vvEPA
            United States
            Environmental Protection
            Agency
            Office of Solid Waste and
            Emergency Response
            Washington DC 20460
Office of Research and
Development
Washington DC 20460
            Superfund
                        EPA/540/5-89/013 Nov. 1989
The Superfund
Innovative Technology
Evaluation Program:

Technology Profiles
SUPERFUND INNOVATIVE
TECHNOLOGY EVALUATION =

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SUPERFUND INNOVATIVE TECHNOLOGY EVALUATION
        TECHNOLOGY PROFILES
         U.S. ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY
         RISK REDUCTION ENGINEERING LABORATORY
         OFFICE OF RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT
           26 WEST MARTIN LUTHER KING DRIVE
               CINCINNATI, OHIO 45268

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                               DISCLAIMER
      The development of this document has been funded wholly or in part by the United
States Environmental Protection Agency under Contract No. 68-03-3484, Work Assignment
No. 28, to PRC Environmental Management, Inc.  The document has been subjected to the
Agency's administrative and peer review and has been approved for publication as an EPA
document.   Mention  of trade names  or commercial products does not constitute
endorsement or recommendation for use.

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                                  FOREWORD
      The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) is charged by Congress with
protecting the  Nation's land,  air, and water  resources.   As  the  enforcer  of  national
environmental laws, the EPA strives to balance human activities and the ability of natural
systems to support and nurture life.  A key part of the EPA's effort is its research into our
environmental problems to find new and innovative solutions.

      The Risk Reduction Engineering Laboratory (RREL) is responsible for planning,
implementing,  and  managing  research, development, and demonstration programs to
provide an authoritative, defensible engineering basis in support of the policies, programs,
and regulations of the EPA with  respect to drinking water, wastewater,  pesticides, toxic
substances, solid and hazardous wastes,  and Superfund-related activities. This publication
is one of the products of that research and provides a vital communication link between the
researcher and the user community.

      Now  in  its fourth  year, the Superfund Innovative Technology Evaluation (SITE)
Program is part of EPA's research into cleanup methods for hazardous waste sites around
the nation.  Through cooperative agreements with developers, alternative or innovative
technologies are refined at the bench- and pilot-scale level and then demonstrated  at actual
sites.  EPA collects and evaluates extensive performance data on each technology  to use
in remediation decision-making for hazardous waste sites.

      This document profiles fifty-two demonstration and emerging technologies being
evaluated under the SITE Program.  Each technology profile contains a description of the
technology; a discussion of its applicability to various wastes; an update on its development
or demonstration status;  and  any  available demonstration  results.  This document is
intended for EPA Regional  decision-makers and other interested individuals involved in
hazardous waste site cleanups.
                                            E. Timothy Oppelt, Director
                                            Risk Reduction Engineering Laboratory
                                        111

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                                 ABSTRACT

      This document is intended as a reference guide for EPA Regional decision makers
and  others  interested in technologies  in  the SITE Demonstration and  Emerging
Technologies programs. The Technologies are described in technology profiles, presented
in alphabetical order by developer name and separated into Demonstration and Emerging
Technologies sections.  Each  profile describes a single technology, its applicability, its
current status, and any demonstration results.  The names of the EPA Project Manager and
a Developer Contact are also provided  for each technology.

      This document was submitted in partial fulfillment of Contract No. 68-03-3484, Work
Assignment No. 28, by PRC Environmental Management, Inc., under the sponsorship of the
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency.  The document was prepared between August 1989
and November 1989.
                                       IV

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                        TABLE OF CONTENTS
TITLE                                          .                     PAGE

      DISCLAIMER	  ii
      FOREWORD	  iii
      ABSTRACT . . j.	  iv
      ABSTRACT TABLE OF CONTENTS	  v
      ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS	vii


PROGRAM DESCRIPTION 	  1


DEMONSTRATION PROGRAM  	  9

      AMERICAN COMBUSTION TECHNOLOGIES, INC	   15
      AMERICAN TOXIC DISPOSAL, INC	   17
      AWD TECHNOLOGIES, INC	   19
      BIOTROL, INC	   21
      BIOTROL, INC	   23
      CF SYSTEMS CORPORATION	   25
      CHEMFIX TECHNOLOGIES, INC	   27
      CHEMICAL WASTE MANAGEMENT 	   29
      DEHYDRO-TECH CORPORATION	   31
      DETOX, INC	   33
      E.I. DUPONT DE NEMOURS AND COMPANY
           OBERLIN FILTER COMPANY	   35
      ECOVA CORPORATION 	   37
      EPOC WATER, INC	   39
      EXXON CHEMICALS, INC. &
           RIO LINDA CHEMICAL CO	   41
      FREEZE TECHNOLOGIES CORPORATION	   43
      GEOSAFE CORPORATION 	   45
      HAZCON, INC	   47
      HORSEHEAD RESOURCE DEVELOPMENT CO., INC	   49
      INTERNATIONAL WASTE TECHNOLOGIES	   51
      MOTEC, INC	   53
      OGDEN ENVIRONMENTAL SERVICES 	   55
      OZONICS RECYCLING CORPORATION	   57
      QUAD ENVIRONMENTAL TECHNOLOGIES CORPORATION	   59
      RESOURCES CONSERVATION COMPANY	   61
      RETECH, INC	   63
      S.M.W. SEIKO, INC	   65
      SEPARATION AND RECOVERY SYSTEMS, INC	   67
      SHIRCO INFRARED SYSTEMS 	,	   69
      SILICATE TECHNOLOGY CORPORATION	   71
      SOLIDITECH, INC	   73
      SOLVENT SERVICES, INC	   75

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                  TABLE OF CONTENTS (Continued)
TITLE
PAGE
      TERRA VAC, INC	:	   77
      TOXIC TREATMENTS (USA) INC	   79
      ULTROX INTERNATIONAL	   81
      WASTECH, INC	   83
      ZIMPRO/PASSAVANT INC	   85


EMERGING TECHNOLOGIES PROGRAM	   87

      ATOMIC ENERGY OF CANADA LTD	   91
      BABCOCK & WILCOX CO	   93
      BATTELLE MEMORIAL INSTITUTE	   95
      BIO-RECOVERY SYSTEMS, INC	   97
      COLORADO SCHOOL OF MINES	   99
      ELECTRO-PURE SYSTEMS, INC	  101
      ENERGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING, INC	  103
      ENVIRO-SCIENCES, INC	  105
      HARMON ENVIRONMENTAL SERVICES, INC	!	  107
      IT CORPORATION	  109
      MEMBRANE TECHNOLOGY AND RESEARCH, INC	  Ill
      UNIVERSITY OF WASHINGTON	  113
      WASTEWATER TECHNOLOGY CENTER  	  115
      WESTERN RESEARCH INSTITUTE	  117


INFORMATION REQUEST FORM	  119


List of Tables

TABLE 1 - COMPLETED SITE DEMONSTRATIONS AS OF NOVEMBER 1989	  3

TABLE 2 - SITE DEMONSTRATION PROGRAM PARTICIPANTS	   10

TABLE 3 - SITE EMERGING PROGRAM PARTICIPANTS	   88
                                   VI

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                         ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
      This document was prepared under Contract No. 68-03-3484, Work Assignment
No. 28, by PRC Environmental Management, Inc. under the sponsorship  of the U.S.
Environmental Protection Agency.  Norma Lewis of the Risk Reduction  Engineering
Laboratory, Cincinnati, Ohio was  the Work  Assignment Manager  responsible for the
preparation of this document.  Special acknowledgement is given to Robert A. Olexsey,
Director of the Superfund Technology Demonstration Division, Stephen C. James, Acting
Chief of the SITE Demonstration and Evaluation Branch, Donald Sanning,  Chief of the
Emerging  Section, John Martin, Acting Section Chief for the Demonstration  Section, and
the many EPA Project Managers and Technology Developers who provided guidance and
technical input.

      Participating  in the  development  of  this document for PRC  Environmental
Management, Inc. were Lisa M. Scola, Robert I. Foster, Stanley Labunski, Thomas Raptis,
and Aaron Lisec.  Special recognition is given to Madeline  Dec,  Carole Van Hooser,
Carolyn Blanko, Linda Graff, and  Laurie Corey for their contribution to the layout and
graphics.  Also, appreciation is given to Joe Schwartzbaugh and Rebecca Keiter of PEER
Consultants, P.C. for their cooperative efforts.
                                       Vll

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                         PROGRAM DESCRIPTION
INTRODUCTION
      The Superfund Amendments and Reauthorization Act of 1986 (SARA) directed the
Environmental  Protection Agency (EPA) to establish an  "Alternative  or  Innovative
Treatment Technology Research and Demonstration Program."  In response, the EPA's
Office  of Solid Waste  and Emergency  Response and the Office of Research  and
Development established a formal program called the Superfund Innovative Technology
Evaluation (SITE) Program, to accelerate the development and use of innovative cleanup
technologies at' hazardous waste sites across the country.

      The SITE Program is comprised of the following five component programs:

                   Demonstration Program
                   Emerging Technologies Program
                   Measurement and Monitoring Technologies Development Program
                   Innovative Technologies Program
                   Technology Transfer Program

      This document focuses on the Demonstration and Emerging Technologies Program,
both of which are designed  to assist private developers in  commercializing alternative
technologies for site remediation.  Figure 1 depicts the process of technology development
from initial concept to commercial use, and shows the interrelationship between these two
programs.
                                  COMMERCIALIZATION
                                  CONCEPTUALIZATION
                   Rgure 1. Development of Alternative and Innovative Technologies
                                        1

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       Before a technology can be  accepted into the Emerging Technology Program,
 sufficient data must be available to validate  its basic concepts.  The technology is then
 subjected to a combination of bench- and pilot-scale testing in an attempt to apply  the
 concept under controlled conditions.  After  testing  and development, the technology's
 performance is documented and a report is prepared, which may include recommendations
 for further developing the technology.

       If bench and pilot test results are encouraging, a technology may proceed with
 approval to a field demonstration.  In the Demonstration Program, technologies are field-
 tested on hazardous waste materials.  Engineering and cost data are gathered to assess  the
 technologies applicability for site clean-up.  The Demonstration (Technology Evaluation)
 Report presents information such as:  testing procedures, sampling and analytical data,
 quality assurance/quality control standards,  and significant results.

       To encourage general use of the technology, a second report, called the Applications
 Analysis Report, is prepared to evaluate all available information on the specific technology
 and analyze its applicability to other  site characteristics, waste types, and waste matrices.
 As part of the formal SITE Technology Transfer Program, these  informational  documents
 are published and distributed to the user community to provide reliable technical data for
 Superfund decision making, and to promote the technology's commercial use.

       Currently  there  are 14 technologies participating  in the Emerging Technology
 Program. These projects vary from a constructed wetlands-based treatment technology to
 bench- and pilot-scale studies of a laser-stimulated photochemical oxidation process.

       The Demonstration Program has 37 active participants, divided into the following
 five categories: thermal  (6 projects),  biological (4), chemical (3), physical  (11), and
 solidification/stabilization  (9).  In addition,  4  technologies involve combinations of these
 treatment categories. To  date, twelve technology demonstrations have  been completed;
 several reports have been published and others are in various stages of production.  Table
 1  lists  these  demonstrations, in  chronological order, along with information on the
 technology transfer opportunities for the project.
OTHER SITE PROGRAMS

Measurement and Monitoring Technologies Development Program

      ^ Under this program, EPA laboratories  explore new and innovative technologies for
assessing the nature and extent of contamination as well as evaluating remedial/removal
activities performed at hazardous waste sites.  Effective measurement and monitoring
technologies  at Superfund sites  are  needed to:  (1)  accurately assess the  degree  of
contamination at a site; (2) provide data and  information to determine impacts to health
and the environment; (3) supply data for the selection of the most appropriate remedial
action; and (4) monitor the success/failure of a selected remedy.  To date, the program has
focused on two major research areas - immunoassays for toxic substances and fiber optic
sensing for in-situ analysis.

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                                         TABLE 1
                         COMPLETED SITE DEMONSTRATIONS
                                 AS OF NOVEMBER 1989
Developer:
Technology:
Site Location:
Visitor's Day:
Technology Evaluation Report:
Applications Analysis Report:
Regional Contact:
Shirco Infrared Systems, Inc., Carollton, TX (September 1987)
Infrared Thermal Destruction
Peak Oil Superfund Site in Brandon, Florida
Demonstration conducted  July 31 - August 5,  1987
SITE  Program Demonstration Test, Shirco Infrared Incineration
System, Peak Oil, Brandon, Florida, September 1988,
EPA 540/5-88/002a
Shirco Infrared Incineration System, EPA/540/A5-89/010, June 1989
Fred Stroud, EPA Region IV, 404-347-3931
                                                Profile Reference Page 69
Developer:
Technology:
Site Location:

Visitor's Day:
Technology Evaluation Report:

Applications Analysis Report:

Regional Contact:
Hazcon, Inc., Katy, TX      (October 1987)
Solidification/Stabilization
Douglassville Superfund Site, Berks County, near Reading,
Pennsylvania
October 14, 1987
SITE Program Demonstration Test, HAZCON Solidification,
Douglassville, PA, EPA 540/5-89/OOla Vol. 1
HAZCON Solidification Process, Douglassville, Pennsylvania,
EPA/540/A5-89/001, May 1989
Victor Janosik, EPA Region III, 215-597-8996
                                                 Profile Reference Page 47
 Developer:
 Technology:
 Site Location:
 Visitor's Day:
 Technology Evaluation Report:
 Applications Analysis Report:
 Regional Contact:
 Shirco Infrared Systems, Inc., Carollton, TX (November 1987)
 Infrared Thermal Destruction
 Rose Township Superfund Site, Oakland County, Michigan
 November 4,  1987
 SITE Program Demonstration Test, Shirco Pilot-Scale Infrared
 Incineration System at the Rose Township Demode Road Superfund
 Site, EPA/540/5-89/007a, Vol. 1, April 1989
 Shirco Infrared Incineration System, EPA 540/A5-89/007, June 1989
 Kevin Adler, EPA Region V, 312-886-7078
                                                 Profile Reference Page 69
 Developer:

 Technology:
 Site Location:

 Visitor's Day:
 Technology Evaluation Report:
 Applications Analysis Report:
 EPA Contact:
 American Combustion Technologies, Inc., Norcross, GA
 (January 1988)
 Pyreton Thermal Destruction System
 EPA's Combustion Research Facility in Jefferson, Arkansas
 Soil from Stringfellow Acid Pit Superfund Site in California
 Demonstration conducted from November 16, 1987 to January 29, 1988
 SITE Program Demonstration Test - The American Combustion
 Pyretron Thermal Destruction System at the U.S. EPA's Combustion
 Research Facility, EPA/540/5-89/008, April 1989
 In preparation.  EPA/540/A5-89/005, 1989
 Laurel Staley, EPA ORD, Cincinnati, 513-569-7863
                                                 Profile Reference Page 15

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                                     TABLE 1 (Continued)
                           COMPLETED SITE DEMONSTRATIONS
                                   AS OF NOVEMBER 1989
 Developer:

 Technology:
 Site Location:
 Visitor's Day:
 Technology Evaluation Report:
 Applications Analysis Report:
 Regional Contact:
 International Waste Technologies, Wichita, KS/
 GeoCon, Inc., Pittsburgh, PA        (May 1988)
 In-Situ Stabilization/Solidification
 General Electric Electric Service Shop in Hialeah, Florida
 April 14, 1988
 Technology Evaluation Report, SITE  Demonstration Program,
 International Waste Technologies in Situ Stabilization/Solidification,
 Hialeah, Florida, EPA/540/5-89/004a, August 1989
 In preparation
 James Orban, Region IV, 404-347-2643
                                                 Profile Reference Page 5j
 Developer:

 Technology:
 Site Location:

 Visitor's Day:
 Technology Evaluation Report:
Applications Analysis Report:

Regional Contact:
 Terra Vac, Inc., San Juan, Puerto Rico
 (December 1987 through April 1988)
 In Situ Vacuum Extraction
 Groveland Wells Superfund Site, Valley Manufactured Product
 Company, Inc. in Groveland, Massachusetts
 January 15, 1988
 SITE Program Demonstration Test Terra Vac In Situ Vacuum
 Extraction System, Groveland, Massachusetts, EPA/540/5 -89/003a,
 April 1989                                              i
 Terra Vac In Situ Vacuum Extraction System, EPA/540/A5-89/003,
 July 1989                                               !
 Robert Leger, EPA Region I, 617-573-5734
                                                 Profile Reference Page 7_7_
 Developer:
 Technology:
 Site Location:
 Visitor's Day:
 Demonstration Report:
 Applications Analysis Report:
 Regional Contact:
C.F. Systems Corporation, Waltham, MA (September 1988)
Solvent Extraction
New Bedford Harbor Superfund Site in Massachusetts
August 26 - 27, 1988
In publication
In preparation
David Lederer, EPA Region I, 617-573-9665
                                                 Profile Reference Page 25
Developer:
Technology:
Site Location:

Visitor's Day:
Technology Evaluation Report:
Applications Analysis Report:
Regional Contact:
Soliditech, Inc., Houston, TX (December 1988)
Solidification/Stabilization
Imperial Oil Company/Champion Chemicals Superfund site in
Morganville, Monmouth County, New Jersey
December 7, 1988
SITE Program Demonstration Test - Soliditech, Inc.
Solidification/Stabilization Process, no number, Draft September 1989
(Final was submitted to EPA on September 20, 1989)
In preparation, expected January 1990
Trevor Anderson, EPA Region II, 212-264-5391
                                                 Profile Reference Page 71

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                                    TABLE 1 (Continued)
                          COMPLETED SITE DEMONSTRATIONS
                                  AS OF NOVEMBER 1989
Developer:
Technology:
Site Location:
Visitor's Day:
Demonstration Report:
Applications Analysis Report:
Regional Contact:
Ultrox International, Inc., Santa Ana, CA    (March 1989)
Ultraviolet Radiation, Hydrogen Peroxide, and Ozone
Lorentz Barrel and Drum Company in San Jose, California
March 8,  1989
SITE Program Demonstration of the Ultrox International Ultraviolet
Radiation/Oxidation Technology, no number, September 1989
(Final was submitted to EPA on October 13, 1989)
In preparation, expected March 1990
Joseph Healy, EPA Region IX, 415-974-8011
                                                 Profile Reference Page 81
Developer:
Technology:
Site Location:
Visitor's Day:
Demonstration Report:

Applications Analysis Report:
Regional Contact:
Chemfix Technologies, Inc., Metairie, LA   (March 1989)
Chemical Fixation/Stabilization
Portland Equipment Salvage Company in Clackamas, Oregon
March 15, 1989
In preparation.  Technology evaluation and application analysis reports
are to be combined
In preparation
John Sainsbury, EPA Region X, 206-442-1196
                                                 Profile Reference Page 27
 Developer:
 Technology:
 Site Location:
 Visitor's Day:
 Demonstration Report:
 Applications Analysis Report:
 Regional Contact:
 BioTrol, Inc., Chaska, MN       (September 1989)
 Soil Washing
 MacGillis & Gibbs Superfund Site in New Brighton, MN
 September 27, 1989
 In preparation
 In preparation
 Rhonda McBride, EPA Region V, 312-886-7242
                                                 Profile Reference Page 23
 Developer:
 Technology:
 Site Location:
 Visitor's Day:
 Demonstration Report:
 Applications Analysis Report:
 Regional Contact:
 BioTrol, Inc., Chaska, MN       (July 1989)
 Aqueous Treatment System
 MacGillis & Gibbs Superfund Site in New Brighton, MN
 September 27, 1989
 In preparation
 In preparation
 Rhonda McBride, EPA Region V, 312-886-7242
                                                  Profile Reference Page 21
 The technical reports listed above may be obtained by calling the Center for Environmental
 Research Information (CERI) in Cincinnati, Ohio at 513-569-7562. If you would like to be
 placed on the SITE mailing list, write to:

                                       ORD Publications
                            26 West Martin Luther King Drive (G72)
                                     Cincinnati, Ohio 45268

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 Innovative Technologies Program

       The aim of this program is to encourage private sector development by firms that
 are  willing  to commercialize EPA-developed  technologies for use at Superfund  sites.
 Formerly called the  Innovative Development  and Evaluation Program, the Innovative
 Technologies Program is an outgrowth of early research and development efforts for on-
 site  destruction and cleanup of hazardous wastes.  The Federal Technology Transfer Act
 of  1986  authorized  the EPA-industry  partnership  that  is  necessary  to  bring these
 technologies to commercialization, by reducing the marketing risk in commercializing these
 technologies and accelerating their development.

       There are currently seven technologies  in the Innovative Technologies Program.
 To promote  the  commercialization of three  of these innovative technologies,  EPA
 sponsored an exhibition in January 1989, at which participants were invited to view videos
 of the technologies in operation, inspect the equipment, and  obtain information on the
 assistance available in commercializing these technologies.

 Technology Transfer Program

       In this program, technical information on technologies is exchanged through various
 activities that support the SITE Program.  Data from the Demonstration Program and
existing hazardous  waste remediation data are disseminated in an  effort to increase
awareness of alternative technologies available for use at Superfund sites.  The goal  of
technology transfer activities is to develop interactive communication among individuals
requiring up-to-date technical information.

      The Technology Transfer Program includes the following activities and resources:

                   Alternative Hazardous Waste Treatment Technologies Clearinghouse
                   SITE Brochures, Publications, Reports, and Videos

                   Pre-Proposal Conferences on SITE Solicitations

                   Public Meetings  and Demonstration Site Visits
             •     Seminar Series

                   SITE Exhibit at Major Conferences

                   Innovative Technologies Program Exhibition

                   Networking with Forums, Associations, Centers of Excellence, Regions
                   and States

                   Technical Assistance to Regions, States, and Cleanup Contractors

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SITE PROGRAM CONTACTS

      The SITE Program is administered jointly by EPA's Office of Research and
Development (ORD) and Office of Solid Waste and Emergency Response (OSWER). For
further information on the SITE Program in general, or its component programs, contact:
                                   SITE Program
Robert A. Olexsey, Division Director
Superf und Technology Demonstration Division
513-569-7696 (FTS: 684-7696)
Stephen C. James, Acting Chief
SITE Demonstration and Evaluation Branch
513-569-7696 (FTS: 684-7696)
        Demonstration Program
    Emerging Technologies Program/
   .Innovative Technologies Program
 John Martin, Acting Chief
 Demonstration Section
 513-569-7510 (FTS: 684-7510)
Donald E. Sanning, Chief
Emerging Technology Section
513-569-7879 (FTS: 684-7879)
                          U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
                           26 West Martin Luther King Drive
                                 Cincinnati, OH 45268
  Measurement and Monitoring Program
        Office of Sold Waste and
  :
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TECHNOLOGY PROFILE PURPOSE AND FORMAT

       This document contains profiles of technologies being evaluated under the SITE
Demonstration and Emerging Technologies Programs.  It is intended  to provide EPA
Regional decision makers and other interested individuals with a ready reference document
on alternative technologies. Technologies are presented in alphabetical order by developer
name, with separate sections for the Demonstration and Emerging Technologies Programs.

       Each technology profile contains: (1) a technology description, (2) a discussion on
waste applicability, (3) a project status report, and (4) EPA Project Manager and technology
developer contacts. For completed demonstrations, the profiles also include demonstration
results and a summary of the applications analysis.

       Reference tables for the SITE program participants precede the Demonstration and
Emerging sections, and contain EPA and Developer contacts.  Inquiries about a specific
SITE technology should be directed to the EPA Project Manager and  inquiries on the
technology itself should be directed to the Technology Developer Contact. Both contacts
are also listed in the "For Further Information" section of each technology profile.

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                       DEMONSTRATION PROGRAM
      The objective of the SITE Demonstration Program is to develop reliable engineering
performance and cost data on innovative alternative technologies, so that potential users
can  evaluate  each technology's  applicability for a  specific  site compared  to other
alternatives.  Demonstrations are conducted at hazardous waste sites (usually Superfund
sites) or under conditions that closely simulate actual wastes and conditions, to assure the
accuracy and reliability of information cpllected.

      Data collected during a demonstration are used to assess the performance of the
technology, the potential need for pre- and post-processing of the waste, applicable types
of wastes and media, the potential operating problems, and the approximate capital and
operating costs.  Demonstration data can also provide insight into long-term operating and
maintenance costs and long-term risks.

      Technologies  are selected for the SITE Demonstration  Program through annual
requests for proposals (RFPs).  Proposals are reviewed by ORD  and OSWER staff to
determine the technologies  with the  most promise  for use at hazardous waste  sites.
Technologies  are selected  following  interviews with the  developers.   Cooperative
agreements between EPA and the developer set forth responsibilities for conducting the
demonstration and evaluating the technology. Developers are responsible for demonstrating
their innovative systems at a selected site , and are expected to pay the costs to transport
equipment to the site, operate the equipment on-site during the demonstration, and remove
the  equipment  from the site.   EPA is responsible for project planning, sampling and
analysis,  quality assurance and  quality control, preparing reports,  and  disseminating
information.  If the developer is unable to obtain financing elsewhere, EPA may consider
bearing  a greater portion of the total project cost.

       To date, four solicitations have been completed - SITE 001 in 1986 through SITE
 004 in 1989.  The RFP for SITE 005 will be issued in January 1990. The program has 37
 active participants, presented in alphabetical order in Table 2 and in the technology profiles
 that follow.

