EPA/530-SW-85-022
99th Congress
1st Session
COMMITTEE PRINT
S. PUT.
99-215
THE SOLID WASTE DISPOSAL ACT
AS AMENDED BY
THE HAZARDOUS AND SOLID WASTE AMEND-
MENTS OF 1984 (PUBLIC LAW 98-616);
THE SAFE DRINKING WATER ACT AMEND-
MENTS OF 1986 (PUBLIC LAW 99-339);
AND THE SUPERFUND AMENDMENTS AND
REAUTHORIZATION ACT OF 1986 (PUBLIC
LAW 99-499)
Printed for the use of the
Senate Committee on Environment and Public Works
42-655
U.S. GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE
WASHINGTON : 1987
For sale by the Superintendent of Documents, Congressional Sales Office
U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, DC 20402
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COMMITTEE ON ENVIRONMENT AND PUBLIC WORKS
ROBERT T. STAFFORD, Vermont, Chairman
JOHN H. CHAFEE, Rhode Island
ALAN K. SIMPSON, Wyoming
JAMES ABDNOR, South Dakota
STEVE SYMMS, Idaho
GORDON J. HUMPHREY, New Hampshire
PETE V. DOMENICI, New Mexico
DAVE DURENBERGER, Minnesota
LLOYD BENTSEN, Texas
QUENTIN N. BURDICK, North Dakota
GARY HART, Colorado
DANIEL PATRICK MOYNIHAN, New York
GEORGE J. MITCHELL, Maine
MAX BAUCUS, Montana
FRANK R. LAUTENBERG; New Jersey
BAILEY GUARD, Staff Director
LEE O. FULLER, Minority Staff Director
(ID
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530/SW-85-022
ERRATA
THE SOLID WASTE DISPOSAL ACT
The following paragraph should be inserted at 3008(d)(7)(B)
page 54:
shall, upon conviction, be subject to a fine of not more
than $50,000 for each day of violation, or imprisonment not
to exceed two years (five years in the case of a violation
of paragraph (1) or (2) or both. If the conviction is for a
violation committed after a first conviction of such person
under this paragraph, the maximum punishment under the
respective paragraph shall.be doubled with respect to both
fine and imprisonment.
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CONTENTS
SUBTITLE A—GENERAL PROVISIONS
Section:
1002. Congressional findings 1
1003. Objectives and national policy ; 3
1004. Definitions 4
1005. Governmental cooperation 8
1006. Application of Act and integration with other Acts .8
1007. Financial disclosure 10
1008. Solid waste management information and guidelines 10
SUBTITLE B—OFFICE OF SOLID WASTE; AUTHORITIES OF THE ADMINISTRATOR AND
INTERAGENCY COORDINATING COMMITTEE
Section:
2001. Office of Solid Waste 11
2002. Authorities of Administrator 12
2003. Resource recovery and conservation panels 13
2004. Grants for discarded tire disposal 13
2005. Labeling of certain oil 14
2006. Annual report 14
2007. General authorization 14
2008. Office of ombudsman 15
SUBTITLE C—HAZARDOUS WASTE MANAGEMENT
Section:
3001. Identification and listing of hazardous waste 16
3002, Standards applicable to generators of hazardous waste 22
3003. Standards applicable to transporters of hazardous waste 23
3004. Standards applicable to owners and operators of hazardous waste
treatment, storage, and disposal facilities 24
3005. Permits for treatment, storage, or disposal of hazardous waste 38
3006. Authorized State hazardous waste programs 47
3007. Inspections 49
3008. Federal enforcement..., 51
3009. Retention of State authority 56
3010. Effective date 56
3011. Authorization of assistance to States 58
3012. Hazardous waste site inventory 58
3013. Monitoring, analysis, and testing 60
3014. Restrictions on recycled oil 61
3015. Expansion during interim status 63
3016. Inventory of Federal agency hazardous waste facilities 64
3017. Export of hazardous waste 65
3018. Domestic sewage 66
3019. Exposure information and health assessments 67
£7010.1 30%0 i Interim control of hazardous waste injection 69
SUBTITLE D—STATE OR REGIONAL SOLID WASTE PLANS
Section:
4001. Objectives of subtitle 70
4002. Federal guidelines for plans 70
4003. Requirements for approval of plans 71
4004. Criteria for sanitary landfills; sanitary landfills required for all
disposal 73
1 P.L. 99-339 Safe Drinking Water Act Amendments.
(Ill)
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IV
4005. Upgrading of open dumps v .......... •• <[4
4006. Procedure for development and implementation of btate plan to
4007. Approval of State plan; Federal assistance 76
4008. Federal assistance '"
4009. Rural communities assistance °1
4010. Adequacy of certain guidelines and criteria °2
SUBTITLE E—DUTIES OF THE SECRETARY OF COMMERCE IN RESOURCE AND RECOVERY
Section:
5001. Functions • °g
5002. Development of specifications for secondary materials so
5003. Development of markets for recovered materials 83
5004. Technology promotion °3
5005. Nondiscrimination requirement °*
5006. Authorization of appropriations 84
SUBTITLE F—FEDERAL RESPONSIBILITIES
6001. Application of Federal, State, and local law to Federal facilities 84
6002. Federal procurement °5
6003. Cooperation with the Environmental Protection Agency 88
6004. Applicability of solid waste disposal guidelines to executive agen-
cies °y
SUBTITLE G—MISCELLANEOUS PROVISIONS
Section: 8Q
7001. Employee protection °*
7002. Citizen suits gl
7003. Imminent hazard *»
7004. Petition for regulations; public participation »°
7005. Separability fj
7006. Judicial review...., •»>
7007. Grants or contracts for training projects 9°
7008. Payments *°
7009. Labor standards »»
\y012.~± 7010 l Law enforcement authority »»
SUBTITLE H—RESEARCH DEVELOPMENT, DEMONSTRATION, AND INFORMATION
Section: 0
8001. Research, demonstrations, training, and other activities »»
8002. Special studies; plans for research, development, and demonstra-.... _
tions : 1°2
8003. Coordination, collection, and dissemination of information lOo
8004. Full-scale demonstration facilities ••••• HO
8005. Special study and demonstration projects on recovery of useful en-
ergy and materials • •»••• HI
8006. Grants for resource recovery systems and improved solid waste dis-
posal facilities 112
8007. Authorization of appropriations 114
SUBTITLE I—REGULATION OF UNDERGROUND STORAGE TANKS
9001. Definitions and exemptions 114
9002. Notification n|
900S. Release detection, prevention, and correction regulations Ho
9004. Approval of State programs 124
9005. Inspections, monitoring, testing, and corrective action 1^7
9006. Federal enforcement 128
9007. Federal facilities* 129
9008. State authority.... 130
9009. Study of underground storage tanks igo
9010. Authorization of appropriations 131
Provisions of Public Law 98-618 which do not amend the Solid Waste Dispos-
al Act 181
1 P.L. 99-889, Safe Drinking Water Act Amendments.
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NOTE
Amendments to the Solid Waste Disposal Act made by the Haz-
ardous and Solid Waste Amendments of 1984 (P.L. 98-616), the
Safe Drinking Water Act Amendments of 1986 (P.L. 99-339), and
the Superfund Amendments and Reauthorization Act of 1986
(P.L. 99-499) are shown as follows:
Language to be deleted is enclosed in black brackets; new lan-
guage is printed in italic; and language in which there is no
change is shown in roman. Footnotes will indicate whether the
amendment was made by Public Law 99-339 or Public Law 99-
499. The absence of a footnote indicates that the amendment was
made by Public Law 98-616.
AN ACT To provide technical and financial assistance for the development of man-
agement plans and facilities for the recovery of energy and other resources from
discarded materials and for the safe disposal of discarded materials, and to regu-
late the management of hazardous waste
Be it enacted by the Senate and House of Representatives of the
United States of America in Congress assembled,
TITLE II—SOLID WASTE DISPOSAL
Subtitle A—General Provisions
CONGRESSIONAL FINDINGS
SEC. 1002. (a) SOLID WASTE.—The Congress finds with respect to
solid waste—
(1) that the continuing technological progress and improve-
ment in methods of manufacture, packaging, and marketing of
consumer products has resulted in an ever-mounting increase,
and in a change in the characteristics, of the mass material
discarded by the purchaser of such products;
(2) that the economic and population growth of our Nation,
and the improvements in the standard of living enjoyed by our
population, have required increased industrial production to
meet our needs, and have made necessary the demolition of old
buildings, the construction of new buildings, and the provision
of highways and other avenues of transportation, which, to-
gether with related industrial, commercial, and agricultural
operations, have resulted in a rising tide of scrap, discarded,
and waste materials;
(l)
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(3) that the continuing concentration of our population in ex-
panding metropolitan and other urban areas has presented
these communities with serious financial, management, inter-
governmental, and technical problems in the disposal of solid
wastes resulting from the industrial, commercial, domestic,
and other activities carried on in such areas;
(4) that while the collection and disposal of solid wastes
should continue to be primarily the function of State, regional,
and local agencies, the problems of waste disposal as set forth
above have become a matter national in scope and in concern
and necessitate Federal action through financial and technical
assistance and leadership in the development, demonstration,
and application of new and improved methods and processors
to reduce the amount of waste and unsalvageable materials
and to provide for proper and economical solid waste disposal
practices.
(b) ENVIRONMENT AND HEALTH.—The Congress finds with respect
to the environment and health, that—
(1) although land is too valuable a national resource to be
needlessly polluted by discarded materials, most solid waste is
disposed of on land in open dumps and sanitary landfills;
(2) disposal of solid waste and hazardous waste in or on the
land without careful planning and management can present a
danger to human health and the environment;
(3) as a result of the Clean Air Act, the Water Pollution Con-
trol Act, and other Federal and State laws respecting public
health and the environment, greater amounts of solid waste (in
the form of sludge and other pollution treatment residues)
have been created. Similarly, inadequate and environmentally
unsound practices for the disposal or use of solid waste have
created greater amounts of air and water pollution and other
problems for the environment and for health;
(4) open dumping is particularly harmful to health, contami-
nates drinking water from underground and surface supplies,
and pollutes the air and land;
[(5) hazardous waste presents, in addition to the problems
associated with nonhazardous solid waste, special dangers to
health and requires a greater degree of regulation than does
nonhazardous solid waste; and]
(5) the placement of inadequate controls on hazardous waste
management will result in substantial risks to human health
and the environment;
(6) if hazardous waste management is improperly performed
in the first instance, corrective action is likely to be expensive,
complex, and time consuming;
(7) certain classes of land disposal facilities are not capable of
assuring long-term containment of certain hazardous wastes,
and to avoid substantial risk to human health and the environ-
ment, reliance on land disposal should be minimized or elimi-
nated, and land disposal, particularly landfill and surface im-
poundment, should be the least favored method for managing
hazardous wastes; and
[(6)] (#) alternatives to existing methods of land disposal
must be developed since many of the cities in the United
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States will be running out of suitable solid waste disposal sites
within five years unless immediate action is taken [;].
(c) MATERIALS.—The Congress finds with respect to materials,
that—
(1) millions of tons of recoverable material which could be
used are needlessly buried each year;
(2) methods are available to separate usable materials from
solid waste; and
(3) the recovery and conservation of such materials can
reduce the dependence of the United States on foreign re-
sources and reduce the deficit in its balance of payments.
(d) ENERGY.—The Congress finds with respect to energy, that—
(1) solid waste represents a potential source of solid fuel, oil,
or gas that can be converted into energy;
(2) the need exists to develop alternative energy sources for
public and private consumption in order to reduce our depend-
ence on such sources as petroleum products, natual gas, nucle-
ar and hydroelectric generation; and
(3) technology exists to produce usable energy from solid
waste.
OBJECTIVES AND NATIONAL POLICY
SEC. 1003. (a) OBJECTIVES.—The objectives of this Act are to pro-
mote the protection of health, and the environment and to con-
serve valuable material and energy resources by—
(1) providing technical and financial assistance to State and
local governments and interstate agencies for the development
of solid waste management plans (including resource recovery
and resource conservation systems) which will promote im-
proved solid waste management techniques (including more ef-
fective organizational arrangements), new and improved meth-
ods of collection, separation and recovery of solid waste, and
the enviromentally safe disposal of nonrecoverable residues;
(2) providing training grants in occupations involving the
design, operation, and maintenance of solid waste disposal sys-
tems;
(3) prohibiting future open dumping on the land and requir-
ing the conversion of existing open dumps to facilities which do
not pose a danger to the environment or to health;
[(4) regulating the treatment, storage, transportation, and
disposal of hazardous wastes which have adverse effects on
health and the environment;]
(4) assuring that hazardous waste management practices are
conducted in a manner which protects human health and the
environment;
(5) requiring that hazardous waste be properly managed in
the first instance thereby reducing the need for corrective action
at a future date;
(6) minimizing the generation of hazardous waste and the
land disposal of hazardous waste by encouraging process substi-
tution, materials recovery, properly conducted recycling and
reuse, and treatment;
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(7) establishing a viable Federal-State partnership to carry
out the purposes of this Act and insuring that the Administra-
tor will, in carrying out the provisions of subtitle C of this Act,
give a high priority to assisting and cooperating with States in
obtaining full authorization of State programs under subtitle C;
CWJ (8) providing for the promulgation of guidelines for
solid waste collection, transport, separation, recovery, and dis-
posal practices and systems;
C(6)] (9) promoting a national research and development
program for unproved solid waste management and resource
conservation techniques, more effective organizational arrange-
ments, and new and improved methods of collection, separa-
tion, and recovery and recycling of solid wastes and environ-
mentally safe disposal of nonrecoverable resources;
\£W\ (10) promoting the demonstration, construction, and
application of solid waste management, resource recovery, and
resource conservation systems which preserve and enhance the
quality of air, water, and land resources; and
[(8)] (11) establishing a cooperative effort among the Feder-
al, State, and local governments and private enterprise in
order to recover valuable materials and energy from solid
waste.
(b) NATIONAL POLICY.—The Congress hereby declares it to be the
national policy of the United States that, wherever feasible, the gen-
eration of hazardous waste is to be reduced or eliminated as expedi-
tiously as possible. Waste that is nevertheless generated should be
treated, stored, or disposed of so as to minimize the present and
future threat to human health and the environment.
DEFINITIONS
SEC. 1004. As used in this Act:
(1) The term "Administrator" means the Administrator of the
Environmental Protection Agency.
(2) The term "construction," with respect to any project of con-
struction under this Act, means (A) the erection or building of new
structures and acquisition of lands or interests therein, or the ac-
quisition, replacement, expansion, remodeling, alteration, modern-
ization, or extension of existing structures, and (B) the acquisition
and installation of initial equipment of, or required in connection
with, new or newly acquired structures or the expanded, remod-
eled, altered, modernized or extended part of existing structures
(including trucks and other motor vehicles, and tractors, cranes
and other machinery) necessary for the proper utilization and oper-
ation of the facility after completion of the project; and includes
preliminary planning to determine the economic and engineering
feasibility and the public health and safety aspects of the project
the engineering, architectural, legal, fiscal, and economic investiga-
tions and studies, and any surveys, designs, plans, working draw-
ing, specifications, and other action necessary for the carrying out
of the project, and (C) the inspection and supervision of the process
of carrying out the project to completion.
(2A) The term "demonstration" means the initial exhibition of a
new technology process or practice or a significantly new combina-
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tion or use of technologies, processes or practices, subsequent to the
development stage, for the purpose of proving technological feasi-
bility and cost effectiveness.
(3) The term "disposal" means the discharge, deposit, injection,
dumping, spilling, leaking, or placing of any solid waste or hazard-
ous waste into or on any land or water so that such solid waste or
hazardous waste or any constituent thereof may enter the eviron-
ment or be emitted into the air or discharged into any waters, in-
cluding ground waters.
(4) The term "Federal agency" means any department, agency,
or other instrumentality of the Federal Government, any independ-
ent agency or establishment of the Federal Government including
any Government corporation, and the Government Printing Office.
(5) The term "hazardous waste" means a solid waste, or combina-
tion of solid waste, which because of its quantity, concentration, or
physical, chemical, or infectious characteristics may—
(A) cause, or significantly contribute to an increase in mor-
tality or an increase in serious irreversible, or incapacitating
reversible, illness; or ,
(B) pose a substantial present or potential hazard to human
health or the environment when improperly treated, stored,
transported, or disposed of, or otherwise managed.
(6) The term "hazardous waste generation" means the act or
process of producing hazardous waste.
(7) The term "hazardous waste management" means the system-
atic control of the collection, source separation, storage, transporta-
tion, processing, treatment, recovery, and disposal of hazardous
wastes.
(8) For purposes of Federal financial assistance (other than rural
communities assistance), the term "implementation" does not nVl-
m-
clude the acquisition, leasing, construction, or modification of facili-
ties or equipment or the acquisition, leasing or improvement of
land.
(9) The term "intermunicipal agency" means an agency estab-
lished by two or more municipalities with responsibility for plan-
ning or administration of solid waste.
(10) The term "interstate agency" means an agency of two or
more municipalities in different States, or an agency established by
two or more States, with authority to provide for the management
of solid wastes and serving two or more municipalities located in
different States.
(11) The term "long-term contract" means, when used in relation
to solid waste supply, a contract of sufficient duration to assure the
viability of a resource recovery facility (to the extent that such via-
bility depends upon solid waste supply).
(12) The term "manifest" means the form used for indentifying
the quantity, composition, and the origin, routing, and destination
of hazardous waste during its transportation from the point of gen-
eration to the point of disposal, treatment, or storage.
(13) The term "municipality" (A) means a city, town, borough,
county, parish, district, or other public body created by or pursuant
to State law, with responsibility for the planning or administration
of solid waste management, or an Indian tribe or authorized tribal
organization or Alaska Native village or organization, and (B) in-
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eludes any rural community or unincorporated town or village or
any other public entity for which an application for assistance is
made by a State or political subdivision thereof.
(14) The term "open dump" means any facility or site where
solid waste is disposed of which is not a sanitary landfill which
meets the criteria promulgated under section 4004 and which is not
a facility for disposal of hazardous waste.
(15) The term "person" means an individual, trust, firm, joint
stock company, corporation (including a government corporation),
partnership, association, State, municipality, commission, political
subdivision of a State, or any interstate body.
(16) The term "procurement item" means any device, good, sub-
stance, material, product, or other item whether real or personal
property which is the subject of any purchase, barter, or other ex-
change made to procure such item.
(17) The term "procuring agency" means any Federal agency, or
any State agency or agency of a political subdivision of a State
which is using appropriated Federal funds for such procurement,
or any person contracting with any such agency with respect to
work performed under such contract.
(18) The term "recoverable" refers to the capability and likeli-
hood of being recovered from solid waste for a commercial or indus-
trial use.
(19) The term "recovered material" means waste material and
byproducts which have been recovered or diverted from solid waste,
but such term does not include those materials and byproducts gen-
erated from, and commonly reused within, an original manufactur-
ing process.
(20) The term "recovered resources" means material or energy
recovered from solid waste.
(21) The term "resource conservation" means reduction of the
amounts of solid waste that are generated, reduction of overall re-
source consumption, and utilization of recovered resources.
(22) The term "resource recovery" means the recovery of materi-
al or energy from solid waste.
(23) The term "resource recovery system" means a solid waste
management system which prbvides for collection, separation, re-
cyling, and recovery of solid wastes, including disposal of nonreco-
verable waste residues.
(24) The term "resource recovery facility" means any facility of
which solid waste is processed for the purpose of extracting, con-
verting to energy, or otherwise separating and preparing solid
waste for reuse.
(25) The term "regional authority" means the authority estab-
lished or designated under section 4006.
(26) The term "sanitary landfill" means a facility for the disposal
of solid waste which meets the criteria published under section
4004.
(26A) The term "sludge" means any solid, semisolid or liquid
waste generated from a municipal, commercial, or industrial
wastewater treatment plant, water supply treatment plant, or air
pollution control facility or any other such waste having similar
characteristics and effects.
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(27) The term "solid waste" means any garbage, refuse, sludge
from a waste treatment plant, water supply treatment plant, or air
pollution control facility and other discarded material including
solid, liquid, semisolid, or contained gaseous material resulting
from industrial, commercial, mining, and agricultural operations,
and from community activities, but does not include solid or dis-
solved material in domestic sewage, or solid or dissolved materials
in irrigation return flows or industrial discharges which are point
sources subject to permits under section 402 of the Federal Water
Pollution Control Act, as amended (86 Stat. 880), or source, special
nuclear, or byproduct material as defined by the Atomic Energy
Act of 1954, as amended (68 Stat. 923).
(28) The term "solid waste management" means the systematic
administration of activities which provide for the collection, source
separation, storage, transportation, transfer, processing, treatment,
and disposal of solid waste.
(29) The term "solid waste management facility" includes—
(A) any resource recovery system or component thereof,
(B) any system, program, or facility for resource conserva-
tion, and
(C) any facility for the collection, source separation, storage,
transportation, transfer, processing, treatment or disposal of
solid wastes, including hazardous wastes, whether such facility
is associated with facilities generating such wastes or other-
wise.
(30) The terms "solid waste planning", "solid waste manage-
ment", and "comprehensive planning" include planning or man-
agement respecting resource recovery and resource conservation.
(31) The term "State" means any of the several States, the Dis-
trict of Columoia, the Commonwealth of Puerto Rico, the Virgin Is-
lands, Guam, American Samoa, and the Commonwealth of the
Northern Mariana Islands.
(32) The term "State authority" means the agency established or
designated under section 4007.
(33) The term "storage", when used in connection with hazardous
waste, means the containment of hazardous waste, either on a tem-
porary basis or for a period of years, in such a manner as not to
constitute disposal of such hazardous waste.
(34) The term "treatment", when used in connection with hazard-
ous waste, means any method, technique, or process, including neu-
tralization, designed to change the physical, chemical, or biological
character or composition of any hazardous waste so as to neutralize
such waste or so as to render such waste nonhazardous, safer for
transport, amenable for recovery, amenable for storage, or reduced
in volume. Such term includes any activity or processing designed
to change the physical form or chemical Composition of hazardous
waste so as to render it nonhazardous.
(35) The term "virgin material" means a raw material, including
previously unused copper, aluminum, lead, zinc, iron, or other
metal or metal ore, any undeveloped resource that is, or with new
technology will become, a source of raw materials.
(36) The term "used oil" means any oil which has been—
(A) refined from crude oil,
(B) used, and
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8
(C) as a result of such use, contaminated by physical or
.chemical impurities.
(37) The term "recycled oil" means any used oil which is reused,
following its original use, for any purpose (including the purpose
for which the oil was originally used). Such term includes oil which
is re-refined, reclaimed, burned, or reprocessed.
(38) The term "lubricating oil" means the fraction of crude oil
which is sold for purposes of reducing friction in any industrial or
mechanical device. Such term includes re-refined oil.
(39) The term "re-refined oil" means used oil from which the
physical and chemical contaminants acquired through previous use
have been removed through a refining process.
GOVERNMENTAL COOPERATION
SEC. 1005. (a) INTERSTATE COOPERATION.—The provisions of this
Act to be carried put by States may be carried out by interstate
agencies and provisions applicable to States may apply to inter-
state regions where such agencies and regions have been estab-
lished by the respective States and approved by the Administrator.
In any such case, action required to be taken by the Governor of a
State, respecting regional designation shall be required to be taken
by the Governor of each of the respective States with respect to so
much of the interstate region as is within the jurisdiction of that
State.
(b) CONSENT OF CONGRESS TO COMPACTS.—The consent of the Con-
gress is hereby given to two or more States to negotiate and enter
into agreement or compacts, not in conflict with any law or treaty
of the United States, for—
(1) cooperative effort and mutual assistance for the manage-
ment of solid waste or hazardous waste (or both) and the en-
forcement of their respective laws relating thereto, and
(2) the establishment of such agencies, joint or otherwise, as
they may deem desirable for marking effective such agree-
ments or compacts.
No such agreement or compact shall be binding or obligatory upon
any State a party thereto unless it is agreed upon by all parties to
the agreement and until it has been approved by the Administrator
and the Congress.
APPLICATION OF ACT AND INTEGRATION WITH OTHER ACTS
SEC. 1006. (a) APPLICATION OF ACT.—Nothing in this Act shall be
construed to apply to (or to authorize any State, interstate, or local
authority to regulate) any activity or substance which is subject to
the Federal Water Pollution Control Act (33 U.S.C. 1151 and fol-
lowing), the Safe Drinking Water Act (42 U.S.C. 300f and follow-
ing), the Marine Protection, Research and Sanctuaries Act of 1972
(33 U.S.C. 1401 and following), or the Atomic Energy Act of 1954
(42 U.S.C. 2011 and following) except to the extent that such appli-
cation (or regulation) is not inconsistent with the requirements of
such Acts.
(b) INTEGRATION WITH OTHER ACTS.—(1) The Administrator shall
integrate all provisions of this Act for purposes of administration
and enforcement and shall avoid duplication, to the maximum
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9
extent practicable, with the appropriate provisions of the Clean Air
Act (42 U.S.C. 1857 and following), the Federal Water Pollution
Control Act (33 U.S.C. 1151 and following), the Federal Insecticide,
Fungicide, and Rodenticide Act (7 U.S.C. 135 and following), the
Safe Drinking Water Act (42 U.S.C. 300f and following), the Marine
Protection, Research and Sanctuaries Act of 1972 (33 U.S.C. 1401
and following) and such other Acts of Congress as grant regulatory
authority to the Administrator. Such integration shall be effected
only to the extent that it can be done in a manner consistent with
the goals and policies expressed in this Act and in the other acts
referred to in this subsection.
(2)(A) As promptly as practicable after the date of the enactment
of the Hazardous and Solid Waste Amendments of 1984, the Ad-
ministrator shall submit a report describing—
(i) the current data and information available on emissions of
polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins from resource recovery facili-
ties burning municipal solid waste;
(ii) any significant risks to human health posed by these
emissions; and
(Hi) operating practices appropriate for controlling these emis-
sions.
(B) Based on the report under subparagraph (A) and on any
future information on such emissions, the Administrator may pub-
lish advisories or guidelines regarding the control of dioxin emis-
sions from such facilities. Nothing in this paragraph shall be con-
strued to preempt or otherwise affect the authority of the Adminis-
trator to promulgate any regulations under the Clean Air Act re-
garding emissions of polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins.
(3) Notwithstanding any other provisions of law, in developing
solid waste plans, it is the intention of this Act that in determining
the size of a waste-to-energy facility, adequate provisions shall be
given to the present and reasonably anticipated future needs, in-
cluding those needs created by thorough implementation of section
6002(h), of the recycling and resource recovery interests within the
area encompassed by the solid waste plan.
(c) INTEGRATION WITH THE SURFACE MINING CONTROL AND RECLA-
MATION ACT OF 1977.—(1) No later than 90 days after the date of
enactment of the Solid Waste Disposal Act Amendments of 1980,
the Administrator shall review any regulations applicable to the
treatment, storage, or disposal of any coal mining wastes or over-
burden promulgated by the Secretary of the Interior under the
Subface Mining and Reclamation Act of 1977. If the Administrator
determines that any requirement of final regulations promulgated
under any section of subtitle C relating to mining wastes or over-
burden is not adequately addressed in such regulations promulgat-
ed by the Secretary, the Administrator shall promptly transmit
such determination, together with suggested revisions and support-
ing documentation, to the Secretary.
(2) The Secretary of the Interior shall have exclusive responsibil-
ity for carrying out any requirement of subtitle C of this Act with
respect to coal mining wastes or overburden for which a surface
coal mining and reclamation permit is issued or approved under
the Surface Mining Control and Reclamation Act of 1977. The Sec-
retary shall, with the concurrence of the Administrator, promul-
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gate such regulations as may be necessary to carry out the pur-
poses of this subsection and shall integrate such regulations with
regulations promulgated under the Surface Mining Control and
Reclamation Act of 1977.
FINANCIAL DISCLOSURE
SEC. 1007. (a) STATEMENT.—Each officer or employee of the Ad-
ministrator who—
(1) performs any function or duty under this Act; and
(2) has any known financial interest in any person who ap-
plies for or receives financial assistance under this Act
shall, beginning on February 1, 1977, annually file with the Admin-
istrator a written statement concerning all such interests held by
such officer or employee during the preceding calendar year. Such
statement shall be available to the public.
(b) ACTION BY ADMINISTRATOR.—The Administrator shall—
(1) act within ninety days after the date of enactment of this
Act—
(A) to define the term "known financial interest" for
purposes of subsection (a) of this section; and
(B) to establish the methods by which the requirement to
file written statements specified in subsection (a) of this
section will be monitored and enforced, including appropri-
ate provision for the filing by such officers and employees
of such statements and the review by the Administrator of
such statements; and
(2) report to the Congress on June 1, 1978, and or each suc-
ceeding calendar year with respect to such disclosures and the
actions taken in regard thereto during the preceding calendar
year.
(c) EXEMPTION.—In the rules prescribed under subsection (b) of
this _ section, the Administrator may identify specific positions
within the Environment Protection Agency which are of a nonpoli-
cymaking nature and provide that officers or employees occupying
such positions shall be exempt from the requirements of this sec-
tion.
(d) PENALTY.—Any officer or employee who is subject to, and
knowingly violates, this section shall be fined not more than $2,500
or imprisoned not more than one year, or both.
SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT INFORMATION AND GUIDELINES
SEC. 1008. (a) GUIDELINES.—Within one year of enactment of this
section, and from time to time thereafter, the Administrator shall,
in cooperation with appropriate Federal, State, municipal, and in-
termunicipal agencies, and in consultation with other interested
persons, and after public hearings, develop and publish suggested
guidelines for solid waste management. Such suggested guidelines
shall—
(1) provide a technical and economic description of the level
of performance that can be attained by various available solid
waste management practices (including operating practices)
which provide for the protection of public health and the envi-
ronment;
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(2) not later than two years after the enactment of this sec-
tion, describe levels of performance, including appropriate
methods and degrees of control, that provide at a minimum for
(A) protection of public health and welfare; (B) protection of
the quality of ground waters and surface waters from lea-
chates; (C) protection of the quality of surface waters from
runoff through compliance with effluent limitations under the
Federal Water Pollution Control Act, as amended; (D) protec-
tion of ambient air quality through compliance with new
source performance standards or requirements of air quality
implementation plans under the Clean Air Act, as amended;
(E) disease and vector control; (F) safety; and (G) esthetics; and
(3) provide minimum criteria to be used by the States to
define those solid waste management practices which consti-
tute the open dumping of solid waste or hazardous waste and
are to be prohibited under subtitle D of this Act.
Where appropriate, such suggested guidelines also shall include
minimum information for use in deciding the adequate location,
design, and construction of facilities associated with solid waste
management practices, including the consideration of regional, geo-
graphic, demographic, and climatic factors.
(b) NOTICE.—The Administrator shall notify the Committee on
Public Works 2 of the Senate and the Committee on Interstate and
Foreign Commerce of the House of Representatives a reasonable
time before publishing any suggested guidelines or proposed regula-
tions under this Act of the content of such proposed suggested
guidelines or proposed regulations under this Act.
Subtitle B—Office of Solid Waste; Authorities of the Administrator
and Interagency Coordinating Committee
SEC. 2001. (a) OFFICE OF SOLID WASTE.—The Administrator shall
establish within the Environmental Protection Agency an Office of
Solid Waste (hereinafter referred to as the "Office") to be headed
by an Assistant Administrator of the Environmental Protection
Agency.3 The duties and responsibilities (other than duties and re-
sponsibilities relating to research and development) of the Adminis-
trator under this Act (as modified by applicable reorganization
plans) shall be carried out through the Office.
(b) INTERAGENCY COORDINATING COMMITTEE.—(1) There is hereby
established an Interagency Coordinating Committee on Federal Re-
source Conservation and Recovery Activities which shall have the
responsibility for coordinating all activities dealing with resource
conservation and recovery from solid waste carried out by the En-
vironmental Protection Agency, the Department of Energy, the De-
partment of Commerce, and all other Federal agencies which con-
duct such activities pursuant to this or any other Act. For purposes
of this subsection, the term "resource conservation and recovery
activities" shall include, but not be limited to, all research, devel-
opment and demonstration projects on resource conservation or
2 Pursuant to the adoption of S. Res. 4, Senate Committee Reorganization, the committee was
renamed "Committee on Environment and Public Works."
3 This amendment was made by Public Law 96-510, the Comprehensive Environmental Re-
sponse, Compensation, and Liability Act of 1980.
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energy, or material, recovery from solid waste, and all technical or
financial assistance for State or local planning for, or implementa-
tion of, projects related to resource conservation or energy or mate-
rial, recovery from solid waste. The Committee shall be chaired by
the Administrator of the Environmental Protection Agency or such
person as the Administrator may designate. Members of the Com-
mittee shall include representatives of the Department of Energy,
the Department of Commerce, the Department of the Treasury,
and each other Federal agency which the Administrator deter-
mines to have programs or responsibilities affecting resource con-
servation or recovery.
(2) The Interagency Coordinating Committee shall include over-
sight of the implementation of
(A) the May 1979 Memorandum of Understanding on Energy
Recovery from Municipal Solid Waste between the Environ-
mental Protection Agency and the Department of Energy;
(B) the May 30, 1978, Interagency Agreement between the
Department of Commerce and the Environmental Protection
Agency on the Implementation of the Resource Conservation
and Recovery Act; and
(C) any subsequent agreements between these agencies or
other Federal agencies which address Federal resource recov-
ery or conservation activities.
(3) The Interagency Coordinating Committee shall submit to the
Congress by March 1, 1981, and on March 1 each year thereafter, a
five-year action plan for Federal resource conservation or recovery
activities which shall identify means and propose programs to en-
courage resource conservation or material and energy recovery and
increase private and municipal investment in resource conserva-
tion or recovery systems, especially those which provide for materi-
al conservation or recovery as well as energy conservation or recov-
ery. Such plan shall describe, at a minimum, a coordinated and
nonduplicatory plan for resource recovery and conservation activi-
ties for the Environmental Protection Agency, the Department of
Energy, the Department of Commerce, and all other Federal agen-
cies which conduct such activities.
AUTHORITIES OF ADMINISTRATOR
SEC. 2002. (a) AUTHORITIES.—In carrying out this Act, the Admin-
istrator is authorized to—
(1) prescribe, in consultation with Federal, State, and region-
al authorities, such regulations as are necessary to carry out
his functions under this Act;
(2) consult with or exchange information with other Federal
agencies undertaking research, development, demonstration
projects, studies, or investigations relating to solid waste;
> (3) provide technical and financial assistance to States or re-
gional agencies in the development and implementation of
solid waste plants and hazardous waste management pro-
grams;
(4) consult with representatives of science, industry, agricul-
ture, labor, environmental protection and consumer organiza-
tions, and other groups, as he deems advisable;
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(5) utilize the information, facilities, personnel and other re-
sources of Federal agencies, including the National Bureau of
Standards and the National Bureau of the Census, on a reim-
bursable basis, to perform research and analyses and conduct
studies and investigations related to resource recovery and con-
servation and to otherwise carry out the Administrator's func-
tions under this Act; and
(6) to delegate to the Secretary of Transportation the per-
formance of any inspection or enforcement function under this
Act relating to the transportation of hazardous waste where
such delegation would avoid unnecessary duplication of activi-
ty and would carry out the objectives of this Act and of the
Hazardous Materials Transportation Act.
(b) REVISION OF REGULATIONS.—Each regulation promulgated
under this Act shall be reviewed and, where necessary, revised not
less frequently than every three years.
(c) CRIMINAL INVESTIGATIONS.—In carrying out the provisions of
this Act, the Administrator, and duly-designated agents and em-
ployees of the Environmental Protection Agency, are authorized to
initiate and conduct investigations under the criminal provisions of
this Act, and to refer the results of these investigations to the Attor-
ney General for prosecution in appropriate cases.
RESOURCE RECOVERY AND CONSERVATION PANELS
SEC. 2003. The Administrator shall provide teams of personnel,
including Federal, State, and local employees or contractors (here-
inafter referred to as "Resource Conservation and Recovery
Panels") to provide Federal agencies, States, and local govern-
ments, upon request, with technical assistance on solid waste man-
agement, resource recovery and resource conservation. Such teams
shall include technical, marketing, financial, and institutional spe-
cialists, and the services of such teams shall be provided without
charge to States or local governments.
GRANTS FOR DISCARDED TIRE DISPOSAL
SEC. 2004. (a) GRANTS.—The Administrator shall make available
grants equal to 5 percent of the purchase price of tire shredders
(includng portable shredders attached to tire collection trucks) to
those eligible applicants best meeting criteria promulgated under
this section. An eligible applicant may be any private purchaser,
public body, or public-private joint venture. Criteria for receiving
grants shall be promulgated under this section and shall include
the policy to offer any private purchaser the first option to receive
a grant, the policy to develop widespread geographic distribution of
tire shredding facilities, the need for such facilities within a geo-
graphic area, and the projected risk and viability of any such ven-
ture In the case of an application under this section from a public
body, the Administrator shall first make a determination that
there are no private purchasers interested in making an applica-
tion before approving a grant to a public body.
(b) AUTHORIZATION.—There is authorized to be appropriated
$750,000 for each of the fiscal years 1978 and 1979 to carry out this
section.
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LABELING OF CERTAIN OIL
SEC. 2005. For purposes of any provision of law which requires
the labeling of commodities, including oil shall be treated as law-
fully labeled only if it bears the following statement, prominently
displayed;
"DON'T POLLUTE—CONSERVE RESOURCES; RETURN USED
OIL TO COLLECTION CENTERS"
ANNUAL REPORT
SEC. 2006. The Administrator shall transmit to the Congress and
the President, not later than ninety days after the end of each
fiscal year, a comprehensive and detailed report on all activities of
the Office during the preceding fiscal year. Each such report shall
include—
(1) a statement of specific and [detail] detailed objectives
for the activities and programs conducted and assisted under
this Act;
(2) statements of the Administrator's conclusions as to the ef-
fectiveness of such activities and programs in meeting the
stated objectives and the purposes of this Act, measured
through the end of .such fiscal year;
(3) a summary of outstanding solid waste problems confront-
ing the Administrator, in order of priority;
(4) recommendations with respect to such legislation which
the Administrator deems necessary or desirable to assist in
solving problems respecting solid waste;
(5) all other information required to be submitted to the Con-
gress pursuant to any other provision of this Act; and
(6) the Administrator's plans for activities and programs re-
specting solid waste during the next fiscal year.
GENERAL AUTHORIZATION
SEC. 2007. (a) GENERAL ADMINISTRATION.—There are authorized
to be appropriated to the Administrator for the purpose of carrying
out the provisions of this Act, $35,000,000 for the fiscal year ending
September 30, 1977, $38,000,000 for the fiscal year ending Septem-
ber 30, 1978, $42,000,000 for the fiscal year ending September 30,
1979, $70,000,000 for the fiscal year ending September 30, 1980,
$80,000,000 for the fiscal year ending September 30, 1981, [and
$80,000,000 for the fiscal year ending September 30, 1982.]
$80,000,000 for the fiscal year ending September 30, 1982,
$70,000,000 for the fiscal year ending September 30, 1985,
$80,000,000 for the fiscal year ending September 30, 1986,
$80,000,000 for the fiscal year ending September 30, 1987, and
$80,000,000 for the fiscal year 1988.
(b) RESOURCE RECOVERY AND CONSERVATION PANELS.—Not less
than 20 percent of the amount appropriated under subsection (a),
or $5,000,000 per fiscal year, whichever is less, shall be used only
for purposes of Resource Recovery and Conservation Panels estab-
lished under section 2003 (including travel expenses incurred by
such panels in carrying out their functions under this Act).
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(c) HAZARDOUS WASTE.—Not less than 30 percent of the amount
appropriated under subsection (a) shall be used only for purposes of
carrying out subtitle C of this Act (relating to hazardous waste)
other than section 3011.
(d) STATE AND LOCAL SUPPORT.—Not less than 25 per centum of
the total amount appropriated under this title, up to the amount
authorized in section 4008(a)(l), shall be used only for purposes of
support to State, regional, local, and interstate agencies in accord-
ance with subtitle D of this Act other than section 4008(a)(2) or
4009.
(e) CRIMINAL INVESTIGATORS.—There is authorized to be appropri-
ated to the Administrator $3,246,000 for the fiscal year 1985,
$2408,300 for the fiscal year 1986, $2,529,000 for the fiscal year
1987, and $2,529,000 for the fiscal year 1988 to be used—
(1) for additional officers or employees of the Environmental
Protection Agency authorized by the Administrator to conduct
criminal investigations (to investigate, or supervise the investi-
gation of, any activity for which a criminal penalty is provided)
under this Act; and
(2) for support costs for such additional officers or employees.
(f) UNDERGROUND STORAGE TANKS.—(1) There are authorized to
be appropriated to the Administrator for the purpose of carrying out
the provisions of subtitle I (relating to regulation of underground
storage tanks), $10,000,000 for each of the fiscal years 1985 through
1988
(2) There is authorized to be appropriated $25,000,000 for each of
the fiscal years 1985 through 1988 to be used to make grants to the
States for purposes of assisting the States in the development and
implementation of approved State underground storage tank release
detection, prevention, and correction programs under subtitle I.
OFFICE OF OMBUDSMAN
SEC. 2008. (a) ESTABLISHMENT; FUNCTIONS.—The Administrator
shall establish an Office of Ombudsman, to be directed by an Om-
budsman. It shall be the function of the Office of Ombudsman to
receive individual complaints, grievances, requests for information
submitted by any person with respect to any program or requirement
under this Act.
(b) AUTHORITY To RENDER ASSISTANCE.—The Ombudsman snail
render assistance with respect to the complaints, grievances, and re-
quests submitted to the Office of Ombudsman, and shall make ap-
propriate recommendations to the Administrator.
(c) EFFECT ON PROCEDURES FOR GRIEVANCES, APPEALS, OR ADMIN-
ISTRATIVE MATTERS.—The establishment of the Office of Ombuds-
man shall not affect any procedures for grievances, appeals, or ad-
ministrative matters in any other provision of this Act, any other
provision of law, or any Federal regulation.
(d) TERMINATION.—The Office of the Ombudsman shall cease to
exist 4 years after the date of enactment of the Hazardous and Solid
Waste Amendments of 1984-
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Subtitle C—Hazardous Waste Management
IDENTIFICATION AND LISTING OF HAZARDOUS WASTE
SEC. 3001. (a) CRITERIA FOR IDENTIFICATION OR LISTING.—Not later
than eighteen months after the date of the enactment of this Act,
the Administrator shall, after notice and opportunity for public
hearing, and after consultation with appropriate Federal and State
agencies, develop and promulgate criteria for identifying the char-
acteristics of hazardous waste, and for listing hazardous waste,
which should be subject to the provisions of this subtitle, taking
into account toxicity, persistence, and degradability in nature, po-
tential for accumulation in tissue, and other related factors such as
flammability, corrosiveness, and other hazardous characteristics.
