United States
                  Environmental Protection
                  Agency
Solid Waste And
Emergency Response
(OS-420)
EPA/530/UST-90/012
August 1990
vvEPA         Straight Talk On  Tanks

                                                        Printed on Recycled Paper

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   Straight Talk On Tanks
   A Summary of Leak Detection
       Methods for Petroleum
Underground Storage Tank Systems
        U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
         Office of Underground Storage Tanks
               August 1990

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 Contents

 An Overview: Leak Detection Requirements for
 Underground Storage Tank Systems	 2
 Ground-Water Monitoring	6
 Vapor Monitoring	.•	g
 Secondary Containment with Interstitial Monitoring .... 10
 Automatic Tank Gauging Systems	.12
 Tank Tightness Testing and Inventory Control	14
Manual Tank Gauging	jg
Leak Detection for Underground Suction Piping	20
Leak Detection for Pressurized Underground Piping .... 23
Need More Information?	27
State UST Program Offices	28

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                                                              PAGE1
 As An Owner Or Operator Of
 Underground Storage Tanks
   • Do you understand the basic leak detection requirements for
     underground storage tanks (USTs)?

   • Are you confused about choosing the most appropriate leak
     detection method for your UST?
These are important questions, because your USTs must have
leak detection when they are installed or by compliance dates
based on the age of the tank.  This booklet contains information
you can use to answer questions about UST leak detection re-
quirements and methods.

STRAIGHT TALK ON TANKS begins with an overview of the
regulatory requirements for leak detection. Each following sec-
tion focuses on one leak detection method or the special require-
ments for piping. You will find answers to many basic questions
about how leak detection methods work and which methods are
most appropriate for your UST site. These sections provide infor-
mation you can use in questioning vendors and making your se-
lection of leak detection.

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PAGE 2
An Overview:  Leak Detection Requirements
For Underground Storage Tank Systems
Federal UST regulations require all UST systems
to have leak detection.  This section explains
when you need leak detection and what your basic
leak detection choices are.


When Do You Have To Have Leak
Detection?

Tanks and piping installed after December 22,
1988 must have leak detection when they are in-
stalled. For USTs installed before that date, the
leak detection requirements are phased in over 5
years, depending on the age of the tank. By 1993
all USTs must meet the Federal leak detection re-
quirements.  State and local regulations may be
more stringent than Federal requirements,  so you
should always check to see which requirements
you need to  meet. (You will find information on
contacting your State on pages 28 through 30  of
this booklet.) The  chart below shows how the
Federal requirements are phased-in over 5 years
for existing USTs:
    If your UST
    was installed,
It must have
leak detection
by December of.
    before 1965 or unknown       1989
    1965 -- 1969               1990
    1970 - 1974               1991
    1975 - 1979               1992
    1980 - Dec. 1988           1993
 There is a special deadline for existing pressur-
 ized piping systems because their pressurized
 contents pose an especially great threat to the en-
 vironment.  Existing pressurized piping systems
 must meet  leak detection requirements by
 December 22,1990. Other kinds of existing piping
 must comply by the dates shown in the phase-in
 schedule above.
What Leak Detection Methods Are OK?

You need to remember that State or local regula-
tions may differ from the Federal requirements,
so be  sure to check and see which requirements
apply to your UST. Rather than requiring specific
technologies, the  Environmental Protection
Agency has identified a variety of general leak de-
tection methods that owners and operators can
use to meet the Federal requirements. You can
use:

    •  Ground-Water Monitorinjg

    •  Vapor Monitoring

    •  Secondary Containment with Interstitial
      Monitoring

    •  Automatic Tank Gauging; Systems

These are all monthly monitoring methods and
eventually everyone must use at least one of
them. However, as a temporary method (for 10
years after new tank installation and for up to 10
years for existing tanks), you can combine tank
tightness testing and manual monthly inventory
control (or manual tank gauging if you have a
very small tank).

Not all of these leak detection methods can be
used for both tanks and piping. Leak detection
methods for piping include ground-water monitor-
ing, vapor monitoring, secondary containment
 with interstitial monitoring, and tightness test-
 ing.  Pressurized piping must also have an auto-
 matic line leak detector. See later sections on suc-
 tion and pressurized piping for full discussions of
 the requirements for piping.

 A brief description of leak detection methods ap-
 pears on the next two pages. More complete de-
 scriptions appear in the following sections.

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                                                                                          PAGES
Ground-Water Monitoring

Ground-water monitoring senses the presence of
liquid product floating on the ground water.  This
method requires installation of monitoring wells
at strategic locations in the ground near the tank
and along the piping runs.  To discover if leaked
product has reached ground  water, these wells
can be checked periodically by hand or continu-
ously with permanently installed equipment.
This method cannot be used at sites where ground
water is more than 20 feet below the surface.

Vapor Monitoring

Vapor monitoring  senses and measures product
"fumes" in the soil  around the tank and piping to
determine the presence of a leak. .This method re-
quires installation  of carefully placed monitoring
wells. Vapor monitoring can be performed manu-
ally on a periodic basis or continuously using per-
manently installed  equipment.
Secondary Containment with Interstitial
Monitoring

Secondary containment consists of placing a bar-
rier ~ by using a vault, liner, or double-walled
structure -- around the UST.  Leaked product
from the inner tank or piping is directed towards
an "interstitial" monitor located between the
inner  tank or piping and the outer barrier.
Interstitial monitoring methods range from a sim-
ple dip stick to a continuous automated vapor or
liquid sensor permanently installed in the system.

Automatic Tank Gauging Systems

Monitors permanently installed in the tank are
linked  electronically to a nearby control device to
provide information on product level and temper-
ature.  During a test period of several hours when
nothing is put into or taken from the tank, these
monitors are used to automatically calculate the
changes in product volume that can indicate a
leaking tank.
                    Leak Detection Methods for Tanks and Piping
 1- Ground-Water Monitoring

 2- Vapor Monitoring

 3- Secondary Containment
    with Interstitial
    Monitoring

 4- Automatic Tank Gauging
    Systems

 5- Tank Tightness Testing
    and Inventory Control

 6- Manual Tank Gauging

 7- Leak Detection for
    Underground Suction
    Piping

 8- Leak Detection for
    Pressurized Underground
    Piping

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PAGE 4
Tank Tightness Testing and Inventory
Control

This is strictly a combination method using peri-
odic tank tightness testing and monthly inventory
control.

Tightness tests require temporarily installing
equipment in the tank.  There are two types of
tightness tests:  volumetric and non-volumetric.
A volumetric test involves filling the tank to a
specified level and precisely measuring the
change in level and temperature over several
hours.  Non-volumetric test methods include ul-
trasound techniques and tracer gas detectors.
These are sophisticated tests and must be per-
formed by trained, experienced professionals.

In addition to tightness testing, you must use
monthly inventory control.  Inventory control is
basically like balancing  a checking account.
Every month the product volume is balanced be-
tween what is delivered and sold from the tank
(this is what the "bank" says you have) with daily
measurements of tank volume taken with a gauge
 stick (these measurements indicate what you ac-
tually have). If your "account" doesn't balance,
you may have a leak.

 Remember, this combined  method can be used
 only during the first 10 years following new tank
 installation or upgrade of your existing UST.
 After that, you must use  monthly monitoring
 methods.

 Manual Tank Gauging

 One additional method, manual tank gauging, can
 be used for smaller tanks, but it has several re-
 strictions. In order to meet the Federal leak de-
 tection requirements, this method can be used by
 itself only for small tanks up to 1,000 gallons.  It
 requires keeping the tank undisturbed for at least
36 hours, during which no product can be added
or removed.  During that period, you measure the
contents of the tank twice at the beginning and
twice at the end of the test period every week.  At
the end of the month, you average your weekly
tests and compare the volume 'lost, if any, to the
permissible standards shown on page 18.  For
tanks over 1,000 gallons but no more than 2,000
gallons this method is allowed only in  combina-
tion with tank tightness testing.  This combined
method, however,  can be used only during the
first 10 years following tank installation or up-
grade.


