United States Environmental Protection Agency Solid Waste And Emergency Response (OS-420) EPA/530/UST-90/012 August 1990 vvEPA Straight Talk On Tanks Printed on Recycled Paper ------- ------- Straight Talk On Tanks A Summary of Leak Detection Methods for Petroleum Underground Storage Tank Systems U.S. Environmental Protection Agency Office of Underground Storage Tanks August 1990 ------- ------- Contents An Overview: Leak Detection Requirements for Underground Storage Tank Systems 2 Ground-Water Monitoring 6 Vapor Monitoring .• g Secondary Containment with Interstitial Monitoring .... 10 Automatic Tank Gauging Systems .12 Tank Tightness Testing and Inventory Control 14 Manual Tank Gauging jg Leak Detection for Underground Suction Piping 20 Leak Detection for Pressurized Underground Piping .... 23 Need More Information? 27 State UST Program Offices 28 ------- ------- PAGE1 As An Owner Or Operator Of Underground Storage Tanks • Do you understand the basic leak detection requirements for underground storage tanks (USTs)? • Are you confused about choosing the most appropriate leak detection method for your UST? These are important questions, because your USTs must have leak detection when they are installed or by compliance dates based on the age of the tank. This booklet contains information you can use to answer questions about UST leak detection re- quirements and methods. STRAIGHT TALK ON TANKS begins with an overview of the regulatory requirements for leak detection. Each following sec- tion focuses on one leak detection method or the special require- ments for piping. You will find answers to many basic questions about how leak detection methods work and which methods are most appropriate for your UST site. These sections provide infor- mation you can use in questioning vendors and making your se- lection of leak detection. ------- PAGE 2 An Overview: Leak Detection Requirements For Underground Storage Tank Systems Federal UST regulations require all UST systems to have leak detection. This section explains when you need leak detection and what your basic leak detection choices are. When Do You Have To Have Leak Detection? Tanks and piping installed after December 22, 1988 must have leak detection when they are in- stalled. For USTs installed before that date, the leak detection requirements are phased in over 5 years, depending on the age of the tank. By 1993 all USTs must meet the Federal leak detection re- quirements. State and local regulations may be more stringent than Federal requirements, so you should always check to see which requirements you need to meet. (You will find information on contacting your State on pages 28 through 30 of this booklet.) The chart below shows how the Federal requirements are phased-in over 5 years for existing USTs: If your UST was installed, It must have leak detection by December of. before 1965 or unknown 1989 1965 -- 1969 1990 1970 - 1974 1991 1975 - 1979 1992 1980 - Dec. 1988 1993 There is a special deadline for existing pressur- ized piping systems because their pressurized contents pose an especially great threat to the en- vironment. Existing pressurized piping systems must meet leak detection requirements by December 22,1990. Other kinds of existing piping must comply by the dates shown in the phase-in schedule above. What Leak Detection Methods Are OK? You need to remember that State or local regula- tions may differ from the Federal requirements, so be sure to check and see which requirements apply to your UST. Rather than requiring specific technologies, the Environmental Protection Agency has identified a variety of general leak de- tection methods that owners and operators can use to meet the Federal requirements. You can use: • Ground-Water Monitorinjg • Vapor Monitoring • Secondary Containment with Interstitial Monitoring • Automatic Tank Gauging; Systems These are all monthly monitoring methods and eventually everyone must use at least one of them. However, as a temporary method (for 10 years after new tank installation and for up to 10 years for existing tanks), you can combine tank tightness testing and manual monthly inventory control (or manual tank gauging if you have a very small tank). Not all of these leak detection methods can be used for both tanks and piping. Leak detection methods for piping include ground-water monitor- ing, vapor monitoring, secondary containment with interstitial monitoring, and tightness test- ing. Pressurized piping must also have an auto- matic line leak detector. See later sections on suc- tion and pressurized piping for full discussions of the requirements for piping. A brief description of leak detection methods ap- pears on the next two pages. More complete de- scriptions appear in the following sections. ------- PAGES Ground-Water Monitoring Ground-water monitoring senses the presence of liquid product floating on the ground water. This method requires installation of monitoring wells at strategic locations in the ground near the tank and along the piping runs. To discover if leaked product has reached ground water, these wells can be checked periodically by hand or continu- ously with permanently installed equipment. This method cannot be used at sites where ground water is more than 20 feet below the surface. Vapor Monitoring Vapor monitoring senses and measures product "fumes" in the soil around the tank and piping to determine the presence of a leak. .This method re- quires installation of carefully placed monitoring wells. Vapor monitoring can be performed manu- ally on a periodic basis or continuously using per- manently installed equipment. Secondary Containment with Interstitial Monitoring Secondary containment consists of placing a bar- rier ~ by using a vault, liner, or double-walled structure -- around the UST. Leaked product from the inner tank or piping is directed towards an "interstitial" monitor located between the inner tank or piping and the outer barrier. Interstitial monitoring methods range from a sim- ple dip stick to a continuous automated vapor or liquid sensor permanently installed in the system. Automatic Tank Gauging Systems Monitors permanently installed in the tank are linked electronically to a nearby control device to provide information on product level and temper- ature. During a test period of several hours when nothing is put into or taken from the tank, these monitors are used to automatically calculate the changes in product volume that can indicate a leaking tank. Leak Detection Methods for Tanks and Piping 1- Ground-Water Monitoring 2- Vapor Monitoring 3- Secondary Containment with Interstitial Monitoring 4- Automatic Tank Gauging Systems 5- Tank Tightness Testing and Inventory Control 6- Manual Tank Gauging 7- Leak Detection for Underground Suction Piping 8- Leak Detection for Pressurized Underground Piping ------- PAGE 4 Tank Tightness Testing and Inventory Control This is strictly a combination method using peri- odic tank tightness testing and monthly inventory control. Tightness tests require temporarily installing equipment in the tank. There are two types of tightness tests: volumetric and non-volumetric. A volumetric test involves filling the tank to a specified level and precisely measuring the change in level and temperature over several hours. Non-volumetric test methods include ul- trasound techniques and tracer gas detectors. These are sophisticated tests and must be per- formed by trained, experienced professionals. In addition to tightness testing, you must use monthly inventory control. Inventory control is basically like balancing a checking account. Every month the product volume is balanced be- tween what is delivered and sold from the tank (this is what the "bank" says you have) with daily measurements of tank volume taken with a gauge stick (these measurements indicate what you ac- tually have). If your "account" doesn't balance, you may have a leak. Remember, this combined method can be used only during the first 10 years following new tank installation or upgrade of your existing UST. After that, you must use monthly monitoring methods. Manual Tank Gauging One additional method, manual tank gauging, can be used for smaller tanks, but