EPA/540/4-90/023
September 1990
NATIONAL PRIORITIES LIST SITES:
Michigan
UNITED STATES ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY
Office of Emergency & Remedial Response
Office of Program Management
Washington, B.C. 20460
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If you wish to purchase copies of any additional State volumes or the National
Overview volume, Superfund: Focusing on the Nation at Large, contact:
National Technical Information Service (NTIS)
U.S. Department of Commerce
5285 Port Royal Road
Springfield, VA 22161
(703) 487-4600
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PAGE
INTRODUCTION:
A Brief Overview iii
SUPERFUND:
How Does the Program Work to Clean Up Sites vii
How To:
Using the State Volume xvii
NFL SITES:
A State Overview xxi
THE NPL PROGRESS REPORT xxiii
NPL: Site Fact Sheets 1
GLOSSARY:
Terms Used in the Fact Sheets .....G-1
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11
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WHY THE SUPERFUND
PROGRAM?
: s the 1970s came to a
^ close, a series of head-
'"" line stories gave
Americans a look at the
dangers of dumping indus-
trial and urban wastes on the
land. First there was New
York's Love Canal. Hazard-
ous waste buried there over a
25-year period contaminated
streams and soil, and endan-
gered the health of nearby
residents. The result: evacu-
ation of several hundred
people. Then the leaking
barrels at the Valley of the
Drums in Kentucky attracted
public attention, as did the
dioxin tainted land and water
in Times Beach, Missouri.
In all these cases, human
health and the environment
were threatened, lives were
disrupted, property values
depreciated. It became in-
creasingly clear that there
were large numbers of serious
hazardous waste problems
that were falling through the
cracks of existing environ-
mental laws. The magnitude
of these emerging problems
moved Congress to enact the
Comprehensive Environ-
mental Response, Compensa-
tion, and Liability Act in 1980.
CERCLA commonly
known as the Superfund
was the first Federal law
established to deal with the
dangers posed by the
Nation's hazardous waste
sites.
After Discovery, the Problem
Intensified
Few realized the size of the
problem until EPA began the
process of site discovery and
site evaluation. Not hun-
dreds, but thousands of
potential hazardous waste
sites existed, and they pre-
sented the Nation with some
of the most complex pollution
problems it had ever faced.
In the 10 years since the
Superfund program began,
hazardous waste has surfaced
as a major environmental
concern in every part of the
United States. It wasn't just
the land that was contami-
nated by past disposal prac-
tices. Chemicals in the soil
were spreading into the
groundwater (a source of
drinking water for many) and
into streams, lakes, bays, and
wetlands. Toxic vapors
contaminated the air at some
sites, while at others improp-
erly disposed or stored
wastes threatened the health
of the surrounding commu-
nity and the environment.
EPA Identified More than
1,200 Serious Sites
EPA has identified 1,236
hazardous waste sites as the
most serious in the Nation.
These sites comprise the
"National Priorities List":
sites targeted for cleanup
under the Superfund. But site
discoveries continue, and
EPA estimates that, while
some will be deleted after
lengthy cleanups, this list,
commonly called the NPL,
will continue to grow by ap-
proximately 100 sites per
year, reaching 2,100 sites by
the year 2000.
THE NATIONAL
CLEANUP EFFORT IS
MUCH MORE THAN
THE NPL
From the beginning of the
program, Congress recog-
nized that the Federal govern-
ment could not and should
not address all environmental
problems stemming from past
disposal practices. Therefore,
the EPA was directed to set
priorities and establish a list
of sites to target. Sites on the
NPL (1,236) are thus a rela-
111
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tively small subset of a larger
inventory of potential hazard-
ous waste sites, but they do
comprise the most complex
and environmentally compel-
ling cases. EPA has logged
more than 32,000 sites on its
National hazardous waste
inventory, and assesses each
site within one year of being
logged. In fact, over 90 per-
cent of the sites on the inven-
tory have been assessed. Of
the assessed sites, 55 percent
have been found to require no
further Federal action because
they did not pose significant
human health or environ-
mental risks. The remaining
sites are undergoing further
assessment to determine if
long-term Federal cleanup
activities are appropriate.
EPA IS MAKING
PROGRESS ON SITE
CLEANUP
The goal of the Superfund
program is to tackle immedi-
ate dangers first, and then
move through the progressive
steps necessary to eliminate
any long-term risks to public
health and the environment.
The Superfund responds
immediately to sites posing
imminent threats to human
health and the environment
at both NPL sites and sites
notontheNPL. The purpose
is to stabilize, prevent, or
temper the effects of a haz-
ardous release, or the threat
of one. These might include
tire fires or transportation
accidents involving the spill
of hazardous chemicals.
Because they reduce the
threat a site poses to human
health and the environment,
immediate cleanup actions
are an integral part of the
Superfund program.
Immediate response to immi-
nent threats is one of the
Superfund's most noted
achievements. Where immi-
nent threats to the public or
environment were evident,
EPA has completed or moni-
tored emergency actions that
attacked the most serious
threats to toxic exposure in
more than 1,800 cases.
The ultimate goal for a haz-
ardous waste site on the NPL
is a permanent solution to an
environmental problem that
presents a serious (but not an
imminent) threat to the public
or environment. This often
requires a long-term effort. In
the last four years, EPA has
aggressively accelerated its
efforts to perform these long-
term cleanups of NPL sites.
More cleanups were started
in 1987, when the Superfund
law was amended, than in
any previous year. And in
1989 more sites than ever
reached the construction
stage of the Superfund
cleanup process. Indeed
construction starts increased
by over 200 percent between
late 1986 and 1989! Of the
sites currently on the NPL,
more than 500 nearly half
have had construction
cleanup activity. In addition,
over 500 more sites are pres-
ently in the investigation
stage to determine the extent
of site contamination, and to
identify appropriate cleanup
remedies. Many other sites
with cleanup remedies se-
lected are poised for the start
of cleanup construction activ-
ity. Measuring success by
"progress through the
cleanup pipeline," EPA is
clearly gaining momentum.
EPA MAKES SURE
CLEANUP WORKS
EPA has gained enough
experience in cleanup con-
struction to understand that
environmental protection
does not end when the rem-
edy is in place. Many com-
plex technologies like
those designed to clean up
groundwater must operate
for many years in order to
accomplish their objectives.
EPA's hazardous waste site
managers are committed to
proper operation and mainte-
nance of every remedy con-
structed. No matter who has
been delegated responsibility
for monitoring the cleanup
work, the EPA will assure
that the remedy is carefully
followed and that it continues
to do its job.
Likewise, EPA does not
abandon a site even after the
cleanup work is done. Every
IV
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five years the Agency reviews
each site where residues from
hazardous waste cleanup still
remain to ensure that public
and environmental health are
still being safeguarded. EPA
will correct any deficiencies
discovered and report to the
public annually on all five-
year reviews conducted that
year.
CITIZENS HELP SHAPE
DECISIONS
Superfund activities also
depend upon local citizen
participation. EPA's job is to
analyze the hazards and
deploy the experts, but the
Agency needs citizen input as
it makes choices for affected
communities.
Because the people in a
community with a Superfund
site will be those most di-
rectly affected by hazardous
waste problems and cleanup
processes, EPA encourages
citizens to get involved in
cleanup decisions. Public in-
volvement and comment does
influence EPA cleanup plans
by providing valuable infor-
mation about site conditions,
community concerns and
preferences.
This State volume and the
companion National Over-
view volume provide general
Superfund background
information and descriptions
of activities at each State NPL
site. These volumes are
intended to clearly describe
what the problems are, what
EPA and others participating
in site cleanups are doing,
and how we as a Nation can
move ahead in solving these
serious problems.
USING THE STATE AND
NATIONAL VOLUMES
IN TANDEM
To understand the big picture
on hazardous waste cleanup,
citizens need to hear about
both environmental progress
across the country and the
cleanup accomplishments
closer to home. The public
should understand the chal-
lenges involved in hazardous
waste cleanup and the deci-
sions we must make as a
Nation in finding the best
solutions.
The National Overview
volume Superfund: Focus-
ing on the Nation at Large
accompanies this State vol-
ume. The National Overview
contains important informa-
tion to help you understand
the magnitude and challenges
facing the Superfund pro-
gram as well as an overview
of the National cleanup effort.
The sections describe the
nature of the hazardous
waste problem nationwide,
threats and contaminants at
NPL sites and their potential
effects on human health and
the environment, the Super-
fund program's successes in
cleaning up the Nation's
serious hazardous waste sites,
and the vital roles of the
various participants in the
cleanup process.
This State volume compiles
site summary fact sheets on
each State site being cleaned
up under the Superfund
program. These sites repre-
sent the most serious hazard-
ous waste problems in the
Nation, and require the most
complicated and costly site
solutions yet encountered.
Each State book gives a
"snapshot" of the conditions
and cleanup progress that has
been made at each NPL site in
the State through the first half
of 1990. Conditions change as
our cleanup efforts continue,
so these site summaries will
be updated periodically to
include new information on
progress being made.
To help you understand the
cleanup accomplishments
made at these sites, this State
volume includes a description
of the process for site discov-
ery, threat evaluation and
long-term cleanup of Super-
fund sites. This description
How Does the Program
Work to Clean Up Sites?
will serve as a good reference
point from which to review
the cleanup status at specific
sites. A glossary also is
included at the back of the
book that defines key terms
used in the site fact sheets as
they apply to hazardous
waste management.
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VI
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he diverse problems posed by the Nation's hazardous
waste sites have provided EPA with the challenge to
establish a consistent approach for evaluating and
cleaning up the Nation's most serious sites. To do this, EPA
had to step beyond its traditional role as a regulatory agency
to develop processes and guidelines for each step in these
technically complex site cleanups. EPA has established proce-
dures to coordinate the efforts of its Washington, D.C. Head-
quarters program offices and its front-line staff in 10 Regional
Offices with the State governments, contractors, and private
parties who are participating in site cleanup. An important
part of the process is that any time during cleanup, work can
be led by EPA or the State or, under their monitoring, by
private parties who are potentially responsible for site con-
tamination.
The process for discovery of the site, evaluation of threat, and
long-term cleanup of Superfund sites is summarized in the
following pages. The phases of each of these steps are high-
lighted within the description. The flow diagram below pro-
vides a summary of this three step process.
STEP1
Discover site
and determine
whether an
emergency
exists *
STEP 2
Evaluate whether
a site is a serious
threat to public
health or
environment
STEP 3
Perform long-term
cleanup actions on
the most serious
hazardous waste
sites in the Nation
Emergency actions are performed whenever needed in this three-step process
FIGURE 1
Although this State book provides a current "snapshot" of site progress made only by emer-
gency actions and long-term cleanup actions at Superfund sites, it is important to understand
the discovery and evaluation process that leads up to identifying and cleaning up these most
serious uncontrolled or abandoned hazardous waste sites in the Nation. This discovery and
evaluation process is the starting point for this summary description.
vn
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SUPERFUNP
fe.
How does EFA iea
about potential :
waste Xtlt-" *
STEP 1: SITE DISCOVERY AND EMERGENCY
EVALUATION
Site discovery occurs in a number of ways. Information
comes from concerned citizens people may notice an odd
taste or foul odor in their drinking water, or see half-buried
leaking barrels; a hunter may come across a field where waste
was dumped illegally. Or there may be an explosion or fire
which alerts the State or local authorities to a problem. Rou-
tine investigations by State and local governments, and re-
quired reporting and inspection of facilities that generate,
treat, store, or dispose of hazardous waste also help keep EPA
informed about either actual or potential threats of hazardous
substance releases. All reported sites or spills are recorded in
the Superfund inventory (CERCLIS) for further investigation
to determine whether they will require cleanup.
- i^^^X *
if \ o&s .,;.,
i$ an
tlf ttiete isn't an ;|, -
mminent danger; j
Iliow does EFA ~V^
determine what,«*
:shottld be taken? ^
As soon as a potential hazardous waste site is reported, EPA
determines whether there is an emergency requiring an imme-
diate cleanup action. If there is, they act as quickly as possible
to remove or stabilize the imminent threat. These short-term
emergency actions range from building a fence around the
contaminated area to keep people away or temporarily relo-
cating residents until the danger is addressed, to providing
bottled water to residents while their local drinking water
supply is being cleaned up, or physically removing wastes for
safe disposal.
However, emergency actions can happen at any time an imminent
threat or emergency warrants them for example, if leaking
barrels are found when cleanup crews start digging in the
ground or if samples of contaminated soils or air show that
there may be a threat of fire or explosion, an immediate action
is taken.
STEP 2: SITE THREAT EVALUATION
Even after any imminent dangers are taken care of, in most
cases contamination may remain at the site. For example,
residents may have been supplied with bottled water to take
care of their immediate problem of contaminated well water.
But now it's time to figure out what is contaminating the
drinking water supply and the best way to clean it up. Or
vm
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EPA may determine that there is no imminent danger from a
site, so now any long-term threats need to be evaluated, In
either case, a more comprehensive investigation is needed to
determine if a site poses a serious but not imminent danger,
and requires a long-term cleanup action.
Once a site is discovered and any needed emergency actions
are taken, EPA or the State collects all available background
information not only from their own files, but also from local
records and U.S. Geological Survey maps. This information is
used to identify the site and to perform a preliminary assess-
ment of its potential hazards. This is a quick review of readily
available information to answer the questions:
Are hazardous substances likely to be present?
How are they contained?
How might contaminants spread?
How close is the nearest well, home, or natural resource
area like a wetland or animal sanctuary?
What may be harmed the land, water, air, people,
plants, or animals?
Some sites do not require further action because the prelimi-
nary assessment shows that they don't threaten public health
or the environment. But even in these cases, the sites remain
listed in the Superfund inventory for record keeping purposes
and future reference. Currently, there are more than 32,000
sites maintained in this inventory.
V-V;.
XJ-.X.S
>^
*s
f
>''
: '."
,s\^\\
Inspectors go to the site to collect additional information to
evaluate its hazard potential. During this site inspection, they
look for evidence of hazardous waste, such as leaking drums
and dead or discolored vegetation. They may take some
samples of soil, well water, river water, and air. Inspectors
analyze the ways hazardous materials could be polluting the
environment such as runoff into nearby streams. They also
check to see if people (especially children) have access to the
site.
a serious htreal
Information collected during the site inspection is used to
identify the sites posing the most serious threats to human
health and the environment. This way EPA can meet the
How 4o«sv
the
\
IX
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t How do people fmd
fput whether EPA"; ,
a $!te a--^:
priority Jot
|_cleanup using
! Superftutd
requirement that Congress gave them to use Superfund mo-
nies only on the worst hazardous waste sites in the Nation.
To identify the most serious sites, EPA developed the Hazard
Ranking System (HRS). The HRS is the scoring system EPA
uses to assess the relative threat from a release or a potential
release of hazardous substances from a site to surrounding
groundwater, surface water, air, and soil. A site score is based
on the likelihood a hazardous substance will be released from
the site, the toxicity and amount of hazardous substances at
the site, and the people and sensitive environments potentially
affected by contamination at the site.
Only sites with high enough health and environmental risk
scores are proposed to be added to EPA's National Priorities
List (NPL). That's why there are 1,236 sites are on the NPL,
but there are more than 32,000 sites in the Superfund inven-
tory. Only NPL sites can have a long-term cleanup paid for
from the national hazardous waste trust fund the Super-
fund. But the Superfund can and does pay for emergency
actions performed at any site, whether or not it's on the NPL.
The public can find out whether a site that concerns them is
on the NPL by calling their Regional EPA office at the number
listed in this book.
The proposed NPL identifies sites that have been evaluated
through the scoring process as the most serious problems
among uncontrolled or abandoned hazardous waste sites in
the U.S. In addition, a site will be added to the NPL if the
Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry issues a
health advisory recommending that people be moved away
from the site. Updated at least once a year, it's only after
public comments are considered that these proposed worst
sites are officially added to the NPL.
Listing on the NPL does not set the order in which sites will be
cleaned up. The order is influenced by the relative priority of
the site's health and environmental threats compared to other
sites, and such factors as State priorities, engineering capabili-
ties, and available technologies. Many States also have their
own list of sites that require cleanup; these often contain sites
not on the NPL that are scheduled to be cleaned up with State
money. And it should be said again that any emergency action
needed at a site can be performed by the Superfund whether
or not a site is on the NPL.
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STEP 3: LONG-TERM CLEANUP ACTIONS
The ultimate goal for a hazardous waste site on the NPL is a
permanent, long-term cleanup. Since every site presents a
unique set of challenges, there is no single all-purpose solu-
tion. So a five-phase "remedial response" process is used to
develop consistent and workable solutions to hazardous waste
problems across the Nation:
1. Investigate in detail the extent of the site contamination:
remedial investigation,
2. Study the range of possible cleanup remedies: feasibility
study,
3. Decide which remedy to use: Record of Decision or ROD,
4. Plan the remedy: remedial design, and
5. Carry out the remedy: remedial action.
This remedial response process is a long-term effort to provide
a permanent solution to an environmental problem that
presents a serious, but not an imminent threat to the public or
environment.
The first two phases of a long-term cleanup are a combined
remedial investigation and feasibility study (RI/FS) that
determine the nature and extent of contamination at the site,
and identify and evaluate cleanup alternatives. These studies
may be conducted by EPA or the State or, under their monitor-
ing, by private parties.
Like the initial site inspection described earlier, a remedial
investigation involves an examination of site data in order to
better define the problem. But the remedial investigation is
much more detailed and comprehensive than the initial site
inspection.
A remedial investigation can best be described as a carefully
designed field study. It includes extensive sampling and
laboratory analyses to generate more precise data on the types
and quantities of wastes present at the site, the type of soil and
water drainage patterns, and specific human health and
environmental risks. The result is information that allows
EPA to select the cleanup strategy that is best suited to a
particular site or to determine that no cleanup is needed.
,
to tlie NFL/ wta #re,,
tite steps fco cleanup?
%' " "'" 'SS
XI
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I
t,
I How are
^alternatives
I identified and
Devaluated?
Placing a site on the NPL does not necessarily mean that
cleanup is needed. It is possible for a site to receive an HRS
score high enough to be added to the NPL, but not ultimately
require cleanup actions. Keep in mind that the purpose of the
scoring process is to provide a preliminary and conservative
assessment of potential risk. During subsequent site investiga-
tions, the EPA may find either that there is no real threat or
that the site does not pose significant human health or envi-
ronmental risks.
EPA or the State or, under their monitoring, private parties
identify and analyze specific site cleanup needs based on the
extensive information collected during the remedial investiga-
tion. This analysis of cleanup alternatives is called a feasibility
study.
Since cleanup actions must be tailored exactly to the needs of
each individual site, more than one possible cleanup alterna-
tive is always considered. After making sure that all potential
cleanup remedies fully protect human health and the environ-
ment and comply with Federal and State laws, the advantages
and disadvantages of each cleanup alternative are carefully
compared. These comparisons are made to determine their
effectiveness in the short- and long-term, their use of perma-
nent treatment solutions, and their technical feasibility and
cost.
To the maximum extent practicable, the remedy must be a
permanent solution and use treatment technologies to destroy
principal site contaminants. But remedies such as containing
the waste on site or removing the source of the problem (like
leaking barrels) are often considered effective. Often special
pilot studies are conducted to determine the effectiveness and
feasibility of using a particular technology to clean up a site.
Therefore, the combined remedial investigation and feasibility
study can take between 10 and 30 months to complete, de-
pending on the size and complexity of the problem.
* Does tne public have
a say in the final
cleanup decision? o
Yes. The Superfund law requires that the public be given the
opportunity to comment on the proposed cleanup plan. Their
concerns are carefully considered before a final decision is
made.
\,
XII
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The results of the remedial investigation and feasibility study,
which also point out the recommended cleanup choice, are
published in a report for public review and comment. EPA or
the State encourages the public to review the information and
take an active role in the final cleanup decision. Fact sheets
and announcements in local papers let the community know
where they can get copies of the study and other reference
documents concerning the site.
The public has a minimum of 30 days to comment on the
proposed cleanup plan after it is published. These comments
can either be written or given verbally at public meetings that
EPA or the State are required to hold. Neither EPA nor the
State can select the final cleanup remedy without evaluating
and providing written answers to specific community com-
ments and concerns. This "responsiveness summary" is part
of EPA's write-up of the final remedy decision, called the
Record of Decision or ROD.
The ROD is a public document that explains the cleanup
remedy chosen and the reason it was selected. Since sites
frequently are large and must be cleaned up in stages, a ROD
may be necessary for each contaminated resource or area of
the site. This may be necessary when contaminants have
spread into the soil, water and air, and affect such sensitive
areas as wetlands, or when the site is large and cleaned up in
stages. This often means that a number of remedies using
different cleanup technologies are needed to clean up a single
site.
Yes. Before a specific cleanup action is carried out, it must be
designed in detail to meet specific site needs. This stage of the
cleanup is called the remedial design. The design phase
provides the details on how the selected remedy will be
engineered and constructed.
Projects to clean up a hazardous waste site may appear to be
like any other major construction project but, in fact, the likely
presence of combinations of dangerous chemicals demands
special construction planning and procedures. Therefore, the
design of the remedy can take anywhere from 6 months to 2
years to complete. This blueprint for site cleanup includes not
only the details on every aspect of the construction work, but a
description of the types of hazardous wastes expected at the
ff ev«fy cleanup ,,,,~
tailored to a/site, does1;;
thejlesigrt of the s~^77
remedy rteg$ *o be--:^>-
Xlll
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SUPERFUND
Iff.rr * > A TV ^ ^
s Once wie aesi^ii is*
illoes it tak^ to> ^ ...
factually cleanup
- site and how mv^
sV
^ Once the
Notion i$ compile,
I the
site, special plans for environmental protection, worker safety,
regulatory compliance, and equipment decontamination.
The time and cost for performing the site cleanup called the
remedial action are as varied as the remedies themselves.
In a few cases, the only action needed may be to remove
drums of hazardous waste and decontaminate them an
action that takes limited time and money. In most cases,
however, a remedial action may involve different and expen-
sive measures that can take a long time.
For example, cleaning polluted groundwater or dredging
contaminated river bottoms can take several years of complex
engineering work before contamination is reduced to safe
levels. Sometimes the selected cleanup remedy described in
the ROD may need to be modified because of new contami-
nant information discovered or difficulties that were faced
during the early cleanup activities. Taking into account these
differences, a remedial cleanup action takes an average of 18
months to complete and costs an average of $26 million per
site.
No. The deletion of a site from the NPL is anything but auto-
matic. For example, cleanup of contaminated groundwater
may take up to 20 years or longer. Also, in some cases the
long-term monitoring of the remedy is required to ensure that
it is effective. After construction of certain remedies, opera-
tion and maintenance (e.g., maintenance of ground cover,
groundwater monitoring, etc.) or continued pumping and
treating of groundwater, may be required to ensure that the
remedy continues to prevent future health hazards or environ-
mental damage, and ultimately meets the cleanup goals
specified in the ROD. Sites in this final monitoring or opera-
tional stage of the cleanup process are designated as "con-
struction completed".
It's not until a site cleanup meets all the goals and monitoring
requirements of the selected remedy that EPA can officially
propose the site for "deletion" from the NPL. And it's not
until public comments are taken into consideration that a site
can actually be deleted from the NPL. Deletions that have
occurred are included in the "Construction Complete" cate-
gory in the progress report found later in this book.
xiv
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Yes. Based on the belief that "the polluters should pay," after a
site is placed on the NPL, the EPA makes a thorough effort to
identify and find those responsible for causing contamination
problems at a site. Although EPA is willing to negotiate with
these private parties and encourages voluntary cleanup, it has
the authority under the Superfund law to legally force those
potentially responsible for site hazards to take specific cleanup
actions. All work performed by these parties is closely guided
and monitored by EPA, and must meet the same standards
required for actions financed through the Superfund.
Because these enforcement actions can be lengthy, EPA may
decide to use Superfund monies to make sure a site is cleaned
up without unnecessary delay. For example, if a site presents
ah imminent threat to public health and the environment, or if
conditions at a site may worsen, it could be necessary to start
the cleanup right away. Those responsible for causing site
contamination are liable under the law for repaying the money
EPA spends in cleaning up the site.
Whenever possible, EPA and the Department of Justice use
their legal enforcement authorities to require responsible
parties to pay for site cleanups, thereby preserving the Super-
fund for emergency actions and sites where no responsible
parties can be identified.
'».,
SV&V.V.
XV
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XVI
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he Site Fact Sheets
presented in this book
are comprehensive
""summaries that cover a broad
range of information. The
fact sheets describe hazard-
ous waste sites on the Na-
tional Priorities List (NPL)
and their locations, as well as
the conditions leading to their
listing ("Site Description").
They list the types of con-
taminants that have been dis-
covered and related threats to
public and ecological health
("Threats and Contami-
nants"). "Cleanup Ap-
proach" presents an overview
of the cleanup activities
completed, underway, or
planned. The fact sheets
conclude with a brief synop-
sis of how much progress has
been made on protecting
public health and the envi-
ronment. The summaries also
pinpoint other actions, such
as legal efforts to involve pol-
luters responsible for site
contamination and commu-
nity concerns.
The following two pages
show a generic fact sheet and
briefly describes the informa-
tion under each section. The
square "icons" or symbols ac-
companying the text allow
the reader to see at a glance
which environmental re-
sources are affected and the
status of cleanup activities.
Icons in the Threats
and Contaminants
Section
Contaminated
Groundwater re-
sources in the vicinity
or underlying the site.
(Groundwater is often used
as a drinking water source.)
Contaminated Sur-
face Water and
Sediments on or near
the site. (These include lakes,
ponds, streams, and rivers.)
Contaminated Air in
the vicinity of the
site. (Pollution is
usually periodic and involves
contaminated dust particles
or hazardous gas emissions.)
Contaminated Soil
and Sludges on or
near the site.
Threatened or
contaminated Envi-
ronmentally Sensi-
tive Areas in the vicinity of
the site. (Examples include
wetlands and coastal areas,
critical habitats.)
Icons in the Response
Action Status Section
Actions
have been taken or
are underway to
eliminate immediate threats
at the site.
Site Studies at the
site are planned or
underway.
Remedy Selected
indicates that site
investigations have
been concluded
and EPA has se-
lected a final cleanup remedy
for the site or part of the site.
Remedy Design
means that engi-
neers are prepar-
ing specifications
and drawings for the selected
cleanup technologies.
Cleanup Ongoing
indicates that the
selected cleanup
remedies for the
contaminated site or part
of the site are currently
underway.
Cleanup Complete
shows that all
cleanup goals have
been achieved for
the contaminated site or part
of the site.
xvn
-------
Site Responsibility
Identifies the Federal, State,
and/or potentially responsible
parties that are taking
responsibility for cleanup
actions at the site.
EPA REGION
CONGRESSIONAL DIST
County Name
SITE NAME
STATE
EPA ID# ABCOOOOOOOO
Site Description
NPL Listing
History
Dates when the site
was Proposed,
made Final, and
Deleted from the
NPL
Threats and Contaminants
Cleanup Approach
Response Action Status
Environmental Progress
A summary of the actions to reduce the threats to nearby residents and
the surrounding environment; progress towards cleaning up the site
and goals of the cleanup plan are given here.
XVlll
-------
WHAT THE FACT SHEETS CONTAIN
Site Description
This section describes the location and history of the site. It includes
descriptions of the most recent activities and past actions at the site that have
contributed to the contamination. Population estimates, land usages, and nearby
resources give readers background on the local setting surrounding the site.
Throughout the site description and other sections of the site summary, technical
or unfamiliar terms that are italicized are presented in the glossary at the end of
the book. Please refer to the glossary for more detailed explanation or definition
of the terms.
Threats and Contaminants
The major chemical categories of site contamination are noted as well as
which environmental resources are affected. Icons representing each of the
affected resources (may include air, groundwater, surface water, soil and
contamination to environmentally sensitive areas) are included in the margins
of this section. Potential threats to residents and the surrounding
environments arising from the site contamination are also described. Specific
contaminants and contaminant groupings are italicized and explained in more
detail in the glossary.
Cleanup Approach
This section contains a brief overview of how the site is being cleaned up.
Response Action Status
Specific actions that have been accomplished or will be undertaken to clean up
the site are described here. Cleanup activities at NPL sites are divided into
separate phases depending on the complexity and required actions at the site.
Two major types of cleanup activities are often described: initial, immediate or
emergency actions to quickly remove or reduce imminent threats to the
community and surrounding areas; and long-term remedial phases directed at
final cleanup at the site. Each stage of the cleanup strategy is presented in this
section of the summary. Icons representing the stage of the cleanup process
(initial actions, site investigations, EPA selection of the cleanup remedy,
engineering design phase, cleanup activities underway and completed cleanup)
are located in the margin next to each activity description.
Site Facts
Additional information on activities and events at the site are included in this
section. Often details on legal or administrative actions taken by EPA to achieve
site cleanup or other facts pertaining to community involvement with the site
cleanup process are reported here.
XIX
-------
The fact sheets are arranged
in alphabetical order by site
name. Because site cleanup is
a dynamic and gradual
process, all site information is
accurate as of the date shown
on the bottom of each page.
Progress is always being
made at NPL sites, and EPA
will periodically update the
Site Fact Sheets to reflect
recent actions and publish
updated State volumes.
HOW CAN YOU USE
THIS STATE BOOK?
You can use this book to keep
informed about the sites that
concern you, particularly
ones close to home. EPA is
committed to involving the
public in the decisionmaking
process associated with
hazardous waste cleanup.
The Agency solicits input
from area residents in com-
munities affected by Super-
fund sites. Citizens are likely
to be affected not only by
hazardous site conditions, but
also by the remedies that
combat them. Site cleanups
take many forms and can
affect communities in differ-
ent ways. Local traffic may
be rerouted, residents may be
relocated, temporary water
supplies may be necessary.
Definitive information on a
site can help citizens sift
through alternatives and
make decisions. To make
good choices, you must know
what the threats are and how
EPA intends to clean up the
site. You must understand
the cleanup alternatives being
proposed for site cleanup and
how residents may be af-
fected by each one. You also
need to have some idea of
how your community intends
to use the site in the future
and to know what the com-
munity can realistically
expect once the cleanup is
complete.
EPA wants to develop
cleanup methods that meet
community needs, but the
Agency can only take local
concerns into account if it
understands what they are.
Information must travel both
ways in order for cleanups to
be effective and satisfactory.
Please take this opportunity
to learn more, become in-
volved, and assure that
hazardous waste cleanup at
"your" site considers your
community's concerns.
xx
-------
NPL Sites in
State of Michiga
The Lower Peninsula of Michigan is bordered by Indiana and Ohio to the south, Canada
and Lake Huron in the east, and Lake. Michigan to the west. The Upper Peninsula is
surrounded by Lakes Superior and Michigan and bounded by Wisconsin to the west.
Michigan covers 58,527 square miles consisting of low rolling hills which give way to
northern tableland of hilly belts in the Lower Peninsula. In the Upper Peninsula, level
land with swamps gives way to a rugged western region. The State experienced a 0.2
percent decrease in population during the 1980s and currently has approximately
9,240,000 residents, ranking 8th in U.S. populations. Principal State industries include
agriculture, manufacturing, services, mining, and tourism. Michigan manufacturing
produces transportation equipment, machinery, fabricated and primary metals, food
products, rubber, and plastics.
How Many Michigan Sites
Are on the NPL?
Where Are the NPL Sites Located?
Cong. District 01, 08, 16, 19 1 site
Cong. District 02, 07 2 sites
Cong. District 12 : 4 sites
Cong. District 04 6 sites
Cong. District 03, 06, 10, 11 8 sites
Cong. District 05 11 sites
Cong. District 09 18 sites
How are Sites Contaminated and What are the Principal* Chemicals ?
Proposed Sites
Final Sites
Deleted Sites
3
75
_1
79
80--
60--
^40+
=*
20--
GW Soil SW Seds Air Solid
Waste
Contamination Area
* Appear at 11 % or more sites
Groundwater: Volatile organic
compounds (VOCs) and heavy
metals (inorganics).
Soil and Solid Waste: Volatile
organic compounds (VOCs),
heavy metals (inorganics),
polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs),
and pesticides.
Surface Water and Sediments:
Heavy metals (inorganics),
volatile organic compounds
(VOCs), and polychlorinated
biphenyls (PCBs).
Air: Volatile organic compounds
(VOCs), heavy metals
(inorganics), polychlorinated
biphenyls (PCBs), and plastics.
State Overview
continued
-------
Where are the Sites in the Superfund Cleanup Process*?
Site w Remedy ^ Remedy ^^ Cleanup ^^ Construction
Studies """P* Selected ^^ Design ^^ Ongoing ""^ Complete
Initial actions have been taken at 53 sites as interim cleanup measures.
Who Do I Call with Questions?
The following pages describe each NPL site in Michigan, providing specific information
on threats and contaminants, cleanup activities, and environmental progress. Should
you have questions, please call one of the offices listed below:
Michigan Superfund Office
EPA Region V Superfund Office
EPA Region V Public Relations Office
EPA Superfund Hotline
EPA Public Information Office
(517)373-8448
(312)886-7456
(312)353-2072
(800) 424-9346
(202) 477-7751
Cleanup status reflects phase of site activities rather than administrative accomplishments.
-------
The NPL Progress Report
The following Progress Report lists the State sites currently on or deleted from the NPL,
and briefly summarizes the status of activities for each site at the time this report was
prepared. The steps in the Superfund cleanup process are arrayed across the top of the
chart, and each site's progress through these steps is represented by an arrow K) which
indicates the current stage of cleanup at the site.
Large and complex sites are often organized into several cleanup stages. For example,
separate cleanup efforts may be required to address the source of the contamination,
hazardous substances in the groundwater, and surface water pollution, or to clean up
different areas of a large site. In such cases, the chart portrays cleanup progress at the
site's most advanced stage, reflecting the status of site activities rather than administrative
accomplishments.
*- An arrow in the "Initial Response" category indicates that an emergency cleanup or
initial action has been completed or is currently underway. Emergency or initial actions
are taken as an interim measure to provide immediete relief from exposure to
hazardous site conditions or to stabilize a site to prevent further contamination.
*- An arrow in the "Site Studies" category indicates that an investigation to determine the
nature and extent of the contamination at the site is currently ongoing or planned to
begin in 1991.
+~ An arrow in the "Remedy Selection" category means that the EPA has selected the
final cleanup strategy for the site. At the few sites where the EPA has determined that
initial response actions have eliminated site contamination, or that any remaining
contamination will be naturally dispersed without further cleanup activities, a "No
Action" remedy is selected. In these cases, the arrows in the Progress Report are
discontinued at the "Remedy Selection" step and resume in the final "Construction
Complete" category.
*- An arrow at the "Remedial Design" stage indicates that engineers are currently
designing the technical specifications for the selected cleanup remedies and
technologies.
*- An arrow marking the "Cleanup Ongoing" category means that final cleanup actions
have been started at the site and are currently underway.
*- A arrow in the "Construction Complete" category is used only when all phases of the
site cleanup plan have been performed and the EPA has determined that no additional
construction actions are required at the site. Some sites in this category may currently
be undergoing long-term pumping and treating of groundwater, operation and
maintenance or monitoring to ensure that the completed cleanup actions continue to
protect human health and the environment.
The sites are listed in alphabetical order. Further information on the activities and progress
at each site is given in the site "Fact Sheets" published in this volume.
XXlll
-------
Pro
Page
1
3
5
7
9
11
13
15
17
19
22
24
26
28
30
33
35
37
39
gress Toward uieanup at
Site Name
ADAMS PLATING
ALBION-SHERIDAN TOWNSHIP LDFL
ALLIED PAPER/PORTAGE/KALAMAZOO
AMERICAN ANODCO, INC.
ANDERSON DEVELOPMENT COMPANY
AUTO ION CHEMICALS, INC.
AVENUE "E" GW CONTAMINATION
BARRELS, INC.
BENDIX CORP./ALLIED AUTOMOTIVE
BERLIN AND FARRO
BOFORS NOBEL, INC.
BURROWS SANITATION
BUTTERWORTH #2 LANDFILL
CANNELTON INDUSTRIES, INC.
CARTER INDUSTRIALS, INC.
CEMETERY DUMP
CHARLEVOIX MUNICIPAL WELL
CHEM CENTRAL
CLARE WATER SUPPLY
j\jfJL sites in tn<
County NPL
INGHAM
CALHOUN
KALAMAZOO
IONIA
LENAWEE
KALAMAZOO
GRAND TRAVERSE
INGHAM
BERRIEN
GENESEE
MUSKEGON
VAN BUREN
KENT
CHIPPEWA
WAYNE
OAKLAND
CHARLEVOIX
KENT
CLARE
Final
Final
Prop.
Final
Final
Final
Final
Final
Final
Final
Final
Final
Final
Prop.