Such criteria shall be revised from time to time as may be appro-
priate.
(b)(l) IDENTIFICATION AND LISTING.—Not later than eighteen
months after the date of enactment of this section, and after notice
and opportunity for public hearing, the Administrator shall pro-
mulgate regulations identifying the characteristics of hazardous
waste, and listing particular hazardous wastes (within the meaning
of section 1004(5)), which shall be subject to the provisions of this
subtitle. Such regulations shall be based on the criteria promulgat-
ed under subsection (a) and shall be revised from time to time
thereafter as may be appropriate. The Administrator, in coopera-
tion with the Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry and
the National Toxicology Program, shall also identify or list those
hazardous wastes which shall be subject to the provisions of this
subtitle solely because of the presence in such wastes of certain con-
stituents (such as identified carcinogens, mutagens, or teratagens) at
levels in excess of levels which endanger human health.
(2)(A) Notwithstanding the provisions of paragraph (1) of this
subsection, drilling fluids, produced waters, and other wastes asso-
ciated with the exploration, development, or production of crude oil
or natural gas or .geothermal energy shall be subject only to exist-
ing State or Federal regulatory programs in lieu of subtitle C until
at least 24 months after the date of enactment of the Solid Waste
Disposal Act Amendments of 1980 and after promulgation of the
regulations in accordance with subparagraphs (B) and (C) of this
paragraph. It is the sense of the Congress that such State or Feder-
al programs should include, for waste disposal sites which are to be
closed, provisions requiring at least the following:
(i) The identification through surveying, platting, or other
measures, together with recordation of such information on the
public record, so as to assure that the location where such
wastes are disposed of can be located in the future; except how-
ever, that no such surveying, platting, or other measure identi-
fying the location of a disposal site for drilling fluids and asso-
ciated wastes shall be required if the distance from the dispos-
al site to the surveyed or platted location to the associated well
is less than two hundred lineal feet; and
(ii) A chemical and physical analysis of a produced water
and a composition of a drilling fluid suspected to contain a haz-
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ardous material, with such information to be acquired prior to
closure and to be placed on the public record.
(B) Not later than six months after completion and submission of
the study required by section 8002(m) of this Act, the Administra-
tor shall, after public hearings and opportunity for comment, deter-
mine either to promulgate regulations under this subtitle for drill-
ing fluids, produced waters, and other wastes associated with the
exploration, development, or production of crude oil or natural gas
or geothermal energy or that such regulations are unwarranted.
The Administrator shall publish his decision in the Federal Regis-
ter accompanied by an explanation and justification of the reasons
for it. In making the decision under this paragraph, the Adminis-
trator shall utilize the information developed or accumulated pur-
suant to the study required under section 8002(m).
(C) The Administrator shall transmit his decision, along with any
regulations, if necessary, to both Houses of Congress. Such regula-
tions shall take effect only when authorized by Act of Congress.
(3)(A) Nothwithstanding the provisions of paragraph (1) of this
subsection, each waste listed below shall, except as provided in sub-
paragraph (B) of this paragraph, be subject only to regulation
under other applicable provisions of Federal or State law in lieu of
this subtitle until at least six months after the date of submission
of the applicable study required to be conducted under subsection
(f), (n), (o), or (p) of section 8002 of this Act and after promulgation
of regulations in accordance with subparagraph (C) of this para-
graph:
(i) Fly ash waste, bottom ash waste, slag waste, and flue gas
emission control waste generated primarily from the combus-
tion of coal or other fossil fuels.
(ii) Solid waste from the extraction, beneficiation, and proc-
essing of ores and minerals, including phosphate rock and
overburden from the mining of uranium ore.
(iii) Cement kiln dust waste.
"(B)(i) Owners and operators of disposal sites for wastes listed in
subparagraph (A) may be required by the Administrator, through
regulations prescribed under authority of section 2002 of this Act—
(I) as to disposal sites for such wastes which are to be closed,
to identify the locations of such sites through surveying, plat-
ting, or other measures, together with recordation of such in-
formation on the public record, to assure that the locations
where such wastes are disposed of are known and can be locat-
ed in the future, and
(II) to provide chemical and physical analysis and composi-
tion of such wastes, based on available information, to be
placed on the public record.
(ii)(I) In conducting any study under subsection (f), (n), (o), or (p),
of section 8002 of this Act, any officer, employee, or authorized rep-
resentative of the Environmental Protection Agency, duly designat-
ed by the Administrator, is authorized, at reasonable times and as
reasonably necessary for the purposes of such study, to enter any
establishment where any waste subject to such study is generated,
stored, treated, disposed of, or transported from; to inspect, take
samples, and conduct monitoring and testing; and to have access to
and copy records relating to such waste. Each such inspection shall
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be commenced and completed with reasonable promptness. If the
officer, employee, or authorized representative obtains any samples
prior to leaving the permises, he shall give to the owner, operator,
or agent in charge a receipt describing the sample obtained and if
requested a portion of each such sample equal in volume or weight
to the portion retained. If any analysis is made of such samples, or
monitoring and testing performed, a copy of the results shall be
furnished promptly to the owner, operator, or agent in charge.
(II) Any records, reports, or information obtained from any
person under subclause (I) shall be available to the public, except
that upon a showing satisfactory to the Administrator by any
person that records, reports, or information, or particular part
thereof, to which the Administrator has access under this subpara-
graph if made public, would divulge information entitled to protec-
tion under section 1905 of title 18 of the United States Code, the
Administrator shall consider such information or particular por-
tion thereof confidential in accordance with the purposes of that
section, except that such record, report, document, or information
may be disclosed to other officers, employees, or authorized repre-
sentatives of the United States concerned with carrying out this
•Act. Any person not subject to the provisions of section 1905 of title
18 of the United States Code who knowingly and willfully divulges
or discloses any information entitled to protection under this sub-
paragraph shall, upon conviction, be subject to a fine of not more
than $5,000 or to imprisonment not to exceed one year, or both.
(iii) The Administrator may prescribe regulations, under the au-
thority of this Act, to prevent radiation exposure which presents
an unreasonable risk to human health from the use in construction
or land reclamation (with or without revegetation) of (I) solid waste
from the extraction, beneficiation, and processing of phosphate
rock or (II) overburden from the mining of uranium ore.
(iv) Whenever on the basis of any information the Administrator
determines that any person is in violation of any requirement of
this subparagraph, the Administrator shall give notice to the viola-
tor of his failure to comply with such requirement. If such violation
extends beyond the thirtieth day after the Administrator's notifica-
tion, the Administrator may issue an order requiring compliance
within a specified time period or the Administrator may commence
a civil action in the United States district court in the district in
which the violation occurred for appropriate relief, including a
temporary or permanent injunction.
(C) Not later than six months after the date of submission of the
applicable study required to be conducted under subsection (f), (n),
(o), or (p), of section 8002 of this Act, the Administrator shall, after
public hearings and opportunity for comment, either determine to
promulgate regulations under this subtitle for each waste listed in
subparagraph (A) of this paragraph or determine that such regula-
tions are unwarranted. The Administrator shall publish his deter-
mination, which shall be based on information developed or accu-
mulated pursuant to such study, public hearings, and comment, in
the Federal Register accompanied by an explanation and justifica-
tion of the reasons for it.
(c) PETITION BY STATE GOVERNOR.—At any time after the date
eighteen months after the enactment of this title, the Governor of
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any State may petition the Administrator to identify or list a mate-
rial as a hazardous waste. The Administrator shall act upon such
petition within ninety days following his receipt thereof and shall
notify the Governor of such action. If the Administrator denies
such petition because of financial consideration, in providing such
notice to the Governor he shall include a statement concerning
such considerations.
(d) SMALL QUANTITY GENERATOR WASTE.—(1) By March 31, 1986,
the Administrator shall promulgate standards under sections 3002,
3003, and 3004 for hazardous waste generated by a generator.in a
total quantity of hazardous waste greater than one hundred kilo-
grams but less than one thousand kilograms during a calendar
month.
(2) The standards referred to in paragraph (1), including stand-
ards applicable to the legitimate use, reuse, recycling, and reclama-
tion of such wastes, may vary from the standards applicable to haz-
ardous waste generated by larger quantity generators, but such
standards shall be sufficient to protect human health and the envi-
ronment.
(3) Not later than two hundred and seventy days after the enact-
ment of the Hazardous and Solid Waste Amendments of 1984 any
hazardous waste which is part of a total quantity generated-by a
generator generating greater than one hundred kilograms but less
than one thousand kilograms during one calendar month and
which is shipped off the premises on which such waste is generated
shall be accompanied by a copy of the Environmental Protection
Agency Uniform Hazardous Waste Manifest form signed by the gen-
erator. This form shall contain the following information:
(A) the name and address of the generator of the waste;
(B) the United States Department of Transportation descrip-
tion of the waste, including the proper shipping name, hazard
class, and identification number (Ufi/NA), inapplicable;
(C) the number and type of containers;
(D) the quantity of waste being transported; and
(E) the name and address of the facility designated to receive
the waste.
If subparagraph (B) is not applicable, in lieu of the description re-
ferred to in such subparagraph (B), the form shall contain the Envi-
ronmental Protection Agency identification number, or a generic de-
scription of the waste, or a description of the waste by hazardous
waste characteristic. Additional requirements related to the mani-
fest form shall apply only if determined necessary by the Adminis-
trator to protect human health and the environment.
(4) The Administrator's responsibility under this subtitle to pro-
tect human health and the environment may require the promulga-
tion of standards under this subtitle for hazardous wastes which
are generated by any generator who does not generate more than one
hundred kilograms of hazardous waste in a calendar month.
(5) Until the effective date of standards required to be promulgat-
ed under paragraph (1), any hazardous waste identified or listed
under section 3001 generated by any generator during any calendar
month in a total quantity greater than one hundred kilograms but
less than one thousand kilograms, which is not treated, stored, or
disposed of at a hazardous waste treatment, storage, or disposal fa-
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cility with a permit under section 3005; shall be disposed of only in
a facility which is permitted, licensed, or registered by a State to
manage municipal or industrial solid waste.
(6) Standards promulgated as provided in paragraph (1) shall, at
a minimum, require that all treatment, storage, or disposal of haz-
ardous wastes generated by generators referred to in paragraph (1)
shall occur at a facility with interim status or a permit under this
subtitle, except that onsite storage of hazardous waste generated by
a generator generating a total quantity of hazardous waste greater
than one hundred kilograms, but less than one thousand kilograms
during a calendar month, may occur without the requirement of a
permit for up to one hundred and eighty days. Such onsite storage
may occur without the requirement of a permit for not more than
six thousand kilograms for up to two hundred and seventy days if
such generator must ship or haul such waste over two hundred
miles.
(7XA) Nothing in this subsection shall be construed to affect or
impair the validity of regulations promulgated by the Secretary of
Transportation pursuant to the Hazardous Materials Transporta-
tion Act.
(B) Nothing in this subsection shall be construed to affect, modify,
or render invalid any requirements in regulations promulgated prior
to January 1, 1983 applicable to any acutely hazardous waste identi-
fied or listed under section 3001 which is generated by any genera-
tor during any calendar month in a total quantity less than one
thousand kilograms.
(8) Effective March 31, 1986, unless the Administrator promul-
gates standards as provided in paragraph (1) of this subsection prior
to such date, hazardous waste generated by any generator in a total
quantity greater than one hundred kilograms but less than one
thousand kilograms during a calendar month shall be subject to the
following requirements until the standards referred to in paragraph
(1) of this subsection have become effective:
(A) the notice requirements of paragraph (3) of this subsection
shall apply and in addition, the information provided in the
form shall include the name of the waste transporters and the
name and address of the facility designated to receive the
waste;
(B) except in the case of the onsite storage referred to in para-
graph (6) of this subsection, the treatment, storage, or disposal
of such waste shall occur at a facility with interim status or a
permit under this subtitle;
(C) generators of such waste shall file manifest exception re-
ports as required of generators producing greater amounts of
hazardous waste per month except that such reports shall be
filed by January 31, for any waste shipment occurring in the
last half of the preceding calendar year, and by July 31, for any
waste shipment occurring in the first half of the calendar year;
and
(D) generators of such waste shall retain for three years a
copy of the manifest signed by the designated facility that has
received the waste.
Nothing in this paragraph shall be construed as a determination of
the standards appropriate under paragraph (1).
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(9) The last sentence of section 3010(b) shall not apply to regula-
tions promulgated under this subsection.
(e) SPECIFIED WASTES.—(1) Not later than 6 months after the date
of enactment of the Hazardous and Solid Waste Amendments of
1984, the Administrator shall, where appropriate, list under subsec-
tion (b)(l), additional waste containing chlorinated dioxins or chlor-
inated-dibenzofurans. Not later than one year after the date of en-
actment of the Hazardous and Solid Waste Amendments of 1984,
the Administrator shall, where appropriate, list under subsection
(b)(l) wastes containing remaining halogenated dioxins and haloge-
nated-dibenzofurans.
(2) Not later than fifteen months after the date of enactment of
the Hazardous and Solid Waste Amendments of 1984, the Adminis-
trator shall make a determination of whether or not to list under
subsection (b)(l) the following wastes: Chlorinated Aliphatics,
Dioxin, Dimethyl Hydrazine, TDI (toluene diisocyanate), Carba-
mates, Bromacil, Linuron, Organo-bromines, solvents, refining
wastes, chlorinated aromatics, dyes and pigments, inorganic chemi-
cal industry wastes, lithium batteries, coke byproducts, paint pro-
duction waste, and coal slurry pipeline effluent.
(f) DELISTING PROCEDURES.—(1) When evaluating a petition to ex-
clude a waste generated at a particular facility from listing under
this section, the Administrator shall consider factors (including ad-
ditional constituents) other than those for which the waste was
listed if the Administrator has a reasonable basis to believe that
such additional factors could cause the waste to be a hazardous
waste. The Administrator shall provide notice and opportunity for
comment on these additional factors before granting or denying
such petition.
(2)(A) To the maximum extent practicable, the Administrator shall
publish in the Federal Register a proposal to grant or deny a peti-
tion referred to in paragraph (1) within twelve months after receiv-
ing a complete application to exclude a waste generated at a par-
ticular facility from being regulated as a hazardous waste and shall
grant or deny such a petition within twenty-four months after re-
ceiving a complete application.
(B) The temporary granting of such a petition prior to the enact-
ment of the Hazardous and Solid Waste Amendments of 1984 with-
out the opportunity for public comment and the full consideration
of such comments shall not continue for more than twenty-four
months after the date of enactment of the Hazardous and Solid
Waste Amendments of 1984. If a final decision to grant or deny
such a petition has not been promulgated after notice and opportu-
nity for public comment within the time limit prescribed by the pre-
ceding sentence, any such temporary granting of such petition shall
petition shall cease to be in effect.
(g) EP ToxiciTY.—Not later than twenty-eight months after the
date of enactment of the Hazardous and Solid Waste Amendments
of 1984 the Administrator shall examine the deficiencies of the ex-
traction procedure toxicity characteristic as a predictor of the leach-
ing potential of wastes and make changes in the extraction proce-
dure toxicity characteristic, including changes in the leaching
media, as are necessary to insure that it accurately predicts the
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leaching potential of wastes which pose a threat to human health
and the environment when mismanaged.
(h) ADDITIONAL CHARACTERISTICS.—Not later than two years after
the date of enactment of the Hazardous and Solid Waste Amend-
ments of 1984, the Administrator shall promulgate regulations
under this section identifying additional characteristics of hazard-
ous waste, including measures or indicators of toxicity.
(i) CLARIFICATION OF HOUSEHOLD WASTE EXCLUSION.—A resource
recovery facility recovering energy from the mass burning of munici-
pal solid waste shall not be deemed to be treating, storing, disposing
of, or otherwise managing hazardous waste for the purposes of regu-
lation under this subtitle, if-—
(1) such facility—
(A) receives and burns only—
(i) household waste (from single, and multiple dwell-
ings, hotels, motels, and other residential sources) and
(ii) solid waste from commercial or industrial sources
that does not contain hazardous waste identified or
listed under this section, and
(B) does not accept hazardous wastes identified or listed
under this section, and
(2) the owner or operator of such facility has established con-
tractual requirements or other appropriate notification or in-
spection procedures to assure that hazardous wastes are not re-
ceived at or burned in such facility.
STANDARDS APPUCABLE TO GENERATORS OF HAZARDOUS WASTE
SEC. 3002. (a) IN GENERAL.—Not later than eighteen months after
the date of the enactment of this section, and after notice and op-
portunity for public hearings and after consultation with appropri-
ate Federal and State agencies, the Administrator shall promulgate
regulations establishing such standards applicable to generators of
hazardous waste identified or listed under this subtitle, as may be
necessary to protect human health and the environment. Such
standards shall establish requirements respecting—
(1) recordkeeping practices that accurately identify the quan-
tities of such hazardous waste generated, the constituents
thereof which are significant in quantity or in potential harm
to human health or the environment, and the disposition of
such waste;
(2) labeling practices for any containers used for the storage,
transport, or disposal of such hazardous waste such as will
identify accurately such waste;
(3) use of appropriate containers for such hazardous waste;
(4) furnishing of information on the general chemical compo-
sition of such hazardous waste to persons transporting, treat-
ing, storing, or disposing of such wastes;
(5) use of a manifest system and any other reasonable means
necesary to assure that all such hazardous waste generated is
designated for treatment, storage, or disposal in and arrives at,
treatment, storage, or disposal facilities (other than facilities
on the premises where the waste is generated) for which a
permit has been issued as provided in this subtitle, or pursuant
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to title I of the Marine Protection, Research, and Sanctuaries
Act (86 Stat. 1052), and
[(6) submission of reports to the Administrator (or the State
agency in any case in which such agency carries out an author-
ized permit program pursuant to this subtitle) at such times as
the Administrator (or the State agency if appropriate) deems
necessary, setting out—
[(A) the quantities of hazardous waste identified or
listed under this subtitle that he has generated during a
particular time period; and
[(B) the disposition of all hazardous waste reported
under subparagraph (A).]
(6) submission of reports to the Administrator (or the State agency
in any case in which such agency carries out a permit program pur-
suant to this subtitle) at least once every two years, setting out—
(A) the quantities and nature of hazardous waste identified
or listed under this subtitle that he has generated during the
year;
(B) the disposition of all hazardous waste reported under sub-
paragraph (A);
(C) the efforts undertaken during the year to reduce the
volume and toxicity of waste generated; and
(D) the changes in volume and toxicity of waste actually
achieved during the year in question in comparison with previ-
ous years, to the extent such information is available for years
prior to enactment of the Hazardous and Solid Waste Amend-
ments of 1984.
(b) WASTE MINIMIZATION.—Effective September 1, 1985, the mani-
fest required by subsection (a)(5) shall contain a certification by the
generator that—
(1) the generator of the hazardous waste has a program in
place to reduce the volume or quantity and toxicity of such
waste to the degree determined by the generator to be economi-
cally practicable; and
(2) the proposed method of treatment, storage, or disposal is
that practicable method currently available to the generator
which minimizes the -present and future threat to human
health and the environment.
STANDARDS APPLICABLE TO TRANSPORTERS OP HAZARDOUS WASTE
SEC. 3003. (a) STANDARDS.—Not later than eighteen months after
the date of enactment of this section, and after opportunity for
public hearings, the Administrator, after consultation with the Sec-
retary of Transportation and the States, shall promulgate regula-
tions establishing such standards, applicable to transporters of haz-
ardous waste identified or listed under this subtitle, as may be nec-
essary to protect human health and the environment. Such stand-
ards shall include but need not be limited to requirements respect-
ing—
(1) recordkeeping concerning such hazardous waste trans-
ported, and their source and delivery points;
(2) transportation of such waste only if properly labeled;
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(3) compliance with the manifest system referred to in sec-
tion 3002(5); and
(4) transportation of all such hazardous waste only to the
hazardous waste treatment, storage, or disposal facilities which
the shipper designates on the manifest form to be a facility
holding a permit issued under this subtitle, or pursuant to title
I of the Marine Protection, Research, and Sanctuaries Act (86
Stat. 1052).
(b) COORDINATION WITH REGULATIONS OF SECRETARY OF TRANS-
PORTATION.—In case of any hazardous waste identified or listed
under this subtitle which is subject to the Hazardous Materials
Transportation Act (88 Stat. 2156; 49 U.S.C. 1801 and following),
the regulations promulgated by the Administrator under this sec-
tion shall be consistent with the requirements of such Act and the
regulations thereunder. The Administrator is authorized to make
recommendations to the Secretary of Transportation respecting the
regulations of such hazardous waste under the Hazardous Materi-
als Transportation Act and for addition of materials to be covered
by such Act.
(c) FUEL FROM HAZARDOUS WASTE.—Not later than two years
after the date of enactment of the Hazardous and Solid Waste
Amendments of 1984, and after opportunity for public hearing, the
Administrator shall promulgate regulations establishing standards,
applicable to transporters of fuel produced (1) from any hazardous
waste identified or listed under section 3001, or (2) from any hazard-
ous waste identified or listed under section 3001 and any other ma-
terial, as may be necessary to protect human health and the envi-
ronment. Such standards may include any of the requirements set
forth in paragraphs (1) through (4) of subsection (a} as may be ap-
propriate.
STANDARDS APPLICABLE TO OWNERS AND OPERATORS OF HAZARDOUS
WASTE TREATMENT, STORAGE, AND DISPOSAL FACILITIES
SEC. 3004. (a) IN GENERAL.—Not later than eighteen months
after the date of enactment of this section, and after opportunity
for public hearings and after consultation with appropriate Federal
and State agencies, the Administrator shall promulgate regulations
establishing such performance standards, applicable to owners and
operators of facilities for the treatment, storage, or disposal of haz-
ardous waste identified or listed under this subtitle, as may be nec-
essary to protect human health and the environment. In establish-
ing such standards the Administrator shall, where appropriate, dis-
tinguish in such standards between requirements appropriate for
new facilities and for facilities in existence on the date of promul-
gation of such regulations. Such standards shall include, but need
not be limited to, requirements respecting—
(1) maintaining records of all hazardous wastes identified or
listed under this title which is treated, stored or disposed of, as
the case may be, and the manner in which such wastes were
treated, stored, or disposed of;
(2) satisfactory reporting, monitoring, and inspection and
compliance with the manifest system referred to in section
8002(5);
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(3) treatment, storage, or disposal of all such waste received
by the facility pursuant to such operating methods, techniques,
and practices as may be satisfactory to the Administrator;
(4) the location, design, and construction of such hazardous
waste treatment, disposal, or storage facilities;
(5) contingency plans for effective action to minimize unan-
ticipated damage from any treatment, storage, or disposal of
any such hazardous waste;
(6) the maintenance of operation of such facilities and requir-
ing such additional qualifications as to ownership, continuity
of operation, training for personnel, and financial responsibil-
ity (including financial reponsibility for corrective action) as
may be necessary or desirable; and
(7) compliance with the requirements of section 3005 respect-
ing permits for treatment, storage, or disposal.
No private entity shall be precluded by reason of criteria estab-
lished under paragraph (6) from the ownership or operation of fa-
cilities providing hazardous waste treatment, storage, or disposal
services where such entity can provide assurances of financial re-
sponsibility and continuity of operation consistent with the degree
and duration of risks associated with the treatment, storage, or dis-
posal of specified hazardous waste.
(b) SALT DOME FORMATIONS, SALT BED FORMATIONS, UNDER-
GROUND MINES AND CAVES.—(1) Effective on the date of the enact-
ment of the Hazardous and Solid Waste Amendments of 1984, the
placement of any noncontainerized or bulk liquid hazardous waste
in any salt dome formation, salt bed formation, underground mine,
or cave is prohibited until such time as—
(A) the Administrator has determined, after notice and oppor-
tunity for hearings on the record in the affected areas, that
such placement is protective of human health and the environ-
ment;
(B) the Administrator has promulgated performance and per-
mitting standards for such facilities under this subtitle, and;
(C) a permit has been issued under section 3Q05(c) for the fa-
cility concerned.
(2) Effective on the date of enactment of the Hazardous and Solid
Waste Amendments of 1984, the placement of any hazardous waste
other than a hazardous waste referred to in paragraph (1) in a salt
dome formation, salt bed formation, underground mine, or cave is
prohibited until such time as a permit has been issued under section
3005(c) for the facility concerned.
(3) No determination made by the Administrator under subsection
(d), (e), or (g) of this section regarding any hazardous waste to which
such subsection (d), (e), or (g) applies shall affect the prohibition
contained in paragraph (1) or (2) of this subsection.
(4) Nothing in this subsection shall apply to the Department of
Energy Waste Isolation Pilot Project in New Mexico.
(c) LIQUIDS IN LANDFILLS.—(I) Effective 6 months after the date
of the enactment of the Hazardous and Solid Waste Amendments of
1984, the placement of bulk or noncontainerized liquid hazardous
waste or free liquids contained in hazardous waste (whether or not
absorbents have been added) in any landfill is prohibited. Prior to
such date the requirements (as in effect on April 30, 1983) promul-
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gated under this section by the Administrator regarding and liquid
hazardous waste shall remain in force and effect to the extent such
requirements are applicable to the placement of bulk or noncontain-
erized liquid hazardous waste, or free liquids contained in hazard-
ous waste, in landfills.
(2) Not later than fifteen months after the date of the enactment
of the Hazardous and Solid Waste Amendments of 1984, the .Ad-
ministrator shall promulgate final regulations which—
(A) minimize the disposal of containerized liquid hazardous
waste in landfills, and
(B) minimize the presence of free liquids in containerized haz-
ardous waste to be disposed of in landfills.
Such regulations shall also prohibit the disposal in landfills of liq-
uids that have been absorbed in materials that biodegrade or that
release liquids when compressed as might occur during routine
landfill operations. Prior to the date on which such final regula-
tions take effect, the requirements (as in effect on April 30, 1983)
promulgated under this section by the Administrator shall remain
in force and effect to the extent such requirements are applicable to
the disposal of containerized liquid hazardous waste, or free liquids
contained in hazardous waste in landfills.
(3) Effective twelve months after the date of the enactment of the
Hazardous and Solid Waste Amendments of 1984, the placement of
any liquid which is not a hazardous waste in a landfill for which a
permit is required under section 3005(c) or which is operating pursu-
ant to interim status granted under section 3005(e) is prohibited
unless the owner or operator of such landfill demonstrates to the
Administrator, or the Administrator determines, that—
(A) the only reasonably available alternative to the placement
in such landfill is placement in a landfill or unlined surface
impoundment, whether or not permitted under section 3005(c) or
operating pursuant to interim status under section 3005(e),
which contains, or may reasonably be anticipated to contain,
hazardous waste; and
(B) placement in such owner or operator's landfill will not
present a risk of contamination of any underground source of
drinking water.
As used in subparagraph (B), the term "underground source of
drinking water' has the same meaning as provided in regulations
under the Safe Drinking Water Act (title XIV of the Public Health
Service Act).
(4) No determination made by the Administrator under subsection
(d), (e), or (g) of this section regarding any hazardous waste to which
such subsection (d), (e), or (g) applies shall affect the prohibition
contained in paragraph (1) of this subsection.
(d) PROHIBITIONS ON LAND DISPOSAL OF SPECIFIED WASTES.—(1)
Effective 32 months after the enactment of the Hazardous and Solid
Waste Amendments of 1984 (except as provided in subsection (f)
with respect to underground injection into deep injection wells), the
land disposal of the hazardous wastes referred to in paragraph (2) is
prohibited unless the Administrator determines the prohibition on
one or more methods of land disposal of such waste is not required
in order to protect human health and the environment for as long
as the waste remains hazardous, taking into account—
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(A) the long-term uncertainties associated with land disposal,
(B) the goal of managing hazardous waste in an appropriate
manner in the first instance, and
(C) the persistence, toxicity, mobility, and propensity to bioac-
cumulate of such hazardous wastes and their hazardous con-
stituents.
For the purposes of this paragraph, a method of land disposal may
not be determined to be protective of human health and the environ-
ment for a hazardous waste referred to in paragraph (2) (other than
a hazardous waste which has complied with the pretreatment regu-
lations promulgated under subsection (m)), unless, upon application
by an interested person, it has been demonstrated to the Administra-
tor, to a reasonable degree of certainty, that there will be no migra-
tion of hazardous constituents from the disposal unit or injection
zone for as long as the wastes remain hazardous.
(2) Paragraph (1) applies to the following hazardous wastes listed
or identified under section 3001:
(A) Liquid hazardous wastes, including free liquids associat-
ed with any solid or sludge, containing free cyanides at concen-
trations greater than or equal to 1,000 mg/L
(B) Liquid hazardous wastes, including free liquids associat-
ed with any solid or sludge, containing the following metals (or
elements) or compounds of these metals (or elements) at concen-
trations greater than or equal to those specified below:
(i) arsenic and/or compounds (as As) 500 mg/l;
(ii) cadmium and/or compounds (as (Cd) 100 mg/l;
(Hi) chromium (VI and/or compounds (as Cr VI))
500 mg/l;
(iv) lead and/or compounds (as Pb) 500 mg/l;
(v) mercury and/or compounds (as Hg) 20 mg/l;
(vi) nickel and/or compounds (as Ni) 134 mg/l;
(vii) selenium and/or compounds (as Se) 100 mg/l; and
(viii) thallium and/or compounds (as Th) 130 mg/l.
(C) Liquid hazardous waste having a pH less than or equal to
two (2.0).
(D) Liquid hazardous wastes containing polychlorinated bi-
phenyls at concentrations greater than or equal to 50 ppm.
(E) Hazardous wastes containing halogenated organic com-
pounds in total concentration greater than or equal to 1,000
mg/kg.
When necessary to protect human health and the environment, the
Administrator shall substitute more stringent concentration levels
than the levels specified in subparagraphs (A) through (E).
(3) During the period ending forty-eight months after the date of
the enactment of the Hazardous and Solid Waste Amendments of
1984, this subsection shall not apply to any disposal of contaminat-
ed soil or debris resulting from a response action taken under sec-
tion 104 or 106 of the Comprehensive Environmental Response, Com-
pensation, and Liability Act of 1980 or a corrective action required
under this subtitle.
(e) SOLVENTS AND DIOXINS.—(1) Effective twenty-four months after
the date of enactment of the Hazardous and Solid Waste Amend-
ments of 1984 (except as provided in subsection (f) with respect to
underground injection into deep injection wells), the land disposal
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of the hazardous wastes referred to in paragraph (2) is prohibited
unless the Administrator determines the prohibition of one or more
methods of land disposal of such waste is not required in order to
protect human health and the environment for as long as the waste
remains hazardous, taking into account the factors referred to in
subparagraph (A) through (C) of subsection (d)(l). For the purposes
of this paragraph, a method of land disposal may not be determined
to be protective of human health and the environment for a hazard-
ous waste referred to in paragraph (2) (other than a hazardous
waste which has complied with the pretreatment regulations pro-
mulgated under subsection (m)), unless upon application by an inter-
ested person it has been demonstrated to the Administrator, to a
reasonable degree of certainty, that there will be no migration of
hazardous constituents from the disposal unit or injection zone for
as long as the wastes remain hazardous.
(2) The hazardous wastes to which the prohibition under para-
graph (1) applies are as follows—
(A) dioxin-containing hazardous wastes numbered F020,
F021, F022, and F023 (as referred to in the proposed rule pub-
lished by the Administrator in the Federal Register for April 4,
1983), and
(B) those hazardous wastes numbered FOQ1, F002, F003, F004,
and F005 in regulations promulgated by the Administrator
under section 3001 (40 C.F.R. 261.31 (July 1, 1983)), as those reg-
ulations are in effect on July 1, 1983.
(3) During the period ending forty-eight months after the date of
the enactment of Hazardous and Solid Waste Amendments of 1984,
this subsection shall not apply to any disposal of contaminated soil
or debris resulting from a response action taken under section 104 or
106 of the Comprehenisve Environmental Response, Compensation,
and Liability Act of 1980 or a corrective action required under this
subtitle.
(f) DISPOSAL INTO DEEP INJECTION WELLS; SPECIFIED SUBSECTION
(d) WASTES; SOLVENTS AND DIOXINS.—(1) Not later than forty-five
months after the date of enactment of the Hazardous and Solid
Waste Amendments of 1984, the Administrator shall complete a
review of the disposal of all hazardous wastes referred to in para-
graph (2) of subsection (d) and in paragraph (2) of subsection (e) by
underground injection into deep injection wells.
(2) Within forty-five months after the date of the enactment of the
Hazardous and Solid Waste Amendments of 1984, the Administra-
tor shall make a determination regarding the disposal by under-
ground injection into deep injection wells of the hazardous wastes
referred to in paragraph (2) of subsection (d) and the hazardous
wastes referred to in paragraph (2) of subsection (e). The Adminis-
trator shall promulgate final regulations prohibiting the disposal of
such wastes into such wells if it may reasonably be determined that
such disposal may not be protective of human health and the envi-
ronment for as long as the waste remains hazardous, taking into ac-
count the factors referred to in subparagraphs (A) through (C) of
subsection (d)(l). In promulgating such regulations, the Administra-
tor shall consider each hazardous waste referred to in paragraph (2)
of subsection (d) or in paragraph (2) of subsection (e) which is pro-
hibited from disposal into such wells by any State.
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(3) If the Administrator fails to make a determination under
paragraph (2) for any hazardous waste referred to in paragraph (2)
of subsection (d) or in paragraph (2) of subsection (e) within forty-
five months after the date of enactment of the Hazardous and Solid
Waste Amendments of 1984, such hazardous waste shall be prohib-
ited from disposal into any deep injection well.
(4) As used in this subsection, the term "deep injection well"
means a well used for the underground injection of hazardous waste
other than a well to which section 7010(a) applies.
(g) ADDITIONAL LAND DISPOSAL PROHIBITION DETERMINATIONS. —
(1) Not later than twenty-four months after the date of enactment of
the Hazardous and Solid Waste Amendments of 1984, the Adminis-
trator shall submit a schedule to Congress for —
(A) reviewing all hazardous wastes listed (as of the date of
the enactment of the Hazardous and Solid Waste Amendments
of 1984) under section 3001 other than those wastes which are
referred to in subsection (d) or (e); and
(B) taking action under paragraph (5) of this subsection with
respect to each such hazardous waste.
(2) The Administrator shall base the schedule on a ranking of
such listed wastes considering their intrinsic hazard and their
volume such that decisions regarding the land disposal of high
volume hazardous wastes with high intrinsic hazard shall, to the
maximum extent possible, be made by the date forty-five months
after the date of enactment of the Hazardous and Solid Waste
Amendments of 1984. Decisions regarding low volume hazardous
wastes with lower intrinsic hazard shall be made by the date sixty-
six months after such date of enactment.
(3) The preparation and submission of the schedule under this
subsection shall not be subject to the Paperwork Reduction Act of
1980. No hearing on the record shall be required for purposes of
preparation or submission of the schedule. The schedule shall not be
subject to judicial review.
(4) The schedule under this subsection shall require that the Ad-
ministrator shall promulgate regulations in accordance with para-
graph (5) or make a determination under paragraph (5) —
(A) for at least one-third of all hazardous wastes referred to
in paragraph (1) by the date forty-five months after the date of
enactment of the Hazardous and Solid Waste Amendments of
1984;
(B) for at least two-thirds of all such listed wastes by the date
fifty-five months after the date of enactment of such Amend-
ments; and
(C) for all such listed wastes and for all hazardous wastes
identified under 3001 by the date sixty-six months after the
date of enactment of such Amendments.
In the case of any hazardous waste identified or listed under section
3001 after the date of enactment of the Hazardous and Solid Waste
Amendments of 1984, the Administrator shall determine whether
such waste shall be prohibited from one or more methods of land
disposal in accordance with paragraph (5) within six months after
the date of such identification or listing.
(5) Not later than the date specified in the schedule published
under this subsection, the Administrator shall promulgate final reg-
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illations prohibiting one or more methods of land disposal of the
hazardous wastes listed on such schedule except for methods of land
disposal which the Administrator determines will be protective of
human health and the environment for as long as the waste re-
mains hazardous, taking into account the factors referred to in sub-
paragraph (A) through (C) of subsection (d)(l). For the purposes of
this paragraph, a method of land disposal may not be determined to
be protective of human health and the environment (except with re-
spect to a hazardous waste which has complied with the pretreat-
ment regulations promulgated under subsection (m)) unless, upon
application by an interested person, it has been demonstrated to the
Administrator, to a reasonable degree of certainty, that there will be
no migration of hazardous constituents from the disposal unit or in-
jection zone for as long as the wastes remain hazardous.
(6XA) If the Administrator fails (by the date forty-five months
after the date of enactment of the Hazardous and Solid Waste
Amendments of 1984) to promulgate regulations or make a determi-
nation under paragraph (5) for any hazardous waste which is in-
cluded in the first one-third of the schedule published under this
subsection, such hazardous waste may be disposed of in a landfill
or surface impoundment only if-—
(i) such facility is in compliance with the requirements of sub-
section (o) which are applicable to new facilities (relating to
minimum technological requirements); and
(ii) prior to such disposal, the generator has certified to the
Administrator that such generator has investigated the avail-
ability of treatment capacity and has determined that the use of
such landfill or surface impoundment is the only practical al-
ternative to treatment currently available to the generator.
The prohibition contained in this subparagraph shall continue to
apply until the Administrator promulgates regulations or makes a
determination under paragraph (5) for the waste concerned.
(B) If the Administrator fails (by the date 55 months after the
date of enactment of the Hazardous and Solid Waste Amendments
of 1984) to promulgate regulations or make a determination under
paragraph (5) for any hazardous waste which is included in the
first two-thirds of the schedule published under this subsection,
such hazardous waste may be disposed of in a landfill or surface
impoundment only if-—
(i) such facility is in compliance with the requirements of sub-
section (o) which are applicable to new facilities (relating to
minimum technological requirements); and
(ii) prior to such disposal, the generator has certified to the
Administrator that such generator has investigated the avail-
ability of treatment capacity and has determined that the use of
such landfill or surface impoundment is the only practical al-
ternative to treatment currently available to the generator.
The prohibition contained in this subparagraph shall continue to
apply until the Administrator promulgates regulations or makes a
determination under paragraph (5) for the waste concerned.
(C) If the Administrator fails to promulgate regulations, or make
a determination under paragraph (5) for any hazardous waste re-
ferred to in paragraph (1) within 66 months after the date of enact-
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merit of the Hazardous and Solid Waste Amendments of 1984, such
hazardous waste shall be prohibited from land disposal.
(h) VARIANCES FROM LAND DISPOSAL PROHIBITIONS.—(1) A prohi-
bition in regulations under subsection (d), (e), (f), or (g) shall be ef-
fective immediately upon promulgation.
(2) The Administrator may establish an effective date different
from the effective date which would otherwise apply under subsec-
tion (d), (e), (f), or (g) with respect to a specific hazardous waste
which is subject to a prohibition under subsection (d), (e), (f), or (g)
or under regulations under subsection (d), (e), (f), or (g). Any such
other effective date shall be established on the basis of the earliest
date on which adequate alternative treatment, recovery, or disposal
capacity which protects human health and the environment will be
available. Any such other effective date shall in no event be later
than 2 years after the effective date of the prohibition which would
otherwise apply under subsection (d), (e), (f), or (g).
(3) The Administrator, after notice and opportunity for comment
and after consultation with appropriate State agencies in all affect-
ed States, may on a case-by-case basis grant an extension of the ef-
fective date which would otherwise apply under subsection (d), (e),
(f), or (g) or under paragraph (2) for up to one year, where the appli-
cant demonstrates that there is a binding contractual commitment
to construct or otherwise provide such alternative capacity but due
to circumstances beyond the control of such applicant such alterna-
tive capacity cannot reasonably be made available by such effective
date. Such extension shall be renewable once for no more than one
additional year.
(4) Whenever another effective date (tiereinafter referred to as a
"variance") is established under paragraph (2), or an extension is
granted under paragraph (3), with respect to any hazardous waste,
during the period for which such variance or extension is in effect,
such hazardous waste may be disposed of in a landfill or surface
impoundment only if such facility is in compliance with the require-
ments of subsection (o).
(i) PUBLICATION OF DETERMINATION.—If the administrator deter-
mines that a method of land disposal will be protective of human
health and the environment, he shall promptly publish in the Fed-
eral Register notice of such determination, together with an expla-
nation of the basis for such determination.
(j) STORAGE OF HAZARDOUS WASTE PROHIBITED FROM LAND DIS-
POSAL.—In the case of any hazardous waste which is prohibited
from one or more methods of land disposal under this section (or
under regulations promulgated by the administrator under any pro-
vision of this section) the storage of such hazardous waste is prohib-
ited unless such storage is solely for the purpose of the accumula-
tion of such quantities of hazardous waste as are necessary to facili-
tate proper recovery, Treatment or disposal.
(k) DEFINITION OF LAND DISPOSAL.—For the purposes of this sec-
tion, the term 'land disposal", when used with respect to a specified
hazardous waste, shall be deemed to include, but not be limited to,
any placement of such hazardous waste in a landfill, surface im-
poundment, waste pile, injection well, land treatment facility, salt
dome formation, salt bed formation, or underground mine or cave.
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(1) BAN ON DUST SUPPRESSION.—The use of waste or used oil or
other material, which is contaminated or mixed with dioxin or any
other hazardous waste identified or listed under section 3001 (other
than a waste identified solely on the basis of ignitability), for dust
suppression or road treatment is prohibited.
(m) TREATMENT STANDARDS FOR WASTES SUBJECT TO LAND DIS-
POSAL PROHIBITION.—(1) Simultaneously with the promulgation of
regulations under subsection (d), (e), (f), or (g) prohibiting one or
more methods of land disposal of a particular hazardous waste, and
as appropriate thereafter, the Administrator shall, after notice and
an opportunity for hearings and after consultation with appropriate
Federal and State agencies, promulgate regulations specifying those
levels or methods of treatment, if any, which substantially diminish
the toxicity of the waste or substantially reduce the likelihood of
migration of hazardous consituents from the waste so that short-
term and long-term threats to human health and the environment
are minimized.
(2) If such hazardous waste has been treated to the level or by a
method specified in regulations promulgated under this subsection,
such waste or residue thereof shall not be subject to any prohibition
promulgated under subsection (d), (e), (f), or (g) and may be disposed
of in a land disposal facility which meets the requirements of this
subtitle. Any regulations promulgated under this subsection for a
particular hazardous waste shall become effective on the same date
as any applicable prohibition promulgated under subsection (d), (e),
(f), or (g).
(n) AIR EMISSIONS.—Not later than thirty months after the date
of enactment of the Hazardous and Solid Waste Amendments of
1984, the Administrator shall promulgate such regulations for the
monitoring and control of air emissions at hazardous waste treat-
ment, storage, and disposal facilities, including but not limited to
open tanks, surface impoundments, and landfills, as may be neces-
sary to protect human health and the environment.