it has several re- strictions. In order to meet the Federal leak de- tection requirements, this method can be used by itself only for small tanks up to 1,000 gallons. It requires keeping the tank undisturbed for at least 36 hours, during which no product can be added or removed. During that period, you measure the contents of the tank twice at the beginning and twice at the end of the test period every week. At the end of the month, you average your weekly tests and compare the volume 'lost, if any, to the permissible standards shown on page 18. For tanks over 1,000 gallons but no more than 2,000 gallons this method is allowed only in combina- tion with tank tightness testing. This combined method, however, can be used only during the first 10 years following tank installation or up- grade. Which Method Is Best For You? Choosing leak detection is not a cut-and-dried pro- cess. There is no one leak detection system that is best for all sites, nor is there a particular type of leak detection that is consistently the least expen- sive. Each of the leak detection methods has advan- tages and disadvantages. For example, vapor de- tection devices work rapidly and most effectively in dry soils, while liquid detectors are most appro- priate for areas with a high water table. Identifying the correct option or combination of options depends on a number of factors including cost, tank type, ground-water depth, soil type, and other variables. The various factors that influence the selection and use of leak detection options are discussed in the Federal regulations and ini the following sec- tions. You will want to find the best fit between what you need and what is available. The next page also contains a table listing a few of the factors that could influence your selection of the leak de- tection method that is best for your site. ------- Some Factors To Consider in Selecting Leak Detection (For a foil discussion of many more factors, see the following sections of this booklet) Detection Option Ground-Water Monitoring Vapor Monitoring Secondary Containment with Interstitial Monitoring Automatic Tank Gauging System (ATGS) Tank Tightness Testing Inventory Control Manual Tank Gauging Automatic Line Leak Detectors Line Tightness Testing Site-Specific Factors Do not use if ground-water level is greater than 20 ft, if clay soil is present, or if existing product is already on the ground water. Do not use at sites where soil is saturated with water, the backfill is clay, or soil vapor levels are too high. Site conditions (such as too much water) may require use of containment that completely surrounds tank or piping. If water collects in excavation, ATGS must have a water sensor. Volumetric methods must account for presence of ground water and product temperature. None None None None Tank-Related Factors Product must be able to float on water and not mix easily with water. Product must evaporate easily or substance that evaporates easily must be added to the tank. A double-walled system must be able to detect a release through the inner wall. To date, used primarily at sites with gasoline and diesel in tanks under 15,000 gallons. To date, used primarily at sites with gasoline and diesel tanks under 15,000 gallons. None Limited to tanks under 1,001 gallons when used alone or under 2,000 gallons when combined with tightness testing. Used only for pressurized lines. Used only for piping. Cost Factors Well installation: $15 - $70/ft depth Equipment: $200 - $5,000 per tank. $1,200 - $6,000 per tank for equipment and installation. Total installed cost of $5,000 - $12,000 per tank. Cost per tank: Equipment = $2,300 - $3,900 Installation = $500 - $3,000. $250 - $1,000 per test per tank for problem-free test. If problems occur, costs may be much higher. Under $200, but must be combined with tank tightness testing. Under $200, but may also require tightness testing. Total installed cost of $400 -$2,000 per line. $50 - $100 per test per line if conducted with tank test IWW Ka more expensive if conducted alone. Must do test every 3 years. ------- PAGE 6 Ground-Water Monitoring NOTE: Ground-water monitoring cannot be used at sites where ground water is more than 20 feet below the surface. Will I be in compliance? When installed and operated according to manu- facturer's instructions, a ground-water monitor- ing system meets the Federal leak detection re- quirements for new and existing USTs. Operation of a ground-water monitoring system at least once each month fulfills the requirements for the life of the tank. Ground-water monitoring can also be used to detect leaks in piping (see the later sections on leak detection for piping). You should find out if there are State or local limita- tions on the use of ground-water monitoring or re- quirements that are different from those present- ed below. How does it work? Operation Ground-water monitoring involves the use of one or more permanent monitor- ing wells placed close to the UST. The wells are checked at least monthly for the presence of product that has leaked from the UST and is floating on the ground-water surface. The two main components of a ground- water monitoring system are the moni- toring well (typically a well of 2-4 inches in diameter) and the monitoring device. Installation The number of wells and their place- ment is very important. Many State and local agencies have developed regu- lations for this, usually requiring some- where between one and four monitoring wells per UST (additional ones may be required for piping). • Before installation, a site assessment is necessary to determine the soil type, ground-water depth and flow direction, and the general geology of the site. Variations • Detection devices may be permanently installed in the well for automatic, con- tinuous measurements of leaked prod- uct. « Detection devices are also available in manual form. Manual devices range x from a bailer (used to collect a liquid sample for visual inspection) to a device that can be inserted into the well to electronically indicate the presence of leaked product. Manual devices must be operated at least once a month. What are the regulatory requirements? • Ground-water monitoring can only be used if the stored substance does not easily mix with water and floats on top of water. • If ground-water monifx)ring is to be the sole method of leak detection, the ground water must not be more than 20 feet below the surface, and the soil be- tween the well and the UST must be sand, gravel or other coarse materials. • Monitoring wells must be properly de- signed and sealed to keep them from be- coming contaminated from outside sources. The wells must also be clearly marked and locked. ------- PAGE? • Wells should be placed in, or very near to, the UST backfill so that they can de- tect a leak as quickly as possible. • Product detection devices must be able to detect one-eighth inch or less of leaked product on top of the ground water. Will it work at my site? • In general, ground-water monitoring works best at UST sites where: - The ground-water surface extends beneath the tank; - Monitoring wells are installed in the tank backfill; - Ground water is between 2 and 10 feet from the surface; and - There are no previous releases of product that would falsely indicate a current release. A site assessment is critical for determining these site-specific condi- tions. What other information do I need? • The proper design and construction of a monitoring well system is crucial to ef- fective detection of leaked product and should be performed by an experienced contractor. Before construction begins, any specific State or local construction requirements should be identified. • Purchasing a ground-water monitoring system is similar to any other major purchase. You should "shop around," ask questions, get recommendations, and select a company that meets the needs of your UST site. How much does it cost? • The capital costs for ground-water moni- toring are generally much greater than the annual operating costs. • The following cases illustrate the effect that different factors have on the cost of ground-water monitoring: Case #1 One tank — well in backfill — short piping runs — manual monitoring — two wells installed: Equipment Cost = $200-250 Installation Cost = $15-25/ft well depth Annual Operating Cost = Under $100 Case #2 One tank — well not in backfill — long piping runs — automated monitoring — five wells installed: Equipment Cost = $2,200-5,000 , Installation Cost = $50-70/ft well depth; conduit to the central console = $500-2,000 Annual Operating Cost = Under $200 ------- PAGES Vapor Monitoring Will I be in compliance? When installed and operated according to manu- facturer's instructions, vapor monitoring meets the Federal leak detection requirements for new and existing USTs. Operation of a vapor monitor- ing system at least once each month fulfills the requirements for the life of the tank. Vapor moni- toring can also be installed to detect leaks from piping (see the later sections on leak detection for piping). You should find out if there are State or local limitations on the use of vapor monitoring or requirements that are different from those pre- sented below. How does it work? Operation Vapor monitoring measures "fumes" from leaked product in the soil around the tank to determine if the tank is leaking. Variations Fully automated vapor monitoring sys- tems have permanently installed equip- ment to continuously gather and ana- lyze vapor samples and respond to a re- lease with a visual or audible alarm. Manually operated vapor monitoring systems range from equipment that im- mediately analyzes a gathered vapor sample, to devices that gather a sample that must be sent to a laboratory for analysis. Monitoring results from man- ual systems are generally less accurate than those from automated systems. Manual systems must be used at least once a month to monitor a site. Calibration and Maintenance • All vapor monitoring devices should be calibrated annually to a gas standard to ensure that they are properly respond- ing to vapor. • Maintenance items vary depending upon the system. Manual systems usually re- quire more maintenance than automat- ed systems. Installation • Vapor monitoring requires the installa- tion of monitoring wells within the tank backfill. • Usually one well per 20-40 feet sur- rounding tanks and piping is sufficient (the proper number depends upon the site conditions). What are the regulatory requirements? • The UST backfill must be sand, gravel, or another material that will allow the vapors to easily move to the monitor. ------- PAGE 9 • The backfill should be clean enough that previous contamination does not inter- fere with the detection of a current leak. • The substance stored in the UST must vaporize easily so that the vapor moni- tor can detect a release. • High ground water, excessive rain, or other sources of moisture must not in- terfere with the operation of vapor mon- itoring for more than 30 consecutive days. : • Monitoring wells must be locked and clearly marked. WiU it work at my site? * Before installing a vapor monitoring system, a site assessment should deter- mine whether vapor monitoring is ap- propriate at the site. A site assessment usually includes at least a determina- tion of the ground-water level, back- ground contamination, stored product type, and soil type. • Some vapor monitoring systems can overcome site problems, such as clay backfill. You should discuss any prob- lems that may apply to your site with the equipment salesman and your con- tractor to ensure they have considered the problems and will compensate for them, if necessary, when installing your vapor monitoring system. What other information do I need? • Purchasing a vapor monitoring system is similar to any other major purchase. You should "shop around," ask ques- tions, get recommendations, and select a method and a company that can meet the needs of your site. How much does it cost? • The cost of a vapor monitoring system is influenced by the UST site condition, the required number of monitoring wells, their depth, whether an automat- ed or manual system is chosen, the com- plexity of the chosen system, and its maintenance. If a site needs to be cleaned up before a system can be in- stalled, costs would increase. However, vapor monitoring has very low annual operating costs (unless a manual system requires laboratory analysis). Here are two possible cases: Case #1 One tank — 20 feet of piping — manual monitoring using laboratory analysis — two wells installed: Equipment Cost = $ 200-400 Installation Cost = $ 1,000-2,000 Annual Operating Cost = $ 1,200 Case #2 One tank — 70 feet of piping — automated monitoring and results — five wells installed: Equipment Cost = $2,800-$3,000 Installation Cost = $2,000-4,000 Annual Operating Cost = Under $25 ------- PAGE10 Secondary Containment With Interstitial Monitoring NOTE: Secondary containment with interstitial monitoring is required for hazardous substance USTs, and the requirements are different from those for petroleum USTs. Consult your State or local agency for regulations on hazardous sub- stance USTs. Will I be in compliance? "When installed and operated according to manu- facturer's specifications, secondary containment with interstitial monitoring meets the Federal leak detection requirements for new and existing USTs. Operation of the monitoring device at least once each month fulfills the requirements for the life of the tank. Secondary containment with in- terstitial monitoring can also be used to detect leaks from piping (see the later sections on leak detection for piping). You should find out if State or local requirements allow all of the types of secondary containment and interstitial monitoring or have other restric- tions that are different from those described below. In some jurisdictions, secondary contain- ment is required for all USTs. How does it work? Secondary containment • - Secondary containment provides a bar- rier between the tank and the environ- ment. • The barrier holds the leak between the tank and the barrier long enough for the leak to be detected. * The barrier is shaped so that a leak will be directed towards the monitor. • Barriers include: - Double-walled tanks, in which an outer tank partially or completely sur- rounds the primary tank; - Leakproof excavation liners that par- tially or completely surround the tank; - Leakproof liners that closely surround the tank (also known as "jackets"); and - Concrete vaults, with or without lining. • Clay and other earth materials cannot be used as barriers. Interstitial monitors • Monitors are used to check the area be- tween the tank and the barrier for leaks and alert the operator if a leak is sus- pected. • Some monitors indicate the physical presence of the leaked product, either liquid or gaseous. Other monitors check for a change in condition that indicates a hole in the tank, su.eh as a loss of pres- sure or a change in the level of water be- tween the walls of a double-walled tank. • Monitors can be as siimple as a dipstick used at the lowest point of the contain- ment to see if liquid product has leaked and pooled there. Monitors can also be sophisticated automated systems that continuously check for leaks. What are the regulatory requirements? • The barrier must be immediately around or beneath the tank. ------- PAGE 11 0 The interstitial monitor must be checked at least once every 30 days. 9 A double-walled system must be able to detect a release through the inner wall. • An excavation liner must: - Direct a leak towards the monitor; - Not allow the specific product being stored to pass through it any faster than 10-6 cm/sec; : - Be compatible with the product stored in the tank; - Not interfere with the UST's cathodic protection; - Not be disabled by moisture; - Always be above the ground water and the 25-year flood plain; and - Have clearly marked and locked moni- toring wells, if they are used. Will it work at my site? * In areas with high ground water or a lot of rainfall, it may be necessary to select a secondary containment system that completely surrounds the tank to pre- vent moisture from interfering with the monitor. What other information do I need? • Correct installation is fairly difficult yet is crucial both for the barrier and the in- terstitial monitor. Therefore, trained and experienced