Final
Final
Final
Final
Final
e oiate 01 micmgan
Initial Site Remedy Remedy Cleanup Construction
Date Response Studies Selected Design Ongoing Complete
03/31/89 *
10/04/89 *" *"
05/05/89 * *"
03/31/89 * +
09/08/83 *- *-
09/08/83 * *- >" *"
06/10/86 + *- «K * *
10/04/89 *- *-
02/21/90 *-
09/08/83 "K *" * "*" *"
03/31/89 "^ "^
09/21/84 "^ *- "^ *" ^~
09/08/83 "^ "*
06/24/88 * "^
03/31/89 *- "*
09/08/83 >*- *" * *"
09/08/83 *- * "^ ^ * ^
09/08/83 * "K
09/21/84 *"
-------
Page Site Name
County
Initial Site Remedy Remedy Cleanup Construction
NPL Date Response Studies Selected Design Ongoing Complete
41
43
45
47
49
51
53
55
57
59
61
63
66
68
70
72
74
76
78
CLIFF/DOW DUMP
DUELL & GARDNER LANDFILL
ELECTROVOICE
FOLKERTSMA REFUSE '
FOREST WASTE PRODUCTS
G & H LANDFILL
GRAND TRAVERSE OVERALL SUPPLY
GRATIOT COUNTY GOLF COURSE
GRATIOT COUNTY LANDFILL
H. BROWN CO., INC.
HEDBLUM INDUSTRIES
HI-MILL MANUFACTURING COMPANY
IONIA CITY LANDFILL
J & L LANDFILL
K&L AVENUE LANDFILL
KAYDON CORPORATION
KENT CITY MOBILE HOME PARK
KENTWOOD LANDFILL
KYSOR INDUSTRIAL CORP.
MARQUETTE
MUSKEGON
BERRiEN
KENT
GENESEE
MACOMB
LEELANAU
GRATJOT
GRATIOT
KENT
IOSCO
OAKLAND
IONIA
OAKLAND
KALAMAZOO
MUSKEGON
KENT
KENT
WEXFORD
Final
Final
Final
Final
Final
Final
Final
Delete
Final
Final
Final
Final
Final
Final
Final
Final
Final
Final
Final
09/08/83 +- + + +~
09/08/83 *" *-
09/21/84 *
03/31/89 "^
09/08/83 *- "K . «K + *»
09/03/83 "K *
09/08/83 «K «K
09/03/83 * +-
09/08/83 * »- "K +
06/10/86 "K
09/08/83 "K + +
02/21/90 *- "K
09/08/83 "^ "^ *- ^>
03/31/89 «^
09/08/83 "^ «^-
02/21/90 ^- . a^ «K *- ^
07/21/87 *"
09/08/83 "K
10/04/89 "^ "K "^
XXV
-------
Page Site Name
County
NPL Date
Initial She Remedy Remedy Cleanup Construction
Response Studies Selected Design Ongoing Complete
80
83
85
87
89
91
93
95
97
99
101
103
105
107
109
111
113
115
117
LIQUID DISPOSAL, INC.
MASON COUNTY LANDFILL
MCGRAW EDISON CORP.
METAL WORKING SHOP
METAMORA LANDFILL
MICHIGAN DISPOSAL SERVICE
MOTOR WHEEL, INC.
MUSKEGON CHEMICAL CO.
NORTH BRONSON INDUSTRIAL AREA
NORTHERNAIRE PLATING
NOVACO INDUSTRIES
ORGANIC CHEMICALS, INC.
OSSINEKE GROUND WATER CONTAMN
OTT/STORY/CORDOVA CHEMICAL CO.
PACKAGING CORP. OF AMERICA
PARSONS CHEMICAL WORKS, INC.
PEERLESS PLATING CO.
PETOSKEY MUNICIPAL WELL FIELD
RASMUSSEN'S DUMP
MACOMB
MASON
CALHOUN
BENZIE
LAPEER
KALAMAZOO
ING HAM
MUSKEGON
BRANCH
WEXFORD
MONROE
KENT
ALPENA
MUSKEGON
MANISTEE
EATON
MUSKEGON
EMMET
LIVINGSTON
Final
Final
Final
Final
Final
Final
Final
Final
Final
Final
Final
Final
Final
Final
Final
Final
Prop.
Final
Final
09/08/83 ***-*-*-
09/08/83 *- * * - *"
09/08/83 *-***-*-*-
02/21/90 *
09/21/84 *-*-*- +
02/21/90 *- *
06/10/86 * *"
02/21/90 "* *-
06/10/86 *-
09/08/83 *-*-***
09/08/83 ** *- * '
09/08/83 * *
09/08/83 "^ ^
09/08/83 **-*-*
09/08/83 4"
03/31/89 «* +
06/24/88 "^ 4"
09/08/83 * *-
09/08/83 "*- "*
xxvi
-------
Page Site Name
County
Initial Site Remedy Remedy Cleanup Construction
IMPL Date Response Studies Selected Design Ongoing Complete
119
121
123
125
127
129
131
133
135
137
139
141
143
145
147
149
151
153
155
ROCKWELL INTLCORP. (ALLEGAN PLT)
ROSE TOWNSHIP DUMP
ROTO-FINISH CO., INC.
SCA INDEPENDENT LANDFILL
SHIAWASSEE RIVER
SOUTH MACOMB DSPL AUTHORITY
SOUTHWEST OTTAWA COUNTY LDFL
SPARTA LANDFILL
SPARTAN CHEMICAL COMPANY
SPIEGELBERG LANDFILL
SPRINGFIELD TOWNSHIP DUMP
STATE DISPOSAL LANDFILL, INC.
STURGIS MUNICIPAL WELLS
TAR LAKE
THERMO-CHEM, INC.
TORCH LAKE
U.S. AVI EX
VELSICOL CHEMICAL (MICHIGAN)
VERONA WELL FIELD
ALLEGAN
OAKLAND
KALAMAZOO
MUSKEGON
LIVINGSTON
MACOMB
OTTAWA
KENT
KENT
LIVINGSTON
OAKLAND
KENT
ST. JOSEPH
ANTRIM
MUSKEGON
HOUGHTON
CASS
GRATIOT
CALHOUN
Final
Final
Final
Final
Final
Final
Final
Final
Final
Final
Final
Final
Final
Final
Final
Final
Final
Final
Final
09/08/83 N
07/21/87 N
06/10/86
09/08/83
09/08/83 4
06/10/86 4
09/08/83
OS/08/83 4
09/08/83
09/08/83 4
09/08/83 4
02/21/90 4
09/21/84
09/08/83
06/10/86 4
06/10/86
09/08/83 4
09/08/83
09/08/83 4
K ^~
^ 4- 4- 4-
4-
4- 4-
4-
4-
-4-4-4-4-
4-
4-4-4-4-
*- *- *- *-
4-
4-
4-
4-
4-
4-
4-4-4-
4-4-4-4-
4- 4- 4-4-
XXVII
-------
Page Site Name
County
IMPL Date
Initial Site Remedy Remedy Cleanup Construction
Response Studies Selected Design Ongoing Complete
157 WASH KING LAUNDRY LAKE
159 WASTE MGMT OF MICHIGAN OTTAWA
161 WHITEHALL MUNICIPAL WELLS MUSKEGON
Final 09/08/83
Final 06/10/86
Final 09/21/84
XXVIII
-------
-------
-------
ADAM'S PLATING
MICHIGAN
EPA ID# MID006522791
REGION 5
CONGRESSIONAL DIST. 03
Ingham County
Lansing
Site Description
The 1-acre Adams Plating site has been used for electroplating operations since 1964.
Before electroplating operations began, the site was used by a dry cleaning company.
In the mid-1950s, an underground storage tank containing solvents was discovered to
be leaking and was removed. Wastewaters from the electroplating operations were
discharged to the storm sewers until 1971, when the site was connected to the
municipal sanitary sewers. Wastewaters were discharged directly into the municipal
sewers until the mid-1970s. Subsequently, wastewaters were collected, stored, and
treated prior to discharge into the sewers. Wastewaters were first stored on site in a
partially buried tank, which was removed when it was discovered to be leaking.
Currently, wastewater storage is in an underground storage tank in the southwestern
corner of the site. Evidence that a contaminant release may have occurred was first
observed in 1980. While removing a tree on a neighboring property, an old tile drain
was broken and residents observed "green water" entering the hole. Later, this
"green water" flooded the basement of a nearby home and was pumped into the yard.
This pumping system continued until the flooding problem was reported to the Ingham
County Health Department in 1981. The Michigan Department of Natural Resources
(MDNR) found that wastewater with a high chromium content was saturating soils. In
1981, the MDNR found trichloroethylene (TCE), a dry cleaning solvent, in the soil as
well. Approximately 185,600 people depend on drinking water from municipal wells
within 3 miles of the site.
Site Responsibility:
This site is being addressed through
Federal actions.
NPL LISTING HISTORY
Proposed Date: 06/24/88
Final Date: 03/31/89
Threats and Contaminants
The soil is contaminated with TCE and chromium. Touching or
accidentally ingesting contaminated soil is a potential health threat.
March 1990
NPL HAZARDOUS WASTE SITES
1
continued
-------
ADAM'S PLATING
Cleanup Approach
This site is being addressed in a single long-term remedial phase focusing on cleanup
of the entire site.
Response Action Status
Entire Site: The EPA is currently conducting an investigation to determine
the extent and nature of contamination and to select final methods for site
cleanup. The investigation is expected to be completed in late 1991.
Environmental Progress
After adding this site to the NPU the EPA performed preliminary investigations and
determined that no immediate actions were required at the Adam's Plating site while
studies are taking place and cleanup activities are being planned.
-------
ALBION-SHERIDAN
TOWNSHIP LANPF
MICHIGAN
EPA ID# MID980504450
Site Description
REGION 5
CONGRESSIONAL DIST. 02
Calhoun County
1 mile east of Albion
From 1966 to 1981, the 30-acre Albion-Sheridan Township Landfill site accepted
municipal refuse and industrial wastes from the City of Albion and nearby Sheridan
Township. According to the owner, the landfill accepted 200 to 300 cubic yards of
sludges from the Union Steel Products plant prior to 1981. Tests conducted by the
Michigan Department of Natural Resources (MDNR) in 1984 and 1986 indicated that
the sludges contain various heavy metal contaminants. In 1986, the EPA found
approximately 40 drums on the surface, some filled with what appeared to be oil and
grease wastes. The landfill is covered with sand and gravel, and there are signs of
burning. Some vegetation has grown on the cover. Approximately 13,500 people
obtain drinking water from public and private wells within 3 miles of the site. The north
branch of the Kalamazoo River is 300 feet from the site. :
Site Responsibility:
This site is being addressed through
Federal and potentially responsible
parties'actions.
IMPL LISTING HISTORY
Proposed Date: 06/24/89
Final Date: 10/04/89
Threats and Contaminants
The groundwater is contaminated with sodium, calcium, ammonia, and
heavy metals including iron, potassium, lead, and magnesium. Cyanide
and heavy metals including nickel, lead, cadmium, and chromium are
contained in the soil. The sludge also is contaminated with heavy metals
as well as chloride and cyanide. Possible health threats include touching
or accidentally ingesting contaminated soils, sludges, or groundwater.
March 1990
NPL HAZARDOUS WASTE SITES
3
continued
-------
ALBION-SHERIDAN TOWNSHIP LANDFILL
Cleanup Approach
This site is being addressed in two stages: initial actions and a long-term remedial
phase focusing on cleanup of the entire site.
Response Action Status
Initial Actions: In 1990, under EPA monitoring, a potentially responsible
party began sampling, overpacking, and disposing of leaking drums on the
landfill surface.
Entire Site: The EPA will conduct an investigation to determine the
nature and extent of contamination at the site and to recommend
alternative methods for site cleanup. The investigation is expected to
begin in 1990.
Site Facts: A Unilateral Administrative Orderwas issued to four potentially responsible
parties in 1990 to perform site cleanup work.
Environmental Progress
The sampling, overpacking, and disposing of leaking drums are reducing the potential of
exposure to contaminants at the Albion Sheridan Township Landfill site while studies
and cleanup activities are being planned.
-------
ALLIED PAPER, INC./^
PORTAGE CREEK/
KALAMAZOO RIVRR
MICHIGAN
EPA ID# MID006007306
REGION 5
CONGRESSIONAL DIST. 03
Kalamazoo County
Kalamazoo
Aliases:
Allied Paper
Portage Creek
Site Description
The Allied Paper, Inc./Portage Creek/Kalamazoo River site involves polychlorinated
biphenyl (PCB) contamination of an Allied Paper, Inc. property, a 3-mile stretch of
Portage Creek where the creek meets the Kalamazoo River, and a 35-mile stretch of
the Kalamazoo River. Allied Paper, Inc. has operated paper mills on this 80-acre site
since 1925. The company recycled paper from 1957 to 1971. In 1986, the Michigan
Department of Natural Resources (MDNR) detected PCBs in several places along an
80-mile stretch of the Kalamazoo River between Kalamazoo and Lake Michigan.
Contamination is found primarily in the sediments, although the surface water and fish
also are contaminated. The contamination begins at the point where Allied's Bryant
Mill Pond discharges to Portage Creek. MDNR tests conducted in 1985 also found
PCBs in monitoring wells around a landfill on the Allied property, two seeps from a
sludge disposal area, and a discharge to Portage Creek. Approximately 142,000 people
obtain drinking water from public wells within 3 miles of the site.
Site Responsibility:
This site is being addressed through
a combintation of Federal, State,
and potentially responsible parties'
actions.
NPL LISTING HISTORY
Proposed Date: 05/05/89
Threats and Contaminants
Sediments, surface water, and fish are contaminated with PCBs.
Touching or accidental ingestion of contaminated surface water and
sediments could be a potential health threat. In 1977, the Michigan
Department of Public Health issued an advisory warning people against
eating fish from the Kalamazoo River because of PCB contamination.
March 1990
NPL HAZARDOUS WASTE SITES
5
continued
-------
ALLIED PAPER. INC./PORTAGE CREEK/KALAMAZOO RIVER
Cleanup Approach
This site is being addressed in an initial action and a long-term remedial phase focusing
on the cleanup of Portage Creek and of the entire site.
Response Action Status
Initial Action: The State and the parties potentially responsible for site
contamination have completed some sampling of the site. Allied is
designing the technical plans for diverting Portage Creek to prevent further
contamination.
Entire Site: The EPA will begin an investigation to determine the nature
and extent of contamination in late 1990. The results of this study will
yield recommendations from which the EPA will select the final cleanup
remedy.
Environmental Progress
Diversion of Portage Creek will limit the spread of contamination from the Allied Paper,
Inc. site while studies and cleanup activities are being planned.
-------
AMERICAN ANODCO,
INC.
MICHIGAN
EPA ID# MID006029102
Site Description
REGION 5
CONGRESSIONAL DIST. 05
Ionia County
Ionia
Since 1962, aluminium parts for the automotive industry have been cleaned on the 8-
acre American Anodco, Inc. site. In 1962, under an agreement with the State, process
wastewaters and spent chemicals from the site were discharged directly to the on-site
seepage lagoon. The waste streams contained heavy metals which /eachec/from
metal parts during the anodizing process. In order to promote wastewater infiltration,
lagoon sludge ancLsectomente were dredged in 1972 and 1978 and placed near the
lagoon. In 1978, American Anodco received approval from the State to continue
discharging wastewater into the lagoon. The company also disposed of process and
cooling water in an unlined seepage lagoon. According to analyses conducted by the
EPA, the water placed in the lagoon contains nitric acid and chromium. In 1986,
American Anodco began to phase out the use of the seepage lagoon, and in 1987,
began discharging process wastewaters to a new public sewer system. Approximately
1,100 people reside within 1 mile of the area. The glacial drift aquifer underlying ....
American Anodco supplies public and private wells within a 3-mile radius that serve
over 10,000 people. Grand River, which is within 3 miles of the site, is used for fishing
and recreation.
Site Responsibility:
This site is being addressed through
Federal and potentially responsible
parties' actions.
NPL LISTING HISTORY
Proposed Date: 06/10/86
Final Date: 03/31/89
Threats and Contaminants
Water samples collected from the lagoon by the MDNR in 1978 identified
several contaminants including phosphorus and heavy metals such as
aluminum, chromium, copper, and lead. Because contaminants have
been removed from the lagoons, direct contact with hazardous materials
is unlikely. Prairie Creek, which borders the site area on the east, joins
the Grand River 1 mile south of the site. Because the groundwater is
contaminated with phosphates, movement of contaminants to the creek
is possible. The contamination plume does not reach any private wells.
March 1990
NPL HAZARDOUS WASTE SITES
7
continued
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AMERICAN ANODCO, INC.
Cleanup Approach
This site is being addressed in two stages: immediate actions and a single long-term
remedial phase focusing on cleanup of the entire site.
Response Action Status
Immediate Actions: In 1987, American Anodco dewateredthe lagoon,
removed the sludge, and disposed of it in an off-site landfill. The lagoon
then was filled with clean soil.
Entire Site: In 1987, the parties potentially responsible for site
contamination began an investigation to determine the extent and nature
of contamination and to identify alternatives for site cleanup. The
investigation is scheduled for completion in 1990.
Site Facts: An Administrative Order On Consent was signed in 1 987 for an
investigation of site contamination.
Environmental Progress
The dewatering and removal of sludge from the lagoon have greatly reduced the
potential for exposure to contaminated materials at the American Anodco site while
studies are taking place and final cleanup activities are being planned.
A
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ANDERSON
DEVELOPMENT
COMPANY
MICHIGAN
EPA ID# MID002931228
REGIONS
CONGRESSIONAL DIST. 02
Lenawee County
Adrian
Site Description
On a 12 1/2-acre site in Adrian, the Anderson Development Company (ADC)
manufactures specialty organic chemicals and sells the products to other
manufacturers. ADC began production of the chemical MBOCA in 1970 under the
trade name of Curene 442. MBOCA is used as a curing agent for polyurethanes and
epoxy resins. It is considered to be a highly toxic compound and can be absorbed
through the skin. MBOCA was discharged to the environment through surface water
and airborne routes. MBOCA contamination was found in sediments and soil within a
2-mile radius of the ADC facility in 1979. Contamination was also found in East Side
Drain sediments, in the Raisin River, and in Adrian Wastewater Treatment Plant sludges
and residues. Production of the chemical was stopped after the contamination
problems were discovered. All surface water runoff flows to the East Side Drain, which
empties into the Raisin River 2 miles north of the site. In 1980 and 1981, the Michigan
Department of Natural Resources (MDNR), ADC, and the Michigan State Toxic
Substance Control Commission conducted an extensive cleanup and monitoring
program that involved sampling of nearby surface soil and home carpet vacuum dust
testing. The ADC is surrounded by a fence, although there is unlimited site access to
employees, vehicles, and visitors. Approximately 25,000 people live within 3 miles of
the site. The City of Adrian draws its water from the Raisin River upstream of the East
Side Drain junction.
site Responsibility: This site is being addressed through
Federal, State, and potentially
responsible parties' actions.
NPL LISTING HISTORY
Proposed Date: 12/30/82
Final Date: 09/08/83
Threats and Contaminants
The soil, sludge, and surface water are contaminated with MBOCA, a
known carcinogen that can be absorbed through the skin. Breathing
contaminated dust and ingesting contaminated food from gardens where
soil is contaminated also are considered to be health risks. MBOCA has
been detected in the urine samples from ADC workers and preschool
children living near ADC.
March 1990
NPL HAZARDOUS WASTE SITES
9
continued
-------
ANDERSON DEVELOPMENT COMPANY
Cleanup Approach
This site is being addressed in two stages: immediate actions and a single long-term
remedial phase focusing on cleanup of the entire site.
Response Action Status
Immediate Actions: Lenawee County initiated a free cleanup effort to aid
local homeowners whose residences were contaminated with MBOCA.
This included the interior and exterior cleaning of homes in the Sunnyside
area. Homes with private wells in the vicinity of ADC were given connections to a
clean water supply system funded by the Farmers Home Administration.
Entire Site: The parties potentially responsible for site contamination,
under EPA monitoring, performed an investigation to assess the type of
contaminants present, to identify the degree of contamination, and to
characterize potential risks to the community. This investigation was completed in
1990, with the selection of the cleanup remedy also expected in 1990. - . ,. ,
Environmental Progress
The cleanup of residences and provision of an alternate water supply have greatly
reduced the potential of exposure to MBOCA-contaminated materials at the Anderson
Development Company site while studies are being completed and final cleanup
actions are being selected.
A
10
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AUTO ION
CHEMICALS,IN%
MICHIGAN
EPA ID# MID980794382
REGION 5
CONGRESSIONAL DIST. 03
Kalamazoo County
Kalamazoo
Site Description
Between 1963 and 1973, chromium plating wastes were treated at the 1 1/2-acre Auto
Ion Chemicals, Inc. site. Liquid waste was stored in an open air lagoon and in five
process storage tanks in an on-site building's basement. Approximately 122,000
gallons of liquid plating wastes and sludges were stored in various other locations on
site. During the plant's operation, the Michigan Department of Natural Resources
(MDNR) documented numerous pollution discharges to the soil, groundwater, and
surface water of the adjacent Kalamazoo River. The MDNR stopped operations at Auto
Ion in 1973. Two city wells are located within 2 miles of the site. The wells are part of
the Kalamazoo municipal system that provides water to over 100,000 residents. The
only residence in the immediate vicinity of the site is located approximately 500 feet
north of the site. The population within 1/2 mile of the site is approximately 2,300.
Site Responsibility:
This site is being addressed through
Federal and potentially responsible
parties' actions.
NPL LISTING HISTORY
Proposed Date: 12/30/82
Final Date: 09/08/83
Threats and Contaminants
Groundwater is contaminated with volatile organic compounds (VOCs)
including vinyl chloride and the heavy metal arsenic. Chromium, nickel,
chloride, and cyanide were found in surface water and sediment samples
taken from the Kalamazoo River between 1964 and 1973. Soil is
contaminated with chromium, arsenic, and cyanide. Potential health risks
may exist if contaminated groundwater is accidentally ingested or dusts
from contaminated soils are inhaled.
March 1990
NPL HAZARDOUS WASTE SITES
11
continued
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AUTO ION CHEMICALS, INC.
Cleanup Approach
This site is being addressed in three stages: immediate actions and two long-term
remedial phases focusing on soil cleanup and groundwater cleanup.
Response Action Status
Immediate Actions: Under EPA monitoring, the parties potentially
responsible for the contamination removed contaminants from the surface
of the site in 1985. An abandoned building was torn down in 1986, and
the debris was removed.
Soil: The EPA has outlined the following remedies to clean up the soil:
excavation, stabilization, and off-site treatment of approximately 7,200
cubic yards of contaminated soil; disposal of the treated soils at a federally
approved facility; and replacement of the excavated soil with clean fill.
The parties potentially responsible for site contamination, under EPA monitoring, are in
the process of designing the technologies to be used in the cleanup. Cleanup activities
are scheduled to begin in 1991.
Groundwater: In 1988, the potentially responsible parties began an
investigation to determine the extent and type of groundwater
contamination and to identify alternative cleanup technologies. The
investigation is scheduled for completion in 1991.
Site Facts: In 1990, the EPA and nine potentially responsible parties signed a Consent
Decree to perform the technical design for the soil cleanup remedy.
Environmental Progress
The removal of contaminants and debris has greatly reduced the potential for exposure
to contaminated materials at the Auto Ion Chemicals site while studies are taking place
and cleanup activities are being planned.
12
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AVENUE "E
GROUND WATE
CONTAMINATION
MICHIGAN
EPA ID# MID980791461
REGION 5
CONGRESSIONAL DIST. 10
Grand Traverse County
Traverse City
Alias:
East Bay Township Residential Wells
Site Description
The 435-acre Avenue "E" Ground Water Contamination site consists of two areas: the
115-acre U.S. Coast Guard Air Station and a 320-acre area bounded on the north by the
East Arm of Grand Traverse Bay. In 1980, residents along Avenue "E" in East Bay
Township complained of odors and foaming of water drawn from domestic wells.
Investigations by the State showed that wells were contaminated with organic
. substances. Additional investigations indicated that the origin of the contamination was
in the vicinity of the U.S. Coast Guard Air Station on land formerly owned and operated
by the U.S. Navy. An old Navy waste dump, located east of the Coast Guard property,
was suspected to be a contributor to the problem. During the past 40 years, spills of
fuels and solvents used during aircraft maintenance at the facility may have leached
through the soil and contaminated the underlying groundwater. In 1969, a spill of
aviation fuel from an underground storage tank occurred. Surface disposal of liquid
organic chemicals reportedly occurred in the northeastern corner of the station. An
area north of the current Hangar and Administration building may have served in part as
a waste oil pit. Drums of solvents and other chemicals were stored in an area near the
northwestern corner of the building. Aircraft maintenance also was conducted in this
general area. This site is adjacent to Traverse City, which has a population of
approximately 16,000. Grand Traverse Bay is used as a water source for the Traverse
City public water system. The Bay also is used for recreational activities.
Site Responsibility: This site is being addressed through
Federal activities.
NPL LISTING HISTORY
Proposed Date: 10/15/84
Final Date: 06/10/86
IA
Threats and Contaminants
Groundwater is contaminated with volatile organic compounds (VOCs)
and phthalates. Soils are contaminated with the major components of jet
fuel, mostly VOCs and phthalates. The greatest potential health threat to
people is through drinking or touching contaminated groundwater.
Although most residences have been connected to the public water
system, a few homes may still be using private wells. Recreational use of
East Bay poses a potential health risk. Soil excavations in highly
contaminated areas are a potential health concern for on-site workers who
could be exposed to high concentrations of soil and airborne
contaminants.
March 1990
NPL HAZARDOUS WASTE SITES
13
continued
-------
AVENUE "E" GROUND WATER CONTAMINATION
Cleanup Approach
This site is being addressed in two stages: an immediate action and a long-term
remedial phase focusing on cleanup of the entire site.
Response Action Status
Immediate Action: In 1982, the U.S. Coast Guard extended public water
lines from Traverse City to residences affected by the contaminated
groundwater.
Entire Site: In 1983, the U.S. Coast Guard completed its investigation into
the nature and extent of contamination at the site. In 1985, the Coast
Guard installed two well fields to pump groundwater and prevent further
contamination from leaving the property. Following treatment to remove
contaminants, the groundwater is discharged to the Traverse City sanitary sewer
system. Also in 1985, the Coast Guard began bioremediation of soils using
microorganisms to break down soil contaminants. The soil bioremediation was first
installed in 1987, and expansion of the method is scheduled to begin in 1990.
Site Facts: In 1985, the U.S. Department of Justice and the Coast Guard signed a
Consent Order requiring the Coast Guard to study contamination at the site and to
recommend cleanup alternatives.
Environmental Progress
The extension of public water lines has eliminated the potential of exposure to
contaminated drinking water and will continue to protect residents near the Avenue
"E" Ground Water Contamination site. The Coast Guard has taken steps to limit the
further spread of contamination and has commenced soil cleanup actions. These
actions will continue until site contamination has been reduced to safe levels.
14
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BARRELS, INC.
MICHIGAN
EPA ID# MID017188673
REGION 5
CONGRESSIONAL DISTY 06 -
Ingham County
Lansing
Site Description
From 1964 to 1981, Barrels, Inc. recycled drums on this 1 3/4-acre site. Waste
residues were allegedly dumped from drums directly onto the ground as an initial step
in recycling drums. The State detected lead and zinc in the shallow groundwater ine;
1983. Approximately 9,000 people live within 1 mile of the site. Three schools are
located within 1/2 mile of the site. The shallow and deeper aquifers provide drinking
water to the 133,000 residents of the cities of Lansing and Holt. The Grand River is
1,800 feet from the site and is used for fishing. The areas along the river serve as a
habitat for the endangered Indiana Bat.
site Responsibility: This site is being addressed through
Federal and State actions.
NPL LISTING HISTORY
Proposed Date: 01/22/87
Final Date: 10/04/89
Threats and Contaminants
L\
Air is polluted with volatile organic compounds (VOCs). Groundwater is
contaminated with VOCs and heavy metals including lead and zinc.
Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) and heavy metals including chromium
and lead are contaminating the soil. The greatest health threats to people
include touching or accidental ingestion of contaminated soils or
groundwater.
March 1990
NPL HAZARDOUS WASTE SITES
15
continued
-------
BARRELS, INC.
Cleanup Approach
This site is being addressed in two stages: immediate actions and a long-term remedial
phase focusing on cleanup of the entire site.
Response Action Status
Immediate Actions: All drums, 1,000 cubic yards of contaminated soil,
and nine underground tanks were removed and sent by the State to a
federally approved disposal facility in 1986. The contents of one
underground tank and two tanks in the building have been pumped out by the State.
Entire Site: The EPA is planning to conduct an investigation into the
nature and extent of contamination of the site and to identify alternative
cleanup technologies.
Environmental Progress
The excavation of drums and contaminated soil and the removal or draining of tanks
have significantly reduced the potential for exposure to contaminants at the Barrel, Inc.
site while investigations are being planned.
A
16
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BENDIX
CORPORAT
ALLIEDAUTO
MICHIGAN
EPA ID# MID005107222
Site Description
REGION 5
CONGRESSIONAL DIST. 04
Berrien County
St. Joseph
Bendix Corporation/Allied Automotive manufactures automotive brake systems at this
36-acre site. From 1966 to 1975, a seepage lagoon on site was used for the disposal of
machine shop process wastewater. Chlorinated organic solvents, wastewater from
electroplating operations, plating bath solutions, chromium, and lead were reportedly
placed in the seepage lagoon. The lagoon was closed and capped In 1978. A private
well located 750 feet from the site was closed in 1982 because of contamination.
Approximately 4,300 people obtain drinking water from private wells within 3 miles of
the site.
Site Responsibility:
This site is being addressed through
Federal and potentially responsible
parties'actions.
NPL LISTING HISTORY
Proposed Date: 06/24/88
Final Date: 02/21/90
Threats and Contaminants
Groundwater is contaminated with various volatile organic compounds
(VOCs). People may be at risk if they drink or touch contaminated water.
March 1990
NPL HAZARDOUS WASTE SITES
17
continued
-------
BENDIX CORPORATION/ALLIED AUTOMOTIVE
Cleanup Approach
This site is being addressed in a single long-term remedial phase focusing on
groundwater cleanup.
Response Action Status
Groundwater: The potentially responsible party, Bendix Corporation/
Allied Automotive, is conducting an investigation into the nature and
extent of groundwater contamination at the site. The investigation will
define the contaminants and recommend alternatives for the final groundwater cleanup.
The investigation is planned to be completed in late 1991.
Site Facts: In 1989, the EPA entered into an Administrative Order with Bendix
Corporation/Allied Automotive requiring the company to conduct an investigation of site
contamination.
Environmental Progress
After adding this site to the NPL, the EPA performed preliminary investigations and
determined that no immediate actions were required at the Bendix Corporation/Allied
Automotive site while studies are taking place and cleanup activities are being planned.
18
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BERLIN AND
MICHIGAN
EPA ID# MID000605717
REGION 5
CONGRESSIONAL DIST. 07
Genessee County
31/2 miles south of Swartz Creek
Alias:
Berlin and Farro Liquid Incinerator
Site Description
The 40-acre Berlin and Farro site was licensed to operate as an industrial liquid waste
incinerator from 1971 to 1975. During operations, liquid wastes were incinerated,
stored in open lagoons and underground tanks, and poured into an agricultural drain.
Crushed and empty drums were disposed of on site in a landfill. In 1975, the State
ordered the incinerator to shut down due to a lack of emission controls and an open
lagoon that posed a health threat. Subsequently, the State ordered the parties
potentially responsible for site contamination to clean up the site. In 1978, the site
owners submitted a work plan for site cleanup to the State. Before filing for bankruptcy
and abandoning the site in 1980, the owners initiated some of the activities in the work
plan. However, approximately 10,000 drums, five buried tanks, and four lagoons
containing contaminated sludges were left on site. The Berlin and Farro site is located
in a rural area where residents depend on private wells for their drinking water supply.
Site Responsibility: This site is being addressed through
Federal, State, and potentially
responsible parties' actions.
1MPL LISTING HISTORY
Proposed Date: 07/16/82
Final Date: 09/08/83
IA
Threats and Contaminants
Air is contaminated with pesticides. Groundwater and soil contain volatile
organic compounds (VOCs) and polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs).
Surface water located in Slocum Drain and Swartz Creek is contaminated
with pesticides. PCBs and paint solvents are present in the sludge.
Residents could be exposed to site-related contaminants when touching
contaminated surface water in Slocum Drain and Swartz Creek. In
addition, on-site workers could be exposed to contaminants if they drink
or touch contaminated groundwater.
March 1990
NPL HAZARDOUS WASTE SITES
19
continued
-------
BERLIN AND FARRO
Cleanup Approach
This site is being addressed in three stages: immediate actions and two long-term
remedial phases focusing on source control and cleanup of the entire site.
Response Action Status
X* Immediate Actions: A series of immediate actions began in 1981, when
the State removed and disposed of 15,300 cubic yards of sludges. The
EPA constructed a fence around the site, excavated and disposed of
contaminated soils and drums, and strengthened an earthen underflow dam to prevent
contaminated runoff from migrating off site. In 1982, the contents of four buried liquid
storage tanks containing pesticides were pumped out by the State and reburied, and
sampling and analysis were undertaken by the Michigan Department of Natural
Resources (MDNR). The EPA took the following actions in 1982: (1) installed a
security fence and upgraded a siphon dam; (2) removed 3,600 cubic yards of
contaminated soil and landfilled 4,000 barrels of flammable sludge; (3) removed
1,919,195 pounds of PCB-contaminated wastes and 11 tons of soil and sludge waste to
an EPA-approved hazardous waste storage facility; (4) dug trenches throughout the site
to locate buried drums and contaminated soil layers; (5) located a total of 33 drums,
which were sampled and combined for disposal; and (6) excavated an additional 120
cubic yards of contaminated soil and shipped it to a storage facility. In 1983, the EPA
opened drums, removed their contents, mixed them with soil, and transported the
mixture off site for disposal.
Source Control: The cleanup actions selected for source control include:
(1) excavating the existing drum landfill, paint sludge trench, agricultural
drains, and miscellaneous contaminated areas; (2) separating PCB solid
wastes from non-PCB solid wastes and transporting these materials to an off-site
disposal facility; (3) transporting PCB liquid wastes to an off-site incinerator; (4) pumping
non-PCB liquid wastes from the drum landfill and transporting the wastes to an off-site
incinerator; and (5) backfilling tine areas with uncontaminated soils and, if necessary,
installing a temporary layer of soil over the excavated areas. In "1984, the potentially
responsible parties installed the equipment necessary to complete these cleanup
activities. The parties removed 75,000 tons of contaminated soil and sludges and
10,745 tons of other waste. The landfill was excavated, and drums and contaminated
soils were removed. Once excavated, the deteriorated drums were crushed and mixed
with contaminated soils. Liquids from the drums were then drained into a sump,
pumped to a tanker truck, and transported off site. The North-South agricultural drain
and the paint sludge trench also were excavated. The excavated areas were backfilled
with clean soil, and the equipment was demobilized.
Entire Site: The potentially responsible party is scheduled to complete an
investigation into the nature and extent of remaining contamination at the
site in 1990. At the conclusion of the investigation, recommendations for
cleanup methods will be presented.
continued
20
-------
BERLIN AND FAKKO
Response Action Status, Continued
Site Facts: A Consent Decree was signed among the parties potentially responsible
for site contamination, under which they agreed to conduct cleanup activities at the
site.
Environmental Progress
The numerous cleanup actions including the removal of contaminated soil, wastes, and
drums have greatly reduced the potential for exposure to contaminated materials at the
Berlin and Farro site while additional cleanup activities are being planned.
21
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BOFORS
MICHIGAN
EPA ED# MID006030373
REGION 5
CONGRESSIONAL DIST. 09
Muskegon County
Muskegon
Alias:
Bofors Lakeway Chemical, Inc.
Site Description
Bofors Nobel, Inc. manufactured various chemicals including benzidines, pesticides,
herbicides, and other aromatics at this 50-acre site from 1960 to 1987. During this
time, the plant's operators disposed of process water into unlined lagoons. In 1975,
the dikes around the lagoons failed, and 2 million gallons of wastewater were released
to Big Black Creek, which is used for recreation. Bofors Nobel operated a groundwater
treatment system from 1976 until 1987, when it filed for bankruptcy. The property was
sold to Lomac, Inc. in 1987, and they continue to operate the treatment system, while
use of the lagoons for wastewater was discontinued. Approximately 6,400 people
obtain drinking water from private wells within 3 miles of the site. Approximately 200
people live within 1 mile of the site.
Site Responsibility:
This site is being addressed through
Federal and State actions.
NPL LISTING HISTORY
Proposed Date: 06/24/88
Final Date: 03/31/89
Threats and Contaminants
Air, groundwater, surface water, soil, and sediments contain various
volatile organic compounds (VOCs). People could be exposed to
contaminants by ingesting or touching contaminated groundwater,
surface water, or soil. The site is entirely fenced, and a pumping system
keeps contaminants from flowing into the creek.
March 1990
NPL HAZARDOUS WASTE SITES
22
continued
-------
BOFORS NOBEL, INC.
Cleanup Approach
This site is being addressed in two phases: initial actions and a single long-term
remedial phase focusing on cleanup of the entire site.
Response Action Status
Initial Actions: Since 1976, site owners have been treating contaminated
groundwater. The use of unlined lagoons for wastewater treatment has
been stopped.
Entire Site: In 1988, the State began studying the extent of
contamination in the groundwater, surface water, soil, and air on and off
site. The lagoon phase of the study is expected to be finished in '1990,
and the groundwater and plant phase in 1991.
