Educational and Vocational Shops
Industry Overview
Many educational and vocational institutions do not produce
hazardous waste. If, however, you use ignitable solvents, strong
acid alkaline solutions, heavy metals, or toxic organic chemicals,
the waste you generate might be hazardous. If you generate haz-
ardous waste, you might be subject to Resource Conservation
Recovery Act (RCRA) requirements covering the generation,
transportation, and management of hazardous waste.
Educational and vocational institutions include shops conducting:
• Automotive and small engine repair
• Automobile body repair
• Metalworking
• Graphic arts production (e.g., printing and
photography)
• Woodworking.
Waste generated by laboratories is not addressed in this
pamphlet; a separate pamphlet on laboratory waste is available.
Hazardous Wastes from
Educational and Vocational Shops
The majority of hazardous waste from educational and voca-
tional shops are:
Solvents (e.g., paint removers, thinners, and
cleaning solvents)
Paint waste
Strong acid or alkaline solutions (e.g.,
cleaning solutions).
Automobile body repair and woodworking operations generate
waste solvents and paints. The solvents might be flammable or
toxic, and paints might contain heavy metal pigments or haz-
ardous solvents. Metalworking and automotive repair generate
waste solvents and acid or alkaline solutions used to clean metal
and remove rust.
Graphic arts production can generate several types of waste,
depending on the activities. Printing wastes include strong acid
solutions used to clean, etch, and coat plates, and solvents used to
clean plates, to apply light-sensitive coatings, and to develop
plates. The use of inks generates waste containing solvents and/or
heavy metals. Photographic wastes include processing solutions,
developers, hardeners, and fixing baths. Photographic processing
waste might be toxic, ignitable, or corrosive.
RCRA regulations contain special provisions for spent lead-
acid batteries and used oil, which might be generated in automo-
tive shops and other shops with heavy machinery. You do not
have to use a Manifest when you ship used lead batteries that are
destined for recycling or used motor oil that is destined for re-
cycling. If, however, you are disposing of used oil yourself or are
sending it offsite for disposal, you generally should handle it as
hazardous waste because it is likely to be ignitable or toxic.
Special requirements apply if you are burning used oil as fuel.
Your state might have its own requirements for lead-acid batteries
or used oil; check with your state hazardous waste management
agency.
Table 1 lists general operations/processes that use hazardous
materials and that might result in the generation of hazardous
waste. If you generate 100 kilograms (220 pounds or about half
of a 55-gallon drum) or more of hazardous waste per month, you
must fill out a Uniform Hazardous Waste Manifest when you
ship the hazardous waste off your property. The Manifest requires
the proper Department of Transportation (DOT) description for
each waste. Table 2 lists proper DOT shipping descriptions for a
number of wastes that might be generated by educational and
vocational shops. Table 1 and Table 2 are not comprehensive
lists. If you do not find your waste here but suspect it is
hazardous, contact your EPA Regional office or state hazardous
waste management agency for additional information.
Waste Minimization
An effective waste minimization program can reduce the costs,
liabilities, and regulatory burdens of hazardous waste manage-
ment, while potentially enhancing efficiency, product quality, and
community relations. Waste minimization techniques that can
help you reduce the amount of hazardous waste that you generate
include:
• Production planning and sequencing
• Process/equipment adjustment or modification
• Raw material substitution
• Loss prevention and housekeeping
• Waste segregation and separation
• Recycling.
Training and supervision of employees implementing waste
minimization techniques is an important part of your successful
program. Call the RCRA/Superfund Hotline toll-free at 800-424-
9346 (or TDD 800-553-7672 for the hearing-impaired) for waste
minimization information and publications.
