United States
Environmental Protection
Agency
Solid Waste And
Emergency Response
(OS-420)
EPA/530/UST-90/012
August 1990
vvEPA Straight Talk On Tanks
Printed on Recycled Paper
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Straight Talk On Tanks
A Summary of Leak Detection
Methods for Petroleum
Underground Storage Tank Systems
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
Office of Underground Storage Tanks
August 1990
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Contents
An Overview: Leak Detection Requirements for
Underground Storage Tank Systems 2
Ground-Water Monitoring 6
Vapor Monitoring .• g
Secondary Containment with Interstitial Monitoring .... 10
Automatic Tank Gauging Systems .12
Tank Tightness Testing and Inventory Control 14
Manual Tank Gauging jg
Leak Detection for Underground Suction Piping 20
Leak Detection for Pressurized Underground Piping .... 23
Need More Information? 27
State UST Program Offices 28
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PAGE1
As An Owner Or Operator Of
Underground Storage Tanks
• Do you understand the basic leak detection requirements for
underground storage tanks (USTs)?
• Are you confused about choosing the most appropriate leak
detection method for your UST?
These are important questions, because your USTs must have
leak detection when they are installed or by compliance dates
based on the age of the tank. This booklet contains information
you can use to answer questions about UST leak detection re-
quirements and methods.
STRAIGHT TALK ON TANKS begins with an overview of the
regulatory requirements for leak detection. Each following sec-
tion focuses on one leak detection method or the special require-
ments for piping. You will find answers to many basic questions
about how leak detection methods work and which methods are
most appropriate for your UST site. These sections provide infor-
mation you can use in questioning vendors and making your se-
lection of leak detection.
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PAGE 2
An Overview: Leak Detection Requirements
For Underground Storage Tank Systems
Federal UST regulations require all UST systems
to have leak detection. This section explains
when you need leak detection and what your basic
leak detection choices are.
When Do You Have To Have Leak
Detection?
Tanks and piping installed after December 22,
1988 must have leak detection when they are in-
stalled. For USTs installed before that date, the
leak detection requirements are phased in over 5
years, depending on the age of the tank. By 1993
all USTs must meet the Federal leak detection re-
quirements. State and local regulations may be
more stringent than Federal requirements, so you
should always check to see which requirements
you need to meet. (You will find information on
contacting your State on pages 28 through 30 of
this booklet.) The chart below shows how the
Federal requirements are phased-in over 5 years
for existing USTs:
If your UST
was installed,
It must have
leak detection
by December of.
before 1965 or unknown 1989
1965 -- 1969 1990
1970 - 1974 1991
1975 - 1979 1992
1980 - Dec. 1988 1993
There is a special deadline for existing pressur-
ized piping systems because their pressurized
contents pose an especially great threat to the en-
vironment. Existing pressurized piping systems
must meet leak detection requirements by
December 22,1990. Other kinds of existing piping
must comply by the dates shown in the phase-in
schedule above.
What Leak Detection Methods Are OK?
You need to remember that State or local regula-
tions may differ from the Federal requirements,
so be sure to check and see which requirements
apply to your UST. Rather than requiring specific
technologies, the Environmental Protection
Agency has identified a variety of general leak de-
tection methods that owners and operators can
use to meet the Federal requirements. You can
use:
• Ground-Water Monitorinjg
• Vapor Monitoring
• Secondary Containment with Interstitial
Monitoring
• Automatic Tank Gauging; Systems
These are all monthly monitoring methods and
eventually everyone must use at least one of
them. However, as a temporary method (for 10
years after new tank installation and for up to 10
years for existing tanks), you can combine tank
tightness testing and manual monthly inventory
control (or manual tank gauging if you have a
very small tank).
Not all of these leak detection methods can be
used for both tanks and piping. Leak detection
methods for piping include ground-water monitor-
ing, vapor monitoring, secondary containment
with interstitial monitoring, and tightness test-
ing. Pressurized piping must also have an auto-
matic line leak detector. See later sections on suc-
tion and pressurized piping for full discussions of
the requirements for piping.
A brief description of leak detection methods ap-
pears on the next two pages. More complete de-
scriptions appear in the following sections.
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PAGES
Ground-Water Monitoring
Ground-water monitoring senses the presence of
liquid product floating on the ground water. This
method requires installation of monitoring wells
at strategic locations in the ground near the tank
and along the piping runs. To discover if leaked
product has reached ground water, these wells
can be checked periodically by hand or continu-
ously with permanently installed equipment.
This method cannot be used at sites where ground
water is more than 20 feet below the surface.
Vapor Monitoring
Vapor monitoring senses and measures product
"fumes" in the soil around the tank and piping to
determine the presence of a leak. .This method re-
quires installation of carefully placed monitoring
wells. Vapor monitoring can be performed manu-
ally on a periodic basis or continuously using per-
manently installed equipment.
Secondary Containment with Interstitial
Monitoring
Secondary containment consists of placing a bar-
rier ~ by using a vault, liner, or double-walled
structure -- around the UST. Leaked product
from the inner tank or piping is directed towards
an "interstitial" monitor located between the
inner tank or piping and the outer barrier.
Interstitial monitoring methods range from a sim-
ple dip stick to a continuous automated vapor or
liquid sensor permanently installed in the system.
Automatic Tank Gauging Systems
Monitors permanently installed in the tank are
linked electronically to a nearby control device to
provide information on product level and temper-
ature. During a test period of several hours when
nothing is put into or taken from the tank, these
monitors are used to automatically calculate the
changes in product volume that can indicate a
leaking tank.
Leak Detection Methods for Tanks and Piping
1- Ground-Water Monitoring
2- Vapor Monitoring
3- Secondary Containment
with Interstitial
Monitoring
4- Automatic Tank Gauging
Systems
5- Tank Tightness Testing
and Inventory Control
6- Manual Tank Gauging
7- Leak Detection for
Underground Suction
Piping
8- Leak Detection for
Pressurized Underground
Piping
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PAGE 4
Tank Tightness Testing and Inventory
Control
This is strictly a combination method using peri-
odic tank tightness testing and monthly inventory
control.
Tightness tests require temporarily installing
equipment in the tank. There are two types of
tightness tests: volumetric and non-volumetric.
A volumetric test involves filling the tank to a
specified level and precisely measuring the
change in level and temperature over several
hours. Non-volumetric test methods include ul-
trasound techniques and tracer gas detectors.
These are sophisticated tests and must be per-
formed by trained, experienced professionals.
In addition to tightness testing, you must use
monthly inventory control. Inventory control is
basically like balancing a checking account.
Every month the product volume is balanced be-
tween what is delivered and sold from the tank
(this is what the "bank" says you have) with daily
measurements of tank volume taken with a gauge
stick (these measurements indicate what you ac-
tually have). If your "account" doesn't balance,
you may have a leak.
Remember, this combined method can be used
only during the first 10 years following new tank
installation or upgrade of your existing UST.
After that, you must use monthly monitoring
methods.
Manual Tank Gauging
One additional method, manual tank gauging, can
be used for smaller tanks, but it has several re-
strictions. In order to meet the Federal leak de-
tection requirements, this method can be used by
itself only for small tanks up to 1,000 gallons. It
requires keeping the tank undisturbed for at least
36 hours, during which no product can be added
or removed. During that period, you measure the
contents of the tank twice at the beginning and
twice at the end of the test period every week. At
the end of the month, you average your weekly
tests and compare the volume 'lost, if any, to the
permissible standards shown on page 18. For
tanks over 1,000 gallons but no more than 2,000
gallons this method is allowed only in combina-
tion with tank tightness testing. This combined
method, however, can be used only during the
first 10 years following tank installation or up-
grade.