Environmental Progress
Treatment of contaminated groundwater is reducing the potential for pollutants to reach
wells or the nearby creek. After adding this site to the NPL, the EPA performed
preliminary investigations and determined that no additional immediate actions were
required at the Bofors Nobel, Inc. site while studies are taking place and cleanup
activities are being planned.
23
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BURROWS
MICHIGAN
EPA ID# MID980410617
REGION 5
CONGRESSIONAL DIST. 04
Van Buren County
1 mile northeast of Hartford
Site Description
From 1970 to 1977, the 15-acre Burrows Sanitation site was used for the disposal of
plating sludges, waste coolants, and oils. Wastes were dumped into six unlined
lagoons, onto an area of the site known as the "Cyanide Trail," and two other spill
areas on the site. The lagoons have overflowed during heavy rains. Groundwater
samples have shown contamination; however, private water wells are not
contaminated. In 1984, the Burrows Group, a group consisting of the owners and three
firms that disposed of wastes at the site, excavated contaminated soils and sludges
from the four disposal areas. Orchards are located within the site boundaries, and
raspberries, mushrooms, and flowers grow wild on the property. Two wetland areas
are located on the edges of the site. These areas are interconnected and are drained
by the Doyle Drain, a canal that flows along the edge of the site. A berm is located
north of the disposal area to prevent site runoff from directly entering Doyle Dram,
which enters the Paw Paw River 3/4 mile from the site. The river is used for sport
fishing. Approximately 150 people live within a 3/4-mile radius of the site and obtain
water from private wells.
Site Responsibility:
This site is being addressed through
Federal and potentially responsible
parties' actions.
NPL LISTING HISTORY
Proposed Date: 09/08/83
Final Date: 09/21/84
L\
Threats and Contaminants
Groundwater, surface water, and sediments are contaminated with heavy
metals such as chromium, lead, and nickel. Soils also contained these
contaminants before cleanup occurred. The lagoons contain several
volatile organic compounds (VOCs) as well as polychlorinated biphenyls
(PCBs). Health threats to people who trespass on the site include
touching and accidental ingestion of contaminated groundwater,
sediments, and surface water. Wetland areas may also be threatened.
March 1990
NPL HAZARDOUS WASTE SITES
24
continued
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BURROWS SANITATION
Cleanup Approach
This site is being addressed in two stages: immediate actions and a long-term remedial
phase focusing on cleanup of the entire site.
Response Action Status
Immediate Actions: In 1984, the Burrows Group, under EPA monitoring,
excavated 8,600 cubic yards of waste sludges and contaminated soils
from four waste disposal areas on site. The wastes were transported to a
federally approved facility. In addition, a fence was constructed and warning signs
were posted to prohibit access to the site.
Entire Site: In 1986, the EPA selected a remedy that included removal of
the remaining contaminated soils, lowering the surface water level in the
northwest wetland, and groundwater extraction, treatment, and discharge.
By 1989, the removal of contaminated soils and sediment and drainage of the
northwest wetland were completed.
Site Facts: In 1984, the EPA issued an Administrative Order requiring the parties
potentially responsible for site contamination to clean up the site. In 1989, Du-Wel
Products, Inc., a potentially responsible party, entered into a Consent Decree with the
EPA for the party to conduct a groundwater investigation and, if necessary, cleanup of
the contaminated groundwater.
Environmental Progress
The cleanup standards for soil at the Burrows Sanitation site have been fully achieved.
Therefore, no further soil cleanup actions are required. Cleanup of groundwater,
surface water, and sediments is under way.
25
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BUTTERWOR
LANDFILL
MICHIGAN
EPA ID# MID062222997
Site Description
REGION 5
CONGRESSIONAL DIST. 05
Kent County
Grand Rapids
Aliases:
Grand Rapids City Landfill
Grand Rapids Gypsum Company (SIA)
The Butterworth #2 Landfill site covers 100 acres in Grand Rapids. The City of Grand
Rapids owned and operated the landfill as an open dump from the 1950s until 1967.
The site was operated as a sanitary landfill from 1967 to 1973, when the State closed it
for improper operations. The landfill received municipal, solid, and industrial waste
including plating waste, paint waste, and organic solvents. Much of the industrial
waste was buried in 55-gallon drums or dumped in liquid form on the site's surface. In
1982 the EPA sampled the groundwater and found it to be contaminated with organic
and inorganic chemicals. Approximately 1,300 people live within 1/2 mile of the landfill.
The closest residence is about 200 yards away. The landfill is bordered by 1-196, a
Coca Cola bottling plant, a bread factory, and the Grand River. All the residences in the
area are connected to the Grand Rapids municipal water system, which draws primarily
from Lake Michigan, and, on occasion, from an intake on the Grand River upstream
from the landfill. The river is used for recreational activities. Groundwater drains from
the landfill into the river immediately downstream from a State-owned public access
site. A transmitter for a radio station is located in the middle of the site.
Site Responsibility:
This site is being addressed through
Federal and potentially responsible
parties' actions.
NPL LISTING HISTORY
Proposed Date: 12/30/82
Final Date: 09/08/83
Threats and Contaminants
Groundwater is contaminated with volatile organic compounds (VOCs)
including benzene and vinyl chloride and the heavy metals iron,
manganese, silver, and lead. Soils are contaminated with polychlorinated
biphenyls (PCBs), pyrene, chrysene, and heavy metals including
chromium and cadmium. Because all the residences in the vicinity of the
landfill are on a public water supply system, there is little chance that
people would drink or touch contaminated groundwater. People who
trespass on the site and touch or accidentally ingest the contaminated soil
may be at risk. Contaminants are leaching into the Grand River. People
who accidentally swallow the water while swimming may be harmed. If
the pollutants bioaccumulate in fish, the fish may pose a health hazard to
those who eat them.
March 1990
NPL HAZARDOUS WASTE SITES
26
continued
-------
BUTTERWORTH #2 LANDFILL
Cleanup Approach
The site is being addressed in two stages: immediate actions and a long-term remedial
phase focusing on cleanup of the entire site.
Response Action Status
Immediate Actions: In 1989, the potentially responsible party excavated
approximately 1,000 cubic yards of PCB-contaminated soil. A 6-foot-high
chain-link fence was installed to prevent access to the site. In 1990, the
EPA found a hot spot of PCB contamination in the landfill. During sampling, other
highly contaminated areas were found. The potentially responsible parties are
excavating soil from these hot spots and transporting the waste to a federally approved
facility.
Entire Site: The potentially responsible parties are studying the type and
extent of the contamination at the landfill. Once the study is completed in
1990, measures will be recommended for cleaning up the site.
Site Facts: In 1986, the EPA, the City of Grand Rapids, General Motors Corporation,
Wickes Manufacturing Company, Michigan Waste Systems, Inc., and Organic
Chemicals, Inc. entered into a Consent Decree to conduct contamination studies at the
site.
Environmental Progress
The removal of the most highly contaminated soil from the Butterworth #2 Landfill site
has greatly reduced the potential for exposure to hazardous materials while studies
leading to the selection of the final cleanup remedies are taking place.
27
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CANNELTON
INDUSTRIES, IN
MICHIGAN
EPAID# MID980678627
REGION 5
CONGRESSIONAL DIST. 11
Chippewa County
Sault Sainte Marie
Aliases:
Northwestern Leather
Algoma Tube
Site Description
The Cannelton Industries, Inc. site covers 75 acres along the St. Mary's River in Sault
Sainte Marie. From 1900 to 1958, the Northwestern Leather Company operated a
tannery at the site and processed animal hides. Waste materials from the tannery
operations were discharged through three drains to a low-lying shoreline area. Barrels
and general wastes were burned and disposed of along the river. Between 1955 and
1958, the Fiborn Limestone Company, a subsidiary of Algoma Steel Corp., bought the
property with the intention of constructing a manufacturing plant. In the fall of 1958, a
fire damaged many of the tannery's buildings, nearly all of which have since been torn
down by Algoma. The site has been unused since the tannery closed in 1958 and is
presently vacant. In 1964, the property was transferred to Cannelton Industries,
another Algoma subsidiary. In 1978, the Michigan Department of Natural Resources
sampled St. Mary's River and found it, as well as soil and groundwater, contaminated
with heavy metals. In 1988, the City fire department became concerned over recurring
fires in a limited area at the site. The EPA assisted with efforts to reduce the fire
potential. Approximately 1,200 people obtain drinking water from private wells within 3
miles of the site, with the nearest well about 1 mile away. Sault Sainte Marie, Ontario,
draws drinking water from the St. Mary's River about 2 miles downstream of the old
tannery disposal site. The site itself is located within the 100-year flood plain of the St.
Mary's River.
Site Responsibility: This site is being addressed through
a combination of Federal, State and
potentially responsible parties'
actions.
NPL LISTING HISTORY
Proposed Date: 06/24/88
March 1990
NPL HAZARDOUS WASTE SITES
28
continued
-------
CANNELTON INDUSTRIES, INC.
Threats and Contaminants
L\
Groundwater, soils, and sediments in the St. Mary's River are
contaminated with heavy metals including chromium, lead, manganese,
arsenic, and iron. Sediments and soils also contain copper, cyanide, and
mercury. The St. Mary's River is contaminated with heavy metals.
People who drink or touch contaminated groundwater from water wells
may suffer adverse health effects. Trespassers touching the soil or
wastes on the site may be at risk. Those who use the St. Mary's River for
recreational activities may be exposed to contaminants if they accidentally
ingest the water. If pollutants have bioaccumulated in fish, they may
pose a health hazard if eaten by people. The Bald Eagles that feed and
nest near the site may come into direct contact with hazardous
substances.
Cleanup Approach
The site is being addressed in two stages: immediate actions and a long-term remedial
phase directed at cleanup of the entire site.
Response Action Status
Immediate Actions: In 1986, Algoma Steel agreed informally with the
State to construct a wall along the shore of the St. Mary's River to prevent
wave and ice action from eroding the site, as well as a clay cover to limit
rainwater from contacting the site contaminants. In 1988, the EPA excavated five
trenches to disperse heat build-up and to reduce gas accumulation to decrease the
potential for additional fires. Algoma constructed a chain-link fence and padlocked it to
limit access to the site. In 1989, Algoma installed a sprinkler system to prevent dry
conditions from contributing to fires.
Entire Site: In 1988, the EPA began a study to determine the type and
extent of the contamination at the site. Various treatment methods are
being evaluated, and a remedy will be selected for site cleanup when the
study is completed, expected in 1991.
Environmental Progress
By covering the site, constructing a wall to prevent erosion, reducing the potential for
additional fires, and constructing a security fence to restrict site access, the possibility
of people coming in direct contact with hazardous materials on the Cannelton
Industries, Inc. site has been greatly reduced while plans for site cleanup are
formulated.
29
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CARTER
INDUSTRIALS t HMD*
MICHIGAN
EPA ID# MID980274179
REGION 5
CONGRESSIONAL DIST. 01
Wayne County
Detroit
Alias:
Carter Salvage Corporation
Site Description
The Carter Industrials, Inc. site is a former industrial scrap metal yard covering
approximately 3 1/2 acres in Detroit. From 1971 to 1986, the metal salvaging operation
handled a wide variety of materials that included electrical transformers and capacitors
containing polychlorinated biphenyl (PCB)-contaminated oil. Oil was drained from the
transformers and the copper component was removed for on-site processing. The
facilities included furnaces for melting aluminum and copper, a brick warehouse, and an
office building. Numerous piles of scrap metal and equipment were lying uncovered
throughout the yard. In 1984, a fire broke out in an area of wooden pallets and scrap
iron mounds. During an investigation by the Michigan Department of Natural
Resources and the City fire marshal!, oil was found near the fire area and near the base
of three large transformers. The soil was sampled and found to contain PCBs. During
another investigation in 1986, the State found barrels of used PCB-contaminated oil in
and around scrap metal piles. Oil leaking from the barrels contained as much as 50%
PCBs. Additional sampling found the contamination had spread into the backyards of
neighboring residences, the sewer leaving the site, and the sewer outfall in the Detroit
River. The area surrounding the scrap yard is urban, with 34,000 people living within 1
mile of the site. Three schools, 7 churches, a playground, and a post office are located
within 1/2 mile of the site.
Site Responsibility:
This site is being addressed through
a combination of Federal, State, and
potentially responsible parties'
actions.
IMPL LISTING HISTORY
Proposed Date: 06/24/88
Final Date: 03/31/89
I
Threats and Contaminants
Sediments in the sewer lines and soils are contaminated with PCBs and
heavy metals including arsenic, cadmium, and lead. The streets
surrounding the scrap yard are contaminated with PCBs. People who
trespass on the site may be exposed to PCBs by touching or accidentally
ingesting contaminated soil or sediments. Cleanup activities, such as
repaving the streets and vacuuming yards and alleys, have eliminated the
human health threat in the residential areas. There is a possibility that
PCBs may bioaccumulate in fish in the Detroit River and pose adverse
health effects if the fish are eaten.
March 1990
NPL HAZARDOUS WASTE SITES
30
continued
-------
CARTER INDUSTRIALS, INC,
Cleanup Approach
The site is being addressed in two stages: immediate actions and a long-term remedial
phase focusing on cleanup of the entire site.
Response Action Status
Immediate Actions: Beginning in 1986, the EPA excavated the off-site
contaminated soil and cleaned the streets and alleys with a pressure
sprayer and steel-wire brushes. Alleys and streets that could not be
cleaned by the pressure sprayer were repaved with 2 feet of asphalt. Approximately
10,000 cubic yards of soil were removed from backyards, parkways, and vacant lots
surrounding the facility. The excavated soil was stored on site. During excavation,
some residents were temporarily relocated. A system was installed to control drainage
and treat the collected runoff. In addition, the site was fenced to prevent access. In
1988, the EPA overpacked, or placed in sturdy containers, several hundred leaking PCB
capacitors and 30 to 40 drums containing PCB-contaminated oil. About 600 cubic yards
of PCB-contaminated debris, the capacitors, and transformers were disposed of at
federally approved facilities. Approximately 45 tons of scrap metal were
decontaminated and removed by a local salvage company. The EPA also repaired and
upgraded the fence, which had been damaged by vandals. In 1989, the parties
potentially responsible for the site contamination were ordered by the EPA to undertake
interim safety measures at the site. The parties have completed covering the site with
a geotextile material to prevent rainwater from coming into contact with contaminants,
and the site has been seeded.
Entire Site: In 1986, the EPA began studying the extent of soil
contamination at the site. The study is addressing exposure to
contaminated soils on site; potential risks from the threat of contaminants
migrating off the site; and maintaining the runoff collection system to prevent the
discharge of runoff or contamination of municipal facilities. Upon completion of the
study, scheduled for late 1990, the most effective measures for site cleanup will be
selected. The EPA plans to break up the cleaning of the site into various phases,
including the previously mentioned soil decontamination, controlling the sources of the
contamination, assessing the effectiveness of the cleanup, and studying the alleys and
sewer lines to ensure there is no threat of residual contamination discharge into the
Detroit River.
Site Facts: In 1989, the EPA issued an Administrative Order to several parties
potentially responsible for site contamination requiring them to undertake interim
measures to clean up the site. This involved posting 24-hour security guards at the
site; laying a geotextile cover over the waste piles to prevent rainwater from coming
into contact with buried wastes; hydroseeding the site; and maintaining the runoff
collection and treatment system, as well as all utilities and services at the site. The
State conducted a neighborhood blood testing program to determine if people had
been exposed to PCBs. Results from the 21 residents living in 9 homes next to Carter
Industrials indicated that the residents had not absorbed any more PCBs than the
amount found in the population of the State of Michigan.
continued
31
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CARTER INDUSTRIALS, INC.
Environmental Progress
The numerous immediate actions taken to remove the contaminants from the area and
to repave streets and alleyways in the area of the site have significantly reduced the
potential for exposure to hazardous substances at the Carter Industrials, Inc. site while
the investigations leading to the final selection of cleanup alternatives are taking place.
32
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CEMETERY BUM
MICHIGAN
EPA ID# MID980794663
Site Description
REGION 5
CONGRESSIONAL DIST. 06
Oakland County
Rose Township
Rose Center
Alias:
Rose Township Cemetery Dump
The 4-acre Cemetery Dump site, once used as a sand and gravel pit, has been
backfilled and cleared. Approximately 300 to 600 barrels containing unknown industrial
wastes were believed to be illegally dumped and buried on site in the late 1960s or
early 1970s. In 1981, the Michigan Department of Natural Resources (MDNR)
excavated a test pit and removed 20 to 30 drum fragments from the site. The
fragments were taken to a federally approved facility. Analysis of the barrel contents
indicated the presence of paint sludges, solvents, polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), and
oils. Approximately 4,400 people live within 3 miles of the site. The closest residence
is 300 feet away. All of the residences in the area use domestic wells for drinking
water.
Site Responsibility:
This site is being addressed through
Federal and State actions.
NPL LISTING HISTORY
Proposed Date: 12/30/82
Final Date: 09/08/83
Threats and Contaminants
The drum fragments and soil on the site contained volatile organic
compounds (VOCs), PCBs, and heavy metals including arsenic, cadmium,
and lead. Groundwater is contaminated with low levels of zinc and lead.
People who touched or accidentally ingested contaminated groundwater,
soil, or drum contents may have been at risk.
March 1990
NPL HAZARDOUS WASTE SITES
33
continued
-------
CEMETERY DUMP
Cleanup Approach
This site is being addressed in two long-term remedial phases focusing on source
control and cleanup of the entire site.
Response Action Status
Source Control: In 1985, the State selected a remedy to control the
source of the contamination by excavating approximately 250 drums and
contaminated soils. These drums were disposed of at a federally
approved facility. The State completed the cleanup activities in 1989.
Entire Site: In 1989, the State, after extensive sampling and analysis,
determined the removal of the source of contamination had corrected the
. . . situation. Therefore, no further actions are planned. The State will
monitor the groundwater for five years to ensure there are no health threats to the
public or the environment.
Environmental Progress
The removal of drums and contaminated soils has eliminated the potential for exposure
to contaminated materials at the Cemetery Dump site. The State will continue to
monitor the site to ensure the protection of nearby residents and the environment.
/A
34
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CHARLEVOIX MUNICIPAL WELL
Cleanup Approach
This site is being addressed in two stages: initial actions and a long-term remedial
phase focusing on cleanup of the entire site.
Response Action Status
X* Initial Actions: The EPA constructed a new water intake system and
filtration plant using water from Lake Michigan as its source. A buried
intake pipe was constructed that connects to the existing City
pumphouse. A chlorine diffuser, anchored inside and running the entire
length of the intake pipe, disinfects the ground. The EPA built a water filtration
treatment plant in 1985. The plant became operational in 1987. The intake system and
water treatment plant successfully provide potable water to meet the City's water
demand.
Entire Site: In 1985, after completing an extensive study attempting to
identify the source of site contamination the EPA selected the following
cleanup methods to address site contamination: (1) allow the contaminant
plumes to discharge under natural flow conditions to Lake Michigan; (2) continue long-
term monitoring of the plumes during the natural purging period; and (3) impose
restrictions on the installation of private wells to be enforced by local health officials.
The implementation of the selected remedies was completed in 1989.
Environmental Progress
By providing an alternative water supply, the potential of exposure to contaminated
drinking water was eliminated. The restrictions on the installation of private wells and
long-term monitoring will continue to protect nearby residents of the Charlevoix
Municipal Well site.
36
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CHEM CENTRAL
MICHIGAN
EPA ID# MID980477079
REGION 5
CONGRESSIONAL DIST. 05
Kent County
Wyoming Township
Grand Rapids
Alias:
Wolverine Chemical
Site Description
Since 1957, Chem Central has distributed industrial chemicals both in bulk from tank
trucks and repackaged in smaller units on a 2-acre site in Grand Rapids. Between 1957
and 1962, hazardous wastes entered the ground at the facility through a construction
flaw in a pipe used to transfer liquids between rail cars and bulk storage tanks. The
flaw was repaired after losses were noted in chemical inventories. The Michigan
Department of Natural Resources (MDNR) found toxic contaminants in sediments in a
ditch 1,000 feet from the site in 1977. The State dammed the ditch and restricted
access by fencing and posting signs. The EPA excavated sludge from the ditch in
1978, and with the State, continued to sample soil and groundwater that seeped into a
pit. In 1984, the State ordered Chem Central to clean up the site. Approximately
15,000 people live within 1 mile of the site. All businesses and residences are on the
Grand Rapids municipal water supply, which draws from Lake Michigan and the Grand
River. Surface water runoff from the site drains into Cole Drain, which also drains other
industrial sites nearby. Cole Drain flows into Plaster Creek, 1/2 mile north of the site.
Numerous fish kills have occurred along the creek in recent years.
Site Responsibility:
This site is being addressed through
Federal and potentially responsible
parties' actions.
IMPL LISTING HISTORY
Proposed Date: 12/30/82
Final Date: 09/08/83
Threats and Contaminants
Groundwater contains various volatile organic compounds (VOCs). Soil is
contaminated with phthalates, VOCs, and polychlorinated biphenyls
(PCBs). Plaster Creek receives runoff from the site through Cole Drain.
Because all businesses and residences in the area use the municipal
water system, the only threat of exposure is by accidentally ingesting or
touching contaminated soils or water in Cole Drain or Plaster Creek.
March 1990
NPL HAZARDOUS WASTE SITES
37
continued
-------
CHEM CENTRAL
Cleanup Approach
This site is being addressed in'two stages: immediate actions and a long-term remedial
phase focusing on cleanup of the entire site.
Response Action Status
Immediate Actions: In 1984, Chem Central designed and constructed a
purge well and underdrain system to capture contaminants originating on
site. The company also constructed an air stripping operation to treat the
extracted water for discharge into the municipal waste treatment system. VOCs
removed from the extracted water were passed through a carbon filtering process prior
to being released. In addition, Chem Central excavated, removed, and disposed of
contaminated soil and water from the pit in a federally approved facility. The pit was
filled with clean soil.
Entire Site: In 1987, Chem Central, under EPA monitoring, began a study
to determine the extent of groundwater and surface water contamination
and to determine if any soil contamination remains. Once the study is
completed in 1991, cleanup methods will be recommended.
Site Facts: In 1987, the EPA and Chem Central signed an Administrative Order on
Consent under which the company agreed to study and further clean up the site.
Environmental Progress
The immediate actions have contained contaminated groundwater underlying the site
and removed the immediate sources of contamination. These actions have greatly
reduced the potential for exposure to hazardous materials at the Chem Central site
while studies are taking place and cleanup activities are being planned.
38
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CLARE WATE
MICHIGAN
EPA ID# MID 980002273
REGION 5
CONGRESSIONAL DIST. 10
Clare County-
Clare
Alias:
Clare Municipal Well Field
Site Description
The Clare Water Supply site consists of three production wells (Wells #2, #5, and #6)
and their related water treatment and storage facilities. The wells are contaminated
with various volatile organic compounds (VOCs). Pumping from Well #5 was limited in
1982, and the city water supply has since been provided mainly by the blending of
water from Wells #2 and #5 with the uncontaminated water from Well #6. The City
uses an aeration system to remove the iron, which also results in volatilization of the
contaminants in the other two wells. Several industrial areas bordering the site are
believed to be the sources of contamination. Approximately 4,300 people live within 3
miles of the site. The nearest residence is located less than 1/4 mile from the site.
Public potable wells within the vicinity of the site are contaminated.
Site Responsibility:
This site is being addressed through
a combination of Federal, State, and
potentially responsible parties'
actions.
NPL LISTING HISTORY
Proposed Date: 12/30/82
Final Date: 09/21/84
Threats and Contaminants
Groundwater and soil are contaminated with VOCs. Soil also is
contaminated with polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs). Potential health
threats to people include accidentally ingesting or touching contaminated
groundwaterorsoil.
Cleanup Approach
This site is being addressed in a single long-term remedial phase focusing on cleanup
of the entire site.
March 1990
NPL HAZARDOUS WASTE SITES
39
continued
-------
CLARE WATER SUPPLY
Response Action Status
Entire Site: The parties potentially responsible for site contamination,
under EPA and State monitoring, are conducting an investigation into the
. nature and extent of contamination at the site. The investigation will
define the contaminants and recommend alternatives for the final cleanup. The
investigation is planned to be completed in late 1990.
Site Facts: In 1985, the EPA and several potentially responsible parties entered into an
Administrative Order on Consent that requires the parties, under EPA and State
monitoring, to investigate site contamination.
Environmental Progress
After adding this site to the NPL, the EPA performed preliminary investigations and
determined that no immediate actions were required at the Clare Water Supply site
while studies are taking place and cleanup activities are being planned.
40
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CLIFF/DOW DUMP
MICHIGAN
EPA ID# MID980608970
REGION 5
CONGRESSIONAL DIST. 11
Marquette County
1 mile north of Marquette
* E->/ UU
Site Description
The 2-acre Cliff/Dow Dump site is an abandoned waste disposal area. Between 1954
and the early 1960s, the site was used for the disposal of waste materials generated by
a nearby charcoal manufacturing facility. Wood tars generated during the production
process were burned at the plant, although some of the tar solids were disposed of at
the site. The City of Marquette has a population of 23,000. Four residences are
located within 1/2 mile of the site. The Dead River, located 2,000 feet southeast of the
site, is considered a good sport fishing area. The City of Marquette obtains its drinking
water from Lake Superior.
Site Responsibility:
This site is being addressed through
Federal and potentially responsible
parties' actions.
NPL LISTING HISTORY
Proposed Date: 12/30/82
Final Date: 09/08/83
Threats and Contaminants
Off-site groundwater is contaminated with volatile organic compounds
(VOCs), phenols, and naphthalene. The surface soil in the landfill area
contains elevated levels of VOCs and naphthalene. The health risks to
people include touching or accidentally ingesting contaminated soil.
March 1990
NPL HAZARDOUS WASTE SITES
41
continued
-------
CLIFF/DOW DUMP
Cleanup Approach
This site is being addressed in two stages: an immediate action and a long-term
remedial phase focusing on cleanup of the entire site.
Response Action Status
Immediate Action: In 1984, the parties potentially responsible for site
contamination installed a fence around the site.
Entire Site: Based on a comprehensive investigation into site
contamination, the selected cleanup activities include: (1) excavation and
incineration of 200 cubic yards of uncovered tar; (2) excavation and
biological treatment of 9,200 cubic yards of contaminated fill material; (3)
topsoil cover and revegetation of the fill material; (4) deed restrictions preventing the
installation of drinking water wells within the vicinity of the contaminated groundwater
boundaries and disturbance of fill materials; and (5) groundwater and air monitoring.
The potentially responsible parties are preparing the technical plans for implementing
the selected remedy. Construction is scheduled to begin in 1991, when the design is
approved.
Site Facts: In 1984, the potentially responsible parties signed a Consent Order
agreeing to conduct a study into the nature and extent of contamination at the site.
Environmental Progress
The installation of a fence has reduced the potential for exposure to contaminated
materials at the Cliff/Dow Dump site while cleanup plans are being developed.
42
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DUELL & GARDNER
LANDFILL
MICfflGAN
EPA ID# MID980S04716
Site Description
REGION 5
CONGRESSIONAL DIST. 09
Muskegon County
Dalton Township
The 40-acre Duel! & Gardner Landfill site was an operating municipal landfill from the
1940s to 1975. Indications are that local chemical companies disposed of chemical
waste at the landfill until the late 1960s. Before 1969, industrial waste and general
refuse were accepted at the site. Materials found on site included approximately 500
drums in various stages of deterioration, hundreds of lab bottles, areas of refuse and
debris, and piles of lime. Wastes apparently were deposited on the soil surface and in
ground depressions. From 1969 to 1973, the.landfill was operated as a licensed solid
waste disposal facility. Specific areas were excavated and waste was placed in unlined
trenches. In 1971, the Michigan Department of Public Health (MDPH) stipulated that
no liquid waste was to be disposed of in the landfill; however, in 1973, the Muskegon
County Health Department noticed that liquid waste disposal was still occurring. The
landfill ceased operations in 1975. Approximately 1,200 people live within a 2-mile
radius of the site.
Site Responsibility:
This site is being addressed through
Federal and State actions.
NPL LISTING HISTORY
Proposed Date: 12/30/82
Final Date: 09/08/83
Threats and Contaminants
Volatile organic compounds (VOCs) have been detected in an on-site
groundwater monitoring well. Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), arsenic,
cobalt, chromium, and cyanide were detected in 1986 in on-site soils.
Potential health risks may exist for individuals who touch or accidentally
ingest contaminated groundwater or soil.
March 1990
NPL HAZARDOUS WASTE SITES
43
continued
-------
DUELL & GARDNER LANDFILL
Cleanup Approach
This site is being addressed in two stages: immediate actions and a long-term remedial
phase focusing on cleanup of the entire site.
Response Action Status
Immediate Actions: In 1986, the EPA constructed an access road to the
first drum site. Drums were staged and empty drums were crushed.
Contaminated soil under the drums was removed, and the drums and soil
were covered. Thirty cubic yards of contaminated soil and drums were transported for
disposal. The site also was fenced.
be completed in 1991.
Entire Site: The State initiated an investigation in 1987 to determine the
type and extent of contamination remaining at the site and to identify
alternative technologies for the cleanup. The investigation is scheduled to
Environmental Progress
The excavation, covering, and removal of drums and contaminated soil and site fencing
have greatly reduced the potential for exposure to contaminated soil and drums at the
Duell & Gardner site while studies are taking place and cleanup activities are being
planned.
44
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ELECTROV
MICHIGAN
EPA ID# MID005068143
REGION 5
CONGRESSIONAL DIST. 04
Berrien County
Buchanan
Site Description
Several manufacturing companies have occupied the Electrovoice site since the 1920s.
Campbell Transportation Company operated at the site in the early 1930s. Dry Zero
Corporation produced insulating materials at the site from the mid-1930s to 1940.
From 1940 to 1946, Clark Equipment leased the property to manufacture transmissions
for large equipment. In 1946, Electrovoice, Inc. purchased the property and has since
used the location to manufacture electronic sound reproduction equipment. Refuse
from demolitions was deposited into a natural land depression located on site from the
1920s to the early 1950s. The depression was filled in until it was approximately the
level of the remaining Electrovoice property. Portions of the Electrovoice property are
built upon this fill material. In 1952, Electrovoice built two lagoons to dispose of liquid
electroplating waste produced at its plant on the site. The north lagoon was
continuously filled with water, but the south lagoon, which was built to hold overflow
from the first lagoon, never received waste. Electrovoice took the lagoons out of
service and, in 1962, installed a wastewater treatment facility on site. In 1979, the
Michigan Department of Natural Resources (MDNR) inspected the spill containment
system that Electrovoice installed after a drain pipe spilled liquid wastes into the north
lagoon. Other potential sources of contamination at the site include a dry well that
was used for the disposal of liquid wastes from the plant's paint and glue shop, and an
underground tank that was used to store oil for fuel. Approximately 7,900 people live
within a 3-mile radius of the site and 10,000 people are supplied with water from
nearby municipal wells. McCoy Creek, located 3 miles downstream of the site, used
for recreation.
Site Responsibility:
This site is being addressed through
Federal, State, and potentially
responsible parties' actions.
NPL LISTING HISTORY
Proposed Date: 12/30/82
Final Date: 09/21/84
March 1990
NPL HAZARDOUS WASTE SITES
45
continued
-------
L
ELECTROVOICE
Threats and Contaminants
Groundwater is contaminated with volatile organic compounds-(VOCs)
and lead. Soil also contains VOCs. Samples of lagoon sludge and
standing water showed elevated levels of heavy metals and cyanide.in
the water. Possible health threats include touching or accidentally
ingesting contaminated groundwater, surface water, sludge, or soil.
Cleanup Approach
This site is being addressed in a single long-term, remedial phase focusing on cleanup
of the entire site.
Response Action Status
Entire Site: In 1987, the MDNR began an investigation into the nature and
extent of contamination at the site. Electrovoice took over the study in
1988. Once the study is completed, scheduled for late 1990, final cleanup
remedies will be selected.
Site Facts: In 1987, the EPA and Electrovoice entered into a Consent Order that
required the company to carry out a study of site contamination.
Environmental Progress
After adding this site to the NPL, the EPA performed preliminary investigations and
determined that no immediate actions were required at the Electrovoice site while
studies are taking place and cleanup activities are being planned.
46
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FOLKERTSMA
REFUSE
MICHIGAN
EPA ID# MID980609366
REGION 5
CONGRESSIONAL DIST. 05
Kent County
Grand Rapids
Walker
Site Description
The 8-acre Folkertsma Refuse site was operated as a licensed landfill accepting mostly
foundry sand and some construction debris. The property was sold in 1969, and
operated as an industrial disposal site until the former owner repurchased it in 1972.
Between 1969 and 1972, additional foundry sand and other unidentified wastes were
deposited at the site. A pallet repair and manufacturing company erected a pole
building and started a pallet manufacturing business that is currently in operation. The
EPA was notified of past waste disposal activities at the site in 1981. In 1983, the EPA
examined information that described the disposal activities on the property and
determined that an on-site investigation of possible contamination should be
conducted. The investigation was conducted in 1984. The Michigan Department of
Natural Resources (MDNR) also investigated the property in 1985 and found 40,000
cubic yards of landfilled waste consisting of foundry sand, chemical products,
construction debris, and other industrial wastes from heavy manufacturing operations.
Approximately 8,000 people live within a mile of the site.
site Responsibility: This site is being addressed through
Federal actions.
NPL LISTING HISTORY
Proposed Date: 06/10/86
Final Date: 03/31/89
Threats and Contaminants
Groundwater is contaminated with arsenic. Sediment from a drainage
ditch on the property and sludges contain polynuclear aromatic
hydrocarbons (PNAs) and heavy metals including arsenic, cadmium,
chromium, and lead. Possible health threats include touching or
accidentally ingesting contaminated groundwater, sediments, or sludges.
March 1990
NPL HAZARDOUS WASTE SITES
47
continued
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FOLKERTSMA REFUSE
Cleanup Approach
This site is being addressed in a single long-term remedial phase focusing on cleanup
of the entire site.
Response Action Status
Entire Site: The EPA initiated an investigation in 1988 to determine the
type and extent of contamination at the site and to identify alternative
technologies for the cleanup. The study is scheduled to be completed in
1990, at which time final cleanup remedies will be selected.
Environmental Progress
After adding this site to the NPL, the EPA performed preliminary investigations and
determined that no immediate actions were required at the Folkertsma Refuse site
while investigations are taking place and cleanup activities are being planned.
48
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FOREST WASTE
PRODUCTS
MICHIGAN
EPA ID# MID980410740
Site Description
REGION 5
CONGRESSIONAL DIST. 07
Genesee County
2 miles northwest of Otisville
Alias:
Forest Waste Disposal Landfill
The 112-acre Forest Waste Disposal site is composed of a 15-acre landfill with nine
lagoons. It was licensed from 1972 to 1978 to receive general refuse and wastes.
Drummed wastes from various sources were disposed of, and waste oils, sludges^
paint and resin wastes, and sulfuric ac/cfwere placed in the lagoons. In 1974, the site
accepted sludge and waste from an Agrico Chemical Warehouse fire, while in 1975,
the site accepted polychlorinated biphenyl (PCB)-cor\tarr\\naied roofing material and
contaminated cattle feed. Trenches were dug randomly, industrial wastes were buried
with general refuse, and liquid wastes were discharged into the landfill and onto the
ground. Wetlands near the site drain into Butternut Creek, which eventually discharges
into the Flint River. The site is underlain by two drinking water aquifers. There are 50
residences near the. site, and the area around the site is used for hunting.
Site Responsibility:
This site is being addressed through
Federal and potentially responsible
parties' actions.
NPL LISTING HISTORY
Proposed Date: 12/30/82
Final Date: 09/08/83
m
Threats and Contaminants
Groundwater is contaminated with volatile organic compounds (VOCs).
The lagoon subsurface soils showed significant concentrations of lead,
PCBs, and VOCs. The landfill soil is contaminated with lead, chromium,
phthalates, and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs). Heavy metals,
including arsenic and lead, have been found in surface water east of the
lagoons. Potential risks may exist for individuals who touch or
accidentally ingest contaminated groundwater, surface water, or soil.
However, the site is fenced, thereby reducing potential entry by
unauthorized individuals. Wetlands also may be threatened.
March 1990
NPL HAZARDOUS WASTE SITES
49
continued
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FOREST WASTE PRODUCTS
Cleanup Approach
This site is being addressed in three stages: an immediate action and two long-term
remedial phases focusing on cleanup of the lagoons and cleanup of the landfill and
groundwater.
Response Action Status
Immediate Action: Under EPA monitoring, the parties potentially
responsible for the contamination installed a fence around the site in 1984.
Lagoons: The EPA selected the following cleanup actions for the
lagoons: (1) excavation, treatment, and disposal of 4,000 cubic yards of
contaminated sludges, sediments, and soils in an off-site landfill; and (2)
extraction, treatment, and disposal of 110,000 gallons of liquid wastes at a
licensed treatment facility. The EPA completed the technical specifications to clean up
the lagoon in 1988. Under EPA monitoring, the potentially responsible parties initiated
the cleanup activities in 1988. The work is scheduled to be completed in 1990.
