November 1991
EPA/540/5-91/008
November 1991
SUPERFUND INNOVATIVE
TECHNOLOGY EVALUATION
Technology
Fourth Edition
Risk Reduction Engineering Laboratory
Office of Research and Development
26 West Martin Luther King Drive
Cincinnati, Ohio 45268
Printed on Recycled Paper
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DISCLAIMER
The development of this document was funded by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA)
under Contract No. 60-CO-0047^ Work Assignment No. 28, to PRC Environmental Management, Inc.
The document was subjected to the Agency's administrative and peer review and was approved for
publication as an EPA document. Mention of trade names or commercial products does not constitute
endorsement or recommendation for use.
11
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FOREWORD
The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency's (EPA) Risk Reduction Engineering Laboratory (RREL) is
responsible for planning, implementing, and managing research, development, and demonstration
programs that provide an authoritative, defensible engineering basis for EPA policies, programs, and
regulations concerning drinking water, wastewater, pesticides, toxic substances, solid and hazardous
wastes, and Superfund-related activities. This publication is one product of that research and provides
a vital communication link between the researcher and the user community.
The Superfund Innovative Technology Evaluation (SITE) Program, now in its sixth year, is an integral
part of EPA's research into alternative cleanup methods for hazardous waste sites around the nation.
Under the SITE Program, EPA enters into cooperative agreements with innovative technology developers.
Through these collaborative efforts, innovative technologies are refined at bench- and pilot-scale and
demonstrated at hazardous waste sites. EPA collects and evaluates extensive performance and cost data
on each technology, which can aid in future decision-making for hazardous waste site remediation.
The successful implementation of innovative technologies requires a team approach. SITE'S
demonstration team works closely with EPA's regional offices, the states, the technology developer, the
Superfund Technology Assistance Response Team (START), the Environmental Monitoring System
Laboratory-Las Vegas (EMSL-LV), and the Technology Innovation Office (TIO) to provide full service
technology evaluations and information dissemination. SITE also uses EPA's research facilities such as
the Test and Evaluation Facility (T&E) and the Center Hill Facility to perform evaluations of innovative
technologies. Capitalizing on these various resources has proven to be effective for evaluating many of
the innovative technologies in the SITE program.
This document profiles 129 demonstration, emerging, and monitoring and measurement technologies
being evaluated under the SITE Program. Each technology profile contains a description of the
technology, a discussion of its applicability to various wastes, an update on its development or
demonstration status, any available demonstration results, and demonstration and technology contacts.
This document is intended for environmental decision makers and other interested individuals involved
in hazardous waste site cleanup.
E. Timothy Oppelt, Director
Risk Reduction Engineering Laboratory
in
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ABSTRACT
The Superfund Innovative Technology Evaluation (SITE) Program evaluates new and promising treatment
technologies for cleanup of hazardous waste sites. The program was created to encourage the
development and routine use of innovative treatment technologies. As a result, the SITE Program
provides environmental decision makers with data on new, viable treatment technologies that may have
performance or cost advantages compared to traditional treatment technologies.
This document, prepared between July 1991 and October 1991, is intended as a reference guide for
decision makers and others interested in technologies under the SITE Demonstration, Emerging
Technology, and Monitoring and Measurement Technologies Programs. Reference tables for the SITE
Program participants precede the individual profiles and contain EPA and developer contacts. Inquiries
about a specific SITE technology or the SITE Program should be directed to the EPA Project Manager
and inquiries on the technology process should be directed to the technology developer contacts. The
technologies are described hi two-page profiles, and are presented in alphabetical order by developer
name.
Each technology profile contains: (1) a technology developer and process name, (2) a technology
description, (3) a schematic diagram or photograph of the process, (4) a discussion of waste applicability,
(5) a project status report, and (6) EPA Project Manager and technology developer contacts. For projects
that have been completed, the profiles also include a summary of results and reports if available.
New features included in this document...
• Table of Waste Applicability (page x)
The following waste categories are included: arsenic, chlorinated organics, cyanide, dioxins,
heavy metals, other halogenated organics, other inorganics, other metals, other organics, PAHs,
PCBs, pesticides/herbicides, petroleum hydrocarbons, radioactive elements/metals, and volatile
organics.
• Monitoring and Measurement Technologies Program Section (page 263)
This section contains 14 profiles of innovative technologies useful for site characterization or
contaminant monitoring.
IV
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TABLE OF CONTENTS
TITLE
PAGE
DISCLAIMER u
FOREWORD iii
ABSTRACT iv
TABLE OF CONTENTS ' v
LIST OF FIGURES ix
LIST OF TABLES ix
TABLE OF WASTE APPLICABILITY x
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS xix
SITE PROGRAM DESCRIPTION 1
DEMONSTRATION PROGRAM 13
AccuTech Remedial Systems, Inc 24
Allied-Signal, Inc 26
American Combustion, Inc 28
AWD Technologies, Inc 30
Babcock & Wilcox Co 32
Bio-Recovery Systems, Inc. 34
BioTrol, Inc 35
BioTrol, Inc 33
BioVersal USA, Inc 40
GET Environmental Services-Sanivan Group 42
CF Systems Corporation 44
Chemfix Technologies, Inc 45
Chemical Waste Management, Inc 48
Chemical Waste Management, Inc 50
Chemical Waste Management, Inc 52
Colorado Department of Health 54
Dames & Moore 55
Dehydro-Tech Corporation 58
E.I. DuPont de Nemours and Company and
Oberlin Filter Company 60
Dynaphore, Inc./H2O Company 62
Ecova Corporation 64
Ecova Corporation 66
Ecova Corporation 68
ELI Eco Logic International, Inc 70
EmTech Environmental Services, Inc 72
ENSITE, Inc .'.'.'.'.'.'.'.'.'.'.'.'.' 74
EPOC Water, Inc 76
Excalibur Enterprises, Inc 78
Exxon Chemical Company &
Rio Linda Chemical Company 80
Filter Flow Technology, Inc 82
Geosafe Corporation 84
Hayward Baker, Inc 86
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TABLE OF CONTENTS (Continued)
TITLE
PAGE
Hazardous Waste Control 88
Horsehead Resource Development Co., Inc. (HRD) 90
Hughes Environmental Systems, Inc 92
In-Situ Fixation Company • 94
International Environmental Technology , 96
International Waste Technologies/Geo-Con, Inc 98
NOVATERRA, Inc 100
Ogden Environmental Services 102
Peroxidation Systems, Inc 104
Purus, Inc 1°6
Quad Environmental Technologies Corporation 108
Recycling Sciences International, Inc • • HO
Remediation Technologies, Inc • 112
Remediation Technologies, Inc 114
Resources Conservation Company 116
Retech, Inc 118
Risk Reduction Engineering Laboratory 120
Risk Reduction Engineering Laboratory 122
Risk Reduction Engineering Laboratory
& IT Corporation 124
Risk Reduction Engineering Laboratory and
the University of Cincinnati 126
Risk Reduction Engineering Laboratory
and USDA Forest Products Laboratory 128
Rochem Separation Systems, Inc 130
SBP Technologies, Inc 132
S.M.W. Seiko, Inc 134
Separation and Recovery Systems, Inc 136
Silicate Technology Corporation 138
SoilTech, Inc 140
Soliditech, Inc 142
TechTran, Inc 144
Terra-Kleen Corporation 146
Terra Vac 148
Texaco Syngas, Inc 150
TEXAROME, Inc 152
Udell Technologies, Inc 154
Ultrox International 156
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency 158
WASTECH, Inc 160
Western Research Institute 162
Weston Services, Inc 164
Zimpro/Passavant Environmental Systems, Inc 166
VI
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TABLE OF CONTENTS (Continued)
TITLE
PAGE
EMERGING TECHNOLOGY PROGRAM 169
ABB Environmental Services, Inc 176
Alcoa Separations Technology, Inc 178
Allis Mineral Systems 180
Atomic Energy of Canada Ltd 182
Babcock & Wilcox Co 184
Battelle Memorial Institute 186
Bio-Recovery Systems, Inc 188
BioTrol, Inc 190
Center for Hazardous Materials Research 192
Center for Hazardous Materials Research 194
Colorado Department of Health 196
Davy Research and Development, Ltd 198
Electro-Pure Systems, Inc 200
Electrokinetics, Inc 202
Electron Beam Research Facility
Florida International University and University of Miami . 204
Energy and Environmental Engineering, Inc 206
Energy & Environmental Research Corporation 208
Enviro-Sciences, Inc./Art International, Inc 210
Ferro Corporation 212
Groundwater Technology Government Services, Inc 214
Hazardous Substance Management Research Center
at New Jersey Institute of Technology 216
Institute of Gas Technology 218
Institute of Gas Technology 220
Institute of Gas Technology 222
IT Corporation 224
IT Corporation 226
IT Corporation 228
Membrane Technology and Research, Inc 230
Montana College of Mineral Science & Technology 232
New Jersey Institute of Technology 234
Nutech Environmental 236
PSI Technology Company 238
Pulse Sciences, Inc. . 240
Purus, Inc 242
J.R. Simplot Company 244
Trinity Environmental Technologies, Inc 246
University of South Carolina 248
University of Washington 250
Vortec Corporation 252
Warren Spring Laboratory 254
Vll
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TABLE OF CONTENTS (Continued)
TITLE
PAGE
Wastewater Technology Centre 256
Western Product Recovery Group, Inc 258
Western Research Institute 260
MONITORING AND MEASUREMENT TECHNOLOGIES PROGRAM 263
Analytical and Remedial Technology, Inc 266
Binax Corporation, Antox division 268
Bruker Instruments 270
CMS Research Corporation 272
Ensys, Inc 274
Graseby Ionics, Ltd. and PCP, Inc 276
HNU Systems, Incorporated 278
MDA Scientific Incorporated 280
Microsensor Systems, Incorporated 282
Microsensor Technology Incorporated 284
Photovac International Incorporated 286
Sentex Sensing Technology Incorporated 288
SRI Instruments • • • 290
Xontech Incorporated • 292
ACRONYMS 295
INFORMATION REQUEST FORM . . 297
vin
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LIST OF FIGURES
TITLE PAGE
Figure 1: Development of Innovative Technologies 2
Figure 2: Innovative Technologies in the Emerging Technology Program 3
Figure 3: Innovative Technologies in the Demonstration Program 3
LIST OF TABLES
TITLE PAGE
Table 1: Completed Treatment Technology Demonstrations as of November 1991 5
Table 2: SITE Demonstration Program Participants 14
Table 3: SITE Emerging Technology Program Participants 170
Table 4: SITE Monitoring and Measurement Technologies Program Participants 264
IX
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TABLE OF WASTE APPLICABILITY
Arsenic
Demonstration
Silicate Technology Corporation 138
Emerging
Battelle Memorial Institute 186
Vortec Corporation 252
Chlorinated Organics
Demonstration
Accutech Remedial Systems, Inc 24
Allied-Signal, Inc 26
AWD Technologies, Inc. . 30
Babcock & Wilcox Co 32
BioTrol, Inc.
(Biological Aqueous Trmt System) 36
BioTrol, Inc.
(Soil Washing) 38
BioVersal USA, Ihc 40
GET Environmental Services -
Sanivan Group 42
CF Systems Corporation 44
Defaydro-Tech Corporation 58
Ecova Corporation
(In Situ Biological Treatment) 66
ELI Eco Logic International, Inc 70
EmTech Environmental Services, Inc. . 72
ENSITE, Ihc 74
Geosafe Corporation 84
Hayward Baker, lac 86
Hughes Environmental Systems, Inc. . . 92
In-Situ Fixation Company 94
International Waste Technologies/
Geo-Con, lac 98
NOVATERRA, Inc 100
Ogden Environmental Services 102
Peroxidation Systems, Inc 104
Remediation Technologies, Inc.
(High Temperature Thermal Processor) ... 112
Remediation Technologies, Inc.
(Liquid and Solids Biological Treatment) .. 114
Resources Conservation Company .... 116
Chlorinated Organics (cont.)
Demonstration (cont.)
Risk Reduction Engineering Laboratory
(Base-Catalyzed Dechlorination Process) . . 120
Risk Reduction Engineering Laboratory and
IT Corporation
(Debris Soil Washing) 124
Risk Reduction Engineering Laboratory and
USDA Forest Products Laboratory
(Fungal Treatment Technology) 128
SBP Technologies, Inc 132
SoilTech, Inc 140
Terra-Kleen Corporation 146
Terra Vac, Inc 148
Udell Technologies, Inc 154
Ultrox International 156
Western Research Institute 162
Zimpro/Passavant
Environmental Systems, Inc 166
Emerging
ABB Environmental Services, Inc 176
Alcoa Separations Technology, Inc. . . . 178
Allis Mineral Systems 180
Babcock & Wilcox Co 184
BioTrol, Inc.
(Methanotrophic Bioreactor System) 190
Davy Research ,
and Development, Ltd 198
Electron Beam Research Facility
Florida International University
and University of Miami 204
Energy and Environmental
Engineering, Inc 206
Energy and Environmental Research
Corporation 208
Enviro-Sciences, Inc./
ART International, Inc 210
Institute of Gas Technology
(Chemical and Biological Treatment) .... 218
IT Corporation
(Photolytic and Biological
Soil Detoxification) . . 228
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TABLE OF WASTE APPLICABILITY (Continued)
Chlorinated Organics (cont.)
Emerging (cont.)
Membrane Technology
and Research, Inc 230
Nutech Environmental 236
PSI Technology Company 238
Pulse Sciences, Inc 240
Purus, Inc 242
Trinity Environmental
Technologies, Inc 246
Vortec Corporation 252
Wastewater Technology Centre 256
Western Research Institute ....«-... 260
MMTP
HNU Systems, Inc 278
Photovac International, Inc 286
Cyanide
Demonstration
Excalibur Enterprises, Inc 78
Exxon Chemical Company/
Rio Linda Chemical Company 80
Ogden Environmental Services 102
Silicate Technology Corporation 138
Emerging
Battelle Memorial Institute 186
Davy Research
and Development, Ltd 198
Nutech Environmental 236
Vortec Corporation 252
Dioxins
Demonstration
BioTrol, Inc.
(Soil Washing) 38
BioVersal USA, Inc 40
CF Systems Corporation 44
Excalibur Enterprises, Inc 78
In-Situ Fixation Company 94
Ogden Environmental Services 102
Risk Reduction Engineering Laboratory and
USDA Forest Products Laboratory
(Fungal Treatment Technology) ....... 128
Dioxins (cont.)
Emerging
Enviro-Sciences, Inc./
ART International, Inc 210
IT Corporation
(Photolytic and Biological
Soil Detoxification) 228
Nutech Environmental 236
Trinity Environmental
Technologies, Inc 246
Vortec Corporation 252
Heavy Metals
Demonstration
Babcock & Wilcox Co. 32
Bio-Recovery Systems, Inc 34
BioTrol, Inc.
(Soil Washing) 38
Chemfix Technologies, Inc 46
Chemical Waste Management, Inc.
(PO*WW*ER) 50
Colorado Department of Health 54
E.I. DuPont de Nemours and Company/
Oberlin Filter Company 60
Dynaphore, Inc. and H2O Company ... 62
EmTech Environmental Services, Inc. . 72
EPOC Water, Inc 76
Excalibur Enterprises, Inc 78
Filter Flow Technology, Inc 82
Geosafe Corporation 84
Hazardous Waste Control 88
Horsehead Resource
Development Co., Inc 90
International Waste Technologies/
Geo-Con, Inc 98
Ogden Environmental Services 102
Retech, Inc 118
Risk Reduction Engineering Laboratory/
IT Corporation
(Debris Soil Washing) 124
Rochem Separation Systems, Inc 130
Silicate Technology Corporation 138
Soliditech, Inc 142
XI
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r
TABLE OF WASTE APPLICABILITY (Continued)
Heavy Metals (cont.)
Demonstration (cont.)
TECHTRAN, Ihc 144
Texaco Syngas, Inc 150
Emerging
Allis Mineral Systems 180
Atomic Energy of Canada, Ltd. 182
Battelle Memorial Institute 186
Bio-Recovery Systems, Ihc 188
Center for Hazardous Materials Research
(Acid Extraction Treatment System) .... 192
Center for Hazardous Materials Research
(Lead Smelting) 194
Colorado Department of Health 196
Davy Research
and Development, Ltd 198
Electro-Pure Systems, Inc 200
Electrokinetics, Inc 202
Ferro Corporation 212
Institute of Gas Technology
(Fluidized-Bed Cyclonic
Agglomerating Incinerator) 222
IT Corporation
(Batch Steam Distillation
and Metal Extraction) 224
IT Corporation
(Mixed Waste Treatment Process) 226
Montana College of Mineral Science &
Technology 232
New Jersey Institute of Technology . . . 234
PSI Technology Company 238
University of Washington 250
Vortec Corporation 252
Warren Spring Laboratory 254
Western Product Recovery Group, Inc. 258
Other Halogenated Organics
Demonstration
Accutech Remedial Systems, Inc 24
Allied-Signal, Inc 26
AWD Technologies, Ihc 30
BioTrol, Lie.
(Biological Aqueous Trmt System) 36
Other Halogenated Organics (cont.)
Demonstration (cont.)
BioTrol, Inc.
(Soil Washing) 38
BioVersal USA, Inc 40
GET Environmental Services -
Sanivan Group 42
CF Systems Corporation 44
Dehydrc—Tech Corporation . . ; 58
Ecova Corporation
(In Situ Biological Treatment) 66
ENSITE, Inc 74
Geosafe Corporation 84
In-Situ Fixation Company 94
NOVATERRA, Inc 100
Remediation Technologies, Inc.
(Liquid and Solids Biological Treatment) . . 114
SBP Technologies, Inc 132
Terra Vac, Inc 148
Ultrox International 156
Zimpro/Passavant
Environmental Systems, Inc 166
Emerging
ABB Environmental Services, Inc. . . . 176
Alcoa Separations Technology, Inc. . . . 178
Allis Mineral Systems 180
BioTrol, Inc.
(Methanotrophic Bioreactor System) 190
Electron Beam Research Facility
Florida International University
and University of Miami 204
Enviro-Sciences, Inc./
ART International, Inc 210
Institute of Gas Technology
(Chemical and Biological Treatment) .... 218
IT Corporation
(Photolytic and Biological
Soil Detoxification) 228
Membrane Technology
and Research, Inc 230
Nutech Environmental 236
Pulse Sciences, Inc . 240
Vortec Corporation 252
xu
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TABLE OF WASTE APPLICABILITY (Continued)
Other Halogenated Organics (cont.)
Emerging
Wastewater Technology Centre 256
MMTP
HNU Systems, Inc 278
Other Inorganics
Demonstration
Exxon Chemical Company/
Rio Linda Chemical Company 80
Separation and Recovery Systems, Inc. . 136
Emerging
Electro-Pure Systems, Inc 200
Nutech Environmental 236
University of South Carolina 248
Other Metals
Demonstration
Chemfix Technologies, Inc 46
Chemical Waste Management, Inc.
(PO*WW*ER) 50
Chemical Waste Management, Inc.
(X*TRAX) 52
Colorado Department of Health 54
E.I. DuPont de Nemours and Company/
Oberlin Filter Company 60
Recycling Sciences International 110
Risk Reduction Engineering Laboratory/
IT Corporation
(Debris Soil Washing) 124
S.M.W. Seiko, Inc 134
Silicate Technology Corporation 138
TEXAROME, Inc 152
Emerging
Colorado Department of Health 196
Other Organics
Demonstration
AWD Technologies, Inc. . 30
Chemical Waste Management, Inc.
(PO*WW*ER) 50
Chemical Waste Management, Inc.
(X*TRAX) 52
Other Organics (cont.)
Demonstration (cont.)
Dehydro-Tech Corporation 58
Dynaphore, Inc. and H2O Company . . 62
Ecova Corporation
(Bioslurry Reactor) 64
Ecova Corporation
(Infrared Thermal Destruction) 68
EmTech Environmental Services, Inc. . 72
Exxon Chemical Company/
Rio Linda Chemical Company 80
In-Situ Fixation Company 94
International Waste Technologies/
Geo-Con, Inc 98
NOVATERRA, Inc 100
Ogden Environmental Services 102
Recycling Sciences International, Inc. . 110
Retech, Inc 118
Risk Reduction Engineering Laboratory
(Base-Catalyzed Dechlorination Process) . . 120
S.M.W. Seiko, Inc 134
Separation and Recovery Systems, IDC. . 136
TEXAROME, Inc 152
Udell Technologies, Inc 154
Ultrox International 156
Emerging
Babcock & Wilcox Co 184
Electron Beam Research Facility
Florida International University
and University of Miami 204
Energy and Environmental
Engineering, Inc 206
' Groundwater Technology Government
Services, Inc., 214
Institute of Gas Technology
(Fluidized-Bed Cyclonic
Agglomerating Incinerator) 222
IT Corporation
(Mixed Waste Treatment Process) 226
Membrane Technology
and Research, Inc . 230
New Jersey Institute of Technology . . . 234
PSI Technology Company 238
xin
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r
TABLE OF WASTE APPLICABILITY (Continued)
Other Organics (cont.)
Emerging
J.R. Simplot Company 244
Western Product Recovery Group, Inc. 258
MMTP
Binax Corporation 268
Ensys, Inc 274
PAHs
Demonstration
Allied Signal, Inc 26
American Combustion, Inc 28
BioTrol, Inc.
(Biological Aqueous Trmt System) 36
BioTrol, Inc.
(Soil Washing) 38
BioVersal USA, Inc 40
GET Environmental Services -
Sanivan Group 42
Dehydro-Tech Corporation 58
Ecova Corporation
(Bioslurry Reactor) 64
Ecova Corporation
(In Situ Biological Treatment) 66
ELI Eco Logic International, Inc 70
ENSUE, Inc 74
Geosafe Corporation 84
Ih-Situ Fixation Company 94
NOVATERRA, Inc .100
Recycling Sciences International, Inc. . 110
Remediation Technologies, Inc.
(Liquid and Solids Biological Treatment) . . 114
Resources Conservation Company .... 116
Risk Reduction Engineering Laboratory/
(Biovcnting) 122
Risk Reduction Engineering Laboratory and
USDA Forest Products Laboratory
(Fungal Treatment Technology) 128
SBP Technologies, Inc 132
S.M.W. Seiko, Inc 134
Zimpro/Passavant
Environmental Systems, Inc 166
PAHs (cont.)
Emerging (cont.)
Battelle Memorial Institute 186
Energy and Environmental
Engineering, Inc 206
Energy and Environmental Research
Corporation 208
Enviro-Sciences, Inc./
ART International, Inc. 210
Institute of Gas Technology
(Chemical and Biological Treatment) .... 218
Institute of Gas Technology
(Fluid Extraction-
Biological Degradation Process) 220
IT Corporation
(Photolytic and Biological
Soil Detoxification) 228
Nutech Environmental . . . 236
Pulse Sciences, Inc. 240
Vortec Corporation 252
Warren Spring Laboratory . 254
Western Product Recovery Group, Inc. 258
PCBs
Demonstration
BioTrol, Inc.
(Biological Aqueous Trmt System) 36
BioTrol, Inc.
(Soil Washing) 38
BioVersal USA, Inc 40
GET Environmental Services -
Sanivan Group 42
CF Systems Corporation 44
Chemical Waste Management, Inc.
(X*TRAX) 52
Dehydro-Tech 58
Ecova Corporation
(Infrared Thermal Destruction) 68
ELI Eco Logic International, Inc 70
EmTech Environmental Services, Inc. . 72
Excalibur Enterprises, Inc 78
Geosafe Corporation 84
xiv
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TABLE OF WASTE APPLICABILITY (Continued)
PCBs (cont.)
Demonstration (cont.)
Hayward Baker, Inc 86
In-Situ Fixation Company 94
International Waste Technologies/
Geo-Con, Inc 98
Ogden Environmental Services 102
Peroxidation Systems, Inc 104
Recycling Sciences International, Inc. . 110
Remediation Technologies, Inc.
(High Temperature Thermal Processor) ... 112
Resources Conservation Company .... 116
Risk Reduction Engineering Laboratory
(Base-Catalyzed Dechlorination Process) . . 120
Risk Reduction Engineering Laboratory/
IT Corporation
(Debris Soil Washing) 124
Risk Reduction Engineering Laboratory and
USDA Forest Products Laboratory
(Fungal Treatment Technology) 128
SBP Technologies, Inc. 132
S.M.W. Seiko, Inc. 134
SoilTech, Inc 140
Terra-Kleen Corporation 146
TEXAROME, Inc 152
Ultrox International 156
Emerging
Battelle Memorial Institute 186
Davy Research
and Development, Ltd 198
Energy and Environmental
Engineering, Inc . 206
Enviro-Sciences, Inc./
ART International, Inc 210
Institute of Gas Technology
(Chemical and Biological Treatment) .... 218
IT Corporation
(Mixed Waste Treatment Process) 226
IT Corporation
(Photolytic and Biological
Soil Detoxification) 228
New Jersey Institute of Technology . . . 234
Nutech Environmental 236
PCBs (cont.)
Emerging (cont.)
Pulse Sciences, Lac 240
Trinity Environmental
Technologies, Inc 246
Vortec Corporation 252
Warren Spring Laboratory 254
MMTP
Bruker Instruments 270
Pesticides/Herbicides
Demonstration
BioTrol, Inc.
(Soil Washing) 36
BioVersal USA, Inc 40
GET Environmental Services -
Sanivan Group 42
Dames & Moore 56
ELI Eco Logic International, Inc 70
EPOC Water, Inc. 76
Excalibur Enterprises, Inc. 78
Ogden Environmental Services 102
Peroxidation Systems, Inc. . 104
Recycling Sciences International, Inc. . 110
Remediation Technologies, Inc.
(Liquid and Solids Biological Treatment) . . 114
Resources Conservation Company .... 116
Risk Reduction Engineering Laboratory/
FT Corporation
(Debris Soil Washing) 124
Risk Reduction Engineering Laboratory and
USDA Forest Products Laboratory
(Fungal Treatment Technology) . 128
S.M.W. Seiko, Inc . 134
SoilTech, Inc 140
Terra-Kleen Corporation 146
TEXAROME, Inc 152
Ultrox International 156
Western Research Institute 162
Davy Research
and Development, Ltd 198
xv
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TABLE OF WASTE APPLICABILITY (Continued)
Pesticides/Herbicides (cont.)
Emerging
Electron Beam Research Facility
Florida International University
and University of Miami 204
Energy and Environmental
Engineering, Inc 206
Enviro-Sciences, Inc./
ART International, Inc 210
Groundwater Technology Government
Services, Inc 214
Pulse Sciences, Lie 240
J.R. Simplot Company 244
Trinity Environmental
Technologies, Inc 246
Vortec Corporation 252
Western Research Institute 260
Petroleum Hydrocarbons
Demonstration
Accutech Remedial Systems, Inc 24
Allied-Signal, Lie 26
BioTrol, Inc.
(Biological Aqueous Trait System) 36
BioTrol, Inc.
(Soil Washing) 38
BioVersal USA, Lie 40
GET Environmental Services -
Sanivan Group 42
CF Systems Corporation 44
Dehydro-Tech 58
Ecova Corporation
(In Situ Biological Treatment) 66
ENSITE, Lie. 74
EPOC Water, Inc. 76
Geosafe Corporation 84
Hayward Baker, Inc 86
Hughes Environmental Systems, Inc. . . 92
In-Situ Fixation Company 94
International Environmental Technology 96
Peroxidation Systems, Inc 104
Remediation Technologies, Inc.
(High Temperature Thermal Processor) ... 112
Petroleum Hydrocarbons (cont.)
Demonstration (cont.)
Remediation Technologies, Inc.
(Liquid and Solids Biological Treatment) . . 114
Resources Conservation Company .... 116
Risk Reduction Engineering Laboratory
(Bioventing) 122
SBP Technologies, Inc 132
SoilTech, Inc 140
Terra-Kleen Corporation 146
Terra Vac, Inc 148
Texaco Syngas, Inc 150
Ultrox International 156
WASTECH, Lie 160
Western Research Institute 162
Zimpro/Passavant
Environmental Systems, Inc 166
Emerging
ABB Environmental Services, Inc. . . . 176
Alcoa Separations Technology, Inc. . . . 178
Allis Mineral Systems . 180
Battelle Memorial Institute 186
Energy and Environmental Research
Corporation 208
Enviro-Sciences, Inc./
ART International, Inc 210
Hazardous Substance Management
Research Center at New Jersey
Institute of Technology 216
Institute of Gas Technology
(Chemical and Biological Treatment) .... 218
Institute of Gas Technology
(Fluid Extraction-
Biological Degradation Process) ....... 220
IT Corporation
(Photolytic and Biological
Soil Detoxification) 228
Nutech Environmental 236
Pulse Sciences, Inc 240
Vortec Corporation 252
Warren Spring Laboratory 254
Wastewater Technology Centre 256
Western Product Recovery Group, Inc. 258
xvi
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TABLE OF WASTE APPLICABILITY (Continued)
Petroleum Hydrocarbons (cont.)
Emerging (cont.)
Western Research Institute
260
Radioactive Elements/Metals
Demonstration
Babcock & Wilcox Co 32
Bio-Recovery Systems, Inc 34
Filter Flow Technology, Inc. 82
Geosafe Corporation 84
Retech, Inc 118
TECHTRAN, Inc 144
WASTECH, Inc 160
Emerging
Babcock & Wilcox Co 184
Bio-Recovery Systems, Inc 188
Electro-Pure Systems, Inc 200
Electrokinetics, Inc. 202
Ferro Corporation 212
IT Corporation
(Mixed Waste Treatment Process) 226
University of Washington 250
Vortec Corporation 252
Warren Spring Laboratory 254
Western Product Recovery Group, Inc. 258
Volatile Organics
Demonstration
Accutech Remedial Systems, Inc. .... 24
Allied-Signal, Inc 26
American Combustion, Inc 28
AWD Technologies, Inc 30
Babcock & Wilcox Co 32
BioTrol, Inc.
(Biological Aqueous Trmt System) 36
BioVersal USA, Inc 40
GET Environmental Services -
Sanivan Group 42
CF Systems Corporation 44
Chemical Waste Management, Inc.
(PO*WW*ER) 50
Chemical Waste Management, Inc.
(X*TRAX) 52
Volatile Organics (cont.)
Demonstration (cont.)
Dehydro-Tech 58
Ecova Corporation
(In Situ Biological Treatment) 66
Ecova Corporation
(Infrared Thermal Destruction) . 68
ELI Eco Logic International, Inc 70
EmTech Environmental Services, Inc. . 72
ENSITE, Inc. . 74
Geosafe Corporation 84
Hayward Baker, Inc 86
Horsehead Resource
Development Co., Inc 90
Hughes Environmental Systems, Inc. . . 92
In-Situ Fixation Company 94
International Environmental Technology 96
NOVATERRA, Inc 100
Ogden Environmental Services 102
Peroxidation Systems, Inc 104
Quad Environmental Technologies Corp. 108
Remediation Technologies, Inc.
(High Temperature Thermal Processor) ... 112
Remediation Technologies, Inc.
(Liquid and Solids Biological Treatment) . . 114
Resources Conservation Company .... 116
Retech, Inc 118
Risk Reduction Engineering Laboratory/
IT Corporation
(Debris Soil Washing) 124
SBP Technologies, Inc 132
SoilTech, Inc. . , 140
Terra-Kleen Corporation 146
Terra Vac, Inc 148
TEXAROME, Inc 152
Udell Technologies, Inc 154
Ultrox International 156
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency . 158
WASTECH, Inc 160
Zimpro/Passavant
Environmental Systems, Inc 166
Emerging
ABB Environmental Services, Inc. . . . 176
XVH
-------
TABLE OF WASTE APPLICABILITY (Continued)
Volatile Organics (cont.)
Emerging (cont.)
Alcoa Separations Technology, Inc. . . . 178
Allis Mineral Systems 180
Babcock & Wilcox, Inc 184
BioTrol, Lie.
(Melhanotrophic Bioreactor System) 190
Electron Beam Research Facility
Florida International University
and University of Miami 204
Energy and Environmental
Engineering, Inc 206
Energy and Environmental Research
Corporation 208
Hazardous Substance Management
Research Center at New Jersey
Institute of Technology 216
Institute of Gas Technology
(Chemical and Biological Treatment) .... 218
Institute of Gas Technology
(Fluidizcd-Bed Cyclonic
Agglomerating Incinerator) 222
IT Corporation
(Batch Steam Distillation
and Metal Extraction) 224
IT Corporation
(Mixed Waste Treatment Process) 226
Membrane Technology
and Research, Inc 230
New Jersey Institute of Technology . . . 234
Nutech Environmental 236
PSI Technology Company 238
Pulse Sciences, Lie 240
Purus, Inc 242
Vortec Corporation 252
Wastewater Technology Centre 256
Western Product Recovery Group, Inc. 258
MMTP
Analytical and Remedial Technology . . 266
Broker Instruments 270
CMS Research Corporation 272
Graseby Ionics, Ltd. and PCP, Inc. ... 276
Volatile Organics (cont.)
MMTP
HNU Systems, Inc
MDA Scientific, Inc.
Microsensor Systems, Inc. . .
Microsensor Technology, Inc.
Photovac International, Inc. . .
Sentex Sensing Technology, Inc.
SRI Instruments
XonTech, Inc
... 278
. . .280
... 282
. . . 284
... 286
... 288
... 290
... 292
xvni
-------
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
Kim Lisa Kreiton of EPA's Risk Reduction Engineering Laboratory, Cincinnati, Ohio, is the Work
Assignment Manager responsible for the preparation of this document. This document was prepared
under the direction of Robert Olexsey, Director of the Superfund Technology Demonstration Division.
Key contributors for EPA are Steve James, Chief of the SITE Demonstration and Evaluation Branch,
John Martin, Chief of the Demonstration Section, Norma Lewis, Acting Chief of the Emerging
Technology Section, and Eric Koglin of the Monitoring and Measurement Technologies Program. Special
acknowledgement is given to the individual EPA SITE Project Managers and technology developers who
provided guidance and technical support.
Kelly Brogan and Lisa Scola of PRC Environmental Management, Inc., are the project managers
responsible for the production of this document. Key PRC contributors to the development of this
document are Cynthia Loney, Jonathan Lewis, Robert Foster, Harry Ellis, Michael Keefe, Jack Brunner,
Tom Raptis, Deborah McKean, Ed DiDominico, and Dave Liu. Special acknowledgement is given to
Jack Fishstrom, Bill Jones, Karen Kirby, Kerry Carroll, Carol Adams, and Chris Rogers for their
editorial, graphic, and production assistance.
xix
-------
-------
BESCRBPTIOH
INTRODUCTION
The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency's (EPA) Superfund Innovative Technology Evaluation (SITE)
Program, now in its sixth year, encourages the development and implementation of (1) innovative
treatment technologies for hazardous waste site remediation and (2) monitoring and measurement
technologies for evaluating the nature and extent of hazardous waste site contamination.
The SITE Program was established by EPA's Office of Solid Waste and Emergency Response (OSWER)
and the Office of Research and Development (ORD) in response to the 1986 Superfund Amendments and
Reauthorization Act (SARA), which recognized a need for an "Alternative or Innovative Treatment
Technology Research and Demonstration Program." Currently, the SITE Program is administered by
the ORD's Risk Reduction Engineering Laboratory, headquartered in Cincinnati, Ohio.
The SITE Program includes the following component programs:
• Demonstration Program - Conducts and evaluates demonstrations of promising innovative
technologies to provide reliable performance, cost, and applicability information for future site
characterization and cleanup decision-making;
• Emerging Technology Program - Provides funding to developers to continue research efforts
at the bench- and pilot- scale levels to promote the development of emerging technologies;
• Monitoring and Measurement Technologies Program - Develops technologies that detect,
monitor, and measure hazardous and toxic substances to provide better, faster, and more
cost-effective methods for producing real-time data during site characterization and remediation;
• Technology Transfer Program - Disseminates technical information on innovative technologies
to remove impediments for using alternative technologies.
This Technology Profiles document, a product of the Technology Transfer Program, focuses on the
Demonstration, Emerging Technology, and Monitoring and Measurement Technologies Programs. The
Demonstration and Emerging Technology Programs are designed to assist private developers in
commercializing alternative technologies for site remediation. The Monitoring and Measurement
Technologies Program is designed to accelerate the development, demonstration, and use of innovative
monitoring and measurement, as well as characterization, technologies at Superfund sites. The
Technology Transfer Program distributes technical information on innovative technologies participating
in the SITE Program. Figure 1 depicts the process of technology development from initial concept to
commercial use, and shows the interrelationship between the programs.
Page 1
-------
COMMERCIALIZATION
CONCEPTUALIZATION
Figure 1: Development of innovative technologies.
Under the Emerging Technology Program, EPA provides technical and financial support to developers
for bench- and pilot-scale testing and evaluation of innovative technologies that have already been proven
on the conceptual level. The program compares the applicability of particular technologies to Superfund
site waste characteristics and supports promising technologies that may be evaluated in the Demonstration
Program. The technology's performance is documented in an EPA report.
In the Demonstration Program, the technology is field-tested on hazardous waste materials. Engineering
and cost data are gathered on the innovative technology so that potential users can assess the technology's
applicability for a particular site cleanup. Data collected during the field demonstration are used to assess
the performance of the technology, the potential need for pre- and post- processing of the waste,
applicable types of wastes and waste matrices, potential operating problems, and approximate capital and
operating costs.
At the conclusion of the SITE Demonstration, EPA prepares an Applications Analysis Report (AAR) to
evaluate all available information on the technology and analyze its overall applicability to other site
characteristics, waste types, and waste matrices. A second report, the Technology Evaluation Report
(TER), presents demonstration data such as testing procedures, performance and cost data collected, and
quality assurance and quality control standards.
Preparation of these reports as well as videos, bulletins, and project summaries is the responsibility of
the SITE Technology Transfer Program. This information is distributed to (1) provide reliable technical
data for environmental decision-making and (2) promote the technology's commercial use.
Page 2
-------
EPA has provided technical and financial support on 44 projects in the Emerging Technology Program.
Thirty-seven of these projects are currently active in the program, three graduated to the Demonstration
Program, two are expected to graduate, and two have exited from SITE participation. These technologies
are divided into the following categories: thermal destruction (7), physical and chemical treatment (21),
solidification and stabilization (2), biological degradation (10), and materials handling (4). Figure 2
displays the breakdown of technologies in the Emerging Technology Program.
Thermal Destruction
7
Solidification/Stabilization
2
Biological
10
Physical/Chemical
21
Materials Handling
4
Figure 2: Innovative technologies in the Emerging Technology Program.
