Printing  and  Allied  industries
 Industry Overview
    Not all printing and allied industry operations produce haz-
 ardous waste. If, however, you use solvents, strong acid or
 alkaline solutions, or paint or ink containing toxic organic
 chemicals or heavy metals, the waste you generate might be
 hazardous. If so, you might be subject to Resource Conservation
 and Recovery Act (RCRA) requirements covering the generation,
 transportation, and management of hazardous waste.

    Many printing industries generate hazardous waste. Your firm
 is included in printing and allied industries if it is involved in:

    Preparation:

    • Typesetting
    • Lithography
    • Letterpress
    • Gravure
    • Engraving (stationery)
    • Photoengraving.

   Printing:

    • Heatset lithography
    • Non-heatset lithography
    • Thermography
    • Business form printing
    • Sheetfed lithography
    • Letterpress printing (including flexography)
    • Gravure printing
    • Screen press printing.

   Finishing Operations:
    • Looseleaf binder manufacturing
    • Trade binding operations
    • Book binding operations
    • In-house  binding operations
    • Magazine and catalog binding operations.


Hazardous Wastes from
Printing and  Allied Industries
   Printing generates waste ink and ink sludges that might con-
tain solvents or heavy metals. The composition of inks used in
printing and allied industries varies greatly depending on whether
an ink is to be used for lithography, letterpress, gravure, flexog-
raphy, or screen printing. Oil-based or paste inks are generally
composed of colorant or pigments (carbon black, inorganic, and
organic), varnish (drying oils, alkyd, resin-phenolic, resin-ester),
drier (cobalt, manganese, or zirconium fatty acid compounds), and
 sometimes an extender, solvents and modifiers (waxes, petroleum
 solvents, and magnesia). Fluid inks contain a vehicle made of
 resin and solvent or oil, and additives such as waxes, drier, and
 wetting agents. While not all waste inks and ink sludges are haz-
 ardous, those containing solvents or heavy metals generally are.

   Photographic processes are used in all major printing opera-
 tions for image conversion and plate making. Photographic
 wastes, including heavy metal solutions and spent solvents, make
 up a large portion of the hazardous waste generated in these indus-
 tries. Photographic wastes such as processing solutions, develop-
 ers, hardeners, plating chemicals, fountain solutions, and fixing
 baths, that are sent directly to publicly owned treatment works
 (POTWs) for disposal are exempt from RCRA requirements (as is
 any waste sent directly to a POTW). Silver-containing solutions
 that pass through electrolytic, chemical replacement, or ion ex-
 change silver recovery units located on your premises are also ex-
 empt. If, however, you send your waste offsite for silver recycling
 or solvent recovery, the waste must be accompanied by a Uniform
 Hazardous Waste Manifest.

   Table 1 lists typical processes/operations in the  printing and
 allied industries that might produce hazardous waste. Table 2 pro-
 vides the Department of Transportation (DOT) information needed
 for the Manifest for some wastes generated by printers. Table 1
 and Table 2 are not comprehensive lists. If you do not find your
 waste here but suspect it is hazardous, contact your EPA
 Regional office or state hazardous waste management agency for
 additional information.


 Waste  Minimization
   An effective waste minimization program can reduce the costs,
 liabilities, and regulatory burdens of hazardous waste manage-
 ment, while potentially enhancing efficiency, product quality, and
 community relations. Waste minimization techniques that can
 help you reduce the amount of hazardous waste that you generate
 include:

    • Production planning and sequencing
    • Process/equipment adjustment or modification
    • Raw material substitution
    • Loss prevention and housekeeping
    • Waste segregation and separation
    • Recycling.

   Training and supervision of employees implementing waste
minimization techniques is an important part of your successful
program. Call the RCRA/Superfund Hotline toll-free at 800-424-
9346 (or TDD 800-553-7672 for the hearing-impaired) for waste
minimization information and publications.
 EPA/530-SW-90-027g
                                                                                                  Printed on recycled paper

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                                                                 Table 1
                                            Typical Printing and Allied Industries Operations:
                                    Materials Used and Hazardous Wastes that Might be Generated
Process/Operation
Materials  Used
Typical Material Ingredient
General Types of Waste
Generated
PLATE  PREPARATION

*Counter-Etching to Remove
Oxides
*Decp'Eteh Coating of Plates

*Etch Baths
Applying  Light-sensitive
Coating
Developing Plates


•Applying lacquer

Using Ink (lithography,
letterpress, screen printing,
Demography)
Phosphoric acid


Deep-etch bath


Multimetal plate and plate
coating


Resins, binders, emulsifiers,
photosensitizers,  gelatin,
photoinitiators


Developer


Resins, solvents, vinyl lacquer,
lacquer developers

Pigments, dyes, varnish, drier,
extender, modifier, fountain
solutions
Making Oravure Cylinders       Acid plating bath

STENCIL PREPARATION FOR  SCREEN  PRINTING
Lacquer Stencil Film
Photographic Stencil Film.