(o) MINIMUM TECHNOLOGICAL REQUIREMENTS.—The regulations
under subsection (a) of this section shall be revised from time to
time to take into account improvements in the technology of control
and measurement. At a minimum, such regulations shall require,
and a permit issued pursuant to section 3005(c) after the date of en-
actment of the Hazardous and Solid Waste Amendments of 1984 by
the Administrator or a State shall require—
(A) for each new landfill or surface impoundment, each new
landfill or surface impoundment unit at an existing facility,
each replacement of an existing landfill or surface impound-
ment unit, and each lateral expansion of an existing landfill or
surface impoundment unit, for which an application for d final
determination regarding issuance of a permit under section
3005(c) is received after the date of enactment of the Hazardous
and Solid Waste Amendments of 1984—
(i) the installation of two or more liners and a leachate
collection system above (in the case of a landfill) and be-
tween such liners; and
(ii) ground water monitoring.
(B) for each incinerator which receives a permit under section
3005(c) after the date of enactment of the Hazardous and Solid
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Waste Amendments of 1984, the attainment of the minimum de-
struction and removal efficiency required by regulations in
effect on June 24, 1982.
The requirements of this paragraph shall apply with respect to all
waste received after the issuance of the permit.
(2) Paragraph (l)(A)(i) shall not apply if the owner or operator
demonstrates to the Administrator, and the Administrator finds for
such landfill or surface impoundment, that alternative design and
operating practices, together with location characteristics, will pre-
vent the migration of any hazardous constituents into the ground
water or surface water at least as effectively as such liners and
leachate collection systems.
(3) The double-liner requirement set forth in paragraph (l)(A)(i)
may be waived by the Administrator for any monofill, if—
(A) such monofill contains only hazardous wastes from
foundry furnace emission controls or metal casting molding
sand,
(B) such wastes do not contain constituents which would
render the wastes hazardous for reasons other than the Extrac-
tion Procedure ("EP") toxicity characteristics set forth in regu-
lations under this subtitle, and
(C) such monofill meets the same requirements as are applica-
ble in the case of a waiver under section 3005(j) (2) or (4).
(4)(A) Not later than thirty months after the date of enactment of
the Hazardous and Solid Waste Amendments of 1984, the Adminis-
trator shall promulgate standards requiring that new landfill units,
surface impoundment units, waste piles, underground tanks and
land treatment units for the storage, treatment, or disposal of haz-
ardous waste identified or listed under section 3001 shall be re-
quired to utilize approved leak detection systems.
(B)For the purposes of subparagraph (A)—
(i) the term "approved leak detection system" means a system
or technology which the Administrator determines to be capable
of detecting leaks of hazardous constituents at the earliest prac-
ticable time; and
(ii) the term "new units" means units on which construction
commences after the date of promulgation of regulations under
this paragraph.
(5)(A) The Administrator shall promulgate regulations or issue
guidance documents implementing the requirements of paragraph <
(1)(A) within two years after the date of the enactment of the Haz-
ardous and Solid Waste Amendments of 1984-
(B) Until the effective date of such regulations or guidance docu-
ments, the requirement for the installation of two or more liners
may be satisfied by the installation of a top liner designed, operat-
ed, and constructed of materials to prevent the migration of any
constituent into such liner during the period such facility remains
in operation (including any post-closure monitoring period), and a
lower liner designed, operated and constructed to prevent the migra-
tion of any constituent through such liner during such period. For
the purpose of the preceding sentence, a lower liner shall be deemed
to satisfy such requirement if it is constructed of at least a 3-foot
thick layer of recompacted clay or other natural material with a
permeability of no more than lxlO~7 centimeter per second.
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(6) Any permit under section 3005 which is issued for a landfill
located within the State of Alabama shall require the installation
of two or more liners and a leachate collection system above and be-
tween such liners, notwithstanding any other provision of this Act.
(7) In addition to the requirements set forth in this subsection, the
regulations referred to in paragraph (1) shall specify criteria for the
acceptable location of new and existing treatment storage, or dispos-
al facilities as necessary to protect human health and the environ-
ment. Within 18 months after the enactment of the Hazardous and
Solid Waste Amendments of 1984, the Administrator shall publish
guidance criteria identifying areas of vulnerable hydrogeology.
(p) GROUND WATER MONITORING.—The standards under this sec-
tion concerning ground water monitoring which are applicable to
surface impoundments, waste piles, land treatment units, and land-
fills shall apply to such a facility whether or not—
(1) the facility is located above the seasonal high water table;
(2) two liners and a leachate collection system have been in-
stalled at the facility; or
(3) the owner or operator inspects the liner (or liners) which
has been installed at the facility.
This subsection shall not be construed to affect other exemptions or
waivers from such standards 'provided in regulations in effect on
the date of enactment of the Hazardous and Solid Waste Amend-
ments of 1984 or as may be provided in revisions to those regula-
tions, to the extent consistent with this subsection. The Administra-
tor is authorized on a case-by-case basis to exempt from ground
water monitoring requirements under this section (including subsec-
tion (o)) any engineered structure which the Administrator finds
does not receive or contain liquid waste (nor waste containing free
liquids}, is designed and operated to exclude liquid from precipita-
tion or other runoff, utilizes multiple leak detection systems within
the outer layer of containment, and provides for continuing oper-
ation and maintenance of these leak detection systems during the
operating period, closure, and the period required for post-closure
monitoring and for which the Administrator concludes on the basis
of such findings that there is a reasonable certainty hazardous con-
stituents will not migrate beyond the outer layer of containment
prior to the end of the period required for post-closure monitoring.
(q) HAZARDOUS WASTE USED AS FUEL.—(1) Not later than two
years after the date of the enactment of the Hazardous and Solid
Waste Amendments of 1984, and after notice and opportunity for
public hearing, the Administrator shall promulgate regulations es-
tablishing such—
(A) standards applicable to the owners and operators of facili-
ties which produce a fuel—
(i) from any hazardous waste identified or listed under
section 3001, or
(ii) from any hazardous waste identified or listed under
section 3001 of any other material;
(B) standards applicable to the owners and operators of facili-
ties which burn, for purposes of energy recovery, any fuel pro-
duced as provided in subparagraph (A) or any fuel which other-
wise contains any hazardous waste identified or listed under
section 3001; and
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(C) standards applicable to any person who distributes or
markets any fuel which is produced as provided in subpara-
graph (A) or any fuel which otherwise contains any hazardous
waste identified or listed under section 3001
as may be necessary to protect human health and the environment.
Such standards may include any of the requirements set forth in
paragraphs (1) through (7) of subsection (a) as may be appropriate.
Nothing in this subsection shall be construed to affect or impair the
provisions of section 3001(b)(3). For purposes of this subsection, the
term "hazardous waste listed under section 3001 " includes any com-
mercial product which is listed under section 3001 and which, in
lieu of its original intended use, is (i) produced for use as (or as a
component of) a fuel, (ii) distributed for use as a fuel, or (Hi) burned
as a fuel.
(2)(A) This subsection, subsection (r), and subsection (s) shall not
apply to petroleum refinery wastes containing oil which are convert-
ed into petroleum coke at the same facility at which such wastes
were generated, unless the resulting coke product would exceed one
or more characteristics by which a substance would be identified as
a hazardous waste under section 3001.
(B) The Administrator may exempt from the requirements of this
subsection, subsection (r), or subsection (s) facilities which burn de
minimis quantities of hazardous waste as fuel, as defined by the
Administrator, if the wastes are burned at the same facility at
which such wastes are generated; the waste is burned to recover
useful energy, as determined by the Administrator on the basis of
the design and operating characteristics of the facility and the heat-
ing value and other characteristics of the waste; and the waste is
burned in a type of device determined by the Administrator to be
designed and operated at a destruction and removal efficiency suffi-
cient such that protection of human health and environment is as-
(C)(i) After the date of the enactment of the Hazardous and Solid
Waste Amendments of 1984 and until standards are promulgated
and in effect under paragraph (2) of this subsection, no fuel which
contains any hazardous waste may be burned in any cement kiln
which is located within the boundaries of any incorporated munici-
pality with a population greater than five hundred thousand (based
on the most recent census statistics) unless such kiln fully complies
with regulations (as in effect on the date, of the enactment of the
Hazardous and Solid Waste Amendments of 1984) under the sub-
title which are applicable to incinerators.
(ii) Any person who knowingly violates the prohibition contained
in clause (i) shall be deemed to have violated section 3008(d)(2).
(r) LABELING.— (1) Notwithstanding any other provision of law,
until such time as the Administrator promulgates standards under
subsection (q) specifically super-ceding this requirement, it shall be
unlawful for any person who is required to file a notification in ac-
cordance with paragraph (1) or (3) of section 3010 to distribute or
market any fuel which is produced from any hazardous waste iden-
tified or listed under section 3001, or any fuel which otherwise con-
tains any hazardous waste identified or listed under section 3001 if
the invoice or the bill of sale fails —
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36
(A) to bear the following statement: "WARNING: THIS
FUEL CONTAINS HAZARDOUS WASTES", and
(B) to list the hazardous wastes contained therein.
Beginning ninety days after the enactment of the Hazardous and
Solid Waste Amendments of 1984, such statement shall be located
in a conspicuous place on every such invoice or bill of sale and shall
appear in conspicuous and legible type in contrast by typography,
layouts, or color with other printed matter on the invoice or bill of
sale.
(2) Unless the Administrator determines otherwise as may be nec-
essary to protect human health and the environment, this subsection
shall not apply to fuels produced from petroleum refining waste con-
taining oil if—
(A) such materials are generated and reinserted onsite into
the refining process;
(B) contaminants are removed; and
(C) such refining waste containing oil is converted along with
normal process streams into petroleum-derived fuel products at
a facility at which crude oil is refined into petroleum products
and which is classified as a number SIC 2911 facility under the
Office of Management and Budget Standard Industrial Classi-
fication Manual.
(3) Unless the Administrator determines otherwise as may be nec-
essary to protect human health and the enviromment, this subsec-
tion shall not apply to fuels produced from oily materials, resulting
from normal petroleum refining, production and transportation
practices, if (A) contaminants are removed; and (B) such oily materi-
als are converted along with normal process streams into petroleum-
derived fuel products at a facility at which crude oil is refined into
petroleum products and which is classified as a number SIC 2911
facility under the Office of Management and Budget Standard Clas-
sification Manual.
(s) RECORDKEEPING.—Not later than fifteen months after the date
of enactment of the Hazardous and Solid Waste Amendments of
1984, the Administrator shall promulgate regulations requiring that
any person who is required to file a notification in accordance with
subparagraph (1), (2), or (3), of section 3010(a) shall maintain such
records regarding fuel blending, distribution, or use as may be nec-
essary to protect human health and the environment.
(t) FINANCIAL RESPONSIBILITY PROVISIONS.—(1) Financial respon-
sibility required by subsection (a) of this section may be established
in accordance with regulations promulgated by the Administrator
by any one, or any combination, of the following: insurance, guaran-
tee, surety bond, letter of credit, or qualification as a self-insurer. In
promulgating requirements under this section, the Administrator is
authorized to specify policy or other contractual terms, conditions,
or defenses which are necessary or are unacceptable in establishing
such evidence of financial responsibility in order to effectuate the
purposes of this Act.
(2) In any case where the owner or operator is in bankruptcy, reor-
ganization, or arrangement pursuant to the Federal Bankruptcy
Code or where (with reasonable diligence) jurisdiction in any State
court or any Federal Court cannot be obtained over an owner or op-
erator likely to be solvent at the time of judgment, any claim arising
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from conduct for which evidence of financial responsibility must be
provided under this section may be asserted directly against the
guarantor providing such evidence of financial responsibility. In the
case of any action pursuant to this subsection, such guarantor shall
be entitled to invoke all rights and defenses which would have been
available to the owner or operator if any action had been brought
against the owner or operator by the claimant and which would
have been available to the guarantor if an action had been brought
against the guarantor by the owner or operator.
(3) The total liability of any guarantor shall be limited to the ag-
gregate amount which the guarantor has provided as evidence of fi-
nancial responsibiliity to the owner or operator under this Act.
Nothing in this subsection shall be construed to limit any other
State or Federal statutory, contractual or common law liability of a
guarantor to its owner or operator including, but not limited to, the
liability of such guarantor for bad faith either in negotiating or in
failing to negotiate the settlement of any claim. Nothing in this sub-
section shall be construed to diminish the liability of any person
under section 107 or 111 of the Comprehensive environmental Re-
sponse, Compensation and Liability Act of 1980 or other applicable
law.
(4) For the purpose of this subsection, the term "guarantor means
any person, other than the owner or operator, who provides evidence
of financial responsibility for an owner or operator under this sec-
tion.
(u) CONTINUING RELEASES AT PERMITTED FACILITIES.—Standards
promulgated under this section shall require, and a permit issued
after the date of enactment of the Hazardous and Solid Waste
Amendments of 1984 by the Administrator or a State shall require,
corrective action for all releases of hazardous waste or constituents
from any solid waste management unit at a treatment, storage, or
disposal facility seeking a permit under this subtitle, regardless of
the time at which waste was placed in such unit. Permits issued
under section 3005 shall contain schedules of compliance for such
corrective action (which such corrective action cannot be completed
prior to issuance of the permit) and assurances of financial responsi-
bility for completing such corrective action.
(v) CORRECTIVE ACTIONS BEYOND FACILITY BOUNDARY.—As
promptly as practicable after the date of the enactment of the Haz-
ardous and Solid Waste Amendments of 1984, the Administrator
shall amend the standards under this section regarding corrective
action required at facilities for the treatment, storage, or disposal,
of hazardous waste listed or identified under section 3001 to require
that corrective action be taken beyond the facility boundary where
necessary to protect human health and the environment unless the
owner or operator of the facility concerned demonstrates to the satis-
faction of the Administrator that, despite the owner or operator's
best efforts, the owner or operator was unable to obtain the neces-
sary permission to undertake such action. Such regulations shall
take effect immediately upon promulgation, notwithstanding section
3010(b), and shall apply to—
(1) all facilities operating under permits issued under subsec-
tion (c), and
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(2) all landfills, surface impoundments, and waste pile units
(including any new units, replacements of existing units, or lat-
eral expansions of existing units) which receive hazardous
waste after July 26, 1982.
Pending promulgation of such regulations, the Administrator shall
issue corrective action orders for facilities referred to in paragraphs
(1) and (2), on a case-by-case basis, consistent with the purposes of
this subsection.
(w) UNDERGROUND TANKS.—Not later than March 1, 1985, the
Administrator shall promulgate final permitting standards under
this section for underground tanks that cannot be entered for in-
spection. Within forty-eight months after the date of the enactment
of the Hazardous and Solid Waste Amendments of 1984, such
standards shall be modified, if necessary, to cover at a minimum all
requirements and standards described in section 9003.
(x) If (1) solid waste from the extraction, beneficiation or process-
ing of ores and minerals, including phosphate rock and overburden
from the mining of uranium, (2) fly ash waste, bottom ash waste,
slag waste, and flue gas emission control waste generated primarily
from the combustion of coal or other fossil fuels, or (3) cement kiln
dust waste, is subject to regulation under this subtitle, the Adminis-
trator is authorized to modify the requirements of subsections (c),
(d), (e), (f), (g), (o), and (u) and section 3005Q), in the case of landfills
or surface impoundments receiving such solid waste, to take into ac-
count the special characteristics of such wastes, the practical diffi-
culties associated with implementation of such requirements, and
site-specific characteristics, including but not limited to the climate,
geology, hydrology and soil chemistry at the site, so long as such
modified requirements assure protection of human health and the
environment.
PERMITS FOR TREATMENT, STORAGE, OR DISPOSAL OF HAZARDOUS WASTE
SEC. 3005. (a) PERMIT REQUIREMENTS.—Not later than eighteen
months after the date of the enactment of this section, the Admin-
istrator shall promulgate regulations requiring each person owning
or operating [a] an existing facility or planning to construct a new
facility for the treatment, storage, or disposal of hazardous waste
identified or listed under this subtitle to have a permit issued pur-
suant to this section. Such regulations shall take effect on the date
provided in section 3010 and upon and after such date the treat-
ment storage or disposal of any such hazardous waste and the con-
struction of any new facility for the treatment, storage, or disposal
of any such hazardous waste is prohibited except in accordance
with such a permit. No permit shall be required under this section
in order to construct a facility if such facility is constructed pursu-
ant to an approval issued by the Administrator under section 6(e) of
the Toxic Substances Control Act for the incineration of polycholor-
inated biphenyls and any person owning or operating such a facility
may, at any time after operation or construction of such facility has
begun, file an application for a permit pursuant to this section au-
thorizing such facility to incinerate hazardous waste identified or
listed under this subtitle.
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(b) REQUIREMENTS OF PERMIT APPLICATION.—Each application for
a permit under this section shall contain such information as may
be required under regulations promulgated by the Administrator,
including information respecting—
(1) estimates with respect to the composition, quantities, and
concentrations of any hazardous waste identified or listed
under this subtitle, or combinations of any such hazardous
waste and any other solid waste, proposed to be disposed of,
treated, transported, or stored, and the time, frequency, or rate
of which such waste is proposed to be disposed of, treated,
transported, or stored; and -, ± f
(2) the site at which such hazardous waste or the products ot
treatment of such hazardous waste will be disposed of, treated,
transported to, or stored. m . . .
(c) PERMIT ISSUANCE.—(Z> Upon a determination by the Adminis-
trator (or a State, if applicable), of compliance by a facility for
which a permit is applied for under this section with the require-
ments of this section and section 3004, the Administrator (or the
State) shall issue a permit for such facilities. In the event permit
applicants propose modification of their facilities, or in the event
the Administrator (or the State) determines that modifications are
necessary to conform to the requirements under this section and
section 3004, the permit shall specify the time allowed to complete
the modifications.
(2)(A)(i) Not later than the date four years after the enactment of
the Hazardous and Solid Waste Amendments of 1984, in the case of
each application under this subsection for a permit for a land dis-
posal facility which was submitted before such date, the Adminis-
trator shall issue a final permit pursuant to such application or
issue a final denial of such applicaton.
(ii) Not later than the date five years after the enactment of the
Hazardous and Solid Waste Amendments of 1984, in the case of
each application for a permit under this subsection for an incinera-
tor facility which was submitted before such date, the Administra-
tor shall issue a final permit pursuant to such application or issue
a final denial of such application.
(B) Not later than the date eight years after the enactment of the
Hazardous and Solid Waste Amendments of 1984, in the case of
each application for a permit under this subsection for any facility
(other than a facility referred to in subparagraph (A)) which was
submitted before such date, the Administrator shall issue a final
permit pursuant to such application or issue a final denial of such
application. „ ' ,
(C) The time periods specified in this paragraph shall also apply
in the case of any State which is administering an authorized haz-
ardous waste program under section 3006. Interim status under sub-
section (e) shall terminate for each facility referred to in subpara-
graph (A)(ii) or (B) on the expiration of the five- or eight-year period
referred to in subparagraph (A) or (B), whichever is applicable,
unless the owner or operator of the facility applies fora final deter-
mination regarding the issuance of a permit under this subsection
within—
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(i) two years after the date of the enactment of the Hazardous
and Solid Waste Amendments of 1984 (in the case of a facility
referred to in subparagraph (A)(ii)), or
(ii) four years after such date of enactment (in the case of a
facility referred to in subparagraph (B)).
(3) Any permit under this section shall be for a fixed term, not to
exceed 10 years in the case of any land disposal facility, storage fa-
cility, or incinerator or other treatment facility, Each permit for a
land disposal facility shall be reviewed five years after date of issu-
ance or reissuance and shall be modified as necessary to assure that
the facility continues to comply with the currently applicable re-
quirements of this section and section 3004. Nothing in this subsec-
tion shall preclude the Administrator from reviewing and modify-
ing a permit at any time during its term. Review of any application
for a permit renewal shall consider improvements in the state of
control and measurement technology as well as changes in applica-
ble regulations. Each permit issued under this section shall contain
such terms and conditions as the Administrator (or the State) deter-
mines necessary to protect human health and the environment.
(d) PERMIT REVOCATION.—Upon a determination by the Adminis-
trator (or by a State, in the case of a State having an authorized
hazardous waste program under section 3006) of noncompliance by
a facility having a permit under this title with the requirements of
this section or section 3004, the Administrator (or State, in the case
of a State having an authorized hazardous waste program under
section 3006) shall revoke such permit.
(e) INTERIM STATUS.—(1) Any person who—
[(1) owns or operates a facility required to have a permit
under this section which facility is in existence on November
19,1980.]
(A) owns or operates a facility required to have a permit
under this section which facility—
(i) was in existence on November 19, 1980, or
(ii) is in existence on the effective date of statutory or reg-
ulatory changes under this Act that render the facility sub-
ject to the requirement to have a permit under this section.
[(2)] (B) has complied with the requirements of section
3010(a), and
C(3)l (O has made an application for a permit under this
section shall be treated as having been issued such permit
until such time as final administrative disposition of such ap-
plication is made, unless the Administrator or other plaintiff
proves that final administrative disposition of such application
has not been made because of the failure of the applicant to
furnish information reasonably required or requested in order
to process the application.
This paragraph shall not apply to any facility which has been previ-
ously denied a permit under this section or if authority to operate
the facility under this section has been previously terminated.
(2) In the case of each land disposal facility which has been
granted interim status under this subsection before the date of en-
actment of the Hazardous and Solid Waste Amendments of 1984, in-
terim status shall terminate on the date twelve months after the
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date of the enactment of such Amendments unless the owner or op-
erator of such facility—
(A) applies for a final determination regarding the issuance
of a permit under subsection (c) for such facility before the date
twelve months after the date of the enactment of such Amend-
ments; and
(B) certifies that such facility is in compliance with all appli-
cable groundwater monitoring and financial responsibility re-
quirements.
(3) In the case of each land disposal facility which is in existence
on the effective date of statutory or regulatory changes under this
Act that render the facility subject to the requirement to have a
permit under this section and which is granted interim status under
this subsection, interim status shall terminate on the date twelve
months after the date on which the facility first becomes subject to
such permit requirement unless the owner or operator of such facili-
ty—
(A) applies for a final determination regarding the issuance
of a permit under subsection (c) for such facility before the date
twelve months after the date on which the facility first becomes
subject to such permit requirement; and
(B) certifies that such facility is in compliance with all appli-
cable groundwater monitoring and financial responsibility re-
quirements.
(f) COAL MINING WASTES AND RECLAMATION PERMITS.—Notwith-
standing subsection (a) through (e) of this section, any surface coal
mining and reclamation permit covering any coal mining wastes or
overburden which has been issued or approved under the Surface
Mining Control and Reclamation Act of 1977 shall be deemed to be
a permit issued pursuant to this section with respect to the treat-
ment, storage, or disposal of such wastes or overburden. Regula-
tions promulgated by the Administrator under this subtitle shall
not be applicable to treatment, storage, or disposal of coal mining
wastes or overburden which are covered by such a permit.
(g) RESEARCH, DEVELOPMENT, AND DEMONSTRATION PERMITS.—(1)
The Administrator may issue a research, development, and demon-
stration permit for any hazardous waste treatment facility which
proposes to utilize an innovative and experimental hazardous waste
treatment technology or process for which permit standards for such
experimental activity have not been promulgated under this subtitle.
Any such permit shall include such terms and conditions as will
assure protection of human health and the environment. Such per-
mits—
(A) shall provide for the construction of such facilities, as
necessary, and for operation of the facility for not longer than
one year (unless renewed as provided in paragraph (4)), and
(B) shall provide for the receipt and treatment by the facility
of only those types and quantities of hazardous waste which the
Administrator deems necessary for purposes of determining the
efficacy and performance capabilities of the technology or proc-
ess and the effects of such technology or process on human
health and the environment, and
(C) shall include such requirements as the Administrator
deems necessary to protect human health and the environment
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(including, but not limited to, requirements regarding monitor-
ing, operation, insurance or bonding, financial responsibility,
closure, and remedial action), and such requirements as the Ad-
ministrator deems necessary regarding testing and providing of
information to the Administrator with respect to the operation
of the facility.
The Administrator may apply the criteria set forth in this para-
graph in establishing the conditions of each permit without sepa-
rate establishment of regulations implementing such criteria.
(2) For the purpose of expediting review and issuance of permits
under this subsection, the Administrator may, consistent with the
protection of human health and the environment, modify or waive
permit application and permit issuance requirements established in
the administrator's general permit regulations except that there may
be no modification or waiver of regulations regarding financial re-
sponsibility (including insurance) or of procedures established under
section 7004(b)(2) regarding public participation.
(3) The Administrator may order an immediate termination of all
operations at the facility at any time he determines that termina-
tion is necessary to protect human health and the environment.
(4) Any permit issued under this subsection may be renewed not
more than three times. Each such renewal shall be for a period of
not more than 1 year.
(h) WASTE MINIMIZATION.—Effective September 1, 1985, it shall be
a condition of any permit issued under this section for the treat-
ment, storage, or disposal of hazardous waste on the premises where
such waste was generated that the permittee certify, no less often
than annually, that—
(1) the generator of the hazardous waste has a program in
place to reduce the volume or quantity and toxicity of such
waste to the degree determined by the generator to be economi-
cally practicable; and
(2) the proposed method of treatment, storage, or disposal is
that practicable method currently available to the generator
which minimizes the present and future threat to human
health and the environment.
(i) INTERIM STATUS FACILITIES RECEIVING WASTES AFTER JULY
26, 1982.—The standards concerning ground water monitoring, un-
saturated zone monitoring, and corrective action, which are applica-
ble under section §004 to new landfills, surface impoundments, land
treatment units, and waste-pile units required to be permitted under
subsection (c) shall also apply to any landfill, surface impoundment,
land treatment unit, or waste-pile unit qualifying for the authoriza-
tion to operate under subsection (e) which receives hazardous waste
after July 26, 1982.
(j) INTERIM STATUS SURFACE IMPOUNDMENTS.—(1) Except as pro-
vided in paragraph (2), (3), or (4), each surface impoundment in ex-
istence on the date of enactment of the Hazardous and Solid Waste
Amendments of 1984 and qualifying for the authorization to operate
under subsection (e) of this section shall not receive, store, or treat
hazardous waste after the date four years after such date of enact-
ment unless such surface impoundment is in compliance with the
requirements of section 3004(o)(l)(A) which would apply to such im-
poundment if it were new.
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(2) Paragraph (1) of this subsection shall not apply to any surface
impoundment which (A) has at least one liner, for which there is no
evidence that such liner is leaking; (B) is located more than one-
quarter mile from an underground source of drinking water; and (C)
is in compliance with generally applicable ground water monitoring
requirements for facilities with permits under subsection (c) of this
section.
(3) Paragraph (1) of this subsection shall not apply to any surface
impoundment which (A) contains treated waste water during the
secondary or subsequent phases of an aggressive biological treatment
facility subject to a permit issued under section 404 of the Clean
Water Act (or which holds such treated waste water after treatment
and prior to discharge); (B) is in compliance with generally applica-
ble ground water monitoring requirements for facilities with per-
mits under subsection (c) of this section; and (C)(i) is part a of facili-
ty in compliance with section 301(b)(2) of the Clean Water Act, or (ii)
in the case of a facility for which no effluent guidelines required
under section 304(b)(2) of the Clean Water Act are in effect and no
permit under section 402(a)(l) of such Act implementing section
301(b)(2) of such Act has been issued, is part of a facility in compli-
ance with a permit under section 403 of such Act, which is achiev-
ing significant degradation of toxic pollutants and hazardous con-
stituents contained in the untreated waste stream and which has
identified those toxic pollutants and hazardous constituents in the
untreated waste stream to the appropriate permitting authority.
(4) The Administrator (or the State, in the case of a State with an
authorized program), after notice and opportunity for comment, may
modify the requirements of paragraph (1) for any surface impound-
ment if the owner or operator demonstrates that such surface im-
poundment is located, designed and operated so as to assure that
there will be no migration of any hazardous constituent into ground
water or surface water at any future time. The Administrator or the
State shall take into account locational criteria established under
section 3004(o)(7).
(5) The owner of operator of any surface impoundment potentially
subject to paragraph (1) who has reason to believe that on the basis
of paragraph (2), (3), or (4) such surface impoundment is not re-
quired to comply with the requirements of paragraph (1), shall
apply to the Administrator (or the State, in the case of a State with
an authorized program) not later than twenty-four months after the
date of enactment of the Hazardous and Solid Waste Amendments
of 1984 for a determination of the applicability of paragraph (1) (in
the case of paragraph (2) or (3)) or for a modification of the require-
ments of paragraph (1) (in the case of paragraph (4)), with respect to
such surface impoundment. Such owner of operator shall provide,
with such application, evidence pertinent to such decision, includ-
ing:
(A) an application for a final determination regarding the is-
suance of a permit under subsection (c) of this section for such
facility, if not previously submitted;
(B) evidence as to compliance with all applicable ground
water monitoring requirements and the information and analy-
sis from such monitoring;
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(C) all reasonably ascertainable evidence as to whether such
surface impoundment is leaking; and
(D) in the case of applications under paragraph (2) or (3), a
certification by a registered professional engineer with academic
training and experience in ground water hydrology that—
ft} under paragraph (2), the liner of such surface im-
poundment is designed, constructed, and operated in ac-
cordance with applicable requirements, such surface im-
poundment is more than one-quarter mile from an under-
ground source of drinking water and there is no evidence
such liner is leaking; or
(ii) under paragraph (3), based on analysis of those toxic
pollutants and hazardous constituents that are likely to be
present in the untreated waste stream, such impoundment
satisfies the conditions of paragraph (3).
In the case of any surface impoundment for which the owner or op-
erator fails to apply under this paragraph within the time provided
by this paragraph or paragraph (6), such surface impoundment
shall comply with paragraph (1) notwithstanding paragraph (2), (3),
or (4). Within twelve months after receipt of such application and
evidence and not later than thirty-six months after such date of en-
actment, and after notice and opportunity to comment, the Adminis-
trator (or, if appropriate, the State) shall advise such owner or oper-
ator on the applicability of paragraph (1) to such surface impound-
ment or as to whether and how the requirements of paragraph (1)
shall be modified and applied to such surface impoundment.
(6)(A) In any case in which a surface impoundment becomes sub-
ject to paragraph (1) after the date of enactment of the Hazardous
and Solid Waste Amendments of 1984 due to the promulgation of
additional listings or characteristics for the identification of haz-
ardous waste under section 3001, the period for compliance in para-
graph (1) shall be four years after the date of such promulgation,
the period for demonstrations under paragraph (4) and for submis-
sion of evidence under paragraph (5) shall be not later than twenty-
four months after the date of such promulgation, and the period for
the Administrator (or if appropriate, the State) to advise such
owners or operators under paragraph (5) shall be not later than
thirty-six months after the date of promulgation.
(B) In any case in which a surface impoundment is initially deter-
mined to be excluded from the requirements of paragraph (1) but
due to a change in condition (including the existence of a leak) no
longer satisfies the provisions of paragraph (2), (3), or (4) and there-
fore becomes subject to paragraph (1), the period for compliance in
paragraph (1) shall be two years after the date of discovery of such
change of condition, or in the case of a surface impoundment ex-
cluded under paragraph (3) three years after such date of discovery.
(7)(A) The Administrator shall study and report to the Congress
on the number, range of size, construction, likelihood of hazardous
constituents migrating into ground water, and potential threat to
human health and the environment of existing surface impound-
ments excluded by paragraph (3) from the requirements of para-
graph (1). Such report shall address the need, feasibility, and esti-
mated costs of subjecting such existing surface impoundments to the
requirements of paragraph (1).
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(B) In the case of any existing surface impoundment or class of
surface impoundments from which the Administrator (or the State,
in the case of a State with an authorized program) determines haz-
ardous constituents are likely to migrate into ground water, the Ad-
ministrator (or if appropriate, the State) is authorized to impose
such requirements as may be necessary to protect human health and
the environment, including the requirements of section 3004(o)
which would apply to such impoundments if they were new.
(C) In the case of any surface impoundment excluded by para-
graph (3) from the requirement of paragraph (1) which is subse-
quently determined to be leaking, the Administrator (or, if appropri-
ate, the State) shall require compliance with paragraph (1), unless
the Administrator (or, if appropriate, the State) determines that
such compliance is not necessary to protect human health and the
environment.
(8) In the case of any surface impoundment in which the liners
and leak detection system have been installed pursuant to the re-
quirements of paragraph (1) and in good faith compliance with sec-
tion 3004(o) and the Administrator's regulations and guidance docu-
ments governing liners and leak detection systems, no liner or leak
detection system which is different from that which was so in-
stalled pursuant to paragraph (1) shall be required for such unit by
the Administrator when issuing the first permit under this section
to such facility. Nothing in this paragraph shall preclude the Ad-
ministrator from requiring installation of a new liner when the Ad-
ministrator has reason to believe that any liner installed pursuant
to the requirements of this subsection is leaking.
(9) In the case of any surface impoundemnt which has been ex-
cluded by paragraph (2) on the basis of a liner meeting the defini-
tion under paragraph (12)(A)(ii), at the closure of such impound-
ment the Administrator shall require the owner or operator of such
impoundment to remove or decontaminate all waste residues, all
contaminated liner material, and contaminated soil to the extent
practicable. If all contaminated soil is not removed or decontami-
nated, the owner or operator of such impoundment shall be required
to comply with appropriate post-closure requirements, including but
not limited to ground water monitoring and corrective action.
(10) Any incremental cost attributable to the requirements of this
subsection or section 3004(o) shall not be considered by the Adminis-
trator (of the State, in the case of a State with an authorized pro-
gram under section 402 of the Clean Water Act)—
(A) in establishing effluent limitations and standards under
section 301, 304, 306, 307, or 402 of the Clean Water Act based
on effluent limitations guidelines and standards promulgated
any time before twelve months after the date of enactment of
the Hazardous and Solid Waste Amendments of'1984; or
(B) in establishing any other effluent limitations to carry out
the provisions of section 301, 307, or 402 of the Clean Water Act
on or before October 1, 1986.
(11)(A) If the Administrator allows a hazardous waste which is
prohibited from one or more methods of land disposal under subsec-
tion (d), (e), or (g) of section 3004 (or under regulations promulgated
by the Administrator under such subsections) to be placed in a sur-
face impoundment (which is operating pursuant to interim status)
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for storage or treatment, such impoundment shall meet the require-
ments that are applicable to new surface impoundments under sec-
tion 3004(0X1), unless such impoundment meets the requirements of
paragraph (2) or (4).
(B) In the case of any hazardous waste which is prohibited from
one or more methods of land disposal under subsection (d), (e), or (g)
of section 3004 (or under regulations promulgated by the Adminis-
trator under such subsection) the placement or maintenance of such
hazardous waste in a surface impoundment for treatment is prohib-
ited as of the effective date of such prohibition unless the treatment
residues which are hazardous are, at a minimum, removed for sub-
sequent management within one year of the entry of the waste into
the surface impoundment.
(12)(A) For the purposes of paragraph (2)(A) of this subsection, the
term "liner" means—
(i) a liner designed, constructed, installed, and operated to
prevent hazardous waste from passing into the liner at any time
during the active life of the facility; or
(ii) a liner designed, constructed, installed, and operated to
prevent hazardous waste from migrating beyond the liner to ad-
jacent subsurface soil, ground water, or surface water at any
time during the active life of the facility.
(B) For the purposes of this subsection, the term "aggressive bio-
logical treatment facility" means a system of surface impoundments
in which the initial impoundment of the secondary treatment seg-
ment of the facility utilizes intense mechanical aeration to enhance
biological activity to degrade waste water pollutants and
(i) the hydraulic retention time in such initial impoundment
is no longer than 5 days under normal operating conditions, on
an annual average basis;
(ii) the hydraulic retention time in such initial impoundment
is no longer than thirty days under normal operating condi-
tions, on an annual average basis: Provided, That the sludge in
such impoundment does not constitute a hazardous waste as
identified by the extraction procedure toxicity characteristic in
effect on the date of enactment of the Hazardous and Solid
Waste Amendments of 1984; or
(Hi) such system utilizes activated sludge treatment in the
first portion of secondary treatment.
(C) For the purposes of this- subsection, the term "underground
source or drinking water" has the same meaning as provided in reg-
ulations under the Safe Drinking Water Act (title XIV of the Public
Health Service Act).
(13) The Administrator may modify the requirements of para-
graph (1) in the case of a surface impoundment for which the owner
or operator, prior to October 1, 1984, has entered into, and is in com-
pliance with, a consent order, decree, or agreement with the Admin-
istrator or a State with an authorized program mandating correc-
tive action with respect to such surface impoundment that provides
a degree of protection of human health and the environment which
is at a minimum equivalent to that provided by paragraph (1).
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AUTHORIZED STATE HAZARDOUS WASTE PROGRAMS
SEC. 3006. (a) FEDERAL GUIDELINES.—Not later than eighteen
months after the date of enactment of this Act, the Administrator,
after consultation with State authorities, shall promulgate guide-
lines to assist States in the development of State hazardous waste
programs.
(b) AUTHORIZATION OF STATE PROGRAMS.—Any State which seeks
to administer and enforce a hazardous waste program pursuant to
this subtitle may develop and, after notice and opportunity for
public hearing, submit to the Administrator on application, in such
form as he shall require, for authorization of such program. Within
ninety days following submission of an application under this sub-
section, the Administrator shall issue a notice as to whether or not
he expects such program to be authorized, and within ninety days
following such notice (and after opportunity for public hearing) he
shall publish his findings as to whether or not the conditions listed
in items (1), (2), and (3) below have been met. Such State is author-
ized to carry out such program in lieu of the Federal program
under this subtitle in such State and to issue and enforce permits
for the storage, treatment, or disposal of hazardous waste (and to
enforce permits deemed to have been issued under section 3012(d)(W
unless, within ninety days following submission of the application
the Administrator notifies such State that such program may not
be authorized, and, within ninety days following such notice and
after opportunity for public hearing, he finds that (1) such State
program is not equivalent to the Federal program under this sub-
title, (2) such program is not consistent with the Federal or State
programs applicable in other States, or (3) such program does not
provide adequate enforcement of compliance with the requirements
of this subtitle. In authorizing a State program, the Administrator
may base his findings on the Federal program in effect one year
prior to submission of a State's application or in effect on January
26, 1983, whichever is later.
(c) INTERIM AUTHORIZATION.—(1) Any State which has in exist-
ence a hazardous waste program pursuant to State law before the
date ninety days after the date of promulgation of regulations
under sections 3002, 3003, 3004, and 3005, may submit to the Ad-
ministrator evidence of such existing program and may request a
temporary authorization to carry out such program under this sub-
title. The Administrator shall, if the evidence submitted shows the
existing State program to be substantially equivalent to the Feder-
al program under this subtitle, grant an interim authorization to
the State to carry out such program in lieu of the Federal program
pursuant to this subtitle for a [twenty-four month period begin-
ning on the date six months after the date of promulgation of regu-
lations under sections 3002 through 3005.] period ending no later
than January 31, 1986.
(2) The Administrator shall, by rule, establish a date for the expi-
ration of interim authorization under this subsection.
(3) Pending interim or final authorization of a State program for
any State which reflects the amendments made by the Hazardous
and Solid Waste Admendments of 1984, the State may enter into an
agreement with the Administrator under which the State may assist
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in the administration of the requirements and prohibitions which
take effect pursuant to such Amendments.
(4) In the case of a State permit program for any State which is
authorized under subsection (b) or under this subsection, until such
program is amended to reflect the amendments made by the Haz-
ardous and Solid Waste Amendments of 1984 and such program
amendments receive interim or final authorization, the Administra-
tor shall have the authority in such State to issue or deny permits
or those portions of permits affected by the requirements and prohi-
bitions established by the Hazardous and Solid Waste Amendments
of 1984- The Administrator shall coordinate with States the proce-
dures jpr issuing such permits.
(d) EFFECT OF STATE PERMIT.—Any action taken by a State under
a hazardous waste program authorized under this section shall
have the same force and effect as action taken by the Administra-
tor under this subtitle.
(e) WITHDRAWAL OF AUTHORIZATION.—Wherever the Administra-
tor determines after public hearing that a State is not administer-
ing and enforcing a program authorized under this section in ac-
cordance with requirements of this section, he shall so notify the
State, and if appropriate corrective action is not taken within a
reasonable time, not to exceed ninety days, the Administrator shall
withdraw authorization of such program and establish a Federal
program pursuant to this subtitle. The Administrator shall not
withdraw authorization of any such program unless he shall first
have notified the State, and made public, in writing, the reasons
for such withdrawal.
(f) AVAILABILITY OF INFORMATION.—No State program may be au-
thorized by the Administrator under this section unless—
(1) such program provides for the public availability of infor-
mation obtained by the State regarding facilities and sites for
the treatment, storage, and disposal of hazardous waste; and
(2) such information is available to the public in substantially
the same manner and to the same degree, as would be the case if
the Administrator was carrying out the provisions of this subtitle
in such State.
(g) AMENDMENTS MADE BY 1984 ACT.—(1) Any requirement or pro-
hibition which is applicable to the generation, transportation, treat-
ment, storage, or disposal of hazardous waste and which is imposed
under this subtitle pursuant to the amendments made by the Haz-
ardous and Solid Waste Amendments of 1984 shall take effect in
each State having an interim or finally authorized State program
on the same date as such requirement takes effect in other States.
The Administrator shall carry out such requirement directly in each
such State unless the State program is finally authorized (or is
granted interim authorization as provided in paragraph (2)) with re-
spect to such requirements.
(2) Any State which, before the date of the enactment of the Haz-
ardous and Solid Waste Amendments of 1984 has an existing haz-
ardous waste program which has been granted interim or final au-
thorization under this section may submit to the Administrator evi-
dence that such existing program contains (or has been amended to
include) any requirement which is substantially equivalent to a re-
quirement referred to in paragraph (1) and may request interim au-
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thorization to carry out that requirement under this subtitle. The
Administrator shall, if the evidence submitted shows the State re-
quirement to be substantially equivalent to the requirement referred
to in paragraph (1), grant an interim authorization to the State to
carry out such requirement in lieu of direct administration in the
State by the Administrator of such requirement.
4 (h) STATE PROGRAMS FOR USED OIL.—In the case of used oil
which is not listed or identified under this subtitle as a hazardous
waste but which is regulated under section 3014, the provisions of
this section regarding State programs shall apply in the same
manner and to the same extent as such provisions apply to hazard-
ous waste identified or listed under this subtitle.