EPA/530-SW-90-0271
Printed on recycled paper
-------
Table 1
Typical Educational and Vocational Shops Operations:
Materials Used and Hazardous Wastes that Might be Generated
Process/Operation
Materials Used
Typical Material Ingredient
General Types
of Waste Generated
AUTOMOBILE ENGINE AND BODY REPAIR, METALWORKING
Oil and grease removal; Solvents, carburetor cleaners,
racial/tool cleaning; engine, degreasers, cleaning fluids,
puns, and equipment acids/alkalies, engine cleaners
cleaning
Rust removal
Painting
Naval jelly, strong acid/alkaline
solutions
Enamels, lacquers, epoxies,
alkyds, acrylics, primers
Spray Booth, Spray Guns,
Brush Cleaning; Paint
Removal/Paint Preparation
Changing Lead-Acid
Batteries
Changing Oil, Lubricating
Machinery
GRAPHIC ARTS - Plate Preparation
Solvents, paint thinners, enamel
reducers, white spirits
Car, truck, boat, motorcycle, and
other vehicle batteries
Petroleum products
Phosphoric acid
Deep-etch Coating of Plates Deep etch bath
Counter-etching to Remove
Oxide
Applying Light Sensitive
Coating
Developing Plates
Washing/Cleaning Plates
Applying Lacquer
Ink Use
Making Gravurc Cylinders
Painting
WOODWORKING
Wood Cleaning and Wax
Removal
Refinishing/Stripping;
Brush Cleaning and Spray
Gun Cleaning
Staining
Painting
Finishing
Resins, binders, emulsion,
photo-sensitizers, gelatin,
photo-initiators
Developer
Alcohols, solvents
Petroleum distillates, aromatic hydrocarbons, mineral
spirits, benzene, toluene, petroleum naphtha
Phosphoric acid, hydrochloric acid, hydrofluoric acid,
sodium hydroxide
Acetone, toluene, petroleum distillates, epoxy ester
resins, methylene chloride, xylene, VM&P naphtha,
aromatic hydrocarbons, methyl isobutyl ketones
Acetone, toluene, petroleum distillates, methanol,
methylene chloride, isopropanol, mineral spirits,
alcohols, ketones, other oxygenated solvents
Lead dross, less than 3% free acids
Motor oil, gasoline, lubricants
Phosphoric acid
Ammonium dichromate, ammonium hydroxide
PVA/ammonium dichromate, polyvinyl cinnamate,
fish glue/albumin, silver halide/gelatin emulsion, gum
arabic/ammonium dichromate
Lactic acid, zinc chloride, magnesium chloride
Ethyl alcohol, isopropyl alcohol, methyl ethyl
ketone, trichloroethylene, perchloroethylene
Resins, solvents, vinyl lacquer PVC, PVA, maleic acid, methyl ethyl ketone
Pigments, dyes, varnish, drier,
extender, modifier
Acid plating bath
Solvents, paint with solvents,
heavy metals
Petroleum distillates, white
spirits
Paint removers, varnish
removers, enamel removers,
shellac removers, paint
solvents, turpentine
Stains
Enamels, lacquers, epoxies,
alkyds, acrylics, primers,
solvents
Varnish, shellac, polyurethane,
lacquers
Titanium oxide, iron blues, molybdated chrome
orange, phthalocyanide pigments, oils, hydrocarbon
solvents, waxes, cobalt/zinc manganese oleates,
plasticizers
Copper, hydrochloric acid
Ethylene dichloride, benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene,
chlorobenzene, methyl ethyl ketone
Petroleum distillates, mineral spirits
Acetone, toluene, petroleum distillates, mineral
spirits, methanol, methylene chloride, alcohols,
ketone, oxygenated solvents
Mineral spirits, alcohols, pigments
Toluene, pigments, titaniumN dioxide, epoxy-ester
resins, aromatic hydrocarbons, glycol ether,
halogenated hydrocarbons, vinyl acetate acrylic
Denatured alcohols, resins, shellac, petroleum
distillates, toluene diisocyanate
Ignitable waste
Solvent waste
Combustible solids
Waste acid/alkaline solutions
Waste acid/alkaline solutions
Ignitable paint waste
Solvent waste
Paint waste with heavy metals
Ignitable waste
Ignitable paint waste
Heavy metal paint waste
Solvent waste
Lead-acid batteries
Strong acid/alkaline solutions
Used oil
Acid/alkaline waste
Acid/alkaline waste