Which Method Is Best For You?

Choosing leak detection is not a cut-and-dried pro-
cess. There is no one leak detection system that is
best for all sites, nor is there a particular type of
leak detection that is consistently the least expen-
sive.

Each of the leak detection methods has advan-
tages and disadvantages. For example, vapor de-
tection devices work rapidly and most effectively
in dry soils, while liquid detectors are most appro-
priate  for areas with a  high water table.
Identifying the correct option  or combination of
options depends on a number of factors including
cost, tank type, ground-water depth, soil type, and
other variables.

The various factors that influence the selection
and use of leak detection options are discussed in
the Federal regulations and ini the following sec-
tions.

You will want to find the best fit between what
 you need and what is available.  The next page
 also contains a table listing a few of the factors
 that could influence your selection of the leak de-
 tection method that is best for your site.

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Some Factors To Consider in Selecting Leak Detection
(For a foil discussion of many more factors, see the following sections of this booklet)
Detection Option
Ground-Water
Monitoring
Vapor Monitoring
Secondary
Containment
with Interstitial
Monitoring
Automatic Tank
Gauging System
(ATGS)
Tank Tightness
Testing
Inventory Control
Manual Tank
Gauging
Automatic Line
Leak Detectors
Line Tightness
Testing
Site-Specific Factors
Do not use if ground-water level
is greater than 20 ft, if clay soil is
present, or if existing product is
already on the ground water.
Do not use at sites where soil is
saturated with water, the backfill
is clay, or soil vapor levels are
too high.
Site conditions (such as too much
water) may require use of
containment that completely
surrounds tank or piping.
If water collects in excavation,
ATGS must have a water sensor.
Volumetric methods must account
for presence of ground water and
product temperature.
None
None
None
None
Tank-Related Factors
Product must be able to float
on water and not mix easily
with water.
Product must evaporate easily or
substance that evaporates easily
must be added to the tank.
A double-walled system must be
able to detect a release through
the inner wall.
To date, used primarily at sites
with gasoline and diesel in
tanks under 15,000 gallons.
To date, used primarily at sites
with gasoline and diesel tanks
under 15,000 gallons.
None
Limited to tanks under 1,001 gallons
when used alone or under 2,000
gallons when combined with
tightness testing.
Used only for pressurized lines.
Used only for piping.
Cost Factors
Well installation: $15 - $70/ft depth
Equipment: $200 - $5,000 per tank.
$1,200 - $6,000 per tank for
equipment and installation.
Total installed cost of
$5,000 - $12,000 per tank.
Cost per tank:
Equipment = $2,300 - $3,900
Installation = $500 - $3,000.
$250 - $1,000 per test per tank for
problem-free test. If problems
occur, costs may be much higher.
Under $200, but must be
combined with tank tightness testing.
Under $200, but may also
require tightness testing.
Total installed cost of
$400 -$2,000 per line.
$50 - $100 per test per line if
conducted with tank test IWW Ka
                                                                                more expensive if conducted alone.
                                                                                Must do test every 3 years.

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PAGE 6
Ground-Water Monitoring
NOTE: Ground-water monitoring cannot be used
at sites where ground water is more than 20 feet
below the surface.

Will I be in compliance?

When installed and operated according to manu-
facturer's instructions, a ground-water monitor-
ing system meets the Federal leak detection re-
quirements for  new and existing  USTs.
Operation of a ground-water monitoring system
at least once each month fulfills the requirements
for the life of the tank. Ground-water monitoring
can also be used to detect leaks in piping (see the
later sections on leak detection for piping). You
should find out if there are State or local limita-
tions on the use of ground-water monitoring or re-
quirements that are different from those present-
ed below.

How does it work?
 Operation
         Ground-water monitoring involves the
         use of one or more permanent monitor-
         ing wells placed close to the UST. The
         wells are checked at least monthly  for
         the presence of product that has leaked
         from the UST and is floating on the
         ground-water surface.

         The two main components of a ground-
         water monitoring system are the moni-
         toring well (typically a well of 2-4 inches
         in diameter) and the monitoring device.
 Installation
          The number of wells and their place-
          ment is very important.  Many State
          and local agencies have developed regu-
          lations for this, usually requiring some-
        where between one and four monitoring
        wells per UST (additional ones may be
        required for piping).

     •  Before installation, a site assessment is
        necessary to determine the soil type,
        ground-water depth  and flow direction,
        and the general geology of the site.

Variations

     •  Detection devices may be permanently
        installed in the well for automatic, con-
        tinuous measurements of leaked prod-
        uct.

     «  Detection devices are also available in
        manual form. Manual devices range
    x    from a bailer (used to collect a liquid
        sample for visual inspection) to a device
        that can be inserted  into the  well to
        electronically indicate the presence of
        leaked product.  Manual devices must
        be operated at least once a month.


What are the regulatory requirements?

      • Ground-water monitoring can  only be
        used if the  stored substance does  not
        easily mix with water  and floats on top
        of water.

      • If ground-water monifx)ring is to be the
        sole method of leak detection,  the
        ground water must not be more than 20
        feet below the surface, and the soil be-
        tween the well and the UST must be
         sand, gravel or other coarse materials.

      • Monitoring wells must be properly de-
         signed and sealed to keep them from be-
         coming contaminated from  outside
         sources. The wells must also be clearly
         marked and locked.

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                                                                                          PAGE?
      •   Wells should be placed in, or very near
         to, the UST backfill so that they can de-
         tect a leak as quickly as possible.

      •   Product detection devices must be able
         to detect one-eighth inch or less of
         leaked product on top of the ground
         water.
Will it work at my site?

      •   In general, ground-water monitoring
         works best at UST sites where:

           - The ground-water surface extends
            beneath the tank;

           - Monitoring wells are installed in the
            tank backfill;

           - Ground water is between 2 and 10
            feet from the surface; and

           - There are no previous releases of
            product that would falsely indicate a
            current release.

         A  site  assessment  is  critical  for
         determining these site-specific condi-
         tions.
What other information do I need?

     •   The proper design and construction of a
         monitoring well system  is crucial to ef-
         fective detection of leaked product and
         should be performed by an experienced
         contractor.  Before construction begins,
         any specific State or local construction
         requirements should be identified.

     •   Purchasing  a ground-water monitoring
         system is similar to  any other major
         purchase.  You should  "shop around,"
         ask questions, get recommendations,
         and select a company that meets the
         needs of your UST site.


How much does it cost?

     •   The capital costs for ground-water moni-
         toring are generally much greater than
         the annual operating costs.

     •   The following cases illustrate the effect
         that different factors have on the cost of
         ground-water monitoring:

         Case #1
         One tank — well in backfill —
         short piping runs — manual
         monitoring — two wells installed:

         Equipment Cost = $200-250
         Installation Cost = $15-25/ft well depth
         Annual Operating Cost = Under $100

         Case #2
         One tank — well not in backfill —
         long piping runs — automated
         monitoring — five wells installed:

         Equipment Cost = $2,200-5,000 ,
         Installation Cost = $50-70/ft well depth;
          conduit to the central console =
          $500-2,000
         Annual Operating Cost = Under $200

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PAGES
Vapor Monitoring
Will I be in compliance?

When installed and operated according to manu-
facturer's instructions, vapor monitoring meets
the Federal leak detection requirements for new
and existing USTs. Operation of a vapor monitor-
ing system at least once each month fulfills the
requirements for the life of the tank. Vapor moni-
toring can also be installed to detect leaks from
piping (see the later sections on leak detection for
piping). You should find out if there are State or
local limitations on the use of vapor monitoring or
requirements that are different from those pre-
sented below.
How does it work?
 Operation
         Vapor monitoring measures "fumes"
         from leaked product in the soil around
         the tank to  determine if the tank is
         leaking.
 Variations
         Fully automated vapor monitoring sys-
         tems have permanently installed equip-
         ment to continuously gather and ana-
         lyze vapor samples and respond to a re-
         lease with a visual or audible alarm.