INSPECTIONS
SEC. 3007. (a) ACCESS ENTRY.—For purposes of developing or as-
sisting in the development of any regulation or enforcing the provi-
sions of this title any person who generates, stores, treats, trans-
ports, disposes of or has handled hazardous wastes shall, upon re-
quest of any officer, employee, or representative of the Environ-
mental Protection Agency, duly designated by the Administrator,
or upon request of any duly designated officer, employee, or repre-
sentative of a State having an authorized hazardous waste pro-
gram, furnish information relating to such wastes and and permit
such person at all reasonable times to have access to, and to copy
all records relating to such wastes. For the purposes of developing
or assisting in the development of any regulation or enforcing the
provisions of this title, such officers, employees, or representatives
are authorized—
(1) enter at reasonable times any establishment or other
place where hazardous wastes are, or have been, generated,
stored, treated, or disposed of, or transported from;
(2) to inspect and obtain samples from any person of any
such wastes and samples of any containers or labeling for such
wastes.
Each such inspection shall be commenced and completed with rea-
sonable promptness. If the officer, employee, or representative ob-
tains any samples, prior to leaving the premises, he shall give to
the owner, operator, or agent in charge a receipt describing the
sample obtained and if requested a portion of each such sample
equal in volume or weight to the portion retained. If any analysis
is made of such samples, a copy of the results of such analysis shall
be furnished promptly to the owner, operator, or agent in charge.
(b) AVAILABILITY TO PUBLIC.—(1) Any records, reports, or informa-
tion (including records, reports, or information obtained by repre-
sentatives of the Environmental Protection Agency) obtained from.
any person under this section [(including records, reports, or infor-
mation obtained by representatives of the Environmental Protec-
tion Agency)] shall be available to the public, except that upon a
showing satisfactory to the Administrator (or the State, as the case
may be) by any person that records, reports, or information, or par-
ticular part thereof, to which the Administrator (or the State, as
'P.L. 99-499, Superfund.
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the case may be) or any officer, employee, or representative thereof
has access under this section if made public, would divulge infor-
mation entitled to protection under section 1905 of title 18 of the
United States Code, such information or particular portion thereof
shall be considered confidential in accordance with the purposes of
that section, except that such record, report, document, or informa-
tion may be disclosed to other officers, employees, or authorized
representatives of the United States concerned with carrying out
this Act, or when relevant in any proceeding under this Act.
(2) Any person not subject to the provisions of section 1905 of
title 18 of the United States Code who knowingly and willfully di-
vulges or discloses any information entitled to protection under
this subsection shall, upon conviction, be subject to a fine of not
more than $5,000 or to imprisonment not to exceed one year, or
both.
(3) In submitting data under this Act, a person required to pro-
vide such data may—
(A) designate the data which such person believes is entitled
to protection under this subsection, and
(B) submit such designated data separately from other data
submitted under this Act.
A designation under this paragraph shall be made in writing and
in such manner as the Administrator may prescribe.
(4) Notwithstanding any limitation contained in this section or
any other provision of law, all information reported to, or other-
wise obtained by, the Administrator (or any representative of the
Administrator) under ,this Act shall be made available upon writ-
ten request of any duly authorized committee of the Congress, to
such committee.
(c) FEDERAL FACILITY INSPECTIONS.—Beginning twelve months
after the date of enactment of the Hazardous and Solid Waste
Amendments of 1984, the Administrator shall, or in the case of a
State with an authorized hazardous waste program the State may,
undertake on an annual basis a thorough inspection of each facility
for the treatment, storage, or disposal of hazardous waste which is
owned or operated by a Federal agency to enforce it compliance with
this subtitle and the regulations promulgated thereunder. The
records of such inspections shall be available to the public as pro-
vided in subsection (b).
(d) STATE-OPERATED FACILITIES.—The Administrator shall annu-
ally undertake a thorough inspection of every facility for the treat-
ment, storage, or disposal of hazardous waste which is operated by a
State or local government for which a permit is required under sec-
tion 3005 of this title. The records of such inspection shall be avail-
able to the public as provided in subsection (b).
(e) MANDATORY INSPECTIONS.—(1) The Administrator (or the State
in the case of a State having an authorized hazardous waste pro-
gram under this subtitle) shall commence a program to thoroughly
inspect every facility for the treatment, storage, or disposal of haz-
ardous waste for which a permit is required under section 3005 no
less often, than every two years as to its compliance with this sub-
title (and the regulations promulgated under this subtitle}. Such in-
spections shall commence not later than twelve months after the
date of enactment of the Hazardous and Solid Waste Amendments
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of 19.84. The Administrator shall, after notice and opportunity for
public comment, promulgate regulations governing the minimum
frequency and manner of such inspections, including the manner in
which records of such inspections shall be maintained and the
manner in which reports of such inspections shall be filed. The Ad-
ministrator may distinguish between classes and categories of facil-
ties commensurate with the risks posed by each class or category.
(2) Not later than six months after the date of enactment of the
Hazardous and Solid Waste Amendments of 1984, the Administra-
tor shall submit to the Congress a report on the potential for inspec-
tions of hazardous waste treatment, storage, or disposal facilties by
nongovernmental inspectors as a supplement to inspections conduct-
ed by officers, employees, or representatives of the Environmental
Protection Agency or States having authorized hazardous waste pro-
grams or operating under a cooperative agreement with the Admin-
istrator. Such report shall be prepared in cooperation with the
States, insurance companies offering environmental impairment in-
surance, independent companies providing inspection services, and
other such groups as appropriate. Such report shall contain recom-
mendations on provisions and requirements for a program of private
inspections to supplement governmental inspections.
FEDERAL ENFORCEMENT
SEC. 3008. (a) COMPLIANCE ORDERS.—[(1) Except as provided in
paragraph (2), whenever on the basis of any information the Ad-
ministrator determines that any person is in violation of any re-
quirement of this subtitle, the Administrator may issue an order
requiring compliance immediately or within a specified time period
or the Administrator may commence a civil action in the United
States district court in the district in which the violation occurred
for appropriate relief, including a temporary or permanent injunc-
tion.] (1) Except as provided in paragraph (2), whenever on the
basis of any information the Administrator determines that any
person has violated or is in violation of any requirement of the sub-
title, the Administrator may issue an order assessing a civil penalty
for any past or current violation, requiring compliance immediately
or within a specified time period, or both, or the Administrator may
commence a civil action in the United States district court in the
district in which the violation occurred for appropriate relief, in-
cluding a temporary or permanent injunction.
(2) In the case of a violation of any requirement of this subtitle
where such violation occcurs in a State which is authorized to
carry out a hazardous waste program under section 3006, the Ad-
ministrator shall give notice to the State in which such violation
has occurred thirty days prior to issuing an order or commencing a
civil action under this section.
[(3) If such violator fails to take corrective action within the
time specified in the order, he shall be liable for a civil penalty of
not more than $25,000 for each day of continued noncompliance
and the Administrator may suspend or revoke any permit issued to
the volator (whether issued by the Administrator or the State).]
(3) Any order issued pursuant to this subsection may include a
suspension or revocation of any permit issued by the Administrator
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52
or a State under this subtitle and shall state with reasonable speci-
ficity the nature of the violation. Any penality assessed in the order
shall not exceed $25,000per day of noncompliance for each violation
of a requirement of this subtitle. In assessing such a penalty, the
Administrator shall take, into account the seriousness of the viola-
tion and any good faith efforts to comply with applicable require-
ments.
(b) PUBLIC HEARING.—Any order issued under this section shall
become final unless, ho later than thirty days after the order or
persons named therein request a public hearing. Upon such request
the Administrator shall promptly conduct a public hearing. In con-
nection with any proceeding under this section the Administrator
may issue subpenas for the attendance and testimony of witnesses
and the production of relevant papers, books, and documents, and
may promulgate rules for discovery procedures.
t(c) REQUIREMENTS OF COMPLIANCE ORDERS.—Any order issued
under this section may include a suspension or revocation of a
permit issued under this subtitle, and shall state with reasonable
specificity the nature of the violation and specify a time for compli-
ance and assess a penalty, if any, which the Administrator deter-
mines is reasonable taking into account the seriousness of the vio-
lation and any good faith efforts to comply with the applicable re-
quirements.]
(c) VIOLATION OF COMPLIANCE ORDERS.—If a violator fails to take
corrective action within the time specified in a compliance order,
the Administrator may assess a civil penalty of not more than
$25,000 for each day of continued noncompliance with the order and
the Administrator may suspend or revoke any permit issued to the
violator (whether issued by the Administrator or the State).
(d) CRIMINAL PENALTIES.—Any person who—
(1) knowingly transports or causes to be transported any haz-
ardous waste identified or listed under this subtitle to a facility
which does not have a permit under [section 3005 (or 3006 in
case of a State program),] this subtitle or pursuant to title I of
the Marine Protection, Research, and Sanctuaries Act (86 Stat.
1052),
(2) knowingly treats, stores, or disposes of any hazardous
waste identified or listed under this subtitle [either]—
(A) without [having obtained] a permit under [section
3005 (or 3006 in the case of a State program)] this subtitle
or pursuant to title I of the Marine Protection, Research,
and Sanctuaries Act (86 Stat. 1052); or
[(B) in knowing violation of any material condition or
requirement of such permit;]
(B) in knowing violation of any material condition or re-
quirement of such permit; or
(C) in knowing violation of any material condition or re-
quirement of any applicable interim status regulations or
standards;
[(3) knowingly makes any false material statement or repre-
sentation in any application, label, manifest, record, report,
permit or other document filed, maintained, or used for pur-
poses of compliance with this subtitle; or
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[(4) knowingly generates, stores, treats, transports, disposes
of, or otherwise handles any hazardous waste (whether such
activity took place before or takes place after the date of the
enactment of this paragraph) and who knowingly destroys,
alters, or conceals any record required to be maintained under
regulations promulgated by the Administrator under this sub-
title,
shall, upon conviction, be subject to a fine of not niore than $25,000
($50,000 in the case of a violation of paragraph (1) or (2)) for each
day of violation, or to imprisonment not to exceed one year (two
years in the case of a violation of paragraph (1) or (2)), or both. If
the conviction is for a violation committed after a first conviction
of such person under this paragraph, punishment shall be by a fine
of not more than $50,000 per day of violation, or by imprisonment
for not more than two years, or by both.]
(3) knowingly omits material information or makes any false
material statement or representation in any application, label,
manifest, record, report, permit, or other document filed, main-
tained, or used for purposes of compliance with regulations pro-
mulgated by the Administrator (or by a State in the case of an
authorized State program) under this subtitle;
(4) knowingly generates, stores, treats, transports, disposes of,
exports or otherwise handles any hazardous waste for any used
oil not identified or listed as a hazardous waste under this sub-
title]5 (whether such activity took place before or takes place
after the date of the enactment of this paragraph) and who
knowingly destroys, alters, conceals, or fails to file any record,
application, manifest, report, or other- document required to be
maintained or filed for purposes of compliance with regulations
promulgated by the Administrator (or by a State in the case of
an authorized State program) under this subtitle;
(5) knowingly transports without a manifest, or causes to be
transported without a manifest, any hazardous waste [or any
used oil not identified or listed as a hazardous waste under this
subtitle]5 required by regulations promulgated under this sub-
title (or by a State in the case of a State program authorized
under this subtitle) to be accompanied by a manifest;
shall, upon conviction, be subject to a fine of not more than $50,000
for each day of violation, or imprisonment not to exceed two years
(five years in the case of a violation of paragraph (1) or (2)), or both.
If the conviction is for a violation committed after a first conviction
of such person under this paragraph, the maximum punishment
under the respective paragraph shall be doubled with respect to
both fine and imprisonment; or
(6) knowingly exports a hazardous waste identified or listed
under this subtitle (A) without the consent of the receiving
country or, (B) where there exists an international agreement be-
tween the United States and the government of the receiving
country establishing notice, export, and enforcement procedures
for the transportation, treatment, storage, and disposal of haz-
6 Language enclosed in light-face brackets indicates amendment made by P.L. 99-499, Super-
fund.
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54
ardous wastes, in a manner which is not in conformance with
such agreementf..^; or 6
6 (7) knowingly stores, treats, transports, or causes to be trans-
ported, disposes of, or otherwise handles any used oil not identi-
fied or listed as hazardous waste under subtitle C of the Solid
Waste Disposal Act—
(A) in knowing violation of any material condition or re-
quirement of a permit under this subtitle C; or
(B) in knowing violation of any material condition or re-
quirement of any applicable regulations or standards under
this Act;
[(e) KNOWING ENDANGERMENT.—Any person who knowingly
transports, treats, stores or disposes of any hazardous waste identi-
fied or listed under this subtitle—
[(1)(A) in violation of paragraph (1) or (2) of subsection (d) of
this section, or
[(B) having applied for a permit under section 3005 or 3006,
and knowingly either—
[(i) has failed to include in his application material in-
formation required under regulations promulgated by the
Administrator, or
£(ii) fails to comply with the applicable interim status
regulations and standards promulgated pursuant to this
subtitle,
who knows at that time that he thereby places another person in
imminent danger of death or. serious bodily injury, and
[(2)(A) if his conduct in the circumstances manifests an un-
justified and inexcusable disregard for human life, or
£(B) if his conduct in the circumstances manifests an ex-
treme indifference for human life,
shall, upon conviction, be subject to a fine of not more than
$250,000 or imprisonment for not more than 2 years, or both,
except that any person who violates subsection (e)(2)(B) shall, upon
conviction, be subject to a fine of not more than $250,000 or impris-
onment for not more than 5 years, or both. A defendant that is an
organization shall, upon conviction of violating this subsection, be
subject to a fine of not more than $1,000,000.]
(e) KNOWING ENDANGERMENT.—Any person who knowingly trans-
ports, treats, stores, disposes of, or exports any hazardous waste
identified or listed under this subtitle [or used oil not identified or
listed as a hazardous waste under this subtitle]7 in violation of
paragraph (1), (2), (3), (4), (5),flor}]'7 (6), [or (7)] * of subsection (d} of
this section who knows at that time that he thereby places another
person in imminent danger of death or serious bodily injury, shall,
upon conviction, be subject to a fine of not more than $250,000 or
imprisonment for not more than fifteen years, or both. A defendant
that is an organization shall, upon conviction of violating this sub-
section, be subject to a fine of not more than $1,000,000.
(f) SPECIAL RULES.—For the purposes of subsection (e)—
(1) A person's state of mind is knowing with respect to—
o P.L. 99-499, Superfund.
7 Language enclosed in light-face brackets indicates amendment made by P.L. 99-499, Super-
fund.
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(A) his conduct, if he is aware of the nature of his con-
duct;
(B) an existing circumstance, if he is aware or believes
that the circumstance exists; or
(C) a result of his conduct, if he is aware or believes that
his conduct is substantially certain to cause danger of
death or serious bodily injury.
(2) In determining whether a defendant who is a natural
person knew that his conduct placed another person in immi-
nent danger of death or serious bodily injury—
(A) the person is responsible only for actual awareness
or actual belief that he possessed; and
(B) knowledge possessed by a person other than the de-
fendant but not by the defendant himself may not be at-
tributed to the defendant;
Provided, That in proving the defendant's possession of
actual knowledge, circumstantial evidence may be used, includ-
ing evidence that the defendant took affirmative steps to shield
himself from relevant information.
(3) It is an affirmative defense to a prosecution that the con-
duct charged was consented to by the person endangered and
that the danger and conduct charged were reasonably foreseea-
ble hazards of—
(A) an occupation, a business, or a profession; or
(B) medical treatment or medical or scientific experi-
mentation conducted by professionally approved methods
and such other person had been made aware of the risks
involved prior to giving consent.
The defendant may establish an affirmative defense under
this subsection by a preponderance of the evidence.
(4) All general defenses, affirmative defenses, and bars to
prosecution that may apply with respect to other Federal
criminal offenses may apply under subsection (e) and shall be
determined by the courts of the United States according to the
principles of common law as they may be interpreted in the
light of reason and experience. Concepts of justification and
excuse applicable under this section may be developed in the
light of reason and experience.
(5) The term "organization" means a legal entity, other than
a government, established or organized for any purpose, and
such term includes a corporation, company, association, firm,
partnership, joint stock company, foundation, institution, trust,
society, union, or any other association of persons.
(6) The term "serious bodily injury" means—
(A) bodily injury which involve a substantial risk of
death;
(B) unconsciousness;
(C) extreme physical pain;
(D) protracted and obvious disfigurement; or
(E) protracted loss or impairment of the function of a
bodily member, organ, or mental faculty.
(g) CIVIL PENALTY.—Any person who violates any requirement of
this subtitle shall be liable to the United States for a civil penalty
in an amount not to exceed $25,000 for each such violation. Each
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day of such violation shall, for purposes of this subsection, consti-
tute a separate violation. Nothing in this title (or in any regulation
adopted under this title) shall be construed to prohibit any State
from requiring that the State be provided with a copy of each mani-
fest used in connection with hazardous waste which is generated
within that State or transported to a treatment, storage, or disposal
facility within that State.
(h) INTERIM STATUS CORRECTIVE ACTION ORDERS.—(1) Whenever
on the basis of any information the Administrator determines that
there is or has been a release of hazardous waste into the environ-
ment from a facility authorized to operate under section 3005(e) of
this subtitle, the Administrator may issue an order requiring correc-
tive action or such other response measure as he deems necessary to
protect human health or the environment or the Administrator may
commence a civil action in the United States district court in the
district in which the facility is located for appropriate relief, includ-
ing a temporary or permanent injunction.
(2) Any order issued under this subsection may include a suspen-
sion or revocation of authorization to operate under section 3005(e)
of this subtitle, shall state with reasonable specificity the nature of
the required corrective action or other response measure, and shall
specify a time for compliance. If any person named in an order fails
to comply with the order, the Administrator may assess, and such
person shall be liable to the United States for, a civil penalty in an
amount not to exceed $25,000 for each day of noncompliance with
the order.
RETENTION OF STATE AUTHORITY
SEC. 3009. Upon the effective date of regulations under this sub-
title no State or political subdivision may impose any requirements
less stringent than those authorized under this subtitle respecting
the same matter as governed by such regulations, except that if ap-
plication of a regulation with respect to any matter under this sub-
title is postponed or enjoined by the action of any court, no State or
political subdivision shall be prohibited from acting with respect to
the same aspect of such matter until such time as such regulation
takes effect. Nothing in this title shall be construed to prohibit any
State or political subdivision thereof from imposing any require-
ments, including those for site selection, which are more stringent
than those imposed by such regulations.
EFFECTIVE DATE
SEC. 3010. (a) PRELIMINARY NOTIFICATION.—Not later than ninety
days after promulgation of regulations under section 3001 identify-
ing by its characteristics of listing any substance as hazardous
waste subject to this subtitle, any person generating or transport-
ing such substance or owning or operating a facility for treatment,
storage, or disposal of such substances shall file with the Adminis-
trator (or with States having authorized hazardous waste permit
programs under section 3006) a notification stating the location and
general description of such activity and the identified or listed haz-
ardous wastes handled by such person. Not later than fifteen
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57
months after the date of enactment of the Hazardous and Solid
Waste Amendments of 1984—
(1) the owner or operator of any facility which produces a fuel
(A) from any hazardous waste identified or listed under section
3001, (B) from such hazardous waste identified or listed under
section §001 and any other material, (C) from used oil, or (D)
from used oil and any other material;
(2) the owner or operator of any facility (other than a single-
or two-family residence) which burns for purposes of energy re-
covery any fuel produced as provided in paragraph (1) or any
fuel which otherwise contains used oil or any hazardous waste
identified or listed under section 3001; and
(3) any person who distributes or markets any fuel which is
produced as provided in paragraph (1) or any fuel which other-
wise contains used oil or any hazardous waste identified or
listed under section 3001
shall file with the Administrator (and with the State in the case of
a State with an authorized hazardous waste program) a notification
stating the location and general description of the facility, together
with a description of the identified or listed hazardous waste in-
volved and, in the case of a facility referred to in paragraph (1) or
(2), a description of the production or energy recovery activity car-
ried out at the facility and such other information as the Adminis-
trator deems necessary. For purposes of the preceding sentence, the
term hazardous waste listed under section 3001" also includes any
commercial chemical product which is listed under section 3001 and
which, in lieu of its original intended use, is (i) produced for use as
(or as a component of) a fuel, (ii) distributed for use as a fuel, or (Hi)
burned as a fuel. Notification shall not be required under the
second sentence of this subsection in the case of facilities (such as
residential boilers) where the Administrator determines that such
notification is not necessary in order for the Administrator to obtain
sufficient information respecting current practices of facilities using
hazardous waste for energy recovery. Nothing in this subsection
shall be construed to affect or impair the provisions of section
3001(b)(3). Nothing in this subsection shall affect regulatory deter-
minations under section 3014.
In revising any regulation under section 3001 identifying addi-
tional characteristics of hazardous waste or listing any additional
substance as hazardous waste subject to this subtitle, the Adminis-
trator may require any person referred to in the [preceding sen-
tence] proceeding provisions to file with the Administrator (or with
States having authorized hazardous waste permit programs under
section 3006) the notification described in the [preceding sen-
tence] proceeding provisions. Not more than one such notification
shall be required to be filed with respect to the same substance. No
identified or listed hazardous waste subject to this subtitle may be
transported, treated, stored, or disposed of unless notification has
been given as required under this subsection.
(b) EFFECTIVE DATE OF REGULATION.—The regulations under this
subtitle respecting requirements applicable to the generation,
transportation, treatment, storage, or disposal of hazardous waste
(including requirements respecting permits for such treatment,
storage, or disposal) shall take effect on the date six months after
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the date of promulgation thereof (or six months after the date of
revision in the case of any regulation which is revised after the
date required for promulgation thereof). At the time a regulation is
promulgated, the Administrator may provide for a shorter period
prior to the effective date, or an immediate effective date for:
(1) a regulation with which the Administrator finds the regu-
lated community does not need six months to come into compli-
ance;
(2) a regulation which responds to an emergency situation; or
(3) other good cause found and published with the regulation.
AUTHORIZATION OF ASSISTANCE TO STATES
SEC. 3011. (a) AUTHORIZATION.—There is authorized to be appro-
priated $25,000,000 for each of the fiscal years 1978 and 1979,
$20,000,000 for fiscal year 1980, $35,000,000 for fiscal year 1981
Cand $40,000,000 for fiscal year 1982] $40,000,000 for the fiscal
year 1982, $55,000,000 for the fiscal year 1985, $60,000,000 for the
fiscal year 1986, $60,000,000 for the fiscal year 1987, and
$60,000,000 for the fiscal year 1988 to be used to make grants to the
States for purposes of assisting the States in the development and
implementation of authorized State hazardous waste programs.
(b) ALLOCATION.—Amounts authorized to be appropriated under
subsection (a) shall be allocated among the States on the basis of
regulations promulgated by the Administrator, after consultation
with the States, which take into account, the extent to which haz-
ardous waste is generated, transported, treated, stored, and dis-
posed of within such State, the extent of exposure of human beings
and the environment within such State to such State to such
waste, and such other factors as the Administrator deems appropri-
ate.
(c) ACTIVITIES INCLUDED.—State hazardous waste programs for
which grants may be made under subsection (a) may include (but
shall not be limited to) planning for hazardous waste treatment,
storage and disposal facilities, and the development and execution
of programs to protect health and the environment from inactive
facilities which may contain hazardous waste.
HAZARDOUS WASTE SITE INVENTORY
SEC. 3012. (a) STATE INVENTORY PROGRAMS.—Each State shall, as
expeditiously as practicable, undertake a continuing program to
compile, publish, and submit to the Administrator an inventory de-
scribing the location of each site within such State at which haz-
ardous waste has at any time been stored or disposed of. Such in-
ventory shall contain—
(1) a description of the location of the sites at which any
such storage or disposal has taken place before the date on
which permits are required under section 3005 for such storage
or disposal;
(2) such information relating to the amount, nature, and tox-
icity of the hazardous waste at each such site as may be practi-
cable to obtain and may be necessary to determine the extent
of any health hazard which may be associated with such site;
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59
(3) the name and address, or corporate headquarters of, the
owner of each such site, determined as of the date of prepara-
tion of the inventory;
(4) an identification of the types or techniques of waste treat-
ment or disposal which have been used at each site; and
(5) information concerning the current status of the site, in-
cluding information respecting whether or not hazardous waste
is currently being treated or disposed of at such site (and if
not, the date on which such activity ceased) and information
respecting the nature of any other activity currently carried
out at such site.
For purposes of assisting the States in compiling information under
this section, the Administrator shall make available to each State
undertaking a program under this section such information as is
available to him concerning the items specified in paragraphs (1)
through (5) with respect to the sites within such State, including
such information as the Administrator is able to obtain from other
agencies or departments of the United States and from surveys and
studies carried out by any committee or subcommittee of the Con-
gress. Any State may exercise the authority of section 3007 for pur-
poses of this section in the same manner and to the same extent as
provided in such section in the case of States having an authorized
hazardous waste program, and any State may by order require any
person to submit such information as may be necessary to compile
the data refered to in paragraphs (1) through (5).
(b) ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY PROGRAM.—If the Ad-
ministrator determines that any State program under subsection
(a) is not adequately providing information respecting the sites in
such State referred to in subsection (a), the Administrator shall
notify the State. If within ninety days following such notification,
the State program has not been revised or amended in such
manner as will adequately provide such information, the Adminis-
trator shall carry out the inventory program in such State. In any
such Coiso
(1) the Administrator shall have the authorities provided
with respect to State programs under subsection (a);
(2) the funds allocated under subsection (c) for grants to
States under this section may be used by the Administrator for
carrying out such program in such State; and
(3) no further expenditure may be made for grants to such
State under this section until such time as the Administrator
determines that such State is carrying out, or will carry out,
an inventory program which meets the requirements of this
section.
(c) GRANTS.—(1) Upon receipt of an application submitted by any
State to carry out a program under this section, the Administrator
may make grants to the States for purposes of carrying out such a
program. Grants under this section shall be allocated among the
several States by the Administrator based upon such regulations as
he prescribes to carry out the purposes of this section. The Admin-
istrator may make grants to any State which has conducted an in-
ventory program which effectively carried out the purposes of this
section before the date of the enactment of the Solid Waste Dispos-
al Act Amendments of 1980 to reimburse such State for all, or any
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portion of, the costs incurred by such State in conducting such pro-
gram.
(2) There are authorized to be appropriated to carry out this sec-
tion t$20,000,OOOJ $25,000,000 for each of the fiscal years 1985
through 1988.
(d) No IMPEDIMENT TO IMMEDIATE REMEDIAL ACTION.—Nothing in
this section shall be construed to provide that the Administrator or
any State should, pending completion of the inventory required
under this section, postpone undertaking any enforcement or reme-
dial action with respect to any site at which hazardous waste has
been treated, stored, or disposed of.
MONITORING, ANALYSIS, AND TESTING
SEC. 3013. (a) AUTHORITY OF ADMINISTRATOR.—If the Administra-
tor determines, upon receipt of any information, that—
(1) the presence of any hazardous waste at a facility or site
at which hazardous waste is, or has been, stored, treated, or
disposed of, or
(2) the release of any waste from such facility or site may
present a substantial hazard to human health or the environ-
ment,
he may issue an order requiring the owner or operator of such fa-
cility or site to conduct such monitoring, testing, analysis, and re-
porting with respect to such facility or site as the Administrator
deems reasonable to ascertain the nature and extent of such
hazard.
Ob) PREVIOUS OWNERS AND OPERATORS.—In the case of any facili-
ty or site not in operation at the time a determination is made
under subsection (a) with respect to the facility or site, if the Ad-
ministrator finds that the owner of such facility or site could not
reasonably be expected to have actual knowledge of the presence of
hazardous waste at such facility or site and of its potential for re-
lease, he may issue an order requiring the most recent previous
owner or operator of such facility or site who could reasonably be
expected to have such actual knowledge to carry out the actions re-
ferred to in subsection (a).
(c) PROPOSAL.—An order under subsection (a) or (b) shall require
the person to whom such order is issued to submit to the Adminis-
trator within 30 days from the issuance of such order a proposal
for carrying out the required monitoring, testing, analysis, and re-
porting. The Administrator may, after providing such person with
an opportunity to confer with the Administrator respecting such
proposal, require such person to carry out such monitoring, testing,
analysis, and reporting in accordance with such proposal, and such,
modifications in such proposal as the Administrator deems reason-
able to ascertain the nature and extent of the hazard.
(d) MONITORING, ETC., CARRIED OUT BY ADMINISTRATOR.—(1) If the
Administrator determines that no owner or operator referred to in
subsection (a) or (b) is able to conduct monitoring, testing, analysis,
or reporting satifactory to the Administrator, if the Administrator
deems any such action carried out by an owner or operator to be
unsatisfactory, or if the Administrator cannot initially determine
that there is an owner or operator referred to in subsection (a) or
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(b) who is able to conduct such monitoring, testing, analysis, or re-
porting, he may—
(A) conduct monitoring, testing, or analysis (or any combina-
tion thereof) which he deems reasonable to ascertain the
nature and extent of the hazard associated with the site con-
cerned, or
(B) authorize a State or local authority or other person to
carry out any such action,
and require, by order, the owner or operator referred to in subsec-
tion (a) or (b) to reimburse the Administrator or other authority or
person for the costs of such activity.
(2) No order may be issued under this subsection requireing reim-
bursement of the costs of any action, carried out by the Administra-
tor which confirms the results of an order issued under subsection
(a) or (b).
(3) For purposes of carrying out this subsection, the Administra-
tor or any authority or other person authorized under paragraph
(1), may exercise the authorities set forth in section 3007.
(e) ENFORCEMENT.—The Administrator may commence a civil
action against any person who fails or refuses to comply with any
order issued under this section. Such action shall be brought in the
United States district court in which the defendant is located, re-
sides, or is doing business. Such court shall have jurisdiction to re-
quire compliance with such order and to assess a civil penalty of
not to exceed $5,000 for each day during which such failure or re-
fusal occurs.
RESTRICTIONS ON RECYCLED OIL
[SEC. 3012.] SEC. 3014. (a) IN GENERAL.—Not later than one
year after the date of the enactment of this section, the Adminis-
trator shall promulgate regulations establishing such performance
standards and other requirements as may be necessary to protect
the public health and the environment from hazards associated
with recycled oil. In development such regulations, the Administra-
tor shall conduct an analysis of the economic impact of the regula-
tions on the oil recycling industry. The Administrator shall ensure
that the such regulations do not discourage the recovery or recy-
cling of used oil[.], consistent with the protection of human health
and the environment.
(b) IDENTIFICATION OR LISTING OF USED OIL AS HAZARDOUS
WASTE.—Not later than twelve months after the date of enactment
of the Hazardous and Solid Waste Amendments of 1984 the Admin-
istrator shall propose whether to list or identify used automobile
and truck crankcase oil as hazardous waste under section 3001. Not
later than twenty-four months after such date of enactment, the Ad-
ministrator shall make a final determination whether to list or
identify used automobile and truck crankcase oil and other used oil
as hazardous wastes under section 3001.
(c) USED OIL WHICH Is RECYCLED.—With respect to generators
and transporters of used oil identified or listed as a hazardous
waste under section 3001, the standards promulgated under section
3001(d), 3002, and 3003 of this subtitle shall not apply to such used
oil if such used oil is recycled.
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(2XA) In the case of used oil which is exempt under paragraph (1),
not later than twenty-four months after the date of enactment of the
Hazardous and Solid Waste Amendments of 1984, the Administra-
tor shall promulgate such standards under this subsection regard-
ing the generation and transportation of used oil which is recycled
as may be necessary to protect human health and the environment.
In promulgating such regulations with respect to generators, the Ad-
ministrator shall take into account the effect of such regulations on
environmentally acceptable types of used oil recycling and the effect
of such regulations on small quantity generators and generators
which are small businesses (as defined by the Administrator).
(B) The regulations promulgated under this subsection shall pro-
vide that no generator of used oil which is exempt under paragraph
(1) from the standards promulgated under section 3001(d), 3002, and
3003 shall be subject to any manifest requirement or any associated
recordkeeping and reporting requirement with respect to such used
oil if such generator—
(i) either—
(I) enters into an agreement or other arrangement (includ-
ing an agreement or arrangement with an independent
transporter or with an agent of the recycler) for delivery of
such used oil to a recycling facility which has a permit
under section 3005(c) (or for which a valid permit is deemed
to be in effect under subsection (d)), or
(II) recycles such used oil at one or more facilities of the
generator which has such a permit under section 3005 of
this subtitle (or for which a valid permit is deemed to have
been issued under subsection (d) of this section);
(ii) such used oil is not mixed by the generator with other
types of hazardous wastes; and
(Hi) the generator maintains such records relating to such
used oil, including records of agreements or other arrangements
for delivery of such used oil to any recycling facility referred to
in clause (i)(I), as the Administrator deems necessary to protect
human health and the environment.
(3) The regulations under this subsection regarding the transpor-
tation of used oil which is exempt from the standards promulgated
under section 3001(d), 3002, and 3003 under paragraph (1) shall re-
quire the transporters of such used oil to deliver such used oil to a
facility which has a valid permit under section 3005 of this subtitle
or which is deemed to have a valid permit under subsection (d) of
this section. The Administrator shall also establish other .standards
for such transporters .as may be necessary to protect human health
and the environment.
(d) PERMITS.—(1) The owner or operator of a facility which recy-
cles used oil which is exempt under subsection (c)(l), shall be
deemed to have a permit under this subsection for all such treat-
ment or recycling (and any associated tank or container storage) if
such owner and operator comply with standards promulgated by the
Administrator under section 3004; except that the Administrator
may require such owners and operators to obtain an individual
permit under section 3005(c) if he determines that an individual
permit is necessary to protect human health and the environment.
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(2) Notwithstanding any other provision of law, any generator
who recycles used oil which is exempt under subsection (c)(l) shall
not be required to obtain a permit under section 3005(c) with respect
to such used oil until the Administrator has promulgated standards
under section 3004 regarding the recycling of such used oil.
EXPANSION DURING INTERIM STATUS
SEC. 3015. (a) WASTE PILES.—The owner or operator of a waste
pile qualifying for the authorization to operate under section 3005(e)
shall be subject to the same requirements for liners and leachate
collection systems or equivalent protection provided in regulations
promulgated by the Administrator under section 3004 before October
1 1982 or revised under section 3004(o) (relating to minimum tech-
nological requirements), for new facilities receiving individual per-
mits under subsection (c) of section 3005, with respect to each new
unit, replacement of an existing unit, or lateral expansion of an ex-
isting unit that is within the waste management area identified in
the permit application submitted under section 3005, and with re-
spect to waste received beginning six months after the date of enact-
ment of the Hazardous and Solid Waste Amendments of 1984-
(b) LANDFILLS AND SURFACE IMPOUNDMENTS—(1) The owner or
operator of a landfill or surface impoundment qualifying for the au-
thorization to operate under section 3005(e) shall be subject to the
requirements of section 3004M (relating to minimum technological
requirements), with respect to each new unit, replacement of an ex-
isting unit, or lateral expansion of an existing unit that is within
the waste management area identified in the permit application
submitted under this section, and with respect to waste received be-
ginning 6 months after the date of enactment of the Hazardous and
Solid Waste Amendments of 1984- . . , /Y)
(2) The owner or operator of each unit referred to in paragraph (1)
shall notify the Administrator (or the State, if appropriate) at least
sixty days prior to receiving waste. The Administrator (or the btate)
shall require the filing, within six months of receipt of such notice,
of an application for a final determination regarding the issuance
of a permit for each facility submitting such notice.
(3) In the case of any unit in which the liner and leachate collec-
tion system has been installed pursuant to the requirements of this
section and in good faith compliance with the Administrator s regu-
lations and guidance documents governing liners and leachate col-
lection systems, no liner or leachate collection system which is dif-
ferent from that which was so installed pursuant to this section
shall be required for such unit by the Administrator when issuing
the first permit under section 3005 to such facility, except that the
Administrator shall not precluded from requiring installation of a
new liner when the Administrator has reason to believe that any
liner installed pursuant to the requirements of this section is leak-
ins The Administrator may, under section 3004, amend the require-
ments for liners and leachate collection systems required under this
section as may be necessary to provide additional protection for
human health and the environment.
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INVENTORY OF FEDERAL AGENCY HAZARDOUS WASTE FACILITIES
SEC. 3016. (a) Each Federal agency shall undertake a continuing
program to compile, publish, and submit to the Administrator (and
to the State in the case of sites in States having an authorized haz-
ardous waste program) an inventory of each site which the Federal
agency owns or operates or has owned or operated at which hazard-
ous waste is stored, treated, or disposed of or has been disposed of at
any time. The inventory shall be submitted every two years begin-
ning January 31, 1986. Such inventory shall be available to the
public as provided in section 3007(b). Information previously submit-
ted by a Federal agency under section 103 of the Comprehensive En-
vironmental Response, Compensation, and Liability Act of 1980, or
under section 3005 or 3010 of this Act, or under this section need
not be resubmitted except that the agency shall update any previous
submission to reflect the latest available data and information. The
inventory shall include each of the following:
(1) A description of the location of each site at which any
such treatment, storage, or disposal has taken place before the
date on which permits are required under section 3005 for such
storage, treatment, or disposal, and where hazardous waste has
been disposed, a description of hydrogeology of the site and the
location of withdrawal wells and surface water within one mile
of the site.
(2) Such information relating to the amount, nature, and tox-
icity of the hazardous waste in each site as may be necessary to
determine the extent of any health hazard which may be associ-
ated with any site.
(3) Information on the known nature and extent of environ-
mental contamination at each site, including a description of
the monitoring data obtained.
(4) Information concerning the current status of the site, in-
cluding information respecting whether or not hazardous waste
is currently being treated, stored, or disposed of at such site
(and if not, the date on which such activity ceased) and infor-
mation respecting the nature of any other activity currently car-
ried out at such site.
(5) A list of sites at which hazardous waste has been disposed
and environmental monitoring data has not been obtained, and
the reasons for the lack of monitoring data at each site.
(6) A description of response actions undertaken or contem-
plated at contaminated sites.
(7) An identification of the types of techniques of waste treat-
ment, storage, or disposal which have been used at each site.
(8) The name and address and respo isible Federal agency for
each site, determined as of the date of preparation of the inven-
tory.
(b) ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY PROGRAM.—If the Ad-
ministrator determines that any Federal agency under subsection (a)
is not adequately providing information respecting the sites referred
to in subsection (a), the Administrator shall notify the chief official
of such agency. If within ninety days following such notification,
the Federal agency has not undertaken a program to adequately pro-
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vide such information, the Administrator shall carry out the inven-
tory program for such agency.
EXPORT OF HAZARDOUS WASTE
SEC. 3017. (a) IN GENERAL.—Beginning twenty-four months after
the date of enactment of the Hazardous and Solid Waste Amend-
ments of 1984, no person shall export any hazardous waste identi-
fied or listed under this subtitle unless
(1)(A) such person has provided the notification required in
subsection (c) of this section,
(B) the government of the receiving country has consented to
accept such hazardous waste,
(C) a copy of the receiving country's written consent is at-
tached to the manifest accompanying each waste shipment, and
(D) the shipment conforms with the terms of the consent of
the government of the receiving country required pursuant to
subsection (e), or
(2) the United States and the government of the receiving
country have entered into an agreement as provided for in sub-
section (f) and the shipment conforms with the terms of such
agreement.
(b) REGULATIONS.—Not later than twelve months after the date of
enactment of the Hazardous and Solid Waste Amendments of 1984,
the Administrator shall promulgate the regulations necessary to im-
plement this section. Such regulations shall become effective one
hundred and eighty days after promulgation.
(c) NOTIFICATION.—Any person who intends to export a hazardous
waste identified or listed under this subtitle beginning twelve
months after the date of enactment of the Hazardous and Solid
Waste Amendments of 1984, shall, before such hazardous waste is
scheduled to leave the United States, provide notification to the Ad-
ministrator. Such notification shall contain the following informa-
tion:
(1) the name and address of the exporter;
(2) the types and estimated quantities of hazardous waste to
be exported;
(3) the estimated frequency or rate at which such waste is to
be exported; and the period of time over which such waste is to
be exported;
(4) the ports of entry;
(5) a description of the manner in which such hazardous
waste will be transported to and treated, stored, or disposed in
the receiving country; and
(6) the name and address of the ultimate treatment, storage
or disposal facility.
(d) PROCEDURES FOR REQUESTING CONSENT OF THE RECEIVING
COUNTRY.—Within thirty days of the Administrator's receipt of a
complete notification under this section, the Secretary of State,
acting on behalf of the Administrator, shall—
(1) forward a copy of the notification to the government of the
receiving country;
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(2) advise the government that United States law prohibits
the export of hazardous waste unless the receiving country con-
sents to accept the hazardous waste;
(3) request the government to provide the Secretary with a
written consent or objection to the terms of the notification; and
(4) forward to the government of the receiving country a de-
scription of the Federal regulations which would apply to the
treatment, storage, and disposal of the hazardous waste in the
United States.
(e) CONVEYANCE OF WRITTEN CONSENT TO EXPORTER.—Within
thirty days of receipt by the Secretary of State of the receiving coun-
try s written consent or objection (or any subsequent communication
withdrawing a prior consent or objection), the Administrator shall
forward such a consent, objection, or other communication to the ex-
porter.
(f) INTERNATIONAL AGREEMENTS.—Where there exists an interna-
tional agreement between the United States and the government of
the receiving country establishing notice, export, and enforcement
procedures for the transportation, treatment, storage, and disposal
of hazardous wastes, only the requirements of subsections (a)(2) and
(g) shall apply.
c. ($,REp°RTS-—After the date of enactment of the Hazardous and
bohd Waste Amendments of 1984, any person who exports any haz-
ardous waste identified or listed under section 3001 of this subtitle
shall file with the Administrator no later than March 1 of each
year, a report summarizing the types, quantities, frequency, and ulti-
mate destination of all such hazardous waste exported during the
previous calendar year.
^^9T^E? STANDARDS-—Nothing in this section shall preclude
the Administrator from establishing other standards for the export
of hazardous wastes under section 3002 or section 3003 of this sub-
title.
DOMESTIC SEWAGE
SEC. 3018. (a) REPORT.—The Administrator shall, not later than
15 months after the date of enactment of the Hazardous and Solid
Waste Amendments of 1984, submit a report to the Congress con-
cerning those substances identified or listed under section 3001
which are not regulated under this subtitle by reason of the exclu-
sion for mixtures of domestic sewage and other wastes that pass
through a sewer system to a publicly owned treatment works. Such
report shall include the types, size and number of generators which
dispose of such substances in this manner, the types and quantities
disposed of in this manner, and the identification of significant
generators, wastes, and waste constituents not regulated under exist-
ing Federal law or regulated in a manner sufficient to protect
human health and the environment.
(b) REVISIONS OF REGULATIONS.—Within eighteen months after
submitting the report specified in subsection (a), the Administrator
shall revise existing regulations and promulgate such additional
regulations pursuant to this subtitle (or any other authority of the
Administrator, including section 307 of the Federal Water Pollution
Control Act) as are necessary to assure that substances identified or
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listed under section 3001 which pass through a sewer system to a
publicly owned treatment works are adequately controlled to protect
human health and the environment.