Heavy metal waste
Photographic processing waste
Photographic processing waste
Solvent waste
Solvent waste
Waste ink and ink sludges with
chromium or lead
Plating waste
Ignitable waste
Toxic waste
Paint waste
Ignitable waste
Solvent waste
Ignitable waste
Toxic waste
Paint waste
Solvent waste
Ignitable waste
Solvent waste
Ignitable waste
Toxic waste
Paint waste
Solvent waste
Ignitable waste
Toxic waste
Solvent waste
-------
Table 2
Educational and Vocational Shops Waste Descriptions1
Waste Type
Designations/Trade Names
DOT Shipping Name
Hazard Class
UN/NA
ID Number
PHOTOGRAPHIC WASTES
Carbon Tetrachloride*
Heavy Metal Solutions
Carbon Tetrachloride,
Perchloromethane, Necatorina,
Benzinoform, CC14
Photographic processing waste
containing heavy metals
Waste Carbon Tetrachloride
Hazardous Waste Solution containing Cadmium,
Chromium, Lead, and/or Cyanide
ORM-A
ORM-E
SPENT SOLVENTS AND OTHER TOXIC OR IGNITABLE WASTES CONTAINING:
Acetone Acetone Waste Acetone
White Spirits
Petroleum Distillate
Kerosene
Methylene Chloride
Toluene
Benzene*
Ethanol
Xylene
Tetrahydrofuran
Isopropanol
Ethyl Benzene
1,1,1 -Trichloroethane
Trichloroethylene*
Ethylene Dichloride*
Chlorobenzene*
Methyl Ethyl Ketone*
White Spirits, Mineral Spirits,
Naphtha
Petroleum Distillates
Kerosene, Fuel Oil #1
Dichloromethane, Methane Dichloride,
Methylene Bichloride, NCI-C50102,
Solaesthin, Aerothene, Narkotil,
Solmethine
Toluene, Methacide, Methylbenzene,
Methylbenzol, Phenylmethane,
Toluol, Antisal 1A
Benzene, Benzol
Ethanol, Ethyl Alcohol
Xylene, Xylol
Tetrahydrofuran, THF
Isopropanol, Isopropyl Alcohol
Ethyl Benzene
1,1,1-Trichloroethane, Aerothene TT,
Chlorten, Inhibisol, Trichloroethane,
Chloroethene NU, NCI-C04626,
Methylchloroform, Chlorothene VG,
Chlorothane NU, Chlorotene
Perm-A-Chlor, Trielin, Triline, Triool,
Vestrol, Chlorylene, Dow-Tri, Vitran,
TCE, Nialk, Philex
Ethylene Dichloride, 1,2-
Dichloroethane
Chlorobenzene, Monochlorobenzene,
Phenyl Chloride
Methyl Ethyl Ketone, Methyl Acetone,
Meetco, Butanone, Ethyl Methyl
Ketone, MEK, 2-Butanone
Waste Naphtha
Waste Naphtha, Solvent
Waste Naphtha, Solvent
Waste Petroleum Distillate
Waste Kerosene
Waste Dichloromethane or Methylene Chloride ORM-A
WASTE INK WITH SOLVENTS OR HEAVY METALS
Waste Ink Various ingredients: Carbon
Tetrachloride, Chloroform, Methylene
Chloride, 1,1,1-Trichloroethane, 1,2-
Dichloroethane, Benzene, Toluene,
Ethyl Benzene, Tetrachloroethylene,
Trichloroethylene, Chromium,
Copper, Lead, Zinc, Cyanide,
Aluminum, Cadmium, Nickel, Cobalt
INK SLUDGE WITH CHROMIUM OR LEAD
Ink sludge with Chromium Ink sludge containing heavy metals
or Lead
Waste Toluene (Toluol)
Waste Benzene (Benzol)
Waste Ethyl Alcohol
Waste Xylene
Waste Tetrahydrofuran
Waste Isopropanol
Waste Ethyl Benzene
Waste 1,1,1-Trichloroethane
Waste Trichloroethylene
Waste Ethylene Dichloride
Waste Chlorobenzene
Waste Methyl Ethyl Ketone
Waste Ink
Flammable Liquid
Flammable Liquid
Flammable Liquid
Flammable Liquid
Flammable Liquid
Flammable Liquid
ORM-A
ORM-A
Flammable Liquid
Flammable Liquid
Flammable Liquid
Combustible Liquid
Flammable Liquid
UNI 846
NA9189
Flammable Liquid2 UN1090
Combustible Liquid3 UN2553
Flammable Liquid UN2553
Combustible Liquid UN1256
Flammable Liquid UN1256
Combustible Liquid UN1268
Flammable Liquid UN1268
Combustible Liquid UN1223
UN1593
Flammable Liquid UN1294
UNI 114
UN1770
UNI 307
UN2056
UN1219
UNI 175
UN2831
UN1710
UNI 184
UNI 134
UN1193
UN2867
UN1210
Hazardous Waste, Liquid, NOS4
Hazardous Waste, Solid, NOS
ORM-E
ORM-E
NA91&9
NA9189
-------
2 (continued)
Educational and Vocational Shops Waste Descriptions1
Waste Type
Designations/Trade Names
DOT Shipping Name
Hazard Class
UN/NA
ID Number
STRONG ACID/ALKALINE WASTES
Ammonium Hydroxide