Landfill and Groundwater: The EPA has selected the following actions
for cleanup of the landfill: (1) excavation and off-site incineration of
approximately 4,000 drums and 1,000 cubic yards of associated
contaminated soils; (2) installation of a containment system including a
cover, a slurry wall, a dewatering system, and a leachate collection system; and (3)
treatment and disposal of collected leachate. The groundwater remedy includes: (1)
deed restrictions to prevent the use of the groundwater as a drinking water source; (2)
access restrictions; and (3) groundwater monitoring to ensure that the system is
containing the pollutants. The EPA is currently in the process of designing the
technologies to be used in the landfill cleanup work and began monitoring the
groundwater in 1989. The State is scheduled to take over the 30-year monitoring
program in 1991.
Site Facts: The EPA issued an Administrative Order on Consent requiring the
potentially responsible parties to clean up the lagoons.
Environmental Progress
The installation of a fence and the treatment and disposal of sludges, soils, and liquids
in the lagoons have greatly reduced the potential for exposure to contaminated
materials at the Forest Waste Products site while the design and implementation of the
cleanup actions are taking place.
A
50
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G & H LANDFILL
MICHIGAN
EPA ID# MID980410823
REGION 5
CONGRESSIONAL DIST. 12
Macomb County
Between Utica and Rochester
Site Description
The 55-acre G & H Landfill site operated as a waste oil recovery facility from 1955 to
1967 and as a municipal refuse disposal site until 1974. During operations, large
amounts of waste oil were dumped into two unlined storage ponds. In addition,
solvents, paint thinners, and other compounds were disposed of in "paint pits" located
throughout the landfill. The Rochester-Utica State Recreational Area borders the site,
and a series of interconnected shallow ponds formed by past gravel mining exist in this
area. Some of the ponds are contaminated with waste oil and polychlorinated
biphenyls (PCBs). Approximately 54,000 people live within 3 miles of the site.
Site Responsibility:
This site is being addressed through
Federal actions.
NPL LISTING HISTORY
Proposed Date: 07/16/82
Final Date: 09/03/83
m
Threats and Contaminants
Groundwater, surface water, soil, and sediments are contaminated with
volatile organic compounds (VOCs), phthalates, polycyclic aromatic
hydrocarbons (PAHs), PCBs, and heavy metals. People who accidentally
touch or ingest contaminated groundwater, surface water, soil, or
sediments may suffer adverse health effects. Residents who use the off-
site ponds for fishing may be harmed by touching or ingesting
contaminated surface water or fish. In addition, the pollutants may be
harmful to wildlife living in or near the wetlands.
March 1990
NPL HAZARDOUS WASTE SITES
51
conf/nued
-------
G & H LANDFILL
Cleanup Approach
This site is being addressed in two stages: immediate actions and a long-term remedial
phase focusing on cleanup of the entire site.
Response Action Status
Immediate Actions: In 1982, the EPA installed 18 monitoring wells for
groundwater sampling. A fence was constructed to prevent the recreation
area users from coming into contact with the hazardous waste seeps.
Three overflow dams were also installed. When the oily seeps extended beyond the
fenced area, the EPA installed a skimmer to prevent the floating oils from migrating. In
1983, the EPA installed clay barriers in the path of the seepages to restrict the
movement of PCB-contaminated oil. The existing fence was extended to encircle the
new seepages. By 1986, the clay barrier and fence had deteriorated in the swampy
areas. The EPA blocked all recreational vehicle trails with earthen mounds to prevent
access to the site. In addition, a main entrance gate was established, warning signs
were posted, and security guards were hired to discourage trespassers. The EPA also
began preparing for the site cleanup by constructing a road and a barn to contain three
storage tanks of recovered wastes. Drains and culverts were constructed to restrict
the flow of PCB-contaminated oil. In 1987, an access road collapsed, blocking the
drains carrying runofffrom the site. The drain was cleared, and the roadway was
stabilized. In 1988, the EPA installed a fence around the entire site. A water treatment
and leachate collection system also is being maintained in the oil seep area.
Entire Site: The EPA is studying the site to determine the extent of the
contamination. Once the study is completed in 1990, various methods will
be evaluated to clean up the site.
Environmental Progress
The numerous immediate actions described above have greatly reduced the potential
for exposure to contaminated materials at the G & H Landfill site while studies are
taking place and final cleanup activities are being planned.
A
52
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GRAND TRAVERSE
OVERALL SUPPLY
COMPANY
MICHIGAN
EPA ID# MIDO17418559
Site Description
REGION 5
CONGRESSIONAL DIST. 09
Leelanau County
Greilickville
The Grand Traverse Overall Supply Company (GTOS) site is a commercial laundering
facility covering 1 acre in Greilickville. The facility was built in 1953, and dry-cleaning
machines were installed in 1968 and 1973. The facility is no longer used for dry
cleaning, and the machines were removed in the early 1980s. A dry well was used to
collect waste until 1955, but seepage lagoons were constructed in 1955, 1961, and
1968 and collected wastes until 1977, when the facility began discharging waste to the
sanitary sewer system. In 1978, the Michigan Department of Natural Resources
discovered that groundwater in the area was contaminated with volatile organic
compounds (VOCs). At least 10 wells were found to be contaminated, including a well
used by an elementary school adjacent to the facility. The school and other residences
used bottled water until new wells in a deeper confined aquifer were installed. The
contaminated wells were capped when the new wells were drilled. In the late 1970s,
the lagoons on the site were drained and filled with gravel, and contaminated soils
around the dry well and barrels of waste sludge were removed. Approximately 1,200
people live within 3 miles of the site. The nearest residence is 250 feet south of the
facility. Cedar Lake, Cedar Lake Outlet, and Grand Traverse Bay are all less than 1/4
mile away from the site. Cedar Lake and Grand Traverse Bay are used for swimming
and other recreational activities.
Site Responsibility:
This site is being addressed through
Federal actions.
NPL LISTING HISTORY
roposed Date: 12/30/82
Final Date: 09/08/83
Threats and Contaminants
m
VOCs have been found in the groundwater. Lagoon sediments, dry
cleaning waste sludges, soil from the dry well, and wastewater and
cooling water potentially are contaminated with trichloroethylene (TCE)
and perchloroethylene. Cedar Lake, Cedar Lake Outlet, and Grand
Traverse Bay potentially are contaminated with TCE. People who touch or
accidentally ingest contaminated groundwater, soil, or surface water may
be at risk. If the contaminated groundwater plume migrates towards
Grand Traverse Bay, the wildlife living in or around the Bay may be
exposed to pollutants. Cooling water and wastewater from the facility
were discharged directly into Cedar Lake Outlet; in 1978, biological
organisms in the Outlet were found to be seriously depleted.
March 1990
NPL HAZARDOUS WASTE SITES
53
continued
-------
GRAND TRAVERSE OVERALL SUPPLY COMPANY
Cleanup Approach
The site is being addressed in two stages: initial actions and a single long-term
remedial phase focusing on cleanup of the entire site.
Response Action Status
Initial Actions: Contaminated wells have been replaced by new, deeper
wells. In addition, the lagoons were drained in.the late 1970s, and some
sludge and contaminated soils were removed.
Entire Site: In 1988, the EPA began a study to determine the type and
extent of the groundwater, soil, and surface water contamination at the
site. Once this study is completed, scheduled for 1991, the appropriate
actions for site cleanup will be selected.
Environmental Progress
Replacement of contaminated wells and removal of contaminated soils have reduced
the potential for exposure to site-related contaminants. After adding this site to the
NPL, the EPA performed preliminary investigations and determined that no other
immediate actions were required at the Grand Traverse Overall Supply site while
investigations are taking place and cleanup activities are being planned.
54
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GRATIOT CO
GOLF
MICHIGAN
EPA ID# MID98079453
Site Description
REGION 5
CONGRESSIONAL DIST. 10
Gratiot Counly
St. Louis
Alias:
Edgewood Farms Golf Course Site
The Gratiot County Golf Course site covered 3 acres in St. Louis. From 1956 until
1970, the Michigan Chemical Corporation, later purchased by the Velsicol Chemical
Corporation, burned and disposed of industrial waste, including the pesticide DDT, on
site. Approximately 2,000 to 3,000 gallons of hazardous waste were disposed of on
the site. Waste seepec/from the site into the Pine River, which is used for recreational
activities. In 1982, Velsicol, under State supervision, cleaned up the site and agreed to
clean up two other sites for which it is potentially responsible: the Gratiot County
Landfill and the Velsicol Plant in St. Louis. Approximately 2,500 people live within 1
mile of the site. About 5,500 people use groundwater for drinking water within 3 miles
of the golf course. Two municipal water wells are located within 3 miles of the site.
Site Responsibility:
This site was addressed through a
combination of Federal, State, and
potentially responsible parties'
actions.
NPL LISTING HISTORY
Final Date: 12/01/82
Deletion Date: 09/08/83
Threats and Contaminants
Groundwater was contaminated with volatile organic compounds (VOCs)
and heavy metals. Surface water was contaminated with benzene. All
cleanup actions have been completed, and the site no longer poses a
threat to human health or the environment.
Cleanup Approach
The site was addressed through immediate actions.
March 1990
NPL HAZARDOUS WASTE SITES
55
continued
-------
GRATIOT COUNTY GOLF COURSE
Response Action Status
Immediate Actions: Contaminated sediments were removed to the
Velsicol Plant and disposed of in accordance with the cleanup plan for that
site. Additionally, contaminated groundwater underlying the golf course
area is continuous with contamination at neighboring sites and was addressed as part
of their cleanup strategy.
Site Facts: In November 1982, Velsicol agreed to a combined settlement for cleanup
of this site and two others in Michigan, the Gratiot County Landfill and the Velsicol Plant
in St. Louis.
Environmental Progress
The immediate actions performed have removed the sources of contamination and
eliminated any potential threats at the site. Site evaluations have determined that no
additional cleanup work was required, and the Gratiot County Golf Course site was
deleted from the National Priorities List in 1983. The site continues to be used as a
recreational golf course while cleanup actions continue at the related NPL sites in the
area.
56
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GRATIOT COUN
LANDFILL
MICHIGAN
EPA ID# MID980506281
Site Description
REGION 5
CONGRESSIONAL DIST. 10
Gratiot County
1/2 mile southeast of St. Louis
The Gratiot County Landfill site covers 40 acres southeast of St. Louis. Prior to 1977,
the Michigan Chemical Corporation (later purchased by Velsicol Chemical Corporation)
disposed of various plant wastes, including 269,000 pounds of polybrominated
biphenyls (PBBs), at the landfill. The landfill also accepted general refuse. In 1977, the
State discovered elevated levels of contaminants in shallow aquifers and in several
nearby ponds. In addition, the State learned that in at least one, and possibly two,
places the wastes were in direct contact with the immediately underlying aquifer. The
potential existed for contamination of the deeper aquifers supplying drinking water for
the region. Approximately 5,300 people live within 3 miles of the landfill; about 1,500
people are located within 1 mile. Municipal water wells serving 4,100 people are
located within 3 miles of the site. The Pine River is located approximately 1 1/2 miles
west of the site.
Site Responsibility:
The site is being addressed through
a combination of Federal, State, and
potentially responsible parties'
actions.
NPL LISTING HISTORY
Proposed Date: 10/22/81
Final Date: 09/08/83
Threats and Contaminants
Groundwater and surface water contain PBBs. Potential health risks
include accidental ingestion or direct contact with contamination
groundwater and surface water.
March 1990
NPL HAZARDOUS WASTE SITES
57
continued
-------
GRATIOT COUNTY LANDFILL
Cleanup Approach
The site is being addressed in a single long-term remedial phase focusing on cleanup of
the entire site.
Response Action Status
Entire Site: In 1984, the State took action to minimize the migration of
contaminants from the landfill. This included regrading the surface to
direct runoff from the landfill area, covering the waste with clay to prevent
^_ rainwater from coming into contact with the buried wastes, and
constructing a slurry wall along the property boundary to contain contaminated
groundwater. A groundwater purge system was constructed and a 5-acre evapo-
transpiration bed was installed to dispose of water from the purge wells. However, the
groundwater purge system was never used. In 1989, the State began an investigation
to determine the effectiveness of the slurry wall in stopping the migration of
groundwater and contaminants from the landfill. The results of the investigation will
determine if additional cleanup activities are necessary.
Site Facts: In November 1982, Velsicol agreed to a combined settlement for cleanup
of this site and two others in Michigan, the Gratiot County Golf Course .and the Velsicol
Plant in St. Louis.
Environmental Progress
The surface regrading, covering of the waste, and construction of a slurry wall have
reduced the potential for exposure to hazardous materials at the Gratiot County Landfill
while studies are taking place to determine whether further cleanup activities will be
required.
58
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H. BROWN CO.,
MICHIGAN
EPA ID# MID017075136
REGION 5
CONGRESSIONAL DIST. 09
Kent County
Grand Rapids
Walker
Site Description
The 3 1/2-acre H. Brown Co., Inc. site is an active automobile and forklift battery
recycling facility. The site and surrounding area may have been used as a municipal
waste disposal landfill before the H. Brown Company began operations on the property
in 196]. Initially, the company's operations involved buying, dismantling, processing,
and selling scrap metal and junk. Later, the company focused on reclaiming lead from
used batteries. Until 1978, the lead reclamation process involved dismantling batteries
and draining battery acid onto an area of the site. Between 1961 and 1978, 170,000 to
460,000 gallons of battery acid may have been drained. The company discontinued its
lead reclamation activities in 1982, but continues to collect used batteries and sell them
to other businesses. Responding to a request by the Michigan Department of Natural
Resources (MDNR), the company installed liquid collection pans and stainless steel
storage tanks on the site in 1978 to collect and contain drummed battery acids instead
of draining them on the ground. Acid that was stored in the tanks later was taken to an
off-site facility for disposal. Surface water from the site drains through a ditch to a
wetland, which then empties into the Grand River 1/4 mile east of the site.
Approximately 3,000 people live within a 3-mile radius of the site. The source of
municipal water is Lake Michigan, with supplementary water drawn from the Grand
River each summer. The site and surrounding properties are in the flood plain of the
Grand River.
Site Responsibility:
This site is being addressed through
Federal and potentially responsible
parties'actions.
NPL LISTING HISTORY
Proposed Date: 04/10/85
Final Date: 06/10/86
Threats and Contaminants
Lead and volatile organic compounds (VOCs) are contaminating the air,
groundwater, and soil. Wastewaters on the property contain heavy
metals including chromium, copper, nickel, lead, and chromium. Potential
health threats include accidentally ingesting or touching contaminated
groundwater, soil, or wastewater or breathing contaminated air. The
Grand River and nearby wetlands are threatened by contaminants from
the site.
March 1990
NPL HAZARDOUS WASTE SITES
59
continued
-------
H. BROWN CO., INC.
Cleanup Approach
This site is being addressed in a single long-term remedial phase focusing on cleanup
of the entire site.
Response Action Status
Entire Site: The EPA initiated an investigation in 1988 to determine the
extent of contamination at the site and to identify alternative cleanup
remedies. The investigation is scheduled to be completed in late 1991.
Environmental Progress
After adding this site to the NPL, the EPA performed preliminary investigations and
determined that no immediate actions were required at the H. Brown Company, Inc.
site while studies are taking place and cleanup activities are being planned.
60
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HEDBLUM INDUS
MICHIGAN
EPA ID# MID980794408
Site Description
REGION 5
CONGRESSIONAL DIST. 11
losco County
Near Oscoda
The Hedblum Industries site is situated on 10 acres in a mixed-use, industrial, and
residential area near Oscoda. From 1958 through 1985, the site was leased to a series
of industrial firms that manufactured automobile parts. The Hedblum Industries site
first came to the attention of the Michigan Department of Natural Resources (MDNR)
Water Quality Division during a routine inspection of the facility in 1972. At that time,
Thompson Industries was engaged in the assembly of anti-rattling devices for the
automotive industry. Cooling and rinse waters were discharged from the plant onto the
ground. The MDNR received a complaint from a resident near the plant regarding a
contaminated well in 1973. During another inspection, the MDNR was informed that
every 2 weeks from 1968 to 1972, Thompson had dumped approximately 40 gallons of
trichloroethylene (TCE) from a degreaseronto the ground. The State estimates that
4,000 gallons of TCE were dumped over this 4-year period. Samples from several
residential wells indicated that two of them were contaminated with TCE. As a result,
the State recommended that local residents not use their wells. The affected residents
replaced their contaminated wells with deeper ones in an attempt to tap an
uncontaminated water supply. Two more wells that were found to be contaminated in
the Au Sable Heights area in 1975 were replaced with deeper ones. In 1977, the local
health department received a complaint about a strong odor from one of the
replacement wells, and sampling indicated that the well also had become contaminated
with TCE. By 1978, Oscoda had extended water lines into the Au Sable Heights
subdivision and began providing an alternate water supply to the subdivision. Some
property owners in the subdivision elected not to be connected to the Oscoda water
system. The Oscoda County Health Department continued to assess conditions at the
site and sampled liquids contained in an underground storage tank near the northeast
side of the site in 1980. In 1981, the State installed seven monitoring wells,
determined that the groundwater flow beneath the site was to the northeast, and
confirmed solvent contamination. In 1985, the Hedblum Industries property was
purchased by Aircraft Tool Supply, which currently produces aircraft parts at the site.
The population of the area is approximately 13,700. The closest residence is about 350
feet from the site. An industrial park is located less than a mile north of the site. Most
of the population of the towns of Oscoda and Au Sable live within a 3-mile radius of the
site.
Site Responsibility:
This site is being addressed through
Federal and potentially responsible
parties'actions.
NPL LISTING HISTORY
Proposed Date: 12/30/82
Final Date: 09/08/83
March 1990
NPL HAZARDOUS WASTE SITES
61
continued
-------
HEDBLUM INDUSTRIES
m
Threats and Contaminants
Groundwater and soil are contaminated with volatile organic compounds
(VOCs) including TCE. Sediments in the bayou contain VOCs. Surface
waters of the bayou northeast of the Au Sable Heights Subdivision are
contaminated with VOCs including TCE and vinyl chloride. Residents of
the Au Sable Heights subdivision who use private wells may be exposed
to contaminants when drinking or using groundwater. Sampling of
residential wells in early 1990 found no VOC contaminants above
detection limits. Since groundwater flow from the site is to the northeast
in the direction of the bayou, area residents who fish there may be
exposed to site-related contaminants when coming into direct contact
with surface water and sediments. Contaminants could migrate into the
Au Sable River through sediments and surface waters of the bayou and a
creek that feeds into the river.
Cleanup Approach
The site is being addressed in a single long-term remedial phase directed at cleanup of
the entire site.
Response Action Status
Entire Site: After a careful evaluation of several alternatives, the EPA
chose the following methods to address site contamination in 1989: (1)
extraction and treatment of contaminated groundwater; (2) monitoring of
groundwater in the Au Sable Heights subdivision during groundwater treatment;, (3)
abandonment of six groundwater monitoring wells; and (4) collection and analysis of on-
site soil samples. A potentially responsible party began designing the groundwater
treatment system in 1990.
Environmental Progress
The EPA has selected the technologies for the cleanup of the Hedblum Industries site,
and the potentially responsible parties are designing the treatment methods. While
these activities are taking place, the EPA has determined that the site poses no
immediate danger to the surrounding communities or the environment.
A
62
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HI-MILL
MANUFACTURE^
COMPANY
MICHIGAN
EPA ID# MID005341714
Site Description
REGION 5
CONGRESSIONAL DIST. 19
Oakland County
Highland Township
The Hi-Mill Manufacturing site is located on 2 1/2 acres in a sparsely populated area
approximately 1 1/2 miles from the town of Highland. The Hi-Mill Manufacturing
Company began making tubular aluminum, brass, and copper parts in 1946. Operations
at Hi-Mill consisted of two main processes: anodizing, a process used to brighten
metals, and degreasing, a process to clean them. Metals were bathed in tanks
containing ac/c/sthat were periodically emptied into a clay-lined lagoon. The Michigan
Department of Natural Resources (MDNR) received complaints from Hi-Mill employees
of the potential contamination of the plant's drinking water supply in 1972, and
subsequent sampling of on-site wells and an adjacent marsh detected contamination
from heavy metals. In 1976, Hi-Mill built a second, smaller lagoon south of the original
lagoon to contain overflow. On two separate occasions in 1976 and 1977, the big
lagoon overflowed into the marsh bordering the site. Hi-Mill applied for a National
Pollutant Discharge Elimination System Permit (NPDES) to cover such overflows. The
EPA did not concur with a permit being issued to Hi-Mill by the State. As a result, the
MDNR ordered the company to stop discharging untreated wastewaters into the
lagoon and requested that Hi-Mill design a wastewater recycling program. Although
the firm implemented the recycling system in 1981, the already contaminated lagoons
remained a problem, and Hi-Mill filled in the small lagoon in 1983. In an attempt to
clean up the big lagoon, liquid was evaporated in the lagoon using a spray evaporation
technique. Particles were carried by the wind and deposited downwind of the plant
onto State land around Waterbury Lake. The MDNR ordered Hi-Mill to stop this
practice in 1983. The immediate area surrounding the site is sparsely populated and
rural. The nearest homes are located approximately 2,000 feet southeast of the site,
along Waterbury Road. Approximately 13,600 people obtain drinking water from
private wells within 3 miles of the site.
Site Responsibility: This site is being addressed through
a combination of Federal, State, and
potentially responsible parties'
actions.
NPL LISTING HISTORY
Proposed Date: 06/24/88
Final Date: 02/21/90
March 1990
NPL HAZARDOUS WASTE SITES
63
continued
-------
HI-MILL MANUFACTURING COMPANY
Threats and Contaminants
Groundwater downgmdient of the site contains heavy metals and volatile
organic compounds (VOCs) including trichloroethylene (TCE) and benzene.
Lagoon water, sludge, and pickling waste resulting from anodizing
activities are contaminated with heavy metals. Sediments and surface
water in Waterbury Lake and nearby wetlands are suspected to be
contaminated with heavy metals. Area residents or workers at the Hi-Mill
plant may be exposed to contaminants when drinking or using
contaminated groundwater. Individuals who frequent the Highland State
Recreation Area, Waterbury Lake, or the marshy area adjacent to the site
could be exposed to site-related pollutants when coming into direct
contact with contaminated sediments and surface water or by consuming
fish in which contaminants have bioaccumulated. Contaminants that have
migratedinto the wetlands and Waterbury Lake could adversely affect the
vegetation and wildlife of these environmentally sensitive areas.
Cleanup Approach
The site is being addressed in two stages: immediate actions and a long-term remedial
phase focusing on cleanup of the entire site.
Response Action Status
Immediate Actions: Hi-Mill, under MDNR supervision, removed 142
cubic yards of contaminated soil, 34,400 gallons of contaminated sludge,
and 63,300 gallons of contaminated water from the big lagoon. Hi-Mill
filled in the lagoon with sand and clay. A new well was installed on site in 1989 to
provide Hi-Mill employees with safe drinking water. Before the new well was hooked
up, Hi-Mill provided its employees with bottled water.
Entire Site: The Hi-Mill Manufacturing Company, under monitoring by the
EPA and the MDNR, began conducting a long-term study to determine the
nature and extent of contamination at the site in 1989. The study is
expected to be completed in 1991. Based on the results of this study, the most
effective cleanup methods will be selected by the EPA.
Site Facts: A Consent Order was signed in 1988 between Hi-Mill and the EPA
requiring the company to conduct a long-term study of site contamination.
continued
64
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HI-MILL MANUFACTURING COMPANY
Environmental Progress
The initial cleanup performed by the Hi-Mill Manufacturing Company helped to reduce
the spread of contamination and the possibility of direct contact with hazardous
materials at the site while studies are being conducted to determine the most
appropriate final cleanup methods for the site.
65
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IONIA CITY LANIJ
MICHIGAN
EPA ID# MID980794416
REGION 5
CONGRESSIONAL DIST. 05
Ionia County
Ionia
Site Description
The Ionia City Landfill site is a former landfill coveting 20 acres in Ionia. From the 1930s
until 1968, the City owned and operated the site for the disposal of municipal wastes.
A portion of the site later became a recreational area. In 1981, citizen concerns led to
an investigation that discovered drums, both buried and on the surface of the landfill.
Some drums were in the flood plain of the Grand River. An estimated 1,000 to 2,000
drums may be buried at the landfill. In 1981, the State excavated about 100 drums,
many containing industrial liquids and some leaking. The City placed snow fences
around the excavated drums. Approximately 6,000 people live within 1 mile of the site,
and the nearest residence is about 50 feet away. The municipal well field is about 1
mile northwest of the site. A recreational park is located across the street from the
landfill, and a tributary to the Grand River flows through the site.
Site Responsibility:
This site is being addressed through
Federal and potentially responsible
parties'actions.
NPL LISTING HISTORY
Proposed Date: 12/30/82
Final Date: 09/08/83
Threats and Contaminants
Groundwater is contaminated with volatile organic compounds (VOCs)
including vinyl chloride and the heavy metal chromium. Heavy metals,
including chromium, barium, and lead, were found in soil. Surface water
contains vinyl chloride. People who touch or accidentally ingest
contaminated groundwater, surface water, or soil may be at risk. The
contaminants in the surface water on site may harm wildlife living in or
around the water.
March 1990
NPL HAZARDOUS WASTE SITES
66
continued
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IONIA CITY LANDFIIX
Cleanup Approach
The site is being addressed in two stages: immediate actions and a long-term remedial
phase focusing on cleanup of the entire site.
Response Action Status
Immediate Actions: In 1985, the parties potentially responsible for site
contamination constructed a security fence around the site, removed
exposed surface drums, and posted warning signs-. A partial clay covering
was installed to prevent rainwater from coming into contact with buried wastes and to
prevent contaminants from migrating off the site.
Entire site: In 1989, the EPA selected a remedy to clean up the site using
in-situ vitrification (ISV). ISV melts the waste material and contaminated
soils with an electric current to destroy, remove, or permanently
immobilize hazardous substances. The EPA is designing the technical
specifications for the ISV. The design phase is scheduled for completion in 1991.
Environmental Progf&ss
By constructing a security fence to restrict access to the Ionia City Landfill site and
removing the exposed contaminated drums, the potential for exposure to hazardous
materials has been greatly reduced. The selected final remedy for the site is currently
in the design phase, with the cleanup activities scheduled to begin in 1991.
67
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J & L LANDFILL
MICHIGAN
EPA ID# MID980609440
REGION 5
CONGRESSIONAL DIST. 12
Oakland County
Rochester Hills
Alias:
Avon Township Landfill
Site Description
The J & L Landfill covers approximately 17 acres in Rochester Hills. From 1951 to
1980, approximately 1 1/2 million cubic feet of wastes were buried at the site at depths
of up to 25 feet. Wastes included dusts from emission control devices in electric
furnaces and alkaline slag from electric furnaces involved in stainless steel production.
The landfill has no liner and is located in an area consisting of layers of sand and gravel
extending between 18 and 35 feet below the surface. These materials facilitate the
movement of contaminants into the groundwater. The area surrounding the landfill is
residential and light industrial. Ten operating or closed disposal facilities are located in
the vicinity. Approximately 1,500 people live within 1 mile of the site, with the nearest
residence about 200 feet away. These residents depend on shallow wells, and the
nearest drinking water well is less than 2,000 feet from the landfill. Ladd Drain borders
the site and flows into the Clinton River. The river flows into the Rochester-Utica
Recreation Area less than 1 mile from the landfill.
Site Responsibility:
This site is being addressed through
Federal actions.
IMPL LISTING HISTORY
Proposed Date: 06/10/86
Final Date: 03/31/89
Threats and Contaminants
The emission control waste dusts at the landfill are contaminated with
heavy metals including manganese, chromium, and nickel. People
potentially could be exposed to contaminants in the dusts. Groundwater
contamination is a significant threat, because it is very shallow and
potentially can come into direct contact with the wastes.
March 1990
NPL HAZARDOUS WASTE SITES
68
continued
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J & L LANDFILL
Cleanup Approach
The site is being addressed in a single long-term remedial phase focusing on the
cleanup of the entire site.
Response Action Status
Entire Site: The EPA is conducting an investigation to determine the type
and extent of contamination at the landfill. During this process, the EPA is
thoroughly sampling and testing the groundwater, soil, surface water, and
sediments in Ladd Drain. Once the investigation is completed, scheduled for 1991, the
EPA will select final measures to clean up the site.
\Environmental Progress
After listing the J & L Landfill site on the NPL, the EPA determined from preliminary
evaluations that the site does not pose an immediate threat to the surrounding
community or the environment while the investigations leading to the selection of a
final site remedy are taking place.
69
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K & L AVENUE
LANDFILL
MICHIGAN
EPA ID# MID980506463
REGIONS
CONGRESSIONAL DIST. 03
Kalamazoo County
Oshtemo Township
7 miles west of downtown Kalamazoo
Aliases:
West KL Landfill
Kalamazoo KL Landfill
Kalamazoo County Landfill
Oshtemo Township Landfill
Site Description
The K & L Avenue Landfill is a former sanitary landfill covering 87 acres in Oshtemo
Township. The site served as a local garbage dump for the township from the 1960s
until 1968, when it became the county sanitary landfill. Approximately 5 million cubic
yards of solid waste were disposed of at the site between 1968 and 1972. The landfill
was closed in 1979, after contaminants were found in residential wells. The County
provided bottled water to the residences affected and covered about 5 acres of the
landfill to prevent the migration of contaminants. In 1980, 36 homes were connected
to a new water main, and in 1981, ten deeper wells were installed to replace eight
existing contaminated wells. Approximately 11,000 people live within 3 miles of the
landfill. The area surrounding the site is rural residential. The nearest residence is 1/5
mile away. The landfill is about 300 feet southwest of Bonnie Castle Lake and one mile
east of Dustin Lake. Both bodies of water are used for recreation, including fishing.
Site Responsibility: The site is being addressed through
Federal actions.
NPL LISTING HISTORY
Proposed Date: 12/30/82
Final Date: 09/08/83
Threats and Contaminants
Groundwater is contaminated with volatile organic compounds (VOCs),
phenols, and heavy metals. Soil in isolated areas shows low levels of
polychlorinated biphenyl (PCB) contamination. All affected water wells
have been replaced with deeper wells that draw from the lower,
uncontaminated aquifer or with city water lines. Therefore, groundwater
poses little present threat to human health.
March 1990
NPL HAZARDOUS WASTE SITES
70
continued
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K & L AVENUE LANDFILL
Cleanup Approach
The site is being addressed in two stages: initial actions and a single long-term
remedial phase focusing on cleanup of the entire site.
Response Action Status
Initial Actions: New wells or connections to a public water supply were
provided in 1980 and 1981 to residences affected by contaminants from
the landfill.
Entire site: The EPA completed an investigation to determine the type
and extent of contamination at the site. In March 1990, the EPA proposed
a plan for cleanup activities and is awaiting public comment.
Environmental Progress
Replacement of contaminated water supplies is protecting nearby residents from site-
related contaminants from the K & L Avenue Landfill while the selection of a final
remedy is taking place.
71
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KAYDON
CORPORATION
MICHIGAN
EPA ID# MID006016703
REGION 5
CONGRESSIONAL DIST. 09
Muskegon County
Muskegon
Site Description
The Kaydon Corporation has manufactured various bearings and bearing assemblies at
this 40-acre site since 1941. Wastewater and sludges from plant processes were
disposed of on site in seven unlined pits and in the south branch of Ruddiman Creek.
In 1968, Kaydon began separating wastes, and now only cooling water is discharged
into the creek. The process wastes are removed by waste haulers, discharged to the
sanitary sewer, or discharged into two on-site ponds. The pond sludge is periodically
removed to a federally approved facility for disposal. Approximately 5,000 people live
within 1 mile of the site. The closest residence is 250 feet away. Although 700 people
obtain drinking water from private wells within 3 miles, the majority of the homes in the
area are connected to the municipal water supply, which uses Lake Michigan as its
source. Several residences within 1 mile have private wells, but only one residence
used the well as a potable water supply. Ruddiman Creek flows into Muskegon Lake
and eventually into Lake Michigan. All of these bodies of water are used for
recreational activities.
Site Responsibility:
This site is being addressed through
Federal and potentially responsible
parties' actions.
NPL LISTING HISTORY
Proposed Date: 06/24/88
Final Date: 02/21/90
- Threats and Contaminants
Groundwater is contaminated with volatile organic compounds (VOCs),
cyanide, and heavy metals such as chromium and lead. Soil and sludge
contained heavy metals including chromium, copper, nickel, lead, and
zinc. People who touched or accidentally ingested the contaminated soil,
sludges, or groundwater may have been at risk.
March 1990
NPL HAZARDOUS WASTE SITES
72
continued
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KAYDON CORPORATION
Cleanup Approach
This site is being addressed in two stages: immediate actions and a long-term remedial
phase focusing on groundwater cleanup.
Response Action Status
Immediate Actions: In 1986, Kaydon conducted a hydrological study to
determine the extent of groundwater contamination, removed 1,500 cubic
yards of contaminated soil and sludge, and disposed of it in a federally
approved facility. The excavated area was backfilledwith clean sand, graded to
conform to existing land contours, and seeded.
Groundwater: In 1988, Kaydon installed two purge wells that discharge
directly to the publicly owned treatment works. The wells will continue to
operate until groundwater standards are reached.
Site Facts: Site activities and cleanup actions have been performed voluntarily by the
Kaydon Corporation. .
Environmental Progress
The removal of contaminated soil and sludge and the installation of purge wells have
greatly reduced the potential for exposure to contaminated materials at the Kaydon
Corporation site. The operation of the purge wells will continue to ensure the safety of
nearby residents and the environment.
73
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KENT CITY MOB
HOME PARK
MICHIGAN
EPA ID# MID981089915
Site Description
REGION 5
CONGRESSIONAL DIST. 05
Kent County
Kent City
In 1983, a water supply well at the Kent City Mobile Home Park site was found to be
contaminated with chlorinated hydrocarbons. This well was replaced with a new well
500 feet uphill of the old one and draws on a deeper aquifer. The probable source of
contamination was a buried storage drum approximately 20 feet from the wells. This
drum collected floor drainage from a dry cleaning facility that formerly operated on the
site. When the drum was discovered in 1984, the drum and the surrounding soil were
removed, and the excavated area was filled with clean soil. The State detected volatile
organic compounds (VOCs) in an oily substance seeping south into Ball Creek.
Approximately 3,000 people live within 3 miles of the site. The majority of these
residents use groundwater for a drinking water source; there is no municipal water
supply in the area.
Site Responsibility:
This site was addressed through
Federal actions.
NPL LISTING HISTORY
Proposed Date: 09/18/85
Final Date: 07/21/87
Threats and Contaminants
Groundwater and surface water were contaminated with VOCs. New
wells have been drilled that tap the deeper uncontaminated aquifer;
therefore, exposure to pollutants through the groundwater is unlikely. Ball
Creek was only slightly contaminated, posing a risk to people who
touched or accidentally ingested the water. Removal of the source of
contamination has resulted in the natural reduction of the contaminants in
groundwater and surface water.
March 1990
NPL HAZARDOUS WASTE SITES
74
continued
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KENT CITY MOBILE HOME PARK
Cleanup Approach
This site was addressed through an immediate action.
Response Action Status
Immediate Action: The EPA investigated the site in 1989 and did not find
contamination. Monitoring by the Michigan Department of Natural
Resources (MDNR) has found no contamination in monitoring wells,
municipal wells, or private wells in the area. The EPA is evaluating the.site for deletion
from the National Priorities List.
Environmental Progress
After adding this site to the NPL, the EPA performed further inspections of the Kent
City Mobile Home Park site and found no contamination in any of the wells in the
surrounding area. The site no longer poses a threat to human health or the
environment.
75
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KENTWOOD L
MICHIGAN
EPA ID# MID000260281
Site Description
REGION 5
CONGRESSIONAL DIST. 05
Kent County
Kentwood
Alias:
Kent County Landfill
The 55-acre Kentwood Landfill site originated as the Paris Township dump in the early
1950s. Refuse was dumped into ravines at the landfill and burned. In 1966, the dump
was licensed as a solid waste disposal facility; however, the license stipulated that the
refuse be covered daily and burning cease. The site was inspected and surface seeps
of leachate, open burning, and disposal of liquid factory wastes were found. The
license was transferred to the City of Kentwood in 1968, and this license stipulated the
site be operated as a sanitary landfill or closed. In 1969, the landfill was being operated
as an open dump in violation of State law. In 1971, the Kent County Department of
Public Works (KCDPW) obtained a license, took over operation of the site, and
designed it as an engineered landfill. On many occasions, leachate was observed
seeping from the landfill into nearby Plaster Creek. In 1975, the KCDPW obtained a
license to operate a landfill on an extension of the original landfill. The County covered
the landfill with clay and sand in 1975 and 1976 to prevent rainwater frorn coming into
contact with the buried wastes. The landfill was closed in 1976. Approximately 35
residences are in the immediate area near the landfill. These residences and the City of
Kentwood obtain their drinking water supply from a municipal water supply system
tapping Lake Michigan. However, approximately 7,500 people living within 3 miles of
the landfill depend on groundwater from private wells.
Site Responsibility:
This site is being addressed through
Federal and potentially responsible
parties' actions.