(c) REPORT ON WASTEWATER LAGOONS.—The Administator shall,
within thirty-six months after the date of the enactment of the Haz-
ardous and Solid Waste Amendments of 1984, submit a report to
Congress concerning wastewater lagoons at publicly owned treat-
ment works and their effect on groundwater quality. Such report
shall include—
(1) the number and size of such lagoons;
(2) the types and quantities of waste contained in such la-
goons;
(3) the extent to which such waste has been or may be re-
leased from such lagoons and contaminate ground water; and
(4) available alternatives for preventing or controlling such
releases.
The Administrator may utilize the authority of sections 3007 and
3013 for the purpose of completing such report.
(d) APPLICATION OF SECTION 3010 AND SECTION 3007.—The provi-
sions of sections 3007 and 3010 shall apply to solid or dissolved ma-
terials in domestic sewage to the same extent and in the same
manner as such provisions apply to hazardous waste.
EXPOSURE INFORMATION AND HEALTH ASSESSMENTS
SEC. 3019. (a) EXPOSURE INFORMATION.—Beginning on the date
nine months after the enactment of the Hazardous and Solid Waste
Amendments of 1984, each application for a final determination re-
garding a permit under section 3005(c) for a landfill or surface im-
poundment shall be accompanied by information reasonably ascer-
tainable by the owner or operator on the potential for the public to
be exposed to hazardous wastes or hazardous constituents through
releases related to the unit. At a minimum, such information must
address:
(1) reasonably foreseeable potential releases from both normal
operations and accidents at the unit, including releases associ-
ated with transportation to or from the unit;
(2) the potential pathways of human exposure to hazardous
wastes or constituents resulting from the releases described
under paragraph (1); and
(3) the potential magnitude and nature of the human expo-
sure resulting from such releases.
The owner or operator of a landfill or surface impoundment for
which an application for such a final determination under section
3005(c) has been submitted prior to the date of enactment of the
Hazardous and Solid Waste Amendments of 1984 shall submit the
information required by this subsection to the Administrator (or the
State, in the case of a State with an authorized program) no later
than the date nine months after such date of enactment.
(b) HEALTH ASSESSMENTS.—(1) The Administrator (or the State, dn
the case of a State with an authorized program) shall make the in-
formation required by subsection (a), together with other relevant in-
formation, available to the Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease
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Registry established by section 1040) of the Comprehensive Environ-
mental Response, Compensation and Liability Act of 1980.
(2) Whenever in the judgment of the Administrator, or the State
(in the case of a State with an authorized program), a landfill or a
surface impoundment poses a substantial potential risk to human
health, due to the existence of releases of hazardous constituents,
the magnitude of contamination with hazardous constituents which
may be the result of a release, or the magnitude of the population
exposed to such release or contamination, the Administrator or the
State (with the concurrence of the Administrator) may request the
Administrator of the Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Reg-
istry to conduct a health assessment in connection with such facility
and take other appropriate action with respect to such risks as au-
thorized by section 104 (b) and (i) of the Comprehensive Environ-
mental Response, Compensation and Liability Act of 1980. If funds
are provided in connection with such request the Administrator of
such Agency shall conduct such health assessment.
(c) MEMBERS OF THE PUBLIC.—Any member of the public may
submit evidence of releases of or exposure to hazardous constituents
from such a facility, or as to the risks or health effects associated
with such releases or exposure, to the Administrator of the Agency
for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry, the Administrator, or
the State (in the case of a State with an authorized program).
(d) PRIORITY.—In determining the order in which to conduct
health assessments under this subsection, the Administrator of the
Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry shall give priority
to those facilities or sites at which there is documented evidence of
release of hazardous constituents, at which the potential risk to
human health appears highest, and for which in the judgment of
the Administrator of such Agency existing health assessment data
is inadequate to assess the potential risk to human health as pro-
vided in subsection (f).
(e) PERIODIC REPORTS.—The Administrator of such Agency shall
issue periodic reports which include the results of all the assess-
ments carried out under this section. Such assessments or other ac-
tivities shall be reported after appropriate peer review.
(f) DEFINITION.—For the purposes of this section, the term 'health
assessments' shall include preliminary assessments of the potential
risk to human health posed by individual sites and facilities subject
to this section, based on such factors as the nature and extent of
contamination, the existence of potential for pathways of human ex-
posure (including ground or surface water contamination, air emis-
sions, and food chain contamination), the size and potential suscep-
tibility of the community within the likely pathways of exposure,
the comparison of expected human exposure levels to the short-term
and long-term health effects associated with identified contami-
nants and any available recommended exposure or tolerance limits
for such contaminants, and the comparison of existing morbidity
and mortality data on diseases that may be associated with the ob-
served levels of exposure. The assessment shall include an evalua-
tion of the risks to the potentially affected population from all
sources of such contaminants, including known point or nonpoint
sources other than the site or facility in question. A purpose of such
preliminary assessments shall be to help determine whether full-
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scale health or epidemiological studies and medical evaluations of
exposed populations shall be undertaken.
(g) COST RECOVERY.—In any case in which a health assessment
performed under this section discloses the exposure of a population
to the release of a hazardous substance, the costs of such health as-
sessment may be recovered as a cost of response under section 107 of
the Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation, and Li-
ability Act of 1980 from persons causing or contributing to such re-
lease of such hazardous substance or, in the case of multiple re-
leases contributing to such exposure, to all such release.
INTERIM CONTROL OF HAZARDOUS WASTE INJECTION
SEC. \.7010.'! 3020* (a) UNDERGROUND SOURCE OF DRINKING
WATER.—No hazardous waste may be disposed of by underground
injection—
(1) into a formation which contains (within one-quarter mile
of the well used for such underground injection) an under-
ground source of drinking water; or
(2) above such a formation.
The prohibitions established under this section shall take effect 6
months after the enactment of the Hazardous and Solid Waste
Amendments of 1984 except in the case of any State in which identi-
cal or more stringent prohibitions are in effect before such date
under the Safe Drinking Water Act.
(b) ACTIONS UNDER CERCLA.—Subsection (a) shall not apply to
the injection of contaminated ground water into the aquifer from
which it was withdrawn, if—
(1) such injection is—
(A) a response action taken under section 104 or luo of
the Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation
and Liability Act of 1980, or
(B) part of corrective action required under this title in-
tended to clean up such contamination;
(2) such contaminated ground water is treated to substantial-
ly reduce hazardous constituents prior to such injection; and
(3) such response action or corrective action will, upon comple-
tion, be sufficient to protect human health and the environ-
(c) ENFORCEMENT.—In addition to enforcement under [^sections
7002 and 7003 of this Act,"} provisions of this Act]9 the prohibitions
established under paragraphs (1) and (2) of subsection (a) shall be
enforceable under the Safe Drinking Water Act in any State—
(1) which has adopted identical or more stringent prohibi-
tions under part C of the Safe Drinking Water Act and which
has assumed primary enforcement responsibility under that Act
for enforcement of such prohibitions; or
(2) in which the Administrator has adopted identical or more
stringent prohibitions under the Safe Drinking Water Act and
is exercising primary enforcement responsibility under that Act
for enforcement of such prohibitions.
8 P.L. 99-339, the Safe Drinking Water Act Amendments.
9 Language enclosed in light-face brackets indicates an amendment made by F.U 99-dd9, tne
Safe Drinking Water Act Amendments.
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(d) The terms "primary enforcement responsibility", "underground
source of drinking water", "formation" and "well" have the same
meanings as provided in regulations of the Administrator under the
Safe Drinking Water Act. The term "Safe Drinking Water Act"
means title XIV of the Public Health Service Act.
Subtitle D—State or Regional Solid Waste Plans
OBJECTIVES OF SUBTITLE
SEC. 4001. The objectives of this subtitle are to assist in develop-
ing and encouraging methods for the disposal of solid waste which
are environmentally sound and which maximize the utilization of
valuable resources including energy and materials, which are re-
coverable from solid waste and to encourage resource conservation.
Such objectives are to be accomplished through Federal technical
and financial assistance to States or regional authorities for com-
prehensive planning pursuant to Federal guidelines designed to
foster cooperation among Federal, State, and local governments
and private industry. In developing such comprehensive plans, it is
the intention of this Act that in determining the size of the waste-
to-energy facility, adequate provision shall be given to the present
and reasonably anticipated future needs, including those needs cre-
ated by thorough implementation of section 6002(h), of the recycling
and resource recovery interest within the area encompassed by the
planning process.
FEDERAL GUIDELINES FOR PLANS
SEC. 4002. (a) GUIDELINES FOR IDENTIFICATION OF REGIONS.—For
purposes of encouraging and facilitating the development of region-
al planning for solid waste management, the Administrator, within
one hundred and eighty days after the date of enactment of this
section and after consultation with appropriate Federal, State, and
local authorities, shall by regulation publish guidelines for the
identification of those areas which have common solid waste man-
agement problems and are appropriate units for planning regional
solid waste management services. Such guidelines shall consider—
(1) the size and location of areas which should be included,
(2) the volume of solid waste which should be included, and
(3) the available means of coordinating regional planning
with other related regional planning and for coordination of
such region planning into the State plan.
(b) GUIDELINES FOR STATE PLANS.—Not later than eighteen
months after the date of enactment of this section and after notice
and hearing, the Administrator shall, after consultation with ap-
propriate Federal, State, and local authorities, promulgate regula-
tions containing guidelines to assist in the development and imple-
methods for achieving the objectives specified in section 4001. Such
guidelines shall be reviewed from time to time, but not less fre-
quently than every three years, and revised as may be appropriate.
(c) CONSIDERATIONS FOR STATE PLAN GUIDELINES.—The guidelines
promulgated under subsection (b) shall consider—
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(1) the varying regional, geologic, hydrologic, climate, and
other circumstances under which different solid waste prac-
tices are required in order to insure the reasonable protection
of the quality of the ground and surface waters from leachate
contamination, the reasonable protection of the quality of the
surface waters from surface runoff contamination, and the rea-
sonable protection of ambient air quality;
(2) characteristics and conditions of collection, storage, proc-
essing, and disposal operating methods, techniques and prac-
tices, and location of facilities where such operating methods,
techniques, and practices are conducted, taking into account
the nature of the material to be disposed;
(3) methods for closing or upgrading open dumps for pur-
poses of eliminating potential health hazards;
(4) population density, distribution, and projected growth;
(5) geographic, geologic, climate, and hydrologic characteris-
tics;
(6) the type and location of transportation;
(7) the profile of industries;
(8) the constituents and generation rates waste;
(9) the political, economic, organizational, financial, and
management problems affecting comprehensive solid waste
management;
(10) types of resource recovery facilities and resource conser-
vation systems which are appropriate; and
(11) available new and additional market for recovered mate-
rial and energy and energy resources recovered from solid
waste as well as methods for conserving such materials and
energy.
REQUIREMENTS FOR APPROVAL OF PLANS
SEC. 4003. (a) MINIMUM REQUIREMENTS.—In order to be approved
under section 4007, each State plan must comply with the following
minimum requirements—
(1) The plan shall identify (in accordance with section
4006(b)(A) the responsibilities of State, local, and regional au-
thorities in the implementation of the State plan, (B) the distri-
bution of Federal funds to the authorities responsible for devel-
opment and implementation of State plan, and (C) the means
for coordinating regional planning and implementation under
the State plan.
(2) The plan shall, in accordance with sections 4004(b) and
4005(a) prohibit the establishment of new open dumps within
the State, and contain requirements that all solid waste (in-
cluding solid waste originating in other States, but not includ-
ing hazardous waste) shall be (A) utilized for resource recovery
or (B) disposed of in sanitary landfills (within the meaning of
section 4004(a)) or otherwise disposed of in an environmentally
sound manner.
(3) The plan shall provide for the closing or upgrading of all
existing open dumps within the State pursuant to the require-
ments of section 4005.
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(4) The plan shall provide for the establishment of such State
regulatory powers as may be necessary to implement the plan.
(5) The plan shall provide that no State or local government
within the State shall be prohibited, under State or local law,
from negotiating and entering into long-term contracts for the
supply of solid waste to resource recovery facilities, or for con-
serving materials or energy by reducing the volume of waste,
from entering into long-term contracts for the operation of
such facilities, or from securing long-term markets for material
and energy recovered from such facilities.
(6) The plan shall provide for such resource conservation or
recovery and for the disposal of solid waste in sanitary land-
fills or any combination of practices so as may be necessary to
use or dispose of such waste in a manner that is environmen-
tally sound.
(b) DISCRETIONARY PLAN PROVISIONS RELATING TO RECYCLED
OIL.—Any State plan submitted under this subtitle may include, at
the option of the State, provisions to carry out each of the follow-
ing:
(1) Encouragement, to the maximum extent feasible and con-
sistent with the protection of the public health and the envi-
ronment, of the use of recycled oil in all appropriate areas of
State and local government.
(2) Encouragement of persons contracting with the State to
use recycled oil to the maximum extent feasible, consistent
with protection of the public health and the environment.
(3) Informing the public of the uses of recycled oil.
(4) Establishment and implementation of a program (includ-
ing any necessary licensing of persons and including the use,
where appropriate, of manifests) to assure that used oil is col-
lected, transported, treated, stored, reused, and disposed of, in
a manner which does not present a hazard to the public health
or the environment.
Any plan submitted under this title before the date of the enact-
ment of the Used Oil Recycling Act of 1980 may be amended, at
the option of the State, at any time after such date to include any
provision referred to in this subsection.
C(b)3 (c) ENERGY AND MATERIALS CONSERVATION AND RECOVERY
FEASIBILITY PLANNING AND ASSISTANCE.—(1) A State which has a
plan approved under this subtitle or which has submitted a plan
for such approval shall be eligible for assistance under section
4008(a)(3) if the Administrator determines that under such plan the
State will—
(A) analyze and determine the economic and technical feasi-
bility of facilities and programs to conserve resources which
contribute to the waste stream or to recovery energy and mate-
rials from municipal waste;
(B) analyze the legal, institutional, and economic impedi-
ments to the development of systems and facilities for conser-
vation of energy or materials which contribute to the waste
stream or for the recovery of energy and materials from mu-
nicipal waste and make recommendations to appropriate gov-
ernmental authorities for overcoming such impediments;
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(C) assist municipalities within the State in developing plans,
programs, and projects to conserve resources or recover energy
and materials from municipal waste; and
(D) coordinate the resource conservation and recovery plan-
ning under subparagraph (C).
(2) The analysis referred to in paragraph (1)(A) shall include—
(A) the evaluation of, and establishment of priorities among,
market opportunities for industrial and commercial users of all
types (including public utilities and industrial parks) to utilize
energy and materials recovered from municipal waste;
(B) comparisons of the relative costs of energy recovered
from municipal waste in relation to the costs of energy derived
from fossil fuels and other sources;
(C) studies of the transportation and storage problems and
other problems associated with the development of energy and
materials recovery technology, including curbside source sepa-
ration;
(D) the evaluation and establishment of priorities among
ways of conserving energy or materials which contribute to the
waste stream;
(E) comparison of the relative total costs between conserving
resources and disposing of or recovering such waste; and
(F) studies of impediments to resource conservation or recov-
ery, including business practices, transportation requirements,
or storage difficulties.
Such studies and analyses shall also include studies of other
sources of solid waste form which energy and materials may be re-
covered or minimized.
(d) SIZE OF WASTE-TO-ENERGY FACILITIES.—Notwithstanding any
of the above requirements, it is the intention of this Act and the
planning process developed pursuant to this Act that in determining
the size of the waste-to-energy facility, adequate provision shall be
given to the present and reasonably anticipated future needs of the
recycling and resource recovery interest within the area encompassed
by the planning process.
CRITERIA FOR SANITARY LANDFILL; SANITARY LANDFILLS REQUIRED FOR
ALL DISPOSAL
SEC. 4004. (a) CRITERIA FOR SANITARY LANDFILLS.—Not later than
one year after the date of enactment of this section, after consulta-
tion with the States, and after notice and public hearings, the Ad-
ministrator shall promulgate regulations containing criteria for de-
termining which facilities shall be classified as sanitary landfills
and which shall be classified as open dumps within the meaning of
this Act. At a minimum, such criteria shall provide that a facility
may be classified as a sanitary landfill and not an open dump only
if there is no reasonable probability of adverse effects on healtii or
the environment from disposal of solid waste at such facility. Such
regulations may provide for the classification of the types of sani-
tary landfills. „ _ „
(b) DISPOSAL REQUIRED To BE IN SANITARY LANDFILLS, ETC.—For
purposes of complying with section 4003(2) each State plan shall
prohibit the establishment of open dumps and contain a require-
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ment that disposal of all solid waste within the State shall be in
compliance with such section 4003(2).
(c) EFFECTIVE DATE.—The prohibition contained in subsection (b)
shall take effect on the date six months after the date of promulga-
tion of regulations under subsection (a), [or on the date of approv-
al of the State plan, whichever, is later.]
UPGRADING OF OPEN DUMPS
SEC. 4005. (a) CLOSING OR UPGRADING OF EXISTING OPEN
DUMPS.—Upon promulgation of criteria under section 1008(a)(3),
any solid waste managment practice or disposal of solid waste or
hazardous waste which constitutes the open dumping of solid waste
or hazardous waste is prohibited, except in the case of any practice
or disposal of solid waste under a timetable or schedule for compli-
ance established under this section. The prohibition contained in
the preceding sentence shall be enforceable under section 7002
against persons engaged in the act of open dumping. For purposes
of complying with section 4003(2), and 4003(3) each State plan shall
contain a requirement that all existing disposal facilities or sites
for solid waste in such State which are open dumps listed in the
inventory under subsection (b) shall comply with such measures as
may be promulgated by the Administrator to eliminate health haz-
ards and minimize potential health hazards. Each such plan shall
establish, for any entity which demonstrates that it has considered
other public or private alternatives for solid waste management to
comply with the prohibition on open dumping and is unable to uti-
lize such alternatives to so comply, a timetable or schedule for com-
pliance for such practice or disposal of solid waste which specifies a
schedule of remedial measures, including an enforceable sequence
of actions or operations, leading to compliance with the prohibition
on open dumping of solid waste within a reasonable time (not to
exceed 5 years from the date of publication of criteria under sec-
tion 1008(a)(3)).
(b) INVENTORY.—To assist the States in complying with section
4003(3), not later than one year after promulgation of regulations
under section 4004, the Administrator, which the cooperation of
the Bureau of Census shall publish an inventory of all disposal fa-
cilities or sites in the United States which are open dumps within
the meaning of this Act.
(c) CONTROL OF HAZARDOUS DISPOSAL.—(1)(A) Not later than 36
months after the date of enactment of the Hazardous and Solid
Waste Amendments of 1984, each State shall adopt and implement
a permit program or other system of prior approval and conditions
to assure that each solid waste management facility within such
State which may receive hazardous household waste or hazardous
waste due to the provision of section 3001(d) for small quantity gen-
erators (otherwise, not subject to the requirement for a permit under
section 3005) will comply with the applicable criteria promulgated
under section 4004(a) and section 1008(a)(3).
(B) Not later than eighteen months after the promulgation of re-
vised criteria under subsection 4004(a) (as required by section
4010(c)), each State shall adopt and implement a permit program or
other system or prior approval and conditions, to assure that each
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solid waste management facility within such State which may re-
ceive hazardous household waste or hazardous waste due to the pro-
vision of section 3001(d) for small quantity generators (otherwise not
subject to the requirement for a permit under section 3005) will
comply with the criteria revised under section 4004(a).
(C) The Administrator shall determine whether each State has de-
veloped an adequate program under this paragraph. The Adminis-
trator may make such a determination in conjunction with approv-
al, disapproval or partial approval of a State plan under section
(2)(A) In any State that the Administrator determines has not
adopted an adequate program for such facilities under paragraph
(1)(B) by the date provided in such paragraph, the Administrator
may use the authorities available under sections 3007 and 3008 of
this title to enforce the prohibition contained in subsection (a) of
this section with respect to such facilities.
(B) For purposes of this paragraph, the term "requirement of this
subtitle" in section 3008 shall be deemed to include criteria promul-
gated by the Administrator under sections 1008(a)(3) and 4004(a) of
this title, and the term "hazardous wastes" in section 3007 shall be
deemed to include solid waste at facilities that may handle hazard-
ous household wastes or hazardous wastes from small quantity gen-
erators.
PROCEDURE FOR DEVELOPMENT AND IMPLEMENTATION OF STATE PLAN
SEC. 4006. (a) IDENTIFICATION OF REGIONS.—Within one hundred
and eighty days after publication of guidelines under section
4002(a) (relating to identication of regions), the Government of each
State, after consultation with local elected officials, shall promul-
gate regulations based on such guidelines identifying the bound-
aries of each area within the State which, as a result of urban con-
centrations, geographic conditions, markets, and other factors, is
appropriate for carrying out regional solid waste management.
Such regulations may be modified from time to time (identifying
additional or different regions) pursuant to such guidelines.
(b) IDENTIFICATION OF STATE AND LOCAL AGENCIES AND RESPONSI-
BILITIES.—^!) Within one hundred and eighty days after the Gover-
nor promulgates regulations under subsection (a), for purposes of
facilitating the development and implementation of a State plan
which will meet the minimum requirements of section 4003, the
State, together with appropriate elected officals of general purpose
units of local government, shall jointly (A) identify an agency to de-
velop the State plan and identify one or more agencies to imple-
ment such a plan, and (B) identify which solid waste management
activities will, under such State plan, be planned for and carried
out by the State and which such management activities will, under
such State plan, be planned for and carried out by a regional or
local authority or a combination of regional or local and State au-
thorities. If a multi-functional regional agency authorized by State
law to conduct solid waste planning and management (the mem-
bers of which are appointed by the Governor) is in existence on the
date of enactment of this Act, the Governor shall identify such au-
thority for purposes of carrying out within such region clause (A) of
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this paragraph. Where feasible, designation of the agency for the
affected area designated under section 208 of the Federal Water
Pollution Control Act (86 Stat. 839) shall be considered. A State
agency identified under this paragraph shall be established or des-
ignated by the Governor of such State. Local or regional agencies
identified under this paragraph shall be composed of individuals at
least a majority of whom are elected local officials.
(2) If planning and implementation agencies are not identified
and designated or established as required under paragraph (1) for
any affected area, the Governor shall, before the date two hundred
and seventy days after promulgation of regulations under subsec-
tion (a), establish or designate a State agency to develop and imple-
ment the State plan for such area.
(c) INTERSTATE REGIONS.—(1) in the case of any region which, pur-
suant to the guidelines published by the Administrator under sec-
tion 4002(a) (relating to identification of regions), would be located
in two or more States, the Governors of the respective States, after
consultation with local elected officials, shall consult, cooperate,
and enter into agreements identifying the boundaries of such
region pursuant to subsection (a).
(2) Within one hundred and eighty days after an interstate
region is identified by agreement under paragraph (1), appropriate
elected officials of general purpose units of local government
within such region shall jointly establish or designate an agency to
develop a plan for such region. If no such agency is established or
designated within such period by such officials, the Governors of
the respective States may, by agreement, establish or designate for
such purpose a single representative organization including elected
officials of general purpose units of local government within such
region.
(3) Implementation of interstate regional solid waste manage-
ment plans shall be conducted by units of local government for any
portion of region within their jurisdiction, or by multijurisdictional
agencies or authorities designated in accordance with State law, in-
cluding those designated by agreement by such units of local gov-
ernment for such purpose. If no such unit, agency, or authority is
so designated, the respective Governors shall designate or establish
a single interstate agency to implement such plan.
(4) For purposes of this subtitle, so much of an interstate regional
plan as is carried out within a particular State shall be deemed
part of the State plan for such State.
APPROVAL OF STATE PLAN; FEDERAL ASSISTANCE
_ SEC. 4007. (a) PLAN APPROVAL.—The Administrator shall, within
six months after a State plan has been submitted for approval, ap-
prove or disapprove the plan. The Administrator shall approve a
plan if he determines that—
(1) it meets the requirements of paragraphs (1), (2), (3), and
(5) of section 4003; and
(2) it contains provision for revision of such plan, after notice
and public hearing, whenever the Administrator, by regula-
tion, determines—
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(A) that revised regulations respecting minimum re-
quirements have been promulgated under paragraphs (1),
(2), (3), and (5) of section 4003 with which the State plan is
not in compliance;
(B) that information has become available which demon-
strates the inadequacy of the plan to effectuate the pur-
poses of this subtitle; or
(C) that such revision is otherwise necessary.
The Administrator shall review approved plans from time to time
and if he determines that revision or corrections are necessary to
bring such plan into compliance with the minimum requirements
promulgated under section 4003 (including new or revised require-
ments), he shall, after notice and .opportunity for public hearing,
withdraw his approval of such plan. Such withdrawal of approval
shall cease to be effective upon the Administrator's determination
that such complies with such minimum requirements.
(b) ELIGIBILITY OF STATES FOR FEDERAL FINANCIAL ASSISTANCE.—
(1) The Administrator shall approve a State application for finan-
cial assistance under this subtitle, and make grants to such State,
if such State and local and regional authorities within such State
have complied with the requirements of section 4006 within the
period required under such section and if such State has a State
plan which has been approved by the Administrator under this
subtitle.
(2) The Administrator shall approve a State application for finan-
cial assistance under this subtitle, and make grants to such State,
for fiscal years 1978 and 1979 if the Administrator determines that
the State plan continues to be eligible,for approval under subsec-
tion (a) and is being implemented by the State.
(3) Upon withdrawal of approval of a State plan under subsection
(a), the Administrator shall withhold Federal financial and techni-
cal assistance under this subtitle (other than such technical assist-
ance as may be necessary to assist in obtaining the reinstatement
of approval) until such time as such approval is reinstated.
(c) EXISTING ACTIVITIES.—Nothing in this subtitle shall be con-
strued to prevent or affect any activities respecting solid waste
planning or management which are carried out by State, regional,
or local authorities unless such activities are inconsistent with a
State plan approved by the Administrator under this subtitle.
FEDERAL ASSISTANCE
SEC. 4008. (a) AUTHORIZATION OF FEDERAL FINANCIAL ASSIST-
ANCE.—(1) There are authorized to be appropriated $30,000,000 for
fiscal year 1978, $40,000,000 for fiscal year 1979, $20,000,000 for
fiscal year 1980, $15,000,000 for fiscal year 1981, [and $20,000,000
for fiscal year 19823 $20,000,000 for the fiscal year 1982, and
$10,000,000 for each of the fiscal years 1985 through 1988 for pur-
poses of financial assistance to States and local, regional, and inter-
state authorities for the development and implementation of plans
approved by the Administrator under this subtitle (other than the
provisions of such plans referred to in section 4003(b), relating to
feasibility planning for municipal waste energy and materials con-
servation and recovery).
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(2)(A) The Administrator is authorized to provide financial assist-
ance to States, counties, municipalities, and interniunicipal agen-
cies and State and local public solid waste management authorities
for implementation of programs to provide solid waste manage-
ment, resource recovery, and resource conservation services and
hazardous waste management. Such assistance shall include assist-
ance for facility planning and feasibility studies; expert consulta-
tion; surveys and analyses of market needs; marketing of recovered
resources; technology assessments; legal expenses; construction fea-
sibility studies; source separation projects; and fiscal or economic
investigations or studies; but such assistance shall not include any
other element of construction, or any acquisition of land or interest
in land, or any subsidy for the price of recovered resources. Agen-
cies assisted under this subsection shall consider existing solid
waste management and hazardous waste management services and
facilities as well as facilities proposed for construction.
(B) An applicant for financial assistance under this paragraph
must agree to comply with respect to the project or program assist-
ed with the applicable requirements of section 4005 and subtitle C
of this Act and apply applicable solid waste management practices,
methods, and levels of control consistent with any guidelines pub-
lished pursuant to section 1008 of this Act. Assistance under this
paragraph shall be available only for programs certified by the
State to be consistent with any applicable State or areawide solid
waste management plan or program. Applicants for technical and
financial assistance under this section shall not preclude or fore-
close consideration of programs for the recovery of recyclable mate-
rials through source separation or other resource recovery tech-
niques.
(C) There are authorized to be appropriated $15,000,000 for each
of the fiscal years 1978 and 1979 for purposes of this section. There
are authorized to be appropriated $10,000,000 for fiscal year 1980,
$10,000,000 for fiscal year 1981, [and $10,000,000 for fiscal year
1982] $10,000,000 for fiscal year 1982, and $10,000,000 for each of
the fiscal years 1985 through 1988 for purposes of this paragraph.
(3)(A) There is authorized to be appropriated for the fiscal year
beginning October 1, 1981, and for each fiscal year thereafter
before October 1,.1986, $4,000,000 for purposes of making grants to
States to carry out section 4003(b). No amount may be appropriated
for such purposes for ,the fiscal year beginning on October 1, 1986,
or for any fiscal year thereafter.
(E) Assistance provided by the Administrator under this para-
graph shall be used only for the purposes specified in section
4003(b). Such assistance may not be used for purposes of land ac-
quisition, final facility design, equipment purchase, construction,
startup or operation activities.
(C) Where appropriate, any State receiving assistance under this
paragraph may make all or any part of such assistance available to
municipalities within the State to carry out the activities specified
in section 4003(b)(l) (A) and (B).
CD) There are authorized—
(i) to be made available $15,000,000 out of funds appropriated
for fiscal year 1985, and
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(ii) to be appropriated for each of the fiscal years 1986
through 1988, $20,000,000
for grants to States (and where appropriate to regional, local, and
interstate agencies) to implement programs requiring compliance by
solid waste management facilities with the criteria promulgated
under section 4004(a) and section 1008(a)(3) and with the provisions
of section 4005. To the extent practicable, such programs shall re-
quire such compliance not later than thirty-six months after the
date of the enactment of the Hazardous and Solid Waste Amend-
ments of 1984.
(b) STATE ALLOTMENT.—The sums appropriated in any fiscal year
under subsection (a)(l) be allotted by the Administrator among all
States, in the ratio that the population in each State bears to the
population in all of the States, except that no State shall receive
less than one-half of 1 per centum of the sums so allotted in any
fiscal year. No State shall receive any grant under this section
during any fiscal year when its expenditures of non-Federal funds
for other than nonrecurrent expenditures for solid waste manage-
ment control programs will be less than its expenditures were for
such programs during fiscal year 1975, except that such funds may
be reduced by an amount equal to their proportionate share of any
general reduction of State spending ordered by the Governor or leg-
islature of such State. No State shall receive any grant for solid
waste management programs unless the Administrator is satisfied
that such grant will be so used as to supplement and, to the extent
practicable, increase the level of State, local, regional, or other non-
Federal funds that would in the absence of such grant be made
available for the maintenance of such programs.
(c) DISTRIBUTION OF FEDERAL FINANCIAL ASSISTANCE WITHIN THE
STATE.—The Federal assistance allotted to the States under subsec-
tion (b) shall be allocated by the State receiving such funds to
State, local, regional, and interstate authorities carrying out plan-
ning and implementation of the State plan. Such allocation shall
be based upon the responsibilities of the respective parties as deter-
mined pursuant to section 4006(b).
(d) TECHNICAL ASSISTANCE.—(1) The Administrator may provide
technical assistance to State and local governments for purposes of
developing and implementing State plans. Technical assistance re-
specting resource recovery and conservation may be provided
through resource recovery and conservation panels, established in
the Environmental Protection Agency under subtitle B, to assist
the State and local governments with respect to particulate re-
source recovery and conservation projects under consideration and
to evaluate their effect on the State plan.
(2) In carrying out this subsection, the Administrator is author-
ized to provide technical assistance to States, municipalities, re-
gional authorities, and intermunicipal agencies upon request, to
assist in the removal or modification of legal, institutional, and eco-
nomic impediments which have the effect of impeding the develop-
ment of systems and facilities to recover energy and materials from
municipal waste or to conserve energy or materials which contrib-
ute to the waste stream. Such impediments may include—
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(A) laws, regulations, and policies, including State and local
procurement policies, which are not favorable to resource con-
servation and recovery policies, systems, and facilities;
(B) impediments to the financing of facilities to conserve or
recover energy and materials from municipal waste through
the exercise of State and local authority to issue revenue bonds
and the use of State and local credit assistance; and
(C) impediments to institutional arrangements necessary to
undertake projects for the conservation or recovery of energy
and materials from municipal waste, including the creation of
special districts, authorities, or corporations where necessary
having the power to secure the supply of waste of a project, to
conserve resources, to implement the project, and to undertake
related activities.
[2] (3) In carrying out this subsection, the Administrator may,
upon request, provide technical assistance to States to assist in the
removal or modification of legal, institutional, economic, and other
impediments to the recycling of used oil. Such impediments may
include laws, regulations, and policies, including State procurement
policies, which are not favorable to the recycling of used oil.
(e) SPECIAL COMMUNITIES.—(1) The Administrator, in cooperation
with State and local officials, shall identify local governments
within the United States (A) having a solid waste disposal facility
(i) which is owned by the unit of local government, (ii) for which an
order has been issued by the State to cease receiving solid waste
for treatment, storage, or disposal, and (iii) which is subject to a
State-approved end-use recreation plan, and (B) which are located
over an aquifer which is the source of drinking water for any
person or public water system and which has serious environmen-
tal problems resulting from the disposal of such solid waste, includ-
ing possible methane migration;
(2) There is authorized to be appropriated to the Administrator
$2,500,000 for the fiscal year 1980, [and $1,500,000 for each of the
fiscal years 1981 and 1982] $1,500,000 for each of the fiscal years
1981 and 1982, and $500,000 for each of the fiscal years 1985
through 1988 to make grants to be used for containment and stabi-
lization of solid waste located at the disposal sites referred to in
paragraph (1). Not more than one community in any State shall be
eligible for grants under this paragraph and not more than one
project in any State shall be eligible for such grants. No unit of
local government shall be eligible for grants under this paragraph
with respect to any site which exceeds 65 acres in size.
(f) ASSISTANCE TO MUNICIPALITIES FOR ENERGY AND MATERIALS
CONSERVATION AND RECOVERY PLANNING ACTIVITIES.—(1) The Ad-
ministrator is authorized to make grants to municipalities, regional
authorities, and intermunicipal agencies to carry out activities de-
scribed in subparagraph (A) and (B) of section 4003(b)(l). Such
grants may be made only pursuant to an application submitted to
the Administrator by the municipality which application has been
approved by the State and determined by the State to be consistent
with any State plan approved or submitted under this subtitle or
any other appropriate planning carried put by the State.
(2) There is authorized to be appropriated for the fiscal year be-
ginning October 1, 1981, and for each fiscal year thereafter before
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October 1, 1986, $8,000,000 for purposes of making grants to mu-
nicipalities under this subsection. No amount may be appropriated
for such purposes for the fiscal year beginning on October 1, 1986,
or for any fiscal year thereafter.
(3) Assistance provided by the Administrator under this subsec-
tion shall be used only for the purposes specified in paragraph (1).
Such assistance may not be used for purposes of land acquisition,
final facility design, equipment purchases, construction, startup or
operation activities.
[(£)] (g) ASSISTANCE TO STATES FOR DISCRETIONARY PROGRAM FOR
RECYCLED OIL.—(1) The Administrator may make grants to States,
which have a State plan approved under section 4007, or which
have submitted a State plan for approval under such section, if
such plan includes the discretionary provisions described in section
4003(b). Grants under this subsection shall be for purposes of assist-
ing the State in carrying out such discretionary provisions. No
grant under this subsection may be used for construction or for the
acquisition of land or equipment.
(2) Grants under this subsection shall be allotted among the
States in the same manner as provided in the first sentence of sub-
section (b).
(3) No grant may be made under this subsection unless an appli-
cation therefor is submitted to, and approved by, the Administra-
tor. The application shall be in such form, be submitted in such
manner, and contain such information as the Administrator may
require.
(4) For purposes of making grants under this subsection, there
are authorized to be appropriated $5,000,000 for fiscal year 1982
[and $5,000,000 for fiscal year 1983.] $5,000,000 for fiscal year
1983, and $5,000,000 for each of the fiscal years 1985 through 1988.
RURAL COMMUNITIES ASSISTANCE
SEC. 4009. (a) IN GENERAL.—The Administrator shall make
grants to States to provide assistance to municipalities with a pop-
ulation of five thousand or less, or counties with a population of
ten thousand or less or less than twenty persons per square mile
and not within a metropolitan area, for solid waste management
facilities (including equipment) necessary to meet the requirements
of section 4005 of this Act or restrictions on open burning or other
requirements arising under the Clean Air Act or the Federal
Water Pollution Control Act. Such assistance shall only be avail-
able.
(1) to any municipality or county which could not feasibly be
included in a solid waste management system or facility serv-
ing an urbanized, multijurisdictional area because of its dis-
tance from such systems;
(2) where existing or planned solid waste management serv-
ices or facilities are unavailable or insufficient to comply with
the requirements of section 4005 of this Act; and
(3) for systems which are certified by the State to be consist-
ent with any plans or programs established under any State or
areawide planning process.
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(b) ALLOTMENT.—The Administrator shall allot the sums appro-
priated to carry out this section in any fiscal year among the
States in accordance with regulations promulgated by him on the
basis of the average of the ratio which the population of rural
areas of each State bears to the total population of rural areas of
all the States, the ratio which the population of counties in each
State having less than twenty persons per square mile bears to the
total population of such counties in all the States, and the ratio
which the population of such low-density counties in each State
having 33 per centum or more of all families with incomes not in
excess of 125 per centum of the poverty level bears to the total pop-
ulation of such counties in all the States.
(c) LIMIT.—The amount of any grant under this section shall not
exceed 75 per centum of the costs of the project. No assistance
under this section shall be available for the acquisition of land or
interest in land.
(d) APPEOPRIATIONS.—There are authorized to be appropriated
$25,000,000 for each of the fiscal years 1978 and 1979 to carry out
this section. There are authorized to be appropriated $10,000,000
for the fiscal year 1980 and $15,000,000 for each of the fiscal years
1981 and 1982 to carry out this section.
ADEQUACY OF CERTAIN GUIDELINES AND CRITERIA
SEC. 4010. (a) STUDY.—The Administrator shall conduct a study
of the extent of which the guidelines and criteria under this Act
(other than guidelines and criteria for facilities to which subtitle C
applies) which are applicable to solid waste management and dis-
posal facilities, including, but not limited to landfills and surface
impoundments, are adequate to protect human health and the envi-
ronment from ground water contamination. Such study shall in-
clude a detailed assessment of the degree to which the criteria
under section 1008(a) and the criteria under section 4004 regarding
monitoring, prevention of contamination, and remedial action are
adequate to protect ground water and shall also include recommen-
dation with respect to any additional enforcement authorities which
the Administrator, in consultation with the Attorney General,
deems necessary for such purpose.
(b) REPORT.—Not later than thirty-six months after the date of
enactment of the Hazardous and Solid Waste Amendments of 1984,
the Administrator shall submit a report to the Congress setting
forth the results of the study required udner this section, together
with any recommendations made by the Administrator on the basis
of such study.
(c) REVISIONS OF GUIDELINES AND CRITERIA.—Not later than
March 31, 1988, the Administrator shall promulgate revisions of the
criteria promulgated under paragraph (1) of section 4004(a) and
under section 1008(a)(3) for facilities that may receive hazardous
household wastes or hazardous wastes from small quantity genera-
tors under section 3001(d). The criteria shall be those necessary to
protect human health and the environment and may take into ac-
count the practicable capability of such facilities. At a minimum
such revisions for facilities potentially receiving such wastes should
require ground water monitoring as necessary to detect contamina-
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tion, establish criteria for the acceptable location of new or existing
facilities, and provide for corrective action as appropriate.
Subtitle E—Duties of the Secretary of Commerce in Resource and
Recovery
FUNCTIONS
SEC. 5001. The Secretary of Commerce shall encourage greater
commercialization of proven resource recovery technology by pro-
viding—
(1) accurate specifications for recovered materials;
(2) stimulation of development of markets for recovered ma-
terials;
(3) promotion of proven technology; and
(4) a forum for the exchange of technical and economic data
relating to resource recovery facilities.
DEVELOPMENT OF SPECIFICATIONS FOR SECONDARY MATERIALS
SEC. 5002. The Secretary of Commerce, acting through the Na-
tional Bureau of Standards, and in conjunction with national
standards-setting organizations in resource recovery, shall, after
public hearings, and not later than two years after September 1,
1979 publish guidelines for the development of specifications for
the classification of materials recovered from waste which were
destined for disposal. The specifications shall pertain to the physi-
cal and chemical properties and characteristics of such materials
with regard to their use in replacing virgin materials in various in-
dustrial, commercial, and governmental uses. In establishing such
guidelines the Secretary shall also, to the extent feasible, provide
such information as may be necessary to assist Federal agencies
with procurement of items containing recovered materials. The
Secretary shall continue to cooperate with national standards-set-
ting organizations, as may be necessary, to encourage the publica-
tion, promulgation and updating of standards for recovered materi-
als and for the use of recovered materials in various industrial,
commercial, and governmental uses.
DEVELOPMENT OF MARKETS FOR RECOVERED MATERIALS
SEC. 5003. The Secretary of Commerce shall within two years
after September 1, 1979 take such actions as may be necessary to—
(1) identify the geographical location of existing or potential
markets for recovered materials;
(2) identify the economic and technical barriers to the use of
recovered materials; and
(3) encourage the development of new uses for recovered ma-
terials.
TECHNOLOGY PROMOTION
SEC. 5004. The Secretary of Commerce is authorized to evaluate
the commercial feasibility of resource recovery facilities and to
publish the results of such evaluation, and to develop a data base
for purposes of assisting persons in choosing such a system.
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NONDISCRIMINATION REQUIREMENT
SEC. 5005. In establishing any policies which may affect the de-
velopment of new markets for recovered materials and in making
any determination concerning whether or not to impose monitoring
or other controls on any marketing or transfer of recovered materi-
als, the Secretary of Commerce may consider whether to establish
the same or similar policies or impose the same or similar monitor-
ing or other controls on virgin materials.
AUTHORIZATION OF APPROPRIATIONS
SEC. 5006. There are authorized to be appropriated to the Secre-
tary of Commerce $5,000,000 for each of fiscal years 1980, 1981, and
1982 and $1,500,000 for each of the fiscal years 1985 through 1988
to carry out the purposes of this subtitle.
Subtitle F—Federal Responsibilities
APPLICATION OF FEDERAL, STATE, AND LOCAL LAW TO FEDERAL
FACILITIES
SEC. 6001. Each department, agency, and instrumentality of the
executive, legislative, and judicial branches of the Federal Govern-
ment (1) having jurisdication over any solid waste management fa-
cility or disposal site, or (2) engaged in any activity resulting or,
which may result, in the disposal or management of solid waste or
hazardous waste shall be subject to, and comply with, all Federal,
State, interstate, and local requirements, both substantive and pro-
cedural (including and requirement for permits or reporting or any
provisions for injunctive relief and such sanctions as may be im-
posed by a court to enforce such relief), respecting control and
abatement of solid waste or hazardous waste disposal in the same
manner, and to the same extent, as any person is subject to such
requirements, including the payment of reasonable service charges.
