vvEPA
United States
Environmental Protection
Agency
Office of Solid Waste and
Emergency Response
Washington DC 20460
Office of Research and
Development
Washington DC 20460
Superfund
EPA/540/5-89/013 Nov. 1989
The Superfund
Innovative Technology
Evaluation Program:
Technology Profiles
SUPERFUND INNOVATIVE
TECHNOLOGY EVALUATION =
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SUPERFUND INNOVATIVE TECHNOLOGY EVALUATION
TECHNOLOGY PROFILES
U.S. ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY
RISK REDUCTION ENGINEERING LABORATORY
OFFICE OF RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT
26 WEST MARTIN LUTHER KING DRIVE
CINCINNATI, OHIO 45268
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DISCLAIMER
The development of this document has been funded wholly or in part by the United
States Environmental Protection Agency under Contract No. 68-03-3484, Work Assignment
No. 28, to PRC Environmental Management, Inc. The document has been subjected to the
Agency's administrative and peer review and has been approved for publication as an EPA
document. Mention of trade names or commercial products does not constitute
endorsement or recommendation for use.
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FOREWORD
The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) is charged by Congress with
protecting the Nation's land, air, and water resources. As the enforcer of national
environmental laws, the EPA strives to balance human activities and the ability of natural
systems to support and nurture life. A key part of the EPA's effort is its research into our
environmental problems to find new and innovative solutions.
The Risk Reduction Engineering Laboratory (RREL) is responsible for planning,
implementing, and managing research, development, and demonstration programs to
provide an authoritative, defensible engineering basis in support of the policies, programs,
and regulations of the EPA with respect to drinking water, wastewater, pesticides, toxic
substances, solid and hazardous wastes, and Superfund-related activities. This publication
is one of the products of that research and provides a vital communication link between the
researcher and the user community.
Now in its fourth year, the Superfund Innovative Technology Evaluation (SITE)
Program is part of EPA's research into cleanup methods for hazardous waste sites around
the nation. Through cooperative agreements with developers, alternative or innovative
technologies are refined at the bench- and pilot-scale level and then demonstrated at actual
sites. EPA collects and evaluates extensive performance data on each technology to use
in remediation decision-making for hazardous waste sites.
This document profiles fifty-two demonstration and emerging technologies being
evaluated under the SITE Program. Each technology profile contains a description of the
technology; a discussion of its applicability to various wastes; an update on its development
or demonstration status; and any available demonstration results. This document is
intended for EPA Regional decision-makers and other interested individuals involved in
hazardous waste site cleanups.
E. Timothy Oppelt, Director
Risk Reduction Engineering Laboratory
111
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ABSTRACT
This document is intended as a reference guide for EPA Regional decision makers
and others interested in technologies in the SITE Demonstration and Emerging
Technologies programs. The Technologies are described in technology profiles, presented
in alphabetical order by developer name and separated into Demonstration and Emerging
Technologies sections. Each profile describes a single technology, its applicability, its
current status, and any demonstration results. The names of the EPA Project Manager and
a Developer Contact are also provided for each technology.
This document was submitted in partial fulfillment of Contract No. 68-03-3484, Work
Assignment No. 28, by PRC Environmental Management, Inc., under the sponsorship of the
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. The document was prepared between August 1989
and November 1989.
IV
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TABLE OF CONTENTS
TITLE . PAGE
DISCLAIMER ii
FOREWORD iii
ABSTRACT . . j. iv
ABSTRACT TABLE OF CONTENTS v
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS vii
PROGRAM DESCRIPTION 1
DEMONSTRATION PROGRAM 9
AMERICAN COMBUSTION TECHNOLOGIES, INC 15
AMERICAN TOXIC DISPOSAL, INC 17
AWD TECHNOLOGIES, INC 19
BIOTROL, INC 21
BIOTROL, INC 23
CF SYSTEMS CORPORATION 25
CHEMFIX TECHNOLOGIES, INC 27
CHEMICAL WASTE MANAGEMENT 29
DEHYDRO-TECH CORPORATION 31
DETOX, INC 33
E.I. DUPONT DE NEMOURS AND COMPANY
OBERLIN FILTER COMPANY 35
ECOVA CORPORATION 37
EPOC WATER, INC 39
EXXON CHEMICALS, INC. &
RIO LINDA CHEMICAL CO 41
FREEZE TECHNOLOGIES CORPORATION 43
GEOSAFE CORPORATION 45
HAZCON, INC 47
HORSEHEAD RESOURCE DEVELOPMENT CO., INC 49
INTERNATIONAL WASTE TECHNOLOGIES 51
MOTEC, INC 53
OGDEN ENVIRONMENTAL SERVICES 55
OZONICS RECYCLING CORPORATION 57
QUAD ENVIRONMENTAL TECHNOLOGIES CORPORATION 59
RESOURCES CONSERVATION COMPANY 61
RETECH, INC 63
S.M.W. SEIKO, INC 65
SEPARATION AND RECOVERY SYSTEMS, INC 67
SHIRCO INFRARED SYSTEMS , 69
SILICATE TECHNOLOGY CORPORATION 71
SOLIDITECH, INC 73
SOLVENT SERVICES, INC 75
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TABLE OF CONTENTS (Continued)
TITLE
PAGE
TERRA VAC, INC : 77
TOXIC TREATMENTS (USA) INC 79
ULTROX INTERNATIONAL 81
WASTECH, INC 83
ZIMPRO/PASSAVANT INC 85
EMERGING TECHNOLOGIES PROGRAM 87
ATOMIC ENERGY OF CANADA LTD 91
BABCOCK & WILCOX CO 93
BATTELLE MEMORIAL INSTITUTE 95
BIO-RECOVERY SYSTEMS, INC 97
COLORADO SCHOOL OF MINES 99
ELECTRO-PURE SYSTEMS, INC 101
ENERGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING, INC 103
ENVIRO-SCIENCES, INC 105
HARMON ENVIRONMENTAL SERVICES, INC ! 107
IT CORPORATION 109
MEMBRANE TECHNOLOGY AND RESEARCH, INC Ill
UNIVERSITY OF WASHINGTON 113
WASTEWATER TECHNOLOGY CENTER 115
WESTERN RESEARCH INSTITUTE 117
INFORMATION REQUEST FORM 119
List of Tables
TABLE 1 - COMPLETED SITE DEMONSTRATIONS AS OF NOVEMBER 1989 3
TABLE 2 - SITE DEMONSTRATION PROGRAM PARTICIPANTS 10
TABLE 3 - SITE EMERGING PROGRAM PARTICIPANTS 88
VI
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
This document was prepared under Contract No. 68-03-3484, Work Assignment
No. 28, by PRC Environmental Management, Inc. under the sponsorship of the U.S.
Environmental Protection Agency. Norma Lewis of the Risk Reduction Engineering
Laboratory, Cincinnati, Ohio was the Work Assignment Manager responsible for the
preparation of this document. Special acknowledgement is given to Robert A. Olexsey,
Director of the Superfund Technology Demonstration Division, Stephen C. James, Acting
Chief of the SITE Demonstration and Evaluation Branch, Donald Sanning, Chief of the
Emerging Section, John Martin, Acting Section Chief for the Demonstration Section, and
the many EPA Project Managers and Technology Developers who provided guidance and
technical input.
Participating in the development of this document for PRC Environmental
Management, Inc. were Lisa M. Scola, Robert I. Foster, Stanley Labunski, Thomas Raptis,
and Aaron Lisec. Special recognition is given to Madeline Dec, Carole Van Hooser,
Carolyn Blanko, Linda Graff, and Laurie Corey for their contribution to the layout and
graphics. Also, appreciation is given to Joe Schwartzbaugh and Rebecca Keiter of PEER
Consultants, P.C. for their cooperative efforts.
Vll
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PROGRAM DESCRIPTION
INTRODUCTION
The Superfund Amendments and Reauthorization Act of 1986 (SARA) directed the
Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) to establish an "Alternative or Innovative
Treatment Technology Research and Demonstration Program." In response, the EPA's
Office of Solid Waste and Emergency Response and the Office of Research and
Development established a formal program called the Superfund Innovative Technology
Evaluation (SITE) Program, to accelerate the development and use of innovative cleanup
technologies at' hazardous waste sites across the country.
The SITE Program is comprised of the following five component programs:
Demonstration Program
Emerging Technologies Program
Measurement and Monitoring Technologies Development Program
Innovative Technologies Program
Technology Transfer Program
This document focuses on the Demonstration and Emerging Technologies Program,
both of which are designed to assist private developers in commercializing alternative
technologies for site remediation. Figure 1 depicts the process of technology development
from initial concept to commercial use, and shows the interrelationship between these two
programs.
COMMERCIALIZATION
CONCEPTUALIZATION
Rgure 1. Development of Alternative and Innovative Technologies
1
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Before a technology can be accepted into the Emerging Technology Program,
sufficient data must be available to validate its basic concepts. The technology is then
subjected to a combination of bench- and pilot-scale testing in an attempt to apply the
concept under controlled conditions. After testing and development, the technology's
performance is documented and a report is prepared, which may include recommendations
for further developing the technology.
If bench and pilot test results are encouraging, a technology may proceed with
approval to a field demonstration. In the Demonstration Program, technologies are field-
tested on hazardous waste materials. Engineering and cost data are gathered to assess the
technologies applicability for site clean-up. The Demonstration (Technology Evaluation)
Report presents information such as: testing procedures, sampling and analytical data,
quality assurance/quality control standards, and significant results.
To encourage general use of the technology, a second report, called the Applications
Analysis Report, is prepared to evaluate all available information on the specific technology
and analyze its applicability to other site characteristics, waste types, and waste matrices.
As part of the formal SITE Technology Transfer Program, these informational documents
are published and distributed to the user community to provide reliable technical data for
Superfund decision making, and to promote the technology's commercial use.
Currently there are 14 technologies participating in the Emerging Technology
Program. These projects vary from a constructed wetlands-based treatment technology to
bench- and pilot-scale studies of a laser-stimulated photochemical oxidation process.
The Demonstration Program has 37 active participants, divided into the following
five categories: thermal (6 projects), biological (4), chemical (3), physical (11), and
solidification/stabilization (9). In addition, 4 technologies involve combinations of these
treatment categories. To date, twelve technology demonstrations have been completed;
several reports have been published and others are in various stages of production. Table
1 lists these demonstrations, in chronological order, along with information on the
technology transfer opportunities for the project.
OTHER SITE PROGRAMS
Measurement and Monitoring Technologies Development Program
^ Under this program, EPA laboratories explore new and innovative technologies for
assessing the nature and extent of contamination as well as evaluating remedial/removal
activities performed at hazardous waste sites. Effective measurement and monitoring
technologies at Superfund sites are needed to: (1) accurately assess the degree of
contamination at a site; (2) provide data and information to determine impacts to health
and the environment; (3) supply data for the selection of the most appropriate remedial
action; and (4) monitor the success/failure of a selected remedy. To date, the program has
focused on two major research areas - immunoassays for toxic substances and fiber optic
sensing for in-situ analysis.
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TABLE 1
COMPLETED SITE DEMONSTRATIONS
AS OF NOVEMBER 1989
Developer:
Technology:
Site Location:
Visitor's Day:
Technology Evaluation Report:
Applications Analysis Report:
Regional Contact:
Shirco Infrared Systems, Inc., Carollton, TX (September 1987)
Infrared Thermal Destruction
Peak Oil Superfund Site in Brandon, Florida
Demonstration conducted July 31 - August 5, 1987
SITE Program Demonstration Test, Shirco Infrared Incineration
System, Peak Oil, Brandon, Florida, September 1988,
EPA 540/5-88/002a
Shirco Infrared Incineration System, EPA/540/A5-89/010, June 1989
Fred Stroud, EPA Region IV, 404-347-3931
Profile Reference Page 69
Developer:
Technology:
Site Location:
Visitor's Day:
Technology Evaluation Report:
Applications Analysis Report:
Regional Contact:
Hazcon, Inc., Katy, TX (October 1987)
Solidification/Stabilization
Douglassville Superfund Site, Berks County, near Reading,
Pennsylvania
October 14, 1987
SITE Program Demonstration Test, HAZCON Solidification,
Douglassville, PA, EPA 540/5-89/OOla Vol. 1
HAZCON Solidification Process, Douglassville, Pennsylvania,
EPA/540/A5-89/001, May 1989
Victor Janosik, EPA Region III, 215-597-8996
Profile Reference Page 47
Developer:
Technology:
Site Location:
Visitor's Day:
Technology Evaluation Report:
Applications Analysis Report:
Regional Contact:
Shirco Infrared Systems, Inc., Carollton, TX (November 1987)
Infrared Thermal Destruction
Rose Township Superfund Site, Oakland County, Michigan
November 4, 1987
SITE Program Demonstration Test, Shirco Pilot-Scale Infrared
Incineration System at the Rose Township Demode Road Superfund
Site, EPA/540/5-89/007a, Vol. 1, April 1989
Shirco Infrared Incineration System, EPA 540/A5-89/007, June 1989
Kevin Adler, EPA Region V, 312-886-7078
Profile Reference Page 69
Developer:
Technology:
Site Location:
Visitor's Day:
Technology Evaluation Report:
Applications Analysis Report:
EPA Contact:
American Combustion Technologies, Inc., Norcross, GA
(January 1988)
Pyreton Thermal Destruction System
EPA's Combustion Research Facility in Jefferson, Arkansas
Soil from Stringfellow Acid Pit Superfund Site in California
Demonstration conducted from November 16, 1987 to January 29, 1988
SITE Program Demonstration Test - The American Combustion
Pyretron Thermal Destruction System at the U.S. EPA's Combustion
Research Facility, EPA/540/5-89/008, April 1989
In preparation. EPA/540/A5-89/005, 1989
Laurel Staley, EPA ORD, Cincinnati, 513-569-7863
Profile Reference Page 15
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TABLE 1 (Continued)
COMPLETED SITE DEMONSTRATIONS
AS OF NOVEMBER 1989
Developer:
Technology:
Site Location:
Visitor's Day:
Technology Evaluation Report:
Applications Analysis Report:
Regional Contact:
International Waste Technologies, Wichita, KS/
GeoCon, Inc., Pittsburgh, PA (May 1988)
In-Situ Stabilization/Solidification
General Electric Electric Service Shop in Hialeah, Florida
April 14, 1988
Technology Evaluation Report, SITE Demonstration Program,
International Waste Technologies in Situ Stabilization/Solidification,
Hialeah, Florida, EPA/540/5-89/004a, August 1989
In preparation
James Orban, Region IV, 404-347-2643
Profile Reference Page 5j
Developer:
Technology:
Site Location:
Visitor's Day:
Technology Evaluation Report:
Applications Analysis Report:
Regional Contact:
Terra Vac, Inc., San Juan, Puerto Rico
(December 1987 through April 1988)
In Situ Vacuum Extraction
Groveland Wells Superfund Site, Valley Manufactured Product
Company, Inc. in Groveland, Massachusetts
January 15, 1988
SITE Program Demonstration Test Terra Vac In Situ Vacuum
Extraction System, Groveland, Massachusetts, EPA/540/5 -89/003a,
April 1989 i
Terra Vac In Situ Vacuum Extraction System, EPA/540/A5-89/003,
July 1989 !
Robert Leger, EPA Region I, 617-573-5734
Profile Reference Page 7_7_
Developer:
Technology:
Site Location:
Visitor's Day:
Demonstration Report:
Applications Analysis Report:
Regional Contact:
C.F. Systems Corporation, Waltham, MA (September 1988)
Solvent Extraction
New Bedford Harbor Superfund Site in Massachusetts
August 26 - 27, 1988
In publication
In preparation
David Lederer, EPA Region I, 617-573-9665
Profile Reference Page 25
Developer:
Technology:
Site Location:
Visitor's Day:
Technology Evaluation Report:
Applications Analysis Report:
Regional Contact:
Soliditech, Inc., Houston, TX (December 1988)
Solidification/Stabilization
Imperial Oil Company/Champion Chemicals Superfund site in
Morganville, Monmouth County, New Jersey
December 7, 1988
SITE Program Demonstration Test - Soliditech, Inc.
Solidification/Stabilization Process, no number, Draft September 1989
(Final was submitted to EPA on September 20, 1989)
In preparation, expected January 1990
Trevor Anderson, EPA Region II, 212-264-5391
Profile Reference Page 71
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TABLE 1 (Continued)
COMPLETED SITE DEMONSTRATIONS
AS OF NOVEMBER 1989
Developer:
Technology:
Site Location:
Visitor's Day:
Demonstration Report:
Applications Analysis Report:
Regional Contact:
Ultrox International, Inc., Santa Ana, CA (March 1989)
Ultraviolet Radiation, Hydrogen Peroxide, and Ozone
Lorentz Barrel and Drum Company in San Jose, California
March 8, 1989
SITE Program Demonstration of the Ultrox International Ultraviolet
Radiation/Oxidation Technology, no number, September 1989
(Final was submitted to EPA on October 13, 1989)
In preparation, expected March 1990
Joseph Healy, EPA Region IX, 415-974-8011
Profile Reference Page 81
Developer:
Technology:
Site Location:
Visitor's Day:
Demonstration Report:
Applications Analysis Report:
Regional Contact:
Chemfix Technologies, Inc., Metairie, LA (March 1989)
Chemical Fixation/Stabilization
Portland Equipment Salvage Company in Clackamas, Oregon
March 15, 1989
In preparation. Technology evaluation and application analysis reports
are to be combined
In preparation
John Sainsbury, EPA Region X, 206-442-1196
Profile Reference Page 27
Developer:
Technology:
Site Location:
Visitor's Day:
Demonstration Report:
Applications Analysis Report:
Regional Contact:
BioTrol, Inc., Chaska, MN (September 1989)
Soil Washing
MacGillis & Gibbs Superfund Site in New Brighton, MN
September 27, 1989
In preparation
In preparation
Rhonda McBride, EPA Region V, 312-886-7242
Profile Reference Page 23
Developer:
Technology:
Site Location:
Visitor's Day:
Demonstration Report:
Applications Analysis Report:
Regional Contact:
BioTrol, Inc., Chaska, MN (July 1989)
Aqueous Treatment System
MacGillis & Gibbs Superfund Site in New Brighton, MN
September 27, 1989
In preparation
In preparation
Rhonda McBride, EPA Region V, 312-886-7242
Profile Reference Page 21
The technical reports listed above may be obtained by calling the Center for Environmental
Research Information (CERI) in Cincinnati, Ohio at 513-569-7562. If you would like to be
placed on the SITE mailing list, write to:
ORD Publications
26 West Martin Luther King Drive (G72)
Cincinnati, Ohio 45268
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Innovative Technologies Program
The aim of this program is to encourage private sector development by firms that
are willing to commercialize EPA-developed technologies for use at Superfund sites.
Formerly called the Innovative Development and Evaluation Program, the Innovative
Technologies Program is an outgrowth of early research and development efforts for on-
site destruction and cleanup of hazardous wastes. The Federal Technology Transfer Act
of 1986 authorized the EPA-industry partnership that is necessary to bring these
technologies to commercialization, by reducing the marketing risk in commercializing these
technologies and accelerating their development.
There are currently seven technologies in the Innovative Technologies Program.
To promote the commercialization of three of these innovative technologies, EPA
sponsored an exhibition in January 1989, at which participants were invited to view videos
of the technologies in operation, inspect the equipment, and obtain information on the
assistance available in commercializing these technologies.
Technology Transfer Program
In this program, technical information on technologies is exchanged through various
activities that support the SITE Program. Data from the Demonstration Program and
existing hazardous waste remediation data are disseminated in an effort to increase
awareness of alternative technologies available for use at Superfund sites. The goal of
technology transfer activities is to develop interactive communication among individuals
requiring up-to-date technical information.
The Technology Transfer Program includes the following activities and resources:
Alternative Hazardous Waste Treatment Technologies Clearinghouse
SITE Brochures, Publications, Reports, and Videos
Pre-Proposal Conferences on SITE Solicitations
Public Meetings and Demonstration Site Visits
• Seminar Series
SITE Exhibit at Major Conferences
Innovative Technologies Program Exhibition
Networking with Forums, Associations, Centers of Excellence, Regions
and States
Technical Assistance to Regions, States, and Cleanup Contractors
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SITE PROGRAM CONTACTS
The SITE Program is administered jointly by EPA's Office of Research and
Development (ORD) and Office of Solid Waste and Emergency Response (OSWER). For
further information on the SITE Program in general, or its component programs, contact:
SITE Program
Robert A. Olexsey, Division Director
Superf und Technology Demonstration Division
513-569-7696 (FTS: 684-7696)
Stephen C. James, Acting Chief
SITE Demonstration and Evaluation Branch
513-569-7696 (FTS: 684-7696)
Demonstration Program
Emerging Technologies Program/
.Innovative Technologies Program
John Martin, Acting Chief
Demonstration Section
513-569-7510 (FTS: 684-7510)
Donald E. Sanning, Chief
Emerging Technology Section
513-569-7879 (FTS: 684-7879)
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
26 West Martin Luther King Drive
Cincinnati, OH 45268
Measurement and Monitoring Program
Office of Sold Waste and
:
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TECHNOLOGY PROFILE PURPOSE AND FORMAT
This document contains profiles of technologies being evaluated under the SITE
Demonstration and Emerging Technologies Programs. It is intended to provide EPA
Regional decision makers and other interested individuals with a ready reference document
on alternative technologies. Technologies are presented in alphabetical order by developer
name, with separate sections for the Demonstration and Emerging Technologies Programs.
Each technology profile contains: (1) a technology description, (2) a discussion on
waste applicability, (3) a project status report, and (4) EPA Project Manager and technology
developer contacts. For completed demonstrations, the profiles also include demonstration
results and a summary of the applications analysis.
Reference tables for the SITE program participants precede the Demonstration and
Emerging sections, and contain EPA and Developer contacts. Inquiries about a specific
SITE technology should be directed to the EPA Project Manager and inquiries on the
technology itself should be directed to the Technology Developer Contact. Both contacts
are also listed in the "For Further Information" section of each technology profile.
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DEMONSTRATION PROGRAM
The objective of the SITE Demonstration Program is to develop reliable engineering
performance and cost data on innovative alternative technologies, so that potential users
can evaluate each technology's applicability for a specific site compared to other
alternatives. Demonstrations are conducted at hazardous waste sites (usually Superfund
sites) or under conditions that closely simulate actual wastes and conditions, to assure the
accuracy and reliability of information cpllected.
Data collected during a demonstration are used to assess the performance of the
technology, the potential need for pre- and post-processing of the waste, applicable types
of wastes and media, the potential operating problems, and the approximate capital and
operating costs. Demonstration data can also provide insight into long-term operating and
maintenance costs and long-term risks.
Technologies are selected for the SITE Demonstration Program through annual
requests for proposals (RFPs). Proposals are reviewed by ORD and OSWER staff to
determine the technologies with the most promise for use at hazardous waste sites.
Technologies are selected following interviews with the developers. Cooperative
agreements between EPA and the developer set forth responsibilities for conducting the
demonstration and evaluating the technology. Developers are responsible for demonstrating
their innovative systems at a selected site , and are expected to pay the costs to transport
equipment to the site, operate the equipment on-site during the demonstration, and remove
the equipment from the site. EPA is responsible for project planning, sampling and
analysis, quality assurance and quality control, preparing reports, and disseminating
information. If the developer is unable to obtain financing elsewhere, EPA may consider
bearing a greater portion of the total project cost.
To date, four solicitations have been completed - SITE 001 in 1986 through SITE
004 in 1989. The RFP for SITE 005 will be issued in January 1990. The program has 37
active participants, presented in alphabetical order in Table 2 and in the technology profiles
that follow.
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TABLE 2
SITE Demonstration Program Participants
Developer
American Combustion
Technologies, Inc.
Norcross, GA
(001)
American Toxic Disposal, Inc.
Waukegan, IL
(004)
AWD Technologies, Inc.
Burbank, CA
(004)
Biotrol, Inc.
Chaska, MN
(003)
Biotrol, Inc.
Chaska, MN
(003)
CF Systems Corporation
Waltham, MA
(002)
Chemfix Technologies, Inc.
Metairie, LA
(002)
Technology
Pyretron Oxygen Burner
Vapor Extraction System
Integrated Vapor Extraction
and Steam Vacuum
Stripping
Biological Aqueous
Treatment System
Soil Washing System
Solvent Extraction
olidification/Stabilization
Technology
Contact
James Untz
404-662-8156
W.C. Meenan
312-662-8455
David Bluestein
415-876-1504
Thomas Chresand
612-448-2515
Steve Valine
612-448-2515
Chris Shallice
617-890-1200
'hilip Baldwin
04-831-3600
EPA Project
Manager
Laurel Staley
513-569-7863
FTS 684-7863
Laurel Staley
513-569-7863
FTS 684-7863
Norma Lewis/Gordon
Evans
513-569-7696
FTS 684-7696
Mary Stinson
201-321-6683
FTS 340-6683
Vlary Stinson
201-321-6683
FTS 340-6683
Richard Valentinetti
202-382-2611
FTS 382-2611
idwin Barth
13-569-7669
FTS 684-7669
Waste
Media
Soil, Sludge
Soil, Sludge,
Sediment
Ground Water,
Soil
Liquid
Soil
Soil, Sludge,
Wastewater
Soil, Sludge, Other
Solids
NA - Non Applicable • • "-
Applicable Waste
Inorganic
NA
Volatile
NA
Can be applied to
Nitrates
Metals
NA
Heavy Metals
Organic
Non-specific
Volatile and
Semivolatile
Organics including
PCBs, PAHs, PCPs,
some Pesticides
Volatile Organic
Compounds
Chlorinated and
Sfonchlorinated
Hydrocarbons
rligh Molecular
Weight Organics
>CBs, Volatile, and
Semivolatile Organic
Compounds,
'etroleum
Jyproducts
•ligh Molecular
Weight Organics
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TABLE 2 (Continued)
SITE Demonstration Program Participants
Developer
Chemical Waste Management,
Inc.
Oakbrook, IL
(003)
Dehydro-Tech Corporation
East Hanover, NJ
(004)
DETOX, Inc.