Which Method Is Best For You?
Choosing leak detection is not a cut-and-dried pro-
cess. There is no one leak detection system that is
best for all sites, nor is there a particular type of
leak detection that is consistently the least expen-
sive.
Each of the leak detection methods has advan-
tages and disadvantages. For example, vapor de-
tection devices work rapidly and most effectively
in dry soils, while liquid detectors are most appro-
priate for areas with a high water table.
Identifying the correct option or combination of
options depends on a number of factors including
cost, tank type, ground-water depth, soil type, and
other variables.
The various factors that influence the selection
and use of leak detection options are discussed in
the Federal regulations and ini the following sec-
tions.
You will want to find the best fit between what
you need and what is available. The next page
also contains a table listing a few of the factors
that could influence your selection of the leak de-
tection method that is best for your site.
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Some Factors To Consider in Selecting Leak Detection
(For a foil discussion of many more factors, see the following sections of this booklet)
Detection Option
Ground-Water
Monitoring
Vapor Monitoring
Secondary
Containment
with Interstitial
Monitoring
Automatic Tank
Gauging System
(ATGS)
Tank Tightness
Testing
Inventory Control
Manual Tank
Gauging
Automatic Line
Leak Detectors
Line Tightness
Testing
Site-Specific Factors
Do not use if ground-water level
is greater than 20 ft, if clay soil is
present, or if existing product is
already on the ground water.
Do not use at sites where soil is
saturated with water, the backfill
is clay, or soil vapor levels are
too high.
Site conditions (such as too much
water) may require use of
containment that completely
surrounds tank or piping.
If water collects in excavation,
ATGS must have a water sensor.
Volumetric methods must account
for presence of ground water and
product temperature.
None
None
None
None
Tank-Related Factors
Product must be able to float
on water and not mix easily
with water.
Product must evaporate easily or
substance that evaporates easily
must be added to the tank.
A double-walled system must be
able to detect a release through
the inner wall.
To date, used primarily at sites
with gasoline and diesel in
tanks under 15,000 gallons.
To date, used primarily at sites
with gasoline and diesel tanks
under 15,000 gallons.
None
Limited to tanks under 1,001 gallons
when used alone or under 2,000
gallons when combined with
tightness testing.
Used only for pressurized lines.
Used only for piping.
Cost Factors
Well installation: $15 - $70/ft depth
Equipment: $200 - $5,000 per tank.
$1,200 - $6,000 per tank for
equipment and installation.
Total installed cost of
$5,000 - $12,000 per tank.
Cost per tank:
Equipment = $2,300 - $3,900
Installation = $500 - $3,000.
$250 - $1,000 per test per tank for
problem-free test. If problems
occur, costs may be much higher.
Under $200, but must be
combined with tank tightness testing.
Under $200, but may also
require tightness testing.
Total installed cost of
$400 -$2,000 per line.
$50 - $100 per test per line if
conducted with tank test IWW Ka
more expensive if conducted alone.
Must do test every 3 years.
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PAGE 6
Ground-Water Monitoring
NOTE: Ground-water monitoring cannot be used
at sites where ground water is more than 20 feet
below the surface.
Will I be in compliance?
When installed and operated according to manu-
facturer's instructions, a ground-water monitor-
ing system meets the Federal leak detection re-
quirements for new and existing USTs.
Operation of a ground-water monitoring system
at least once each month fulfills the requirements
for the life of the tank. Ground-water monitoring
can also be used to detect leaks in piping (see the
later sections on leak detection for piping). You
should find out if there are State or local limita-
tions on the use of ground-water monitoring or re-
quirements that are different from those present-
ed below.
How does it work?
Operation
Ground-water monitoring involves the
use of one or more permanent monitor-
ing wells placed close to the UST. The
wells are checked at least monthly for
the presence of product that has leaked
from the UST and is floating on the
ground-water surface.
The two main components of a ground-
water monitoring system are the moni-
toring well (typically a well of 2-4 inches
in diameter) and the monitoring device.
Installation
The number of wells and their place-
ment is very important. Many State
and local agencies have developed regu-
lations for this, usually requiring some-
where between one and four monitoring
wells per UST (additional ones may be
required for piping).
• Before installation, a site assessment is
necessary to determine the soil type,
ground-water depth and flow direction,
and the general geology of the site.
Variations
• Detection devices may be permanently
installed in the well for automatic, con-
tinuous measurements of leaked prod-
uct.
« Detection devices are also available in
manual form. Manual devices range
x from a bailer (used to collect a liquid
sample for visual inspection) to a device
that can be inserted into the well to
electronically indicate the presence of
leaked product. Manual devices must
be operated at least once a month.
What are the regulatory requirements?
• Ground-water monitoring can only be
used if the stored substance does not
easily mix with water and floats on top
of water.
• If ground-water monifx)ring is to be the
sole method of leak detection, the
ground water must not be more than 20
feet below the surface, and the soil be-
tween the well and the UST must be
sand, gravel or other coarse materials.
• Monitoring wells must be properly de-
signed and sealed to keep them from be-
coming contaminated from outside
sources. The wells must also be clearly
marked and locked.
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PAGE?
• Wells should be placed in, or very near
to, the UST backfill so that they can de-
tect a leak as quickly as possible.
• Product detection devices must be able
to detect one-eighth inch or less of
leaked product on top of the ground
water.
Will it work at my site?
• In general, ground-water monitoring
works best at UST sites where:
- The ground-water surface extends
beneath the tank;
- Monitoring wells are installed in the
tank backfill;
- Ground water is between 2 and 10
feet from the surface; and
- There are no previous releases of
product that would falsely indicate a
current release.
A site assessment is critical for
determining these site-specific condi-
tions.
What other information do I need?
• The proper design and construction of a
monitoring well system is crucial to ef-
fective detection of leaked product and
should be performed by an experienced
contractor. Before construction begins,
any specific State or local construction
requirements should be identified.
• Purchasing a ground-water monitoring
system is similar to any other major
purchase. You should "shop around,"
ask questions, get recommendations,
and select a company that meets the
needs of your UST site.
How much does it cost?
• The capital costs for ground-water moni-
toring are generally much greater than
the annual operating costs.
• The following cases illustrate the effect
that different factors have on the cost of
ground-water monitoring:
Case #1
One tank — well in backfill —
short piping runs — manual
monitoring — two wells installed:
Equipment Cost = $200-250
Installation Cost = $15-25/ft well depth
Annual Operating Cost = Under $100
Case #2
One tank — well not in backfill —
long piping runs — automated
monitoring — five wells installed:
Equipment Cost = $2,200-5,000 ,
Installation Cost = $50-70/ft well depth;
conduit to the central console =
$500-2,000
Annual Operating Cost = Under $200
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PAGES
Vapor Monitoring
Will I be in compliance?
When installed and operated according to manu-
facturer's instructions, vapor monitoring meets
the Federal leak detection requirements for new
and existing USTs. Operation of a vapor monitor-
ing system at least once each month fulfills the
requirements for the life of the tank. Vapor moni-
toring can also be installed to detect leaks from
piping (see the later sections on leak detection for
piping). You should find out if there are State or
local limitations on the use of vapor monitoring or
requirements that are different from those pre-
sented below.