Neither the United States, nor any agent, employee, or officer
thereof, shall be immune or exempt from any process or sanction of
any State or Federal Court with respect to the enforcement of any
such injunctive relief. The President may exempt any solid waste
management facility of any department, agency, or instrumentality
in the executive branch from compliance with such a requirement
if he determines it to be in the paramount interest of the United
States to do so. No such exemption shall be granted due to lack of
appropriation unless the President shall have specifically requested
such appropriation as a part of the budgetary process and the Con-
gress shall have failed to make available such requested appropria-
tion. Any exemption shall be for a period not in excess of one year,
but additional exemptions may be granted for periods not to exceed
one year upon the President's making a determination. The Presi-
dent shall report each January to the Congress all exemptions
from the requirements of this section granted during the preceding
calendar year, together with his reason for granting each such ex-
emption.
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FEDERAL PROCUREMENT
SEC. 6002. (a) APPLICATION OF SECTION.—Except as provided in
subsection (b), a procuring agency shall comply with the require-
ments set forth in this section and any regulations issued under
this section, with respect to any purchase or acquisition of a pro-
curement item where the purchase price of the item exceeds
$10,000 or where the quantity of such items or of functionally
equivalent items purchased or acquired in the course of the preced-
ing fiscal year was $10,000 or more.
(b) PROCUREMENT SUBJECT TO OTHER LAW.—Any procurement, by
any procuring agency, which is subject to regulations of the Admin-
istrator under section 6004 (as promulgated before the date of en-
actment of this section under comparable provisions of prior law)
shall not be subject to the requirements of this section to the
extent that such requirements are inconsistent with such regula-
tions.
(c) REQUIREMENTS.—(1) After the date specified in applicable
guidelines prepared pursuant to subsection (e) of this section, each
procuring agency which procures any items designated in such
guidelines shall procure such items composed of the highest per-
centage of recovered materials practicable, consistent with main-
taining a satisfactory level of competition (and in the case of paper,
the highest percentage of the postconsumer recovered materials re-
ferred to in subsection (h)(l) practicable), considering such guide-
lines. The decision not to procure such items shall be based on a
determination that such procurement items^-
(A) are not reasonably available within a reasonable period
of time;
(B) fail to meet the performance standards set forth in the
applicable specifications or fail to meet the reasonable per-
formance standards of the procuring agencies; or
(C) are only available at an unreasonable price. Any determi-
nation under subpargraph (B) shall be made on the basis of the
guidelines of the Bureau of Standards in any case in which
such material is covered by such guidelines.
(2) Agencies that generate heat, mechanical, or electrical energy
from fossil fuel in systems that have the technical capability of
using energy or fuels derived from solid waste as a primary or sup-
plementary fuel shall use such capability to the -maximum extent
practible.
(3) After the date specified in any applicable guidelines prepared
pursuant to subsection (e) of this section, contracting officers shall
require that vendors:
(A) certify that the percentage of recovered materials to be
used in the performance of the contract will be at least the
amount required by applicable specifications or other contrac-
tural requirements and
(B) estimate the percentage of the total material utilized for
the performance of the contract which is recovered materials.
(d) SPECIFICATIONS.—All Federal agencies that have the responsi-
bility for drafting or reviewing specifications for procurement items
procured by Federal agencies shall—
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(1) as expeditiously as possible but in any event no later than
[five years after the date of enactment of this Act,] eighteen
months after the date of enactment of the Hazardous and Solid
Waste Amendments of 1984, eliminate from such specifica-
tions—
(A) any exclusion of recovered materials and
(B) any requirement that items be manufactured from
virgin materials; and
(2) within one year after the date of publication of applicable
guidelines under subsection (e), or as otherwise specified in
such guidelines, assure that such specifications require the use
of recovered materials to the maximum extent possible without
jeopardizing the intended end use of the item.
(e) GUIDELINES.—The Administrator, after consultation with the
Administrator of General Services, the Secretary of Commerce
(acting through the Bureau of Standards), and the Public Printer,
shall prepare, and from time to time revise, guidelines for the use
of procuring agencies in complying with the requirements of this
section. Such guidelines shall—
(1) designate those items which are or can be produced with
recovered materials and whose procurement by procuring
agencies will carry out the objectives of this section, and in the
case of paper, provide for maximizing the use of postconsumer
recovered materials referred to in subsection (h)(l); and
(2) set forth recommended practices with respect to the pro-
curement of recovered materials and items containing such
materials and with respect to certification by vendors of the
percentage of recovered materials used;
and shall provide information as to the availability, relative price
and performance of such materials and items and where appropri-
ate shall recommend the level of recovered material to be con-
tained in the procured product. The Administrator shall prepare
final guidelines [for at least three product categories, including
paper, by May 1, 1981, and for two additional product categories,
including construction materials, by September 30, 1982.] for paper
within one hundred and eighty days after the enactment of the Haz-
ardous and Solid Waste Amendments of 1984, and for three addi-
tional product categories (including tires) by October 1, 1985. In
making the designation under paragraph (1), the Administrator
shall consider, but is not limited in his considerations, to—
(A) the availability of such items;
(B) the impact of the procurement of such items by procuring
agencies on the volume of solid waste which must be treated,
stored or disposed of;
(C) the economic and technological feasibility of producing
and using such items; and
(D) other uses for such recovered materials.
(f) PROCUREMENT OF SERVICES.—A procuring agency shall, to the
maximum extent practicable, manage or arrange for the procure-
ment of solid waste management services in a manner which maxi-
mizes energy and resource recovery.
(g) EXECUTIVE OFFICE.—The Office of Procurement Policy in the
Executive Office of the President, in cooperation with the Adminis-
trator, shall implement [the policy expressed in] the requirements
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of this section. It shall be the responsibility of the Office of Pro-
curement Policy to coordinate this policy with other policies for
Federal procurement, in such a way as to maximize the use of re-
covered resources, and to annually report to the Congress on ac-
tions taken by Federal agencies and the progress made in the im-
plementation of such policy, and to, every two years beginning in
1984, report to the Congress on actions taken by Federal agencies
and the progress made in the implementation of this section, includ-
ing agency compliance with subsection (d).
(h) DEFINITION.—As used in this section, in the case of paper
products, the term "recovered materials" includes—
(1) postconsumer materials such as—
(A) paper, paperboard, and fibrous wastes from retail
stores, office buildings, homes, and so forth, after they have
passed through their end-usage as a consumer item, includ-
ing: used corrugated boxes; old newspapers; old magazines;
mixed waste paper; tabulating cards; and used cordage;
and
(B) all paper, paperboard, and fibrous wastes that enter
and are collected from municipal solid waste, and
(2) manufacturing, forest residues, and other wastes such as—
(A) dry paper and paperboard waste generated after com-
pletion of the papermaking process (that is, those manufac-
turing operations up to and including the cutting and trim-
ming of the paper machine reel into smaller rolls or rough
sheets) including: envelope cuttings, bindery trimmings,
and other paper and paperboard waste, resulting from
printing, cutting, forming, and other converting operations;
bag, box, and carton manufacturing wastes; and butt rolls,
mill wrappers, and rejected unused stock; and
(B) finished paper and paperboard from obsolete invento-
ries of paper and paperboard manufacturers, merchants,
wholesalers, dealers, printers, converters, or others;
(C) fibrous byproducts of harvesting, manufacturing, ex-
tractive, or wood-cutting processes, flax, straw, linters, ba-
gasse, slash, and other forest residues;
(D) wastes generated by the conversion of goods made
from fibrous material (that is, waste rope from cordage
manufacture, textile mill waste, and cuttings); and
(E) fibers recovered from waste water which otherwise
would enter the waste stream.
(i) PROCUREMENT PROGRAM.—(1) Within one year after the date of
publication of applicable guidelines under subsection (e), each pro-
curing agency shall develop an affirmative procurement program
which will assure that items composed of recovered materials will
be purchased to the maximum extent practicable and which is con-
sistent with applicable provisions of Federal procurement law.
(2) Each affirmative procurement program required under this
subsection shall, at a minimum, contain—
(A) a recovered materials preference program;
(B) an agency promotion program to promote the preference
program adoped under subparagraph (A);
(C) a program for requiring estimates of the total percentage
of recovered material utilized in the performance of a contract;
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certification of minimum recovered material content actually
utilized, where appropriate; and reasonable verification proce-
dures for estimates and certifications; and
(D) annual review and monitoring of the effectiveness of an
agency's affirmative procurement program.
In the case of paper, the recovered materials preference program re-
quired under subparagraph (A) shall provide for the maximum use
of the post consumer recovered materials referred to in subsection
(8) In developing the preference program, the following options
shall be considered for adoption:
(A) Case-by-Case Policy Development: Subject to the limita-
tions of subsection (c)(l) (A) through (C), a policy of awarding
contracts to the vendor offering an item composed of the highest
percentage of recovered materials practicable (and in the case of
paper, the highest percentage of the postconsumer recovered ma-
terials referred to in subsection (h)(l)). Subject to such limita-
tions, agencies may make an award to a vendor offering items
with less than the maximum recovered materials content.
(B) Minimum Content Standards: Minimum recovered materi-
als content specifications which are set in such a way as to
assure that the recovered materials content (and in the case of
paper, the content of postconsumer materials referred to in sub-
section (h)(l)) required is the maximum available without jeop-
ardizing the intended end use of the item, or violating the limi-
tations of subsection (c)(l) (A) through (C).
Procuring agencies shall adopt one of the options set forth in sub-
paragraphs (A) and (B) or a substantially equivalent alternative, for
inclusion in the affirmative procurement program.
COOPERATION WITH THE ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY
SEC. 6003. (a) GENERAL RULE.— All Federal agencies shall assist
the Administrator in carrying out his functions under this Act and
shall promptly make available all requested information concern-
ing past or present Agency waste management practices and past
or present Agency owned, leased, or operated solid or hazardous
waste facilities. This information shall be provided in such format
as may be determined by the Administrator.
(b) INFORMATION RELATING TO ENERGY AND MATERIALS CONSERVA-
TION AND RECOVERY.— The Administrator shall collect, maintain,
and disseminate information concerning the market potential of
energy and materials recovered from solid waste, including materi-
als obtained through source separation, and information concern-
ing the savings potential of conserving resources contributing to
the waste stream. The Administrator shall identify the regions in
which the increased substitution of such energy for energy derived
from fossil fuels and other sources is most likely to be feasible, and
provide information on the technical and economic aspects of devel-
oping integrated resource conservation of recovery systems which
provide for the recovery of source-separated materials to be recy-
cled or the conservation of resources. The Administrator shall uti-
lize the authorities of subseciton (a) in carrying out this subsection.
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APPLICABILITY OF SOLID WASTE DISPOSAL GUIDELINE TO EXECUTIVE
AGENCIES
SEC. 6004. (a) COMPLIANCE.—(1) If—
(A) an Executive agency (as defined in section 105 of title 5,
United States Code) or any unit of the legislative branch of the
Federal Government has jurisdiction over any real property or
facility the operation or administration of which involves such
agency in solid waste management activities, or
(B) such an agency enters into a contract with any person for
the operation by such person of any Federal property or facili-
ty, and the performance of such contract involves such person
in solid waste management activities.
then such agency shall insure compliance with the guidelines rec-
ommended under section 1008 and the purposes of this Act in the
operation or administration of such property or facility, or the per-
formance of such contract, as the case may be,
(2) Each Executive agency or any unit of the legislative branch of
the Federal Government which conducts any activity—
(A) which generates solid waste, and
(B) which, if conducted by a person other then such agency,
would require a permit or license from such agency in order to
dispose of such solid waste,
shall insure compliance with such guidelines and the purposes of
this Act in conducting such activity.
(3) Each Executive agency which permits the use of Federal prop-
erty for purposes of disposal of solid waste shall insure compliance
with such guidelines and the purposes of this Act in the disposal of
such waste.
(4) The President or the Committee on House Administration of
the House of Representatives and the Committee on Rules and Ad-
ministration of the Senate with regard to any unit of the legisla-
tive branch of the Federal Government, shall prescribe regulations
to carry out this subsection.
(b) LICENSES AND PERMITS.—Each Executive agency which issues
any license or permit for disposal of solid waste shall, prior to the
issuance of such license or permit, consult with the Administrator
to insure compliance with guidelines recommended under section
1008 and the purposes of this Act.
Subtitle G—Miscellaneous Provisions
EMPLOYEE PROTECTION
SEC. 7001. (a) GENERAL.—No person shall fire, or in any other
way discriminate against, or cause to be fired or discriminated
against, any employee or any authorized representative of employ-
ees by reason of the fact that such employee or representative has
filed, instituted, or caused to be filed or instituted any proceeding
under this Act or under any applicable implementation plan, or
has testified or is about to testify in any proceeding resulting from
the administration or enforcement of the provisions of this Act or
of any applicable implementation plan.
(b) REMEDY.—Any employee or a representative of employees
who believes that he has been fired or otherwise discriminated
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against by any person in violation of subsection (a) of this section
may, within thirty days after such alleged violation occurs, apply
to the Secretary of Labor for a review of such firing or alleged dis-
crimination. A copy of the application shall be sent to such person
who shall be the respondent. Upon receipt of such application, the
Secretary of labor shall cause such investigation to be made as he
deems appropriate. Such investigation shall provide an opportunity
for a public hearing at the request of any party to such review to
enable the parties to present information relating to such alleged
violation. The parties shall be given written notice of the time and
place of the hearing at least five days prior to the hearing. Any
such hearing shall be of record and shall be subject to section 554
of title 5 of the United States Code. Upon receiving the report of
such investigation, the Secretary of Labor shall make findings of
fact. If he finds that such violation did occur, he shall issue a deci-
sion, incorporating an order therein and his findings, requiring the
party committing such violation to take such affirmative action to
abate the violation as the Secretary of Labor deems appropriate,
including, but not limited to, the rehiring or reinstatement of the
employee or representative of employees to his former position
with compensation. If he finds that there was no such violation, he
shall issue an order denying the application. Such order issued by
the Secretary of Labor under this subparagraph shall be subject to
judicial review in the same manner as orders and descisions of the
Administrator or subject to judicial review under this Act.
(c) COSTS.—Whenever an order is issued under this section to
abate such violation, at the request of the applicant, a sum equal to
the aggregate amount of all costs and expenses (including the at-
torney^ fees) as determined by the Secretary of Labor, to have
been reasonably incurred by the applicant for, or in connection
with, the institution and prosecution of such proceedings, shall be
assessed against the person committing such violation.
(d) EXCEPTION.—This section shall have no application to any em-
ployee who, acting without direction from his employer (or his
agent) deliberately violates any requirement of this Act.
(e) EMPLOYMENT SHIFTS AND Loss.—the Administrator shall con-
duct continuing evaluations of potential loss or shifts of employ-
ment which may result from the administration or enforcement of
the provisions of this Act and applicable implementation plans, in-
cluding, where appropriate, investigating threatened plant closures
or reductions in employment allegedly resulting from such admin-
istration or enforcement. Any employee who is discharged, or laid
off, threatened with discharge or layoff, or otherwise discriminated
against by any person because of the alleged results of such admin-
istration or enforcement, or any representative of such employee,
may request the Administrator to conduct a full investigation of
the matter. The Administrator shall thereupon investigate the
matter and, at the request of any party, shall hold public hearings
on not less than five days' notice, and shall at such hearings re-
quire the parties, including the employer involved, to present infor-
mation relating to the actual or potential effect of such administra-
tion or enforcement on emloyment, and on any alleged discharge,
layoff, or other discrimination and the detailed reasons or justifica-
tion therefore. Any such hearing shall be of record and shall be
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subject to section 554 of title 5 of the United States Code. Upon re-
ceiving the report of such investigation, the Administrator shall
make findings of fact as to the effect of such administration or en-
forcement on employment and on the alleged discharge, layoff, or
discrimination and shall make such recommendations as he deems
appropriate. Such report findings, and recommendations shall be
available to the public. Nothing in this subsection shall be con-
strued to require or authorize the Administrator or any State to
modify or withdraw any standard, limitation, or any any other re-
quirement of this Act or any appliable implementation plan.
(f) OCCUPATIONAL SAFETY AND HEALTH.—In order to assist the
Secretary of Labor and the Director of the National Institute for
Occupational Safety and Health in carying out their duties under
the Occupational Safety and Health Act of 1970, the Administrator
shall— , . f
(1) provide the following information, as such information be-
comes available, to the Secretary and the Director:
(A) the identity of any hazardous waste generation,
treatment, storage, disposal facility or site where cleanup
is planned or underway;
(B) information identifying the hazards to which persons
working at a hazardous waste generation, treatment, stor-
age, disposal facility or site or otherwise handling hazard-
ous waste may be exposed, the nature and extent of the ex-
posure, and methods to protect workers from such hazards;
and
(C) incidents of worker injury or hrm at a hazardous
waste generation, treatment, storage or disposal facility or
site; and
(2) notify the Secretary and the Director of the Admmstra-
tor's receipt of notifications under section 3010 or reports
under sections 3002, 3003, and 3004 of this title and make such
notifications and reports available to the Secretary and the Di-
rector.
CITIZEN SUITS
SEC. 7002. (a) IN GENERAL.—Except as provided in subsection (b)
or (c) of this section, any person may commence a civil action on
his own behalf— . .
(V)(A) against any person (including (a) the United btates,
and (b) any other governmental instrumentality or agency, to
the extent permitted by the eleventh amendment to the Con-
stitution) who is alleged to be in violation of any permit, stand-
ard, regulation, condition, requirement, prohibition, or order
which has become effective pursuant to this Act; or
(B) against any person, including the United States and any
other governmental instrumentality or agency, to the extent per-
mitted by the eleventh amendment to the Constitution, and in-
cluding any past or present generator, past or present transport-
er, or past or present owner or operator of a treatment, storage,
or disposal facility, who has contributing or who is contributing
to the past or present handling, storage, treatment, transporta-
tion, or disposal of any solid or hazardous waste which may
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present an imminent and substantial endangerment to health
or the environment; or
(2) against the Administrator where there is alleged a failure
of the Administrator to perform any act or duty under this Act
which is not discretionary with the Administrator.
Any action under paragraph (a)(l) of this subsection shall be
brought in the district court for the district in which the alleged
violation occurred or the alleged endangerment may occur. Any
action brought under paragraph (a)(2) of this subsection may be
brought in the district court for the district in which the alleged
violation occurred or in the District Court of the District of Colum-
bia. The district court shall have jurisdiction, without regard to the
amount in controversy or the citizenship of the parties, [to enforce
such regulation or order, or to order the administrator to perform
such act or duty as the case may be] to enforce the permit, stand-
ard, regulation, condition, requirement, prohibition, or order, re-
ferred to in paragraph (1)(A), to restrain any person who has con-
tributed or who is contributing to the past or present handling, stor-
age, treatment, transportation, or disposal of any solid or hazardous
waste referred to in paragraph (1)(B), to order such person to take
such other action as may be necessary, or both, or to order the Ad-
ministrator to perform the act or duty referred to in paragraph (2),
as the case may be, and to apply any appropriate civil penalties
under section 3008 (a) and (g).
C(b) ACTIONS PROHIBITED.—No action may be commenced under
paragraph (a)(l) of this section—
[(1) prior to sixty days after the plaintiff has given notice of
the violation (A) to the Administrator; (B) to the State in which
the alleged violation occurs; and (C) to any alleged violator of
such permit, standard, regulation, condition, requirement, or
order; or
[(2) if the Administrator or State has commended and is
diligently prosecuting a civil or criminal action in a court of
the United States or a State to require compliance with such
permit, standard, regulation, condition, requirement, or order:
Provided, however, That in any such action in a court of the
United States, any person may intervene as a matter of
right.]
(b) ACTIONS PROHIBITED.—(1) No action may be commenced under
subsection (a)(l)(A) of this section—
(A) prior to 60 days after the plaintiff has given notice of the
violation to—
(i) the Administrator;
(ii) the State in which the alleged violation occurs; and
(iii) to any alleged vilator of such permit, standard, regu-
lation, condition, requirement, prohibition, or order,
except that such action may be brought immediately after such
notification in the case of an action under this section respect-
ing a violation of subtitle C of this Act; or
(B) if the Administrator or State has commenced and is dili-
gently prosecuting a civil or criminal action in a court of the
United States or a State to require compliance with such
permit, standard, regulation, condition, requirement, prohibi-
tion, or order.
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In any action under subsection (a)(l)(A) in a court of the United
States, any person may intervene as a matter of right.
(2)(A) No action may be commenced under subsection (a)(l)(B) of
this section prior to ninety days after the plaintiff has given notice
of the endangerment to—
(i) the Administrator;
(ii) the State in which the alleged endangerment may occur;
(Hi) any person alleged to have contributed or to be contribut-
ing to the past or present handling, storage, treatment, transpor-
tation, or disposal of any solid or hazardous waste referred to
in subsection (aXl)(B),
except that such action may be brought immediately after such noti-
fication in the case of an action under this section respecting a vio-
lation of subtitle C of this Act.
(B) No action may be commenced under subsection (a)(l)(B) of this
section if the Administrator, in order to restrain or abate acts or
conditions which may have contributed or are contributing to the
activities which may present the alleged endangerment—
(i) has commenced and is diligently prosecuting an action
under section 7003 of this Act or under section 106 of the Com-
prehensive Environmental Response, Compensation and Liabil-
ity Act of 1980;
(ii) is actually engaging in a removal action under section 104
of the Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation
and Liability Act of 1980;
(in) has incurred costs to initiate a Remedial Investigation
and Feasibility Study under section 104 of the Comprehensive
Environmental Response, Compensation and Liability Act of
1980 and is diligently proceeding with a remedial action under
that Act; or
(iv) has obtained a court order (including a consent decree) or
issued an administrative order under section 106 of the Compre-
hensive Environmental Response, Compensation and Liability
Act of 1980 or section 7003 of this Act pursuant to which a re-
sponsible party is diligently conducting a removal action, Reme-
dial Investigation and Feasibility Study (RIFS), or proceeding
with a remedial action.
In the case of an administrative order referred to in clause (iv), ac-
tions under subsection (a)(l)(B) are prohibited only as to the scope
and duration of the administrative order referred to in clause (iv).
(C) No action may be commenced under subsection (a)(l)(B) of this
section if the State, in order to restrain or abate acts or conditions
which may have contributed or are contributing to the activities
which may present the alleged endangerment—
(i) has commenced and is diligently prosecuting an action
under subsection (a)(l)(B);
(ii) is actually engaging in a removal action under section 104
of the Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation
and Liability Act of 1980; or
(Hi) has incurred costs to initiate a Remedial Investigation
and Feasibility Study under section 104 of the Comprehensive
Environmental Response, Compensation and Liability Act of
1980 and is diligently proceeding with a remedial action under
that Act.
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(D) No action may be commenced under subsection (a)(l)(B) by any
person (other than a State or local government) with respect to the
siting of a hazardous waste treatment, storage, or a disposal facili-
ty, nor to restrain or enjoin the issuance of a permit for such facili-
ty.
(E) In any action under subsection (a)(l)(B) in a court of the
United States, any person may intervene as a matter of right when
the applicant claims an interest relating to the subject of the action
and he is so situated that the disposition of the action may, as a
practical matter, impair or impede his ability to protect that inter-
est, unless the Administrator or the State shows that the applicant's
interest is adequately represented by existing parties.
(F) Whenever any action is brought under subsection (a)(D(B) in a
court of the United States, the plaintiff shall serve a copy of the
complaint on the Attorney General of the United States and with
the Administrator.
(c) NOTICE.-^NO action may be commenced under paragraph (a)(2)
of this section prior to sixty days after the plaintiff has given
notice to the Administrator that he will commence such action,
except that such action may be brought immediately after such no-
tification in the case of an action under this section respecting a
violation of subtitle C of this Act. Notice under this subsection
shall be given in such manner as the Administrator shall prescribe
by regulation. Any action respecting a violation under this Act
may be brought under this section only in the judicial district in
which such alleged violation occurs.
(d) INTERVENTION.—In any action under this section the Adminis-
trator, if not a party, may intervene as a matter of right.
(e) COSTS.—The court, in issuing any final order in any action
brought pursuant to this section or section 7006, may award costs of
litigation (including reasonable attorney and expert witness fees)
[to any party,] to the prevailing or substantially prevailing party
whenever the court determines such an award is appropriate. The
court may, if a temporary restraining order or preliminary injunc-
tion is sought, require the filing of a bond or equivalent security in
accordance with the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure.
(f) OTHER RIGHTS PRESERVED.—Nothing in this section shall re-
strict any right which any person (or class of persons) may have
under any statute or common law to seek enforcement of any
standard or requirement relating to the management of solid waste
or hazardous waste, or to seek any other relief (including relief
against the Administrator or a State agency).
(g) TRANSPORTERS.—A transporter shall not be deemed to have
contributed or to be contributing to the handling, storage, treatment,
or disposal, referred to in subsection (a)(l)(B) taking place after such
solid waste or hazardous waste has left the possession or control of
such transporter, if the transportation of such waste was under a
sole contractual arrangement arising from a published tariff and
acceptance for carriage by common carrier by rail and such trans-
porter has exercised due care in the past or present handling, stor-
age, treatment, transportation and disposal of such waste.
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IMMINENT HAZARD
SEC. 7003. (a) AUTHORITY OF ADMINISTRATOR.—Notwithstanding
any other provision of this Act, upon receipt of evidence that the
past or present handling, storage, treatment, transportation or dis-
posal of any solid waste or hazardous waste may present an immi-
nent and substantial endangerment to health or the environment,
the Administrator may bring suit on behalf of the United States in
the appropriate district court [to immediately restrain any
person] against any person (including any past or present genera-
tor, past or present transporter, or past or present owner or operator
of a treatment, storage, or disposal facility) who has contributed or
who is contributing to such handling, storage, treatment, transpor-
tation, or disposal [to stopj to restrain such person from such han-
dling, storage, treatment, transportation, or disposal [or to take
such other action as may be necessary], to order such person to
take such other action as may be necessary, or both. A transporter
shall not be deemed to have contributed or to be contributing to
such handling, storage, treatment, or disposal taking place after
such solid waste or hazardous waste has left the possession or con-
trol of such transporter if the transportation of such waste was
under a sole contractual arrangement arising from a published
tariff and acceptance for carriage by common carrier by rail and
such transporter has exercised due care in the past or present han-
dling, storage, treatment, transportation and disposal of such waste.
The Administrator shall provide notice to the affected State of any
such suit. The Administrator may also, after notice to the affected
State, take other action under this section including, but not limit-
ed to, issuing such orders as may be necessary to protect public
health and the environment.
(b) VIOLATIONS.—Any person who willfully violates, or fails or re-
fuses to comply with, any order of the Administrator under subsec-
tion (a) may, in an action brought in the appropriate United States
district court to enforce such order, be fined not more than $5,000
for each day in which such violation occurs or such failure to
comply continues.
(c) IMMEDIATE NOTICE.—Upon receipt of information that there is
hazardou^ waste at any site which has presented an imminent and
substantial endangerment to human health or the environment, the
Administrator shall provide immediate notice to the appropriate
local government agencies. In addition, the Administrator shall re-
quire notice of such endangerment to be promptly posted at the site
where the waste is located.
(d) PUBLIC PARTICIPATION IN SETTLEMENTS.—Whenever the
United States or the Administrator proposes to covenant not to sue
or to forbear from suit or to settle any claim arising under this sec-
tion, notice, and opportunity for a public meeting in the affected
area, and a reasonable opportunity to comment on the proposed set-
tlement prior to its final entry shall be afforded to the public. The
decision of the United States or the Administrator to enter into or
not to enter into such Consent Decree, covenant or agreement shall
not constitute a final agency action subject to judicial review under
this Act or the Administrative Procedure Act.
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PETITION FOR REGULATIONS; PUBLIC PARTICIPATION
SEC. 7004. (a) PETITION.—Any person may petition the Adminis-
trator for the promulgation, amendment, or repeal of any regula-
tion under this Act. Within a reasonable time following receipt of
such petition, the Administrator shall take action with respect to
such petition and shall publish notice of such action in the Federal
Register, together with the reasons therefor.
(b) PUBLIC PARTICIPATION.—(1) Public participation in the devel-
opment, revision, implementation, and enforcement of any regula-
tion, guideline, information, or program under this Act shall be
provided for, encouraged, and assisted by the Administrator and
the States. The Administrator, in cooperation with the States, shall
develop and publish minimum guidelines for public participation in
such process.
(2) Before the issuing of a permit to any person with any respect
to any facility for treatment, storage, or disposal of hazardous
wastes under section 3005, the Administrator shall—
(A) cause to be published in major local newspaper of gener-
al circulation and broadcast over local radio stations notice of
the agency's intention to issue such permit, and
(B) transmit in writing notice of the agency's intention to
issue such permit to each unit of local government having ju-
risdiction over the area in which such facility is proposed to be
located and to each State agency having any authority under
State law with respect to the construction or operation of such
facility.
If within 45 days the Administrator receives written notice of oppo-
sition to the agency's intention to issue such permit and a request
for a hearing, or if the Administrator determines on his own initi-
vative, he shall hold an informal public hearing (including an op-
portunity for presentation of written and oral views) on whether he
should issue a permit for the proposed facility. Whenever possible
the Administrator shall schedule such hearing at a location con-
venient to the nearest population center to such proposed facility
and give notice in the aforementioned manner of the date, time,
and subject matter of such hearing. No State program which pro-
vides for the issuance of permits referred to in this paragraph may
be authorized by the Administrator under section 3006 unless such
program provides for the notice and hearing required by the para-
graph.
SEPARABILITY
SEC. 7005. If any provision of this Act, or the application of any
provision of this Act to any person or circumstance, is held invalid,
the application of such provision to other persons or circumstances,
and the remainder of this Act, shall not be affected thereby.
JUDICIAL REVIEW
SEC. 7006. (a) REVIEW OF FINAL REGULATIONS AND CERTAIN PETI-
TIONS.—Any judicial review of final regulations promulgated pursu-
ant to this Act and the Administrator's denialof any petition for
the promulgation, amendment, or repeal of any regulation under
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this Act shall be in accordance with sections 701 through 706 of
title 5 of the United States Code, except that—
(1) a petition for review of action of the Administrator in
promulgating any regulation, or requirement under this Act or
denying any petition for the promulgation, amendment, or
repeal of any regulation under this Act may be filed only in
the United States Court of Appeals for the District of Colum-
bia, and such petition shall be filed within ninety days from
the date of such promulgation or denial, or after such date of
such petition for review is based solely on grounds arising after
such ninetieth day; action of the Administrator with respect to
which review could have been obtained under this subsection
shall not be subject to judicial review in civil or criminal pro-
ceedings for enforcement; and
(2) in any judicial proceeding brought under this section in
which review is sought of a determination under this Act re-
quired to be made on the record after notice and opportunity
for hearing, if a party seeking review under this act applies to
the court for leave to adduce additional evidence, and shows to
the satisfaction of the court that the information is material
and that there were reasonable grounds for the failure to
adduce such evidence in the proceeding before the Administra-
tor, the court may order such additional evidence (and evi-
dence in rebuttal thereof) to be taken before the Administra-
tor, and to be adduced upon the hearing hi such manner and
upon such terms and conditions as the court may deem proper;
the Administrator may modify his findings as to the facts, or
make new findings, by reason of the additional evidence so
taken, and he shall file with the court such modified or new
findings and his recommendation, if any, for the modification
or setting aside of his origninal order, with the return of such
additional evidence.
(b) REVIEW OF CERTAIN ACTIONS UNDER SECTION 3005 AND 3006.—
Review of the Administrator's action (1) in issuing, denying, modi-
fying, or revoking any permit under section 3005 (or in modifying
or revoking any permit which is deemed to have been issued under
section 3012(dXW, or (2) in granting, denying, or withdrawing au-
thorization or interim authorization under section 3006, may be
had by any interested person in the Circuit Court of Appeals of the
United States for the Federal judicial district in which such person
resides or transacts such business upon application by such person.
Action of the Administrator with respect to which review could
have been obtained under this subsection shall not be subject to ju-
dicial review in civil or criminal proceedings for enforcement. Any
such application shall be made within ninety days from the date of
such issuance, denial, modification, revocations, grant, or with-
drawal, or after such date only if such application is based solely
on grounds which arose after such ninetieth day. Such review shall
be in accoradance with sections 701 through 706 of title 5 of the
United States Code.
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GRANTS OR CONTRACTS FOR TRAINING PROJECTS
SEC. 7007. (a) GENERAL AUTHORITY.—The Administrator is au-
thorized to make grants to, and contracts with any eligible organi-
zation. For purposes of this section the term "eligible organization"
means a State or interstate agency, a municipality, educational in-
stitution, and any other organization which is capable of effectively
carrying out a project which may be funded by grant under subsec-
tion (b) of this section.
(b) PURPOSES.—(1) Subject to the provisions of paragraph (2),
grants or contracts may be made to pay all or a part of the costs,
as may be determined by the Administrator, of any project operat-
ed or to be operated by an eligible organization, which is de-
signed—
(A) to develop, expand, or carry out a program (which may
combine training, education, and employment) for training per-
sons for occupations involving the management, supervision,
design, operation, or maintenance of solid waste management
and resource recovery equipment and facilities; or
(B) to train instructors and supervisory personnel to train or
; . supervise persons in occupations involving the design, oper-
ation, and - maintenance of solid waste management and re-
source recovery equipment and facilities.
(2) A grant or contract authorized by paragraph (1) of this subsec-
tion may be made only upon application to the Administrator at
such time or times and contains such information as he may pre-
scribe, except that no such application shall be approved unless it
provides for the same procedures and reports (and access to such
reports and to other records) as required by section 207(b) (4) and
(5) (as in effect before the date of the enactment of Resource Con-
servation and Recovery Act of 1976) with respect to applications
made under such section (as in effect before the date of the enact-
ment of Resource Conservation and Recovery Act of 1976).
(c) STUDY.—The Administrator shall make a complete investiga-
tion and study to determine—
(1) the need for additional trained State and local personnel
to carry out plans assisted under this Act and other solid waste
and resource recovery programs;
(2) means of using existing training programs to train such
personnel; and
(3) the extent and nature of obstacles to employment and oc-
cupational advancement in the solid waste management and
resource recovery field which may limit either available man-
power or the advancement of personnel in such field.
He shall report the results of such investigation and study, includ-
ing his recommendations to the President and the Congress.
PAYMENTS
SEC. 7008. (a) GENERAL RULE.—Payments of grants under this
Act may be made (after necessary adjustment on account of previ-
ously made underpayments or overpayments) in advance or by way
of reimbursement, and in such installments and on such conditions
as the Administrator may determine.
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(b) PROHIBITION.—No grant may be made under this Act to any
private profitmaking organization.
LABOR STANDARDS
SEC. 7009. No grant for a project of construction under this Act
shall be made unless the Administrator finds that the application
contains or is supported by reasonable assurance that all laborers
and mechanics employed by contractors or subcontractors on
projects of the type covered by the Davis-Bacon Act, as amended
(40 U.S.C. 276a—276a-5), will be paid wages at rates not less than
those prevailing on similar work in the locality as determined by
the Secretary of Labor in accordance with that Act; and the Secre-
tary of Labor shall have with respect to the labor standards speci-
fied in this section the authority and functions set forth in Reorga-
nization Plan Numbered 14 of 1950 (15 F.R. 3176; 5 U.S.C. 133z-5)
and section 2 of the Act of June 13, 1934, as amended (40 U.S.C.
276c).
LAW ENFORCEMENT AUTHORITY
SEC. U012.~\ 7010.10 The Attorney General of the United States
shall, at the request of the Administrator and on> the basis of a
showing of need, deputize qualified employees of the Environmental
Protection Agency to serve as special deputy United States marshals
in criminal investigations with respect to violations of the criminal
provisons of this Act.
Subtitle H—Research, Development, Demonstration, and
Information
RESEARCH, DEMONSTRATIONS, TRAINING, AND OTHER ACTIVITIES
SEC. 8001. (a) GENERAL AUTHORITY.—The Administrator, alone or
after consultation with the Administrator of the Federal Energy
Administration, the Administrator of the Energy Research and De-
velopment Administration, or the Chairman of the Federal Power
Commission, shall conduct, and encourage, cooperate with, and
render financial and other assistance to appropriate public (wheth-
er Federal, State, interstate, or local) authorities, agencies, and in-
stitutions, private agencies and institutions, and individuals in the
conduct of, and promote the coordination of, research, investiga-
tions, experiments, training, demonstrations, surveys, public educa-
tion programs, and studies relating to—
(1) any adverse health and welfare effects of the release into
the environment of material present in solid waste, and meth-
ods to eliminate such effects;
(2) the operation and financing of solid waste management
programs;
(3) the planning, implementation, and operation of resource
recovery and resource conservation systems and hazardous
waste management systems, including the marketing or recov-
ered resources;
10 P.L. 99-339, Safe Drinking Water Act Amendments.
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(4) the production of usable forms of recovered resources, in-
cluding fuel, from solid waste;
(5) the reduction of the amount of such waste and unsal-
vageable waste materials;
(6) the development and application of new and improved
methods of collecting and disposing of solid waste and process-
ing and recovering materials and energy from solid wastes;
(7) the identification of solid waste components and potential
materials and energy recoverable from such waste components;
(8) small scale and low technology solid waste management
systems, including but not limited to, resource recovery source
separation systems;
(9) methods to improve the performance characteristics of re-
sources recovered from splid waste and the relationship of such
performance characteristics to available and potentially avail-
able markets for such resources;
(10) improvements in land disposal practices for solid waste
(including sludge) which may reduce the adverse environmen-
tal effects of such disposal and other aspects of solid waste dis-
posal on land, including means for reducing the harmful envi-
ronmental effects of earlier and existing landfills, means for
restoring areas damaged by such earlier or existing landfills,
means for rendering landfills safe for purposes of construction
and other uses, and techniques of recovering materials and
energy from landfills;
(11) methods for the sound disposal of, or recovery of re-
sources, including energy, from, sludge (including sludge from
pollution control and treatment facilities, coal slurry pipelines,
and other sources);
(12) methods of hazardous waste management, including
methods of rendering such waste environmentally safe; and
(13) any adverse effects on air quality (particularly with
regard to, the emission of heavy metals) which result from solid
waste which is burned (either alone or in conjunction with
other substances) for purposes of treatment, disposal, or energy
recovery.
(b) MANAGEMENT PROGRAM.—(1)(A) In carrying out his functions
pursuant to this Act, and any other Federal legislation respecting
solid waste or discarded material research, development, and dem-
onstrations, the Administrator shall establish a management pro-
gram or system to insure the coordination of all such activities and
to facilitate and accelerate the process of development of sound
new technology (or other discoveries) from the research phase,
through development, and into the demonstration phase.
(B) The Administrator shall (i) assist, on the basis of any re-
search projects which are developed with assistance under this Act
or without Federal assistance, the construction of pilot plant facili-
ties for the purpose of investigating or testing the technological
feasibility of any promising new fuel, energy, or resource recovery
or resource conservation method or technology; and (ii) demon-
strate each such method and technology that appears justified by
an evaluation at such pilot plant stage or at a pilot plant stage de-
veloped without Federal assistance. Each such demonstration shall
incorporate new or innovative technical advances or shall apply
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such advances to different circumstances and conditions, for the
purpose of evaluating design concepts or to test the performance,
efficiency, and economic feasibility of a particular method or tech-
nology under actual operating conditions. Each such demonstration
shall be so planned and designed that, if successful, it can be ex-
panded or utilized directly as a full-scale operational fuel, energy,
or resource recovery or resource conservation facility.
(2) Any energy-related research, development, or demonstration
project for the conversion including bioconversion, of solid waste
carried out by the Environmental Protection Agency or by the
Energy Research and Development Administration pursuant to
this or any other Act shall be administered in accordance with the
May 7, 1976, Interagency Agreement between the Environmental
Protection and the Energy Research and Development Administra-
tion on the Development of Energy from Solid Wastes and specifi-
cally, that in accordance with this agreement, (A) for those energy-
related projects of mutual interest, planning will be conducted
jointly by the Environmental Protection Agency and the Energy
Research and Development Administration, following which project
responsibility will be assigned to one agency; (B) energy-related
portions of projects for recovery of synthetic fuels or other forms of
energy from solid waste shall be the responsibility of the Energy
Research and Development Administration; (C) the Environmental
Protection Agency shall retain responsibility for the environmen-
tal, economic, and institutional aspects of solid waste projects and
for assurance that such projects are consistent with any applicable
suggested guidelines published pursuant to section 1008, and any
applicable State or regional solid waste management plan; and (D)
any activities undertaken under provisions of section 8002 and 8003
as related to energy; as related to energy or synthetic fuels recov-
ery from waste; or as related to energy conservation shall be ac-
complished through coordination and consultation with the Energy
Research and Development Administration.
(c) AUTHORITIES.—(1) In carrying out subsection (a) of this section
respecting solid waste research, studies, development, and demon-
stration, except as otherwise specifically provided in section
8004(d), the Administrator may make grants to or enter into con-
tracts (including contracts for construction) with, public agencies
and authorities or private persons.
(2) Contracts for research, development, or demonstrations or for
both (including contracts for construction) shall be made in accord-
ance with and subject to the limitations provided with respect to
research contracts of the military departments in title 10, United
States Code, section 2353, except that the determination, approval,
and certification required thereby shall be made by the Adminis-
trator.
(3) Any invention made or conceived in the course of, or under,
any contract under this Act shall be subject to section 9 of the Fed-
eral Nonnuclear Energy Research and Development Act of 1974 to
the same extent and in the same manner as inventions made or
conceived in the course of contracts under such Act, except that in
applying such section, the Environmental Protection Agency shall
be substituted for the Energy Research and Development Adminis-
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tration and the words "solid waste" shall be substituted for the
word "energy" where appropriate.
(4) For carrying out the purpose of this Act the Administrator
may detail personnel of the Environmental Protection Agency to
agencies eligible for assistance under this section.
SPECIAL STUDIES; PLANS FOR RESEARCH, DEVELOPMENT, AND
DEMONSTRATIONS
SEC. 8002. (a) GLASS AND PLASTIC.—The Administrator shall un-
dertake a study and publish a report on resource recovery from
glass and plastic waste, including a scientific, technological, and
economic investigation of potential solutions to implement such re-
covery.
(b) COMPOSITION OF WASTE STREAM.—The Administrator shall un-
dertake a systematic study of the composition of the solid waste
stream and of anticipated future changes in the composition of
such stream, and shall publish a report containing the results of
such study and quantitatively evaluating the potential utility of
such components.