Dayton, OH
(003)
E.I. Du Pont de Nemours and
Co./Oberlin Filter Co.
Newark, DE
(003)
Ecova Corporation
Redmond, WA
(003)
EPOC Water, Inc.
Fresno, CA
(004)
Exxon Chemicals, Inc./
Rio Linda Chemical Co.
Long Beach, CA
(004)
Technology
X'TRAX™ Low-
Temperature Thermal
Desorption
Carver-Greenfield Process
for Extraction of Oily
Waste
Submerged Aerobic Fixed-
Film Reactor
Membrane Microfiltration
In Situ Biological Treatment
Leaching and Microfiltration
Chemical
Oxidation/Organics
Destruction
Technology
Contact
Robert LaBoube
708-218-1500
Thomas Halcombe
201-887-2182
Edward Galaska
513-433-7394
Ernest Mayer
302-366-3652
Michael Nelson
206-883-1900
Ray Groves
209-291-8144
Mark McGlathery
213-597-1937
EPA Project
Manager
Paul dePercin
513-569-7797
FTS 684-7797
Laurel Staley
513-569-7863
FTS 684-7863
Ronald Lewis
513-569-7856
FTS 684-7856
John Martin
513-569-7758
FTS 684-7758
Naomi Barkley
513-569-7854
FTS 684-7854
Jack Hubbard
513-569-7507
FTS 684-7507
Teri Shearer
513-569-7949
FTS 684-7949
Waste
Media
Soil, Sludge, Other
Solids
Soil, Sludge
Ground Water,
V/astcwater
Ground Water,
Leachate,
Wastewater
Water, Soil,
Sludge, Sediment
Soil, Sludge
Ground Water,
Wastewater
Applicable Waste
Inorganic
NA
NA
Metals inhibit
process
Heavy Metals,
Cyanide, Uranium
NA
Specific for Heavy
Metals
NA
Organic
Volatile and
Semivolatile
Organics, PCBs
PCBs, Dioxin, Oil-
Soluble Organics
Readily
Biodegradable
Organic Compounds
Non-specific
Chlorinated
Solvents,
Nonchlorinated
Organic Compounds
NA
Non-specific
NA = Non Applicable
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TABLE 2 (Continued)
SITE Demonstration Program Participants
Developer
Exxon Chemicals, Inc./
Rio Linda Chemical Co.
Long Beach, CA
(004)
Freeze Technologies Corp.
Raleigh, NC
(003)
GeoSafe Corporation
Kirkland, WA
(002)
HAZCON, Inc.
Brookshire, TX
(001)
Horsehead Resources
Development Co., Inc.
Monaca, PA
(004)
International Waste
Technologies/Geo-Con, Inc.
Wichita, KS
(001)
MoTec, Inc.
Austin, TX
(002)
Technology
Chemical
Oxidation/Cyanide
Destruction
Freezing Separation
In Situ Vitrification
Solidification/Stabilization
Flame (Slagging) Reactor
:n Situ Solidification/
Stabilization
jquid/Solid Contact
Digestion
Technology
Contact
Mark McGlathery
213-597-1937
James A. Heist
919-850-0600
James Hansen
206-822-4000
Ray Funderburk
713-934-4500
800-227-6543
John Pusater
412-773-2279
Jeff Newton
316-269-2660
Jrian Jasperse
412-856-7700
Randy Kabrick
512^77-8661
EPA Project
Manager
Ten Shearer
513-569-7949
FTS 684-7949
Jack Hubbard
513-569-7507
FTS 684-7507
Teri Shearer
513-569-7949
FTS 684-7949
Paul dePercin
513-569-7797
FTS 684-7797
Don Oberacker
513-569-7510
FTS 684-7510
Mary Stinson
201-321-6683
FTS 340-6683
lonald Lewis
513-569-7856
FTS 684-7856
Waste
Media
Sludge, Soil
Liquid
Soil, Sludge
Soil, Sludge
Soil, Sludge, Other
Solids
Soil, Sediment
Soil, Sludge
NA = Won Applicable u
Applicable Waste
Inorganic
Cyanide
Non-specific
Non-specific
Heavy Metals
Heavy Metals
Non-specific
NA
Organic
NA
Non-specific
Non-specific
Not an Inhibitor
NA
PCBs, Other Non-
specific Organic
Compounds
ilalogenated and
"fonhalogenated
Organic
Compounds,
Pesticides
to
-------
TABLE 2 (Continued)
SITE Demonstration Program Participants
Developer
Ogden Environmental Services
San Diego, CA
(001)
Ozonics Recycling Corp.
Boca Raton, FL
(004)
QUAD Environmental
Technologies Corp.
Northbrook, IL
(004)
Resources Conservation Co.
Bellewe, WA
(001)
Retech, Inc.
Ukiah, CA
(002)
S.M.W. Seiko, Inc.
Redwood City, CA
(004)
Separation and Recovery
Systems, Inc. (SRS)
Irvine, CA
(002)
Shirco Infrared Systems, Inc.
(001)
Technology
Circulating Fluidized Bed
Combustor
Soil Washing, Catalytic/
Ozone Oxidation
Chemtact Gaseous Waste
Treatment
Solvent Extraction (BEST)
Plasma Reactor
In Situ Solidification/
Stabilization
Solidification/Stabilization ,
Infrared Thermal
Destruction
Technology
Contact
Brian Baxter
619-455-2613
Allen Legel
407-395-9505
Harold Rafson
312-564-5070
Lisa Robbins
206-828-2400
R.C. Eschenbach
707-462-6522
David Yang
415-591-9646
Joseph de Franco
714-261-8860
Several Vendors (see
Technology Profile)
EPA Project
Manager
Joseph McSorley
919-541-2920
FTS 629-2920
Norma Lewis
513-569-7665
FTS 684-7665
Ronald Lewis
513-569-7856
FTS 684-7856
Edward Bates
513-569-7774
FTS 684-7774
Laurel Staley
513-569-7863
FTS 684-7863
Jack Hubbard
513-569-7507
FTS 684-7507
Edward Bates
513-569-7774
FTS 684-7774
Howard Wall
513-569-7691
FTS 684-7691
Waste
Media
Soils, Sludge,
Slurry
Soil, Sludge,
Leachate, Ground
Water
Gaseous Waste
Streams
Sludge, Soil
Liquids, Soil,
Sludge
Soil
Liquid/Solid
Soil, Sediment
Applicable Waste
Inorganic
NA
Cyanide
Varied Based on
Absorbent Liquid
NA
Metals
Metals
Low Level Metals
NA
Organic
ialogenated and
•fonhalogenated
Organic Compounds
Semivolatiles,
Pesticides, PCBs,
PCP, Dioxin
Varied Based on
Absorbent Liquid
Specific for High
Molecular Weight
Organics
Non-specific
Semivolatile Organic
Compounds
Specific for Acidic
Sludges with at
Least 5%
Hydrocarbons
Non-specific
NA = Non Applicable
-------
TABLE 2 (Continued)
SITE Demonstration Program Participants
Developer
Silicate Technology Corp.
Scottsdale, AZ
(003)
Soliditech, Inc.
Houston, TX
(002)
Solvent Services, Inc.
San Jose, CA
(004)
Terra Vac, Inc.
San Juan, PR
(001)
Toxic Treatments (USA) Inc.
San Francisco, CA
(003)
Ultrox International, Inc.
Santa Ana, CA
(003)
Wastech, Inc.
Oak Ridge, TN
(004)
Zimpro/Passavant, Inc.
Rothschild, WI
(002)
Technology
Solidification/Stabilization
with Silicate Compounds
Soldification/Stabilization
Steam Injection and
Vacuum Extraction (SIVE)
In Situ Vacuum Extraction
In Situ Steam/Air Stripping
Ultraviolet Radiation and
Ozone Treatment
Solidification/Stabilization
PACT®/Wet Air Oxidation
Technology
Contact
Steve Pegler
602-941-1400
Carl Brassow
713-778-1800
Doug Dieter
408-453-6046
James Malot
809-723-9171
Philip La Mori
415-391-2113
David Fletcher
714-545-5557
E. Benjamin Peacock
615-483-6515
William Copa
715-359-7211
EPA Project
Manager
Edward Bates
513-569-7774
FTS 684-7774
Walter Grube
513-569-7798
FTS 684-7798
Paul dePercin
513-569-7797
FTS 684-7797
Mary Stinson
201-321-6683
FTS 340-6683
Paul dePercin
513-569-7797
FTS 684-7797
Slorma Lewis
513-569-7665
FTS 684-7665
Edward Bates
513-569-7774
FTS 684-7774
bhn Martin
513-569-7758
NA = Nun Applicable
Waste
Media
Ground Water,
Sludge, Soil
Soil, Sludge
Soil
Soil
Soil
jround Water,
Leachate,
Wastewater
Soil, Sludge,
jquid Waste
Ground Water,
Wastewater,
Leachate
Applicable Waste
Inorganic
Metals, Cyanide,
Ammonia
Metals
NA
NA
NA
NA
Non-specific,
Radioactive
NA
Organic
High Molecular
Weight Organics
Non-specific
Volatile and
Semivolatile Organic
Compounds
Volatile and
Semivolatile Organic
Compounds
Volatile Organic
Compounds and
Hydrocarbons
Halogenated
Hydrocarbons,
Volatile Organic
Compounds,
Pesticides, PCBs
Von-specific
Volatile and
Semivolatile Organic
-------
Technology Profile
Demonstration Program
AMERICAN COMBUSTION TECHNOLOGIES, INC.
(Pyretron® Oxygen Burner)
SUPERFUND INNOVATIVE
TECHNOLOGY EVALUATION
November 1989
TECHNOLOGY DESCRIPTION:
The Pyretron® technology involves an
oxygen-air-fuel burner, and uses advanced
fuel injection and mixing concepts to burn
wastes. Pure oxygen, in combination with air
and natural gas, is burned in the Pyretron
burner to destroy solid hazardous waste (Figure
1). The burner operation is computer-
controlled to automatically adjust the amount
of oxygen to sudden changes in the heating
value of the waste.
The burner can be fitted onto any conventional
combustion unit for burning liquids, solids and
sludges. Solids and sludges can be
co-incinerated when the burner is used in
conjunction with a rotary kiln or similar
equipment.
WASTE APPLICABILITY:
Solid wastes contaminated with hazardous
organics are suitable for the Pyretron
technology. In general, the technology is
applicable to any waste that can be incinerated.
The technology is not suitable for processing
aqueous wastes, RCRA heavy metal wastes, or
inorganic wastes.
STATUS:
A demonstration project was conducted at
EPA's Combustion Research Facility in
Jefferson, Arkansas, using a mixture of 40
percent contaminated soil from the Stringfellow
Acid Pit Superfund site in California and 60
percent decanter tank tar sludge from coking
operations (RCRA listed waste K087). The
demonstration began in November 1987, and
was completed at the end of January 1988.
Both the Technology Evaluation Report and
Project Summary have been published.
Oxygen Rich
Combustion
Final
Combustion
I 1
-*! Oxygen Lean
Combustion
Pyrolyzer
Combustion
Control
System
Figure 1. Pyretron combustion and heating process
flow diagram.
15
-------
DEMONSTRATION RESULTS:
Six polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbon
compounds were selected as the principal
organic hazardous constituents (POHC) for the
test program -- naphthalene, acenaphthylene,
fluorene, phenanthrene, anthracene, and
fluoranthene.
The Pyretron technology achieved greater than
99.99 percent destruction and removal
efficiencies (DRE) of all POHCs measured in
all test runs performed.
• The Pyretron technology with oxygen
enhancement achieved double the waste
throughput possible with conventional
incineration.
• All particulate emission levels in the
scrubber system discharge were
significantly below the hazardous waste
incinerator performance standard of
180 mg/dscm at 7 percent oxygen.
* Solid residues were contaminant free.
There were no significant differences
in transient carbon monoxide level
emissions between air-only incineration
and Pyretron oxygen enhanced
operation.
• Costs savings can be achieved in many
situations.
APPLICATIONS ANALYSIS
SUMMARY:
The field evaluations conducted under the
SITE Demonstration Program yielded the
following conclusions:
The Pyretron burner system is a viable
technology for treating Superfund
wastes.
The system is capable of doubling the
capacity of a conventional rotary kiln
incinerator. This increase is more
significant for wastes with low heating
values.
• In situations where particulate
carryover causes operational problems,
the Pyretron system may increase
reliability.
• The technology can be an economical
addition to an incinerator when
operating and fuel costs are high and
oxygen costs are relatively low.
FOR FURTHER INFORMATION:
EPA Project Manager:
Laurel Staley
U.S. EPA
Risk Reduction Engineering Laboratory
26 West Martin Luther King Drive
Cincinnati, Ohio 45268
513-569-7863
FTS: 684-7863
Technology Developer Contact:
James Untz
American Combustion Technologies, Inc.
2985 Gateway Drive, Suite 100
Norcross, Georgia 30071
404-662-8156
16
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Technology Profile
Demonstration Program
SUPERFUND INNOVATIVE
TECHNOLOGr EVALUATION
November 1989
AMERICAN TOXIC DISPOSAL, INC.
(Vapor Extraction System)
TECHNOLOGY DESCRIPTION:
The Vapor Extraction System (VES) uses a
low-temperature, fluidized bed to remove
organic and volatile inorganic compounds from
soils, sediments, and sludges. Contaminated
materials are fed into a co-current, fluidized
bed, where they are well mixed with hot gas
(about 320° F) from a gas-fired heater (Figure
1). Direct contact between the waste material
and the hot gas forces water and contaminants
from the waste into the gas stream, which flows
out of the dryer to a gas treatment system.
The gas treatment system removes dust and
organic vapors from the gas stream. A cyclone
separator and baghouse remove most of the
particulates in the gas stream from the dryer.
Vapors from the cyclone separator are cooled
in a venturi scrubber, counter-current washer,
and chiller section before they are treated in a
vapor-phase carbon adsorption system. The
liquid residues from the system are clarified
and passed through two activated carbon beds
arranged in series. Clarified sludge is
centrifiiged, and the liquid residue is also
passed through the carbon beds.
By-products from the VES treatment include:
(1) 96 to 98 percent of solid waste feed as
clean, dry dust; (2) a small quantity of pasty
sludge containing organics; (3) a small quantity
of spent adsorbent carbon; (4) wastewater that
may need further treatment; and (5) small
quantities of baghouse and cyclone dust.
WASTE APPLICABILITY:
This technology can remove volatile and
semivolatile organics, including polychlorinated
biphenyls (PCBs), polynuclear aromatic
hydrocarbons (PAHs), and pentachlorbphenol
(PCP), volatile inorganics, and some pesticides
Figure 1. Process flow diagram.
17
-------
from soil, sludge, and sediment, In general,
the process treats waste containing less than 5
percent total organic contaminants and 30 to 90
percent solids. Nonvolatile inorganic
contaminants (such as metals) in the waste feed
do not inhibit the process, but are not treated.
STATUS:
EPA is currently locating a demonstration site
for this process. The wastes preferred for the
demonstration are harbor or river sediments
containing at least 50 percent solids and
contaminated with PCBs and other volatile or
semivolatile organics. Sandy soil with these
characteristics may also be acceptable. About
320 tons of waste are needed for a one-week
test. Major test objectives are to evaluate feed
handling, decontamination of solids, and
treatment of gases generated by the process.
FOR FURTHER INFORMATION:
EPA Project Manager:
Laurel Staley
U.S. EPA
Risk Reduction Engineering LAboratory
26 West Martin Luther King Drive
Cincinnati, Ohio 45268
513-569-7863
FTS: 684-7863
Technology Developer Contact:
William C. Meenan
American Toxic Disposal, Inc.
330 Douglas
Waukegan, IL 60085
312-662-8455
18
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net?
Technology Profile
Demonstration Program
SUPERFUND INNOVATIVE
TECHNOLOGY EVALUATION
November 1989
AWD TECHNOLOGIES, INC.
(Integrated Vapor Extraction and Steam Vacuum Stripping)
TECHNOLOGY DESCRIPTION:
The integrated AquaDetox/SVE system
simultaneously treats ground water and soil
contaminated with volatile organic compounds
(VOCs). The integrated system consists of two
basic processes: an AquaDetox moderate
vacuum stripping tower that uses low-pressure
steam to treat contaminated ground water; and
a soil gas vapor extraction/reinjection (SVE)
process to treat contaminated soil. The two
processes form a closed-loop system that
provides simultaneous in-situ remediation of
contaminated ground water and soil with no
air emissions.
AquaDetox is a high efficiency, countercurrent
stripping technology developed by Dow
Chemical Company. A single-stage unit will
typically reduce up to 99.99 percent of VOCs
from water. The SVE system uses a vacuum
to treat a VOC-contaminated soil mass,
inducing a flow of air through the soil and
removing vapor phase VOCs with the extracted
soil gas. The soil gas is then treated by carbon
beds and reinjected into the ground to remove
additional VOCs. The AquaDetox and SVE
system (Figure 1) share a granulated activated
carbon (GAC) unit. Noncondensable vapor
from the AquaDetox system is combined with
the vapor from the SVE compressor and
decontaminated by the GAC unit. By-products
of the system are a free-phase recyclable
product and treated water. Mineral
regenerable carbon will require disposal after
approximately three years.
A key component of the closed-loop system is
a vent header unit designed to collect the
noncondensable gases extracted from the
ground water or air that may leak into the
portion of the process operating below
atmospheric pressure. Further, the steam used
to regenerate the carbon beds is condensed and
treated in the AquaDetox system.
Noncondensables
Vapor/Liquid
Separator
Pump
1 Vacuum
Graiular
Cbrbon
j-
Pump
Figure 1. Zero air emissions integrated AquaDetox/SVE system.
19
-------
WASTE APPLICABILITY:
This technology removes VOCs, including
chlorinated hydrocarbons, in ground water and
soil. Sites with contaminated ground water and
soils containing trichloroethylene (TCE),
perchloroethylene (PCE), and other VOCs are
suitable for this on-site treatment process.
AquaDetox is capable of effectively removing
over 90 of the 110 volatile compounds listed in
40 CFR Part 261, Appendix VIII.
STATUS:
The AWD AquaDetox/SVE system is currently
being used at the Lockheed Aeronautical
Systems Company in Burbank, California. At
this site, the system is treating ground water
contaminated with as much as 2,200 ppb of
TCE and 11,000 ppb PCE; and soil gas with a
total VOC concentration of 6,000 ppm.
Contaminated ground water is being treated at
a rate of up to 1,200 gpm while soil gas is
removed and treated at a rate of 300 cfm. The
system occupies approximately 4,000 square
feet.
A proposed SITE demonstration project will
evaluate the ongoing remediation effort at the
Lockheed site in Burbank, California.
Demonstration testing is scheduled to begin in
the first quarter of 1990.
FOR FURTHER INFORMATION:
EPA Project Managers:
Norma Lewis and Gordon Evans
U.S. EPA
Risk Reduction Engineering Laboratory
26 West Martin Luther King Drive
Cincinnati, Ohio 45268
513-569-7696
FTS: 684-7696
Technology Developer Contact:
David Bluestein
AWD Technologies, Inc.
10 West Orange Avenue
South San Francisco, California 94080
415-876-1504
20
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ST.,,
Technology Profile
Demonstration Program
BIOTROL, INC.
(Biological Aqueous Treatment System)
SUPERFUND INNOVATIVE
TECHNOLOGr EVALUATION
November 1989
TECHNOLOGY DESCRIPTION:
The Biotrol Aqueous Treatment System, or
BATS, is a biological treatment system which
is effective for treatment of contaminated
groundwater and process water. The system
employs an amended microbial consortium,
that is, a microbial population indigenous to
the wastewater to which a specific
microorganism has been added. This system
accomplishes removal of both the target
contaminants as well as the naturally occurring
background organics.
Figure 1 is a schematic of the BATS.
Contaminated water enters a mix tank where
the pH is adjusted and inorganic nutrients are
added. If necessary, the water is heated to
reach an optimum temperature; however, a heat
exchanger is used to minimize energy costs.
The water then flows to the reactor where the
contaminants are biodegraded. The
microorganisms which perform the degradation
are immobilized in a three cell, submerged,
fixed-film bioreactor. Each cell is filled with,
a highly porous packing material to which the
microbes adhere. For aerobic conditions, air
is supplied by fine bubble membrane diffusers
mounted at the bottom of each cell. The
system may also be run under anaerobic
conditions. As the water flows through the
bioreactor, the contaminants are degraded
completely to carbon dioxide, water and
chloride ion. The resulting effluent water may
be discharged to a Publicly Owned Treatment
Works (POTW) or may be reused on site.
Effluent to POTW
NPDES or Reuse
Influenl
Conditioning
Step
Fixed-Film
Bioreactor Units
Continuous Operation
Figure 1. Biotrol aqueous treatment system process diagram.
21
-------
WASTE APPIICABIIJTY:
This technology is mainly applicable to aqueous
streams contaminated with organic compounds,
such as pentachlorophenol and creosote (wood
treatment compounds) and other hydrocarbons.
The technology can be used to remove certain
inorganic compounds (such as nitrates);
however, it cannot remove metals.
Other potential target waste streams include
chlorinated hydrocarbons, coal tar residues, and
organic pesticides. Underground storage tank
contaminants, such as fuels and solvents, are
being evaluated for applicability.
STATUS:
In 1986, Biotrol, Inc., performed a successful
9-month pilot field test of BATS on ground
water at a wood preserving facility. The SITE
demonstration of the BATS technology took
place from July 24 to September 1, 1989 at the
MacGillis and Gibbs Superfund site in New
Brighton, Minnesota. The system was operated
continuously for 6 weeks on groundwater with
different throughput rates.
The Technology Evaluation Report will be
available in April 1990.
FOR FURTHER INFORMATION:
EPA Project Manager:
Mary K. Stinson
U.S. EPA
Risk Reduction Engineering Laboratory
Woodbridge Avenue
Edison, New Jersey 08837
201-321-6683
FTS: 340-6683
Technology Developer Contact:
Thomas Chresand
Biotrol, Inc.
11 Peavey Road
Chaska, Minnesota 55318
612-448-2515
22
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Technology Profile
Demonstration Program
BIOTROL, INC.
(Soil Washing System)
SUPERFUND INNOVATIVE
TECHNOLOGY EVALUATION
November 1989
TECHNOLOGY DESCRIPTION:
Soil washing is a volume reduction method for
treating excavated soils and is applicable for
soils which are predominantly sand and gravel.
It is based on the principle that the
contaminants are associated primarily with soil
components finer than 200 mesh, including fine
silts, clays, and soil organic matter.
The system uses attrition scrubbing to
disintegrate or break up soil aggregates resulting
in the liberation of the highly contaminated fine
particles from the coarser sand and gravel
(Figure 1). Furthermore, the surfaces of the
coarser particles are scoured by abrasive action.
Volume reduction is achieved by separating
the "washed" coarse material from the highly
contaminated fine particles, oils, and wash
water. The contaminated residual products can
then be treated by other methods, including
incineration, stabilization, and biodegradation.
Contaminated soil is first excavated and
screened to remove oversize debris greater than
one-half to one inch in diameter. Various
segregation methods can be used to sort debris
into categories for treatment and/or disposal.
The debris-handling equipment is engineering
on a case-by-case basis.
Recycle!
Figure 1. Biotrol soil treatment system process diagram.
23
-------
Once the debris is removed, the contaminated
soil is fed to the soil washing system, where it
is slurried with water. It is screened again and
fed to froth flotation where hydrophobic
components (such as oil and certain clay
minerals) are removed in the froth phase. The
soil slurry then enters a multi-stage,
countercurrent, attrition/classification circuit
consisting of attrition scrubbing units,
hydrocyclones, and spiral classifiers. The bulk
of the soil is then discharged as the washed
product.
The process water contains the highly
contaminated fine particles as well as dissolved
contaminants. The fine solids are dewatered
prior to secondary treatment. Where
biodegradation is feasible, the thickened fine
particle slurry is treated in a low energy reactor
consisting of three continuous stirred tanks in
series. In the reactor, indigenous
microorganisms can be amended with specific
bacteria. For pentachlorophenol (PCP)
contamination, a Flavobacterium species is
used.
The clarified process water may also be treated
biologically, if applicable, using a fixed-film
bioreactor system. Again, indigenous and
specific microorganisms are used to degrade
dissolved organic contaminants.
WASTE APPUCABIIITY:
This technology was initially developed to
clean soils contaminated with oil,
pentachlorophenol, and creosote (polyaromatic
hydrocarbons) from wood-preserving sites. It
is also expected to be applicable to soils
contaminated with petroleum hydrocarbons and
pesticides.
STATUS:
The soil washing system was operated
successfully over a 2-year period at a wood
treating site in Minnesota. During this time,
biological treatment of the process water from
soils washing was also successfully
demonstrated. In 1989, Biotrol, Inc., added
slurry biodegradation technology to treat the
fine particle sludge generated by soil washing
of soils contaminated by degradable, organic
contaminants.
The SITE demonstration of the soil washing
technology took place from September 25 to
October 27, 1989 at the MacGillis & Gibbs
Superfund site in New Brighton, Minnesota.
The soil washing system used in the
demonstration was a pilot-scale unit with a
treatment capacity of 500 to 1,000 pounds per
hour.
The soil washing process was operated
continuously for two days on a soil
contaminated with low levels of PCP (about
300 ppm PCP) and seven days on a high PCP
level soil (about 1,000 ppm PCP). All process
water from soil washing was treated in a fixed-
film bioreactor and recycled back to soil
washing. A portion of the fine particle slurry
from the high PCP soil washing test was treated
in a pilot scale EIMCO Biolift Reactor supplied
by EIMCO Process Equipment Company.
The Technology Evaluation Report will be
available in May 1990.
FOR FURTHER INFORMATION:
r
EPA Project Manager:
Mary K. Stinson
U.S. EPA
Risk Reduction Engineering Laboratory
Woodbridge Avenue
Edison, New Jersey 08837
201-321-6683
FTS: 340-6683 ;
Technology Developer Contact:
Steve Valine
Biotrol, Inc.