How does it work?
Operation
Vapor monitoring measures "fumes"
from leaked product in the soil around
the tank to determine if the tank is
leaking.
Variations
Fully automated vapor monitoring sys-
tems have permanently installed equip-
ment to continuously gather and ana-
lyze vapor samples and respond to a re-
lease with a visual or audible alarm.
Manually operated vapor monitoring
systems range from equipment that im-
mediately analyzes a gathered vapor
sample, to devices that gather a sample
that must be sent to a laboratory for
analysis. Monitoring results from man-
ual systems are generally less accurate
than those from automated systems.
Manual systems must be used at least
once a month to monitor a site.
Calibration and Maintenance
• All vapor monitoring devices should be
calibrated annually to a gas standard to
ensure that they are properly respond-
ing to vapor.
• Maintenance items vary depending upon
the system. Manual systems usually re-
quire more maintenance than automat-
ed systems.
Installation
• Vapor monitoring requires the installa-
tion of monitoring wells within the tank
backfill.
• Usually one well per 20-40 feet sur-
rounding tanks and piping is sufficient
(the proper number depends upon the
site conditions).
What are the regulatory requirements?
• The UST backfill must be sand, gravel,
or another material that will allow the
vapors to easily move to the monitor.
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PAGE 9
• The backfill should be clean enough that
previous contamination does not inter-
fere with the detection of a current leak.
• The substance stored in the UST must
vaporize easily so that the vapor moni-
tor can detect a release.
• High ground water, excessive rain, or
other sources of moisture must not in-
terfere with the operation of vapor mon-
itoring for more than 30 consecutive
days.
: • Monitoring wells must be locked and
clearly marked.
WiU it work at my site?
* Before installing a vapor monitoring
system, a site assessment should deter-
mine whether vapor monitoring is ap-
propriate at the site. A site assessment
usually includes at least a determina-
tion of the ground-water level, back-
ground contamination, stored product
type, and soil type.
• Some vapor monitoring systems can
overcome site problems, such as clay
backfill. You should discuss any prob-
lems that may apply to your site with
the equipment salesman and your con-
tractor to ensure they have considered
the problems and will compensate for
them, if necessary, when installing your
vapor monitoring system.
What other information do I need?
• Purchasing a vapor monitoring system
is similar to any other major purchase.
You should "shop around," ask ques-
tions, get recommendations, and select a
method and a company that can meet
the needs of your site.
How much does it cost?
• The cost of a vapor monitoring system is
influenced by the UST site condition,
the required number of monitoring
wells, their depth, whether an automat-
ed or manual system is chosen, the com-
plexity of the chosen system, and its
maintenance. If a site needs to be
cleaned up before a system can be in-
stalled, costs would increase. However,
vapor monitoring has very low annual
operating costs (unless a manual system
requires laboratory analysis). Here are
two possible cases:
Case #1
One tank — 20 feet of piping —
manual monitoring using laboratory
analysis — two wells installed:
Equipment Cost = $ 200-400
Installation Cost = $ 1,000-2,000
Annual Operating Cost = $ 1,200
Case #2
One tank — 70 feet of piping —
automated monitoring and results —
five wells installed:
Equipment Cost = $2,800-$3,000
Installation Cost = $2,000-4,000
Annual Operating Cost = Under $25
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PAGE10
Secondary Containment With Interstitial Monitoring
NOTE: Secondary containment with interstitial
monitoring is required for hazardous substance
USTs, and the requirements are different from
those for petroleum USTs. Consult your State or
local agency for regulations on hazardous sub-
stance USTs.
Will I be in compliance?
"When installed and operated according to manu-
facturer's specifications, secondary containment
with interstitial monitoring meets the Federal
leak detection requirements for new and existing
USTs. Operation of the monitoring device at least
once each month fulfills the requirements for the
life of the tank. Secondary containment with in-
terstitial monitoring can also be used to detect
leaks from piping (see the later sections on leak
detection for piping).
You should find out if State or local requirements
allow all of the types of secondary containment
and interstitial monitoring or have other restric-
tions that are different from those described
below. In some jurisdictions, secondary contain-
ment is required for all USTs.
How does it work?
Secondary containment
• - Secondary containment provides a bar-
rier between the tank and the environ-
ment.
• The barrier holds the leak between the
tank and the barrier long enough for the
leak to be detected.
* The barrier is shaped so that a leak will
be directed towards the monitor.
• Barriers include:
- Double-walled tanks, in which an
outer tank partially or completely sur-
rounds the primary tank;
- Leakproof excavation liners that par-
tially or completely surround the tank;
- Leakproof liners that closely surround
the tank (also known as "jackets"); and
- Concrete vaults, with or without lining.
• Clay and other earth materials cannot
be used as barriers.
Interstitial monitors
• Monitors are used to check the area be-
tween the tank and the barrier for leaks
and alert the operator if a leak is sus-
pected.
• Some monitors indicate the physical
presence of the leaked product, either
liquid or gaseous. Other monitors check
for a change in condition that indicates
a hole in the tank, su.eh as a loss of pres-
sure or a change in the level of water be-
tween the walls of a double-walled tank.
• Monitors can be as siimple as a dipstick
used at the lowest point of the contain-
ment to see if liquid product has leaked
and pooled there. Monitors can also be
sophisticated automated systems that
continuously check for leaks.
What are the regulatory requirements?
• The barrier must be immediately
around or beneath the tank.
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PAGE 11
0 The interstitial monitor must be
checked at least once every 30 days.
9 A double-walled system must be able to
detect a release through the inner wall.
• An excavation liner must:
- Direct a leak towards the monitor;
- Not allow the specific product being
stored to pass through it any faster
than 10-6 cm/sec; :
- Be compatible with the product stored
in the tank;
- Not interfere with the UST's cathodic
protection;
- Not be disabled by moisture;
- Always be above the ground water
and the 25-year flood plain; and
- Have clearly marked and locked moni-
toring wells, if they are used.
Will it work at my site?
* In areas with high ground water or a lot
of rainfall, it may be necessary to select
a secondary containment system that
completely surrounds the tank to pre-
vent moisture from interfering with the
monitor.
What other information do I need?
• Correct installation is fairly difficult yet
is crucial both for the barrier and the in-
terstitial monitor. Therefore, trained
and experienced installers are neces-
sary.
• The purchase of secondary containment
with interstitial monitoring is similar to
any other major purchase. You should
"shop around," ask questions, get recom-
mendations, and select a method and
company that can meet the needs of
your UST site.
How much does it cost?
• The costs of the secondary containment
depend on the size and number of the
tanks, how much of the tank is sur-
rounded by the barrier, the product, the
type of containment, and the site condi-
tions. The cost of the interstitial moni-
tor depends on the number of tanks, de-
gree of automation, and type of monitor.
• Here are possible costs for containment
and monitoring at a typical station with
three 10,000-gallon tanks:
- Monitored double-walled tanks cost
$15,000 - $30,000 above the cost of
single-walled, unmonitored tanks; or
- An excavation liner (not covering the
top of the tank) and monitoring could
cost $10,000-$16,000.
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PAGE12
Automatic Tank Gauging Systems
Will I be in compliance?
When installed and operated according to manu-
facturer's specifications, automatic tank gauging
systems (ATGS) meet the Federal leak detection
requirements for new and existing USTs. A test
performed each month fulfills the requirements
for the life of the tank. (For additional leak detec-
tion requirements for piping, see the later sec-
tions on leak detection for piping.) You should
find out if State or local requirements allow ATGS
or have other requirements that are different
from those presented below.