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              TABLE 2
SITE Demonstration Program Participants
Developer
American Combustion
Technologies, Inc.
Norcross, GA
(001)
American Toxic Disposal, Inc.
Waukegan, IL
(004)
AWD Technologies, Inc.
Burbank, CA
(004)
Biotrol, Inc.
Chaska, MN
(003)
Biotrol, Inc.
Chaska, MN
(003)
CF Systems Corporation
Waltham, MA
(002)
Chemfix Technologies, Inc.
Metairie, LA
(002)
Technology
Pyretron Oxygen Burner
Vapor Extraction System
Integrated Vapor Extraction
and Steam Vacuum
Stripping
Biological Aqueous
Treatment System
Soil Washing System
Solvent Extraction
olidification/Stabilization
Technology
Contact
James Untz
404-662-8156
W.C. Meenan
312-662-8455
David Bluestein
415-876-1504
Thomas Chresand
612-448-2515
Steve Valine
612-448-2515
Chris Shallice
617-890-1200
'hilip Baldwin
04-831-3600
EPA Project
Manager
Laurel Staley
513-569-7863
FTS 684-7863
Laurel Staley
513-569-7863
FTS 684-7863
Norma Lewis/Gordon
Evans
513-569-7696
FTS 684-7696
Mary Stinson
201-321-6683
FTS 340-6683
Vlary Stinson
201-321-6683
FTS 340-6683
Richard Valentinetti
202-382-2611
FTS 382-2611
idwin Barth
13-569-7669
FTS 684-7669
Waste
Media
Soil, Sludge
Soil, Sludge,
Sediment
Ground Water,
Soil
Liquid
Soil
Soil, Sludge,
Wastewater
Soil, Sludge, Other
Solids
NA - Non Applicable 	 • 	 • 	 "-
Applicable Waste
Inorganic
NA
Volatile
NA
Can be applied to
Nitrates
Metals
NA
Heavy Metals

Organic
Non-specific
Volatile and
Semivolatile
Organics including
PCBs, PAHs, PCPs,
some Pesticides
Volatile Organic
Compounds
Chlorinated and
Sfonchlorinated
Hydrocarbons
rligh Molecular
Weight Organics
>CBs, Volatile, and
Semivolatile Organic
Compounds,
'etroleum
Jyproducts
•ligh Molecular
Weight Organics


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                                   TABLE 2 (Continued)
                         SITE Demonstration Program Participants
Developer
Chemical Waste Management,
Inc.
Oakbrook, IL
(003)
Dehydro-Tech Corporation
East Hanover, NJ
(004)
DETOX, Inc.
Dayton, OH
(003)
E.I. Du Pont de Nemours and
Co./Oberlin Filter Co.
Newark, DE
(003)
Ecova Corporation
Redmond, WA
(003)
EPOC Water, Inc.
Fresno, CA
(004)
Exxon Chemicals, Inc./
Rio Linda Chemical Co.
Long Beach, CA
(004)
Technology
X'TRAX™ Low-
Temperature Thermal
Desorption
Carver-Greenfield Process
for Extraction of Oily
Waste
Submerged Aerobic Fixed-
Film Reactor
Membrane Microfiltration
In Situ Biological Treatment
Leaching and Microfiltration
Chemical
Oxidation/Organics
Destruction
Technology
Contact
Robert LaBoube
708-218-1500
Thomas Halcombe
201-887-2182
Edward Galaska
513-433-7394
Ernest Mayer
302-366-3652
Michael Nelson
206-883-1900
Ray Groves
209-291-8144
Mark McGlathery
213-597-1937
EPA Project
Manager
Paul dePercin
513-569-7797
FTS 684-7797
Laurel Staley
513-569-7863
FTS 684-7863
Ronald Lewis
513-569-7856
FTS 684-7856
John Martin
513-569-7758
FTS 684-7758
Naomi Barkley
513-569-7854
FTS 684-7854
Jack Hubbard
513-569-7507
FTS 684-7507
Teri Shearer
513-569-7949
FTS 684-7949

Waste
Media
Soil, Sludge, Other
Solids
Soil, Sludge
Ground Water,
V/astcwater
Ground Water,
Leachate,
Wastewater
Water, Soil,
Sludge, Sediment
Soil, Sludge
Ground Water,
Wastewater
Applicable Waste
Inorganic
NA
NA
Metals inhibit
process
Heavy Metals,
Cyanide, Uranium
NA
Specific for Heavy
Metals
NA
Organic
Volatile and
Semivolatile
Organics, PCBs
PCBs, Dioxin, Oil-
Soluble Organics
Readily
Biodegradable
Organic Compounds
Non-specific
Chlorinated
Solvents,
Nonchlorinated
Organic Compounds
NA
Non-specific
NA = Non Applicable

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                                       TABLE 2 (Continued)
                              SITE Demonstration Program Participants
Developer
Exxon Chemicals, Inc./
Rio Linda Chemical Co.
Long Beach, CA
(004)
Freeze Technologies Corp.
Raleigh, NC
(003)
GeoSafe Corporation
Kirkland, WA
(002)
HAZCON, Inc.
Brookshire, TX
(001)
Horsehead Resources
Development Co., Inc.
Monaca, PA
(004)
International Waste
Technologies/Geo-Con, Inc.
Wichita, KS
(001)
MoTec, Inc.
Austin, TX
(002)
Technology
Chemical
Oxidation/Cyanide
Destruction
Freezing Separation
In Situ Vitrification
Solidification/Stabilization
Flame (Slagging) Reactor
:n Situ Solidification/
Stabilization
jquid/Solid Contact
Digestion
Technology
Contact
Mark McGlathery
213-597-1937
James A. Heist
919-850-0600
James Hansen
206-822-4000
Ray Funderburk
713-934-4500
800-227-6543
John Pusater
412-773-2279
Jeff Newton
316-269-2660
Jrian Jasperse
412-856-7700
Randy Kabrick
512^77-8661 	
EPA Project
Manager
Ten Shearer
513-569-7949
FTS 684-7949
Jack Hubbard
513-569-7507
FTS 684-7507
Teri Shearer
513-569-7949
FTS 684-7949
Paul dePercin
513-569-7797
FTS 684-7797
Don Oberacker
513-569-7510
FTS 684-7510
Mary Stinson
201-321-6683
FTS 340-6683
lonald Lewis
513-569-7856
FTS 684-7856
Waste
Media
Sludge, Soil
Liquid
Soil, Sludge
Soil, Sludge
Soil, Sludge, Other
Solids
Soil, Sediment
Soil, Sludge
NA = Won Applicable 	 u
Applicable Waste
Inorganic
Cyanide
Non-specific
Non-specific
Heavy Metals
Heavy Metals
Non-specific
NA

Organic
NA
Non-specific
Non-specific
Not an Inhibitor
NA
PCBs, Other Non-
specific Organic
Compounds
ilalogenated and
"fonhalogenated
Organic
Compounds,
Pesticides

to

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                                  TABLE 2 (Continued)
                         SITE Demonstration Program Participants
Developer
Ogden Environmental Services
San Diego, CA
(001)
Ozonics Recycling Corp.
Boca Raton, FL
(004)
QUAD Environmental
Technologies Corp.
Northbrook, IL
(004)
Resources Conservation Co.
Bellewe, WA
(001)
Retech, Inc.
Ukiah, CA
(002)
S.M.W. Seiko, Inc.
Redwood City, CA
(004)
Separation and Recovery
Systems, Inc. (SRS)
Irvine, CA
(002)
Shirco Infrared Systems, Inc.
(001)
Technology
Circulating Fluidized Bed
Combustor
Soil Washing, Catalytic/
Ozone Oxidation
Chemtact Gaseous Waste
Treatment
Solvent Extraction (BEST)
Plasma Reactor
In Situ Solidification/
Stabilization
Solidification/Stabilization ,
Infrared Thermal
Destruction
Technology
Contact
Brian Baxter
619-455-2613
Allen Legel
407-395-9505
Harold Rafson
312-564-5070
Lisa Robbins
206-828-2400
R.C. Eschenbach
707-462-6522
David Yang
415-591-9646
Joseph de Franco
714-261-8860
Several Vendors (see
Technology Profile)
EPA Project
Manager
Joseph McSorley
919-541-2920
FTS 629-2920
Norma Lewis
513-569-7665
FTS 684-7665
Ronald Lewis
513-569-7856
FTS 684-7856
Edward Bates
513-569-7774
FTS 684-7774
Laurel Staley
513-569-7863
FTS 684-7863
Jack Hubbard
513-569-7507
FTS 684-7507
Edward Bates
513-569-7774
FTS 684-7774
Howard Wall
513-569-7691
FTS 684-7691

Waste
Media
Soils, Sludge,
Slurry
Soil, Sludge,
Leachate, Ground
Water
Gaseous Waste
Streams
Sludge, Soil
Liquids, Soil,
Sludge
Soil
Liquid/Solid
Soil, Sediment
Applicable Waste
Inorganic
NA
Cyanide
Varied Based on
Absorbent Liquid
NA
Metals
Metals
Low Level Metals
NA
Organic
ialogenated and
•fonhalogenated
Organic Compounds
Semivolatiles,
Pesticides, PCBs,
PCP, Dioxin
Varied Based on
Absorbent Liquid
Specific for High
Molecular Weight
Organics
Non-specific
Semivolatile Organic
Compounds
Specific for Acidic
Sludges with at
Least 5%
Hydrocarbons
Non-specific
NA = Non Applicable

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         TABLE 2 (Continued)
SITE Demonstration Program Participants
Developer
Silicate Technology Corp.
Scottsdale, AZ
(003)
Soliditech, Inc.
Houston, TX
(002)
Solvent Services, Inc.
San Jose, CA
(004)
Terra Vac, Inc.
San Juan, PR
(001)
Toxic Treatments (USA) Inc.
San Francisco, CA
(003)
Ultrox International, Inc.
Santa Ana, CA
(003)
Wastech, Inc.
Oak Ridge, TN
(004)
Zimpro/Passavant, Inc.
Rothschild, WI
(002)
Technology
Solidification/Stabilization
with Silicate Compounds
Soldification/Stabilization
Steam Injection and
Vacuum Extraction (SIVE)
In Situ Vacuum Extraction
In Situ Steam/Air Stripping
Ultraviolet Radiation and
Ozone Treatment
Solidification/Stabilization
PACT®/Wet Air Oxidation
Technology
Contact
Steve Pegler
602-941-1400
Carl Brassow
713-778-1800
Doug Dieter
408-453-6046
James Malot
809-723-9171
Philip La Mori
415-391-2113
David Fletcher
714-545-5557
E. Benjamin Peacock
615-483-6515
William Copa
715-359-7211
EPA Project
Manager
Edward Bates
513-569-7774
FTS 684-7774
Walter Grube
513-569-7798
FTS 684-7798
Paul dePercin
513-569-7797
FTS 684-7797
Mary Stinson
201-321-6683
FTS 340-6683
Paul dePercin
513-569-7797
FTS 684-7797
Slorma Lewis
513-569-7665
FTS 684-7665
Edward Bates
513-569-7774
FTS 684-7774
bhn Martin
513-569-7758
NA = Nun Applicable 	
Waste
Media
Ground Water,
Sludge, Soil
Soil, Sludge
Soil
Soil
Soil
jround Water,
Leachate,
Wastewater
Soil, Sludge,
jquid Waste
Ground Water,
Wastewater,
Leachate

Applicable Waste
Inorganic
Metals, Cyanide,
Ammonia
Metals
NA
NA
NA
NA
Non-specific,
Radioactive
NA

Organic
High Molecular
Weight Organics
Non-specific
Volatile and
Semivolatile Organic
Compounds
Volatile and
Semivolatile Organic
Compounds
Volatile Organic
Compounds and
Hydrocarbons
Halogenated
Hydrocarbons,
Volatile Organic
Compounds,
Pesticides, PCBs
Von-specific
Volatile and
Semivolatile Organic


-------
                            Technology Profile
                              Demonstration Program
             AMERICAN COMBUSTION TECHNOLOGIES, INC.
                            (Pyretron® Oxygen Burner)
                              SUPERFUND INNOVATIVE
                              TECHNOLOGY EVALUATION
                              November 1989
TECHNOLOGY DESCRIPTION:

The   Pyretron®   technology   involves  an
oxygen-air-fuel burner, and uses advanced
fuel  injection and mixing concepts to burn
wastes. Pure oxygen, in combination with air
and  natural gas, is burned in  the Pyretron
burner to destroy solid hazardous waste (Figure
1).    The burner operation  is  computer-
controlled to automatically adjust the amount
of oxygen to  sudden changes in the heating
value of the waste.

The burner can be fitted onto any conventional
combustion unit for burning liquids, solids and
sludges.    Solids  and  sludges  can  be
co-incinerated when the burner  is  used in
conjunction  with  a  rotary kiln  or similar
equipment.

WASTE APPLICABILITY:

Solid wastes  contaminated  with  hazardous
organics are suitable for the Pyretron
technology.  In  general,  the  technology  is
applicable to any waste that can be incinerated.
The technology is not suitable for processing
aqueous wastes, RCRA heavy metal wastes, or
inorganic wastes.

STATUS:

A demonstration project  was conducted  at
EPA's   Combustion  Research  Facility   in
Jefferson, Arkansas,  using a mixture of 40
percent contaminated soil from the Stringfellow
Acid Pit Superfund site in California and 60
percent decanter tank tar sludge from coking
operations (RCRA  listed waste K087).  The
demonstration  began in November 1987, and
was completed at the end of January 1988.

Both the Technology Evaluation Report and
Project Summary have been published.
                                   Oxygen Rich
                                   Combustion
                                                      Final
                                                      Combustion
                                 I	1
                                -*!  Oxygen Lean
                                   Combustion
                                   Pyrolyzer
                     Combustion
                     Control
                     System
                            Figure 1.  Pyretron combustion and heating process
                                    flow diagram.
                                            15

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 DEMONSTRATION RESULTS:

 Six   polynuclear  aromatic   hydrocarbon
 compounds  were  selected as the principal
 organic hazardous constituents (POHC) for the
 test program -- naphthalene, acenaphthylene,
 fluorene,  phenanthrene,   anthracene,   and
 fluoranthene.

 The Pyretron technology achieved greater than
 99.99   percent  destruction  and  removal
 efficiencies (DRE) of all POHCs measured in
 all test runs performed.

 •      The Pyretron technology with oxygen
       enhancement achieved double the waste
       throughput possible with conventional
       incineration.

 •      All particulate emission levels in the
       scrubber   system   discharge   were
       significantly below the hazardous waste
       incinerator performance standard  of
       180 mg/dscm at 7 percent oxygen.

 *      Solid residues were contaminant free.

       There were no significant differences
       in  transient carbon monoxide level
       emissions between air-only incineration
       and  Pyretron   oxygen   enhanced
       operation.

•      Costs savings can be achieved in many
       situations.
 APPLICATIONS ANALYSIS
 SUMMARY:

 The field evaluations conducted  under the
 SITE Demonstration  Program  yielded  the
 following conclusions:

        The Pyretron burner system is a viable
        technology  for  treating Superfund
        wastes.

        The system is  capable of  doubling the
        capacity of a conventional rotary kiln
        incinerator.    This  increase is more
        significant for wastes with low heating
        values.

 •      In   situations  where  particulate
        carryover causes operational problems,
        the  Pyretron  system  may  increase
        reliability.

 •      The technology can be an economical
        addition  to   an   incinerator  when
        operating and  fuel costs are high and
        oxygen costs are relatively low.
FOR FURTHER INFORMATION:

EPA Project Manager:
Laurel Staley
U.S. EPA
Risk Reduction Engineering Laboratory
26 West Martin Luther King Drive
Cincinnati, Ohio 45268
513-569-7863
FTS: 684-7863

Technology Developer Contact:
James Untz
American Combustion Technologies, Inc.
2985 Gateway Drive, Suite 100
Norcross, Georgia 30071
404-662-8156
                                          16

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                            Technology Profile
                                Demonstration Program
                               SUPERFUND INNOVATIVE
                               TECHNOLOGr EVALUATION
                                                                            November 1989
                     AMERICAN TOXIC DISPOSAL, INC.
                            (Vapor Extraction System)
TECHNOLOGY DESCRIPTION:

The Vapor Extraction System (VES) uses a
low-temperature,  fluidized  bed  to  remove
organic and volatile inorganic compounds from
soils, sediments, and sludges.  Contaminated
materials are fed into a co-current, fluidized
bed, where they are well mixed with hot gas
(about 320° F) from a gas-fired heater (Figure
1).  Direct contact between the waste material
and the hot gas forces water and contaminants
from the waste into the gas stream, which flows
out of the dryer to a gas treatment system.

The gas treatment system removes dust and
organic vapors from the gas stream. A cyclone
separator and baghouse remove  most of the
particulates in the gas stream from the dryer.
Vapors from the cyclone separator are cooled
in a venturi scrubber, counter-current washer,
and chiller section before they are treated in a
vapor-phase carbon adsorption system.  The
liquid residues from the system are clarified
and passed through two activated carbon beds
arranged in  series.    Clarified  sludge  is
centrifiiged, and the liquid  residue is  also
passed through the carbon beds.

By-products from the VES treatment include:
(1)  96 to 98 percent of solid waste feed as
clean, dry dust; (2) a small quantity of pasty
sludge containing organics; (3) a small quantity
of spent adsorbent carbon; (4) wastewater that
may need further  treatment; and (5) small
quantities of baghouse and cyclone dust.
WASTE APPLICABILITY:

This technology can  remove  volatile  and
semivolatile organics, including polychlorinated
biphenyls   (PCBs),   polynuclear  aromatic
hydrocarbons (PAHs), and pentachlorbphenol
(PCP), volatile inorganics, and some pesticides
                              Figure 1. Process flow diagram.
                                           17

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from  soil, sludge,  and sediment, In general,
the process treats waste containing less than 5
percent total organic contaminants and 30 to 90
percent  solids.     Nonvolatile   inorganic
contaminants (such as metals) in the waste feed
do not inhibit the process, but are not treated.
STATUS:

EPA is currently locating a demonstration site
for this process.  The wastes preferred for the
demonstration are harbor or river sediments
containing  at least  50 percent  solids  and
contaminated with PCBs and other volatile or
semivolatile organics.  Sandy soil with these
characteristics may also be acceptable.  About
320 tons of waste are needed for a one-week
test.  Major test objectives are to evaluate feed
handling,  decontamination  of  solids,  and
treatment of gases generated by the process.
FOR FURTHER INFORMATION:

EPA Project Manager:
Laurel Staley
U.S. EPA
Risk Reduction Engineering LAboratory
26 West Martin Luther King Drive
Cincinnati, Ohio 45268
513-569-7863
FTS:  684-7863

Technology Developer Contact:
William C. Meenan
American Toxic Disposal, Inc.
330 Douglas
Waukegan, IL  60085
312-662-8455
                                           18

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   net?
                            Technology Profile
                                Demonstration Program
                               SUPERFUND INNOVATIVE
                               TECHNOLOGY EVALUATION
                              November 1989
                         AWD TECHNOLOGIES, INC.
          (Integrated Vapor Extraction and Steam Vacuum Stripping)
TECHNOLOGY DESCRIPTION:

The   integrated  AquaDetox/SVE  system
simultaneously treats ground water and soil
contaminated with volatile organic compounds
(VOCs). The integrated system consists of two
basic  processes:   an  AquaDetox  moderate
vacuum stripping tower that uses low-pressure
steam to treat contaminated ground water; and
a soil gas vapor extraction/reinjection (SVE)
process to treat contaminated soil.  The two
processes  form  a closed-loop  system  that
provides simultaneous in-situ remediation of
contaminated ground water  and soil with no
air emissions.

AquaDetox is a high efficiency, countercurrent
stripping  technology developed  by  Dow
Chemical Company.  A single-stage unit will
typically reduce up to 99.99 percent of VOCs
from  water.  The SVE system uses a vacuum
to  treat  a  VOC-contaminated  soil  mass,
inducing a flow of  air through the  soil and
removing vapor phase VOCs with the extracted
soil gas. The soil gas is then treated by carbon
beds and reinjected into the ground to remove
additional VOCs.  The AquaDetox and SVE
system (Figure 1) share a granulated activated
carbon (GAC) unit.  Noncondensable vapor
from the AquaDetox system is combined with
the vapor  from the SVE  compressor  and
decontaminated by the GAC unit. By-products
of  the  system are  a  free-phase  recyclable
product  and   treated  water.      Mineral
regenerable carbon will require disposal after
approximately three years.

A key component of the closed-loop system is
a vent  header unit designed  to  collect  the
noncondensable  gases  extracted  from   the
ground water or air that may leak into  the
portion  of  the  process  operating  below
atmospheric pressure. Further, the steam used
to regenerate the carbon beds is condensed and
treated in the AquaDetox system.
                                                             Noncondensables
                  Vapor/Liquid
                   Separator
                             Pump

1 Vacuum
Graiular
Cbrbon
                                               j-
                                                   Pump
               Figure 1. Zero air emissions integrated AquaDetox/SVE system.
                                           19

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 WASTE APPLICABILITY:

 This  technology  removes VOCs, including
 chlorinated hydrocarbons, in ground water and
 soil. Sites with contaminated ground water and
 soils  containing   trichloroethylene   (TCE),
 perchloroethylene (PCE), and other VOCs are
 suitable  for this  on-site treatment  process.
 AquaDetox is capable of effectively removing
 over 90 of the 110 volatile compounds listed in
 40 CFR Part 261, Appendix VIII.
STATUS:

The AWD AquaDetox/SVE system is currently
being  used  at the Lockheed Aeronautical
Systems Company in Burbank, California. At
this site, the system is treating ground water
contaminated with as much as 2,200 ppb of
TCE and 11,000 ppb PCE; and soil gas with a
total  VOC  concentration  of 6,000  ppm.
Contaminated ground water is being treated at
a rate  of up to 1,200 gpm  while  soil gas is
removed and treated at a rate of 300 cfm. The
system occupies approximately 4,000  square
feet.

A proposed SITE  demonstration project will
evaluate the ongoing remediation effort at the
Lockheed  site  in  Burbank,  California.
Demonstration testing is scheduled to begin in
the first quarter of 1990.
FOR FURTHER INFORMATION:

EPA Project Managers:
Norma Lewis and Gordon Evans
U.S. EPA
Risk Reduction Engineering Laboratory
26 West Martin Luther King Drive
Cincinnati, Ohio  45268
513-569-7696
FTS: 684-7696

Technology Developer Contact:
David Bluestein
AWD Technologies, Inc.
10 West Orange Avenue
South San Francisco, California 94080
415-876-1504
                                          20

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    ST.,,
                            Technology  Profile
                                Demonstration Program
                                  BIOTROL, INC.
                     (Biological Aqueous Treatment System)
                               SUPERFUND INNOVATIVE
                               TECHNOLOGr EVALUATION
                              November 1989
TECHNOLOGY DESCRIPTION:

The  Biotrol Aqueous  Treatment System,  or
BATS, is a biological treatment system which
is  effective for treatment  of contaminated
groundwater and process water.  The system
employs  an amended  microbial  consortium,
that  is, a microbial population indigenous to
the   wastewater   to   which   a   specific
microorganism has been added.  This system
accomplishes removal of  both the  target
contaminants as well as the naturally occurring
background organics.

Figure  1  is  a schematic  of  the  BATS.
Contaminated water enters a mix tank  where
the pH is adjusted and inorganic nutrients are
added.  If necessary,  the water is heated to
reach an optimum temperature; however, a heat
exchanger is used to minimize energy costs.
The water then flows to the reactor where the
contaminants  are   biodegraded.      The
microorganisms which perform the degradation
are immobilized  in a three  cell, submerged,
fixed-film bioreactor.  Each cell is filled with,
a highly porous packing material to which the
microbes adhere.  For  aerobic conditions, air
is supplied by fine bubble membrane diffusers
mounted at the  bottom of each cell.  The
system may  also be  run  under  anaerobic
conditions.  As the  water flows through the
bioreactor, the contaminants  are  degraded
completely to carbon dioxide,  water and
chloride ion. The resulting effluent water may
be discharged to a Publicly Owned Treatment
Works (POTW) or may be reused on site.
                                                     Effluent to POTW
                                                     NPDES or Reuse
              Influenl
               Conditioning
                  Step
                                                                   Fixed-Film
                                                                 Bioreactor Units
                                       Continuous Operation

                     Figure 1. Biotrol aqueous treatment system process diagram.
                                            21

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 WASTE APPIICABIIJTY:

 This technology is mainly applicable to aqueous
 streams contaminated with organic compounds,
 such as pentachlorophenol and creosote (wood
 treatment compounds) and other hydrocarbons.
 The technology can be used to remove certain
 inorganic  compounds  (such  as  nitrates);
 however, it cannot remove metals.

 Other potential target waste  streams include
 chlorinated  hydrocarbons, coal tar residues, and
 organic pesticides. Underground storage tank
 contaminants, such as fuels and solvents, are
 being evaluated for applicability.
STATUS:

In 1986, Biotrol, Inc., performed a successful
9-month pilot field test of BATS on ground
water at a wood preserving facility. The SITE
demonstration of the BATS technology took
place from July 24 to September 1, 1989 at the
MacGillis and Gibbs Superfund site in New
Brighton, Minnesota. The system was operated
continuously for 6 weeks on groundwater with
different throughput rates.

The  Technology Evaluation Report will be
available in April 1990.
FOR FURTHER INFORMATION:

EPA Project Manager:
Mary K. Stinson
U.S. EPA
Risk Reduction Engineering Laboratory
Woodbridge Avenue
Edison,  New Jersey  08837
201-321-6683
FTS: 340-6683

Technology Developer Contact:
Thomas  Chresand
Biotrol,  Inc.
11 Peavey Road
Chaska,  Minnesota  55318
612-448-2515
                                          22

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                             Technology Profile
                                Demonstration Program
                                   BIOTROL, INC.
                                (Soil Washing System)
                               SUPERFUND INNOVATIVE
                               TECHNOLOGY EVALUATION
                              November 1989
TECHNOLOGY DESCRIPTION:

Soil washing is a volume reduction method for
treating excavated soils and is applicable for
soils which are predominantly sand and gravel.
It is  based  on  the  principle  that  the
contaminants are associated primarily with soil
components finer than 200 mesh, including fine
silts, clays, and soil organic matter.

The   system  uses   attrition  scrubbing  to
disintegrate or break up soil aggregates resulting
in the liberation of the highly contaminated fine
particles from the  coarser sand and gravel
(Figure 1).  Furthermore, the surfaces of the
coarser particles are scoured by abrasive action.
Volume reduction  is achieved by separating
the "washed" coarse material from the highly
contaminated fine particles,  oils, and  wash
water. The contaminated residual products can
then be treated by other methods, including
incineration, stabilization, and biodegradation.

Contaminated  soil  is  first  excavated  and
screened to remove oversize debris greater than
one-half to  one inch in diameter.   Various
segregation methods can be used to sort debris
into categories for treatment and/or disposal.
The debris-handling equipment is engineering
on a case-by-case basis.
                                        Recycle!	
                            Figure 1. Biotrol soil treatment system process diagram.
                                             23

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 Once the debris is removed, the contaminated
 soil is fed to the soil washing system, where it
 is slurried with water. It is screened again and
 fed  to  froth  flotation where hydrophobic
 components (such as  oil and certain  clay
 minerals) are removed in the froth phase. The
 soil  slurry  then   enters  a  multi-stage,
 countercurrent, attrition/classification circuit
 consisting  of  attrition  scrubbing  units,
 hydrocyclones, and spiral classifiers. The bulk
 of the soil  is then discharged  as the washed
 product.

 The  process  water  contains  the   highly
 contaminated fine particles as well as dissolved
 contaminants.  The fine solids  are dewatered
 prior  to   secondary  treatment.     Where
 biodegradation is feasible, the thickened fine
 particle slurry is treated in a low energy reactor
 consisting of three continuous stirred tanks  in
 series.      In  the   reactor,   indigenous
 microorganisms can be amended with specific
 bacteria.     For  pentachlorophenol  (PCP)
 contamination, a  Flavobacterium species  is
 used.

 The clarified process water may  also be treated
 biologically, if applicable, using a fixed-film
 bioreactor system.   Again,  indigenous  and
 specific microorganisms are used to degrade
 dissolved organic contaminants.
WASTE APPUCABIIITY:

This technology  was initially  developed to
clean   soils   contaminated   with   oil,
pentachlorophenol, and creosote (polyaromatic
hydrocarbons) from wood-preserving sites. It
is  also  expected to be applicable  to  soils
contaminated with petroleum hydrocarbons and
pesticides.
 STATUS:

 The  soil  washing  system   was  operated
 successfully over a 2-year period at a wood
 treating site in Minnesota.  During this time,
 biological treatment of the process water from
 soils   washing    was   also   successfully
 demonstrated. In 1989, Biotrol, Inc., added
 slurry biodegradation technology to treat the
 fine particle sludge generated by soil washing
 of soils contaminated by degradable, organic
 contaminants.

 The SITE demonstration of the soil washing
 technology took  place from September 25 to
 October 27, 1989 at the MacGillis  & Gibbs
 Superfund site in New Brighton, Minnesota.
 The soil  washing  system   used   in   the
 demonstration was a pilot-scale unit with a
 treatment capacity of 500 to 1,000 pounds per
 hour.

 The soil  washing  process  was   operated
 continuously   for   two  days  on   a  soil
 contaminated with low levels of PCP (about
 300 ppm PCP) and seven days on a high PCP
 level soil (about 1,000 ppm PCP). All process
 water from soil washing was treated in a fixed-
 film bioreactor  and recycled  back to soil
 washing.  A portion of the fine  particle slurry
 from the high PCP soil washing test was treated
 in a pilot scale EIMCO Biolift Reactor supplied
 by EIMCO Process Equipment Company.

 The Technology  Evaluation Report will be
 available in May  1990.
FOR FURTHER INFORMATION:
                               r
EPA Project Manager:
Mary K. Stinson
U.S. EPA
Risk Reduction Engineering Laboratory
Woodbridge Avenue
Edison, New Jersey 08837
201-321-6683
FTS:  340-6683                 ;

Technology Developer Contact:
Steve Valine
Biotrol, Inc.
11 Peavey Road
Chaska, Minnesota  55318
612-448-2515
                                            24

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                             Technology Profile
                                Demonstration Program
                         CF SYSTEMS CORPORATION
                                 (Solvent Extraction)
                               SUPERFUND JHMOVAT/VE
                               TECHNOLOGY EVALUATION
                              November 1989
TECHNOLOGY DESCRIPTION:

This technology uses liquefied gas solvent to
extract organics (such as hydrocarbons), oil,
and grease from wastewater or contaminated
sludges and s,oils.   Carbon dioxide is the gas
used for aqueous  solutions,  while propane
and/or butane is used for sediment, sludges and
soils (semisolids).