The Demonstration Program has 64 developers providing 76 demonstrations (one project, Maecorp, is
not profiled in this document). The projects are divided into the following categories: thermal destruction
(8), biological degradation (15), physical and chemical treatment (24), solidification and stabilization (11),
physical/chemical - radioactive waste treatment (2), physical/chemical - thermal desorption (13), and
materials handling (3). Several of these technologies involve combinations of these treatment categories.
Figure 3 shows the breakdown of technologies currently in the Demonstration Program.
P/C-Thermal Desorption
13
P/C-Radioactive
2 ;
Materials Handling
3
Solidification/Stabilization
11
Thermal Destruction
8
(P/C) Physical/Chemical
24
Biological
15
Figure 3: Innovative technologies in the Demonstration Program.
Page 3
-------
To date, 31 technology demonstrations have been completed (25 in the Demonstration Program and 6 in
the Monitoring and Measurement Technologies Program); several reports have been published and others
are in various stages of production. Table 1 lists these demonstrations, in alphabetical order by
developer's name, along with information on the technology transfer opportunities for the project.
The Monitoring and Measurement Technologies Program's (MMTP) goal is to assess innovative and
alternative monitoring, measurement, and site characterization technologies. The MMTP has identified
fourteen technologies that are potential candidates for field demonstration under the program. During
fiscal year 1991, two technologies were demonstrated. Additionally, the MMTP plans to demonstrate
three to four monitoring and measurement technologies in fiscal year 1992.
In the Technology Transfer Program, technical information on innovative technologies in the
Demonstration, Emerging Technology, and Monitoring and Measurement Technologies Programs is
disseminated through various activities. These activities increase the awareness and promote the use of
innovative technologies for assessment and remediation at Superfund sites. The goal of technology
transfer activities is to develop interactive communication among individuals requiring up-to-date
technical information.
The SITE Technology Transfer Program reaches the environmental community through many media,
including:
• Program-specific regional, state, and industry brochures
• On-site Visitor's Days and Demonstration Videos
• Project-specific fact sheets, Applications Analysis Reports, and Technology Evaluation Reports
• SITE exhibit displayed nationwide at conferences
* Networking through forums and associations, regions, and states
• Technical assistance to regions, states, and remediation cleanup contractors
SITE information is available through on-line information clearinghouses such as:
Alternative Treatment Technology Information Center (ATTIC)
System operator: 301-670-6294
Vendor Information System for Innovative Treatment Technologies (VISITT)
Hotline: 800-245-4505
Technical reports may be obtained by calling the Center for Environmental Research Information (CERI)
in Cincinnati, Ohio at 513-569-7562. If you would like to be placed on the SITE mailing list, write to:
ORD Publications
26 West Martin Luther King Drive (G72)
Cincinnati, Ohio 45268
Page 4
-------
TABLE 1
COMPLETED TREATMENT TECHNOLOGY DEMONSTRATIONS AS OF NOVEMBER 1991
*
J?
*
American
Combustion
Technologies, Inc.,
Norcross, GA
AWD Technologies
Inc.,
San Francisco, CA
BioTrol, Inc.,
Chaska, MN
BioTrol, Inc.,
Chaska, MN
CF Systems
Corporation,
Waltham, MA
*
4?
*
Pyretron Thermal
Destruction
Integrated Vapor
Extraction and
Steam Vacuum
Stripping
Biological Aqueous
Treatment
Soil Washing
Solvent Extraction
&
/-
EPA's Combustion
Research Facility in
Jefferson, AK
Soil from Stringfellow
Acid Pit Superfund Site
in Glen Avon, CA
San Fernando Valley
Groundwater Basin
Superfund Site in
Burbank, CA
MacGillis & Gibbs
Superfund Site in
New Brighton, MN
MacGillis & Gibbs
Superfund Site in
New Brighton, MN
New Bedford Harbor
Superfund Site in New
Bedford, MA
f«
^
#
Visitor's Day:
January 1988
Demonstration:
November 16, 1987 -
January 29, 1988
Visitor's Day:
September 20, 1990
Demonstration:
September 1990
Visitor's Day:
September 27, 1 989
Demonstration:
July -
September 1989
Visitor's Day:
September 27, 1989
Demonstration:
September -
October 1 989
Visitor's Day:
August 26-27, 1988
Demonstration:
September 1988
<$r
&
American Combustion
Pyretron Destruction
System
EPA/540/A5-89/008,
April 1989
EPA/540/A5-9 1/002
BioTrol, Inc.
EPA/540/A5-9 1/001
May, 1991
In preparation
CF Systems Organics
Extraction System,
New Bedford, MA
EPA/540/A5-90/002,
August 1990
*«
^$*
&
SITE Program
Demonstration Test -
The American
Combustion Pyretron
Thermal Destruction
System at the U.S.
EPA's Combustion
Research Facility,
EPA/540/5-89/008,
April 1989
In preparation
In preparation
In preparation
SITE Program
Demonstration Test -
CF Systems
Corporation Solvent
Extraction,
EPA/540/5-90/002,
August 1990
^
/
Laurel Staley
EPA ORD,
513-569-7863
Christine Stubbs
EPA Region 9
415-744-2248
Rhonda Me Bride
EPA Region 5
312-886-7242
Rhonda McBride
EPA Region 5
312-886-7242
David Lederer
EPA Region 1
617-573-9665
X&,
<4r
y»
28
30
36
38
44
-------
TABLE 1 (Continued)
COMPLETED TREATMENT TECHNOLOGY DEMONSTRATIONS AS OF NOVEMBER 1991
--..
„
Chemfix
Technologies, Inc.,
Metairie, LA
Dehydro-Tech
Corporation,
East Hanover, NJ
E.I. DuPont de
Nemours and Co.,
Newark, DE, and
Oberlin Filter Co.,
Waukesha, Wl
Ecova Corporation
Redmond, WA
Ecova Corporation
[developed by
Shirco Infrared
Systems],
Redmond, WA
J?
s
Solidification and
Stabilization
Carver-Greenfield
Process for
Extraction of Oily
Waste
Membrane
Microfiltration
Bioslurry Reactor
Infrared Thermal
Destruction
/
Portable Equipment
Salvage Company in
Clackamas, OR
EPA Facility in
Edison, NJ
Palmerton Zinc
Superfund Site in
Palmerton, PA
EPA Test and
Evaluation Facility in
Cincinnati, OH
Rose Township
Superfund Site in
Oakland County, Ml
.•.aLji-ii '",, N • ~ ""SuiT ""
&y
Visitor's Day:
March 15, 1989
Demonstration:
March 1989
Visitor's Day:
August 20, 1991
Demonstration:
August 1991
Visitor's Day:
April 10, 1990
Demonstration:
April 1990
Visitor's Day:
Not Held
Demonstration:
October 1991
Visitor's Day:
November 4, 1 987
Demonstration:
November 1987
/
Chemfix Technologies,
Inc.
EPA/540/A5-89/011,
May 1991
In preparation
In preparation
In preparation
Shirco Infrared
Incineration System
EPA/540/A5-89/007,
June 1989
//
f
SITE Program
Demonstration Test -
Chemfix Technologies,
Inc.
Solidification/
Stabilization
EPA/540/5-89/011 a
In preparation
In preparation
In preparation
SITE Program
Demonstration Test,
Shirco Pilot-Scale
Infrared Incineration
System at the Rose
Township Demode
Road Superfund Site,
EPA/540/5-89/007a,
Vol. 1, April 1989
Vol. 2, In Preparation
/
John Sainsburg
EPA Region 10
206-553-0125
Laurel Staley
EPA ORD
513-569-7863
Tony Koller
EPA Region 3
215-597-3923
Ron Lewis
EPA ORD
513-569-7856
Kevin Adler
EPA Region 5
312-886-7078
*
*
46
58
60
64
68
-------
TABLE 1 (Continued)
COMPLETED TREATMENT TECHNOLOGY DEMONSTRATIONS AS OF NOVEMBER 1991
Ecova Corporation
[developed by
Shirco Infrared
Systems],
Redmond, WA
EmTech (formerly
Hazcon, Inc.),
Oakwood, TX
Horsehead Research
Development, Inc.,
Monaca, PA
International Waste
Technologies,
Wichita, KS, and
Geo-Con, Inc.,
Pittsburgh, PA
/
Infrared Thermal
Destruction
Solidification and
Stabilization
Flame Reactor
In Situ Solidification
and Stabilization
/
Peak Oil Superfund Site
in Brandon, FL
Douglassville
Superfund Site, Berks
County, near Reading,
PA
National Smelting and
Refining Company
Superfund Site in
Atlanta, GA
General Electric Service
Shop in Hialeah, FL
/
Visitor's Day:
August, 1987
Demonstration:
August 1 , -
Augusts, 1987
Visitor's Day:
October 14, 1987
Demonstration:
October 1987
Visitor's Day:
March 22, 1991
Demonstration:
March 18-22, 1991
Visitor's Day:
April 14, 1988
Demonstration:
April - May 1988
/
Shirco Infrared
Incineration System
EPA/540/A5-89/010,
June 1989
Hazcon, Inc.,
Solidification Process
EPA/540/A5-89/001,
May 1989
In preparation
International Waste
Tech/Geo-Con, Inc.
EPA/540/A5-89/004,
August 1989
/
SITE Program
Demonstration Test
Shirco Infrared
Incineration System,
Peak Oil, Brandon,
Florida, September
1988,
EPA/540/5-88/002a
SITE Program
Demonstration Test
Hazcon, Inc.,
Solidification Process,
Douglassville, PA,
EPA/540/5-89/001 a,
Vol. 1, May 1989
In preparation
SITE Program
Demonstration Test -
International Waste
Technologies
In Situ Stabilization/
Solidification, Hialeah,
Florida,
EPA/540/5-89/004a,
June 1 989
/
Fred Stroud
EPA Region 4
404-347-3931
Victor Janosik
EPA Region 3
215-597-8996
Malta Richards
EPA ORD
513-569-7783
Mary Stinson
EPA ORD
908-321-6683
*
68.
72
90
98
-------
00
TABLE 1 (Continued)
COMPLETED TREATMENT TECHNOLOGY DEMONSTRATIONS AS OF NOVEMBER 1991
#
/
NOVATERRA, Inc.,
[formerly Toxic
Treatment USA,
Inc.],
Torrance, CA
Ogden
Environmental
Services,
San Diego, CA
Retech, Inc.,
Ukiah, CA
Risk Reduction
Engineering
Laboratory and
IT Corporation,
Silicate Technology
Corporation,
Scottsdale, AZ
SoilTech, Inc.,
Englewood, CO
/
X
In Situ Steam and
Air Stripping
Circulating Bed
Combustor
Plasma Arc
Vitrification
Debris Washing
System
Solidification and
Stabilization
Treatment
Anaerobic Thermal
Processor
^
X"
Annex Terminal in
San Pedro, CA
Ogden's Facility in
La Jolla, CA
DOE Component
Development and
Integration Facility in
Butte, MT
Superfund Sites in
Detroit, Ml;
Hopkinsville, KY; and
Walker County, GA
Selma Pressure
Treating Site in
Selma, CA
Wide Beach Superfund
Site in Brant , NY
^^
/
Visitor's Day:
September?, 1989
Demonstration:
September 1989
Visitor's Day:
Not applicable
Demonstration:
March 1989
Visitor's Day:
Augusts, 1991
Demonstration:
July 22 - 26, 1991
Visitor's Day:
Not applicable
Demons tra tions:
September 1988,
December 1989, and
August 1990
Visitor's Day:
November 15, 1990
Demonstration:
November 1990
Visitor's Day:
Not Applicable
Demonstration:
May 1991
•<$?<$•
&
EPA/540/A5-90/008
June 1991
Not available
In preparation
In preparation
In preparation
In preparation
//
f
In preparation
In preparation
In preparation
Design and
Development of a
Pilot-Scale Debris
Decontamination
System
EPA/540/5-91/006a
May 1991
In preparation
In preparation
^
/
Paul dePercin
EPA ORD
513-569-7797
John Blevins
EPA Region 9
415-744-2241
Laurel Staley
EPA ORD
513-569-7863
Naomi Berkley
EPA ORD
513-569-7854
Ed Bates
EPA ORD
513-569-7774
Herbert King
EPA Region 2
212-264-1129
&
V>
100
102
118
124
138
140
-------
TABLE 1 (Continued)
COMPLETED TREATMENT TECHNOLOGY DEMONSTRATIONS AS OF NOVEMBER 1991
/
Soliditech, Inc.,
Houston, TX
Terra Vac, Inc.,
San Juan, Puerto
Rico
Ultrox International,
Inc.,
Santa Ana, CA
/
Solidification and
Stabilization
In Situ Vacuum
Extraction
Ultraviolet
Radiation and
Oxidation
/
Imperial Oil
Company/Champion
Chemicals Superfund
Site in Morganville, NJ
Groveland Wells
Superfund Site, Valley
Manufactured Product
in Groveland, MA
Lorentz Barrel and
Drum Company in
San Jose, CA
/"
'
Visitor's Day:
December?, 1988
Demonstration:
December 1988,
Visitor's Day:
January 15, 1988
Demonstration:
December 1987 -
April 1988
Visitor's Day:
March 8, 1989
Demonstration:
March 1989
//
*
Soliditech Inc.
Solidification/
Stabilization Process
EPA/540/A5-89/005
September 1990
Terra Vac In Situ
Vacuum Extraction
System,
EPA/540/A5-89/003,
July 1989
Ultrox International
Ultraviolet Radiation/
Oxidation Technology
EPA/540/A5-89/012
September 1990
^
#
SITE Program
Demonstration Test -
Soliditech, Inc.
Solidification/
Stabilization Process,
Vol. I
EPA/540/5-89/005a,
February 1990
Vol. II
EPA/540/5-89/005b
SITE Program
Demonstration Test
Terra Vac In Situ
Vacuum Extraction
System, Groveland,
Massachusetts,
EPA/540/5-89/003a,
April 1989
SITE Program
Demonstration Test -
Ultrox International,
Inc., Ultraviolet
Radiation/Oxidation
Technology,
EPA/540/5-89/012,
January 1990
/
Trevor Anderson
EPA Region 2
212-264-5391
Robert Leger
EPA Region 1
617-573-5734
Joseph Healy
EPA Region 9
415-744-2231
4*
142
148
156
I
(o
-------
TABLE 1 (Continued)
COMPLETED TREATMENT TECHNOLOGY DEMONSTRATIONS AS OF NOVEMBER 1991
/'
U.S. Environmental
Protection Agency
Wastech, Inc.,
Oakridge, TN
^
Excavation
Techniques and
Foam Suppression
Solidification and
Stabilization
/
McColl Superfund Site
in Fullerton, CA
Robins AFB,
Warner Robins, QA
ft
/
Visitor's Day:
Not held
Demonstration:
June and July 1990
Visitor's Day:
August 22, 1991
Demonstration:
August 1991
'
/
In preparation
In preparation
//
f
In preparation
In preparation
4
/
S. Jackson
Hubbard
EPA ORD
513-569-7507
and
John Blevlns
EPA Region 9
415-744-2241
Terry Lyons
EPA ORD
513-569-7589
A*
r&
r
158
160
Please see Table 4 for-Monitoring and Measurement Technologies Program completed Demonstrations or Evaluations.
-------
fROilAM CONTACTS
The SITE Program is administered by EPA's Office of Research and Development (ORD), specifically
the Risk Reduction Engineering Laboratory (RREL). For further information on the SITE Program or
its component programs contact:
Robert A. Olexsey, Director
U. S. Environmental Protection Agency
26 West Martin Luther King Drive
Cincinnati, Ohio 45268
513-569-7861
FTS: 684-7861
--- Evaluation Brandi _
Stephen C. James, Chief
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
26 West Martin Luther King Drive
Cincinnati, Ohio 45268
513-569-7696
FTS: 684-7696
John Martin, Chief
Demonstration Section
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
26 West Martin Luther King Drive
Cincinnati, Ohio 45268
513-569-7861
FTS: 684-7861
Norma Lewis, Acting Chief
Emerging Technology Section
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
26 West Martin Luther King Drive
Cincinnati, Ohio 45268
513-569-7665
FTS: 684-7665
Eric Koglin
Environmental Monitoring Systems Laboratory
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
P.O. Box 93478
Las Vegas, Nevada 89193-3478
702-798-2432
FTS: 545-2432
Page 11
-------
-------
DEMONSTRATION PROGRAM
The SITE Demonstration Program develops reliable engineering performance and cost data on innovative,
alternative technologies so that potential users can evaluate a technology's applicability for a specific
waste site. Demonstrations are conducted at hazardous waste sites, such as National Priorities List sites
(NPL), non-NPL sites, and state sites, or under conditions that simulate actual hazardous wastes and site
conditions.
Technologies are selected for the SITE Demonstration Program through annual requests for proposals
(RFP). Proposals are reviewed by EPA to determine the technologies with promise for use at hazardous
waste sites. Several technologies have entered the program from current Superfund projects, in which
innovative techniques of broad interest were identified for evaluation under the program. In addition,
several Emerging Technology projects have graduated to the Demonstration Program.
The SITE demonstration process typically consists of five steps: (1) matching an innovative technology
with an appropriate site; (2) preparing a four-part Demonstration Plan consisting of a test plan, a
sampling and analysis plan, a quality assurance project plan, and a health and safety plan; (3) performing
community relations activities to gain public acceptance; (4) conducting the demonstration (ranging in
length from days to months); and (5) documenting results in two main reports - an Applications Analysis
Report and a Technology Evaluation Report.
Cooperative agreements between EPA and the developer set forth responsibilities for conducting the
demonstration and evaluating the technology. Developers are responsible for operating their innovative
systems at a selected site, and are expected to pay the costs to transport equipment to the site, operate
the equipment on-site during the demonstration, and remove the equipment from the site. EPA is
responsible for project planning, sampling and analysis, quality assurance and quality control, preparing
reports, and disseminating information. If the developer is unable to obtain financing elsewhere, EPA
may consider bearing a greater portion of the total project cost.
Data collected during a demonstration are used to assess the performance of the technology, the potential
need for pre- and post-processing of the waste, applicable types of wastes and media, potential operating
problems, and the approximate capital and operating costs. Demonstration data can also provide insight
into long-term operating and maintenance costs and long-term risks.
To date, six solicitations have been completed — SITE 001 in 1986 through SITE 006 in 1991. The RFP
for SITE 007 will be issued in January 1992. The Demonstration Program currently includes 64
developers and 76 projects. These projects are presented in alphabetical order by project name in Table
2 and in the technology profiles that follow. One developer, Maecorp, is not profiled in this document.
Page 13
-------
TABLE 2
SITE Demonstration Program Participants
Developer
AccuTech Remedial Systems,
Inc.,
Keyport.NJ (005)*
Allied-Signal Corporation,
Morristown, NY (003)
American Combustion, Inc.,
Norcross, GA (001)
AWD Technologies, Inc.,
San Francisco, CA (004)
Babcock & Wilcox Co.,
Alliance, OH (006)
Bio-Recovery Systems, Inc.1,
LasCruces.NM (005)/(E01)
BioTrol, Inc.,
Chaska,MN (003)
BioTrol, Inc.,
Chaska,MN (003)
Technology
Pneumatic Fracturing
Extraction and
Catalytic Oxidation
ICB Biotreatment
System
PYRETRON® Oxygen
Burner
Integrated Vapor
Extraction and Steam
Vacuum Stripping
Cyclone Furnace
Biological Sorption
Biological Aqueous
Treatment System
Soil Washing System
Technology
Contact
Harry Moscatello
908-739-6444
Ralph Nussbaum/
Tim Love
201-455-3190
Gregory Oilman
404-564-4180
David Bluestein
415-227-0822
Lawrence King
216-829-7576
Godfrey Crane
505-523-0405
Dennis Chilcote/
Pamela Sheehan
6 12-448-25 15/
609-951-0314
Dennis Chilcote/
Pamela Sheehan
6 12-448-25 157
609-951-0314
EPA Project
Manager
Uwe Frank
908-321-6626
FTS: 340-6626
Ronald Lewis
513-569-7856
FTS: 684-7856
Laurel Staley
513-569-7863
FTS: 684-7863
Norma Lewis/
Gordon Evans
5 13-569-76657
513-569-7684
Laurel Staley
513-569-7863
FTS: 684-7863
Naomi Barkley
513-569-7854
FTS: 684-7854
Mary Stinson
908-321-6683
FTS: 340-6683
Mary Stinson
908-321-6683
FTS: 340-6683
Waste Media
Soil, Rock
Groundwater,
Wastewater
Soil, Sludge, Solid
Waste
Groundwater, Soil
Solids, Soil
Groundwater,
Electroplating
Rinsewater
Liquid Waste,
Groundwater
Soil
Applicable Waste
inorganic
Not Applicable
Not Applicable
Not Applicable
Not Applicable
Non-Specific
Heavy Metals
Nitrates
Metals
Organic
Halogcnated and
Nonhalogenated VOCs and
SVOCs
Readily Biodegradable
Organic Compounds
Non-Specific Organics
VOCs
Non-Specific Organics
Not Applicable
Chlorinated and
Nonchlorinated
Hydrocarbons, Pesticides
High Molecular Weight
Organics, PAHs, PCP,
PCBs, Pesticides
s
* Solicitation number
1 Graduate of Emerging Technology Program
-------
TABLE 2 (Continued)
SITE Demonstration Program Participants
Developer
BioVersal USA, Inc.,
Des Plaines, IL (005)
GET Environmental Services -
Sanivan Group,
Montreal, Canada (005)
CF Systems Corporation,
Waltham, MA (002)
Chemfix Technologies, Inc.,
Metairie.LA (002)
Chemical Waste
Management, Inc.,
Geneva, IL (006)
Chemical Waste
Management, Inc.,
Geneva, IL (005)
Chemical Waste
Management, Inc.,
Geneva, IL (003)
Colorado Department of
Health1
[developed by Colorado School
of Mines],
Denver, CO (005) (E01)
Technology
BioGenesis™ Soil
Cleaning Process
Soil Treatment With
Extraksol™
Solvent Extraction
Solidification and
Stabilization
Dechlor/KGME
PO*WW*ER«
Evaporation and
Catalytic Oxidation of
Wastewater
X*TRAX™ Thermal
Desprptionremediation
Wetlands-Based
Treatment
Technology
Contact
Mohsen Am Iran/
Charles Wilde
708-827-0024
703-250-3442
Jean Paquin
514-353-9170
Chris Shallice
617-937-0800
Philip Baldwin
504-831-3600
John North
708-513-4867
Erick Newman
708-513-4500
Carl Swanstrom
708-513-4578
Rick Brown
303-331-4404
EPA Project
Manager
Annette Gatchett
513-569-7697
FTS: 684-7697
Mark Meckes
513-569-7348
FTS: 684-7348
Laurel Staley
513-569-7863
FTS: 684-7863
Edwin Earth
513-569-7669
FTS: 684-7669
Paul dePercin
513-569-7797
FTS: 684-7797
Randy Parker
513-569-7271
FTS: 684-7271
Paul dePercin
513-569-7797
FTS: 684-7797
Edward Bates
513-569-7774
FTS: 684-7774
Waste Media
Soil
Soil
Soil, Sludge,
Wastewater
Soil, Sludge,
Solids, Waste,
Electroplating
Wastes
Waste Streams,
Soils
Wastewater,
Leachate, Ground
Water
Soil, Sludge,
Other Solids
Acid Mine
Drainage
Applicable Waste
Inorganic
Not Applicable
Not Applicable
Not Applicable
Heavy Metals
Not Applicable
Metals, Volatile
Inorganic
Compounds, Salts
Not Applicable
Metals
Organic
Volatile and Nonvolatile
Hydrocarbons, PCBs
SVOCs, PCBs, PCPs,
PAHs
PCBs, VOCs, SVOCs,
Petroleum Wastes
High Molecular
Weight Organics
Halogenated Aromatic
Compounds, PBCs
VOCs and Nonvolatile
Organic Compounds
VOVs, SVOCs, PCBs
Not Applicable
O)
2 Graduate of Emerging Technology Program
-------
TABLE 2 (Continued)
SITE Demonstration Program Participants
Developer
Dames & Moore,
Tallahassee, FL (005)
Dehydro-Tech Corporation,
East Hanover, NJ (004)
E.I. DuPont de Nemours and
Co. and Oberlin Filter Co.,
Newark, DE, and Waukesha,
WI(003)
Dynaphore, Inc./H2O Company,
Richmond, VA/Knoxville, TN
(006)
Ecova Corporation,
Redmond, WA (006)
Ecova Corporation,
Redmond, WA (003)
Ecova Corporation,
[developed by Shirco Infrared
Systems, Inc.],
Redmond, WA (001)
[2 Demonstrations]
ELI Eco Logic International,
Inc.,
Rockwood, Ontario
Canada (006)
Technology
Hydrolytic Terrestrial
Dissipation
Carver-Greenfield
Process for Extraction
of Oily Waste
Membrane
Microfiltration
Use of FORAGER™
Sponge To Remove
Dissolved Metals
Bioslurry Reactor
In Situ Biological
Treatment
Infrared Thermal
Destruction
Thermal Gas Phase
Reduction Process
Technology
Contact
StoddardPickrell
904-942-5615
Thomas Holcombe
201-887-2182
Ernest Mayer
302-366-3652
Norman Rainer
804-288-7109
William Mahaffey
206-883-1900
Michael Nelson
206-883-1900
John Cioffi
206-883-1900
Jim Nash
519-856-9591
EPA Project
Manager
Ronald Lewis
513-569-7865
FTS: 684-7856
Laurel Staley
513-569-7863
FTS: 684-7863
John Martin
513-569-7758
FTS: 684-7758
Carolyn Esposito
908-906-6895
FTS: 340-6895
Ronald Lewis
513-569-7856
FTS: 684-7856
Naomi Barkley
513-569-7854
FTS: 684-7854
Howard Wall
513-569-7691
FTS: 684-7691
Gordon Evans
513-569-7684
FTS: 684-7684
Waste Media
Soil
Soil, Sludge
Groundwater,
Leachate,
Wastewater,
Electroplating
Rinsewaters
Industrial
Discharge,
Municipal Sewage
Process Streams,
Acid Mine
Drainage Wastes
Soil
Water, Soil,
Sludge, Sediment
Soil, Sediment
Soil, Sludge,
Liquids, Gases
Applicable Waste
Inorganic
Not Applicable
Not Applicable
Heavy Metals,
Cyanide, Uranium
Metals
Not Applicable
Not Applicable
Not Applicable
Not Applicable
Organic
Low Level Toxaphene and
Other Pesticides
PCBs, Dioxin, Oil-Soluble
Organics
Organic Particulates
Aliphatic Organic
Chlorides and Bromides
Creosote
Biodegradable Organics
Non-Specific Organics
PCBs.PAHs,
Chlorophenols, Pesticides
-------
TABLE 2 (Continued)
SITE Demonstration Program Participants
Developer
EmTech Environmental Services
[formerly Hazcon, Inc.],
Fort Worth, TX (001)
ENSITE, Inc.,
Tucker, GA (006)
EPOC Water, Inc.,
Fresno, CA (004)
Excalibur Enterprises, Inc.,
New York, NY (004)
Exxon Chemicals, Inc. and
Rio Linda Chemical Co.,
Long Beach, CA (004)
[2 Demonstrations]
Filter Flow Technologies, Inc.,
League City, TX (006)
GeoSafe Corporation,
Kirkland.WA (002)
Hay ward Baker, Inc.,
Odenton, MD (006)
Hazardous Waste Control,
Fairfield, CT (006)
Technology
Chemical Treatment
and Immobilization
Safesoil™ Biotreatment
Process
Precipitation and
Micro filtration, and
Sludge Dewatering
Soil Washing and
Catalytic Ozone
Oxidation
Chemical Oxidation
and Cyanide
Destruction
Heavy Metals and
Radionuclide Filtration
In Situ Vitrification
Hydraulic Soil Mixing
NOMIX* Technology
Technology
Contact
Ray Funderburk
800-227-6543
Andrew Autry
404-934-1180
Ray Groves
209-291-8144
Lucas Boeve/
Gordon Downey
809-571-34517
303-752-4363
Denny Grandle
713-406-6816
Tod Johnson
713-334-2522
James Hansen
206-822-4000
Joseph Welsh
301-551-8200
David Babcock
203-336-7955
EPA Project
Manager
Paul dePercin
513-569-7797
FTS: 684-7797
Doug Grosse
513-569-7844
FTS: 684-7844
S. Jackson
Hubbard
513-569-7507
FTS: 684-7507
Norma Lewis
513-569-7665
FTS: 684-7665
Teri Shearer
513-569-7949
FTS: 684-7949
Annette Gatchett
513-569-7697
FTS: 684-7697
Teri Shearer
513-569-7949
FTS: 684-7949
Daniel Sullivan
908-321-6677
FTS: 340-6677
Teri Shearer
513-569-7949
FTS: 684-7949
Waste Media
Soil, Sludge,
Sediments
Soil
Sludge,
Wastewater,
Leachable Soil
Soil, Sludge,
Leachate,
Groundwater
Groundwater,
Wastewater,
Leachate,
Groundwater,
Industrial
Wastewater
Soil, Sludge
Soil, Sludges
Drum Waste,
Waste Lagoons,
Spills
Applicable Waste
Inorganic
Heavy Metals
Not Applicable
Heavy Metals
Cyanide
Cyanide
Heavy Metals,
Radionuclides
Non-Specific
Inorganics
Not Applicable
Metals
Organic
Non-Specific Organics
Petroleum Hydrocarbons,
TCE, Aliphatic Solvents,
PAHs
Pesticides, Oil, Grease
SVOCs, Pesticides, PCBs,
PCP, Dioxin
Non-Specific Organics
Not Applicable
Non-Specific Organics
PCBs, PCP, Hydrocarbons
Not Applicable
I
-------
00
TABLE 2 (Continued)
SITE Demonstration Program Participants
Developer
Horsehead Resources
Development Co., Inc.,
Monaca.PA (004)
Hughes Environmental
Systems, Inc.,
Manhattan Beach, CA (005)
In-Situ Fixation Co.,
Chandler, AZ. (005)
International Environmental
Technology,
Perrysburg, OH (005)
International Waste
Technologies and
Geo-Con, Inc.,
Wichita, KS (001)
Maecorp,3
Chicago, IL (006)
NOVATERRA, Inc.
(formerly Toxic Treatments
USA, Inc.),
Torrance, CA (003)
Ogden Environmental Services,
San Diego, CA (001)
Technology
Flame Reactor
Steam Injection and
Vacuum Extraction
Deep In Situ
Bioremediation
Geolock/Bio-drain
Treatment
In Situ Solidification
and Stabilization
MAECTITE
Treatment Process
In Situ Steam and
Air Stripping
Circulating Bed
Combustor
Technology
Contact
Regis Zagrocki
412-773-2289
John Dablow
213-536-6548
Richard Murray
602-821-0409
Lynn Sherman
419-856-2001
Jeff Newton/
Brian Jasperse
316-269-2660/
412-856-7700
Karl Yost
213-372-3300
Philip LaMori
310.-328-9433
Sherin Sexton
619-455-4622
EPA Project
Manager
Donald
Oberacker/ Marta
Richards
5 13-569-75 10/
513-569-7783
Paul dePercin
513-569-7797
FTS: 684-7797
Edward Opatken
513-569-7855
FTS: 684-7855
Randy Parker
513-569-7271
FTS: 684-7271
Mary Stinson
908-321-6683
FTS: 340-6683
S. Jackson
Hubbard
513-569-7507
FTS: 684-7507
Paul dePercin
513-569-7797
FTS: 684-7797
Douglas Grosse
919-541-7844
FTS: 684-7844
Waste Media
Soil, Sludge,
Industrial Solid
Residues
Soil, Groundwater
Soil, Sludge
Soil
Soil, Sediment
Soil, Sludge, Lead
Battery Sites
Soil
Soil, Sludge,
Slurry, liquids
Applicable Waste
Inorganic
Metals
Not Applicable
Not Applicable
Not Applicable
Non-Specific
Inorganics
Metals
Not Applicable
Not Applicable
Organic
Not Applicable
VOCs and SVOCs
Biodegradable Organics
Biodegradable Organics
PCBs, PCP, Other
Non-Specific Organics
Non-specific Organics
VOCs, SVOCs,
Hydrocarbons
Halogenated and
Nonhalogenated Organic
Compounds, PCBs
3 This technology is not profiled in the Demonstration section.
-------
TABLE 2 (Continued)
SITE Demonstration Program Participants
Developer
Peroxidation Systems, Inc.,
Tucson, AZ (006)
Purus, Inc.,
San Jose, CA (006)
QUAD Environmental
Technologies Corp.,
Northbrook, IL (004)
Recycling Sciences
International, Inc.,
Chicago, IL (004)
Remediation Technologies, Inc.,
Pittsburgh, PA (006)
Remediation Technologies, Inc.,
Seattle, WA (002)
Resources Conservation Co.,
Ellicott City, MD (001)
Retech, Inc.,
Ukiah, CA (002)
Risk Reduction Engineering
Laboratory,
Cincinnati, OH (006)
Risk Reduction Engineering
Laboratory,
Cincinnati, OH (006)
Technology
perox-pure™
Photolytic Oxidation
Process
Chemtact" Gaseous
Waste Treatment
Desorption and Vapor
Extraction System
High Temperature
Thermal Processor
Liquid and Solids
Biological Treatment
Solvent Extraction
Plasma Arc
Vitrification
Base-Catalyzed
Dechlorination Process
Bioventing
Technology
Contact
Chris Giggy
602-790-8383
Paul Blystone
408-453-7804
Robert Rafson
312-564-5070
Mark Burchett
312-559-0122
David Nakles
412-826-3340
Merv Cooper
206-624-9349
Lanny Weimer
301-596-6066
R. C. Eschenbach
707-462-6522
Chris Rogers
513-569-7626
FTS: 684-7626
Paul McCauley
513-569-7444
FTS: 684-7444
EPA Project
Manager
Norma Lewis
513-569-7665
FTS: 684-7665
Norma Lewis
513-569-7665
FTS: 684-7665
Ronald Lewis
513-569-7856
FTS: 684-7856
Laurel Staley
513-569-7863
FTS: 684-7863
Ronald Lewis
513-569-7856
FTS: 684-7856
Ronald Lewis
513-569-7856
FTS: 684-7856
Mark Meckes
513-569-7348
FTS: 684-7348
Laurel Staley
513-569-7863
FTS: 684-7863
Laurel Staley
513-569-7863
FTS: 684-7863
Mary Gaughan
513-569-7341
FTS: 684-7341
Waste Media
Groundwater,
Wastewater
Groundwater
Gaseous Waste
Streams
Soil, Sludge,
Sediment
Soils, Sediments,
Sludges
Soil, Sludge,
Soil, Sludge
Soils, Sludge
Soils, Sediments
Soil
Applicable Waste
Inorganic
Not Applicable
Not Applicable
Non-Specific
Inorganics
Volatile Inorganics
Mercury
Not Applicable
Not Applicable
Metals
Not Applicable
Not Applicable
Organic
Fuel Hydrocarbons,
Chlorinated Solvents,
PCBs
Fuel Hydrocarbons
Volatile Organics
VOCs and SVOCs
including PCBs, PAHs,
PCP, some Pesticides
VOCs and SVOCs
Biodegradable Organics,
Pesticides
Oil, PCBs, PAHs
Non-Specific Organics
PCBs, PCPs
Biodegradable Organics
CO
-------
TABLE 2 (Continued)
SITE Demonstration Program Participants
ro
O
~_! ....;-- -JUT.:.: — -'""---- -— - -^ --"- ..—.--.—
Developer
Risk Reduction Engineering
Laboratory and IT Corporation
Cincinnati, OH (004)
Risk Reduction Engineering
Laboratory and University of
Cincinnati,
Cincinnati, OH (005)
Risk Reduction Engineering
Laboratory and USDA Forest
Products Laboratory,
Cincinnati, OH (006)
Rochem Separation Systems,
Inc.,
Torrance, CA (006)
SBP Technologies, Inc.,
Stone Mountain, GA (005)
S.M.W. Seiko, Inc.,
Redwood City, CA (004)
Separation and Recovery
Systems, Inc.,
Irvine, CA (002)
Silicate Technology Corp.,
Scottsdale, AZ (003)
SoilTech, Inc.,
Englewood, CO (005)
Technology
Debris Washing
System
Hydraulic Fracturing
Fungal Treatment
Technology
Rochem Disc Tube
Module System
Membrane Separation
and Bioremediation
In Situ Solidification
and Stabilization
SAREX Chemical
Fixation Process
Solidification and
Stabilization Treatment
Anaerobic Thermal
Processor
Technology
Contact
Michael Taylor
513-782-4700
Larry Murdoch
513-569-7897
Richard Lamar
608-231-9469
David LaMonica
213-370-3160
Heather Ford
404-498-6666
David Yang/
Osamu Taki
415-591-9646
Joseph DeFranco
714-261-8860
Steve Pelger/
Scott Larsen
602-948-7100
Martin Vorum
303-790-1747
EPA Project
Manager
Naomi Barkley
513-569-7854
FTS: 684-7854
Naomi Barkley
513-569-7854
FTS: 684-7854
Kim Lisa Kreiton
513-569-7328
FTS: 684-7328
Douglas Grosse
513-569-7844
FTS: 684-7844
Kim Lisa Kreiton
513-569-7328
FTS: 684-7328
S. Jackson
Hubbard
513-569-7507
FTS: 684-7507
S. Jackson
Hubbard
513-569-7507
FTS: 684-7507
Edward Bates
513-569-7774
FTS: 684-7774
Paul dePercin
513-569-7797
FTS: 684-7797
Waste Media
Debris
Soil
Soil
Liquids
Groundwater,
Soils, Sludges
Soil
Sludge, Soil
Soil, Sludge,
Wastewater
Soil, Sludge,
Refinery Wastes
Applicable Waste
Inorganic
Non-Specific
Inorganics
Non-specific
Inorganics
Not Applicable
Non-Specific
Inorganics
Not Applicable
Metals
Low Level Metals
Metals, Cyanide,
Ammonia
Not Applicable
Organic
Non-Specific Organics,
PCBs, Pesticides
Non-specific Organics
PCPs, PAHs, Chlorinated
Organics
Organic Solvents
Organic Compounds,
PAHs, PCBs, TCEs
SVOCs, PCBs, PAHs
Non-specific Organics
High Molecular Weight
Organics
PCBs, Chlorinated
Pesticides, VOCs
-------
TABLE 2 (Continued)
SITE Demonstration Program Participants
Developer
Soliditech, Inc.,
Houston, TX (002)
TechTran, Inc.,
Houston, TX (005)
Terra-Kleen Corporation,
Oklahoma City, OK (006)
Terra Vac, Inc.,
San Juan, PR (001)
Texaco Syngas, Inc.,
White Plains, NY (006)
TEXAROME, Inc.,
Leakey, TX (006)
Udell Technologies, Inc.,
Emeryville, CA (005)
Ultrox International, Inc.,
Santa Ana, CA (003)
U.S. Environmental Protection
Agency
Technology
Solidification and
Stabilization
Chemical Binding,
Precipitation and
Physical Separation
Soil Restoration Unit
In Situ Vacuum
Extraction
Entrained-Bed
Gasification
Mobile Solid Waste
Desorption
In Situ Steam
Enhanced Extraction
Ultraviolet Radiation
and Oxidation
Excavation Techniques
and Foam Suppression
Methods
Technology
Contact
Bill Stallworth
713-497-8558
Charles Miller/
C. P. Yang
713-896-4343
Alan Cash
405-728-0001
James Malot
809-723-9171
Richard Zang
914-253-4047
Gueric Boucard
512-232-6079
Lloyd Steward
510-653-9477
Jerome Barich
714-545-5557
Dick Gerstle
513-782-4700
EPA Project
Manager
S. Jackson
Hubbard
513-569-7507
FTS: 684-7507
Annette Gatchett
513-569-7697
FTS: 684-7697
Mark Meckes
513-569-7348
FTS: 684-7348
Mary Stinson
908-321-6683
FTS: 340-6683
Marta Richards
513-569-7783
FTS: 684-7783
Mary Gaughan
513-569-7341
FTS: 684-7341
Paul dePercin
513-569-7797
FTS: 684-7797
Norma Lewis
513-569-7665
FTS: 684-7665
S. Jackson
Hubbard
513-569-7507
FTS: 684-7507
Waste Media
Soil, Sludge
Aqueous Solutions
Soil
Soil
Soils, Sludges,
Sediments
Soils, Wood
Wastes, Mop-up
Materials
Soils, Ground
Water
Groundwater,
Leachate,
Wastewater
Soil
Applicable Waste
Inorganic
Metals
Heavy Metals,
Radionuclides
Not Applicable
Not Applicable
Not Applicable
Volatile Inorganics
Not Applicable
Not Applicable
Volatile Inorganics
Organic
Non-Specific Organics
Non-Specific
PCBs, PCPs, Creosote,
Chlorinated Solvents,
Naphthaline, Diesel Oil,
Used Motor Oil, Jet Fuel,
Grease, Organic Pesticides
VOCs and SVOCs
Non-specific Organics
VOCs, SVOCs, PCBs,
PCPs, Creosote, Organic
Fungicides, Pesticides
VOCs and SVOCs,
Hydrocarbons, Solvents
Halogenated
Hydrocarbons, VOCs,
Pesticides, PCBs
Volatile Organics
-------
IS
TABLE 2 (Continued)
SITE Demonstration Program Participants
Developer
Wastechlnc.,
Oak Ridge, TN (004)
Western Research Institute*,
Laramie.WY (005) (E01)
Weston Services, Inc.,
West Chester, PA (006)
Zimpro/Passavant,
Environmental Systems, Inc.,
Rothschild, WI (002)
Technology
Solidification and
Stabilization
Contained Recovery of
Oily Wastes
Low Temperature
Thermal Treatment
(UP*)
PACT* Wastewater
Treatment System
Technology
Contact
E. Benjamin
Peacock
615-483-6515
James Speight
307-721-2011
Mike Cosmos
215-430-7423
William Copa
715-359-7211
EPA Project
Manager
Edward Bates
513-569-7774
FTS: 684-7774
Eugene Harris
513-569-7862
FTS: 684-7862
Paul dePercin
513-569-7797
FTS: 684-7797
John Martin
513-569-7758
FTS: 684-7758
Waste Media
Soil, Sludge,
Liquid Waste
Soil
Soil
Groundwater,
Industrial
Wastewater,
Leachate
Applicable Waste
Inorganic
Non-Specific,
Radioactive
Not Applicable
Not Applicable
Not Applicable
Organic
Non-Specific Organics
Coal Tar Derivatives,
Petroleum Byproducts
VOCs and SVOCs
Biodegradeable VOCs and
SVOCs
4 Graduate of Emerging Technology Program
-------
-------
Technology Profile
DEMONSTRATION PROGRAM
ACCUTECH REMEDIAL SYSTEMS, INC.