NPL LISTING HISTORY
Proposed Date: 12/30/82
Final Date: 09/08/83
Threats and Contaminants
Groundwater, soil, and leachate are contaminated with volatile organic
compounds (VOCs) and heavy metals such as arsenic and nickel. People
who touch or accidentally ingest the contaminated groundwater, soil, or
leachate may suffer adverse health effects. If the leachate continues to
seep from the landfill, soil, surface water, and sediments in Plaster Creek
may become contaminated and pose a threat to human health and the
environment.
Match 1990
NPL HAZARDOUS WASTE SITES
76
continued
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KENTWOOD LANDFILL
Cleanup Approach
This site is being addressed in a single long-term remedial phase focusing on cleanup
of the entire site.
Response Action Status
Entire Site: The City of Kentwood and Kent County, under EPA
monitoring, are conducting an investigation to determine the type and
extent of contamination at the landfill. The groundwater, soil, surface
water, and sediments of Plaster Creek are being sampled and tested. The investigation
is scheduled for completion in 1990 and methods will be selected for final site cleanup.
Site Facts: In 1985, the City of Kentwood and Kent County signed an Administrative
Order on Consent to conduct a study of the site.
Environmental Progress
After adding this site to the NPL, the EPA performed preliminary investigations and
determined that no immediate actions were required at the Kentwood Landfill site
while studies are taking place and cleanup activities are being planned.
A
77
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KYSOR INDUST
CORPORATI
MICHIGAN
EPA ID# MID043681840
REGIONS
CONGRESSIONAL DIST. 10
Wexford County
Cadillac
Alias:
Kysor Cadillac
Site Description
The Kysor Industrial Corp. site covers approximately 1/10 acre in the Cadillac Industrial
Park. The park consists of about 40 industrial facilities, two of which are Superfuhd
National Priorities List (NPL) sites: Kysor Industrial Corporation and the Northernaire
Plating Company. Kysor Industrial manufactures temperature control systems for the
automotive industry using a process involving stamping and machining metal parts.
Prior to 1979, 665 cubic yards of liquid/s/ucfgre wastes containing solvents were
disposed of in unlined earthen pits on the site. Sampling in 1980 found the
groundwater to be contaminated with volatile organic compounds (VOCs). In 1981,
Kysor excavated and removed 700 cubic yards of contaminated soil. The excavated
areas were backfilled'with clean material. All residences with affected and potentially
affected water supplies were connected to the municipal water supply. Additional
sampling in 1983 showed that the soils were still contaminated. The second NPL site,
Northernaire, also has contaminated soil and groundwater. The groundwater plumes
have intermingled, so that the groundwater under both sites is contaminated with
elements from Northernaire and Kysor. Approximately 10,800 people live within 3
miles of the site; about 5,000 live within 1 mile. The Cadillac area municipal well field is
2,500 feet northeast of the facility. Lake Cadillac is 3,500 feet away, and the Clam
River is within 5,000 feet. Both of these bodies of water are used for recreational
activities, including fishing. For additional information, please see the separate listing
for Northernaire Plating Company.
Site Responsibility:
This site is being addressed through
Federal, State, and potentially
responsible parties' actions.
NPL LISTING HISTORY
Proposed Date: 09/18/85
Final Date: 10/04/89
Threats and Contaminants
Groundwater contains VOCs including trichloroethylene (TCE), chloroform,
toluene, and ethyl benzene. Soil is contaminated with VOCs, heavy
metals, and phenol. People may be exposed to pollutants by accidentally
ingesting or coming into direct contact with contaminated groundwater or
soil.
March 1990
NPL HAZARDOUS WASTE SITES
78
continued
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KYSOR INDUSTRIAL CORPORATION
Cleanup Approach
The site is being addressed in a single long-term remedial phase focusing on cleanup of
the entire site.
Response Action Status
Entire Site: Because the groundwater has intermingled, the cleanup
addresses both the Kysor and Northernaire sites. In 1989, the EPA
selected a remedy to clean the sites by constructing a groundwater
extraction and treatment system. This system will consist of a number of
extraction wells strategically located to intercept the contaminated groundwater. An
underground piping system will connect the extraction wells and transport the
extracted groundwater to the treatment facility where it will be treated by air stripping.
The contaminants will be removed from the water by forcing air through it, causing the
compounds to evaporate. The treated groundwater will be discharged into the Clam
River. In addition, a vapor extraction system will be installed. The contaminants will be
extracted by blowing clean air on the soil, which forces the contaminants out into a gas.
The gases are further treated before release into the atmosphere. A fence will be
constructed around the Kysor site to prevent trespassing. Appropriate action also will
be taken to ensure that current or future landowners do not use the contaminated
groundwater aquifers as a source of drinking water. The parties potentially responsible
for the site contamination are designing the technical specifications for the cleanup at
the site under state supervision. After the completion of the design phase, scheduled
for 1991, the planned cleanup activities will begin.
Environmental Progress
After adding the site to the National Priorities List, the EPA performed preliminary
investigations and determined that no immediate actions were required at the Kysor
Industrial site while it awaits final cleanup.
79
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LIQUID DISPOS
MICHIGAN
EPA ID# MID067340711
Site Description
REGION 5
CONGRESSIONAL DIST. 12
Macomb County
Shelby Township
The Liquid Disposal, Inc. (LDI) site covers approximately 7 acres in Shelby Township /;
between Utica and Rochester. Prior to 1964, the LDI site area was used as a sand and
gravel pit. Landfilling began in 1964. LDI began commercial incinerator operations at
the site in 1968. The incinerators were designed for handling volatiles and semi-
volatiles, including paint thinners, sludges, contaminated oils and greases, and any
other liquid industrial wastes that did not contain chromium or cyanide. However, LDI
did accept wastes containing these contaminants. Wastes were stored in. a lagoon,,
underground and aboveground tanks, and numerous types of drums before
incineration. A scrubber lagoon was used for incineration ash and stormwater runoff.
LDI operated for 14 years and was cited for numerous violations,.including fires and
improper storage. LDI ceased operations and was, permanently closed in 1982 after
two people were killed in an industrial accident. Currently, several hundred sample jars,
old incinerator parts, emptied tanks, wooden pallets, miscellaneous containers, and
other debris are on site. The lagoons' contents have been removed or stabilized, and
virtually all storage tanks and containers have been removed. A crude leachate
collection system along the east side of the site is operational, with a sump pump
circulating accumulated liquids back into the incinerator pit. The incinerator pit also
continues to collect water from surface drainage and subsurface seepage. The ,
Rochester-Utica State Recreational Area and the G & H Landfill National Priorities List
site are about 1 mile away from the Liquid Disposal site., The site is surrounded by
wetlands, the Clinton River, and the Shadbush Tract Native Study Area. Approximately
54,000 people reside in the rural area within 3 miles of the site. The local drinking
water for 3,500 people comes from groundwater sources. About 3,200 people live
within 1 mile of the site, with the nearest residence about 1,300 feet away.
Site Responsibility:
This site is being addressed through
Federal, State, and potentially
responsible parties' actio ns.
NPL LISTING HISTORY
Proposed Date: 07/16/82
Final Date: 09/08/83 >
March 1990
NPL HAZARDOUS WASTE SITES
80
continued
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LIQUID DISPOSAL, INC.
-Threats and Contaminants
The groundwater is contaminated with volatile organic compounds (VOCs)
and heavy metals. The soil contains VOCs, polycyclic aromatic
hydrocarbons (PAHs), pesticides, polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) and
heavy metals. Stored contaminants are a fire or explosion hazard. Direct
contact with or accidental ingestion of contaminated groundwater, soil, or
leachate could pose a health threat as well.
Cleanup Approach
The site is being addressed in two stages: immediate actions and a long-term remedial
phase focusing on cleanup of the entire site.
Response Action Status
Immediate Actions: The EPA responded to an accidental spill of
hazardous waste chemicals in 1982 by shutting off equipment and
performing initial cleanup actions. In 1982, heavy rains caused the lagoon
level to rise above the liner, causing liquid to seep through the wall and threatening the
stability of the dike that had been built around it. The EPA removed the PCB-
contaminated soils outside the facility and secured them in another facility, lowered the
lagoon level 2 feet from the top of the liner, and removed the oily layer. The waste was
stored on site. Liquid was pumped from the incinerator pit, and the clay barrier
preventing dike seepage from reaching the Clinton River was repaired. The dikes were
regraded and repaired, and the tanks of flammable chemicals were secured. In 1983,
the EPA drained the lagoons, removed sludge, capped the lagoons, and overpac^edthe
drums. The waste oil lagoon caught fire during the solidification process, and as a
result, 500 nearby residents were evacuated. Approximately 1,800,000 gallons of liquid
and 2,800 cubic yards of sludges were removed from the waste oil lagoons. The EPA
removed all the ash piles and backfilled and capped the waste oil lagoon. Eleven 15-
gallon packs of acids and isocyanate were also disposed of. In 1985, the EPA removed
10,000 gallons of flammable liquids; however 15,000 gallons remain on site. All the
underground tanks were uncovered, opened, and cleaned. Approximately 200 drums
were incinerated or landfilled in early 1986.
Entire Site: Based on the results of the site investigation by the Michigan
Department of Natural Resources, the EPA selected the following
methods for long-term remediation at the site: (1) on-site disposal of
existing debris and equipment; (2) on-site solidification and fixation of soil
and waste; (3) pump and treatment of groundwater using air stripping and ion exchange
with discharge of the treated groundwater into the Clinton River; and (4) construction of
a slurry wall and impermeable cap containment system. The design of the technical
specifications is under way, and cleanup of the site is expected to begin in early 1991.
continued
81
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LIQUID DISPOSAL. INC.
Response Action Status, Continued
Site Facts: The Michigan Department of Natural Resources (MDNR), in February 1982,
rejected LDI's application for a toxic waste handling permit. In April 1982, LDI was
forced into involuntary bankruptcy. The company closed permanently in May 1982.
Environmental Progress
Removal of contaminated materials and repair of dikes on the LDI site have reduced
the potential for contact with hazardous materials while design of cleanup actions is
taking place and final site cleanup is being planned.
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MASON C
LANDFILL
MICHIGAN
EPA ID# MID980794465
REGION 5
CONGRESSIONAL DIST. 09
Mason County
Pere Marquette Township
3 miles south of Lundington
Site Description
The Mason County Landfill site comprises 10 acres of an 18-acre parcel of land and is
located 3 miles south of the town of Lundington in Pere Marquette Township. The
landfill was operated by Acme Disposal for Mason County from 1972 through 1978 and
accepted general refuse, garbage, industrial refuse, liquids, sludges, and industrial
wastes. Acme Disposal was ordered to install additional groundwater wells on the site
in 1978. Mason County covered the landfill with 2 feet of clay in 1979. Afterward, the
site and adjacent land eroded and may have polluted groundwater and nearby Iris
Creek. Two years after the landfill ceased to operate, nearby residents voiced concerns
over water quality in Iris Creek. As a result, a plan was drafted by the Michigan
Department of Natural Resources (MDNR) and the Mason County Department of Public
Works (DPW) to control drainage, vent landfill gas, and monitor groundwater quality.
The landfill is 1 mile east of Lake Michigan. A wetlands located less than 500 feet from
the landfill drains into Babbin Pond, the headwaters of Iris Creek. The area surrounding
the site is primarily rural, with a population of approximately 1,100 people within a 1/2-
mile radius of the site who obtain drinking water from private wells. Twelve residential
wells are located within 3 miles of the site.
Site Responsibility:
This site is being addressed through
a combination of Federal, State, and
County actions.
NPL LISTING HISTORY
Proposed Date: 12/30/82
Final Date: 09/08/83
m
Threats and Contaminants
Air located in the landfill gas vents is contaminated with volatile organic
compounds (VOCs) including vinyl chloride and benzene. Off-site
groundwater in the monitoring wells contains VOCs and heavy metals
including sodium and lead. Sediments are contaminated with arsenic.
Soils, including those in the clay cap, are contaminated with lead and
arsenic. Heavy metals are found in Iris Creek. Trespassers on site could
be exposed to health risks through direct contact with contaminated soils
and inhalation of airborne materials. Private wells could be contaminated
by pollutants moving in the groundwater, exposing residents who use the
water. People or wildlife may come in contact with contaminants that
enter surface water and wetlands.
March 1990
NPL HAZARDOUS WASTE SITES
83
continued
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MASON COUNTY LANDFILL
Cleanup Approach
The site is being addressed in three stages: immediate actions and two long-term
remedial phases directed at cleanup of the landfill portion of the site and cleanup of the
groundwater.
Response Action Status
Immediate Actions: In 1983 and 1984, Mason County covered the
landfill with clay, graded the land so that it was terraced, constructed
storm drains, installed two surface units in Babbin Pond to allow air into it,
and placed 15 gas vents on the top of the landfill.
Landfill: The long-term cleanup action chosen by the EPA in 1989 to
address the landfill portion of the site includes: (1) covering the landfill
with soil and clay according to federal hazardous waste management
regulations; (2) constructing a fence around the perimeter of the site; (3)
placing deed restrictions on and near the site to prohibit the use of shallow
groundwater; and (4) continued monitoring of groundwater to aid in the long-term
cleanup action for the groundwater and to monitor the effectiveness of the clay and soil
cover. Construction of the clay/soil cap is expected to begin in 1990.
Groundwater: The EPA is conducting an investigation into the nature and
extent of groundwater contamination and the most effective methods of
treatment. This study is expected to be completed in 1992, at which time
cleanup alternatives will be recommended.
Site Facts: In 1978, Acme was ordered by the State to install additional monitoring
wells, analyze water samples, and survey the site. A Consent Order was subsequently
issued to cover the items that remained to be completed when Acme ceased to
operate at the site in 1978. In 1981 and 1982, residents filed two suits against the
County and Acme. The suits were settled when Mason County agreed to purchase
both properties.
Environmental Progress
The covering of the landfill, grading the land, constructing storm drains, and venting
Babbin Pond and the landfill significantly reduced the potential for exposure to
contaminants at the Mason County Landfill while final cleanup activities are being
planned.
84
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MCGRAW EDISO
CORP.
MICHIGAN
EPA ID# MID005339676
Site Description
REGION 5
CONGRESSIONAL DIST. 03
Calhoun County
Albion
Alias:
McGraw-Edison Air Comfort Division
The McGraw Edison Corp. site covers 24 acres in Albion. The company manufactured
air conditioners, humidifiers, and similar equipment from 1958 to 1980. From 1970 to
1980, 15,000 gallons of stillbottoms (an oil waste) contaminated with trichloroethylene
(TCE) were spread on the site's roads to control dust. As a result, TCE has been found
in two on-site wells and in 45 nearby residential wells. The Albion municipal wells also
show TCE contamination. Extensive soil contamination was also detected. The plant
closed in 1980, and the site is completely restricted. McGraw Edison was sold to
Cooper Industries in 1985. Approximately 11,000 people reside within 3 miles of the
site. Residents in the area depend on both municipal wells and private wells for
drinking water. The Kalamazoo River is used for recreational activities such as
swimming and fishing.
Site Responsibility: This site is being addressed through
Federal and potentially responsible
parties'actions.
NPL LISTING HISTORY
Proposed Date: 12/30/82
Final Date: 09/08/83
Threats and Contaminants
The groundwater, stream sediments, surface water, and soils are
contaminated with TCE. People may be exposed to site-related
contaminants if they breathe airborne materials or ingest or come in direct
contact with polluted groundwater, surface water, soils, or stream
sediments. Air quality controls have been established to eliminate the
potential for air contamination.
March 1990
NPL HAZARDOUS WASTE SITES
85
continued
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MCGRAW EDISON CORP.
Cleanup Approach
The site is being addressed in three stages: immediate actions and two long-term
remedial phases focusing on cleanup of the entire site and cleanup of the soil.
Response Action Status
Immediate Actions: Affected residences were supplied with bottled
water and later connected to the municipal water supply by McGraw
Edison. The potentially responsible party removed and disposed of
approximately 6,100 cubic yards of contaminated soils in an approved
hazardous waste facility.
Entire Site: A deep aqru/fer groundwater recovery well has been operating
on site since 1984. Contaminated groundwater is being treated with an air
stripper. The groundwater treatment system for the shallow aquifer
consists of 28 wells and a carbon absorption tank. The wells have been
constructed and the system will be operational soon. The treated groundwater will be
discharged under a federal permit into the Kalamazoo River. Groundwater monitoring is
scheduled to begin in 1990 and last for 40 years.
Soil: Areas of soil containing greater than 10 parts per billion (ppb) of TCE
still remain on site and will be cleaned up during this long-term soil phase.
The selected remedy for soil cleanup is to flush contaminants from the soil
into the shallow aquifer so contaminants can be recovered in the
groundwater purge system. The system, including the temporary receiving ponds, has
been constructed and is awaiting a State discharge permit.
Site Facts: The cleanup of this site falls under the 1984 Consent Decree signed with
McGraw Edison. Since the facility's purchase by Cooper Industries, Cooper has re-
evaluated and completed the site studies and assumed responsibility for the site
cleanup.
Environmental Progress
By supplying affected residences with a safe drinking water supply and removing much
of the contaminated soil, the potential for direct exposure to hazardous materials at the
McGraw Edison site has been significantly reduced. The final cleanup of the soil
contamination is scheduled to begin in 1990, and the groundwater contamination is
currently being treated and monitored.
A
86
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METAL WO
SHOP
MICHIGAN
EPA ID# MID980992952
Site Description
REGION 5
CONGRESSIONAL DIST. 09
Benzie County
Lake Ann
The Metal Working Shop site covers approximately 1 acre on a hill between Lake View
and Lake Ann. From 1974 to 1977, the owner of the property finished metals in the
shop using iron phosphate. Two types of rinse waters were generated in an oxidizing
phase of the operation: an acidic rinse (dilute hydrochloric acid), containing iron
phosphate, and a caustic rinse (sodium hydroxide). From 1975 to 1977, effluents from
these rinses were mixed to neutralize them and then dumped onto the ground.
According to the owner, 400 gallons per day were disposed of for 8 to 10 days a
month. In 1983, Lake Ann Manufacturing took over the site. Sampling by the State
detected heavy metal salts in the rinses. Groundwater in the area occurs at shallow
depths, and wells draw from the very permeable sand and gravel drift aquifer. The area
residents depend on private wells for drinking water. Approximately 1,000 people
reside within 3 miles of the site, and the nearest residence is 600 feet away. Many
other lakes are within 3 miles of the site.
Site Responsibility:
This site is being addressed through
Federal actions.
NPL LISTING HISTORY
Proposed Date: 01/22/87
Final Date: 02/21/90
Threats and Contaminants
The groundwater and soils are contaminated with volatile organic
compounds (VOCs) including toluene and with the heavy metal
chromium. Direct contact with or accidental ingestion of contaminated
groundwater, soils, or other waste materials may pose a health threat.
Contamination of nearby lakes is possible due to site runoff.
March 1990
N.PL HAZARDOUS WASTE SITES
87
continued
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METAL WORKING SHOP
Cleanup Approach
The site is being addressed in a single long-term remedial phase focusing on cleanup of
the entire site.
Response Action Status
Entire Site: In 1988, the EPA began an investigation to determine the
nature and extent of contamination and to identify alternatives for long-
term site remediation. The investigation is expected to be completed in
mid-1991.
Environmental Progress
After adding the Metal Working Shop site to the NPL, the EPA performed preliminary
evaluations and determined that the site does not pose an immediate threat to the
surrounding communities or the environment while investigations leading to the
selection of final cleanup remedies are taking place.
88
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METAMORA
MICHIGAN
EPA ID# MID980506562
REGION 5
CONGRESSIONAL DIST. 08
Lapeer County
1/2 mile northeast of Metamora
Site Description
The Metamora Landfill site consists of 50 acres on an 80-acre parcel of land located 1/2
mile northeast of Metamora and 20 miles southeast of Flint. The landfill operated from
1966 to 1980, first as a gravel mine and then as a privately owned, unregulated dump.
The operators, amounts, and types of wastes disposed of at the site are not known.
However, it likely that the previous owner disposed of waste and drums in unlined pits,
which were formerly used for gravel mining or borrow areas. Fires occurred at the site
in 1972 and 1979. About 8 drums were unearthed in Area 1 of the site in 1981. A
study conducted by the State in 1982 concluded that as many as 35,000 drums, some
containing liquid waste, could be buried on site in 5 disposal areas. Two areas on site
have been confirmed to contain an estimated 8,000 drums. It is estimated that 18,150
cubic yards of waste are buried at this site. The area surrounding the site is rural. The
estimated population of Metamora is 595. Two residences are located 500 to 1,000
feet to the north of the site and are served by private wells.
Site Responsibility: This site is being addressed through
Federal and State actions.
NPL LISTING HISTORY
Proposed Date: 09/08/83
Final Date: 09/21/84
Threats and Contaminants
Buried waste materials and soils contain volatile organic compounds
(VOCs) and polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs). On-site groundwater is
contaminated with heavy metals, including lead and arsenic, and VOCs.
Although there is no evidence to suggest that on-site groundwater
contamination has migrated off-site into private drinking wells, these wells
are located within 1,000 feet downgradient of the site. Because VOCs
found in on-site groundwater move readily and because of the potential
for additional leakage from buried waste materials, private wells could be
affected. If this should occur, area residents could be exposed to site-
related contaminants when ingesting or using groundwater.
March 1990
NPL HAZARDOUS WASTE SITES
89
continued
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METAMORA LANDFILL
Cleanup Approach
The site is being addressed in three long-term remedial phases focusing on source
control, groundwater cleanup, and cleanup of the subsurface soils on the site.
Response Action Status
Source Control: The cleanup method selected by the State and the EPA
in 1986 involves excavating and incinerating approximately 18,000 drums
in Areas 1 and 4. These actions are expected to be completed by late
1990.
Groundwater: The State, with EPA assistance, is conducting an
investigation into the extent and nature of contamination in the
groundwater and the landfill area. This study is expected to be completed
in 1990.
Soil: The State is conducting a study into the nature and extent of
subsurface soil contamination. During this study, the State is investigating
two additional drum burial areas on the site and is taking soil borings. It is
scheduled for completion in late 1991.
Environmental Progress
The ongoing removal and incineration of drums have greatly reduced the potential for
exposure to hazardous material at the Metamora Landfill while further investigations to
determine the most appropriate remedies for final groundwater and soil contamination
are under way.
90
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MICHIGAN
DISPOSAL SER
(CORK STRK
LANDFILL)
MICHIGAN
EPA ID# MID000775957
Site Description
REGION 5
CONGRESSIONAL DIST. 03
Kalamazoo County
Kalamazoo
Aliases:
Dispose-O-Waste and Transfer Station
Cork Street Landfill
The Michigan Disposal Service (Cork Street Landfill) site is a 68-acre landfill located in a
predominantly industrial and commercial area of Kalamazoo. From 1925 to 1961, the
site was operated as a waste disposal facility. In 1961, the City of Kalamazoo
purchased the property and used it for municipal waste disposal until 1968. Prior to
1968, waste was burned in an on-site incinerator, and the ash was buried in the landfill.
Since most waste disposal occurred prior to the development of local and State
regulations, little is known about the exact types and amounts of wastes buried in the
landfill. The City continued to use the site until 1981, when Dispose-O-Waste, now
Michigan Disposal Service, Inc., purchased the facility. Michigan Disposal Service Inc.
received a permit from the State of Michigan to operate the site as a Type HI landfill and
began operations in 1983. Type III facilities can dispose of wastes such as construction
debris, demolition materials, and paper-mill waste and fly ash. The population within a
3-mile radius of the site is approximately 50,000 people. The closest residence is 1/2
mile from the site. There are approximately 30 private water wells and two City of
Kalamazoo water wells within 2 miles of the landfill. The wells provide water for fire
protection and are on stand-by status as drinking water sources. Davis Creek flows
along a portion of the eastern site boundary and also flows into the Kalamazoo River, :.'
which is used for recreational purposes.
Site Responsibility:
This site is being addressed through
Federal and potentially responsible
parties'actions.
NPL LISTING HISTORY
Proposed Date: 10/15/84
Final Date: 02/21/90
Threats and Contaminants
Volatile organic compounds (VOCs) including toluene, xylene, and
benzene and the heavy metals arsenic and lead were detected in on-site
monitoring wells. A creek adjacent to the site showed elevated levels of
lead and iron. Davis Creek and the Kalamazoo River may be threatened
by site contaminants. Potential health risks may exist for individuals who
accidentally ingest the contaminated groundwater or surface water.
March 1990
NPL HAZARDOUS WASTE SITES
91
continued
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MICHIGAN DISPOSAL SERVICE (CORK STREET LANDFILL)
Cleanup Approach
The site is being addressed in two stages: interim actions and a long-term remedial
phase directed at cleanup of the entire site.
Response Action Status
Interim Actions: The company placed a 2-foot thick clay cap on the site
and installed monitoring wells and a leachate collection system.
Entire Site: Under the EPA's monitoring, the potentially responsible
parties initiated an investigation in 1987 to determine the type and extent
of contamination at the site and to recommend final cleanup activities.
The study is expected to be completed in 1991.
Site Facts: A Consent Decree was signed by the EPA, the City of Kalamazoo, and
Michigan Disposal Service, Inc. in October 1987. The order requires the City and the
company to conduct an investigation of site contamination and additional studies as
required by the EPA.
Environmental Progress
By covering the landfill and installing a leachate collection system, the potential for
exposure to contaminants on the Michigan Disposal Service site has been greatly
reduced while studies are under way and site cleanup activities are planned.
92
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MOTOR WHEEL,
MICHIGAN
EPA ID# MID980702989
Site Description
REGION 5
CONGRESSIONAL DIST. 06
Ingham County
Lansing ,
The Motor Wheel, Inc. site is located on the northeastern side of Lansing. This 25-acre
site was used by Motor Wheel from approximately 1938 until 1979 for disposal of
paints, solvents, and other wastes generated in the manufacture of wheels for the
automotive industry. Wastes were placed directly on the ground, disposed of in
containers, and buried. A clay cap was placed over a portion of the site in the 1970s.
The property was sold to MSV Associates in the late 1970s for the purpose of mining
sand and gravel. During mining activities, the clay cap was broken at least once,
exposing buried tanks and drums. The exposed material was analyzed, determined to
be non-hazardous, and sent to a local licensed landfill. Paint sludgeswere removed
from a pit, placed in two 10,000-gallon steel tanks, and reburied on the site. The
nearest residences to the site are located approximately 1/4 mile to the west. The
population within 1/2 mile of the site is 4,725. Located to the northwest of the site are
the Granger and Paulson Street disposal areas, and W.R. Grace borders the site to the
south. More than a dozen schools and as many churches, numerous recreational
facilities, a hospital, nine parks, many small businesses, and an armory are located
within a mile of the site. Approximately 128 municipal wells serve 147,000 people in
Lansing.
Site Responsibility:
This site is being addressed through
a combination of Federal, State, and
potentially responsible parties'
actions.
NPL LISTING HISTORY
Proposed Date: 10/15/84
Final Date: 06/10/86
Threats and Contaminants
Volatile organic compounds (VOCs), including toluene and
pentachlorophenol (PCP), were detected in a shallow aquifer. The site is
easily accessible to the public, and the deep pits created by sand and
gravel mining activities present a significant physical hazard. Ponds also
exist in the bottom of the pits. Potential health risks may exist for
individuals who drink the contaminated groundwater.
March 1990
NPL HAZARDOUS WASTE SITES
93
continued
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MOTOR WHEEL, INC.
Cleanup Approach
The site is being addressed in two stages: immediate actions and a single long-term
remedial phase focusing on the entire site.
Response Action Status
Immediate Actions: In 1982, before the site was listed on the NPL, two
10,000 gallon tanks, an additional tank, and some accompanying soil were
removed from the site.
Entire Site: Under the supervision of the EPA and the Michigan
Department of Natural Resources (MDNR), the potentially responsible
parties initiated an investigation of the site in 1987. The investigation,will
determine the type and extent of contamination and identify alternative
technologies for the cleanup. The investigation is scheduled for completion in 1991.
Site Facts: In October 1987, under the terms of an Administrative Order on Consent,
Motor Wheel, Goodyear, and W.R. Grace agreed to conduct an investigation of the site
and recommend alternative cleanup remedies.
Environmental Progress
The removal of tanks and contaminated soil reduced the potential for exposure to
hazardous waste at the Motor Wheel site while studies are taking place and cleanup
activities are being planned.
94
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MUSKEGON
CHEMICAL C
MICHIGAN
EPA ID# MID072569510
REGION 5
CONGRESSIONAL DIST. 09
Muskegon County
Whitehall
Alias:
Koch Chemical
Site Description
The Muskegon Chemical Company (MCC) site is used to produce a variety of specialty
chemicals for pharmaceutical and other industries on 12 acres in Whitehall. The
company operated from 1975 to 1986, when it sold the business to the Koch Chemical
Company. In 1981, chemicals were identified in on-site wells. A sump pump and an
outside holding tank, both badly corroded, were the potential sources. The
groundwater seeped into Mill Pond Creek downgradient of the site. Over a period of 3
years, MCC installed 40 monitoring wells along the plume of contamination.
Monitoring indicated that groundwater was contaminated. An 8,000-gallon pressurized
tank of heptane and other chemical holding tanks are located on the northern side of
the site. The surrounding area is zoned commercial but at present is primarily
residential. Approximately 6,400 people obtain drinking water from public and private
wells within 3 miles of the site. A private well is 1,250 feet north of the chemical
company. Surface water within 3 miles downstream of the site is used for recreational
activities. Mill Pond and Mill Pond Creek are 2,500 feet from the site, and White Lake
is 7,000 feet away.
Site Responsibility:
This site is being addressed through
Federal and potentially responsible
parties' actions.
NPL LISTING HISTORY
Proposed Date: 06/24/88
Final Date: 02/21/90
L\
Threats and Contaminants
Volatile organic compounds (VOCs), including xylenes, entered the
groundwater through on-site soils. A faulty sump pump circulated
contaminants onto the grounds around the facility and leaching occurred.
Groundwater contaminants seep onto the banks of Mill Creek and flow
directly into Mill Pond or the creek. Potential health risks may exist for
individuals who drink the contaminated groundwater. The municipal
water systems draw from the aquifer affected by the groundwater
contaminants; however, they draw from outside the present zone of
contamination.
March 1990
NPL HAZARDOUS WASTE SITES
continued
95
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MUSKEGON CHEMICAL CO.
Cleanup Approach ~
The site is being addressed in two stages: immediate actions and a long-term remedial
action focusing on cleanup of the entire site.
Response Action Status
Immediate Actions: In 1985, MCC installed a system to pump
contaminated groundwater to the surface, treat it by carbon filtration, and
discharge the treated water to the Whitehall Water Treatment Plant.
Entire Site: The potentially responsible parties are conducting an
investigation to reevaluate the groundwater treatment and develop an
effective purge system. The study also is evaluating soils, particularly
underneath the plant, and identifying sources of contamination stemming
from the plant. The surface water is being evaluated to ensure that bioaccumulation of
contaminants is not occurring.
Environmental Progress
The pumping and treatment of contaminated groundwater is reducing the potential for
exposure to contaminated water at the Muskegon Chemical Co. site while
investigations to determine final cleanup alternatives for the groundwater, surface
water, and the soils are taking place.
96
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NORTH BRONSON^
INDUSTRIAL AR
MICHIGAN
EPA ID# MID005480900
Site Description
REGION 5
CONGRESSIONAL DIST. 04
Branch County
North Branson
Aliases:
Branson Plating Mfg Co.
BronsonWWTP
Bronson Residents Well
The North Bronson Industrial Area (NBIA) in Bronson covers approximately 400 acres.
The actual areas of concern are the old and new lagoons and surrounding surface soils
and sediments. Several industries in the North Bronson area discharged plating and
other industrial wastes to seepage lagoons between 1939 and 1949, An industrial
sewer system was used to transport plating wastes to both sets of lagoons, which
were owned and maintained by the City of Bronson. In 1949, the lagoons became
overloaded, and leaks of plating wastes were reported. New lagoons were constructed
in 1949. In 1970, Bronson Plating purchased the new lagoons from the City of Bronson
and discharged wastes into these lagoons until 1981. The seepage lagoons are no
longer used for waste disposal; however, they still contain an estimated 3,000 to 5,000
cubic yards of dewatered metal hydroxide sludges. The majority of the City of Bronson
is within a 1-mile radius of the old lagoons at the NBIA site. The area surrounding the
site is mixed industrial and residential, and the area north of the site is primarily rural.
The population of the City of Bronson is approximately 2,270, and the majority of the
residents in the area of the site are connected to the municipal water supply system.
An estimated 3,000 people use wells within 3 miles of the site as a source of drinking
water. The primary supply wells are located approximately 5,000 feet east of the site
and are screened in the upper aquifer.
Site Responsibility:
This site is being addressed through
Federal actions.
NPL LISTING HISTORY
Proposed Date: 10/15/84
Final Date: 06/10/86
Threats and Contaminants
Two on-site groundwater monitoring wells have shown detectable levels
of trichloroethylene (TCE) and chloroform, elevated levels of heavy
metals, and cyanide. Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) have been found
in sediment samples at two locations downstream of the old lagoons.
Lagoon sludge contains heavy metals including cadmium, chromium, and
lead. Because municipal wells are located upgradientof the site, there is
only a remote chance of site contaminants reaching these wells.
Accidental ingestion or direct contact with contaminated groundwater,
sediment, and sludge could pose a health threat to people in the area.
March 1990
NPL HAZARDOUS WASTE SITES
97
continued
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NORTH BRONSON INDUSTRIAL AREA
Cleanup Approach
The site is being addressed in a single long-term remedial phase directed at cleanup of
the entire site.
Response Action Status
Entire Site: The EPA initiated an investigation in mid-1987 to determine
the type and extent of contamination at the site and to identify alternative
remedies for the cleanup. This investigation is expected to be completed
in late 1991 or early 1992.
Environmental Progress
After listing the North Bronson Industries site on the NPL, the EPA reviewed the site
conditions and the results of earlier sampling and determined that the site does not
present an immediate danger to the surrounding communities or the environment
while investigations leading to the selection of final cleanup remedies are taking place.
98
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NORTHERNAIRE
PLATING
MICHIGAN
EPA ID# MID020883609
REGIONS
CONGRESSIONAL DIST. 10
Wexford County
CadUlac
Site Description
The 13-acre Northernaire Plating site began operations in 1971, manufacturing chrome,
nickel, black oxide, and zinc. Problems first surfaced in 1978, when citizens became
concerned over poor drinking water quality from two private wells near the site. The
State Health Department found elevated levels of chromium in the water. The wells
were taken out of service, and the City of Cadillac extended water service to the
affected residents. The State requested that Northernaire investigate the well " / .
contamination and resolve issues concerning possible sewer line leaks and waste
containment. Jn 1978, the City revoked the company's wastewater discharge permit
and plugged the connection to the City's sewer system. Subsequently, Northernaire
stored its wastewater in tanks, which were removed by truck for off-site disposal. The
company ceased operations in 1981, leaving waste materials and drummed chemicals
outside the building. In 1982, the unsecured waste materials burned two children
playing at the unfenced site. The State immediately moved the drums into the building
for safety. The area surrounding the site is primarily industrial, with a few private
residences in the immediate area and the Kysor Industrial Corp. NPL site also located
nearby. A mobile home park is approximately 500 feet from the site. Many private
wells surround the facility. A municipal well field is 1/4 mile from the site. For
additional information, please see the separate listing for Kysor Industrial Corp.
Site Responsibility:
This site is being addressed through
Federal, State, and potentially
responsible parties' actions.
NPL LISTING HISTORY
Proposed Date: 07/16/82
Final Date: 09/08/83
Threats and Contaminants
Groundwater is contaminated with heavy metals such as cadmium and
chromium. Soil contained heavy metals. Sediments were contaminated
with cadmium, chromium, and volatile organic compounds (VOCs).
People who trespassed on the site and accidentally ingested or came into
direct contact with contaminated soil or sediment may have been
exposed to pollutants. Drinking or touching contaminated groundwater
also may pose a health threat.
March 1990
NPL HAZARDOUS WASTE SITES
99
continued
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NORTHERNAIRE PLATING
Cleanup Approach
This site is being addressed in three stages: emergency actions and two long-term
remedial phases focusing on source control and groundwater cleanup.
Response Action Status
\s* Emergency Actions: In 1983, 3,450 gallons of acid, 5,402 gallons of
cyanide-bearing wastes, 160 drums of cyanide wastes, and 5,000 gallons
of waste hypochlorite used to treat cyanide contamination were removed
from the site. Approximately 120 feet of the plating facility's sewer line
were also removed. Equipment was removed from the building, and the building was
steam cleaned.
Source Control: In 1985, the EPA selected a remedy to clean up the
source of the contamination by: (1) excavating soils and sewer line
sediments and disposing of them at a federally approved facility; (2)
cleaning the dust and residue off the floor of the facility; (3) breaking up an
area of concrete floor and the drywall in the building, sampling the soil underneath, and
excavating and disposing of it off site, if necessary; and (4) backfilling all excavated
areas with clean soil. The State finished all the cleanup actions in 1989, except
disposal of the concrete floor and pad. The remaining actions are scheduled for
completion in 1990.