Contaminated  solids, slurrys  or wastewaters
are fed into the extractor (Figure 1). Solvent
(gas condensed by compression) is also  fed to
the extractor, making nonreactive contact with
the waste.   Typically,  the solvent separates
more than 99 percent of the organics from the
feedwaste. Following phase separation of the
solvent and. organics, treated water is removed
from the extractor while the mixture of solvent
and organics passes to the separator through a
valve, where pressure is partially reduced. In
the separator, the  solvent is vaporized and
recycled as fresh solvent. The organics are
drawn off from the separator, and either reused
or diposed of.
The   extractor  design  is   different  for
contaminated wastewaters and semisolids. For
wastewaters, a trayed tower contactor is used.
For semisolids, a series of extractor/decanters
operating countercurrently is used.
WASTE APPLICABILITY:

This  technology  can be  applied  to  waste
containing carbon tetrachloride, chloroform,
benzene, naphthalene, gasoline, vinyl acetate,
furfural, butyric  acid, higher organic acids,
dichloroethane,  oils  and  grease,  xylene,
toluene,  methyl  acetate,  acetone,  higher
alcohols, butanol, propanol, phenol,  heptane,
PCBs and other complex organics.
STATUS:

The pilot-scale system was  tested on PCB-
laden sediments from the New Bedford (Mass.)
Harbor Superfund site during September 1988.
                                                        Organics
                                      Clean
                                      Sediments
                                 Figure 1.   Solvent extraction unit
                                          process diagram.
                                            25

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PCB concentrations in the harbor ranged from
300 ppm to 2,500 ppm.   The Technology
Evaluation report is being published and will
be available  in  November   1989.    The
Applications Analysis report is scheduled to be
released in December 1989.

Commercial systems have  been  sold to Clean
Harbors,   Braintree,   Massachusetts,    for
wastewater clean-up; and Ensco of Little Rock,
Arkansas, for incinerator pretreatment. A unit
is in operation at Star Enterprise, Port Arthur,
Texas, treating API separator sludge to meet
Best Demonstrated and Available Technology
(BDAT) standards for organics.
DEMONSTRATION RESULTS:

This technology was demonstrated concurrently
with dredging studies  managed by the U.S.
Army  Corps of  Engineers.   Contaminated
sediments were treated by the CF Systems Pit
Cleanup Unit, using  a liquified propane and
butane mixture as the extraction solvent.

The following test results include the number
of  passes made during  each test and the
concentration of PCBs before and after each
test:
Test 2

Tests

Test 4
          Passes

              9

              3
                     PCB concentration
                     Before        After
360 ppm

288 ppm
8 ppm

82 ppm
              6      2575 ppm     200 ppm

Extraction efficiencies were high, despite some
operating difficulties during the tests. The use
of treated sediment as feed to the next pass
caused cross-contamination in the system. Full
scale  commercial  systems are  designed  to
eliminate problems associated with the pilot
plant design.
                                                APPLICATIONS ANALYSIS
                                                SUMMARY:

                                                The following conclusions were drawn  from
                                                this series of tests and other data:

                                                •  Extraction efficiencies of  90-98%  were
                                                   achieved on sediments containing between
                                                   350   and  2,575  ppm  PCBs.     PCB
                                                   concentrations were as low as 8 ppm in the
                                                   treated sediment.

                                                •  In the laboratory, extraction efficiencies of
                                                   99.9% have been obtained for volatile and
                                                   semivolatile organics in aqueous and semi-
                                                   solid wastes.

                                                •  Operating problems included solids being
                                                   retained  in  the system hardware  and
                                                   foaming in receiving tanks.  The  vendor
                                                   identified corrective measures that will be
                                                   implemented  in the full-scale commercial
                                                   unit.

                                                •  Projected  costs  for  PCB  cleanups  are
                                                   estimated  at approximately  $150 to  $450
                                                   per ton, including material  handling and
                                                   pre- and post-treatment costs. These  costs
                                                   are highly sensitive to the utilization factor
                                                   and job size, which may result in lower
                                                   costs for large cleanups.
FOR FURTHER INFORMATION:

EPA Project Manager:
Richard Valentinetti
U.S. EPA (RD-681)
401 M. Street, SW
Washington, D.C. 20460
202-382-2611
FTS: 382-2611

Technology Developer Contact:
Chris Shallice
CF Systems Corporation
140 Second Avenue
Waltham, Massachusetts  02154
617-890-1200 (ext. 158)
                                           26

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                              Technology Profile
                                 Demonstration Program
                        CHEMFEX TECHNOLOGIES, INC.
                             (SoKdification/Stabilization)
                                SUPERFUND INNOVATIVE
                                TECHNOLOGY EVALUATION
                               November 1989
TECHNOLOGY DESCRIPTION:

This solidification/stabilization process is an
inorganic system in which soluble silicates and
silicate  setting agents  react with  polyvalent
metal ions, and certain other waste components,
to produce a chemically and physically stable
solid  material.   The  treated  waste matrix
displays good  stability, a high melting point,
and a  friable  texture.  The matrix may be
similar  to  soil or rigid depending upon the
water content  of the feed waste.

The feed waste is first blended in the reaction
vessel (Figure  1) with certain reagents, which
are dispersed  and dissolved throughout the
aqueous phase.   The reagents  react with
polyvalent ions in the waste. Inorganic polymer
chains   (insoluble   metal  silicates)   form
throughout the aqueous phase and physically
entrap  the   organic  colloids  within the
microstructure of the product matrix.
The  water-soluble silicates  then react with
complex ions in the presence of a siliceous
setting agent, producing amorphous, colloidal
silicates (gels) and silicon dioxide, which acts
as a  precipitating agent.  Most of the heavy
metals in the waste become part of the silicate.
Some of the heavy metals precipitate with the
structure of the complex molecules.   A very
small percentage (estimated to be less than one
percent) of  the heavy metals precipitates
between the  silicates and is not chemically
immobilized.

Since  some organics may  be contained in
particles larger than the colloids, all of the
waste   is   pumped   through   processing
equipment,   creating   sufficient  shear  to
emulsify the organic constituents. Emulsified
organics are then solidified and discharged to
a prepared area, where the gel continues to set.
The resulting solids, though friable, encase any
organic  substances that may  have escaped
emulsification.
           Front End Loadei
                                                V
                                               Chute to
                                             Truck Loading Area
                             Figure 1. High solids handling system block process flow diagram.
                                             27

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The system can be operated at 5 to 80 percent
solids in the waste  feed; water is added for
drier wastes. Portions of the water contained
in the wastes are involved in three reactions
after treatment:  (1) hydration, similar to that
of cement reactions; (2) hydrolysis reactions;
and  (3)  equilibration  through evaporation.
There are no side streams or discharges from
this process.   The  process is  applicable to
electroplating wastes, electric arc furnace dust,
and municipal sewage sludge containing heavy
metals such as aluminum, antimony, arsenic,
barium, beryllium, cadmium, chromium, iron,
lead, manganese, mercury,  nickel, selenium,
silver, thallium, and zinc.

WASTE APPLICABILITY:

This technology is suitable  for contaminated
soils, sludges, and other solid wastes.  It can
also  be  used  for  base, neutral,  or acid
extractable organics of high molecular weight,
such as refinery wastes, creosote, and wood-
treating wastes.

STATUS:

The technology was  demonstrated in March
1989 at the Portable Equipment Salvage Co. site
in Clackamas, Oregon. Preliminary results are
available in a Demonstration Bulletin (October
1989).  A single draft report describing the
demonstration and future application of this
technology  has been  completed and is under
review.  This final demonstration  report will
be completed in early 1990.
DEMONSTRATION RESULTS:

•  The Chemfix Technology was effective in
   reducing the concentrations of lead and
   copper in the extracts from the Toxicity
   Characteristic Leaching Procedure (TCLP).
   The concentrations in the extracts from the
   treated  wastes were  94  percent  to  99
   percent less than those from the untreated
   wastes.  Total lead concentrations  in the
   raw waste approached 14 percent.

•  The volume increase in the excavated waste
   material as a  result of  treatment  varied
   from 20 to 50 percent.
    The results of the tests for durability were
    very good. The treated wastes showed little
    or no weight loss after 12 cycles of wetting
    and drying or freezing and thawing.

    The  unconfined  compressive  strength
    (UCS) of the wastes varied between 27 and
    307 psi  after  28  days.   Permeability
    decreased   more  than   one  order  of
    magnitude.

    The air monitoring data  suggest that there
    was no significant volatilization  of PCBs
    during the treatment process.
FOR FURTHER INFORMATION:

EPA Project Manager:
Edwin Earth
U.S. EPA
Risk Reduction Engineering Laboratory
26 West Martin Luther King Drive
Cincinnati, Ohio 45268
513-569-7669
FTS:  684-7669

Technology Developer Contact:
Philip N. Baldwin,  Jr.
Chemfix Technologies, Inc.
Suite 620, Metairie Center
2424 Edenborn Avenue
Metairie, Louisiana 70001
504-831-3600
                                           28

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                             Technology Profile
                                Demonstration Program
                               SUPERFUND INNOVATIVE
                               TECHNOLOGY EVALIM1TON
                              November 1989
                     CHEMICAL WASTE MANAGEMENT
     (X*TRAX™ LOW-TEMPERATURE THERMAL DESORFHON)
TECHNOLOGY DESCRIPTION:

The   X*TRAX™  technology  is  a   low-
temperature (500 to 800 ° F) thermal separation
process   designed  to   remove   organic
contaminants from soils, sludges, and other
solid media. The pilot-scale system (Figure 1)
is mounted on two trailers and has a capacity
of 5 tons per day.  The first trailer contains a
rotary dryer used to heat contaminated materials
and drive off water and organic contaminants.
The second trailer contains a gas  treatment
system  that  condenses   and  collects  the
contaminants driven from the soil.

Contaminated material is fed into one end of
the rotary dryer  (Figure  2).  As  the dryer
rotates, the feed material gradually moves to
the  other end  of the  dryer  where  it  is
discharged as a  powdered  or  granular dry
material.  Propane burners supply heat to the
outside of the dryer  to  vaporize water and
organic contaminants from the feed material.
The  degree of contaminant removal can  be
controlled by adjusting the feed rate, the dryer
temperature, or the residence time of materials
in the dryer.

Organic contaminant and water vapors driven
from the soil are transported out of the dryer
by an inert nitrogen carrier gas. The carrier
gas flows through a duct to the gas treatment
trailer where organic vapors, water vapors, and
dust particles are removed and recovered from
the gas.  The gas first passes through a high-
energy  scrubber where it is cooled.   Dust
particles and approximately 30 percent of the
organic  contaminants  are removed by the
scrubber. The  gas then  passes through two
heat exchangers in series where it is cooled
further.  Most of the remaining organic and
water vapors are condensed out as liquids in
the heat exchangers.

Most of the carrier gas that passes through the
gas treatment trailer is reheated and recycled
                                            rtttt com
                                                              UW BM FEEDtM
                                                                         IOCUCT DUCHAMOI
                   Figure I. Pilot-scale X*TRAX system.
                                            29

-------
      Contaminated
       Son/Studs*
 Recycled
Canler Cae ,—*>
 Makeup
Carrier Oaa


Muftarged
Canler Gaa
(31010%)
                                Trailed
                               Soil/Sludge
                                 A
                  DRYER TRAILER
          	z	
              I
           Propane Fuel

            GAS TREATMENT TRAILER
 Carrlor Gat
(with Water and
Organic Vapors)
                   Condensed Water
                  and Organic Liquids

     Rgurc 2. Simplified material flow diagram for X'TRAX process.


 to the dryer trailer.  Approximately 5 to 10
 percent of  the gas  is cleaned  by passing
 through a filter and two carbon  adsorption
 drums and then discharged to the atmosphere.

 This discharge helps maintain a small negative
 pressure  within  the system and prevents
 potentially  contaminated gases from leaking
 out    The  discharge also  allows  makeup
 nitrogen to be added to the system, preventing
 oxygen  concentrations   from   exceeding
 combustibility limits.
 WASTE APPIICABUJTY:

 This technology was developed to treat soils
 contaminated with polychlorinated biphenyls
 (PCBs), but can be applied to pond or process
 sludges and filter cakes contaminated with up
 to   10  percent  PCBs  or  other  organic
 contaminants.   The system is designed to
 handle either  soils or  pumpable  sludges
 containing at least 40  percent solids.   The
 process should  have  little  effect  on most
 inorganic contaminants.

 Treatment  residuals include  treated  soils,
 liquids and  sludges collected on the  gas
 treatment trailer, and  spent carbon.   Some
 residuals can be recycled within the system.
 Treated soils can be returned to their original
 location  if  residual contaminant  levels  are
 sufficiently low.   Aqueous  phase liquids
 collected  in  the   heat  exchangers  (after
 treatment by activated carbon) can be used to
 add moisture back to the soil prior to disposal.
 Other residuals,  such as  organic phase liquids,
sludges, and spent carbon, will require further
treatment and disposal outside the system.
 STATUS:

 CWM has conducted tests on both laboratory-
 scale and pilot-scale systems. The laboratory-
 scale system is  capable  of  reducing PCB
 concentrations in soil from approximately 6,000
 ppm to less than 2 ppm, removing more that 99
 percent of chlorinated organic  contaminants
 in soils.  The pilot-scale system was tested on
 two wastewater treatment sludges in October
 1988.  Phenol concentrations of 54,000 ppm
 were reduced by greater than 99 percent under
 optimum operating conditions.

 The pilot-scale system has been operating at
 CWM's Kettleman Hills, California, hazardous
 waste facility since July  1989, testing PCB-
 contaminated soils under  a Toxic Substances
 Control    Act   (TSCA)   Research  and
 Development Permit. Results of some of these
 tests should be available in late 1989.

 EPA plans  to conduct the SITE demonstration
 at  the  Kettleman  Hills   facility,  in   1990.
 Current plans are to test three  soils  — two
 contaminated with PCBs and one contaminated
 with other  organic chemicals. EPA's primary
 objective for the demonstration is to evaluate
 the performance of the system  in removing
 these contaminants from soils.  A  secondary
objective is to  determine how contaminants
removed  from  soil are collected in the gas
treatment trailer.
                                               FOR FURTHER INFORMATION:

                                               EPA Project Manager:
                                               Paul dePercin
                                               U.S. EPA Office of Research and Development
                                               Risk Reduction Engineering Laboratory
                                               26 West Martin Luther King Drive
                                               Cincinnati, OH 45268
                                               513-569-7797
                                               FTS:  684-7797

                                               Technology Developer Contact:
                                               Robert LaBoube
                                               Chemical Waste Management, Inc.
                                               3003 Butterfield Road
                                               Oakbrook, IL 60521
                                               708-218-1500
                                             30

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                             Technology  Profile
                                 Demonstration Program
                                SUPERfUND INNOVATIVE
                                TECHNOLOGY EVALUATION
                               November 1989

                      DEHYDRO-TECH CORPORATION
            (Carver-Greenfield Process for Extraction of Oily Waste)
TECHNOLOGY DESCRIPTION:

The Carver-Greenfield Process® for continuous
evaporation is designed to separate materials
into their constituent solid, oil (including oil-
soluble substances), and water phases. It is
intended particularly for oil-soluble hazardous
organics that are concentrated in the oil phase.
The technology uses a food-grade "carrier oil"
to extract the oil-soluble contaminants (Figure
1).  Stories and metal present in  the feed are
separated from the slurry in a fluidization tank.
Pretreatment is necessary to achieve particle
sizes of less than  1/4-inch.

The carrier oil is mixed with waste sludge or
soil and the mixture is placed in the evaporation
system to remove any water. A carrier oil with
a boiling point of 400° F is typically used. The
oil serves to f luidize the mix and maintain a low
slurry viscosity to ensure efficient heat transfer,
thus allowing virtually 100 percent of the water
to evaporate.
Mixing  with the carrier oil causes the oil-
soluble contaminants to be extracted from the
waste. Volatile compounds present in the waste
are also stripped out in this step and condensed
with the carrier oil or  water. After the water
is evaporated from the mixture, the resulting
dried slurry (no water) is sent to a centrifuging
section to remove most of the carrier oil from
the solids.

After centrifuging, any residual carrier oil is
removed   by   a   process   known   as
"hydroextraction." The carrier oil is recovered
by  evaporation  and  steam  stripping.  The
hazardous constituents are removed from the
carrier oil by distillation.  This stream can be
incinerated or reclaimed, as appropriate.  In
some cases, heavy metals in the solids will be
complexed with hydrocarbons and will also be
extracted by the carrier oil.
                        Figure 1. Simplified Carver Greenfield process flow diagram.
                                             31

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WASTE APPLICABILITY:

The Carver-Greenfield  process  can treat
sludges, soils, and other water-bearing wastes
containing oil-soluble hazardous compounds,
including PCBs and dioxins.  The process has
been  commercially  applied  to  municipal
wastewater sludge, paper mill sludge, rendering
waste, and pharmaceutical plant sludge.
STATUS:

The process has been successfully tested in a
pilot plant on refinery "slop oil," consisting of
72 percent water, as well as on  a  mixed
refinery  waste  consisting of dissolved  air
flotation sludge, API separator bottoms, tank
bottoms, and biological sludge. EPA is now
identifying potential  sites for demonstrating
this technology.
FOR FURTHER INFORMATION:

EPA Project Manager:
Laurel Staley
U.S. EPA
26 West Martin Luther King Drive
Cincinnati, Ohio 45268
513-569-7863
FTS: 684-7863

Technology Developer Contact:
Thomas C. Holcombe
Dehydro-Tech Corporation
6 Great Meadow Lane
East Hanover, New Jersey 07936
201-887-2182
                                          32

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                             Technology Profile
                                Demonstration Program
                                    DETOX, INC.
                     (Submerged Aerobic Fixed-FUm Reactor)
                               SUPERFUND INNOVATIVE
                               TECHNOLOGY EVALUATION
                               November 1989
TECHNOLOGY DESCRIPTION:

This biological  treatment  system relies on
aerobic microbial  processes to  metabolize
contaminants present in a liquid waste stream.
The system can treat liquids containing low
concentrations (<20 parts per million, ppm) of
readily biodegradable  materials  and  yield
concentrations in the low parts per billion (ppb)
range.

The biological treatment system consists of an
aboveground fixed-film reactor, supplemental
nutrient storage tank and pump, sump tank
with pump, cartridge filter, and final activated-
carbon filter.  High surface area plastic media
is used to fill the reactor, and the water level
within the reactor  is set to cover the plastic
media. Bacterial growth is attached as film to
the surface of the plastic media.
The  bioreactor is operated on  a one-pass,
continuous-flow basis, at hydraulic retention
times as low as one hour. The process begins
(Figure 1) when contaminated water from a
well or equalization tank is pumped into the
bioreactor.    The influent waste stream is
evenly dispersed over the reactor packing by
a header-distribution system.  As the waste
stream passes through the reactor, the biofilm
removes the biodegradable organics.   An air
distribution system below  the plastic media
supplies oxygen to the bacteria in the form of
fine bubbles. An effluent water header system
collects water from the bottom of the reactor
after it has been treated.   Water exiting the
reactor is first passed through a cartridge filter,
to remove any excess biological solids, followed
by  activated  carbon  treatment, to   further
remove any remaining organic  compounds.
Depending upon the effluent water discharge
criteria, the cartridge and carbon filters  may
not be needed.
                                                                           Carbon
                                                                           Adsorption
                                                                           Tank
                                                                           (optional)
                  Groundwater Well


                             Figure 1.   Proposed Detox biological treatment system.
                                             33

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 WASTE APPLICABILITY:

 This technology is  typically  used to treat
 groundwater and industrial process waters, but
 is also applicable to contaminanted  lagoon
 and/or pond waters.  The water to be treated
 must  fall  within a pH  of 6.5 to  8.5,  a
 temperature of 60-95°F, and be free of toxic
 and/or inhibitory compounds, including certain
 metals. Readily biodegradable compounds such
 as methyl ethyl ketone (MEK) and benzene can
 be treated, along with some organic chemicals
 that   are   initially   more  resistant  to
 biodegradation,   such  as   chlorobenzene.
 Halogenated   compounds   (such   as
 tetrachloroethylene,  trichloroethylene,  and
 chloroform) are  not readily biodegraded and
 cannot be treated by this system.
STATUS:

Treatability  tests  are  being conducted  to
determine whether the G&H Landfill NPL site
in Utica,  Michigan will be suitable for the
demonstration of this process.  If this site is
selected, the demonstration is expected to start
in late Spring or Summer 1990.
FOR FURTHER INFORMATION:

EPA Project Manager:
Ronald Lewis
U.S. EPA
Risk Reduction Engineering Laboratory
26 West Martin Luther King Drive
Cincinnati, Ohio 45268
513-569-7856
FTS: 684-7856

Technology Developer Contact:
Edward Galaska
DETOX, Inc.
759 East Congress Park Drive
Dayton, Ohio 45459
513-433-7394
                                          34

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                             Technology Profile
                                Demonstration Program
               EI  DUPONT DE NEMOURS AND COMPANY
                         OBERLIN FILTER COMPANY
                            (Membrane Microfiltration)
                               SUPERFUND INNOVATIVE
                               TECHNOLOGY EVALUATION
                              November 1989
TECHNOLOGY DESCRIPTION:

This microfiltration  system is designed to
remove  solid  particles from liquid  wastes,
forming filter cakes typically ranging from 40
to 60 percent solids.  The system  can be
manufactured  as  an  enclosed  unit, requires
little  or  no attention  during operation,  is
mobile, and can be trailer-mounted.

The DuPont/Oberlin  microfiltration system
(Figure  1)  uses Oberlin's automatic pressure
filter combined with DuPont's special Tyvek
filter material (Tyvek T-980) made of spun-
bonded  olefin. The filter material is a thin,
durable plastic fabric with tiny openings (about
one ten-millionth of a meter in diameter) that
allow water or other liquids, along with solid
particles smaller  than the openings,  to flow
through. Solids in the liquid stream  that are
too  large  to  pass  through  the openings
accumulate on the filter,  and can be easily
collected for disposal.
                               AIR CYLINDER
The automatic pressure filter has two chambers
— an upper chamber for feeding waste through
the filter, and a lower chamber for collecting
the filtered liquid (filtrate). At the start of a
filter cycle, the upper chamber is lowered to
form a liquid-tight seal against the filter. The
waste feed is  then pumped  into the upper
chamber and through the filter. Filtered solids
accumulate on the Tyvek surface, forming a
filter  cake, while filtrate is collected in the
lower chamber.   Air is fed  into the upper
chamber at about 45  pounds per square inch,
and used to further dry  the cake and remove
any liquid  remaining in the upper chamber.
When the cake is  considered to  be dry, the
upper chamber is lifted and the filter cake is
automatically discharged. Clean filter material
is then drawn from a roll into the system for
the next cycle.  Both the filter cake  and the
filtrate can be  collected and treated further
prior to disposal if necessary.
                        FILTER CAKE
                   USED TYVEK® MEDIA

                       FILTRATE CHAMBER
                                                         AIR BAGS

                                                        WASTE FEED CHAMBER
                          Figure 1. DuPont/Oberiin microfiltration system.
                                             35

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 WASTE APPLICABILITY:

 This treatment technology is applicable to
 hazardous waste suspensions, particularly liquid
 heavy metal- and cyanide-bearing wastes (such
 as electroplating  rinsewaters);  groundwater
 contaminated  with heavy metals; landfill
 leachate; and process wastewaters  containing
 uranium.  The technology is  best suited for
 treating wastes with solid concentrations less
 than 5,000  parts per million;  otherwise, the
 cake capacity and  handling become limiting
 factors.  The developers claim the system can
 treat any type of solids, including inorganics,
 organics, and oily wastes with a wide variety
 of particle sizes.  Moreover, because the unit
 is enclosed, the system is said to be capable of
 treating liquid wastes  containing volatile
 organics.
 STATUS:

 This technology is proposed to be demonstrated
 at  the  Palmerton  Zinc  Superfund site  in
 Palmerton, Pennsylvania. The shallow aquifer
 at the site, contaminated with dissolved heavy
 metals (such as cadmium, lead, and zinc), has
 been  selected  as  the feed  waste  for  the
 demonstration.  Pilot studies on the ground
 water have shown that the microfiltration
 system can produce a 35 to 45 percent-solids
 filter cake, and a filtrate with non-detectable
 levels of heavy metals.

 A fact sheet on the technology demonstration
 was prepared and offered for public comment
 in September 1989.  The demonstration is
 scheduled for January 1990 and is expected to
 last 3 weeks.  Following the demonstration, a
 technology   evaluation   report   and   an
applications analysis report will be prepared
and made available to  the public.
FOR FURTHER INFORMATION:

EPA Project Manager:
John F. Martin
U.S. EPA
Risk Reduction Engineering Laboratory
26 West Martin Luther King Drive
Cincinnati, Ohio  45268         I
513-569-7758
FTS: 684-7758

Technology Developer Contact:
Ernest  Mayer
E.I. DuPont de Nemours and Company
Engineering Department LI359
P.O. Box 6090
Newark, Delaware 19714-6090
302-366-3652
                                           36

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                             Technology  Profile
                                Demonstration Program
                                 SUPERFUND INNOVATIVE
                                 TECHNOLOGY EVALUATION
                                November 1989
                             ECOVA CORPORATION
                           (In Situ Biological Treatment)
TECHNOLOGY DESCRIPTION:

This bioremediation technology is designed to
biodegrade chlorinated  and non-chlorinated
organic contaminants by employing aerobic
bacteria  that use the contaminants  as their
carbon source.  The technology is proposed to
be  applied  in  two  configurations:   in situ
biotreatment of soil and water, and on-site
bioreactor treatment of contaminated ground
water.

A chief  advantage of in situ  bioremediation
is that contaminants in subsurface soils and
ground water can be treated without excavating
overlying soil.   The technology uses special
strains of cultured bacteria and microorganisms
naturally occurring in on-site soils and ground
water. Since the treatment process is aerobic,
oxygen and soluble forms of mineral nutrients
must be introduced  throughout  the saturated
zone.    The  end  result  of  the   aerobic
biodegradation is carbon dioxide, water, and
bacterial biomass. Contaminated ground water
  can also be recovered and treated in an above
  ground bioreactor.  Nutrients and oxygen can
  then be added to some or all of the treated
  water and the water recycled through the soils
  as part of the in-situ soil treatment.

  Because   site-specific   environments
  significantly influence biological treatment, all
  chemical, physical, and microbiological factors
  are anticipated and designed into the treatment
  system.  Subsurface soil and  ground  water
  samples collected from a site are analyzed for
  baseline parameters, such as volatile organics,
  metals, pH, and total organic carbon types and
  quantities of microorganisms and nutrients. A
  treatability study,  which includes flask and
  column  studies, determines  the effects  of
  process parameters on system  performance.
  The flask studies  test biodegradation  under
  optimum conditions, and the column studies
  test the three field applications:  soil flushing,
  in situ biotreatment, and in situ biotreatment
  using ground water treated in a bioreactor.
                          Microbes, nutrients
                            oxygen source
Biological
Treatment
                                      Clarifler
                                                      Bioreactor
                 Makeup
                  water
                           Recharge
                                                                  Recovery
                           Figure 1. In situ bioreclamation processes.
                                             37

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 WASTE APPLICABILITY:

 Biological processes can be applied to water,
 soil, sludge,  sediment, and  other types  of
 materials   contaminated   with   organic
 constituents.  The system must be engineered
 to  maintain  parameters   such   as  pH,
 temperature,  and dissolved  oxygen (if  the
 process is aerobic) within ranges conducive to
 the desired microbial activity. The technology
 is applicable to chlorinated solvents and non-
 chlorinated organic compounds.
 STATUS:

 Ecova will demonstrate this technology on a
 wide range of toxic organic compounds at the
 Goose  Farm  Superfund site  in Plumstead
 Township, New Jersey.  Four wells will be
 installed for the demonstration: an extraction
 well, a recharge well,  and two  monitoring
 wells. ^  The  demonstration will consist of
 pumping water, nutrients, and microorganisms
 into the saturated zone through the  recharge
 well, and will be collected at the extraction
 well downgradient of the contaminant plume.
 The  two  monitoring wells will be  placed
 between the recharge and the extraction well.
 The demonstration will continue until at least
 three pore volumes of water move between the
 recharge well  and the recovery well.  Water
 samples collected from the recovery well, the
 two monitoring wells, and the bioreactor, will
 be analyzed to determine changes in compound
 concentrations.