installers are neces- sary. • The purchase of secondary containment with interstitial monitoring is similar to any other major purchase. You should "shop around," ask questions, get recom- mendations, and select a method and company that can meet the needs of your UST site. How much does it cost? • The costs of the secondary containment depend on the size and number of the tanks, how much of the tank is sur- rounded by the barrier, the product, the type of containment, and the site condi- tions. The cost of the interstitial moni- tor depends on the number of tanks, de- gree of automation, and type of monitor. • Here are possible costs for containment and monitoring at a typical station with three 10,000-gallon tanks: - Monitored double-walled tanks cost $15,000 - $30,000 above the cost of single-walled, unmonitored tanks; or - An excavation liner (not covering the top of the tank) and monitoring could cost $10,000-$16,000. ------- PAGE12 Automatic Tank Gauging Systems Will I be in compliance? When installed and operated according to manu- facturer's specifications, automatic tank gauging systems (ATGS) meet the Federal leak detection requirements for new and existing USTs. A test performed each month fulfills the requirements for the life of the tank. (For additional leak detec- tion requirements for piping, see the later sec- tions on leak detection for piping.) You should find out if State or local requirements allow ATGS or have other requirements that are different from those presented below. How does it work? • The product level and temperature in a tank are measured continuously and au- tomatically analyzed and recorded by a computer. « In the "inventory mode," the ATGS re- places the use of the gauge stick to mea- sure product level and perform invento- ry control. This mode records the activi- ties of an in-service tank, including de- liveries. * In the "test mode," the tank is taken out of service and the product level and tem- perature are measured for at least one hour. Will it work at my site? • ATGS have been uaed primarily on tanks containing gasoline or diesel, with a capacity of less than 15,000 gallons. • If considering using an ATGS for larger tanks or products other than gasoline or diesel, discuss its applicability with the manufacturer's representative. • Water around a tank may hide a leak by , temporarily preventing the product from leaving the tank. To detect a leak in this situation, the AT<3S should be capa- ble of detecting water in the bottom of a tank. What other information do I need? • The ATGS probe is permanently in- stalled through a pipis (not the fill pipe) on the top of the tank. Each tank at a site must be equipped with a separate probe. • The ATGS probe is cemnected to a moni- tor that displays ongoing product level information and the results of the What are the regulatory requirements? • The ATGS must be able to detect a leak at least as small as 0.2 gallons per hour. By December 1990, the ATGS must also be able to meet the Federal regulatory requirements regarding probabilities of detection and false alarm. -*¥- ------- PAGE 13 monthly test. Printers can be connected to the monitor to record this informa- tion. • For most ATGS, up to 8 tanks can be connected to a single monitor. • ATGS usually are equipped with alarms for high and low product level, high water level, and theft. • ATGS can be United with computers at other locations, from which the system can be programmed or read. • No product should be delivered to the tank or withdrawn from it for at least 6 hours before the monthly test or during the test (which generally takes 1 to 6 ' , hours). • An ATGS can be programmed to per- form a test more often than once per . month, if so desired. • Purchasing an ATGS is similar to any other major purchase. You should "shop around," ask questions, get recommen- dations, and select a method and compa- ny that can meet the needs of your site. How much does it cost? • Equipment costs — Monitor: $1,700-2,700; varies with man- ufacturer and whether a print- er is included. Probes: $500-l,100/probe; varies with manufacturer. Cables: $0.15-1.00/foot; varies with the contractor and the part of the country. • Installation costs for a typical 3-tank system — For a site that already has conduits for cables: $500 J.,500. For a site in which conduit must be laid an average distance: $2,500- 3,000. For a very complex site with many conduits running long distances and where rewiring is necessary: up to $10,000. • Annual operating costs for a typical 3- tank system — - About $50-100 for electricity, printer paper, and maintenance. • For a typical 3-tank system the total equipment cost ranges from about $5,000 for a basic system to $10,000 for a top-pf-the-line system. The installa- tion cost averages about $2,000-3,000. ------- PAGE14 Tank Tightness Testing and Inventory Control Will I be in compliance? When performed according to manufacturer's specifications, periodic tank tightness testing combined with monthly inventory control can temporarily (as described below) meet the Federal leak detection requirements for new and existing USTs. In addition, you should determine if State or local requirements have limitations on the use of these methods or requirements differ- ent from those presented below. These two leak detection methods must be used together, because neither method alone meets the Federal requirements for leak detection for tanks. Tightness testing is also an option for under- ground piping, as described in the later sections on leak detection for piping. Because they must be used together, both tank tightness testing and inventory control are dis- cussed in this section. Tank tightness testing is discussed first, followed by inventory control. Tank Tightness Testing How does it work? Tightness tests include a wide variety of methods. Other terms used for these methods include "pre- cision testing" and "volumetric testing." Operation There are a few methods that do not measure the level or volume of the prod- uct. Instead, these methods use a prin- ciple such as acoustics to determine the physical presence of a hole in the tank. With such methods, all of the factors in the following bullets may not apply. • Most tightness test methods are "volu- metric" methods in which the change in product level or volume in a tank over several hours is measured veiy precisely (in milliliters or thousandths of an inch). • For most methods, changes in product temperature also must be measured very precisely (thousandths of a degree) concurrently with level measurements because temperature changes cause vol- ume changes that interfere with finding aleak. • For most methods, a net decrease in product volume (subtracting out temper- ature-induced volume changes) over the time of the test indicates a leak. • The testing equipment is temporarily installed in the tank, usually through the fill pipe. • The tank must be taken out of service for the test, generally 6 to 12 hours, de- pending on the method. Xtt****1®1*^^ ------- PAGE15 • Many test methods require that the product in the tank be at a certain level before testing, which often requires adding product from another tank on- site or purchasing additional product. Varieties of methods • Some tightness test methods require all of the measurements and calculations to be made by hand by the tester. Other tightness test methods are highly auto- mated. After the tester sets up the equipment, a computer controls the measurements and analysis. • There are several different acceptable ways to measure product temperature: mixing the product so it is all one tem- perature; using a sensor that calculates an average temperature by measuring temperature throughout the depth of the product; and using at least 3 tem- perature sensors at different product levels to calculate an average tempera- ture. • A few methods measure properties of the product that are independent of temperature, such as the mass of the product, and so do not need to measure product temperature. What are the regulatory requirements? • The tightness test method must be able to detect a leak at least as small as 0.1 gallon per hour. By December 1990, the tightness