Groundwater: Because the groundwater has intermingled with another
Superfund site, the Kysor Industrial Company, the groundwater cleanup
will address both the Kysor and Northernaire sites. In 1989, the EPA
^.^, selected a remedy to clean the sites by constructing a groundwater
extraction and treatment system. This system will consist of a number of extraction
wells strategically located to intercept contaminated groundwater. An underground
piping system will interconnect the extraction wells and transport the extracted
groundwater to the treatment facility where it will be treated by air stripping. The
treated groundwater will be discharged into the Clam River. Appropriate action will also
be taken to ensure that current or future landowners do not use the contaminated
groundwater aquifers as a source of drinking water. Kysor is designing the technical
specifications for the groundwater cleanup. Once the design phase is completed in
1991, the cleanup activities will begin.
Environmental Progress
The removal of hazardous wastes from the site have greatly reduced the potential for
exposure to contaminated wastes and drums at the Northernaire Plating Company site
while further cleanup actions are taking place.
100
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NOVACO INDUST,
MICHIGAN
EPA ID# MID084566900
REGION 5
CONGRESSIONAL DIST. 16
Monroe County
Temperance
Site Description
The 2 1/2-acre Novaco Industries site was an active tool and die manufacturing and
repair facility that used chromic ac/c/to plate auto parts molds. In 1979, a tank at the
site leaked an unknown quantity of acid into the ground. Soon thereafter, chromium
was discovered in the site's well and .in the well used by the Veterans of Foreign Wars
(VFW) Post 9656. A year later, chromium was detected in a residential well. Novaco
began cleanup actions a month after the spill was detected. The site consists of
Novaco Industries, the VFW post, and the Moyer residential property. Approximately
85 residences or businesses lie within 1/2 mile of the site.
Site Responsibility:
This site is being addressed through
Federal actions.
NPL LISTING HISTORY
Proposed Date: 12/30/82
Final Date: 09/08/83
Threats and Contaminants
Groundwater samples from the shallow aquifer contain chromium.
Chromium contamination has not been found in monitoring wells or
residential wells located in the deep aquifer, ingestion of contaminated
groundwater is the only health risk at the site, though this is considered
unlikely. The two domestic wells that are located in the shallow aquifer
have been abandoned.
Cleanup Approach
This site is being addressed in a single long-term remedial phase focusing on cleanup
of the entire site.
March 1990
NPL HAZARDOUS WASTE SITES
101
continued
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NOVACO INDUSTRIES
Response Action Status
Entire Site: Following an investigation of groundwater contamination at
the site between 1983 and 1986, the EPA selected the following remedy:
(1) extraction and treatment of approximately 36 million gallons of
^a^ groundwater; (2) discharge of treated water into Indian Creek; (3)
groundwater monitoring for 30 years; and (4) cap and abandon 15 groundwater
monitoring wells. The EPA began design of the remedy in 1987. In 1988, the Army
Corps of Engineers conducted a pump test and collected groundwater samples as part
of the design phase. Analysis of these samples indicated that the chromium
concentrations had fallen below the Federal drinking water standard. The EPA stopped
implementation of the original remedy but continues to monitor the groundwater. In
1989, the chromium levels were still below drinking water standards, and additional soil
testing indicated levels below human health standards.
Environmental Progress
The groundwater and soil samples taken at the Novaco Industries site indicate that ho
contamination threats currently exist, and the site poses no threats to nearby residents
and the environment. The EPA will continue to monitor the groundwater while
considering the removal of the site from the NPL.
102
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ORGANIC
CHEMICALS,
MICHIGAN
EPA ID# MID990858003
Site Description
REGION 5
CONGRESSIONAL DIST. 05
Kent County
Grandville
Beginning in the early 1930s, the 20-acre Organic Chemicals, Inc. (OCI) site was used
to refine, transport, and store petroleum. A succession of petroleum-related industries
operated on the property until its purchase in 1968 by Spartan Chemical Company.
Spartan bought the property to be used by its subsidiary. Organic Chemical Company
{now Organic Chemicals, Inc,), and in 1979, OCI became the owner of the property.
Current operations at the site include recycling approximately 100,000 gallons of used
solvents each month and manufacturing small amounts of chemicals used in
Pharmaceuticals and industry. Process waste and cooling water from OCI's operations
were discharged to a seepage pond from approximately 1968 to 1980. In 1979, OCI
reported to the Michigan Department of Natural Resources (MDNR) that there had
been chemical spills on the property. OCI closed the seepage pond in 1980 and
installed a wastewater treatment facility, which discharges treated water into the city
sewer system. The site is in a wetlands area, and there are lakes and ponds
downgradienttrom the site. Approximately 2,850 people live within 1 mile from the
site, and 9,000 people live within 3 miles of the site. All residents are connected to the
Grandville city water system and use city water for drinking and cooking.
Site Responsibility:
This site is being addressed through
Federal and potentially responsible
parties'actions.
NPL LISTING HISTORY
Proposed Date: 12/30/82
Final Date: 09/08/83
Threats and Contaminants
On-site groundwater contains volatile organic compounds (VOCs). Soil
under a cooling pond showed slight contamination. People could be
exposed to hazardous substances from the site by accidentally ingesting
or touching contaminated groundwater and soil.
March 1990
NPL HAZARDOUS WASTE SITES
103
continued
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ORGANIC CHEMICALS. INC.
Cleanup Approach
This site is being addressed in two stages: immediate actions and a single long-term
remedial phase focusing on cleanup of the entire site.
Response Action Status
Immediate Actions: In 1981, OCI removed sludges that had accumulated
at a former cooling water pond and filled the pond with clean material. In
1987, OCI excavated and removed approximately 150 drums from the site.
OCI classified all wastes from the drums as paint sludges and disposed of
them as hazardous waste.
Entire Site: The EPA is conducting an extensive study using the
information that OCI collected during its initial site investigation. The EPA
drilled and installed 23 monitoring wells on and off site as part of the
study. Test pits dug on site revealed extensive oil contamination, probably
due to the refinery operation and bulk storage terminal. As a result, another phase of
the investigation, scheduled for completion in 1991, will assess the extent of oil
contamination.
Site Facts: In 1986, the MDNR investigated a complaint that OCI personnel were
illegally disposing hazardous wastes at the facility. As a result of this investigation, the
EPA cited the company for violations regarding the handling and disposal of hazardous
wastes. In 1987, OCI voluntarily conducted an investigation of the site in cooperation
with the MDNR.
Environmental Progress
The removal of sludges and drums has reduced the potential for exposure to hazardous
materials at the Organic Chemical, Inc. site while studies are taking place and cleanup
activities are being planned.
104
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OSSINEKE GRO
WATER CONT
MICHIGAN
EPA ID# MID980794440
REGION 5
CONGRESSIONAL DIST. 11
Alpena County
Ossineke
Site Description
The 11-acre Ossineke Ground Water Contamination site resulted from a series of
unrelated spills and incidents that contaminated the groundwater of local residents
within the LaBell subdivision. These incidents included leaking underground storage
tanks, accidental spills of fuel on the ground, and suspected releases of fuel and other
organic compounds into the ground. Contamination was first detected in 1977 when
the Alpena District Health Department (ADHD) began receiving complaints of odors in
the drinking water of residents near the site. The ADHD and the Michigan Department
of Public Health (MDPH) discovered that five residential wells in the area were
contaminated with petroleum and chlorinated hydrocarbons. These contaminated wells
all drew water from the shallow aquifer below the site. Between 1979 and 1984, the'
MDPH and local residents replaced 14 wells that were contaminated and replaced
them with ones that drew groundwater from a deeper aquifer under the site. In 1982,
additional contamination problems surfaced when gasoline odors in the basements of
two local businesses were reported. The Michigan Department of Natural Resources
(MDNR) studied the site in 1984 to determine the potential source of contamination.
Groundwater monitoring wells and soil gas surveys detected various petroleum
products and chlorinated hydrocarbons in the shallow aquifer under the site. The study
pinpointed three areas where the sources of groundwater contamination appear to be
located: the Barn (a gas and convenience store), the Marathon Service Station, and
southwest of the intersection of Alphonse and LaRose streets. A 5-acre wetland is
located 1/2 mile from the site, while Devils River is 3/4 mile from the site.
Approximately 1,140 people live within a 3-mile radius of the Marathon Gas Station.
Site Responsibility:
This site is being addressed through
Federal and State actions.
NPL LISTING HISTORY
Proposed Date: 12/30/82
Final Date: 09/08/83
Threats and Contaminants
Groundwater under the site contains volatile organic compounds (VOCs)
and phenol. Currently, no residents are drinking contaminated water.
However, people could be exposed to hazardous chemicals through
accidental ingestion or direct contact with groundwater. Wetlands also
may be threatened.
March 1990
NPL HAZARDOUS WASTE SITES
105
continued
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OSSINEKE GROUND WATER CONTAMINATION
Cleanup Approach
This site is being addressed in two stages: initial actions and a single long-term
remedial phase focusing on cleanup of the entire site.
Response Action Status
Initial Actions: Fourteen wells that showed contamination were replaced
by the State and local residents from 1979 to 1984.
Entire Site: The EPA began field activities for a study of contamination at
the site in 1989. The EPA is taking samples of the groundwater, surface
water, sediments, air, and soil gases to define clearly the sources of
contamination and the extent of the problem. Cleanup alternatives are expected to be
selected in 1990.
Environmental Progress
Replacement of contaminated wells has reduced the potential for exposure of nearby
residents to site-related contaminants from the Ossineke Ground Water Contamination
site while studies are taking place and cleanup activities are being planned.
A
106
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OTT/STOBY^
CHEMICAllCOJ
OVA
MICHIGAN
EPA ID# MID060174240
Site Description
REGION 5
CONGRESSIONAL DIST. 09
Muskegon County
Dalton Township
Aliases:
Ott Story & Corn Products Chemical Company
Cordova Chemical Company of Michigan
In
The 20-acre Ott/Story/Cordova Chemical Co. site is a former chemical plant surrounded
by wooded land. Since the 1950s, the Ott, Story, and Cordova chemical companies
owned and operated three separate chemical plants on the same property. The
chemical plants used various synthetic and organic chemicals to manufacture drugs,
veterinary medicines, agricultural chemicals, and other similar materials. Wastes from
the chemical manufacturing processes were placed in unlined lagoons and stored in
drums on the property. Ott Chemical began producing chemicals at the site in 1957.
1965, Ott Chemical contaminated the groundwater under the site with chlorides and
phenols. The company's improper storage and handling of wastes resulted in .
contaminated on-site soils. Ott Chemical, under a license from the Michigan Water
Resources Commission, also discharged purged water to Little Bear Creek, but
discontinued the practice in 1967 when area residents noticed odors and adverse
effects on aquatic life. Story Chemical took over the site in 1972, and by the time it
went bankrupt in 1976, thousands of drums filled with chemical wastes were
stockpiled on site. A plume of contaminants traveled 1 mile off site to an unnamed
tributary of Little Bear Creek. The plume contaminated the tributary, the creek, and
several private wells in the area. Story Chemical replaced the water supplies of all local
residences and businesses whose wells were affected or threatened by the
contamination plume. Cordova Chemical bought the property in 1977 and continued to
produce a limited number of petroleum-based products, but ceased all chemical
manufacturing operations in 1985. Approximately 3,500 people live within a 3-mile
radius of the site and use groundwater as their source of potable water. A tributary of
adjacent Little Bear Creek drains into Bear Creek, which flows into Muskegon Lake.
Site Responsibility:
This site is being addressed through
Federal and State actions.
NPL LISTING HISTORY
Proposed Date: 07/16/82
Final Date: 09/08/83
IV
Threats and Contaminants
Groundwater and soil on and near the site contain various volatile organic
compounds {VOCs). Surface water is contaminated with VOCs and heavy
metals including copper and mercury. People could be exposed to site-
related contaminants through ingestion or direct contact with
contaminated groundwater, soil, and surface water.
March 1990
NPL HAZARDOUS WASTE SITES
107
continued
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OTT/STORY/COKDOVA CHEMICAL CO.
Cleanup Approach
This site is being addressed in three stages: immediate actions and two long-term
remedial phases focusing on groundwater cleanup and cleanup of the aquifers and soil.
Response Action Status
Immediate Actions: The Michigan Department of Natural Resources
(MDNR) cleaned up the surface of the site in 1978, removing 2,000
containers, 8,000 cubic yards of sludge, and contaminated soils from
waste ponds on the property. Further investigations in 1978 found tanks of highly toxic
phosgene gas, which the State eventually neutralized and disposed of . VOCs also
were found in residential wells near the site. A permanent water supply was installed.
All aboveground drums were removed from the site and a municipal water line was
extended to residents with wells that were contaminated or threatened with
contamination. Unused buildings on the site were dismantled and properly disposed of
at an off-site location.
Groundwater: The EPA completed a study of the site and concluded that
contamination of surface water and sediments near Little Bear Creek and
its tributary resulted from groundwater seeping into these surface water
bodies. The EPA selected the following alternatives for cleanup of the site:
(1) installing groundwater extraction wells near Little Bear Creek and the unnamed
tributary; (2) constructing a groundwater treatment plant on site to treat the
groundwater pumped from the well; (3) treating the groundwater; and (4) discharging
the treated groundwater to Little Bear Creek. The EPA is designing the technical
specifications for the groundwater remedy and expects to complete the design in 1991 .
Aquifers and Soil: The EPA completed a study to address aquifer
restoration, soil hot spot areas on the old chemical plant grounds, and the
Little Bear Creek contaminated groundwater intercept. The EPA is
reviewing the results of the study and is in the process of developing
recommendations for cleanup of these areas.
Site Facts: In 1968, the State ordered Ott Chemical to stop all direct discharges of
process wastewaters into the groundwater and to treat its wastewater before
discharge into the Muskegon River. In 1977, the MDNR ordered Story Chemical to
clean up the site, control pollution to the groundwater, and replace water supplies for
50 households. Cordova Chemical entered into a Consent Order with the State after it
purchased the property in 1977.
Environmental Progress
By removing drums and providing an alternate water supply, exposure to contamination
at the Ott/Story/Cordova Chemical Co. site has been greatly reduced while final cleanup
activities are being planned.
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PACKAGING
CORPORATIO
AMERICA
MICHIGAN
EPA ID# MID980794747
Site Description
REGION 5
CONGRESSIONAL DIST. 09
Manistee County
Filer City
The 50-acre Packaging Corporation of America (PCA) site was a waste disposal area
that contained eight lagoons. PCA and its prior owner, American Box Board Company
(ABBCo), operated a pulping mill for producing materials for corrugated boxes. ABBCo
first began this pulping process in 1949 and directly discharged spent cooking liquor
into the Manistee Lake. This dumping severely reduced the level of oxygen in the lake
and killed fish before the discharge was stopped in 1951. ABBCo then began
discharging the spent cooking liquor into a series of unlined seepage lagoons located
on the side of Manistee Lake. ABBCo operated the lagoons through 1974. Wastes
from the lagoons percolated into the underlying shallow aquifer, discoloring and
contaminating the groundwater. In 1972, PCA took over the property and, by 1974,
completely phased out using.the lagoons to store waste products. In 1972, PCA began
operating a secondary wastewater treatment plant to treat wastes before discharging
them into Lake Michigan. Of the eight lagoons that remain at the site, PCA is using .
one as a landfill for solid waste. Approximately 10,200 people live within a 3-mile radius
of the lagoons. A Martin Marietta plant is located west of the site over the plume of
contaminated water and uses groundwater for drinking and industrial uses. The
contaminant plume discharges into Manistee Lake. The Manistee River connects the
lake with Lake Michigan, 3 miles from the plume.
Site Responsibility:
This site is being addressed through
Federal and potentially responsible
parties' actions.
NPL LISTING HISTORY
Proposed Date: 12/30/82
Final Date: 09/08/83
Threats and Contaminants
Groundwater contains volatile organic compounds (VOCs) and heavy
metals including iron and lead. People in the area of the site could be
exposed to hazardous contaminants through the groundwater. Manistee
Lake is receiving and will continue to receive most of the contaminant
plume from the PCA site if no further action is taken to protect the lake.
The lake supports a fishery. There is evidence the dewatered lagoons
and their surrounding areas are used for hunting and by recreational
vehicles. Wildlife potentially could come in direct contact with chemicals
in the lagoon area.
March 1990
NPL HAZARDOUS WASTE SITES
109
continued
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PACKAGING CORPORATION OF AMERICA
Cleanup Approach
This site is being addressed in a single long-term remedial phase focusing on cleanup
of the entire site.
Response Action Status
Entire Site: In 1984, the EPA began an investigation of the site. PCAtook
over the investigation in 1985 and is characterizing the materials in the
, . lagoons, defining the geology around the site to determine the extent of
the contamination, and outlining contaminant plumes migrating from the lagoons using
groundwater monitoring wells. PCA is expected to complete the investigation in 1991.
Environmental Progress
After adding this site to the NPL, the EPA performed preliminary investigations and
determined that no immediate actions were required at the Packaging Corporation of
America site while studies are taking place and cleanup activities are being planned.
110
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PARSONS CHE
WORKS, INC.
MICHIGAN
EPA ID# MID980476907
Site Description
REGION 5
CONGRESSIONAL DIST. 10
Eaton County
Grand Ledge
Alias:
Parsons/ETM Enterprises
The Parsons Chemical Works, Inc. site covers 6 1/2 acres of land in Oneida Township,
near Grand Ledge. Parsons Chemical Works engaged in mixing, manufacturing, and
packaging agricultural chemicals from 1945 until 1979, when the plant was closed. In
the mid-1950s, Parsons installed a septic tank and tile field system to handle its
sewage and wastewaters. A floor drain discharged wastewater from the building to
the soils outside. The tank/tile system was connected to a storm drain on site, which
discharged to an unnamed stream that merges with the Grand River. Materials handled
during Parsons' operation included pesticides, herbicides, solvents, and mercury-based
compounds. Concerns arose in 1979 and 1980, when the Michigan Department of
Natural Resources (MDNR) collected sediment samples from a creek on site and the
Grand Ledge ditch, located on the northern boundary of the site. The MDNR analyzed
the water from these samples and found lead, mercury, arsenic, and pesticides
including chlordane and DDT. ETM Enterprises, a manufacturer of fiberglass,
purchased the property in 1979 and carried out a study to determine the source of
contamination at the site. The septic tank and leach field, which lead from the site to a
catch basin in the county drain system, were identified as the source of contamination.
In 1983, ETM excavated the area and disposed of the septic tank and the soil in the
leach field. As part of the National Dioxin Study, the EPA targeted the Parsons site for
dioxin screening in 1984. Samples collected in this study revealed the presence of
various dioxins in sediments of the Grand Ledge ditch and in the sediments that were
discharged to the drainage tile on the site. In 1985, the MDNR and the Michigan
Department of Health fenced off the areas that were contaminated. ETM continues to
operate the facility, but the fenced and unused areas of the site have extensively
eroded. Contaminants in this area have continued to migrate from the site to the
unnamed creek and Grand River. About 11,000 people obtain drinking water from
three Grand Ledge municipal wells or private wells within 3 miles of the site.
Groundwater near the site is shallow, and geologic conditions there make it easy for
contaminants to move into the groundwater. People in the area use the river for
recreational activities.
Site Responsibility:
This site is being addressed through
Federal and State actions.
NPL LISTING HISTORY
Proposed Date: 06/24/88
Final Date: 03/31/89
March 1990
NPL HAZARDOUS WASTE SITES
111
continued
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PARSONS CHEMICAL WORKS, INC.
II
Threats and Contaminants
Sediments and soils contain dioxin, heavy metals including lead, mercury,
and arsenic, and pesticides including DDT and chlordane. The continued
migration of contaminants presents a threat to public health and the
environment. In 1983, studies conducted by the MDNR and the EPA
attributed low levels of dioxin and chlordane in fish collected from the
creek and Grand River to the site. Also, the possibility exists that the food
chain in the Grand River is contaminated, because of contaminants found
in the fish.
Cleanup Approach
The site is being addressed in two stages: initial actions and a single long-term
remedial phase focusing on cleanup of the entire site.
Response Action Status
X* Initial Actions: In response to discovery of dioxin contamination in 1985,
the MDNR and the Michigan Department of Health fenced the
contaminated areas.
Entire Site: In 1989, the EPA began a detailed study of the nature and
extent of contamination at the site. This study is examining alternative
methods for addressing contamination at the site. Currently, the EPA is
considering six methods for removing the contamination at the site: (1) incinerate
contaminated soils/sediments with a rotary kiln; (2) remove contaminated soils/
sediments to an off-site incinerator; (3) vitrify contaminated soils/sediments in place; (4)
build a landfill on site to dispose of contaminated media; (5) send the contaminated
materials to an off-site landfill; and (6) biologically treat the contaminants. The EPA
currently recommends in-place vitrification, whereby the contaminants in the soils and
sediments are immobilized by mixing them with binding compounds or heat fusing
them. The EPA has worked closely with the MDNR to develop this solution arid is
conducting pilot studies and tests to determine if the alternative is feasible. The EPA
will select a final remedy after initial study is completed.
Environmental Progress
Fencing contaminated areas of the site has reduced the potential for exposure to site-
related contaminants from the Parson Chemical Works site while investigations are
taking place and cleanup activities are being planned.
112
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PEERLESS
PLATING CO.
MICHIGAN
EPA ID# MID006031348
REGION 5
CONGRESSIONAL DIST. 09
Muskegon County
Muskegon
Site Description
The Peerless Plating Co. site covers 1 acre of an abandoned electroplating facility
located in Muskegon. Electroplating operations were carried out at the plant from 1937
to 1983. Toxic, corrosive, reactive, and flammable chemicals were used in the
electroplating process. The plant discharged its wastewaters into three unlined
seepage lagoons at the back of the facility. The wastewaters dumped into the lagoons
contained heavy metals and were highly acidic or basic. When the plant closed in
1983, it was abandoned and plating solutions, raw materials, and drummed waste
remained throughout the facility. In 1983, the Michigan Department of Natural
Resources (MDNR) discovered that drains inside one of the buildings did not connect
with the site's sanitary sewer or wastewater treatment system; instead, the wastes
drained directly on the ground. The State also discovered drums on site. In 1983, the
Michigan Department of Public Health detected hydrocyanic acid gas in the facility's
atmosphere. The owner's failure to take immediate action to remove the gas prompted
the State to contact the EPA to assist in reducing the threat to human health caused by
the gas. The surrounding area is mixed residential, commercial, and light industrial
development. Approximately 3,350 people live within a 3-mile radius of the site.
Seven schools, a hospital, and a correctional facility are located within 1 mile. The
nearest residence is within 600 feet of the site, and a mobile home park is located 1/2
mile to the southwest. Approximately 1,500 people obtain drinking water from private
wells within a 3-mile radius. The shallow aquifer the city uses is the only groundwater
alternative to the municipal water supply that draws from Lake Michigan. By 1988, all
private wells within a 1/2-mile radius were abandoned and replaced by the municipal
water main. Little Black Creek is to the southeast and empties into Mona Lake, which
is 2 miles downstream from the site. The EPA found site-related contaminants in these
surface waters.
Site Responsibility:
This site is being addressed through
Federal actions.
NPL LISTING HISTORY
Proposed Date: 06/24/88
March 1990
NPL HAZARDOUS WASTE SITES
113
continued
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PEERLESS PLATING CO.
Threats and Contaminants
The shallow groundwater on site contains heavy metals including
cadmium and chromium; volatile organic compounds (VOCs) including
trichloroethylene (TCE), benzene, and xylene; and cyanide. Sediments in
streams and surface waters on and off site are contaminated with
cadmium. People could be exposed to hazardous chemicals from the site
through direct contact or accidental ingestion of contaminated
groundwater or sediments.
Cleanup Approach
The site is being addressed in two stages: immediate actions and a long-term remedial
phase directed at cleanup of the entire site.
Response Action Status
Immediate Actions: Between September and October 1983, the EPA
removed 37,000 gallons of sulfuric, nitric, and chromic acids, cyanide
plating solution, chromium plating solution, hydrochloric acid, and
trichloroethene. The EPA also took the following actions at the site: {1) the lagoons
were drained; (2) soil was removed from the lagoon areas; (3) the interior of the building
was cleaned; (4) vats, lines, and tanks were decontaminated; (5) sewer lines were
sealed; (6) cyanide and nitric acid were neutralized on site; and, (7) hazardous materials
were removed to a federally regulated facility. Approximately 7,000 gallons of cyanide/
metal sludges and liquids remain stored in enclosed tanks on site.
Entire Site: In 1989, the EPA began a study of the nature and extent of
contamination at the site, especially the groundwater and the effect of site-
related contaminants on surface waters. The results of the field
investigations will be used to evaluate the methods that best address site
contamination. The EPA expects to complete its studies by late 1991.
Site Facts: In June 1983, State and local authorities took regulatory action against the
owner of the facility, which resulted in its closing.
Environmental Progress
The draining of the lagoon and removal of hazardous liquids and soils have reduced the
potential for direct exposure to contaminants on the Peerless Plating site while
investigations leading to the selection of cleanup alternatives for the site are taking
place.
114
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PETOSKEY
WELL FIELD
MICHIGAN
EPA ID# MID006013049
Site Description
REGION 5
CONGRESSIONAL DIST. 11
Emmet County
Petoskey
Alias:
Petoskey Manufacturing Co., Inc.
The Petoskey Municipal Well Field was the only source of drinking water for the
residents of Petoskey. The well field is located about 200 yards northwest of the
Petoskey Manufacturing Company, the suspected source of contamination of the well
field. The company has operated a die casting plant at this location since 1946 and a
painting operation since the mid- to late 1960s. The Michigan Department of Natural
Resources (MDNR) suspected the company of dumping solvents and paint sludges
onto the ground adjacent to the west side of its building. The MDNR collected soil
samples at the plant in 1982 and found high levels of organic chemicals. In 1982 and
1983, the MDNR conducted a monitoring program for groundwater in the well field and
found low levels of volatile organic compounds (VOCs). A plume of contaminated
groundwater had migrated 600 feet northwest of the plant to one of the municipal
wells in the field. The plume also is within 100 feet of Little Traverse Bay. There are
approximately 7,000 people within a 3-mile radius of the site. The population during the
summer months increases to about 11,000. A high school, college, and hospital
receive water from the municipal supply system. Three to four private wells are about
1/2 mile west of the contaminated municipal well. The nearest residence is less than
250 feet from the site.
Site Responsibility:
This site is being addressed through
Federal and potentially responsible
parties' actions.
IMPL LISTING HISTORY
Proposed Date: 12/30/82
Final Date: 09/08/83
Threats and Contaminants
Groundwater and soils at the site contain VOCs including trichloroethylene
(TCE). People have been exposed to hazardous chemicals from the site
by drinking and touching contaminated water from the municipal well.
People could be exposed to hazardous chemicals at the Petoskey
Manufacturing by touching contaminated soil.
March 1990
NPL HAZARDOUS WASTE SITES
115
continued
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PETOSKEY MUNICIPAL WELL FIELD
Cleanup Approach
The site is being addressed in two stages: immediate actions and a long-term remedial
phase focusing on cleanup of the entire site.
Response Action Status
Immediate Actions: Petoskey Manufacturing Company commissioned an
extensive study of the groundwater geology in and around the site to
address its responsibility for contaminating the well field. The company
also removed the most highly contaminated soils on its property in 1982. Petoskey
Manufacturing carried out additional studies of the groundwater in 1984. As a result of.
these findings, Petoskey Manufacturing excavated the contaminated area and filled it
with clean soil and sand. The company also covered the area with a synthetic liner and
6 inches of gravel.
Entire Site: Petoskey Manufacturing Company began a study of the
nature and extent of contamination at the well field in 1987. When the
EPA completes the study due to Petoskey's bankruptcy, the agency will
use the results to identify various methods to address contamination of the well field.
Site Facts: Petoskey Manufacturing Company removed the most highly contaminated
soils after negotiating with the MDNR. The EPA issued Petoskey Manufacturing
Company an Administrative Order in 1984, which required the company to carry out
additional hydrogeologic studies near its property. The company signed a Consent
Orcferin 1987 to carry out a complete study of the site; however, Petoskey
Manufacturing has filed for bankruptcy, and the EPA has taken over the investigation.
Environmental Progress
The removal of contaminated soil from the Petoskey Manufacturing property has
reduced the potential for continued contamination of the Petoskey Municipal Well Field,
while investigations are under way leading to the selection of the final remedy for site
cleanup.
116
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RASMUSSEN'S
MICHIGAN
EPA ID# MID095402210
REGION 5
CONGRESSIONAL DIST. 06
Livingston County
Green Oak Township
Site Description
The Rasmussen's Dump site, which was previously a sand and gravel pit area used as
a landfill, is located on 35 acres in Green Oak Township. The landfill was unlicensed
and was known to have accepted both domestic and industrial solid and liquid wastes.
The landfill operated from the 1960s until 1972, when the Livingston County Health
Department closed the site. During the 1970s, the northwestern section of the site
was used as a gravel mine. In 1979, mining operations uncovered drums buried in an
old dump area. In 1983, two piles of 1,500 to 2,000 drums were observed on site.
Site Responsibility:
This site is being addressed through
a combination of Federal, State, and
potentially responsible parties'
actions.
NPL LISTING HISTORY
Proposed Date: 12/30/82
Final Date: 09/08/83
Threats and Contaminants
A plume of contaminated groundwater extends to the northwest from the
landfill. Sediment sampling by the State revealed polychlorinated biphenyl
(PCB) contamination near a drum pile on the eastern side of the site. Soil
near the drums showed high concentrations of PCBs and organics.
People may face health risks from accidental ingestion and direct contact
with contaminated groundwater, sediments, and soil.
March 1990
NPL HAZARDOUS WASTE SITES
117
continued
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RASMUSSEN'S DUMP
Cleanup Approach
The site is being addressed in two stages: immediate actions and a long-term remedial
phase directed at cleanup of the entire site.
Response Action Status
Immediate Actions: In 1984, the EPA constructed an access road to aid
in site cleanup actions. Drums were excavated and transferred to a
staging area on the site, where they were opened and sampled. Soil that
was mixed in with the excavated drums was stockpiled in a lined area. Wastes were
separated, and all liquid wastes were bulked and transported off site for disposal at
federally approved disposal facilities. Solid and semi-solid drummed waste was ,
shredded. All solids and shredded solids were stockpiled, and the former drum pile and
staging areas were resampled. All contaminated soils were removed and clean fill was
spread over a large portion of the landfill to eliminate the drifting and blowing debris
problem created by excavation of the landfill's surface cap. Approximately 344 tons of
PCB solids, 400 gallons of base-neutral liquids, 800 gallons of flammable liquids, 1,720
cubic yards of contaminated soils and solids, and 3,000 empty drums were disposed of
off site at EPA-approved facilities. Under EPA monitoring, 11 of the potentially
responsible parties are excavating, analyzing, and disposing of surface and buried
drums, associated wastes, and contaminated soils, these actions are expected to be
completed in 1990.
Entire Site: The State, with EPA assistance, is conducting an
investigation into the nature and extent of the contamination at the site.
The investigation will define the contaminants of concern and will
recommend alternatives for final cleanup. The investigation is scheduled for
completion in 1990.
Site Facts: Under the terms of an EPA Administrative Order, the potentially
responsible parties are performing immediate actions at the site.
Environmental Progress
By removing most of the contaminated soils, solids, and drums of hazardous materials
and taking them off site, the potential for exposure to contaminants at the
Rasmussen's Dump site has been greatly reduced, while investigations leading to the
selection of final cleanup remedies are taking place.
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ROCKWELL
INTERNATIO
(ALLEGAN PLAN
MICHIGAN
EPA ID# MID006028062
Site Description
REGION 5
CONGRESSIONAL DIST. 09
Allegan County
Allegan
The 30-acre Rockwell International Corporation (Allegan Plant) site has been used to
manufacture universal joints for heavy trucks and construction equipment since the
early 1900s. From 1910 to 1920, the Allegan Mirror and Plate Glass Company
manufactured glass products at what is now known as the Rockwell International Plant
site. In 1920, the site was purchased by the Blood Brothers Machine Company and the
production of universal joints began. From 1910 to 1960, wastewater containing
sludge, heavy, metals, process wastes, and oils were discharged into the Kaiamazoo
River. Later these waste streams were discharged into three unlined settling ponds
that discharged to the Kaiamazoo River. In the late 1960s, when these ponds reached
a saturation point in terms of sludge depth, the ponds were abandoned and buried, and
three new unlined ponds were constructed. In 1971, oil seeps were detected along
the river bank adjacent to the new wastewater ponds. A 3-foot-deep clay dike
constructed between the ponds and the Kaiamazoo River in the early 1970s was
effective for about a year. In 1972, a water treatment system was installed and
included six concrete underground storage tanks. Three new treatment ponds were
also constructed to contain treated water, untreated non-contact cooling water, and =;
sludge. The original collection pond, with the sludge still in it, was filled in and built
over. In 1976, it was determined that the seepage to the river from groundwater
originated from six leaking underground storage tanks; the leakage has since been
eliminated. There are an estimated 8,150 people living within 3 miles of the site. The
area is served by a public water supply system. About 6,900 people within 3 miles of
the site depend on the shallow groundwater as a source of drinking water. The closest
residential well is 1,500 feet from the site.
Site Responsibility:
This site is being addressed through
Federal and potentially responsible
parties' actions.
NPL LISTING HISTORY
Proposed Date: 07/16/82
Final Date: 09/08/83
March 1990
NPL HAZARDOUS WASTE SITES
119
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ROCKWELL INTERNATIONAL CORP. (ALLEGAN PLANT)
Threats and Contaminants
On-site groundwater potentially is contaminated with heavy metals
including lead, arsenic, and cyanide. River sediment contains heavy
metals. It is believed that the three abandoned ponds contain cyanide
from used quenching fluids. Heavy metals and polycyclic aromatic
hydrocarbons (PAHs) have been detected in the Kalamazoo River. People
may be exposed to health risks through direct contact with contaminated
water while using the river for recreational purposes. The threat of
exposure to residents from site contaminants has been minimized by site
security. However, the estimated 80 workers at the plant may be
exposed to chemicals through direct contact with contaminated surface
soil and air particles.
Cleanup Approach
The site is being addressed in two stages: immediate actions and a long-term remedial
phase focusing on cleanup of the entire site.
Response Action Status
Immediate Actions: Three oil recovery wells were installed in the late
1970s to control the movement of the oil. These wells are still operating
and return contaminated groundwater to the wastewater treatment
system for reprocessing. Cutting fluid waste is treated before being discharged to the
settling ponds. In 1978, 3,700 cubic yards of sludge from Pond Number Two were
removed and disposed of off site in a State-approved landfill.
Entire Site: Rockwell, the party potentially responsible for the site
contamination, currently is conducting an investigation into the nature and
extent of contamination at the site with guidance from the EPA. Six
potential contamination sources are being investigated: (1) the oil/water wastewater
treatment facility; (2) the three active treatment ponds; (3) the former collection pond
that was filled in 1972; (4) the former Allegan city dump upon which a parking lot was
built; (5) the Allegan city wastewater treatment plant; and (6) sediments in the
Kalamazoo River. The investigation will define the contaminants of concern and will
recommend alternatives for the final cleanup. The investigation is planned to be
completed in 1991.
Site Facts: In 1988, Rockwell and the EPA signed a Consent Order requiring the
company to conduct a study of the nature and extent of site contamination.
Environmental Progress
The oil recovery wells installed to direct contaminated water to the treatment system
and the removal of a substantial amount of sludge have reduced the potential of direct
exposure to hazardous materials at the Rockwell International site. Investigations are
currently being conducted to select the final cleanup remedies for the various areas of
the site. _.
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ROSE TOWNSH
MICHIGAN
EPA ID# MID980499842
REGION 5
CONGRESSIONAL DIST. 06
Oakland County
Rose Township
Alias:
Dorsey Dump
Site Description
The 110-acre Rose Township Dump site was once used for the disposal of paint
sludges and other wastes on surface soils, in buried drums, and in lagoons.
Unregulated dumping of industrial wastes, including solvents, paint sludges, and
polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), occurred at the site between 1966 and 1968. The
wastes were buried in a 12-acre portion of the site. Bulk wastes were also discharged
to the surface or into shallow lagoons or pits in the area. Liquid wastes from an
unknown number of tank trucks were dumped onto the ground and approximately
5,000 drums were disposed of on the site. In 1980, the State removed the 55-gallon
drums and scraped RGB-contaminated soil into three large piles. The area is fenced,
and warning signs have been posted. The total population of Rose Township is about
4,600 people. The site is surrounded primarily by wetlands and woods. There is an
abundance of wildlife on site. Surface water runoff drains into marshes and wetlands
that border the site. Less than a dozen residences are adjacent to the site. A road
borders the site on the north, and there is a concentration of buildings northeast of the
site, near Buckhorn Lake. Some nearby lakes are used for recreation and the marshes
are unfenced. Approximately 4,600 residents depend on local groundwater for
domestic uses. Residents use local aquifers for potable water; the nearest residential
well is located 1,600 feet from the site. Two apparently distinct plumes of
groundwater contamination are emanating from the site, but there are no residential
wells within the contaminant plumes.
Site Responsibility:
This site is being addressed through
a combination of Federal, State, and
potentially responsible parties'
actions.