11 Peavey Road
Chaska, Minnesota 55318
612-448-2515
24
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Technology Profile
Demonstration Program
CF SYSTEMS CORPORATION
(Solvent Extraction)
SUPERFUND JHMOVAT/VE
TECHNOLOGY EVALUATION
November 1989
TECHNOLOGY DESCRIPTION:
This technology uses liquefied gas solvent to
extract organics (such as hydrocarbons), oil,
and grease from wastewater or contaminated
sludges and s,oils. Carbon dioxide is the gas
used for aqueous solutions, while propane
and/or butane is used for sediment, sludges and
soils (semisolids).
Contaminated solids, slurrys or wastewaters
are fed into the extractor (Figure 1). Solvent
(gas condensed by compression) is also fed to
the extractor, making nonreactive contact with
the waste. Typically, the solvent separates
more than 99 percent of the organics from the
feedwaste. Following phase separation of the
solvent and. organics, treated water is removed
from the extractor while the mixture of solvent
and organics passes to the separator through a
valve, where pressure is partially reduced. In
the separator, the solvent is vaporized and
recycled as fresh solvent. The organics are
drawn off from the separator, and either reused
or diposed of.
The extractor design is different for
contaminated wastewaters and semisolids. For
wastewaters, a trayed tower contactor is used.
For semisolids, a series of extractor/decanters
operating countercurrently is used.
WASTE APPLICABILITY:
This technology can be applied to waste
containing carbon tetrachloride, chloroform,
benzene, naphthalene, gasoline, vinyl acetate,
furfural, butyric acid, higher organic acids,
dichloroethane, oils and grease, xylene,
toluene, methyl acetate, acetone, higher
alcohols, butanol, propanol, phenol, heptane,
PCBs and other complex organics.
STATUS:
The pilot-scale system was tested on PCB-
laden sediments from the New Bedford (Mass.)
Harbor Superfund site during September 1988.
Organics
Clean
Sediments
Figure 1. Solvent extraction unit
process diagram.
25
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PCB concentrations in the harbor ranged from
300 ppm to 2,500 ppm. The Technology
Evaluation report is being published and will
be available in November 1989. The
Applications Analysis report is scheduled to be
released in December 1989.
Commercial systems have been sold to Clean
Harbors, Braintree, Massachusetts, for
wastewater clean-up; and Ensco of Little Rock,
Arkansas, for incinerator pretreatment. A unit
is in operation at Star Enterprise, Port Arthur,
Texas, treating API separator sludge to meet
Best Demonstrated and Available Technology
(BDAT) standards for organics.
DEMONSTRATION RESULTS:
This technology was demonstrated concurrently
with dredging studies managed by the U.S.
Army Corps of Engineers. Contaminated
sediments were treated by the CF Systems Pit
Cleanup Unit, using a liquified propane and
butane mixture as the extraction solvent.
The following test results include the number
of passes made during each test and the
concentration of PCBs before and after each
test:
Test 2
Tests
Test 4
Passes
9
3
PCB concentration
Before After
360 ppm
288 ppm
8 ppm
82 ppm
6 2575 ppm 200 ppm
Extraction efficiencies were high, despite some
operating difficulties during the tests. The use
of treated sediment as feed to the next pass
caused cross-contamination in the system. Full
scale commercial systems are designed to
eliminate problems associated with the pilot
plant design.
APPLICATIONS ANALYSIS
SUMMARY:
The following conclusions were drawn from
this series of tests and other data:
• Extraction efficiencies of 90-98% were
achieved on sediments containing between
350 and 2,575 ppm PCBs. PCB
concentrations were as low as 8 ppm in the
treated sediment.
• In the laboratory, extraction efficiencies of
99.9% have been obtained for volatile and
semivolatile organics in aqueous and semi-
solid wastes.
• Operating problems included solids being
retained in the system hardware and
foaming in receiving tanks. The vendor
identified corrective measures that will be
implemented in the full-scale commercial
unit.
• Projected costs for PCB cleanups are
estimated at approximately $150 to $450
per ton, including material handling and
pre- and post-treatment costs. These costs
are highly sensitive to the utilization factor
and job size, which may result in lower
costs for large cleanups.
FOR FURTHER INFORMATION:
EPA Project Manager:
Richard Valentinetti
U.S. EPA (RD-681)
401 M. Street, SW
Washington, D.C. 20460
202-382-2611
FTS: 382-2611
Technology Developer Contact:
Chris Shallice
CF Systems Corporation
140 Second Avenue
Waltham, Massachusetts 02154
617-890-1200 (ext. 158)
26
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Technology Profile
Demonstration Program
CHEMFEX TECHNOLOGIES, INC.
(SoKdification/Stabilization)
SUPERFUND INNOVATIVE
TECHNOLOGY EVALUATION
November 1989
TECHNOLOGY DESCRIPTION:
This solidification/stabilization process is an
inorganic system in which soluble silicates and
silicate setting agents react with polyvalent
metal ions, and certain other waste components,
to produce a chemically and physically stable
solid material. The treated waste matrix
displays good stability, a high melting point,
and a friable texture. The matrix may be
similar to soil or rigid depending upon the
water content of the feed waste.
The feed waste is first blended in the reaction
vessel (Figure 1) with certain reagents, which
are dispersed and dissolved throughout the
aqueous phase. The reagents react with
polyvalent ions in the waste. Inorganic polymer
chains (insoluble metal silicates) form
throughout the aqueous phase and physically
entrap the organic colloids within the
microstructure of the product matrix.
The water-soluble silicates then react with
complex ions in the presence of a siliceous
setting agent, producing amorphous, colloidal
silicates (gels) and silicon dioxide, which acts
as a precipitating agent. Most of the heavy
metals in the waste become part of the silicate.
Some of the heavy metals precipitate with the
structure of the complex molecules. A very
small percentage (estimated to be less than one
percent) of the heavy metals precipitates
between the silicates and is not chemically
immobilized.
Since some organics may be contained in
particles larger than the colloids, all of the
waste is pumped through processing
equipment, creating sufficient shear to
emulsify the organic constituents. Emulsified
organics are then solidified and discharged to
a prepared area, where the gel continues to set.
The resulting solids, though friable, encase any
organic substances that may have escaped
emulsification.
Front End Loadei
V
Chute to
Truck Loading Area
Figure 1. High solids handling system block process flow diagram.
27
-------
The system can be operated at 5 to 80 percent
solids in the waste feed; water is added for
drier wastes. Portions of the water contained
in the wastes are involved in three reactions
after treatment: (1) hydration, similar to that
of cement reactions; (2) hydrolysis reactions;
and (3) equilibration through evaporation.
There are no side streams or discharges from
this process. The process is applicable to
electroplating wastes, electric arc furnace dust,
and municipal sewage sludge containing heavy
metals such as aluminum, antimony, arsenic,
barium, beryllium, cadmium, chromium, iron,
lead, manganese, mercury, nickel, selenium,
silver, thallium, and zinc.
WASTE APPLICABILITY:
This technology is suitable for contaminated
soils, sludges, and other solid wastes. It can
also be used for base, neutral, or acid
extractable organics of high molecular weight,
such as refinery wastes, creosote, and wood-
treating wastes.
STATUS:
The technology was demonstrated in March
1989 at the Portable Equipment Salvage Co. site
in Clackamas, Oregon. Preliminary results are
available in a Demonstration Bulletin (October
1989). A single draft report describing the
demonstration and future application of this
technology has been completed and is under
review. This final demonstration report will
be completed in early 1990.
DEMONSTRATION RESULTS:
• The Chemfix Technology was effective in
reducing the concentrations of lead and
copper in the extracts from the Toxicity
Characteristic Leaching Procedure (TCLP).
The concentrations in the extracts from the
treated wastes were 94 percent to 99
percent less than those from the untreated
wastes. Total lead concentrations in the
raw waste approached 14 percent.
• The volume increase in the excavated waste
material as a result of treatment varied
from 20 to 50 percent.
The results of the tests for durability were
very good. The treated wastes showed little
or no weight loss after 12 cycles of wetting
and drying or freezing and thawing.
The unconfined compressive strength
(UCS) of the wastes varied between 27 and
307 psi after 28 days. Permeability
decreased more than one order of
magnitude.
The air monitoring data suggest that there
was no significant volatilization of PCBs
during the treatment process.
FOR FURTHER INFORMATION:
EPA Project Manager:
Edwin Earth
U.S. EPA
Risk Reduction Engineering Laboratory
26 West Martin Luther King Drive
Cincinnati, Ohio 45268
513-569-7669
FTS: 684-7669
Technology Developer Contact:
Philip N. Baldwin, Jr.
Chemfix Technologies, Inc.
Suite 620, Metairie Center
2424 Edenborn Avenue
Metairie, Louisiana 70001
504-831-3600
28
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Technology Profile
Demonstration Program
SUPERFUND INNOVATIVE
TECHNOLOGY EVALIM1TON
November 1989
CHEMICAL WASTE MANAGEMENT
(X*TRAX™ LOW-TEMPERATURE THERMAL DESORFHON)
TECHNOLOGY DESCRIPTION:
The X*TRAX™ technology is a low-
temperature (500 to 800 ° F) thermal separation
process designed to remove organic
contaminants from soils, sludges, and other
solid media. The pilot-scale system (Figure 1)
is mounted on two trailers and has a capacity
of 5 tons per day. The first trailer contains a
rotary dryer used to heat contaminated materials
and drive off water and organic contaminants.
The second trailer contains a gas treatment
system that condenses and collects the
contaminants driven from the soil.
Contaminated material is fed into one end of
the rotary dryer (Figure 2). As the dryer
rotates, the feed material gradually moves to
the other end of the dryer where it is
discharged as a powdered or granular dry
material. Propane burners supply heat to the
outside of the dryer to vaporize water and
organic contaminants from the feed material.
The degree of contaminant removal can be
controlled by adjusting the feed rate, the dryer
temperature, or the residence time of materials
in the dryer.
Organic contaminant and water vapors driven
from the soil are transported out of the dryer
by an inert nitrogen carrier gas. The carrier
gas flows through a duct to the gas treatment
trailer where organic vapors, water vapors, and
dust particles are removed and recovered from
the gas. The gas first passes through a high-
energy scrubber where it is cooled. Dust
particles and approximately 30 percent of the
organic contaminants are removed by the
scrubber. The gas then passes through two
heat exchangers in series where it is cooled
further. Most of the remaining organic and
water vapors are condensed out as liquids in
the heat exchangers.
Most of the carrier gas that passes through the
gas treatment trailer is reheated and recycled
rtttt com
UW BM FEEDtM
IOCUCT DUCHAMOI
Figure I. Pilot-scale X*TRAX system.
29
-------
Contaminated
Son/Studs*
Recycled
Canler Cae ,—*>
Makeup
Carrier Oaa
Muftarged
Canler Gaa
(31010%)
Trailed
Soil/Sludge
A
DRYER TRAILER
z
I
Propane Fuel
GAS TREATMENT TRAILER
Carrlor Gat
(with Water and
Organic Vapors)
Condensed Water
and Organic Liquids
Rgurc 2. Simplified material flow diagram for X'TRAX process.
to the dryer trailer. Approximately 5 to 10
percent of the gas is cleaned by passing
through a filter and two carbon adsorption
drums and then discharged to the atmosphere.
This discharge helps maintain a small negative
pressure within the system and prevents
potentially contaminated gases from leaking
out The discharge also allows makeup
nitrogen to be added to the system, preventing
oxygen concentrations from exceeding
combustibility limits.
WASTE APPIICABUJTY:
This technology was developed to treat soils
contaminated with polychlorinated biphenyls
(PCBs), but can be applied to pond or process
sludges and filter cakes contaminated with up
to 10 percent PCBs or other organic
contaminants. The system is designed to
handle either soils or pumpable sludges
containing at least 40 percent solids. The
process should have little effect on most
inorganic contaminants.
Treatment residuals include treated soils,
liquids and sludges collected on the gas
treatment trailer, and spent carbon. Some
residuals can be recycled within the system.
Treated soils can be returned to their original
location if residual contaminant levels are
sufficiently low. Aqueous phase liquids
collected in the heat exchangers (after
treatment by activated carbon) can be used to
add moisture back to the soil prior to disposal.
Other residuals, such as organic phase liquids,
sludges, and spent carbon, will require further
treatment and disposal outside the system.
STATUS:
CWM has conducted tests on both laboratory-
scale and pilot-scale systems. The laboratory-
scale system is capable of reducing PCB
concentrations in soil from approximately 6,000
ppm to less than 2 ppm, removing more that 99
percent of chlorinated organic contaminants
in soils. The pilot-scale system was tested on
two wastewater treatment sludges in October
1988. Phenol concentrations of 54,000 ppm
were reduced by greater than 99 percent under
optimum operating conditions.
The pilot-scale system has been operating at
CWM's Kettleman Hills, California, hazardous
waste facility since July 1989, testing PCB-
contaminated soils under a Toxic Substances
Control Act (TSCA) Research and
Development Permit. Results of some of these
tests should be available in late 1989.
EPA plans to conduct the SITE demonstration
at the Kettleman Hills facility, in 1990.
Current plans are to test three soils — two
contaminated with PCBs and one contaminated
with other organic chemicals. EPA's primary
objective for the demonstration is to evaluate
the performance of the system in removing
these contaminants from soils. A secondary
objective is to determine how contaminants
removed from soil are collected in the gas
treatment trailer.
FOR FURTHER INFORMATION:
EPA Project Manager:
Paul dePercin
U.S. EPA Office of Research and Development
Risk Reduction Engineering Laboratory
26 West Martin Luther King Drive
Cincinnati, OH 45268
513-569-7797
FTS: 684-7797
Technology Developer Contact:
Robert LaBoube
Chemical Waste Management, Inc.
3003 Butterfield Road
Oakbrook, IL 60521
708-218-1500
30
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Technology Profile
Demonstration Program
SUPERfUND INNOVATIVE
TECHNOLOGY EVALUATION
November 1989
DEHYDRO-TECH CORPORATION
(Carver-Greenfield Process for Extraction of Oily Waste)
TECHNOLOGY DESCRIPTION:
The Carver-Greenfield Process® for continuous
evaporation is designed to separate materials
into their constituent solid, oil (including oil-
soluble substances), and water phases. It is
intended particularly for oil-soluble hazardous
organics that are concentrated in the oil phase.
The technology uses a food-grade "carrier oil"
to extract the oil-soluble contaminants (Figure
1). Stories and metal present in the feed are
separated from the slurry in a fluidization tank.
Pretreatment is necessary to achieve particle
sizes of less than 1/4-inch.
The carrier oil is mixed with waste sludge or
soil and the mixture is placed in the evaporation
system to remove any water. A carrier oil with
a boiling point of 400° F is typically used. The
oil serves to f luidize the mix and maintain a low
slurry viscosity to ensure efficient heat transfer,
thus allowing virtually 100 percent of the water
to evaporate.
Mixing with the carrier oil causes the oil-
soluble contaminants to be extracted from the
waste. Volatile compounds present in the waste
are also stripped out in this step and condensed
with the carrier oil or water. After the water
is evaporated from the mixture, the resulting
dried slurry (no water) is sent to a centrifuging
section to remove most of the carrier oil from
the solids.
After centrifuging, any residual carrier oil is
removed by a process known as
"hydroextraction." The carrier oil is recovered
by evaporation and steam stripping. The
hazardous constituents are removed from the
carrier oil by distillation. This stream can be
incinerated or reclaimed, as appropriate. In
some cases, heavy metals in the solids will be
complexed with hydrocarbons and will also be
extracted by the carrier oil.
Figure 1. Simplified Carver Greenfield process flow diagram.
31
-------
WASTE APPLICABILITY:
The Carver-Greenfield process can treat
sludges, soils, and other water-bearing wastes
containing oil-soluble hazardous compounds,
including PCBs and dioxins. The process has
been commercially applied to municipal
wastewater sludge, paper mill sludge, rendering
waste, and pharmaceutical plant sludge.
STATUS:
The process has been successfully tested in a
pilot plant on refinery "slop oil," consisting of
72 percent water, as well as on a mixed
refinery waste consisting of dissolved air
flotation sludge, API separator bottoms, tank
bottoms, and biological sludge. EPA is now
identifying potential sites for demonstrating
this technology.
FOR FURTHER INFORMATION:
EPA Project Manager:
Laurel Staley
U.S. EPA
26 West Martin Luther King Drive
Cincinnati, Ohio 45268
513-569-7863
FTS: 684-7863
Technology Developer Contact:
Thomas C. Holcombe
Dehydro-Tech Corporation
6 Great Meadow Lane
East Hanover, New Jersey 07936
201-887-2182
32
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Technology Profile
Demonstration Program
DETOX, INC.
(Submerged Aerobic Fixed-FUm Reactor)
SUPERFUND INNOVATIVE
TECHNOLOGY EVALUATION
November 1989
TECHNOLOGY DESCRIPTION:
This biological treatment system relies on
aerobic microbial processes to metabolize
contaminants present in a liquid waste stream.
The system can treat liquids containing low
concentrations (<20 parts per million, ppm) of
readily biodegradable materials and yield
concentrations in the low parts per billion (ppb)
range.
The biological treatment system consists of an
aboveground fixed-film reactor, supplemental
nutrient storage tank and pump, sump tank
with pump, cartridge filter, and final activated-
carbon filter. High surface area plastic media
is used to fill the reactor, and the water level
within the reactor is set to cover the plastic
media. Bacterial growth is attached as film to
the surface of the plastic media.
The bioreactor is operated on a one-pass,
continuous-flow basis, at hydraulic retention
times as low as one hour. The process begins
(Figure 1) when contaminated water from a
well or equalization tank is pumped into the
bioreactor. The influent waste stream is
evenly dispersed over the reactor packing by
a header-distribution system. As the waste
stream passes through the reactor, the biofilm
removes the biodegradable organics. An air
distribution system below the plastic media
supplies oxygen to the bacteria in the form of
fine bubbles. An effluent water header system
collects water from the bottom of the reactor
after it has been treated. Water exiting the
reactor is first passed through a cartridge filter,
to remove any excess biological solids, followed
by activated carbon treatment, to further
remove any remaining organic compounds.
Depending upon the effluent water discharge
criteria, the cartridge and carbon filters may
not be needed.
Carbon
Adsorption
Tank
(optional)
Groundwater Well
Figure 1. Proposed Detox biological treatment system.
33
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WASTE APPLICABILITY:
This technology is typically used to treat
groundwater and industrial process waters, but
is also applicable to contaminanted lagoon
and/or pond waters. The water to be treated
must fall within a pH of 6.5 to 8.5, a
temperature of 60-95°F, and be free of toxic
and/or inhibitory compounds, including certain
metals. Readily biodegradable compounds such
as methyl ethyl ketone (MEK) and benzene can
be treated, along with some organic chemicals
that are initially more resistant to
biodegradation, such as chlorobenzene.
Halogenated compounds (such as
tetrachloroethylene, trichloroethylene, and
chloroform) are not readily biodegraded and
cannot be treated by this system.
STATUS:
Treatability tests are being conducted to
determine whether the G&H Landfill NPL site
in Utica, Michigan will be suitable for the
demonstration of this process. If this site is
selected, the demonstration is expected to start
in late Spring or Summer 1990.
FOR FURTHER INFORMATION:
EPA Project Manager:
Ronald Lewis
U.S. EPA
Risk Reduction Engineering Laboratory
26 West Martin Luther King Drive
Cincinnati, Ohio 45268
513-569-7856
FTS: 684-7856
Technology Developer Contact:
Edward Galaska
DETOX, Inc.
759 East Congress Park Drive
Dayton, Ohio 45459
513-433-7394
34
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Technology Profile
Demonstration Program
EI DUPONT DE NEMOURS AND COMPANY
OBERLIN FILTER COMPANY
(Membrane Microfiltration)
SUPERFUND INNOVATIVE
TECHNOLOGY EVALUATION
November 1989
TECHNOLOGY DESCRIPTION:
This microfiltration system is designed to
remove solid particles from liquid wastes,
forming filter cakes typically ranging from 40
to 60 percent solids. The system can be
manufactured as an enclosed unit, requires
little or no attention during operation, is
mobile, and can be trailer-mounted.
The DuPont/Oberlin microfiltration system
(Figure 1) uses Oberlin's automatic pressure
filter combined with DuPont's special Tyvek
filter material (Tyvek T-980) made of spun-
bonded olefin. The filter material is a thin,
durable plastic fabric with tiny openings (about
one ten-millionth of a meter in diameter) that
allow water or other liquids, along with solid
particles smaller than the openings, to flow
through. Solids in the liquid stream that are
too large to pass through the openings
accumulate on the filter, and can be easily
collected for disposal.
AIR CYLINDER
The automatic pressure filter has two chambers
— an upper chamber for feeding waste through
the filter, and a lower chamber for collecting
the filtered liquid (filtrate). At the start of a
filter cycle, the upper chamber is lowered to
form a liquid-tight seal against the filter. The
waste feed is then pumped into the upper
chamber and through the filter. Filtered solids
accumulate on the Tyvek surface, forming a
filter cake, while filtrate is collected in the
lower chamber. Air is fed into the upper
chamber at about 45 pounds per square inch,
and used to further dry the cake and remove
any liquid remaining in the upper chamber.
When the cake is considered to be dry, the
upper chamber is lifted and the filter cake is
automatically discharged. Clean filter material
is then drawn from a roll into the system for
the next cycle. Both the filter cake and the
filtrate can be collected and treated further
prior to disposal if necessary.
FILTER CAKE
USED TYVEK® MEDIA
FILTRATE CHAMBER
AIR BAGS
WASTE FEED CHAMBER
Figure 1. DuPont/Oberiin microfiltration system.
35
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WASTE APPLICABILITY:
This treatment technology is applicable to
hazardous waste suspensions, particularly liquid
heavy metal- and cyanide-bearing wastes (such
as electroplating rinsewaters); groundwater
contaminated with heavy metals; landfill
leachate; and process wastewaters containing
uranium. The technology is best suited for
treating wastes with solid concentrations less
than 5,000 parts per million; otherwise, the
cake capacity and handling become limiting
factors. The developers claim the system can
treat any type of solids, including inorganics,
organics, and oily wastes with a wide variety
of particle sizes. Moreover, because the unit
is enclosed, the system is said to be capable of
treating liquid wastes containing volatile
organics.
STATUS:
This technology is proposed to be demonstrated
at the Palmerton Zinc Superfund site in
Palmerton, Pennsylvania. The shallow aquifer
at the site, contaminated with dissolved heavy
metals (such as cadmium, lead, and zinc), has
been selected as the feed waste for the
demonstration. Pilot studies on the ground
water have shown that the microfiltration
system can produce a 35 to 45 percent-solids
filter cake, and a filtrate with non-detectable
levels of heavy metals.
A fact sheet on the technology demonstration
was prepared and offered for public comment
in September 1989. The demonstration is
scheduled for January 1990 and is expected to
last 3 weeks. Following the demonstration, a
technology evaluation report and an
applications analysis report will be prepared
and made available to the public.
FOR FURTHER INFORMATION:
EPA Project Manager:
John F. Martin
U.S. EPA
Risk Reduction Engineering Laboratory
26 West Martin Luther King Drive
Cincinnati, Ohio 45268 I
513-569-7758
FTS: 684-7758
Technology Developer Contact:
Ernest Mayer
E.I. DuPont de Nemours and Company
Engineering Department LI359
P.O. Box 6090
Newark, Delaware 19714-6090
302-366-3652
36
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Technology Profile
Demonstration Program
SUPERFUND INNOVATIVE
TECHNOLOGY EVALUATION
November 1989
ECOVA CORPORATION
(In Situ Biological Treatment)
TECHNOLOGY DESCRIPTION:
This bioremediation technology is designed to
biodegrade chlorinated and non-chlorinated
organic contaminants by employing aerobic
bacteria that use the contaminants as their
carbon source. The technology is proposed to
be applied in two configurations: in situ
biotreatment of soil and water, and on-site
bioreactor treatment of contaminated ground
water.
A chief advantage of in situ bioremediation
is that contaminants in subsurface soils and
ground water can be treated without excavating
overlying soil. The technology uses special
strains of cultured bacteria and microorganisms
naturally occurring in on-site soils and ground
water. Since the treatment process is aerobic,
oxygen and soluble forms of mineral nutrients
must be introduced throughout the saturated
zone. The end result of the aerobic
biodegradation is carbon dioxide, water, and
bacterial biomass. Contaminated ground water
can also be recovered and treated in an above
ground bioreactor. Nutrients and oxygen can
then be added to some or all of the treated
water and the water recycled through the soils
as part of the in-situ soil treatment.
Because site-specific environments
significantly influence biological treatment, all
chemical, physical, and microbiological factors
are anticipated and designed into the treatment
system. Subsurface soil and ground water
samples collected from a site are analyzed for
baseline parameters, such as volatile organics,
metals, pH, and total organic carbon types and
quantities of microorganisms and nutrients. A
treatability study, which includes flask and
column studies, determines the effects of
process parameters on system performance.
The flask studies test biodegradation under
optimum conditions, and the column studies
test the three field applications: soil flushing,
in situ biotreatment, and in situ biotreatment
using ground water treated in a bioreactor.
Microbes, nutrients
oxygen source
Biological
Treatment
Clarifler
Bioreactor
Makeup
water
Recharge
Recovery
Figure 1. In situ bioreclamation processes.
37
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WASTE APPLICABILITY:
Biological processes can be applied to water,
soil, sludge, sediment, and other types of
materials contaminated with organic
constituents. The system must be engineered
to maintain parameters such as pH,
temperature, and dissolved oxygen (if the
process is aerobic) within ranges conducive to
the desired microbial activity. The technology
is applicable to chlorinated solvents and non-
chlorinated organic compounds.
STATUS:
Ecova will demonstrate this technology on a
wide range of toxic organic compounds at the
Goose Farm Superfund site in Plumstead
Township, New Jersey. Four wells will be
installed for the demonstration: an extraction
well, a recharge well, and two monitoring
wells. ^ The demonstration will consist of
pumping water, nutrients, and microorganisms
into the saturated zone through the recharge
well, and will be collected at the extraction
well downgradient of the contaminant plume.
The two monitoring wells will be placed
between the recharge and the extraction well.