test method must also be able to meet the Federal regulatory require- ments regarding probabilities of detec- tion and false alarm. Tightness tests must be performed peri- odically as shown in the following table: MINIMUM TESTING FREQUENCY New tanks Existing tanks, upgraded Existing tanks, not upgraded Every 5 years for 10 years following installation Every 5 years for 10 years following upgrade Every year until 1998 ("Upgraded* tanks have corrosion protection and spill/overfill prevention devices.) • After the applicable time period listed above, you must have a monitoring method that can be performed at least once per month. See the other sections of this booklet for allowable monthly monitoring options. Will it work at my site? • Tank tightness testing has been used primarily on tanks less than 15,000 gal- lons in capacity containing gasoline and diesel. • If you are considering using tightness testing for larger tanks or products other than gasoline or diesel, discuss the method's applicability with the manu- facturer's representative. What other information do I need? • For most methods, the test is performed by a testing company. You just observe the test. ------- PAGE16 • Manifolded tanks generally should be disconnected and tested separately. • Depending on the method, up to 4 tanks can be tested at one time. Generally, an automated system is necessary to test 3 or 4 tanks at a time. • Procedure and personnel, not equip- ment, are usually the most important factors in a successful tightness test. Therefore, well-trained and experienced testers are very important. Some States and local authorities may have tester certification programs. • Purchasing a tightness test is similar to any other major purchase. You should "shop around," ask questions, get recom- mendations, and select a method and a company that can meet the needs of your site. What does it cost? • There are no capital costs for test equip- ment. • The total cost per test is highly variable. The prices quoted by testing companies range from about $250 to $1,000 per tank, with most between $500 and $800. These prices are for a simple test with no problems. • The final cost for a tank tightness test can be significantly higher. Some fac- tors that would add to the cost of a test that you should ask about are: - Product to fill the tank to the mini- mum testing level, if it is product that you would not buy otherwise. - Lost business from shutting down the tank during normal business hours. - Replacing or repairing parts of the tank system before a test can be per- formed. - Uncovering part of the tank system and then recovering it, to correct prob- lems such as vapor pockets or piping that must be valved off. Costs can be reduced if a large number of tanks are to be tested and if you check the tank and do the necessary re- pairs and replacements before the test crew arrives. Inventory Control How does it work? • Inventory control is basically like bal- ancing a checking account. Every month the product volume is balanced between what is delivered and what is sold from the tank (this is what the "bank" says you have) with daily mea- surements of tank volume taken with a gauge stick (these measurements indi- ------- PAGE 17 cate what you actually have). If your "account" doesn't balance, you may have a leak. • UST inventories are determined in the morning and in the evening or after each shift by using a gauge stick and the data is recorded on a ledger form. The level on the gauge stick can be translated to a volume of product in the tank using a calibration chart, which is often furnished by the UST manufac- turer. • The amounts of product delivered to and withdrawn from the UST each day are also recorded. • At least once each month, the gauge stick data and the sales and delivery data are reconciled and the month's overage or shortage is determined. If the overage or shortage is greater than or equal to 1.0 percent of the tank's flow-through volume plus 130 gallons of product, the UST may be leaking. What are the regulatory requirements? • Inventory control must be used in con- junction with periodic tank tightness x tests. • The gauge stick should be long enough to reach the bottom of the tank and marked so that the product level can be determined to the nearest one-eighth of an inch. • A monthly measurement must be taken to identify any water at the bottom of the tank. • Deliveries must be made through a drop tube that extends to within one foot of the tank bottom. • Product dispensers must be calibrated to the local weights and measures stan- dards. Will it work at my site? • If your tank is not level, inventory con- trol may need to be modified. You will need to create your own tank chart by adding increments of product and read- ing the corresponding level. What other information do I need? • Inventory control is a practical, com- monly used management tool that does not require closing down the tank opera- tion. • You can perform inventory control your- self. • Gauge accuracy can be significantly im- proved by the use of product-finding paste. • Your product supplier, jobber or contrac- tor may be able to teach you the proper technique for inventory control, and may be able to supply you with record- ing forms and a gauge stick. How much does it cost? • The main costs are the price of a gauge stick and perhaps some product-finding paste. The cost of these items is less than $200. ------- PAGE18 Manual Tank Gauging NOTE: Manual tank gauging can only be used for smaller tanks. Tanks 1,000 gallons or less can use this method alone, but tanks from 1,001 - 2,000 gallons can only use manual tank gauging when it is combined with tank tightness testing. Manual tank gauging cannot be used for tanks over 2,000 gallons. If you are considering using manual tank gauging to meet the Federal UST leak detection require- ments, this section provides information about its appropriate use. This method should not be con- fused with inventory control, which is described in the previous section of this booklet. Will I be in compliance? As described below, when performed according to recommended practices, manual tank gauging meets the Federal leak detection requirements for USTs with a capacity of 1,000 gallons or less for the life of the tank. (For additional leak detec- tion requirements for piping, see the following sections on leak detection for piping.) You should find out if State or local requirements have limita- tions on the use of manual tank gauging or have requirements that are different from those pre- sented below. How does it work? Four liquid level measurements must be taken weekly, two at the beginning and two at the end of aft least a 36-hour period during which nothing is added to or removed from the tank. The average of the two consecutive end- ing measurements are subtracted from the average of the two beginning mea- surements to indicate the change in product volume. Every week, the calculated change in tank volume is compared to the stan- dards shown in the table below. If the calculated change exceeds the weekly standard, the UST may be leaking. Also, monthly averages of the four weekly test results must be compared to the monthly standard in the same way. Weekly Monthly Minimum Standard Standard Duration Tank Capacity (one test) (4-testavg.) of Test If Manual Tank Gauging is the ONLY leak detection method used: up to 550 gallons 10 gallons 5 gallons 36 hours 551 -1,000 gal. 9 gallons 4 gallons 44 hours (when largest tank is 64" x 73") 1,000 gal. (if tank is 48" x 128") 12 gallons 6 gallons 58 hours If Manual Tank Gauging is combined with Tank Tightness Testing: 1,001 - 2,000 gal. 26 gallons 13 gallons 36 hours ------- PAGE 19 What are the regulatory requirements? • Liquid level measurements must be taken with a gauge stick that is marked to measure the liquid to the nearest one- eighth of an inch. • Manual tank gauging may be used as the sole method of leak detection for tanks with a capacity of 1,000 gallons or less for the life of the tank. • For tanks with a capacity of 1,001 - 2,000 gallons, manual tank gauging must be combined with tightness testing according to the schedule below. See the earlier section