(Pneumatic Fracturing Extraction and Catalytic Oxidation)
TECHNOLOGY DESCRIPTION:
An integrated treatment system incorporating
Pneumatic Fracturing Extraction (PFE) and
Catalytic Oxidation has been jointly developed
by Accutech Remedial Systems Inc., and the
Hazardous Substance Management Research
Center located at the New Jersey Institute of
Technology in Newark, New Jersey. The
system provides a cost-effective accelerated
remedial approach to sites with Dense
Non-Aqueous Phase Liquid (DNAPL)
contaminated aquifers. The patented PFE
process has been demonstrated both in the
laboratory and in the field to establish a uniform
subsurface airflow within low permeability
formations such as clay and fractured rock. The
PFE process (see figure below) coupled with an
in situ thermal injection process is designed to
recover residual contamination entrapped in the
vadose zone. A groundwater recovery system is
first implemented to suppress the water table
below the zone of highest contamination.
Recovered groundwater is treated by an aeration
process. DNAPL contaminants removed from
the groundwater are combined with the PFE
recovery process stream. The combined
DNAPL vapor stream is fed into a catalytic
oxidation unit for destruction. The oxidation
unit contains a catalyst which has been shown to ,
resist process deactivation. Heat from the
catalytic/oxidation unit is utilized in the in situ
thermal injection component of the treatment
system. The treatment system also has the
Pneumatic
Fracture Well
— — Thermal
* Injection
Pneumatic Fracturing Extraction
and Catalytic Oxidation
Page 24
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November 1991
ability to utilize activated carbon treatment
technology when contaminant concentrations
decrease to levels where catalytic technology is
no longer cost-effective.
WASTE APPLICABILITY:
The integrated treatment system is cost-effective
for treating soils and rock where conventional in
situ technologies are limited in their
effectiveness because of the presence of low
permeability geologic formations. Halogenated
and nonhalogenated volatile and semivolatile
organic compounds can be remediated by this
system.
STATUS:
This technology was accepted into the SITE
Demonstration Program in December 1990. The
demonstration is planned for fall 1991 and will
be performed at a New Jersey Department of
Environmental Protection and Energy
Environmental Cleanup Responsibility Act
(ECRA) site in South Plainfield, New Jersey,
where trichloroethene (TCE) will be removed
from a fractured shale aquifer.
The demonstration will also include the
development of engineering cost data for
catalytic oxidation and carbon adsorption
technologies by alternating between the two
treatment methods.
FOR FURTHER INFORMATION:
EPA PROJECT MANAGER:
Uwe Frank
U.S. EPA, Building 10, MS-104
2890 Woodbridge Avenue
Edison, NJ 08837
908-321-6626
FTS: 340-6626
TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPER CONTACT:
Harry Moscatello
Accutech Remedial Systems, Inc.
Cass Street and Highway 35
Keyport, NJ 07735
908-739-6444
FAX: 908-739-0451
Page 25
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Technology Profile
DEMONSTRATION PROGRAM
ALLIED-SIGNAL, INC.
Environmental Systems
(ICB Biotreatment System)
TECHNOLOGY DESCRIPTION:
The immobilized cell bioreactor (ICB)
biotreatment system is an aerobic fixed-film
bioreactor system designed to remove organic
contaminants (including nitrogen-containing
compounds and chlorinated solvents) from
process wastewater, contaminated groundwater,
and other aqueous streams. The system offers
improved treatment efficiency through the use of
(1) a unique, proprietary reactor medium that
maximizes the biological activity present in the
reactor and (2) a proprietary reactor design that
maximizes contact between the biofilm and the
contaminants. These features result in quick,
complete degradation of target contaminants to
carbon dioxide, water, and biomass. Additional
advantages include (1) high treatment capacity,
(2) compact system design, and (3) reduced
operations and maintenance costs resulting from
simplified operation and slow sludge production.
Basic system components include the bioreactor
and medium, nutrient mix tank and feed pump,
and a blower to provide air to the reactor. The
figure below is a schematic of the system.
Depending on the specifics of the influent
streams, some standard pretreatments, such as
pH adjustment or oil and water separation, may
be required. Effluent clarification is not
required for the system to operate, but may be
required to meet the specific discharge
requirements.
WASTE APPLICABILITY:
The ICB biotreatment system has been
successfully applied to industrial wastewater and
groundwater containing a wide range of organic
contaminants, including polycyclic aromatic
hydrocarbons (PAH), phenols, gasoline,
chlorinated solvents, diesel fuel, and
GROUNDWVTER
OR •"•""'
PROCESS WTER
)
ER
EQ
^ — ^^
UALIZATION '
n —
t
•S3
TO
DISCHARGE
JUTRIENT
ADDITION
BLOWER
Allied-Signal immobilized cell bioreactor
Page 26
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November 1991
chlorobenzene. Industrial streams amenable to
treatment include wastewaters generated from
chemical manufacturing, petroleum refining,
wood treating, tar and pitch manufacturing, food
processing, and textile fabricating.
Allied-Signal Corp. has obtained organic
chemical removal efficiencies of greater than 99
percent. The ICB biotreatment system, because
of its proprietary medium, is also very effective
in remediating contaminated groundwater
streams containing trace organic contaminants.
The ICB Biotreatment System can be provided
as a complete customized facility for specialized
treatment needs or as a packaged modular unit.
The technology can also be used to retrofit
existing bioreactors by adding the necessary
internal equipment and proprietary media. The
table below summarizes recent applications.
Table 1.
Applications
Pipeline Terminal
Wastewater
Specialty Chemical
Wastewater
Groundwater
Current Applications
Contaminants Scale
Tar Plant
Wastewater
Wood Treating
Wastewater
COD, Benzene, Bench
MTBE, Xylenes
Cresols, MTBE, Pilot
PAH, Phenolics
Chlorobenzene, Pilot
TCE
Phenol, Cyanide, Pilot
Ammonia
Phenolics,
Creosote
Commercial
STATUS:
The G&H Landfill in Utica, Michigan, was
selected for the demonstration of the ICB
system. Treatability studies have shown the
system's ability to biodegrade all the priority
pollutants present to low part per billion levels.
Currently, the demonstration plan is being
finalized. The actual SITE Demonstration is
tentatively planned for summer 1992.
Allied-Signal, Inc., is currently operating an
anaerobic system to reduce the concentrations of
trichloroethylene and other chlorinated
compounds in contaminated groundwater.
FOR FURTHER INFORMATION:
EPA PROJECT MANAGER:
Ronald Lewis
U.S. EPA
Risk Reduction Engineering Laboratory
26 West Martin Luther King Drive
Cincinnati, OH 45268
513-569-7856
FTS: 684-7856
TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPER CONTACTS:
Ralph Nussbaum
or Timothy Love
Allied-Signal, Inc.
P.O. Box 1087
Morristown, NJ 07962
201-455-3190
FAX: 201-455-6840
Page 27
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Technology Profile
DEMONSTRATION PROGRAM
AMERICAN COMBUSTION, INC.
(PYRETRON® Thermal Destruction)
TECHNOLOGY DESCRIPTION:
The PYRETRON® thermal destruction
technology (see figure below) provides an
integrated combustion system responsible for
controlling the heat input into an incineration
process by using the PYRETRON®
oxygen-air-fuel burners and the dynamic control
of the level of excess oxygen available for
oxidation of hazardous waste. The
PYRETRON® combustor uses an advanced
combustion concept that relies on a new
technique for mixing auxiliary fuel, oxygen, and
air in order to (1) provide the flame envelope
with enhanced stability, luminosity, and flame
core temperature and (2) provide a reduction in
the combustion volume per million British
thermal units (Btu) of heat released.
The combustion system operation is computer
controlled to automatically adjust the
temperatures of the primary and secondary
combustion chambers and the amount of excess
oxygen being supplied to the combustion
process. The system has been designed to
dynamically adjust the amount of excess oxygen
in response to sudden changes in the rate of
volatilization of contaminants from the waste.
The burner system can be fitted onto any
conventional incineration unit and used for the
burning of liquids, solids, and sludges. Solids
and sludges can also be coincinerated when the
burner is used in conjunction with a rotary kiln
or similar equipment.
WASTE APPLICABILITY:
High and low Btu solid wastes contaminated
with rapidly-volatilized hazardous organics are
suitable for the PYRETRON® technology. In
general, the technology is applicable to any
waste that can be incinerated. The technology is
not suitable for processing aqueous wastes,
Resource Conservation and Recovery Act
(RCRA) heavy metal wastes, or inorganic
wastes.
Measured
process
parameters
Gas, air. and oxygen
(Iowa to the burners
A«h pit
PYRETRON® thermal destruction system
Page 28
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November 1991
STATUS:
A demonstration project was conducted at EPA's
Combustion Research Facility in Jefferson,
Arkansas, using a mixture of 40 percent
contaminated soil from the Stringfellow Acid Pit
Superfund site in California and 60 percent
decanter tank tar sludge from coking operations
(RCRA listed waste K087). The demonstration
began in November 1987 and was completed at
the end of January 1988.
Both the Technology Evaluation Report
(EPA/540/5-89/008) and Applications Analysis
Report (EPA/540/A5-89/008) have been
published.
DEMONSTRATION RESULTS:
Six polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons were
selected as the principal organic hazardous
constituents (POHC) for the test program —
naphthalene, acenaphthylene, fluorene,
phenanthrene, anthracene, and fluoranthene.
The PYRETRON® technology achieved greater
than 99.99 percent destruction and removal
efficiencies (ORE) of all POHCs measured in all
test runs performed. Other advantages are listed
below:
• The PYRETRON® technology with oxygen
enhancement achieved double the waste
throughput possible with conventional
incineration.
• All paniculate emission levels in the
scrubber system discharge were
significantly below the hazardous waste
incinerator performance standard of 180
milligrams per dry standard cubic meter at
7 percent oxygen.
• Solid residues were contaminant-free.
• There were no significant differences in
transient carbon monoxide level emissions
between air-only incineration and
PYRETRON® oxygen-enhanced operation
with doubled throughput rate.
• Costs savings can be achieved in many
situations.
APPLICATIONS ANALYSIS
SUMMARY:
The field evaluations conducted under the SITE
Demonstration Program yielded the following
conclusions:
• The PYRETRON® burner system is a
viable technology for treating Superfund
wastes.
• The system is capable of doubling the
capacity of a conventional rotary kiln
incinerator. This increase is more
significant for wastes with low heating
values.
• In situations where particulate carryover
causes operational problems, the
PYRETRON® system may increase
reliability.
• The technology can be an economical
addition to an incinerator when operating
and fuel costs are high and oxygen costs
are relatively low.
FOR FURTHER INFORMATION:
EPA PROJECT MANAGER:
Laurel Staley
U.S. EPA
Risk Reduction Engineering Laboratory
26 West Martin Luther King Drive
Cincinnati, OH 45268
513-569-7863
FTS: 684-7863
TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPER CONTACT:
Gregory Gitman
American Combustion, Inc.
4476 Park Drive
Norcross, GA 30093
404-564-4180
FAX: 404-564-4192
Page 29
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Technology Profile
DEMONSTRATION PROGRAM
AWD TECHNOLOGIES, INC.
(Integrated Vapor Extraction and Steam Vacuum Stripping)
TECHNOLOGY DESCRIPTION:
The integrated AquaDetox/SVE system
simultaneously treats groundwater and soil
contaminated with volatile organic compounds
(VOCs). The integrated system consists of two
basic processes: an AquaDetox moderate
vacuum stripping tower that uses low-pressure
steam to treat contaminated groundwater; and a
soil gas vapor extraction/reinjection (SVE)
process to treat contaminated soil. The two
processes form a closed-loop system that
provides simultaneous in situ remediation of
contaminated groundwater and soil with no air
emissions.
AquaDetox is a high efficiency, countercurrent
stripping technology developed by Dow
Chemical Company. A single-stage unit will
typically reduce up to 99.99 percent of VOCs
from water. The SVE system uses a vacuum to
treat a VOC-contaminated soil mass, inducing a
flow of air through the soil and removing vapor
phase VOCs with the extracted soil gas. The
soil gas is then treated by carbon beds to remove
additional VOCs and reinjected into the ground.
The AquaDetox and SVE systems (see figure
below) share a granulated activated carbon
(GAC) unit. Noncondensable vapor from the
AquaDetox system is combined with the vapor
from the SVE compressor and is decontaminated
by the GAC unit. By-products of the system
are a free-phase recyclable product and treated
water. Mineral regenerable carbon will require
disposal after approximately three years.
A key component of the closed-loop system is a
vent header unit designed to collect the
noncondensable gases extracted from the
groundwater or air that may leak into the portion
of the process operating below atmospheric
pressure. Further, the steam used to regenerate
the carbon beds is condensed and treated in the
AquaDetox system.
NONCONDESABLES
Zero air emissions integrated AquaDetox/SVE system
Page 30
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November 1991
WASTE APPLICABILITY:
This technology removes VOCs, including
chlorinated hydrocarbons, in groundwater and
soil. Sites with contaminated groundwater and
soils containing trichloroethylene (TCE),
perchloroethylene (PCE), and other VOCs are
suitable for this on-site treatment process.
AquaDetox is capable of effectively removing
over 90 of the 110 volatile compounds listed in
40 CFR Part 261, Appendix VIII.
STATUS:
The AWD AquaDetox/SVE system is currently
being used at the Lockheed Aeronautical
Systems Company in Burbank, California. At
this site, the system is treating groundwater
contaminated with as much as 2,200 parts per
billion (ppb) of TCE and 11,000 ppb PCE; and
soil gas with a total VOC concentration of 6,000
parts per million (ppm). Contaminated
groundwater is being treated at a rate of up to
1,200 gallons per minute (gpm) while soil gas is
removed and treated at a rate of 300 cubic feet
per minute (cfm). The system occupies
approximately 4,000 square feet.
A SITE demonstration project was evaluated as
part of the ongoing remediation effort at the San
Fernando Valley Groundwater Basin Superfund
site in Burbank, California. Demonstration
testing was conducted in September 1990. The
Applications Analysis Report
(EPA/540/A5-91/002) was published in October
1991.
FOR FURTHER INFORMATION:
EPA PROJECT MANAGERS:
Norma Lewis and Gordon Evans
U.S. EPA
Risk Reduction Engineering Laboratory
26 West Martin Luther King Drive
Cincinnati, OH 45268
513-569-7665 and 513-569-7684
FTS: 684-7665 and FTS: 684-7684
TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPER CONTACT:
David Bluestein
AWD Technologies, Inc.
49 Stevenson Street, Suite 600
San Francisco, CA 94105
415-227-0822
Page 31
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Techno/OQV Profile
DEMONSTRATION PROGRAM
BABCOCK & WILCOX CO.
(Cyclone Furnace)
TECHNOLOGY DESCRIPTION:
This furnace technology is designed to
decontaminate wastes containing both organic
and metal contaminants. The cyclone furnace
retains heavy metals in a non-leachable slag and
vaporizes and incinerates the organic materials
in the wastes.
The treated soils resemble natural obsidian
(volcanic glass)," similar to the final product
from vitrification.
The furnace is a horizontal cylinder (see figure
below) and is designed for heat release rates
greater than 450,000 British thermal units (Btu)
per cubic foot (coal) and gas temperatures
exceeding 3,000 degrees Fahrenheit (°F).
Natural gas and preheated primary combustion
air (820 °F) enter the furnace tangentially.
Secondary air (820 °F), natural gas, and the
synthetic soil matrix (SSM) enter tangentially
along the cyclone barrel (secondary air inlet
location). The resulting swirling action
efficiently mixes air and fuel and increases
combustion gas residence time. Dry SSM has
been tested at pilot-scale feed rates of both 50
and 200 pounds per hour (Ib/hr). The SSM is
retained on the furnace wall by centrifugal
action; it melts and captures a portion of the
heavy metals. The organics are destroyed in the
molten slag layer. The slag exits the cyclone
furnace (slag temperature at this location is
2,400 °F) and is dropped into a water-filled slag
tank where it solidifies into a nonleachable
vitrified material. A small quantity of the soil
also exits as flyash from the furnace and is
collected in a baghouse.
SECONDARY AIR
INSIDE
FURNACE
PRIMARY AIR
NATURAL GAS
SOIL
TERTIARY AIR
NATURAL GAS
SCROLL
BURNER
SLAG TRAP
CYCLONE
BARREL
SLAG QUENCHING TANK
Cyclone furnace
Page 32
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November 1991
WASTE APPLICABILITY:
This technology may be applied to high-ash
solids (such as sludges and sediments) and soils
containing volatile and nonvolatile organics and
heavy metals. The less volatile metals are
captured in the slag more readily. The
technology would be well-suited to mixed waste
soils contaminated with organics and nonvolatile
radionuclides (such as plutonium, thorium,
uranium). Because vitrification has been listed
as Best Demonstrated Achievable Technology
(BDAT) for arsenic and selenium wastes, the
cyclone furnace may be applicable to these
wastes.
STATUS:
This technology was accepted into the SITE
Demonstration Program in August 1991. The
demonstration will be conducted at the
developer's facility in winter 1991 using
synthetic soil matrices spiked with heavy metals,
semivolatile organics, and radionuclide
surrogates.
FOR FURTHER INFORMATION:
EPA PROJECT MANAGER:
Laurel Staley
U.S. EPA
Risk Reduction Engineering Laboratory
26 West Martin Luther King Drive
Cincinnati, OH 45268
513-569-7863
FTS: 684-7863
TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPER CONTACT:
Lawrence King
Babcock & Wilcox Co.
1562 Beeson Street
Alliance, OH 44601
216-829-7576
Page 33
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Technology Profile
DEMONSTRATION PROGRAM
BIO-RECOVERY SYSTEMS, INC.
(Biological Sorption)
TECHNOLOGY DESCRIPTION:
The AlgaSORB™ sorption process is designed to
remove heavy metal ions from aqueous
solutions. The process is based on the natural
affinity of the cell walls of algae for heavy metal
ions.
The sorption medium comprises algal cells
immobilized in a silica gel polymer. This
immobilization serves two purposes: (1) it
protects the algal cells from decomposition by
other microorganisms and (2) it produces a hard
material that can be packed into chromatographic
columns that, when pressurized, still exhibit
good flow characteristics.
The system functions as a biological
ion-exchange resin to bind both metallic cations
(positively charged ions, such as mercury, Hg+2)
and metallic oxoanions (large, complex,
oxygen-containing ions with a negative charge,
such as selenium oxide, SeO4"2). Anions such as
chlorides or sulfates are only weakly bound or
not bound at all.
Like ion-exchange resins, the algae-silica
system can be recycled. However, in contrast to
PETE Unit
Page 34
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November 1991
current ion-exchange technology, the
components of hard water (calcium, Ca"1"2, and
magnesium, Mg+2) or monovalent cations
(sodium, Na+, and potassium, K+) do not
significantly interfere with the binding of toxic
heavy metal ions to the algae-silica matrix.
After the media are saturated, the metals are
stripped from the algae using acids, bases, or
other suitable reagents. This produces a small
volume of very concentrated metal-containing
solutions that must be further treated to detoxify
them.
The photograph on the previous page shows a
prototype portable effluent treatment equipment
(PETE) unit, consisting of two columns
operating in series. Each column contains 0.25
cubic foot of AlgaSORB™. The PETE unit is
capable of treating flows of approximately 1
gallon per minute (gpm). Larger systems have
been designed and manufactured to treat flow
rates greater than 100 gpm.
WASTE APPLICABILITY:
This technology is useful for removing metal
ions from groundwater or surface leachates that
are "hard" or contain high levels of dissolved
solids. Rinse waters from electroplating, metal
finishing, and printed circuit board
manufacturing industries can also be treated.
The system can remove heavy metals such as
aluminum, cadmium, chromium, cobalt, copper,
gold, iron, lead, manganese, mercury,
molybdenum, nickel, platinum, silver, uranium,
vanadium, and zinc.
STATUS:
Based on the results from the SITE Emerging
Technology Program, Bio-Recovery Systems,
Inc. has been invited to participate in the
Demonstration Program.
Under the Emerging Technology Program, the
AlgaSORB™ sorption process was tested on
mercury-contaminated ground water at a
hazardous waste site in Oakland, California, in
fall 1989. The final report
(EPA/540/5-90/005a) is now available.
The process is being commercialized for
groundwater treatment and industrial point
source treatment. Treatability studies are
required as the next stage in development.
FOR FURTHER INFORMATION:
EPA PROJECT MANAGER:
Naomi Barkley
U.S. EPA
Risk Reduction Engineering Laboratory
26 West Martin Luther King Drive
Cincinnati, OH 45268
513-569-7854
FTS: 684-7854
TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPER CONTACT:
Godfrey Crane
Bio-Recovery Systems, Inc.
2001 Copper Avenue
Las Cruces, NM 88005
505-523-0405
FAX: 505-523-1638
Page 35
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T&chnoloctv Profile
DEMONSTRATION PROGRAM
BIOTROL, INC.
(Biological Aqueous Treatment System)
TECHNOLOGY DESCRIPTION:
The BioTrol aqueous treatment system (BATS)
is a patented biological treatment system that is
effective for treating contaminated ground water
and process water. The system uses an amended
microbial mixture, which is a microbial
population indigenous to the wastewater to
which a specific microorganism has been added.
This system removes the target contaminants, as
well as the naturally-occurring background
organics.
The figure below is a schematic of the BATS.
Contaminated water enters a mix tank, where the
pH is adjusted and inorganic nutrients are added.
If necessary, the water is heated to an optimum
temperature, using both a heater and a heat
exchanger to minimize energy costs. The water
then flows to the reactor, where the
contaminants are biodegraded.
The microorganisms that perform the
degradation are immobilized in a multiple-cell,
submerged, fixed-film bioreactor. Each cell is
filled with a highly porous packing material to
which the microbes adhere. For aerobic
conditions, air is supplied by fine bubble
membrane diffusers mounted at the bottom of
each cell. The system may also run under
anaerobic conditions.
As the water flows through the bioreactor, the
contaminants are degraded to biological
end-products, predominantly carbon dioxide and
water. The resulting effluent may be discharged
to a publicly owned treatment works (POTW) or
may be reused on-site. In some cases,
^Influent
Heat
Exchanger
Blowers
Bioreactor processing system
Page 36
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November 1991
discharge with a National Pollutant Discharge
Elimination System (NPDES) permit may be
possible.
WASTE APPLICABILITY:
This technology may be applied to a wide
variety of wastewaters, including ground water,
lagoons, and process water. Contaminants
amenable to treatment include
pentachlorophenol, creosote components,
gasoline and fuel oil components, chlorinated
hydrocarbons, phenolics, and solvents. Other
potential target waste streams include coal tar
residues and organic pesticides. The technology
may also be effective for treating certain
inorganic compounds such as nitrates; however,
this application has not yet been demonstrated.
The system does not treat metals.
STATUS:
During 1986 and 1987, BioTrol Inc., performed
a successful 9-month pilot field test of BATS at
a wood-preserving facility. Since that time, the
firm has installed nine full-scale systems and has
performed several pilot-scale demonstrations.
These systems have successfully treated
gasoline, mineral spirit solvent, phenol, and
creosote-contaminated waters.
The SITE demonstration of the BATS
technology took place from July 24 to
September 1, 1989, at the MacGillis and Gibbs
Superfund site in New Brighton, Minnesota.
The system was operated continuously for 6
weeks at three different flow rates.
DEMONSTRATION RESULTS:
Results of the demonstration indicate that
pentachlorophenol (PCP) was reduced to less
than 1 part per million at all flow rates.
Removal percentage was as high as 97 percent at
the lowest flow rate. The Applications Analysis
Report (AAR) (EPA/540/A5-91/001) has been
published. The Technology Evaluation Report
(TER) will be available in 1992.
FOR FURTHER INFORMATION:
EPA PROJECT MANAGER:
Mary Stinson
U.S. EPA
Risk Reduction Engineering Laboratory
2890 Woodbridge Avenue
Edison, NJ 08837
908-321-6683
FTS: 340-6683
TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPER CONTACTS:
Dennis Chilcote
BioTrol, Inc.
11 Peavey Road
Chaska, MN 55318
612-448-2515
FAX: 612-448-6050
Pamela Sheehan
BioTrol, Inc.
210 Carnegie Center, Suite 101
Princeton, NJ 08540
609-951-0314
FAX: 609-951-0316
Page 37
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Technology Profile
DEMONSTRA TION PROGRAM
BIOTROL, INC.
(Soil Washing System)
TECHNOLOGY DESCRIPTION:
The BioTrol Soil Washing System is a patented,
water-based, volume reduction process for
treating excavated soil. Soil washing may be
applied to contaminants concentrated in the
fine-size fraction of soil (silt, clay, and soil
organic matter) and the mainly surficial
contamination associated with the coarse (sand
and gravel) soil fraction. The goal is for the soil
product to meet appropriate cleanup standards.
After debris is removed, soil is mixed with
water and subjected to various unit operations
common to the mineral processing industry.
Process steps can include mixing trommels, pug
mills, vibrating screens, froth flotation cells,
attrition scrubbing machines, hydrocyclones,
screw classifiers, and various dewatering
operations (see figure below).
The core of the process is a multi-stage,
counter-current, intensive scrubbing circuit with
interstage classification. The scrubbing action
disintegrates soil aggregates, freeing
contaminated fine particles from the coarser sand
and gravel. In addition, surficial contamination
is removed from the coarse fraction by the
abrasive scouring action of the particles
themselves. Contaminants may also be
solubilized, as dictated by solubility
characteristics or partition coefficients.
The contaminated residual products can be
treated by other methods. Process water is
normally recycled after biological or physical
treatment. Options for the contaminated fines
include off-site disposal, incineration,
stabilization, and biological treatment.
WASTE APPLICABILITY:
This technology was initially developed to clean
soils contaminated with wood preserving wastes
such as polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH)
and pentachlorophenol (PCP). The technology
may also be applied to soils contaminated with
petroleum hydrocarbons, pesticides,
Rec>cle I—
BioTrol Soil washing System process diagram
Page 38
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November 1991
polychlorinated biphenyls (PCB), various
industrial chemicals, and metals.
STATUS:
The SITE demonstration of the soil washing
technology took place from September 25 to
October 30, 1989, at the MacGillis and Gibbs
Superfund site in New Brighton, Minnesota. A
pilot-scale unit with a treatment capacity of 500
pounds per hour was operated 24 hours per day
during the demonstration. Feed for the first
phase of the demonstration (2 days) consisted of
soil contaminated with 130 parts per million
(ppm) PCP and 247 ppm total PAHs. During
the second phase (7 days), soil containing
680 ppm PCP and 404 ppm total PAHs was fed
to the system.
Contaminated process water from soil washing
was treated biologically in a fixed-film reactor
and was recycled. A portion of the
contaminated fines generated during soil washing
was treated biologically in a three-stage,
pilot-scale EIMCO Biolift™ reactor system
supplied by the EIMCO Process Equipment
Company.
The Technology Evaluation Report (TER) and
the Applications Analysis Report (AAR) are
expected to be available in early 1992.
DEMONSTRATION RESULTS:
• Feed soil (dry weight basis) was
successfully separated into 83 percent
washed soil, 10 percent woody residues,
and 7 percent fines. The washed soil
retained about 10 percent of the feed soil
contamination; while 90 percent of the
feed soil contamination was contained
within the woody residues, fines and
process wastes.
• The soil washer achieved up to 89 percent
removal of PCPs and 88 percent of total
PAHs, based on the difference between
parts per million (ppm) levels in the
contaminated (wet) feed soil and the
washed soil.
• The system degraded up to 94 percent of
PCP in the process water from soil
washing. PAH removal could not be
determined due to low influent
concentrations.
• Cost of a commercial-scale soil washing
system, assuming use of all three
technologies, was estimated to be $168 per
ton. Incineration of woody material
accounts for 76 percent of the cost.
FOR FURTHER INFORMATION:
EPA PROJECT MANAGER:
Mary Stinson
U.S. EPA
Risk Reduction Engineering Laboratory
2890 Woodbridge Avenue
Edison, NJ 08837
908-321-6683
FTS: 340-6683
TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPER CONTACTS:
Dennis Chilcote
BioTrol, Inc.
11 Peavey Road
Chaska, MN 55318
612-448-2515
FAX: 612-448-6050
Pamela Sheehan
BioTrol, Inc.
210 Carnegie Center, Suite 101
Princeton, NJ 08540
609-951-0314
FAX: 609-951-0316
Page 39
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Technology Profile
DEMONSTRATION PROGRAM
BIOVERSAL USA, INC.
(BioGenesis3" Soil Cleaning Process)
TECHNOLOGY DESCRIPTION:
The BioGenesis"1 process uses a specialized
truck, water, and a complex surfactant to clean
contaminated soil. Ancillary equipment includes
gravity oil and water separators, coalescing
filters, and a bioreactor. The cleaning rate for
oil contamination of 5,000 parts per million
(ppm) is about 25 tons/hour; lesser rates apply
for more contaminated soil. One single wash
removes 95 to 99 percent of hydrocarbon
contamination of up to 15,000 ppm. One or two
additional washes are used for concentrations of
up to 50,000 ppm.
BioGenesis'" washing uses a complex surfactant
and water. The BioVersal8" cleaner is a light
alkaline mixture of natural and organic materials
containing no hazardous or petrochemical
ingredients. The figure below shows the soil
washing procedure. Twenty-five tons of
contaminated earth are loaded into a washer unit
containing water and BioVersal8" cleaner.
For 15 to 30 minutes, aeration equipment
agitates the mixture, thus washing the soil, and
encapsulating oil molecules with BioVersal8"
cleaner. After washing, the extracted oil is
reclaimed, wash water is recycled or treated,
and the soil is dumped from the soil washer.
Hazardous organics, such as poly chlorinated
biphenyls (PCB), are extracted in the same
manner and then processed by using treatment
methods specific to that hazard. All equipment
is mobile, and treatment is normally on-site.
The advantages of BioGenesis™ include (1)
treatment of soils containing both volatile and
nonvolatile oils, (2) treatment of soil containing
clay, (3) high processing rates, (4) on-site
Oil for
Reclamation
Oil for
Reclamation
Contaminated
Soil
1
Clean
^ Soil ,., u
+ Washer
25 tons/hour
/ .
Air
A
—1 Oily
Water Oil/Water
Uhl1 Separator
t k
~r i Recycle to Next Load -==
t
i
Oily
Water Coalescing Rite
— *
t t
BioVersal Water
Cleaner
Bioreactor
i . 1 k
BioVersal Air
Degrader
Clean
rs Water
Soil washing procedure
Page 40
-------
November 1991
treatment, (5) transformation of contamination to
reusable oil, treatable water, and active soil
suitable for on-site treatment, (6) backfill, (7)
the absence of air pollution, except during
excavation, (8) and accelerated biodegradation of
oil residuals in the soil.
WASTE APPLICABILITY:
This technology is capable of extracting volatile
and nonvolatile oils, chlorinated hydrocarbons,
pesticides, and other organics from most types
of soils, including clays. These contaminants
include asphalteens, heating oils, diesel fuel,
gasoline, PCBs, and polycyclic aromatic
hydrocarbons.
STATUS:
BioGenesis8* technology was commercialized in
Germany during 1990. It was accepted into the
SITE Demonstration Program in June 1990.
Beale Air Force Base in California is the
planned location for the SITE demonstration,
which is tentatively planned for the fall of 1991.
Full commercial operations are scheduled for
Wisconsin and California in the spring of 1992,
with subsequent expansion to other regions.
Applied research continues to extend application
of the technology to acid extractables, base and
neutral extractables, pesticides, and acutely
hazardous materials.
FOR FURTHER INFORMATION:
EPA PROJECT MANAGER:
Annette Gatchett
U.S. EPA
Risk Reduction Engineering Laboratory
26 West Martin Luther King Drive
Cincinnati, OH 45268
513-569-7697
FTS: 684-7697
TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPER CONTACTS'
Charles Wilde
BioVersal USA, Inc.
10626 Beechnut Court
Fairfax Station, VA 22039-1296
703-250-3442
FAX: 703-250-3559
Mohsen Amiran
BioVersal USA, Inc.
330 South Mt. Prospect Rd.
Des Plaines, IL 60016
708-827-0024
FAX: 708-827-0025
Page 41
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Technology Profile
DEMONSTRATION PROGRAM
GET ENVIRONMENTAL SERVICES-SANIVAN GROUP
(Soil Treatment with ExtraksoP)
TECHNOLOGY DESCRIPTION:
Extraksol™ is a solvent extraction technology on
a modular transportable system. This batch
process extracts organic contaminants from the
soil using proprietary nonchlorinated, organic
solvents. The solvents are regenerated by
distillation, and the contaminants are
concentrated in the distillation residues.
The three treatment steps — soil washing, soil
drying, and solvent regeneration — occur on a
flatbed trailer for the smaller unit (1 ton/hour)
and on a skid-mounted rig for the larger unit (3
to 6 tons/hour). The extraction fluid (solvent) is
circulated through the contaminated matrix
within an extraction chamber (see photogtraph
below) to wash the soil. Controlled temperature
and pressure optimize the washing procedure.
Hot inert gas dries the soil. The gas vaporizes
the residual extract fluid and carries it from the
extraction chamber to a condenser, where the
solvent is separated from the gas. The
solvent-free gas is reheated and reinserted into
the soil, as required, for complete drying. After
the drying cycle, the decontaminated soil may be
returned to its original location.
Distillation of the contaminated solvent achieves
two major objectives: (1) it minimizes the
amount of solvent required to perform the
extraction, by regenerating it in a closed loop,
and (2) it significantly reduces the volume of
contaminants requiring further treatment or
off-site disposal by concentrating them in the
still bottoms.
Extraction chamber
Page 42
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November 1991
WASTE APPLICABILITY:
The process extracts organic contaminants from
solids. It is capable of extracting a range of
contaminants, including polychlorinated
biphenyls (PCB), pentachlorophenol (PCP),
polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH),
monocyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (MAH),
pesticides, oils, and hydrocarbons. The process
has the following soil restrictions:
• A maximum clay fraction of 40 percent
• A maximum water content of 30 percent
• A maximum size, if porous material, of
approximately 2 inches (preferably 1/4
inch or smaller)
• A maximum size, if nonporous material, of
1 to 2 feet, but the maximum size is not
recommended. Rather, particles with a
diameter of 4 inches or less are preferred.
The process can also extract volatile
contaminants, such as gasoline and solvents,
through stripping and condensation.
STATUS:
The process has been tested in several pilot
projects on a range of contaminants. This
technology was accepted into the SITE
Demonstration Program in June 1990. The unit
will be used to decontaminate 3,500 tons of
PCB-contaminated soil in Washburn, Maine, in
1992.
