to local governments
and the general public. The state also promoted
the program through newspaper and radio
advertisements.
Commercial Programs
Rhode Island requires businesses with 50 or
more employees to report annually on their
waste reduction activities. The annual report
-------
addresses a company's recycling program, its
waste management costs, and its source
reduction methods. The state also issued a
landfill ban on leaves, grass clippings, and
other yard wastes.
Support for Local Governments
Six communities in Rhode Island have unit-
based pricing waste disposal programs. In
October 1992, DEM awarded $5,000 in
grants to each community to study its feasi-
bility. The state also provides these communi-
ties technical and educational assistance on
unit-based pricing and source reduction.
SOUTH CAROLINA
Source Reduction Planning
None noted.
State In-House Programs
None noted.
Residential Programs
South Carolina has issued a landfill ban on
yard wastes.
Commercial Programs
South Carolina's landfill ban on yard wastes
applies to commercial programs.
Support for Local Governments
None noted.
SOUTH DAKOTA
Source Reduction Planning
South Dakota set a goal to reduce waste by
50 percent by 2001.
State In-House Programs
None noted.
Residential Programs
To meet the state goal, South Dakota has
issued strict landfill bans on several waste
streams. Waste banned from landfills include
yard waste, office and computer paper,
newsprint, corrugated cardboard and
paperboard, glass, plastic, aluminum, and
steel containers.
Commercial Programs
South Dakota's landfill ban applies to com-
mercial programs.
The state provides technical assistance that
includes source reduction activities through
the Industrial Outreach and Community
Assistance Program located at South Dakota
State University.
Support for Local Governments
None noted.
TENNESSEE
Source Reduction Planning
The Tennessee Solid Waste Management Act
of 1991 required counties to establish region-
al plans for solid waste management. Twenty-
five counties have included source reduction
as part of their overall strategy to reduce
waste in their region. A four-county region
evaluated commercial and industrial business-
es in waste reduction methods.
State In-House Programs
TDEC initiated an in-house waste reduction
guidance from the commissioner.
Residential Programs
Tennessee has incorporated source reduction
in public education programs. A portion of
the program includes techniques, cost and
benefits, and examples of source reduction.
Commercial Programs
Tennessee's Division of Solid Waste Assistance
contracts with the University of Tennessee
Center for Industrial Services (CIS) to oper-
ate a commercial and industrial materials
exchange program. A generator of waste is
matched with a business that may need to use
the waste as a raw material to produce anoth-
er product. The CIS also works with busi-
nesses to determine how to reduce waste
generated in the production process. During
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the last year, CIS has conducted more than
100 waste assessments for Tennessee business-
es. These waste assessments have helped many
businesses begin source reduction activities.
Support for Local Governments
TDEC held 15 waste reduction workshops in
1997 in locations across the state, drawing a
total of more than 400 participants.
TEXAS
Source Reduction Planning
Texas passed legislation that requires cities to
develop solid waste plans and to include yard
waste composting programs.
State In-House Programs
The Texas Natural Resources Conservation
Commission's (TNRCC) Recycling Market
Development staff facilitates exchange of sur-
plus supplies and equipment to multiple
independent school districts in Texas.
The TNRCC also set an internal goal of 75
percent reduction in non-hazardous waste
generation by the year 2000. To reach the
goal the Permanent Pollution Prevention
team recommended multiple activities includ-
ing toner cartridge reuse and return, washable
utensils for the cafeteria, composting and
mulching of landscape trimmings, reduction in
use and waste of paper, and additional waste
reduction in the agency cafeteria. The TNRCC
Board of Directors recommended that all state
agencies make voluntary non-hazardous waste
reduction commitments.
Residential Programs
Backyard composting demonstration gardens
were established for public education and
training.
Commercial Programs
Texas formed the Texas Military Recycling
Committee that partnered with joint military
services to develop waste reduction programs
at installations in the state. Texas also worked
with individual businesses to begin waste
reduction programs statewide.
Support for Local Governments
The state Council of Governments awarded
142 MSW grants for home and centralized
composting in 1996 and 1997 totaling $3.9
million in new capital.
Residential waste prevention workshops, publi-
cations, on-site assistance, and direct consulta-
tion are provided to local solid waste
decision-makers in planning and implementing
effective programs for solid waste streams.
Source reduction strategies include the "Don't
Bag It" promotion and backyard composting
program. More than 87,000 copies of waste
reduction and recycling publications were dis-
tributed to Texas communities in 1996.
Additional "Blueprint for 40 Percent" workshops
were conducted for municipalities to influence
comprehensive municipal waste reduction. Also,
with EPA assistance, Texas conducted waste
assessment training for community recycling
coordinators.
Source Reduction Planning
Utah has issued a landfill ban on scrap metal
and electronics.
State In-House Programs
None noted.
Residential Programs
None noted.
Commercial Programs
None noted.
Support for Local Governments
None noted.
VERMONT
Source Reduction Planning
Vermont set a goal to reduce waste by 40 per-
cent in the year 2000.
State In-House Programs
Vermont has set up a school cafeteria waste
composting program.
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WEST VIRGINIA
Source Reduction Planning
None noted.
State In-House Programs
West Virginia supports state agency compost-
ing programs. Many agencies use the compost
in landscaping projects around their office
buildings.
Residential Programs
West Virginia has issued a landfill ban on
yard wastes.
Commercial Programs
West Virginia's landfill ban on yard wastes
applies to commercial programs.
Support for Local Governments
None noted.
WISCONSIN
Source Reduction Planning
Wisconsin's recycling laws prioritize manage-
ment of solid waste first through source
reduction, then reuse, recycling, and com-
posting waste.
Wisconsin also requires the use of unit-based
pricing programs for communities not reach-
ing state recycling goals.
State In-House Programs
None noted.
recycling law. The grant program is a
cost-sharing grant program for public and
private entities interested in innovative waste
reduction and recycling projects. Past waste
prevention test projects included a waste min-
imization project for construction methods.
Wisconsin designates five waste reduction
and business outreach specialists to provide
regional technical assistance support, primari-
ly to apartment complexes, restaurants, hotels
and resorts, and special events coordination.
Support for Local Governments
Wisconsin's waste reduction and recycling
demonstration grant program offers cost-sharing
grants for public entities interested in innovative
waste reduction and recycling projects.
Wisconsin also supports residential, commer-
cial, and local government in-house source
reduction programs implemented through
county governments. Support to the counties
is based on technical assistance programs
focusing on residential household projects,
business and industry source reduction oppor-
tunities, and source reduction in local govern-
ment buildings. Written materials are provided
for local government outreach to these groups.
WYOMING
Source Reduction Planning
None noted.
State In-House Programs
None noted.
Residential Programs
Wisconsin supports a waste reduction out-
reach campaign that utilizes workshops, print
brochures, and radio PSAs. The state also
supports a backyard Master Composter pro-
gram managed by the Department of Natural
Resources and the University of Wisconsin
Extension Service.
Commercial Programs
In 1989, Wisconsin implemented a waste
reduction and recycling demonstration grant
program to accompany its comprehensive
Residential Programs
Wyoming has issued a landfill ban on yard
wastes.
Commercial Programs
None noted.
Support for Local Governments
The state of Wyoming supports a grant pro-
gram sponsored by the Governor's Committee
on Recycling. Source reduction is a qualifying
activity for the grants. To date municipalities
have been awarded more than $145,000.
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