on tank tightness testing for. details on this method. MINIMUM TIGHTNESS TESTING FREQUENCY New tanks Existing tanks, upgraded Existing tanks, not upgraded Every 5 years for 10 years following installation Every 5 years for 10 years following upgrade Every year until 1998 ("Upgraded" tanks have corrosion protection and spill/overfill prevention devices.) Please note that this combined method will meet the Federal requirements only temporarily. After the applicable time period listed above, you must have a monitoring method that can be per- formed at least once a month. See the other sections of this booklet for allow- able monthly monitoring options. • Tanks greater than 2,000 gallons in capacity may not use this method of leak detection to meet these regulatory requirements. Will it work at my site? • Manual tank gauging is inexpensive and can be an effective leak detection method when used as described above with tanks of the appropriate size. What other information do I need? • You can perform manual tank gauging yourself. Correct gauging, recording and interpretation are the most impor- tant factors for successful tank gauging. • Your product supplier, jobber or contrac- tor can probably teach you the proper technique for manual tank gauging, and may be able to supply you with record- ing forms and a gauge stick. • The accuracy of tank gauging can be greatly increased by spreading product- finding paste on the gauge stick before taking a measurement. How much does it cost? • For tanks less than 1,001 gallons, the only costs are the price of a gauge stick and perhaps some product-finding paste. These costs are nominal (less than $200). • For tanks between 1,001-2,000 gallons, there is the additional cost of periodic tank tightness testing. These costs are highly variable (from about $250 to over $1,000 for each test). ------- PAGE 20 Leak Detection for Underground Suction Piping Will I be in compliance? When installed and operated according to manu- facturer's specifications, the leak detection meth- ods discussed here meet the" Federal regulatory requirements for the life of new and existing un- derground suction piping systems. You should find out if State or local requirements allow al these methods or have other requirements that are different from those described below. What are the regulatory requirements? • No leak detection is required if the suction piping has (1) enough slope so that the product in the pipe can drain back into the tank when suction is re- leased and (2) has only one check valve, which is as close as possible beneath the pump in the dispensing unit. If a suc- tion line is to be considered exempt based on these design elements, there must be some way to check that the line was actually installed according to these plans. • If a suction line does not meet all of these design criteria, one of the follow- ing leak detection methods must be used: - A line tightness test at least every 3 years; or - Monthly vapor monitoring; or - Monthly ground-water monitoring; or - Monthly interstitial monitoring. The line tightness test must be able to detect a leak at least as small as 0.1 gal- lon per hour. By December 1990, the test must also meet the Federal regula- tory requirements regarding probabili- ties of detection and false alarm. • Ground-water, vapor, and interstitial monitoring have the same regulatory re- quirements for piping as they do for tanks. See the earlier sections of this booklet on those methods. How do the methods work? Line tightness testing • The line is taken out of service and pres- surized. A drop in pressure over time, preferably one hour, suggests a possible leak. • Suction lines are not pressurized very much during a tightness test (less than 15 pounds per square inch). • Tightness tests must be conducted at least every three years. • Most line tightness tests are performed by a testing company. You just observe the test. • Some tank tightness test methods can be performed to include a tightness test .of the connected piping. • For most line tightness tests, no perma- nent equipment is installed. • The line must be taken out of service for the test, ideally for several hours to allow the line to stabilize before the test. • In the event of trapped vapor pockets, it may not be possible to conduct a valid line tightness test. There is no way to ------- PAGE 21 tell definitely before the test begins if this will be a problem, but longer com- plicated piping runs with a lot of risers and dead ends are more likely to have vapor pockets. Ground-water or vapor monitoring • Ground-water monitoring checks for leaked product floating on the ground water near the piping. • Vapor monitoring detects product that leaks into the soil and evaporates there. • A monitoring well should be installed every 20 to 40 feet. • UST systems using ground-water or vapor monitoring for the tanks are well suited to use the same monitoring method for the piping. • See the earlier sections on ground-water and vapor monitoring. Use of these methods with piping is similar to that for tanks. Secondary containment with interstitial monitoring • A barrier is placed between the piping and the environment. Barriers such as double-walled piping or a leakproof liner in the piping trench can be used. • A monitor is placed between the piping and the barrier to sense a leak if it oc- curs. Monitors range from a simple stick that can be put in a sump to see if a liquid is present, to continuous auto- mated systems, such as those that moni- tor for the presence of evaporated prod- uct. • Proper installation of secondary contain- ment is the most important and the most difficult aspect of this leak detec- tion method. Trained and experienced installers are necessary. • See the section on secondary contain- ment for additional information. Secondary containment for piping is similar to that for tanks. What other information do I need? • Purchasing piping leak detection is sim- ilar to any other major purchase. You should "shop around," ask questions, get recommendations, and select a method and company with experience and one that can meet the needs of your site. How much does it cost? Line tightness tests • When performed at the same time as a tank tightness test, a typical line test costs about $50-100. The price varies with the length and complexity of the piping. ------- PAGE 22 If a testing company comes on-site to perform only a line tightness test, the cost will probably be much higher unless you can negotiate for a package deal for a larger number of tests. Not all tight- ness testing companies will do indepen- dent line tests. Ground-water or vapor monitoring • If you have already selected ground- water or vapor monitoring for your tanks, the additional cost to include pip- ing in the monitoring network may be relatively small if only wells need to be added. If an underground cable or an extra control panel is needed for an au- tomated system, the cost will be higher. See the sections on ground-water and vapor monitoring for costs of tank moni- toring. Secondary containment with interstitial monitoring • The total installed cost for double- walled piping for a typical 3-tank sta- tion is $10,000, not including digging the trenches. Costs vary 'with size of pipe, length of run, site conditions, and contractor. In general, double-walled piping systems cost about 3 times as much as single-walled systems. • For a typical station, trench liners cost about $25 to $40 per linear foot for 2- inch pipes, depending on the number of pipes. Installation is about $800 to $1,500, depending on site conditions. • The costs of a monitor range from essen- tially nothing for a dipstick to a total in- stalled cost of about $1,000 for an elec- tronic sensor (not including control panel). ------- PAGE 23 Leak Detection for Pressurized Underground Piping Will I be in compliance? When installed and operated according to manu- facturer's specifications, the leak detection meth- ods discussed here meet the Federal regulatory requirements for the life of new and existing pres- surized underground piping systems. You should find out if State or local requirements allow all of these methods or have other