 Quality  Assurance,  Test,  Sampling  and
 Analysis, and  Health and Safety Plans have
 been prepared for the treatability study and the
 field study is scheduled for Spring 1990. Flask
studies are scheduled for November 1989. The
treatability study  report  is scheduled  for
completion in March 1990.
FOR FURTHER INFORMATION:

EPA Project Manager:
Naomi P. Barkley
U.S. EPA
Risk Reduction Engineering Laboratory
26 West Martin Luther King Drive
Cincinnati, Ohio 45268
513-569-7854
FTS: 684-7854

Technology Developer Contact:
Michael Nelson
Ecova Corporation
3820 159th Avenue Northeast
Redmond, Washington 98052
206-883-1900                  ,
                                           38

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                             Technology Profile
                                Demonstration Program
                                EPOC WATER, INC.
                           (Leaching and Microfiltration)
                               SUPEfiFUND INNOVATIVE
                               TECHNOLOGY EVALUATION
                               November 1989
TECHNOLOGY DESCRIPTION:

In  this   process,  soils  and  sludges   are
decontaminated by leaching and microfiltration.
The technology consists of three main steps
(Figure 1):

       Chemical  leaching to solubilize  the
       metals in the waste;

       Separating the solids in the waste using
       a specially designed automatic tubular
       filter press, and washing the waste in
       situ; and

       Precipitating  the  metals  using  a
       proprietary  microfiltration  method,
       and  dewatering  to  a  low volume
       concentrate.

 In most situations, leaching can be accomplished
 using low-cost mineral acids or alkalis.  In
special circumstances, chelating agents can also
be used to remove a particular  metal.  The
leached slurry containing the solubilized metals
is separated by an automatic cake discharge
tubular filter press.  The resulting filtrate is
chemically treated  to  precipitate the heavy
metals in hydroxide form.

Residual  organic   contamination   in   this
precipitate can  be  removed with  activated
carbon.  Heavy  metals in the precipitate are
separated and concentrated by microfiltration,
using an innovative and flexible woven textile
material that can separate particles as small as
0.1  microns.    The  process  is  capable of
handling  widely  varying  incoming  solids
concentrations.

The demonstration unit is transportable and is
skid-mounted. The unit is designed to process
approximately 30 pounds of solids per hour.
                                                     Process Water Recycle
              Soils or
              Sludges
             Containing
               Heavy
               Metals
                                        Detoxified
                                          Waste
                                                                         Dewatered
                                                                           Metal
                                                                         Concentrate
                               Figure 1.  Schematic of detoxification process.
                                              39

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WASTE APPriCABBLTTY:

This process  can  be used to decontaminate
sludges  or soils  containing heavy  metals,
including barium, cadmium, chromium, lead,
molybdenum, mercury, nickel, selenium, silver,
and zinc. The process is relatively insensitive
to metal content, and can process solids with
metal concentrations of up to 10,000 mg/kg.
STATUS:

This technology has been accepted into the
Demonstration Program in October 1989. This
project is currently being initiated.
FOR FURTHER INFORMATION:

EPA Project Manager:
S. Jackson Hubbard
U.S. EPA
Risk Reduction Engineering Laboratory
26 West Martin Luther King Drive
Cincinnati, OH 45268
513-569-7507
FTS: 684-7507

Technology Developer Contact:
Ray Groves
EPOC Water, Inc.
3065 Sunnyside, #101
Fresno, CA 93727
209-291-8144
                                         40

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                             Technoiogy Profile
                                Demonstration Program
                               SUPERFUND INMOVATIVE
                               TECHNOLOGY EVALUATION
                              November 1989
                          EXXON CHEMICALS, INC. &
                           RIO LINDA CHEMICAL CO.
                    (Chemical Oxidation/Cyanide Destruction)
TECHNOLOGY DESCRIPTION:

This technology uses chlorine dioxide, generated
on-site by  a patented process,  to  oxidize
organically contaminated aqueous waste streams,
and simple and complex cyanide in water or
solid media.  Chlorine dioxide is  an ideal
oxidizing agent  because it chemically alters
contaminants to salts and non-toxic organic
acids.

Chlorine dioxide gas is generated by reacting
sodium chlorite solution with chlorine gas, or
by  reacting sodium  chlorite solution  with
sodium hypochlorite  and  hydrochloric  acid.
Both processes produce at least 95 percent pure
chlorine dioxide.

 In aqueous treatment systems (Figure 1) the
 chlorine dioxide gas is fed into the waste stream
 via a venturi, which is the driving force for the

                          Contamination Source
                      (Wastewater or Cyanide-laden Soil)
Filters
         Booster Pump
       Chlorine Dioxide
         Generator
         Precursor Chemicals
          Figure 1. Typical treatment layout.
generation system.  The amount of chlorine
dioxide required depends on the contaminant
concentrations in the waste stream and the
concentration of oxidizable compounds, such
as sulfides.

In soil treatment applications,  the chlorine
dioxide may be applied in situ via conventional
injection  wells  or  surface flushing.   The
concentration  of  chlorine dioxide  would
depend on the level of contaminants in the soil.

Chlorine dioxide treatment systems have been
applied to drinking water disinfection, food
processing sanitation,  and as a  biocide  in
industrial process water. Since chlorine dioxide
reacts via  direct   oxidation  rather  than
substitution (as does chlorine), the process does
not form undesirable trihalomethanes.
 WASTE APPLICABILITY:

 This technology  is  applicable to  aqueous
 wastes, soils, or any  leachable solid media
 contaminated with organic compounds.  It can
 also be applied to groundwater contaminated
 with pesticides or cyanide; sludges containing
 cyanide, PCPs or other organics; and, industrial
 wastewater similar to refinery wastewater.
 STATUS:

 The SITE program has accepted two proposals
 from  Exxon Chemicals, Inc. and Rio Linda
 Chemical Company to perform two separate
 demonstrations: one of cyanide destruction and
 the other of organics treatment.  Site selection
 for these demonstrations is currently underway.
                                             41

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FOR FURTHER INFORMATION:

EPA Project Manager:
Teri Shearer
U.S. EPA
Risk Reduction Engineering Laboratory
26 West Martin Luther King Drive
Cincinnati, Ohio 45268
513-569-7949
FTS: 684-7949

Technology Developer Contact:
Mark McGlathery
Exxon Chemical Company
4510 East Pacific Coast Highway
Mailbox 18
Long Beach, California  90805
213-597-1937
                                       42

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                             Technology Profile
                                 Demonstration  Program
                 FREEZE TECHNOLOGffiS CORPORATION
                                (Freezing Separation)
                                SUPERFUHD INNOVATIVE
                                TECHNOLOGY EVALUATION
                               November 1989
TECHNOLOGY DESCRIPTION:

Freeze crystallization operates on the principal
that when water freezes, the crystal structure
that forms naturally excludes contaminants from
the water molecule  matrix.   In  this freeze
crystallization process, refrigerant is injected
into the waste and the ice crystals are recovered
and washed with pure water to remove any
adhering contaminants.

Mixed liquid waste enters  the system through
the feed heat exchanger, where it is cooled to
within a few degrees of its freezing temperature
(Figure 1).  The cooled waste then enters the
freezer,  where  it  is mixed  with  boiling
refrigerant.  Water is crystallized in the stirred
solution, and is  maintained  at a uniform ice
concentration by continuous  removal of liquid
and ice slurry.  The slurry  is pumped to  an
eutectic separator where ice and contaminant
crystals are  separated by gravity.   In  the
separator is  a zone where ice crystals grow in
size   to   better accommodate  subsequent
washings.
                       	Refrigeration
                     !~~i~> ~J System
   Melt
    Feed
   Brine
   Feed
   Exchanger*
              Freezer
             Figure 1.  Process schematic.
Ice slurry  from  the  eutectic  separator  is
pumped to the wash column where it forms a
porous pack.  The slurry liquid is removed
from the column via screened openings, and is
then either returned to the eutectic separator
or is removed from the system for recycling or
disposal. Hydraulic forces generated by the
flow of liquid to the screens in the middle of
the ice pack propel the ice pack upward in the
column.  Ice is washed with melt  water and
scraped from the top  of the  pack  into a
reslurry chamber in the wash column.  Melted
product is used to transport the ice to a shell
and tube heat exchanger, where the slurry is
heated on the tube side and hot refrigerant gas
is condensed on the shell side.

In most applications, more heat is generated
by melting the ice in the refrigeration system
than  can  be used.    This  leaves some
uncondensed refrigeration vapor that must be
further compressed and condensed  by cooling
water in a heat reinjection system.

All refrigerants are soluble in water to some
degree.  Strippers are  used  to remove this
refrigerant  from  the   purified  water,  the
concentrated  liquid,  and  any other liquid
phases  produced from the  process.  The
strippers operate  under vacuum and  contain
heaters that generate low-pressure steam to
enhance refrigerant removal,  if  necessary.
Excess generating capacity is built into the melt
stripper for rapid melt-out of vessels and lines
to allow maintenance or other access.
                                             43

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WASTE APPIICABILJTY:

This technology will remove both organic and
inorganic as well as ionic and non-ionic species
from contaminated aqueous streams. It works
on both surface waters and ground waters as
well as directly on process wastes and mixed
(radioactive and hazardous) wastes.  Figure 2
graphically depicts  the applicability of  the
technology as related to other technologies. As
shown, freeze technologies can process all of
the contaminant types in a single stage.  It is
also  capable  of  concentrating residuals to
higher  concentrations  than  other  liquid
separation processes.
ORGANICS
VOLATILE

STRIPPING
SCnPIIOH

1IO/CKCU

HEAVY
| SOHPTION [
OXIDATION 1

1


INORGANICS
METALS
1 SORPTION 1
SALTS

1
MEMBRANES
1
1

1 EVAPORATORS

FREEZE


          Figure 1,  Water molecule matrix.
The  process  is  applicable to free liquids,
whether  the  liquid is  water or an organic
solvent.  It can also be used in conjunction
with other processes to treat other media. For
example, contaminated soils can be washed to
transfer the contaminant into a liquid medium.
The low concentrations in the washing medium
are concentrated  by freezing to  allow by-
product recovery or more economical final
destruction.
STATUS:

This project was  accepted into the  SITE
Demonstration   Program   in   July   1988.
Treatability studies have been completed. A
demonstration of the technology is scheduled
for late November or early December 1989 at
the Stringfellow Superfund Site in Glen Avon,
California.
FOR FURTHER INFORMATION:

EPA Project Manager:
S. Jackson Hubbard
U.S. EPA
Risk Reduction Engineering Laboratory
26 West Martin Luther King Drive
Cincinnati, Ohio 45268
513-569-7507
FTS: 684-7507

Technology Developer Contact:
James A. Heist
Freeze Technologies Corporation
2539-C Timberlake Road
P.O. Box 40968
Raleigh, North Carolina  27629-0968
919-850-0600
                                           44

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                             Technology Profile
                                 Demonstration Program
                            GEOSAFE CORPORATION
                                 (In Situ Vitrification)
                                SUPERFUND INNOVATIVE
                                TECHfiOLOGr EVALUATION

                               November 1989
TECHNOLOGY DESCRIPTION:

In-situ vitrification  (ISV) uses an  electrical
network to melt soil or sludge at temperatures,
of 1600 to 2000° C, thus destroying organic
pollutants by pyrolysis. Inorganic pollutants are
immobilized within the vitrified mass,  which
has properties of glass.  Both the organic and
inorganic  airborne  pyrolysis byproducts are
captured  in  a  hood,  which  draws  the
contaminants into an off-gas treatment system
that removes particulates and other pollutants
of concern.

The vitrification process (Figure 1)  begins by
inserting  large electrodes into contaminated
zones containing sufficient soil to support the
formation of a melt.  An array (usually square)
of  four  electrodes is  placed to  the desired
treatment depth  in the volume to be treated.
Because  soil typically has low conductivity,
flaked graphite and glass frit are placed on the
soil surface between the electrodes to provide
a starter path for electric current.  The electric
current passes through the electrodes and begins
to melt soil at the surface. As power is applied,
the melt continues to grow downward.
The melt advances at a rate of 1  to 2 inches
per hour.   Individual  settings (each  single
placement   of   electrodes)   may  grow  to
encompass a total melt mass of 1000 tons and
a maximum width of 30 feet. Single setting
depths as great as  30 feet are considered
possible  with the  existing  large-scale  ISV
equipment.  Adjacent settings are positioned
to fuse to each other and to completely process
the desired volume at a site.  Stacked settings
for deep contamination are also possible.

The large-scale IS.V system melts soil at a rate
of 4 to 6 tons per hour.  Since the void volume
present in  particulate materials  (20-40%  for
typical soils) js removed during processing,  a
corresponding   volume'  reduction   occurs.
Volume  is  further reduced as  some  of  the
materials present in the soil (such as humus,
organic contaminants are removed as gases and
vapors during processing.   Upon cooling,  a
vitrified monolith results, with a silicate glass
and microcrystalline structure. This monolith
possesses excellent structural arid environmental
properties.
                                   Figure 1.  In-situ vitrification process.
                                              45

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 The  ISV system is mounted on three semi-
 trailers for transport to a site. Electric power
 is  usually taken from a utility distribution
 system at transmission voltages of 12,500 or
 13,800 volts; power may also be generated on-
 site by a diesel generator. The electrical supply
 system has an isolated ground circuit to provide
 appropriate operational safety.

 Air flow through the hood is  controlled to
 maintain a negative pressure (0.5 to 1.0 inches
 of water). An ample supply of air  provides
 excess oxygen for combustion of any pyrolysis
 products and organic vapors from the treatment
 volume. The off-gases, combustion products,
 and air are drawn from the hood (by induced
 draft  blower) into  the off-gas treatment
 system,  where  they  are  treated by:    (1)
 quenching, (2) pH controlled scrubbing, (3)
 dewatering (mist elimination), (4) heating (for
 dewpoint control), (5) particulate filtration, and
 (6) activated carbon adsorption.
 WASTE APPLICABILITY:

 The ISV  process can be  used to  destroy or
 remove organics and/or immobilize inorganics
 in contaminated soils or sludges. On saturated
 soils or sludges, the initial application of the
 electric current  must reduce the moisture
 content before the vitrification process can
 begin. This increases energy consumption and
 associated costs. Also, sludges must contain a
 sufficient amount of glass-forming material
 (non-volatile,  nondestructible  solids)  to
 produce a molten mass that will destroy or
 remove organic  and  immobilize inorganic
 pollutants. The ISV process is limited  by: (1)
 individual void volumes in excess of 150 cubic
 feet; (2) buried metals in excess of 5 percent
 of  the melt weight  or   continuous  metal
 occupying 90 percent of the distance between
 two  electrodes;  (3) rubble  in excess of  10
 percent by weight; and (4) the amount and
 concentration of combustible organics in the
soil or sludge.  These limitations must be
addressed  for each site.
 STATUS:

 The ISV  process has  been demonstrated at
 field-scale  on  radioactive  wastes  at  the
 Department  of Energy's  Hanford  Nuclear
 Reservation.  Pilot-scale   tests  have  been
 performed on PCB wastes,  industrial lime
 sludge, dioxins, metal plating wastes and other
 solid combustibles and liquid chemicals. The
 process of choosing a site to demonstrate this
 technology is currently underway.
FOR FURTHER INFORMATION:

EPA Project Manager:
Teri Shearer
U.S. EPA
Risk Reduction Engineering Laboratory
26 West Martin Luther King Drive
Cincinnati, Ohio  45268
513-569-7642
FTS: 684-7642

Technology Developer Contact:
James E. Hansen
Geosafe Corporation
303 Park Place, Suite 126
Kirkland, Washington 98033
206-822-4000
                                            46

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                             Technology Profile
                                Demonstration Program
                               SUPERFUND INNOVATIVE
                               7ECHNOLOGY EVALUATION
                              November 1989
                                   HAZCON, INC.
                            (Solidification/Stabilization)
TECHNOLOGY DESCRIPTION:

This   treatment   technology  immobilizes
contaminants in soils by binding them into a
concrete-like, leach-resistant mass.    The
technology mixes hazardous wastes, cement,
water, and an additive called Chloranan that
encapsulates organic molecules.

Contaminated soil is excavated, screened for
oversized material, and fed to a mobile field
blending unit (Figure 1).  The unit consists of
soil and cement holding bins, a Chloranan feed
tank, and a blending auger to mix the waste
and pozzolanic materials (Portland cement, fly
ash, or kiln dust). Water is added as necessary,
and the resultant slurry is allowed to harden
before disposal.   The  treated output  is a
hardened, concrete-like mass that immobilizes
the contaminants. For large volumes of waste,
larger blending systems are available.
       I CHIOBANAN
       1 ADDITIVE
  Figure 1.  Solidification/stabilization process diagram.
WASTE APPLICABILITY:

This technology is suitable for soils and sludges
contaminated with organic compounds, heavy
metals, oil and grease.
STATUS:

The technology was demonstrated in October
1987  at a  former oil reprocessing  plant in
Douglassville, Pennsylvania. The site contained
high  levels of oil and  grease, volatile and
semivolatile organics, PCBs, and heavy metals.
A Technology Evaluation Report (September
1988) and Application Analysis Report (May
1990) describing the completed demonstration
are  available.   A  report  on  long-term
monitoring will be completed by early 1990.
 DEMONSTRATION RESULTS:

 The comparison of the soil 7-day, 28-day, 9
 month, and 22-month sample test results are
 generally favorable. The physical test results
 were very good, with unconfined compressive
 strength between 220 to 1570 psi. Very low
 permeabilities were recorded, and the porosity
 of the treated wastes was moderate. Durability
 test results showed no  change  in  physical
 strength after  the  wet/dry  and freeze/thaw
 cycles.  The waste volume increased by about
 120%. By using less stabilizer, it is possible to
 reduce volume increases, but lower strengths
 will result.  There is an inverse  relationship
 between  physical  strength and the  waste
 organic concentration.

 The results of the leaching tests were mixed.
 The TCLP results of the stabilized wastes were
 very low; essentially all values of metals,
 volatile organics and semivolatile organics were
 below 1 ppm.  Lead leachate concentrations
 dropped by a factor of 200 to below 100 ppb.
                                            47

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Volatile  and  semivolatile  organic
concentrations, however, did not change from
the untreated  soil TCLP.  Oil and  grease
concentrations were greater in the treated waste
TCLPs than in the untreated waste, from less
than 2 ppm up to 4 ppm.
APPIICATIONS ANALYSIS
SUMMARY:

*      The process can solidify contaminated
       material with high concentrations (up
       to 25%) of organics. However, organic
       contaminants,  including volatiles and
       base/neutral extractables, were not
       immobilized to any significant extent.

•      Heavy  metals are immobilized.   In
       many  instances,  leachate  reductions
       were greater than 100 fold.

•      The physical properties of the treated
       waste   exhibit   high  unconfined
       compressive   strengths,   low
       permeabilities, and good weathering
       properties.

•      Treated  soils  undergo  volumetric
       increases.

•      The process is economical, with costs
       expected   to   range   between
       approximately $90 and $120 per ton.
FOR FURTHER INFORMATION:

EPA Project Manager:
Paul R. dePercin
U.S. EPA
Risk Reduction Engineering Laboratory
26 West Martin Luther King Drive
Cincinnati, Ohio 45268
513-569-7797
FTS: 684-7797

Technology Developer Contact:
Ray Funderburk
HAZCON, Inc.
P.O. Box 1247
Brookshire, Texas 77423
800-227-6543
                                         48

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                             Technology Profile
                                Demonstration Program
                               SUPERFUND INNOVATIVE
                               TECHNOLOGY EVALUATION
                                                                              November 1989
          HORSEHEAD RESOURCE DEVELOPMENT CO., INC.
                                   (Flame Reactor)
TECHNOLOGY DESCRIPTION:

The  Flame Reactor process (Figure  1) is a
patented, hydrocarbqn-fueled, flash smelting
system that treats residues and wastes containing
metals.  The reactor processes wastes with a
very hot (greater than 2000° C)  reducing gas
produced from the combustion  of solid or
gaseous hydrocarbon fuels in oxygen-enriched
air. In a compact, low-capital cost reactor, the
feed materials react rapidly, allowing a high
waste throughput.  The end products are a
non-teachable slag  (a glasslike  solid when
cooled) and a recyclable, heavy metal-enriched
oxide.   The volume  reduction  achieved (of
waste to slag) depends on the chemical and
physical properties of  the waste.

The Flame Reactor technology can be applied
to granular solids, soil, flue dusts, slags, and
sludges containing heavy metals.  The volatile
metals are fumed and captured  in a product
dust collection system, the nonvolatile metals
com

usrr

IN

3LAO

3L*
THA

                                      DTO
                                     UARKE1
           Htturc I. Honrbei
are encapsulated in the slag.  At the elevated
temperature of the Flame Reactor technology,
organic compounds should be destroyed.  In
general,  the  process  requires  that   wet
agglomerated wastes be dry enough (up to 15%
total moisture) to  be gravity-fed and fine
enough (less than 200  mesh) to react rapidly.
Larger particles (up  to  20 mesh) can  be
processed,  however,   a  decrease  in  the
efficiency of metals recovery usually results.
WASTE APPLICABILITY:

Electric arc  furnace dust,  lead blast furnace
slag, iron  residues, zinc plant leach residues
and purification residues, and brass mill dusts
and fumes have been successfully tested. Metal
bearing wastes previously treated contained
zinc (up to 40%), lead (up  to 10%), cadmium
(up to  3%), chromium (up to 3%), as well as
copper, cobalt, nickel and arsenic.
STATUS:

The  Flame Reactor  demonstration  plant at
Monaca, Pennsylvania, has a capacity of 1.5
to 3.0 tons/hour.  The SITE demonstration will
probably be conducted at the Monaca facility
under a RCRA RD&D permit (pending) that
will allow the treatment of Superfund wastes
containing high concentrations of metals, but
only negligible concentrations of organics. The
major  objectives of the SITE technology
demonstration are to evaluate: (1) the levels of
contaminants in  the  residual slag and  their
leaching potential;  (2)  the  efficiency and
economics of processing; and  (3) the reuse
potential  for  the recovered metal  oxides.
Approximately   120  tons of  contaminated
materials are  needed for the test.  The most
likely candidate wastes include mine tailings or
smelting waste such  as  slag, flue dust, and
wastewater treatment sludges.   Pretreatment
may be required to produce a dryer feed and
to reduce the particle size.
                                           49

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FOR FURTHER INFORMATION:

EPA Project Manager:
Donald Oberacker
U.S. EPA
Risk Reduction Engineering Laboratory
26 West Martin Luther King Drive
Cincinnati, Ohio 45268
513-569-7510
FTS: 684-7510

Technology Developer Contact:
John F. Pusater
Horsehead Resource Development Co., Inc.
300 Frankfort Road
Monaca, Pennsylvania 15061
412-773-2279
                                        50

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                             Technology Profile
                                Demonstration Program
                                          SUPOJFUND INNOVATIVE
                                          TECHNOLOGY EVALUATION
                                                                              November 1989
     INTERNATIONAL WASTE TECHNOLOGIES/GEO-CON, INC
                   (In Situ Solidification/Stabilization Process)
TECHNOLOGY DESCRIPTION:

This   in   situ  solidification/stabilization
technology immobilizes organic and inorganic
compounds in wet or dry soils, using reagents
(additives) to produce a cement-like mass. The
basic components of this technology are:  (1)
Geo-Con's deep soil mixing system (DSM), a
system to deliver and mix the chemicals with
the soil in situ, and (2) a batch mixing plant to
supply the International Waste  Technologies'
(IWT)   proprietary   treatment   chemicals
(Figure 1).

The proprietary additives generate a complex,
crystalline, connective network of inorganic
polymers.   The structural bonding  in  the
polymers  is mainly covalent.  The process
involves a two-phased reaction in which the
contaminants are first complexed in a fast-
acting  reaction, and then in a  slow-acting
reaction, where the building of macromolecules
continues over a long period of time. For each
type of waste, the amount of additives used.
varies and must be determined.

The DSM  system involves mechanical mixing
and injection.  The system consists of one set
Air
Controlled
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          of cutting blades and two sets of mixing blades
          attached to a vertical drive auger, which rotates
          at approximately 15 rpm. Two conduits in the
          auger are used to inject the additive slurry and
          supplemental water. Additive injection occurs
          on the downstroke; further mixing takes place
          upon auger  withdrawal.   The  treated soil
          columns are  36 inches in  diameter, and are
          positioned  in  an  overlapping  pattern  of
          alternating primary and secondary soil columns.
          WASTE APPLICABILITY:

          The IWT technology can be applied to soils,
          sediments,   and   sludge-pond   bottoms
          contaminated  with  organic  compounds and
          metals.  The technology has been laboratory-
          tested   on   soils   containing   PCBs,
          pentachlorophenol,   refinery  wastes,  and
          chlorinated and nitrated hydrocarbons.

          The DSM system can be used in almost any soil
          type; however,  mixing time increases with
          fines. It can be used below the water table and
          in soft  rock formations.  Large obstructions
          must be avoided.
                                                               Reagent
                                                               Silo
                                                            Flow
                                                            Metflr

                                                        Lightning
                                                        Mixer
                                             Pump
                                             Valve
                             Figure 1.
                                                       Pump
In-situ stabilization batch mixing plant
process diagram.

      51
                                                                            Water
                                    Flow Line

                                    Control Line

                                    Communication Line

-------
STATUS:

The Site Program demonstration took place at
a PCB-contaminated site in Hialeah, Florida,
in April 1988. Two 10 x 20-foot test sectors
of the site were treated — one to a depth of 18
feet, and the other to a depth of 14 feet. Ten
months  after  the demonstration,  long-term
monitoring tests were performed on the treated
sectors.  The Technology Evaluation Report is
available.  The Applications Analysis Report
and long-term monitoring results are scheduled
to be published in January 1990.
DEMONSTRATION RESULTS:

•  Based on  TCLP  leachate analysis, the
   process  appears  to  immobilize  PCBs.
   However, because PCBs did not leach from
   most of the untreated soil samples, the
   immobilization of PCBs in the treated soil
   could not be confirmed.

*  Sufficient  data were not  available  to
   evaluate the performance of the system
   with regard to metals or other organic
   compounds.

•  The bulk density of the soil increased 21%
   after treatment. This increased the volume
   of treated soil by 8.5% and caused a small
   ground rise of one  inch per treated foot of
   soil.

•  The  unconfined  compressive  strength
   (UCS) of treated soil was satisfactory, with
   values from 300 to 500 psi.

•  The permeability of the  treated soil was
   satisfactory, decreasing  four  orders  of
   magnitude compared to the untreated soil,
   or 10  and 10  compared to 10  cm/sec.

•  The wet/dry weathering test on treated soil
   was   satisfactory.     The   freeze/dry
   weathering  test  of treated   soil  was
   unsatisfactory.

•  The  microstructural analysis, scanning
   electron   microscopy  (SEM),   optical
   microscopy, and x-ray diffraction (XRD),
   showed that the treated material was dense,
   non-porous, and homogeneously mixed.

•  The Geo-Con DSM equipment operated
   reliably.
APPLICATIONS ANALYSIS
SUMMARY:

This technology was demonstrated at a site
comppsed primarily of unconsolidated sand and
limestone.  The following conclusions  were
reached:

•  Microstructural analyses of the treated soils
   indicated  a  potential  for  long-term
   durability. High unconfined compressive
   strengths  and  low  permeabilities  were
   recorded.

•  Data  provided  by  IWT  indicate  some
   immobilization of volatile and semivolatile
   organics.  However, this may be due to
   organophilic clays  present  in  the  IWT
   reagent.   There are insufficient  data to
   confirm this immobilization.

•  Performance data  are limited  outside of
   SITE  demonstrations.    The  developer
   modifies the binding agent  for different
   wastes.   Treatability studies  should  be
   performed for specific  wastes^

•  The process is economic:  $194 per ton for
   the   1-auger  machine   used  in  the
   demonstration;  $110  per  ton  for  a
   commercial 4-auger operation.
FOR FURTHER INFORMATION:

EPA Project Manager:
Mary K. Stirison
U.S. EPA
Risk Reduction Engineering Laboratory
Woodbridge Avenue
Edison, New Jersey 08837
201-321-6683 (FTS: 340-6683)

Technology Developer Contacts:
Jeff P. Newton
International Waste Technologies
150 North Main Street, Suite 910
Wichita, Kansas 67202
316-269-2660

Brian Jasperse
Geo-Con, Inc.
P.O. Box 17380
Pittsburgh, PA  15235
412-856-7700
                                           52
                                                                                                _

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                             Technology Profile
                                 Demonstration Program
                                SUPERfUNO INNOVATIVE
                                TECHNOLOSr EVALUATION

                               November 1989
                                     MOTEC, INC.
                          (liquid/Solid Contact Digestion)
TECHNOLOGY DESCRIPTION:

This  process  utilizes  liquid-solid  contact
digestion (LSCD) technology to biologically
degrade organic wastes. Organic materials and
water are placed in a high energy environment.
The organic constituents are then biodegraded
by acclimated microorganisms.