         Manually operated vapor monitoring
         systems range from equipment that im-
         mediately analyzes a gathered vapor
         sample, to devices that gather a sample
         that must be sent to a laboratory for
         analysis. Monitoring results from man-
         ual systems are generally less accurate
         than those from automated systems.
         Manual systems must be used at least
         once a month to monitor a site.
Calibration and Maintenance

     •  All vapor monitoring devices should be
        calibrated annually to a gas standard to
        ensure that they are properly respond-
        ing to vapor.

     •  Maintenance items vary depending upon
        the system. Manual  systems usually re-
        quire more maintenance than automat-
        ed systems.

Installation

     •  Vapor monitoring requires the installa-
        tion  of monitoring wells within the tank
        backfill.

     •  Usually  one well per 20-40 feet sur-
        rounding tanks and  piping is sufficient
        (the proper  number depends upon the
        site conditions).


What are the regulatory requirements?

      • The UST backfill must be sand, gravel,
        or another material  that will allow the
        vapors to easily move to the monitor.

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                                                                                         PAGE 9
      •  The backfill should be clean enough that
         previous contamination does not inter-
         fere with the detection of a current leak.

      •  The substance stored in the UST must
         vaporize easily so that the vapor moni-
         tor can detect a release.

      •  High ground water, excessive rain, or
         other sources of moisture must not in-
         terfere with the operation of vapor mon-
         itoring for more than 30 consecutive
         days.

    :  •  Monitoring wells must be locked and
         clearly marked.


WiU it work at my site?

      *  Before  installing a vapor monitoring
         system, a site assessment should deter-
         mine whether vapor monitoring is ap-
         propriate at the site. A site assessment
         usually includes at least a determina-
         tion of the ground-water level, back-
         ground contamination, stored product
         type, and soil type.

      •  Some vapor monitoring systems can
         overcome site problems, such as clay
         backfill. You should discuss any prob-
         lems that may apply  to your site with
         the equipment salesman and your con-
         tractor  to ensure they have considered
         the problems and will compensate for
         them, if necessary, when installing your
         vapor monitoring system.


What other information  do I need?

      •   Purchasing a vapor monitoring system
         is similar to any other major purchase.
         You should "shop around," ask ques-
         tions, get recommendations, and select a
         method and a company that can meet
         the needs of your site.


How much does it cost?

     •   The cost of a vapor monitoring system is
         influenced by the UST site  condition,
         the required number of monitoring
         wells, their depth, whether an automat-
         ed or manual system is chosen, the com-
         plexity of the chosen system, and its
         maintenance.  If a site needs to be
         cleaned up before a system can be in-
         stalled, costs would increase.  However,
         vapor monitoring has very low annual
         operating costs (unless a manual system
         requires laboratory analysis). Here are
         two possible cases:

         Case #1
         One tank — 20 feet of piping —
         manual monitoring using laboratory
         analysis — two wells installed:

         Equipment Cost = $ 200-400
         Installation Cost = $ 1,000-2,000
        Annual Operating Cost = $ 1,200

         Case #2
        One tank — 70 feet of piping —
        automated monitoring and results —
        five wells installed:

        Equipment Cost = $2,800-$3,000
        Installation Cost = $2,000-4,000
        Annual Operating Cost = Under $25

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PAGE10
Secondary Containment With Interstitial Monitoring
NOTE:  Secondary containment with interstitial
monitoring is required for hazardous substance
USTs, and the requirements are different from
those for petroleum USTs. Consult your State or
local agency for regulations on hazardous sub-
stance USTs.
Will I be in compliance?

"When installed and operated according to manu-
facturer's specifications, secondary containment
with interstitial monitoring meets the Federal
leak detection requirements for new and existing
USTs.  Operation of the monitoring device at least
once each month fulfills the requirements for the
life of the tank.  Secondary containment with in-
terstitial monitoring can also be used to detect
leaks from piping (see the later sections on leak
detection for piping).

You should find out if State or local requirements
allow all of the types of secondary containment
and interstitial monitoring or have other restric-
tions that are different from those described
below.  In some  jurisdictions,  secondary contain-
ment is required for all USTs.
 How does it work?

 Secondary containment

       • - Secondary containment provides a bar-
         rier between the tank and the environ-
         ment.
       •  The barrier holds the leak between the
         tank and the barrier long enough for the
         leak to be detected.

       *  The barrier is shaped so that a leak will
         be directed towards the monitor.
     •  Barriers include:

        - Double-walled tanks, in which an
          outer tank partially or completely sur-
          rounds the primary tank;

        - Leakproof excavation liners that par-
          tially or completely surround the tank;

        - Leakproof liners that closely surround
          the tank (also known as "jackets"); and

        - Concrete vaults, with or without lining.

     •  Clay and other earth materials cannot
        be used as barriers.

Interstitial monitors

     •  Monitors are used to check the area be-
        tween the tank and the barrier for leaks
        and alert the operator if a leak is sus-
        pected.

     •  Some monitors indicate the physical
        presence of the leaked  product, either
        liquid or gaseous. Other monitors check
        for a change in condition that indicates
        a hole in the tank, su.eh as a loss of pres-
        sure or a change in the level of water be-
        tween the walls of a double-walled tank.

      •  Monitors can be as siimple as a dipstick
        used at the lowest point of the contain-
         ment to see if liquid product has leaked
         and pooled there.  Monitors can also be
         sophisticated automated systems that
         continuously check for leaks.


What are the regulatory requirements?

      •  The barrier  must be immediately
         around or beneath the tank.

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                                                                                         PAGE 11
      0  The interstitial monitor must  be
         checked at least once every 30 days.

      9  A double-walled system must be able to
         detect a release through the inner wall.

      •  An excavation liner must:

         - Direct a leak towards the monitor;

         - Not allow the specific product being
           stored to pass through it any faster
           than 10-6 cm/sec;            :

         - Be compatible with the product stored
           in the tank;

         - Not interfere with the UST's cathodic
           protection;

         - Not be disabled by moisture;

         - Always be above the ground water
           and the 25-year flood plain; and

         - Have clearly marked and locked moni-
           toring wells, if they are used.


Will it work at my site?

     *   In areas with high ground water or a lot
         of rainfall, it may be necessary to select
         a secondary containment system  that
         completely surrounds the tank to pre-
         vent moisture from interfering with the
         monitor.


What other information do I need?

     •   Correct installation is fairly difficult yet
         is crucial both for the barrier and the in-
         terstitial monitor.  Therefore, trained
         and experienced installers  are  neces-
         sary.
      •  The purchase of secondary containment
         with interstitial monitoring is similar to
         any other major purchase.  You should
         "shop around," ask questions, get recom-
         mendations, and select a method and
         company that  can meet the needs of
         your UST site.


How much does it cost?

      •  The costs of the secondary containment
         depend on the  size and number of the
         tanks, how much of the tank is  sur-
         rounded by the  barrier, the product, the
         type of containment, and the site condi-
         tions.  The cost of the interstitial moni-
         tor depends on the number of tanks, de-
         gree of automation, and type of monitor.

      •  Here are possible costs for containment
         and monitoring at a typical station with
         three 10,000-gallon tanks:

         - Monitored double-walled tanks cost
          $15,000 - $30,000 above the cost of
          single-walled, unmonitored tanks; or

        - An excavation liner (not covering the
          top of the tank) and monitoring could
          cost $10,000-$16,000.

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PAGE12
Automatic Tank Gauging Systems
Will I be in compliance?

When installed and operated according to manu-
facturer's specifications, automatic tank gauging
systems (ATGS) meet the Federal leak detection
requirements for new and existing USTs.  A test
performed each month fulfills the requirements
for the life of the tank. (For additional leak detec-
tion requirements for piping, see the later sec-
tions on leak detection for piping.)  You should
find out if State or local requirements allow ATGS
or have other requirements that are different
from those presented below.
How does it work?

      •   The product level and temperature in a
         tank are measured continuously and au-
         tomatically analyzed and recorded by a
         computer.

      «   In the "inventory mode," the ATGS re-
         places the use of the gauge stick to mea-
         sure product level and perform invento-
         ry control. This mode records the activi-
         ties of an in-service tank, including de-
         liveries.