The demonstration will continue until at least
three pore volumes of water move between the
recharge well and the recovery well. Water
samples collected from the recovery well, the
two monitoring wells, and the bioreactor, will
be analyzed to determine changes in compound
concentrations.
Quality Assurance, Test, Sampling and
Analysis, and Health and Safety Plans have
been prepared for the treatability study and the
field study is scheduled for Spring 1990. Flask
studies are scheduled for November 1989. The
treatability study report is scheduled for
completion in March 1990.
FOR FURTHER INFORMATION:
EPA Project Manager:
Naomi P. Barkley
U.S. EPA
Risk Reduction Engineering Laboratory
26 West Martin Luther King Drive
Cincinnati, Ohio 45268
513-569-7854
FTS: 684-7854
Technology Developer Contact:
Michael Nelson
Ecova Corporation
3820 159th Avenue Northeast
Redmond, Washington 98052
206-883-1900 ,
38
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Technology Profile
Demonstration Program
EPOC WATER, INC.
(Leaching and Microfiltration)
SUPEfiFUND INNOVATIVE
TECHNOLOGY EVALUATION
November 1989
TECHNOLOGY DESCRIPTION:
In this process, soils and sludges are
decontaminated by leaching and microfiltration.
The technology consists of three main steps
(Figure 1):
Chemical leaching to solubilize the
metals in the waste;
Separating the solids in the waste using
a specially designed automatic tubular
filter press, and washing the waste in
situ; and
Precipitating the metals using a
proprietary microfiltration method,
and dewatering to a low volume
concentrate.
In most situations, leaching can be accomplished
using low-cost mineral acids or alkalis. In
special circumstances, chelating agents can also
be used to remove a particular metal. The
leached slurry containing the solubilized metals
is separated by an automatic cake discharge
tubular filter press. The resulting filtrate is
chemically treated to precipitate the heavy
metals in hydroxide form.
Residual organic contamination in this
precipitate can be removed with activated
carbon. Heavy metals in the precipitate are
separated and concentrated by microfiltration,
using an innovative and flexible woven textile
material that can separate particles as small as
0.1 microns. The process is capable of
handling widely varying incoming solids
concentrations.
The demonstration unit is transportable and is
skid-mounted. The unit is designed to process
approximately 30 pounds of solids per hour.
Process Water Recycle
Soils or
Sludges
Containing
Heavy
Metals
Detoxified
Waste
Dewatered
Metal
Concentrate
Figure 1. Schematic of detoxification process.
39
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WASTE APPriCABBLTTY:
This process can be used to decontaminate
sludges or soils containing heavy metals,
including barium, cadmium, chromium, lead,
molybdenum, mercury, nickel, selenium, silver,
and zinc. The process is relatively insensitive
to metal content, and can process solids with
metal concentrations of up to 10,000 mg/kg.
STATUS:
This technology has been accepted into the
Demonstration Program in October 1989. This
project is currently being initiated.
FOR FURTHER INFORMATION:
EPA Project Manager:
S. Jackson Hubbard
U.S. EPA
Risk Reduction Engineering Laboratory
26 West Martin Luther King Drive
Cincinnati, OH 45268
513-569-7507
FTS: 684-7507
Technology Developer Contact:
Ray Groves
EPOC Water, Inc.
3065 Sunnyside, #101
Fresno, CA 93727
209-291-8144
40
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Technoiogy Profile
Demonstration Program
SUPERFUND INMOVATIVE
TECHNOLOGY EVALUATION
November 1989
EXXON CHEMICALS, INC. &
RIO LINDA CHEMICAL CO.
(Chemical Oxidation/Cyanide Destruction)
TECHNOLOGY DESCRIPTION:
This technology uses chlorine dioxide, generated
on-site by a patented process, to oxidize
organically contaminated aqueous waste streams,
and simple and complex cyanide in water or
solid media. Chlorine dioxide is an ideal
oxidizing agent because it chemically alters
contaminants to salts and non-toxic organic
acids.
Chlorine dioxide gas is generated by reacting
sodium chlorite solution with chlorine gas, or
by reacting sodium chlorite solution with
sodium hypochlorite and hydrochloric acid.
Both processes produce at least 95 percent pure
chlorine dioxide.
In aqueous treatment systems (Figure 1) the
chlorine dioxide gas is fed into the waste stream
via a venturi, which is the driving force for the
Contamination Source
(Wastewater or Cyanide-laden Soil)
Filters
Booster Pump
Chlorine Dioxide
Generator
Precursor Chemicals
Figure 1. Typical treatment layout.
generation system. The amount of chlorine
dioxide required depends on the contaminant
concentrations in the waste stream and the
concentration of oxidizable compounds, such
as sulfides.
In soil treatment applications, the chlorine
dioxide may be applied in situ via conventional
injection wells or surface flushing. The
concentration of chlorine dioxide would
depend on the level of contaminants in the soil.
Chlorine dioxide treatment systems have been
applied to drinking water disinfection, food
processing sanitation, and as a biocide in
industrial process water. Since chlorine dioxide
reacts via direct oxidation rather than
substitution (as does chlorine), the process does
not form undesirable trihalomethanes.
WASTE APPLICABILITY:
This technology is applicable to aqueous
wastes, soils, or any leachable solid media
contaminated with organic compounds. It can
also be applied to groundwater contaminated
with pesticides or cyanide; sludges containing
cyanide, PCPs or other organics; and, industrial
wastewater similar to refinery wastewater.
STATUS:
The SITE program has accepted two proposals
from Exxon Chemicals, Inc. and Rio Linda
Chemical Company to perform two separate
demonstrations: one of cyanide destruction and
the other of organics treatment. Site selection
for these demonstrations is currently underway.
41
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FOR FURTHER INFORMATION:
EPA Project Manager:
Teri Shearer
U.S. EPA
Risk Reduction Engineering Laboratory
26 West Martin Luther King Drive
Cincinnati, Ohio 45268
513-569-7949
FTS: 684-7949
Technology Developer Contact:
Mark McGlathery
Exxon Chemical Company
4510 East Pacific Coast Highway
Mailbox 18
Long Beach, California 90805
213-597-1937
42
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Technology Profile
Demonstration Program
FREEZE TECHNOLOGffiS CORPORATION
(Freezing Separation)
SUPERFUHD INNOVATIVE
TECHNOLOGY EVALUATION
November 1989
TECHNOLOGY DESCRIPTION:
Freeze crystallization operates on the principal
that when water freezes, the crystal structure
that forms naturally excludes contaminants from
the water molecule matrix. In this freeze
crystallization process, refrigerant is injected
into the waste and the ice crystals are recovered
and washed with pure water to remove any
adhering contaminants.
Mixed liquid waste enters the system through
the feed heat exchanger, where it is cooled to
within a few degrees of its freezing temperature
(Figure 1). The cooled waste then enters the
freezer, where it is mixed with boiling
refrigerant. Water is crystallized in the stirred
solution, and is maintained at a uniform ice
concentration by continuous removal of liquid
and ice slurry. The slurry is pumped to an
eutectic separator where ice and contaminant
crystals are separated by gravity. In the
separator is a zone where ice crystals grow in
size to better accommodate subsequent
washings.
Refrigeration
!~~i~> ~J System
Melt
Feed
Brine
Feed
Exchanger*
Freezer
Figure 1. Process schematic.
Ice slurry from the eutectic separator is
pumped to the wash column where it forms a
porous pack. The slurry liquid is removed
from the column via screened openings, and is
then either returned to the eutectic separator
or is removed from the system for recycling or
disposal. Hydraulic forces generated by the
flow of liquid to the screens in the middle of
the ice pack propel the ice pack upward in the
column. Ice is washed with melt water and
scraped from the top of the pack into a
reslurry chamber in the wash column. Melted
product is used to transport the ice to a shell
and tube heat exchanger, where the slurry is
heated on the tube side and hot refrigerant gas
is condensed on the shell side.
In most applications, more heat is generated
by melting the ice in the refrigeration system
than can be used. This leaves some
uncondensed refrigeration vapor that must be
further compressed and condensed by cooling
water in a heat reinjection system.
All refrigerants are soluble in water to some
degree. Strippers are used to remove this
refrigerant from the purified water, the
concentrated liquid, and any other liquid
phases produced from the process. The
strippers operate under vacuum and contain
heaters that generate low-pressure steam to
enhance refrigerant removal, if necessary.
Excess generating capacity is built into the melt
stripper for rapid melt-out of vessels and lines
to allow maintenance or other access.
43
-------
WASTE APPIICABILJTY:
This technology will remove both organic and
inorganic as well as ionic and non-ionic species
from contaminated aqueous streams. It works
on both surface waters and ground waters as
well as directly on process wastes and mixed
(radioactive and hazardous) wastes. Figure 2
graphically depicts the applicability of the
technology as related to other technologies. As
shown, freeze technologies can process all of
the contaminant types in a single stage. It is
also capable of concentrating residuals to
higher concentrations than other liquid
separation processes.
ORGANICS
VOLATILE
STRIPPING
SCnPIIOH
1IO/CKCU
HEAVY
| SOHPTION [
OXIDATION 1
1
INORGANICS
METALS
1 SORPTION 1
SALTS
1
MEMBRANES
1
1
1 EVAPORATORS
FREEZE
Figure 1, Water molecule matrix.
The process is applicable to free liquids,
whether the liquid is water or an organic
solvent. It can also be used in conjunction
with other processes to treat other media. For
example, contaminated soils can be washed to
transfer the contaminant into a liquid medium.
The low concentrations in the washing medium
are concentrated by freezing to allow by-
product recovery or more economical final
destruction.
STATUS:
This project was accepted into the SITE
Demonstration Program in July 1988.
Treatability studies have been completed. A
demonstration of the technology is scheduled
for late November or early December 1989 at
the Stringfellow Superfund Site in Glen Avon,
California.
FOR FURTHER INFORMATION:
EPA Project Manager:
S. Jackson Hubbard
U.S. EPA
Risk Reduction Engineering Laboratory
26 West Martin Luther King Drive
Cincinnati, Ohio 45268
513-569-7507
FTS: 684-7507
Technology Developer Contact:
James A. Heist
Freeze Technologies Corporation
2539-C Timberlake Road
P.O. Box 40968
Raleigh, North Carolina 27629-0968
919-850-0600
44
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Technology Profile
Demonstration Program
GEOSAFE CORPORATION
(In Situ Vitrification)
SUPERFUND INNOVATIVE
TECHfiOLOGr EVALUATION
November 1989
TECHNOLOGY DESCRIPTION:
In-situ vitrification (ISV) uses an electrical
network to melt soil or sludge at temperatures,
of 1600 to 2000° C, thus destroying organic
pollutants by pyrolysis. Inorganic pollutants are
immobilized within the vitrified mass, which
has properties of glass. Both the organic and
inorganic airborne pyrolysis byproducts are
captured in a hood, which draws the
contaminants into an off-gas treatment system
that removes particulates and other pollutants
of concern.
The vitrification process (Figure 1) begins by
inserting large electrodes into contaminated
zones containing sufficient soil to support the
formation of a melt. An array (usually square)
of four electrodes is placed to the desired
treatment depth in the volume to be treated.
Because soil typically has low conductivity,
flaked graphite and glass frit are placed on the
soil surface between the electrodes to provide
a starter path for electric current. The electric
current passes through the electrodes and begins
to melt soil at the surface. As power is applied,
the melt continues to grow downward.
The melt advances at a rate of 1 to 2 inches
per hour. Individual settings (each single
placement of electrodes) may grow to
encompass a total melt mass of 1000 tons and
a maximum width of 30 feet. Single setting
depths as great as 30 feet are considered
possible with the existing large-scale ISV
equipment. Adjacent settings are positioned
to fuse to each other and to completely process
the desired volume at a site. Stacked settings
for deep contamination are also possible.
The large-scale IS.V system melts soil at a rate
of 4 to 6 tons per hour. Since the void volume
present in particulate materials (20-40% for
typical soils) js removed during processing, a
corresponding volume' reduction occurs.
Volume is further reduced as some of the
materials present in the soil (such as humus,
organic contaminants are removed as gases and
vapors during processing. Upon cooling, a
vitrified monolith results, with a silicate glass
and microcrystalline structure. This monolith
possesses excellent structural arid environmental
properties.
Figure 1. In-situ vitrification process.
45
-------
The ISV system is mounted on three semi-
trailers for transport to a site. Electric power
is usually taken from a utility distribution
system at transmission voltages of 12,500 or
13,800 volts; power may also be generated on-
site by a diesel generator. The electrical supply
system has an isolated ground circuit to provide
appropriate operational safety.
Air flow through the hood is controlled to
maintain a negative pressure (0.5 to 1.0 inches
of water). An ample supply of air provides
excess oxygen for combustion of any pyrolysis
products and organic vapors from the treatment
volume. The off-gases, combustion products,
and air are drawn from the hood (by induced
draft blower) into the off-gas treatment
system, where they are treated by: (1)
quenching, (2) pH controlled scrubbing, (3)
dewatering (mist elimination), (4) heating (for
dewpoint control), (5) particulate filtration, and
(6) activated carbon adsorption.
WASTE APPLICABILITY:
The ISV process can be used to destroy or
remove organics and/or immobilize inorganics
in contaminated soils or sludges. On saturated
soils or sludges, the initial application of the
electric current must reduce the moisture
content before the vitrification process can
begin. This increases energy consumption and
associated costs. Also, sludges must contain a
sufficient amount of glass-forming material
(non-volatile, nondestructible solids) to
produce a molten mass that will destroy or
remove organic and immobilize inorganic
pollutants. The ISV process is limited by: (1)
individual void volumes in excess of 150 cubic
feet; (2) buried metals in excess of 5 percent
of the melt weight or continuous metal
occupying 90 percent of the distance between
two electrodes; (3) rubble in excess of 10
percent by weight; and (4) the amount and
concentration of combustible organics in the
soil or sludge. These limitations must be
addressed for each site.
STATUS:
The ISV process has been demonstrated at
field-scale on radioactive wastes at the
Department of Energy's Hanford Nuclear
Reservation. Pilot-scale tests have been
performed on PCB wastes, industrial lime
sludge, dioxins, metal plating wastes and other
solid combustibles and liquid chemicals. The
process of choosing a site to demonstrate this
technology is currently underway.
FOR FURTHER INFORMATION:
EPA Project Manager:
Teri Shearer
U.S. EPA
Risk Reduction Engineering Laboratory
26 West Martin Luther King Drive
Cincinnati, Ohio 45268
513-569-7642
FTS: 684-7642
Technology Developer Contact:
James E. Hansen
Geosafe Corporation
303 Park Place, Suite 126
Kirkland, Washington 98033
206-822-4000
46
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Technology Profile
Demonstration Program
SUPERFUND INNOVATIVE
7ECHNOLOGY EVALUATION
November 1989
HAZCON, INC.
(Solidification/Stabilization)
TECHNOLOGY DESCRIPTION:
This treatment technology immobilizes
contaminants in soils by binding them into a
concrete-like, leach-resistant mass. The
technology mixes hazardous wastes, cement,
water, and an additive called Chloranan that
encapsulates organic molecules.
Contaminated soil is excavated, screened for
oversized material, and fed to a mobile field
blending unit (Figure 1). The unit consists of
soil and cement holding bins, a Chloranan feed
tank, and a blending auger to mix the waste
and pozzolanic materials (Portland cement, fly
ash, or kiln dust). Water is added as necessary,
and the resultant slurry is allowed to harden
before disposal. The treated output is a
hardened, concrete-like mass that immobilizes
the contaminants. For large volumes of waste,
larger blending systems are available.
I CHIOBANAN
1 ADDITIVE
Figure 1. Solidification/stabilization process diagram.
WASTE APPLICABILITY:
This technology is suitable for soils and sludges
contaminated with organic compounds, heavy
metals, oil and grease.
STATUS:
The technology was demonstrated in October
1987 at a former oil reprocessing plant in
Douglassville, Pennsylvania. The site contained
high levels of oil and grease, volatile and
semivolatile organics, PCBs, and heavy metals.
A Technology Evaluation Report (September
1988) and Application Analysis Report (May
1990) describing the completed demonstration
are available. A report on long-term
monitoring will be completed by early 1990.
DEMONSTRATION RESULTS:
The comparison of the soil 7-day, 28-day, 9
month, and 22-month sample test results are
generally favorable. The physical test results
were very good, with unconfined compressive
strength between 220 to 1570 psi. Very low
permeabilities were recorded, and the porosity
of the treated wastes was moderate. Durability
test results showed no change in physical
strength after the wet/dry and freeze/thaw
cycles. The waste volume increased by about
120%. By using less stabilizer, it is possible to
reduce volume increases, but lower strengths
will result. There is an inverse relationship
between physical strength and the waste
organic concentration.
The results of the leaching tests were mixed.
The TCLP results of the stabilized wastes were
very low; essentially all values of metals,
volatile organics and semivolatile organics were
below 1 ppm. Lead leachate concentrations
dropped by a factor of 200 to below 100 ppb.
47
-------
Volatile and semivolatile organic
concentrations, however, did not change from
the untreated soil TCLP. Oil and grease
concentrations were greater in the treated waste
TCLPs than in the untreated waste, from less
than 2 ppm up to 4 ppm.
APPIICATIONS ANALYSIS
SUMMARY:
* The process can solidify contaminated
material with high concentrations (up
to 25%) of organics. However, organic
contaminants, including volatiles and
base/neutral extractables, were not
immobilized to any significant extent.
• Heavy metals are immobilized. In
many instances, leachate reductions
were greater than 100 fold.
• The physical properties of the treated
waste exhibit high unconfined
compressive strengths, low
permeabilities, and good weathering
properties.
• Treated soils undergo volumetric
increases.
• The process is economical, with costs
expected to range between
approximately $90 and $120 per ton.
FOR FURTHER INFORMATION:
EPA Project Manager:
Paul R. dePercin
U.S. EPA
Risk Reduction Engineering Laboratory
26 West Martin Luther King Drive
Cincinnati, Ohio 45268
513-569-7797
FTS: 684-7797
Technology Developer Contact:
Ray Funderburk
HAZCON, Inc.
P.O. Box 1247
Brookshire, Texas 77423
800-227-6543
48
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Technology Profile
Demonstration Program
SUPERFUND INNOVATIVE
TECHNOLOGY EVALUATION
November 1989
HORSEHEAD RESOURCE DEVELOPMENT CO., INC.
(Flame Reactor)
TECHNOLOGY DESCRIPTION:
The Flame Reactor process (Figure 1) is a
patented, hydrocarbqn-fueled, flash smelting
system that treats residues and wastes containing
metals. The reactor processes wastes with a
very hot (greater than 2000° C) reducing gas
produced from the combustion of solid or
gaseous hydrocarbon fuels in oxygen-enriched
air. In a compact, low-capital cost reactor, the
feed materials react rapidly, allowing a high
waste throughput. The end products are a
non-teachable slag (a glasslike solid when
cooled) and a recyclable, heavy metal-enriched
oxide. The volume reduction achieved (of
waste to slag) depends on the chemical and
physical properties of the waste.
The Flame Reactor technology can be applied
to granular solids, soil, flue dusts, slags, and
sludges containing heavy metals. The volatile
metals are fumed and captured in a product
dust collection system, the nonvolatile metals
com
usrr
IN
3LAO
3L*
THA
DTO
UARKE1
Htturc I. Honrbei
are encapsulated in the slag. At the elevated
temperature of the Flame Reactor technology,
organic compounds should be destroyed. In
general, the process requires that wet
agglomerated wastes be dry enough (up to 15%
total moisture) to be gravity-fed and fine
enough (less than 200 mesh) to react rapidly.
Larger particles (up to 20 mesh) can be
processed, however, a decrease in the
efficiency of metals recovery usually results.
WASTE APPLICABILITY:
Electric arc furnace dust, lead blast furnace
slag, iron residues, zinc plant leach residues
and purification residues, and brass mill dusts
and fumes have been successfully tested. Metal
bearing wastes previously treated contained
zinc (up to 40%), lead (up to 10%), cadmium
(up to 3%), chromium (up to 3%), as well as
copper, cobalt, nickel and arsenic.
STATUS:
The Flame Reactor demonstration plant at
Monaca, Pennsylvania, has a capacity of 1.5
to 3.0 tons/hour. The SITE demonstration will
probably be conducted at the Monaca facility
under a RCRA RD&D permit (pending) that
will allow the treatment of Superfund wastes
containing high concentrations of metals, but
only negligible concentrations of organics. The
major objectives of the SITE technology
demonstration are to evaluate: (1) the levels of
contaminants in the residual slag and their
leaching potential; (2) the efficiency and
economics of processing; and (3) the reuse
potential for the recovered metal oxides.
Approximately 120 tons of contaminated
materials are needed for the test. The most
likely candidate wastes include mine tailings or
smelting waste such as slag, flue dust, and
wastewater treatment sludges. Pretreatment
may be required to produce a dryer feed and
to reduce the particle size.
49
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FOR FURTHER INFORMATION:
EPA Project Manager:
Donald Oberacker
U.S. EPA
Risk Reduction Engineering Laboratory
26 West Martin Luther King Drive
Cincinnati, Ohio 45268
513-569-7510
FTS: 684-7510
Technology Developer Contact:
John F. Pusater
Horsehead Resource Development Co., Inc.
300 Frankfort Road
Monaca, Pennsylvania 15061
412-773-2279
50
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Technology Profile
Demonstration Program
SUPOJFUND INNOVATIVE
TECHNOLOGY EVALUATION
November 1989
INTERNATIONAL WASTE TECHNOLOGIES/GEO-CON, INC
(In Situ Solidification/Stabilization Process)
TECHNOLOGY DESCRIPTION:
This in situ solidification/stabilization
technology immobilizes organic and inorganic
compounds in wet or dry soils, using reagents
(additives) to produce a cement-like mass. The
basic components of this technology are: (1)
Geo-Con's deep soil mixing system (DSM), a
system to deliver and mix the chemicals with
the soil in situ, and (2) a batch mixing plant to
supply the International Waste Technologies'
(IWT) proprietary treatment chemicals
(Figure 1).
The proprietary additives generate a complex,
crystalline, connective network of inorganic
polymers. The structural bonding in the
polymers is mainly covalent. The process
involves a two-phased reaction in which the
contaminants are first complexed in a fast-
acting reaction, and then in a slow-acting
reaction, where the building of macromolecules
continues over a long period of time. For each
type of waste, the amount of additives used.
varies and must be determined.
The DSM system involves mechanical mixing
and injection. The system consists of one set
Air
Controlled
Valves
u^V\.
YA
\\ \
v^\ ^
VA 1
^^^ 1
^=ssjp "^-J~l
Meter i^n _n
i 1
P^J 1 IJT. '
CD LTJ,
1
Pump
t
Magnetic | j-^
Flow i '
Meter 1 1 —
«~ i i *\
| Machine '|-->^ ' ""[' f
^-.l" L-.^.-i
I* 1 1
Flow j
Control |
Box |
1
v,
y
Sodium
Silicate
Bin
Compressor
— . 1
1
1
1
Air 1
Controlled j
Valves [
1
./
1
3
•^
\
of cutting blades and two sets of mixing blades
attached to a vertical drive auger, which rotates
at approximately 15 rpm. Two conduits in the
auger are used to inject the additive slurry and
supplemental water. Additive injection occurs
on the downstroke; further mixing takes place
upon auger withdrawal. The treated soil
columns are 36 inches in diameter, and are
positioned in an overlapping pattern of
alternating primary and secondary soil columns.
WASTE APPLICABILITY:
The IWT technology can be applied to soils,
sediments, and sludge-pond bottoms
contaminated with organic compounds and
metals. The technology has been laboratory-
tested on soils containing PCBs,
pentachlorophenol, refinery wastes, and
chlorinated and nitrated hydrocarbons.
The DSM system can be used in almost any soil
type; however, mixing time increases with
fines. It can be used below the water table and
in soft rock formations. Large obstructions
must be avoided.
Reagent
Silo
Flow
Metflr
Lightning
Mixer
Pump
Valve
Figure 1.
Pump
In-situ stabilization batch mixing plant
process diagram.
51
Water
Flow Line
Control Line
Communication Line
-------
STATUS:
The Site Program demonstration took place at
a PCB-contaminated site in Hialeah, Florida,
in April 1988. Two 10 x 20-foot test sectors
of the site were treated — one to a depth of 18
feet, and the other to a depth of 14 feet. Ten
months after the demonstration, long-term
monitoring tests were performed on the treated
sectors. The Technology Evaluation Report is
available. The Applications Analysis Report
and long-term monitoring results are scheduled
to be published in January 1990.
DEMONSTRATION RESULTS:
• Based on TCLP leachate analysis, the
process appears to immobilize PCBs.
However, because PCBs did not leach from
most of the untreated soil samples, the
immobilization of PCBs in the treated soil
could not be confirmed.
* Sufficient data were not available to
evaluate the performance of the system
with regard to metals or other organic
compounds.
• The bulk density of the soil increased 21%
after treatment. This increased the volume
of treated soil by 8.5% and caused a small
ground rise of one inch per treated foot of
soil.
• The unconfined compressive strength
(UCS) of treated soil was satisfactory, with
values from 300 to 500 psi.
• The permeability of the treated soil was
satisfactory, decreasing four orders of
magnitude compared to the untreated soil,
or 10 and 10 compared to 10 cm/sec.
• The wet/dry weathering test on treated soil
was satisfactory. The freeze/dry
weathering test of treated soil was
unsatisfactory.
• The microstructural analysis, scanning
electron microscopy (SEM), optical
microscopy, and x-ray diffraction (XRD),
showed that the treated material was dense,
non-porous, and homogeneously mixed.
• The Geo-Con DSM equipment operated
reliably.
APPLICATIONS ANALYSIS
SUMMARY:
This technology was demonstrated at a site
comppsed primarily of unconsolidated sand and
limestone. The following conclusions were
reached:
• Microstructural analyses of the treated soils
indicated a potential for long-term
durability. High unconfined compressive
strengths and low permeabilities were
recorded.
• Data provided by IWT indicate some
immobilization of volatile and semivolatile
organics. However, this may be due to
organophilic clays present in the IWT
reagent. There are insufficient data to
confirm this immobilization.