How does it work?
• The product level and temperature in a
tank are measured continuously and au-
tomatically analyzed and recorded by a
computer.
« In the "inventory mode," the ATGS re-
places the use of the gauge stick to mea-
sure product level and perform invento-
ry control. This mode records the activi-
ties of an in-service tank, including de-
liveries.
* In the "test mode," the tank is taken out
of service and the product level and tem-
perature are measured for at least one
hour.
Will it work at my site?
• ATGS have been uaed primarily on
tanks containing gasoline or diesel, with
a capacity of less than 15,000 gallons.
• If considering using an ATGS for larger
tanks or products other than gasoline or
diesel, discuss its applicability with the
manufacturer's representative.
• Water around a tank may hide a leak by
, temporarily preventing the product from
leaving the tank. To detect a leak in
this situation, the AT<3S should be capa-
ble of detecting water in the bottom of a
tank.
What other information do I need?
• The ATGS probe is permanently in-
stalled through a pipis (not the fill pipe)
on the top of the tank. Each tank at a
site must be equipped with a separate
probe.
• The ATGS probe is cemnected to a moni-
tor that displays ongoing product level
information and the results of the
What are the regulatory requirements?
• The ATGS must be able to detect a leak
at least as small as 0.2 gallons per hour.
By December 1990, the ATGS must also
be able to meet the Federal regulatory
requirements regarding probabilities of
detection and false alarm.
-*¥-
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PAGE 13
monthly test. Printers can be connected
to the monitor to record this informa-
tion.
• For most ATGS, up to 8 tanks can be
connected to a single monitor.
• ATGS usually are equipped with alarms
for high and low product level, high
water level, and theft.
• ATGS can be United with computers at
other locations, from which the system
can be programmed or read.
• No product should be delivered to the
tank or withdrawn from it for at least 6
hours before the monthly test or during
the test (which generally takes 1 to 6
' , hours).
• An ATGS can be programmed to per-
form a test more often than once per .
month, if so desired.
• Purchasing an ATGS is similar to any
other major purchase. You should "shop
around," ask questions, get recommen-
dations, and select a method and compa-
ny that can meet the needs of your site.
How much does it cost?
• Equipment costs —
Monitor: $1,700-2,700; varies with man-
ufacturer and whether a print-
er is included.
Probes: $500-l,100/probe; varies with
manufacturer.
Cables: $0.15-1.00/foot; varies with the
contractor and the part of the
country.
• Installation costs for a typical 3-tank
system —
For a site that already has conduits
for cables: $500 J.,500.
For a site in which conduit must be
laid an average distance: $2,500-
3,000.
For a very complex site with many
conduits running long distances and
where rewiring is necessary: up to
$10,000.
• Annual operating costs for a typical 3-
tank system — -
About $50-100 for electricity, printer
paper, and maintenance.
• For a typical 3-tank system the total
equipment cost ranges from about
$5,000 for a basic system to $10,000 for
a top-pf-the-line system. The installa-
tion cost averages about $2,000-3,000.
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PAGE14
Tank Tightness Testing and Inventory Control
Will I be in compliance?
When performed according to manufacturer's
specifications, periodic tank tightness testing
combined with monthly inventory control can
temporarily (as described below) meet the
Federal leak detection requirements for new and
existing USTs. In addition, you should determine
if State or local requirements have limitations on
the use of these methods or requirements differ-
ent from those presented below.
These two leak detection methods must be used
together, because neither method alone meets the
Federal requirements for leak detection for tanks.
Tightness testing is also an option for under-
ground piping, as described in the later sections
on leak detection for piping.
Because they must be used together, both tank
tightness testing and inventory control are dis-
cussed in this section. Tank tightness testing is
discussed first, followed by inventory control.
Tank Tightness Testing
How does it work?
Tightness tests include a wide variety of methods.
Other terms used for these methods include "pre-
cision testing" and "volumetric testing."
Operation
There are a few methods that do not
measure the level or volume of the prod-
uct. Instead, these methods use a prin-
ciple such as acoustics to determine the
physical presence of a hole in the tank.
With such methods, all of the factors in
the following bullets may not apply.
• Most tightness test methods are "volu-
metric" methods in which the change in
product level or volume in a tank over
several hours is measured veiy precisely
(in milliliters or thousandths of an
inch).
• For most methods, changes in product
temperature also must be measured
very precisely (thousandths of a degree)
concurrently with level measurements
because temperature changes cause vol-
ume changes that interfere with finding
aleak.
• For most methods, a net decrease in
product volume (subtracting out temper-
ature-induced volume changes) over the
time of the test indicates a leak.
• The testing equipment is temporarily
installed in the tank, usually through
the fill pipe.
• The tank must be taken out of service
for the test, generally 6 to 12 hours, de-
pending on the method.
Xtt****1®1*^^
-------
PAGE15
• Many test methods require that the
product in the tank be at a certain level
before testing, which often requires
adding product from another tank on-
site or purchasing additional product.
Varieties of methods
• Some tightness test methods require all
of the measurements and calculations to
be made by hand by the tester. Other
tightness test methods are highly auto-
mated. After the tester sets up the
equipment, a computer controls the
measurements and analysis.
• There are several different acceptable
ways to measure product temperature:
mixing the product so it is all one tem-
perature; using a sensor that calculates
an average temperature by measuring
temperature throughout the depth of
the product; and using at least 3 tem-
perature sensors at different product
levels to calculate an average tempera-
ture.
• A few methods measure properties of
the product that are independent of
temperature, such as the mass of the
product, and so do not need to measure
product temperature.
What are the regulatory requirements?
• The tightness test method must be able
to detect a leak at least as small as 0.1
gallon per hour. By December 1990, the
tightness test method must also be able
to meet the Federal regulatory require-
ments regarding probabilities of detec-
tion and false alarm.
Tightness tests must be performed peri-
odically as shown in the following table:
MINIMUM TESTING FREQUENCY
New tanks
Existing tanks,
upgraded
Existing tanks,
not upgraded
Every 5 years for
10 years following
installation
Every 5 years for
10 years following
upgrade
Every year until
1998
("Upgraded* tanks have corrosion protection and
spill/overfill prevention devices.)
• After the applicable time period listed
above, you must have a monitoring
method that can be performed at least
once per month. See the other sections
of this booklet for allowable monthly
monitoring options.
Will it work at my site?
• Tank tightness testing has been used
primarily on tanks less than 15,000 gal-
lons in capacity containing gasoline and
diesel.
• If you are considering using tightness
testing for larger tanks or products
other than gasoline or diesel, discuss the
method's applicability with the manu-
facturer's representative.
What other information do I need?
• For most methods, the test is performed
by a testing company. You just observe
the test.
-------
PAGE16
• Manifolded tanks generally should be
disconnected and tested separately.
• Depending on the method, up to 4 tanks
can be tested at one time. Generally, an
automated system is necessary to test 3
or 4 tanks at a time.
• Procedure and personnel, not equip-
ment, are usually the most important
factors in a successful tightness test.
Therefore, well-trained and experienced
testers are very important. Some States
and local authorities may have tester
certification programs.
• Purchasing a tightness test is similar to
any other major purchase. You should
"shop around," ask questions, get recom-
mendations, and select a method and a
company that can meet the needs of
your site.