      *  In the "test mode," the tank is taken out
         of service and the product level and tem-
         perature are measured for at least one
         hour.
Will it work at my site?

     •  ATGS have been uaed primarily on
        tanks containing gasoline or diesel, with
        a capacity of less than 15,000 gallons.

     •  If considering using an ATGS for larger
        tanks or products other than gasoline or
        diesel, discuss its applicability with the
        manufacturer's representative.

     •  Water around a tank may hide a leak by
      ,  temporarily preventing the product from
        leaving the tank.  To detect a leak in
        this situation, the AT<3S should be capa-
        ble of detecting water in the bottom of a
        tank.
What other information do I need?

      • The ATGS probe is permanently in-
        stalled through a pipis (not the fill pipe)
        on the top of the tank. Each tank at a
        site must be equipped with a separate
        probe.

      • The ATGS probe is cemnected to a moni-
        tor that displays ongoing product level
        information and the results  of the
 What are the regulatory requirements?

       •  The ATGS must be able to detect a leak
         at least as small as 0.2 gallons per hour.
         By December 1990, the ATGS must also
         be able to meet the Federal regulatory
         requirements regarding probabilities of
         detection and false alarm.
               -*¥-

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                                                                                    PAGE 13
    monthly test.  Printers can be connected
    to the monitor to record  this informa-
    tion.

•   For most ATGS, up to 8  tanks can be
    connected to a single monitor.

•   ATGS usually are equipped with alarms
    for high and low product level, high
    water level, and theft.

•   ATGS can be United with  computers at
    other locations, from which the system
    can be programmed or read.

•   No product should be delivered to the
    tank or withdrawn from it for at least 6
    hours before the monthly test or during
    the test (which generally  takes 1 to 6
'  ,  hours).

•   An ATGS can be programmed to per-
   form a test more often than once per .
    month, if so desired.

•   Purchasing an ATGS is similar to any
    other major purchase.  You should "shop
    around,"  ask questions, get recommen-
   dations, and select a method and compa-
   ny that can meet the needs  of your site.
How much does it cost?

     •   Equipment costs —

         Monitor: $1,700-2,700; varies with man-
                 ufacturer and whether a print-
                 er is included.
         Probes:  $500-l,100/probe; varies with
                 manufacturer.
         Cables:  $0.15-1.00/foot; varies with the
                 contractor and the part of the
                 country.

     •   Installation costs for a typical 3-tank
         system —

          For a site that already has conduits
          for cables: $500 J.,500.

          For a site in which conduit must be
          laid  an average distance:  $2,500-
          3,000.

          For a very complex site with many
          conduits  running long distances and
          where rewiring is necessary: up to
          $10,000.

     •  Annual operating costs for a typical 3-
        tank system —        -

          About $50-100 for electricity,  printer
          paper, and maintenance.

     •  For a typical 3-tank system the total
        equipment cost ranges  from about
        $5,000  for a basic system to $10,000 for
        a top-pf-the-line system.  The installa-
        tion cost averages about $2,000-3,000.

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PAGE14
Tank Tightness Testing and Inventory Control
Will I be in compliance?

When performed according to manufacturer's
specifications, periodic tank tightness testing
combined with monthly inventory control can
temporarily (as described  below)  meet the
Federal leak detection requirements for new and
existing USTs.  In addition, you should determine
if State or local requirements have limitations on
the use of these methods or requirements differ-
ent from those presented below.

These two leak detection methods must be used
together, because neither method alone meets the
Federal requirements for leak detection for tanks.
Tightness testing is also an option for under-
ground piping, as described in the later sections
on leak detection for piping.

Because  they must be used together, both tank
tightness testing and inventory control are dis-
cussed in this  section.  Tank tightness testing is
discussed first, followed by inventory control.
 Tank Tightness Testing

 How does it work?

 Tightness tests include a wide variety of methods.
 Other terms used for these methods include "pre-
 cision testing" and "volumetric testing."
 Operation
         There are a few methods that do not
         measure the level or volume of the prod-
         uct. Instead, these methods use a prin-
         ciple such as acoustics to determine the
         physical presence of a hole in the tank.
         With such methods, all of the factors in
         the following bullets may not apply.
•  Most tightness test methods are "volu-
   metric" methods in which the change in
   product level or volume in a tank over
   several hours is measured veiy precisely
   (in milliliters or thousandths of an
   inch).

•  For most methods, changes in product
   temperature also must be measured
   very precisely (thousandths of a degree)
   concurrently with level measurements
   because temperature changes cause vol-
   ume changes that interfere with finding
   aleak.

•  For most methods, a net decrease in
   product volume (subtracting out temper-
   ature-induced volume changes) over the
   time of the test indicates a leak.

•  The testing equipment is temporarily
   installed in the tank, usually through
   the fill pipe.

•  The tank must be taken out of service
   for the test, generally 6 to 12 hours, de-
   pending on the method.
  Xtt****1®1*^^
   	

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                                                                                         PAGE15
      •   Many test methods  require that the
         product in the tank be at a certain level
         before testing, which  often requires
         adding product from another tank on-
         site or purchasing additional product.

Varieties of methods

      •   Some tightness test methods require all
         of the measurements and calculations to
         be made by hand by  the tester. Other
         tightness test methods are highly auto-
         mated.  After the tester sets up the
         equipment, a computer controls the
         measurements and analysis.

      •   There are several  different acceptable
         ways to  measure product temperature:
         mixing the product so it is all one tem-
         perature; using a sensor that calculates
         an average temperature by measuring
         temperature throughout the depth of
         the product; and using at least 3 tem-
         perature sensors at  different product
         levels to calculate an average tempera-
         ture.

      •   A few methods measure  properties of
         the product that are independent of
         temperature, such  as the mass of the
         product,  and so do not need to measure
         product temperature.
What are the regulatory requirements?

      •  The tightness test method must be able
         to detect a leak at least as small as 0.1
         gallon per hour. By December 1990, the
         tightness test method must also be able
         to meet the Federal regulatory require-
         ments regarding probabilities of detec-
         tion and false alarm.
         Tightness tests must be performed peri-
         odically as shown in the following table:
            MINIMUM TESTING FREQUENCY
         New tanks
         Existing tanks,
         upgraded
         Existing tanks,
         not upgraded
Every 5 years for
10 years following
installation

Every 5 years for
10 years following
upgrade

Every year until
1998
         ("Upgraded* tanks have corrosion protection and
         spill/overfill prevention devices.)
      •   After the applicable time period listed
         above, you must have a monitoring
         method that can be performed at least
         once per month.  See the other sections
         of this booklet for allowable monthly
         monitoring options.


Will it work at my site?

      •   Tank tightness testing has been used
         primarily on tanks less than 15,000 gal-
         lons in capacity containing gasoline and
         diesel.

      •   If you are considering using tightness
         testing for larger tanks or products
         other than gasoline or diesel, discuss the
         method's  applicability with the manu-
         facturer's representative.


What other information do I need?

      •   For most methods, the test is performed
         by a testing company. You just observe
         the test.

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PAGE16
     •  Manifolded tanks generally should be
        disconnected and tested separately.

     •  Depending on the method, up to 4 tanks
        can be tested at one time. Generally, an
        automated system is necessary to test 3
        or 4 tanks at a time.

     •  Procedure and personnel, not equip-
        ment, are usually the  most important
        factors in  a successful tightness test.
        Therefore, well-trained  and experienced
        testers are very important. Some States
        and local authorities may have tester
        certification programs.

     •  Purchasing a tightness test is similar to
        any other major purchase.  You should
        "shop around," ask questions, get recom-
        mendations, and select  a method and a
        company that can meet the needs of
        your site.


What does it cost?

     •  There are no capital costs for test equip-
        ment.

     •  The total cost per test is highly variable.
        The prices quoted by testing companies
        range from about $250 to $1,000 per
        tank, with most between $500 and $800.
        These prices are for a simple test with
        no problems.