Hydrobromie Acid
Hydrochloric Acid
Hydrofluoric Acid
Nitric Acid
Phosphoric Acid
Potassium Hydroxide
Sodium Hydroxide
Sulfuric Acid
Chromic Acid
Lacquer, Paint, or Varnish
Removing Liquid
Ammonium Hydroxide, NHtOH, Spirit
of Hartshorn, Aqua Ammonia
Hydrobroinic Acid, HBr
Hydrochloric Acid, HCI, Muriatic Acid
Hydrofluoric Acid, HF, Fluorohydric
Acid
Nitric Acid, HN02, Auafortis
Phosphoric Acid, H3P04,
Orthophosphoric Acid
Potassium Hydroxide, KOH, Potassium
Hydrate, Caustic Potash, Potassa
Sodium Hydroxide, NaOH, Caustic
Soda, Soda Lye, Sodium Hydrate
Sulfuric Acid, H2SO4, Oil of Vitriol
Chromic Acid
Lacquer, Paint, or Varnish Removing
Liquid
Waste Ammonium Hydroxide (containing not
less than 12% but not more than 44% ammonia)
Waste Ammonium Hydroxide (containing less
than 12% ammonia)
Waste Hydrobromic Acid
Waste Hydrochloric Acid
Waste Hydrofluoric Acid
Waste Nitric Acid (over 40%)
Waste Nitric Acid (40% or less)
Waste Phosphoric Acid
Waste Potassium Hydroxide Solution
Dry Solid, Flake, Bead, or Granular
Waste Sodium Hydroxide Solution
Dry Solid, Flake, Bead, or Granular
Waste Sulfuric Acid
Waste Chromic Acid Solution
Waste Compound, Lacquer, Paint, or Varnish
Removing Liquid
Corrosive Material
ORM-A
Corrosive Material
Corrosive Material
Corrosive Material
Oxidizer
Corrosive Material
Corrosive Material
Corrosive Material
Corrosive Material
Corrosive Material
Corrosive Material
Corrosive Material
Corrosive Material
Corrosive Material
NA2672
NA2672
• UN1788
NA1789
UN1790
UN2031
NA1760
UN1805
UN1814
UN1813
UN1824
UN1823
; UN1832
UN1755
NA1760
SPENT PLATING WASTES
Spent Plating Wastes
Spent etch baths, spent plating
solutions and sludges, stripping and
cleaning baths
Hazardous Waste, Liquid, NOS
Hazardous Waste, Solid, NOS
ORM-E
ORM-E
NA9189
NA9189
OTHER IGNITABLE ANO/OR TOXIC WASTES
Paint Dryer
Paint, Enamel, Lacquer,
Stain, Shellac, or Varnish;
Paint Dryer
Paint, Enamel, Lacquer, Stain, Shellac,
or Varnish; Aluminum, Bronze, Gold,
Waste Paint Dryer, Liquid
Waste Paint, Enamel, Lacquer, Stain, Shellac, or
Varnish; Aluminum, Bronze, Gold, Wood Filler,
Combustible Liquid
Flammable Liquid
Combustible Liquid
Flammable Liquid
UN1168
UN1168
UN1263
UN1263
Aluminum, Bronze, Gold, Wood Filler, Liquid or Lacquer Base,
Wood Filler, Liquid or Liquid
Lacquer Base, Liquid
Enamel
Enamel
Liquid or Lacquer Base, Liquid
Waste Compound, Enamel
Flammable Liquid NA1263
Lacquer, Paint, or Varnish Lacquer, Paint, or Varnish Removing,
Removing, Reducing, or Reducing, or Thinning Liquid
Thinning Liquid
PAINT WASTES WITH HEAVY METALS
Puinl Waste Paint Waste with Heavy Metals
IGNITABLE WASTES NOT OTHERWISE SPECIFIED (NOS)
Ignitable Wastes, NOS Ignitable Wastes, NOS
Hazardous Wastes, NOS
Waste Compound, Lacquer, Paint, or Varnish,
Removing, Reducing, or Thinning Liquid
Hazardous Waste, Liquid, NOS
Waste Flammable Liquid, NOS
Waste Combustible Liquid, NOS
Waste Flammable Solid, NOS
Hazardous Wastes, Liquid, Solid, NOS
Combustible Liquid
Flammable Liquid
ORM-E
ORM-E
Flammable Liquid
Combustible Liquid
Flammable Solid
ORM-E
. NA1142
NA1142
NA9189
NA9189
UN1993
NA1993
UN1325
NA9189
* Toxicity Characteristic constituent. Any waste that results in a TCLP extract containing a Toxicity Characteristic constituent equal to or above regulatory
levels is hazardous.
I These descriptions may change given variations in waste characteristics or conditions. Note that the DOT shipping name, hazard class, and UN/NA ID number
do not directly correspond to RCRA categories of hazardous waste. 3 A combustible liquid has a flash point between 100°F and 200°F.
2 A flammable liquid has a flash point below 100°F. 4 NOS - not otherwise specified.
For further information call the RCRA/Superfund Hotline 1-800-424-9346
------- |