• Performance data are limited outside of
SITE demonstrations. The developer
modifies the binding agent for different
wastes. Treatability studies should be
performed for specific wastes^
• The process is economic: $194 per ton for
the 1-auger machine used in the
demonstration; $110 per ton for a
commercial 4-auger operation.
FOR FURTHER INFORMATION:
EPA Project Manager:
Mary K. Stirison
U.S. EPA
Risk Reduction Engineering Laboratory
Woodbridge Avenue
Edison, New Jersey 08837
201-321-6683 (FTS: 340-6683)
Technology Developer Contacts:
Jeff P. Newton
International Waste Technologies
150 North Main Street, Suite 910
Wichita, Kansas 67202
316-269-2660
Brian Jasperse
Geo-Con, Inc.
P.O. Box 17380
Pittsburgh, PA 15235
412-856-7700
52
_
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Technology Profile
Demonstration Program
SUPERfUNO INNOVATIVE
TECHNOLOSr EVALUATION
November 1989
MOTEC, INC.
(liquid/Solid Contact Digestion)
TECHNOLOGY DESCRIPTION:
This process utilizes liquid-solid contact
digestion (LSCD) technology to biologically
degrade organic wastes. Organic materials and
water are placed in a high energy environment.
The organic constituents are then biodegraded
by acclimated microorganisms.
The system consists of two or three portable
tank digesters or lagoons (Figure 1): (1) a
primary contact or mixing tank, (2) a primary
digestion tank, and (3) a polishing tank.
Treatment time may be one month or more,
depending on the type of contaminants, their
concentrations, and the temperature in the
tanks.
In the primary contact tank, water is mixed
with influent sludge or soil containing from
2,000 to 800,000 ppm total organic carbon.
The mixing process is designed to achieve a 20
to 25 percent solids concentration. Water is
obtained either from-the^contaminated source
or a fresh water source. Emulsifying chemicals
are also added, and pH is adjusted to increase
the solubility of the organic phase.
After water is added, the batch mixture is
transferred to the primary digestion tanks,
where pH is adjusted, acclimated seed bacteria
.are added, and aerobic biological oxidation is
initiated. Most of the biological oxidation
occurs during this phase. When the
biodegradable organic concentration is reduced
to a level between 50 and 100 ppm, the batch
mixture is transferred to the polishing cell for
final treatment.
Once the pH has been readjusted in the
polishing cell, co-metabolites and nutrients
are added to maintain and enhance the biomass.
In this phase, organic constituents are degraded
to target concentration levels. Because the
system runs on a negative water balance, water
is added throughout the process. Once target
levels are reached, the supernatant from the
polishing tank is recycled to the primary
contact tank, and biological sludge is treated in
land farms or reactors on-site.
VOLATILE EMISSIONS
3000 GAL. TANK
CIRCULATION
& TANK TRANSFER PUMP
[TYPICAL OF 4}
Figure 1. Mobile pilot-scale liquid solids contact treatment system.
53
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WASTE APPLICABILITY:
The technology is suitable for treating
halogenated and nonhalogenated organic
compounds, and some pesticides and
herbicides. LSCD has been demonstrated on
liquids, sludges, and soils with high organic
concentrations.
STATUS:
A demonstration project is proposed for testing
this technology by processing 50 to 100 cubic
yards of contaminated soil over a 3-month
period. The soil will be from a wood-
preserving facility. The demonstration is
planned for April 1990.
FOR FURTHER INFORMATION:
EPA Project Manager:
Ronald Lewis
U.S. EPA \
Risk Reduction Engineering Laboratory
26 West Martin Luther King Drive
Cincinnati, Ohio 45268
513-569-7856
FTS: 684-7856
Technology Developer Contact:
Randy Kabrick
Remediation Technologies, Inc.
1301 West 25th Street, Suite 406
Austin, TX 78759
512-477-8661
54
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Technology Profile
Demonstration Program
SUPERFUND INNOVATIVE
TECHNOlOCr EVALUATION
November 1989
OGDEN ENVIRONMENTAL SERVICES
(Circulating Fluidized Bed Combustor)
TECHNOLOGY DESCRIPTION:
The Circulating Bed Combustor (CBC) uses
high velocity air to entrain circulating solids
and create a highly turbulent combustion zone
for the efficient destruction of toxic
hydrocarbons. The commercial-size combustion
chamber (36 inches in diameter) can treat up
to 100 tons of contaminated soil daily,
depending on the heating value of the feed
material.
The CBC technology operates at relatively low
temperatures (approximately 1600° F), thus
reducing operation costs. The high turbulence
produces a uniform temperature around the
combustion chamber, hot cyclone, and return
leg. It also promotes the complete mixing of
the waste material during combustion. The
effective mixing and relatively low combustion
temperature also reduces emissions of carbon
monoxide and nitrogen oxides.
As shown on Figure 1, waste material and
limestone are fed into the combustion chamber
along with the recirculating bed material from
the hot cyclone. The limestone neutralizes acid
gases. The treated ash is transported out of the
system by an ash conveyor for proper disposal.
Combustor
Limestone
Feed
So) id
Feed
Hot gases produced during combustion pass
through a convective gas cooler and baghouse
before being released to the atmosphere.
Ogden states that the CBC technology can
attain a destruction and removal efficiency
(DRE) of 99.99% for hazardous waste and
99.9999% for PCB waste.
WASTE APPLICABILITY:
The CBC technology may be applicable to soils,
slurries, and sludges contaminated with
halogenatedand nonhalogenated hydrocarbons.
The CBC technology was recently applied at
two site remediation projects for treating soils
contaminated with PCBs and fuel oil.
STATUS:
The CBC technology, is one of seven
nationwide incinerators permitted to burn
PCBs. It will be demonstrated at the McColl
Superfund site in early 1990. A preliminary
test burn/treatability study of McColl waste
was conducted in early 1989, and a
demonstration plan is being developed.
Figure 1. CBC process diagram.
55
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FOR FURTHER INFORMATION:
EPA Project Manager:
Joseph McSorley
U.S. EPA
Air & Energy Engineering
Research Laboratory
Alexander Drive
Research Triangle Park, NC 27711
919-541-2920
FTS: 629-2920
Technology Developer Contact:
Brian Baxter
Ogden Environmental Services
10955 John J. Hopkins Drive
San Diego, California 92121
619-455-2613
56
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Technology Profile
Demonstration Program
OZONICS RECYCLING CORPORATION
(Soil Washing/Catalytic Ozone Oxidation)
SUPERFUND INNOVATIVE
TECHNOLOGY EVALUATION
November 1989
TECHNOLOGY DESCRIPTION:
The Excalibur/Ozonics technology is designed
to treat soils with organic and inorganic
contaminants. The technology is a two-stage
process; the first stage extracts the contaminants
from soil, and the second stage oxidizes
contaminants present in the extract. The
extraction is carried out using ultrapure water
and ultrasound. Oxidation involves ozone,
ultraviolet light, and ultrasound. The treatment
products of this technology are decontaminated
soil and inert salts.
A flow schematic of the system is shown in
Figure 1. After excavation, contaminated soil
is screened through a 1-inch screen. Soil
particles retained on the screen are crushed
using a hammermill and sent back to the screen.
Soil particles passing through the screen are
sent to a soil washer, where ultrapure water
extracts the contaminants from the screened
soil. Ultrasound is used as a catalyst to enhance
soil washing. Typically, 10 volumes of water
are added per volume of soil, which generates
a slurry of about 10-20 percent solids. This
slurry is conveyed to a solid/liquid
separator, such as a centrifuge or cyclone, to
separate the decontaminated soil from the
contaminated water. The decontaminated soil
can be returned to its original location or
disposed of appropriately.
After the solid/liquid separation, any oil
present in the contaminated water is recovered
using an oil/water separator. The contaminated
water is ozonated prior to oil/water separation
to aid in oil recovery. Then, the water flows
through a filter to remove any fine particles.
After the particles are filtered out, the water
flows through a carbon filter and a deionizer
to reduce the contaminant load on the
multichamber reactor. In the multichamber
reactor, ozone gas is applied to the
contaminated water, along with ultraviolet
light and ultrasound. Ultraviolet light and
ultrasound catalyze the oxidation of
contaminants by ozone. The treated water
(ultrapure water) flows out of the reactor to a
storage tank and is reused to wash another
batch of soil. If makeup water is required,
additional ultrapure water is generated on-site
by treating tap water with ozone and
ultrasound.
Figure I. Excalibur/Ozonics treatment system flow diagram.
57
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The treatment system is also equipped with a
carbon filter to treat the off-gas from the
reactor. The carbon filters are biologically
activated to regenerate the spent carbon in-
situ.
System capacities range from one cubic foot of
solids per hour, with a water flow rate of one
gallon per minute; to 27 cubic yards of solids
per hour, with a water flow rate of 50 gallons
per minute. The treatment units available for
the demonstration can treat 1 to 5 cubic yards
of solids per hour.
WASTE APPLICABILITY:
This technology can be applied to soils, solids,
sludges, leachates and ground water containing
organics such as PCB, PCP, pesticides and
herbicides, dioxins, and inorganics such as
cyanides. The total contaminant concentrations
could range from 1 ppm to 20,000 ppm for the
technology to be effective. Soils and solids
greater than 1-inch in diameter need to be
crushed prior to treatment.
STATUS:
Site selection to demonstrate this technology
is underway. ':
FOR FURTHER INFORMATION:
EPA Project Manager:
Norma Lewis
U.S. EPA
Risk Reduction Engineering Laboratory
26 West Martin Luther King Drive
Cincinnati, Ohio 45268
513-569-7665
FTS: 684-7665
Technology Developer Contact:
Lucas Boeve
Ozonics Recycling Corporation
927 Crandon Boulevard ;
Key Biscayne, Florida 33149
305-361-8936
58
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Technology Profile
Demonstration Program
SUPERFUND INNOVATIVE
TECHNOLOGY EVALUATION
November 1989
QUAD ENVIRONMENTAL TECHNOLOGIES CORPORATION
(Chemtact™ Gaseous Waste Treatment)
TECHNOLOGY DESCRIPTION:
The Chemtact™ system uses gas scrubber
technology to remove gaseous organic and
inorganic contaminants through efficient gas-
liquid contacting. Droplets of a controlled
chemical solution are dispersed by atomizing
nozzles within the scrubber chamber. Very
small droplet sizes (less than 10 microns), along
with a longer retention time than traditional
scrubbers results in a once-through system that
generates low volumes of liquid residuals.
These residuals are then treated subsequently
by conventional techniques.
Gas scrubbing is a volume reduction technology
that transfers contaminants from the gas phase
to a liquid phase. The selection of absorbent
liquid is based on the chemical characteristics
of the contaminants.
Two mobile pilot units are currently available:
a two-stage, 800 cubic feet per minute (cfm)
system; and a one-stage, 2,500 cfm system.
This equipment is trailer-mounted, and can be
transported to waste sites.
WASTE APPIICABILITY:
This technology can be used on gaseous waste
streams containing a wide variety of organic or
inorganic contaminants, but is best suited for
volatile organic compounds. The system is
applicable for use with source processes that
generate a contaminated gaseous exhaust, such
as air stripping of groundwater or leachate, soil
aeration, or exhausts from driers or
incinerators.
Figure 1. Mobile 2,500 CFM pilot scrubbing unit.
59
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STATUS:
EPA is locating a suitable site to demonstrate
this technology.
FOR FURTHER INFORMATION:
EPA Project Manager:
Ronald F. Lewis
U.S. EPA
Risk Reduction Engineering LAboratory
26 West Martin Luther King Drive
Cincinnati, Ohio 45268
513-569-7856 :
FTS: 684-7856
Technology Developer Contact:
Harold J. Rafson
Quad Environmental Technologies Corporation
3605 Woodhead Drive, Suite #103
Northbrook, Illinois 60062
312-564-5070
60
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Technology Profile
Demonstration Program
SUPERFUND INNOVATIVE
TECHNOLOGY EVALUATION
November 1989
RESOURCES CONSERVATION COMPANY
(Solvent Extraction)
TECHNOLOGY DESCRIPTION:
Solvent extraction is potentially effective in
treating oily sludges and soils contaminated
with hydrocarbons by separating the sludges
into three fractions: oil, water, and solids. As
the fractions separate, contaminants are
partitioned into specific phases. For example,
PCBs are concentrated in the oil fraction, while
metals are separated into the solids fraction.
The overall volume and toxicity of the original
waste solids are thereby reduced and the
concentrated waste streams can be efficiently
treated for disposal.
The BEST process is a mobile solvent extraction
system which uses one or more secondary or
tertiary amines (usually triethylamine (TEA))
to separate hydrocarbons from soils and sludges.
The BEST technology is based on the fact that
TEA is completely soluble in water at
temperatures below 20° C.
Centrifuge
Because TEA is flammable in the presence of
oxygen, the treatment system must be sealed
from the atmosphere and operated under a
nitrogen blanket. Prior to treatment, it is
necessary to raise the pH of the waste material
to greater than 10, creating an environment
where TEA will be conserved effectively for
recycling to the process. This pH adjustment
may be accomplished by adding sodium
hydroxide. Pretreatment also includes
screening the contaminated feed solids to
remove cobbles and debris and size materials
for smooth flow through the process.
The BEST process begins by mixing and
agitating the cold solvent and waste in a
washer/dryer (Figure 1). The washer/dryer is
a horizontal steam-jacketed vessel with rotating
paddles. Hydrocarbons and water in the waste
simultaneously solvate with the cold TEA,
creating a homogeneous mixture. As the
solvent breaks the oil-water-solid bonds in the
Condenser
Product
Water
Chiller
Figure 1. BEST soil cleanup unit schematic.
61
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waste, the solids are released and allowed to
settle by gravity. The solvent mixture is
decanted and fine particles are subsequently
removed by centrifuging. The resulting dry
solids have been cleansed of hydrocarbons, but
contain most of the original waste's heavy
metals, and thus may require further treatment
prior to disposal.
The liquids from the washer/dryer vessels
containing the hydrocarbons and water
extracted from the waste are heated. As the
temperature of the liquids increases, the water
separates from the organics and solvent. The
organics-solvent fraction is decanted and sent
to a stripping column, where the solvent is
recycled and the organics are discharged for
recycling or disposal. The water phase is
passed to a second stripping column, where
residual solvent is recovered for recycling. The
water is typically discharged to a local
wastewater treatment plant.
The BEST technology is modular, allowing for
on-site treatment. Based on the results of
many bench-scale treatability tests, the process
significantly reduces the hydrocarbon
concentration in the solids. Other advantages
of the technology include the production of dry
solids, the recovery and reuse of soil, and waste
volume reduction. By removing organic
contaminants, the process reduces the overall
toxicity of the solids and water streams. It
also concentrates the contaminants into a
smaller volume, allowing for efficient final
treatment and disposal.
WASTE APPLICABILITY:
The BEST process is applicable for most
organics or oily contaminants in sludges or
soils, including PCBs (see Table 1).
Performance can be influenced by the presence
of detergents and emulsifiers, low pH
materials, and reactivity of the organics with
the solvent.
Table 1
SPECIFIC WASTES CAPABLE OF TREATMENT
USING SOLVENT EXTRACTION
RCRA Listed Hazardous Wastes
Creosote-Saturated Sludge
Dissolved Air Flotation (DAF) Float
Slop Oil Emulsion Solids
Heat Exchanger Bundle Cleaning Sludge
API Separator Sludge
Tank Bottoms (Leaded)
Non-Listed Hazardous Wastes
Primary Oil/Solids/Water Separation Sludges
Secondary Oil/Solids/Water Separation Sludges
Bio-Sludges (
Cooling Tower Sludges
HF Alkylation Sludges
Waste FCC Catalyst
Spent Catalyst
Stretford Unit Solution
Tank Bottoms
Treated Clays
STATUS:
The first full-scale BEST unit was used at the
General Refining Superfund site in Garden
City, Georgia. Solvent extraction is the
selected remedial action at the Pinnete's
Salvage site in Maine and is the preferred
alternative at the F. O'Connor site in Maine.
The BEST process' demonstration under the
SITE Program is pending selection of an
appropriate site.
FOR FURTHER INFORMATION:
EPA Project Manager:
Edward Bates
U.S. EPA
Risk Reduction Engineering Laboratory
26 West Martin Luther King Drive
Cincinnati, Ohio 45268
513-569-7774
FTS: 684-7774
Technology Developer Contact: ,
Lisa Robbins
Resources Conservation Co.
3006 Northup Way
Bellevue, Washington 98004
206-828-2400
62
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Technology Profile
Demonstration Program
SUPCRFUND INNOVATIVE
TECHNOLOGY EVALUATION
November 1989
RETECH, INC.
(Plasma Reactor)
TECHNOLOGY DESCRIPTION:
The Centrifugal Reactor is a thermal treatment
technology that uses the heat from a plasma
torch to create a molten bath which is used to
detoxify contaminated soils. Organic
contaminants are vaporized and react at very
high temperatures to form innocuous products.
Solids melt and are incorporated into the molten
bath. Metals are retained in this phase, and
when cooled, this phase is a nonleachable
matrix.
In the diagram of the reactor (Figure 1),
contaminated soils enter through the bulk
feeder. The interior of the reactor (the reactor
well) rotates during waste processing.
Centrifugal force created by this rotation
prevents waste and molten material from
flowing out of the reactor through the bottom.
It also helps to transfer heat and electrical
energy evenly throughout the molten phase.
Periodically, the reactor is emptied.
Feeder .
Molten solids fall into the collection chamber
where they solidify. Gases travel through the
secondary combustion chamber where they
remain at a high temperature for an extended
period of time. This allows for further thermal
destruction of any organics remaining in the
gas phase. Downstream of the secondary
combustion chamber, the gases pass through a
series of air pollution control devices designed
to remove particulates and acid gases. In the
event of a process upset, a surge tank has been
installed to allow for the reprocessing of any
off-gases produced.
WASTE APPIICABUJTY:
Liquid and solid organic compounds can be
treated by this technology. It is most
appropriate for soils and sludges contaminated
with metals and hard-to-destroy organic
compounds.
Plasma Torch
Secondary Combustion Chamber
Residue Collection Chamber
Figure 1. Centrifugal reactor.
63
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STATUS:
A demonstration is planned for early 1990 at
a Department of Energy research facility in
Butte, Montana. During the demonstration, the
reactor will process approximately 4,000
pounds of waste at a feed rate of 100 pounds
per hour. All feed and effluent streams will be
sampled to assess the performance of this
technology. A report on the demonstration
project will be available after its completion.
FOR FURTHER INFORMATION:
EPA Project Manager:
Laurel Staley
U.S. EPA
Risk Reduction Engineering Laboratory
26 West Martin Luther King Drive
Cincinnati, Ohio 45268
513-569-7863
FTS: 684-7863
Technology Developer Contact:
R.C. Eschenbach
Retech, Inc.
P.O. Box 997
100 Henry Station Road
Ukiah, California 95482
707-462-6522
64
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Technology Profile
Demonstration Program
SUPERFUND INNOVATIVE
TECHNOLOGY EVALUATION
November 1989
S.M.W. SEIKO, INC.
(La Situ Solidification/Stabilization)
TECHNOLOGY DESCRIPTION:
The Soil-Cement Mixing Wall (S.M.W.)
technology involves the in-situ fixation
stabilization and solidification of contaminated
soils. Multi-axis overlapping hollow stem
augers (Figure 1) are used to inject
solidification/stabilization (S/S) agents and
blend them with contaminated soils in-situ.
The augers are mounted on a crawler-type base
machine. A batch mixing plant and raw
materials storage tanks are also involved. The
machine can treat 90 to 140 cubic yards of soil
per 8-hour shift at depths up to 100 feet.
The product of the in-situ S/S technology is
a monolithic block down to the treatment depth.
The volume increase ranges from 10 to 30
percent, depending on the nature of the soil
matrix and the amount of fixation reagents and
water required for treatment.
WASTE APPLICABILITY:
This technology is applicable to soils
contaminated with metals and semi-volatile
organic compounds (pesticides, PCBs, phenols,
PANs, etc.).
The technique has been used in mixing soil
cement or chemical grout for more than 18
years on various construction applications,
including cutoff walls and soil stabilization.
STATUS:
This project was accepted into the SITE
Demonstration Program in June 1989. Site
selection is currently underway.
Figure !. Soil cement mixing in-placed wall.
65
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FOR FURTHER INFORMATION:
EPA Project Manager:
S. Jackson Hubbard
U.S. EPA
Risk Reduction Engineering Laboratory
26 West Martin Luther King Drive
Cincinnati, Ohio 45268
513-569-7507
FTS: 684-7507
Technology Developer Contact:
David S. Yang
S.M.W. Seiko, Inc.
100 Marine Parkway
Suite 350
Redwood City, California 94065
415-591-9646
66
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TechnoHogy Profile
Demonstration Program
SEPARATION AND RECOVERY
SYSTEMS, INC.
(Solidification/Stabilization)
SUPERHJND INNOVATIVE
TECHNOLOGY EVALUATION
November 1989
TECHNOLOGY DESCRIPTION:
This technology uses lime to neutralize sludges
with high levels of hydrocarbons. No hazardous
materials are used in the process. The lime and
other minor chemicals used are specially
prepared to significantly improve their
reactivity and other key characteristics.
Sludge is removed from the waste pit and
mixed with lime in a separate blending pit.
The temperature of the material in the blending
pit rises for a brief time to around 100° C, and
some steam is created. After 20 minutes, almost
all of the material has been fixed. However,
the chemicals mixed in the sludge continue to
react with the waste over days. The fixed
material is stored in a product pile until the
waste pit has been cleaned. The waste is then
returned to the pit and compacted to a
permeability of I0~10cm/sec. The volume of
the waste is increased by 30 percent by adding
lime. This process uses conventional
earthmoving equipment.
WASTE APPLICABILITY:
The technology is applicable to acidic sludges
containing at least 5 percent hydrocarbons
(typical of sludges produced by re-
manufacturing lubricating oils). The
technology can also stabilize waste containing
up to 80 percent organics. The process
tolerates low levels of mercury and moderate
levels of lead and other toxic metals.
STATUS:
EPA is in the process of locating a suitable
site for demonstrating this technology.
V
I
Compacted
Treated Waste/
Waste Pit
Blending Pit
Figure 1. Process flow diagram.
67
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FOR FURTHER INFORMATION:
EPA Project Manager:
Edward Bates
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
Risk Reduction Engineering Laboratory
26 West Martin Luther King Drive
Cincinnati, Ohio 45268
513-569-7774
FTS: 684-7774
Technology Developer Contact:
Joseph de Franco
Separation and Recovery Systems, Inc.
16901 Armstrong Avenue
Irvine, California 92714
714-261-8860
TELEX: 68-5696
68
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Technology Profile
Demonstration Program
SHIRCO INFRARED SYSTEMS
(Infrared Thermal Destruction)
SUPERFUND INNOVATIVE
TECHNOLOGY EVALUATION
November 1989
TECHNOLOGY DESCRIPTION:
The electric infrared incineration technology
(originally developed by Shirco Infrared
Systems, Inc. of Dallas, Texas) is a mobile
thermal processing system that uses electrically-
powered silicon carbide rods to heat organic
wastes to combustion temperatures. Any
remaining combustibles are incinerated in an
afterburner. One configuration for this mobile
system (Figure 1) is comprised of four
components: an electric-powered infrared
primary chamber, a gas-fired secondary
combustion chamber, an emissions control
system, and a control center.
Waste is fed into the primary chamber on a
wire-mesh conveyor belt and exposed to
infrared radiant heat (up to 1850° F) provided
by the horizontal rows of electrically-powered
silicon carbide rods above the belt. A blower
delivers air to selected locations along the belt
and can be used to control the oxidation rate
of the waste feed.
The ash material that drops off the belt in the
primary chamber is quenched using scrubber
water effluent. The ash is then conveyed to
the ash hopper, where it is removed to a
holding area and analyzed for PCB content.
Emission Duct
Pritnwy Combustion
Chinlur n n (i M n
SCC Emission
Outlet Duct
Figure 1. Peak Oil incineration unit process diagram.
Volatile gases from the primary chamber flow
into the secondary chamber, which uses higher
temperatures, greater residence time,
turbulence, and supplemental energy (if
required) to destroy these gases. Gases from
the secondary chamber are ducted through the
emissions control system. In the emissions
control system, the particulates are removed in
a venturi scrubber. Acid vapor is neutralized
in a packed tower scrubber. An induced draft
blower draws the cleaned gases from the
scrubber into the free-standing exhaust stack.
An emergency stack is installed prior to the
venturi scrubber system so that if the
temperature control system and its interlocks
fail, the emissions control system will not be
melted by the hot gases.
The scrubber liquid effluent flows into a
clarifier, where scrubber sludge settles out for
disposal, and through an activated carbon filter
for reuse or to a POTW for disposal.
WASTE APPLICABILITY:
This technology is suitable for soils or
sediments with organic contaminants. Liquid
organic wastes can be treated after mixing with
sand or soil. Data evaluated during the
Application Analysis suggest that additional
preprocessing may be needed to meet suitable
ranges for various waste characteristics, as
follows:
—Particle size, 5 microns to 2 inches
—Moisture content, up to 50% (wt.)
—Density, 30-130 Ib/cf
—Heating value, up to 10,000 Btu/lb
—Chlorine content, up to 5% (wt.)
—Sulfur content, up to 5% (wt.)
—Phosphorus, 0-300 ppm
-pH, 5-9
—Alkali metals, up to 1% (wt.)
69
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STATUS:
EPA conducted two evaluations of the infrared
system. An evaluation of a full-scale unit was
conducted from August 1 to 4, 1987, during a
removal action by Region IV at the Peak Oil
site, an abandoned oil refinery in Tampa,
Florida. During the cleanup, a nominal 100-
ton per day system treated nearly 7,000 cubic
yards of waste oil sludge containing PCBs and
lead. A second demonstration of the system,
at pilot scale, took place at the Rose Township-
Demode Road site, an NPL site in Michigan,
from November 2 to 11,1987. Organics, PCBs,
and metals in soil were the target waste
compounds to be destroyed or immobilized.