     •  The final cost for a tank tightness test
        can be significantly higher.  Some fac-
        tors that would add to the cost of a test
        that you should ask about are:

        - Product to fill the tank to the mini-
          mum testing level, if it is product that
          you would not buy otherwise.
        - Lost business from shutting down the
          tank during normal business hours.

        - Replacing or repairing parts of the
          tank system before a test can be per-
          formed.

        - Uncovering part of the tank system
          and then recovering it, to correct prob-
          lems such as vapor pockets or piping
          that must be valved off.

        Costs can be reduced if a large number
        of tanks are to be tested and if you
        check the tank and do the necessary re-
        pairs and replacements before the test
        crew arrives.
Inventory Control

How does it work?

     •  Inventory control is basically like bal-
        ancing a checking account.  Every
        month the product volume is balanced
        between what is delivered and what is
        sold from the tank (this is what the
        "bank" says you have) with daily mea-
        surements of tank volume taken  with a
        gauge stick (these measurements indi-

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                                                                                       PAGE 17
        cate what you actually have).  If your
        "account" doesn't balance, you may have
        a leak.

     •  UST inventories are determined in the
        morning and in the evening or after
        each shift by using a gauge stick and
        the data is recorded on a ledger form.
        The level on the gauge stick can be
        translated to a volume of product in the
        tank using a calibration chart, which is
        often furnished by the UST manufac-
        turer.

     •  The amounts of product delivered to and
        withdrawn from the UST each day are
        also recorded.

     •  At least once each month, the gauge
        stick data and the sales and delivery
        data are reconciled and the month's
        overage or shortage is determined.  If
        the overage or shortage is greater than
        or equal to 1.0 percent of the tank's
        flow-through volume plus 130 gallons of
        product, the UST may be leaking.


What are the regulatory requirements?

     •  Inventory control must be used in con-
        junction with periodic tank tightness
   x     tests.

     •  The gauge stick should be long enough
        to reach the bottom of the tank and
        marked so that the product level can be
        determined to the nearest one-eighth of
        an inch.

     •  A monthly measurement must be taken
        to identify any water  at the bottom of
        the tank.
      •  Deliveries must be made through a drop
        tube that extends to within one foot of
        the tank bottom.

      •  Product dispensers  must be calibrated
        to the local weights  and measures stan-
        dards.


Will it work at my site?

      •  If your tank is not level, inventory con-
        trol may need to be modified. You will
        need to create your own tank chart by
        adding increments of product and read-
        ing the corresponding level.


What other information do I need?

      • Inventory control is a practical, com-
        monly used management tool that does
        not require closing down the tank opera-
        tion.

      • You can perform inventory control your-
        self.

      • Gauge accuracy can be significantly im-
        proved by the  use  of product-finding
        paste.

      • Your product supplier, jobber or contrac-
        tor may be able to teach you the proper
        technique for inventory control, and
        may be able to  supply you with record-
        ing forms and a gauge stick.


How much does it cost?

      •  The main costs  are the price of a gauge
        stick and perhaps some product-finding
        paste.  The  cost of  these items is less
        than $200.

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PAGE18
Manual Tank Gauging
NOTE:  Manual tank gauging can only be used
for smaller tanks.  Tanks 1,000 gallons or less
can use this method alone, but tanks from 1,001 -
2,000 gallons can only use manual tank gauging
when it is combined with tank tightness testing.
Manual tank gauging cannot be used for  tanks
over 2,000 gallons.

If you are considering using manual tank gauging
to meet the Federal UST leak detection require-
ments, this section provides information about its
appropriate use.  This method should not be con-
fused with inventory control, which is described in
the previous section of this booklet.


Will I be in compliance?

As described below, when performed according to
recommended practices, manual tank gauging
meets the Federal leak detection requirements for
USTs with a  capacity of 1,000 gallons or less for
the life of the tank.  (For additional leak detec-
tion requirements  for piping, see the  following
sections on leak detection for piping.) You should
find out if State or local requirements have limita-
tions on the use of manual tank gauging or have
requirements that are different from those pre-
sented below.
How does it work?
        Four liquid level measurements must be
        taken weekly, two at the beginning and
        two at the end of aft least a 36-hour
        period during which nothing is added
        to or removed from the tank.

        The average of the two consecutive end-
        ing measurements are subtracted from
        the average of the two beginning mea-
        surements to indicate the change in
        product volume.

        Every week, the calculated change in
        tank volume is compared to the stan-
        dards shown in the table below.  If the
        calculated change exceeds the weekly
        standard, the  UST may be leaking.
        Also, monthly averages of the four
        weekly test results must be compared to
        the monthly standard in the same way.
               Weekly    Monthly     Minimum
               Standard   Standard    Duration
Tank Capacity    (one test)   (4-testavg.)  of Test

If Manual Tank Gauging is the ONLY
leak detection method used:

up to 550 gallons  10 gallons   5 gallons     36 hours

551 -1,000 gal.    9 gallons   4 gallons     44 hours
(when largest tank
is 64" x 73")
                                                   1,000 gal.
                                                   (if tank is
                                                   48" x 128")
               12 gallons   6 gallons     58 hours
                                                   If Manual Tank Gauging is combined with
                                                   Tank Tightness Testing:

                                                   1,001 - 2,000 gal.  26 gallons  13 gallons   36 hours

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                                                                                       PAGE 19
What are the regulatory requirements?

     •  Liquid level measurements must be
        taken with a gauge stick that is marked
        to measure the liquid to the nearest one-
        eighth of an inch.

     •  Manual tank gauging may be used as
        the sole method of leak detection for
        tanks with a capacity of 1,000 gallons or
        less for the life of the tank.

     •  For tanks with a capacity of 1,001  -
        2,000  gallons, manual tank gauging
        must be  combined with tightness
        testing according to the schedule
        below. See the earlier section on tank
        tightness testing for. details on this
        method.
            MINIMUM TIGHTNESS TESTING
                    FREQUENCY
        New tanks
        Existing tanks,
        upgraded
        Existing tanks,
        not upgraded
Every 5 years for
10 years following
installation

Every 5 years for
10 years following
upgrade

Every year until
1998
        ("Upgraded" tanks have corrosion protection and
        spill/overfill prevention devices.)
        Please note that this combined method
        will meet the Federal requirements only
        temporarily.  After the applicable time
        period listed above,  you must have a
        monitoring method  that can be per-
        formed at least once a month.  See the
        other sections of this booklet for allow-
        able monthly monitoring options.
      •   Tanks greater than 2,000 gallons in
         capacity may not use this method of leak
         detection to meet these regulatory
         requirements.


Will it work at my site?

      •   Manual tank gauging is inexpensive
         and can be an  effective leak detection
         method when used as described above
         with tanks of the appropriate size.


What other information do I need?

      •   You can perform manual tank gauging
         yourself.   Correct gauging, recording
         and interpretation are the most impor-
         tant factors for successful tank gauging.

      •   Your product supplier, jobber or contrac-
         tor can probably teach you the proper
         technique for manual tank gauging, and
         may be able to  supply you with record-
         ing forms and a gauge stick.

      •   The accuracy of tank gauging can be
         greatly increased by spreading product-
         finding paste on the gauge stick before
         taking a measurement.


How much does it cost?

      •   For tanks less  than 1,001 gallons, the
         only costs are the price of a gauge stick
         and perhaps some product-finding
         paste.  These costs are nominal (less
         than $200).

      •   For tanks between 1,001-2,000 gallons,
         there is the additional cost of periodic
         tank tightness testing.  These costs are
         highly variable (from about $250 to over
         $1,000 for each test).

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PAGE 20
Leak Detection for Underground Suction Piping
Will I be in compliance?

When installed and operated according to manu-
facturer's specifications, the leak detection meth-
ods discussed here meet the" Federal regulatory
requirements for the life of new and existing un-
derground suction piping systems.  You should
find out if State or local requirements allow al
these methods or have other requirements that
are different from those described below.


What are the regulatory requirements?