The system consists of two or three portable
tank digesters or lagoons (Figure 1):  (1)   a
primary contact or mixing tank, (2) a primary
digestion  tank,  and  (3)  a polishing  tank.
Treatment  time may be one month or more,
depending  on the type of contaminants, their
concentrations, and  the temperature  in  the
tanks.

In the primary contact  tank, water is mixed
with influent sludge or soil containing from
2,000 to 800,000 ppm total organic carbon.
The mixing process is designed to achieve a 20
to 25 percent solids concentration.  Water is
obtained either from-the^contaminated source
or a fresh water source. Emulsifying chemicals
are also added, and pH is adjusted to increase
the solubility of the organic phase.

After water is added,  the batch mixture is
transferred  to  the primary digestion  tanks,
where pH is adjusted, acclimated seed bacteria
.are added, and aerobic biological  oxidation is
initiated.   Most of  the biological  oxidation
occurs  during  this  phase.     When  the
biodegradable organic concentration is reduced
to a level  between 50 and 100 ppm,  the batch
mixture is transferred to the polishing cell for
final treatment.

Once the  pH  has been  readjusted  in the
polishing  cell,  co-metabolites and  nutrients
are added to maintain and enhance the biomass.
In this phase, organic constituents are degraded
to target  concentration levels.   Because the
system runs on a negative water balance, water
is added throughout the process.  Once target
levels are reached, the supernatant  from the
polishing  tank  is recycled to the  primary
contact tank, and biological sludge is  treated in
land farms or reactors on-site.
            VOLATILE EMISSIONS
                                                                    3000 GAL. TANK
                                                        CIRCULATION
                                                     & TANK TRANSFER PUMP
                                                       [TYPICAL OF 4}
                         Figure 1. Mobile pilot-scale liquid solids contact treatment system.

                                            53

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WASTE APPLICABILITY:

The  technology  is  suitable  for  treating
halogenated  and  nonhalogenated  organic
compounds,   and   some   pesticides  and
herbicides.  LSCD has been demonstrated on
liquids, sludges, and soils with high organic
concentrations.
STATUS:

A demonstration project is proposed for testing
this technology by processing 50 to 100 cubic
yards of contaminated soil over a 3-month
period.   The  soil will  be  from a wood-
preserving facility.   The demonstration is
planned for April 1990.
FOR FURTHER INFORMATION:

EPA Project Manager:
Ronald Lewis
U.S. EPA                     \
Risk Reduction Engineering Laboratory
26 West Martin Luther King Drive
Cincinnati, Ohio  45268
513-569-7856
FTS: 684-7856

Technology Developer Contact:
Randy Kabrick
Remediation Technologies, Inc.
1301 West 25th Street, Suite 406
Austin, TX 78759
512-477-8661
                                          54

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                            Technology Profile
                                Demonstration Program
                               SUPERFUND INNOVATIVE
                               TECHNOlOCr EVALUATION
                                                                             November 1989
                   OGDEN ENVIRONMENTAL SERVICES
                      (Circulating Fluidized Bed Combustor)
TECHNOLOGY DESCRIPTION:

The Circulating Bed  Combustor (CBC)  uses
high velocity air to entrain circulating solids
and create a highly turbulent combustion zone
for  the  efficient   destruction   of  toxic
hydrocarbons. The commercial-size combustion
chamber (36 inches in diameter) can treat up
to  100  tons of  contaminated soil daily,
depending on the heating value of the feed
material.

The CBC technology operates at relatively low
temperatures (approximately 1600° F), thus
reducing operation costs.  The high turbulence
produces a  uniform temperature around the
combustion chamber,  hot cyclone, and return
leg. It also promotes  the complete  mixing of
the waste material during combustion.  The
effective mixing and relatively low combustion
temperature also reduces emissions of carbon
monoxide and nitrogen oxides.

As shown on Figure 1,  waste material and
limestone are fed into the combustion chamber
along with the recirculating bed material from
the hot cyclone. The limestone neutralizes acid
gases.  The treated ash is transported out of the
system by an ash conveyor for proper disposal.
                            Combustor
                       Limestone
                       Feed
                       So) id
                       Feed
Hot gases produced during  combustion pass
through a convective gas cooler and baghouse
before being  released  to  the  atmosphere.
Ogden states  that the CBC technology can
attain a destruction and removal efficiency
(DRE) of 99.99% for hazardous waste and
99.9999% for PCB waste.

WASTE APPLICABILITY:

The CBC technology may be applicable to soils,
slurries,  and  sludges  contaminated  with
halogenatedand nonhalogenated hydrocarbons.
The CBC technology was recently applied at
two site remediation projects for treating soils
contaminated with PCBs and fuel oil.
STATUS:

The  CBC  technology,  is   one  of  seven
nationwide  incinerators  permitted  to  burn
PCBs.  It will be demonstrated at the McColl
Superfund site in early 1990. A preliminary
test burn/treatability study of McColl waste
was  conducted  in  early   1989,   and  a
demonstration plan is being developed.
                                 Figure 1.  CBC process diagram.
                                          55

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FOR FURTHER INFORMATION:

EPA Project Manager:
Joseph McSorley
U.S. EPA
Air & Energy Engineering
Research Laboratory
Alexander Drive
Research Triangle Park, NC 27711
919-541-2920
FTS: 629-2920

Technology Developer Contact:
Brian Baxter
Ogden Environmental Services
10955 John  J. Hopkins Drive
San Diego, California 92121
619-455-2613
                                         56

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                              Technology Profile
                                 Demonstration Program
                   OZONICS RECYCLING CORPORATION
                     (Soil Washing/Catalytic Ozone Oxidation)
                                SUPERFUND INNOVATIVE
                                TECHNOLOGY EVALUATION
                                                                               November 1989
TECHNOLOGY DESCRIPTION:

The Excalibur/Ozonics technology is designed
to  treat soils  with  organic and inorganic
contaminants. The technology is a two-stage
process; the first stage extracts the contaminants
from soil, and the  second stage oxidizes
contaminants present in the extract.   The
extraction is carried out using ultrapure water
and ultrasound.  Oxidation involves  ozone,
ultraviolet light, and ultrasound. The treatment
products of this technology are decontaminated
soil and inert salts.

A flow schematic  of the system is shown in
Figure 1. After excavation, contaminated soil
is screened through  a 1-inch screen.  Soil
particles retained on the screen  are crushed
using a hammermill and sent back to the screen.
Soil particles passing through the screen are
sent to a soil washer, where ultrapure water
extracts the contaminants from the screened
soil. Ultrasound is used as a catalyst to enhance
soil washing.  Typically, 10 volumes of water
are added per volume of soil, which generates
a slurry of about 10-20 percent solids. This
slurry is conveyed to  a solid/liquid
separator, such as a centrifuge or cyclone, to
separate  the decontaminated soil from  the
contaminated water.  The decontaminated soil
can  be returned  to  its original location or
disposed of appropriately.

After  the  solid/liquid separation, any  oil
present in the contaminated water is recovered
using an oil/water separator. The contaminated
water is ozonated prior to oil/water separation
to aid in oil recovery. Then, the water flows
through a filter to remove any fine particles.
After the particles are filtered out, the water
flows through a carbon filter and a deionizer
to  reduce   the  contaminant  load on   the
multichamber  reactor.  In the multichamber
reactor,  ozone   gas  is  applied  to   the
contaminated  water,  along with ultraviolet
light and ultrasound.  Ultraviolet light  and
ultrasound   catalyze  the   oxidation   of
contaminants by ozone.  The treated water
(ultrapure water) flows out of the reactor to a
storage tank and  is  reused to wash another
batch of  soil.  If makeup water  is required,
additional ultrapure water is generated on-site
by  treating  tap  water  with  ozone  and
ultrasound.
                          Figure I. Excalibur/Ozonics treatment system flow diagram.
                                           57

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The treatment system is also equipped with a
carbon filter to  treat the off-gas  from the
reactor.  The carbon filters  are  biologically
activated to regenerate the spent carbon in-
situ.

System capacities range from one cubic foot of
solids per hour, with a water flow rate of one
gallon per minute; to 27 cubic yards of solids
per hour, with a water flow rate of 50 gallons
per minute. The treatment units available for
the demonstration can treat 1 to 5 cubic yards
of solids per hour.
WASTE APPLICABILITY:

This technology can be applied to soils, solids,
sludges, leachates and ground water containing
organics such as PCB,  PCP, pesticides and
herbicides, dioxins,  and inorganics such as
cyanides. The total contaminant concentrations
could range from 1 ppm to 20,000 ppm for the
technology to be effective.  Soils and solids
greater than  1-inch in  diameter need to be
crushed prior to treatment.
STATUS:

Site selection to demonstrate this technology
is underway.                  ':
FOR FURTHER INFORMATION:

EPA Project Manager:
Norma Lewis
U.S. EPA
Risk Reduction Engineering Laboratory
26 West Martin Luther King Drive
Cincinnati, Ohio 45268
513-569-7665
FTS:  684-7665

Technology Developer Contact:
Lucas Boeve
Ozonics Recycling Corporation
927 Crandon  Boulevard        ;
Key Biscayne, Florida 33149
305-361-8936
                                            58
                                                                                               .

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                            Technology Profile
                                Demonstration Program
                               SUPERFUND INNOVATIVE
                               TECHNOLOGY EVALUATION
                                                                            November 1989
     QUAD ENVIRONMENTAL TECHNOLOGIES CORPORATION
                     (Chemtact™ Gaseous Waste Treatment)
TECHNOLOGY DESCRIPTION:

The  Chemtact™ system uses gas scrubber
technology  to  remove gaseous organic  and
inorganic contaminants through efficient gas-
liquid contacting.  Droplets of a controlled
chemical solution are dispersed by atomizing
nozzles within the scrubber chamber.  Very
small droplet sizes (less than 10 microns), along
with a longer retention time than traditional
scrubbers results in a once-through system that
generates low  volumes of liquid  residuals.
These residuals are then treated subsequently
by conventional techniques.

Gas scrubbing is a volume reduction technology
that transfers contaminants from the gas phase
to a liquid phase.  The selection of absorbent
liquid is based on the chemical characteristics
of the contaminants.
Two mobile pilot units are currently available:
a two-stage, 800 cubic feet per minute (cfm)
system; and  a one-stage, 2,500 cfm system.
This equipment is trailer-mounted, and can be
transported to waste sites.
WASTE APPIICABILITY:

This technology can be used on gaseous waste
streams containing a wide variety of organic or
inorganic contaminants, but is best suited for
volatile organic compounds.  The system is
applicable for use with source processes that
generate a contaminated gaseous exhaust, such
as air stripping of groundwater or leachate, soil
aeration,   or  exhausts  from   driers   or
incinerators.
                    Figure 1. Mobile 2,500 CFM pilot scrubbing unit.
                                          59

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STATUS:

EPA is locating a suitable site to demonstrate
this technology.
FOR FURTHER INFORMATION:

EPA Project Manager:
Ronald F. Lewis
U.S. EPA
Risk Reduction Engineering LAboratory
26 West Martin Luther King Drive
Cincinnati, Ohio  45268
513-569-7856                :
FTS: 684-7856
                                             Technology Developer Contact:
                                             Harold J. Rafson
                                             Quad Environmental Technologies Corporation
                                             3605 Woodhead Drive, Suite #103
                                             Northbrook, Illinois 60062
                                             312-564-5070
                                          60

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                             Technology Profile
                                Demonstration Program
                               SUPERFUND INNOVATIVE
                               TECHNOLOGY EVALUATION
                                                                              November 1989
                 RESOURCES CONSERVATION COMPANY
                                 (Solvent Extraction)
TECHNOLOGY DESCRIPTION:

Solvent extraction is potentially effective in
treating oily sludges and soils contaminated
with hydrocarbons by separating the sludges
into three fractions: oil, water, and solids. As
the  fractions   separate,  contaminants  are
partitioned into specific phases. For example,
PCBs are concentrated in the oil fraction, while
metals are separated  into the solids fraction.
The overall volume and toxicity of the original
waste solids are  thereby reduced and  the
concentrated waste streams can be efficiently
treated for disposal.

The BEST process is a mobile solvent extraction
system which uses one or more secondary or
tertiary amines (usually triethylamine (TEA))
to separate hydrocarbons from soils and sludges.
The BEST technology is based on the fact that
TEA  is  completely  soluble  in water  at
temperatures below 20° C.
            Centrifuge
Because TEA is flammable in the presence of
oxygen, the treatment system must be sealed
from  the atmosphere  and operated under a
nitrogen blanket.  Prior  to treatment,  it is
necessary to raise the pH of the waste material
to greater than 10, creating an  environment
where TEA will be conserved effectively for
recycling to the process. This pH adjustment
may  be accomplished  by adding sodium
hydroxide.     Pretreatment  also   includes
screening  the contaminated feed  solids  to
remove  cobbles and debris and size materials
for smooth  flow through the process.

The BEST process begins by  mixing and
agitating the cold solvent  and waste  in  a
washer/dryer (Figure 1). The washer/dryer is
a horizontal steam-jacketed vessel with rotating
paddles. Hydrocarbons and water in the waste
simultaneously solvate with  the cold  TEA,
creating a  homogeneous  mixture.   As the
solvent breaks the oil-water-solid bonds in the
                                                             Condenser
                                                                         Product
                                                                          Water
                  Chiller
                        Figure 1.  BEST soil cleanup unit schematic.
                                           61

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waste, the solids are released and allowed to
settle by gravity.   The  solvent  mixture is
decanted and fine particles are subsequently
removed by centrifuging.  The resulting dry
solids have been cleansed of hydrocarbons, but
contain most of the original  waste's heavy
metals, and thus may require further treatment
prior to disposal.

The liquids  from the  washer/dryer  vessels
containing  the  hydrocarbons  and  water
extracted from the waste are heated.  As the
temperature of the liquids increases, the water
separates from the organics and solvent.  The
organics-solvent fraction is decanted and sent
to a stripping column, where the solvent is
recycled and the organics  are discharged for
recycling or disposal.  The  water  phase is
passed to a second stripping column, where
residual solvent is recovered for recycling. The
water is  typically  discharged  to   a  local
wastewater treatment plant.

The BEST technology is modular, allowing for
on-site treatment.   Based on the results of
many bench-scale treatability tests, the process
significantly  reduces   the   hydrocarbon
concentration in the solids. Other advantages
of the technology include the production of dry
solids, the recovery and reuse of soil, and waste
volume  reduction.   By  removing  organic
contaminants, the process reduces the overall
toxicity of the solids and water streams.  It
also  concentrates the contaminants  into  a
smaller volume, allowing  for  efficient  final
treatment and disposal.
WASTE APPLICABILITY:

The BEST process is applicable for  most
organics or oily contaminants in sludges or
soils,   including   PCBs   (see   Table   1).
Performance can be influenced by the presence
of  detergents  and   emulsifiers, low  pH
materials, and reactivity of the organics with
the solvent.
                  Table 1
     SPECIFIC WASTES CAPABLE OF TREATMENT
          USING SOLVENT EXTRACTION

RCRA Listed Hazardous Wastes
       Creosote-Saturated Sludge
       Dissolved Air Flotation (DAF) Float
       Slop Oil Emulsion Solids
       Heat Exchanger Bundle Cleaning Sludge
       API Separator Sludge
       Tank Bottoms (Leaded)

Non-Listed Hazardous Wastes

       Primary Oil/Solids/Water Separation Sludges
       Secondary Oil/Solids/Water Separation Sludges
       Bio-Sludges               (
       Cooling Tower Sludges
       HF Alkylation Sludges
       Waste FCC Catalyst
       Spent Catalyst
       Stretford Unit Solution
       Tank Bottoms
       Treated Clays
STATUS:

The first full-scale BEST unit was used at the
General Refining  Superfund site in Garden
City,  Georgia.   Solvent  extraction  is  the
selected  remedial  action  at  the Pinnete's
Salvage site in  Maine  and is the preferred
alternative at the F. O'Connor site in Maine.

The BEST process' demonstration under the
SITE  Program  is pending selection  of  an
appropriate site.
FOR FURTHER INFORMATION:

EPA Project Manager:
Edward Bates
U.S. EPA
Risk Reduction Engineering Laboratory
26 West Martin Luther King Drive
Cincinnati, Ohio  45268
513-569-7774
FTS:  684-7774

Technology Developer Contact:  ,
Lisa Robbins
Resources Conservation Co.
3006 Northup Way
Bellevue, Washington 98004
206-828-2400
                                             62

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                             Technology Profile
                                Demonstration Program
                               SUPCRFUND INNOVATIVE
                               TECHNOLOGY EVALUATION
                                                                              November 1989
                                   RETECH, INC.
                                  (Plasma Reactor)
TECHNOLOGY DESCRIPTION:

The Centrifugal Reactor is a thermal treatment
technology that uses the heat from a plasma
torch to create a molten bath which is used to
detoxify  contaminated   soils.     Organic
contaminants are vaporized and react at very
high temperatures to form innocuous products.
Solids melt and are incorporated into the molten
bath. Metals are retained in this phase, and
when cooled, this phase  is a nonleachable
matrix.

In the  diagram of the  reactor (Figure 1),
contaminated soils enter  through the  bulk
feeder. The interior of the reactor (the reactor
well)  rotates   during   waste  processing.
Centrifugal  force  created  by this  rotation
prevents waste  and  molten material  from
flowing out of the reactor through the bottom.
It also helps to transfer heat  and electrical
energy evenly throughout the  molten phase.
Periodically, the reactor is emptied.
                                Feeder .
Molten solids fall into the collection chamber
where they solidify. Gases travel through the
secondary combustion  chamber where they
remain at a high temperature for an extended
period of time. This allows for further thermal
destruction of any  organics remaining in the
gas phase.  Downstream  of the  secondary
combustion chamber, the gases pass through a
series of air pollution control devices designed
to remove particulates and acid gases.  In the
event of a process upset, a surge tank has been
installed to allow for the reprocessing of any
off-gases produced.
WASTE APPIICABUJTY:

Liquid and solid organic compounds can be
treated  by  this  technology.    It  is  most
appropriate for soils and sludges contaminated
with  metals  and  hard-to-destroy  organic
compounds.
                                                Plasma Torch
           Secondary Combustion Chamber

             Residue Collection Chamber
                              Figure 1.   Centrifugal reactor.
                                           63

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STATUS:

A demonstration is planned for early 1990 at
a Department of Energy research facility in
Butte, Montana. During the demonstration, the
reactor  will  process  approximately 4,000
pounds of waste at a feed rate of 100 pounds
per hour. All feed and effluent streams will be
sampled to assess  the performance  of  this
technology.  A report on the demonstration
project will be available after its completion.
FOR FURTHER INFORMATION:

EPA Project Manager:
Laurel Staley
U.S. EPA
Risk Reduction Engineering Laboratory
26 West Martin Luther King Drive
Cincinnati, Ohio 45268
513-569-7863
FTS: 684-7863

Technology Developer Contact:
R.C. Eschenbach
Retech, Inc.
P.O. Box 997
100 Henry Station Road
Ukiah, California 95482
707-462-6522
                                          64

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                            Technology Profile
                                Demonstration Program
                               SUPERFUND INNOVATIVE
                               TECHNOLOGY EVALUATION
                              November 1989
                                S.M.W. SEIKO, INC.
                       (La Situ Solidification/Stabilization)
TECHNOLOGY DESCRIPTION:

The  Soil-Cement  Mixing  Wall  (S.M.W.)
technology   involves   the  in-situ  fixation
stabilization and solidification of contaminated
soils.   Multi-axis overlapping hollow stem
augers   (Figure   1)  are  used  to  inject
solidification/stabilization  (S/S)  agents  and
blend them with contaminated soils in-situ.
The augers are mounted on a crawler-type base
machine.   A batch mixing  plant  and  raw
materials storage tanks are also involved.  The
machine can treat 90 to 140 cubic yards of soil
per 8-hour shift at depths up to 100 feet.

The product of the in-situ S/S technology is
a monolithic block down to the treatment depth.
The volume increase ranges from  10 to 30
percent, depending on the nature of the soil
matrix and the amount of fixation reagents and
water required for treatment.
WASTE APPLICABILITY:

This  technology  is  applicable   to  soils
contaminated with metals  and semi-volatile
organic compounds (pesticides, PCBs, phenols,
PANs, etc.).

The technique has been  used in mixing soil
cement or chemical grout  for more than 18
years  on various construction applications,
including cutoff walls and soil stabilization.

STATUS:

This  project was  accepted  into  the  SITE
Demonstration Program  in June 1989.  Site
selection is  currently underway.
                                Figure !. Soil cement mixing in-placed wall.
                                           65

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FOR FURTHER INFORMATION:

EPA Project Manager:
S. Jackson Hubbard
U.S. EPA
Risk Reduction Engineering Laboratory
26 West Martin Luther King Drive
Cincinnati, Ohio 45268
513-569-7507
FTS: 684-7507

Technology Developer Contact:
David S. Yang
S.M.W. Seiko, Inc.
100 Marine Parkway
Suite 350
Redwood City, California 94065
415-591-9646
                                        66

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                            TechnoHogy Profile
                                Demonstration Program
                       SEPARATION AND RECOVERY
                                  SYSTEMS, INC.
                            (Solidification/Stabilization)
                                                           SUPERHJND INNOVATIVE
                                                           TECHNOLOGY EVALUATION
                                                                             November 1989
TECHNOLOGY DESCRIPTION:

This technology uses lime to neutralize sludges
with high levels of hydrocarbons. No hazardous
materials are used in the process. The lime and
other  minor  chemicals  used are  specially
prepared  to   significantly  improve  their
reactivity and other key characteristics.

Sludge is removed from the  waste pit and
mixed with lime in a separate blending pit.
The temperature of the material in the blending
pit rises for a brief time to around 100° C, and
some steam is created. After 20 minutes, almost
all of  the material has been fixed.  However,
the chemicals  mixed in the sludge continue to
react  with the waste over days.  The fixed
material  is stored  in a product pile until the
waste  pit has been cleaned. The waste is then
returned to   the  pit  and compacted to  a
permeability of I0~10cm/sec.  The volume of
the waste is increased by 30 percent by adding
lime.     This  process   uses  conventional
earthmoving equipment.
                            WASTE APPLICABILITY:

                            The technology is applicable to acidic sludges
                            containing  at  least  5  percent hydrocarbons
                            (typical  of   sludges  produced   by   re-
                            manufacturing   lubricating  oils).     The
                            technology can also stabilize waste containing
                            up  to 80  percent  organics.   The process
                            tolerates low levels of mercury and  moderate
                            levels of lead and other toxic metals.
                            STATUS:

                            EPA is in the process of locating a suitable
                            site for demonstrating this technology.
          V
I
               Compacted
              Treated Waste/
               Waste Pit
                           Blending Pit


             Figure 1. Process flow diagram.
                                           67

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FOR FURTHER INFORMATION:

EPA Project Manager:
Edward Bates
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
Risk Reduction Engineering Laboratory
26 West Martin Luther King Drive
Cincinnati, Ohio  45268
513-569-7774
FTS: 684-7774

Technology Developer Contact:
Joseph de Franco
Separation and Recovery Systems, Inc.
16901 Armstrong Avenue
Irvine, California 92714
714-261-8860
TELEX: 68-5696
                                         68
                                                                                           .

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                             Technology Profile
                                Demonstration Program
                         SHIRCO INFRARED SYSTEMS
                          (Infrared Thermal Destruction)
                               SUPERFUND INNOVATIVE
                               TECHNOLOGY EVALUATION
                              November 1989
TECHNOLOGY DESCRIPTION:

The electric infrared incineration technology
(originally  developed  by  Shirco  Infrared
Systems, Inc. of Dallas,  Texas)  is a mobile
thermal processing system that uses electrically-
powered silicon carbide rods to heat organic
wastes to  combustion temperatures.   Any
remaining combustibles are incinerated in an
afterburner. One configuration for this mobile
system  (Figure  1)  is  comprised  of four
components:   an electric-powered infrared
primary  chamber,   a  gas-fired  secondary
combustion chamber,  an emissions control
system, and a control center.

Waste is fed into the primary chamber on a
wire-mesh  conveyor belt  and  exposed to
infrared radiant heat (up to 1850° F) provided
by the horizontal rows of electrically-powered
silicon carbide rods above the belt. A blower
delivers air to selected locations along the belt
and can be used to  control the oxidation rate
of the waste feed.

The ash material that drops off the belt in the
primary chamber is quenched using scrubber
water effluent.  The ash is then conveyed to
the ash  hopper,  where  it is  removed to a
holding area and analyzed for PCB content.
    Emission Duct
                   Pritnwy Combustion
                   Chinlur  n n (i M n
                                   SCC Emission
                                   Outlet Duct
         Figure 1. Peak Oil incineration unit process diagram.
Volatile gases from the primary chamber flow
into the secondary chamber, which uses higher
temperatures,   greater   residence   time,
turbulence,  and  supplemental  energy  (if
required) to destroy these gases.  Gases from
the secondary chamber are ducted through the
emissions  control system.   In the  emissions
control system, the particulates are removed in
a venturi scrubber. Acid vapor is neutralized
in a packed tower scrubber. An induced draft
blower draws the cleaned  gases  from the
scrubber into the free-standing exhaust stack.
An emergency stack is installed  prior to the
venturi scrubber system  so  that  if the
temperature control system and its  interlocks
fail, the emissions control  system will not be
melted by the hot gases.

The scrubber liquid  effluent flows into a
clarifier, where scrubber sludge settles out for
disposal, and through an activated carbon filter
for reuse or to a POTW for disposal.

WASTE APPLICABILITY:

This   technology  is  suitable for  soils or
sediments with organic contaminants. Liquid
organic wastes can be treated after mixing with
sand  or soil.   Data  evaluated during the
Application Analysis  suggest that  additional
preprocessing may be needed to meet suitable
ranges for  various waste characteristics,  as
follows:

        —Particle size, 5 microns to 2 inches
        —Moisture content, up to 50% (wt.)
        —Density, 30-130  Ib/cf
        —Heating value, up to 10,000 Btu/lb
        —Chlorine content, up to 5% (wt.)
        —Sulfur content, up to 5%  (wt.)
        —Phosphorus, 0-300 ppm
        -pH, 5-9
        —Alkali metals, up to 1% (wt.)
                                            69

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 STATUS:

 EPA conducted two evaluations of the infrared
 system. An evaluation of a full-scale unit was
 conducted from August 1 to 4, 1987, during a
 removal action by Region IV at the Peak Oil
 site, an abandoned oil  refinery in Tampa,
 Florida. During the cleanup, a nominal 100-
 ton per day system treated nearly 7,000 cubic
 yards of waste oil sludge containing PCBs and
 lead. A second demonstration of the system,
 at pilot scale, took place at the Rose Township-
 Demode Road site, an NPL site in Michigan,
 from November 2 to 11,1987. Organics, PCBs,
 and  metals in soil  were the target  waste
 compounds to be destroyed  or immobilized.
 The   pilot-scale   operation   allowed  the
 evaluation  of  performance  under   varied
 operating conditions.  In addition to Peak Oil,
 infrared incineration was used to remediate
 PCB-contaminated materials  at the Florida
 Steel Corporation Superfund site, and is being
 used on PCB-contaminated soil at the LaSalle
 Electric NPL site in Illinois.

 DEMONSTRATION RESULTS:

The results from the two SITE demonstrations
are summarized below.

 •      In  both tests,  at standard operating
       conditions, PCBs were reduced to less
       than 1 ppm in the ash, with a DRE for
       air emissions greater than 99.99% (based
       on detection limits).

 •      In the pilot-scale demonstration the
       RCRA standard for particulate emission
       (180 mg/dscf) was achieved.  In the
       full-scale demonstration, however, this
       standard was not met in all runs due to
       scrubber inefficiencies.