What does it cost?
• There are no capital costs for test equip-
ment.
• The total cost per test is highly variable.
The prices quoted by testing companies
range from about $250 to $1,000 per
tank, with most between $500 and $800.
These prices are for a simple test with
no problems.
• The final cost for a tank tightness test
can be significantly higher. Some fac-
tors that would add to the cost of a test
that you should ask about are:
- Product to fill the tank to the mini-
mum testing level, if it is product that
you would not buy otherwise.
- Lost business from shutting down the
tank during normal business hours.
- Replacing or repairing parts of the
tank system before a test can be per-
formed.
- Uncovering part of the tank system
and then recovering it, to correct prob-
lems such as vapor pockets or piping
that must be valved off.
Costs can be reduced if a large number
of tanks are to be tested and if you
check the tank and do the necessary re-
pairs and replacements before the test
crew arrives.
Inventory Control
How does it work?
• Inventory control is basically like bal-
ancing a checking account. Every
month the product volume is balanced
between what is delivered and what is
sold from the tank (this is what the
"bank" says you have) with daily mea-
surements of tank volume taken with a
gauge stick (these measurements indi-
-------
PAGE 17
cate what you actually have). If your
"account" doesn't balance, you may have
a leak.
• UST inventories are determined in the
morning and in the evening or after
each shift by using a gauge stick and
the data is recorded on a ledger form.
The level on the gauge stick can be
translated to a volume of product in the
tank using a calibration chart, which is
often furnished by the UST manufac-
turer.
• The amounts of product delivered to and
withdrawn from the UST each day are
also recorded.
• At least once each month, the gauge
stick data and the sales and delivery
data are reconciled and the month's
overage or shortage is determined. If
the overage or shortage is greater than
or equal to 1.0 percent of the tank's
flow-through volume plus 130 gallons of
product, the UST may be leaking.
What are the regulatory requirements?
• Inventory control must be used in con-
junction with periodic tank tightness
x tests.
• The gauge stick should be long enough
to reach the bottom of the tank and
marked so that the product level can be
determined to the nearest one-eighth of
an inch.
• A monthly measurement must be taken
to identify any water at the bottom of
the tank.
• Deliveries must be made through a drop
tube that extends to within one foot of
the tank bottom.
• Product dispensers must be calibrated
to the local weights and measures stan-
dards.
Will it work at my site?
• If your tank is not level, inventory con-
trol may need to be modified. You will
need to create your own tank chart by
adding increments of product and read-
ing the corresponding level.
What other information do I need?
• Inventory control is a practical, com-
monly used management tool that does
not require closing down the tank opera-
tion.
• You can perform inventory control your-
self.
• Gauge accuracy can be significantly im-
proved by the use of product-finding
paste.
• Your product supplier, jobber or contrac-
tor may be able to teach you the proper
technique for inventory control, and
may be able to supply you with record-
ing forms and a gauge stick.
How much does it cost?
• The main costs are the price of a gauge
stick and perhaps some product-finding
paste. The cost of these items is less
than $200.
-------
PAGE18
Manual Tank Gauging
NOTE: Manual tank gauging can only be used
for smaller tanks. Tanks 1,000 gallons or less
can use this method alone, but tanks from 1,001 -
2,000 gallons can only use manual tank gauging
when it is combined with tank tightness testing.
Manual tank gauging cannot be used for tanks
over 2,000 gallons.
If you are considering using manual tank gauging
to meet the Federal UST leak detection require-
ments, this section provides information about its
appropriate use. This method should not be con-
fused with inventory control, which is described in
the previous section of this booklet.
Will I be in compliance?
As described below, when performed according to
recommended practices, manual tank gauging
meets the Federal leak detection requirements for
USTs with a capacity of 1,000 gallons or less for
the life of the tank. (For additional leak detec-
tion requirements for piping, see the following
sections on leak detection for piping.) You should
find out if State or local requirements have limita-
tions on the use of manual tank gauging or have
requirements that are different from those pre-
sented below.
How does it work?
Four liquid level measurements must be
taken weekly, two at the beginning and
two at the end of aft least a 36-hour
period during which nothing is added
to or removed from the tank.
The average of the two consecutive end-
ing measurements are subtracted from
the average of the two beginning mea-
surements to indicate the change in
product volume.
Every week, the calculated change in
tank volume is compared to the stan-
dards shown in the table below. If the
calculated change exceeds the weekly
standard, the UST may be leaking.
Also, monthly averages of the four
weekly test results must be compared to
the monthly standard in the same way.
Weekly Monthly Minimum
Standard Standard Duration
Tank Capacity (one test) (4-testavg.) of Test
If Manual Tank Gauging is the ONLY
leak detection method used:
up to 550 gallons 10 gallons 5 gallons 36 hours
551 -1,000 gal. 9 gallons 4 gallons 44 hours
(when largest tank
is 64" x 73")
1,000 gal.
(if tank is
48" x 128")
12 gallons 6 gallons 58 hours
If Manual Tank Gauging is combined with
Tank Tightness Testing:
1,001 - 2,000 gal. 26 gallons 13 gallons 36 hours
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PAGE 19
What are the regulatory requirements?
• Liquid level measurements must be
taken with a gauge stick that is marked
to measure the liquid to the nearest one-
eighth of an inch.
• Manual tank gauging may be used as
the sole method of leak detection for
tanks with a capacity of 1,000 gallons or
less for the life of the tank.
• For tanks with a capacity of 1,001 -
2,000 gallons, manual tank gauging
must be combined with tightness
testing according to the schedule
below. See the earlier section on tank
tightness testing for. details on this
method.
MINIMUM TIGHTNESS TESTING
FREQUENCY
New tanks
Existing tanks,
upgraded
Existing tanks,
not upgraded
Every 5 years for
10 years following
installation
Every 5 years for
10 years following
upgrade
Every year until
1998
("Upgraded" tanks have corrosion protection and
spill/overfill prevention devices.)
Please note that this combined method
will meet the Federal requirements only
temporarily. After the applicable time
period listed above, you must have a
monitoring method that can be per-
formed at least once a month. See the
other sections of this booklet for allow-
able monthly monitoring options.
• Tanks greater than 2,000 gallons in
capacity may not use this method of leak
detection to meet these regulatory
requirements.
Will it work at my site?
• Manual tank gauging is inexpensive
and can be an effective leak detection
method when used as described above
with tanks of the appropriate size.
What other information do I need?
• You can perform manual tank gauging
yourself. Correct gauging, recording
and interpretation are the most impor-
tant factors for successful tank gauging.
• Your product supplier, jobber or contrac-
tor can probably teach you the proper
technique for manual tank gauging, and
may be able to supply you with record-
ing forms and a gauge stick.
• The accuracy of tank gauging can be
greatly increased by spreading product-
finding paste on the gauge stick before
taking a measurement.
How much does it cost?
• For tanks less than 1,001 gallons, the
only costs are the price of a gauge stick
and perhaps some product-finding
paste. These costs are nominal (less
than $200).
• For tanks between 1,001-2,000 gallons,
there is the additional cost of periodic
tank tightness testing. These costs are
highly variable (from about $250 to over
$1,000 for each test).
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PAGE 20
Leak Detection for Underground Suction Piping
Will I be in compliance?
When installed and operated according to manu-
facturer's specifications, the leak detection meth-
ods discussed here meet the" Federal regulatory
requirements for the life of new and existing un-
derground suction piping systems. You should
find out if State or local requirements allow al
these methods or have other requirements that
are different from those described below.