NPL LISTING HISTORY
Proposed Date: 04/10/85
Final Date: 07/21/87
IA
Threats and Contaminants
Groundwater, surface water, and soils are contaminated with heavy
metals and volatile organic compounds (VOCs) including toluene,
trichloroethylene fTCE), and benzene. PCBs were detected in off-site
sediment samples. Soil also is contaminated with phthalates and DDT.
The potential health risks to people at this site include direct contact with
or accidental ingestion of contaminated groundwater, surface water, soil,
and sediment. Hunting and fishing are known activities in the area;
therefore, eating fish and wildlife could present a health threat. Wetlands
also may be threatened. A natural gas pipeline underlies the site and
could affect excavation cleanup operations.
March 1990
NPL HAZARDOUS WAST E SITES
121
continued
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ROSE TOWNSHIP DUMP
Cleanup Approach
The site is being addressed in two stages: immediate actions and a long-term remedial
phase directed at cleanup of the entire site.
Response Action Status
Immediate Actions: In 1980, the Michigan Department of Natural
Resources (MDNR) removed approximately 5,000 drums of liquid wastes
from the site. In 1985, the EPA identified, segregated, staged, and
sampled drums for disposal purposes. Two areas of the site were fenced to restrict
contact with PCS- and lead-contaminated surface soils. A heavy-duty vehicle gate was
installed at the access road entrance. Warning signs were posted along all newly
fenced areas. In 1986, 31 drums were overpacked, labeled, and shipped off site for
disposal. One load of bulk wastes totaling 20 cubic yards was also shipped for
disposal.
Entire Site: The selected cleanup technologies addressing site
contamination include: (1) excavation of as much as 25,000 cubic yards of
contaminated surface soil, incinerating the excavated soils, and returning
them to the site or disposing of them in an off-site landfill; (2) installation
of a groundwater extraction and treatment system to clean contaminated groundwater
prior to discharging it to the wetlands adjacent to the site; (3) installation of
groundwater monitoring wells on and near the site and monitoring groundwater
underneath the site for the next 30 years; (4) installation of a fence around the site; (5)
collection and analysis of samples from the wetlands adjacent to the site; and (6)
testing the potential effectiveness of soil-flushing technology to clean up contaminated
subsurface soil. The potentially responsible parties are preparing the technical
specifications and design for the selected cleanup remedies. Cleanup activities are
scheduled to begin once the design phase is completed in 1991.
Site Facts: As of 1986, 28 potentially responsible parties had been identified and
notified of liability. In 1987, the EPA and the State began negotiating cleanup
responsibilities with these parties. In 1988, the EPA and nine parties signed a Consent
Decree requiring the parties to implement and pay for cleanup activities.
Environmental Progress
Removal of the contaminated drums and surrounding soils and fencing in the area
resulted in the Rose Township Dump site no longer posing an immediate threat to the
surrounding communities or the environment while the final cleanup remedies are
being planned.
122
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ROTO-FINISH C
MICHIGAN
EPA ID# MID005340088
REGION 5
CONGRESSIONAL DIST. 03
Kalamazoo County
Portage
Site Description
The 7 1/2-acre Roto-Finish Company, Inc. site is an abandoned specialty plastics
manufacturing facility that operated from approximately 1950 until 1988. The company
designed and manufactured specialized equipment to debur and polish castings,
mechanical parts, and similar objects requiring smooth finishes. The site contains two
buildings where plant operations were conducted, a large building along the west side
of the site and a smaller building to the east. Three seepage lagoons were located on
the eastern side of the site. Manufacturing and processing wastes were pumped into
two unlined, settling lagoons. The lagoons often overflowed. An estimated 83,000 -
gallons of waste were pumped into these lagoons. Two stormwater retention basins
on site were used to collect surface water runoff, which subsequently evaporated into
the air or infiltrated and percolated through the soils. The site also contains several
paved parking areas. In 1980, the lagoons were abandoned and the company began
discharging all wastes to the municipal sewer system. In 1981, drums containing
formaldehyde, sodium chromate, and MOCA (an organic chemical compound used as a
curing agent in the fabrication of plastic molds) were observed on site. In 1982, lagoon
sludges and surrounding soils were removed and filled with clean soil. Approximately
45,000 to 50,000 people live within 3 miles of the site. Groundwater from an
unconfined aquifer in the area is used as a municipal, industrial, and domestic water
source. Municipal wells within a mile of the site provide water for an estimated
100,000 residents. Davis Creek, also located within 1 mile of the site, leads into the
Kalamazoo River, more than 3 miles downstream of the site. The Kalamazoo River is
used for recreational activities including fishing and swimming.
Site Responsibility:
This site is being addressed through
Federal and potentially responsible
parties' actions.
IMPL LISTING HISTORY
Proposed Date: 10/15/84
Final Date: 06/10/86
Threats and Contaminants
Groundwater is contaminated with trichloroethylene (TCE) and chromium.
Soil may be contaminated with MOCA and volatile organic compounds
(VOCs). Potential health risks to people include accidental ingestion of
and direct contact with contaminated groundwater and soils. The site is
bordered by a chain link security fence with locking access gates.
March 1990
NPL HAZARDOUS WASTE SITES
123
continued
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ROTO-FINISH CO., INC.
Cleanup Approach
The site is being addressed in a single long-term remedial phase focusing on cleanup of
the entire site.
Response Action Status
Entire Site: The party potentially responsible for the site contamination
currently is conducting an investigation into the nature and extent of
, ^ contamination at the site. The investigation will define the contaminants of
concern and will result in recommendations for the final cleanup. The investigation is
planned to be completed in 1991.
Environmental Progress
After listing the Roto-Finish site on the NPL, the EPA conducted preliminary evaluations
of the site conditions and determined that the site does not present an imminent threat
to the surrounding population or the environment while investigations leading to
selection of the final cleanup remedies are taking place.
124
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SCA INDEPE
LANDFILL
MICHIGAN
EPA ID# MID000724930
Site Description
REGIONS
CONGRESSIONAL DIST. 09
Muskegon County
Muskegon Heights
Alias:
Independent Landfill
The 100-acre SCA Independent Landfill site operated as a domestic and industrial
waste /andf/7/from 1965 until the late 1970s. The landfill, which occupies about 1/3 of
the site, closed in 1987. Two unlined refuse cells are spread over 101/2 acres of the
site. Two inadequately lined cells occupy an additional 20 acres, and a 5-acre cell,
which closed in 1987 and was covered with 3 feet of clay, is situated directly on top of
the southern half of the two unlined cells. All of the lined waste cells have been vented
to prevent the buildup of gases. There are approximately 10,000 people living within 3
miles of the site. There are also 6 schools and 7 churches within 3 miles of the site.
The landfill is located in a swampy area about one-eighth of a mile south of Black
Creek, a coldwater stream. The groundwater flow apparently empties into wetlands
that border Black Creek, a stream that has been restocked successfully with trout since
1987. A mobile home park consisting of 315 home sites is under construction less
than 1 1/2 miles from the site.
Site Responsibility:
This site was addressed through
Federal and potentially responsible
parties' actions.
NPL LISTING HISTORY
Proposed Date: 12/30/82
Final Date: 09/08/83
II
Threats and Contaminants
Groundwater is contaminated with heavy metals and volatile organic
compounds (VOCs) including xylene, benzene, and toluene. Surface
water potentially is contaminated with VOCs. Potential health threats to
people include direct contact or ingestion of contaminated groundwater
and surface water. Because the landfill is in a flood plain, flood waters
could expose the landfill contents and spread the pollutants to the stream
and low-lying areas. The landfill portion of the site is not completely
fenced. The northern boundary of the landfill also is unfenced, permitting
unimpeded entry into the landfill through the marsh. Wetland areas also
may be threatened.
March 1990
NPL HAZARDOUS WASTE SITES
125
continued
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SCA INDEPENDENT LANDFILL
Cleanup Approach
The site is being addressed in a single long-term remedial phase directed at cleanup of
the entire site.
Response Action Status
Entire Site: The closure plan implemented in 1983 by SCA Services, the
potentially responsible parties, included a leachate management plan,
groundwater monitoring, gas vents, a final cover, and seeding of the site.
In 1985, SCA Services completed a hydrogeologic study. In 1986, the
State concluded that site contamination was minor and that no groundwater cleanup
activities were required.
Site Facts: In 1983, SCA Services and the State signed a Consent Agreement to.
provide for the closure of the 2 unlined cells.
Environmental Progress
While the EPA determined that no groundwater cleanup was necessary at the SCA
Industries Landfill, the site is being closely monitored to ensure that contaminant levels
do not exceed State and Federal guidelines.
126
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SHIAWASSEE
MICHIGAN
EPA ID# MID980794473
REGION 5
CONGRESSIONAL DIST. 06
Livingston County
Howell
Site Description
The Shiawassee River flows through the communities of Byron, Vernon, and Corunna.
All three of these communities are located downstream of the Cast Forge Company,
which has manufactured aluminum cast products since 1969. Until 1973, wastewater
contaminated by hydraulic fluids containing polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) was
discharged to the South Branch of the Shiawassee River. From 1973 to 1977,
wastewater was discharged into an on-site lagoon. Both the site property and the river
contain PCBs at elevated levels. Approximately 1,380 people within 3 miles of the Cast
Forge Company are served by the deeper aquifer beneath the site. Discharges from
the on-site lagoon, as well as periodic overflows, have contaminated wetlands located
near the site. Subsequently, the Shiawassee River has been contaminated. The river
is used for many forms of recreation. PCBs have been found in fish as far as 52 miles
downstream.
Site Responsibility:
This site is being addressed through
Federal, State, and potentially
responsible parties'actions.
NPL LISTING HISTORY
Proposed Date: 12/30/82
Final Date: 09/08/83
Threats and Contaminants
PCBs have been detected in fish, sediments, and soil. Wetland
contamination has been identified. The health threat of greatest concern
is eating PCB-contaminated fish. Other health threats include direct
contact with contaminated river sediments and soils.
March 1990
NPL HAZARDOUS WASTE SITES
127
continued
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SHIAWASSEE RIVER
Cleanup Approach
This site is being addressed in two stages: immediate actions and a single long-term
remedial phase focusing on cleanup of the entire site.
Response Action Status
Immediate Actions: Cast Forge Company removed the lagoon and
cleaned up the PCB-contaminated soil and sediment from the property. In
ss^^^, 1982, dredging of the South Branch of the Shiawassee River began. The
first mile of the river, downstream from the plant, was vacuumed, removing 2,600
pounds of PCBs.
Entire Site: The State, with EPA assistance, is conducting an investigation
into soil and sediment contamination at the site. The investigation will
define the contaminants and recommend alternatives for final cleanup.
The investigation is planned to be completed in 1991.
Environmental Progress
The removal of the lagoon and PCB-contaminated soil and sediments reduced the
potential for exposure to contaminants from the Shiawassee River site while studies
are taking place and cleanup activities are being planned.
128
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SOUTH MACOM
DISPOSAL AUTH
(LANDFILLS #9
MICHIGAN
EPA ID# MID069826170
Site Description
REGION 5
CONGRESSIONAL DIST. 12
Macomb County
Macomb Township
The 159-acre South Macomb Disposal Authority site is made up of two adjacent
municipal landfills, Landfills #9 and #9a, that have been inactive since 1975. In the early
1960s, municipal officials formed the South Macomb Disposal Authority to help in the
management and disposal of municipal refuse. Between 1968 and 1975, the landfills
received approximately 1,880,000 cubic yards of municipal refuse. Reportedly, no
hazardous wastes were disposed of in the landfills; however, hazardous chemicals have
been detected on and around the site. Prior to 1968, the site was used as an
excavation pit and for agricultural purposes. Landfill #9 reached capacity in 1971 and
was subsequently covered with a soil cap and vegetation. Investigations in 1971
concluded that leachate was discharging from Landfill #9 to the McBride Drain. Landfill
#9a stopped receiving municipal refuse in 1975 and also was covered with a soil cap
and vegetation. In 1975, the State inspected the site and concluded that leachate was
migrating from Landfill #9a. From 1977 through 1981, the South Macomb Disposal
Authority implemented various activities to stop leachate seepage from the landfills
which included improving erosion controls, tilling, regrading, covering the surface of the
site, and installing a leachate collection tank. Two leachate collection systems are in
operation on site. Surface erosion of the landfills is evident around the perimeter of the
site. Water sampling of residential wells near the site in 1983 and 1984 indicated
contamination. The site is partially fenced. Approximately 75 homes are located within
a 1-mile radius of the site. Three contaminated aquifers are present beneath the site.
The residents of 12 homes near the site have been advised not to use water from their
wells and have been connected to the City of Detroit Municipal Water Supply System.
McBride Drain, an open channel, receives runoff from the site and flows to the North
Branch of the Clinton River, 1 1/2 miles from the site. Both McBride Drain and the
Clinton River are used for recreational and agricultural purposes.
Site Responsibility:
This site is being addressed through
Federal actions.
IMPL LISTING HISTORY
Proposed Date: 10/15/84
Final Date: 06/10/86
March 1990
NPL HAZARDOUS WASTE SITES
129
continued
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SOUTH MACOMB DISPOSAL AUTHORITY (LANDFILLS #9 AND #9A)
T\
Threats and Contaminants
Groundwater monitoring wells have detected the presence of volatile
organic compounds (VOCs), heavy metals, and nitrate. Surface soils are
contaminated with heavy metals and VOCs. The primary potential health
risk to people includes drinking or touching contaminated water. Other
potential health threats include accidental ingestion of or direct contact
with contaminated soil.
Cleanup Approach
This site is being addressed in two phases: initial actions arid a single long-term
remedial phase focusing on cleanup of the entire site.
Response Action Status
Initial Actions: Leachate controls have been implemented, including
erosion control measures, covering the landfill, and installing a collection
system and holding tank. Residences with contaminated wells were
connected to the municipal water supply.
Entire Site: The EPA completed its investigation into the nature and
extent of site contamination and potential effects on human health and the
, _ ^ environment in 1 990. The investigation included soil gas testing, air
sampling, surface soil sampling and testing, leachate sampling, groundwater sampling,
and subsurface soil sampling. Currently, alternatives for site cleanup are being
evaluated.
Environmental Progress
Early actions including capping the landfills, installing leachate collection systems, and
providing an alternate water supply to affected residents have substantially reduced the
potential of exposure to contaminants from the South Macomb Disposal Authority site
while plans for final cleanup are being formulated.
130
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SOUTHWEST
COUNTY LANDF
MICHIGAN
EPA ID# MID980608780
Site Description
REGION 5
ONGRESSIONAL DIST. 09
Ottawa County
Park Township
Alias:
South Ottawa Disposal Corporation
The 43-acre Southwest Ottawa County Landfill site operated as a landfill, under license
by the State, until its closure in 1981. The landfill was constructed by Ottawa County in
1968 and received solvents, heavy metals, sludge, oils, municipal refuse, and drums
containing unspecified wastes. When the State closed the site in 1981, it required the
County to cover the landfill and to provide residences with potentially affected wells
hookups to the municipal water system. Approximately 100 people live within 1/2 mile
of the site. Lake Michigan also is approximately 1/2 mile from the site, while Lake
Macatawa is approximately 2 miles from the site. Most private residences with wells
potentially affected by the landfill leachate have been connected to the City of Holland
water supply.
Site Responsibility:
This site is being addressed through
Federal, State, and potentially
responsible parties'actions.
NPL LISTING HISTORY
Proposed Date: 12/30/82
Final Date: 09/08/83
Threats and Contaminants
The groundwater is contaminated with volatile organic compounds
(VOCs), polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), heavy metals, phenol, and
chloroform. The contamination of the subsurface soil below the landfill is
contributing to the groundwater contamination. The primary health threat
of concern is drinking contaminated groundwater or eating plants irrigated
with contaminated groundwater. Except for a gate across the main
entrance to the site, there is no fencing to prevent access.
March 1990
NPL HAZARDOUS WASTE SITES
131
continued
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SOUTHWEST OTTAWA COUNTY LANDFILL
Cleanup Approach
This site is being addressed in a single long-term remedial phase focusing on
groundwater cleanup.
Response Action Status
Groundwater: Most of the private residences with wells potentially
affected by the landfill leachate have been connected to the City of
Holland water supply. The County installed a series of extraction wells
__ and an activated carbon adsorption system. The groundwater restoration
system became operational in 1987. Two purge wells were installed by the County
near the landfill, and an additional five wells were installed 1/2 mile from the site to
capture residual groundwater contamination. All treated water is discharged under a
State permit.
Site Facts: Under a Consent Order, the landfill was closed in 1981. In 1984, a
Groundwater Restoration Agreement between the County and the State resulted in the
subsequent installation of extraction wells and a carbon adsorption water treatment
system.
Environmental Progress
The provision of an alternate water supply by Ottawa County has eliminated the
potential for exposure to contaminated groundwater near the Southwest Ottawa
County Landfill site. The operation of the groundwater restoration system will continue
to reduce groundwater contamination levels until site goals are achieved.
132
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SPARTA LAND
MICHIGAN
EPA ID# MID000268136
REGION 5
CONGRESSIONAL DIST. 05
Kent County
Sparta Township
Site Description
The 27-acre Sparta Landfill site operated as a landfill, accepting municipal refuse,
foundry sand, and industrial waste until 1977. Prior to 1965, Sparta Township and a
private company operated the landfill. The landfill was purchased by Kent County, the
current owner, in 1970. Kent County installed deep wells to replace four contaminated
residential wells and provided bottled water for other affected homes. Nine monitoring
wells have been installed at the site. There is a large sludge disposal area containing
approximately 8,000 cubic yards of waste that is suspected of contaminating the
groundwater with heavy metals. Approximately 8,600 people live within 3 miles of the
site, and 200 residences are within a 1/2-mile radius. Approximately 80 of these 200
residences are using the shallow aquifertor their water supply. The Rogue River is 1/5
mile from the site. The City of Rockford municipal water supply intake is 5 miles
downstream from the site.
Site Responsibility:
This site is being addressed through
Federal, State, and potentially
responsible parties'actions.
NPL LISTING HISTORY
Proposed Date: 12/30/82
Final Date: 09/08/83
Threats and Contaminants
Groundwater is contaminated with volatile organic compounds (VOCs).
Potential health threats to people include drinking or touching
contaminated water and breathing contaminated water vapors related to
household uses.
March 1990
NPL HAZARDOUS WASTE SITES
133
continued
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SPARTA LANDFILL
Cleanup Approach
This site is being addressed in two stages: emergency actions and a long-term
remedial phase focusing on cleanup of the entire site.
Response Action Status
Emergency Actions: At the request of the State, Kent County installed
deep wells for two nearby affected residences and provided bottled water
for other affected homes.
Entire Site: The EPA will conduct an investigation into the nature and
extent of contamination at the site. The investigation will define the
contaminants and recommend alternatives for final cleanup. The
investigation is scheduled to begin in late 1990.
Providing an alternate source of water to affected residences eliminated the potential of
exposure to contaminated drinking water from the Sparta Landfill site and will continue
to protect residents near this site while investigations are underway and cleanup
activities are being planned.
134
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SPARTAN CHE
COMPANY
MICHIGAN
EPA ID# MID079300125
Site Description
REGION 5
CONGRESSIONAL DIST. 05
Kent County
Wyoming
The 2-acre Spartan Chemical Company site repackages, reblends, and distributes liquid
industrial chemicals. Chemicals currently are not manufactured on site. Prior to 1963,
the company discharged its wastewater to the groundwater. In 1981, five residential
wells near the site were found to be contaminated with volatile organic chemicals
(VOCs). These wells have been abandoned, and all five residences have been
connected to the public water supply. An underlying clay layer has prevented
contamination of deeper aquifers. When contamination was discovered in 1975,
explosive conditions existed in the storm sewer into which the groundwater discharged
during the dewatering activities. In 1986, an underground storage tank containing
toluene was found to be leaking. The tank has been emptied and is no longer in use.
Approximately 7,200 people, some of whom use private wells, live within 3 miles of
the site. The closest residence is 1/4 mile from the site. There are no public water
supply wells in this area, public supplies are drawn from Lake Michigan.
Site Responsibility:
This site is being addressed through
Federal, State, and potentially
responsible parties' actions.
NPL LISTING HISTORY
Proposed Date: 12/30/82
Final Date: 09/08/83
Threats and Contaminants
Groundwater is contaminated with VOCs, primarily from solvent and
chemical discharge spills and leaks. Soils are suspected of being
contaminated with VOCs. It is believed that there are currently no
potential health threats to people at this site because disposal to
groundwater stopped in 1963 and all aboveground storage tanks rest on
concrete pads surrounded by containment walls.
March 1990
NPL HAZARDOUS WASTE SITES
135
continued
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SPARTAN CHEMICAL COMPANY
Cleanup Approach
This site is being addressed in two long-term remedial phases focusing on groundwater
cleanup and soil cleanup.
Response Action Status
Groundwater: The potentially responsible party conducted a study to
identify the location of groundwater contamination. The party constructed
a purge well and an air stripping groundwater treatment system. The
purge well has been operational since 1987, with a noticeable effect in
reducing groundwater contamination. The State currently is considering investigating
the installation of a second purge well off site to assure that groundwater
contamination within the plume is contained and treated.
Soils: The State, with EPA assistance, is planning to conduct a study to
address on-site soil contamination. Preliminary information suggests that
cleanup activity may involve the use of vapor extraction of VOCs in the soil.
The study is expected to be completed in 1991.
Site Facts: A Consent Orcterwas signed by a potentially responsible party requiring
the party to conduct a site investigation.
Environmental Progress
The groundwater treatment system has greatly reduced the potential for exposure to
contaminated materials at the Spartan Chemical Company site while studies leading to
the selection of final soil remedies and ongoing groundwater cleanup activities are
taking place.
136
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SPIEGELBERG
LANDFILL
MICHIGAN
EPA ID# MID980794481
REGION 5
CONGRESSIONAL DIST. 06
Livingston County
Green Oak Township
Site Description
The 115-acre Spiegelberg Landfill site is a waste disposal pit that is currently being
mined for sand, gravel, and peat deposits. From 1966 to 1977, the site was used for
the disposal of domestic waste, with the main disposal area located in an abandoned
sand and gravel pit. From 1967 to 1978, paint sludge was dumped near the surface
water portion of the gravel pit. The pit is now covered with gravel and only private
domestic wastes have been disposed of at the site since 1978. The paint sludge area
is thought to be the site's major source of contamination. In 1986, wastes were
covered with a plastic liner, and a layer of sand was placed over the liner and wastes.
The Spiegelberg site is adjacent to Rasmussen's Dump, another NPL site. Several
hundred people live within 1 mile of the site. More than 18,000 people live within 3
miles of the landfill and use groundwater as a drinking water source. There are
approximately 250 wells within 1 mile of the site. The site is used for recreational
purposes including hunting and snowmobiling.
site Responsibility: This site is being addressed through
Federal, State, and potentially
responsible parties'actions.
NPL LISTING HISTORY
Proposed Date: 12/30/82
Final Date: 09/08/83
Threats and Contaminants
Air is contaminated with styrene and volatile organic compounds (VOCs).
Polychlorinated biphenyls (RGBs), heavy metals including chromium and
lead, and VOCs are present in the groundwater and soil. Potential health
threats to people include accidentally ingesting or touching contaminated
groundwater or.soil.
March 1990
NPL HAZARDOUS WASTE SITES
137
continued
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SPIEGELBERG LANDFILL
Cleanup Approach
This site is being addressed in two stages: initial actions and two long-term remedial
phases focusing on source control and groundwater cleanup.
Response Action Status
Initial Actions: In 1984, the EPA removed drums and approximately 250
cubic yards of contaminated soil. In 1986, the State constructed a fence
around most of the site. In 1987, the owner of the property allowed the
7,000 cubic yards of sand to be removed from the fenced area for commercial
purposes.
Source Control: The selected cleanup remedy to address the source of
the contamination includes: (1) excavation of 15,000 cubic yards of waste
, , material; (2) off-site incineration of approximately 5,000 cubic yards of
excavated waste material; and (3) disposal of the remaining 10,000 cubic yards of
waste into a landfill. The potentially responsible party, under EPA monitoring,
completed excavation, separation, and incineration of wastes and landfilling of the
residue in 1989.
Groundwater: The State, under EPA monitoring, completed an
investigation into the nature and extent of groundwater contamination at
the site and recommended alternative remedies for the final groundwater
cleanup. The EPA currently is evaluating the results of the investigation
and is planning to select the final technology and standards for groundwater cleanup in
1990.
Site Facts: The EPA, the State, and a potentially responsible party reached an
agreement requiring the party to clean up the liquid and solid wastes at the site.
Environmental Progress
The removal of drums and contaminated soil has greatly reduced the potential for
exposure to contaminated materials at the Spiegelberg Landfill site while studies are
taking place and cleanup activities are being planned.
A
138
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SPRINGFIELD
TOWNSHIP DUMP
MICHIGAN
EPA ID# MID980499966
REGION 5
CONGRESSIONAL DIST. 06
Oakland County
35 miles northwest of Detroit
Alias:
Oakland County Landfill
Site Description
The 4-acre Springfield Township Dump was used for chemical waste disposal from
1966 to 1968. Liquid wastes and sludges were dumped into a disposal pit at the site.
During this same period, approximately 1,500 drums of waste materials also were
dumped at the site. Drums of waste materials were stored at various locations
throughout the dump. By 1980, 1,500 drums and 711 tons of contaminated soil were
removed from the site by the Michigan Department of Natural Resources (MDNR).
There are 25 residences located within 1 mile of the site, with the nearest residence
located 800 feet from the site.
Site Responsibility:
This site is being addressed through
Federal and State actions.
NPL LISTING HISTORY
Proposed Date: 12/30/82
Final Date: 09/08/83
Threats and Contaminants
Groundwater is contaminated with volatile organic compounds (VOCs}
and heavy metals including arsenic and lead. Soil contains polychlorinated
biphenyls (PCBs), VOCs, phthalates, pesticides, and heavy metals
including arsenic, barium, cadmium, and lead. PCBs and dieldrin were
detected in sludge. Health'threats to people include touching
contaminated soils and sludge, breathing of contaminated dusts or
vapors, and accidental ingestion of contaminated soil or groundwater.
March 1990
NPL HAZARDOUS'WASTE SITES
139
continued
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SPRINGFIELD TOWNSHIP DUMP
Cleanup Approach
This site is being addressed in two stages: initial actions and a long-term remedial
phase focusing on cleanup of the entire site.
Response Action Status
Initial Actions: A locked gate blocking the access road, warning signs,
and a security fence were installed at the site. Also, the state removed
1,500 drums and 711 tons of polluted soil from the site by 1980.
Entire Site: The EPA and the State have completed an investigation into
soil and groundwater contamination at the site and recommended
, ~ alternative remedies for final cleanup. The EPA is currently evaluating the
results of the investigation to choose the final remedy. Remedy selection is expected
in 1990.
Environmental Progress
Removing drums and contaminated soil and installing a fence have significantly
reduced the potential for exposure to contaminated materials at the Springfield
Township Dump site while cleanup activities are being planned.
140
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STATE DISPOS
LANDFILL, IN
MICHIGAN
EPA ID# MID980609341
Site Description
REGIONS
CONGRESSIONAL DIST. 05
Kent County
Plainfleld Township
The 30-acre State Disposal Landfill site operated from 1966 to 1972. From 1972 to
1976, the landfill was owned and operated by Waste Management, Inc. In 1975, the
landfill received a permit from the Michigan Department of Natural Resources (MDNR)
to accept general refuse. Since 1976, Waste Management has maintained the landfill.
The landfill was closed in 1977 and now is covered with a layer of clay and equipped
with methane gas vents. In 1985, MDNR detected volatile organic compounds (VOCs)
and heavy metals in monitoring wells downgradient of the site. Local health officials
warned some well owners near the site to seek an alternative drinking water source
1985, Waste Management conducted a hydrogeological investigation of the site and
installed monitoring wells. Approximately 13,000 people obtain drinking water from
public and private wells within 3 miles of the site. Municipal water wells supplying
Plainfield Township, which^are 2 miles from the site, have been affected; however,
alternate wells are now being used.
In
Site Responsibility:
This site is being addressed through
Federal, State, and potentially
responsible parties'actions.
NPL LISTING HISTORY
Proposed Date: 06/24/88
Final Date: 02/21/90
Threats and Contaminants
The groundwater is contaminated with VOCs and heavy metals including
barium and nickel. The contaminated groundwater could be hazardous to
the health of people if it is accidentally touched or swallowed.
March 1990
NPL HAZARDOUS WASTE SITES
continued
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STATE DISPOSAL LANDFILL, INC.
Cleanup Approach
This site is being addressed in two stages: immediate actions and a long-term remedial
phase focusing on cleanup of the entire site.
Response Action Status
IX1 Immediate Actions: The State extended a permanent municipal water
line to all affected residences in 1989. Some potentially affected
residences are expected to be connected in 1990.
Entire Site: Waste Management of North America is conducting an
investigation, under State monitoring, to determine the extent of
contamination on the site. The State is conducting an off-site investigation
of the contamination plume.
Environmental Progress
The extension of the municipal water line has eliminated the potential of residents
being exposed to contaminated drinking water from the State Disposal Landfill site and
will continue to protect nearby residents while investigations are under way and
cleanup activities are being planned.
142
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STURGIS MUNI
WELLS
MICHIGAN
EPA ID# MID980703011
REGION 5
CONGRESSIONAL DIST. ,Q4
St. Joseph County
Sturgis .:/,;
Site Description
Routine sampling by the Michigan Department of Public Health (MDPH) in 1982
revealed that two of the four municipal wells serving the City of Sturgis were
contaminated with volatile organic compounds (VOCs). These two wells {the Layne
well and the Jackson well) are located on the west side of the City and supplied
approximately 1/2 of the total city water at the time the contamination was detected.
The MDPH advised the City of Sturgis to cease using these wells except during peak
demands. Pumping capacity was increased on the two uncontaminated wells and the
residents were advised to reduce their potable water usage. In 1983, two production
wells at Ross Laboratories, located 2,000 feet northwest of the municipal wells,
revealed VOC contamination. These wells were voluntarily removed from production
and are now being solely used for cooling purposes. The Layne well was abandoned in
1985. The Jackson well was still used occasionally to verify whether it was functional
for emergency use. In 1985, another municipal well, the Kirs'ch well, revealed VOC
contamination. This well was subsequently shut down. Of the four original municipal
wells, only the Oaklawn well remains uncontaminated. Approximately 10,000 people
live within the City of Sturgis, the majority of whom are served by the municipal water
distribution system. The City currently relies on the Oaklawn well and two new wells
to meet its water needs.
site Responsibility: This site is being addressed through
Federal and State actions.
IMPL LISTING HISTORY
Proposed Date: 09/08/83
Final Date: 09/21/84
Threats and Contaminants
The groundwater is contaminated with trichloroethylene (TCE) and
perchloroethylene (PCE) compounds. TCE, PCE, and other VOC
compounds have been detected in the soil. Touching or accidentally
ingesting the contaminated groundwater and soil are potential health
threats to individuals.
March 1990
NPL HAZARDOUS WASTE SITES
143
continued
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STURGIS MUNICIPAL WELLS
Cleanup Approach
This site is being addressed in a single long-term remedial phase focusing on cleanup
of the entire site.
Response Action Status
Entire Site: The Michigan Department of Natural Resources (MDNR) is
conducting an investigation to determine the nature and extent of
, contamination. The investigation consists of groundwater monitoring, well
installation, groundwater quality sampling, and soil gas testing. The extent of
contamination and three sources has been identified. Alternatives for site cleanup are
being evaluated and remedy selection is scheduled for 1991.
Environmental Progress
After adding this site to the NPL, the EPA performed preliminary investigations and
determined that no immediate actions were required at the Sturgis Municipal Wells site
while studies are being completed and cleanup activities are being planned.
144
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TAR LAKE
MICHIGAN
EPA ID# MID980794655
REGION 5
CONGRESSIONAL DIST. 11
Antrim County
Mancelona Town3hip
Aliases:
Gulf and Western Antrim Property (Tar Lake)
Antrim Iron Works
Site Description
The 200-acre Tar Lake site contains the structural remains of various manufacturing
companies that produced iron. A secondary manufacturing process produced a waste
similar to stillbottoms, which was discharged into a depression on site. Operations
ceased in 1944. As long ago as 1949, groundwater contamination by phenolic
compounds had been documented as far as 3 miles from the site. A fence has been
installed around the site. The total population served by well water in a 3-mile radius of
the site is approximately 3,000; about 800 people are served by private wells, and the
rest receive municipal water. The municipal wells are located 1 mile from the site.
Site Responsibility: jhjs site is being addressed through
Federal and potentially responsible
parties'actions.
NPL LISTING HISTORY
Proposed Date: 12/30/82
Final Date: 09/08/83
Threats and Contaminants
Phenols and lead have been detected in the groundwater. Phenols and
heavy metals including iron, lead, nickel, chromium, and copper have
been detected in the sludge. The contaminated groundwater could pose
a health hazard if it is accidentally touched or swallowed.
March 1990
NPL HAZARDOUS WASTE SITES
145
continued
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TAR LAKE
Cleanup Approach
This site is being addressed in a single long-term remedial phase focusing on cleanup
of the entire site. .".,-..:
Response Action Status
Entire Site: The Fifty-Sixth Century Antrim Iron Company is conducting a
study to determine the nature and extent of site contamination. The study
is expected to be completed in 1991.
Site Facts: In 1986, the EPA issued an Administrative Order to the Fifty-Sixth Century
Antrim Iron Company to conduct the site study and identify steps necessary to clean up
the site.
Environmental Progress
After adding this site to the NPL, the EPA performed preliminary investigations and
determined that no immediate actions were required at the Tar Lake site while studies
are taking place and cleanup activities are being planned.
146
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THERMO-CH
MICHIGAN
EPA ID# MID044567162
REGION 5
CONGRESSIONAL DIST. 09
Muskegon County
Egleston Township
Site Description
Thermo-Chem, Inc. was involved in solvent reprocessing and liquid waste disposal on
this 10-acre site near Muskegon. Thermo-Chem, Inc. began operating in 1969 and
continued until 1980. The company received paint waste, antifreeze waste, and spent
halogenatedand non-halogenated solvents. Distillation was used to regenerate usable
solvents, and resultant sludges and residues were incinerated at the site. In addition,
materials that were unsuitable for processing were reportedly incinerated at the site.
Wastewater generated during the distillation processes and equipment cleaning was
discharged into a series of three interconnected seepage pits. Two of the seepage pits
were unlined, and the other was lined with clay to contain spills and contaminated
wastes. All drums and bulk liquid wastes were removed from the site by late 1982.
There are no available records documenting on-site disposal of hazardous materials.
The process used for disposition of incinerator ash is not known. Black Creek, which
flows into Mona Lake, is only 2,000 feet away from the site. Approximately 10,000
people live within a 3-mile radius of Thermo-Chem. The entire population in this area is
served by groundwater from either community wells or private wells. A new mobile
home park is under construction less than 1/2 mile from the Thermo-Chem site. The
water supply for the park will come from 4 wells drilled to a depth of 80 feet.
Site Responsibility:
This site is being addressed through
Federal and potentially responsible
parties' actions.
NPL LISTING HISTORY
Proposed Date: 10/15/84
Final Date: 06/10/86
Threats and Contaminants
The groundwater and soil are contaminated with volatile organic
compounds (VOCs) including trichloroethylene (TCE), toluene, and xylene.
The contaminated groundwater and the soil could pose a health hazard to
individuals if it is touched or accidentally ingested. Surface drainage from
the site is poor, and the permeable sand that exists below the site
facilitates the movement of contaminants into the groundwater.
Contaminants from the site potentially may pollute Black Creek and Mona
Lake.
March 1990
NPL HAZARDOUS WASTE SITES
147
continued
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THERMO-CHEM. INC.
Cleanup Approach
The site is being addressed in two stages: immediate actions and a long-term remedial
phase focusing on cleanup of the entire site.
Response Action Status
Immediate Actions: After a spill occurred in 1987, the EPA sampled,
tested, and removed 50 to 100 barrels of contaminated soil.
Entire Site: The parties potentially responsible for the site contamination
are carrying out an investigation to determine the nature and the extent of
the contamination. The investigation, which is expected to be completed
in 1991, also will evaluate the various engineering methods that can be used to clean
up the site.
Site Facts: A Consent Order was signed in 1987 between the EPA and a committee
composed of the potentially responsible parties. The committee assumed the
responsibility of conducting a site investigation and recommending methods that could
be used to clean up the site.
Environmental Progress
By removing contaminated soil from the spill area, the potential for direct contact with
hazardous materials has been greatly reduced while investigations leading to the final
selection of permanent remedies for the groundwater contamination are taking place.
148
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TORCH LAK
MICHIGAN
EPA ID# MID980901946
REGION 5
ONGRESSIONAL DIST. 11
Houghton County'
Keweenaw Waterway
Site Description
Torch Lake is a 2,700-acre lake located in the Keweenaw Waterway in Michigan's
Upper Peninsula. Copper mining activities in the area from the 1890s until 1969
produced mill tailings that contaminated the lake sediments and shoreline. About 200
million tons of copper mill tailings were dumped into the lake. The contaminated
sediments are believed to be 70 feet thick in some areas, and surficial sediments
contain up to 2,000 parts per million (ppm) copper. The tailings deposited in the lake
and on the shoreline were dredged up during the early part of the 1900s and were
processed with flotation chemicals to reclaim copper. The tailings and much of the
flotation chemicals were returned to the lake and the shoreline. The lake has also
received mine pumpage, leaching chemicals, explosive residues and by-products,
municipal and industrial trash, and sanitary wastes. In 1972, an estimated 27,000
gallons of cupric ammonium carbonate were released into the lake from storage vats.