requirements that are different from those described below. When do I have to start? New pressurized piping must have leak detection when it is installed. Existing pressurized piping must meet the leak detection regulatory require- ments by December 22,1990. What are the regulatory requirements? . • Each pressurized piping run must have one leak detection method from each set below: An Automatic Line Leak Detector: =-. — Automatic flow restrictor or — Automatic flow shutoff or — Continuous alarm system And One Other Method: — Monthly ground-water monitoring or — Monthly vapor monitoring or — Monthly interstitial monitoring or — Annual tightness test • The automatic line leak detector (LLD) must be able to detect a leak at least as small as 3 gallons per hour at a line pressure of 10 pounds per square inch within 1 hour by shutting off the prod- uct flow, restricting the product flow, or triggering an audible or visual alarm. The line tightness test must be able to detect a leak at least as small as 0.1 gal- lon per hour when the line pressure is one and one-half times its normal oper- ating pressure. By December 1990, automatic LLDs and line tightness tests must also be able to meet the Federal regulatory require- ments regarding probabilities of detec- tion and false alarm. Ground-water, vapor, and interstitial monitoring have the same regulatory re- quirements for piping as they do for tanks. See the earlier sections of this booklet on those methods. ------- PAGE 24 How do the methods work? Automatic line leak detectors CLLDs) • Flow restrictors and flow shutoffs can monitor the pressure within the line in a variety of ways: whether the pressure decreases over time; how long it takes for a line to reach operating pressure; and combinations of increases and de- creases in pressure. • If a possible leak is detecte'd, a flow re- stricter keeps the product flow through the line at 3 gallons per hour, well below the usual flow rate. • If a possible leak is detected, a flow shutoff completely cuts off product flow in the line or shuts down the pump. • A continuous alarm system constantly monitors line conditions and immediate- ly triggers an audible or visual alarm if a leak is suspected. Automated vapor or interstitial line monitoring systems can also be set up to operate continuously and sound an alarm, flash a signal on the console, or even ring a telephone in a manager's office when a leak is detect- ed. • Both automatic flow restrictors and shutoffs are permanently installed di- rectly into the pipe or the pump hous- ing. • Vapor and interstitial monitoring sys- tems can be combined with automatic shutoff systems so that whenever the monitor detects a possible release the piping system is shut down. This would qualify as a continuous alarm system. Such a setup would meet the monthly monitoring requirement as well as the LLD requirement. Line tightness testing • The line is taken out of service and pres- surized, usually above the normal oper- ating pressure. A drop in pressure over time, preferably one hour, suggests a possible leak. • Tightness tests miast be conducted an- nually. • Most line tightness! tests are performed by a testing company. You just observe the test. • Some tank tightness test methods can be performed to include a tightness test of the connected piping. • For most line tightness tests, no perma- nent equipment is installed. • The line must be taken out of service for the test, ideally for several hours to allow the line to stabilize the test. • In the event of trapped vapor pockets, it may not be possible to conduct a valid line tightness test. There is no way to tell definitely before the test begins if this will be a problem, but longer com- plicated piping runs with a lot of risers and dead ends are more likely to have vapor pockets. Secondary containment with interstitial monitoring • A barrier is placed between the piping and the environment. Double-walled piping or a leakproof liner in the piping ------- PAGE 25 trench can be used. A monitor is placed between the piping and the barrier that senses a leak if it occurs. Monitors range from a simple stick that can be put into a sump to see if a liquid is pre- sent, to continuous automated systems, such as those that monitor for the pres- ence of evaporated product. • Proper installation of secondary contain- ment is the most important and the most difficult aspect of this release de- tection method. Trained and experi- enced installers are necessary. • See the section on secondary contain- ment for additional information. Secondary containment for piping is . similar to that for tanks. Ground-water or vapor monitoring • Ground-water monitoring checks for leaked product floating on the ground water near the piping. • Vapor monitoring detects product that leaks into the soil and evaporates there. • A monitoring well should be installed every 20 to 40 feet. • UST systems using ground-water or vapor monitoring for the tanks are well suited to use the same monitoring method for the piping. • See the sections on ground-water and vapor monitoring for additional informa- tion. Use of these methods with piping is similar to that for tanks. What other information do I need? • Purchasing piping release detection is similar to any other major purchase. You should "shop around," ask ques- tions, get recommendations, and select a method and company that can meet the needs of your UST site. How much does it cost? Automatic LJLDs • Automatic flow restrictors: total in- stalled cost about $300-$400 per line. • Automatic shutoff devices: total in- stalled cost for one line is about $2,000. There may be cost savings for multiple lines or when you include tank monitor- ing in the same system. • The annual operating costs are negligi- ble. Line tightness tests • When performed at the same time as a tank tightness test, a typical line test costs about $50-100. The price varies with the length and complexity of the piping. • If a testing company comes on-site to perform only a line tightness test, the cost will probably be much higher un- less you can negotiate a package deal for a large number of tests. Not all tight- ness testing companies will do indepen- dent line tests. ------- PAGE 28 Secondary containment with interstitial monitoring * • The total installed cost for double- walled piping at a typical 3-tank station is about $10,000, not including digging the trenches. Costs vary with the size of pipe, length of run, site conditions, and contractor. In general, double-walled piping systems cost about 3 times as much as single-walled systems. • For a typical station, trench liners cost about $25 to $40 per linear foot for 2- inch pipes, depending on the number of pipes. Installation is about $800 to $1,500, depending on site conditions. • Costs for interstitial monitoring devices range from essentially nothing for a dip- stick to a total installed cost of about $1,000 per line for am electronic sensor (not including the control panel). Ground-water or vapor monitoring • If you have already selected ground- water or vapor monitoring for your tanks, the additional cost to include the piping in the monitoring network may be relatively small if only wells need to be added. If an underground cable or an extra control panel is needed for an au- tomated system, the costs will be high- er. See the sections on ground-water and vapor monitoring for costs of tank monitoring. ------- PAGE 27 Need More Information? If this booklet does not answer all your questions, contact your State UST Program Office for additional information. Contact in- formation for these State UST Program Offices is listed on pages 28 through 30. As you seriously explore leak detection options, you may want to take advantage of the following sources of information before you make your final selection: • Local agencies, such as your fire department, that regulate USTs • Trade association representatives • State petroleum marketers association • Contractor, jobber, or equipment supplier • Leak Detection Technology Association (202) 835-2355/828-1000 » Petroleum Equipment Institute (918) 494-9696 For additional information about Federal UST requirements, con- tact the