What are the regulatory requirements?
• No leak detection is required if the
suction piping has (1) enough slope so
that the product in the pipe can drain
back into the tank when suction is re-
leased and (2) has only one check valve,
which is as close as possible beneath the
pump in the dispensing unit. If a suc-
tion line is to be considered exempt
based on these design elements, there
must be some way to check that the line
was actually installed according to these
plans.
• If a suction line does not meet all of
these design criteria, one of the follow-
ing leak detection methods must be
used:
- A line tightness test at least every 3
years; or
- Monthly vapor monitoring; or
- Monthly ground-water monitoring; or
- Monthly interstitial monitoring.
The line tightness test must be able to
detect a leak at least as small as 0.1 gal-
lon per hour. By December 1990, the
test must also meet the Federal regula-
tory requirements regarding probabili-
ties of detection and false alarm.
• Ground-water, vapor, and interstitial
monitoring have the same regulatory re-
quirements for piping as they do for
tanks. See the earlier sections of this
booklet on those methods.
How do the methods work?
Line tightness testing
• The line is taken out of service and pres-
surized. A drop in pressure over time,
preferably one hour, suggests a possible
leak.
• Suction lines are not pressurized very
much during a tightness test (less than
15 pounds per square inch).
• Tightness tests must be conducted at
least every three years.
• Most line tightness tests are performed
by a testing company. You just observe
the test.
• Some tank tightness test methods can
be performed to include a tightness test
.of the connected piping.
• For most line tightness tests, no perma-
nent equipment is installed.
• The line must be taken out of service for
the test, ideally for several hours to
allow the line to stabilize before the test.
• In the event of trapped vapor pockets, it
may not be possible to conduct a valid
line tightness test. There is no way to
-------
PAGE 21
tell definitely before the test begins if
this will be a problem, but longer com-
plicated piping runs with a lot of risers
and dead ends are more likely to have
vapor pockets.
Ground-water or vapor monitoring
• Ground-water monitoring checks for
leaked product floating on the ground
water near the piping.
• Vapor monitoring detects product that
leaks into the soil and evaporates there.
• A monitoring well should be installed
every 20 to 40 feet.
• UST systems using ground-water or
vapor monitoring for the tanks are well
suited to use the same monitoring
method for the piping.
• See the earlier sections on ground-water
and vapor monitoring. Use of these
methods with piping is similar to that
for tanks.
Secondary containment with interstitial
monitoring
• A barrier is placed between the piping
and the environment. Barriers such as
double-walled piping or a leakproof liner
in the piping trench can be used.
• A monitor is placed between the piping
and the barrier to sense a leak if it oc-
curs. Monitors range from a simple
stick that can be put in a sump to see if
a liquid is present, to continuous auto-
mated systems, such as those that moni-
tor for the presence of evaporated prod-
uct.
• Proper installation of secondary contain-
ment is the most important and the
most difficult aspect of this leak detec-
tion method. Trained and experienced
installers are necessary.
• See the section on secondary contain-
ment for additional information.
Secondary containment for piping is
similar to that for tanks.
What other information do I need?
• Purchasing piping leak detection is sim-
ilar to any other major purchase. You
should "shop around," ask questions, get
recommendations, and select a method
and company with experience and one
that can meet the needs of your site.
How much does it cost?
Line tightness tests
• When performed at the same time as a
tank tightness test, a typical line test
costs about $50-100. The price varies
with the length and complexity of the
piping.
-------
PAGE 22
If a testing company comes on-site to
perform only a line tightness test, the
cost will probably be much higher unless
you can negotiate for a package deal for
a larger number of tests. Not all tight-
ness testing companies will do indepen-
dent line tests.
Ground-water or vapor monitoring
• If you have already selected ground-
water or vapor monitoring for your
tanks, the additional cost to include pip-
ing in the monitoring network may be
relatively small if only wells need to be
added. If an underground cable or an
extra control panel is needed for an au-
tomated system, the cost will be higher.
See the sections on ground-water and
vapor monitoring for costs of tank moni-
toring.
Secondary containment with interstitial
monitoring
• The total installed cost for double-
walled piping for a typical 3-tank sta-
tion is $10,000, not including digging
the trenches. Costs vary 'with size of
pipe, length of run, site conditions, and
contractor. In general, double-walled
piping systems cost about 3 times as
much as single-walled systems.
• For a typical station, trench liners cost
about $25 to $40 per linear foot for 2-
inch pipes, depending on the number of
pipes. Installation is about $800 to
$1,500, depending on site conditions.
• The costs of a monitor range from essen-
tially nothing for a dipstick to a total in-
stalled cost of about $1,000 for an elec-
tronic sensor (not including control
panel).
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PAGE 23
Leak Detection for Pressurized Underground Piping
Will I be in compliance?
When installed and operated according to manu-
facturer's specifications, the leak detection meth-
ods discussed here meet the Federal regulatory
requirements for the life of new and existing pres-
surized underground piping systems. You should
find out if State or local requirements allow all of
these methods or have other requirements that
are different from those described below.
When do I have to start?
New pressurized piping must have leak detection
when it is installed. Existing pressurized piping
must meet the leak detection regulatory require-
ments by December 22,1990.
What are the regulatory requirements?
. • Each pressurized piping run must have
one leak detection method from each set
below:
An Automatic Line Leak Detector:
=-.
— Automatic flow restrictor or
— Automatic flow shutoff or
— Continuous alarm system
And One Other Method:
— Monthly ground-water monitoring or
— Monthly vapor monitoring or
— Monthly interstitial monitoring or
— Annual tightness test
• The automatic line leak detector (LLD)
must be able to detect a leak at least as
small as 3 gallons per hour at a line
pressure of 10 pounds per square inch
within 1 hour by shutting off the prod-
uct flow, restricting the product flow, or
triggering an audible or visual alarm.
The line tightness test must be able to
detect a leak at least as small as 0.1 gal-
lon per hour when the line pressure is
one and one-half times its normal oper-
ating pressure.
By December 1990, automatic LLDs and
line tightness tests must also be able to
meet the Federal regulatory require-
ments regarding probabilities of detec-
tion and false alarm.
Ground-water, vapor, and interstitial
monitoring have the same regulatory re-
quirements for piping as they do for
tanks. See the earlier sections of this
booklet on those methods.
-------
PAGE 24
How do the methods work?
Automatic line leak detectors CLLDs)
• Flow restrictors and flow shutoffs can
monitor the pressure within the line in
a variety of ways: whether the pressure
decreases over time; how long it takes
for a line to reach operating pressure;
and combinations of increases and de-
creases in pressure.
• If a possible leak is detecte'd, a flow re-
stricter keeps the product flow through
the line at 3 gallons per hour, well below
the usual flow rate.
• If a possible leak is detected, a flow
shutoff completely cuts off product flow
in the line or shuts down the pump.
• A continuous alarm system constantly
monitors line conditions and immediate-
ly triggers an audible or visual alarm if
a leak is suspected. Automated vapor or
interstitial line monitoring systems can
also be set up to operate continuously
and sound an alarm, flash a signal on
the console, or even ring a telephone in
a manager's office when a leak is detect-
ed.
• Both automatic flow restrictors and
shutoffs are permanently installed di-
rectly into the pipe or the pump hous-
ing.