FOR FURTHER INFORMATION:
EPA PROJECT MANAGER:
Mark Meckes
U.S. EPA
Risk Reduction Engineering Laboratory
26 West Martin Luther King Drive
Cincinnati, OH 45268
513-569-7348
FTS: 684-7348
TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPER CONTACT:
Jean Paquin
GET Environmental Services -
Sanivan Group
1705, 3rd Avenue
P.A.T. Montreal, QUebec
HIB 5M9
Canada
514-353-9170
Page 43
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Technology Profile
DEMONSTRATION PROGRAM
CF SYSTEMS CORPORATION
(Solvent Extraction)
TECHNOLOGY DESCRIPTION:
CF Systems Corporation technology uses
liquified gases as solvent to extract organics
from sludges, contaminated soils, and
wastewater. Propane is the solvent typically used
for sludges and contaminated soils, while carbon
dioxide is used for wastewater streams. The
system is available as either a continuous flow
unit for pumpable wastes or a batch system for
dry soils.
Contaminated solids, slurries, or wastewaters are
fed into the extractor (see figure below) along
with solvent. Typically, more than 99 percent
of the organics are extracted from the feed.
Following phase separation of the solvent and
organics, treated water is removed from the
extractor while the mixture of solvent and
organics passes to the solvent recovery system.
In the solvent recovery system, the solvent is
vaporized and recycled as fresh solvent. The
organics are drawn off and either reused or
disposed of.
The extractor design is different for
contaminated wastewaters and semisolids. For
wastewaters, a tray tower contactor is used and
for solids and semisolids, a series of
extractor/decanters are used.
WASTE APPLICABILITY:
This technology can be applied to soils and
sludges containing volatile and semivolatile
organic compounds and other higher boiling
complex organics, such as polychlorinated
biphenyls (PCB), dioxins, and
pentachlorophenols (PCP). Also, this process
can treat refinery wastes and organically
contaminated wastewater.
Recovered
Organics
Treated Cake
To Disposal
CF systems solvent extraction remediation process
Page 44
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November 1991
STATUS:
The pilot-scale system was tested on PCB-laden
sediments from the New Bedford
(Massachusetts) Harbor Superfimd site during
September 1988. PCB concentrations in the
harbor ranged from 300 parts per million (ppm)
to 2,500 ppm. The Technology Evaluation
Report (EPA/540/5-90/002) and the
Applications Analysis Report
(EPA/540/A5-90/002) were published in August
1990.
A full-scale commercial system is currently
operating under contract at a major Gulf Coast
refinery treating refinery K-wastes to meet best
demonstrated available technology (BDAT)
standards for solids disposal. The unit has
operated at better than 85 percent since
acceptance in early March 1991. Treatment
costs are competitive with all other on-site
treatment processes.
Commercial systems have been sold to Clean
Harbors, Braintree, Massachusetts, for
wastewater cleanup; and ENSCO of Little Rock,
Arkansas, for incinerator pretreatment. The
startup of the Clean Harbors wastewater unit is
currently scheduled to begin in September 1991.
The technology has been selected by EPA and
Texas Water Commission on a "sole source"
basis for clean up of the 80,000 cubic yard
United Creosoting site at Conroe, Texas.
DEMONSTRATION RESULTS:
This technology was demonstrated concurrently
with dredging studies managed by the U.S.
Army Corps of Engineers. Contaminated
sediments were treated by the CF Systems Pit
Cleanup Unit, using a liquified propane and
butane mixture as the extraction solvent.
Extraction efficiencies were high, despite some
operating difficulties during the tests.
Development of full-scale commercial systems
has eliminated problems associated with
cross-contamination in the pilot plant design.
APPLICATIONS ANALYSIS
SUMMARY:
• Extraction efficiencies of 90 to 98 percent
were achieved on sediments containing
between 360 and 2,575 ppm PCBs. PCB
concentrations were as low as 8 ppm in the
treated sediment.
• In the laboratory, extraction efficiencies of
99.9 percent have been obtained for
volatile and semivolatile organics in
aqueous and semi-solid wastes.
• Operating problems included solids being
retained in the system hardware and
foaming in receiving tanks. The vendor
identified corrective measures to be
implemented in the full-scale commercial
unit.
• Projected costs for PCB cleanups are
estimated at approximately $150 to $450
per ton, including material handling and
pre- and post-treatment costs. These costs
are highly sensitive to the utilization factor
and job size, which may result hi lower
costs for large cleanups.
FOR FURTHER INFORMATION:
EPA PROJECT MANAGER:
Laurel Staley
U.S. EPA
Risk Reduction Engineering Laboratory
26 West Martin Luther King Drive
Cincinnati, OH 45268
513-569-7863
FTS: 684-7863
TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPER CONTACTS:
Chris Shallice and William McGovern
CF Systems Corporation
3D Gill Street
Woburn, MA 01801
617-937-0800
Page 45
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Technology Profile
DEMONSTRATION PROGRAM
CHEMEIX TECHNOLOGIES, INC.
(Solidification and Stabilization)
TECHNOLOGY DESCRIPTION:
This solidification and stabilization process is an
inorganic system in which soluble silicates and
silicate setting agents react with polyvalent metal
ions and other waste components, to produce a
chemically and physically stable solid material.
The treated waste matrix displays good stability,
a high melting point, and a friable texture. The
treated matrix may be similar to soil, depending
upon the water content of the feed waste.
The feed waste is first blended hi the reaction
vessel (see figure below) with dry alumina,
calcium, and silica based reagents that are
dispersed and dissolved throughout the aqueous
phase. The reagents react with polyvalent ions
in the waste and form inorganic polymer chains
(insoluble metal silicates) throughoutthe aqueous
phase. These polymer chains physically entrap
the organic colloids within the microstructure of
the product matrix. The water-soluble silicates
then react with complex ions in the presence of
a silicate setting agent, producing amorphous,
colloidal silicates (gels) and silicon dioxide,
which acts as a precipitating agent.
Most of the heavy metals in the waste become
part of the silicate gel. Some of the heavy
metals precipitate with the structure of the
silicate gel. A very small percentage (estimated
to be less than one percent) of the heavy metals
precipitates between the silicates and is
mechanically immobilized.
Since some organics may be contained in
particles larger than the silicate gel, all of the
waste is pumped through processing equipment,
creating sufficient shear in combination with
surface active chemicals to emulsify the organic
constituents. Emulsified organics are then
microencapsulated and solidified and discharged
to a prepared area, where the gel continues to
set and stabilize. The resulting solids, though
friable, microencapsulate any organic substances
that may have escaped emulsification. The
system can be operated at 5 to 100 percent solids
in the waste feed; water is added for drier
tucoa nucx
IHLOUWC
Process flow diagram
Page 46
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November 1991
wastes. Portions of the water contained in the
wastes are involved in three reactions after
treatment: (1) hydration, similar to that of
cement reactions; (2) hydrolysis reactions; and
(3) equilibration through evaporation. There are
no side streams or discharges from this process.
WASTE APPLICABILITY:
This technology is suitable for contaminated
soils, sludges, and other solid wastes. The
process is applicable to electroplating wastes,
electric arc furnace dust, and municipal sewage
sludge containing heavy metals such as
aluminum, antimony, arsenic, barium,
beryllium, cadmium, chromium, iron, lead,
manganese, mercury, nickel, selenium, silver,
thallium, and zinc.
STATUS:
The technology was demonstrated in March
1989 at the Portable Equipment Salvage Co.,
site in Clackamas, Oregon. Preliminary results
are available in a Demonstration Bulletin
(October 1989). The Technology Evaluation
Report (TER) was published in September 1990
(EPA/540/5-89/01 la). The Applications
Analysis Report (AAR) was completed in May
1991 (EPA/540/A5-89/011).
From fall 1989 through winter 1990, Chemflx
Technologies, Inc.'s subsidiary, Chemfix
Environmental Services, Inc. (CES), applied a
high solids CHEMSET® reagent protocol
approach to the treatment of about 30,000 cubic
yards of heavy metal-contaminated waste. The
goal of reducing leachable hexavalent chromium
to below 0.5 parts per million (ppm) in the
toxicity characteristics leaching procedure
(TCLP) was met, as well as the goal of
producing a synthetic clay cover material with
low permeability (less than 1 x Ifr6 centimeters
per second). The production goal of exceeding
400 tons per day was also met. This included
production during many subfreezing days in
December, January, and March. In Summer
1990, CES engaged in another high solids
project involving lead.
DEMONSTRATION RESULTS:
• The Chemfix Technology was effective in
reducing the concentrations of copper and
lead in the TCLP extracts. The
concentrations in the extracts from the
treated wastes were 94 to 99 percent less
than those from the untreated wastes.
Total lead concentrations of the untreated
waste approached 14 percent.
• The volume of the excavated waste
material increased from 20 to 50 percent.
• In the durability tests, the treated wastes
showed little or no weight loss after 12
cycles of wetting and drying or freezing
and thawing.
• The unconfmed compressive strength
(UCS) of the wastes varied between 27 and
307 pounds per square inch after 28 days.
Permeability decreased by more than one
order of magnitude.
• The air monitoring data suggest there was
no significant volatilization of
polychlorinatedbiphenyls (PCB) during the
treatment process.
• The cost of the treatment process was $73
per ton of raw waste treated, exclusive of
excavation, pretreatment, and disposal.
FOR FURTHER INFORMATION:
EPA PROJECT MANAGER:
Edwin Earth
U.S. EPA
Center for Environmental Research Information
26 West Martin Luther King Drive
Cincinnati, OH 45268
513-569-7669 FTS: 684-7669
TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPER CONTACT:
Philip Baldwin, Jr.
Chemfix Technologies, Inc.
Suite 620, Metairie Center
2424 Edenborn Avenue
Metairie, LA 70001
504-831-3600
Page 47
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Techno/OQV Profile
DEMONSTRATION PROGRAM
CHEMICAL WASTE MANAGEMENT, INC.
(DeChlor/KGME Process)
TECHNOLOGY DESCRIPTION:
Chemical Waste Management's (CWM)
DeChlor/KGME process involves the
dechlorination of liquid-phase halogenated
compounds, particularly polychlorinated
biphenyls (PCB). KGME, a CWM proprietary
reagent, is the active species in a nucleophilic
substitution reaction, in which the chlorine
atoms on the halogenated compounds are
replaced with fragments of the reagent. The
products of the reaction are a substituted
aromatic compound, which is no longer a PCB
aroclor, and an inorganic chloride salt.
KGME is the potassium derivative of
2-methoxyethanol (glyme) and is generated in
situ by adding stoichiometric quantities of
potassium hydroxide (KOH) and glyme. The
NITROGEN •
QUENCH
& WASH
WATER
KOH and glyme are added to the a reactor
vessel, along with the contaminated waste (see
figure below). The KGME is formed by slowly
raising the temperature of the reaction mixture
to about 110°C (230°F), although higher
temperature can be beneficial.
The nucleophilic substitution reaction that takes
place in the reactor vessel is summarized by the
following generalized equation:
Ph2Cln + mCH3OCH2CH2OK ->
Ph2Cln.m(OCH2CH2OCH3)m + mKCl
where Ph2Cln is a PCB (n = 1 to 10),
CH3OCH2CH2OK is the KGME reagent, m is
the number of substitutions (from 1 to 10), and
Ph2Cln.m(OCH2CH2OCH3)m is the product of the
treatment process. A similar mechanism is
•TO ATMOSPHERE
FURTHER
TREATMENT
-OR-
OFF-SITE
DISPOSAL
OFF-SITE
DISPOSAL
DeChlor/KGME process diagram
Page 48
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November 1991
involved in the KPEG (or APEG) technology, in
which Hie nucleophile is the anion formed by the
removal of one terminal hydrogen molecule
from a molecule of PEG 440, that is,
The DeChlor/KGME technology is preferable to
the older sodium (Na) dispersion treatment
method because it is less expensive and because
the KGME reagent is much more tolerant of
water in the reaction mixture; the water can
cause a fire or explosion in the presence of Na
metal. One advantage of the DeChlor/KGME
process over KPEG or APEG methods is that
only about one-quarter the weight of KGME is
required for dehalogenation as would be
required if KPEG were used. Also,
considerably less waste is produced, and no
polymeric treatment residue, which is difficult to
handle, is formed.
The reaction product mixture is a fairly viscous
solution containing reaction products and the
unreacted excess reagent. After this mixture has
cooled to about 93 °C (200°F), water is added to
help quench the reaction, improve the handling
of the mixture, extract the inorganic salts from
the organic phase for disposal purposes, and
help clean out the reaction vessel for the next
batch of material to be treated. The two
resulting phases, aqueous and organic, are
separated, analyzed, and transferred to separate
storage tanks, where they are held until disposal.
WASTE APPLICABILITY:
The DeChlor/KGME process is applicable to
liquid-phase halogenated aromatic compounds,
includingPCBs, chlorobenzenes, polychlorinated
dibenzodioxins (PCDD), and polychlorinated
dibenzofurans (PCDF). Waste streams
containing less than 1 ppm PCBs to 100 percent
aroclors can be treated. Laboratory tests have
shown destruction removal efficiencies greater
than 99.98 percent for materials containing
220,000 ppm PCBs.
This process is also applicable to the
liquid-phase treatment of halogenated aliphatic
compounds and has been successfully used for
the treatment of contaminated soils on the
laboratory scale. Pilot-scale equipment for the
treatment of solid materials using this process is
in the development stage.
STATUS:
A SITE demonstration of this process at the
Resolve Superfund site in Massachusetts is
scheduled for 1992.
FOR FURTHER INFORMATION:
EPA PROJECT MANAGER:
Paul dePercin
U.S. EPA
Risk Reduction and Engineering Laboratory
26 West Martin Luther King Drive
Cincinnati, Ohio 45268
513-569-7797
FTS: 684-7797
TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPER CONTACTS:
John North and Arthur Freidman
Chemical Waste Management, Inc.
1950 S. Batavia Avenue
Geneva, Illinois 60134-3310
708-513-4867
FAX: 708-513-6401
Page 49
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Technology Profile
DEMONSTRATION PROGRAM
CHEMICAL WASTE MANAGEMENT, INC.
(PO*WW*ER Evaporation and Catalytic Oxidation of Wastewater)
TECHNOLOGY DESCRIPTION:
PO*WW*ER™ is a technology developed to treat
wastewaters, such as leachates, groundwaters,
and process waters, containing mixtures of salts,
metals, and organic compounds. The
proprietary technology is a combination of
evaporation and catalytic oxidation processes.
Wastewater is concentrated in an evaporator by
boiling off most of the water and the volatile
contaminants, both organic and inorganic. Air
or oxygen is added to the vapor, and the mixture
is forced through a catalyst bed, where the
organic and inorganic compounds are oxidized.
This stream, composed of mainly steam, passes
through a scrubber, if necessary, to remove any
acid gases formed during oxidation. The stream
is then condensed or vented to the atmosphere.
The resulting brine solution is either disposed of
or treated further, depending on the nature of
the waste. A schematic of a commercial
PO*WW*ER™ is presented in figure below.
WASTE APPLICABILITY:
The PO*WW*ER™ technology can be used to
treat complex wastewaters that contain volatile
and nonvolatile organic compounds, salts,
metals, and volatile inorganic compounds.
Suitable wastes include leachates, contaminated
groundwaters, and process waters. The system
can be designed for any capacity, depending on
the application and the volume of the
wastewater. Typical commercial systems range
from 10 to 1,000 gallons per minute (gpm).
Schematic of PO*WW*ER® technology
Page 50
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November 1991
STATUS:
The PO*WW*ER™ technology is currently being
tested on landfill leachates, process wastewaters,
and other aqueous wastes at the developer's
Lake Charles, Louisiana, facility. The pilot
plant (capacity, 0.25 gpm) has been in operation
since 1988; 20 pilot-scale demonstrations have
been completed. A commercial system (50
gpm) is currently being built by Waste
Management International, Inc., at its Hong
Kong Chemical Waste Treatment Facility. The
SITE program is determining which site to use
for evaluating the technology.
FOR FURTHER INFORMATION:
EPA PROJECT MANAGER:
Randy Parker
U.S. EPA
Risk Reduction Engineering Laboratory
26 West Martin Luther King Drive
Cincinnati, OH 45268
513-569-7271
FTS: 684-7271
TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPER CONTACT:
Erick Neuman
Chemical Waste Management, Inc.
Geneva Research Center
1950 South Batavia Avenue
Geneva, IL 60134-3310
708-513-4500
Page 51
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Techno/oav Profile
DEMONSTRATION PROGRAM
CHEMICAL WASTE MANAGEMENT, INC.
(X*TRAX™ Thermal Desorption)
TECHNOLOGY DESCRIPTION:
The X*TRAX™ technology (see figure below) is
a thermal desorption process designed to remove
organic contaminants from soils, sludges, and
other solid media. It is not an incinerator or a
pyrolysis system. Chemical oxidation and
reactions are not encouraged, and no combustion
by-products are formed. The organic
contaminants are removed as a condensed liquid,
characterized by a high British thermal unit (Btu)
rating, which may then be either destroyed in a
permitted incinerator or used as a supplemental
fuel. Because of low operating temperatures
(200 to 900 degrees Fahrenheit) and gas flow
rates, this process is less expensive than
incineration.
An externally-fired rotary dryer is used to
volatilize the water and organic contaminants
into an inert carrier gas stream. The processed
solids are then cooled with treated condensed
water to eliminate dusting. The solids are ready
to be placed and compacted in their original
location.
The organic contaminants and water vapor
driven from the solids are transported out of the
dryer by an inert nitrogen carrier gas. The
carrier gas flows through a duct to the gas
treatment system, where organic vapors, water
vapors, and dust particles are removed and
recovered from the gas. The gas first passes
through a high-energy scrubber. Dust particles
and 10 to 30 percent of the organic contaminants
are removed by the scrubber. The gas then
passes through two heat condensers in series,
where it is cooled to less than 40 degrees
Fahrenheit.
Most of the carrier gas passing through the gas
treatment system is reheated and recycled to the
dryer. Approximately 5 to 10 percent of the gas
is cleaned by passing it through a paniculate
filter and a carbon adsorption system before it is
discharged to the atmosphere. The volume of
X*TRAX® technology
Page 52
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November 1991
gas released from this process vent is
approximately 100 to 200 times less than an
equivalent capacity incinerator. This discharge
helps maintain a small negative pressure within
the system and prevents potentially contaminated
gases from leaking. The discharge also allows
makeup nitrogen to be added to the system,
preventing oxygen concentrations from
exceeding combustibility limits.
WASTE APPLICABILITY:
The process can remove and collect volatiles,
semivolatiles, and polychlorinated biphenyls
(PCB), and has been demonstrated on a variety
of soils ranging from sand to very cohesive
clays. In most cases, volatile organics are
reduced to below 1 part per million (ppm) and
frequently to below the laboratory detection
leveL _^ Semivolatile organics are typically
reduced to less than 10 ppm and frequently
below 1 ppm. Soils containing 120 to 6,000
ppm PCBs have been reduced to 2 to 25 ppm.
Removal efficiencies from 96 to 99+ percent
have been demonstrated for soils contaminated
with various organic pesticides.
Minimal feed pretreatment is required. The feed
material must be screened to a particle size of
less than 2 inches. For economic reasons, a
single location should have a minimum of 5,000
cubic yards of material. For most materials, the
system can process 120 to 150 tons per day at a
cost of $150 to $250 per ton.
STATUS:
Chemical Waste Management (CWM) currently
has three X*TRAX systems available:
laboratory-, pilot-, and full-scale. Two
laboratory-scale systems are being used for
treatability studies. One system is operated by
Chem Nuclear systems, Inc., inBarnwell, South
Carolina, for mixed (Resource Conservation and
Recovery Act [RCRA]/Radioactive) wastes; the
other is operated by CWM Research and
Development at its facility in Geneva, Illinois,
for RCRA and Toxic Substance Control Act
(TSCA) wastes. More than 60 tests have been
completed since January 1988. Both laboratory
systems are available for performing treatability
studies. A draft report is furnished within 12
weeks of sample receipt.
A pilot-scale system is in operation at the CWM
Kettleman Hills facility in California. During
1989 and 1990, 10 different PCB-contaminated
soils were processed under a TSCA Research
and Development (R&D) permit, which expired
in January 1990. The system is currently
operating under both an EPA Research
Development and Demonstration and a
California Department of Health and Safety
R&D permit for RCRA materials. Pilot testing
is planned through November 1992.
The first Model 200 full-scale X*TRAX system
was completed in early 1990 and is shown in the
figure on the previous page. The system will be
used to remediate 35,000 tons of
PCB-contaminated soil at the Resolve Superfund
site in Massachusetts. Startup is scheduled for
the first quarter of 1992. EPA plans to conduct
a SITE demonstration during this remediation.
FOR FURTHER INFORMATION:
EPA PROJECT MANAGER:
Paul dePercin
U.S. EPA
Risk Reduction Engineering Laboratory
26 West Martin Luther King Drive
Cincinnati, OH 45268
513-569-7797
FTS: 684-7797
TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPER CONTACT:
Carl Swanstrom
Chemical Waste Management, Inc.
1950 S. Batavia
Geneva, IL 60134
708-513-4578
Page 53
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Technology Profile
DEMONSTRATION PROGRAM
COLORADO DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH
(Developed by COLORADO SCHOOL OF MINES)
(Wetlands-Based Treatment)
TECHNOLOGY DESCRIPTION:
The constructed wetlands-based treatment
technology uses natural geochemical and
biological processes inherent in a man-made
wetland ecosystem (see figure below) to
accumulate and remove metals from influent
waters. The treatment system incorporates
principal ecosystem components found in
wetlands, including organic soils, microbial
fauna, algae, and vascular plants.
Influent waters, which contain high metal
concentrations and have a low pH, flow through
the aerobic and anaerobic zones of the wetland
ecosystem. Metals are removed by filtration,
ion exchange, adsorption, absorption, and
precipitation through geochemical and microbial
oxidation and reduction. In filtration, metal
flocculates and metals that are adsorbed onto
fine sediment particles settle in quiescent ponds,
or are filtered out as the water percolates
through the soil or the plant canopy. Ion
exchange occurs as metals in the water come
into contact with humic or other organic
substances in the soil medium. Oxidation and
reduction reactions mat occur in the aerobic and
anaerobic zones, respectively, play a major role
in removing metals as hydroxides and sulfides.
WASTE APPLICABILITY:
The wetlands-based treatment process is suitable
for acid mine drainage from metal or coal
mining activities. These wastes typically contain
high metals concentrations and are acidic in
nature. Wetlands treatment has been applied
with some success to wastewater in the eastern
regions of the United States. The process may
have to be adjusted to account for differences in
Typical wetland ecosystem
Page 54
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November 1991
geology, terrain, trace metal composition, and
climate in the metal mining regions of the
western United States.
STATUS:
As a result of the success of this technology in
the Emerging Technology Program, it has been
selected for the Demonstration Program.
The final year of the project under the Emerging
Technology Program was 1991. Results of a
study of drainage from the Big Five Tunnel near
Idaho Springs, Colorado, have shown that by
optimizing design parameters, removal efficiency
of heavy metals from the discharge can approach
the removal efficiency of chemical precipitation
treatment plants.
One of the final goals of this project will be the
development of a manual that discusses design
and operating criteria for construction of a
full-scale wetland for treating acid mine
discharges. This manual will be available in fall
1991.
The Demonstration Program will evaluate the
effectiveness of a full-scale wetland.
Construction of a full-scale wetland is the
proposed remedial action for the Burleigh
Tunnel near Silver Plume, Colorado. The
Burleigh Tunnel is part of the Clear
Creek/Central City Superfund Site in Colorado.
FOR FURTHER INFORMATION:
EPA PROJECT MANAGER:
Edward Bates
U.S. EPA
Risk Reduction Engineering Laboratory
26 West Martin Luther King Drive
Cincinnati, OH 45268
513-569-7774
FTS: 684-7774
TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPER CONTACT:
Rick Brown
Colorado Department of Health
4210 East llth Avenue, Room 252
Denver, CO 80220
303-331-4404
Page 55
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Technology Profile
DEMONSTRATION PROGRAM
DAMES & MOORE
(Hydrolytic Terrestrial Dissipation)
TECHNOLOGY DESCRIPTION:
Dames & Moore developed its Hydrolytic
Terrestrial Dissipation (HTD) process for use at
the Chemairspray site in Palm Beach County,
Florida. An estimated 11,500 cubic yards of
surface soils at the site are contaminated with
toxaphene — a chlorinated pesticide — and
metal fungicides, primarily copper.
HTD involves excavating contaminated soils and
comminuting (mixing and cutting) soils so that
metal complexes and organic chemicals in the
soil are uniformly distributed. During the
mixing process, caustic addition raises the soil
pH to 8.0 or greater, although slower reactions
should still occur at lower pHs. Soil moisture
levels are maintained during mixing to prevent
adsorption and fugitive dust. Iron, copper, or
aluminum can be introduced to catalyze the
hydrolysis.
The prepared mixture is then distributed in a
thin veneer (4 to 7 centimeters) over a soil bed
and exposed to heat and ultraviolet light from
the sun to facilitate dissipation. Since lighter
weight toxaphene compounds are reported to be
volatile, volatility will enhance dissipation.
Toxaphene's volatility will increase as heavier
compounds are dehalogenating to lower
molecular weights. Ultraviolet light is also
known to cause toxaphene dechlorination, so
toxaphene gases in the atmosphere will slowly
degrade to still lower molecular weights while
liberating chlorine. Since lighter compounds
have fewer chlorines in their molecular
structure, only minor amounts of chlorine gas
are emitted to the atmosphere. In fact,
ADDITIVES
SOIL EXCAVATION
STAGING
CAUSTIC
CATALYSTS
MOISTURE
\/\/\/
COMMINUTION AND MIXING
HEAT AND
ULTRAVIOLET LIGHT
DISTRIBUTION BED
SAMPLING AND ANALYSIS
AGRICULTURAL PRODUCTION
Hydrolytic terrestrial dissipation schematic
Page 56
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November 1991
throughout the entire study, chlorine gas
emission is estimated to be less than 0.25 grams
per day over the study area.
Soils in the distribution bed are periodically
sampled to evaluate any residual contamination.
Also, monitoring of underlying groundwater
assures maintenance of environmental quality
during HTD system operation. After treated
soils meet established criteria, the land may be
returned to agricultural production or other
beneficial use. Since toxaphene is chlorinated
camphene, dehalogenation reduces the
insecticide to a naturally occurring compound.
The treatment capacity of one staging unit is
approximately 5,000 to 6,000 tons per year.
HTD takes advantage of the metal-catalyzed
alkaline hydrolysis reactions to liberate chlorine
ions that form various metal salts, depending on
the characteristics of the contaminated media.
Camphene (C10H16) will ultimately be left to
degrade to water and carbon oxides (COJ. The
figure on the previous page is a schematic of the
process.
WASTE APPLICABILITY:
HTD has applications at sites where large
quantities of soil are contaminated by small
amounts of toxaphene or other pesticides.
Depending on the pesticide, metal catalysts other
than copper and iron could be effective. The
process involves a hydrolysis reaction; however,
flash points, vapor pressures, and other elements
of physical chemistry can be used to enhance
dissipation and should be considered when
designing the remedial measure. Although it
may have such application, this method was not
developed for highly concentrated soil
contaminants.
STATUS:
This technology was accepted into the SITE
Demonstration Program in the Spring 1991.
The SITE demonstration will be carried out at
the Chemairspray facility after the completion of
treatability studies. A simulation tank has been
constructed to evaluate rates of hydrolysis under
laboratory conditions. A quality control
program has been instituted to validate
laboratory results. A Quality Assurance Project
Plan was prepared and is being reviewed by
EPA.
FOR FURTHER INFORMATION:
EPA PROJECT MANAGER:
Ronald Lewis
U.S. EPA
Risk Reduction Engineering Laboratory
26 West Martin Luther King Drive
Cincinnati, OH 45268
513-569-7856
FTS: 684-7856
TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPER CONTACT:
Stoddard Pickrell, Jr.
Dames & Moore
1211 Governor's Square Boulevard
Tallahassee, FL 32301
904-942-5615
FAX: 904-942-5619
Page 57
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Technology Profile
DEMONSTRATION PROGRAM
DEHYDRO-TECH CORPORATION
(Carver-Greenfield® Process for Extraction of Oily Waste)
TECHNOLOGY DESCRIPTION:
The Carver-Greenfield Process® is designed to
separate materials into their constituent solid, oil
(including oil-soluble substances), and water
phases. It is intended mainly for soils and
sludges contaminated with oil-soluble hazardous
compounds. The technology uses a food-grade
carrier oil to extract the oil-soluble contaminants
(see figure below). Pretreatment is necessary to
achieve particle sizes of less than '4 inch.
The carrier oil, with a boiling point of 400
degrees Fahrenheit, is typically mixed with
waste sludge or soil, and the mixture is placed in
an evaporation system to remove any water.
The oil serves to fluidize the mix and maintain
a low slurry viscosity to ensure efficient heat
transfer, allowing virtually all of the water to
evaporate.
Oil-soluble contaminants are extracted from the
waste by the carrier oil. Volatile compounds
present in the waste are also stripped in this step
and condensed with the carrier oil or water.
After the water is evaporated from the mixture,
the resulting dried slurry is sent to a centrifuging
section that removes most of the carrier oil and
contaminants from the solids.
After centrifuging, residual carrier oil is
removed from the solids by a process known as
"hydroextraction." The carrier oil is recovered
by evaporation and steam stripping. The
Vent to
Treatment
Feed
Sludgo/Sotl/
Waste
/NCondenser
I H-l
*—a-
Vacuum
Pump
-V^
in
FuHdizIng
Tank
^—
First
Stage
v.^ J
I
1
it
,
^
^•\
Second
Stage
X /
Steam
Centrifuge] •• Hydro-
^ -^ extractor
s
Steam
O
Dry
Solids
Product
Light
O 01) Soluble
Components
Carrlor OH
Makeup
Extracted
O Oil Soluble
Components
Carver-Greenfield® process schematic
Page 58
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November 1991
hazardous constituents are removed from the
carrier oil by distillation. This stream can be
incinerated or reclaimed. In some cases, heavy
metals in the solids will be complexed with
hydrocarbons and will also be extracted by the
carrier oil.
WASTE APPLICABILITY:
The Carver-Greenfield Process® can be used to
treat sludges, soils, and other water-bearing
wastes containing oil-soluble hazardous
compounds, including polychlorinated biphenyls
(PCB), polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons
(PAH), and dioxins. The process has been
commercially applied to municipal wastewater
sludge, paper mill sludge, rendering waste,
pharmaceutical plant sludge, and other wastes.
STATUS:
The demonstration of this technology was
completed in August 1991, at EPA's Edison,
New Jersey, research facility. Petroleum wastes
(drilling muds) from the PAB oil site in
Abbeville, Louisiana, were used for the
demonstration.
Preliminary results indicate a successful
separation of oily drilling muds into their
constituent oil, water, and solid phases.
Laboratory analysis on process residuals will be
conducted during the late summer and fall 1991.
FOR FURTHER INFORMATION:
EPA PROJECT MANAGER:
Laurel Staley
U.S. EPA
26 West Martin Luther King Drive
Cincinnati, OH 45268
513-569-7863
FTS: 684-7863
TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPER CONTACT:
Thomas Holcombe
Dehydro-Tech Corporation
6 Great Meadow Lane
East Hanover, NJ 07936
201-887-2182
Page 59
-------
r
Technology Profile
DEMONSTRATION PROGRAM
E.I. DUPONT DE NEMOURS AND COMPANY, and
OBERLIN FILTER COMPANY
(Membrane Microfiltration)
TECHNOLOGY DESCRIPTION:
This membrane microfiltration system is
designed to remove solid particles from liquid
wastes, forming filter cakes typically ranging
from 40 to 60 percent solids. The system can
be manufactured as an enclosed unit, requires
little or no attention during operation, is mobile,
and can be trailer-mounted.
The membrane microfiltration system (see figure
below) uses an automatic pressure filter
[developed by Oberlin Filter Company
(Oberlin)], combined with a special Tyvek filter
material (Tyvek T-980) made of spunbonded
olefin [invented by E.I. DuPont De Nemours
and Company (DuPont)]. The filter material is
a thin, durable plastic fabric with tiny openings
(about 1 ten-millionth of a meter in diameter)
that allow water or other liquids, along with
solid particles smaller than the openings, to flow
through. Solids in the liquid stream that are too
large to pass through the openings accumulate
on the filter, and can be easily collected for
disposal.
The automatic pressure filter has two chambers:
an upper chamber for feeding waste through the
filter and a lower chamber for collecting the
filtered liquid (filtrate). At the start of a filter
cycle, the upper chamber is lowered to form a
liquid-tight seal against the filter. The waste
feed is then pumped into the upper chamber and
through the filter. Filtered solids accumulate on
the Tyvek surface, forming a filter cake, while
filtrate is collected in the lower chamber.
Following filtration air is fed into the upper
chamber at a pressure of about 45 pounds per
Air Cylinder
Air Bags
Waste Feed Chamber
Filter Cake
Used Tyvek'
Filtrate Chamber—'
Filtrate
Discharge
DuPont/Oberlin microfiltration system
Page 60
-------
November 1991
square inch,. and used to remove any liquid
remaining in the upper chamber and to further
dry the cake. When the cake is considered to be
dry, the upper chamber is lifted, and the filter
cake is automatically discharged. Clean filter
material is then drawn from a roll into the
system for the next cycle. Both the filter cake
and the filtrate can be collected and treated
further prior to disposal, if necessary.
WASTE APPLICABILITY:
This treatment technology may be applied to (1)
hazardous waste suspensions, particularly liquid
heavy metal- and cyanide-bearing wastes (such
as electroplating rinsewaters), (2) groundwater
contaminated with heavy metals, (3) constituents
such as landfill leachate, and (4) process
wastewaters containing uranium. The
technology is best suited for treating wastes with
solid concentrations of less than 5,000 parts per
million; otherwise, the cake capacity and
handling become limiting factors. The system
can treat any type of solids, including
inorganics, organics, and oily wastes, with a
wide variety of particle sizes. Moreover,
because the unit is enclosed, the system is
capable of treating liquid wastes containing
volatile organics.
STATUS:
This technology was demonstrated at the
Palmerton Zinc Superfund site in Palmerton,
Pennsylvania. The shallow aquifer at the site,
contaminated with dissolved heavy metals (such
as cadmium, lead, and zinc), was selected as the
feed waste for the demonstration. The system
treated waste at a rate of about 1 to 2 gallons
per minute. Pilot studies on the groundwater
indicated that the microfiltration system could
produce a 35 to 45 percent-solids filter cake,
and a filtrate with nondetectable levels of heavy
metals.
The demonstration was conducted over a 4-week
period in April and May 1990. A
Demonstration Bulletin summarizing the results
at the demonstration was prepared in August
1990. A Technology Evaluation Report, an
Applications Analysis Report, and a video of the
demonstration have also been completed.
DEMONSTRATION RESULTS:
During the demonstration at the Palmerton Zinc
Superfund site, the DuPont/Oberlin
microfiltration system achieved the following
results:
• Zinc and total suspended solids removal
efficiencies ranged from 99.75 to 99.99
percent.
• Solids in the filter cake ranged from 30.5
to 47.1 percent.
• Dry filter cake in all test runs passed the
Resource Conservation and Recovery Act
(RCRA) paint filter liquids test.
• Filtrate met the applicable National
Pollutant Discharge Elimination System
standard for zinc.
• A composite filter cake sample passed the
EP toxicity and toxicity characteristic
leaching procedure (TCLP) tests for
metals.
FOR FURTHER INFORMATION:
EPA PROJECT MANAGER:
John Martin
U.S. EPA
Risk Reduction Engineering Laboratory
26 West Martin Luther King Drive
Cincinnati, OH 45268
513-569-7758
FTS: 684-7758
TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPER CONTACT:
Ernest Mayer
E.I. DuPont de Nemours and Company
Engineering Department L1359
P.O. Box 6090
Newark, DE 19714-6090
302-366-3652
Page 61
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Technology Profile
DEMONSTRATION PROGRAM
DYNAPHORE, INC./H2O COMPANY
(FORAGER™ Sponge)
TECHNOLOGY DESCRIPTION:
The FORAGER™ sponge is an open-celled
cellulose sponge incorporating an
amine-containing polymer that has a selective
affinity for heavy metals in cationic and anionic
states in aqueous solution. The polymer prefers
to form complexes with ions of transition-group
heavy metals, providing ligand sites that
surround the metal and form a coordination
complex. The order of affinity of the polymer
for metals is influenced by solution parameters
such as pH, temperature, and total ionic content.
The following affinity sequence for several
representative ions can generally be expected:
Co++>Pb++>Au(CN)2->SeO4-z>AsO4-3>Hg++>
CrCV2 > Ag+ > AT + + > Ca+ + > Mg+ +
The removal efficiency for transition-group
heavy metals is about 90 percent at a flow rate
of one bed volume per minute. The
FORAGER® sponge treating water
Page 62
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November 1991
highly-porous nature of the sponge speeds
diffusional effects, thereby promoting high rates
of ion absorption. The sponge can be used in
columns, fishnet-type enclosures, or rotating
drums. In column operations, flow rates of 3
bed volumes per minute can be obtained at
hydrostatic pressures only 2 feet above the bed
and without additional pressurization.
Therefore, sponge-packed columns are suitable
for unattended field use.
Absorbed ions can be eluted from the sponge by
techniques typically employed for regeneration
of ion exchange resins and activated carbons.
Following elution, the sponge is ready for the
next absorption cycle. The number of useful
cycles depends on the nature of the absorbed
ions and the elution technique used.
Alternatively, the metal-saturated sponge can be
incinerated. In some instances, it may be
preferable to compact the sponge by drying it to
an extremely small volume to facilitate disposal.
The photograph on the previous page depicts
water being treated in an unattended column
using the FORAGER® sponge.
WASTE APPLICABILITY:
The sponge can scavenge metals in concentration
levels of parts per million and parts per billion
from industrial discharges, municipal sewage
process streams, and acid mine drainage waters.
The sponge can also remove trace amounts of
aliphatic organic chlorides and bromides from
water.
STATUS:
This technology was accepted into the SITE
Demonstration Program in June 1991. The
sponge has been found effective in removing
trace heavy metals from acid mine drainage
water from three locations in Colorado.
The FORAGER® sponge will be demonstrated as
part of H2O Company's E-Process. Site
selection for the demonstration is underway.
FOR FURTHER INFORMATION:
EPA PROJECT MANAGER:
Carolyn Esposito
U.S. EPA, Building 10, MS-104
2890 Woodbridge Avenue
Edison, NJ 08837
908-906-6895
FTS: 340-6895
TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPER CONTACTS:
Norman Rainer
Dynaphore, Inc.