The pilot-scale operation allowed the
evaluation of performance under varied
operating conditions. In addition to Peak Oil,
infrared incineration was used to remediate
PCB-contaminated materials at the Florida
Steel Corporation Superfund site, and is being
used on PCB-contaminated soil at the LaSalle
Electric NPL site in Illinois.
DEMONSTRATION RESULTS:
The results from the two SITE demonstrations
are summarized below.
• In both tests, at standard operating
conditions, PCBs were reduced to less
than 1 ppm in the ash, with a DRE for
air emissions greater than 99.99% (based
on detection limits).
• In the pilot-scale demonstration the
RCRA standard for particulate emission
(180 mg/dscf) was achieved. In the
full-scale demonstration, however, this
standard was not met in all runs due to
scrubber inefficiencies.
• Lead was not immobilized; however,
it remained in the ash and significant
amounts were not transferred to the
scrubber water or emitted to the
atmosphere.
• The pilot testing demonstrated
satisfactory performance with high
feed rate and reduced power
consumption when fuel oil was added
to the waste feed and the primary
chamber temperature was reduced.
APPLICATIONS ANALYSIS RESULTS:
Additional results from the two demonstrations
plus eight other case studies show that:
The process is capable of meeting both
RCRA and TSCA DRE requirements
for air emissions. Operations on waste
feed contaminated with PCBs have
consistently met the TSCA guidance
level of 2 ppm in ash.
Improvements in the scrubber system
resulted in compliance with RCRA and
TSCA particulate emission standards.
In some cases, restrictions in chloride
levels in the waste and/or feed rate may
be necessary to meet particulate
emissions standards.
• Based on recent commercial operations,
projected utilization factors range from
50% to 75%. ;
• Economic analysis and observation
suggest a cost range from $180/ton to
$240/ton of waste feed, excluding waste
excavation, feed preparation, profit,
and ash disposal costs. Overall costs
may be as high as $800/ton.
FOR FURTHER INFORMATION:
EPA Project Manager:
Howard O. Wall
U.S. EPA
Risk Reduction Engineering Laboratory
26 West Martin Luther King Drive
Cincinnati, Ohio 45268
513-569-7691 (FTS: 684-7691)
Technology Developer Contact:
John Ciof f i
Ecova Corporation
3820 159th Avenue, NE
Redmond, WA 98052
206-883-1900
Technology Vendor Contacts:
George Hay
OH Materials Corporation 419-423-3526
Richard McAllister
Westinghouse Haztech, Inc.
404-593-3803
70
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\
Technology Profile
Demonstration Program
SUPERrUNO INNOVATIVE
TECHNOLOGY EVALUATION
November 1989
SILICATE TECHNOLOGY CORPORATION
(Solidification/Stabilization with Silicate Compounds)
TECHNOLOGY DESCRIPTION:
This solidification/stabilization technology uses
silicate compounds and can be used as two
separate technologies: (1) one that fixes and
solidifies organics and inorganics contained in
contaminated soils and sludges; and (2) another
that removes organics from contaminated water.
For soils and sludges, a proprietary reagent,
FMS silicate, selectively adsorbs organic
contaminants before the waste is mixed with
a cement-like material to form a high-strength,
non-leaching cement block (monolith). For
water, the same reagent (FMS silicate) is used
in conjunction with granular activated carbon
to remove organics from the groundwater. The
resulting waste material is then solidified by the
first technology.
In this combined technology, the type and dose
of reagents depend on the waste characteristics.
Treatability studies and site investigations are
conducted to determine reagent formulations
for each site. The process begins with
pretreating contaminated waste material.
Coarse material is separated from fine material
(Figure 1) and sent through a shredder, which
cuts the material to the size required for the
solidification technology. The waste is then
loaded into a batch plant, where the FMS
silicate is applied. The waste is weighed, and
the proportional amount of FMS silicate is
added. This mixture is conveyed to a concrete
mixing truck, pug mill or other mixing
equipment where water is added and the
mixture is thoroughly blended. The treated
material is then placed in a confining pit on-
site for curing or cast into molds for transport
and disposal off-site.
Figure 1. Contaminated soil process
flow diagram.
71
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A self-contained mobile filtration pilot facility
is used to treat organic-contaminated ground
water. Reagents aid in removing high
molecularweightorganics; granulated activated
carbon is used to remove low molecular weight
organics. The contaminated water is passed
through a column filter containing the reagent.
The high molecular weight organics are
separated from the water in this step. The
effluent from this column filter is then passed
through a second column filter containing
granulated activated carbon for removing low
molecular weight organics.
WASTE APPLICABILITY:
This technology can be applied to soils and
sludges to metals, cyanides, fluorides,
arsenates, ammonia, chromates, and selenium
in unlimited concentrations. Higher weight
organics in groundwater, soils, and sludges —
including halogenated, aromatic, and aliphatic
compounds — can also be treated by this
process. However, the process is not as
successful on low molecular weight organics
such as alcohols, ketones and glycols and
volatile organics.
STATUS:
A demonstration of this combined technology
should occur between December 1989 and
August 1990 at the Kaiser Steel site in Fontana,
California.
FOR FURTHER INFORMATION:
EPA Project Manager:
Edward R. Bates
U.S. EPA
Risk Reduction Engineering Laboratory
26 West Martin Luther King Drive
Cincinnati, Ohio 45268
513-569-7774
FTS: 684-7774
Technology Developer Contact:
Steve Pegler
Silicate Technology Corporation
Scottsdale Technology Center
7650 East Redfield Road
Suite B2
Scottsdale, Arizona 85260
602-941-1400
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Technology Profile
Demonstration Program
SOLIDITECH, INC.
(SoUdification/Stabilization)
SUPERFUHD INNOVATIVE
TECHNOLOGr EVALUATION
November 1989
TECHNOLOGY DESCRIPTION:
This solidification/stabilization process
immobilizes contaminants in soils and sludges
by binding them in a concrete-like, leach-
resistant matrix.
Contaminated waste materials are collected,
screened to remove oversized material, and
introduced to the batch mixer (Figure 1). The
waste material is then mixed with: (1) water,
(2) Urrichem — a proprietary chemical reagent,
(3) proprietary additives, and (4) pozzolanic
material (f lyash), kiln dust, or cement (cement
was used for the demonstration). Once
thoroughly mixed, the treated waste is
discharged from the mixer.
The treated waste is a solidified mass with
significant unconfined compressive strength,
high stability, and a rigid texture similar to
that of concrete.
WASTE APPIICABIUrY:
This technology is intended for treating soils
and sludges contaminated with organic
compounds, metals, inorganic compounds, and
oil and grease. Batch mixers of various
capacities are available to treat different
volumes of waste.
INTERNAL VIEW OF MIXER
FRONT END LOADER
(LOADING CONTAMINATED SOIL)
~;.;.*jr:- PROPRIETARY ADDITiyES^pSi>—«@^^
Figure 1. Soliditech processing equipment.
73
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STATUS:
The Soliditech process was demonstrated in
December 1988 at the Imperial Oil
Company/Champion Chemical Company
Superfund site in Morganville, New Jersey.
This location formerly contained both
chemical processing and oil reclamation
facilities. Wastes treated during the
demonstration were soils, a waste pile, and
wastes from an old storage tank. These
waste were contaminated with petroleum
hydrocarbons, PCBs, other organic
chemicals, and heavy metals.
DEMONSTRATION RESULTS:
Key findings from the Soliditech
demonstration are summarized below:
• Chemical analyses of extracts and
leachates showed that heavy metals
present in the untreated waste were
immobilized.
• The process solidified both solid and
liquid wastes with high organic content
(up to 17%) as well as oil and grease.
• Volatile organic compounds in the
original waste were not detected in the
treated waste.
• Physical test results of the solidified
waste samples showed: (1) unconfined
compressive strengths ranged from 390
to 860 psi; (2) very little weight loss after
12 cycles of wet/dry and freeze/thaw
durability tests; (3) low permeability of
the treated waste; and (4) increased
density after treatment.
• The solidified waste increased in volume
by an average of 22 percent. The bulk
density of the waste material increased
by approximately 35 percent due to
solidification.
• Semivolatile organic compounds
(phenols) were detected in the treated
waste and the TCLP extracts from the
treated waste, but not in the untreated
waste or its TCLP extracts. The
presence of these compounds is believed
to result from chemical reactions in the
waste treatment mixture.
• Oil and grease content of the untreated
waste ranged from 2.8 to 17.3 percent
(28,000 to 173,000 ppm). Oil and grease
content of the TCLP extracts of the
solidified waste ranged from 2.4 to 12
ppm.
• The pH of the solidified waste ranged
from 11.7 to 12.0. The pH of the
untreated waste ranged from 3.4 to 7.9.
• PCBs were not detected in any extracts
or leachates of the treated waste.
• Visual observation of solidified waste
showed dark inclusions approximately 1
mm in diameter. Ongoing
microstructural studies are expected to
confirm that these inclusions are
encapsulated wastes.
A Technology Evaluation Report is
scheduled for publication in November 1989.
An Applications Analysis Report will be
available in early 1990.
FOR FURTHER INFORMATION:
EPA Project Manager:
Walter E. Grube, Jr.
U.S. EPA
Risk Reduction Engineering Laboratory
26 West Martin Luther King Drive
Cincinnati, Ohio 45268
513-569-7798
FTS: 684-7798
Technology Developer Contact:
Carl Brassow
Soliditech, Inc.
6901 Corporate Drive
Suite 215 ;
Houston, Texas 77036
713-778-1800 ;
74
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not
Technology Profile
Demonstration Program
SOLVENT SERVICES, INC.
(Steam Injection and Vacuum Extraction)
SUPERFUND INNOVATIVE
TECHNOLOGY EVALUATION
November 1989
TECHNOLOGY DESCRIPTION:
The Steam Injection and Vacuum Extraction
(SIVE) process is used in situ to remove volatile
organic compounds (VOCs) and semivolatile
organic compounds (SVOCs) from contaminated
soil. Steam is forced through the soil, via
injection wells, to thermally enhance the
vacuum extraction process. Recovered gaseous
contaminants are then either condensed and
processed along with recovered liquids, or
trapped by activated carbon filters. The
contaminants are then recycled back into the
condensing system.
The technology uses readily available
components such as extraction and monitoring
wells, manifold piping, vapor-liquid separator,
vacuum pump, and emission control equipment,
such as activated carbon canisters (Figure 1).
Once a contaminated area is completely
defined, an extraction well is installed and
connected by piping to a vapor-liquid
separator. A vacuum pump draws the
subsurface contaminants through the well, the
separator, and an activated carbon canister
before discharging to the atmosphere.
Subsurface vacuum and soil vapor
concentrations are monitored by vadose zone
monitoring wells.
WASTE APPLICABILITY:
The technology is used to treat soil
contaminated with VOCs and SVOCs in total
concentrations ranging from 10 ppb to 100,000
ppm by weight. Soils contaminated by leaking
underground storage tanks or surface spills are
suitable. By-products include spent carbon and
contaminated water. Further treatment of
recovered liquids and condensate is necessary.
Exhaust
Liquid
Storage
Tank
Figure 1. Solvent Services, Inc. process flow diagram.
75
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STATUS:
The SIVE process system is currently under
development and planned for demonstration
in San Jose, California. Soil cleaning rates
depend on soil type and physical properties,
as well as contaminant types, distribution,
and concentrations. The rates are expected
to vary from 300 to 1,000 cubic yards of soil
per day per well system.
The objective of the 6-month field
demonstration of the SIVE process system is
to fully remediate 1.2 acres of the site,
containing approximately 30,000 cubic yards
of soil. The demonstration began in
September 1989; a visitors' day is planned
for December 1989.
FOR FURTHER INFORMATION:
EPA Project Manager:
Paul dePercin
U.S. EPA
Risk Reduction Engineering Laboratory
26 West Martin Luther King Drive
Cincinnati, Ohio 45268
513-569-7797
FTS: 684-7797
Technology Developer Contact:
Doug Dieter
Solvent Service, Inc.
1040 Commercial Street
Suite 101
San Jose, California 95112
408-453-6046
76
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Technology Profiie
Demonstration Program
SUPERFUND INNOVATIVE
TECHNOLOGY EVALUATION
November 1989
TERRA VAC, INC.
(In Situ Vacuum Extraction)
TECHNOLOGY DESCRIPTION:
In situ vacuum extraction technology is a
process of removing and venting volatile
organic compounds (VOCs) from the vadose
or unsaturated zone of soils. Often, these
compounds can be removed from the vadose
zone before they contaminate ground water.
In this technology, a well is used to extract
subsurface organic contaminants. The extracted
contaminant stream passes through a
vapor/liquid separator, and the resulting off-
gases undergo activated carbon treatment,
before being released into the atmosphere.
The technology uses readily available equipment
such as extraction and monitoring wells,
manifold piping, a vapor/liquid separator, a
vacuum pump, and an emission control device,
such as an activated carbon canister. Once a
contaminated area is completely defined, an
extraction well is installed and connected by
piping to a vapor/liquid separator device device
(Figure 1). A vacuum pump draws the
subsurface contaminants through the well, to
the separator device, and through an activated
carbon canister before the air stream is
discharged to the atmosphere. Subsurface
vacuum and soil vapor concentrations are
monitored using vadose zone monitoring wells.
The technology does not require highly trained
operators or soil excavation, and is not limited
by depth. The technology works best at sites
that are contaminated by liquids with high
vapor pressures. The success of the system
depends on site conditions, soil properties, and
the chemical properties of the contaminants.
The process works in soils of low permeability
(clays) if the soil has sufficient air-filtered
porosity. Depending on the soil type and the
depth to ground water, the radius of influence
of a single extraction well can range from tens
to hundreds of feet. Typical contaminant
recovery rates range between 20 and 2,500
pounds per day, and are a function of volatility
of the organic compound recovered.
Therefore, the more volatile the organic
compound, the faster the process works. The
process is more cost-effective at sites
where contaminated soils are predominantly
above the water table, although systems have
been designed for both vapor and ground-
water recovery.
J
s
Pump
Vapor
Liquid
Separator
Primary
Activated
Carbon
Canisters
Figure 1. Process diagram for in-situ vacuum extraction.
77
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WASTE APPIICABELITY:
This technology is applicable to organic
compounds that are volatile or semivolatile at
ambient temperatures in soils and ground
water. Contaminants should have a Henry's
constant of 0.001 or higher for effective
removal.
STATUS:
The technology was first applied at a
Superfund site in Puerto Rico, where carbon
tetrachloride had leaked from an underground
storage tank. In-situ vacuum extraction
processes are now used at more than 60 waste
sites across the United States, such as the
Verona Wells Superfund Site in Battle Creek,
Michigan, which contains trichloroethylene
and contaminants from gasoline station spills.
A field demonstration of the process was
performed as part of the SITE Program at the
Groveland Wells Superfund site in Groveland,
Massachusetts, which is contaminated by
trichloroethylene (TCE).
The Technology Evaluation Report and
Applications Analysis Report have been
published.
DEMONSTRATION RESULTS:
The in situ vacuum extraction demonstration
at Groveland Wells Superfund site used four
extraction wells to pump contaminants to the
process system. Four monitoring wells were
used to measure the impact of treatment on
site contamination. During the SITE
demonstration, 1,300 pounds of volatile
organics, mainly TCE, were extracted during
a 56-day operational period. The volatiles
were removed from both highly permeable
strata and low permeability clays. Table 1
presents the reductions in TCE concentrations
achieved by the Terra Vac system.
TABLE 1
REDUCTION OF WEIGHTED AVERAGE TCE LEVELS IN SOIL
Well
TCB Concentrations fmz/M
retrealment _ Fosttreatment
% Reduction
1
2
3
4
Monitoring Well
1
2
3
4
3358
333
6.69
96.10
1.10
14.75
22731
0X7
2931
236
630
4.19
034
858
84.50
1.0S
13.74
30.18
8.56
95.64
69.09
39.12
62.83
APPLICATIONS ANALYSIS
SUMMARY:
The Terra Vac system was tested at several
Superfund and non-Superfund sites. These
field evaluations yielded the following
conclusions:
• The process represents a viable technology
to fully remediate a site contaminated with
volatile organic compounds.
• The major considerations in applying this
technology are: volatility of the
contaminants (Henry's constant), site soil
porosity, and the required cleanup level.
• The process performed well in removing
VOCs from soil with measured
permeabilities of 10"4 to 10"8 cm/sec.
• Pilot demonstrations are necessary when
treating soils of low permeability and high
moisture content.
• Based on available data, treatment costs
are typically near $50 per ton. Costs can
be as low as $10 per ton at large sites not
requiring off-gas or wastewater treatment.
Costs for small sites may range as high as
$150 per ton.
FOR FURTHER INFORMATION:
EPA Project Manager: ',
Mary K. Stinson
U.S. EPA
Risk Reduction Engineering Laboratory
Woodbridge Avenue
Edison, New Jersey 08837
201-321-6683
FTS: 340-6683
Technology Developer Contact:
James Malot
Terra Vac, Inc.
356 Fontaleza Street
P.O. Box 1591
San Juan, Puerto Rico 00903
809-723-9171
78
_
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Technology Profile
Demonstration Program
TOXIC TREATMENTS (USA) INC.
(In Situ Steam/Air Stripping)
SUPERFUND INNOVATIVE
TECHNOLOGY EVAUMTION
November 1989
TECHNOLOGY DESCRIFnON:
A transportable "detoxifer" treatment unit is
used for in-situ steam and air stripping of
volatile organics from contaminated soil.
Two main components of the on-site treatment
equipment are the process tower and process
train (Figure 1). The process tower contains
two counter-rotating hollow-stem drills, each
with a modified cutting bit 5 feet in diameter,
capable of operating to a 27-foot depth. Each
drill contains two concentric pipes. The inner
pipe is used to convey steam supplied by an
oil-fired boiler at 450°F and 450 psig to the
rotating cutting blades. The outer pipe conveys
air at approximately SOOT and 250 psig to the
rotating blades.
Steam is piped to the top of the drills and
injected through the cutting blades. The steam
heats the ground being remediated, increasing
the vapor pressure of the volatile contaminants
and thereby increasing the rate at which they
can be stripped. Both the air and steam serve
as carriers to convey these contaminants to the
surface. A metal box, called a shroud, seals
the process area above the rotating cutter
blades from the outside environment, collects
the volatile contaminants, and ducts them to
the process train.
In the process train, the volatile contaminants
and the water vapor are removed from the
off-gas stream by condensation. The
condensed water is separated from the
contaminants by distillation, then filtered
through activated carbon beds and subsequently
used as make-up water for a wet cooling tower.
Steam also is used to regenerate the activated
carbon beds and as the heat source for
distilling of the volatile contaminants from the
condensed liquid stream.
WASTE APPIICABIIJTY:
This technology is applicable to organic
contaminants such as hydrocarbons and
solvents with sufficient partial pressure in the
soil. The technology is not limited by soil
particle size, initial porosity, chemical
concentration, or viscosity.
Activated Carbon
System
^sJ Hydrocarbon
Coalescer/
Separator
Figure 1. Typical detoxifer system process
flow diagram.
79
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STATUS:
A SITE demonstration was performed the week
of September 18, 1989. Twelve soil blocks
were treated for the demonstration. Various
liquid samples were collected, and the process
operating procedures were closely monitored
and recorded.
DEMONSTRATION RESULTS:
Demonstration results are not available at this
time, but are expected to be published early
1990.
FOR FURTHER INFORMATION:
EPA Project Manager:
Paul dePercin
U.S. EPA
Risk Reduction Engineering Laboratory
26 West Martin Luther King Drive
Cincinnati,' Ohio 45268
513-569-7797
FTS: 684-7797
Technology Developer Contact:
Phillip N. LaMori ;
Toxic Treatments (USA) Inc.
151 Union Street
Suite 155
San Francisco, California 94111
415-391-2113
80
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Technology ProfiEe
Demonstration Program
ULTROX DSTTERNATTONAL
(Ultraviolet Radiation/Oxidation)
SUPERFUNO INNOVATIVE
EVALUATION
November 1989
TECHNOLOGY DESCRIPTION:
This ultraviolet (UV) radiation/oxidation
process uses UV radiation, ozone (O3) and
hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) to destroy toxic
organic compounds, especially chlorinated
hydrocarbons, in water. The process oxidizes
compounds that are toxic or refractory (resistant
to biological oxidation) in concentrations of
parts per million or parts per billion.
The Ultrox system consists of a reactor module,
an air compressor/ozone generator module, and
a hydrogen peroxide feed system. It is skid-
mounted and portable, and permits on-site
treatment of a wide variety of liquid wastes,
such as industrial wastewaters, groundwaters,
and leachate. The reactor size is determined
from the expected wastewater flow rate and the
necessary hydraulic retention time to treat the
contaminated water. The approximate UV
intensity, ozone and hydrogen peroxide dose
are determined from pilot-scale studies.
Influent to the reactor (Figure 1) is
simultaneously exposed to UV radiation, ozone,
and hydrogen peroxide to oxidize the organic
compounds. Off-gas from the reactor passes
through an ozone destruction (Decompozon)
unit, which reduces ozone levels before air
venting. The Decompozon unit also destroys
gaseous volatile organic compounds (VOC)
stripped off in the reactor. Effluent from the
reactor can be directly discharged to a
Treated Off Gas
Reactor Off Gas
Catalytic Ozone Decomposer
TREATED
EFFLUENT
TO DISCHARGE
Hydrogen Peroxide
from Feed Tank
Figure 1. Isometric view of Ultrox system.
81
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WASTE APPLICABILITY:
Contaminated groundwater, industrial
wastewaters and leachates containing
halogenated solvents, phenol,
pentachlorophenol, pesticides, PCBs, and
other organic compounds are suitable for this
treatment process.
STATUS:
A field-scale demonstration was completed
in March 1989 at a hazardous waste site in
San Jose, California. The test program was
designed to evaluate the performance of the
Ultrox System at several combinations of
five operating parameters: (1) influent pH,
(2) retention time, (3) ozone dose, (4)
hydrogen peroxide dose, and (5) UV
radiation intensity. The Technology
Evaluation Report and the Applications
Analysis Report will be available in the
Spring of 1990.
DEMONSTRATION RESULTS:
Contaminated groundwater treated by the
Ultrox system met regulatory standards at
the following operating conditions:
Retention time
Influent pH
O3 dose
HLOp dose
UV lamps
40 minutes
7.2 (unadjusted)
HOmg/L
13 mg/L
all 24 operating
at 64 watts each
Out of 44 VOC samples, three were chosen
to be used as indicator parameters. The
VOC removal efficiencies at these conditions
are presented in Table 1.
TABLE 1
PERFORMANCE DATA FOR REPRODUCIBLE RUNS
U-DCA
1,1,1-TCA
ToWlVOCi
M-DCA
1.1,1-TCA
Toul VOOt
1,1-DCA
K1.1-TGV
Tool VOCs
Mean Influent
fttt/U
65
11
43
170
52
11
33
150
49
10
32
120
Mean Effluent
(Be/U
13.
53
0.7S
16
OSS
3.8
0.43
12
0.63
42
0.49
20
Percent Removal
98
52
83
91
99
65
87
92
99
58
85
83
Removal efficiencies for TCE were about 99
percent. Removal efficiencies for 1,1-DCA
and 1,1,1-TCA were about 58 percent and
85 percent, respectively. Removal
efficiencies for total VOCs were about 90
percent.
For some compounds, removal from the
water phase was due to both chemical
oxidation and stripping. Stripping accounted
for 12 to 75 percent of the total removal for
1,1,1-TCA and 5 to 44 percent for 1,1-DCA.
Stripping was less than 10 percent for TCE
and vinyl chloride, and was negligible for
other VOCs present.
The Decompozon unit reduced ozone to less
than 0.1 ppm (OSHA standards), with
efficiencies greater than 99.99 percent.
VOCs present in the air within the treatment
system, at approximately 0.1 to 0.5 ppm,
were not detected after passing through the
Decompozon unit.
Very low TOC removal was found, implying
that partial oxidation of organics occurred
without complete conversion to CO? and
H20.
The average electrical energy consumption
was about 11 kWh/hour of operation.
FOR FURTHER INFORMATION:
EPA Project Manager:
Norma Lewis
U.S. EPA
Risk Reduction Engineering Laboratory
26 West Martin Luther King Drive
Cincinnati, Ohio 45268
513-569-7665
FTS: 684-7665
Technology Developer Contact:
David B. Fletcher
Ultrox International
2435 South Anne Street
Santa Ana, California 92704
714-545-5557
82
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Technology Profile
Demonslration Program
SUPERfUND INNOVATIVE
TECHNOtOOr EVALUATION
November 1989
WASTECH, INC.
(Solidification/Stabilization)
TECHNOLOGY DESCRIPTION:
This solidification/stabilization technology
applies proprietary bonding agents to soils,
sludge, and liquid wastes containing volatile
or semivolatile organic and inorganic
contaminates to fix the pollutants within the
wastes. The treated waste is then mixed with
cementitious materials and placed in a
stabilizing matrix. The specific reagents used
are custom-selected based on the particular
waste to be treated. The resultant material is
a high-strength, non-leaching monolith that can
be placed into the ground without double liners
or covering caps.
The process uses standard engineering and
construction practices. Since the type and dose
of reagents depend on the waste's
characteristics, treatability studies and site
investigations need to be conducted to
determine the proper reagent mix. The process
begins with a front end loader and/or a backhoe
excavating the waste material. Material
Feed Waste
Screen
Cement
and
Admixtures
containing large pieces of debris must be
prescreened. The waste is then placed, in
measured quantities, into a pug mill or other
mixer (see Figure 1), where it is mixed with
a controlled amount of water and reagent.
From there, the waste-reagent mixture is
transferred to the cement batcher, where it is
mixed with dry blends of a pozzolanic mixture.
The operation does not generate waste
byproducts.
WASTE APPLICABILITY:
This technology has treated a wide variety of
waste streams consisting of soils, sludges, and
raw organic streams, such as lubricating oil,
aromatic solvents, evaporator bottoms,
chelating agents, and ion exchange resins, with
contaminant concentrations ranging from ppm
levels to 40% by volume. It can also be applied
to mixed wastes containing radioactive
materials along with organic and inorganic
contaminants.
Reagents
Conveyor
/
Water
Cement
Batcher
Product
Figure 1. Wastech solids handling system flow diagram.