• Vapor and interstitial monitoring sys-
tems can be combined with automatic
shutoff systems so that whenever the
monitor detects a possible release the
piping system is shut down. This would
qualify as a continuous alarm system.
Such a setup would meet the monthly
monitoring requirement as well as the
LLD requirement.
Line tightness testing
• The line is taken out of service and pres-
surized, usually above the normal oper-
ating pressure. A drop in pressure over
time, preferably one hour, suggests a
possible leak.
• Tightness tests miast be conducted an-
nually.
• Most line tightness! tests are performed
by a testing company. You just observe
the test.
• Some tank tightness test methods can
be performed to include a tightness test
of the connected piping.
• For most line tightness tests, no perma-
nent equipment is installed.
• The line must be taken out of service for
the test, ideally for several hours to
allow the line to stabilize the test.
• In the event of trapped vapor pockets, it
may not be possible to conduct a valid
line tightness test. There is no way to
tell definitely before the test begins if
this will be a problem, but longer com-
plicated piping runs with a lot of risers
and dead ends are more likely to have
vapor pockets.
Secondary containment with interstitial
monitoring
• A barrier is placed between the piping
and the environment. Double-walled
piping or a leakproof liner in the piping
-------
PAGE 25
trench can be used. A monitor is placed
between the piping and the barrier that
senses a leak if it occurs. Monitors
range from a simple stick that can be
put into a sump to see if a liquid is pre-
sent, to continuous automated systems,
such as those that monitor for the pres-
ence of evaporated product.
• Proper installation of secondary contain-
ment is the most important and the
most difficult aspect of this release de-
tection method. Trained and experi-
enced installers are necessary.
• See the section on secondary contain-
ment for additional information.
Secondary containment for piping is
. similar to that for tanks.
Ground-water or vapor monitoring
• Ground-water monitoring checks for
leaked product floating on the ground
water near the piping.
• Vapor monitoring detects product that
leaks into the soil and evaporates there.
• A monitoring well should be installed
every 20 to 40 feet.
• UST systems using ground-water or
vapor monitoring for the tanks are well
suited to use the same monitoring
method for the piping.
• See the sections on ground-water and
vapor monitoring for additional informa-
tion. Use of these methods with piping
is similar to that for tanks.
What other information do I need?
• Purchasing piping release detection is
similar to any other major purchase.
You should "shop around," ask ques-
tions, get recommendations, and select a
method and company that can meet the
needs of your UST site.
How much does it cost?
Automatic LJLDs
• Automatic flow restrictors: total in-
stalled cost about $300-$400 per line.
• Automatic shutoff devices: total in-
stalled cost for one line is about $2,000.
There may be cost savings for multiple
lines or when you include tank monitor-
ing in the same system.
• The annual operating costs are negligi-
ble.
Line tightness tests
• When performed at the same time as a
tank tightness test, a typical line test
costs about $50-100. The price varies
with the length and complexity of the
piping.
• If a testing company comes on-site to
perform only a line tightness test, the
cost will probably be much higher un-
less you can negotiate a package deal for
a large number of tests. Not all tight-
ness testing companies will do indepen-
dent line tests.
-------
PAGE 28
Secondary containment with interstitial
monitoring
*
• The total installed cost for double-
walled piping at a typical 3-tank station
is about $10,000, not including digging
the trenches. Costs vary with the size of
pipe, length of run, site conditions, and
contractor. In general, double-walled
piping systems cost about 3 times as
much as single-walled systems.
• For a typical station, trench liners cost
about $25 to $40 per linear foot for 2-
inch pipes, depending on the number of
pipes. Installation is about $800 to
$1,500, depending on site conditions.
• Costs for interstitial monitoring devices
range from essentially nothing for a dip-
stick to a total installed cost of about
$1,000 per line for am electronic sensor
(not including the control panel).
Ground-water or vapor monitoring
• If you have already selected ground-
water or vapor monitoring for your
tanks, the additional cost to include the
piping in the monitoring network may
be relatively small if only wells need to
be added. If an underground cable or an
extra control panel is needed for an au-
tomated system, the costs will be high-
er. See the sections on ground-water
and vapor monitoring for costs of tank
monitoring.
-------
PAGE 27
Need More Information?
If this booklet does not answer all your questions, contact your
State UST Program Office for additional information. Contact in-
formation for these State UST Program Offices is listed on pages
28 through 30.
As you seriously explore leak detection options, you may want to
take advantage of the following sources of information before you
make your final selection:
• Local agencies, such as your fire department, that
regulate USTs
• Trade association representatives
• State petroleum marketers association
• Contractor, jobber, or equipment supplier
• Leak Detection Technology Association
(202) 835-2355/828-1000
» Petroleum Equipment Institute
(918) 494-9696
For additional information about Federal UST requirements, con-
tact the Environmental Protection Agency's RCRA/Superfund
Hotline, by calling (800) 424-9346 or (202) 382-3000, Monday —
Friday, 8:30 a.m. — 7:30 p.m. EST.
-------
PAGE 28
State UST Program Offices
AK
UST CONTACT
Dopt. of Environmental Conservation
P.O. Box 0
3220 Hospital Drive
Juneau.AK 99811-1800
At.
AR
CT
DC
907-465-2630
UST CONTACT
Dept. of Environmental Management
Ground-Water Branch/Water Division
1751 Congressman W. L. Dickerson Dr.
Montgomery, AL 36130 205-271-7986
USTCONTACT
Dept. of Pollution Control & Ecology
P.O. Box 9583
8001 National Drive
LHtle Rock, AR 72219 501-562-7444
AZ UST CONTACT
Department of Environmental Quality
2005 North Central Avenue, Room 300
Phoenix, AZ 85004 602-257-6984
CA UST CONTACT
State Water Resources Control Board
Division of Loans and Grants
P.O. Box 944212
2014 T Street
Sacramento, CA 94244-2120 916-739-4324
CO UST CONTACT
CO Department of Health
Hazardous Materials and Waste
Management Program
Underground Tank Program
4210 East 11th Avenue
Denver, CO 80220 303-331-4830
UST CONTACT
CT Dept. of Environmental Protection
Underground Storage Tank Program
State Office Building
165 Capitol Avenue
Hartford, CT 06106
203-566-4630
UST CONTACT
DC Dept. of Consumer and Reg. Affairs
614 H Street, NW Rm. 516
Washington, D.C. 20013-7200 202-783-3205
DE UST CONTACT
DE Dept. of Natural Resources &
Environmental Control
Underground Storage Tank Branch
715 Grantham Lane
Newcastle, DE 19720 302-323-4588
FL UST CONTACT
Dept. of Environmental Regulation
Tank Section
Twin Towers Office Building - Rm 403
2600 Blair Stone Road
Tallahassee, FL 32399-2400 904-488-3936
GA UST CONTACT
Environmental Protection Division
Underground Storage Tank Unit
3420 Norman Berry Drive - 7th Floor
Hapeville, GA 30354 404-669-3927
HI UST CONTACT
Department of Health
500 Ala Moana Blvd.
Honolulu, HI 96813 808-543-8226
IA UST CONTACT
IA Department of Natural Resources
Henry A. Wallace Building
900 East Grand
DesMoines. IA 50319 515-281-8692
ID UST CONTACT
ID Department of Health & Welfare
450 West State Street
Boise, ID 83710 208-334-5847
IL UST CONTACT
IL Office of State Fire Marshal
3150 Executive Park Drive
Springfield, IL 62703-4259 217-785-5878
IN UST CONTACT
5500 West Bradbury Avenue
Indianapolis, IN 46241 317-243-5055
KS UST CONTACT
KS Department of Health & Environment
Bureau of Environmental Remediation
Underground Storage Tank Section
Forbes Field, Building 740
Topeka, KS 66620 913-296-1678
KY UST CONTACT
Division of Waste Management
Underground Storage Tank Seiction
18ReillyRoad
Frankfort, KY 40601 502-564-6716
LA UST CONTACT
Dept. of Environmental Quality1
Underground Storage Tank Division
P.O. Box 44274, 438 Main Street
Baton Rouge, LA 70804 504-342-7808
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MA UST CONTACT
MA Department of Public Safety
Underground Storage Tank Program
P.O. Box 490, East Street, Bldg. #5
Tewksbury, MA 01876 508-851-9813
MD UST CONTACT
MD Department of Environment
Hazardous & Solid Waste Mgmt. Admin.