2709 Willard Road
Richmond, VA 23294
804-288-7109
Lou Reynolds
H2O Company
9040 Executive Park Drive, Suite 200
Knoxville, TN 37923
615-531-0427
Page 63
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Technology Profile
DEMONSTRA TION PROGRAM
ECOVA CORPORATION
(Bioslurry Reactor)
TECHNOLOGY DESCRIPTION:
ECOVA Corporation's slurry-phase
bioremediation (bioslurry) technology is
designed to biodegrade creosote contaminated
materials by employing aerobic bacteria that use
the contaminants as their carbon source. The
technology uses batch and continuous flow
bioreactors to process polycyclic aromatic
hydrocarbon (PAH) contaminated soils,
sediments, and sludges. Because site-specific
environments influence biological treatment, all
chemical, physical, and microbial factors are
designed into the treatment process. The
ultimate goal is to convert organic wastes into
biomass, relatively harmless byproducts of
microbial metabolism, such as carbon dioxide,
methane, and inorganic salts. A process flow
diagram is shown in the figure below.
ECOVA Corporation conducted bench- and
pilot-scale process development studies using a
slurry phase biotreatment design to evaluate
bioremediation of PAHs in creosote
contaminated soil collected from the Burlington
Northern Superfund site in Brainerd, Minnesota.
Bench-scale studies are performed prior to pilot-
scale evaluations in order to collect data to
determine the optimal treatment protocols. Data
obtained from the optimized pilot-scale program
will be used to establish treatment standards for
K001 wastes as part of the EPA's Best
Demonstrated Available Technology (BOAT)
program.
Slurry-phase biological treatment was shown to
significantly improve biodegradation rates of 4-
to 6-ring PAHs. The bioreactors are
supplemented with oxygen, nutrients, and a
SOIL FROM
MIXING PROCESS
NUTRIENT
SOLUTION
AMBIENT
AIR
SPARGER
AIR
DISCHARGE
SAMPLE
TAP
I - DXH>
SAMPLE
TAP
(TYP.OF3)
STIRRED
BATCH
REACTOR
(TYP.OF6)
Process flow diagram
Page 64
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November 1991
specific inocula of microorganisms to enhance
the degradation process. Biological reaction
rates are accelerated in a slurry system because
of the increased contact efficiency between
contaminants and microorganisms. Results from
the pilot-scale bioreactor evaluation showed an
initial reduction of 89.3 percent of the total soil-
bound PAHs in the first two weeks. An overall
reduction of 93.4 percent was seen over a
12-week treatment period.
WASTE APPLICABILITY:
Slurry-phase biological treatments can be applied
in the treatment of highly contaminated creosote
wastes. It can also be used to treat other
concentrated contaminants that can be
aerobically biodegraded, such as petroleum
wastes. The bioslurry reactor system must be
engineered to maintain parameters such as pH,
temperature, and dissolved oxygen, with ranges
conducive to the desired microbial activity.
STATUS:
This technology was accepted into the SITE
Demonstration Program in spring 1991. From
May through September 1991, EPA conducted
a SITE demonstration using six bioslurry
reactors at EPA's Test and Evaluation Facility in
Cincinnati, Ohio. The reactors processed
creosote-contaminated soil taken from the
Burlington Northern Superfund site in Brainerd,
Minnesota.
FOR FURTHER INFORMATION:
EPA PROJECT MANAGER:
Ronald Lewis
U.S. EPA
Risk Reduction Engineering Laboratory
26 West Martin Luther King Drive
Cincinnati, OH 45268
513-569-7856
FTS: 684-7856
TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPER CONTACT:
William Mahaffey
ECOVA Corporation
18640 NE 67th Court
Redmond, WA 98052-5230
206-883-1900
FAX: 206-867-2210
Page 65
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Technology Profile
DEMONSTRATION PROGRAM
ECOVA CORPORATION
(In Situ Biological Treatment)
TECHNOLOGY DESCRIPTION:
Ecova Corporation's bioremediation technology
(see figure below) is designed to biodegrade
chlorinated and nonchlorinated organic
contaminants by employing aerobic bacteria that
use the contaminants as their carbon source.
This proposed technology has two
configurations: in situ biotreatment of soil and
water and on-site bioreactor treatment of
contaminated groundwater.
An advantage of in situ bioremediation is that
contaminants in subsurface soils and ground
water can be treated without excavating
overlying soil. The technology uses special
NUTRIENTS,
OXYGEN SOURCE
I
strains of cultured bacteria and naturally
occurring microorganisms in on-site soils and
groundwater. Since the treatment process is
aerobic, oxygen and soluble forms of mineral
nutrients must be introduced throughout the
saturated zone. The end products of the aerobic
biodegradation are carbon dioxide, water, and
bacterial biomass. Contaminated groundwater
can also be recovered and treated in an
aboveground bioreactor. Nutrients and oxygen
can then be added to some or all of the treated
water, and the water can be recycled through the
soils as part of the in situ soil treatment.
Because site-specific environments influence
biological treatment, all chemical, physical, and
BIOLOGICAL
TREATMENT
BIOREACTOR
STATIC WATER
TABLE
MOUNDED
WATER TABLE
RECHARGE
TRENCH
Schematic of the in situ biological treatment
RECOVERY
TRENCH/WELL
Page 66
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November 1991
microbiological factors are designed into the
treatment system. Subsurface soil and
groundwater samples collected from a site are
analyzed for baseline parameters, such as
volatile organics, metals, pH, total organic
carbon, types and quantities of microorganisms,
and nutrients. A treatability study, which
includes flask and column studies, determines
the effects of process parameters on system
performance. The flask studies test
biodegradation under optimum conditions, and
the column studies test the three field
applications: (1) soil flushing, (2) in situ
biotreatment, and (3) in situ biotreatment using
groundwater treated in a bioreactor.
WASTE APPLICABILITY:
Biological processes can be applied to water,
soil, sludge, sediment, and other types of
materials contaminated with organic constituents.
The system must be engineered to maintain
parameters such as pH, temperature, and
dissolved oxygen (if the process is aerobic),
within ranges conducive to the desired microbial
activity. The technology can be applied to
chlorinated solvents and nonchlorinated organic
compounds.
STATUS:
Ecova Corporation's planned demonstration of
this technology on a wide range of toxic organic
compounds at the Goose Farm Superfund site in
Plumstead Township, New Jersey, was canceled
after the completion of treatability studies in
April 1990.
Although the demonstration was canceled at the
Goose Farm Superfund site, the technology may
be demonstrated at another hazardous waste site
in the future.
FOR FURTHER INFORMATION:
EPA PROJECT MANAGER:
Naomi Barkley
U.S. EPA
Risk Reduction Engineering Laboratory
26 West Martin Luther King Drive
Cincinnati, OH 45268
513-569-7854
FTS: 684-7854
TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPER CONTACT:
Michael Nelson
Ecova Corporation
18640 N.E. 67th Court
Redmond, WA 98052
206-883-1900
Page 67
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Technology Profile
DEMONSTRATION PROGRAM
ECOVA CORPORATION
(Developed by SfflRCO INFRARED SYSTEMS, INC.)
(Infrared Thermal Destruction)
TECHNOLOGY DESCRIPTION:
The infrared thermal destruction technology is a
mobile thermal processing system that uses
electrically-powered silicon carbide rods to heat
organic wastes to combustion temperatures.
Any remaining combustibles are incinerated in
an afterburner. One configuration for this
mobile system (see figure below) consists of four
components: (1) an electric-powered infrared
primary chamber, (2) a gas-fired secondary
combustion chamber, (3) an emissions control
system, and (4) a control center.
Waste is fed into the primary chamber and
exposed to infrared radiant heat (up to 1,850
degrees Fahrenheit) provided by silicon carbide
rods above the belt. A blower delivers air to
selected locations along the belt to control the
oxidation rate of the waste feed.
Mobile thermal processing system
The ash material in the primary chamber is
quenched by using scrubber water effluent. The
ash is then conveyed to the ash hopper, where it
is removed to a holding area and analyzed for
organic contaminants, such as polychlorinated
biphenyl (PCB) content.
Volatile gases from the primary chamber flow
into the secondary chamber, which uses higher
temperatures, greater residence time, turbulence,
and supplemental energy (if required) to destroy
these gases. Gases from the secondary chamber
are ducted through the emissions control system.
In die emissions control system, the particulates
are removed in a venturi scrubber. Acid vapor
is neutralized in a packed tower scrubber. An
induced draft blower draws the cleaned gases
from the scrubber into the free-standing exhaust
stack. The scrubber liquid effluent flows into a
clarifier, where scrubber sludge settles out for
disposal. The liquid then flows through an
activated carbon filter for reuse or to a publicly
owned treatment works (POTW) for disposal.
WASTE APPLICABILITY:
This technology is suitable for soils or sediments
with organic contaminants. Liquid organic
wastes can be treated after mixing with sand or
soil. Optimal waste characteristics are as
follows:
Particle size, 5 microns to 2 inches
Moisture content, up to 50 percent by weight
Density, 30 to 130 pounds per cubic foot
Heating value, up to 10,000 British thermal
units per pound
Chlorine content, up to 5 percent by weight
Sulfur content, up to 5 percent by weight
Phosphorus, 0 to 300 parts per million (ppm)
pH, 5 to 9
Alkali metals, up to 1 percent by weight
Page 68
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November 1991
STATUS:
EPA conducted two evaluations of the infrared
system. An evaluation of a full-scale unit was
conducted during August 1987, at the Peak Oil
site in Tampa, Florida. The system treated
nearly 7,000 cubic yards of waste oil sludge
containing PCBs and lead. A second pilot-scale
demonstration took place at the Rose
Township-Demode Road Superfund site in
Michigan, during November 1987. Organics,
PCBs, and metals in soil were the target waste
compounds to be immobilized. In addition, the
technology has been used to remediate PCB
contamination at the Florida Steel Corporation
and the LaSalle Electric Superfund sites.
DEMONSTRATION RESULTS:
The results from the two SITE demonstrations
are summarized below.
• PCBs were reduced to less than 1 ppm in the
ash, with a destruction removal efficiency
(DRE) for air emissions greater than 99.99
percent (based on detection limits).
• In the pilot-scale demonstration, the Resource
Conservation and Recovery Act (RCRA)
standard for paniculate emissions (180
milligrams per dry standard cubic meter) was
achieved. In the full-scale demonstration,
however, this standard was not met in all runs
because of scrubber inefficiencies.
• Lead was not immobilized; however, it
remained in the ash, and significant amounts
were not transferred to the scrubber water or
emitted to the atmosphere.
• The pilot testing demonstrated satisfactory
performance with high feed rate and reduced
power consumption when fuel oil was added
to the waste feed and the primary chamber
temperature was reduced.
APPLICATIONS ANALYSIS
SUMMARY:
Results from the two demonstrations, plus eight
other case studies, indicate the following:
• The process is capable of meeting both RCRA
and TSCA DRE requirements for air
emissions and particulate emissions.
Restrictions in chloride levels in the feed
waste may be necessary. PCB remediation
has consistently met the TSCA guidance level
of 2 ppm in ash.
• Economic analysis suggests an overall waste
remediation cost up to $800 per ton.
FOR FURTHER INFORMATION:
EPA PROJECT MANAGER:
Howard Wall
U.S. EPA
Risk Reduction Engineering Laboratory
26 West Martin Luther King Drive
Cincinnati, OH 45268
513-569-7691
FTS: 684-7691
TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPER CONTACT:
John Cioffi
Ecova Corporation
18640N.E. 67th Court
Redmond, WA 98052
206-883-1900
TECHNOLOGY VENDOR CONTACTS:
George Hay
OH Materials Corporation
419-423-3526
Richard McAllister
Westinghouse Haztech, Inc.
404-593-3803
Page 69
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Technoloav Profits
DEMONSTRATION PROGRAM
ELI ECO LOGIC INTERNATIONAL, INC.
(Thermal Gas Phase Reduction Process)
TECHNOLOGY DESCRIPTION:
This patented process (see photograph below) is
based on the gas-phase, thermo-chemical
reaction of hydrogen with organic and
chlorinated organic compounds at elevated
temperatures. At 850 degrees Celsius (°C) or
higher, hydrogen reacts with organic compounds
in a process known as reduction to produce
smaller, lighter hydrocarbons. This reaction is
enhanced by the presence of water, which can
also act as a reducing agent. Because hydrogen
is used to produce a reducing atmosphere devoid
of free oxygen, the possibility of dioxin or furan
formation is eliminated.
The thermo-chemical reaction takes place within
a specially designed reactor. In the process, a
mixture of preheated waste and hydrogen is
injected through nozzles mounted tangentially
near the top of the reactor. The mixture swirls
around a central ceramic tube past glo-bar
heaters. By the time the mixture passes through
the ports at the bottom of the ceramic tube, it
has been heated to 850°C. Particulate matter up
to 5 millimeters in diameter not entrained in the
gas stream will impact the hot refractory walls
of the reactor. Organic matter associated with
the particulate is volatilized, and the paniculate
exits out of the reactor bottom to a quench tank,
while finer particulate entrained in the gas
stream flows up the ceramic tube into an exit
elbow and through a retention zone. The
reduction reaction takes place from the bottom
of the ceramic tube onwards, and takes less than
one second to complete. Gases enter a scrubber
where hydrogen chloride fine particulates are
removed. The gases that exit the scrubber
consist only of excess hydrogen, methane, and
a small amount of water vapor. Approximately
Thermal gas phase reduction process
Page 70
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November 1991
95 percent of this gas is recirculated back into
the reactor. The remaining 5 percent is fed to a
boiler where it is used as supplementary fuel to
preheat the waste.
Because this process is not incineration, the
reactor does not require a large volume for the
addition of combustion air. The small reactor
size and the capability to recirculate gases from
the reaction make the process equipment small
enough to be mobile.
In addition, the process includes a sophisticated
on-line mass spectrometer unit as a part of the
control system. As the unit is capable of
measuring many organic chemicals on a
continuous basis, increases in chlorobenzene or
benzene concentrations (signalling a decrease in
destruction efficiency) halt the input of waste
and alert the operator.
WASTE APPLICABILITY:
The technology is suitable for many types of
waste including polychlorinated biphenyls
(PCB), polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons
(PAH), chlorophenols, pesticides, landfill
leachates, and lagoon bottoms. The system can
handle most types of waste media, including
soils, sludges, liquids, and gases. Even those
wastes with a high water content are easily
handled by the technology. The maximum
concentration level is 30 percent sediments and
10 percent chlorine.
In the case of chlorinated organic compounds,
such as PCBs, the products of the reaction
include chloride, hydrogen, methane, and
ethylene. Other non-chlorinated hazardous
contaminants, such as PAHs, are also reduced to
smaller, lighter hydrocarbons, primarily methane
and ethylene.
STATUS:
This technology was accepted into the SITE
Demonstration Program in July 1991. A
demonstration-scale reactor, two meters in
diameter and three meters tall, capable of
handling 7 tons per day, has been used for
processing PAH- and PCB-contaminated harbor
sediments in Hamilton, Ontario. Bench-scale
testing with trichlorobenzene has shown that the
reduction reaction can achieve 99.9999 percent
destruction efficiency or better. A possible
location for holding the SITE demonstration has
been identified.
FOR FURTHER INFORMATION:
EPA PROJECT MANAGER:
Gordon Evans
U.S. EPA
Risk Reduction Engineering Laboratory
26 West Martin Luther King Drive
Cincinnati, OH 45268
513-569-7684
FTS: 684-7684
TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPER CONTACT:
Jim Nash
ELI Eco Logic International, Inc.
143 Dennis Street
Rockwood, Ontario
Canada NO B2 KO
519-856-9591
Page 71
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Technoloav Profile
DEMONSTRATION PROGRAM
EMTECH ENVIRONMENTAL SERVICES, INC.
(formerly HAZCON)
(Chemical Treatment and Immobilization)
TECHNOLOGY DESCRIPTION:
This treatment system is capable of chemically
destroying certain chlorinated organics and
immobilizing heavy metals. The technology
mixes hazardous wastes, cement or flyash,
water, and one of 18 patented reagents
commonly known as "Chloranan." In the case
of chlorinated organics, the process uses
metal-scavenging techniques to remove chlorine
atoms and replace them with hydrogen atoms.
Metals are fixed at their lowest solubility point.
Soils, sludges, and sediments can be treated in
situ or excavated and treated ex situ. Sediments
can also be treated underwater. Blending is
accomplished in batches, with volumetric
throughput rated at 120 tons per hour.
The treatment process (see figure below) begins
by adding Chloranan and water to the blending
unit, followed by the waste and mixing for 2
minutes. The cement is added and mixed for a
similar time. After 12 hours, the treated
material hardens into a concrete-like mass that
exhibits unconfined compressive strengths (UCS)
in the 1,000 to 3,000 pounds per square inch
(psi) range, with permeabilities in the 10"9
centimeters per second range. Results may vary
see "Demonstration Results" section. It is
capable of withstanding several hundred cycles
of freeze and thaw weathering.
WASTE APPLICABILITY:
This technology has been refined since the 1987
SITE demonstration and is now capable of
destroying certain chlorinated organics and also
immobilizing other wastes, including very high
levels of metals. The organics and inorganics
can be treated separately or together with no
impact on the chemistry of the process.
STATUS:
This technology was demonstrated in October
1987 at a former oil processing plant in
Douglassville, Pennsylvania. The site soil
contained high levels of oil and grease (250,000
parts per million [ppm]) and heavy metals
(22,000 ppm lead), and low levels of volatile
organic compounds (VOC)(100 ppm) and
CHLORANAN
POZZOLANIC
COMPOUND
WATER
FIELD BLENDING UNIT
WASTE
FINISHED
PRODUCT
Schematic diagram of the chemical treatment/immobilization
Page 72
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November 1991
polychlorinated biphenyls (PCB)(75 ppm). An
Applications Analysis Report
(EPA/540/A5-89/001) and a Technology
Evaluation Report (EPA/540/5-89/001a) are
available. A report on long-term monitoring
may be obtained from EPA's Risk Reduction
Engineering Laboratory.
Since the demonstration in 1987, the technology
has been greatly enhanced through the
development of 17 more reagent formulations
that expand dechlorination of many chlorinated
organics to include PCBs, ethylene dichloride
(EDC), trichlorethylene (TCE), and others.
Remediation of heavily contaminated oily soils
and sludges has been accomplished, as well as
remediation of a California Superfund site with
up to 220,000 ppm of zinc. The Canadian
Government selected this process as one to test
for underwater treatment of PCBs and VOCs
found in sediments.
DEMONSTRATION RESULTS:
Comparisons of the 7-day, 28-day, 9-month,
and 22-month sample test results for the soil are
generally favorable. The physical test results
were very good, with UCS between 220 and
1,570 psi. Very low permeabilities were
recorded, and the porosity of the treated wastes
was moderate. Durability test results showed no
change in physical strength after the wet and dry
and freeze and thaw cycles. The waste volume
increased by about 120 percent. However,
refinements of the technology now restrict
volumetric increases to the 15 to 25 percent
range. Using less additives reduces strength, but
toxicity reduction is not affected. There appears
to be an inverse relationship between physical
strength and organic contaminant concentration.
The results of the leaching tests were mixed.
The toxicity characteristics leaching procedure
(TCLP) results of the stabilized wastes were
very low; essentially, all concentrations of
metals, VOCs, and semivolatile organics were
below 1 ppm. Lead leachate concentrations
dropped by a factor of 200 to below 100 parts
per billion. Volatile and semivolatile organic
concentrations, however, did not change from
the untreated soil TCLP. Oil and grease
concentrations were greater in the treated waste
TCLPs (4 ppm) than in the untreated waste (less
than 2 ppm).
APPLICATIONS ANALYSIS
SUMMARY:
The process can treat contaminated material with
high concentrations (up to 25 percent) of oil.
However, during the SITE demonstration,
volatiles and base and neutral extractables were
not immobilized significantly.
Heavy metals were immobilized. In many
instances, leachate reductions were greater by a
factor of 100.
The physical properties of the treated waste
include high unconfmed compressive strengths,
low permeabilities, and good weathering
properties.
FOR FURTHER INFORMATION:
EPA PROJECT MANAGER:
Paul R. dePercin
U.S. EPA
Risk Reduction Engineering Laboratory
26 West Martin Luther King Drive
Cincinnati, OH 45268
513-569-7797
FTS: 684-7797
TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPER CONTACT:
Ray Funderburk
EmTech Environmental Services, Inc.
303 Arthur Street
Fort Worth, TX 76107
1-800-227-6543
1-800-336-0909 (Evening)
FAX: 817-338-9565
Page 73
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Technology Profile
DEMONSTRATION PROGRAM
ENSITE, INC.
(SafeSoil™ Biotreatment Process)
TECHNOLOGY DESCRIPTION:
The SafeSoil™ Biotreatment System (see
photograph below) is a bioremediation
technology that involves excavation and
powerscreening of contaminated soil. The
screened soil is then transported to a paddle
shaft mixer, where it is mixed with a
combination of nutrients and surfactants. The
mixed soil is then placed in "curing" piles on
site for the "curing" portion of the treatment
process, during which time biodegradation by
naturally occuring microorganisms, utilizing
biochemical pathways mediated by enzymes, will
occur. All nutrients that are required are
supplied during initial processing. The unique
air entrainment feature of the treatment system
provides an initial supply of oxygen and
provides for passive air diffusion, by the
generation of a honeycomb-like matrix.
The process relies solely on the indigenous
microorganisms of the soil to mediate biological
degradation of organic compounds and does not
use laboratory adapted or genetically engineered
microorganisms (GEMs). The additive contains
inorganic nutrients, organic supplements (as
simple sugars and protein), and naturally
occurring surfactants. The surfactants emulsify
volatile organics and solubilize hydrophobic
contaminants, thereby facilitating microbial
attack of the contaminants.
SafeSoil™ Biotreatment System
Page 74
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November 1991
As with all bioremediation technologies, the end
products of the treatment process are carbon
dioxide (COj) and microbial biomass (additional
microbial cells). For chlorinated organic
compounds, the chlorine moieties are
stoichiometrically converted to inorganic
chloride anions. While several intermediates are
formed during biodegradation, the end result is
mineralization of all the resident organic
compounds.
WASTE APPLICABILITY:
This technology has shown to be effective on
organic contaminants. Specific contaminants
that have been successfully treated using the
SafeSoil technology include (1) petroleum
hydrocarbons derived from gasoline, kerosene,
jet fuel, diesel fuel, motor oil, and crude oil; (2)
trichloroethylene (TCE); (3) monoaromatic
compounds (benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene, and
xylene) derived from both gasoline and
commercial solvents; (4) aliphatic solvents
(methyl isobutyl ketone); and (5) polycyclic
aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH) derived from
creosote. In all cases, soil contaminated with
the above constituents was the treated media.
STATUS:
At the field-scale level, this technology was
effective for the remediation of soil contaminated
with (1) petroleum hydrocarbon compounds
derived from gasoline, diesel, jet fuel, kerosene,
motor oil, and quenching oil; (2) monoaromatics
derived from solvents; and (3) TCE. At the
laboratory-scale level, SafeSoil effectively
remediated soil contaminated with
creosote-derived PAHs and crude oil. ENSITE
Inc., plans to field test the effectiveness of the
process on these compounds during 1991. It has
been used at eight sites, successfully treating
over 60,000 cubic yards of contaminated soil.
The technology was accepted into the SITE
Demonstration Program in June 1991.
FOR FURTHER INFORMATION:
EPA PROJECT MANAGER:
Douglas Grosse
U.S. EPA
Risk Reduction Engineering Laboratory
26 West Martin Luther King Drive
Cincinnati, OH 45268
513-569-7844
FTS: 684-7844
TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPER CONTACT:
Andrew Autry
ENSITE, Inc.
5203 South Royal Atlanta Drive
Tucker, GA 30084
404-934-1180
FAX: 404-621-0238
Page 75
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r
TechnofoQV Profile
DEMONSTRATION PROGRAM
EPOC WATER, INC.
(Precipitation, Microfiltration, and Sludge Dewatering)
TECHNOLOGY DESCRIPTION:
In the first step of this process, heavy metals are
chemically precipitated. The precipitates along
with all particles down to 0.2 to 0.1 micron, are
filtered through a unique fabric crossflow
microfilter (EXXFLOW). The concentrate
stream is then dewatered in an automatic tubular
filter press of the same fabric material
(EXXPRESS).
EXXFLOW microfilter modules are fabricated
from a proprietary woven polyester array of
tubes. Wastes are pumped into the tubes from
a dynamic membrane, which produces a high
quality filtrate removing all particle sizes greater
than 0.2 - 0.1 micron. The membrane is
continually cleaned by the flow velocity, thereby
minimizing production declines and cleaning
frequencies.
Metals are removed via precipitation by
adjusting the pH in the EXXFLOW feed tank.
The metal hydroxides or oxides form the
dynamic membrane with any other suspended
solids. The concentrate stream will contain up
to 5 percent solids for discharge to the
EXXPRESS system. The EXXFLOW
concentrate stream enters the EXXPRESS
modules with the discharge valve closed. A
semi-dry cake, up to 1/4 inch thick, is formed
on the inside of the tubular cloth. When the
discharge valve is opened, rollers on the outside
of the tube move to form a venturi within the
EXXFLOW/EXXPRESS demonstration unit
Page 76
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November 1991
tube. The venturi creates an area of high
velocity within the tubes, which aggressively
cleans the cloth and discharges the cake in chip
form onto a wedge wire screen. The discharge
water is recycled back to the feed tank. The
EXXPRESS filter cakes are typically 40 to 60
percent solids by weight.
Other constituent removals are possible using
seeded slurry methods in EXXFLOW. Hardness
can be removed by using lime. Oil and grease
can be removed by adding adsorbents.
Nonvolatile organics and solvents can be
removed using seeded, powdered activated
carbon or powdered ion exchange adsorbents.
In cases where the solids in the raw feed are
extremely high, EXXPRESS can be used first,
with EXXFLOW acting as a final polish for the
product water.
The EXXFLOW/EXPRESS demonstration unit
(see photograph on previous page) is
transportable and is skid-mounted. The unit is
designed to process approximately 30 pounds of
solids per hour and 10 gallons per minute of
wastewater.
WASTE APPLICABILITY:
This technology is applicable to water containing
heavy metals, pesticides, oil and grease,
bacteria, suspended solids, and constituents that
can be precipitated into particle sizes greater
than 0.1 micron. The system can handle waste
streams containing up to 5 percent solids and
produce a semi-dry cake of 40 to 60 percent
weight per weight. Nonvolatile organics and
solvents can also be removed from the water by
adding powdered adsorbents.
Soils and sludge can be decontaminated through
acid leaching of the metals, followed by
precipitation and microfiltration. Lime sludges
from municipal, industrial, and power plant
clarifiers can also be treated by using this
process.
STATUS:
This technology was accepted into the SITE
Demonstration Program in 1989. Bench-scale
tests were conducted in 1990. The first EPA
application will be on acid mine drainage at the
Iron Mountain Mine Superfund site in Redding,
California, in late 1991.
Since 1988, this technology has been applied to
over 35 sites worldwide. System capacities
range from 1 gallon per minute to over 2 million
gallons per day. Applications include (1)
industrial laundries, (2) circuit board shops, (3)
ceramics, (4) agricultural chemicals, (5) oil
produced water, (6) oil field waste, (7) scrubber
waste, (8) municipal waste, (9) water
purification, (10) water softening, (11) clarifier
sludge dewatering, and (12) wine and juice
filtration.
FOR FURTHER INFORMATION:
EPA PROJECT MANAGER:
S. Jackson Hubbard
U.S. EPA
Risk Reduction Engineering Laboratory
26 West Martin Luther King Drive
Cincinnati, OH 45268
513-569-7507
FTS: 684-7507
TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPER CONTACT:
Ray Groves
EPOC Water, Inc.
3065 Sunnyside, #101
Fresno, CA 93727
209-291-8144
Page 77
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Technoloav Profile
DEMONSTRATION PROGRAM
EXCALIBUR ENTERPRISES, INC.
(Soil Washing/Catalytic Ozone Oxidation)
TECHNOLOGY DESCRIPTION:
The Excalibur technology is designed to treat
soils with organic and inorganic contaminants.
The technology is a two-stage process: the first
stage extracts the contaminants from the soil,
and the second stage oxidizes contaminants
present in the extract. The extraction is carried
out using ultrapure water and ultrasound.
Oxidation involves the use of ozone, and
ultraviolet light. The treatment products of this
technology are decontaminated soil and inert
salts.
A flow schematic of the system is shown in the
figure below. After excavation, contaminated
soil is passed through a 1-inch screen. Soil
particles retained on the screen are crushed using
a hammermill and sent back to the screen. Soil
particles passing through the screen are sent to
a soil washer, where ultrapure water extracts the
contaminants from the screened soil. Ultrasound
acts as a catalyst to enhance soil washing.
Typically, 10 volumes of water are added per
volume of soil, generating a slurry of about
10-20 percent solids by weight. This slurry is
conveyed to a solid/liquid separator, such as a
centrifuge or cyclone, to separate the
decontaminated soil from the contaminated
water. The decontaminated soil can be returned
to its original location or disposed of
appropriately.
After the solid/liquid separation, any oil present
in the contaminated water is recovered using an
oil/water separator. The contaminated water is
ozonated prior to oil/water separation to aid in
oil recovery. The water then flows through a
filter to remove any fine particles. After the
particles are filtered, the water flows through a
carbon filter and a deionizer to reduce the
contaminant load on the multichamber reactor.
Contaminated
SOB
I
Ultrasound
Deconta
S<
M
Contomlnc
Water-
Ozone
mlnated
D»
$k
Solid-Liquid
Separator
ited
"" -.
i
Pn-
Treatment
Soi
Washer
UV Light ••
Ultrasound *
Ozone ••
_, Ultropure
Water
lExhaust
Carbon
Fitter
t Off-Gas
^ Uulti-
~~ , Chamber
\ Reactor
1
Treated Water
(Recycled)
Excalibur treatment system flow diagram
Page 78
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November 1991
In the multichamber reactor, ozone gas,
ultraviolet light, and ultrasound are applied to
the contaminated water. Ultraviolet light and
ultrasound catalyze the oxidation of contaminants
by ozone. The treated water (ultrapure water)
flows out of the reactor to a storage tank and is
reused to wash another batch of soil. If makeup
water is required, additional ultrapure water is
generated on-site by treating tap water with
ozone and ultrasound.
The treatment system is also equipped with a
carbon filter to treat the off-gas from the
reactor. The carbon filters are biologically
activated to regenerate the spent carbon in situ.
System capacities range from one cubic foot of
solids per hour, (water flow rate of one gallon
per minute), to 27 cubic yards of solids per
hour, (with a water flow rate of 50 gallons per
minute). The treatment units available for the
SITE demonstration can treat 1 to 5 cubic yards
of solids per hour.
WASTE APPLICABILITY:
This technology can be applied to soils, solids,
sludges, leachates, and groundwater containing
organics such as polychlorinated biphenyls
(PCBs), pentachlorophenol (POP), pesticides and
herbicides, dioxins, and inorganics, including
cyanides. The technology could effectively treat
total contaminant concentrations ranging from 1
part per million (ppm) to 20,000 ppm. Soils
and solids greater than 1 inch in diameter need
to be crushed prior to treatment.
STATUS:
The Excalibur technology was accepted into the
SITE Demonstration Program in July 1989. The
Coleman-Evans site in Jacksonville, Florida, has
been tentatively scheduled for a SITE
demonstration. This project is currently on
hold.
FOR FURTHER INFORMATION:
EPA PROJECT MANAGER:
Norma Lewis
U.S. EPA
Risk Reduction Engineering Laboratory
26 West Martin Luther King Drive
Cincinnati, OH 45268
513-569-7665
FTS: 684-7665
TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPER CONTACTS:
Lucas Boeve
Excalibur Enterprises, Inc.
Calle Pedro Clisante, #12
Sosua, Dominican Republic
809-571-3451
FAX: 809-571-3453
Gordon Downey
Excalibur Enterprises, Inc.
13661 E. Marina Drive, #112
Aurora, CO 80014
303-752-4363
FAX: 303-745-7962
Page 79
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Technolotjv Profile
DEMONSTRATION PROGRAM
EXXON CHEMICAL COMPANY &
RIO LINDA CHEMICAL COMPANY
(Chemical Oxidation and Cyanide Destruction)
TECHNOLOGY DESCRIPTION:
This technology uses chlorine dioxide, generated
on site by a patented process, to oxidize
organically contaminated aqueous waste streams
and simple and complex cyanide in water or
solid media. Chlorine dioxide is an ideal
oxidizing agent, because it chemically alters
contaminants to salts and nontoxic organic acids.
Chlorine dioxide gas is generated by reacting
sodium chlorite solution with chlorine gas, or by
reacting sodium chlorite solution with sodium
hypochlorite and hydrochloric acid. Both
processes produce at least 95 percent pure
chlorine dioxide.
NaCIO2
In aqueous treatment systems (see figure below),
the chlorine dioxide gas is fed into the waste
stream through a venturi, which is the driving
force for the generation system. The amount of
chlorine dioxide required depends on the
contaminant concentrations in the waste stream
and the concentration of oxidizable compounds,
such as sulfides.
In soil treatment applications, the chlorine
dioxide may be applied in situ through
conventional injection wells or surface flushing.
The concentration of chlorine dioxide would
depend on the level of contaminants in the soil.
Chlorine dioxide treatment systems have been
applied to (1) drinking water disinfection,
HC1
NaOCl
Influent
Contaminated
Waste Stream or
Fresh Water
Effluent Treated Waste
Stream or Water Containing
ClOjto Point of Treatment
Booster Pump
Chlorine Dioxide Generator
Typical treatment layout
Page 80
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November 1991
(2) food processing sanitation, and (3) waste
remediation. Chlorine dioxide has also been
used as a biocide in industrial process water.
Since chlorine dioxide reacts by direct oxidation
rather than substitution (as does chlorine), the
process does not form undesirable
trihalomethanes.
WASTE APPLICABILITY:
This technology may be applied to aqueous
waste streams, liquid storage vessels, soils,
contaminated groundwater, or any teachable
solid media contaminated by a wide range of
waste materials. Cyanides, sulfides,
organosulfur compounds, phenols, aniline, and
secondary and tertiary amines are examples of
contaminants that can be remediated with this
process.
STATUS:
The SITE Demonstration Program has accepted
two proposals from Exxon Chemical Company
and Rio Linda Chemical Company to perform
two separate demonstrations: one of cyanide
destruction and the other of organics treatment.
The cyanide destruction technology is scheduled
to be demonstrated at EPA's Test and Evaluation
facility in Cincinnati, Ohio. Site selection for
the organics treatment technology is underway.
FOR FURTHER INFORMATION:
EPA PROJECT MANAGER:
Teri Shearer
U.S. EPA
Risk Reduction Engineering Laboratory
26 West Martin Luther King Drive
Cincinnati, OH 45268
513-569-7949
FTS: 684-7949
TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPER CONTACT:
Denny Grandle
Exxon Chemical Company
P.O. Box 4321
Houston, TX 77210-4321
713-460-6816
Page 81
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Technology Profile
DEMONSTRATION PROGRAM
FILTER FLOW TECHNOLOGY, INC.
(Heavy Metals and Radionuclide Filtration)
TECHNOLOGY DESCRIPTION:
A colloid filter method, filtration process
removes inorganic heavy metals and non-tritium
radionuclides from industrial wastewater and
groundwater. The filter unit has an inorganic,
insoluble filter bed material (Filter Flow-1000)
contained in a dynamic, flow-through
configuration resembling a filter plate. The
pollutants are removed from the water via
sorption, chemical complexing, and physical
filtration. By employing site-specific
optimization of the water chemistry prior to
filtration, the methodology removes the
pollutants as ions, colloids, and colloidal
aggregates.
A three-step process is used to achieve heavy
metal and radionuclide removal (see photograph
below). First, water is treated chemically to
optimize formation of colloids and colloidal
aggregates. Second, a prefilter removes the
larger particles and solids. Third, the filter bed
removes the contaminants to the compliance
standard desired. By controlling the water
chemistry, water flux rate, and bed volume, the
methodology can be used to remove heavy
metals and radionuclides in low to high volume
waste streams.
The process is designed for either batch or
continuous flow applications at fixed installations
or field mobile operations. The field unit can be
V
Photograph of the process unit
Page 82
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November 1991
retrofitted to existing primary solids water
treatment systems or used as a polishing filter
for new installations or on-site remediation
applications. Trailer and skid-mounted
equipment has been used successfully.
WASTE APPLICABILITY:
The methodology removes heavy metals and
radionuclides from pond water, tank water,
groundwater, or in-line industrial wastewater
treatment systems. The technology also has
application for remediation of natural occurring
radioactive materials (NORM), man-made low
level radioactive wastes (LLRW) and transuranic
(TRU) pollutants.
STATUS:
The methodology was accepted into the EPA
SITE Demonstration Program in July 1990.
EPA and the Department of Energy (DOE) are
co-sponsoring the technology evaluation. Bench
tests have been conducted at the DOE Rocky
Flats Facility, Golden, Colorado, using
groundwater samples contaminated with heavy
metals and radioactive materials.
FOR FURTHER INFORMATION:
EPA PROJECT MANAGER:
Annette Gatchett
U.S. EPA
Risk Reduction Engineering Laboratory
26 West Martin Luther King Drive
Cincinnati, OH 45268
513-569-7697
FTS: 684-7697
TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPER CONTACT:
Tod Johnson
Filter Flow Technology, Inc.
3027 Marina Bay Drive, Suite 110
League City, TX 77573
713-334-2522
FAX: 713-334-7501
Page 83
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Technology Profile
DEMONSTRATION PROGRAM
GEOSAFE CORPORATION
(In Situ Vitrification)
TECHNOLOGY DESCRIPTION:
In situ vitrification (ISV) uses an electric current
to melt soil or sludge at extremely high
temperatures of 1,600 to 2,000 degrees Celsius
(0C), thus destroying organic pollutants by
pyrolysis. Inorganic pollutants are incorporated
within the vitrified mass, which has glass
properties. Water vapor and organic pyrolysis
byproducts are captured in a hood, which draws
the contaminants into an off-gas treatment
system that removes particulates and other
pollutants.
The vitrification process begins by inserting
large electrodes into contaminated zones
containing sufficient soil to support the
formation of a melt (see photograph below). An
array (usually square) of four electrodes is
placed to the desired treatment depth in the
volume to be treated. Because soil typically has
low electrical conductivity, flaked graphite and
glass frit are placed on the soil surface between
the electrodes to provide a starter path for
electric current. The electric current passes
through the electrodes and begins to melt soil at
the surface. As power is applied, the melt
continues to grow downward, at a rate of 1 to 2
inches per hour. Individual settings (each
single placement of electrodes) may grow to
encompass a total melt mass of 1,000 tons and
a maximum width of 35 feet. Single-setting
depths as great as 25 feet are considered
possible. Depths exceeding 19 feet have been
achieved with the existing large-scale ISV
equipment. Adjacent settings can be positioned
In situ vitrification process
Page 84
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November 1991
to fuse to each other and to completely process
the desired volume at a site. Stacked settings to
reach deep contamination are also possible. The
large-scale ISV system melts soil at a rate of 4
to 6 tons per hour. Because the void volume
present in particulate materials (20 to 40 percent
for typical soils) is removed during processing,
a corresponding volume reduction occurs. After
cooling, a vitrified monolith results, with a
silicate glass and microcrystalline structure.