 •      Lead was not immobilized; however,
       it remained in the ash and significant
       amounts were not transferred to the
       scrubber  water or  emitted  to the
       atmosphere.

•      The    pilot   testing   demonstrated
       satisfactory performance  with  high
       feed   rate   and   reduced  power
       consumption when fuel oil was added
       to the waste feed and the primary
       chamber temperature was reduced.
 APPLICATIONS ANALYSIS RESULTS:

 Additional results from the two demonstrations
 plus eight other case studies show that:

        The process is capable of meeting both
        RCRA and TSCA DRE requirements
        for air emissions.  Operations on waste
        feed contaminated with PCBs have
        consistently met  the TSCA guidance
        level of 2 ppm in ash.

        Improvements in  the scrubber system
        resulted in compliance with RCRA and
        TSCA particulate emission standards.
        In some cases, restrictions in chloride
        levels in the waste and/or feed rate may
        be  necessary  to  meet   particulate
        emissions standards.

 •      Based on recent commercial operations,
        projected utilization factors range from
        50% to 75%.           ;

 •      Economic  analysis and  observation
        suggest a cost range from $180/ton to
        $240/ton of waste feed, excluding waste
        excavation, feed  preparation, profit,
        and  ash disposal costs. Overall costs
        may be as high as $800/ton.

FOR FURTHER INFORMATION:

EPA Project Manager:
Howard O. Wall
U.S. EPA
Risk Reduction Engineering Laboratory
26 West Martin Luther King Drive
Cincinnati, Ohio  45268
513-569-7691  (FTS:  684-7691)
Technology Developer Contact:
John Ciof f i
Ecova Corporation
3820 159th Avenue, NE
Redmond, WA  98052
206-883-1900
Technology Vendor Contacts:
George Hay
OH Materials Corporation     419-423-3526
Richard McAllister
Westinghouse Haztech, Inc.
404-593-3803
                                          70

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\
Technology Profile
   Demonstration Program
                                                                                SUPERrUNO INNOVATIVE
                                                                                TECHNOLOGY EVALUATION
                                                                               November 1989
                  SILICATE TECHNOLOGY CORPORATION
              (Solidification/Stabilization with Silicate Compounds)
 TECHNOLOGY DESCRIPTION:

 This solidification/stabilization technology uses
 silicate compounds and can be used as two
 separate technologies:  (1) one that fixes and
 solidifies organics and inorganics contained in
 contaminated soils and sludges; and (2) another
 that removes organics from contaminated water.
 For soils and sludges,  a proprietary  reagent,
 FMS  silicate,  selectively  adsorbs  organic
 contaminants before the waste  is mixed with
 a cement-like material to form a high-strength,
 non-leaching cement block (monolith).  For
 water, the same reagent (FMS silicate) is used
 in conjunction with granular activated carbon
 to remove organics from the groundwater. The
 resulting waste material is then solidified by the
 first technology.
                   In this combined technology, the type and dose
                   of reagents depend on the waste characteristics.
                   Treatability studies and site investigations are
                   conducted to determine reagent formulations
                   for  each  site.   The  process begins  with
                   pretreating  contaminated  waste  material.
                   Coarse material is separated from fine material
                   (Figure 1) and sent through a shredder, which
                   cuts the material to the size required  for the
                   solidification technology.  The waste  is then
                   loaded into a  batch plant, where  the  FMS
                   silicate is applied. The waste is weighed, and
                   the  proportional amount  of FMS silicate is
                   added. This mixture is conveyed to a concrete
                   mixing  truck,  pug  mill  or other  mixing
                   equipment  where  water  is  added and the
                   mixture is thoroughly blended.  The  treated
                   material is then placed in  a confining  pit on-
                   site for curing or cast into molds for transport
                   and disposal off-site.
                                  Figure 1.   Contaminated soil process
                                          flow diagram.
                                             71

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 A self-contained mobile filtration pilot facility
 is used to treat organic-contaminated ground
 water.    Reagents  aid  in  removing  high
 molecularweightorganics; granulated activated
 carbon is used to remove low molecular weight
 organics.  The  contaminated water is passed
 through a column filter containing the reagent.
 The  high molecular  weight  organics are
 separated from the water in this  step.   The
 effluent from this column filter is then passed
 through  a second column filter  containing
 granulated activated carbon for removing low
 molecular weight organics.
WASTE APPLICABILITY:

This technology can be applied to soils and
sludges  to  metals,   cyanides,  fluorides,
arsenates, ammonia, chromates, and selenium
in unlimited concentrations.  Higher weight
organics in groundwater, soils, and sludges —
including halogenated, aromatic, and aliphatic
compounds —  can also  be treated by this
process.   However, the process  is  not as
successful on low molecular weight organics
such as  alcohols,  ketones  and glycols  and
volatile organics.
STATUS:

A demonstration of this combined technology
should occur between December 1989  and
August 1990 at the Kaiser Steel site in Fontana,
California.
FOR FURTHER INFORMATION:

EPA Project Manager:
Edward R. Bates
U.S. EPA
Risk Reduction Engineering Laboratory
26 West Martin Luther King Drive
Cincinnati, Ohio 45268
513-569-7774
FTS: 684-7774

Technology Developer Contact:
Steve Pegler
Silicate Technology Corporation
Scottsdale Technology Center
7650 East Redfield Road
Suite B2
Scottsdale, Arizona 85260
602-941-1400
                                           72

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                             Technology Profile
                                Demonstration Program
                                SOLIDITECH, INC.
                            (SoUdification/Stabilization)
                               SUPERFUHD INNOVATIVE
                               TECHNOLOGr EVALUATION
                              November 1989
TECHNOLOGY DESCRIPTION:

This   solidification/stabilization   process
immobilizes contaminants in soils and sludges
by binding them in a concrete-like, leach-
resistant matrix.

Contaminated  waste materials  are collected,
screened to remove  oversized  material,  and
introduced to the batch mixer (Figure 1).  The
waste material is then mixed with: (1) water,
(2) Urrichem — a proprietary chemical reagent,
(3) proprietary additives, and  (4) pozzolanic
material (f lyash), kiln dust, or cement (cement
was  used  for the  demonstration).   Once
thoroughly  mixed,  the  treated  waste  is
discharged from the mixer.
The  treated waste  is a solidified  mass with
significant  unconfined compressive strength,
high stability,  and  a rigid texture similar to
that of concrete.

WASTE APPIICABIUrY:

This technology is  intended for treating soils
and  sludges  contaminated  with  organic
compounds, metals, inorganic compounds, and
oil  and grease.   Batch  mixers  of various
capacities   are  available  to treat  different
volumes of waste.
                                      INTERNAL VIEW OF MIXER
                                                           FRONT END LOADER
                                                       (LOADING CONTAMINATED SOIL)
                                  ~;.;.*jr:- PROPRIETARY ADDITiyES^pSi>—«@^^
                                 Figure 1. Soliditech processing equipment.
                                            73

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 STATUS:

 The Soliditech process was demonstrated in
 December 1988 at the Imperial Oil
 Company/Champion Chemical Company
 Superfund site in Morganville, New Jersey.
 This location formerly contained both
 chemical processing and oil reclamation
 facilities. Wastes treated during the
 demonstration were soils, a waste pile, and
 wastes from an old storage tank.  These
 waste were contaminated with petroleum
 hydrocarbons, PCBs, other organic
 chemicals, and heavy metals.
DEMONSTRATION RESULTS:

Key findings from the Soliditech
demonstration are summarized below:

•   Chemical analyses of extracts and
    leachates showed that heavy metals
    present in the untreated waste were
    immobilized.

•   The process solidified both solid and
    liquid wastes with high organic content
    (up to 17%) as well as oil and grease.

•   Volatile organic compounds in the
    original waste were not detected in the
    treated waste.

•   Physical test results of the solidified
    waste samples showed: (1) unconfined
    compressive strengths ranged from 390
    to 860 psi; (2) very little weight loss after
    12 cycles of wet/dry and freeze/thaw
    durability tests; (3) low permeability of
    the treated waste; and (4) increased
    density after treatment.

•    The solidified waste increased in volume
    by an average of 22 percent. The bulk
    density of the waste material increased
    by approximately 35 percent due to
   solidification.

•   Semivolatile organic compounds
   (phenols) were detected in the treated
   waste and the TCLP extracts from the
   treated waste, but not in the untreated
   waste or its TCLP extracts. The
   presence of these compounds is believed
   to result from chemical reactions in the
   waste treatment mixture.
 •  Oil and grease content of the untreated
    waste ranged from 2.8 to 17.3 percent
    (28,000 to 173,000 ppm). Oil and grease
    content of the TCLP extracts of the
    solidified waste ranged from 2.4 to 12
    ppm.

 •  The pH of the solidified waste ranged
    from 11.7 to 12.0.  The pH of the
    untreated waste ranged from 3.4 to 7.9.

 •  PCBs were not detected in any extracts
    or leachates of the treated waste.

 •  Visual observation of solidified waste
    showed dark inclusions approximately 1
    mm in diameter. Ongoing
    microstructural studies are expected to
    confirm that these inclusions are
    encapsulated wastes.

A Technology Evaluation Report is
scheduled for publication in November 1989.
An Applications Analysis Report will be
available in early 1990.
FOR FURTHER INFORMATION:

EPA Project Manager:
Walter E. Grube, Jr.
U.S. EPA
Risk Reduction Engineering Laboratory
26 West Martin Luther King Drive
Cincinnati, Ohio 45268
513-569-7798
FTS: 684-7798

Technology Developer Contact:
Carl Brassow
Soliditech, Inc.
6901 Corporate Drive
Suite 215                       ;
Houston, Texas 77036
713-778-1800                   ;
                                           74

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   not
                            Technology  Profile
                               Demonstration Program
                           SOLVENT SERVICES, INC.
                    (Steam Injection and Vacuum Extraction)
                              SUPERFUND INNOVATIVE
                              TECHNOLOGY EVALUATION
                             November 1989
TECHNOLOGY DESCRIPTION:

The Steam Injection and Vacuum Extraction
(SIVE) process is used in situ to remove volatile
organic compounds (VOCs) and  semivolatile
organic compounds (SVOCs) from contaminated
soil.   Steam is forced through the  soil, via
injection wells,  to  thermally enhance the
vacuum extraction process. Recovered gaseous
contaminants are then either condensed and
processed along  with  recovered  liquids, or
trapped  by activated  carbon filters.    The
contaminants are then recycled back into the
condensing system.

The   technology  uses   readily  available
components such as extraction and monitoring
wells, manifold piping, vapor-liquid separator,
vacuum pump, and emission control equipment,
such as activated carbon canisters (Figure 1).
Once a contaminated area is completely
defined, an extraction well is installed and
connected  by  piping  to  a  vapor-liquid
separator.    A  vacuum  pump  draws  the
subsurface contaminants through the well, the
separator,  and an activated carbon canister
before  discharging  to   the  atmosphere.
Subsurface   vacuum   and   soil  vapor
concentrations are monitored by vadose zone
monitoring wells.
WASTE APPLICABILITY:

The   technology  is   used  to   treat  soil
contaminated with VOCs and SVOCs in total
concentrations ranging from 10 ppb to 100,000
ppm by weight. Soils contaminated by leaking
underground storage tanks or surface spills are
suitable. By-products include spent carbon and
contaminated water.   Further treatment of
recovered liquids and condensate is necessary.
                                                            Exhaust
                                       Liquid
                                       Storage
                                       Tank
                    Figure 1.  Solvent Services, Inc. process flow diagram.
                                          75

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STATUS:

The SIVE process system is currently under
development and planned for demonstration
in San Jose, California. Soil cleaning rates
depend on soil type and physical properties,
as well as contaminant types, distribution,
and concentrations. The rates are expected
to vary from 300 to 1,000 cubic yards of soil
per day per well system.

The objective of the 6-month field
demonstration of the SIVE process system is
to fully remediate 1.2 acres of the site,
containing approximately 30,000 cubic yards
of soil. The demonstration began in
September 1989; a visitors' day is planned
for December 1989.
FOR FURTHER INFORMATION:

EPA Project Manager:
Paul dePercin
U.S. EPA
Risk Reduction Engineering Laboratory
26 West Martin Luther King Drive
Cincinnati, Ohio 45268
513-569-7797
FTS: 684-7797

Technology Developer Contact:
Doug Dieter
Solvent Service, Inc.
1040 Commercial Street
Suite 101
San Jose, California  95112
408-453-6046
                                          76

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                             Technology  Profiie
                                 Demonstration Program
                                SUPERFUND INNOVATIVE
                                TECHNOLOGY EVALUATION
                               November 1989
                                 TERRA VAC, INC.
                            (In Situ Vacuum Extraction)
TECHNOLOGY DESCRIPTION:

In situ  vacuum extraction  technology  is a
process  of  removing  and  venting  volatile
organic  compounds (VOCs)  from the vadose
or unsaturated zone  of soils.  Often,  these
compounds can be removed  from the vadose
zone before they contaminate ground water.
In this technology, a  well is used to extract
subsurface organic contaminants.  The extracted
contaminant   stream   passes   through  a
vapor/liquid separator, and the resulting off-
gases undergo activated  carbon treatment,
before being released into the atmosphere.

The technology uses readily available equipment
such  as extraction  and  monitoring wells,
manifold piping, a vapor/liquid separator, a
vacuum pump, and an emission control device,
such as  an activated carbon  canister.  Once a
contaminated  area is completely defined, an
extraction well is installed and  connected by
piping to a vapor/liquid separator device device
(Figure  1).    A  vacuum pump draws  the
subsurface contaminants through the well, to
the separator device, and through an activated
carbon  canister  before the air  stream is
discharged to the  atmosphere.   Subsurface
vacuum and soil  vapor concentrations  are
monitored using vadose zone monitoring wells.

The technology does not require highly trained
operators or soil excavation, and is not limited
by depth.  The technology works best at sites
that  are contaminated by liquids with  high
vapor pressures.  The success of the system
depends on site conditions, soil properties, and
the chemical properties  of the contaminants.
The process works in soils of low permeability
(clays) if  the  soil  has sufficient air-filtered
porosity.  Depending on the soil type and the
depth to ground water, the radius of influence
of a single extraction well can range from tens
to hundreds of  feet.   Typical contaminant
recovery rates range  between 20 and  2,500
pounds per day, and are a function of volatility
of   the   organic   compound  recovered.
Therefore,  the  more  volatile the  organic
compound, the faster the process works. The
process is  more cost-effective at sites
where contaminated soils are predominantly
above the water table, although systems have
been  designed for  both vapor  and ground-
water recovery.
J

s
                                 Pump


Vapor
Liquid
Separator
                                                            Primary
                                                            Activated
                                                            Carbon
                                                            Canisters
                       Figure 1.  Process diagram for in-situ vacuum extraction.
                                            77

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 WASTE APPIICABELITY:

 This  technology  is applicable  to  organic
 compounds that are volatile or semivolatile at
 ambient temperatures  in soils and  ground
 water.  Contaminants should  have  a Henry's
 constant of 0.001  or  higher for effective
 removal.

 STATUS:

 The  technology  was  first  applied  at  a
 Superfund site in  Puerto Rico, where carbon
 tetrachloride had leaked from an underground
 storage tank.   In-situ  vacuum  extraction
 processes are now used  at more than 60 waste
 sites  across the United States, such as the
 Verona Wells Superfund Site in Battle Creek,
 Michigan,  which  contains  trichloroethylene
 and contaminants  from  gasoline station spills.
 A  field demonstration of  the  process  was
 performed as part of the SITE Program at the
 Groveland Wells Superfund site in Groveland,
 Massachusetts, which  is  contaminated  by
 trichloroethylene (TCE).

 The  Technology   Evaluation Report   and
 Applications  Analysis  Report have  been
 published.

 DEMONSTRATION RESULTS:

 The in situ vacuum extraction demonstration
 at Groveland Wells Superfund site used four
 extraction wells to pump contaminants to the
 process system.  Four monitoring wells  were
 used  to measure the impact of treatment on
 site  contamination.    During  the  SITE
 demonstration,  1,300  pounds  of  volatile
 organics, mainly TCE, were extracted during
 a 56-day operational period.   The volatiles
 were  removed  from  both highly permeable
 strata and  low permeability clays.   Table 1
 presents the reductions in TCE concentrations
 achieved by the Terra Vac system.

                   TABLE 1
    REDUCTION OF WEIGHTED AVERAGE TCE LEVELS IN SOIL
      Well
TCB Concentrations fmz/M
retrealment _ Fosttreatment
                                   % Reduction
    1
    2
    3
    4
Monitoring Well
    1
    2
    3
	  4
  3358
  333
  6.69
  96.10

  1.10
  14.75
 22731
  0X7
2931
 236
 630
 4.19

 034
 858
84.50
 1.0S
13.74
30.18
 8.56
95.64

69.09
39.12
62.83
                                  APPLICATIONS ANALYSIS
                                  SUMMARY:

                                  The Terra Vac system was tested at several
                                  Superfund and non-Superfund sites.  These
                                  field  evaluations  yielded  the  following
                                  conclusions:

                                  •   The process represents a viable technology
                                      to fully remediate a site contaminated with
                                      volatile organic compounds.

                                  •   The major considerations in applying this
                                      technology   are:     volatility   of  the
                                      contaminants (Henry's constant),  site soil
                                      porosity, and the required cleanup level.

                                  •   The process performed well in removing
                                      VOCs   from   soil    with   measured
                                      permeabilities of 10"4 to 10"8 cm/sec.

                                  •   Pilot demonstrations are necessary when
                                      treating soils of low permeability and high
                                      moisture content.

                                  •   Based on available data, treatment costs
                                      are typically near $50 per ton.  Costs can
                                      be as low as $10 per ton at large sites not
                                      requiring off-gas or wastewater treatment.
                                      Costs for small sites may range as high as
                                      $150 per ton.
FOR FURTHER INFORMATION:

EPA Project Manager:            ',
Mary K. Stinson
U.S. EPA
Risk Reduction Engineering Laboratory
Woodbridge Avenue
Edison, New Jersey 08837
201-321-6683
FTS:  340-6683

Technology Developer Contact:
James Malot
Terra Vac, Inc.
356 Fontaleza Street
P.O. Box 1591
San Juan, Puerto Rico 00903
809-723-9171
                                            78
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                             Technology  Profile
                                 Demonstration Program
                       TOXIC TREATMENTS (USA) INC.
                            (In Situ Steam/Air Stripping)
                                SUPERFUND INNOVATIVE
                                TECHNOLOGY EVAUMTION
                                                                               November 1989
TECHNOLOGY DESCRIFnON:

A  transportable "detoxifer" treatment unit is
used for in-situ steam and air stripping of
volatile organics from contaminated soil.

Two main components of the on-site treatment
equipment are the process tower and process
train (Figure 1). The process tower contains
two counter-rotating hollow-stem drills, each
with a modified cutting bit 5 feet in diameter,
capable of operating to a 27-foot depth.  Each
drill contains two concentric pipes.  The inner
pipe is used to convey steam supplied by an
oil-fired boiler at  450°F and 450 psig to the
rotating cutting blades. The outer pipe conveys
air at approximately SOOT and 250 psig to the
rotating blades.

Steam is piped to the top of the  drills and
injected through the cutting blades.  The steam
heats the ground being remediated,  increasing
the vapor pressure of the volatile contaminants
and  thereby increasing the rate at which they
can be stripped.  Both the air and steam serve
as carriers to convey these contaminants to the
surface.  A metal box, called a shroud, seals
the process  area above  the  rotating cutter
blades from the outside environment, collects
the volatile contaminants, and ducts them to
the process train.

In the process train, the volatile contaminants
and the water vapor  are removed from  the
off-gas   stream  by  condensation.     The
condensed  water  is   separated  from   the
contaminants by distillation, then  filtered
through activated carbon beds and subsequently
used as make-up water for a wet cooling tower.
Steam also is used to regenerate the activated
carbon  beds and  as the  heat source  for
distilling of the volatile contaminants from the
condensed liquid stream.
WASTE APPIICABIIJTY:

This  technology is applicable  to  organic
contaminants  such  as  hydrocarbons  and
solvents with sufficient partial pressure in the
soil.  The technology is not limited by soil
particle  size,   initial  porosity,   chemical
concentration, or viscosity.
                                                                  Activated Carbon
                                                                  System
                                                         ^sJ Hydrocarbon
                                                            Coalescer/
                                                            Separator
                              Figure 1.  Typical detoxifer system process
                                     flow diagram.
                                            79

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STATUS:

A SITE demonstration was performed the week
of September 18,  1989.  Twelve soil blocks
were treated for the demonstration. Various
liquid samples were collected, and the process
operating procedures were closely monitored
and recorded.
DEMONSTRATION RESULTS:

Demonstration results are not available at this
time, but are  expected to be published early
1990.
FOR FURTHER INFORMATION:

EPA Project Manager:
Paul dePercin
U.S. EPA
Risk Reduction Engineering Laboratory
26 West Martin Luther King Drive
Cincinnati,' Ohio 45268
513-569-7797
FTS: 684-7797

Technology Developer Contact:
Phillip N. LaMori              ;
Toxic Treatments (USA) Inc.
151 Union Street
Suite 155
San Francisco, California 94111
415-391-2113
                                         80

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                             Technology  ProfiEe
                                 Demonstration Program
                           ULTROX DSTTERNATTONAL
                         (Ultraviolet Radiation/Oxidation)
                                SUPERFUNO INNOVATIVE
                                      EVALUATION
                                                                               November 1989
TECHNOLOGY DESCRIPTION:

This  ultraviolet  (UV)  radiation/oxidation
process  uses  UV radiation,  ozone (O3) and
hydrogen  peroxide  (H2O2) to destroy toxic
organic  compounds,  especially  chlorinated
hydrocarbons, in water.  The process oxidizes
compounds that are toxic or refractory (resistant
to biological  oxidation)  in concentrations of
parts per million or  parts per billion.

The Ultrox system consists of a reactor module,
an air compressor/ozone generator module, and
a hydrogen peroxide feed system.  It  is skid-
mounted and portable,  and  permits  on-site
treatment of a wide variety of liquid wastes,
such as industrial wastewaters, groundwaters,
and leachate. The reactor size is determined
from the expected wastewater flow rate and the
necessary hydraulic retention time to treat the
contaminated water.   The approximate UV
intensity, ozone and hydrogen peroxide dose
are determined from pilot-scale studies.

Influent  to  the  reactor  (Figure  1)   is
simultaneously exposed to UV radiation, ozone,
and hydrogen peroxide to oxidize the organic
compounds.  Off-gas from the reactor passes
through an ozone destruction (Decompozon)
unit, which  reduces ozone levels  before  air
venting.  The Decompozon unit also destroys
gaseous volatile  organic compounds (VOC)
stripped off in the reactor. Effluent from the
reactor can be directly discharged to a
                                                    Treated Off Gas
                                                            Reactor Off Gas
                                    Catalytic Ozone Decomposer
                                                                                TREATED
                                                                                EFFLUENT
                                                                                TO DISCHARGE
                                                              Hydrogen Peroxide
                                                              from Feed Tank
                                   Figure 1. Isometric view of Ultrox system.
                                           81

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WASTE APPLICABILITY:

Contaminated groundwater, industrial
wastewaters and leachates containing
halogenated solvents, phenol,
pentachlorophenol, pesticides, PCBs, and
other organic compounds are suitable for this
treatment process.

STATUS:

A field-scale demonstration was completed
in March 1989 at a hazardous waste site in
San Jose, California. The test program was
designed to evaluate the performance of the
Ultrox System at several combinations of
five operating parameters: (1) influent pH,
(2) retention time, (3) ozone  dose, (4)
hydrogen peroxide dose, and (5) UV
radiation intensity.  The Technology
Evaluation Report and the Applications
Analysis Report will be available in the
Spring of 1990.

DEMONSTRATION RESULTS:

Contaminated groundwater treated by the
Ultrox system met regulatory standards at
the following operating conditions:
Retention time
Influent pH
O3 dose
HLOp dose
UV lamps
            40 minutes
            7.2 (unadjusted)
            HOmg/L
            13 mg/L
            all 24 operating
            at 64 watts each
Out of 44 VOC samples, three were chosen
to be used as indicator parameters.  The
VOC removal efficiencies at these conditions
are presented in Table 1.
                  TABLE 1
      PERFORMANCE DATA FOR REPRODUCIBLE RUNS
U-DCA
1,1,1-TCA
ToWlVOCi
M-DCA
1.1,1-TCA
Toul VOOt
1,1-DCA
K1.1-TGV
Tool VOCs
Mean Influent
 fttt/U

    65
    11
     43
   170
    52
    11
    33
    150
    49
    10
    32
    120
Mean Effluent
 (Be/U

    13.
    53
    0.7S
    16
    OSS
    3.8
    0.43
    12
    0.63
    42
    0.49
    20
Percent Removal

  98
  52
  83
  91
  99
  65
  87
  92
  99
  58
  85
  83
                                       Removal efficiencies for TCE were about 99
                                       percent.  Removal efficiencies for 1,1-DCA
                                       and 1,1,1-TCA were about 58 percent and
                                       85 percent, respectively.  Removal
                                       efficiencies for total VOCs were about 90
                                       percent.

                                       For some compounds, removal from the
                                       water phase was due to both chemical
                                       oxidation and stripping. Stripping accounted
                                       for 12 to 75 percent of the total removal for
                                       1,1,1-TCA and 5 to 44 percent for 1,1-DCA.
                                       Stripping was less than 10 percent for TCE
                                       and vinyl chloride,  and was negligible for
                                       other VOCs present.

                                       The Decompozon unit reduced ozone to less
                                       than 0.1 ppm (OSHA standards), with
                                       efficiencies greater than 99.99 percent.
                                       VOCs present in the air within the treatment
                                       system, at approximately 0.1 to 0.5 ppm,
                                       were not detected after passing through the
                                       Decompozon unit.

                                       Very low TOC removal was found, implying
                                       that partial oxidation of organics occurred
                                       without complete conversion to CO? and
                                       H20.

                                       The average electrical energy consumption
                                       was about 11 kWh/hour of operation.
FOR FURTHER INFORMATION:

EPA Project Manager:
Norma Lewis
U.S. EPA
Risk Reduction Engineering Laboratory
26 West Martin Luther King Drive
Cincinnati, Ohio 45268
513-569-7665
FTS:  684-7665

Technology Developer Contact:
David B. Fletcher
Ultrox International
2435 South Anne Street
Santa Ana, California  92704
714-545-5557
                                            82

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                             Technology  Profile
                                 Demonslration Program
                                SUPERfUND INNOVATIVE
                                TECHNOtOOr EVALUATION
                                                                               November 1989
                                  WASTECH, INC.
                            (Solidification/Stabilization)
TECHNOLOGY DESCRIPTION:

This  solidification/stabilization  technology
applies proprietary  bonding agents to soils,
sludge, and liquid wastes containing volatile
or   semivolatile  organic   and   inorganic
contaminates  to fix  the pollutants within the
wastes. The treated waste is then mixed with
cementitious  materials  and   placed  in  a
stabilizing matrix. The specific reagents used
are custom-selected based  on  the particular
waste to be treated.  The resultant material is
a high-strength, non-leaching monolith that can
be placed into the ground without double liners
or covering caps.