      •  No leak detection is required if the
         suction piping has (1) enough slope so
         that the product in the pipe can drain
         back into the tank when suction is re-
         leased and (2) has only one check valve,
         which is as close as possible beneath the
         pump in the dispensing unit.  If a suc-
         tion line is to be considered exempt
         based on these design elements, there
         must be some way to check that the line
         was actually installed according to these
         plans.

      •  If a suction line does not meet all of
         these design criteria, one of the follow-
         ing leak detection methods  must be
         used:

         - A line tightness test at least every 3
           years; or

         - Monthly vapor monitoring; or

         - Monthly ground-water monitoring; or

         - Monthly interstitial monitoring.

         The line tightness test must be able to
         detect a leak at least as small as 0.1  gal-
         lon per hour.  By December 1990, the
        test must also meet the Federal regula-
        tory requirements regarding probabili-
        ties of detection and false alarm.

     •  Ground-water, vapor, and interstitial
        monitoring have the same regulatory re-
        quirements for piping as they do for
        tanks.  See the earlier sections of this
        booklet on those methods.

How do the methods work?

Line tightness testing

     •  The line is taken out of service and pres-
        surized. A drop in pressure  over time,
        preferably one hour, suggests a possible
        leak.

     •  Suction lines are not pressurized very
        much during a tightness test (less than
        15 pounds per square inch).

     •  Tightness tests must be conducted at
        least every three years.

     •  Most line tightness tests are performed
        by a testing company. You just observe
        the test.

     •  Some tank tightness test methods can
        be performed to include a tightness test
        .of the connected piping.

     •  For most line tightness tests, no perma-
        nent equipment is installed.

     •  The line must be taken out of service for
        the test, ideally for several hours to
        allow the line to stabilize before the test.

      •  In the event of trapped vapor pockets, it
        may not be possible to conduct a valid
        line tightness test. There is no way to

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                                                                                        PAGE 21
         tell definitely before the test begins if
         this will be a problem, but longer com-
         plicated piping runs with a lot of risers
         and dead ends are more likely to have
         vapor pockets.

Ground-water or vapor monitoring

      •   Ground-water monitoring checks for
         leaked product floating on the ground
         water near the piping.

      •   Vapor monitoring detects product that
         leaks into the soil and evaporates there.

      •   A monitoring well should be installed
         every 20 to 40 feet.

      •   UST systems  using ground-water or
         vapor monitoring for the tanks are well
         suited to use the same monitoring
         method for the piping.

      •   See the earlier sections on ground-water
         and vapor monitoring.  Use of these
         methods with piping is similar to that
         for tanks.

Secondary containment with interstitial
monitoring

      •   A barrier is placed between the  piping
         and the environment.  Barriers such as
         double-walled piping or a leakproof liner
         in the piping trench can be used.

      •   A monitor is placed between the  piping
         and the barrier to sense a leak if it oc-
         curs.  Monitors range from a simple
         stick that can be put in a sump to see if
         a liquid is present, to continuous auto-
         mated systems, such as those that moni-
         tor for the presence of evaporated prod-
         uct.
      •   Proper installation of secondary contain-
         ment  is the most important and the
         most difficult aspect of this leak detec-
         tion method. Trained and experienced
         installers are necessary.

      •   See the section on secondary contain-
         ment for  additional  information.
         Secondary  containment for piping is
         similar to that for tanks.


What other information do I need?

      •   Purchasing piping leak detection is sim-
         ilar to any other major purchase. You
         should "shop around," ask questions, get
         recommendations, and select a method
         and company with experience and one
         that can meet the needs of your site.


How much does it cost?

Line tightness tests

      •   When  performed at the same time as a
         tank tightness  test, a  typical line test
         costs about  $50-100.  The price varies
         with the length and complexity of the
         piping.

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PAGE 22
        If a testing company comes on-site to
        perform only a line tightness test, the
        cost will probably be much higher unless
        you can negotiate for a package deal for
        a larger number of tests. Not all tight-
        ness testing companies will do indepen-
        dent line tests.

Ground-water or vapor monitoring

      • If you have already selected ground-
        water or vapor  monitoring for your
        tanks, the additional cost to include pip-
        ing in the monitoring network may be
        relatively small if only wells need to be
        added.  If an underground  cable or an
        extra  control panel is needed for an au-
        tomated system, the cost will be higher.
        See the sections on ground-water and
        vapor monitoring for costs of tank moni-
        toring.
Secondary containment with interstitial
monitoring

      •  The total installed cost for double-
         walled piping for a typical 3-tank sta-
         tion is $10,000, not including digging
         the trenches.  Costs vary 'with size of
         pipe, length of run, site conditions, and
         contractor. In general, double-walled
         piping systems cost about 3 times as
         much as single-walled systems.

      •  For a typical station, trench  liners cost
         about $25 to $40 per linear  foot for 2-
         inch pipes, depending on the  number of
         pipes.   Installation is about $800 to
         $1,500, depending on site conditions.

      •  The costs of a monitor range from essen-
         tially nothing for a dipstick to a total in-
         stalled cost of  about $1,000 for an elec-
         tronic sensor (not including control
         panel).

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                                                                                   PAGE 23
Leak Detection for Pressurized Underground Piping
Will I be in compliance?

When installed and operated according to manu-
facturer's specifications, the leak detection meth-
ods discussed here meet the Federal regulatory
requirements for the life of new and existing pres-
surized underground piping systems. You should
find out if State or local requirements allow all of
these methods or have other requirements that
are different from those described below.
When do I have to start?

New pressurized piping must have leak detection
when it is installed. Existing pressurized piping
must meet the leak detection regulatory require-
ments by December 22,1990.


What are the regulatory requirements?

     . •  Each pressurized piping run must have
        one leak detection method from each set
        below:

        An Automatic Line Leak Detector:
        =-.
          — Automatic flow restrictor or
          — Automatic flow shutoff or
          — Continuous alarm system

        And One Other Method:

          — Monthly ground-water monitoring or
          — Monthly vapor monitoring  or
          — Monthly interstitial monitoring or
          — Annual tightness test

     •  The automatic line leak detector (LLD)
        must be able to detect a leak at least as
        small as 3 gallons per hour at a line
pressure of 10 pounds per square inch
within 1 hour by shutting off the prod-
uct flow, restricting the product flow, or
triggering an audible or visual alarm.

The line tightness test must be able to
detect a leak at least as small as 0.1 gal-
lon per hour when the line pressure is
one and one-half times its normal oper-
ating pressure.

By December 1990, automatic LLDs and
line tightness tests must also be able to
meet the Federal  regulatory require-
ments regarding probabilities of detec-
tion and false alarm.

Ground-water, vapor, and interstitial
monitoring have the same regulatory re-
quirements for  piping as  they do for
tanks.  See the earlier sections of this
booklet on those methods.

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PAGE 24
How do the methods work?

Automatic line leak detectors CLLDs)

      •  Flow restrictors and flow shutoffs can
         monitor the pressure within the line in
         a variety of ways:  whether the pressure
         decreases over time; how long it takes
         for a line to reach operating  pressure;
         and combinations of increases and de-
         creases in pressure.

      •  If a possible leak is detecte'd, a flow re-
         stricter keeps the product flow through
         the line at 3 gallons per hour, well below
         the usual flow rate.

      •  If a possible leak is detected, a flow
         shutoff completely cuts off product flow
         in the line or shuts down the pump.

      •  A continuous alarm  system constantly
         monitors line conditions and immediate-
         ly triggers an audible or visual alarm if
         a leak is suspected. Automated vapor or
         interstitial line monitoring systems can
         also be set up to operate continuously
         and sound an alarm, flash a  signal on
         the console, or even ring a telephone in
         a manager's office when a leak is detect-
         ed.

      •  Both automatic flow restrictors and
         shutoffs are permanently installed di-
         rectly into the pipe or the pump hous-
         ing.

      •  Vapor and interstitial monitoring sys-
         tems can be combined with automatic
         shutoff systems so that whenever the
         monitor detects a possible release the
         piping system is shut down.  This would
         qualify as a continuous alarm system.
         Such a setup would meet the monthly
         monitoring requirement as well as the
         LLD requirement.