This monolith possesses excellent structural and
environmental properties.
The mobile ISV system is mounted on three
semitrailers . Electric power is usually taken
from a utility distribution system at transmission
voltages of 12.5 or 13.8 kilovolts; power may
also be generated on-site by a diesel generator.
The electrical supply system has an isolated
ground circuit to provide appropriate operational
safety.
Air flow through the hood is controlled to
maintain a negative pressure. An ample supply
of air provides excess oxygen for combustion of
any pyrolysis products and organic vapors from
the treatment volume. Off-gases are treated by
(1) quenching, (2) pH controlled scrubbing, (3)
dewatering (mist elimination), (4) heating (for
dewpoint control), (5) particulate filtration, and
(6) activated carbon adsorption.
WASTE APPLICABILITY:
The ISV process can be used to destroy or
remove organics and to immobilize inorganics in
contaminated soils or sludges. In saturated soils
or sludges, water is driven off at the 100°C
isotherm moving in advance of the melt. Water
removal increases energy consumption and
associated costs. Also, sludges must contain a
sufficient amount of glass-forming material
(nonvolatile, nondestructive solids) to produce
a molten mass that will destroy or remove
organic pollutants and immobilize inorganic
pollutants.
The ISV process is limited by (1) individual void
volumes in excess of 150 cubic feet, (2) rubble
exceeding 20 percent by weight, and (3)
combustible organics in the soil or sludge
exceeding 5 to 10 weight percent, depending on
the heat value.
STATUS:
The ISV process has been operated at a large
scale ten times,including two demonstrations on
transuranic-contaminated (radioactive) sites:
(1) at Geosafe's test site, and (2) at the
Department of Energy's (DOE) Hanford Nuclear
Reservation. It has also been used at EPA
Superfund, private, and other DOE sites. More
than 130 tests at various scales have been
performed on a broad range of waste types hi
soils and sludges. The technology has been
selected as a preferred remedy at 10 private,
EPA Superfund, and DOE sites. The
Parsons/ETM site in Grand Ledge, Michigan has
been selected for the SITE demonstration.
Geosafe is currently doing further technology
testing before any field remediation work.
FOR FURTHER INFORMATION:
EPA PROJECT MANAGER:
Teri Shearer
U.S. EPA
Risk Reduction Engineering Laboratory
26 West Martin Luther King Drive
Cincinnati, OH 45268
513-569-7949
FTS: 684-7949
TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPER CONTACT:
James Hansen
Geosafe Corporation
303 Park Place, Suite 126
Kirkland, WA 98033
206-822-4000
FAX: 206-827-6608
Page 85
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Technology Profile
DEMONSTRATION PROGRAM
HAYWARD BAKER, INC.
(Hydraulic Soil Mixing)
TECHNOLOGY DESCRIPTION:
Hydraulic Soil Mixing (HSM) is a refinement of
a 25-year old technology used to treat a wide
variety of soil problems because of its proven
economies. Two to four hydraulic soil mixing
injectors are mounted in a line on various carrier
vehicles, including forklifts, crawler tractors,
and heavy trucks (see figure 1). Each soil mixer
is capable of treating a column of waste from 1
to 3 feet in diameter to depths of 40 feet. With
current equipment, the system, which is partially
patented, can mix and inject solutions of
particulate slurry/grouts up to specific gravities
of 1.5 to 1.6 (see figure 2). Approximately 30
tons of dry solids or 20,000 gallons of slurry
can be mixed in situ per injector, per working
day. Bottom seals or targeted waste strata can
be treated with little disturbance of
noncontaminated strata. Various solidification
and stabilization materials such as portland
cement, fine grind cement, lime, fly ash, and
sodium silicates are combined with patented
materials such as Trifirmex, MC-500, and
MC-100, depending on the number and types of
contaminants present. HSM also can be a
delivery system for other in situ treatment
techniques.
WASTE APPLICABILITY:
Soils and sludges contaminated with
polychlorinated biphenyls (PCB),
pentachlorophenol, refinery waste, and
hydrocarbons can be treated. Specific
concentration ranges that can be treated will
depend on the contaminant and its soil and
sludge matrix, and will be predetermined by
treatability and site characterization studies.
Mixing can be done at specific depths to
treat only the zone of contamination
Figure 1: Hydraulic soil mixing
Page 86
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November 1991
STATUS:
This technology was accepted into the SITE
Demonstration program in June 1991. Several
pilot-scale and field-scale tests have been
conducted on injection of lime and fly ash for
various environmental applications. One
application occurred at a large petrochemical
plant where lime slurry was injected to
neutralize sulfuric acid up to 20 feet deep.
Another pilot-scale test was performed at a
burial pit where in situ grouting was used as a
means for remedial action for uranium mill
tailing piles. Field tests of the system have been
performed under controlled, nonhazardous
conditions. The location for the SITE
demonstration is undetermined.
FOR FURTHER INFORMATION:
EPA PROJECT MANAGER:
Daniel Sullivan, P.E.
U.S. EPA
Risk Reduction Engineering Laboratory
Releases Control Branch
Bldg. #10 (MS 104)
2890 Woodbridge Avenue
Edison, NJ 00837-3679
908-321-6677
FTS: 340-6677
TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPER CONTACT:
Joseph Welsh
Hayward Baker, Inc.
1875 Mayfield Road
Odenton, MD 21113
301-551-8200
FAX: 301-551-1900
Mixing injector rotates
as slurry is injected
Single grout port-injection
pressures of 600-1,000 psi
Cutting Tip
Figure 2: Mixing and injecting slurry/grouts
Page 87
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Technology Profile
DEMONSTRATION PROGRAM
HAZARDOUS WASTE CONTROL
(NOMIX® Technology)
TECHNOLOGY DESCRIPTION:
The NOMIX® technology is a patented
solidification and stabilization process that can
be applied to contaminated media in situ,
without the need for mixing or equipment. The
technology combines specially formulated
cemetitious materials with waste media.
Because the material hardens faster than
conventional concrete, there is a savings in
remediation time.
The NOMIX* solidification compounds consist
of specially formulated cements, sands,
aggregates, and various combinations thereof.
The dry components and their reacting rates with
the wet waste are closely controlled, allowing
rapid and efficient solidification. The
contaminated media may be diluted with water,
if necessary, to facilitate the solidification
©
process. If the addition of water is necessary, it
may be introduced into the waste media before
the addition of the preblended solidification
compounds in various ways to create a
homogenous solution of waste and water. The
solidification compounds are then poured
through the waste and water solution in a
consistent manner, allowing the complete
absorption of the waste solution and the
formation of a solid mass. The process
produces a relatively homogenous treated mass
compared to that produced by solidification
processes using mixing equipment.
Applications of the technology require little
labor and, because mixing is accomplished
simply by pouring the solidification compounds
through the waste combination, greater quantities
of waste can be solidified by this process than
with normal concrete mixtures. The treated
Chemical storage:
solidification of drum waste
Ponding basin or lagoon:
solidification for removal
Page 88
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November 1991
impermeable with formulation adjustments or
coatings when compared with the treated product
from systems using formulations of regular
concrete mixes, such as ASTM C-109 standard
mix.
The process can address contaminated waste
contained hi drums (or other containers), a
minor spill, or even a lagoon (see figures).
Each of these situations will require its own
particular installation procedures. After
solidification, the units can be moved for
storage, or left in place for normal situations.
For critical situations, the solidified mass may
be encased for extra protection with a
non-shrink, structural concrete, and/or a high
quality waterproof coating.
WASTE APPLICABILITY:
The NOMIX® technology is currently most
suitable for solidification and stabilization of
aqueous wastes in the following situations:
• Solidification of drum waste
• Solidification of minor spills in situ to
minimize soil, facility, or plant
contamination
• Solidification of waste lagoons for
long-term, in-place storage, or for
solidification in preparation for removal.
The technology has been applied to solutions of
mercuric chloride, nickel sulfate, phenylene
diamene, barium acetate, lead, and phenol.
These samples were analyzed using the proven
procedures of ASTM Standard C-109, and the
resulting strengths were similar to those
expected from a standard concrete mix.
As the technology is improved it will become
suitable for solidification of various wastes in
soils including inorganic wastes.
STATUS:
Solidification and stabilization using the
NOMIX® Technology was accepted into the
SITE Demonstration Program in March 1991.
The date and place of the demonstration are
undetermined.
FOR FURTHER INFORMATION:
EPA PROJECT MANAGER:
Teri Shearer
U.S. EPA
Risk Reduction Engineering Laboratory
26 West Martin Luther King Drive
Cincinnati, OH 45268
513-569-7949
FTS: 684-7949
TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPER CONTACT:
David Babcock
Hazardous Waste Control, a division of
Construction Products Research, Inc.
435 Stillson Road
Fairfield, CT 06430
203-336-7955
NOMIX
Ponding basin or lagoon:
solidification in situ
Figures reprinted with permission of NOMK Corporation/Hazardous Waste Control.
Page 89
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Technology Profile
DEMONSTRATION PROGRAM
HORSEHEAD RESOURCE DEVELOPMENT CO., INC. (HRD)
(Flame Reactor)
TECHNOLOGY DESCRIPTION:
The flame reactor process (see figure below) is
a patented, hydrocarbon-fueled, flash smelting
system that treats residues and wastes containing
metals. The reactor processes wastes with a hot
(greater than 2,000 degrees Celsius [°C])
reducing gas produced by the combustion of
solid or gaseous hydrocarbon fuels in
oxygen-enriched air. In a compact, low-capital
cost reactor, the feed materials react rapidly,
allowing a high waste throughput. The end
products are a nonleachable slag (a glass-like
solid when cooled), and a recyclable, heavy
metal-enriched oxide, and a metal alloy. The
achieved volume reduction (of waste to slag plus
oxide) depends on the chemical and physical
properties of the waste. The volatile metals are
fumed and captured in a product dust collection
system; nonvolatile metals condense as a molten
alloy. The remaining trace levels of metals are
encapsulated in the slag. At the elevated
temperature of the Flame Reactor technology,
organic compounds are destroyed. In general,
the process requires that wastes be dry enough
(up to 5 percent total moisture) to be
pneumatically-fed, and fine enough (less than
200 mesh) to react rapidly. Larger particles (up
to 20 mesh) can be processed; however, the
efficiency of metals recovery is decreased.
Natural Gas
-Oxygen + Air
FLAME
REACTOR
\ I
• Solids Feed
Off Gas
SEPARATOR
Slag
Oxide Product
HRD flame reactor flow schematic
Page 90
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November 1991
WASTE APPLICABILITY:
The flame reactor technology can be applied to
granular solids, soil, flue dusts, slags, and
sludges containing heavy metals. Electric arc
furnace dust, lead blast furnace slag, iron
residues, zinc plant leach residues and
purification residues, and brass mill dusts and
fumes have been successfully tested.
Metal-bearing wastes previously treated
contained zinc (up to 40 percent), lead (up to 10
percent), chromium (up to 4 percent), cadmium
(up to 3 percent), arsenic (up to 1 percent),
copper, cobalt, and nickel.
Although not yet tested, the process should be
applicable to Superfund soils highly
contaminated with metals, with or without a
variety of toxic organics.
STATUS:
This technology was accepted into the SITE
Demonstration Program in summer 1990.
Currently, the prototype flame reactor
technology system operates with a capacity of
1.5 to 3.0 tons/hour in a stationary mode at the
developer's facility in Monaca, Pennsylvania.
The EPA and the developer believe that it would
be technically and economically feasible to
design and construct the same or a somewhat
larger capacity system in a transportable form.
The SITE demonstration test was run from
March 18 to 22, 1991, on secondary lead soda
slag from the National Smelting and Refining
Company Superfund Site in Atlanta, Georgia.
The test was conducted at the Monaca facility
under a Resource Conservation and Recovery
Act (RCRA) Research Development and
Demonstration permit that allows the treatment
of Superfund wastes containing high
concentrations of metals but only negligible
concentrations of organics. The major
objectives of the SITE technology demonstration
were to evaluate (1) the levels of contaminants
in the residual slag and their leaching potential,
(2) the efficiency and economics of processing,
and (3) the reuse potential of the recovered
metal oxides.
DEMONSTRATION RESULTS:
Approximately 72 tons of contaminated materials
were processed for the test. Partial test results
are shown in the table below:
Metal Concentration Ranges in Influent and Effluent Wastes
Arsenic
Cadmium
Copper
Iron
Lead
Zinc
Waste
Feed
(mg/kg)
428-582
380-512
1,460-2,590
95,600-111,000
48,200-61,700
3,210-4660
Effluent
Slag
(mg/kg)
92.1-675
2.3-13.5
2,730-3,890
167,000-228,000
1,560-11,40
709-1,680
Product
Oxide
(mg/kg)
1,010-1,130
1,080-1,370
1,380-1,670
29,100-31,800
159,000-180,000
10,000-16,200
All effluent slag passed the TCLP-limits
criteria. The Applications Analysis Report and
Technology Evaluation Report will be issued in
1992.
FOR FURTHER INFORMATION:
EPA PROJECT MANAGERS:
Donald A. Oberacker and Marta K. Richards
U.S. EPA
Risk Reduction Engineering Laboratory
26 West Martin Luther King Drive
Cincinnati, OH 45268
513-569-7510 and 513-569-7783
FTS: 684-7510 and FTS: 684-7783
TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPER CONTACT:
Regis Zagrocki
Horsehead Resource Development Co., Inc.
300 Frankfort Road
Monaca, PA 15061
412-773-2289
Page 91
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Technology Profile
DEMONSTRATION PROGRAM
HUGHES ENVIRONMENTAL SYSTEMS, INC.
(Steam Injection and Vacuum Extraction (SIVE))
TECHNOLOGY DESCRIPTION:
The steam injection and vacuum extraction
(SIVE) process (see figure below), developed by
Hughes Environmental Systems, removes most
volatile organic compounds (VOC) and
semivolatile organic compounds (SVOC) from
contaminated soils in situ, both above and below
the water table. The technology is applicable to
hi situ remediation of contaminated soils well
below ground surface, and can be used to treat
below or around permanent structures,
accelerates contaminant removal rates, and can
be effective in all soil types. Steam is forced
through the soil by injection wells to thermally
enhance the vacuum process. The extraction
wells have two purposes: to pump and treat
HYDROCARBON
LIQUID
groundwater, and to transport steam and
vaporized contaminants under vacuum to the
extraction well and then to the surface.
Recovered contaminants are either condensed
and processed with the contaminated ground
water or trapped by gas-phase activated carbon
filters. The technology uses readily available
components, such as extraction and monitoring
wells, manifold piping, vapor and liquid
separators, vacuum pumps, and gas emission
control equipment.
WASTE APPLICABILITY:
The process is used to extract volatile and
semivolatile organic compounds from
contaminated soils and perched groundwater.
LIQUIDS
(HYDROCARBONS/,
WATER)
HOLDING STORAGE TANK
WATER TREATMENT
HYDROCARBON
VAPORS
VAPOR TREATMENT
WATER SUPPLY
NATURAL GAS
HYDROCARBON VAPOR_
STEAM VAPOR
VAPOR
"STEAM
YDROCARSpN
LIQUID STEAM
SOIL CONTAM1N
HYDROCARBONS
UQUID/VAPOR
RECOVERY
WELL
STEAM
INJECTION
WELL
AIR COMPRESSOR
AIR UFT
PUMP
Steam Injection and Vapor Extraction process
Page 92
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November 1991
The primary applicable compounds are
hydrocarbons such as gasoline, diesel and jet
fuel; solvents such as trichloroethylene (TCE),
trichloroethane (TCA), and dichlorobenzene
(DCB); or a mixture of these compounds. After
application of this process, the subsurface
conditions are excellent for biodegradation of
residual contaminants. The process cannot be
applied to contaminated soil very near the
surface unless a cap exists. Denser-than-water
compounds may be treated only in low
concentrations unless a geologic barrier exists to
prevent downward percolation of a separate
phase.
STATUS:
The SITE demonstration, currently underway at
a site in Huntington Beach, California, began in
August 1991 and will be completed in early
1992. The soil at the site was contaminated by
a 135,000 gallon diesel fuel spill.
For more information regarding this technology,
see the Udell Technologies, Inc., profile in the
Demonstration Program section of this
document.
FOR FURTHER INFORMATION:
EPA PROJECT MANAGER:
Paul dePercin
U.S. EPA
Risk Reduction Engineering Laboratory
26 West Martin Luther King Drive
Cincinnati, Ohio 45268
513-569-7791
FTS: 684-7791
TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPER CONTACT:
John Dablow
Hughes Environmental Services, Inc.
Bldg. A20, MS 2N206
P.O. Box 10011
1240 Rosecrans Avenue
Manhattan Beach, CA 90266
213-536-6548
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Technology Profile
DEMONSTRATION PROGRAM
IN-SITU FIXATION COMPANY
(Deep In Situ Bioremediation Process)
TECHNOLOGY DESCRIPTION:
This process increases the efficiency and rate of
biodegradation in deep contaminated soils. The
specialized equipment system injects site-specific
microorganism mixtures, along with the required
nutrients, and homogeneously mixes them into
the contaminated soils, without requiring any
excavation. The injection and mixing process
effectively breaks down fluid and soil strata
barriers and eliminates pockets of contaminated
soil that would otherwise remain untreated.
The process uses a twin, 5-foot-diameter dual
auger system (see figure below) powered and
moved by a standard backhoe. The hollow shaft
Dual Auger System
Page 94
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November 1991
auger drills intocontaminated soil, allowing the
microorganism and nutrient mixture(s) to be
continually injected through a controlled nozzle
system. If necessary, water, nutrients, and
natural bacteria, are added to the contaminated
area, as determined by a site-specific laboratory
test program.
The distribution of the microorganisms and
nutrients occurs during the initial auger action.
The auger flights break the soil loose, allowing
mixing blades to thoroughly blend the
microorganism-and-nutrient mixture with the
soil. The drilling occurs in an overlapping
manner, to ensure complete treatment of all
contaminated soil. The mixing action is
continued as the augers are withdrawn.
Treatment depth may exceed 100 feet.
The development of site-specific
microorganisms is an integral part of the
process. Laboratory bench-scale tests are
performed on the contaminated soil to determine
the water, nutrients, and, if necessary, bacteria
required for successful biodegradation.
Although some contaminants may volatilize
during remediation, volatilization has been
minimized by adding a hood around the auger
assembly and treating the captured vapors in a
filter system.
The Dual Auger system was also developed for
the treatment of inorganic contaminated soils, by
injecting reagent slurry into the soil to
solidify/stabilize contaminated waste.
Additionally, many sites require that an
impermeable barrier/containment wall be
constructed to prevent the continued migration of
pollutants through the soil and water. This
special feature allows for greater protection of
the groundwater and surrounding area.
WASTE APPLICABILITY:
The deep in situ bioremediation process may be
applied to all organic-contaminated soils.
Varying degrees of success may occur with
different contaminants . High concentrations of
heavy metals, non-biodegradable toxic organics,
alkaline conditions, or acid conditions could
interfere with the degradation process.
No residuals or wastes are generated in this
process, as all of the treatment is performed
beneath the ground surface. Upon completion of
the remedial operations, the treated area can be
returned to its original service.
STATUS:
This technology was accepted into the SITE
Demonstration Program in June 1990. A
demonstration project is tentatively planned for
early fall 1992, in conjunction with the U.S. Air
Force.
FOR FURTHER INFORMATION:
EPA PROJECT MANAGER:
Edward Opatken
U.S. EPA
Risk Reduction Engineering Laboratory
26 West Martin Luther King Drive
Cincinnati, OH 45268
513-569-7855
FTS: 684-7855
TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPER CONTACT:
Richard Murray
In-Situ Fixation Company
P.O. Box 516
Chandler, AZ 85244-0516
602-821-0409
Page 95
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Technology Profile
DEMONSTRATION PROGRAM
INTERNATIONAL ENVIRONMENTAL TECHNOLOGY
(Geolock and Bio-Drain Treatment Platform)
TECHNOLOGY DESCRIPTION:
The geolock and bio-drain treatment platform
(see photograph below) is a bioremediation
system that is installed in the soil or waste
matrix. The technology can be adapted to soil
characteristics, contaminant concentrations, and
geologic formations in the area. The system is
composed of an in situ tank, an application
system, and a bottom water recovery system.
The geolock tank, an in situ structure, is
composed of high density polyethylene (HDPE),
sometimes in conjunction with a slurry wall. An
underlying permeable waterbearing zone
facilitates the creation of ingradient water flow
conditions. The tank defines the treatment area,
minimizes intrusion of off-site clean water,
minimizes the potential for release of bacterial
cultures to the aquifer, and maintains
contaminant concentration levels that facilitate
treatment. The ingradient conditions also
facilitate reverse leaching or soil washing. The
application system, called Bio-drain, is installed
within the treatment area. Bio-drain acts to
aerate the soil column and any standing water.
This creates an aerobic environment in the air
pore spaces of the soil. Other gas mixtures can
also be introduced to the soil column such as
air/methane mixtures used in biodegradation of
chlorinated organics. The cost of installation is
low, and the treatment platforms can be placed
in very dense configurations.
Existing wells or new wells are used to create
the water recovery system for removal of water
used to wash contaminated soil. By controlling
the water levels within the tank, reverse leaching
or soil washing can be conducted. The design
of the in situ tank also controls and minimizes
Geolock and Bio-drain treatment platform
Page 96
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November 1991
the volume of clean off-site water entering the
system for treatment. In-gradient conditions
minimize the potential for off-migration of
contaminants. This also creates a condition such
that the direction of migration of existing
contaminants and bacterial degradation products
is toward the surface.
Conventional biological treatment is limited by
the depth of soil aeration, the need for physical
stripping, or the need to relocate the
contaminated media to an aboveground treatment
system. The Geolock and Bio-drain treatment
platform surpasses these limitations and reduces
the health risks associated with excavation and
air releases from other treatment technologies.
WASTE APPLICABILITY:
All types and concentrations of biodegradable
contaminants can be treated by this system.
Through direct degradation or co-metabolism,
microorganisms can degrade most organic
substances. Only a limited number of
compounds, such as 1,4-dioxane, are resistant to
biodegradation. In these cases, the material may
be washed from the soil using surfactants.
Arochlor 1254 and 1260, both polychlorinated
biphenyls (PCB), may now also be
biodegradable in light of recent advancements by
General Electric.
Extremely dense clays may be difficult to treat
with this technology. Rock shelves or boulders
may render installation impossible. Until
equilibrium conditions are established, the only
residuals for management would be the quantity
of water withdrawn from the system to create
in-gradient conditions. After equilibrium
conditions are established the water would be
treated in situ to meet National Pollutant
Discharge Elimination System (NPDES) or
pre-treatment limits.
STATUS:
The technology was accepted into the SITE
Demonstration Program in August 1990. Two
patents on the system were awarded in July and
October of 1991. Site selection for the
demonstration is currently underway.
FOR FURTHER INFORMATION:
EPA PROJECT MANAGER:
Randy Parker
U.S. EPA
Risk Reduction Engineering Laboratory
26 West Martin Luther King Drive
Cincinnati, OH 45268
513-569-7271
FTS: 684-7271
TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPER CONTACT:
Lynn Sherman
International Environmental Technology
Box 797
Perrysburg, OH 43552
419-865-2001 or
419-255-5100
FAX: 419-389-9460
Page 97
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Technology Profile
DEMONSTRATION PROGRAM
INTERNATIONAL WASTE TECHNOLOGIES/GEO-CON, INC.
(In Situ Solidification and Stabilization Process)
TECHNOLOGY DESCRIPTION:
This in situ solidification and stabilization
technology immobilizes organic and inorganic
compounds in wet or dry soils, using reagents
(additives) to produce a cement-like mass. The
basic components of this technology are: (1)
Geo-Con's deep soil mixing system (DSM), a
system to deliver and mix the chemicals with the
soil in situ; and (2) a batch mixing plant to
supply the International Waste Technologies'
(IWT) proprietary treatment chemicals (see
figure below).
The proprietary additives generate a complex,
crystalline, connective network of inorganic
polymers. The structural bonding in the
polymers is mainly covalent. The process
involves a two-phased reaction in which the
contaminants are first complexed in a fast-acting
reaction, and then in a slow-acting reaction,
where the building of macromolecules continues
over a long period of time. For each type of
waste, the amount of additives used varies.
Treatability tests are recommended.
The DSM system involves mechanical mixing
and injection. The system consists of one set of
cutting blades and two sets of mixing blades
attached to a vertical drive auger, which rotates
at approximately 15 revolutions per minute
(rpm). Two conduits in the auger are used to
inject the additive slurry and supplemental
water. Additive injection occurs on the
downstroke; further mixing takes place upon
auger withdrawal. The treated soil columns are
36 inches in diameter, and are positioned in an
overlapping pattern of alternating primary and
secondary soil columns.
WASTE APPLICABILITY:
The IWT technology can be applied to soils,
sediments, and sludge-pond bottoms
contaminated with organic compounds and
metals. The technology has been
laboratory-tested on soils containing
polychlorinated biphenyls (PCB),
pentachlorophenol, refinery wastes, and
chlorinated and nitrated hydrocarbons.
STATUS:
A SITE demonstration was conducted at a
PCB-contaminated site in Hialeah, Florida, in
April 1988. Two 10- by 20-foot test sectors of
the site were treated — one to a depth of 18
feet, and the other to a depth of 14 feet. Ten
months after the demonstration, long-term
monitoring tests were performed on the
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Page 98
-------
November 1991
treated sectors. The Technology Evaluation
Report and Applications Analysis Report have
been published.
DEMONSTRATION RESULTS:
• Immobilization of PCBs appears likely, but
could not be confirmed because of low
PCS concentrations in the untreated soil.
Leachate tests on treated and untreated soil
samples showed mostly undetectable PCS
levels. Leachate tests performed one year
later on treated soil samples showed no
increase in PCB concentrations, indicating
immobilization.
• Sufficient data were not available to
evaluate the performance of the system
with regard to metals or other organic
compounds.
• Each of the test samples showed high
unconfined compressive strength, low
permeability, and low porosity. These
physical properties improved when retested
one year later, indicating the potential for
long-term durability.
• The bulk density of the soil increased 21
percent after treatment. This increased the
volume of treated soil by 8.5 percent and
caused a small ground rise of one inch per
treated foot of soil.
• The unconfined compressive strength
(UCS) of treated soil was satisfactory, with
values up to 1,500 pounds per square inch
(psi).
• The permeability of the treated soil was
satisfactory, decreasing four orders of
magnitude compared to the untreated soil,
or 10-6 and 10"7 compared to 10'2
centimeters per second.
• The wet and dry weathering test on treated
soil was satisfactory. The freeze and dry
weathering test of treated soil was
unsatisfactory.
• The microstructural analysis, scanning
electron microscopy (SEM), optical
microscopy, and x-ray diffraction (XRD),
showed that the treated material was dense
and homogeneously mixed.
APPLICATIONS ANALYSIS
SUMMARY:
• Microstructural analyses of the treated
soils indicated a potential for long-term
durability. High unconfined compressive
strengths and low permeabilities were
recorded.
• Data provided by IWT indicate some
immobilization of volatile and semivolatile
organics. This may be due to organophilic
clays present in the IWT reagent. There
are insufficient data to confirm this
immobilization.
• Performance data are limited outside of
SITE demonstrations. The developer
modifies the binding agent for different
wastes. Treatability studies should be
performed for specific wastes.
• The process is economic—$194 per ton for
the 1-auger machine used in the
demonstration and $111 per ton for a
commercial 4-auger operation.
FOR FURTHER INFORMATION:
EPA PROJECT MANAGER:
Mary Stinson
U.S. EPA, RREL
Woodbridge Avenue
Edison, NJ 08837
908-321-6683
TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPER CONTACTS:
Jeff Newton
International Waste Technologies
150 North Main Street, Suite 910
Wichita, KS 67202
316-269-2660
Brian Jasperse
Geo-Con, Inc.
P.O. Box 17380
Pittsburgh, PA 15235
412-856-7700
Page 99
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Technology Profile
DEMONSTRA TION PROGRAM
NOVATERRA, INC.
(formerly TOXIC TREATMENTS USA, Inc.)
(In situ Steam and Air Stripping)
TECHNOLOGY DESCRIPTION:
In this technology, a transportable treatment unit
Detoxifier™ is used for in situ steam and air
stripping of volatile organics from contaminated
soil.
The two main components of the on-site
treatment equipment are the process tower and
process train (see figure). The process tower
contains two counter-rotating hollow-stem drills,
each with a modified cutting bit 5 feet in
diameter, capable of operating to a 27-foot
depth. Each drill contains two concentric pipes.
The inner pipe is used to convey steam to the
rotating cutting blades. The steam is supplied
by an oil-fired boiler at 450 degrees Fahrenheit
(°F) and 450 pounds per square inch gauge
(psig). The outer pipe conveys air at
approximately 300°F and 250 psig to the
rotating blades. Steam is piped to the top of the
drills and injected through the cutting blades.
The steam heats the ground being remediated,
increasing the vapor pressure of the volatile
contaminants, and thereby increasing the rate at
which they can be stripped. Both the air and
steam serve as carriers to convey these
contaminants to the surface. A metal box,
called a shroud, seals the process area above the
rotating cutter blades from the outside
environment, collects the volatile contaminants,
and ducts them to the process train.
In the process train, the volatile contaminants
and the water vapor are removed from the
off-gas stream by condensation. The condensed
water is separated from the contaminants by
distillation, then filtered through activated
carbon beds and subsequently used as make-up
water for a wet cooling tower. Steam is also
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Page 100
-------
November 1991
used (1) to regenerate the activated carbon beds
and (2) as the heat source for distilling the
volatile contaminants from the condensed liquid
stream. The recovered concentrated organic
liquid can be recycled or used as a fuel in an
incinerator.
WASTE APPLICABILITY:
This technology is applicable to volatile organic
compounds (VOC), such as hydrocarbons and
solvents, with sufficient vapor pressure in the
soil. The technology is not limited by soil
particle size, initial porosity, chemical
concentration, or viscosity. The process is also
capable of significantly reducing the
concentration of semivolatile organic compounds
in soil.
STATUS:
A SITE demonstration was performed during the
week of September 18, 1989, at the Annex
Terminal, San Pedro, California. Twelve soil
blocks were treated for VOCs and semivolatile
organic compounds (SVOC). Various liquid
samples were collected from the process during
operation, and the process operating procedures
were closely monitored and recorded.
Post-treatment soil samples were collected and
analyzed by EPA methods 8240 and 8270. In
January 1990, six blocks that had been
previously treated in the saturated zone were
analyzed by EPA methods 8240 and 8270. The
Applications Analysis Report
(EPA/540/A5-90/008) was published in June
1991.
DEMONSTRATION RESULTS:
The following results were obtained during the
SITE demonstration of the technology:
• More than 85 percent of the VOCs in the
soil was removed.
• Up to 55 percent of SVOCs in the soil was
removed.
• Fugitive air emissions from the process
were very low.
• No downward migration of contaminants
resulted from the soil treatment.
• The process was timely with a treatment
rate of 3 cubic yards per hour.
FOR FURTHER INFORMATION:
EPA PROJECT MANAGER:
Paul dePercin
U.S. EPA
Risk Reduction Engineering Laboratory
26 West Martin Luther King Drive
Cincinnati, OH 45268
513-569-7797
FTS: 684-7797
TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPER CONTACT:
Phillip LaMori
NOVATERRA, Inc.
373 Van Ness Avenue, Suite 210
Torrance, CA 90501
310-328-9433
Page 101
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Technoloav Profits
DEMONSTRATION PROGRAM
OGDEN ENVIRONMENTAL SERVICES
(Circulating Bed Combustor)
TECHNOLOGY DESCRIPTION:
The Circulating Bed Combustor (CBC) uses high
velocity air to entrain circulating solids and
create a highly turbulent combustion zone for the
efficient destruction of toxic hydrocarbons. The
commercial-size combustion chamber (36 inches
in diameter) can treat up to 150 tons of
contaminated soil daily, depending on the
heating value of the feed material.
The CBC operates at fairly low temperatures
[1450 to 1600 degrees Fahrenheit (°F)] for this
class of technology, thus reducing operating
costs and potential emissions such as nitrogen
oxides (NOx) and carbon monoxide. Auxiliary
fuel can be natural gas, fuel oil, or diesel. No
auxilliary fuel is needed for waste streams
having a net heating value greater than 2,900
British thermal units per pound. The CBC's
high turbulence produces a uniform temperature
around the combustion chamber and hot cyclone.
It also promotes the complete mixing of the
waste material during combustion. The effective
mixing and relatively low combustion
temperature also reduce emissions of carbon
monoxide and nitrogen oxides. Hot gases
produced during combustion pass through a
convective gas cooler and baghouse before being
released to the atmosphere.
As shown in the figure below, waste material
and limestone are fed into the combustion
chamber along with the recirculating bed
material from the hot cyclone. The limestone
neutralizes acid gases. The treated ash is
transported out of the system by an ash conveyor
for proper disposal.
12]
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Page 102
-------
November 1991
WASTE APPLICABILITY:
The CBC process may be applied to liquids,
slurries, solids, and sludges contaminated with
corrosives, cyanides, dioxins/furans, inorganics,
metals, organics, oxidizers, pesticides,
polychlorinated biphenyls (PCB), phenols, and
volatiles.
Industrial wastes from refineries, chemical
plants, manufacturing site cleanups, and
contaminated military sites are amenable to
treatment by the CBC process. The CBC is
permitted by EPA, under the Toxic Substance
Control Act (TSCA), to burn PCBs in all ten
EPA regions, having demonstrated a 99.9999
percent destruction removal efficiency (DRE).
Waste feed for the CBC must be sized to less
than 1 inch. Metals in the waste do not inhibit
performance and become less leachable after
incineration. Treated residual ash can be
replaced on-site or stabilized for landfill disposal
if metals exceed regulatory limits.
STATUS:
The technology was accepted into the SITE
Demonstration Program in March 1989. Ogden
Environmental Services (OES) conducted a
treatability study and demonstration on wastes
obtained from a Superfund site in California
(McColl) under the guidance of the program,
EPA Region 9, and the California Department of
Health Services. The pilot-scale demonstration
was conducted by using the 16-inch-diameter
CBC at Ogden's Research Facility in San Diego,
California.
DEMONSTRATION RESULTS:
The EPA SITE program concluded that the test
successfully achieved the desired goals, as
follows:
• Obtained DRE values of 99.99 percent or
greater for principal organic hazardous
constituents (POHC) and minimized the
formation of products of incomplete
combustion(PIC).
• Met the OES Research Facility permit
conditions and the California South Coast
Basin emission standards.
• Controlled sulfur oxide emissions by
adding limestone, and determined that the
residual materials (fly ash and bed ash)
were nonhazardous. No significant levels
of hazardous organic compounds left the
system in the stack gas or remained in the
bed and fly ash material. The CBC was
able to minimize emissions of sulfur oxide,
nitrogen oxide, and particulates. Other
regulated pollutants were controlled to well
below permit levels.
FOR FURTHER INFORMATION:
EPA PROJECT MANAGER:
Douglas Grosse
U.iS. EPA
Risk Reduction Engineering Laboratory
26 West Martin Luther King Drive
Cincinnati, OH 45268
513-569-7844
FTS: 684-7844
TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPER CONTACT:
Sherin Sexton
Ogden Environmental Services, Inc.
3550 General Atomics Court
San Diego, CA 92121-1194
619-455-4622
FAX: 619-455-4351
Page 103
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Technology Profile
DEMONSTRATION PROGRAM
PEROXIDATION SYSTEMS, INC.
(perox-pure™)
TECHNOLOGY DESCRIPTION:
The perox-pure™ technology is designed to
destroy dissolved organic contaminants in
groundwater or wastewater through an advanced
chemical oxidation process using ultraviolet
(UV) radiation and hydrogen peroxide.
Hydrogen peroxide is added to the contaminated
water, and the mixture is then fed into the
treatment system (see figure below). The
treatment system contains four or more
compartments in the oxidation chamber. Each
compartment contains one high intensity UV
lamp mounted in a quartz sleeve. The
contaminated water flows in the space between
the chamber wall and the quartz tube in which
each UV lamp is mounted.
UV light catalyzes the chemical oxidation of the
organic contaminants in water by its combined
effect upon the organics and its reaction with
hydrogen peroxide. First, many organic
contaminants that absorb UV light may undergo
a change in their chemical structure or may
become more reactive with chemical oxidants.
Second, and more importantly, UV light
catalyzes the breakdown of hydrogen peroxide to
produce hydroxyl radicals, which are powerful
chemical oxidants. Hydroxyl radicals react with
organic contaminants, destroying them and
producing harmless by-products, such as carbon
dioxide, halides, and water. The process
produces no hazardous by-products or air
emissions.
WASTE APPLICABILITY:
This technology treats groundwater and
wastewater contaminated with chlorinated
solvents, pesticides, polychlorinated biphenyls
(PCB), phenolics, fuel hydrocarbons (FHC), and
other toxic compounds at concentrations ranging
from a few thousand milligrams per liter to one
microgram per liter. In cases where the
Decontaminated
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Contaminated
Groundwater or
Wastewater
Hydrogen Peroxide
Addition
perox-pure™ chemical oxidation technology
Page 104
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November 1991
contaminant concentration is greater than the
technology alone can handle, the process can be
combined with other processes such as air
stripping, steam stripping, or biological
treatment for optimal treatment results.
STATUS:
This technology was accepted into the SITE
Demonstration Program in July 1991. The
demonstration at the Lawrence Livermore
National Laboratory (LLNL) Superfund site is
scheduled for early 1992. This technology has
been successfully applied to over 40 different
waters throughout the United States, Canada,
and Europe, including National Priorities List,
Resource Conservation and Recovery Act
(RCRA), Department of Energy, and
Department of Defense sites. These units are
treating contaminated groundwater, industrial
wastewater, landfill leachates, potable water, and
industrial reuse streams.
FOR FURTHER INFORMATION:
EPA PROJECT MANAGER:
Norma Lewis
U.S. EPA
Risk Reduction Engineering Laboratory
26 West Martin Luther King Drive
Cincinnati, Ohio 45268
513-569-7665
FTS: 684-7665
TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPER CONTACT:
Chris Giggy
Peroxidation Systems, Inc.