The  process  uses standard engineering and
construction practices. Since the type and dose
of   reagents   depend   on   the   waste's
characteristics,  treatability  studies  and site
investigations  need  to  be   conducted  to
determine the proper reagent mix. The process
begins with a front end loader and/or a backhoe
excavating the waste material.  Material
       Feed Waste
Screen


                      Cement
                       and
                    Admixtures
containing  large  pieces of  debris  must be
prescreened.   The waste is  then placed, in
measured quantities, into a pug mill or other
mixer (see Figure 1), where  it is mixed with
a controlled amount of water and reagent.
From there,  the waste-reagent mixture  is
transferred to the cement batcher, where it is
mixed with dry blends of a pozzolanic mixture.
The  operation  does  not  generate   waste
byproducts.
WASTE APPLICABILITY:

This technology has treated a wide variety of
waste streams consisting of soils, sludges, and
raw organic streams, such as lubricating  oil,
aromatic   solvents,   evaporator   bottoms,
chelating agents, and ion exchange resins, with
contaminant concentrations ranging from ppm
levels to 40% by volume. It can also be applied
to  mixed   wastes   containing   radioactive
materials along with  organic and inorganic
contaminants.
                                                       Reagents
Conveyor

/
                               Water
Cement
Batcher


                                            Product
                      Figure 1. Wastech solids handling system flow diagram.
                                           83

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STATUS:

EPA is in the process of selecting a site for the
technology demonstration. Treatability studies
are currently underway on two wastes — an
oily waste and a wood preserving waste.  A
third study is proposed for a mixed waste.
FOR FURTHER INFORMATION:

EPA Project Manager:
Edward R. Bates
U.S. EPA
Risk Reduction Laboratory
26 West Martin Luther King Drive
Cincinnati, Ohio  45268
513-569-7774
FTS: 684-7774

Technology Developer Contact:
E. Benjamin Peacock
Wastech, Inc.
P.O. Box 1213
114TulsaRoad
Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37830
615-483-6515
                                         84

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                             Technology  Profile
                                Demonstration Program
                           ZIMPRO/PASSAVANT INC
                           (PACT®/Wet Air Oxidation)
                                                          SUPERFUND INNOVATIVE
                                                          TECHNOLOGY EV/UJMTION
                                                                             November 1989
TECHNOLOGY DESCRIPTION:

Zimpro/Passavant  Inc.   has   developed   a
treatment   system   that  combines   two
technologies:  the PACT® treatment system
and wet air oxidation (WAO).  The PACT®
system uses powdered activated carbon (PAC)
combined   with   conventional   biological
treatment (e.g., an activated sludge system) to
treat liquid waste containing  toxic organic
contaminants.   The WAO technology can
regenerate the PAC for reuse in the PACT®
system. The  system is mobile, consisting  of
two skid-mounted units,  and can  treat from
2,500 to 10,000 gallons of  wastewater per day.
Larger stationary  systems, treating up to  53
million gallons  per  day,  are  already  in
operation.
  NUTRIENTS
  MAKEUP PAC
POLYMER
                                     EFFLUENT
                               ASH TO DISPOSAL
           Figure 1, PACT system with WAO.
In the PACT® system, organic contaminants
are removed  through  biodegradation and
adsorption. Living microorganisms (biomass)
in the activated sludge system are contained in
liquid suspension  in an aerated basin.  This
biomass removes biodegradable toxic organic
compounds from  the liquid waste.  PAC is
added to enhance this biological treatment by
adsorbing  toxic  organic  compounds.   The
degree  of treatment achieved by the PACT®
system  depends   on  the  influent  waste
characteristics and the   system's  operating
parameters.   Important waste characteristics
include biodegradability, adsorbability, and
concentrations of toxic organic compounds and
inorganic compounds, such as  heavy metals.

Major  operating parameters include carbon
dose, hydraulic retention time of the aeration
basin, solids  retention time of the biomass-
carbon mixture, and biomass concentration in
the system. Liquid wastes fed into the PACT®
system  should  have  sufficient   nutrients
(nitrogen and phosphorous) and biodegradable
compounds to support the growth  of active
biomass in the aeration basin. The temperature
of the waste should be in the range of 40° F to
100° F, and the influent pH in  the  range of 6
to 9.  Solids  retention times affect both the
concentration and type  of biomass in the
system; these vary from  2  days to  50  days.
Hydraulic retention times affect the degree of
biodegradation achieved and typically range
from 2 hours to 24 hours for relatively dilute
wastes, such as contaminated groundwater, up
to several days for concentrated wastes and
leachate. Carbon doses vary widely, depending
on  the  biodegradability  and   adsorptive
characteristics of  the contaminants in the
waste. Higher PAC concentrations improve the
settleability of the PAC-biomass mixture and
reduce  air  stripping  of  volatile   organic
contaminants.
                                            85

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Excess solids (PAC with adsorbed organics,
biomass,  and  inert  solids)  are removed
periodically from the  system through the
system's clarifier (settling tank) or thickener
(see Figure 1). These excess solids are routed
to the WAO system reactor to  regenerate the
spent PAC and destroy organics remaining in
the biomass.  Temperatures and pressures in
the WAO system will be about 480° F and 800
to 850 pounds per square inch, respectively.
After treatment  in  the WAO system, the
regenerated PAC may be separated from the
ash formed from destruction of the biomass,
and returned to the aeration basin for reuse.
WASTE APPLICABILITY:

This technology is applicable to municipal and
industrial wastewaters, as well as groundwater
and  leachates  containing hazardous organic
pollutants.  According  to the developer, the
PACT®  system  has successfully treated  a
variety  of  industrial wastewaters, including
chemical plant wastewaters, dye production
wastewaters,   pharmaceutical  wastewaters,
refinery wastewaters,  and  synthetic  fuels
wastewaters,  in  addition  to contaminated
groundwater and mixed industrial/municipal
wastewater.

In general, PACT® system can  treat  liquid
wastes containing wide  ranges of biochemical
oxygen  demand (BOD)  --  10  to 30,000 parts
per million (ppm) — and  chemical oxygen
demand (COD) -- 20 to 60,000  ppm.  Toxic
volatile  organic compounds can be treated up
to the level where they interfere with biomass
growth, about 1,000 ppm.  The developer's
treatability studies have shown that the PACT
system can reduce the organics in contaminated
groundwater from several hundred  ppm to
below detection limits (parts per billion, ppb,
range).
STATUS:

A tentative site has been selected for the
technology demonstration — the Syncon Resins
Superfund site in Kearny, New Jersey.  The
shallow aquifer at the Syncon Resins site is
contaminated with a variety of organic solvent
compounds.  Site preparation work for the
technology demonstration is being coordinated
with the State of New Jersey.
FOR FURTHER INFORMATION:

EPA Project Manager:
John F. Martin
U.S. EPA
Risk Reduction Engineering Laboratory
26 West Martin  Luther King Drive
Cincinnati, Ohio 45268
513-569-7758
FTS: 684-7758

Technology Developer Contact:
William M. Copa
Zimpro/Passavant Inc.
301 West Military Road
Rothschild, Wisconsin 54474
715-359-7211
                                           86

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                 EMERGING TECHNOLOGIES PROGRAM
      The Emerging Technologies Program provides a framework to encourage the bench-
and pilot-scale testing and evaluation of technologies that have already been proven at the
conceptual stage. The goal is to promote the development of viable alternatives available
for use in Superfund site remediations.  The emerging technologies may then be considered
for the SITE Demonstration Program, for field demonstration and evaluation.

      Technologies are solicited for the Emerging Technologies Program through Requests
for Pre-Proposals. Three solicitations have been issued to date — in July 1987 (E01), July
1988  (E02), and July 1989  (EOS).   Cooperative  agreements  between  EPA and the
technology developer require cost sharing, and may be renewed for up to two years.  The
selection of E03 projects is expected in early 1990. The 14 program participants selected
under E01 and E02 are presented in alphabetical order in Table 3 and in  the technology
profiles that follow.
                                       87

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                                               TABLE 3


                             SITE Emerging Technology Program Participants
Developer
Atomic Energy of Canada Ltd.
Chalk River, Ontario
(E01)
Babcock & Wilcox Co.
Alliance, OH
(E02)
Battelle Memorial Institute,
Columbus Division
Columbus, OH
(E01)
Bio-Recovery Systems, Inc.
Las Cruces, NM
(E01)
Colorado School of Mines
Golden, CO
(E01)
Electro-Pure Systems, Inc.
Amherst, NY
(E02)
Energy and Environmental
Engineering, Inc.
East Cambridge, MA
-(E01)
+
Technology
Chemical Treatment/
Ultrafiltration
Cyclone Combustor
In Situ Electroacoustic
Decontamination
Biological Sorption
Wetlands-Based Treatment
A/C Electrocoagulation
Phase Separation and
Removal
Laser Stimulated
Photochemical Oxidation
Technology
Contact
Leo Buckley
613-5&W311
Lawrence King
216-821-9110
H.S. Muralidhara
614-424-5018
Dennis W. Darnall
505-646-5888
Thomas Wildeman
303-273-3642
Patrick Ryan
716-691-2600
James H. Porter
617-666-5500
EPA Project
Manager
John Martin
513-569-7758
FTS 684-7758
Laurel Staley
513-569-7863
FTS 684-7863
Diana Guzman
513-569-7819
FTS 684-7819
Naomi Barkley
513-569-7854
FTS 684-7854
Edward Bates
513-569-7774
FTS 684-7774
Naomi Barkley
513-569-7854
FTS 684-7854
Ronald Lewis
513-569-7856
FTS 684-7856
Waste
Media
Ground Water
Solids, Soil
Soil
Ground Water,
Leachate,
Wastewater
Acid Mine
Drainage
Ground Water,
Wastewater,
Leachate
Ground Water,
Wastewater
Applicable Waste
Inorganic
Specific for Heavy
Metals
Non-specific
Specific for Heavy
Metals
Specific for Heavy
Metals
Specific for Metals
Heavy Metals
NA
Organic
NA
Non-specific
NA
NA
NA
Petroleum
Byproducts, Coal-
Tar Derivatives
Non-specific
oo
oo
      NA = Non Applicable

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            TABLE 3 (Continued)
SITE Emerging Technology Program Participants
Developer
Enviro-Sciences, Inc.
Randolph, NJ
(E02)
Harmon Environmental
Services, Inc. (formerly
Envirite Field Services, Inc.)
Auburn, AL
(E01)
IT Corporation
Knoxville, TN
(E02)
Membrane Technology and
Research, Inc.
Menlo Park, CA
(E02)
University of Washington,
Dept. of Civil Engineering
Seattle, WA
(E02)
Wastewater Tech. Centre
Burlington, Ontario
(E02)
Western Research Institute
Laramie, WY
(E01)
Technology
Low Energy Solvent
Extraction
Soil Washing
Batch Steam
Distillation/Metal
Extraction
Membrane Process for
Removal of Volatile
Organics from
Contaminated Air Streams
Adsorptive Filtration
Cross-Flow Pervaporation
System
Contained Recovery of Oily
Wastes (CROW)
Technology
Contact
Zvi Blank
201-361-8840
William Webster
205-821-9253
Robert Fox
615-690-3211
J.G. Wijmans
415-328-2228
Mark Benjamin
206-543-7645
Abbas Zaidi
416-336-4605
Wesley Barnes
307-721-2011
EPA Project
Manager
Jack Hubbard
513-569-7507
FTS 684-7507
Jack Hubbard
513-569-7507
FTS 684-7507
Ronald Lewis
513-569-7856
FTS 684-7856
Paul dePercin
513-569-7797
FTS 684-7797
Norma Lewis
513-569-7665
FTS 684-7665
John Martin
513-569-7758
FTS 684-7758
Eugene Harris
513-569-7862
FTS 684-7862
Waste
Media
Soil, Sediments,
Sludge
Soils
Soil, Sludge
Gaseous Waste
Streams
Ground Water,
Leachate,
Wastewater
Ground Water,
Leachate,
Wastewater
Soil
NA = Non Applicable "•
Applicable Waste
Inorganic
NA
NA
Non-specific
NA
Metals
NA
NA

Organic
PCBs, Other Non-
specific Organic
Compounds
Heavy Organic
Compounds
Non-specific
Halogenated and
Nonhalogenated
Compounds
NA
Volatile Organic
Compounds
Coal Tar
Derivatives,
Petroleum
Byproducts


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                              Technology Profile
                                   Emerging Program
                                SUPtRFUNO WHOVATIVE
                                TECHNOLOGY EWU.IM7ION
                                                                               November 1989
                    ATOMIC ENERGY OF CANADA LTD.
                       (Chemical Treatment/Ultrafiltration)
TECHNOLOGY DESCRIPTION:

Ultrafiltration can be applied in combination
with chemical treatment to selectively remove
dissolved  metal ions  from  dilute aqueous
solutions.  A high molecular weight chelating
agent is added to the incoming waste solution
to form macromolecular complexes.  The metal
ions can then be easily  removed.

Usually, each chelating polymer  is  marked
particularly for one metal cation or for a group
of similar cations. Once the polymer is added,
the  solution  is   processed  through   an
ultrafiltration membrane system that  collects
the macromolecular complexes (retentate) on
the membrane but allows  uncomplexed ions
such as sodium, potassium, calcium, chloride,
sulfate, and nitrate, to pass through as filtered
water (permeate). The filtered water can be
recycled or  discharged depending  upon the
metal  removal requirements.   A removal
efficiency approaching  100 percent  can  be
achieved for metal ions in groundwater.
              Metal Cations
                                 Macroligand
                                  Polymer
                                    I
                                   Ultrafiltration
                                   Membrane
The retentate, which constitutes about 5 to 20
percent of  the  feed  volume, contains the
separated heavy metal ions and must be treated
further.  The retentate is either solidified to
prevent the release of toxic metals back to the
environment or recycled through the treatment
process for further volume reduction.

Since many simple and non-toxic  ions are
allowed to  pass through the  membrane as
permeate, they are not concentrated  together
with the metal ions. The retentate will have
a smaller volume and  the solidified product
will be more resistant  to leaching, due to its
smaller  salt  content  and  the presence of
chemicals  that retard  the migration  of  toxic
metals.
                                                      Retentate

                                                          t
                      Macromolecular
                      Complex
                                                        Permeate

                 Figure 1. The concept of selective removal of heavy metals from leachate.
                                           91

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WASTE APPLICABILITY:

The   combination   chemical-ultrafiltration
treatment process is intended for use on toxic
metals in groundwater. Ultrafiltration has so
far been applied exclusively to the removal of
colloidal solids and fairly large molecules. The
technology may potentially be used to separate
toxic heavy  metal  ions  such as cadmium,
chromium, lead, mercury, selenium, silver and
barium (as an in-situ formed precipitate) from
groundwater  generated  at Superfund  sites.
Other inorganic and organic materials present
as suspended and colloidal solids may also be
removed.
STATUS:

Second-year funding for the project has been
approved.  Bench-scale tests were conducted
on  pure  water  to  determine  operating
parameters and membrane-fouling behavior.
Four ions were  tested:  cadmium, mercury,
lead, and arsenic.  The experimental design
included five variables, each at two levels: pH,
membrane   type,   polyelectrolyte   type,
polyelectrolyte concentration, and presence of
organics.

The experiments were  designed to  identify
dominant variables affecting membrane fouling
as well as metal removal efficiencies. Results
of these tests showed the following  removal
rates:  cadmium and mercury, up to 99%; lead,
90%; and arsenic, 10 to 35%.  Arsenic is  an
anionic  species,  and  is  not as  effectively
removed as the other metals.  Separation of
non-arsenic  metals  was found to be more
efficient in alkaline conditions.  Both water-
soluble polymers that were studied were found
 to be  good complexing agents for metal ions.
This research also indicated that ultraf iltration,
 unlike conventional precipitation technologies,
 does  not require the  production of large
 particles, and thus may be more applicable to
 feed streams  with high variability in metals
 concentration.
FOR FURTHER INFORMATION:

EPA Project Manager:
John F. Martin
U.S. EPA
Risk Reduction Engineering Laboratory
26 West Martin  Luther King Drive
Cincinnati, Ohio 45268
513-569-7758
FTS:  684-7758

Technology Developer Contact:
Leo P. Buckley
Atomic Energy  of Canada Ltd. ;
Waste Management Technology Division
Chalk River Nuclear Labs     :
Chalk River, Ontario KOJ IJO
Canada
613-584-3311
                                            92

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                             Technology Profile
                                  Emerging Program
                               SUPERFUND INNOVATIVE
                               TECHNOiosr EVALUATION
                                                                            November 1989
                           BABCOCK & WBLCOX CO.
                                (Cyclone Combustor)
TECHNOLOGY DESCRIPTION:

This cyclone furnace technology is designed
to decontaminate wastes containing both organic
and metal contaminants. The cyclone  furnace
expects  to  retain heavy  metals in  a  non-
leachable slag and vaporizes and incinerates the
organic materials in the waste.

The cyclone combustor (Figure 1) is designed
to achieve  very high  heat release rates and
temperatures by inducing swirl in the incoming
combustion air. High swirl efficiently mixes
air and  fuel,  and increases combustion gas
residence time. The burner is fired with coal.
Fly ash  and particulates  from the waste are
retained along  the walls of the combustor by
the swirling action of the combustion gas, and
are incorporated into slag  that forms along the
furnace's walls.
WASTE APPLICABILITY:

This technology is applicable to solids/soil
contaminated with organic compounds and
metals.
STATUS:

This technology was accepted into the SITE
Emerging Program in October 1989.  This
project is currently being initiated.
                                             SECONDARY
                                             AIR INLET
                                                                 COAL CHUTE
                                                                 CRUSHED COAL
                                                                 1/4" SCREEN MESH
                                                  CYCLONE BARREL
                                Figure 1. B&W pilot cyclone furnace.


                                          93

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FOR FURTHER INFORMATION:

EPA Project Manager:
Laurel Staley
U S EPA
26 West Martin Luther King Drive
Cincinnati, Ohio 45268
513-569-7863
FTS: 684-7863

Technology Developer Contact:
Lawrence P. King
Babcock & Wilcox Co.
Alliance, Ohio
261-821-9110
                                         94

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                              Technology Profile
                                    Emerging Program
                      BATTELLE MEMORIAL INSTITUTE
                     (In-Situ Electroacoustic Decontamination)
                                SUPERFUND INNOVAT/VC
                                TECHNOLOGY EVALUATION
                                                                               November 1989
TECHNOLOGY DESCRIPTION:

This technology is used to decontaminate soils
containing  hazardous  organics  in-situ, by
applying electrical (direct current) and acoustic
fields.  These direct currents facilitate the
transport of liquids through soils. The process
consists of electrodes (an anode and a cathode)
and an acoustic source (Figure 1).

The  double-layer boundary theory plays an
important role when an electric potential is
applied to soils. For soil particles, the double
layer consists of a fixed layer of negative ions
that  are firmly held  to the solid phase and a
diffuse layer of cations and anions that are
more loosely  held.   Applying an  electric
potential to the double layer displaces  the
loosely held ions to their respective electrodes.
The  ions drag water  along with  them as  they
move toward the electrodes.

Besides the transport of water through wet
soils, the direct current produces other effects,
such  as  ion  transfer,  development of  pH
gradients, electrolysis, oxidation and reduction,
and heat generation. The heavy metals present
in contaminated soils can be leached out or
precipitated out of solution  by electrolysis,
oxidation  and reduction reactions, or ionic
migration.  The contaminants in the soil may
be cations, such as cadmium, chromium, and
lead; and anions, such as cyanide, chromate,
and dichromate. The existence of these ions in
their respective oxidation states depends on
the pH and concentration gradients in the soil.
The electric field is expected to increase the
leaching rate and precipitate the heavy metals
out of solution by establishing appropriate pH
and osmotic gradients.

When properly applied in conjunction with an
electric field and water flow, an acoustic field
can enhance the dewatering  or leaching of
wastes  such as sludges.  This phenomenon is
not fully  understood.   Another  potential
application involves recovery  well clogging.
Since contaminated particles are driven to the
recovery well, the pores and interstitial spaces
in the  soil  can  become  plugged.   This
technology could be used to clear these clogged
spaces.
                                  Figure 1. Electroosmosis principle.
                                           95

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WASTE APPIICABIEJTY:

Since the technology depends  on  surface
charge, fine-grained clay soils are ideal.  The
technology's potential for improving  non-
aqueous phase  liquid (NAPL) contaminant
recovery and in-situ removal of heavy metals
will be tested on a pilot-scale using clay soils.
STATUS:

Second-year funding for the project has not
been approved. Phase I results indicate that
electroacousticaldecontaminationis technically
feasible for removal of inorganic species, such
as zinc and cadmium, from clayey soils, and
only marginally effective for hydrocarbon
removal.  To date, it has not been applied to
in-situ site remediation.
FOR FURTHER INFORMATION:

EPA Project Manager:
Diana Guzman
U.S. EPA
Risk Reduction Engineering Laboratory
26 West Martin Luther King Drive
Cincinnati, Ohio  45268
513-569-7819
FTS: 684-7819

Technology Developer Contact:
H.S. Muralidhara
Battelle Memorial Institute
505 King Avenue
Columbus, Ohio  43201
614-424-5018
                                           96

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                             Technology Profile
                                  Emerging Program
                               SUKRFUND INNOVATIVE
                               TECHNOLOGY EVALUATION
                              November 1989
                       BIO-RECOVERY SYSTEMS, INC.
                                (Biological Sorption)
TECHNOLOGY DESCRIPTION:

The AlgaSORB™ sorption process is designed
to remove  heavy metal ions from  aqueous
solutions. The process is based upon the natural
affinity in  the cell walls of  algae for  heavy
metal ions.

The  sorption medium is comprised  of algal
cells immobilized in a silica gel polymer. This
immobilization  serves two purposes:  (1) it
protects the algal cells from decomposition by
other microorganisms, and (2)  it produces a
hard  material  that  can  be  packed into
chromatographic   columns  which,  when
pressurized,   still   exhibit  good   flow
characteristics.

The  system functions  as  a biological ion-
exchange resin to bind both metallic cations
(positively charged ions) and metallic oxpanions
(large, complex, oxygen-containing ions with
a negative charge). Anions such as chlorides
or sulfates are only weakly bound or not  bound
at all.  Like ion-exchange resins, the  algae-
silica system can be recycled.  However, in
contrast to  current ion-exchange  technology,
the components of hard water (Ca  ,  Mg  ) or
monovalent  cations   (Na+,  K+)   do  not
significantly  interfere  with the  binding of
toxic,  heavy metal ions to  the  algae-silica
matrix.

Once the media is saturated, the metals are
stripped from the algae using acids,  bases, or
other suitable reagents.  This produces a small
volume of very concentrated metal-containing
solutions that must  be further  treated to
detoxify them.

Figure 1 shows a prototype portable effluent
treatment equipment (PETE) unit, consisting
of two columns operated in series. Each column
contains 0.25 cubic feet of AlgaSORB. The unit
is capable of treating flows of approximately
one gallon per minute (gpm).
Larger  systems  have  been  designed and
manufactured to treat flow rates greater than
100 gpm.
WASTE APPIICABIUnY:

This technology is useful for removing metal
ions from groundwaters or surface leachates
that are "hard"  or contain high  levels  of
dissolved   solids.   Rinse  waters   from
electroplating, metal finishing, and printed
circuit board manufacturing industries can also
be treated.

The system can remove heavy metals such as
aluminum,   cadmium,  chromium,  cobalt,
copper, gold, iron, lead, manganese, mercury,
molybdenum,   nickel,   platinum,  silver,
uranium, vanadium, and zinc.
STATUS:

This is a one-year project and the final report
is in preparation.  The sorption process was
tested on mercury-contaminated groundwater
at a hazardous waste site  in Oakland, CA, in
the Fall of 1989.
            Figure 1. The PETE unit.
                                           97

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STATUS: (continued)

Testing was designed to  determine optimum
flow rates, binding capacities, and efficiency
of stripping agents.  The process is being
commercialized for groundwater treatment and
industrial point source treatment.
FOR FURTHER INFORMATION:

EPA Project Manager:
Naomi P. Barkley
U.S. EPA
Risk Reduction Engineering Laboratory
26 West Martin Luther King Drive
Cincinnati, Ohio  45268
513-569-7854
FTS:  684-7854

Technology Developer Contact:
Dennis W. Darnall
Bio-Recovery Systems, Inc.
P.O. Box 3982, UPB
Las Cruces, New Mexico 88003
505-646-5888
                                          98

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                             Technology Profile
                                   Emerging Program
                                               SUPERFUHD INNOVAHVE
                                               TECHNOLOGY EVALUATION
                                                                              November 1989
                       COLORADO SCHOOL OF MINES
                            (Wetlands-Based Treatment)
TECHNOLOGY DESCRIPTION:

The  constructed  wetlands-based  treatment
technology uses  natural  geochemical and
biological processes inherent in a man-made
wetland ecosystem (Figure  1) to accumulate
and remove metals from influent waters. The
treatment  system  incorporates   principal
ecosystem components found in  wetlands,
including organic soils, microbial fauna, algae,
and vascular plants.

Influent  waters, which  contain high  metal
concentrations and have low pH, flow through
the aerobic and anaerobic zones of the wetland
ecosystem. Metals are removed by filtration,
ion exchange,  adsorption,  absorption, and
precipitation through geochemical and microbial
oxidation and reduction.  In filtration, metal
flocculates and metals  that are adsorbed onto
fine sediment particles settle in quiescent ponds,
or are filtered  out as the  water  percolates
through the soil or the  plant canopy.  Ion
exchange occurs as metals in the water come
into  contact  with humic  or other organic
substances   in   the   soil   medium.
Oxidation/reduction reactions that occur in
the aerobic/anaerobic zones, respectively, play
a major role in removing metals as hydroxides
and sulfides.
      Dam
Aerobic
Zone —7
        Figure 1.   Typical wetland ecosystem.
                WASTE APPLICABILITY:

                The  wetlands-based  treatment  process  is
                suitable for acid mine drainage from metal or
                coal mining activities. These wastes typically
                contain high metals concentrations and  are
                acidic in nature. Wetlands treatment has been
                applied with some success on wastewater in the
                eastern regions  of  the  United States.   The
                process may have to be adjusted to account for
                differences in  geology, terrain, trace metal
                composition, and climate in the metal mining
                regions of the western United States.

                STATUS:

                Second-year funding for the project has been
                approved.  A pilot-scale system has been built
                to  assess the  effectiveness of constructed
                wetlands in treating the effluent from the Big
                Five  Tunnel  near Idaho Springs,  Colorado.
                Optimum  results  from the   first  year of
                operation are given below.
pH raised from 2.9 to 6.5
Cu reduced to below detection limit
Zn reduced by 97%
Fe reduced by 80%
Al, Cd, and Pb decreased 90-100%
Co and Ni decreased 50%
Biotoxicity to fathead  minnows  and
Ceriodaphnia reduced by factors of 4
to 20
                                               Further candidate sites for this technology
                                               include   California   Gulch   and   Clear
                                               Creek/Central City in Colorado and the New
                                               Jersey zinc mine near Minturn, Colorado.
                                           99

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FOR FURTHER INFORMATION:

EPA Project Manager:
Edward R. Bates
U.S. EPA
Risk Reduction Engineering Laboratory
26 West Martin Luther King Drive
Cincinnati, Ohio 45268
513-569-7774
FTS: 684-7774

Technology Developer Contact:
Thomas Wildeman
Colorado School of Mines
Golden, Colorado 80401
303-273-3642
                                        100

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                             Technology Profile
                                   Emerging Program
                        ELECTRO-PURE SYSTEMS, INC
                (Alternating Current Electrocoagulation Process)
                                         SUPERFUND INNOVATIVE
                                         TECHNOLOGV EVAUMTION
                                        November 1989
TECHNOLOGY DESCRIPTION:

An alternating current electrocoagulator imposes
an electric field  on stable  suspensions and
emulsions and rearranges surface charges,
which in turn facilitates particle flocculation
and separation. Liquid/liquid and solid/liquid
phase separations are achieved without the use
of expensive polyelectrolytes.  The process is
also free of the excess waste solids attributed
to chemical aids.

This technology is used to break stable aqueous
suspensions   containing   submicron-sized
particles up to 5 percent total solids.  It also
breaks stable aqueous emulsions containing up
to 5 percent oil.

Figure 1 depicts the basic alternating current
electrocoagulation  (AC/EC)  process.    An
electrocoagulator provides alternating current
through aluminum electrodes spaced at nominal
distances  of   1/2  to  2  inches.    The
electrocoagulator is small, has no moving parts
and can usually be  integrated with existing
processes as a pre-treatment or polishing step.
         Coagulation   and   flocculation   occur
         simultaneously within the electrocoagulator and
         continue in the product separation step.  The
         redistribution   of  charges  and  onset  of
         coagulation occur within the coagulator as a
         result of exposure to the electric  field and
         dissociated catalytic precipitation of aluminum
         from  the  electrodes.   This activity  occurs
         rapidly (often within 30 seconds) for  most
         aqueous suspensions.  Aqueous emulsions take
         a little longer, approximately 2 minutes. Once
         the redistribution of charges and the onset of
         coagulation occur,  treatment is complete and
         the suspension/emulsion  may be transferred
         by gravity flow to the product separation step.