Environmental Protection Agency's RCRA/Superfund Hotline, by calling (800) 424-9346 or (202) 382-3000, Monday — Friday, 8:30 a.m. — 7:30 p.m. EST. ------- PAGE 28 State UST Program Offices AK UST CONTACT Dopt. of Environmental Conservation P.O. Box 0 3220 Hospital Drive Juneau.AK 99811-1800 At. AR CT DC 907-465-2630 UST CONTACT Dept. of Environmental Management Ground-Water Branch/Water Division 1751 Congressman W. L. Dickerson Dr. Montgomery, AL 36130 205-271-7986 USTCONTACT Dept. of Pollution Control & Ecology P.O. Box 9583 8001 National Drive LHtle Rock, AR 72219 501-562-7444 AZ UST CONTACT Department of Environmental Quality 2005 North Central Avenue, Room 300 Phoenix, AZ 85004 602-257-6984 CA UST CONTACT State Water Resources Control Board Division of Loans and Grants P.O. Box 944212 2014 T Street Sacramento, CA 94244-2120 916-739-4324 CO UST CONTACT CO Department of Health Hazardous Materials and Waste Management Program Underground Tank Program 4210 East 11th Avenue Denver, CO 80220 303-331-4830 UST CONTACT CT Dept. of Environmental Protection Underground Storage Tank Program State Office Building 165 Capitol Avenue Hartford, CT 06106 203-566-4630 UST CONTACT DC Dept. of Consumer and Reg. Affairs 614 H Street, NW Rm. 516 Washington, D.C. 20013-7200 202-783-3205 DE UST CONTACT DE Dept. of Natural Resources & Environmental Control Underground Storage Tank Branch 715 Grantham Lane Newcastle, DE 19720 302-323-4588 FL UST CONTACT Dept. of Environmental Regulation Tank Section Twin Towers Office Building - Rm 403 2600 Blair Stone Road Tallahassee, FL 32399-2400 904-488-3936 GA UST CONTACT Environmental Protection Division Underground Storage Tank Unit 3420 Norman Berry Drive - 7th Floor Hapeville, GA 30354 404-669-3927 HI UST CONTACT Department of Health 500 Ala Moana Blvd. Honolulu, HI 96813 808-543-8226 IA UST CONTACT IA Department of Natural Resources Henry A. Wallace Building 900 East Grand DesMoines. IA 50319 515-281-8692 ID UST CONTACT ID Department of Health & Welfare 450 West State Street Boise, ID 83710 208-334-5847 IL UST CONTACT IL Office of State Fire Marshal 3150 Executive Park Drive Springfield, IL 62703-4259 217-785-5878 IN UST CONTACT 5500 West Bradbury Avenue Indianapolis, IN 46241 317-243-5055 KS UST CONTACT KS Department of Health & Environment Bureau of Environmental Remediation Underground Storage Tank Section Forbes Field, Building 740 Topeka, KS 66620 913-296-1678 KY UST CONTACT Division of Waste Management Underground Storage Tank Seiction 18ReillyRoad Frankfort, KY 40601 502-564-6716 LA UST CONTACT Dept. of Environmental Quality1 Underground Storage Tank Division P.O. Box 44274, 438 Main Street Baton Rouge, LA 70804 504-342-7808 ------- PAGE 29 MA UST CONTACT MA Department of Public Safety Underground Storage Tank Program P.O. Box 490, East Street, Bldg. #5 Tewksbury, MA 01876 508-851-9813 MD UST CONTACT MD Department of Environment Hazardous & Solid Waste Mgmt. Admin. Underground Storage Tank Section 2500 Broening Highway Baltimore, MD 21234 301-631-3442 ME UST CONTACT ME Dept. of Environmental Protection State House - Station 17 Hospital Street, Ray Building Augusta, ME 04333 207-289-2651 Ml UST CONTACT Ml Department of State Police Fire Marshal Division 7150 Harris Drive Lansing, Ml 48913 517-334-7090 MN UST CONTACT MN Pollution Control Agency Underground Storage Tank Program 520 Lafayette Road North St. Paul, MN 55155 612-296-7743 MO UST CONTACT MO Department of Natural Resources P.O. Box 176 205 Jefferson Street Jefferson City, MO 65102 314-751-7428 MS UST CONTACT Department of Environmental Quality Bureau of Pollution Control Underground Storage Tank Section P.O. Box 10385, 2380 Hwy 80 West Jackson, MS 39289-0385 MT NC ND 601-961-5171 UST CONTACT MT Dept. of Health & Environmental Sci. Solid & Hazardous Waste Bureau 111 North Last Chance Gulch Arcade Building, Basement Helena, MT 59701 406-444-5970 UST CONTACT Pollution Control Branch Division of Environmental Management Dept. of Env., Health and Natural Res. P.O. Box 27687 Raleigh, NC 27611 -7687 919-733-8486 UST CONTACT ND Department of Health Division of Waste Management Box 5520,1200 Missouri Avenue Bismarck, ND 58502-5520 701-224-2366 NE UST CONTACT NE State Fire Marshal's Office Underground Storage Tank Division P.O. Box 94677 246 South 14th Street Lincoln, NE 68509 402-471-9465 NH UST CONTACT NH Dept. of Environmental Services Underground Storage Tank Program 6 Hazen Drive, P.O. Box 95 Concord, NH 03301 603-271-3444 NJ UST CONTACT Dept. of Environmental Protection Div. of Water Resources (CN-029) 401 East State Street Trenton, NJ 08625 609-984-3156 NM UST CONTACT Environmental Improvement Division Underground Storage Tank Bureau 1190 St. Francis Drive Harold Runnels Building, Room N2150 Santa Fe, NM 87503 505-827-0188 NV UST CONTACT Dept. of Conservation & Natural Res. Division of Environmental Protection Capitol Complex 201 S. Fall Street Carson City, NV 89710 702-687-5872 NY UST CONTACT Dept. of Environmental Conservation Bulk Storage Section, Div. of Water 50 Wolf Road, Room 326 Albany, NY 12233-3520 518-457-4351 OH UST CONTACT OH Department of Commerce 7510 East Main Street P.O. Box 525 Reynoldsburg, OH 43068 614-752-7938 OK UST CONTACT Corporation Commission Underground Storage Tank Program Jim Thorpe Building 2101 North Lincoln Blvd. Oklahoma City, OK 73105 405-521-3107 PR UST CONTACT OR Dept. of Environmental Quality 811 SW Sixth Avenue Portland, OR 97204 503-229-6652 PA UST CONTACT PA Dept. of Environmental Resources Non-point Source & Storage Tank Section P.O. Box 2063, Fulton Building, 12th Floor Harrisburg, PA 17120 717-657-4080 ------- PAGE 30 R! UST CONTACT Rl Dept. of Environmental Management Underground Storage Tank Section 291 Promenade St. Providence, Rl 02908 401-277-2234 SC UST CONTACT Dept. of Health and Environ. Control Ground-Water Protection Division 2600 Bull Street Columbia, SC 29201 803-734-5332 SD UST CONTACT Dept. of Water & Natural Resources Office of Water Quality 523 East Capitol Joe Foss Building Pierre, SD 57501-3181 605-773-3351 TN UST CONTACT Dept. of Health & Environment 200 Doctors Building 706 Church Street Nashville, TN 37247 615-741-4081 TX UST CONTACT Texas Water Commission Underground Storage Tank Section P.O.Box 13087,1700 North Congress Austin, TX 78711 512-463-7786 UT UST CONTACT UT Department of Health Bureau of Solid & Hazardous Waste Solid and Hazardous Waste Section P.O. Box 16700 Salt Lake City, UT 84116-0700 801 -538-6752 VA VT Wl UST CONTACT Wl Dept. of Industry, Labor & Human Relations P.O. Box 7969 201 East Washington Avenue Madison, Wl 53707-7969 608-267-9725 WV UST CONTACT WV Waste Management Division WV Department of Natural Resources Underground Storage Tank Section 1260 Greenbrier Street Charleston, WV 25311 WY UST CONTACT WY Dept. of Environmental Quality Water Quality Division Herschler Building, 4th Floor 122 West 25th Street 304-348-5935 Cheyenne, WY 82002 307-777-7081 AS UST CONTACT VA State Water Control Board P.O. Box 11143 2111 North Hamilton Street Richmond, VA 23230-1143 804-367-6685 UST CONTACT VT Dept. of Natural Resources Underground Storage Tank Program 103 South Main Street, West Building Waterbury, VT 05676 802-244-8702 WA UST CONTACT WA Department of Ecology Solid & Hazardous Waste Program/ Underground Storage Tank Unit 4224 Sixth Avenue Rowesix, Bldg. 4, Mail Stop PV-11 OIympia,WA 98504-8711 206-459-6272 UST CONTACT Environmental Protection Agency Office of the Governor American Samoa Government ATTN: UST Program Pago Pago, American Samoa 96799 684-633-2682 CNMI UST CONTACT Division of Environmental Quality P.O. Box 1304 Commonwealth of Northern Mariana Ids Saipan.CM 96950 607-234-6984 GU UST CONTACT Environmental Protection Agency IT&E Harmon Plaza, Complex Unit D-107 130 Rojas Street Harmon, Guam 96911 671-646-8863 PR UST CONTACT Water Quality Control Environmental Quality Board P.O. Box11488 Commonwealth of Puerto Rico Santurce, Puerto Rico 00910 809-725-8410 VI UST CONTACT Environmental Protection Division Dept. of Planning and National Res. Suite 213, Nisky Center Charlotte Amalie St. Thomas, Virgin Islands 00802 809-774-3320 U.S. GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE 1990/725-708 ------- ------- ------- |