83
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STATUS:
EPA is in the process of selecting a site for the
technology demonstration. Treatability studies
are currently underway on two wastes — an
oily waste and a wood preserving waste. A
third study is proposed for a mixed waste.
FOR FURTHER INFORMATION:
EPA Project Manager:
Edward R. Bates
U.S. EPA
Risk Reduction Laboratory
26 West Martin Luther King Drive
Cincinnati, Ohio 45268
513-569-7774
FTS: 684-7774
Technology Developer Contact:
E. Benjamin Peacock
Wastech, Inc.
P.O. Box 1213
114TulsaRoad
Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37830
615-483-6515
84
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Technology Profile
Demonstration Program
ZIMPRO/PASSAVANT INC
(PACT®/Wet Air Oxidation)
SUPERFUND INNOVATIVE
TECHNOLOGY EV/UJMTION
November 1989
TECHNOLOGY DESCRIPTION:
Zimpro/Passavant Inc. has developed a
treatment system that combines two
technologies: the PACT® treatment system
and wet air oxidation (WAO). The PACT®
system uses powdered activated carbon (PAC)
combined with conventional biological
treatment (e.g., an activated sludge system) to
treat liquid waste containing toxic organic
contaminants. The WAO technology can
regenerate the PAC for reuse in the PACT®
system. The system is mobile, consisting of
two skid-mounted units, and can treat from
2,500 to 10,000 gallons of wastewater per day.
Larger stationary systems, treating up to 53
million gallons per day, are already in
operation.
NUTRIENTS
MAKEUP PAC
POLYMER
EFFLUENT
ASH TO DISPOSAL
Figure 1, PACT system with WAO.
In the PACT® system, organic contaminants
are removed through biodegradation and
adsorption. Living microorganisms (biomass)
in the activated sludge system are contained in
liquid suspension in an aerated basin. This
biomass removes biodegradable toxic organic
compounds from the liquid waste. PAC is
added to enhance this biological treatment by
adsorbing toxic organic compounds. The
degree of treatment achieved by the PACT®
system depends on the influent waste
characteristics and the system's operating
parameters. Important waste characteristics
include biodegradability, adsorbability, and
concentrations of toxic organic compounds and
inorganic compounds, such as heavy metals.
Major operating parameters include carbon
dose, hydraulic retention time of the aeration
basin, solids retention time of the biomass-
carbon mixture, and biomass concentration in
the system. Liquid wastes fed into the PACT®
system should have sufficient nutrients
(nitrogen and phosphorous) and biodegradable
compounds to support the growth of active
biomass in the aeration basin. The temperature
of the waste should be in the range of 40° F to
100° F, and the influent pH in the range of 6
to 9. Solids retention times affect both the
concentration and type of biomass in the
system; these vary from 2 days to 50 days.
Hydraulic retention times affect the degree of
biodegradation achieved and typically range
from 2 hours to 24 hours for relatively dilute
wastes, such as contaminated groundwater, up
to several days for concentrated wastes and
leachate. Carbon doses vary widely, depending
on the biodegradability and adsorptive
characteristics of the contaminants in the
waste. Higher PAC concentrations improve the
settleability of the PAC-biomass mixture and
reduce air stripping of volatile organic
contaminants.
85
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Excess solids (PAC with adsorbed organics,
biomass, and inert solids) are removed
periodically from the system through the
system's clarifier (settling tank) or thickener
(see Figure 1). These excess solids are routed
to the WAO system reactor to regenerate the
spent PAC and destroy organics remaining in
the biomass. Temperatures and pressures in
the WAO system will be about 480° F and 800
to 850 pounds per square inch, respectively.
After treatment in the WAO system, the
regenerated PAC may be separated from the
ash formed from destruction of the biomass,
and returned to the aeration basin for reuse.
WASTE APPLICABILITY:
This technology is applicable to municipal and
industrial wastewaters, as well as groundwater
and leachates containing hazardous organic
pollutants. According to the developer, the
PACT® system has successfully treated a
variety of industrial wastewaters, including
chemical plant wastewaters, dye production
wastewaters, pharmaceutical wastewaters,
refinery wastewaters, and synthetic fuels
wastewaters, in addition to contaminated
groundwater and mixed industrial/municipal
wastewater.
In general, PACT® system can treat liquid
wastes containing wide ranges of biochemical
oxygen demand (BOD) -- 10 to 30,000 parts
per million (ppm) — and chemical oxygen
demand (COD) -- 20 to 60,000 ppm. Toxic
volatile organic compounds can be treated up
to the level where they interfere with biomass
growth, about 1,000 ppm. The developer's
treatability studies have shown that the PACT
system can reduce the organics in contaminated
groundwater from several hundred ppm to
below detection limits (parts per billion, ppb,
range).
STATUS:
A tentative site has been selected for the
technology demonstration — the Syncon Resins
Superfund site in Kearny, New Jersey. The
shallow aquifer at the Syncon Resins site is
contaminated with a variety of organic solvent
compounds. Site preparation work for the
technology demonstration is being coordinated
with the State of New Jersey.
FOR FURTHER INFORMATION:
EPA Project Manager:
John F. Martin
U.S. EPA
Risk Reduction Engineering Laboratory
26 West Martin Luther King Drive
Cincinnati, Ohio 45268
513-569-7758
FTS: 684-7758
Technology Developer Contact:
William M. Copa
Zimpro/Passavant Inc.
301 West Military Road
Rothschild, Wisconsin 54474
715-359-7211
86
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EMERGING TECHNOLOGIES PROGRAM
The Emerging Technologies Program provides a framework to encourage the bench-
and pilot-scale testing and evaluation of technologies that have already been proven at the
conceptual stage. The goal is to promote the development of viable alternatives available
for use in Superfund site remediations. The emerging technologies may then be considered
for the SITE Demonstration Program, for field demonstration and evaluation.
Technologies are solicited for the Emerging Technologies Program through Requests
for Pre-Proposals. Three solicitations have been issued to date — in July 1987 (E01), July
1988 (E02), and July 1989 (EOS). Cooperative agreements between EPA and the
technology developer require cost sharing, and may be renewed for up to two years. The
selection of E03 projects is expected in early 1990. The 14 program participants selected
under E01 and E02 are presented in alphabetical order in Table 3 and in the technology
profiles that follow.
87
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TABLE 3
SITE Emerging Technology Program Participants
Developer
Atomic Energy of Canada Ltd.
Chalk River, Ontario
(E01)
Babcock & Wilcox Co.
Alliance, OH
(E02)
Battelle Memorial Institute,
Columbus Division
Columbus, OH
(E01)
Bio-Recovery Systems, Inc.
Las Cruces, NM
(E01)
Colorado School of Mines
Golden, CO
(E01)
Electro-Pure Systems, Inc.
Amherst, NY
(E02)
Energy and Environmental
Engineering, Inc.
East Cambridge, MA
-(E01)
+
Technology
Chemical Treatment/
Ultrafiltration
Cyclone Combustor
In Situ Electroacoustic
Decontamination
Biological Sorption
Wetlands-Based Treatment
A/C Electrocoagulation
Phase Separation and
Removal
Laser Stimulated
Photochemical Oxidation
Technology
Contact
Leo Buckley
613-5&W311
Lawrence King
216-821-9110
H.S. Muralidhara
614-424-5018
Dennis W. Darnall
505-646-5888
Thomas Wildeman
303-273-3642
Patrick Ryan
716-691-2600
James H. Porter
617-666-5500
EPA Project
Manager
John Martin
513-569-7758
FTS 684-7758
Laurel Staley
513-569-7863
FTS 684-7863
Diana Guzman
513-569-7819
FTS 684-7819
Naomi Barkley
513-569-7854
FTS 684-7854
Edward Bates
513-569-7774
FTS 684-7774
Naomi Barkley
513-569-7854
FTS 684-7854
Ronald Lewis
513-569-7856
FTS 684-7856
Waste
Media
Ground Water
Solids, Soil
Soil
Ground Water,
Leachate,
Wastewater
Acid Mine
Drainage
Ground Water,
Wastewater,
Leachate
Ground Water,
Wastewater
Applicable Waste
Inorganic
Specific for Heavy
Metals
Non-specific
Specific for Heavy
Metals
Specific for Heavy
Metals
Specific for Metals
Heavy Metals
NA
Organic
NA
Non-specific
NA
NA
NA
Petroleum
Byproducts, Coal-
Tar Derivatives
Non-specific
oo
oo
NA = Non Applicable
-------
TABLE 3 (Continued)
SITE Emerging Technology Program Participants
Developer
Enviro-Sciences, Inc.
Randolph, NJ
(E02)
Harmon Environmental
Services, Inc. (formerly
Envirite Field Services, Inc.)
Auburn, AL
(E01)
IT Corporation
Knoxville, TN
(E02)
Membrane Technology and
Research, Inc.
Menlo Park, CA
(E02)
University of Washington,
Dept. of Civil Engineering
Seattle, WA
(E02)
Wastewater Tech. Centre
Burlington, Ontario
(E02)
Western Research Institute
Laramie, WY
(E01)
Technology
Low Energy Solvent
Extraction
Soil Washing
Batch Steam
Distillation/Metal
Extraction
Membrane Process for
Removal of Volatile
Organics from
Contaminated Air Streams
Adsorptive Filtration
Cross-Flow Pervaporation
System
Contained Recovery of Oily
Wastes (CROW)
Technology
Contact
Zvi Blank
201-361-8840
William Webster
205-821-9253
Robert Fox
615-690-3211
J.G. Wijmans
415-328-2228
Mark Benjamin
206-543-7645
Abbas Zaidi
416-336-4605
Wesley Barnes
307-721-2011
EPA Project
Manager
Jack Hubbard
513-569-7507
FTS 684-7507
Jack Hubbard
513-569-7507
FTS 684-7507
Ronald Lewis
513-569-7856
FTS 684-7856
Paul dePercin
513-569-7797
FTS 684-7797
Norma Lewis
513-569-7665
FTS 684-7665
John Martin
513-569-7758
FTS 684-7758
Eugene Harris
513-569-7862
FTS 684-7862
Waste
Media
Soil, Sediments,
Sludge
Soils
Soil, Sludge
Gaseous Waste
Streams
Ground Water,
Leachate,
Wastewater
Ground Water,
Leachate,
Wastewater
Soil
NA = Non Applicable "•
Applicable Waste
Inorganic
NA
NA
Non-specific
NA
Metals
NA
NA
Organic
PCBs, Other Non-
specific Organic
Compounds
Heavy Organic
Compounds
Non-specific
Halogenated and
Nonhalogenated
Compounds
NA
Volatile Organic
Compounds
Coal Tar
Derivatives,
Petroleum
Byproducts
-------
-------
Technology Profile
Emerging Program
SUPtRFUNO WHOVATIVE
TECHNOLOGY EWU.IM7ION
November 1989
ATOMIC ENERGY OF CANADA LTD.
(Chemical Treatment/Ultrafiltration)
TECHNOLOGY DESCRIPTION:
Ultrafiltration can be applied in combination
with chemical treatment to selectively remove
dissolved metal ions from dilute aqueous
solutions. A high molecular weight chelating
agent is added to the incoming waste solution
to form macromolecular complexes. The metal
ions can then be easily removed.
Usually, each chelating polymer is marked
particularly for one metal cation or for a group
of similar cations. Once the polymer is added,
the solution is processed through an
ultrafiltration membrane system that collects
the macromolecular complexes (retentate) on
the membrane but allows uncomplexed ions
such as sodium, potassium, calcium, chloride,
sulfate, and nitrate, to pass through as filtered
water (permeate). The filtered water can be
recycled or discharged depending upon the
metal removal requirements. A removal
efficiency approaching 100 percent can be
achieved for metal ions in groundwater.
Metal Cations
Macroligand
Polymer
I
Ultrafiltration
Membrane
The retentate, which constitutes about 5 to 20
percent of the feed volume, contains the
separated heavy metal ions and must be treated
further. The retentate is either solidified to
prevent the release of toxic metals back to the
environment or recycled through the treatment
process for further volume reduction.
Since many simple and non-toxic ions are
allowed to pass through the membrane as
permeate, they are not concentrated together
with the metal ions. The retentate will have
a smaller volume and the solidified product
will be more resistant to leaching, due to its
smaller salt content and the presence of
chemicals that retard the migration of toxic
metals.
Retentate
t
Macromolecular
Complex
Permeate
Figure 1. The concept of selective removal of heavy metals from leachate.
91
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WASTE APPLICABILITY:
The combination chemical-ultrafiltration
treatment process is intended for use on toxic
metals in groundwater. Ultrafiltration has so
far been applied exclusively to the removal of
colloidal solids and fairly large molecules. The
technology may potentially be used to separate
toxic heavy metal ions such as cadmium,
chromium, lead, mercury, selenium, silver and
barium (as an in-situ formed precipitate) from
groundwater generated at Superfund sites.
Other inorganic and organic materials present
as suspended and colloidal solids may also be
removed.
STATUS:
Second-year funding for the project has been
approved. Bench-scale tests were conducted
on pure water to determine operating
parameters and membrane-fouling behavior.
Four ions were tested: cadmium, mercury,
lead, and arsenic. The experimental design
included five variables, each at two levels: pH,
membrane type, polyelectrolyte type,
polyelectrolyte concentration, and presence of
organics.
The experiments were designed to identify
dominant variables affecting membrane fouling
as well as metal removal efficiencies. Results
of these tests showed the following removal
rates: cadmium and mercury, up to 99%; lead,
90%; and arsenic, 10 to 35%. Arsenic is an
anionic species, and is not as effectively
removed as the other metals. Separation of
non-arsenic metals was found to be more
efficient in alkaline conditions. Both water-
soluble polymers that were studied were found
to be good complexing agents for metal ions.
This research also indicated that ultraf iltration,
unlike conventional precipitation technologies,
does not require the production of large
particles, and thus may be more applicable to
feed streams with high variability in metals
concentration.
FOR FURTHER INFORMATION:
EPA Project Manager:
John F. Martin
U.S. EPA
Risk Reduction Engineering Laboratory
26 West Martin Luther King Drive
Cincinnati, Ohio 45268
513-569-7758
FTS: 684-7758
Technology Developer Contact:
Leo P. Buckley
Atomic Energy of Canada Ltd. ;
Waste Management Technology Division
Chalk River Nuclear Labs :
Chalk River, Ontario KOJ IJO
Canada
613-584-3311
92
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Technology Profile
Emerging Program
SUPERFUND INNOVATIVE
TECHNOiosr EVALUATION
November 1989
BABCOCK & WBLCOX CO.
(Cyclone Combustor)
TECHNOLOGY DESCRIPTION:
This cyclone furnace technology is designed
to decontaminate wastes containing both organic
and metal contaminants. The cyclone furnace
expects to retain heavy metals in a non-
leachable slag and vaporizes and incinerates the
organic materials in the waste.
The cyclone combustor (Figure 1) is designed
to achieve very high heat release rates and
temperatures by inducing swirl in the incoming
combustion air. High swirl efficiently mixes
air and fuel, and increases combustion gas
residence time. The burner is fired with coal.
Fly ash and particulates from the waste are
retained along the walls of the combustor by
the swirling action of the combustion gas, and
are incorporated into slag that forms along the
furnace's walls.
WASTE APPLICABILITY:
This technology is applicable to solids/soil
contaminated with organic compounds and
metals.
STATUS:
This technology was accepted into the SITE
Emerging Program in October 1989. This
project is currently being initiated.
SECONDARY
AIR INLET
COAL CHUTE
CRUSHED COAL
1/4" SCREEN MESH
CYCLONE BARREL
Figure 1. B&W pilot cyclone furnace.
93
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FOR FURTHER INFORMATION:
EPA Project Manager:
Laurel Staley
U S EPA
26 West Martin Luther King Drive
Cincinnati, Ohio 45268
513-569-7863
FTS: 684-7863
Technology Developer Contact:
Lawrence P. King
Babcock & Wilcox Co.
Alliance, Ohio
261-821-9110
94
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Technology Profile
Emerging Program
BATTELLE MEMORIAL INSTITUTE
(In-Situ Electroacoustic Decontamination)
SUPERFUND INNOVAT/VC
TECHNOLOGY EVALUATION
November 1989
TECHNOLOGY DESCRIPTION:
This technology is used to decontaminate soils
containing hazardous organics in-situ, by
applying electrical (direct current) and acoustic
fields. These direct currents facilitate the
transport of liquids through soils. The process
consists of electrodes (an anode and a cathode)
and an acoustic source (Figure 1).
The double-layer boundary theory plays an
important role when an electric potential is
applied to soils. For soil particles, the double
layer consists of a fixed layer of negative ions
that are firmly held to the solid phase and a
diffuse layer of cations and anions that are
more loosely held. Applying an electric
potential to the double layer displaces the
loosely held ions to their respective electrodes.
The ions drag water along with them as they
move toward the electrodes.
Besides the transport of water through wet
soils, the direct current produces other effects,
such as ion transfer, development of pH
gradients, electrolysis, oxidation and reduction,
and heat generation. The heavy metals present
in contaminated soils can be leached out or
precipitated out of solution by electrolysis,
oxidation and reduction reactions, or ionic
migration. The contaminants in the soil may
be cations, such as cadmium, chromium, and
lead; and anions, such as cyanide, chromate,
and dichromate. The existence of these ions in
their respective oxidation states depends on
the pH and concentration gradients in the soil.
The electric field is expected to increase the
leaching rate and precipitate the heavy metals
out of solution by establishing appropriate pH
and osmotic gradients.
When properly applied in conjunction with an
electric field and water flow, an acoustic field
can enhance the dewatering or leaching of
wastes such as sludges. This phenomenon is
not fully understood. Another potential
application involves recovery well clogging.
Since contaminated particles are driven to the
recovery well, the pores and interstitial spaces
in the soil can become plugged. This
technology could be used to clear these clogged
spaces.
Figure 1. Electroosmosis principle.
95
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WASTE APPIICABIEJTY:
Since the technology depends on surface
charge, fine-grained clay soils are ideal. The
technology's potential for improving non-
aqueous phase liquid (NAPL) contaminant
recovery and in-situ removal of heavy metals
will be tested on a pilot-scale using clay soils.
STATUS:
Second-year funding for the project has not
been approved. Phase I results indicate that
electroacousticaldecontaminationis technically
feasible for removal of inorganic species, such
as zinc and cadmium, from clayey soils, and
only marginally effective for hydrocarbon
removal. To date, it has not been applied to
in-situ site remediation.
FOR FURTHER INFORMATION:
EPA Project Manager:
Diana Guzman
U.S. EPA
Risk Reduction Engineering Laboratory
26 West Martin Luther King Drive
Cincinnati, Ohio 45268
513-569-7819
FTS: 684-7819
Technology Developer Contact:
H.S. Muralidhara
Battelle Memorial Institute
505 King Avenue
Columbus, Ohio 43201
614-424-5018
96
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Technology Profile
Emerging Program
SUKRFUND INNOVATIVE
TECHNOLOGY EVALUATION
November 1989
BIO-RECOVERY SYSTEMS, INC.
(Biological Sorption)
TECHNOLOGY DESCRIPTION:
The AlgaSORB™ sorption process is designed
to remove heavy metal ions from aqueous
solutions. The process is based upon the natural
affinity in the cell walls of algae for heavy
metal ions.
The sorption medium is comprised of algal
cells immobilized in a silica gel polymer. This
immobilization serves two purposes: (1) it
protects the algal cells from decomposition by
other microorganisms, and (2) it produces a
hard material that can be packed into
chromatographic columns which, when
pressurized, still exhibit good flow
characteristics.
The system functions as a biological ion-
exchange resin to bind both metallic cations
(positively charged ions) and metallic oxpanions
(large, complex, oxygen-containing ions with
a negative charge). Anions such as chlorides
or sulfates are only weakly bound or not bound
at all. Like ion-exchange resins, the algae-
silica system can be recycled. However, in
contrast to current ion-exchange technology,
the components of hard water (Ca , Mg ) or
monovalent cations (Na+, K+) do not
significantly interfere with the binding of
toxic, heavy metal ions to the algae-silica
matrix.
Once the media is saturated, the metals are
stripped from the algae using acids, bases, or
other suitable reagents. This produces a small
volume of very concentrated metal-containing
solutions that must be further treated to
detoxify them.
Figure 1 shows a prototype portable effluent
treatment equipment (PETE) unit, consisting
of two columns operated in series. Each column
contains 0.25 cubic feet of AlgaSORB. The unit
is capable of treating flows of approximately
one gallon per minute (gpm).
Larger systems have been designed and
manufactured to treat flow rates greater than
100 gpm.
WASTE APPIICABIUnY:
This technology is useful for removing metal
ions from groundwaters or surface leachates
that are "hard" or contain high levels of
dissolved solids. Rinse waters from
electroplating, metal finishing, and printed
circuit board manufacturing industries can also
be treated.
The system can remove heavy metals such as
aluminum, cadmium, chromium, cobalt,
copper, gold, iron, lead, manganese, mercury,
molybdenum, nickel, platinum, silver,
uranium, vanadium, and zinc.
STATUS:
This is a one-year project and the final report
is in preparation. The sorption process was
tested on mercury-contaminated groundwater
at a hazardous waste site in Oakland, CA, in
the Fall of 1989.
Figure 1. The PETE unit.
97
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STATUS: (continued)
Testing was designed to determine optimum
flow rates, binding capacities, and efficiency
of stripping agents. The process is being
commercialized for groundwater treatment and
industrial point source treatment.
FOR FURTHER INFORMATION:
EPA Project Manager:
Naomi P. Barkley
U.S. EPA
Risk Reduction Engineering Laboratory
26 West Martin Luther King Drive
Cincinnati, Ohio 45268
513-569-7854
FTS: 684-7854
Technology Developer Contact:
Dennis W. Darnall
Bio-Recovery Systems, Inc.
P.O. Box 3982, UPB
Las Cruces, New Mexico 88003
505-646-5888
98
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Technology Profile
Emerging Program
SUPERFUHD INNOVAHVE
TECHNOLOGY EVALUATION
November 1989
COLORADO SCHOOL OF MINES
(Wetlands-Based Treatment)
TECHNOLOGY DESCRIPTION:
The constructed wetlands-based treatment
technology uses natural geochemical and
biological processes inherent in a man-made
wetland ecosystem (Figure 1) to accumulate
and remove metals from influent waters. The
treatment system incorporates principal
ecosystem components found in wetlands,
including organic soils, microbial fauna, algae,
and vascular plants.
Influent waters, which contain high metal
concentrations and have low pH, flow through
the aerobic and anaerobic zones of the wetland
ecosystem. Metals are removed by filtration,
ion exchange, adsorption, absorption, and
precipitation through geochemical and microbial
oxidation and reduction. In filtration, metal
flocculates and metals that are adsorbed onto
fine sediment particles settle in quiescent ponds,
or are filtered out as the water percolates
through the soil or the plant canopy. Ion
exchange occurs as metals in the water come
into contact with humic or other organic
substances in the soil medium.
Oxidation/reduction reactions that occur in
the aerobic/anaerobic zones, respectively, play
a major role in removing metals as hydroxides
and sulfides.
Dam
Aerobic
Zone —7
Figure 1. Typical wetland ecosystem.
WASTE APPLICABILITY:
The wetlands-based treatment process is
suitable for acid mine drainage from metal or
coal mining activities. These wastes typically
contain high metals concentrations and are
acidic in nature. Wetlands treatment has been
applied with some success on wastewater in the
eastern regions of the United States. The
process may have to be adjusted to account for
differences in geology, terrain, trace metal
composition, and climate in the metal mining
regions of the western United States.
STATUS:
Second-year funding for the project has been
approved. A pilot-scale system has been built
to assess the effectiveness of constructed
wetlands in treating the effluent from the Big
Five Tunnel near Idaho Springs, Colorado.
Optimum results from the first year of
operation are given below.
pH raised from 2.9 to 6.5
Cu reduced to below detection limit
Zn reduced by 97%
Fe reduced by 80%
Al, Cd, and Pb decreased 90-100%
Co and Ni decreased 50%
Biotoxicity to fathead minnows and
Ceriodaphnia reduced by factors of 4
to 20
Further candidate sites for this technology
include California Gulch and Clear
Creek/Central City in Colorado and the New
Jersey zinc mine near Minturn, Colorado.
99
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FOR FURTHER INFORMATION:
EPA Project Manager:
Edward R. Bates
U.S. EPA
Risk Reduction Engineering Laboratory
26 West Martin Luther King Drive
Cincinnati, Ohio 45268
513-569-7774
FTS: 684-7774
Technology Developer Contact:
Thomas Wildeman
Colorado School of Mines
Golden, Colorado 80401
303-273-3642
100
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Technology Profile
Emerging Program
ELECTRO-PURE SYSTEMS, INC
(Alternating Current Electrocoagulation Process)
SUPERFUND INNOVATIVE
TECHNOLOGV EVAUMTION
November 1989
TECHNOLOGY DESCRIPTION:
An alternating current electrocoagulator imposes
an electric field on stable suspensions and
emulsions and rearranges surface charges,
which in turn facilitates particle flocculation
and separation. Liquid/liquid and solid/liquid
phase separations are achieved without the use
of expensive polyelectrolytes. The process is
also free of the excess waste solids attributed
to chemical aids.
This technology is used to break stable aqueous
suspensions containing submicron-sized
particles up to 5 percent total solids. It also
breaks stable aqueous emulsions containing up
to 5 percent oil.
Figure 1 depicts the basic alternating current
electrocoagulation (AC/EC) process. An
electrocoagulator provides alternating current
through aluminum electrodes spaced at nominal
distances of 1/2 to 2 inches. The
electrocoagulator is small, has no moving parts
and can usually be integrated with existing
processes as a pre-treatment or polishing step.
Coagulation and flocculation occur
simultaneously within the electrocoagulator and
continue in the product separation step. The
redistribution of charges and onset of
coagulation occur within the coagulator as a
result of exposure to the electric field and
dissociated catalytic precipitation of aluminum
from the electrodes. This activity occurs
rapidly (often within 30 seconds) for most
aqueous suspensions. Aqueous emulsions take
a little longer, approximately 2 minutes. Once
the redistribution of charges and the onset of
coagulation occur, treatment is complete and
the suspension/emulsion may be transferred
by gravity flow to the product separation step.