Photocmulsion

Blockout (screen filler)
Solvents, polyester film, vinyl
film, dyes

Organic acids, gelatin
(pigmented), polyester film base

Resins,  binders,
photosensitizers, dyes

Pigmented polymers, solvents,
acetates
Phosphoric acid


Ammonium dichromate, ammonium hydroxide


Ferric chloride (copper), aluminum/zinc
chloride/hydrochloric acid (chromium), nitric
acid (zinc, magnesium), gum arabic

P-VA/ammonium dichloromate, polyvinyl
cinnamate, fish glue/albumin, silver halide,
gelatin, emulsifiers, gum arabic/ammonium
dichromate

Lactic acid, zinc chloride, magnesium chloride,
hydroquinone

PVC, PVA, maleic acid, methyl ethyl ketone,
cyclohexanone, isophorone

Titanium oxide, iron blues, molybdated chrome
orange,  phthalocyanine pigments, oils,
hydrocarbon solvents, waxes,  cobalt/
zinc/manganese oleates, plasticizers, barium-
based pigments

Copper, chromic acid, chrome
Aliphatic acetates, cellulose-based lacquer,
plasticizers

Acids, alkalies, peroxide-forming compounds,
plasticizers,  surfactants

PVA, PVAC, ammonium or potassium
bichromate, diazonium compounds

Methylene chloride, methanol, methyl
cellulose acetates
Acid/alkaline wastes


Acid/alkaline wastes
Heavy metal wastes

Acid/alkaline wastes
Heavy metal wastes


Photographic processing wastes
Photographic processing wastes


Solvent wastes
Toxic waste ink with
solvents/chromium/lead/barium.
Ink sludges with chromium/lead/
barium
Plating wastes



Solvent wastes


Acid/alkaline wastes


Photographic processing wastes


Solvent wastes
PHOTOPROCESSING
Developing Negatives and
Prints
PRINTING
Using Ink (lithography,
letterpress, screen printing
Icxography)
Developer, cleaning agents,
wetting agents, fixers, bleaches
Pigments, dyes, varnish, drier,
extender, modifier, fountain
solutions, inks, solvents,
plates, shellacs
Hydroquinone, ammonium thiosulfate, silver,
lead, chromium, cadmium, phenol, toluene,
chloroform, ethyl benzene, methylene chloride
Titanium oxide, iron blues, molybdated chrome
orange, phthalocyanide pigments, oils, hydro-
carbon solvents, waxes, cobalt/zinc/
manganese oleates, plasticizers, barium-based
pigments, acrylic copolymers
Photographic processing wastes
Heavy metal wastes
   (dust and sludge)
Ink — sludges with chromium or lead
Ink — toxic  wastes with metals or
   organic constituents
Solvent wastes
CLEAN  UP
Wash/Clean Plates, Type, Die,
Press Blankets and Rollers
Alcohols, solvents,  rags,
alkaline cleaners
Ethyl alcohol, benzene, toluene, xylene,
isopropyl alcohol, methyl ethyl ketone,
trichloroethylene, perchloroethylene,  carbon
tetrachloride, gasoline, naphtha, kerosene
Acid/alkaline wastes
Ink — toxic wastes with metals or
   organic constituents
Solvent wastes
 Older technologies.

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 Waste Type
                                     Table  2
      Printing  and Allied Industries Waste Descriptions1
 Designations/Trade Names       DOT Shipping Name	
                                           Hazard Class
                     UN/NA
                     ID Number
 PHOTOGRAPHIC  WASTES
 Heavy Metal Solutions
 Photographic processing waste
 containing heavy metals
 Hazardous Waste Solution containing Cadmium,  ORM-E
 Chromium, Lead, and/or Cyanide
 SPENT SOLVENTS AND OTHER WASTES CONTAINING:

 Trichloroethylene*



 Carbon Tetrachloride*



 Ethanol

 Isopropanol

 Ethyl Benzene

 1,1,1 -Trichloroethane





 Methylene Chloride




 Methyl Ethyl Ketone*



 Chlorobenzene*


 Chloroform*
 Trichloroethylene, Trichloroethene,
 Ethinyl trichloride, Tri-Clene,
 Trielene, Tri

 Carbon Tetrachloride,
 Perchloromethane, Necatorina,
 Benzinoform, CC14

 Ethanol, Ethyl alcohol

 Isopropanol, Isopropyl alcohol

 Ethyl Benzene

 Aerothene TT, Chlorten, Inhibisol,
 Trichloroethane, Chlorothen NU, NCI-
 C04626, Methylchloroform,
 Chlorothene VG, Chlorothane NU,
 Chlorotene

 Dichloromethane, Methane dichloride,
 Methylene bichloride, NCI-CS0102,
 Methylene dichloride, Solaesthin,
 Aerothene MM, Narkotil, Solmethine

 Methyl Ethyl Ketone, MEK, Methyl
 Acetone, Meetco, Butanone, Ethyl
 Methyl Ketone