5151 East Broadway, Suite 600
Tucson, AZ 85711
602-790-8383
perox-pure™ model LVB-60
Page 105
-------
Techno/octv Profile
DEMONSTRATION PROGRAM
PURUS, INC.
(Photolytic Oxidation Process)
TECHNOLOGY DESCRIPTION:
This technology is designed to destroy organic
contaminants dissolved in water through an
advanced chemical oxidation process using
ultraviolet (UV) radiation, hydrogen peroxide,
and a proprietary catalyst. Contaminated water
is fed into the system, and hydrogen peroxide
and the proprietary catalyst are added (see figure
below). The mixture is then pumped to the
treatment system consisting of six reactor tanks,
where the actual destruction of the organic
contaminants takes place. Each reactor tank
houses a xenon UV lamp mounted in a quartz
sleeve. The water flows in the space between
the chamber wall and the quartz tube in which
each lamp is mounted.
The UV lamps serve two purposes. First, the
combination of UV light and hydrogen peroxide
produces hydroxyl radicals, which are powerful
chemical oxidants. The hydroxyl radicals
oxidize organic contaminants, producing
harmless by-products, such as carbon dioxide,
salts, and water. Second, the UV light can
directly break the molecular bonds of the
contaminants, further enhancing the oxidation
process.
An advantage of the technology is its ability to
shift the UV spectral output to closely match the
absorption characteristics of the contaminants of
concern. By controlling the output of the xenon
UV lamps, the technology maximizes
contaminant destruction efficiency.
UV OXIDATION REACTORS
TREATED WATER
POWER CABINET
CONTAMINATED WATER:
HYDROGEN PEROXIDE, ACID
AND CATALYST ADDED
CONTROL CABINET
Purus Ultraviolet Oxidation Technology
Page 106
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November 1991
The Purus process produces no hazardous
by-products or air emissions. The technology is
also equipped with safety alarms and an
automatic shutdown device in case an emergency
should arise.
WASTE APPLICABILITY:
This technology treats groundwater contaminated
with fuel hydrocarbons at concentrations up to a
few thousand milligrams per liter. The
technology can be combined with other
processes such as air stripping, steam stripping,
or biological treatment for optimal results.
STATUS:
This technology was accepted into the SITE
Demonstration Program in July 1991. The
demonstration at the Lawrence Livermore
National Laboratory (LLNL) Superfund site is
scheduled for January 1992. The treatment
system will be tested initially at several
operating conditions, followed by three
reproducibility runs performed at the best
operating conditions. When the best operating
conditions have been determined, more extensive
sampling will be performed.
A bench-scale treatability study of the
technology was recently performed at the LLNL
Superfund site. Overall, the Purus Model
1000-4 performed as expected during the study.
Benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene, and xylene
destruction efficiencies averaged about
99 percent.
FOR FURTHER INFORMATION:
EPA PROJECT MANAGER:
Norma Lewis
U.S. EPA
26 West Martin Luther King Drive
Cincinnati, OH 45268
513-569-7665
FTS: 684-7665
TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPER CONTACT:
Paul Blystone
Purus, Inc.
2150 Paragon Dr.
San Jose, CA 95131
408-453-7804
Page 107
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Tt*nhnolociv Profile
DEMONSTRATION PROGRAM
QUAD ENVIRONMENTAL TECHNOLOGIES CORPORATION
(Chemtact™ Gaseous Waste Treatment)
TECHNOLOGY DESCRIPTION:
The Chemtact™ system uses gas scrubber
technology to remove organic and inorganic
contaminants from gaseous waste streams
through efficient gas and liquid contacting.
Atomizing nozzles within the scrubber chamber
disperse droplets of a controlled chemical
solution. Very small droplet sizes, less than 10
microns, and a longer retention time than
traditional scrubbers result in a once-through
system that generates low volumes of liquid
residuals. These residuals are then treated by
conventional techniques.
Gas scrubbing is a volume reduction technology
that transfers contaminants from the gas phase to
a liquid phase. The selection of absorbent liquid
is based on the chemical characteristics of the
contaminants.
Four mobile units are currently available: (1) a
one-stage, 2,500-cubic-feet-per-minute (cfm)
system (see photograph below); (2) a two-stage,
800-cfm system; (3) a three-stage, 100-cfm
system; and (4) a four-stage, 100-cfm system.
The equipment is trailer-mounted and can be
transported to waste sites.
Performance tests treating benzene, toluene,
xylene, and mixed undefined hydrocarbons have
shown removal in the 85 to 100 percent range.
Pure streams are easier to adjust to obtain high
removals. Additionally, phenol and
formaldehyde emission control tests indicate
approximately 90 percent removals.
Mobile 2,500 cfm pilot scrubbing unit
Page 108
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November 1991
WASTE APPLICABILITY:
This technology can be used to treat gaseous
waste streams containing a wide variety of
organic or inorganic contaminants, but it is best
suited for volatile organic compounds. The
system can be used with source processes that
generate a contaminated gaseous exhaust, such
as air stripping of groundwater or leachate, soil
aeration, or exhausts from dryers or
incinerators.
STATUS:
The developer is currently conducting various
treatability studies and appropriate system
modifications.
FOR FURTHER INFORMATION:
EPA PROJECT MANAGER:
Ronald Lewis
U.S. EPA
Risk Reduction Engineering Laboratory
26 West Martin Luther King Drive
Cincinnati, OH 45268
513-569-7856
FTS: 684-7856
TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPER CONTACT:
Robert Rafson
Quad Environmental Technologies Corporation
3605 Woodhead Drive, Suite #103
Northbrook, IL 60062
312-564-5070
Page 109
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Technology Profile
DEMONSTRATION PROGRAM
RECYCLING SCIENCES INTERNATIONAL, INC.
(Desorption and Vapor Extraction System)
TECHNOLOGY DESCRIPTION:
The mobile, high-capacity (10.5 to 73 tons per
hour capacity with 85 percent solids) desorption
and vapor extraction system PAVES) uses a
low-temperature fluidized bed to remove organic
and volatile inorganic compounds from soils,
sediments, and sludges. Contaminated materials
are fed into a co-current, fluidized bed, where
they are mixed with hot air [about 1,000 to
1,400 degrees Fahrenheit (°F)] from a gas-fired
heater. Direct contact between the waste
material and the hot air forces water and
contaminants from the waste into the gas stream
at a relatively low fluidized-bed temperature
(about 320°F). The heated air, vaporized water
and organics, and entrained particles flow out of
the dryer to a gas treatment system.
The gas treatment system removes solid
particles, vaporized water, and organic vapors
from the air stream. A cyclone separator and
baghouse remove most of the particulates in the
gas stream from the dryer. Vapors from the
cyclone separator are cooled in a venturi
scrubber, counter-current washer, and chiller
section, before they are treated in a vapor-phase
carbon adsorption system. The liquid residues
from the system are centrifuged, filtered, and
passed through two activated carbon beds
arranged in series (see photograph below).
By-products from the DAVES include (1)
approximately 96 to 98 percent of solid waste
feed as treated, dry solid, (2) a small quantity of
centrifuge sludge containing, organics, (3) a
small quantity of spent adsorbent carbon,
DAVES system
Page 110
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November 1991
(4) wastewater that may need further treatment,
and (5) small quantities of baghouse and cyclone
dust that are recycled back through the process.
The centrifuge sludge containing organics can be
bioremediated, chemically degraded, or treated
in another manner. Recycling Sciences
International, Inc., is currently working with
Argonne National Laboratory on an adjunct
electrochemical oxidation process that will
enable complete contaminant destruction within
the DAVES process.
WASTE APPLICABILITY:
This technology can remove volatile and
semivolatile organics, including polychlorinated
biphenyls (PCB), polycyclic aromatic
hydrocarbons (PAH), pentachlorophenol (PCP),
volatile inorganics (such as tetraethyl lead), and
some pesticides from soil, sludge, and sediment.
In general, the process treats waste containing
less than 10 percent total organic contaminants
and 30 to 95 percent solids. The presence of
nonvolatile inorganic contaminants (such as
metals) in the waste feed does not inhibit the
process; however, these contaminants are not
treated.
STATUS:
EPA is currently selecting a demonstration site
for this process. The wastes preferred for the
demonstration are harbor or river sediments
containing at least 50 percent solids and
contaminated with PCBs and other volatile or
semivolatile organics. Soils with these
characteristics may also be acceptable. About
300 tons of waste are needed for a 2-week test.
Major test objectives are to evaluate feed
handling, decontamination of solids, and
treatment of gases generated by the process.
FOR FURTHER INFORMATION:
EPA PROJECT MANAGER:
Laurel Staley
U.S. EPA
Risk Reduction Engineering Laboratory
26 West Martin Luther King Drive
Cincinnati, OH 45268
513-569-7863
FTS: 684-7863
TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPER CONTACT:
Mark Burchett
Recycling Sciences International, Inc.
30 South Wacker Drive, Suite 1420
Chicago, IL 60606
312-559-0122
FAX: 312-559-1154
Page 111
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Technology Profile
DEMONSTRATION PROGRAM
REMEDIATION TECHNOLOGIES, INC.
(High Temperature Thermal Processor)
TECHNOLOGY DESCRIPTION:
Remediation Technologies, Inc.'s (ReTeC), high
temperature thermal processor is a thermal
desorption system that can treat solids and
sludges contaminated with organic constituents.
The system consists of material feed equipment,
a thermal processor, a particulate removal
system, an indirect condensing system, and
activated carbon beds. A flow diagram of the
system is shown in the figure below.
Waste from the feed hopper is fed to the thermal
processor, which consists of a jacketed trough
that houses two intermeshing, counter-rotational
screw conveyors. The rotation of the screws
moves material through the processor. A molten
salt eutectic, consisting primarily of potassium
nitrate, serves as the heat transfer media. This
salt melt has heat transfer characteristics similar
to those of oils and allows maximum processing
temperatures of up to 850°F. The salt melt is
noncombustible, it poses no risk of explosion,
and its potential vapors are nontoxic. The
heated transfer media continuously circulates
through the hollow flights and shafts of each
screw and also circulates through the jacketed
trough. An electric or fuel oil/gas-fired heater
is used to maintain the temperature of the
transfer media. Treated product is cooled to less
than 150°F for safe handling.
A particulate removal system (such as a cyclone
or quench tower), an indirect condensing
system, and activated carbon beds are used to
control off-gases. The processor operates under
slight negative pressure to exhaust the volatilized
constituents (moisture and organics) to the
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Page 112
-------
November 1991
off-gas control system. An inert atmosphere is
maintained in the headspace of the processor
through the use of air lock devices at the feed
inlet and solids exit, and through the
introduction of an inert carrier gas (such as
nitrogen) to maintain an oxygen concentration of
less than 3 percent. The oxygen and organic
content of the off-gas are continuously
monitored as it exits the processor.
Entrained paniculate matter is collected and
combined with the treated solids on a batch
basis. The volatilized moisture and organics are
subsequently condensed and decanted. A mist
eliminator minimizes carry-over of entrained
moisture and contaminants after the condenser.
Any remaining noncondensible gases are passed
through activated carbon beds to control volatile
organic compound emissions.
WASTE APPLICABILITY:
This system can treat soils, sediments, and
sludges contaminated with volatile and
semivolatile organics, including poly chlorinated
biphenyls. Preliminary testing indicates the
system has the potential to treat cyanide. With
the exception of mercury, the process is not
suitable for treating heavy metals. Wastes must
be prescreened to a particle size of less than 1
inch before treatment.
STATUS:
This technology was accepted into the SITE
Demonstration Program in June 1991. The
SITE demonstration will be at the
Niagara-Mohawk Power Company, a
manufacturing gas plant site, in Harbour Point,
New York, in spring 1992.
FOR FURTHER INFORMATION:
EPA PROJECT MANAGER:
Ronald Lewis
U.S. EPA
Risk Reduction and Engineering Laboratory
26 West Martin Luther King Drive
Cincinnati, Ohio 45268
513-569-7856
FTS: 684-7856
TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPER CONTACT:
David Nakles
Remediation Technologies, Inc.
3040 William Pitt Way
Pittsburgh, PA 15238
412-826-3340
Page 113
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Technology Profile
DEMONSTRATION PROGRAM
REMEDIATION TECHNOLOGIES, INC.
(Liquid and Solids Biological Treatment)
TECHNOLOGY DESCRIPTION:
Liquid and solids biological treatment (LST) is
a process that can be used to remediate soils and
sludges contaminated with biodegradable
organics. The process is similar to activated
sludge treatment of municipal and industrial
wastewaters, but it occurs at substantially higher
suspended solids concentrations (such as greater
than 20 percent) than are encountered in
activated sludge applications. An aqueous slurry
of the waste material is prepared and
environmental conditions (for example, nutrient
concentrations, temperature, and pH) are
optimized for biodegradation. The slurry is then
mixed and aerated for a sufficient time to
degrade the target waste constituents. LST
systems can be designed for either batch or
continuous operations.
Several physical process configurations are
possible for LST of contaminated soil and
sludges, depending on site- and waste-specific
conditions. Batch or continuous treatment can
be conducted in impoundment-based reactors.
This is sometimes the only practical and
economically viable option for very large
(greater than 10,000 cubic yards) projects.
Alternatively, tank-based systems may be
constructed. Considerable differences can exist
between applications in which LST is a viable
remedial option. Consequently, selection of the
most appropriate operational sequence must be
determined on a case-specific basis.
Constituent losses due to volatilization are often
a concern during LST operations. The potential
for emissions is greatest in batch treatment
systems and lowest in continuously stirred tank
reactor (CSTR) systems, particularly those with
long residence times. Various technologies
(such as carbon adsorption and biofiltration) can
be used to manage emissions.
Bioremediation by LST may require a sequence
of steps involving pre- and post-treatment
operations. The only instance in which multiple
unit operations are not required is strictly in situ
applications where treated sludge residues are
destined to remain in place.
An alternative to landfilling of treated solids
from an LST process is to conduct overall
bioremediation in a hybrid system consisting of
both an LST and land treatment system.
Combining these two approaches may, for
example, be desired to rapidly degrade volatile
constituents in a contained system thereby
rendering the material suitable to soils in a
land-based system for long-term
biostabilization.
Remediation Technologies, Inc., (ReTeC) has
constructed a mobile LST pilot system that is
available for field demonstrations. The system
consists of two reaction vessels, two holding
tanks, and associated process equipment. Tank
operating volumes are 2,000 gallons. The
reactors are aerated using coarse bubble
diffusers and mixed using axial flow turbine
mixers. The reactors can be operated separately
or in combination as batch or continuous
systems to allow a range of treatment conditions
oxygen, and pH are continuously monitored and
recorded. Additional features include
antifoaming and temperature control systems.
Pre- and post-treatment equipment is provided
separately depending on site-specific
circumstances and project requirements.
Page 114-
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November 1991
WASTE APPLICABILITY:
The technology is suitable for treating sludges,
sediments, and soils containing any
biodegradable organic materials. To date, the
process has been used mainly for treating
sludges containing petroleum and wood
preservative organics such as creosote and
pentachlorophenol. Poly cyclic aromatic
hydrocarbons, pentachlorophenol, and a broad
range of petroleum hydrocarbons (such as fuels
and oils) have been successfully treated with
LST in the laboratory and the field.
STATUS:
ReTeC is currently seeking a private party to
cofund a 3- to 4-month demonstration of LST
technology on an organic waste.
ReTeC has applied the technology in the field
over a dozen times to treat wood preservative
sludges in impoundment-type LST systems. In
addition, two field-based pilot demonstrations
and several laboratory treatability studies have
been conducted for the treatment of petroleum
refinery impoundment sludges.
FOR FURTHER INFORMATION:
EPA PROJECT MANAGER:
Ronald Lewis
U.S. EPA
Risk Reduction Engineering Laboratory
26 West Martin Luther King Drive
Cincinnati, OH 45268
513-569-7856
FTS: 684-7856
TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPER CONTACT:
Merv Cooper
Remediation Technologies, Inc.
1011 S.W. Klickitat Way, Suite 207
Seattle, WA 98134
206-624-9349
FAX: 206-624-2839
Page 115
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Technology Profile
DEMONSTRATION PROGRAM
RESOURCES CONSERVATION COMPANY
(BEST Solvent Extraction)
TECHNOLOGY DESCRIPTION:
Solvent extraction is potentially effective in
treating oily sludges and soils contaminated with
polychlorinated biphenyls (PCB), polycyclic
aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH), and pesticides by
separating the sludges into three fractions: oil,
water, and solids. As the fractions separate,
contaminants are partitioned into specific phases.
For example, PCBs are concentrated in the oil
fraction, while metals are separated into the
solids fraction. The overall volume and toxicity
of the original waste solids are thereby reduced
and the concentrated waste streams can be
efficiently treated for disposal.
The BEST process is a mobile solvent extraction
system (see figure below) that uses one or more
secondary or tertiary amines (usually
triethylamine [TEA]) to separate organics from
soils and sludges. The BEST technology is
based on the fact that TEA is completely soluble
in water at temperatures below 20 degrees
Celsius.
Because TEA is flammable in the presence of
oxygen, the treatment system must be sealed
from the atmosphere and operated under a
Centrifuge
Screened
Contaminated
Soil
nitrogen blanket. Prior to treatment, it is
necessary to raise the pH of the waste material
to greater than 10, creating an environment
where TEA will be conserved effectively for
recycling through the process. This pH
adjustment may be accomplished by adding
sodium hydroxide. Pretreatment also includes
screening the contaminated feed solids to remove
cobbles and debris for smooth flow through the
process.
The BEST process begins by mixing and
agitating the cold solvent and waste in an
washer/dryer (see figure below). The
washer/dryer is a horizontal steam-jacketed
vessel with rotating paddles. Hydrocarbons and
water in the waste simultaneously solvate with
the cold TEA, creating a homogeneous mixture.
As the solvent breaks the oil-water-solid
emulsions in the waste, the solids are released
and allowed to settle by gravity. The solvent
mixture is decanted and fine particles are
removed by centrifuging. The resulting dry
solids have been cleansed of hydrocarbons but
contain most of the original waste's heavy
metals, thus further treatment prior to disposal
may be required.
Condenser
Ccnlnto
Solids
Tide
-
Solvent
XJ
-------
November 1991
The solvent mixture from the washer/dryer unit
(containing the organics and water extracted
from the waste) is heated. As the temperature of
the solvent increases, the water separates from
the organics and solvent. The organics-solvent
fraction is decanted and sent to a stripping
column, where the solvent is recycled, and the
organics are discharged for recycling or
disposal. The water phase is passed to a second
stripping column where residual solvent is
recovered for recycling. The water is typically
discharged to a local wastewater treatment plant.
The BEST technology is modular, allowing for
on-site treatment. Based on the results of many
bench-scale treatability tests, the process
significantly reduces the hydrocarbon
concentration in the solids. Other advantages of
the technology include the production of dry
solids, the recovery and reuse of soil, and waste
volume reduction. By removing contaminants,
the process reduces the overall toxicity of the
solids and water streams. It also concentrates
the contaminants into a smaller volume, allowing
for efficient final treatment and disposal.
WASTE APPLICABILITY:
The BEST process can be used to remove most
hydrocarbons or oily contaminants in sludges or
soils, including PCBs, PAHs and pesticides (see
Table 1). Performance can be influenced by the
presence of detergents and emulsifiers, low pH
materials, and reactivity of the organics with the
solvent.
STATUS:
The first full-scale BEST unit was used at the
General Refining Superfund site in Garden City,
Georgia. Solvent extraction is the selected
remedial action at the Pinnete's Salvage Yard
site in Maine, the Ewan Property site in New
Jersey, the Norwood PCBs site in Massachusetts
and the Alcoa site in Massena, New York. Also
it is the preferred alternative at the F. O'Connor
Table 1
SPECIFIC WASTES CAPABLE OF TREATMENT
BY SOLVENT EXTRACTION
RCRA Listed Hazardous Wastes
Creosote-Saturated Sludge
Dissolved Air Flotation (DAF) Float
Slop Oil Emulsion Solids
Heat Exchanger Bundle Cleaning Sludge
API Separator Sludge
Leaded Tank Bottoms
Non-Listed Hazardous Wastes
Primary Oil/Solids/Water Separation Sludges
Secondary Oil/Solids/Water Separation Sludges
Bio-Sludges
Cooling Tower Sludges
HF Alkylation Sludges
Waste FCC Catalyst
Spent Catalyst
Stretford Unit Solution
Tank Bottoms
Treated Clays
site in Maine. The demonstration of the BEST
process under the SITE Demonstration Program
is scheduled for spring 1992 at Indiana Harbour.
FOR FURTHER INFORMATION:
EPA PROJECT MANAGER:
Mark Meckes
U.S. EPA
Risk Reduction Engineering Laboratory
26 West Martin Luther King Drive
Cincinnati, OH 45268
513-569-7348
FTS: 684-7348
TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPER CONTACT:
Lanny Weimer
Resources Conservation Company
3630 Cornus Lane
Ellicott City, MD 21043
301-596-6066
Page 117
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Technology Profile
DEMONSTRATION PROGRAM
RETECH, INC.
(Plasma Arc Vitrification)
TECHNOLOGY DESCRIPTION:
Plasma Arc Vitrification occurs hi a plasma
centrifugal furnace by a thermal treatment
process where heat from a transferred arc
plasma creates a molten bath that detoxifies the
feed material. Organic contaminants are
vaporized and react at temperatures of 2,000 to
2,500 degrees Fahrenheit (°F) to form
innocuous products. Solids melt and are
vitrified in the molten bath at 2,800 to 3,000°F.
Metals are retained hi this phase. When cooled,
this phase is a non-leachable, glassy residue
which meets the toxicity characteristic leachate
procedure (TCLP) criteria.
Contaminated soils enter the sealed furnace
through the bulk feeder (see figure below). The
reactor well rotates during waste processing.
Centrifugal force created by this rotation
FEEDS?
prevents material from falling out of the bottom
and helps to evenly transfer heat and electrical
energy throughout the molten phase.
Periodically, a fraction of the molten slag is
tapped, falling into the slag chamber to solidify.
Off-gas travels through a secondary combustion
chamber where it remains at 2,000 to 2,500°F
for more thair 2 seconds. This allows the
complete destruction of any organics in the gas.
After passing through the secondary combustion
chamber, the gases pass through a series of air
pollution control devices designed to remove
particulates and acid gases. In the event of a
process upset, a surge tank allows retention for
reprocessing.
Residuals from the cleanup system can
sometimes be fed back to the furnace. Salts
resulting from neutralizing chlorides must
PLASMA TORCH
EXHAUST
STACK
SURGE
GAS TREATMENT TANK
SECONDARY
COMBUSTION
CHAMBER
Plasma centrifugal furnace
Page 118
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November 1991
eventually be discarded. In some circumstances,
metals can be recovered from the scrubber
sludge.
WASTE APPLICABILITY:
Liquid and solid organic compounds and metals
can be treated by this technology. It is most
appropriate for chemical plant residues and
by-products, low-level mixed radioactive
wastes, and contaminated soils. It may also be
useful for medical wastes, sewage, sludge, and
incinerator ash.
STATUS:
The SITE demonstration was conducted in July
1991 at a Department of Energy research facility
in Butte, Montana. During the demonstration,
the furnace processed approximately 4,000
pounds of waste. All feed and effluent streams
were sampled to assess the performance of this
technology. A report on the demonstration
project will be available in spring or summer
1992.
A production size furnace has been permitted
and commissioned in Muttenz, Switzerland. At
this installation, the furnace is designed to feed
55-gallon (200-liter) drums. Each drum and its
contents are fed and destroyed, one drum at a
time.
FOR FURTHER INFORMATION:
EPA PROJECT MANAGER:
Laurel Staley
U.S. EPA
Risk Reduction Engineering Laboratory
26 West Martin Luther King Drive
Cincinnati, OH 45268
513-569-7863
FTS: 684-7863
TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPER CONTACT:
R. C. Eschenbach
Retech, Inc.
P.O. Box 997
100 Henry Station
Ukiah, CA 95482
707-462-6522
Page 119
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Technology Profile
DEMONSTRATION PROGRAM
RISK REDUCTION ENGINEERING LABORATORY
(Base-Catalyzed Dechlorination Process)
TECHNOLOGY DESCRIPTION:
The base-catalyzed dechlorination (BCD)
process was developed by the Risk Reduction
Engineering Laboratory (RREL) in Cincinnati,
Ohio. This process uses no polyethylene glycol
(PEG) and represents a clean and inexpensive
process for the remediation of soils and
sediments contaminated with chlorinated organic
compounds.
The process (see figure below) begins by mixing
the chemicals with the contaminated matrix,
such as excavated soil or sediment or liquids
containing toxic compounds. This mixture is
heated at 340 degrees Celsius (°C) for several
hours. The off gases are treated before they are
released into the atmosphere. The treated
remains are non-hazardous and can be either
disposed of according to standard methods or
further processed for separating components for
reuse.
WASTE APPLICABILITY:
This process is potentially applicable to soils and
sediments contaminated with chlorinated organic
compounds; mainly polychlorinated biphenyls
(PCB), used as a dielectric in transformers and
polychlorinated phenols (PCP), used as a wood
preserving substance.
STATUS:
Under the SITE Demonstration Program, the
BCD process will be used to decontaminate
PCB-contaminated soil at a Navy site in
Stockton, California, in June 1992. Upon
CHEMICALS
EXCAVATION
C
SCREENING
AND
GRINDING
ONTAMINATED SOIL
TREATMENT
CLEAN SOIL
RETURNED TO SITE
Process Flow Chart
Page 120
-------
November 1991
successful completion of this demonstration, a
follow-up decontamination will be done in
Guam by the Navy.
In cooperation with Region 7, RREL is
attempting to apply BCD technology to
dechlorinating liquid and solid formulations of
several banned herbicides (containing dioxin) at
St. Joseph, Missouri. Recent laboratory tests
have yielded promising results. Optimization of
reaction conditions and engineering research are
ongoing for scaling up the process from
laboratory to large-scale operation.
For treatment of contaminated soils, the BCD
technology is being made ready for licensing for
commercial use. Several companies have shown
strong interest in licensing the technology.
FOR FURTHER INFORMATION:
EPA PROJECT MANAGER:
Laurel Staley
U.S. EPA
Risk Reduction Engineering Laboratory
26 West Martin Luther King Drive
Cincinnati, OH 45268
513-569-7863
FTS: 684-7863
TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPER CONTACT:
Charles Rogers
U.S. EPA
Risk Reduction Engineering Laboratory
26 West Martin Luther King Drive
Cincinnati, OH 45268
513-569-7626
FTS: 684-7626
Page 121
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Technology Profile
DEMONSTRATION PROGRAM
RISK REDUCTION ENGINEERING LABORATORY
(Bioventing)
TECHNOLOGY DESCRIPTION:
This biological treatment system uses the
injection of atmospheric air to treat contaminated
SOU in situ. This air provides a continuous
oxygen source, which enhances the growth of
microorganisms naturally present hi the soil.
This technology uses a low-pressure air pump
(see figure below) attached to one of a series of
air injection probes. The ate pump operates at
extremely low pressures. The low pressures
allow for inflow of oxygen without volatilization
of contaminants that may be present hi the soil.
The treatment capacity is limited by the number
of injection probes, the size of the air pump, and
site characteristics such as soil porosity.
Aerobic microbial growth in contaminated soil is
often limited by the lack of oxygen. Additional
additives, such as ozone or nutrients, also may
be required to stimulate microbial growth, the
figure below is a schematic diagram of the air
injection/sample system.
WASTE APPLICABILITY:
This technology is typically used to treat soil
contaminated by numerous industrial processes.
It may be applied to any contamination subject
to aerobic microbial degradation. Different
contaminants and combinations of contaminants
may have varied degrees of success. The SITE
Demonstration Program specifically plans to test
the effectiveness of bioventing to promote the
Flow
Control
Rotometer
Pressure gauge
3—way ball
valve
as
Sampling
Port
Ground Surface
-Bentonlte Seal
-Stainless Steel Probe
1 cm ID
2 cm OD
Screened
Section
Schematic of the air injection/sample system
Page 122
-------
November 1991
degradation of polycyclic aromatic
hydrocarbons.
STATUS:
This technology was accepted into the SITE
Demonstration Program in June 1991.
Treatability tests were conducted in July 1991,
to determine whether a site owned by
Allied-Signal in Ironton, Ohio, will be suitable
for the demonstration of this process. If this site
is selected, the demonstration is expected to
begin in fall 1991.
FOR FURTHER INFORMATION:
EPA PROJECT MANAGER:
Mary Gaughan
U.S. EPA
Risk Reduction Engineering Laboratory
26 West Martin Luther King Drive
Cincinnati, OH 45268
513-569-7341
FTS: 684-7341
TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPER CONTACT:
Paul McCauley
Risk Reduction Engineering Laboratory
26 West Martin Luther King Drive
Cincinnati, OH 45268
513-569-7444
FTS: 684-7444
Page 123
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Technology Profile
DEMONSTRATION PROGRAM
RISK REDUCTION ENGINEERING LABORATORY
& IT CORPORATION
(Debris Washing System)
TECHNOLOGY DESCRIPTION:
This technology was developed by EPA's Risk
Reduction Engineering Laboratory (RREL) staff
and IT Corporation to decontaminate debris
currently found at Superfund sites throughout the
country. The pilot-scale debris washing system
(DWS) was demonstrated under the SITE
Program.
The DWS consists of 300-gallon spray and wash
tanks, surfactant and rinse water holding tanks,
and an oil-water separator (see figure below).
The decontamination solution treatment system
includes a diatomaceous earth filter, an activated
carbon column, and an ion exchange column.
Other required equipment includes pumps, a
stirrer motor, a tank heater, a metal debris
basket, and paniculate filters.
The DWS unit is transported on a 48-foot
semitrailer. At the treatment site, the DWS unit
is assembled on a 25 by 24 foot concrete pad
and enclosed in a temporary shelter.
A basket of debris is placed in the spray tank
with a forklift, where it is sprayed with an
aqueous detergent solution. High-pressure
water jets blast contaminants and dirt from the
debris. Detergent solution is continually
recycled through a filter system that cleans the
liquid.
The wash and rinse tanks are supplied with
water at 140 degrees Fahrenheit (°F), at a
pressure of 60 pounds per square inch gauge
(psig). The contaminated wash solution is
collected and treated prior to discharge. An
integral part of the technology involves treating
Stop 1 - Spray Cycle
step 2 • Wash Cycle
Step 3 - Rinse Cycle
OE Filter
•• Water Treatment Step
Pump
Activated Carbon
Figure: Schematic of the pilot-scale debris washing system.
Page 124
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November 1991
the detergent solution and rinse water to reduce
the contaminant concentration to allowable
discharge levels. Process water treatment
consists of paniculate filtration, activated carbon
adsorption, and ion exchange. Approximately
1,000 gallons of liquid are used during the
decontamination process.
WASTE APPLICABILITY:
The DWS can be applied on site to various types
of debris (metallic, masonry, or other solid
debris) contaminated with hazardous chemicals,
such as pesticides, polychlorinated biphenyls
(PCB), lead, and other metals.
STATUS:
The first pilot-scale test was performed at
EPA's Region 5 Carter Industrial Superfund site
in Detroit, Michigan. PCB reductions averaged
58 percent hi batch 1 and 81 percent in batch 2.
Design changes were made and tested on the
unit before additional field testing.
Field testing was conducted using an upgraded
pilot-scale DWS at a PCB-contaminated
Superfund site in Hopkinsville, Kentucky (EPA
Region 4), during December 1989. PCB levels
on the surfaces of metallic transformer casings
were reduced to less than or equal to 10
micrograms PCB per 100 square centimeters.
All 75 contaminated transformer casings on site
were decontaminated to EPA cleanup criteria
and sold to a scrap metal dealer.
The DWS was also field tested at another
Superfund site in Region 4, the Shaver's Farm
site in Walker County, Georgia. The
contaminants of concern were benzonitrile and
dicamba. After being cut into sections,
55-gallon drums were placed in the DWS and
carried through the decontamination process.
Benzonitrile and dicamba levels on the surfaces
of drums were reduced from the average
pretreatment concentrations of 4,556 and
23 micrograms (jig) per 100 square centimeters
to average concentrations of 10 and 1 /ig/100
square centimeters, respectively.
Results have been published in a Technology
Evaluation Report (EPA/540/5-9 l/006a) entitled
"Design and Development of a Pilot-Scale
Debris Decontamination System."
Further development of this technology by
RREL and IT Corporation includes design,
development, and demonstration of a full-scale
mobile version of the DWS.
FOR FURTHER INFORMATION:
EPA PROJECT MANAGER:
Naomi Barkley
U.S. EPA
Risk Reduction Engineering Laboratory
26 West Martin Luther King Drive
Cincinnati, OH 45268
513-569-7854
FTS: 684-7854
TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPER CONTACT:
Michael L. Taylor and Majid Dosani
IT Corporation
11499 Chester Road
Cincinnati, OH 45246
513-782-4700
Page 125
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Technology Profile
DEMONSTRATION PROGRAM
RISK REDUCTION ENGINEERING LABORATORY and
THE UNIVERSITY OF CINCINNATI
(Hydraulic Fracturing)
TECHNOLOGY DESCRIPTION:
Hydraulic fracturing is a physical process that
creates fractures in soils to enhance fluid or
vapor flow in the subsurface. The technology
places fractures at discreet depths through
hydraulic pressurization at the base of a
borehole. These fractures are placed at specific
locations and depths to increase the effectiveness
of treatment technologies, such as soil vapor
extraction, in situ bioremediation, and
pump-and-treat systems. The technology is
designed to enhance remediation in low
permeability geologic formations. This
technology has been developed for EPA's Risk
Reduction Engineering Laboratory by the
University of Cincinnati (UC) at the Center Hill
facility under the SITE Program.
The fracturing process (see photograph below)
begins with the injection of a fluid (water) into
a sealed borehole until the pressure of the fluid
exceeds a critical value and a fracture is
nucleated, forming a starter notch. A proppant
composed of a granular material (sand) and a
viscous fluid (guar gum and water mixture) is
then pumped into the fracture as the fracture
grows away from the well. After pumping, the
Hydraulic fracturing in progress, the well is located at the center of the photograph.
Page 126
-------
November 1991
proppant grains hold the fracture open while an
enzyme additive breaks down the viscous fluid.
The resulting fluid is pumped from the fracture,
forming a permeable subsurface channel suitable
for delivery or recovery of a vapor or liquid.
These fractures function as pathways for vapor
extraction or fluid introduction, potentially
increasing the effective area available for
remediation.
The hydraulic fracturing process is used in
conjunction with soil vapor extraction
technology to enhance the recovery of
contaminated soil vapors.
Hydraulically-induced fractures are used to
place fluids and nutrients during in situ
bioremediation. The technology has the
potential for delivery of solids to the subsurface.
Solid compounds useful in bioremediation, such
as nutrients or oxygen-releasing compounds, can
be injected as granules into the fractures.
Techniques for measuring deformation of the
ground surface have been developed for this
technology by UC to monitor the position of the
fractures in the subsurface.
WASTE APPLICABILITY:
Hydraulic fracturing is appropriate for enhancing
remediation of contaminated soil vapors, soil,
and groundwater. The technology can be
applied to those contaminants or wastes
associated with remediation by soil vapor
extraction, bioremediation, and pump-and-treat
systems.
STATUS:
The RREL hydraulic fracturing technology
entered the SITE Demonstration Program in July
1991. Pilot-scale feasibility studies have been
conducted in Oak Brook, Illinois, and Dayton,
Ohio, during July and August 1991,
respectively. The hydraulic fracturing process
has been integrated with remediation by soil
vapor extraction at the Illinois site and with in
situ bioremediation at the Ohio site. Additional
feasibility study sites are planned. A final
full-scale demonstration site will be selected in
the near future.
FOR FURTHER INFORMATION:
EPA PROJECT MANAGER:
Naomi Barkley
U.S. EPA
Risk Reduction Engineering Laboratory
26 West Martin Luther King Drive
Cincinnati, OH 45268
513-569-7854
FTS: 684-7854
TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPER CONTACT:
Larry Murdock
University of Cincinnati
Center Hill Facility
5995 Center Hill Road
Cincinnati, OH 45224
513-569-7897
Page 127
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Technology Profile
DEMONSTRA TION PROGRAM
RISK REDUCTION ENGINEERING LABORATORY
and USDA FOREST PRODUCTS LABORATORY
(Fungal Treatment Technology)
TECHNOLOGY DESCRIPTION:
This biological treatment system uses white rot
fungi to treat soils in situ. White rot fungi have
been found to degrade certain organic
contaminants.
Organic material inoculated with the fungi and
wood chips are mechanically mixed into the
contaminated soil. In the process of wood
degradation, the fungi also break down
contaminants in the soil.
Because this technology uses a living organism
(the fungi), the greatest degree of success occurs
with optimal growing conditions. Additives
enhance growing conditions and may be required
for successful treatment. Moisture control is
necessary, and temperature control may be
utilized. Addition of wood chips may also be
included in the process to decrease the toxicity
of the soil. Nutrients, such as peat, may be
added to provide a source of organic carbon.
WASTE APPLICABILITY:
This technology is typically used to treat soil
contaminated with chemicals found in the wood
preserving industry. Contaminants include
chlorinated organics and polycyclic aromatic
hydrocarbons. Different contaminants and
combinations of contaminants may have varied
degrees of success. In particular, the SITE
Demonstration Program is evaluating the
effectiveness of white rot fungi in degradation of
pentachlorophenol (PCP).
PCP
J^i^— • -it
f FUNGAL
*H TREATMENT
^^*^^^_ —
INNOCUOUS
BY-PRODUCTS
In-place White Rot Fungal Treatment of contaminated soil
Page 728
-------
November 1991
STATUS:
This technology was accepted into the SITE
Demonstration Program in April 1991.
Treatability tests are scheduled for September
1991, to determine whether the Brookhaven
Wood Preserving site in Brookhaven,
Mississippi, will be suitable for the
demonstration of this process. If this site is
selected, the demonstration is expected to start in
early spring 1992.
FOR FURTHER INFORMATION:
EPA PROJECT MANAGER:
Kim Lisa Kreiton
U.S. EPA
Risk Reduction Engineering Laboratory
26 West Martin Luther King Drive
Cincinnati, OH 45268
513-569-7328
FTS: 684-7328
TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPER CONTACT:
Richard Lamar
U.S.D.A. Forest Products Laboratory
One Gifford Pinchot Drive
Madison, WI 53705
608-231-9469
Page 129
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Technology Profile
DEMONSTRATION PROGRAM
ROCHEM SEPARATION SYSTEMS, Inc.