(c) PRIORITIES STUDY.—For purposes of determining priorities for
research on recovery of materials and energy from solid waste and
developing materials and energy recovery research, development,
and demonstration strategies, the Administrator shall review, and
make a study of, the various existing and promising techniques of
energy recovery from solid waste (including, but not limited to, wa-
terwall furnace incinerators, dry shredded fuel systems, pyrolysis,
densified refuse-derived fuel systems, anerobic digestion, and fuel
and feedstock preparation systems). In carrying out such study the
Administrator shall investigate with respect to each such tech-
nique—
(1) the degree of public need for the potential results of such
research, development, or demonstration,
(2) the potential for research, development, and demonstra-
tion without Federal action, including the degree of restraint
on such potential posed by the risks involved, and
(3) the magnitude of effort and period of time necessary to
develop the technology to the point where Federal assistance
can be ended.
(d) SMALL-SCALE AND Low TECHOSTOLOGY STUDY.—The Administra-
tor shall undertake a comprehensive study and analysis of, and
publish a report on, systems of small-scale and low technology solid
waste management, including household resource recovery and re-
source recovery systems which have special application to multiple
dwelling units and high density housing and office complexes. Such
study and analysis shall include an investigation of the degree to
which such systems could contribute to energy conservation.
(e) FRONT-END SOURCE SEPARATION.—The Administrator shall un-
dertake research and studies concerning the compatibility of front-
end source separation systems with a high technology resource re-
covery systems and shall publish a report containing the results of
such research and studies.
(f) MINING WASTE.—The Administrator, in consultation with the
Secretary of the Interior, shall conduct a detailed and comprehen-
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sive study on the adverse effects of solid wastes from active and
abandoned surface and underground mines on the environment, in-
cluding, but not limited to, the effects of such wastes on humans,
water, air, health, welfare, and natural resources, and on the ade-
quacy of means and measures currently employed by the mining
industry, government agencies, and others to dispose of and utilize
such solid wastes and to prevent or substantially mitigate such ad-
verse effects. Not later than thirty-six months after the date of the
enactment of the Solid Waste Disposal Act Amendments of 1980
the Administrator shall publish a report of such study and shall in-
clude appropriate findings and recommendations for Federal and
non-Federal actions concerning such effects. Such report shall be
submitted to the Committee on Environment and Public Works of
the United States Senate and the Commitee on Interstate and For-
eign Commerce of the United States House of Representatives! In
furtherance of this study, the Administrator shall, as he deems ap-
propriate, review studies and other actions of other Federal agen-
cies concerning such wastes with a view toward avoiding duplica-
tion of effort and the need to expedite such study. The Administra-
tor shall publish a report of such study and shall include appropri-
ate findings and recommendations for Federal and non-Federal ac-
tions concerning such effects.
(g) SLUDGE.—The Administrator shall undertake a comprehen-
sive study and publish a report on sludge. Such study shall include
an analysis of—
(1) what types of solid waste (including but not limited to
sewage and pollution treatment residues and other residues
from industrial operations such as extraction of oil from shale,
liquefaction and gasification of coal and coal slurry pipeline op-
erations) shall be classified as sludge;
(2) the effects of air and water pollution legislation on the
creation of large volumes of sludge;
(3) the amounts of sludge originating in each State and in
each industry producing sludge;
(4) methods of disposal of such sludge, including the cost, effi-
ciency, and effectiveness, of such methods;
(5) alternative methods for the use of sludge, including agri-
cultural applications of sludge and energy recovery from
sludge; and
(6) methods to reclaim areas which have been used for the
disposal of sludge or which have been damaged by sludge.
(h) TIRES.—The Administrator shall undertake a study and pub-
lish a report respecting discarded motor vehicle tires which shall
include an analysis of the problems involved in the collection* re-
covery of resources including energy, and use of such tires.
(i) RESOURCE RECOVERY FACILITIES.—The Administrator shall con-
duct research and report on the economics of, and impediments, to
the effective functioning of resource recovery facilities.
(j) RESOURCE CONSERVATION COMMITTEE.—(1) The Administrator
shall serve as Chairman of a Committee composed of himself, the
Secretary of Commerce, the Secretary of Labor, the Chairman of,
the Council on Environmental Quality, the Secretary of Treasury,
the Secretary of the Interior, the Secretary of Energy, the Chair-
man of the Council of Economic Advisers, and a representative of
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the Office of Management and Budget, which shall conduct a full
and complete investigation and study of all aspects of the econom-
ic, social, and environmental consequences of resource conservation
with respect to—
(A) the appropriateness of recommended incentives and dis-
incentives to foster resource conservation;
(B) the effect of existing public policies (including subsidies
and economic incentives and disincentives, percentage deple-
tion allowances, capital gains treatment and other tax incen-
tives and disincentives) upon resource conservation, and the
likely effect of the modification or elimination of such incen-
tives and disincentives upon resource conservation;
(C) the appropriateness and feasibility of restricting the man-
ufacture or use of categories of consumer products as a re-
source conservation strategy;
(D) the appropriateness and feasibility of employing as a re-
source conservation strategy the imposition of solid waste man-
agement charges on consumer products, which charges would
reflect the costs of solid waste management services, litter
pickup, the value of recoverable components of such product,
final disposal, and any social value associated with the nonre-
cycling or uncontrolled disposal of such product; and
(E) the need for further research, development, and demon-
stration in the area of resource conservation.
(2) The study required in paragraph (1)(D) may include pilot scale
projects, and shall consider and evaluate alternative strategies
with respect to—
(A) the product categories on which such charges would be
imposed;
(B) the appropriate state in the production of such consumer
product at which to levy such charge;
(C) appropriate criteria for establishing such charges for
each consumer product category;
(D) methods for the adjustment of such charges to reflect ac-
tions such as recycling which would reduce the overall quanti-
ties of solid waste requiring disposal; and
(E) procedures for amending, modifying, or revising such
charges to reflect changing conditions.
(3) The design for the study required in paragraph (1)(D) of this
subsection shall include timetables for the completion of the study.
A preliminary report putting forth the study design shall be sent to
the President and the Congress within six months following enact-
ment of this section and following reports shall be sent six months
thereafter. Each recommendation resulting from the study shall in-
clude at least two alternatives to the proposed recommendation.
(4) The results of such investigation and study, including recom-
mendations, shall be reported to the President and the Congress
not later than two years after enactment of this subsection.
(5) There are authorized to be appropriated not to exceed
$2,000,000 to carry out this subsection.
(k) AIRPORT LANDFILLS.—The Administrator shall undertake a
comprehensive study and analysis of and publish a report on sys-
tems to alleviate the hazards to aviation from birds congregating
and feeding on landfills in the vicinity of airports.
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(1) COMPLETION OP RESEARCH AND STUDIES.—The Administrator
shall complete the research and studies, and submit the reports, re-
quired under subsections (b), (c), (d), (e), (f), (g), and (k) not later
than October 1, 1978. The Administrator shall complete the re-
search and studies, and submit the reports, required under subsec-
tions (a), (h), and (i), not later than October 1, 1979. Upon comple-
tion, each study specified in subsections (a) through (k) of this sec-
tion, the Administrator shall prepare a plan for research, develop-
ment, and demonstration repecting the findings of the study and
shall submit any legislative recommendations resulting from such
study to appropriate committees of Congress.
(m) DRILLING FLUIDS, PRODUCED WATERS, AND OTHER WASTES AS-
SOCIATED WITH THE EXPLORATION, DEVELOPMENT, OR PRODUCTION OF
CRUDE OIL OR NATURAL GAS OR GEOTHERMAL ENERGY.—(1) The Ad-
ministrator shall conduct a detailed and comprehensive study and
submit a report on the adverse effects, if any, of drilling fluids, pro-
duced waters, and other wastes associated with the exploration, de-
velopment, or production or crude oil or natural gas or geothermal
energy on human health and the environment, including, but not
limited to, the effects of such wastes on humans, water, air, health,
welfare, and natural resources and on the adequacy of means and
measures currently employed by the oil and gas and geothermal
drilling and production industry. Government agencies, and others
to dispose of and utilize such wastes and to prevent or substantially
mitigate such adverse effects. Such study shall include an analysis
of—
(A) the sources and volume of discarded material generated
per year from such wastes;
(B) present disposal practices;
(C) potential danger to human health and the environment
from the surface runoff or leachate;
(D) documented cases which prove or have caused danger to
human health and the environment from surface runoff or
leachate;
(E) alternatives to current disposal methods;
(F) the cost of such alternatives; and
(G) the impact of those alternatives on the exploration for,
and development and production of, crude oil and natural gas
or geothermal energy.
In furtherance of this study, the Administrator shall, as he deems
appropriate, review studies and other actions of other Federal
agencies concerning such wastes with a view toward avoiding
duplication of effort and the need to expedite such study. The Ad-
ministrator shall publish a report of such study and shall include
appropriate findings and recommendations for Federal and non-
Federal actions concerning such effects.
(2) The Administrator shall complete the research and study and
submit the report required under paragraph (1) not later than
twenty-four months from the date of enactment of the Solid Waste
Disposal Act Amendments of 1980. Upon completion of the study,
the Administrator shall prepare a summary of the findings of the
study, a plan for research, development, and demonstration re-
specting the findings of the study, and shall submit the findings
and the study, along with any recommendations resulting from
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such study, to the Committee on Environment and Public Works of
the United States Senate and the Committee on Interstate and For-
eign Commerce of the United States House of Representatives.
(3) There are authorized to he appropriated not to exceed
$1,000,000 to carry out the provisions of this subsection.
(n) MATERIALS GENERATED FROM THE COMBUSTION OF COAL AND
OTHER FOSSIL FUELS.—The Administrator shall conduct a detailed
and comprehensive study and submit a report on the adverse ef-
fects on human health and the environment, if any, of the disposal
and utilization of fly ash waste, bottom ash waste, slag waste, flue
gas emission control waste, and other byproduct materials generat-
ed primarily from the combustion of coal or other fossil fuels. Such
study shall include an analysis of—
(1) the source and volumes of such material generated per
year;
(2) present disposal and utilization practices;
(3) potential danger, if any, to human health and the envi-
ronment from the disposal and reuse of such materials;
(4) documented cases in which danger to human health or
the environment from surface runoff or leachate has been
proved;
(5) alternatives to current disposal methods;
(6) the costs of such alternatives;
(7) the impact of those alternatives on the use of coal and
other natural resources; and
(8) the current and potential utilization of such materials.
In furtherance of this study, the Administrator shall, as he deems
appropriate, review studies and other actions of other Federal and
State agencies concerning such material and invite participation by
other concerned parties, including industry and other Federal and
State agencies, with a view toward avoiding duplication of effort.
The Administrator shall publish a report on such study, which
shall include appropriate findings, not later than twenty-four
months after the enactment of the Solid Waste Disposal Act
Amendments of 1980. Such study and findings shall be submitted
to the Committee on Environment and Public Works of the United
States Senate and the Committee on Interstate and Foreign Com-
merce of the United States House of Representatives.
(o) CEMENT KILN DUST WASTE.—The Administrator shall conduct
a detailed and comprehensive study of the adverse effects on
human health and the environment, if any, of the disposal of
cement kiln dust waste. Such study shall include an analysis of—
(1) the source and volumes of such materials generated per
year;
(2) present disposal practices;
(3) potential danger, if any, to human health and the envi-
ronment from the disposal of such materials;
(4) documented cases in which danger to human health or
the environment has been proved;
(5) alternatives to current disposal methods;
(6) the costs of such alternatives;
(7) the impact of those alternatives on the use of natural re-
sources; and
(8) the current and potential utilization of such materials.
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In furtherance of this study, the Administrator shall, as he deems
appropriate, review studies and other actions of other Federal and
State agencies concerning such waste or materials and invite par-
ticipation by other concerned parties, including industry and other
Federal and State agencies, with a view toward avoiding duplica-
tion of effort. The Administrator shall publish a report of such
study, which shall include appropriate findings, not later than
thirty-six months after the date of enactment of the Solid Waste
Disposal Act Amendments of 1980. Such report shall be submitted
to the Committee on Environment and Public Works of the United
States Senate and the Committee on Interstate and Foreign Com-
merce of the United States House of Representatives.
(p) MATERIALS GENERATED FROM THE EXTRACTION, BENEFICIATION,
AND PROCESSING OF ORES AND MINERALS, INCLUDING PHOSPHATE
ROCK AND OVERBURDEN FROM URANIUM MINING.—The Administra-
tor shall conduct a detailed and comprehensive study on the ad-
verse effects on human health and the environment, if any, of the
disposal and utilization of solid waste from the extraction, benefi-
ciation, and processing of ores and minerals, including phosphate
rock and overburden from uranium mining. Such study shall be
conducted in conjunction with the study of mining wastes required
by subsection (f) of this section and shall include an analysis of—
(1) the source and volumes of such materials generated per
year;
(2) present disposal and utilization practices;
(3) potential danger, if any, to human health and the envi-
ronment from the disposal and reuse of such materials;
(4) documented cases in which danger to human health or
the environment has been proved;
(5) alternatives to current disposal methods;
(6) the costs of such alternatives;
(7) the impact of those alternatives on the use of phosphate
rock and uranium ore, and other natural resources; and
(8) the current and potential utilization of such materials.
In furtherance of this study, the Administrator shall, as he deems
appropriate, review studies and other actions of other Federal and
State agencies concerning such waste or materials and invite par-
ticipation by other concerned parties, including industry and other
Federal and State agencies, with a view toward avoiding duplica-
tion of effort. The Administrator shall publish a report of such
study, which shall include appropriate findings, in conjunction
with the publication of the report of the study of mining wastes re-
quired to be conducted under subsection (f) of this section. Such
report and findings shall be submitted to the Committee on Envi-
ronment and Public Works of the United States Senate and the
Committee on Interstate and Foreign Commerce of the United
States House of Representatives.
(q) AUTHORIZATION OF APPROPRIATIONS.—There are authorized to
be appropriated not to exceed $8,000,000 for the fiscal years 1978
and 1979 to carry out this section other than subsection (j).
(r) MINIMIZATION OF HAZARDOUS WASTE.—The Administrator
shall compile, and not later than October 1, 1986, submit to the
Congress, a report on the feasibility and desirability of establishing
standards of performance or of taking other additional actions
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under this Act to require the generators of hazardous waste to
reduce the volume or quantity and toxicity of the hazardous waste
they generate, and of establishing with respect to hazardous wastes
required management practices or other requirements to assure such
wastes are managed in ways that minimize present and future risks
to human health and the environment. Such report shall include
any recommendations for legislative changes which the Administra-
tor determines are feasible and desirable to implement the national
policy established by section 1003.
COORDINATION, COLLECTION, AND DISSEMINATION OF INFORMATION
SEC. 8003. (a) INFORMATION.—The Administrator shall develop,
collect, evaluate, and coordinate information on—
(1) methods and costs/of the collection of solid waste;
(2) solid waste management practices, including data on the
different management methods and the cost, operation, and
maintenance of such methods;
(3) the amounts and percentages of resources (including
energy) that can be recovered from solid waste by use of vari-
ous solid waste management practices and various technol-
ogies;
(4) methods available to reduce the amount of solid waste
that is generated;
(5) existing and developing technologies for the recovery of
energy or materials from solid waste and the costs, reliability,
and the risks associated with such technologies;
(6) hazardous solid waste, including incidents of damage re-
sulting from the disposal of hazardous solid wastes; inherently
and potentially hazardous wastes; methods of neutralizing or
properly disposing of hazardous solid wastes; facilities that
properly dispose of hazardous wastes;
(7) methods of financing resources recovery facilities or, sani-
tary landfills, or hazardous solid waste treatment facilities,
whichever is appropriate for the entity developing such facility
or landfill (taking into account the amount of solid waste rea-
sonably expected to be available to such entity);
(8) the availability of markets for the purchase of resources,
either materials or energy, recovery from solid waste; and
(9) research and development projects respecting solid waste
management.
(b) LIBRARY.—(1) The Administrator shall establish and maintain
a central reference library for (A) the materials collected pursuant
to subsection (a) of this section and (B) the actual performance and
cost effectiveness records and other data and information with re-
spect to—
(i) the various methods of energy and resource recovery from
solid waste,
(ii) the various systems and means of resource conservation,
(iii) the various systems and technologies for collection,
transport, storage, treatment, and final disposition of solid
waste, and
(iv) other aspects of solid waste and hazardous solid waste
management.
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Such central reference library shall also contain, but not be limited
to, the model codes and model accounting systems developed under
this section, the information collected under subsection (d), and,
subject to any applicable requirements of confidentiality, informa-
tion respecting any aspect of solid waste provided by officers and
employees of the Environmental Protection Agency which has been
acquired by them in the conduct of their functions under this Act
and which may be of value to Federal, State, and local authorities
and other persons.
(2) Information in the central reference library shall, to the
extent practicable, be collated, analyzed, verified, and published
and shall be made available to the State and local governments
and other persons at reasonable times and subject to such reasona-
ble charges as may be necessary to defray expenses of making such
information available.
(c) MODEL ACCOUNTING SYSTEM.—In order to assist State and
local governments in determining the cost and revenues associated
with the collection and disposal of solid waste and with resource
recovery operations, the Administrator shall develop and publish a
recommended model cost and revenue accounting system applica-
ble to the solid waste management functions of State and local gov-
ernments. Such system shall be in accordance with generally ac-
cepted accounting principles. The Administrator shall periodically,
but not less frequently than once every five years, review such ac-
counting system and revise it as necessary.
(d) MODEL CODES.—The Administrator is authorized, in coopera-
tion with appropriate State and local agencies, to recommend
model codes, ordinances, and statutes, providing for sound solid
waste management.
(e) INFORMATION PROGRAMS.—(1) The Administrator shall imple-
ment a program for the rapid dissemination of information on solid
waste management, hazardous waste management, resources con-
servation, and methods of resource recovery from solid waste, in-
cluding the results of any relevant research, investigations, experi-
ments, surveys, studies, or other information which may be useful
in the implementation of new or improve solid waste management
practices and methods and information on any other technical,
managerial, financial, or market aspect of resource conservation
and recovery facilities.
(2) The Administrator shall develop and implement educational
programs to promote citizen understanding of the need for environ-
mentally sound solid waste management practices.
(f) COORDINATION.—In collecting and disseminating information
under this section, the Administrator shall coordinate his actions
and cooperate to the maximum extent possible with State and local
authorites.
(g) SPECIAL RESTRICTION.—Upon request, the full range of alter- .
native technologies programs or processes deemed feasible to meet
the resource recovery or resource conservation needs of a jurisdic-
tion shall be described in such a manner as to provide a sufficient
evaluative basis from which the jurisdiction can make its decisions,
but no officer or employee of the Environmental Protection Agency
shall, in an official capacity, lobby for or otherwise represent an
agency position in favor of resource recovery or resource conserva-
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tion, as a policy alternative for adoption into ordinances, codes, reg-
ulations, or law by any State or political subdivision thereof.
FULL-SCALE DEMONSTRATION FACILITIES
SEC. 8004. (a) AUTHORITY.—The Administrator may enter into
contracts with public agencies or authorities or private persons for
the construction and operation of a full-scale demonstration facility
under this Act, or provide financial assistance in the form of grants
to a full-scale demonstration facility under this Act only if the Ad-
ministrator finds that—
(1) such facility or proposed facility will demonstrate at full-
scale a new or significantly improved technology or process, a
practical and significant improvement in solid waste manage-
ment practice, or the technological feasibility and cost effec-
tiveness of an existing, but unproven technology, process, or
practice, and will not duplicate any other Federal, State, local,
or commercial facility which has been constructed or with re-
spect to which construction has begun (determined as of the
date action is taken by the Administrator under this Act),
(2) such contract or assistance meets the requirements of sec-
tion 8001 and meets other applicable requirements of the Act,
(3) such facility will be able to comply with the guidelines
published under section 1008 and with other laws and regula-
tions for the protection of health and the environment,
(4) in the case of a cpntract for construction or operation,
such facility is not likely to be constructed or operated by
State, local, or private persons or in the case of an application
for financial assistance, such facility is not likely to receive
adequate financial assistance from other sources, and
(5) any Federal interest in, or assistance to, such facility will
be disposed of or terminated, with appropriate compensation,
within such period of time as may be necessary to carry out
the basic objectives of this Act.
(b) TIME LIMITATION.—No obligation may be made by the Admin-
istrator for financial assistance under this subtitle for any full-
scale demonstration facility after the date ten years after the en-
actment of this section. No expenditure of funds for any such full-
scale demonstration facility under this subtitle may be made by the
Administrator after the date fourteen years after such date of en-
actment.
(c) COST SHARING.—(1) Wherever practicable, in constructing, op-
erating, or providing financial assistance under this subtitle to a
full-scale demonstration facility, the Administrator shall endeavor
to enter into agreements and make other arrangements for maxi-
mum practicable cost sharing with other Federal, State, and local
agencies, private persons, or any combination thereof.
(2) The Administrator shall enter into arrangements, wherever
practicable, and desirable, to provide monitoring of full-scale solid
waste facilities (whether or not constructed or operated under this
Act) for purposes of obtaining information concerning the perform-
ance, and other aspects, of such facilities. Where the Administrator
provides only monitoring and evaluation instruments or personnel
(or both) or funds for such instruments or personnel and provides
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no other financial assistance to a facility, notwithstanding section
8001(c)(3), title to any invention made or conceived of in the course
of 'developing, constructing, or operating such facility shall not be
required to vest in the United States and patents respecting such
invention shall not be required to be issued to the United States.
(d) PROHIBITION.—After the date of enactment of this section, the
Administrator shall not construct or operate any full-scale facility
(except by contract with public agencies or authorities or private
persons).
SPECIAL STUDY AND DEMONSTRATION PROJECTS ON RECOVERY OF
USEFUL ENERGY, AND MATERIALS
SEC. 8005. (a) STUDIES.—The Administrator shall conduct studies
and develop recommendations for administrative or legislative
action on—
(1) means of recovering materials and energy from solid
waste, recommended uses of such materials and energy for na-
tional or international welfare, including identification of po-
tential markets for such recovered resources, the impact of dis-
tribution of such resources on existing markets, and potentials
for energy conservation through resource conservation and re-
source recovery;
(2) actions to reduce waste generation which have been
taken voluntarily or in response to governmental action, and
those which practically could be taken in the future, and the
economic, social, and environmental consequences of such ac-
tions;
(3) methods of collection, separation, and containerization
which will encourage efficient utilization of facilities and con-
tribute to more effective programs of reduction, reuse, or dis-
posal of wastes;
(4) the use of Federal procurement to develop market
demand for recovered resources;
(5) recommended incentives (including Federal grants, loans,
and other assistance) and disincentives to accelerate the recla-
mation or recycling of materials from solid wastes, with special
emphasis on motor vehicle hulks;
(6) the effect of existing public policies, including subsidies
and economic incentives and disincentives, percentage deple-
tion allowances, capital gains treatment and other tax incen-
tives and disincentives, upon the recycling and reuse of materi-
als, and the likely effect of the modification or elimination of
such incentives and disincentives upon the reuse, recycling and
conservation of such materials;
(7) the necessity and method of imposing disposal or other
charges on packaging, containers, vehicles, and other manufac-
tured goods, which charges would reflect the cost of final dis-
posal, the value of recoverable components of the item, and
any social costs associated with nonrecycling or uncontrolled
disposal of of such items; and
(8) the legal constraints and institutional barriers to the ac-
quisition of land needed for solid waste management, including
land for facilities and disposal sites;
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(9) in consultation with the Secretary of Agriculture, agricul-
tural waste management problems and practices, the extent of
reuse and recovery of resources in such wastes, the prospects
for improvement, Federal, State, and local regulations govern-
ing such practices, and the economic, social, and environmen-
tal consequences of such practices; and
(10) in consultation with the Secretary of the Interior,
mining waste management problems, and practices, including
an assessment of existing authorities, technologies, and eco-
nomics, and the environmental and public health consequences
of such practices.
(b) DEMONSTRATION.—The Administrator is also authorized to
carry out demonstration projects to test and demonstrate methods
and techniques developed pursuant to subsection (a).
(c) APPLICATION OF OTHER SECTIONS.—Section 8001 (b) and (c)
shall be applicable to investigations, studies, and projects carried
out under this section.
GRANTS FOR RESOURCE RECOVERY SYSTEMS AND IMPROVED SOLID
WASTE DISPOSAL FACILITIES
SEC. 8006. (a) AUTHORITY.—The Administrator is authorized to
make grants pursuant to this section to any State, municipal, or
interstate or intermunicipal agency for the demonstration of re-
source recovery systems or for the construction of new or improved
solid waste disposal facilities.
(b) CONDITIONS.—(1) Any grant under this section for the demon-
stration of a resource recovery system may be made only if it (A) is
consistent with any plans which meet the requirements of subtitle
D of this Act; (B) is consistent with the guidelines recommended
pursuant to section 1008 of this Act; (C) is designed to provide
areawide resource recovery systems consistent with the purposes of
this Act, as determined by the Administrator, pursuant to regula-
tions promulgated under subseciton (d) of this section; and (D) pro-
vides an equitable system for distributing the costs associated with
construction, operation, and maintenance of any resource recovery
system among the users of such system.
(2) The Federal share for any project to which paragraph (1) ap-
plies shall not be more than 75 percent.
(c) LIMITATIONS.—(1) A grant under this section for the construc-
tion of a new or improved solid waste disposal facility may be made
only if—
(A) a State or interstate plan for solid waste disposal has
been adopted which applies to the area involved, and the facili-
ty to be constructed (i) is consistent with such plan, (ii) is in-
cluded in a comprehensive plan for the area involved which is
satisfactory to the Administrator for the purposes of this Act,
and (iii) is consistent with the guidelines recommended under
section 1008, and
(B) the project advances the state of the art by applying new
and improved techniques in reducing the environmental
impact of solid waste disposal, in achieving recovery of energy
or resources, or in recycling useful materials.
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(2) The Federal share for any project to which paragraph (1) ap-
plies shall not be more than 50 percent in the case of a project
serving an area which includes only one municipality, and not
more than 75 percent in any other case.
(d) REGULATIONS.—(1) The Administrator shall promulgate regu-
lations establishing a procedure for awarding grants under this sec-
tion which—
(A) provides that projects will be carried out in communities
of varying sizes, under such conditions as will assist in solving
the community waste problems of urban-industrial centers,
metropolitan regions, and rural areas, under representative ge-
ographic and environmental conditions; and
(B) provides deadlines for submission of, and action on, grant
requests.
(2) In taking action on applications for grants under this section,
consideration shall be given by the Administrator (A) to the public
benefits to be derived by the construction and the propriety of Fed-
eral aid in making such grant; (B) to the extent applicable, to the
economic and commercial viability of the project (including con-
tractual arrangements with the private sector to market any re-
sources recovered); (C) to the potential of such project for general
application to community solid waste disposal problems; and (D) to
the use by the applicant of comprehensive regional or metropolitan
area planning.
(e) ADDITIONAL LIMITATIONS.—A grant under this section—
(1) may be made only in the amount of the Federal share of
(A) the estimated total design and construction costs, plus (B)
in the case of a grant to which subsection (b)(l) applies, the
first-year operation and maintenance costs;
(2) may not be provided for land acquisition or (except as oth-
erwise provided in paragraph (1)(B) for operating or mainte-
nance costs;
(3) may not be made until the applicant has made provision
satisfactory to the Administrator for proper and efficient oper-
ation and maintenance of the project (subject to paragraph
(1)(B)); and
(4) may be made subject to such conditions and require-
ments, in addition to those provided in this section, as the Ad-
ministrator may require to properly carry out his functions
pursuant to this Act.
For purposes of paragraph (1), the non-Federal share may be in any
form, including, but not limited to, lands or interests therein
needed for the project or personal property or services, the values
of which shall be determined by the Administrator.
(f) SINGLE STATE.—(1) Not more than 15 percent of the total of
funds authorized to be appropriated for any fiscal year to carry out
this section shall be granted under this section for projects in any
one State.
(2) The Administrator shall prescribe by regulation the manner
in which the subsection shall apply to a grant under this section
for a project in an area which includes all or part of more than one
State.
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AUTHORIZATION OF APPROPRIATIONS
SEC. 8007. There are authorized to be appropriated not to exceed
$35,000 for the fiscal year 1978 to carry out the purposes of this
subtitle (except for section 8002).
Subtitle I—Regulation of Underground Storage Tanks
DEFINITIONS AND EXEMPTIONS
SEC. 9001. For the purposes of this subtitle—
(1) The term "underground storage tank" means any one or
combination of tanks (including underground pipes connected
thereto) which is used to contain an accumulation of regulated
substances, and the volume of which (including the volume of
the underground pipes connected thereto) is 10 per centum or
more beneath the surface of the ground. Such term does not in-
clude any—
(A) farm or residential tank of 1,000 gallons or less ca-
pacity used for storing motor fuel for noncommercial pur-
poses,
(B) tank used for storing heating oil for consumptive use
on the premises where stored,
(C) septic tank,
(D) pipeline facility (including gathering line) regulated
under—
(i) the Natural Gas Pipeline Safety Act of 1968 (49
U.S.C. App. 1671, etseq.),
(ii) the Hazardous Liquid Pipeline Safety Act of 1979
(49 U.S.C. App. 2001, et seq.), or
(Hi) which is an intrastate pipeline facility regulated
under State laws comparable to the provisions of law
referred to in clause (i) or (ii) of this subparagraph,
(E) surface impoundment, pit, pond, or lagoon,
(F) storm water or waste water collection system,
(G) flow-through process tank,
(H) liquid trap or associated gathering lines directly re-
lated to oil or gas production and gathering operations, or
(I) storage tank situated in an underground area (such as
a basement, cellar, mineworking, drift, shaft, or tunnel) if
the storage tank is situated upon or above the surface of the
floor.
The term "underground storage tank" shall not include any
pipes connected to any tank which is described in subpara-
graphs (A) through (I).
(2) The term "regulated substance" means—
(A) any substance defined in section 101(14) of the Com-
prehensive Environmental Response, Compensation, and Li-
ability Act of 1980 (but not including any substance regu-
lated as a hazardous waste under subtitle C), and
(B) petroleum^,], [including crude oil or any fraction
thereof which is liquid at standard conditions of tempera-
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tare and pressure (60 degrees Fahrenheit and 14- 7 pounds
per square inch absolute)."! X1
(3) The term "owner" means—
(A) in the case of an underground storage tank in use on
the date of enactment of the Hazardous and Solid Waste
Amendments of 1984, or brought into use after that date,
any person who owns an underground storage tank used for
the storage, use, or dispensing of regulated substances, and
(B) in the case of any underground storage tank in use
before the date of enactment of the Hazardous and Solid
Waste Amendments of 1984, but no longer in use on the
date of enactment of such Amendments, any person who
owned such tank immediately before the discontinuation of
its use.
(4) The term "operator" means any person in control of, or
having responsibility for, the daily operation of the under-
ground storage tank.
(5) The term "release" means any spilling, leaking, emitting,
discharging, escaping, leaching, or disposing from an under-
ground storage tank into ground water, surface water or subsur-
face soils.
(6) The term "person" has the same meaning as provided in
section 1004(15), except that such term includes a consortium, a
joint venture, and a commercial entity, and the United States
Government.
(7) The term "nonoperational storage tank " means any under-
ground storage tank in which regulated substances will not be
deposited or from which regulated substances will not be dis-
pensed after the date of the enactment of the Hazardous and
Solid Waste Amendments of 1984-
11 (8) The term "petroleum" means petroleum, including crude
oil or any fraction thereof which is liquid at standard condi-
tions of temperature and pressure (60 degrees Fahrenheit and
14-7pounds per square inch absolute).
NOTIFICATION
SEC. 9002. (a) UNDERGROUND STORAGE TANKS.—(1) Within 18
months after the date of enactment of the Hazardous and Solid
Waste Amendments of 1984, each owner of an underground storage
tank shall notify the State or local agency or department designated
pursuant to subseciton (b)(l) of the existence of such tank, specifying
the age, size, type, location, and uses of such tank.
(2)(A) For each underground storage tank taken out of operation
after January 1, 1974, the owner of such tank shall, within eighteen
months after the date of enactment of the Hazardous and Solid
Waste Amendments of 1984, notify the State or local agency, or de-
partment designated pursuant to subsection (b)(l) of the existence of
such tanks (unless the owner knows the tank subsequently was re-
moved from the ground). The owner of a tank taken out of operation
on or before January 1, 1974, shall not be required to notify the
State or local agency under this subsection.
11 P.L. 99-449, Superfund.
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(B) Notice under subparagraph (A) shall specify, to the extent
known to the owner—
(i) the date the tank was taken out of operation,
(ii) the age of the tank on the date taken out of operation,
(Hi) the size, type and location of the tank, and
(iv) the type and quantity of substances left stored in such
tank on the date taken out of operation.
(3) Any owner which brings into use an underground storage tank
after the initial notification period specified under paragraph (1),
shall notify the designated State or local agency or department
within thirty days of the existence of such tank, specifying the age,
size, type, location and uses of such tank.
(4) Paragraphs (1) through (3) of this subsection shall not apply to
tanks for which notice was given pursuant to section 103(c) of the
Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation, and Liabil-
ity Act of 1980.
(5) Beginning thirty days after the Administrator prescribes the
form of notice pursuant to subsection (b)(2) and for eighteen months
thereafter, any person who deposits regulated substances in an un-
derground storage tank shall reasonably notify the owner or opera-
tor of such tank of the owner's notification requirements pursuant
to this subsection.
(6) Beginning thirty days after the Administrator issues new tank
performance standards pursuant to seciton 9003(e) of this subtitle,
any person who sells a tank intended to be used as an underground
storage tank shall notify the purchaser of such tank of the owner's
notification requirements pursuant to this subsection.
(b) AGENCY DESIGNATION.—(1) Within one hundred and eighty
days after the enactment of the Hazardous and Solid Waste Amend-
ments of 1984, the Governors of each State shall designate the ap-
propriate State agency or department or local agencies or depart-
ments to receive the notifications under subsection (a)(l), (2), or (3).
(2) Within twelve months after the date of enactment of the Haz-
ardous and Solid Waste Amendments of 1984, the Administrator, in
consultation with State and local officials designated pursuant to
subsection (b)(l), and after notice and opportunity for public com-
ment, shall prescribe the form of the notice and the information to
be included in the notifications under subsection (a)(l), (2), or (3). In
prescribing the form of such notice, the Administrator shall take
into account the effect on small businesses and other owners and op-
erators.
12 (c) STATE INVENTORIES.—Each State shall make 2 separate
inventories of all underground storage tanks in such State containing
regulated substances. One inventory shall be made with respect to
petroleum and one with respect to other regulated substances. In
making such inventories, the State shall utilize and aggregate the
data in the notification forms submitted pursuant to subsections (a)
and (b) of this section. Each State shall submit such aggregated data
to the Administrator not later than 270 days after the enactment of
the Superfund Amendments and Reauthorization Act of 1986.
12 P.L. 99-449, Superfund.
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RELEASE DETECTION, PREVENTION, AND CORRECTION REGULATIONS
SEC. 9003. (a) REGULATIONS.—The Administrator, after notice and
opportunity for public comment, and at least three months before
the effective dates specified in subsection (f), shall promulgate re-
lease detection, prevention, and correction regulations applicable to
all owners and operators of underground storage tanks, as may be
necessary to protect human health and the environment.
(b) DISTINCTIONS IN REGULATIONS.—In promulgating regulations
under this section, the Administrator may distinguish between
types, classes, and ages of underground storage tanks. In making
such distinctions, the Administrator may take into consideration
factors, including, but not limited to: location of the tanks, soil and
climate conditions, uses of the tanks, history of maintenance, age of
the tanks, current industry recommended practices, national consen-
sus codes, hydrogeology, water table, size of the tanks, quantity of
regulated substances periodically deposited in or dispensed from the
tank, the technical capability of the owners and operators, and the
compatibility of the regulated substance and the materials of which
the tank is fabricated.
(c) REQUIREMENTS.—The regulations promulgated pursuant to
this section shall include, but need not be limited to, the following
requirements respecting all underground storage tanks—
(1) requirements for maintaining a leak detection system, an
inventory control system together with tank testing, or a compa-
rable system or method designed to identify releases in a
manner consistent with the protection of human health and. the
environment;
(2) requirements for maintaining records of any monitoring or
leak detection system or inventory control system or tank testing
or comparable system;
(3) requirements for reporting of releases and corrective action
taken in response to a release from an underground storage
tank;
(4) requirements for taking corrective action in response to a
release from an underground storage tank; [ared] 13
(5) requirements for the closure of tanks to prevent future re-
leases of regulated substances into the environmentl..}; and 13
13 (6) requirements for maintaining evidence of financial re-
sponsibility for taking corrective action and compensating third
parties for bodily injury and property damage caused by sudden
and nonsudden accidental releases arising from operating an
underground storage tank.
(d) FINANCIAL RESPONSIBILITY,— \.(1) As he deems necessary or de-
sirable, the Administrator shall promulgate regulations containing
requirements for maintaining evidence of financial responsibility as
he deems necessary and desirable for taking corrective action and
compensating third parties for bodily injury and property damage
caused by sudden and nonsudden accidental releases arising from
operating an underground storage tank. 3 13
\J&J\(1)13 Financial responsibility required by this subsection
may be established in accordance with regulations promulgated by
13 P.L. 99-499, Superfund.
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the Administrator by any one, or any combination, of the following:
insurance, guarantee, surety bond, letter of credit, [or] qualifica-
tion as a self-insurer^.], for any other method satisfactory to the
Administrator.} 14 In promulgating requirements under this subsec-
tion, the Administrator is authorized to specify policy or other con-
tractual terms, conditions, or defenses which are necessary or are
unacceptable in establishing such evidence of financial responsibil-
ity in order to effectuate the purposes of this subtitle.
\.(3J\(2) 1S In any case where the owner or operator is in bankrupt-
cy, reorganization, or arrangement pursuant to the Federal Bank-
ruptcy Code or where with reasonable diligence jurisdiction in the
State court of the Federal Courts cannot be obtained over an owner
or operator likely to be solvent at the time of judgment, any claim
arising from conduct for which evidence of financial responsibility
must be provided under this subsection may be asserted directly
against the guarantor providing such evidence of financial responsi-
bility. In the .case of any action pursuant to this paragraph such
guarantor shall be entitle to invoke all rights and defenses which
would have been available to the owner or operator if any action
had been brought against the owner or operator by the claimant
and which would have been available to the guarantor if an action
had been brought against the guarantor by the owner or operator.
t(4)"I(3) 15 The total liability of any guarantor shall be limited to
the aggregate amount which the guarantor has provided as evidence
of financial responsibility to the owner or operator under this sec-
tion. Nothing in this subsection shall be construed to limit any
other State or Federal statutory, contractual or common law liabil-
ity of a guarantor to its owner or operator including, but not limited
to, the liability of such guarantor for bad faith either in negotiating
or in failing to negotiate the settlement of any claim. Nothing in
this subsection shall be construed to diminish the liability of any
person under section 107 or 111 of the Comprehensive Environmen-
tal Response, Compensation and Liability Act of 1980 or other ap-
plicable law.
H.(5)1(4) 15 For the purpose of this subsection, the term "guarantor"
means any person, other than the owner or operator, who privides
evidence of financial responsibility for an owner or operator under
this subsection.
15 (5XA) The Administrator, in promulgating financial responsibil-
ity regulations under this section, may establish an amount of cover-
age for particular classes or categories of underground storage tanks
containing petroleum which shall satisfy such regulations and
which shall not be less than $1,000,000 for each occurrence with an
appropriate aggregate requirement.
(B) The Administrator may set amounts lower than the amounts
required by subparagraph (A) of this paragraph for underground
storage tanks containing petroleum which are at facilities not en-
gaged in petroleum production, refining, or marketing and which
are not used to handle substantial quantities of petroleum.
14 Language enclosed in light-face brackets, indicates amendment made by P.L. 99-499, Super-
fund.
18 P.L. 99-499, Superfund.
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(C) In establishing classes and categories for purposes of this para-
graph, the Administrator may consider the following factors:
(i) The size, type, location, storage, and handling capacity of
underground storage tanks in the class or category and the
volume of petroleum handled by such tanks.
(ii) The likelihood of release and the potential extent of
damage from any release from underground storage tanks in
the class or category.
(Hi) The economic impact of the limits on the owners and op-
erators of each such class or category, particularly relating to
the small business segment of the petroleum marketing indus-
try.
(iv) The availability of methods of financial responsibility in
amounts greater than the amount established by this para-
graph.
(v) Such other factors as the Administrator deems pertinent.
(D) The Administrator may suspend enforcement of the financial
responsibility requirements for a particular class or category of un-
derground storage tanks or in a particular State, if the Administra-
tor makes a determination that methods of financial responsibility
satisfying the requirements of this subsection are not generally
available for underground storage tanks in that class or category,
and—
(i) steps are being taken to form a risk retention group for
such class of tanks; or
(ii) such State is taking steps to establish a fund pursuant to
section 9004(c)(l) of this Act to be submitted as evidence of fi-
nancial responsibility.
A suspension by the Administrator pursuant to this paragraph shall
extend for a period not to exceed 180 days. A determination to sus-
pend may be made with respect to the same class or category or for
the same State at the end of such period, but only if substantial
progress has been made in establishing a risk retention group, or the
owners or operators in the class or category demonstrate, and the
Administrator finds, that the formation of such a group is not pos-
sible and that the State is unable or unwilling to establish such a
fund pursuant to clause (ii).
(e) NEW TANK PERFORMANCE STANDARDS.—The Administrator
shall, not later than three months prior to the effective date speci-
fied in subsection (f), issue performance standards for underground
storage tanks brought into use on or after the effective date of such
standards. The performance standards for new underground storage
tanks shall include, but need not be limited to, design, construction,
installation, release detection, and compatibility standards.
(f) EFFECTIVE DATES.—(1) Regulations issued pursuant to subsec-
tion (c) and (d) of this section, and standards issued pursuant to
subsection (e) of this section, for underground storage tanks contain-
ing regulated substances defined in section 9001(2)(B) (petroleum, in-
cluding crude oil or any fraction thereof which is liquid at stand-
ard conditions of temperature and pressure) shall be effective not
later than thirty months after the date of enactment of the Hazard-
ous and Solid Waste Amendments of 1984-
(2) Standards issued pursuant to subsection (e) of this section (en-
titled "New Tank Performance Standards ") for underground storage
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tanks containing regulated substances defined in section 9001(2)(A)
shall be effective not later than thirty-six months after the date of
enactment of the Hazardous and Solid Waste Amendments of 1984-
(3) Regulations issued pursuant to subsection (c) of this section
(entitled "Requirements") and standards issued pursuant to subsec-
tion (d) of this section (entitled "Financial Responsibility") for un-
derground storage tanks containing regulated substances defined in
section 9001(2)(A) shall be effective not later than forty-eight months
after the date of enactment of the Hazardous and Solid Waste
Amendments of 1984-
(g) INTERIM PROHIBITION.—(1) Until the effective date of the
standards promulgated by the Administrator under subsection (e)
and after one hundred and eighty days after the date of the enact-
ment of the Hazardous and Solid Waste Amendments of 1984, no
person may install an underground storage tank for the purpose of
storing regulated substances unless such tank (whether of single or
double wall construction)—
(A) will prevent releases due to corrosion or structural failure
for the operational life of the tank;
(B) is cathodically protected against corrosion, constructed of
noncorrosive material, steel clad with a noncorrosive material,
or designed in a manner to prevent the release or threatened re-
lease of any stored substance; and
(C) the material used in the construction or lining of the tank
is compatible with the substance to be stored.