Line tightness testing

      •   The line is taken out of service and pres-
         surized, usually above the normal oper-
         ating pressure. A drop in pressure over
         time, preferably one hour,  suggests a
         possible leak.

      •   Tightness tests miast be conducted an-
         nually.

      •   Most line tightness! tests are performed
         by a testing company. You just observe
         the test.

      •   Some tank tightness test methods can
         be performed to include a tightness test
         of the connected piping.

      •   For most line tightness tests, no perma-
         nent equipment is installed.

      •   The line must be taken out of service for
         the test,  ideally for several hours to
         allow the line to stabilize the test.

      •   In the event of trapped vapor pockets, it
         may not be possible to conduct a valid
         line tightness test.  There is no way to
         tell definitely before the test begins if
         this will be a problem, but longer com-
         plicated piping runs with a lot of risers
         and dead  ends are  more likely to have
         vapor pockets.

Secondary containment with interstitial
monitoring

      •   A barrier  is placed  between the piping
         and the environment.  Double-walled
         piping or a leakproof liner in the piping

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                                                                                        PAGE 25
        trench can be used.  A monitor is placed
        between the piping and the barrier that
        senses  a  leak if it occurs.   Monitors
        range from  a simple stick that can be
        put into a sump to see if a liquid is pre-
        sent, to continuous automated systems,
        such as those that monitor for the pres-
        ence of evaporated product.

     •  Proper installation of secondary contain-
        ment is the most important and the
        most difficult aspect of this release de-
        tection method.  Trained and  experi-
        enced installers are necessary.

     •  See  the section on  secondary contain-
        ment  for  additional information.
        Secondary containment for  piping is
      . similar to that for tanks.

Ground-water or vapor monitoring

     •  Ground-water monitoring checks for
        leaked product floating on the  ground
        water near the piping.

     •  Vapor monitoring detects product that
        leaks into the soil and evaporates there.

     •  A monitoring well should be installed
        every 20 to 40 feet.

     •  UST systems using ground-water or
        vapor monitoring for the tanks are well
        suited  to use the  same monitoring
        method for the piping.

     •  See  the sections  on ground-water and
        vapor monitoring for additional informa-
        tion. Use of these methods with piping
        is similar to that for tanks.
What other information do I need?

      •   Purchasing piping release detection is
         similar to any other major purchase.
         You should "shop around," ask ques-
         tions, get recommendations, and select a
         method and company that can meet the
         needs of your UST site.


How much does it cost?

Automatic LJLDs

      •   Automatic flow restrictors: total in-
         stalled cost about $300-$400 per line.

      •   Automatic shutoff  devices: total in-
         stalled cost for one line is about $2,000.
         There may be cost savings for multiple
         lines or when you include tank monitor-
         ing in the same system.

      •   The annual operating costs are negligi-
         ble.

Line tightness tests

      •   When performed at the same time as a
         tank tightness test,  a typical line test
         costs about $50-100.  The price varies
         with the length  and complexity of the
         piping.

      •   If a testing company comes on-site to
         perform only a line tightness test, the
         cost will probably be much higher un-
         less you can negotiate a package deal for
         a large number of tests.  Not all tight-
         ness testing companies will do indepen-
         dent line tests.

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PAGE 28
Secondary containment with interstitial
monitoring
                *
      •   The total installed cost for double-
         walled piping at a typical 3-tank station
         is about $10,000,  not including digging
         the trenches.  Costs vary with the size of
         pipe, length of run, site  conditions, and
         contractor.  In general, double-walled
         piping systems cost about 3 times as
         much as single-walled systems.

      •   For a typical station, trench liners cost
         about $25 to $40 per linear foot for 2-
         inch pipes, depending on the number of
         pipes. Installation is about $800 to
         $1,500, depending on site conditions.
      •  Costs for interstitial monitoring devices
        range from essentially nothing for a dip-
        stick to a total installed cost of about
        $1,000 per line for am electronic sensor
        (not including the control panel).

Ground-water or vapor monitoring

      •  If you have already selected ground-
        water or vapor  monitoring for your
        tanks, the additional cost to include the
        piping in the monitoring network may
        be relatively small if only wells need to
        be added. If an underground cable or an
        extra control panel is needed for an au-
        tomated system, the costs will be high-
        er.  See the sections on ground-water
        and vapor monitoring for costs of tank
        monitoring.

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                                                               PAGE 27
Need More Information?
If this booklet does not answer all your questions, contact your
State UST Program Office for additional information.  Contact in-
formation for these State UST Program Offices is listed on pages
28 through 30.

As you seriously explore leak detection options, you may want to
take advantage of the following sources of information before you
make your final selection:

      • Local agencies, such as your fire department, that
        regulate USTs

      • Trade association representatives

      • State petroleum marketers association

      • Contractor, jobber, or equipment supplier

      • Leak Detection Technology Association
        (202) 835-2355/828-1000

      » Petroleum Equipment Institute
        (918) 494-9696
For additional information about Federal UST requirements, con-
tact the Environmental Protection Agency's RCRA/Superfund
Hotline, by calling (800) 424-9346 or (202) 382-3000, Monday —
Friday, 8:30 a.m. — 7:30 p.m. EST.

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PAGE 28
State UST Program Offices
AK
UST CONTACT
Dopt. of Environmental Conservation
P.O. Box 0
3220 Hospital Drive
Juneau.AK 99811-1800
At.
AR
CT
 DC
                                   907-465-2630
UST CONTACT
Dept. of Environmental Management
Ground-Water Branch/Water Division
1751 Congressman W. L. Dickerson Dr.
Montgomery, AL 36130           205-271-7986

USTCONTACT
Dept. of Pollution Control & Ecology
P.O. Box 9583
8001 National Drive
LHtle Rock, AR 72219            501-562-7444
AZ  UST CONTACT
     Department of Environmental Quality
     2005 North Central Avenue, Room 300
     Phoenix, AZ 85004               602-257-6984

CA  UST CONTACT
     State Water Resources Control Board
     Division of Loans and Grants
     P.O. Box 944212
     2014 T Street
     Sacramento, CA 94244-2120       916-739-4324

CO  UST CONTACT
     CO Department of Health
     Hazardous Materials and Waste
       Management Program
     Underground Tank Program
     4210 East 11th Avenue
     Denver, CO 80220               303-331-4830
UST CONTACT
CT Dept. of Environmental Protection
Underground Storage Tank Program
State Office Building
165 Capitol Avenue
Hartford, CT 06106
                                   203-566-4630
 UST CONTACT
 DC Dept. of Consumer and Reg. Affairs
 614 H Street, NW Rm. 516
 Washington, D.C. 20013-7200      202-783-3205
 DE  UST CONTACT
     DE Dept. of Natural Resources &
        Environmental Control
     Underground Storage Tank Branch
     715 Grantham Lane
     Newcastle, DE 19720            302-323-4588
FL  UST CONTACT
    Dept. of Environmental Regulation
    Tank Section
    Twin Towers Office Building - Rm 403
    2600 Blair Stone Road
    Tallahassee, FL 32399-2400      904-488-3936

GA UST CONTACT
    Environmental Protection Division
    Underground Storage Tank Unit
    3420 Norman Berry Drive - 7th Floor
    Hapeville, GA 30354             404-669-3927

HI  UST CONTACT
    Department of Health
    500 Ala Moana Blvd.
    Honolulu, HI 96813              808-543-8226

IA  UST CONTACT
    IA Department of Natural Resources
    Henry A. Wallace Building
    900 East Grand
    DesMoines. IA 50319            515-281-8692

ID  UST CONTACT
    ID Department of Health & Welfare
    450 West State Street
    Boise, ID 83710                 208-334-5847

IL  UST CONTACT
    IL Office of State Fire Marshal
    3150 Executive Park Drive
    Springfield, IL 62703-4259        217-785-5878

IN  UST CONTACT
    5500 West Bradbury Avenue
    Indianapolis, IN  46241            317-243-5055