Barrels have been found at several sites along the shoreline of the lake. The only active
industry on the Torch Lake shoreline is the Peninsula Copper Company, which reclaims
copper oxide from scrap electronic circuit boards. During the early 1980s, the company
dumped processing water containing 2,400 times the local sewage authority's
allowable limits for copper and 100 times the limit for ammonia into the Tamarack
lagoon system. Recently, the Michigan Department of Natural Resources (MDNR)
funded a plan to monitor the lake and to restock fish populations. The population within
1 mile of the lake is approximately 4,000. Most of the drinking water in the area comes
from springs or a municipal well located 1/4 mile north of the lake, near the Trap Rock
River. A public boat launch, beach, and park have been built on the northern shore of
Torch Lake near the Village of Lake Linden.
Site Responsibility:
This site is being addressed through
Federal actions.
NPL LISTING HISTORY
Proposed Date: 10/15/84
Final Date: 06/10/86
March 1990
NPL HAZARDOUS WASTE SITES
149
continued
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TORCH LAKE
Threats and Contaminants
The sediments and surface water are contaminated with copper and
cupric ammonium carbonate. The contaminated sediments and surface
water could pose a health hazard if touched or accidentally ingested. The
Michigan Department of Health issued a fish consumption advisory, since
the contaminants have already affected the lake's fish and aquatic
vegetation. There is also concern about the physical hazards present on
the site. These include abandoned buildings, old machinery and
equipment, and other discarded metal objects such as rusting barrels,
which can be found on the shoreline and in the water.
Cleanup Approach
The site is being addressed through a single long-term remedial phase focusing on
cleanup of the entire site.
Response Action Status
Entire Site: The EPA began field investigation activities in 1988 at Torch
Lake to determine the nature and extent of contamination. A geophysical
survey was conducted to locate drums buried in the tailings piles on the
western shore of Torch Lake and at the bottom of the lake. Approximately 20 drums
were located on the surface, and samples were taken to determine if the drums
contain any toxic materials. In addition to this activity, the EPA also took nine samples
from private wells around Lake Linden and Mason. A more detailed survey of the drum
locations will be performed at a later date. The results of the investigation, expected to
be completed in late 1991, will be used to evaluate various cleanup alternatives and to
identify a final remedy.
Environmental Progress
After adding this site to the NPL, the EPA performed preliminary investigations and
determined that no immediate actions were required at the Torch Lake site while
investigations are taking place and cleanup activities are being planned.
A
150
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U.S. AVIEX
MICHIGAN
EPA ID# MID980794556
REGION 5
CONGRESSIONAL DIST. 04
Cass County
Howard Township ,
Site Description
U.S. Aviex manufactured non-lubricating automotive fluids at their 2-acre Huntly Road
Plant in Howard Township from the early 1960s until 1978. Although the plant is no
longer in operation, some buildings are used for storage purposes. In 1972, an
underground pipeline containing diethyl ether (DEE) was broken during excavation on
the southeastern side of the plant. Within three to four months, low levels of ether had
been detected in nearby residential wells. A fire in 1978 also helped contribute to
groundwater contamination in the area. Thousands of gallons of water were used to
extinguish the fire over a 2-day period. Barrels and indoor tanks of stored chemicals
ruptured during the blaze. Their contents were either consumed in the fire or washed
from the plant into unpaved areas, and subsequently, into the groundwater.. Following
the fire, residential wells were found to contain low levels of the organic liquids
believed to be released from the plant. Throughout the 1970s and early to mid-1980s,
the Michigan Department of Natural Resources (MDNR) and the Michigan Department
of Public Health (MDPH) collected samples from on-site and neighborhood wells.
Numerous single-family homes are located near the plant. The nearest houses are
located within 100 feet of the property. All residences have their own water supply
wells. Farming and manufacturing are the major occupations in the area surrounding
the site. The closest agricultural activity is located about 1/2 mile southeast of the site.
About a rnile west of the site are an airport, a sewage treatment lagoon, and various:
light industries. There are 3 schools located about 2 miles from the :site. ; -
Site Responsibility:
This site is being addressed through
Federal and potentially responsible
parties' actions.
NPL LISTING HISTORY
Proposed,Date; .12/30/82.
Final Date: .09/08/83 .
Threats and Contaminants
The groundwater and soil are contaminated with volatile organic
compounds (VOCs). Touching or accidentally ingesting the contaminated
groundwater and soil could pose a health hazard to people on or near the
site. Inhaling contaminated vapors from the groundwater or soil could
also cause adverse health effects.
March 1990
NPL HAZARDOUS WASTE SITES
151
continued
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U.S. AVIEX
Cleanup Approach
The site is being addressed in two stages: immediate actions and a long-term remedial
phase directed at cleanup of the entire site.
Response Action Status
Immediate Actions: Since 1973, U.S. Aviex has provided bottled water to
32 homes with contaminated drinking water wells. U.S. Aviex also
installed two new wells. In 1982, a groundwater investigation and on-site
groundwater treatment program began. This program involves pumping groundwater
out of the contaminated aquifer, treating the water by air stripping and discharging the
treated water into the St. Joseph's River system.
Entire Site: In 1988, the EPA selected the following methods to clean up
the site: soil flushing of approximately 11,500 cubic yards of
contaminated on-site soil and collection of on- and off-site groundwater
and fluids from the soil flushing process with on-site treatment by air
stripping. The entire cleanup process is expected to be completed in 1992.
Site Pacts: In early 1982, the State filed a suit against U.S. Aviex. The company was
ordered to conduct a pump test as a first step to investigate and clean the
contaminated groundwater. In 1986, U.S. Aviex filed for bankruptcy. Funds had been
initially set aside for the investigation; therefore, the bankruptcy action did not affect
the investigation.
[Environmental Progress
By providing local residents with a safe drinking water source and beginning to treat
polluted groundwater, the potential for exposure to contaminated groundwater has
been virtually eliminated. The operation of the groundwater treatment system will
continue to protect nearby residents and the environment from the U.S. Aviex site
while design activities for the cleanup of the contaminated soil are taking place.
152
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VELSICOL CHE
(MICHIGAN)
MICHIGAN
EPA ID# MID000722439
REGION 5
CONGRESSIONAL DIST. 10
Gratlot County
St. Louis
Site Description
The Velsicol Chemical site consists of 50 acres in St. Louis. The site was used by other
companies from the mid-1800s to 1936, but it is not known what activities took place
on the site during that time. Located on the site were two injection disposal wells, a
dredge pond, a lagoon, a radioactive waste disposal area, and one or more drum
storage areas. In 1974, the Michigan Department of Public Health (MDPH) issued a
fish consumption advisory for the Pine River downstream of the site. Fish kills
occurred as late as 1979, and a red leachate was observed oozing into the river from
the site. The population within 1 mile of the site is approximately 4,100. The nearest
residence is less than 500 feet away. The Pine River is used for fishing, boating,
swimming, and other recreational purposes. Water for drinking and other purposes is
supplied from six municipal wells located to the east and southeast of the site with the
nearest well being about 1,500 feet away. The site is located adjacent to the Pine
River.
Site Responsibility:
This site is being addressed through
Federal, State, and potentially
responsible parties' actions.
NPL LISTING HISTORY
Proposed Date: 12/30/82
Final Date: 09/08/83
Threats and Contaminants
On-site groundwater is contaminated with chloride, sulfate, phenol, and
carbon tetrachloride. On-site soil samples revealed contamination with
phenol and lead. Potential risks may exist for people who eat
contaminated fish and wildlife from the area of the site.
March 1990
NPL HAZARDOUS WASTE SITES
153
continued
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VELSICOL CHEMICAL (MICHIGAN)
Cleanup Approach
The site is being addressed in a single long-term remedial phase focusing on cleanup of
the entire site.
Response Action Status
Entire Site: Between 1983 and 1984, containment activities, including
capping the site and construction of a shallow groundwater cut-off wall,
were conducted. In 1982, the following cleanup technologies were
selected: (1) the demolition, salvage, and removal of building materials and
scrap; (2) construction of a 2-foot-thick slurry wall groundwater containment system; (3)
construction of a clay cap; (4) a groundwater collection system with deep well injection;
and (5) a long-term maintenance and monitoring program. The State is overseeing
maintenance and monitoring operations. In addition, the EPA plans to investigate the
deep aquifer and will install six monitoring wells.
Site Facts: A Consent Agreement was signed in 1982 between the Michigan
Department of Natural Resources and Velsicol for the company to conduct the site
cleanup.
Environmental Progress
By capping the site and building a system to prevent the movement of contaminated
groundwater off the site, the potential for direct exposure to hazardous materials from
the Velsicol Chemical site has been significantly reduced. The site is being closely
monitored to ensure the effectiveness of the cleanup remedies, while the EPA
conducts studies into the extent of deep aquifer contamination.
154
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VERONA WELL FIELD
MICHIGAN
EPA ID# MID980793806
REGION 5
CONGRESSIONAL DIST. 03
Calhoun County
Battle Creek
Alias:
Battle Creek Verona Well Field
Site Description
The Verona Well Field, in the northeastern corner of Battle Creek, covers 160 acres and
consists of 30 wells. During 1981, the Calhoun County Health Department discovered
that the Verona Well Field, which supplies potable water to an estimated 53,500
residents and a variety of businesses, was contaminated with tricholoroethylene (TCE)
and other volatile hydrocarbons. In 1984, the EPA undertook a program to halt the
spread of contamination. Three additional drinking water wells were drilled north of the
existing well field, and five of the existing wells were converted to pump the water to a
treatment system in order to create a hydrologic barrier to the advancing contaminant
plume. By fall 1984, the actions had raised the number of clean wells to 13, and a
sufficient quantity of potable water to fulfill the maximum municipal demand was
ensured. The population of Battle Creek is approximately 53,500.
Site Responsibility:
The site is being addressed through
Federal and potentially responsible
parties' actions.
NPL LISTING HISTORY
Proposed Date: 07/16/82
Final Date: 09/08/83
Threats and Contaminants
Groundwater was contaminated with volatile organic compounds (VOCs)
including TCE, toluene, xylene, and vinyl chloride. There presently is no
potential of human exposure to VOCs from the site. The city's drinking
water is supplied from wells that are not contaminated.
Cleanup Approach
The site is being addressed in three stages: immediate actions and two long-term
remedial phases focusing on cleanup of the southern plume and the eastern plume.
March 1990
NPL HAZARDOUS WASTE SI
155
TES
continued
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VERONA WELL FIELD
Response Action Status
Immediate Actions: Bottled water and portable showers were provided
to residences and businesses east of the Battle Creek River and west of
the railroad yard until water main connections from the city system were
completed. A temporary purge system was installed to prevent any further migration
of contaminants into the northern portion of the field. A pump house was constructed,
and safety lights and a high-water alarm were installed. Three additional drinking water
wells were drilled north of the existing well field, and five of the existing wells were
pumped to a waste treatment system. Water from these blocking wells was pumped
to an air stripper/carbon adsorption system, which removed the VOCs prior to discharge
of the treated water into the Battle Creek River.
Southern Plume: The following cleanup methods were chosen, for the
southern contaminant plume: (1) construction of a groundwater extraction
well system to contain and collect contaminated groundwater in the
vicinity of the Thomas Solvent Company (Raymond Road facility); (2).
pumping and treatment of contaminated groundwater at the existing well field air
stripping facility; (3) installation of air extraction wells to enhance the vaporization of
VOCs from the contaminated solids; and (4) continued maintenance. These activities
are scheduled to be completed in 1991.
Eastern Plume: An investigation of the extent of contamination at two
other potential sources of contamination is being conducted by the EPA.
At the conclusion of the investigation, scheduled for 1990,
recommendations will be made for final cleanup of the contaminant plume. . ;
Site Facts: In March 1984, Thomas Solvent Company was ordered to immediately
install and operate a purge well and treatment system. In April 1984, Thomas Solvent
Company filed Chapter 11 bankruptcy.
Environmental Progress
The provision of an alternate water supply and the installation of a groundwater
treatment system significantly reduced the potential for exposure to contaminated
groundwater from the Verona Well Field site while final cleanup actions are under way.
156
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WASH KING
LAUNDRY
MICHIGAN
EPA ID# MID980701247
Site Description
REGIONS
CONGRESSIONAL DIST. 09
Lake County
Pleasant Plains Township
The Wash King Laundry is located on a 2-acre site in Pleasant Plains Township and has
been in operation since 1962 as a coin-operated laundry. The operation eventually
included dry cleaning. In 1962, Wash King Laundry was granted permission to
discharge soapy laundry wastewater to nearby seepage lagoons that had been
constructed for this purpose. During the 1960s and early 1970s, the area experienced
increasing development, and many seasonal homes were constructed in the vicinity.
Pollution of the groundwater by laundry detergent wastes was first detected in 1973.
Dry cleaning solvents, particularly perchloroethylene (PCE), were discharged to the
wastewater lagoons in the 1970s. In 1977, PCE contamination of groundwater was
also detected, and in 1978, Wash King agreed to cease all dry cleaning operations. In
1979, it was determined that approximately 30 domestic water supplies northeast of
the laundromat were contaminated with PCE. Housing in the area consists of mobile
homes, trailers, and cottages, most of which are utilized on a seasonal basis. The
population within a 3-mile radius of the site is approximately 4,000. Only three
residences in the immediate vicinity of the site are occupied on a year-round basis.
Site Responsibility:
This site is being addressed through
Federal, State, and potentially
responsible parties' actions.
NPL LISTING HISTORY
Proposed Date: 12/30/82
Final Date: 09/08/83
Threats and Contaminants
Groundwater is contaminated with PCE, phosphorus, sodium, and
chloride. Lagoons still in use for laundry discharge and minor amounts of
sludge contain the same contaminants as the groundwater. Drinking or
coming into direct contact with contaminated water may pose a health
risk to people.
March 1990
NPL HAZARDOUS WASTE SITES
157
continued
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WASH KING LAUNDRY
Cleanup Approach
The site is being addressed in two stages: immediate actions and a long-term remedial
phase focusing on cleanup of the entire site.
Response Action Status
Immediate Actions: In 1984, the Wash King owner installed a public
water supply system to serve the affected homes and commercial
establishments in the area.
Entire Site: The State is conducting an investigation to determine the
extent and source of contamination. At the conclusion of the investigation,
expected in late 1990, a final remedy will be selected to clean up the site.
Site Facts: A 1978 court agreement was reached, under which Wash King agreed to
cease all dry cleaning operations and to eliminate all sources of PCE at the facility.
Environmental Progress
By providing a safe drinking water source to the affected homes and businesses near
the Wash King Laundry site, the potential for exposure to contaminated groundwater
has been reduced. Investigations leading to the selection of the final cleanup remedies
are currently under way.
158
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WASTE
MANAGE
MICHIGAN (
LAGOONS)
MICHIGAN
EPA ID# MID060179587
Site Description
REGION 5
CONGRESSIONAL DIST. 09
Ottawa County
North of Holland
Alias:
Jacobusses Refuse Service
The 160-acre Waste Management of Michigan site north of Holland was used from
197-1 to 1979 as a dewatering site for liquid industrial wastes, including aluminum and
metallic hydroxides and activated sludge residues. The dewatering lagoons occupied
approximately 15 acres of the site. Forty-three 55-galion drums of wastes were
removed intact in 1980. All dewatering sludges and on-site contaminated soils have
been transferred to the Southwest Ottawa County Landfill (SWOCL), an adjacent NPL
site that is now closed. An active landfill was operated at the site in the late 1960s, and
partially buried refuse is scattered across the surface. The estimated population living
within 1/2 mile of the site is less than 50. However, the area is rapidly developing, and
a new subdivision has been created near the site. Holland State Park, a popular
summer vacation and recreation spot, lies less than 3 miles to the southwest of the
site.
Site Responsibility:
This site is being addressed through
a combination of Federal, State, and
potentially responsible parties'
actions.
NPL LISTING HISTORY
Proposed Date: 10/15/84
Final Date: 06/10/86
Threats and Contaminants
Groundwater is contaminated with volatile organic compounds (VOCs)
including toluene, benzene, trichloroethylene (TCE), vinyl chloride, and the
heavy metal cadmium. People may be exposed to contaminants through
accidental ingestion or direct contact with contaminated water.
Cleanup Approach
The site is being addressed in a single long-term remedial phase focusing on cleanup of
the entire site.
March 1990
NPL HAZARDOUS WASTE SITES
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WASTE MANAGEMENT OP MICHIGAN (HOLLAND LAGOONS)
Response Action Status
Entire Site: The State and the potentially responsible parties are
investigating the extent of contamination at the site. Once the
investigation is completed, the EPA will select a final remedy for site
cleanup.
Environmental Progress
After adding the Waste Management of Michigan (Holland Lagoons) site to the NPL,
the EPA performed a preliminary evaluation and determined that the site does not pose
an immediate threat while investigations leading to the selection of final cleanup
remedies are taking place.
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WHITEHALL
MUNICIPAL
MICHIGAN
EPA ID# MID980701254
Site Description
REGION 5
CONGRESSIONAL DIST. 09
Muskegon County
Northeast portion of Whitehall
Aliases:
Funnel Field Well #3
Municipal Well #3
The Whitehall Municipal Wells site is located in the northeastern section of Whitehall.
The site is in Funnel Field, north of Colby Street and south of the ravine and backwaters
of the White River. In 1980, as a result of a routine quarterly sampling of the city's
water supply, an organic solvent was detected in the water. Further testing showed
that the source of the contamination was Well 3. In early 1981, the City took Well 3 off
line and increased pumpage rates in Wells 2, 4, and 5 in order to provide adequate
water for the city. The City later brought Well 6 on line to increase the normal water
supply and decided to permanently close Well 3. Sampling of residential wells in 1982
indicated contamination of those wells with volatile organic compounds (VOCs).
Affected residences were connected permanently to the city water supply. Further
investigation indicated that the source of the residential well and groundwater
contamination was not related to Well 3. Approximately 3,000 people live in the City of
Whitehall, and about 20 residences still rely on their private wells for potable water.
Site Responsibility: This site is being addressed through
Federal, State, and potentially
responsible parties' actions.
NPL LISTING HISTORY
Proposed Date: 12/30/82
Final Date: 09/21/84
Threats and Contaminants
Well 3 and surrounding monitoring wells have shown only minimal levels
of contaminants, or none at all, since 1982. Contaminants found in the
groundwater in the past have included perchloroethylene (PCE),
trichloroethylene (TCE), and chloroform. Accidental ingestion, inhalation,
or direct contact with contaminated water may pose a health threat to
people.
March 1990
NPL HAZARDOUS WASTE SITES
161
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WHITEHALL MUNICIPAL WELLS
Cleanup Approach
The site is being addressed in a single long-term remedial phase directed at cleanup of
the entire site.
Response Action Status
Entire Site: An investigation and risk assessment indicated there was no
public health risk involved with the site. As a result of the closing of Well
3, no further cleanup action is recommended. The Michigan Department
, . of Public Health will continue its routine sampling of the city water supply
and investigate other areas of groundwater contamination.
Site Facts: In 1985, the EPA issued a Consent Orderto Shellcast, Inc. and White Lake
Landfill, Inc., requiring them to install and sample monitoring wells and to provide a
potable water supply line to residents whose water supplies may be threatened by
hazardous substances in the groundwater.
Environmental Progress
The closing of Well 3 eliminated the potential for exposure to hazardous materials at
the Whitehall Municipal Wells site. The State is continuing to sample and monitor the
groundwater to ensure continued protection of nearby residents and the environment.
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T" " his glossary defines the italicized terms used in the
site fact sheets for the State of Michigan. The terms
and abbreviations contained in this glossary are often
defined in the context of hazardous waste management as
described in the site fact sheets, and apply specifically to work
performed under the Superfund program. Thus, these terms
may have other meanings when used in a different context.
Acids: Substances, characterized by low pH (less than
7.0) that are used in .chemical manufacturing. Acids in
high concentration can be very corrosive and react with
many inorganic and organic substances. These reactions
may possibly create toxic compounds or release heavy
metal contaminants that remain in the environment long
after the acid is neutralized.
Administrative Order On Consent: A legal and enforceable agreement between EPA
and the parties potentially responsible for site contamination. Under the terms of the
Order, the potentially responsible parties agree to perform or pay for site studies or
cleanups. It also describes the oversight rules, responsibilities and enforcement options
that the government may exercise in the event of non-compliance by potentially respon-
sible parties. This Order is signed by PRPs and the government; it does not require
approval by a judge.
Administrative Order [Unilateral]: A legally binding document issued by EPA direct-
ing the parties potentially responsible to perform site cleanups or studies (generally,
EPA does not issue unilateral orders for site studies).
Aeration: A process that promotes breakdown of contaminants in soil or water by
exposing them to air.
Air Stripping: A process whereby volatile organic chemicals (VOCs) are removed from
contaminated material by forcing a stream of air through it in a pressurized vessel. The
contaminants are evaporated into the air stream. The air may be further treated before
it is released into the atmosphere.
Alluvial: An area of sand, clay, or other similar material that has been gradually depos-
ited by moving water, such as along a river bed or the shore of a lake.
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Ambient Air: Any unconfined part of the atmosphere. Refers to the air that may be
inhaled by workers or residents in the vicinity of contaminated air sources.
Aquifer: An underground layer of rock, sand, or gravel capable of storing water within
cracks and pore spaces, or between grains. When water contained within an aquifer is
of sufficient quantity and quality, it can be tapped and used for drinking or other pur-
poses. The water contained in the aquifer is called groundwater.
Arroyo: A dry gully; a rivulet or streambed.
Artesian (Well): A well made by drilling into the earth until water is reached which,
from internal pressure, flows up like a fountain.
Backfill: To refill an excavated area with removed earth; or the material itself that is
used to refill an excavated area.
Bases: Substances characterized by high pH (greater than 7.0), which tend to be corro-
sive in chemical reactions. When bases are mixed with acids, they neutralize each other,
forming salts.
Berm: A ledge, wall, or a mound of earth used to prevent the migration of contami-
nants.
Bioaccumulate: The process by which some contaminants or toxic chemicals gradually
collect and increase in concentration in living tissue, such as in plants, fish, or people as
they breathe contaminated air, drink contaminated water, or eat contaminated food.
Bioremediation: A cleanup process using naturally occurring or specially cultivated
microorganisms to digest contaminants naturally and break them down into nonhaz-
ardous components.
Borehole: A hole drilled into the ground used to sample soil and groundwater.
Borrow Pit: An excavated area where soil, sand, or gravel has been dug up for use
elsewhere.
Cap: A layer of material, such as clay or a synthetic material, used to prevent rainwater
from penetrating and spreading contaminated materials. The surface of the cap is
generally mounded or sloped so water will drain off.
Carbon Adsorption: A treatment system in which contaminants are removed from
groundwater and surface water by forcing water through tanks containing activated
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carbon, a specially treated material that attracts and holds or retains contaminants.
Carbon Disulfide: A degreasing agent formerly used extensively for parts washing.
This compound has both inorganic and organic properties, which increase cleaning
efficiency. However, these properties also cause chemical reactions that increase its
hazard to human health and the environment.
Carbon Treatment: [see Carbon Adsorption].
Cell: In solid waste disposal, one of a series of holes in a landfill where waste is
dumped, compacted, and covered with layers of dirt.
Chromated Copper Arsenate: An insecticide/herbicide formed from salts of three toxic
metals: copper, chromium, and arsenic. This salt is used extensively as a wood pre-
servative in pressure-treating operations. It is highly toxic and water soluble, making it
a relatively mobile contaminant in the environment.
Closure: The process by which a landfill stops accepting wastes and is shut down
under Federal guidelines that ensure the public and the environment is protected.
Confluence: The place where two bodies of water, such as streams, come together.
Consent Decree: A legal document, approved and issued by a judge, formalizing an
agreement between EPA and the parties potentially responsible for site contamination.
The decree describes cleanup actions that the potentially responsible parties are re-
quired to perform and/or the costs incurred by the government that the parties will
reimburse, as well as the roles, responsibilities, and enforcement options that the gov-
ernment may exercise in the event of non-compliance by potentially responsible parties.
If a settlement between EPA and a potentially responsible party includes cleanup ac-
tions, it must be in the form of a consent decree. A consent decree is subject to a public
comment period.
Consent Order: [see Administrative Order on Consent].
Containment: The process of enclosing or containing hazardous substances in a struc-
ture, typically in ponds and lagoons, to prevent the migration of contaminants into the
environment.
Cooperative Agreement: A contract between EPA and the states wherein a State agrees
to manage or monitor certain site cleanup responsibilities and other activities on a cost-
sharing basis.
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Creosotes: Chemicals used in wood preserving operations and produced by distillation
of tar, including polycydic aromatic hydrocarbons and polynuclear aromatic hydrocar-
bons [see PAHs and PNAs]. Contaminating sediments, soils, and surface water, creo-
sotes may cause skin ulcerations and cancer with prolonged exposure.
Culvert: A pipe under a road, railroad track, path, or through an embankment used for
drainage.
De minimis: This legal phrase pertains to settlements with parties who contributed
small amounts of hazardous waste at a site. This process allows EPA to settle with
small, or de minimis contributors, as a single group rather than as individuals, saving
time, money, and effort.
Decommission: To revoke a license to operate and take out of service.
Degrease: To remove grease from wastes, soils, or chemicals, usually using solvents.
Dewater: To remove water from wastes, soils, or chemicals.
Downgradient: A downward hydrologic slope that causes groundwater to move
toward lower elevations. Therefore, wells downgradient of a contaminated groundwater
source are prone to receiving pollutants.
Downslope: [see Downgradient].
Effluent: Wastewater, treated or untreated, that flows out of a treatment plant, sewer,
or industrial outfall. Generally refers to wastes discharged into surface waters.
Emulsifiers: Substances that helps in mixing materials that don't normally mix; e.g., oil
and water.
Estuary (estuarine): Areas where fresh water from rivers and salt water from nearshore
ocean waters are mixed. These areas may include bays, mouths of rivers, salt marshes,
and lagoons. These water ecosystems shelter and feed marine life, birds, and wildlife.
Fly ash: Non-combustible residue that results from the combustion of flue gases. It can
include nitrogen oxides, carbon oxides, water vapor, sulfur oxides, as well as many
other chemical pollutants.
French Drain System: A crushed rock drain system constructed of perforated pipes,
which is used to drain and disperse wastewater.
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Gasification (coal): The conversion of soft coal into gas for use as a fuel.
Generator: A facility that emits pollutants into the air or releases hazardous wastes into
water or soil.
Good Faith Offer: A voluntary offer, generally in response to a Special Notice letter,
made by a potentially responsible party that consists of a written proposal demonstrat-
ing a potentially responsible party's qualifications and willingness to perform a site
study or cleanup.
Halogens: Reactive non-metals, such as chlorine and bromine. Halogens are very good
oxidizing agents and, therefore, have many industrial uses. They are rarely found by
themselves; however, many chemicals such as polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), some
volatile organic compounds (VOCs), and dioxin are reactive because of the presence of
halogens.
Hot Spot: An area or vicinity of a site containing exceptionally high levels of contami-
nation.
Hydrogeology: The geology of groundwater, with particular emphasis on the chemis-
try and movement of water.
Impoundment: A body of water or sludge confined by a dam, dike, floodgate, or other
barrier.
Influent: Water, wastewater, or other liquid flowing into a reservoir, basin, or treat-
ment plant.
Installation Restoration Program: The specially funded program established in 1978
under which the Department of Defense has been identifying and evaluating its hazard-
ous waste sites and controlling the migration of hazardous contaminants from those
sites.
Intake: The source where a water supply is drawn from, such as from a river or water-
bed.
Interagency Agreement: A written agreement between EPA and a Federal agency that
has the lead for site cleanup activities (e.g. the Department of Defense), that sets forth
the roles and responsibilities of the agencies for performing and overseeing the activi-
ties. States are often parties to interagency agreements.
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GLOSSARY
Lagoon: A shallow pond where sunlight, bacterial action, and oxygen work to purify
wastewater. Lagoons are typically used for the storage of wastewaters, sludges, liquid
wastes, or spent nuclear fuel.
Landfarm: To apply waste to land and/or incorporate waste into the surface soil, such
as fertilizer or soil conditioner. This practice is commonly used for disposal of com-
posted wastes.
Landfill: A disposal facility where waste is placed in or on land.
Leachate [n]: The liquid that trickles through or drains from waste, carrying soluble
components from the waste. Leach, Leaching [v.tj: The process by which soluble
chemical components are dissolved and carried through soil by water or some other
percolating liquid.
Long-term Remedial Phase: Distinct, often incremental, steps that are taken to solve
site pollution problems. Depending on the complexity, site cleanup activities can be
separated into a number of these phases.
Migration: The movement of oil, gas, contaminants, water, or other liquids through
porous and permeable rock.
Mine (or Mill) Tailings: A fine, sandy residue left from ore milling operations. Tail-
ings often contain high concentrations of lead and arsenic or other heavy metals.
Mitigation: Actions taken to improve site conditions by limiting, reducing, or control-
ling toxicity and contamination sources.
Neutrals: Organic compounds that have a relatively neutral pH, complex structure
and, due to their organic bases, are easily absorbed into the environment. Naphthalene,
pyrene, and trichlorobenzene are examples of neutrals.
Nitroaromatics: Common component of explosive materials, which will explode if
activated by very high temperatures or pressures; 2,4,6-Trinitrotoluene (TNT) is a ni-
troaromatic.
Notice Letter: A General Notice Letter notifies the parties potentially responsible for
site contamination of their possible liability. A Special Notice Letter begins a 60-day
formal period of negotiation during which EPA is not allowed to start work at a site or
initiate enforcement actions against potentially responsible parties, although EPA may
undertake certain investigatory and planning activities. The 60-day period may be
extended if EPA receives a good faith offer [see Good Faith Offer] within that period.
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Outfall: The place where wastewater is discharged into receiving waters.
Overpacking: Process used for isolating large volumes of waste by jacketing or encap-
sulating waste to prevent further spread or leakage of contaminating materials. Leak-
ing drums may be contained within oversized barrels as an interim measure prior to
removal and final disposal.
Pentachlorophenol (PCP): A synthetic, modified petrochemical that is used as a wood
preservative because of its toxicity to termites and fungi. It is a common component of
creosotes and can cause cancer.
Perched (grourtdwater): Groundwater separated from another underlying body of
ground water by a confining layer, often clay or rock.
Percolation: The downward flow or filtering of water or other liquids through subsur-
face rock or soil layers, usually continuing downward to groundwater.
Petrochemicals: Chemical substances produced from petroleum in refinery operations
and as fuel oil residues. These include fluoranthene, chrysene, mineral spirits, and
refined oils. Petrochemicals are the bases from which volatile organic compounds
(VOCs), plastics, and many pesticides are made. These chemical substances are often
toxic to humans and the environment.
Phenols: Organic compounds that are used in plastics manufacturing and are by-
products of petroleum refining, tanning, textile, dye, and resin manufacturing. Phenols
are highly poisonous and can make water taste and smell bad.
Plume: A body of contaminated groundwater flowing from a specific source. The
movement of the groundwater is influenced by such factors as local groundwater flow
patterns, the character of the aquifer in which groundwater is contained, and the den-
sity of contaminants.
Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons or Polyaromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs): PAHs,
such as pyrene, are a group of highly reactive organic compounds found in motor oil.
They are a common component of creosotes and can cause cancer.
Polychlorinated Biphenyls (PCBs): A group of toxic chemicals used for a variety of
purposes including electrical applications, carbonless copy paper, adhesives, hydraulic
fluids, microscope emersion oils, and caulking compounds. PCBs are also produced in
certain combustion processes. PCBs are extremely persistent in the environment be-
cause they are very stable, non-reactive, and highly heat resistant. Burning them pro-
duces even more toxins. Chronic exposure to PCBs is believed to cause liver damage. It
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is also known to bioaccumulate in fatty tissues. PCB use and sale was banned.in 1979
with the passage of the Toxic Substances Control Act.
Polynuclear Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PNAs): PNAs, such as naphthalene, and biphen-
yls, are a group of highly reactive organic compounds that are a common component of
creosotes, which can be carcinogenic. ,
Polyvinyl Chloride (PVC): A plastic made from the gaseous substance vinyl chloride.
PVC is used to make pipes, records, raincoats, and floor tiles. Health risks from high
concentrations of vinyl chloride include liver cancer and lung cancer, as well as cancer
of the lymphatic and nervous systems.
Potentially Responsible Parties (PRPs): Parties, including owners, who may have
contributed to the contamination at a Superfund site and may be liable for costs of
response actions. Parties are considered PRPs until they admit liability or a court makes
a determination of liability. This means that PRPs may sign a consent decree or admin-
istrative order on consent [see Administrative Order on Consent] to participate in site
cleanup activity without admitting liability.
Radionuclides: Elements, including radium, and uranium-235 and -238, which break
down and produce radioactive substances due to their unstable atomic structure. Some
are man-made and others are naturally occurring in the environment. Radon, which is
the gaseous form of radium, decays to form alpha particle radiation, which can be easily
blocked by skin. However, it can be inhaled, which allows alpha particles to affect
unprotected tissues directly and thus cause cancer. Uranium, when split during fission
in a nuclear reactor, forms more radionuclides which, when ingested, can also cause
cancer. Radiation also occurs naturally through the breakdown of granite stones.
Remedial: A course of study combined with actions to correct site contamination
problems through identifying the nature and extent of cleanup strategies under the
Superfund program.
Retention Pond: A small body of liquid used for disposing wastes and to contain
overflow from production facilities. Sometimes retention ponds are used to expand the
capacity of such structures as lagoons to store waste.
Runoff: The discharge of water over land into surface water. It can carry pollutants
from the air and land into receiving waters.
Sediment The layer of soil, sand and minerals at the bottom of surface waters, such as
streams, lakes, and rivers that absorb contaminants.
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Seeps: Specific points where releases of liquid (usually leachate) form from waste
disposal areas, particularly along the lower edges of landfills.
Seepage Pits: A hole, shaft, or cavity in the ground used for storage of liquids, usually
in the form of leachate, from waste disposal areas. The liquid gradually leaves the pit
by moving through the surrounding soil.
Septage: Residue remaining in a septic tank after the treatment process.
Sinkhole: A hollow depression in the land surface in which drainage collects; associ-
ated with underground caves and passages that facilitate the movement of liquids.
Sludge: Semi-solid residues from industrial or water treatment processes that may be
contaminated with hazardous materials.
Slurry Wall: Barriers used to contain the flow of contaminated groundwater or subsur-
face liquids. Slurry walls are constructed by digging a trench around a contaminated
area and filling the trench with an impermeable material that prevents water from
passing through it. The groundwater or contaminated liquids trapped within the area
surrounded by the slurry wall can be extracted and treated.
Stabilization: The process of changing an active substance into inert, harmless mate-
rial, or physical activities at a site that act to limit the further spread of contamination
without actual reduction of toxicity.
Stillbottom: Residues left over from the process of recovering spent solvents.
Stripping: A process used to remove volatile contaminants from a substance [see Air
Stripping].
Sumps: A pit or tank that catches liquid runoff for drainage or disposal.
Surge Tanks: A holding structure used to absorb irregularities in flow of liquids, in-
cluding liquid waste materials.
Trichloroethylene (TCE): A stable, colorless liquid with a low boiling point. TCE has
many industrial applications, including use as a solvent and as a metal degreasing
agent. TCE may be toxic to people when inhaled, ingested, or through skin contact and
can damage vital organs, especially the liver [see also Volatile Organic Compounds].
Unilateral [Administrative] Order: [see Administrative Order on Consent].
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GLOSSARY-
Upgradient: An upward slope; demarks areas that are higher than contaminated areas
and, therefore, are not prone to contamination by the movement of polluted groundwa-
ter.
Upslope: Upstream; often used relative to groundwater [see Upgradient].
Vegetated Soil Cap: A cap constructed with graded soils and seed for vegetative
growth to prevent erosion [see Cap].
Volatile Organic Compounds (VOCs): VOCs are made as secondary petrochemicals.
They include light alcohols, acetone, trichloroethylene, perchloroethylene, dichloroeth-
ylene, benzene, vinyl chloride, toluene, and methylene chloride. These potentially toxic
chemicals are used as solvents, degreasers, paints, thinners, and fuels. Because of their
volatile nature, they readily evaporate into the air, increasing the potential exposure to
humans. Due to their low water solubility, environmental persistence, and widespread
industrial use, they are commonly found in soil and groundwater.
Watershed: The land area that drains into a stream or other water body.
Wetland: An area that is regularly saturated by surface or groundwater and, under
normal circumstances, capable of supporting vegetation typically adapted for life in
saturated soil conditions. Wetlands are critical to sustaining many species of fish and
wildlife. Wetlands generally include swamps, marshes, and bogs. Wetlands may be
either coastal or inland. Coastal wetlands have salt or brackish (a mixture of salt and
fresh) water, and most have tides, while inland wetlands are non-tidal and freshwater.
Coastal wetlands are an integral component of estuaries.
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