(2) Notwithstanding paragraph (1), if soil tests conducted in ac-
cordance with ASTM Standard G57-78, or another standard ap-
proved by the Administrator, show that soil resistivity in an instal-
lation location is 12,000 ohm/cm or more (unless a more stringent
standard is prescribed by the Administrator by rule), a storage tank
without corrosion protection may be installed in that location
during the period referred to in paragraph (1).
16(h) EPA RESPONSE PROGRAM FOR PETROLEUM.—
(1) BEFORE REGULATIONS.—Before the effective date of regula-
tions under subsection (c), the Administrator (or a State pursu-
ant to paragraph (7)) is authorized to—
(A) require the owner or operator of an underground stor-
age tank to undertake corrective action with respect to any
release of petroleum when the Administrator (or the State)
determines that such corrective action will be done properly
and promptly by the owner or operator of the underground
storage tank from which the release occurs; or
(B) undertake corrective action with respect to any release
of petroleum into the environment from an underground
storage tank if such action is necessary, in the judgment of
the Administrator (or the State), to protect human health
and the environment.
The corrective action undertaken or required under this para-
graph shall be such as may be necessary to protect human
health and the environment. The Administrator shall use funds
in the Leaking Underground Storage Tank Trust Fund for pay-
18 P.L. 99-499, Superfund.
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merit of costs incurred for corrective action under subparagraph
(B), enforcement action under subparagraph (A), and cost recov-
ery under paragraph (6) of this subsection. Subject to the priori-
ty requirements of paragraph (3), the Administrator (or the
State) shall give priority in undertaking such actions under
subparagraph (B) to cases where the Administrator (or the
State) cannot identify a solvent owner or operator of the tank
who will undertake action properly.
(2) AFTER REGULATIONS.—Following the effective date of regu-
lations under subsection (c), all actions or orders of the Admin-
istrator (or a State pursuant to paragraph (7)) described in para-
graph (1) of this subsection shall be in conformity with such
regulations. Following such effective date, the Administrator
(or the State) may undertake corrective action with respect to
any release of petroleum into the environment from an under-
ground storage tank only if such action is necessary, in the
judgment of the Administrator (or the State), to protect human
health and the environment and one or more of the following
situations exists:
(A) No person can be found, within 90 days or such short-
er period as may be necessary to protect human health and
the environment, who is—
(i) an owner or operator of the tank concerned,
(ii) subject to such corrective action regulations, and
(Hi) capable of carrying out such corrective action
properly.
(B) A situation exists which requires prompt action by
the Administrator (or the State) under this paragraph to
protect human health and the environment.
(C) Corrective action costs at a facility exceed the amount
of coverage required by the Administrator pursuant to the
provisions of subsections (c) and (d)(5) of this section and,
considering the class or category of underground storage
tank from which the release occurred, expenditures from
the Leaking Underground Storage Tank Trust Fund are
necessary to assure an effective corrective action.
(D) The owner or operator of the tank has failed or re-
fused to comply with an order of the Administrator under
this subsection or section 9006 or with the order of a State
under this subsection to comply with the corrective action
regulations.
(3) PRIORITY OF CORRECTIVE ACTIONS.—The Administrator (or
a State pursuant to paragraph (7)) shall give priority in under-
taking corrective actions under this subsection, and in issuing
orders requiring owners or operators to undertaken such ac-
tions, to releases of petroleum from underground storage tanks
which pose the greatest threat to human health and the envi-
ronment.
(4) CORRECTIVE ACTION ORDERS.—The Administrator is au-
thorized to issue orders to the owner or operator of an under-
ground storage tank to carry out subparagraph (A) of paragraph
(1) or to carry out regulations issued under subsection (c)(4). A
State acting pursuant to paragraph (7) of this subsection is au-
thorized to carry out subparagraph (A) of paragraph (1) only
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until the State's program is approved by the Administrator
under section 9004 of this subtitle. Such orders shall be issued
and enforced in the same manner and subject to the same re-
quirements as orders under section 9006.
(5) ALLOWABLE .CORRECTIVE ACTIONS.—The corrective actions
undertaken by the Administrator (or the State pursuant to
paragraph (7)) under paragraph (1) or (2) may include tempo-
rary or permanent relocation of residents and alternative house-
hold water supplies. In connection with the performance of any
corrective action under paragraph (1) or (2), the Administrator
may undertake an exposure assessment as defined in paragraph
(10) of this subsection or provide for such an assessment in a
cooperative agreement with a State pursuant to paragraph (7) of
this subsection. The costs of any such assessment may be treated
as corrective action for purposes of paragraph (6), relating to
cost recovery.
(6) RECOVERY OF COSTS.—
(A) IN GENERAL.—Whenever costs have been incurred by
the Administrator, or by a State pursuant to paragraph (7),
for undertaking corrective action or enforcement action
with respect to the release of petroleum from an under-
ground storage tank, the owner or operator of such tank
shall be liable to the Administrator or the State for such
costs. The liability under this paragraph shall be construed
to be the standard of liability which obtains under section
311 of the Federal Water Pollution Control Act.
(B) RECOVERY.—In determining the equities for seeking
the recovery of costs under subparagraph (A), the Adminis-
trator (or a State pursuant to paragraph (7) of this subsec-
tion) may consider the amount of financial responsibility
required to be maintained under subsections (c) and (d)(5)
of this section and the factors considered in establishing
such amount under subsection (d)(5).
(C) EFFECT ON LIABILITY.—
(i) No TRANSFERS OF LIABILITY.—No indemnification,
hold harmless, or similar agreement or conveyance
shall be effective to transfer from the owner or operator
of any underground storage tank or from any person
who may be liable for a release or threat of release
under this subsection, to any other person the liability
imposed under this subsection. Nothing in this subsec-
tion shall bar any agreement to insure, hold harmless,
or indemnify a party to such agreement for any liabil-
ity under this subsection.
(ii) No BAR TO CAUSE OF ACTION.—Nothing in this
subsection, including the provisions of clause (i) of this
subparagraph, shall bar a cause of action that an
owner or operator or any other person subject to liabil-
ity under this section, or a guarantor, has or would
have, by reason of subrogation or otherwise against any
person.
ct (Dt FACILITY.—For purposes of this paragraph, the term
facility" means, with respect to any owner or operator, all
underground storage tanks used for the storage of petrole-
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um which are owned or operated by such owner or operator
and located on a single parcel of property (or on any contig-
uous or adjacent property).
(7) STATE AUTHORITIES.—
(A) GENERAL.—A State may exercise the authorities in
paragraphs (1) and (2) of this subsection, subject to the
terms and conditions of paragraphs (3), (5), (9), (10), and
(11), and including the authorities of paragraphs (4), (6),
and (8) of this subsection if—
(i) the Administrator determines that the State has
the capabilities to carry out effective corrective actions
and enforcement activities; and
(ii) the Administrator enters into a cooperative agree-
ment with the State setting out the actions to be under-
taken by the State.
The Administrator may provide funds from the Leaking
Underground Storage Tank Trust Fund for the reasonable
costs of the State's actions under the cooperative agreement.
(B) COST SHARE.—Following the effective date of the reg-
ulations under subsection (c) of this section, the State shall
pay 10 per centum of the cost of corrective actions undertak-
en either by the Administrator or by the State under a coop-
erative agreement, except that the Administrator may take
corrective action at a facility where immediate action is
necessary to respond to an imminent and substantial en-
dangerment to human health or the environment if the
State fails to pay the cost share.
(8) EMERGENCY PROCUREMENT POWERS.—Notwithstanding
any other provision of law, the Administrator may authorize
the use of such emergency procurement powers as he deems nec-
essary.
(9) DEFINITION OF OWNER.—As used in this subsection, the
term "owner" does not include any person who, without partici-
pating in the management of an underground storage tank and
otherwise not engaged in petroleum production, refining, and
marketing, holds indicia of ownership primarily to protect the
owner's security interest in the tank.
(10) DEFINITION OF EXPOSURE ASSESSMENT.—As used in this
subsection, the term "exposure assessment" means an assess-
ment to determine the extent of exposure of, or potential for ex-
posure of, individuals to petroleum from a release from an un-
derground storage tank based on such factors as the nature and
extent of contamination and the existence of or potential for
pathways of human exposure (including ground or surface
water contamination, air emissions, and food chain contamina-
tion), the size of the community within the likely pathways of
exposure, and the comparison of expected human exposure
levels to the short-term and long-term health effects associated
with identified contaminants and any available recommended
exposure or tolerance limits for such contaminants. Such assess-
ment shall not delay corrective action to abate immediate haz-
ards or reduce exposure.
(11) FACILITIES WITHOUT FINANCIAL RESPONSIBILITY.—At any
facility where the owner or operator has failed to maintain evi-
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dence of financial responsibility in amounts at least equal to
the amounts established by subsection (d)(5)(A) of this section
(or a lesser amount if such amount is applicable to such facility
as a result of subsection (d)(5)(B) of this section) for whatever
reason the Administrator shall expend no monies from the
Leaking Underground Storage Tank Trust Fund to clean up re-
leases at such facility pursuant to the provisions of paragraph
(1) or (2) of this subsection. At such facilities the Administrator
shall use the authorities provided in subparagraph (A) of para-
graph (1) and paragraph (4) of this subsection and section 9006
of this subtitle to order corrective action to clean up such re-
leases. States acting pursuant to paragraph (7) of this subsec-
tion shall use the authorities provided in subparagraph (A) of
paragraph (1) and paragraph (4) of this subsection to order cor-
rective action to clean up such releases. Notwithstanding the
provisions of this paragraph, the Administrator may use monies
from the fund to take the corrective actions authorized by para-
graph (5) of this subsection to protect human health at such fa-
cilities and shall seek full recovery of the costs of all such ac-
tions pursuant to the provisions of paragraph (6)(A) of this sub-
section and without consideration of the factors in paragraph
(6)(B) of this subsection. Nothing in this paragraph shall pre-
vent the Administrator (or a State pursuant to paragraph (7) of
this subsection) from taking corrective action at a facility where
there is no solvent owner or operator or where immediate action
is necessary to respond to an imminent and substantial endan-
germent of human health or the environment.
APPROVAL OF STATE PROGRAMS
SEC. 9004- (a) ELEMENTS OF STATE PROGRAM.—Beginning 30
months after the date of enactment of the Hazardous and Solid
Waste Amendments of 1984, any State may, submit an underground
storage tank release detection, prevention, and correction program
for review and approval by the Administrator. The program may
cover tanks used to store regulated substances referred to in 9001(2)
(A) or (B) or both. A State program may be approved by the Admin-
istrator under this section only if the State demonstrates that the
State program includes the following requirements and standards
and provides for adequate enforcement of compliance with such re-
quirements and standards—
(1) requirements for maintaining a leak detection system, an
inventory control system together with tank testing, or a compa-
rable system or method designed to identify releases in a
manner consistent with the protection of human health and the
environment;
(2) requirements for maintaining records of any monitoring or
leak detection system or inventory control system or tank testing
system;
(3) requirements for reporting of any releases and corrective
action taken in response to a release from an underground stor-
age tank;
(4) requirements for taking corrective action in response to a
release from an underground storage tank;
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(5) requirements for the closure of tanks to prevent future re-
leases of regulated substances into-the environment;
(6) requirements for maintaining evidence of financial respon-
sibility for taking corrective action and compensating third par-
ties for bodily injury and property damage caused by sudden
and nonsudden accidental releases arising from operating an
underground storage tank;
(7) standards of performance for new underground storage
tanks; and
(8) requirements—
(A) for notifying the appropriate State agency or depart-
ment (or local agency or department) designed according to
section 9002(b)(l) of the existence of any operational or non-
operational underground storage tank; and
(B) for providing the information required on the form
issued pursuant to section 9002(b)(2).
(b) FEDERAL STANDARDS.—(1) A State program submitted under
this section may be approved only if the requirements under para-
graphs (1) through (7) of subsection (a) are no less stringent than the
corresponding requirements standards promulgated by the Adminis-
trator pursuant to section 9003(a).
(2)(A) A State program may be approved without regard to wheth-
er or not the requirements referred to in paragraphs t(l), (2), (3), and
(5) of subsection (a) are less stringent than the corresponding stand-
ards under section 9003(a) during the one-year period commencing
on the date of promulgation of regulations under section 9003(a) if
State regulatory action but no State legislative action is required in
order to adopt a State program.
(B} If such State legislative action is required, the State, program
may be approved without regard to whether or not the requirements
referred to in paragraphs (1), (2), (3), and (5) of subsection (a) are less
stringent than the corresponding standards under section 9003(a)
during the two-year period commencing on the date of promulgation
of regulations under section 9003(a) (and during an additional one-
year period after such legislative action if regulations are required
to be promulgated by the State pursuant to such legislative action).
(c) FINANCIAL RESPONSIBILITY.—(1) Corrective action and compen-
sation programs ^financed by fees on tank owners and operators
and] 17 administered by State or local agencies or departments may
be submitted for approval under subsection (a)(6) as evidence of fi-
nancial responsibility.
(2) Financial responsibility required by this subsection may be es-
tablished in accordance with regulations promulgated by the Ad-
ministrator by any one, or any combination, of the following: insur-
ance, guarantee, surety bond, letter of credit, [or] 17 qualification
as a self-insurer^,."^,17 [or any other method satisfactory to the Ad-
ministrator.]18 In promulgating requirements under this subsection,
17 P.L. 99-499, Superfund.
18 Language enclosed in light-face brackets indicates an amendment made by P.L.
perfund.
9-499, Su-
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126
the Administrator is authorized to specify policy of other contrac-
tual terms, [including the amount of coverage required for various
classes and categories of underground storage tanks pursuant to sec-
tion 9003(d)(5),]'19 conditions, or defenses which are necessary or are
unacceptable in establishing such evidence of financial responsibil-
ity in order to effectuate the purposes of this subtitle.
(3) In any case where the owner or operator is in bankruptcy, reor-
ganization, or arrangement pursuant to the Federal Bankruptcy
Code or where with reasonable diligence jurisdiction in any State
court of the Federal courts cannot be obtained over an owner or op-
erator likely to be solvent at the time of judgment, any claim arising
from conduct for which evidence of financial responsibility must be
provided under this subsection may be asserted directly against the
guarantor providing such evidence of financial responsibility. In the
case of any action pursuant to this paragraph such guarantor shall
be entitled to invoke all rights and defenses which would have been
available to the owner or operator if any action had been brought
against the owner or operator by the claimant and which would
have been available to the guarantor if an action had been brought
against the guarantor by the owner or operator.
(4) The total liability of any guarantor shall be limited to the ag-
gregate amount which the guarantor has provided as evidence of fi-
nancial responsibility to the owner or operator under this section.
Nothing in this subsection shall be construed to limit any other
State or Federal statutory, contractual or common law liability of a
guarantor to its owner or Operator including, but not limited to, the
liability of such guarantor for bad faith either in negotiating or in
failing to neogotiate the settlement of any claim. Nothing in this
subsection shall be construed to diminish the liability of any person
under section 107 or 111 of the Comprehensive Environmental Re-
sponse, Compensation and Liability Act of 1980 or other applicable
law.
(5) For the purpose of this subsection, the term "guarantor" means
any person, other than the owner or operator, who provides evidence
of financial responsibility for an owner or operator under this sub-
section.
(d) EPA DETERMINATION.—(1) Within one hundred and eighty
days of the date of receipt of a proposed State program, the Admin-
istrator shall, after notice and opportunity for public comment,
make a determination whether the State's program complies with
the provisions of this section and provides for adequate enforcement
of compliance with the requirements and standards adopted pursu-
ant to this section.
(2) If the Administrator determines that a State program complies
with the provisions of this section and provides for adequate en-
forcement of compliance with the requirements and standards
adopted pursuant to this section, he shall approve the State pro-
gram in lieu of the Federal program and the State shall have pri-
mary enforcement responsibility with respect to requirements of its
program.
19 Language enclosed in light-face brackets indicates an amendment made by P.L. 99-499,
Superfund.
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(e) WITHDRAWAL OF AUTHORIZATION.—Whenever the Administra-
tor determines after public hearing that a State is not administer-
ing and enforcing a program authorized under this subtitle in ac-
cordance with the provisions of this section, he shall so notify the
State. If appropriate action is not taken within a reasonable time,
not to exceed one hundred and twenty days after such notification,
the Administrator shall withdraw approval of such program and re-
establish the Federal program pursuant to this subtitle.
[INSPECTIONS, MONITORING, AND TESTING] INSPECTIONS,
MONITORING, TESTING, AND CORRECTIVE ACTION 20
SEC. 9005. (a) FURNISHING INFORMATION.—For the purposes of de-
veloping or assisting in the development of any regulation, conduct-
ing any study, [taking any corrective action,]21 or enforcing the pro-
visions of this subtitle, any owner or operator of an underground
storage tank (or any tank subject to study under section 9009 that is
used for storing regulated substances) shall, upon request of any of-
ficer, employee or representative of the Environmental Protection
Agency, duly designated by the Administrator, or upon request of
any duly designated officer, employee, or representative of a State
[acting pursuant to subsection (h)(7) of section 9003 Or]21 with an
approved program, furnish information relating to such tanks, their
associated equipment, their contents, conduct monitoring or testing,
[and] 20 permit such officer at all reasonable times to have access to,
and to copy all records relating to such tanks [and permit such officer
to have access for corrective action]. 21 For the purposes of developing
or assisting in the development of any regulation, conducting any
study, [taking corrective action,]
or enforcing the provisions of this subtitle, such officers, employ-
ees, or representatives are authorized—
(1) to enter at reasonable times any establishment or other
place where an underground storage tank is located;
(2) to inspect and obtain samples from any person of any regu-
lated substances contained in such tank; [and] 20
(3) to conduct monitoring or testing of the tanks, associated
equipment, contents, or surrounding soils, air, surface water or
ground water [.]; and 20
(4) to take corrective action.*0
Each such inspection shall be commenced and completed with rea-
sonable promptness.
(b) CONFIDENTIALITY.—(1) Any records, reports, or information ob-
tained from any persons under this section shall be available to the
public, except that upon a showing satisfactory to the Administrator
(or the State, as the case may be) by any person that records, reports,
or information, or a particular part thereof, to which the Adminis-
trator (or the State, as the case may be) or any officer, employee, or
representative thereof has access under this section if made public,
would divulge information entitled to protection under section 1905
20 P.L. 99-499, Superfund.
21 Language enclosed in light-face brackets indicates an amendment made by P.L. 99-499,
Superfund.
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of title 18 of the United States Code, such information or particular
portion thereof shall be considered confidential in accordance with
the purposes of that section, except that such record, report, docu-
ment, or information may be disclosed to other officers, employees,
or authorized representatives of the United States concerned with
carrying out this Act, or when relevant in any proceeding under this
Act
(2) Any person not subject to the provisions of section 1905 of title
18 of the United States Code who knowingly and willfully divulges
or discloses any information entitled to protection under this subsec-
tion shall, upon conviction, be subject to a fine of not more than
$5,000 or to imprisonment not to exceed one year, or both.
(3) In submitting data under this subtitle, a person required to
provide such data may—
(A) designate the data which such person believes is entitled
to protection under this subsection, and
(B) submit such designated data separately from other data
submitted under this subtitle.
A designation under this paragraph shall be made in writing and
in such manner as the Administrator may prescribe.
(4) Notwithstanding any limitation contained in this section or
any other provision of law, all information reported to, or otherwise
obtained, by the Administrator (or any representative of the Admin-
istrator} under this Act shall be made available, upon written re-
quest of any duly authorized committee of the Congress, to such
committee (including records, reports, or information obtained by
representatives of the Environmental Protection Agency).
FEDERAL ENFORCEMENT
SEC. 9006. (a) COMPLIANCE ORDERS.—(1) Except as provided in
paragraph (2), whenever on the basis of any information, the Ad-
ministrator determines that any person is in violation of any re-
quirements of this subtitle, the Administrator may issue an order re-
quiring compliance within a reasonable specified time period or the
Administrator may commence a civil action in the United States
district court in which the violation occurred for appropriate relief,
including a temporary or permanent injunction.
(2) In the case of a violation of any requirement of this subtitle
where such violation occurs in a State with a program approved
under section 9004, the Administrator shall give notice to the State
in which such violation has occurred prior to issuing an order or
commencing a civil action under this section.
(3) If a violator fails to comply with an order under this subsec-
tion within the time specified in the order, he shall be liable for a
civil penalty of not more than $25,000 for each day of continued
noncompliance.
(b) PROCEDURE.—Any order issued under this section shall become
final unless, no later than thirty days after the order is served, the
person or persons named therein request a public hearing. Upon
such request the Administrator shall promptly conduct a public
hearing. In connection with any proceeding under this section the
Administrator may issue subpoenas for the attendance and testimo-
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ny of witnesses and the production of relevant papers, books, and
documents, and may promulgate rules for discovery procedures.
(c) CONTENTS OF ORDER.—Any order issued under this section
shall state with reasonable specificity the nature of the violation,
specify a reasonable time for compliance, and assess a penalty, if
any, which the Administrator determines is reasonable taking into
account the seriousness of the violation and any good faith efforts
to comply with the applicable requirements.
(d) CIVIL PENALTIES.—(1) Any owner who knowingly fails to
notify or submits false information pursuant to section 9002(a) shall
be subject to a civil penalty not to exceed $10,000 for each tank for
which notification is not given or false information is submitted.
(2) Any owner or operator of an underground storage tank who
fails to comply with—
(A) any requirement or standard promulgated by the Admin-
istrator under section 9003;
(B) any requirement or standard of a State program approved
pursuant to section 9004; or
(C) the provisions of section 9003(g) (entitled "Interim Prohi-
bition ")
shall be subject to a civil penalty not to exceed $10,000 for each tank
for each day of violation.
FEDERAL FACILITIES
SEC. 9007. (a) APPLICATION OF SUBTITLE.—Each department,
agency, and instrumentality of the executive, legislative, and judi-
cial branches of the Federal Government having jurisdiction over
any underground storage tank shall be subject to and comply with
all Federal, State, interstate, and local requirements, applicable to
such tank, both substantive and procedural, in the same manner,
and to the same extent, as any other person is subject to such re-
quirements, including payment of reasonable service charges. Nei-
ther the United States, nor any agent, employee, or officer thereof,
shall be immune or exempt from any process or sanction of any
State or Federal court with respect to the enforcement of any such
injunctive relief.
(b) PRESIDENTIAL EXEMPTION.—The President may exempt any
underground storage tanks of any department, agency, or instrumen-
tality in the executive branch from compliance with such a require-
ment if he determines it to be in the paramount interest of the
United States to dp so. No such exemption shall be granted due to
lack of appropriation unless the President shall have specifically re-
quested such appropriation as a part of the budgetary process and
the Congress shall have failed to make available such requested ap-
propriations. Any exemption shall be for a period not in excess of
one year, but additional exemptions may be granted for periods not
to exceed one year upon the President's making a new determina-
tion. The President shall report each January to the Congress all ex-
emptions from the requirements of this section granted during the
preceding calendar year, together with his reason for granting each
such exemption.
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[STATE AUTHORITY
[Sec. 9008. Nothing in this subtitle shall preclude or deny any
right of any State or political subdivision thereof to adopt or enforce
any regulation, requirement or standard of performance respecting
underground storage tanks that is more stringest than a regulation,
requirement, or standard of performance in effect under this sub-
title.J 22
STATE AUTHORITY
SEC. 9008. Nothing in this subtitle shall preclude or deny any
right of any State or political subdivision thereof to adopt or enforce
any regulation, requirement, or standard of performance respecting
underground storage tanks that is more stringest than a regulation,
requirement, or standard of performance in effect under this subtitle
or to impose any additional liability with respect to the release of
regulated substances within such State or political subdivision.
STUDY OF UNDERGROUND STORAGE TANKS
SEC. 9009. (a) PETROLEUM TANKS.—Not later than twelve months
after the date of enactment of the Hazardous and Solid Waste
Amendments of 1984, the Administrator shall complete a study of
underground storage tanks used for the storage of regulated sub-
stances defined in section 9001(2)(B).
(b) OTHER TANKS.—Not later than thirty-six months after the date
of enactment of the Hazardous and Solid Waste Amendments of
1984, the Administrator shall complete a study of all other under-
ground storage tanks.
(c) ELEMENTS OF STUDIES.—The studies under subsections (a} and
(b) shall include an assessment of the ages, types (including methods
of manufacture, coatings, protection systems, the compatibility of
the construction materials and the installation methods) and loca-
tions (including the climate of the locations) of such tanks; soil con-
ditions, water tables, and the hydrogeology of tank locations; the re-
lationship between the foregoing factors and the likelihood of re-
leases from underground storage tanks; the effectiveness and costs of
inventory systems, tank testing, and leak detection systems; and
such other factors as the Administrator deems appropriate.
(d) FARM AND HEATING OIL TANKS.—Not later than thirty-six
months after the date of enactment of the Hazardous and Solid
Waste Amendments of 1984, the Administrator shall conduct a
study regarding the tanks referred to in section 9001(1) (A) and (B).
Such study shall include estimates of the number and location of
such tanks and an analysis of the extent fo which there may be re-
leases or threatened releases from such tanks into the environment.
(e) REPORTS.—Upon completion of the studies authorized by this
section, the Administrator shall submit reports to the President and
to the Congress containing the results of the studies and recommen-
dations respecting whether or not such tanks should be subject to
the preceding provisions of this subtitle.
22 P.L. 99-499, Superfund.
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(f) REIMBURSEMENT.—(1) If any owner or operator (excepting an
agency, department, or instrumentality of the United States Govern-
ment, a State or a political subdivision thereof) shall incur costs, in-
cluding the loss of business opportunity, due to the closure or inter-
ruption of operation of an underground storage tank solely for the
purpose of conducting studies authorized by this section, the Admin-
istrator shall provide such person fair and equitable reimbursement
for such costs.
(2) All claims for reimbursement shall be filed with the Adminis-
trator not later than ninety days after the closure or interruption
which gives rise to the claim.
(3) Reimbursements made under this section shall be from funds
appropriated by the Congress pursuant to the authorization con-
tained in section 2007(g).
(4) For purposes of judicial review, a determination by the Admin-
istrator under this subsection shall be considered final agency
action.
AUTHORIZATION OF APPROPRIATIONS
SEC. 9010. For authorization of appropriations to carry out this
subtitle, see section 2007(g). ,:
THE FOLLOWING PROVISIONS OF PUBLIC LAW 98-616 DO NOT AMEND
THE SOLID WASTE DISPOSAL ACT
SEC. 221. (a) * * *
Ob) The Administrator of the Environmental Protection Agency
shall undertake activities to inform and educate the waste genera-
tors of their responsibilities under the amendments made by this
section during the period within thirty months after the enactment
of the Hazardous and Solid Waste Amendments of 1984 to help
assure compliance.
(c) The Administrator of the Environmental Protection Agency
in cooperation with the States shall conduct a study of hazardous
waste identified or listed under section 3001 of the Solid Waste Dis-
posal Act which is generated by individual generators in total
quantities for each generator during any calendar month of less
than one thousand kilograms. The Administrator may require from
such generators information as may be necessary to conduct the
study. Such study shall include a characterization of the number
and type of such generators, the quantity and characteristics of
hazardous waste generated by such generators, State requirements
applicable to such generators, the individual and industry waste
management practices of such generators, the potential costs of
modifying those practices and the impact of such modifications on
national treatment and disposal facility capacity, and the threat to
human health and the environment and the employees of trans-
porters or others involved in solid waste management posed by
such hazardous wastes or such management practices. Such study
shall be submitted to the Congress not later than April 1, 1985.
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(d) The Administrator of the Environmental Protection Agency
shall cause to be studied the existing manifest system for hazard-
ous wastes as it applies to small quantity generators and recom-
mend whether the current system shall be retained or whether a
new system should be introduced. The study shall include an analy-
sis of the cost versus the benefits of the system studied as well as
an analysis of the ease of retrieving and collating information and
identifying a given substance. Finally, any new proposal shall in-
clude a list of those standards that are necessary to protect human
health and the environment. Such study shall be submitted to the
Congress not later than April 1, 1987.
(e) The Administrator of the Environmental Protection Agency,
in conjunction with the Secretary of Transportation, shall prepare
and submit to the Congress a report on the feasibility of easing the
administrative burden on small quantity generators, increasing
compliance with statutory and regulatory requirements, and sim-
plifying enforcement efforts through a program of licensing hazard-
ous waste transporters to assume the responsibilities of small quan-
tity generators relating to the preparation of manifests and associ-
ated recordkeeping and reporting requirements. The report shall
examine the appropriate licensing requirements under such a pro-
gram including the need for financial asssurances by licensed
transporters and shall make recommendations on provisions and
requirements for such a program including the appropriate division
of responsibilities between the Department of Transportation and
the Environmental Protection Administration. Such report shall be
submittted to the Congress not later than April 1, 1987.
(fXl) The Administrator of the Environmental Protection Agency
shall, in consultation with the Secretary of Education, the States,
and appropriate educational associations, conduct a comprehensive
study of problems associated with the accumulation, storage and
disposal of hazardous wastes from educational intitutions. The
study shall include an investigation of the feasibility and availabil-
ity of environmentally sound methods for the treatment, storage or
disposal of hazardous waste from such institutions, taking into ac-
count the types and quantities of such waste which are generated
by these institutions, and the nonprofit nature of these institutions.
(2) The Administrator shall submit a report to the Congress con-
taining the findings of the study carried out under paragraph (1)
not later than April 1,1987.
(3) For purposes of this subsection—
(A) the term "hazardous waste" means hazardous waste
which is listed or identified under Section 3001 of the Solid
Waste Disposal Act;
(B) the term "educational institution" includes, but shall not
be limited to,
(i) secondary schools as defined in section 198(a)(7) of the
Elementary and Secondary Education Act of 1965; and
(ii) institutions of higher education as defined in section
1201(a) of the Higher Education Act of 1965.
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TITLE VII—OTHER PROVISIONS
REPORT TO CONGRESS ON INJECTION OP HAZARDOUS WASTE
SEC. 701. (a) The Administrator, in cooperation with the States,
shall compile and, not later than six months after the date of en-
actment of the Hazardous and Solid Waste Amendments of 1984,
submit to the Committee on Environment and Public Works of the
United States Senate and the Committee on Energy and Commerce
of the United States House of Representatives, an inventory of all
wells in the United States which inject hazardous wastes. The in-
ventory shall include the following information:
(1) the location and depth of each well;
(2) engineering and construction details of each, including
the thickness and composition of its casing, the width and con-
tent of the annulus, and pump pressure and capacity;
(3) the hydrogeological characteristics of the overlying and
underlying strata, as well as that into which the Waste is in-
jected;
(4) the location and size of all drinking water aquifers pene-
trated by the well, or within a one-mile radius of the well or
within two hundred feet below the well injection point;
(5) the location, capacity, and population served by each well
providing drinking or irrigation water which is within a five-
mile radius of the injection well; *
(6) the nature and volume of the waste injected during the
one-year period immediately preceding the date of the report;
(7) the dates and nature of the inspections of the injection
well conducted by independent third parties or agents of State,
Federal, or local government;
(8) the name and address of all owners and operators of the
well and any disposal facility associated with it;
(9) the identification of all wells at which enforcement ac-
tions have been initiated under this Act (by reason of well fail-
ure, operator error, ground water contamination or for other
reasons) and an identification of the wastes involved in such
enforcement actions; and
(10) such other information as the Administrator may, in his
discretion, deem necessary to define the scope and nature of
hazardous waste disposal in the United States through under-
ground injection.
(b) In fulfilling the requirements of paragraphs (3) through (5) of
subsection (a), the Administrator need only submit such informa-
tion as can be obtained from currently existing State records and
from site visits to at least twenty facilities containing wells which
inject hazardous waste.
(c) The States shall make available to the Administrator such in-
formation as he deems necessary to accomplish the objectives of
this section.
EXTENDING THE USEFUL LIFE OF SANITARY LANDFILLS
SEC. 702. Section 8002 of the Solid Waste Disposal Act is amend-
ed by adding the following new subsection after subsection (r)
thereof:
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"(s) EXTENDING LANDFILL LIFE AND REFUSING LANDFILLED
AREAS.—The Administrator shall conduct detailed, comprehensive
studies of methods to extend the useful life of sanitary landfills and
to better use sites in which filled or closed landfills are located.
Such studies shall address—
"(1) methods to reduce the volume of materials before place-
ment in landfills;
"(2) more efficient systems for depositing waste in landfills;
"(3) methods to enhance the rate of decomposition of solid
waste in landfills, in a safe and environmentally acceptable
manner;
"(4) methane production from closed landfill units;
' "(5) innovative uses of closed landfill sites, including use for
energy production such as solar or wind energy and use for
metals recovery;
"(6) potential for use of sewage treatment sludge in reclaim-
ing landfilled areas; and
"(7) methods to coordinate use of a landfill owned by one mu-
nicipality by nearby municipalities, and to establish equitable
rates for such use, taking into account the need to provide
future landfill capacity to replace that so used.
The Administrator is authorized to conduct demonstrations in the
areas of study provided in this subsection. The Administrator shall
periodically report on the results of such studies, with the first
such report not later than October 1, 1986. In carrying out this sub-
section, the Administrator need not duplicate other studies which
have been completed and may rely upon information which has
previously been compiled.".
URANIUM MILL TAILINGS
SEC. 703. Nothing in the Hazardous and Solid Waste Amend-
ments of 1984 shall be construed to affect, modify, or amend the
Uranium Mill Tailings Radiation Control Act of 1978.
NATIONAL GROUND WATER COMMISSION
SEC. 704. (a) There is established a commission to be known as
the National Ground Water Commission (hereinafter in this section
referred to as the "Commission").
(b) The duties of the Commission are to:
(1) Assess generally the amount, location, and quality of the
Nation's ground water resources.
(2) Identify generally the sources, extent, and types of
ground water contamination.
(3) Assess the scope and nature of the relationship between
ground water contamination and ground water withdrawal and
develop projections of available, usable ground water in future
years on a nationwide basis.
(4) Assess The relationship between surface water pollution
and ground water pollution.
(5) Assess the need for a policy to protect ground water from
degradation caused by contamination.
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(6) Assess generally the extent of overdrafting of ground
water resources, and the adequacy of existing mechanisms for
preventing such overdrafting.
(7) Assess generally the engineering and technological capa-
bility to recharge aquifers.
(8) Assess the adequacy of the present understanding of
ground water recharge zones and sole source aquifers and
assess the adequacy of knowledge regarding the interrelation-
ship of designated aquifers and recharge zones.
(9) Assess the role of land-use patterns as these relate to pro-
tecting ground water from contamination.
(10) Assess methods for remedial abatement of ground water
contamination as well as the costs and benefits of cleaning up
polluted ground water and compare cleanup costs to the costs
of substitute water supply methods.
(11) Investigate policies and actions taken by foreign govern-
ments to protect ground water from contamination.
(12) Assess the use and effectiveness of existing interstate
compacts to address ground water protection from contamina-
tion.
(13) Analyze existing legal rights and remedies regarding
contamination of ground water.
(14) Assess the adequacy of existing standards for ground
water quality under State and Federal law.
(15) Assess monitoring methodologies of the States and the
Federal Government to achieve the level of protection of the
resource as required by State and Federal law.
(16) Assess the relationship between ground water flow sys-
tems (and associated recharge areas) and the control of sources
of contamination.
(17) Assess the role of underground injection practices as a
means of disposing of waste fluids while protecting ground
water from contamination.
(18) Assess methods for abatement and containment of
ground water contamination and for aquifer restoration includ-
ing the costs and benefits of alternatives to abatement and con-
tainment.
(19) Assess State and Federal ground water law and mecha-
nisms with which to manage the quality of the ground water
resource.
(20) Assess the adequacy of existing ground water research
and determine future ground water research needs.
(21) Assess the roles of State, local, and Federal Govern-
ments in managing ground water quality.
(c)(l) The Commission shall be composed of nineteen members as
follows:
(A) six appointed by the Speaker of the United States House
of Representatives from among the Members of the House of
Representatives, two of whom shall be members of the Com-
mittee on Energy and Commerce, two of whom shall be mem-
bers of the Committee on Public Works and Transportation,
and two of whom shall be members of the Committee on Interi-
or and Insular Affairs;
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(B) four appointed by the majority leaders of the United
States Senate from among the Members of the United States
Senate;
(C) eight appointed by the President as follows:
(i) four from among a list of nominations submitted to
the President by the National Governors Association, two
of whom shall be representatives of ground water appro-
priation States and two of whom shall be representatives
of ground water riparian States;
(ii) one from among a list of nominations submitted to
the President by the National League of Cities and the
United States Conference of Mayors;
(iii) one from among a list of nominations submitted to
the President by the National Academy of Science;
(iv) one from among a list of nominations submitted to
the President by groups, organizations, or associations of
industries the activities of which may affect ground water;
and
(v) one from among a list of nominations submitted to
the President from groups, organizations, or associations of
citizens which are representative of persons concerned
with pollution and environmental issues and which have
participated, at the State or Federal level, in studies, ad-
ministrative proceedings, or litigation (or any combination
thereof) relating to ground water; and
(D) the Director of the Office of Technology Assessment.
A vacancy in the Commission shall be filled in the manner in
which the original appointment was made. Appointments may be
made under this subsection without regard to section 5311(b) of
title 5, United States Code. Not more than three of the six mem-
bers appointed under subparagraph (A) and not more than two of
the four members appointed under subparagraph (B) may be of the
same political party. No member appointed under paragraph (C)
may be an officer or employee of the Federal Government.
(2) If any member of the Commission who was appointed to the
Commission as a Member of the Congress leaves that office, or if
any member of the Commission who was appointed from persons
who are not officers or employees of any government becomes an
officer or employee of a government, he may continue as a member
of the Commission for not longer than the ninety-day period begin-
ning on the date he leaves that office or becomes such an officer or
employee, as the case may be.
(3) Members shall be appointed for the life of the Commission.
(4XA) Except as provided in subparagraph (B), members of the
Commission shall each be entitled (subject to appropriations provid-
ed in advance) to receive the daily equivalent of the maximum
annual rate of basic pay in effect for grade GS-18 of the General
Schedule for each day (including travel time) during which they
are engaged in the actual performance of duties vested in the Com-
mission. While away from their homes or regular places of business
in the performance of services for the Commission, members of the
Commission shall be allowed travel expenses, including per diem in
lieu of subsistence, in the same manner as persons employed inter-
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mittently in Government service are allowed expenses under sec-
tion 5703 of title 5 of the United States Code.
(B) Members of the Commission who are Members of the Con-
gress shall receive no additional pay, allowances, or benefits by
reason of their service on the Commission.
(5) Five members of the Commission shall constitute a quorum
but two may hold hearings.
(6) The Chairman of the Commission shall be appointed by the
Speaker of the House of Representatives from among members ap-
pointed under paragraph (1)(A) of this subsection and the Vice
Chairman of the Commission shall be appointed by the majority
leader of the Senate from among members appointed under para-
graph (1)(B) of this subsection. The Chairman and the Vice Chair-
man of the Commission shall serve for the life of the Commission
unless they cease to be members of the Commission before the ter-
mination of the Commission.
(7) The Commission shall meet at the call of the Chairman or a
majority of its members.
(d)(l) The Commission shall have a Director who shall be ap-
pointed by the Chairman, without regard to section 5311(b) of title
5, United States Code.
(2) The Chairman may appoint and fix the pay of such additional
personnel as the Chairman considers approprite.
(3) With the approval of the Commission, the Chairman may pro-
cure temporary and intermittent services under section 3109(b) of
title 5 of the United States Code.
(4) The Commission shall request, and the Chief of Engineers and
the Director of the Geological Survey are each authorized to detail
on a reimbursable basis, any of the personnel of their respective
agencies to the Commission to assist it in carrying out its duties
under this section. Upon request of the Commission, the head of
any other Federal agency is authorized to detail, on a reimbursable
basis, any of the personnel of such agency to the Commission to
assist it in carrying out its duties under this section.
(e)(l) The Commission may, for the purpose of carrying out this
section, hold such hearings, sit and act at such times and places,
take such testimony, and receive such evidence, as the Commission
considers appropriate.
(2) Any member or agent of the Commission may, if so author-
ized by the Commission, take any action which the Commission is
authorized to take by this section.
(3) The Commission may use the United States mails in the same
manner and under the same conditions as other departments and
agencies of the United States.
(4) The Administrator of General Services shall provide to the
Commission on a reimbursable basis such administrative support
services as the Commission may request.
(5) The Commission may secure directly from any department or
agency of the United States information necessary to enable it to
carry out this section. Upon request of the Chairman of the Com-
mission, the head of such department or agency shall furnish such
information to the Commission.
(0(1) The Commission shall transmit to the President and each
House of the Congress a report not later than October 30, 1986.
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The report shall contain a detailed statement of the findings and
conclusions of the Commission with respect to each item listed in
subsection (b), together with its recommendations for such legisla-
tion; and administrative actions, as it considers appropriate.
(2) Not later than one year after the enactment of the Hazardous
and Solid Waste Amendments of 1984, the Commission shall com-
plete a preliminary study concerning ground water contamination
from hazadous and other solid waste and submit to the President
and to the Congress a report containing the findings and conclu-
sions of such preliminary study. The study shall be continued
thereafter, and final findings and conclusions shall be incorporated
as a separate chapter in the report required under paragraph (1).
The preliminary study shall include an analysis of the extent of
ground water contamination caused by hazardous and other solid
waste, the regions and major water supplies most significantly af-
fected by such contamination, and any recommendations of the
Commission for preventive or remedial measures to protect human
health and the environment from the effects of such contamina-
tion.
(g) The Commission shall cease to exist on January 1, 1987.
(h) Nothing in this section and no recommendation of the Com-
mission shall affect any rights to quantities of water established
under State law, interstate compact, or Supreme Court decree.
(i) There is authorized to be appropriated for the fiscal year 1985
through 1987 not to exceed $7,000,000 to carry out this section.
O
*U.S GOVERNMENT HUNTING OFFICE: 199S-715-003/ 87062
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$EPA
OS-305
United States
Environmental Protection
Agency
Washington, DC 20460
Official Business
Penalty for Private Use
$300
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