KS UST CONTACT
    KS Department of Health & Environment
    Bureau of Environmental Remediation
    Underground Storage Tank Section
    Forbes Field, Building 740
    Topeka, KS 66620              913-296-1678

KY UST CONTACT
    Division of Waste Management
    Underground Storage Tank Seiction
    18ReillyRoad
    Frankfort, KY 40601              502-564-6716

LA UST CONTACT
    Dept. of Environmental Quality1
    Underground Storage Tank Division
    P.O. Box 44274, 438 Main Street
    Baton Rouge, LA 70804          504-342-7808

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                                                                                                PAGE 29
MA  UST CONTACT
     MA Department of Public Safety
     Underground Storage Tank Program
     P.O. Box 490, East Street, Bldg. #5
     Tewksbury, MA 01876            508-851-9813

MD  UST CONTACT
     MD Department of Environment
     Hazardous & Solid Waste Mgmt. Admin.
     Underground Storage Tank Section
     2500 Broening Highway
     Baltimore, MD 21234             301-631-3442

ME  UST CONTACT
     ME Dept. of Environmental Protection
     State House - Station 17
     Hospital Street, Ray Building
     Augusta, ME  04333               207-289-2651

Ml   UST CONTACT
     Ml Department of State Police
     Fire Marshal Division
     7150 Harris Drive
     Lansing, Ml 48913                517-334-7090

MN  UST CONTACT
     MN Pollution Control Agency
     Underground Storage Tank Program
     520 Lafayette  Road North
     St. Paul, MN 55155               612-296-7743

MO  UST CONTACT
     MO Department of Natural Resources
     P.O. Box 176
     205 Jefferson  Street
     Jefferson City, MO 65102          314-751-7428

MS  UST CONTACT
     Department of Environmental Quality
     Bureau of Pollution Control
     Underground Storage Tank Section
     P.O. Box 10385, 2380 Hwy 80 West
    Jackson, MS 39289-0385
MT
NC
ND
                               601-961-5171
UST CONTACT
MT Dept. of Health & Environmental Sci.
Solid & Hazardous Waste Bureau
111 North Last Chance Gulch
Arcade Building, Basement
Helena, MT 59701                406-444-5970

UST CONTACT
Pollution Control Branch
Division of Environmental Management
Dept. of Env., Health and Natural Res.
P.O. Box 27687
Raleigh, NC 27611 -7687          919-733-8486

UST CONTACT
ND Department of Health
Division of Waste Management
Box 5520,1200 Missouri Avenue
Bismarck, ND 58502-5520         701-224-2366
NE  UST CONTACT
     NE State Fire Marshal's Office
     Underground Storage Tank Division
     P.O. Box 94677
     246 South 14th Street
     Lincoln, NE 68509                402-471-9465

NH  UST CONTACT
     NH Dept. of Environmental Services
     Underground Storage Tank Program
     6 Hazen Drive, P.O. Box 95
     Concord, NH 03301               603-271-3444

NJ  UST CONTACT
     Dept. of Environmental Protection
     Div. of Water Resources (CN-029)
     401 East State Street
     Trenton, NJ  08625                609-984-3156

NM  UST CONTACT
     Environmental Improvement Division
     Underground Storage Tank Bureau
     1190 St. Francis Drive
     Harold Runnels Building, Room N2150
     Santa Fe, NM 87503              505-827-0188

NV  UST CONTACT
     Dept. of Conservation & Natural Res.
     Division of Environmental Protection
     Capitol Complex
     201 S. Fall Street
     Carson City, NV 89710            702-687-5872

NY  UST CONTACT
     Dept. of Environmental Conservation
     Bulk Storage Section, Div. of Water
     50 Wolf Road, Room 326
     Albany, NY 12233-3520           518-457-4351

OH  UST CONTACT
     OH Department of Commerce
     7510 East Main Street
     P.O. Box 525
     Reynoldsburg, OH 43068          614-752-7938

OK  UST CONTACT
     Corporation Commission
     Underground Storage Tank Program
     Jim Thorpe Building
     2101 North Lincoln Blvd.
     Oklahoma City, OK 73105         405-521-3107

PR  UST CONTACT
     OR Dept. of Environmental Quality
     811 SW Sixth Avenue
     Portland, OR 97204               503-229-6652

PA  UST CONTACT
     PA Dept. of Environmental Resources
     Non-point Source & Storage Tank Section
     P.O. Box 2063, Fulton Building, 12th Floor
     Harrisburg, PA  17120              717-657-4080

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PAGE 30
R!   UST CONTACT
     Rl Dept. of Environmental Management
     Underground Storage Tank Section
     291 Promenade St.
     Providence, Rl 02908             401-277-2234

SC  UST CONTACT
     Dept. of Health and Environ. Control
     Ground-Water Protection Division
     2600 Bull Street
     Columbia, SC 29201              803-734-5332

SD  UST CONTACT
     Dept. of Water & Natural Resources
     Office of Water Quality
     523 East Capitol
     Joe Foss Building
     Pierre, SD 57501-3181            605-773-3351

TN  UST CONTACT
     Dept. of Health & Environment
     200 Doctors Building
     706 Church Street
     Nashville,  TN 37247              615-741-4081

TX  UST CONTACT
     Texas Water Commission
     Underground Storage Tank Section
     P.O.Box 13087,1700 North Congress
     Austin, TX 78711                 512-463-7786

UT  UST CONTACT
     UT Department of Health
     Bureau of Solid & Hazardous Waste
     Solid and  Hazardous Waste Section
     P.O. Box 16700
     Salt Lake  City, UT 84116-0700     801 -538-6752
VA
 VT
                                                       Wl   UST CONTACT
                                                            Wl Dept. of Industry, Labor & Human
                                                               Relations
                                                            P.O. Box 7969
                                                            201 East Washington Avenue
                                                            Madison, Wl 53707-7969         608-267-9725

                                                       WV  UST CONTACT
                                                            WV Waste Management Division
                                                            WV Department of Natural Resources
                                                            Underground Storage Tank Section
                                                            1260 Greenbrier Street
                                                             Charleston, WV 25311

                                                       WY   UST CONTACT
                                                             WY Dept. of Environmental Quality
                                                             Water Quality Division
                                                             Herschler Building, 4th Floor
                                                             122 West 25th Street
                                   304-348-5935
                                                             Cheyenne, WY 82002
                                   307-777-7081
                                                       AS
     UST CONTACT
     VA State Water Control Board
     P.O. Box 11143
     2111 North Hamilton Street
     Richmond, VA 23230-1143
                                    804-367-6685
     UST CONTACT
     VT Dept. of Natural Resources
     Underground Storage Tank Program
     103 South Main Street, West Building
     Waterbury, VT 05676             802-244-8702

WA  UST CONTACT
     WA Department of Ecology
     Solid & Hazardous Waste Program/
       Underground Storage Tank Unit
     4224 Sixth Avenue
     Rowesix, Bldg. 4, Mail Stop PV-11
     OIympia,WA  98504-8711          206-459-6272
     UST CONTACT
     Environmental Protection Agency
     Office of the Governor
     American Samoa Government
     ATTN: UST Program
     Pago Pago, American Samoa 96799
                                   684-633-2682

CNMI UST CONTACT
     Division of Environmental Quality
     P.O. Box 1304
     Commonwealth of Northern Mariana Ids
     Saipan.CM 96950              607-234-6984

GU  UST CONTACT
     Environmental Protection Agency
     IT&E
     Harmon Plaza, Complex Unit D-107
     130 Rojas Street
     Harmon, Guam 96911           671-646-8863

PR  UST CONTACT
     Water Quality Control
     Environmental Quality Board
     P.O. Box11488
     Commonwealth of Puerto Rico
     Santurce, Puerto Rico 00910     809-725-8410

VI   UST CONTACT
     Environmental Protection Division
     Dept. of Planning and National Res.
     Suite 213, Nisky Center
     Charlotte Amalie
     St. Thomas, Virgin Islands 00802  809-774-3320
                                                                    U.S. GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE 1990/725-708

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