         Product   separation  is   accomplished  in
         conventional gravity separation and/or decant
         vessels. Coagulation and flocculation continue
         until complete  phase separation is achieved.
         Generally, the rate of separation is faster than
         with methods that employ chemical f locculants,
         and the solids are often more dense than those
         resulting from chemical treatment.  Waste is
         removed   using  surface  skimming,  bottom
         scraping, and decanting.
                                           Vent or
                                          Treat Gas
            Aqueous
           Suspension
           or Emulsion
                                            1
    A.C.
COAGULATOR
                                                                               Solid
                                                              Product
                                                              Separation
                                                         •  Air for
                                                          Turbulence
                      Figure 1. Alternating current electrocoagulation basic process flow.
                                            101

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 In   many  applications,  electrocoagulator
 performance may be improved by mixing the
 suspension/emulsion as it passes through the
 electric field.  Turbulence can be induced by
 diffusing  small  air  bubbles  through  the
 suspension in the space between the electrodes.
 System  designs can include  air  emission
 controls   using   available   conventional
 technologies as necessary.

 After the product separation step, each phase
 (oil, water, solid) is removed  for  reuse,
 recycling, further treatment or disposal.  The
 technology can be  employed  along  or in
 conjunction with conventional water treatment
 systems, including those relying  on metal
 precipitation,   membrane   separation
 technologies,  mobile   dewatering   and
 incineration units, and soil extraction systems.
 A typical  decontamination application,  for
 example, would result in a water phase that
 could be discharged directly to a stream or to
 a local wastewater treatment plant for further
 treatment.  The solid phase, after dewatering,
 would be shipped off-site for disposal, and the
 dewatering filtrate recycled.   Any  floatable
 material would be  reclaimed,  refined, or
 otherwise recycled or disposed.
WASTE APPLICABILITY:

The AC/EC technology can be applied to a
variety  of aqueous-based  suspensions  and
emulsions typically generated as contaminated
groundwater, surface run-off, landfill leachate,
truck  wash,  scrubber  solutions,  treated
effluents,  and  extract  solutions.    The
suspensions include solids such as:  inorganic
and organic pigments, clays, metallic powders,
metal ores, and natural colloidal matter. The
emulsions include an array of organic solid and
liquid contaminants including petroleum based
byproducts.

AC/EC has been used to remove fines from
coal washwaters and colloidal clays from mine
ponds in capacities up to 750 gpm. It has also
been used to  remove suspended solids and
heavy metals from pond water and  creosote-
based contaminants from groundwater.
STATUS:

This technology was accepted into the SITE
Emerging Program in October 1989. AC/EC
will be further developed for use at Superfund
sites.    Risk  minimization and  economic
viability of the  process will be assessed.
FOR FURTHER INFORMATION:

EPA Project Manager:
Naomi Barkley
U.S. EPA
Risk Reduction Engineering Laboratory
26 West Martin  Luther King Drive
Cincinnati, Ohio 45268
513-569-7854
FTS: 684-7854

Technology Developer Contact:
Patrick E. Ryan
Electro-Pure Systems, Inc.
10 Hazelwood Drive
Suite 106
Amherst, New York  14150
716-691-2600
                                           102

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                             Technology  Profile
                                   Emerging Program
                                SUPERFUND INNOVATIVE
                                TECHNOLOGY EVALUATION
                               November 1989
        ENERGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING, INC.
                   (Laser Stimulated Photochemical Oxidation)
TECHNOLOGY DESCRIPTION:

This technology is designed to photochemically
oxidize organic compounds in wastewater by
applying ultraviolet radiation using an Excimer
laser.  The photochemical reactor is capable of
destroying very low concentrations of organic
molecules. The energy is sufficient to fragment
the aromatic ring of organic compounds, but
the radiation is not absorbed to any significant
extent by the water molecules in the solution.
The process is envisioned as a polishing step in
treating organic contamination in ground water
drawn from a hazardous waste site or industrial
wastewater prior to discharge.

The existing process equipment has a capacity
of  10 gallons  per minute.   It  consists of a
filtration unit and the photolysis reactor (Figure
1).  The system can be used in the field, with
the hardware components skid-mounted and
stationed at a site.  The exact makeup of the
process   will   depend   on  the   chemical
composition of the ground water being treated.
Chemical precipitation of heavy metals may be
necessary.  Carbon adsorption  may also be
required  if   the   water  contains  high
concentrations of organics.
             Filtrate
                                   Relnjection
                                   Well
      Figure 1.  Diagram of the pilot icale
              laser-stimulated photolysis process.
Typically,  contaminated  ground  water  is
pumped from a feed well through a filter unit
to remove suspended particles.  The filtrate is
then fed  to the photochemical reactor and
irradiated. Air is introduced to the solution in
the reactor to  maintain the dissolved oxygen
required for oxidation.

The detoxified  water  (containing  carbon
dioxide, hydrogen chloride, and some volatile
organics)  is  sent to a degassing unit, where
volatile   materials  are   released   to   the
atmosphere.  Part  of  the  detoxified ground
water is reinjected into the ground,  and the
rest is recycled to wash the particulate matter
separated  in the filtration unit. Washing with
detoxified ground water causes organics to
desorb  from  the  particulate  matter.   The
washwater is then combined with  the filtrate
stream  and  returned  to the  photochemical
reactor to further destroy the  organics.  The
cleaned  particulate  matter  may then  be
disposed of.
WASTE APPLICABILITY:

This technology can be applied to ground water
and industrial wastewater containing organics.
In the laboratory, this process has been used to
destroy benzene, chlorinated benzenes, and
phenol.   Aeration just  prior  to  treatment
appears  to  aid in destroying  the organic
molecules.  The most efficient destruction of
chlorobenzene occurs  with concentrations of
12.5 to 50 mg/L; efficiency is less  when the
concentrations are either  too low (3  mg/L) or
too high (100 mg/L).
                                            103

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STATUS:

Second-year funding for the project has been
approved. Testing is continuing on the types
of compounds that can be destroyed using this
technology. A leachate containing phenols will
be tested, and a revised pilot-scale unit built
incorporating operational changes suggested by
the results to date. One major change will be
to shorten the length of the reaction chamber;
almost all of the reaction occurs in the first
few inches of the chamber.
FOR FURTHER INFORMATION:

EPA Project Manager:
Ronald Lewis
U.S. EPA
26 West Martin Luther King Drive
Risk Reduction Engineering Laboratory
Cincinnati, Ohio  45268
513-569-7856
FTS: 684-7856                 :

Technology Developer Contact:
James H. Porter
Energy and Environmental
Engineering, Inc.
P.O. Box 215
East Cambridge, Massachusetts  02141
617-666-5500
                                          104

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                            Technology Profile
                                 Emerging Program
                           ENVIRO-SCIENCES, INC.
                    (Low Energy Solvent Extraction Process)
                                                    SUPERFUNO INNOVATIVE
                                                    TECHNOLOGY EVALUATION
                                                   November 1989
TECHNOLOGY DESCRIPTION:

The Low Energy Solvent Extraction Process
(LEEP) uses common organic solvents to extract
organic pollutants from soils and sediments.
This process converts a high volume solid waste
stream into a low volume liquid waste stream.
The organic contaminants  are removed from
the solid matrix with a water leaching solvent
and are then concentrated in a water-immiscible
stripping solvent.  The leaching  solvent is
recycled internally and the stripping solvent,
containing virtually all the contaminants, leaves
the process for final destruction.

The  LEEP technology  operates  at ambient
conditions, and the use of simple equipment
results in a low energy  process.
    Contaminated
     Soil/Water
Decontaminated
      Soil
     CONCENTRATE
     CONTAMINANT
               Fresh
            Concentrating
               Solvent
        Clean
        Water
  Concentrated
  Contaminants
   for Disposal
                      WASTE APPLICABILITY:

                      The LEEP technology is effective with PCBs
                      and other organic  contaminants from soils,
                      sludges and sediments from harbors rivers and
                      lagoons.
STATUS:

This technology was accepted into the SITE
Emerging Program in October  1989.   This
project  was  accepted  into  the  Emerging
Technologies  Program in June 1989.   The
developer has submitted a work plan and is
preparing a  quality assurance project plan.
The technology  is  currently  available  for
bench-scale treatability studies.  Engineering,
design, and construction of the pilot test bed
are underway and the developer projects that
the LEEP technology can be offered for pilot-
scale treatability studies by the Spring of 1990.
FOR FURTHER INFORMATION:

EPA Project Manager:
S. Jackson Hubbard
U.S. EPA
Risk Reduction Engineering Laboratory
26 West Martin Luther King Drive
Cincinnati, Ohio  45268
513-569-7507
FTS:  684-7507

Technology Developer Contact:
Dr. Zvi Blank
Applied Remediation Technology, Inc.
273 Franklin Road
Randolph, New Jersey 07869
201-361-8840
                                          105

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                             Technology  Profile
                                   Emerging Program
              HARMON ENVIRONMENTAL SERVICES, INC.
                                    (SoU Washing)
                                SUPERFUND INNOVATIVE
                                TECHNOLOGY EVALUATION
                               November 1989
TECHNOLOGY DESCRIPTION:

Solvent washing is a method of cleaning soils
contaminated with heavy organic compounds,
such as PCBs (polychlorinated biphenyls) and
chlorodibenzodioxins (dioxins). This method
is based on a patented solvent blend that has
successfully reduced PCB concentrations in soil
to less than 2 ppm, the level at which soil can
be placed at the site without containment. The
solvent used in soil washing is critical to the
success of the system.  It should be immiscible
with water (so that  the water naturally found
on the soil will be displaced),  and be able to
break  up   soil clods without  grinding  or
shredding. Depending on the solvent used, this
technology can be  tailored to remove  most
organic constituents from solid matrices.

The solvent washing  process is analogous to
dry-cleaning clothing (Figure 1). A soil/solvent
contactor is used to mix contaminated solids
with a solvent.  The mixture is agitated for an
appropriate length of time (usually one hour),
and then the solvent with the dissolved organic
contaminant is  drawn off.  A fraction of the
    Soil/Solvent Contactor
                     Water Separator
                                  Water
         Figure 1.  Simplified process schematic.
solvent remains mixed with the solids.  The
solvent is typically removed by subsequent
washes   until  the   solid  is   sufficiently
decontaminated.

The solvent from each wash is delivered to a
reclamation system, where it is distilled. The
contaminant is concentrated as a still bottom.
The still bottom, a small volume of the original
soil, and a liquid residue can be further treated
off- or on-site depending on economics and
other considerations. Once the desired level of
decontamination  is  achieved,  the  residual
solvent is removed from the  soil by  steam
stripping. To facilitate this removal, a solvent
with a high vapor pressure should be used.

Aqueous discharges of this process are limited
to non-contact cooling water and the water that
is initially present in the soil.  The latter
discharge is a very clean, low-volume material
that typically  does  not  require  additional
treatment prior to discharge.

Unlike high-temperature processes  such as
incineration, this process leaves the base matrix
unchanged. This technology produces clean soil
suitable  for  sustaining vegetation.  Process
equipment  is  mobile,   operates   at  low
temperatures,  is  totally  enclosed  (thereby
producing virtually  no  air  emissions)  and
generates very few residual wastes.
 WASTE APPLICABILITY:

 This technology has been shown to successfully
 clean metal foil, paper and sand, clay  soils,
 high-organic  soils,  and  soils  mixed  with
 organic matter (such as leaves).  It can be
 applied  to  soil  contaminated  with  high
 molecular weight organic compounds, including
 PCBs and dioxins. Although the work to date
 has emphasized PCB decontamination, tests
 show that the technology  can  also  remove
 chlorodibenzofurans  and   most  types  of
 petroleum products and oils.
                                            107

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STATUS:

Second-year funding for the project has been
approved. Laboratory and pilot-scale programs
are complete, and an interim report has been
prepared.
FOR FURTHER INFORMATION:

EPA Project Manager:
S. Jackson Hubbard
U.S. EPA
Risk Reduction Engineering Laboratory
26  West Martin Luther King Drive
Cincinnati, Ohio  45268
513-569-7507
FTS: 684-7507

Technology Developer Contact:
William C. Webster
Harmon Environmental Services, Inc.
1530 Alabama Street
Auburn, AL 36830
205-821-9253
                                        108

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      ST.,,

                               Technology Profile
                                     Emerging Program
                                  YT CORPORATION
                     (Batch Steam Distillation/Metal Extraction)
                                                        SUPERFUND INNOVATIVE
                                                               EVALUATION
                                                       November 1989
  TECHNOLOGY DESCRIPTION:

  The Batch Steam Distillation/Metal Extraction
  treatment process is a two-stage system to treat
  soils contaminated  with  both organics  and
  inorganics. This technology uses conventional,
  readily available process equipment, and does
  not produce hazardous combustion products.
  Hazardous materials are separated from soils
  as concentrates, which can then be disposed of
  or  recycled.   After  treatment, the soil  is
  decontaminated and may be returned to the
  site.

  Volatile organics are separated from the feed
  waste (soil) by direct steam injection (Figure
  1).  The resulting vapors are condensed and
  decanted to separate organic liquids from the
  aqueous phase. The soil is then transferred as
  a slurry to the metals extraction step (Figure 2.^-
  Condensed water from this step can be recycled
  through the system after further treatment to
  remove soluble organics.

  After the volatiles are separated, heavy metals
  are  removed  from   the   soil  slurry  by
  hydrochloric acid. After contact with the acid,
  the solids are settled out, and the acid solution
RECYCLE WA
EXTRACTION STEP
CONTAMINATED SOIL
0
                                 ORQAHICS
                                  OFF SITE DISPOSAL
                          TO OECYCLC WATER
                               SOIL SLURRY TO
                               METAL EXTRACTION VESSI!
      BATCH DISTILLATION VESSEL
            Figure I. Batch steam distillation step.
                                                      liT
                                                            AQUEOUS W»»TE


                                                            SLUDGE
                        RECYCLE WATER TO
                             DISTILLATION
                       OILUTg
USTI
J
URR




C'
'1





S





»1

AQ
"S~

                                     Figure 2. Metals extraction step.
containing the metals is pumped out.  Most
heavy metals are converted to chloride salts in
this step.  This  stream is  then charged to a
batch distillation system, where hydrochloric
acid is recovered. The bottoms from this still,
containing the heavy metals, are precipitated
as hydroxide salts, and drawn off as a sludge
for off-site disposal or recovery.
                                                  WASTE APPIICABUJTY:

                                                  This process is applicable to soils contaminated
                                                  with both organics and heavy metals.
                                              109

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STATUS:

This technology was accepted into the SITE
Emerging Program  in  October 1989.  The
technology has been tested in the laboratory on
a limited basis,  and has been  effective  in
removing volatile and semi-volatile organics
from sludges. In a separate study, bench-scale
tests on representative soils showed that some
heavy metals can be removed as chloride salts
by hydrochloric acid extraction.
FOR FURTHER INFORMATION:

EPA Project Manager:
Ronald Lewis
U.S. EPA
Risk Reduction Engineering Laboratory
26 West Martin Luther King Drive
Cincinnati, OH 45268
513-569-7856
FTS: 684-7856

Technology Developer Contact:
Robert D.  Fox
IT Corporation
312 Directors Drive
Knoxville, TN  37923
615-690-3211
                                          110

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                            Technology  Profile
                                  Emerging Program
                              SUPERFUNO INNOVATIVE ,
                              TECHNOLOGY EVALUATION
                             November 1989
          MEMBRANE TECHNOLOGY AND RESEARCH, INC.
            (Membrane  Process for Removal of Volatile Organics
                        from Contaminated Air Streams)
TECHNOLOGY DESCRIPTION:

This  technology  uses  synthetic  polymer
membranes to  remove organic contaminants
from gaseous waste streams. The process has
been tested on the bench scale and has achieved
removal efficiencies  of greater than 90% for
selected organics.  Organic contaminants are
recovered in liquid form, and may be recycled
or disposed off-site.

In this process, solvent-laden contaminated air
at atmospheric  pressure contacts one side of a
membrane that is permeable to the organic
material but impermeable to air (Figure 1). A
partial vacuum on  the  other  side of the
membrane draws the organic vapor through the
membrane.  The organic vapor is then cooled
and condensed.  The small volume of air that
permeates the membrane is recycled through
the system.

The treated stream may be vented,  recycled
for further use  at the site,  or passed to  an
additional treatment step.  For more  dilute
waste streams, a two-stage process is required.
Organic vapor is concentrated tenfold  in the
first stage, and  an additional  tenfold  in the
second stage.

The system is transportable, and is significantly
smaller than a carbon adsorption system  of
similar capacity. The process generates a clean
air stream and a pure liquid product stream
                                                 Vonc or
                                             further treatment
                                                       Solvent-
                                                       depleted air
                                                       Solvent-
                                                       enriched air
                                               Liquid solvent
                  Figure 1. Schematic of a simple one-stage solvent vapor
                             separation and recovery process.
                                          Ill

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that can be incinerated.  Disposal problems
associated with adsorption  technologies  are
eliminated.
WASTE APPUCABUJTY:

Membrane  systems are applicable to small,
relatively  concentrated  streams  containing
halogenated and nonhalogenated contaminants.
A typical application would be the treatment
of air stripper effluent before discharging it to
the atmosphere.
STATUS:

This technology was accepted into the SITE
Emerging Program in October 1989.  This
technology has been tested  on air  streams
contaminated with organics in concentrations
of 500 to 20,000 ppm.  A series of tests on
waste streams containing octane,  toluene,
acetone, and 1,1,1-trichloroethane has shown
that membrane technology may be applicable
to waste streams generated at Superfund sites.
FOR FURTHER INFORMATION:

EPA Project Manager:
Paul R. dePercin
U.S. EPA
Risk Reduction Engineering Laboratory
26 West Martin Luther King Drive
Cincinnati, OH 45268
513-569-7797
FTS:  684-7797

Technology Developer Contact:
Dr. J. G. Wijmans
Membrane Technology and Research, Inc.
1360 Willow Road
Menlo Park, CA  94025
415-328-2228
                                          112

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                            Technology Profile
                                  Emerging Program
                       UNIVERSITY OF WASHINGTON
                               (Adsorptlve Filtration)
                               SUPERFUND INNOVATIVE
                               TECHNOLOGY EVALUATION
                              November 1989
TECHNOLOGY DESCRIPTION:

This technology uses adsorptive filtration to
remove inorganic contaminants (metals) from
the liquid phase.  An adsorbent, ferrihydrite,
is applied to the surface of an inert substrate,
such as sand, and placed in a vertical column
(Figure 1).  The column containing the coated
sand acts as a filter and adsorbent. Once the
adsorptive capacity of the column is reached,
the metals are  removed and concentrated for
subsequent recovery  using  a  pH-induced
desorption process.

The sand is coated by heating an acidic ferric
nitrate solution at  110°  C.   The  resulting
ferrihydrite-coated sand is  insoluble  at pHs
approaching 0. As a result, very strong acids
can be used in the regeneration step to ensure
complete metal recovery.  There has been no
apparent loss  of  treatment efficiency after
                             ADSORPTION
                COMMON
                 METALS
                INFLUENT


*

C

3
several regeneration cycles. This should result
in substantially reduced operating costs.  The
advantages of this technology over conventional
treatment technologies for metals are that it:
(1)  removes  metals  present as  complexes,
including metals complexed with organics; (2)
removes anions;  and (3)  acts as a filter  to
remove suspended matter from solution.
WASTE APPLICABILITY:

This represents | relatively inexpensive, highly
efficient process  for  removing  inorganic
contaminants from aqueous waste streams. The
control  of  pH  during the  adsorption or
regeneration step can result in the selective
removal of anionic or cationic contaminants.
The technology is applicable to aqueous waste
streams  with a wide range of  contaminant
concentrations and pH values.
                                                SOLIDS  SEPARATION
   \
_/ EFFLUENT
     \
                                                          METAL-RICH
                                                            SLUDGE
                                                               REGENERATION
                      SOLIDS SEPARATION
                      Figure 1.  Schematic of treatment system using and
                     recovering ferrihydrite for treating numerous batches
                                  of metal-bearing waste.
                                           113

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STATUS:

This technology was accepted into the SITE
Emerging Program  in  October 1989.   The
technology has been investigated extensively at
the bench-scale level.  Further bench-scale
tests will be performed to establish  optimal
operating conditions and to evaluate the effects
of organic complexation and particulates on
treatment efficiency. The first phase of the
project was initiated July 20, 1989.
FOR FURTHER INFORMATION:

EPA Project Manager:
Norma Lewis
U.S. EPA-
Risk Reduction Engineering Laboratory
26 West Martin Luther King Drive
Cincinnati, Ohio 45268
513-569-7665
FTS: 684-7665

Technology Developer Contact:
Mark M. Benjamin
University of Washington
Department of Civil Engineering
Seattle, Washington 98195
206-543-7645
                                         114

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                            Technology Profile
                                  Emerging Program
                  WASTEWATER TECHNOLOGY CENTER
                       (Cross-Flow Pervaporation System)
                              SUPERFUND INNOVATIVE
                              TECHNOLOSr EVALUATION
                             November 1989
TECHNOLOGY DESCRIFnON:

This   membrane   technology,   called
pervaporation,   utilizes   semi-permeable
membranes to separate organic materials from
contaminated water.  The contaminated water
flows on one side of the membrane while a
vacuum is applied on the opposite side.  The
membrane is nearly impervious to water, but
allows organic compounds to diffuse through.
The  vapors,  after condensation, represent a
small fraction of the feed (much less than 1%)
and often separate into an organic phase and
an aqueous phase.  As opposed to systems that
use activated carbon, this membrane  process
involves no competition between compounds
for sites at the membrane surface, since the
compounds are absorbed by and pass through
the membrane.
Pervaporation also  has an advantage when
compared to air stripping, since the organic
compounds   removed   from   water   are
concentrated and contained.

The separation unit will be constructed so that
contaminated material flows across the outside
of hollow fiber membranes while the organic
molecules  diffuse into the interior  of the
fibers. This design will minimize chances for
plugging or fouling the unit with solids.  The
hollow fiber membranes will be coated on the
outside surface with active polymer.  Project
objectives  include   optimizing  membrane
thickness, developing the prototype module,
testing a pilot-plant unit to provide scale-up
data,  and verifying  the  economics  of the
process.
            Aqueous
             Waste
1
i rv^
us l
±A
Feed


Pervaporation Module





Recycle

                    ^  Treated
                       Effluent
                        Pump
                                Permeate
                      Aqueous Phase
                                             Condenser
                                                   Vacuum Pump
        Organic Phase
        • Off-site Disposal
        • Incineration
        • Recovery of Compounds
                              Figure 1. Pervaporation process diagram.
                                          115

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WASTE APPLICABILITY:

The unit is applicable to aqueous waste streams
(groundwater,  lagoons,  leachate, and  rinse
water) contaminated with  volatile organic
compounds, such as solvents.  The technology
is applicable to the types of wastes currently
treated by carbon adsorption, air stripping, and
reverse osmosis separation.
STATUS:

This technology was accepted into the SITE
Emerging Program in October 1989. Work is
currently progressing on membrane selection.
Design and  construction  of the pilot unit
should begin during the spring of 1990.
FOR FURTHER INFORMATION:

EPA Project Manager:
John F. Martin
U.S. EPA
Risk Reduction Engineering Laboratory
26 West Martin Luther King Drive
Cincinnati, Ohio  45268
513-569-7758
FTS 684-7758

Technology Developer Contact:
Abbas Zaidi
Wastewater Technology Centre
867 Lakeshore Road, Box 5050
Burlington, Ontario L7R 4A6
Canada
416-336-4605
                                         116

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                             Technology  Profile
                                   Emerging Program
                                              SUPCRFUND INNOVATIVE
                                              TECHNOLOGY EVALUATION
                                                                               November 1989'
                      WESTERN RESEARCH INSTITUTE
                       (Contained Recovery of Oily Wastes)
TECHNOLOGY DESCRIPTION:

The  Contained  Recovery  of  Oily Wastes
(CROW)  process  involves  adaptation  of
technology  presently  used  for  secondary
petroleum recovery and for primary production
of heavy oil and tar sand bitumen. Steam and
hot water displacement moves the accumulated
oily  wastes and  water  above  ground  for
treatment.

Injection and production wells are first drilled
into  soil   contaminated  with  oily wastes
(Figure 1). Low-quality steam is then injected
below  the  deepest  penetration or  organic
liquids. The steam condenses, causing rising
hot water to  dislodge and sweep  buoyant
organic liquids upward into the more permeable
soil regions. Hot  water is injected above  the
impermeable soil regions to  heat and mobilize
the  oil  waste  accumulations,  which  are
recovered by hot-water displacement.
              When the oily wastes are displaced, the organic
              liquid saturations in the subsurface pore space
              increase, forming an oil bank. The hot water
              injection  displaces the  oil bank  to  the
              production well.  Behind the oil bank,  the oil
              saturation  is reduced to an immobile residual
              saturation  in the subsurface pore space.  The
              oil and water produced is treated for reuse or
              discharge.

              In-situ  biological  treatment  follows  the
              displacement and continues until ground water
              contaminants are  no longer  detected in any
              water samples from the site. During treatment,
              all mobilized organic liquids and water soluble
              contaminants are contained within the original
              boundaries  of  oily  waste  accumulations.
              Hazardous materials are contained laterally by
              ground water isolation and vertically by organic
              liquid floatation.  Excess water is  treated in
              compliance with discharge regulations.
                   Injection Well
                     Production Well
      Steam-Stripped
          Wafer	

       Low-Quality
          Steam	
        Residual Oil ' •  l_.
        ' Saturation .' '.  .' '.
Hot-Water
Reinjection
                                  Absorption Layer
Oily Wastes and
Water Production

                                                           Hot-Water
                                                            Flotation •
                               Steam
                              Injection


                                Figure 1.  CROW process schematic.



                                           117

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The process removes  large portions of oily
waste  accumulations;  stops the downward
migration of organic contaminants; immobilizes
any residual saturation  of oily wastes; and
reduces the volume, mobility and toxicity of
oily wastes.  It can be used for shallow and
deep contaminated areas, and uses  the same
mobile equipment as required by conventional
petroleum production technology.
WASTE APPLICABILITY:

This  technology  could   be   applied   to
manufactured  gas  plant sites,  woodtreating
sites and  other  sites  with soils containing
organic   liquids,   such   as   coal  tars,
pentachlorophenol  solutions,  creosote, and
petroleum byproducts.
STATUS:

Second-year funding for the project has been
approved. This technology is being tested at
laboratory and pilot-scale.   The  tests  are
expected  to  closely   resemble  previous
laboratory tests in tar sand bitumen recovery
using steamflood technology. A number of hot
water leaching tests have been completed.
FOR FURTHER INFORMATION:

EPA Project Manager:
Eugene F. Harris
U.S. EPA
Risk Reduction Engineering Laboratory
26 West Martin Luther King Drive
Cincinnati, Ohio 45268
513-569-7862
FTS: 684-7862

Technology Developer Contact:
Wesley E. Barnes
Western Research Institute
P.O. Box 3395
University Station
Laramie, Wyoming 82071
307-721-2011
                                          118

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                     INFORMATION! REQUEST FORM
The EPA Risk Reduction Engineering Laboratory is responsible for testing and evaluating
technologies  used at Superfund  site  cleanups.  To receive publications  about these
activities, indicate your area of interest by checking the appropriate box(es) below and
mail the top half of this sheet to the following address:

                  Technical Information Manager
                  Risk Reduction Engineering Laboratory
                  U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
                  26 W. Martin Luther King Drive
                  Cincinnati, Ohio 45268
(Ma 15)
(Ma 16)
      Superfund
      Superfund  Innovative
      (SITE) Program
                                                         Technology Evaluation
Name
Firm
Address
City, State, Zip Code
The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency plans to issue two Request for Proprosals
during the coming year; one in January 1990 for the Demonstration Program (SITE 005),
and the other in July 1990 for the Emerging Technologies Program (E04).  To receive
these RFPs, indicate your area of interest by checking the appropriate box(es) below and
mail the bottom half of this sheet to the following  address:

                  U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
                  Risk Reduction Engineering Laboratory
                  26 W. Martin  Luther King Drive
                  Cincinnati, Ohio  45268
                  Attention: William Frietsch, III
                   (005)
                   (E04)
n    Demonstration Program RFP
FJ    Emerging Technologies Program RFP
Name	
Firm	
Address	
City, State, Zip Code
                                      119
                                               U. S. GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE: 1989/748-012/07173

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