(Rochem Disc Tube Module System)
TECHNOLOGY DESCRIPTION:
This technology uses membrane separation
systems to treat a range of aqueous solutions
from seawater to leachates containing organic
solvents. The system uses osmosis through a
semi-permeable membrane to separate pure
water from contaminated liquids. The
application of osmotic theory implies that when
a saline solution is separated from pure water by
a semi-permeable membrane, the higher osmotic
pressure of the salt solution (due to its higher
salt concentration) will cause the water (and
other compounds having high diffusion rates
through the selected membrane) to diffuse
through the membrane into the salt water.
Water will continue to permeate into the salt
solution until the osmotic pressure of the salt
solution equals the osmotic pressure of the pure
water. At this point, the salt concentrations of
the two solutions will be equal, after which no
driving force will remain for any additional mass
transfer across the membrane. However, if an
external pressure is exerted on the salt solution,
water will flow in the reverse direction from the
salt solution into the pure water. This
phenomenon, known as reverse osmosis (RO),
can be employed to separate pure water from
contaminated matrices, such as the treatment of
hazardous wastes via concentration of hazardous
chemical constituents in an aqueous brine, while
recovering pure water on the other side of the
membrane.
Ultrafiltration (UF) is a pressure-driven,
membrane filtration process that can be used to
separate and concentrate macromolecules and
colloids from process streams, water and
wastewaters. The size of the particle rejected by
ultrafiltration depends on the inherent properties
TANK B
BRINE
STORAGE
TO
TREATMENT/
DISPOSAL
RO AND UF MODULES ARE
OPERATED INDIVIDUALLY.
DIAGRAM SHOWS PARALLEL
CONNECTION FOR ILLUSTRATION
PURPOSES ONLY.
TANK D
PERMEATE
STORAGE
Schematic diagram of RO/UF equipment configuration
Page 130
-------
November 1991
of the specific membrane selected for separation
and can range from small particulate matter to
large molecules. In general, a fluid is placed
under pressure on one side of a perforated
membrane having a measured pore size. All
materials smaller than the pore pass through
membrane, leaving larger contaminants
concentrated on the feed side of the process.
Control of pass-through constituents can be
achieved by using a membrane with a limiting
pore size, or by installing a series of membranes
with successively smaller pores. Although
similar to RO, the UF process typically cannot
separate constituents from water to the purity
that RO can. Therefore, the two technologies
can be used in tandem, with UF removing most
of the relatively large constituents of a process
stream before RO application selectively
removes the water from the remaining mixture.
The fluid dynamics and construction of the
system result in an open channel, fully turbulent
feed and water flow system. This configuration
prevents the accumulation of suspended solids on
the separation membranes, thereby ensuring high
efficiency filtration of water and contaminants.
Also, the design of the disc tubes allows for
easy cleaning of the filtration medium providing
a long service life for the membrane components
of the system.
A general schematic of the RO/UF equipment as
it will be applied at the SITE demonstration is
provided in the figure on the previous page.
Waste feed, process permeate, and rinse water
are potential feed materials to the RO or UF
modules, which are skid-mounted and consist of
a tank and a high-pressure feed system. The
high pressure feed system consists of a
centrifugal feed pump, a prefilter cartridge
housing, and a triplex plunger pump to feed the
RO/UF modules. The processing units
themselves are self-contained and need only
electrical and interconnection process piping to
be installed prior to operation.
WASTE APPLICABILITY:
Numerous types of waste material can be treated
using this system, including sanitary landfill
leachate containing both organic and inorganic
chemical species, water-soluble oil wastes used
in metal fabricating and manufacturing
industries, and solvent/water and oil/water
mixtures generated during washing operations at
metal fabricating facilities.
STATUS:
This technology was accepted into the SITE
Demonstration Program in July 1991. A
Demonstration is planned for early 1992 at a site
to be determined. A suitable site would involve
the cleanup of contaminated groundwater or
landfill leachate. During the demonstration,
approximately 2 to 4 gallons per minute of
contaminated water will be processed over a
2- to 3-week period. All feed and residual
effluent streams will be sampled to evaluate the
performance of this technology. A report on the
demonstration project will be forthcoming.
FOR FURTHER INFORMATION:
EPA PROJECT MANAGER:
Douglas Grosse
U.S. EPA
Risk Reduction Engineering Laboratory
26 West Martin Luther King Drive
Cincinnati, OH 45268
513-569-7844
FTS: 684-7844
TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPER CONTACT:
David LaMonica
Rochem Separation Systems, Inc.
3904 Del Amo Blvd. Suite 801
Torrance, CA 90503
213-370-3160
FAX: 213-370-4988
Page 131
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Technology Profile
DEMONSTRATION PROGRAM
SBP TECHNOLOGIES, INC.
(Membrane Separation and Bioremediation)
TECHNOLOGY DESCRIPTION:
SBP Technologies, Inc. (SBP), has developed a
hazardous waste treatment system consisting of
(1) a filtration unit for extraction and
concentration of contaminants from
groundwater, surface water, or slurries and (2)
a bioremediation system for treating
concentrated groundwater and soil slurries (see
figure below). These two systems are able to
treat a wide range of waste materials separately
or as part of an integrated waste handling
system.
The SITE demonstration will evaluate the
effectiveness of these two technologies on
creosote-contaminated groundwater hi two
separate demonstrations.
The filtration unit can remove and concentrate
the contaminants by filtering contaminated
groundwater through a specially developed
membrane. Depending on local requirements
and regulations, the filtered water produced can
be discharged to the sanitary sewer for further
treatment at publicly owned treatment works.
The concentrated contaminants are collected in
a holding tank.
The bioreactor, using a proprietary
microorganism mixture, can biologically destroy
concentrated contaminants and can produce
effluent with low to nondetectable levels of
contaminants. Integrating the two units will
allow many contaminants to be removed and
destroyed on site.
Ground Water
FMd
Ground Water
Equalization/
Feed Tank
Membrane Filtration
Unit
Concentrate
Equalization
Feed Tank
Biological
Remediation System
Effluent
Discharge
Kty:
, a Proposed Sampling Points
Membrane separation and biological treatment schematic diagram
Page 132
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November 1991
WASTE APPLICABILITY:
The bioremediation technology is intended for
use in treating groundwater, soils, and sludges
contaminated with organic compounds. Current
technology has been applied to waste
contaminated with polycyclic aromatic
hydrocarbons (PAH), creosote, polychlorinated
biphenyls, trichloroethylene, oily wastes, and jet
and diesel fuels. The two technologies can be
used separately or together. For example, on
wastewaters or slurries contaminated with
inorganics or materials not easily bioremediated,
the filtration unit can separate the material for
treatment or handling by another process. Both
the filtration unit and the bioremediation system
can be used as part of a soil cleaning system to
handle residuals and contaminated liquids. The
system is extremely versatile, depending on site
characteristics and waste destruction needs.
STATUS:
These two technologies are being demonstrated
from August 1991 to December 1991. The first
demonstration, on the filtration unit, occured in
October 1991. During treatability testing, PAH
removal was sufficient to pass local publicly
owned treatment works (POTW) discharge
standards.
The second demonstration, on the
bioremediation technology, will be conducted in
November 1991. Two predemonstration runs
will be conducted in order for SBP to monitor
and evaluate the effectiveness of the specific
proprietary microorganisms. The two
demonstrations are being performed on creosote-
contaminated groundwater.
FOR FURTHER INFORMATION:
EPA PROJECT MANAGER:
Kim Lisa Kreiton
U.S. EPA
Risk Reduction Engineering Laboratory
26 West Martin Luther King Drive
Cincinnati, OH 45268
513-569-7328
FTS: 684-7328
TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPER CONTACT:
Heather M. Ford
SBP Technologies, Inc.
2155-D West Park Court
Stone Mountain, GA 30087
404-498-6666
FAX: 404-498-8711
Page 133
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Technoloav Profile
DEMONSTRATION PROGRAM
S.M.W. SEIKO, INC.
(In Situ Solidification and Stabilization)
TECHNOLOGY DESCRIPTION:
The soil-cement mixing wall (SMW)
technology, developed by S.M.W. Seiko, Inc.,
involves the in situ fixation, solidification, and
stabilization of contaminated soils. The
technology has been used in mixing soil,
cement, and chemical grout for more than 18
years on various construction applications
including cutoff walls and soil stabilization.
Multi-axis overlapping hollow-stem augers (see
figure below) are used to inject solidification and
stabilization (S/S) agents and blend them with
contaminated soils in situ. The augers are
mounted on a crawler-type base machine. A
batch mixing plant and raw materials storage
tanks are also involved. The machine can treat
90 to 140 cubic yards of soil in 8 hours at
depths of up to 100 feet.
The product of the SMW technology is a
monolithic block that extends down to the
treatment depth. The volume increase ranges
from 10 to 30 percent, depending on the nature
of the soil matrix and the amount of fixation
reagents and water required for treatment.
WATER TANK
SILO
SMW REAGENT
MIXING AND
CONTROL PLANT
FIXED MASS
PERIMETER CUTOFF
WALL (OPTIONAL)
BERM
Schematic of SMW in situ fixation of contaminated soil at depth
Page 734
-------
November 1991
WASTE APPLICABILITY:
This technology can be applied to soils
contaminated with metals and semivolatile
organic compounds such as pesticides,
polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), phenols, and
polycyclic aromatic hydrocabons (PAHs).
STATUS:
This technology was accepted into the SITE
Demonstration Program in June 1989. Site
selection is underway.
FOR FURTHER INFORMATION:
EPA PROJECT MANAGER:
S. Jackson Hubbard
U.S. EPA
Risk Reduction Engineering Laboratory
26 West Martin Luther King Drive
Cincinnati, OH 45268
513-569-7507
FTS: 684-7507
TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPER CONTACTS:
Osamu Taki and David Yang
S.M.W. SEIKO, Inc.
100 Marine Parkway, Suite 350
Redwood City, CA 94065
415-591-9646
FAX: 415-591-9648
Page 135
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Technology Profile
DEMONSTRATION PROGRAM
SEPARATION AND RECOVERY SYSTEMS, INC.
(SAREX Chemical Fixation Process)
TECHNOLOGY DESCRIPTION:
The SAREX chemical fixation process (CFP)
(see figure below) developed by Separation and
Recovery Systems, Inc. (SRS), is a thermal and
chemical reactive (fixation) process that removes
volatile organic compounds (VOC) and
semivolatile organic compounds (SVOC), and
the remaining constituents of organic and
inorganic sludge materials in a stable matrix.
SAREX CFP uses specially-prepared lime and
proprietary, nontoxic chemicals (a reagent blend)
mixed proportionally to catalyze and control the
reactions. The treated product displays chemical
properties which conform to toxic EPA
standards for resource recovery and site
restoration. The product also exhibits high
structural integrity, with a fine, granular,
soil-like consistency, of limited solubility. It is
free flowing until compacted (50 to 80 pounds
per square inch), isolating the remaining
constituents from environmental influences.
EXCAVATOR
Depending on. the characteristics of the waste
material, it may be covered with a liquid
neutralizing reagent that initiates the chemical
reactions and helps prevent vapor emissions. If
required, the waste material may be moved to
the neutralization (blending) tank where a
"make-up" reagent slurry is added, depending
on material characteristics. The waste is placed
on the feed hopper. The reagent is measured
and placed on the transfer conveyor so that the
reagent and waste mixture would advance to the
single-screw homogenizer, where it is
thoroughly blended to a uniform consistency.
The reagent blend reacts exothermally with the
hazardous constituents to initiate the removal of
the VOCs and SVOCs. The process, now about
70 percent complete, continues in the
multi-screw, jacketed, noncontacting processor
for curing (a predetermined curing time allows
reactions to occur within a controlled
environment). In the processor, the mixture can
be thermally processed at a high temperature to
WASTE
PIT
NEUTRALIZATION TANK
1/4" PLATE 16' DIA. X 8' INSETS
NOTES:
1. EXCAVATION/NEUTRAUZATIONAAPOR CONTROL
2. PRE-PROCESS BLENDING/NEUTRALZATION
3. WASTE FEED TO PROCESSOR
4. HOMOGENIZING
5. PROCESSING
6. DISCHARGE CONVEYOR
7. VAPOR RECOVERY SYSTEM (VRS)
SAREX chemical fixation process
Page 136
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November 1991
complete the process. The processed material
exits the processor onto a discharge conveyor
for movement into SRS-designed sealed
transport containers for delivery to the end use.
Contaminants loss into the air (mobility) during
processing is eliminated by use of a specially
designed SAREX vapor recovery system and
processed prior to release into the air. Dust
particles are removed in a baghouse, and the
vapors are routed through a series of water
scrubbers, which cool the vapors [below 120
degrees Fahrenheit (°F)] and remove any
condensates. The vapors then pass through two
demisters and a positive displacement blower to
remove additional condensates. A freon chilling
unit (37°F or 0°F) cools the remaining vapors,
which are sent to a storage tank. The final
vapor stream is polished in two charcoal vapor
packs before being emitted into the air.
WASTE APPLICABILITY:
The SAREX CFP may be applied to a wide
variety of organic and inorganic materials.
These include sludges that contain high
concentrations of hazardous constituents, with no
upper limit of oil or organic content. No
constituents interfere with the fixation reactions,
and water content is not an obstacle, although
there may be steaming caused by the exothermic
reactions. The following material types can be
processed by the SAREX CFP:
Large crude oil spills
Refinery sludges
Hydrocarbon-contaminated soils
Lube oil acid sludges
Tars
In addition, metals are captured within the
treated matrix and will pass the toxicity
characteristics leaching procedure (TCLP). This
proves to be advantageous, because most on-site
cleanup programs focus on sludge ponds or
impoundments that have received many different
types of compounds and debris over several
years.
STATUS:
During the development of the SAREX CFP
technology, data has been gathered from
laboratory analysis, process demonstrations, and
on-site projects. Samples of sludges from two
ponds were analyzed for surface and bottom
characteristics. After treatment of the samples,
the products were analyzed in powder and
molded pellet form.
A field demonstration was conducted during
1987 at a midwest refinery by treating
approximately 400 cubic yards of lube oil acid
sludges. Two projects each were completed in
the midwest, California, and Australia.
SRS expects to conduct a SITE demonstration
during 1992. EPA is seeking a suitable site for
the demonstration.
FOR FURTHER INFORMATION:
EPA PROJECT MANAGER:
S. Jackson Hubbard
U.S. EPA
Risk Reduction Engineering Laboratory
26 West Martin Luther King Drive
Cincinnati, OH 45268
513-569-7507
FTS: 684-7507
TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPER CONTACT:
Joseph DeFranco
Separation and Recovery Systems, Inc.
1762 McGaw Avenue
Irvine, CA 92714
714-261-8860
FAX: 714-261-6010
Page 137
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Technology Profile
DEMONSTRATION PROGRAM
SILICATE TECHNOLOGY CORPORATION
(Solidification and Stabilization Treatment Technology)
TECHNOLOGY DESCRIPTION:
Silicate Technology Corporation's (STC)
technology for treating hazardous waste utilizes
silicate compounds to solidify and stabilize
organic and inorganic constituents in
contaminated soils, sludges, and wastewater.
STC's organic chemical fixation/solidification
technology involves the bonding of the organic
contaminants into the layers of the of an alumino
silicate compound. STC's inorganic chemical
fixation/solidification technology involves the
formation of insoluble chemical compounds
which reduces the overall reagent addition
compared to generic cementicious processes.
Pretreatment of contaminated soil (see figure
below) includes separation of coarse and fine
waste materials, and the crushing of coarse
material, reducing it to the size required for the
solidification and stabilization technology. The
screened waste is weighed and a predetermined
amount of silicate reagent is added. The
material is conveyed to a pug mill mixer where
water is added and the mixture is blended.
Sludges are placed directly into the pug mill for
addition of reagents and mixing. The amount of
reagent required for solidification and
stabilization can be adjusted according to
variations in organic and inorganic contaminant
concentrations determined during treatability
testing. Treated material is placed in confining
pits for on-site curing or cast into molds for
transport and disposal off-site.
STC's technology has been successfully
implemented on inorganic and organic
contaminated hazardous remediation projects,
inorganic and organic industrial wastewater
treatment systems, industrial in-process
treatment, and RCRA landban treatment of F006
and K061 wastes. A typical remediation project
would include pretreatment of the waste which
consists of screening and crushing operations.
WASTE APPLICABILITY:
STC's technology can be applied to a wide
variety of hazardous soils, sludges, and
wastewaters. Applicable waste media include
the following:
Pretreatment of contaminated soil
Page 138
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November 1991
• Inorganic contaminated soils and sludges.
Contaminants including most metals,
cyanides, flourides, arsenates, chromates,
and selenium.
• Organic contaminated soils and sludges.
Organic compounds including halogenated
aromatics, polycyclic aromatic
hydrocarbons (PAHs), and aliphatic
compounds.
• Inorganic and organic contaminated
wastewaters. Heavy metals, emulsified
and dissolved organic compounds in
groundwater and industrial wastewater,
excluding low-molecular-weight organic
contaminants such as alcohols, ketones,
andglycols.
STATUS:
Under the SITE Demonstration Program, the
technology was demonstrated in November 1990
at the Selma Pressure Treating (SPT) wood
preserving site in Selma, California. The SPT
site was contaminated with both organics,
mainly pentachlorophenol (PCP), and
inorganics, mainly arsenic, chromium and
copper. The Applications Analysis Report and
Technology Evaluation Report will be published
in winter 1992.
DEMOSTRATION RESULTS:
• STC's technology can treat PCP. Extract
and leachate concentrations of PCP were
reduced by up to 97 percent.
• The technology can immobilize arsenic.
Toxicity characteristic leaching procedure
(TCLP) and TCLP-distilled water leachate
concentrations were reduced by up to 92
and 98 percent, respectively.
• The technology can immobilize chromium
and copper. Initially low TCLP and
TCLP-distilled water leachate
concentrations of chromium (0.07 to 0.27
ppm) were reduced by up to 54 percent.
Initial TCLP and TCLP-distilled water
leachate concentrations of copper (0.4 and
9.4 ppm) were reduced by up to 99 and 90
percent, respectively.
• Immobilization of semivolatile organic
compounds and volatile compounds other
than PCP could not be evaluated due to the
low concentrations of these analytes in the
wastes.
• Treatment of the wastes resulted in volume
increases ranging from 59 to 75 percent
(68 percent average).
• After a 28-day curing period, the treated
wastes exhibited moderately high
unconfined compressive strengths of 260 to
350 pounds per square inch.
• Permeability of the treated waste was low
(less than 1.7 x 10"7 centimeters per
second). The relative cumulative weight
loss after 12 wet and dry and 12 freeze
and thaw cycles was negligible (less than 1
percent).
• STCs technology is expected to cost
approximately $200 per cubic yard when
used to treat large amounts (15,000 cubic
yards) of waste similar to that found at the
SPT demonstration site.
FOR FURTHER INFORMATION:
EPA PROJECT MANAGER:
Edward Bates
U.S. EPA
Risk Reduction Engineering Laboratory
26 West Martin Luther King Drive
Cincinnati, OH 45268
513-569-7774
FTS: 684-7774
TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPER CONTACTS:
Stephen Pelger and Scott Larsen
Silicate Technology Corporation
7655 East Gelding Drive, Suite B-2
Scottsdale, AZ 85260
602-948-7100
FAX: 602-991-3173
Page 139
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Technology Profile
DEMONSTRATION PROGRAM
SOILTECH, INC.
(Anaerobic Thermal Processor)
TECHNOLOGY DESCRIPTION:
The SoilTech anaerobic thermal processor (ATP)
(see figure below) is a thermal desorption
process. It heats and mixes contaminated soils,
sludges, and liquids in a special rotary kiln that
uses indirect heat for processing. The unit
desorbs, collects, and recondenses hydrocarbons
from solids. The unit also can be used in
conjunction with a dehalogenation process to
destroy halogenated hydrocarbons through a
thermal and chemical process.
The kiln portion of the system contains four
separate internal thermal zones: preheat, retort,
combustion, and cooling. In the preheat zone,
water and volatile organic compounds vaporize.
The vaporized contaminants and water are
removed by vacuum to a preheat vapor cooling
CLEAN
STACK GAS
DISCHARGE TO
ATMOSPHERE
FLUE GAS
TREATMENT
OFF-SITE LANDFILL
-SITE
FUJE
GAS
FEED*
ATP
PROCESSOR
DISTILLED
VAPORS
INCONDENSABLE
GASES
system consisting of a cyclone to remove solids
and a heat exchanger and separator to condense
liquids and separate the aqueous oil and
noncondenseable gas phases.
From the preheat zone, the hot granular solids
and unvaporized hydrocarbons pass through a
sand seal to the retort zone. Heavy oils vaporize
in the retort zone, and thermal cracking of
hydrocarbons forms coke and low molecular
weight gases. The vaporized contaminants are
removed by vacuum to a retort gas handling
system. After cyclones remove dust from gases,
the gases are cooled, and condensed oil is
separated into its various fractions. The coked
soil passes through a second sand seal from the
retort zone to the combustion zone. Coke is
burned and the hot soil is either recycled back to
the retort zone or sent to the cooling zone.
CONDENSATION.
SEPARATION
FUEL
GAS
OIL
CONOENSATE
CARRER OIL
.VffTH REAGENT
DECHLORINATION
REAGENT MIX
WATER
CONDENSATE
PRETREATMENT:
OIL/WATER
SEPARATION.
FLOTATION,
CARBON
HAZARDOUS)
MAKEUP
OIL
OFF-SITE
TREATMENT
MAKEUP
NoOH+PEG
OPTIONAL DISPOSAL
OR DESTRUCTION
Schematic diagram of the ATP process
Page 140
-------
November 1991
Flue gases from the combustion zone are treated
prior to discharge. The flue gas treatment
system consists of the following units set up in
series: (1) cyclone and baghouse for particle
removal, (2) wet scrubber for removal of acid
gases, and (3) carbon adsorption bed for
removal of trace organic compounds.
The combusted soil that enters the cooling zone
is cooled in the annular space between the
outside of the preheat and retort zones and the
outer shell of the kiln. Here, the heat from the
soils is transferred to the soils in the retort and
preheat zones. The cooled treated soil and coke
exiting the cooling zone is quenched with water,
then transported by conveyor to a storage pile.
When the ATP is used to dechlorinate
contaminants, the contaminated soils are sprayed
with an oil mixture containing an alkaline
reagent and polyethylene glycol, or other
reagents. The oil acts as a carrier for the
dehalogenation reagents. In the unit, the
reagents dehalogenate or chemically break down
chlorinated compounds, including
polychlorinated biphenyls (PCB).
WASTE APPLICABILITY:
The technology can be used for (1) oil recovery
from tar sands and shales, (2) dechlorination of
PCBs and chlorinated pesticides in soils and
sludges, (3) separation of oils and water from
refinery wastes and spills, and (4) general
removal of hazardous organic compounds from
soils and sludges.
STATUS:
This technology was accepted into the EPA
SITE Demonstration Program in March 1991.
The technology will be involved in two SITE
demonstrations. In May 1991, the first
demonstration used a full-scale unit on soils
contaminated with PCBs at the Wide Beach
Development Superfund site in Brant, New
York. The second demonstration, scheduled for
January 1992, will use a full-scale unit at the
Outboard Marine Corporation site in Waukegan,
Illinois.
DEMONSTRATION RESULTS:
The preliminary SITE Demonstration test results
indicated that:
• The SoilTech ATP unit removed over 99
percent of the PCBs in the contaminated
soil, resulting in PCB levels below the
desired cleanup concentration of 2 parts
per million (ppm).
• The SoilTech ATP does not appear to
create dioxins or furans.
• No volatile or semivolatile organic
degradation products were detected in the
treated soil. There were also no leachable
volatile organic compounds (VOC) or
semivolatile organic compounds (SVOC)
detected in the treated soil.
• No operational problems affecting the
ATP's ability to treat the contaminated soil
were observed.
FOR FURTHER INFORMATION:
EPA PROJECT MANAGER:
Paul dePercin
U.S. EPA
Risk Reduction Engineering Laboratory
26 West Martin Luther King Drive
Cincinnati, OH 45268
513-569-7797
FTS: 684-7797
TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPER CONTACT:
Martin Vorum
SoilTech, Inc.
%Canonie Environmental Services Corporation
94 Inverness Terrace East, Suite 100
Englewood, CO 80112
303-790-1747
Page 141
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I
Technology Profile
DEMONSTRATION PROGRAM
SOLIDITECH, INC.
(Solidification and Stabilization)
TECHNOLOGY DESCRIPTION:
This solidification and stabilization process
immobilizes contaminants in soils and sludges by
binding them in a concrete-like, leach-resistant
matrix.
Contaminated waste materials are collected,
screened to remove oversized material, and
introduced to the batch mixer (see figure below).
The waste material is then mixed with (1) water,
(2) Urrichem — a proprietary chemical reagent,
(3) proprietary additives, and (4) pozzolanic
material (fly ash), kiln dust, or cement. After it
is thoroughly mixed, the treated waste is
discharged from the mixer. Treated waste is a
solidified mass with significant unconfined
compressive strength, high stability, and a rigid
texture similar to that of concrete.
WASTE APPLICABILITY:
This technology is intended for treating soils and
sludges contaminated with organic compounds,
metals, inorganic compounds, and oil and
grease. Batch mixers of various capacities are
available to treat different volumes of waste.
STATUS:
The process was demonstrated in December
1988 at the Imperial Oil Company/Champion
Chemical Company Superfund site in
Morganville, New Jersey. This location
formerly contained both chemical processing and
oil reclamation facilities. Wastes treated during
the demonstration were soils, filter cake, and
oily wastes from an old storage tank. These
wastes were contaminated with petroleum
INTERNAL VIEW OF MIXER
FRONT END LOADER
(LOADING CONTAMINATED SOIL)
' 5=->=r-r-; PROPRIETARY AppjTIVES^s?-^g
Soliditech processing equipment
Page 142
-------
November 1991
hydrocarbons, polychlorinatedbiphenyls (PCBs),
other organic chemicals, and heavy metals.
DEMONSTRATION RESULTS:
Key findings from the Soliditech demonstration
are summarized below:
• Chemical analyses of extracts and leachates
showed that heavy metals present in the
untreated waste were immobilized.
• The process solidified both solid and liquid
wastes with high organic content (up to 17
percent), as well as oil and grease.
• Volatile organic compounds in the original
waste were not detected in the treated
waste.
• Physical test results of the solidified waste
samples showed: (1) unconfined
compressive strengths ranging from 390 to
860 pounds per square inch (psi), (2) very
little weight loss after 12 cycles of wet and
dry and freeze and thaw durability tests,
(3) low permeability of the treated waste,
and (4) increased density after treatment.
• The solidified waste increased in volume
by an average of 22 percent. Because of
solidification, the bulk density of the waste
material increased by about 35 percent.
• Semivolatile organic compounds (phenols)
were detected in the treated waste and the
Toxicity Characteristic Leachate Procedure
(TCLP) extracts from the treated waste,
but not in the untreated waste or its TCLP
extracts. The presence of these
compounds is believed to result from
chemical reactions in the waste treatment
mixture.
• Oil and grease content of the untreated
waste ranged from 2.8 to 17.3 percent
(28,000 to 173,000 parts per million
[ppm]). Oil and grease content of the
TCLP extracts of the solidified waste
ranged from 2.4 to 12 ppm.
• The pH of the solidified waste ranged from
11.7 to 12.0. The pH of the untreated
waste ranged from 3.4 to 7.9.
• PCBs were not detected in any extracts or
leachates of the treated waste.
• Visual observation of solidified waste
contained dark inclusions about 1
millimeter in diameter. Ongoing
microstructural studies are expected to
confirm that these inclusions are
encapsulated wastes.
A Technology Evaluation Report was published
in February 1990 in two volumes. Volume I
(EPA/540/5-89/005A) is the report; Volume II
(EPA/540/5-89/005B) contains data to
supplement the report. An Applications
Analysis Report was published in September
1990 (EPA/4540/A5-89/005).
FOR FURTHER INFORMATION:
EPA PROJECT MANAGER:
S. Jackson Hubbard
U.S. EPA
Risk Reduction Engineering Laboratory
26 West Martin Luther King Drive
Cincinnati, OH 45268
513-569-7507
FTS: 684-7507
TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPER CONTACT:
Bill Stallworth
Soliditech, Inc.
1325 S. Dairy Ashford, Suite 385
Houston, TX 77077
713-497-8558
Page 143
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Technology Profile
DEMONSTRA TION PROGRAM
TECHTRAN, INC.
(Combined Chemical Binding and Precipitation,
and Physical Separation of Radionuclides)
TECHNOLOGY DESCRIPTION:
This chemical binding and physical separation
method involves rapid, turbulent mixing of the
proprietary material which consists of a fine
powder (RHM 1000) containing complex oxides
and other reactive binding agents. RHM 1000,
absorbs, adsorbs, and chemisorbs most
radionuclides and heavy metals in water,
sludges, or soils (preprocessed into slurry),
yielding coagulating, flocculating, and
precipitating reactions. The pH, mixing
dynamics, and processing rates are carefully
chosen to optimize the binding of contaminants.
Tests have shown that as little as 0.05% RHM
1000 per test run is needed for maximum
binding.
Water is separated from the solids by using a
reliable, economical, two-stage process based on
(1) particle size and density separation, using
clarifier technology and microfiltration of all
particles and aggregates, and (2) dewatering,
using a sand filter to produce a concentrate of
radionuclides, heavy metals, and other solids.
The material that is collected is stabilized and
ready for disposal.
The figure below shows a diagram of the steps
employed in this process for water. The process
is designed for continuous throughput for water
(50 to 1500 gallons per minute [gpm]) (see
figure below). This technology can
accommodate trace levels of naturally-occurring
radioactive materials (NORM), and low-level
RHM 1000
Chemical Inlet Lines
Pressure
Supply
Automatic
Flashback
Automatic
Sludgo
Blow Offv
—'"^Swinging-/ \_Pres3Ure Water
Rfifflaa ^—_ . ...
Wetr-
Plato
Drain
Sandfllter
Schematic diagram of continuous operation for removing
radionuclides and heavy metals from contaminated wastewater.
Page 144
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November 1991
radioactive wastes. The equipment is
trailer-mounted for use as a mobile field system.
Larger capacity systems could be skid-mounted.
WASTE APPLICABILITY:
The technology can be used for (1) cleanup and
remediation of water, sludges, and soils
contaminated with radium, thorium, uranium
and heavy metals from uranium mining and
milling operations, (2) cleanup of water
containing NORM and heavy metals from oil
and gas drilling, and (3) cleanup and
remediation of man-made radionuclides stored in
underground tanks, pits, ponds, or barrels. This
technology has not yet been tested for water
containing tritium.
STATUS:
This technology was accepted into the EPA
SITE Demonstration Program in July 1990.
EPA is seeking a suitable site to demonstrate this
technology.
Possible disposal methods of the stabilized end
product would be those required for low-level
radioactive contamination.
FOR FURTHER INFORMATION:
EPA PROJECT MANAGER:
Annette Gatchett
U.S. EPA
Risk Reduction Engineering Laboratory
26 West Martin Luther King Drive
Cincinnati, OH 45268
513-569-7697
FTS: 684-7697
TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPER CONTACTS:
Charles Miller, President
C. P. Yang, Environmental Engineer
TechTran, Inc.
7705 Wright Road
Houston, TX 77041
713-896-4343
FAX: 713-896-8205
Page 145
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Technology Profile
DEMONSTRATION PROGRAM
TERRA-KLEEN CORPORATION
(Soil Restoration Unit)
TECHNOLOGY DESCRIPTION:
The soil restoration unit (see figure below) is a
mobile solvent extraction remediation device for
the on-site removal of organic contaminants
from soil. Extraction of soil contaminants is
performed with a mixture of organic solvents in
a closed loop, counter-current process that
recycles all solvents. Terra-Kleen Corporation
uses a combination of up to 14 solvents, each of
which can dissolve specific contaminants in the
soil and can mix freely with water. None of the
solvents is a listed hazardous waste, and the
most commonly used solvents are approved by
the Food and Drug Administration as food
additives for human consumption. The solvents
are typically heated to efficiently strip the
contaminants from the soil.
Contaminated spil is fed into a hopper, and then
transported into the soil and solvent slurry
modules. In the modules, the soil is continually
leached by clean solvent. The return leachate
from the modules is monitored for contaminants
so that the soil may be retained within the
system until any residual contaminants within the
soil are reduced to targeted levels. Terra-Kleen
Corporation offers "hotspot protection" in which
real-time monitoring of the contaminant levels
alleviates the problems of treating localized
higher contaminant areas of soil.
The leachate from the soil and solvent modules
is stripped of contaminants by distillation in
combination with activated charcoal filtering.
High boiling point materials extracted from the
soil stay in the bottoms of the distillation
HOTSPOT PROTECTION '
REAL TIME CONTAMINANT MONTTORINO
CLEA.N5On.EXrT
Soil restoration unit
Page 146
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November 1991
columns, and are periodically flushed from the
system into labeled 55-gallon drums for off-site
disposal. The distillate from the columns is sent
through an activated charcoal filter to remove
the lower boiling point contaminants from the
solvent. The clean solvent is then reused in the
system, completing the closed solvent loop.
The soil and solvent slurry, which has had the
contamination reduced to its desired levels, is
then sent to a closed loop dryer system that
removes the solvent from the soil. The solvent
vapors in the dryer are monitored with an
organic vapor monitor that indicates when the
solvent has been removed so the soil can leave
the system.
WASTE APPLICABILITY:
The unit has also been used under an EPA Toxic
Substance Control Act (TSCA) Research &
Development (R&D) permit as part of the
approval process for a nationwide transportable
treatment permit for PCB destruction. In the
test, PCB in soil was reduced from a maximum
of 200 parts per million (ppm) to a final
composite of 2.8 ppm.
Spiked soil, with contamination levels of up to
2,200 ppm PCB, was remediated to PCB levels
of 12 ppm. Since this test, system modifications
have been added to improve removal
efficiencies.
Demonstration of the full-scale unit under the
SITE Demonstration Program is pending the
selection of a site.
Terra-Kleen Corporation's technology is
particularly effective in removing
polychlorinated biphenyls (PCB),
pentachlorophenol (PCP), creosote, chlorinated
solvents, naphthalene, diesel oil, used motor oil,
jet fuel, grease, organic pesticides, and other
organic contaminants in soil. It has not been
tested using contaminated sediments and sludges
as feed stock.
STATUS:
The soil restoration unit has been used for
remediation of the Treban Superfund site.
Results from that site are shown below:
Initial PCB
Concentration
Test (ppm)
Final PCB
Concentration
(ppm)
Required
Number of Percent
Passes Reduction
FOR FURTHER INFORMATION:
EPA PROJECT MANAGER:
Mark Meckes
U.S. EPA
Risk Reduction Engineering Laboratory
26 West Martin Luther King Drive
Cincinnati, OH 45268
513-569-7348
FTS: 684-7348
TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPER CONTACT:
Alan Cash
Terra-Kleen Corporation
7321 North Hammond Avenue
Oklahoma City, OK 73132
405-728-0001
FAX: 405-728-0016
A
B
C
740
810
2,500
77
3
93
90
99 +
96
Page 147
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Technology Profile
DEMONSTRATION PROGRAM
TERRA VAC
(In Situ Vacuum Extraction)
TECHNOLOGY DESCRIPTION:
In situ vacuum extraction is the process (see
figure below) of removing and treating volatile
organic compounds (VOC) from the vadose or
unsaturated zone of soils. These compounds can
often be removed from the vadose zone before
they contaminate groundwater. Removing
VOCs from the vadose zone by using a vacuum
is patented and licensed to Terra Vac and others.
The technology uses readily available equipment,
such as extraction and monitoring wells,
manifold piping, a vapor and liquid separator, a
vacuum pump, and an emission control device
(such as an activated carbon absorption filter).
After a contaminated area is completely defined,
an extraction well is installed and connected by
piping to the vacuum extraction and treatment
system.
A vacuum pump draws the subsurface
contaminants from the extraction well to the
liquid/gas separator. A treatment system
consisting of an activated carbon absorption
filter or a catalytic oxidizer before the gases are
discharged to the atmosphere. Subsurface
vacuum and soil vapor concentrations are
monitored by using vadose zone monitoring
wells. The figure below is a diagram of the
process.
The technology has been demonstrated to be
effective in virtually all hydrogeological settings
and is capable of reducing soil contaminant
levels from saturated conditions to
nondetectable. The process works in soils of
low permeability (clays) if the soil has sufficient
air-filled porosity. Dual vacuum extraction of
groundwater and vapor have been effective in
restoring groundwater quality to drinking water
standards relatively quickly. The technology has
proved to be less expensive than other methods
of remediation, such as incineration.
Typical contaminant recovery rates range from
20 to 2,500 pounds per day, depending on the
degree of contamination at the site.
VAPOR PHASE
CARBON CANISTERS
TO ATMOSPHERE
I
GROUNDWATER AND
LIQUIDS DISPOSAL
(TREATMENT BY OTHERS)
DUAL VACUUM
EXTRACTION WELLS
In Situ Vacuum Extraction Process
Page 148
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November 1991
WASTE APPLICABILITY:
Vacuum extraction technology is effective in
treating soils containing virtually any volatile
contaminant and has proved successful in
removing over 40 different types of chemicals
from soils, including gasoline- and diesel-range
hydrocarbons. Contaminants should have a
Henry's constant of 0.001 or higher for effective
removal.
STATUS:
The vacuum extraction process was first
demonstrated at a Superfund Site in Puerto Rico,
and Terra Vac has since applied the technology
at nine additional Superfund sites and at more
than 150 other waste sites throughout the United
States, Europe, and Japan.
A field demonstration of the process was
performed as a part of the SITE Demonstration
Program at the Groveland Wells Superfund site
in Groveland, Massachusetts, with successful
remediation of soils contaminated by
trichloroethylene (TCE).
The Technology Evaluation Report
(EPA/540/5-89/003a) and Applications Analysis
Report (EPA/540/A5-89/003) have been
published.
DEMONSTRATION RESULTS:
The in situ vacuum extraction demonstration at
the Groveland Wells Superfund site used four
extraction wells to pump contaminants to the
process system. During a 56-day operational
period, 1,300 pounds of volatile organics,
mainly TCE, were extracted from both highly
permeable strata and low permeability clays.
The process achieved nondetectable levels of
VOCs in the soil at some locations at the test
area. The VOC concentration in soil gas was
reduced by 95 percent. Average reductions in
soil concentrations were 92 percent for sandy
soils and 90 percent for clays.
APPLICATIONS ANALYSIS
SUMMARY:
The Terra Vac system was tested at several
Superfund and non-Superfund sites. These field
evaluations yielded the following conclusions:
• Cleanup of volatile organic compounds to
nondetectable levels in soil can be
achieved.
• The major considerations in applying this
technology are volatility of the
contaminants (Henry's constant) and the
site soil. