Metal Manufacturing Industry Overview Most metal manufacturing operations produce some hazardous waste. If you use any solvents, strong acid or alkaline solutions, plating solutions, paints, cyanide solutions, or any solutions con- taining heavy metals, it is likely that your operation generates hazardous waste. Facilities that generate hazardous waste might be subject to Resource Conservation and Recovery Act (RCRA) re- quirements covering the generation, transportation, and manage- ment of hazardous waste. Your business is classified under metal manufacturing if you manufacture: Metal furniture, shelves, lockers, cabinets and fixtures Primary metal products Fabricated metal products Machinery, including electrical and electronic machin- ery, equipment, and supplies Storage or primary batteries Motor vehicle parts and accessories Measuring, analyzing, or controlling instruments (for example, photographic, medical, or optical equipment) Other metal items such as clocks and watches; cos- tume and precious metal jewelry; needles, pins, and similar notions; signs and advertising displays; burial caskets; silverware or stainless steel flatware. Metal manufacturing also includes facilities that are involved in metalworking activities such as: Rolling, drawing, and extruding of non-ferrous metals Heat treating Coating, engraving, and allied services. Hazardous Wastes from Metal Manufacturing Metal manufacturing businesses perform many different pro- cesses, including machining, grinding, buffing, polishing, tum- bling, sand casting, forming, rolling, extruding, forging, ironing, lettering, enameling, cleaning, welding, finishing, die sinking, pickling, coining, degreasing, electrogalvanizing, electroplating, and painting. The wastes associated with these processes fall into several major categories: Spent solvent and solvent still bottoms re- sult from cleaning and degreasing operations. The types of solvents used include chlorinated solvents (e.g., methylene chloride, dichlorobenzene, carbon te- trachloride, trichloroethylene) or hydrocarbons (e.g., xylene, toluene, benzene). Other solvents are kerosene or mineral spirits ("Stoddard" solvents). Strong acid wastes are generated in considerable quantity wherever any type of metal is formed or pro- cessed. Many pickling solutions are highly acidic; the acid, if not neutralized, might be carried to subsequent manufacturing operations. Subsequent operations can include drawing, rolling, pressing, electroplating, hot dip galvanizing or hot tinning, anodizing, phosphat- ing, metal coloring, and many others. Strong alkaline wastes are generated from the use of pickled aluminum and sometimes zinc. Plating wastes are generated from electroplating operations. These wastes can be acidic or alkaline and contain significant concentrations of heavy metals. Acid plating solutions generally contain free acids and heavy metals such as copper, nickel, zinc, and possi- bly tin or cadmium. Alkaline plating solutions in- clude zinc baths and sometimes tin baths. The waste products from plating can include spent plating solu- tions or sludges and stripping and cleaning bath solu- tions. Heavy metal wastewater sludges are generated from wastewater treatment. Depending on the opera- tion, these sludges can contain arsenic, barium, chromium, cadmium, lead, mercury, silver, or sele- nium. High concentrations of lead are found in the sludges from battery manufacturing plants. Other sludges can come from grinding, tank clean-outs, dust collectors, and lead pots. Paint and coating wastes are generated by sev- eral segments of the industry. Generally, hazardous paint wastes contain cadmium, chromium, lead and/or mercury. Paints, lacquers, adhesives, and varnishes might contain toxic organic chemicals as well. Cyanide wastes are generated from cyanide plating solutions and simple cyanide solutions. Cyanide plat- ing solutions are used in metal plating operations. Simple cyanide solutions are used mainly for harden- ing and metal cleaning. Cyanide baths are commonly used in metal finishing and heat treating operations. Other ignitable or toxic wastes are generated by the metal manufacturing industry. It is important to determine if your business generates any waste containing chemicals on the Toxicity Characteristic list. EPA/530-SW-90-027n Printed on recycled paper ------- Other reactive wastes are generated primarily by the photographic equipment and supplies industry, although other metal manufacturing industries can also generate reactive wastes. These wastes can in- clude strong oxidizing agents such as chromic acid, perchlorates, and permanganates used in metal finish- ing, and other reactive compounds such as hypochlo- rites, peroxides, sulfides, nitrates, and sodium hydrox- ide. In addition to these wastes, most metal manufacturing industry operations will generate used oil. Oils can come from cutting, lu- bricating, and/or quenching. RCRA regulations contain special provisions for used oil. You do not have to use a Manifest when shipping used oil that is destined for recycling. If, however, you arc disposing of used oil yourself or are sending it offsite for dis- posal, it generally should be handled as hazardous waste because it is likely to be ignitable or toxic. Special requirements apply if you are burning used oil as fuel. Some states have rules that ap- ply to used oil, and EPA is currently developing new regulations for used oil. Most metal manufacturers also generate scrap metal. At pre- sent, any metal destined for reclamation is not regulated by EPA. Questions concerning used oils, scrap metal and other wastes should be referred to your state hazardous waste management agency or EPA Regional office. Table 1 lists general operations/processes that use hazardous materials and that might result in the generation of hazardous waste. If you generate 100 kilograms (220 pounds or about half Of a 55-gallon drum) or more of hazardous waste per month, you must fill out a Uniform Hazardous Waste Manifest when you ship the hazardous waste off your property. The Manifest requires the proper Department of Transportation (DOT) description for each waste. Table 2 lists proper DOT shipping descriptions for a number of wastes that might be generated by metal manufactur- ers. Table 1 and Table 2 are not comprehensive lists. If you sus- pect any waste you generate is hazardous, check with your state hazardous waste management agency or EPA Regional office. Waste Minimization An effective waste minimization program can reduce the costs, liabilities, and regulatory burdens of hazardous waste marfage- ment, while potentially enhancing efficiency, product quality, and community relations. Waste minimization techniques that can help you reduce the amount of hazardous waste that you generate include: Production planning and sequencing Process/equipment adjustment or modification Raw material substitution Loss prevention and housekeeping Waste segregation and separation Recycling. Training and supervision of employees implementing waste minimization techniques is an important part of your successful program. Call the RCRA/Superfund Hotline toll-free at 800-424- 9346 (or TDD 800-553-7672 for the hearing-impaired) for waste minimization information and publications. Table 1 Typical Metal Manufacturing Operations: Materials Used and Hazardous Wastes that Might be Generated Process/ Operation Materials Used General Types of Waste Generated Metal Cutting/ Machining Degreasing Pickling Heat Treating Metal Finishing and Painting Facility Cleanup Electroplating Oils, solvents, lime, metal cuttings Solvents, alkaline wastes, rags Pickling acids Quenching oils, cyanide salts, barium salts, alkaline wastes Paints, coatings, cleaning solvents, alkaline cleaning solutions, lacquers Solvents, rags, absorbents Heavy metals, cyanide solutions, acid and alkaline solutions, plating solutions Acid/alkaline wastes Toxic heavy metal wastes (dust and sludge) Solvent wastes Other toxic wastes Acid/alkaline wastes Ignitable wastes Solvent wastes Toxic wastes Acid/alkaline wastes Acid/alkaline wastes Cyanide wastes Toxic heavy metal wastes Acid/alkaline wastes Paint .wastes Solvent wastes Toxic wastes Solvent wastes Acid/alkaline wastes Cyanide wastes Toxic heavy metal wastes Plating wastes Reactive wastes Waste Type Table 2 Metal Manufacturing Waste Descriptions1 Designations/Trade Names DOT Shipping Name Hazard Class UN/NA ID Number SPENT SOLVENTS, SOLVENT STILL BOTTOMS, AND OTHER TOXIC WASTES CONTAINING: Teirachlorocthylcnc* Triehloroethylene* Mcihylcnc Chloride Perchloroethylene, Perc, Tetralex, Perawin, Perelene, Terlen, Didakene, TetraCap, Antisal 1, Fedad-UN, Ncme Gemalgene, Perma-A-Chlor, TCE, Benzinol, Dow-Tri, Nialk, Vestrol, Trielin Tri-Clene, Trielene, Tri Aerothene MM, Narkotil Waste Tetrachloroethylene or ORM-A Perchloroethylene Waste Triehloroethylene ORM-A Waste Dichloromethane or ORM-A Methylene Chloride UN1897 UN1710 UN1593 ------- 13 016 2 (continued) Metal Manufacturing Waste Descriptions1 Waste Type 1,1,1 -Trichloroethane Carbon Tetrachloride* Trichlorotrifluoroethane Trichlorotrifluoromethane Toluene Methyl Ethyl Ketone* Benzene* Chloroform* o-Dichlorobenzene* p-Dichlorobenzene* Acetone Xylene White Spirits Kerosene Butyl Alcohol Designations/Trade Names Aerothene TT, Chlorten, Inhibisol, Chlorothen NU, Alpha-T Perchloromethane, Tetraform, Carbona, Halon 104 Fluorocarbon 113, Freon 113,Ucon 113, Freon TF, Frigen 113 113TR-T, Arcton 63 Eskimon 11, Ucon 11, Isotron 11, Freon 11, Freon MF, Fluorochloroform, Arcton 9 Toluol, Methercid, Methyl Benzene, Methylbenzol, Phenylmethane, Antisol 1A Methyl Ethyl Ketone, MEK, Methyl Acetone, Meetco, Butanone, Ethyl Methyl Ketone Benzene Chloroform o-Dichlorobenzene p-Dichlorobenzene Acetone Xylene, Xylol Mineral Spirits, Naphtha, Stoddard Solvent Kerosene, Fuel Oil #1 n-Butyl Alcohol, sec-Butyl Alcohol, tert-Butyl Alcohol DOT Shipping Name Waste 1,1,1 -Trichloroethane Waste Carbon Tetrachloride Hazardous Waste, Liquid, NOS2 Hazardous Waste, Liquid, NOS Waste Toluene (toluol) Waste Methyl Ethyl Ketone Waste Benzene (benzol) Waste Chloroform Waste Dichlorobenzene, ortho, Liquid Waste Dichlorobenzene, para Waste Acetone Waste Xylene (xylol) Waste Naphtha Waste Kerosene Waste Butyl Alcohol Hazard Class ORM-A ORM-A ORM-E ORM-E Flammable Liquid3 Flammable Liquid Flammable Liquid ORM-A ORM-A ORM-A Flammable Liquid Flammable Liquid Flammable Liquid Combustible Liquid4 Flammable Liquid UN/NA ID Number UN2831 UN1846 NA9189 NA9189 : UN1294 UNI 193 UNI 114 UN1888 UN1591 UN1592 UN1090 UN1307 UN2553 UN1223 NA1120 STRONG ACID/ALKALINE WASTES Ammonium Hydroxide Hydrobromic Acid Hydrochloric Acid Hydrofluoric Acid Nitric Acid Phosphoric Acid Potassium Hydroxide Sodium Hydroxide Sulfuric Acid Perchloric Acid Ammonium Hydroxide, NH4OH, Spirit of Hartshorn, Aqua Ammonia Hydrobromic Apid, HBr Hydrochloric Acid, HC1, Muriatic Acid Hydrofluoric Acid, HF, Fluorohydric Acid Nitric Acid, HN02, Aquafortis Phosphoric Acid, H3P04, Orthophosphoric Acid Potassium Hydroxide, KOH, Potassium Hydrate, Caustic Potash, Potassa Sodium Hydroxide NaOH, Caustic Soda, Soda Lye, Sodium Hydrate Sulfuric Acid, H2SO4, Oil of Vitriol Perchloric Acid Waste Ammonium Hydroxide (containing not less than 12% but not more than 44% ammonia) (containing less than 12% ammonia) Waste Hydrobromic Acid Waste Hydrochloric Acid Waste Hydrofluoric Acid Waste Nitric Acid (over 40%) (40% or less) Waste Phosphoric Acid Waste Potassium Hydroxide Solution Dry Solid, Flake, Bead, or Granular Waste Sodium Hydroxide Solution Dry Solid, Flake, Bead, or Granular Waste Sulfuric Acid Waste Perchloric Acid Corrosive Material ORM-A Corrosive Material Corrosive Material Corrosive Material Oxidizer Corrosive Material Corrosive Material Corrosive Material Corrosive Material Corrosive Material Corrosive Material Corrosive Material Oxidizer NA2672 NA2672 UN1788 NA1789 UN1790 UN2031 NA1760 UNI 805 UN1814 UN1813 UN1824 UN1823 UN1832 UN1873 (Over 50%-72%) Waste Perchloric Acid (50% or less) Oxidizer UN1802 ------- I 3D 16 t. (continued) Metal Manufacturing Waste Descriptions1 Waste Type Acetic Acid Nitrates Designations/Trade Names Acetic Acid Nitrate DOT Shipping Name Waste Acetic Acid (Aqueous Solution) Waste Nitrate, NOS Hazard Class Corrosive Material Oxidizer UN/NA ID Number UN2790 NA1477 SPENT PLATING WASTES Spent Plating \V«stes Spent Acid, Alkaline and Cyanide Plating Solutions and Sludges HEAVY METAL WASTEWATER SLUDGES Heavy Metal Wastcwatcr Sludges CYANIDE WASTES Cyanide Waste Sludges from wastewater treatment, grinding, tank clean outs, dust collectors, and lead pots Spent cyanide, hardening and cleaning solutions, sludge from quench and wash tank OTHER REACTIVE WASTES Acciyl Chloride Acetyl Chloride Chromic Acid Chromic Acid Hypochloritcs Hypochlorous Acid, Eau de Labarraque, Clorox, Dazzle Hazardous Waste, Liquid or ORM-E Solid, NOS Hazardous Waste, Liquid or ORM-E Solid, NOS Waste Cyanide Solution, NOS Poison B Waste Cyanide Mixture, Dry Poison B Waste Acetyl Chloride Waste Chromic Acid Solution Hypochlorite solution (7% chlorine by weight) Hypochlorite solution (7% chlorine by weight) ORM-B NA9189 NA9189 Poison B Poison B Flammable Liquid Corrosive Material Corrosive Material UN1935 UN1588 UN1717 UN1755 UN1791 NA1791 Organic Peroxides Pcrchloratcs Permanganates Sulfidcs OTHER WASTES Used Oil Ignitablc Wastes, NOS Hazardous Waste, NOS Organic Peroxide Sodium or Potassium Perchlorate, Irenat, Periodin, Perchlorocap Sodium or Potassium Permanganate, Permanganic Acid, Chameleon Mineral Sodium or Potassium Sulfide, Sodium or Potassium Monosulfide, Sodium Sulfuret Dodge Combo MP8, Texaco Cleartex-D, Mobil Omicron, Shell Tellus, Welbube A-307, Eppert 204, Sunvis 931, Solene, Mobilmet Omieron Ignitable Wastes, NOS Waste Organic Peroxide, Liquid or Solution, NOS Waste Sodium Perchlorate Waste Potassium Perchlorate Waste Sodium Permanganate Waste Potassium Permanganate Waste Sodium Sulfide Waste Potassium Sulfide Waste Petroleum Oil, NOS Waste Petroleum Oil, NOS Waste Flammable Liquid, NOS Waste Combustible Liquid, NOS Waste Flammable Solid, NOS Hazardous Waste, NOS Organic Peroxide Oxidizer Oxidizer Oxidizer Oxidizer Flammable Solid Flammable Solid Combustible Liquid Flammable Liquid Flammable Liquid Combustible Liquid Flammable Solid ORM-E NA9183 UN1502 UN1489 UN 1503 UN1490 UN1385 UN1382 NA1270 NA1270 UN1993 NA1993 UN1325 UN9189 * Toxkity Characteristic constituent. Any waste that results in a TCLP extract containing a Toxicity Characteristic constituent equal to or above regulatory levels is hazardous. 1 These descriptions may change given variations in waste characteristics or conditions. Note that the DOT shipping name, hazard class, and UN/NA ID number do not directly correspond to RCRA categories of hazardous waste. 2 NOS - Not otherwise specified. 3 A flammable liquid has a flash point below 100°F. 4 A combustible liquid has a flash point between 100°F and 200°F; only those materials with flash points below 140°F, however, are considered hazardous under EPA regulations. For further information call the RCRA/Superfund Hotline 1-800-424-9346 ------- |