Underground Storage Tank Section
2500 Broening Highway
Baltimore, MD 21234 301-631-3442
ME UST CONTACT
ME Dept. of Environmental Protection
State House - Station 17
Hospital Street, Ray Building
Augusta, ME 04333 207-289-2651
Ml UST CONTACT
Ml Department of State Police
Fire Marshal Division
7150 Harris Drive
Lansing, Ml 48913 517-334-7090
MN UST CONTACT
MN Pollution Control Agency
Underground Storage Tank Program
520 Lafayette Road North
St. Paul, MN 55155 612-296-7743
MO UST CONTACT
MO Department of Natural Resources
P.O. Box 176
205 Jefferson Street
Jefferson City, MO 65102 314-751-7428
MS UST CONTACT
Department of Environmental Quality
Bureau of Pollution Control
Underground Storage Tank Section
P.O. Box 10385, 2380 Hwy 80 West
Jackson, MS 39289-0385
MT
NC
ND
601-961-5171
UST CONTACT
MT Dept. of Health & Environmental Sci.
Solid & Hazardous Waste Bureau
111 North Last Chance Gulch
Arcade Building, Basement
Helena, MT 59701 406-444-5970
UST CONTACT
Pollution Control Branch
Division of Environmental Management
Dept. of Env., Health and Natural Res.
P.O. Box 27687
Raleigh, NC 27611 -7687 919-733-8486
UST CONTACT
ND Department of Health
Division of Waste Management
Box 5520,1200 Missouri Avenue
Bismarck, ND 58502-5520 701-224-2366
NE UST CONTACT
NE State Fire Marshal's Office
Underground Storage Tank Division
P.O. Box 94677
246 South 14th Street
Lincoln, NE 68509 402-471-9465
NH UST CONTACT
NH Dept. of Environmental Services
Underground Storage Tank Program
6 Hazen Drive, P.O. Box 95
Concord, NH 03301 603-271-3444
NJ UST CONTACT
Dept. of Environmental Protection
Div. of Water Resources (CN-029)
401 East State Street
Trenton, NJ 08625 609-984-3156
NM UST CONTACT
Environmental Improvement Division
Underground Storage Tank Bureau
1190 St. Francis Drive
Harold Runnels Building, Room N2150
Santa Fe, NM 87503 505-827-0188
NV UST CONTACT
Dept. of Conservation & Natural Res.
Division of Environmental Protection
Capitol Complex
201 S. Fall Street
Carson City, NV 89710 702-687-5872
NY UST CONTACT
Dept. of Environmental Conservation
Bulk Storage Section, Div. of Water
50 Wolf Road, Room 326
Albany, NY 12233-3520 518-457-4351
OH UST CONTACT
OH Department of Commerce
7510 East Main Street
P.O. Box 525
Reynoldsburg, OH 43068 614-752-7938
OK UST CONTACT
Corporation Commission
Underground Storage Tank Program
Jim Thorpe Building
2101 North Lincoln Blvd.
Oklahoma City, OK 73105 405-521-3107
PR UST CONTACT
OR Dept. of Environmental Quality
811 SW Sixth Avenue
Portland, OR 97204 503-229-6652
PA UST CONTACT
PA Dept. of Environmental Resources
Non-point Source & Storage Tank Section
P.O. Box 2063, Fulton Building, 12th Floor
Harrisburg, PA 17120 717-657-4080
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PAGE 30
R! UST CONTACT
Rl Dept. of Environmental Management
Underground Storage Tank Section
291 Promenade St.
Providence, Rl 02908 401-277-2234
SC UST CONTACT
Dept. of Health and Environ. Control
Ground-Water Protection Division
2600 Bull Street
Columbia, SC 29201 803-734-5332
SD UST CONTACT
Dept. of Water & Natural Resources
Office of Water Quality
523 East Capitol
Joe Foss Building
Pierre, SD 57501-3181 605-773-3351
TN UST CONTACT
Dept. of Health & Environment
200 Doctors Building
706 Church Street
Nashville, TN 37247 615-741-4081
TX UST CONTACT
Texas Water Commission
Underground Storage Tank Section
P.O.Box 13087,1700 North Congress
Austin, TX 78711 512-463-7786
UT UST CONTACT
UT Department of Health
Bureau of Solid & Hazardous Waste
Solid and Hazardous Waste Section
P.O. Box 16700
Salt Lake City, UT 84116-0700 801 -538-6752
VA
VT
Wl UST CONTACT
Wl Dept. of Industry, Labor & Human
Relations
P.O. Box 7969
201 East Washington Avenue
Madison, Wl 53707-7969 608-267-9725
WV UST CONTACT
WV Waste Management Division
WV Department of Natural Resources
Underground Storage Tank Section
1260 Greenbrier Street
Charleston, WV 25311
WY UST CONTACT
WY Dept. of Environmental Quality
Water Quality Division
Herschler Building, 4th Floor
122 West 25th Street
304-348-5935
Cheyenne, WY 82002
307-777-7081
AS
UST CONTACT
VA State Water Control Board
P.O. Box 11143
2111 North Hamilton Street
Richmond, VA 23230-1143
804-367-6685
UST CONTACT
VT Dept. of Natural Resources
Underground Storage Tank Program
103 South Main Street, West Building
Waterbury, VT 05676 802-244-8702
WA UST CONTACT
WA Department of Ecology
Solid & Hazardous Waste Program/
Underground Storage Tank Unit
4224 Sixth Avenue
Rowesix, Bldg. 4, Mail Stop PV-11
OIympia,WA 98504-8711 206-459-6272
UST CONTACT
Environmental Protection Agency
Office of the Governor
American Samoa Government
ATTN: UST Program
Pago Pago, American Samoa 96799
684-633-2682
CNMI UST CONTACT
Division of Environmental Quality
P.O. Box 1304
Commonwealth of Northern Mariana Ids
Saipan.CM 96950 607-234-6984
GU UST CONTACT
Environmental Protection Agency
IT&E
Harmon Plaza, Complex Unit D-107
130 Rojas Street
Harmon, Guam 96911 671-646-8863
PR UST CONTACT
Water Quality Control
Environmental Quality Board
P.O. Box11488
Commonwealth of Puerto Rico
Santurce, Puerto Rico 00910 809-725-8410
VI UST CONTACT
Environmental Protection Division
Dept. of Planning and National Res.
Suite 213, Nisky Center
Charlotte Amalie
St. Thomas, Virgin Islands 00802 809-774-3320
U.S. GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE 1990/725-708
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