 Chlorobenzene, Monochlorobenzene,
 Phenylchloride

 Chloroform
 Waste Trichloroethylene



 Waste Carbon Tetrachloride



 Waste Ethyl Alcohol

 Waste Isopropanol

 Waste Ethyl Benzene

 Waste 1,1,1-Trichloroethane
 ORM-A



 ORM-A



 Flammable Liquid2

 Flammable Liquid

 Flammable Liquid

 ORM-A
 Waste Dichloromethane or Methylene Chloride   ORM-A
WASTE INK WITH SOLVENTS  OR HEAVY METALS
Waste Ink
CORROSIVE  WASTES
Ammonium Hydroxide
Hydrochloric Acid



Nitric Acid



Phosphoric Acid


Sodium Hydroxide
                        Various ingredients: Carbon
                        tetrachloride, Chloroform, Methylene
                        chloride, 1,1,1-Trichloroethane, 1,2-
                        Dichloroethane, Benzene, Toluene,
                        Ethyl benzene, Tetrachloroethylene,
                        Trichloroethylene, Chromium,
                        Copper, Lead, Zinc, Cyanide,
                        Aluminum, Cadmium, Nickel, Cobalt
Ammonium Hydroxide, Aqua
Ammonia, Ammonia Water, Spirit of
Hartshorn, NH4OH
Hydrochloric Acid, Muriatic Acid
Nitric Acid, Aquafortis, HNO3
Phosphoric Acid, Orthophosphoric
Acid,H2SO4

Sodium Hydroxide, Caustic Soda, Soda
Lye, Sodium hydrate, NaOH
 Waste Methyl Ethyl Ketone



 Waste Chlorobenzene


 Waste Chloroform



 Waste Ink
 Flammable Liquid



 Flammable Liquid


 ORM-A
                                                                             Combustible Liquid3
                                                                             Flammable Liquid
Waste Ammonium Hydroxide
(containing not less than 12% but not more than
44% ammonia)

Waste Ammonium Hydroxide
(containing less than 12% ammonia)

Waste Hydrochloric Acid Mixture

Waste Hydrochloric Acid Solution

Waste Nitric Acid (over 40%)

Waste Nitric Acid (40% or less nitric acid)

Waste Phosphoric Acid
ORM-A


Corrosive Material

Corrosive Material

Oxidizer

Corrosive Material

Corrosive Material
 NA9189




 UN1710



 UN1846



 UNI 170

 UN1219

 UNI 175

 UN2831





 UN1593




 UNI 193



 UNI 134


 UN1888
                                                               UN2867
                                                               UN1210
Corrosive Material    NA2672
Waste Sodium Hydroxide Solution
Dry Solid, Flake, Bead, or Granular
Corrosive Material
Corrosive Material
NA2672


NA1789

UN1789

UN2031

NA1760

UN1805
UN1824
UN1823

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Waste Type
                              T3ulB 2 (continued)
     Printing  and Allied  Industries Waste  Descriptions1

Designations/Trade Names	DOT Shipping Name	Hazard Class
                                                                                                               UN/NA
                                                                                                               ID Number
Sutfunc Acid

Chromic Acid
Sulfuric Acid, Oil of Vitriol

Chromic Acid
SPENT PLATING WASTES
Spent Plating Wastes      Spent etch baths, spent plating
                      solutions and sludges, stripping and
                      cleaning baths

INK SLUDGE WITH CHROMIUM OR LEAD
Ink Sludge with Chromium  Ink sludge containing heavy metals
or Lead
OTHER WASTES
Ignitablc Wastes. NOS


Hazardous Wastes, NOS
Ignitable Wastes, NOS
Waste Sulfuric Acid

Waste Chromic Acid Solution



Hazardous Waste, Liquid or Solid, NOS4





Hazardous Waste, Liquid or Solid, NOS
Waste Flammable Liquid, NOS
Waste Combustible Liquid, NOS
Waste Flammable Solid, NOS

Hazardous Waste, NOS
Corrosive Material    UN 1,832

Corrosive Material    UN1755
                                                                       ORM-E
                                                                       QRM-E
                                                                       ORM-E
                                                                                         NA9189
                                                                                         NA9189
Flammable Liquid     UN 1993
Combustible Liquid   UN 1993
Flammable Solid     UN 1325
                                                                                         UN9189
* Toxieity Characteristic constituent. Any waste that results in a TCLP extract containing a Toxicity Characteristic constituent equal to or above regulatory
  levels h hazardous.
1 These descriptions may change given variations in waste characteristics or conditions. Note that the DOT shipping name, hazard class, and UN/NA ID number
  do nol directly correspond to RCRA hazardous waste categories.
2 A flammable liquid has a flash point below 100°F.
3 A combustible liquid has a flash point between 100°F and 200°F.
4 NOS -Not otherwise specified.
        For further information call  the RCRA/Superfund  Hotline 1-800-424-9346

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