Product separation is accomplished in
conventional gravity separation and/or decant
vessels. Coagulation and flocculation continue
until complete phase separation is achieved.
Generally, the rate of separation is faster than
with methods that employ chemical f locculants,
and the solids are often more dense than those
resulting from chemical treatment. Waste is
removed using surface skimming, bottom
scraping, and decanting.
Vent or
Treat Gas
Aqueous
Suspension
or Emulsion
1
A.C.
COAGULATOR
Solid
Product
Separation
• Air for
Turbulence
Figure 1. Alternating current electrocoagulation basic process flow.
101
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In many applications, electrocoagulator
performance may be improved by mixing the
suspension/emulsion as it passes through the
electric field. Turbulence can be induced by
diffusing small air bubbles through the
suspension in the space between the electrodes.
System designs can include air emission
controls using available conventional
technologies as necessary.
After the product separation step, each phase
(oil, water, solid) is removed for reuse,
recycling, further treatment or disposal. The
technology can be employed along or in
conjunction with conventional water treatment
systems, including those relying on metal
precipitation, membrane separation
technologies, mobile dewatering and
incineration units, and soil extraction systems.
A typical decontamination application, for
example, would result in a water phase that
could be discharged directly to a stream or to
a local wastewater treatment plant for further
treatment. The solid phase, after dewatering,
would be shipped off-site for disposal, and the
dewatering filtrate recycled. Any floatable
material would be reclaimed, refined, or
otherwise recycled or disposed.
WASTE APPLICABILITY:
The AC/EC technology can be applied to a
variety of aqueous-based suspensions and
emulsions typically generated as contaminated
groundwater, surface run-off, landfill leachate,
truck wash, scrubber solutions, treated
effluents, and extract solutions. The
suspensions include solids such as: inorganic
and organic pigments, clays, metallic powders,
metal ores, and natural colloidal matter. The
emulsions include an array of organic solid and
liquid contaminants including petroleum based
byproducts.
AC/EC has been used to remove fines from
coal washwaters and colloidal clays from mine
ponds in capacities up to 750 gpm. It has also
been used to remove suspended solids and
heavy metals from pond water and creosote-
based contaminants from groundwater.
STATUS:
This technology was accepted into the SITE
Emerging Program in October 1989. AC/EC
will be further developed for use at Superfund
sites. Risk minimization and economic
viability of the process will be assessed.
FOR FURTHER INFORMATION:
EPA Project Manager:
Naomi Barkley
U.S. EPA
Risk Reduction Engineering Laboratory
26 West Martin Luther King Drive
Cincinnati, Ohio 45268
513-569-7854
FTS: 684-7854
Technology Developer Contact:
Patrick E. Ryan
Electro-Pure Systems, Inc.
10 Hazelwood Drive
Suite 106
Amherst, New York 14150
716-691-2600
102
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Technology Profile
Emerging Program
SUPERFUND INNOVATIVE
TECHNOLOGY EVALUATION
November 1989
ENERGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING, INC.
(Laser Stimulated Photochemical Oxidation)
TECHNOLOGY DESCRIPTION:
This technology is designed to photochemically
oxidize organic compounds in wastewater by
applying ultraviolet radiation using an Excimer
laser. The photochemical reactor is capable of
destroying very low concentrations of organic
molecules. The energy is sufficient to fragment
the aromatic ring of organic compounds, but
the radiation is not absorbed to any significant
extent by the water molecules in the solution.
The process is envisioned as a polishing step in
treating organic contamination in ground water
drawn from a hazardous waste site or industrial
wastewater prior to discharge.
The existing process equipment has a capacity
of 10 gallons per minute. It consists of a
filtration unit and the photolysis reactor (Figure
1). The system can be used in the field, with
the hardware components skid-mounted and
stationed at a site. The exact makeup of the
process will depend on the chemical
composition of the ground water being treated.
Chemical precipitation of heavy metals may be
necessary. Carbon adsorption may also be
required if the water contains high
concentrations of organics.
Filtrate
Relnjection
Well
Figure 1. Diagram of the pilot icale
laser-stimulated photolysis process.
Typically, contaminated ground water is
pumped from a feed well through a filter unit
to remove suspended particles. The filtrate is
then fed to the photochemical reactor and
irradiated. Air is introduced to the solution in
the reactor to maintain the dissolved oxygen
required for oxidation.
The detoxified water (containing carbon
dioxide, hydrogen chloride, and some volatile
organics) is sent to a degassing unit, where
volatile materials are released to the
atmosphere. Part of the detoxified ground
water is reinjected into the ground, and the
rest is recycled to wash the particulate matter
separated in the filtration unit. Washing with
detoxified ground water causes organics to
desorb from the particulate matter. The
washwater is then combined with the filtrate
stream and returned to the photochemical
reactor to further destroy the organics. The
cleaned particulate matter may then be
disposed of.
WASTE APPLICABILITY:
This technology can be applied to ground water
and industrial wastewater containing organics.
In the laboratory, this process has been used to
destroy benzene, chlorinated benzenes, and
phenol. Aeration just prior to treatment
appears to aid in destroying the organic
molecules. The most efficient destruction of
chlorobenzene occurs with concentrations of
12.5 to 50 mg/L; efficiency is less when the
concentrations are either too low (3 mg/L) or
too high (100 mg/L).
103
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STATUS:
Second-year funding for the project has been
approved. Testing is continuing on the types
of compounds that can be destroyed using this
technology. A leachate containing phenols will
be tested, and a revised pilot-scale unit built
incorporating operational changes suggested by
the results to date. One major change will be
to shorten the length of the reaction chamber;
almost all of the reaction occurs in the first
few inches of the chamber.
FOR FURTHER INFORMATION:
EPA Project Manager:
Ronald Lewis
U.S. EPA
26 West Martin Luther King Drive
Risk Reduction Engineering Laboratory
Cincinnati, Ohio 45268
513-569-7856
FTS: 684-7856 :
Technology Developer Contact:
James H. Porter
Energy and Environmental
Engineering, Inc.
P.O. Box 215
East Cambridge, Massachusetts 02141
617-666-5500
104
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Technology Profile
Emerging Program
ENVIRO-SCIENCES, INC.
(Low Energy Solvent Extraction Process)
SUPERFUNO INNOVATIVE
TECHNOLOGY EVALUATION
November 1989
TECHNOLOGY DESCRIPTION:
The Low Energy Solvent Extraction Process
(LEEP) uses common organic solvents to extract
organic pollutants from soils and sediments.
This process converts a high volume solid waste
stream into a low volume liquid waste stream.
The organic contaminants are removed from
the solid matrix with a water leaching solvent
and are then concentrated in a water-immiscible
stripping solvent. The leaching solvent is
recycled internally and the stripping solvent,
containing virtually all the contaminants, leaves
the process for final destruction.
The LEEP technology operates at ambient
conditions, and the use of simple equipment
results in a low energy process.
Contaminated
Soil/Water
Decontaminated
Soil
CONCENTRATE
CONTAMINANT
Fresh
Concentrating
Solvent
Clean
Water
Concentrated
Contaminants
for Disposal
WASTE APPLICABILITY:
The LEEP technology is effective with PCBs
and other organic contaminants from soils,
sludges and sediments from harbors rivers and
lagoons.
STATUS:
This technology was accepted into the SITE
Emerging Program in October 1989. This
project was accepted into the Emerging
Technologies Program in June 1989. The
developer has submitted a work plan and is
preparing a quality assurance project plan.
The technology is currently available for
bench-scale treatability studies. Engineering,
design, and construction of the pilot test bed
are underway and the developer projects that
the LEEP technology can be offered for pilot-
scale treatability studies by the Spring of 1990.
FOR FURTHER INFORMATION:
EPA Project Manager:
S. Jackson Hubbard
U.S. EPA
Risk Reduction Engineering Laboratory
26 West Martin Luther King Drive
Cincinnati, Ohio 45268
513-569-7507
FTS: 684-7507
Technology Developer Contact:
Dr. Zvi Blank
Applied Remediation Technology, Inc.
273 Franklin Road
Randolph, New Jersey 07869
201-361-8840
105
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Technology Profile
Emerging Program
HARMON ENVIRONMENTAL SERVICES, INC.
(SoU Washing)
SUPERFUND INNOVATIVE
TECHNOLOGY EVALUATION
November 1989
TECHNOLOGY DESCRIPTION:
Solvent washing is a method of cleaning soils
contaminated with heavy organic compounds,
such as PCBs (polychlorinated biphenyls) and
chlorodibenzodioxins (dioxins). This method
is based on a patented solvent blend that has
successfully reduced PCB concentrations in soil
to less than 2 ppm, the level at which soil can
be placed at the site without containment. The
solvent used in soil washing is critical to the
success of the system. It should be immiscible
with water (so that the water naturally found
on the soil will be displaced), and be able to
break up soil clods without grinding or
shredding. Depending on the solvent used, this
technology can be tailored to remove most
organic constituents from solid matrices.
The solvent washing process is analogous to
dry-cleaning clothing (Figure 1). A soil/solvent
contactor is used to mix contaminated solids
with a solvent. The mixture is agitated for an
appropriate length of time (usually one hour),
and then the solvent with the dissolved organic
contaminant is drawn off. A fraction of the
Soil/Solvent Contactor
Water Separator
Water
Figure 1. Simplified process schematic.
solvent remains mixed with the solids. The
solvent is typically removed by subsequent
washes until the solid is sufficiently
decontaminated.
The solvent from each wash is delivered to a
reclamation system, where it is distilled. The
contaminant is concentrated as a still bottom.
The still bottom, a small volume of the original
soil, and a liquid residue can be further treated
off- or on-site depending on economics and
other considerations. Once the desired level of
decontamination is achieved, the residual
solvent is removed from the soil by steam
stripping. To facilitate this removal, a solvent
with a high vapor pressure should be used.
Aqueous discharges of this process are limited
to non-contact cooling water and the water that
is initially present in the soil. The latter
discharge is a very clean, low-volume material
that typically does not require additional
treatment prior to discharge.
Unlike high-temperature processes such as
incineration, this process leaves the base matrix
unchanged. This technology produces clean soil
suitable for sustaining vegetation. Process
equipment is mobile, operates at low
temperatures, is totally enclosed (thereby
producing virtually no air emissions) and
generates very few residual wastes.
WASTE APPLICABILITY:
This technology has been shown to successfully
clean metal foil, paper and sand, clay soils,
high-organic soils, and soils mixed with
organic matter (such as leaves). It can be
applied to soil contaminated with high
molecular weight organic compounds, including
PCBs and dioxins. Although the work to date
has emphasized PCB decontamination, tests
show that the technology can also remove
chlorodibenzofurans and most types of
petroleum products and oils.
107
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STATUS:
Second-year funding for the project has been
approved. Laboratory and pilot-scale programs
are complete, and an interim report has been
prepared.
FOR FURTHER INFORMATION:
EPA Project Manager:
S. Jackson Hubbard
U.S. EPA
Risk Reduction Engineering Laboratory
26 West Martin Luther King Drive
Cincinnati, Ohio 45268
513-569-7507
FTS: 684-7507
Technology Developer Contact:
William C. Webster
Harmon Environmental Services, Inc.
1530 Alabama Street
Auburn, AL 36830
205-821-9253
108
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ST.,,
Technology Profile
Emerging Program
YT CORPORATION
(Batch Steam Distillation/Metal Extraction)
SUPERFUND INNOVATIVE
EVALUATION
November 1989
TECHNOLOGY DESCRIPTION:
The Batch Steam Distillation/Metal Extraction
treatment process is a two-stage system to treat
soils contaminated with both organics and
inorganics. This technology uses conventional,
readily available process equipment, and does
not produce hazardous combustion products.
Hazardous materials are separated from soils
as concentrates, which can then be disposed of
or recycled. After treatment, the soil is
decontaminated and may be returned to the
site.
Volatile organics are separated from the feed
waste (soil) by direct steam injection (Figure
1). The resulting vapors are condensed and
decanted to separate organic liquids from the
aqueous phase. The soil is then transferred as
a slurry to the metals extraction step (Figure 2.^-
Condensed water from this step can be recycled
through the system after further treatment to
remove soluble organics.
After the volatiles are separated, heavy metals
are removed from the soil slurry by
hydrochloric acid. After contact with the acid,
the solids are settled out, and the acid solution
RECYCLE WA
EXTRACTION STEP
CONTAMINATED SOIL
0
ORQAHICS
OFF SITE DISPOSAL
TO OECYCLC WATER
SOIL SLURRY TO
METAL EXTRACTION VESSI!
BATCH DISTILLATION VESSEL
Figure I. Batch steam distillation step.
liT
AQUEOUS W»»TE
SLUDGE
RECYCLE WATER TO
DISTILLATION
OILUTg
USTI
J
URR
C'
'1
S
»1
AQ
"S~
Figure 2. Metals extraction step.
containing the metals is pumped out. Most
heavy metals are converted to chloride salts in
this step. This stream is then charged to a
batch distillation system, where hydrochloric
acid is recovered. The bottoms from this still,
containing the heavy metals, are precipitated
as hydroxide salts, and drawn off as a sludge
for off-site disposal or recovery.
WASTE APPIICABUJTY:
This process is applicable to soils contaminated
with both organics and heavy metals.
109
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STATUS:
This technology was accepted into the SITE
Emerging Program in October 1989. The
technology has been tested in the laboratory on
a limited basis, and has been effective in
removing volatile and semi-volatile organics
from sludges. In a separate study, bench-scale
tests on representative soils showed that some
heavy metals can be removed as chloride salts
by hydrochloric acid extraction.
FOR FURTHER INFORMATION:
EPA Project Manager:
Ronald Lewis
U.S. EPA
Risk Reduction Engineering Laboratory
26 West Martin Luther King Drive
Cincinnati, OH 45268
513-569-7856
FTS: 684-7856
Technology Developer Contact:
Robert D. Fox
IT Corporation
312 Directors Drive
Knoxville, TN 37923
615-690-3211
110
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Technology Profile
Emerging Program
SUPERFUNO INNOVATIVE ,
TECHNOLOGY EVALUATION
November 1989
MEMBRANE TECHNOLOGY AND RESEARCH, INC.
(Membrane Process for Removal of Volatile Organics
from Contaminated Air Streams)
TECHNOLOGY DESCRIPTION:
This technology uses synthetic polymer
membranes to remove organic contaminants
from gaseous waste streams. The process has
been tested on the bench scale and has achieved
removal efficiencies of greater than 90% for
selected organics. Organic contaminants are
recovered in liquid form, and may be recycled
or disposed off-site.
In this process, solvent-laden contaminated air
at atmospheric pressure contacts one side of a
membrane that is permeable to the organic
material but impermeable to air (Figure 1). A
partial vacuum on the other side of the
membrane draws the organic vapor through the
membrane. The organic vapor is then cooled
and condensed. The small volume of air that
permeates the membrane is recycled through
the system.
The treated stream may be vented, recycled
for further use at the site, or passed to an
additional treatment step. For more dilute
waste streams, a two-stage process is required.
Organic vapor is concentrated tenfold in the
first stage, and an additional tenfold in the
second stage.
The system is transportable, and is significantly
smaller than a carbon adsorption system of
similar capacity. The process generates a clean
air stream and a pure liquid product stream
Vonc or
further treatment
Solvent-
depleted air
Solvent-
enriched air
Liquid solvent
Figure 1. Schematic of a simple one-stage solvent vapor
separation and recovery process.
Ill
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that can be incinerated. Disposal problems
associated with adsorption technologies are
eliminated.
WASTE APPUCABUJTY:
Membrane systems are applicable to small,
relatively concentrated streams containing
halogenated and nonhalogenated contaminants.
A typical application would be the treatment
of air stripper effluent before discharging it to
the atmosphere.
STATUS:
This technology was accepted into the SITE
Emerging Program in October 1989. This
technology has been tested on air streams
contaminated with organics in concentrations
of 500 to 20,000 ppm. A series of tests on
waste streams containing octane, toluene,
acetone, and 1,1,1-trichloroethane has shown
that membrane technology may be applicable
to waste streams generated at Superfund sites.
FOR FURTHER INFORMATION:
EPA Project Manager:
Paul R. dePercin
U.S. EPA
Risk Reduction Engineering Laboratory
26 West Martin Luther King Drive
Cincinnati, OH 45268
513-569-7797
FTS: 684-7797
Technology Developer Contact:
Dr. J. G. Wijmans
Membrane Technology and Research, Inc.
1360 Willow Road
Menlo Park, CA 94025
415-328-2228
112
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Technology Profile
Emerging Program
UNIVERSITY OF WASHINGTON
(Adsorptlve Filtration)
SUPERFUND INNOVATIVE
TECHNOLOGY EVALUATION
November 1989
TECHNOLOGY DESCRIPTION:
This technology uses adsorptive filtration to
remove inorganic contaminants (metals) from
the liquid phase. An adsorbent, ferrihydrite,
is applied to the surface of an inert substrate,
such as sand, and placed in a vertical column
(Figure 1). The column containing the coated
sand acts as a filter and adsorbent. Once the
adsorptive capacity of the column is reached,
the metals are removed and concentrated for
subsequent recovery using a pH-induced
desorption process.
The sand is coated by heating an acidic ferric
nitrate solution at 110° C. The resulting
ferrihydrite-coated sand is insoluble at pHs
approaching 0. As a result, very strong acids
can be used in the regeneration step to ensure
complete metal recovery. There has been no
apparent loss of treatment efficiency after
ADSORPTION
COMMON
METALS
INFLUENT
*
C
3
several regeneration cycles. This should result
in substantially reduced operating costs. The
advantages of this technology over conventional
treatment technologies for metals are that it:
(1) removes metals present as complexes,
including metals complexed with organics; (2)
removes anions; and (3) acts as a filter to
remove suspended matter from solution.
WASTE APPLICABILITY:
This represents | relatively inexpensive, highly
efficient process for removing inorganic
contaminants from aqueous waste streams. The
control of pH during the adsorption or
regeneration step can result in the selective
removal of anionic or cationic contaminants.
The technology is applicable to aqueous waste
streams with a wide range of contaminant
concentrations and pH values.
SOLIDS SEPARATION
\
_/ EFFLUENT
\
METAL-RICH
SLUDGE
REGENERATION
SOLIDS SEPARATION
Figure 1. Schematic of treatment system using and
recovering ferrihydrite for treating numerous batches
of metal-bearing waste.
113
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STATUS:
This technology was accepted into the SITE
Emerging Program in October 1989. The
technology has been investigated extensively at
the bench-scale level. Further bench-scale
tests will be performed to establish optimal
operating conditions and to evaluate the effects
of organic complexation and particulates on
treatment efficiency. The first phase of the
project was initiated July 20, 1989.
FOR FURTHER INFORMATION:
EPA Project Manager:
Norma Lewis
U.S. EPA-
Risk Reduction Engineering Laboratory
26 West Martin Luther King Drive
Cincinnati, Ohio 45268
513-569-7665
FTS: 684-7665
Technology Developer Contact:
Mark M. Benjamin
University of Washington
Department of Civil Engineering
Seattle, Washington 98195
206-543-7645
114
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Technology Profile
Emerging Program
WASTEWATER TECHNOLOGY CENTER
(Cross-Flow Pervaporation System)
SUPERFUND INNOVATIVE
TECHNOLOSr EVALUATION
November 1989
TECHNOLOGY DESCRIFnON:
This membrane technology, called
pervaporation, utilizes semi-permeable
membranes to separate organic materials from
contaminated water. The contaminated water
flows on one side of the membrane while a
vacuum is applied on the opposite side. The
membrane is nearly impervious to water, but
allows organic compounds to diffuse through.
The vapors, after condensation, represent a
small fraction of the feed (much less than 1%)
and often separate into an organic phase and
an aqueous phase. As opposed to systems that
use activated carbon, this membrane process
involves no competition between compounds
for sites at the membrane surface, since the
compounds are absorbed by and pass through
the membrane.
Pervaporation also has an advantage when
compared to air stripping, since the organic
compounds removed from water are
concentrated and contained.
The separation unit will be constructed so that
contaminated material flows across the outside
of hollow fiber membranes while the organic
molecules diffuse into the interior of the
fibers. This design will minimize chances for
plugging or fouling the unit with solids. The
hollow fiber membranes will be coated on the
outside surface with active polymer. Project
objectives include optimizing membrane
thickness, developing the prototype module,
testing a pilot-plant unit to provide scale-up
data, and verifying the economics of the
process.
Aqueous
Waste
1
i rv^
us l
±A
Feed
Pervaporation Module
Recycle
^ Treated
Effluent
Pump
Permeate
Aqueous Phase
Condenser
Vacuum Pump
Organic Phase
• Off-site Disposal
• Incineration
• Recovery of Compounds
Figure 1. Pervaporation process diagram.
115
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WASTE APPLICABILITY:
The unit is applicable to aqueous waste streams
(groundwater, lagoons, leachate, and rinse
water) contaminated with volatile organic
compounds, such as solvents. The technology
is applicable to the types of wastes currently
treated by carbon adsorption, air stripping, and
reverse osmosis separation.
STATUS:
This technology was accepted into the SITE
Emerging Program in October 1989. Work is
currently progressing on membrane selection.
Design and construction of the pilot unit
should begin during the spring of 1990.
FOR FURTHER INFORMATION:
EPA Project Manager:
John F. Martin
U.S. EPA
Risk Reduction Engineering Laboratory
26 West Martin Luther King Drive
Cincinnati, Ohio 45268
513-569-7758
FTS 684-7758
Technology Developer Contact:
Abbas Zaidi
Wastewater Technology Centre
867 Lakeshore Road, Box 5050
Burlington, Ontario L7R 4A6
Canada
416-336-4605
116
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Technology Profile
Emerging Program
SUPCRFUND INNOVATIVE
TECHNOLOGY EVALUATION
November 1989'
WESTERN RESEARCH INSTITUTE
(Contained Recovery of Oily Wastes)
TECHNOLOGY DESCRIPTION:
The Contained Recovery of Oily Wastes
(CROW) process involves adaptation of
technology presently used for secondary
petroleum recovery and for primary production
of heavy oil and tar sand bitumen. Steam and
hot water displacement moves the accumulated
oily wastes and water above ground for
treatment.
Injection and production wells are first drilled
into soil contaminated with oily wastes
(Figure 1). Low-quality steam is then injected
below the deepest penetration or organic
liquids. The steam condenses, causing rising
hot water to dislodge and sweep buoyant
organic liquids upward into the more permeable
soil regions. Hot water is injected above the
impermeable soil regions to heat and mobilize
the oil waste accumulations, which are
recovered by hot-water displacement.
When the oily wastes are displaced, the organic
liquid saturations in the subsurface pore space
increase, forming an oil bank. The hot water
injection displaces the oil bank to the
production well. Behind the oil bank, the oil
saturation is reduced to an immobile residual
saturation in the subsurface pore space. The
oil and water produced is treated for reuse or
discharge.
In-situ biological treatment follows the
displacement and continues until ground water
contaminants are no longer detected in any
water samples from the site. During treatment,
all mobilized organic liquids and water soluble
contaminants are contained within the original
boundaries of oily waste accumulations.
Hazardous materials are contained laterally by
ground water isolation and vertically by organic
liquid floatation. Excess water is treated in
compliance with discharge regulations.
Injection Well
Production Well
Steam-Stripped
Wafer
Low-Quality
Steam
Residual Oil ' • l_.
' Saturation .' '. .' '.
Hot-Water
Reinjection
Absorption Layer
Oily Wastes and
Water Production
Hot-Water
Flotation •
Steam
Injection
Figure 1. CROW process schematic.
117
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The process removes large portions of oily
waste accumulations; stops the downward
migration of organic contaminants; immobilizes
any residual saturation of oily wastes; and
reduces the volume, mobility and toxicity of
oily wastes. It can be used for shallow and
deep contaminated areas, and uses the same
mobile equipment as required by conventional
petroleum production technology.
WASTE APPLICABILITY:
This technology could be applied to
manufactured gas plant sites, woodtreating
sites and other sites with soils containing
organic liquids, such as coal tars,
pentachlorophenol solutions, creosote, and
petroleum byproducts.
STATUS:
Second-year funding for the project has been
approved. This technology is being tested at
laboratory and pilot-scale. The tests are
expected to closely resemble previous
laboratory tests in tar sand bitumen recovery
using steamflood technology. A number of hot
water leaching tests have been completed.
FOR FURTHER INFORMATION:
EPA Project Manager:
Eugene F. Harris
U.S. EPA
Risk Reduction Engineering Laboratory
26 West Martin Luther King Drive
Cincinnati, Ohio 45268
513-569-7862
FTS: 684-7862
Technology Developer Contact:
Wesley E. Barnes
Western Research Institute
P.O. Box 3395
University Station
Laramie, Wyoming 82071
307-721-2011
118
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INFORMATION! REQUEST FORM
The EPA Risk Reduction Engineering Laboratory is responsible for testing and evaluating
technologies used at Superfund site cleanups. To receive publications about these
activities, indicate your area of interest by checking the appropriate box(es) below and
mail the top half of this sheet to the following address:
Technical Information Manager
Risk Reduction Engineering Laboratory
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
26 W. Martin Luther King Drive
Cincinnati, Ohio 45268
(Ma 15)
(Ma 16)
Superfund
Superfund Innovative
(SITE) Program
Technology Evaluation
Name
Firm
Address
City, State, Zip Code
The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency plans to issue two Request for Proprosals
during the coming year; one in January 1990 for the Demonstration Program (SITE 005),
and the other in July 1990 for the Emerging Technologies Program (E04). To receive
these RFPs, indicate your area of interest by checking the appropriate box(es) below and
mail the bottom half of this sheet to the following address:
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
Risk Reduction Engineering Laboratory
26 W. Martin Luther King Drive
Cincinnati, Ohio 45268
Attention: William Frietsch, III
(005)
(E04)
n Demonstration Program RFP
FJ Emerging Technologies Program RFP
Name
Firm
Address
City, State, Zip Code
119
U. S. GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE: 1989/748-012/07173
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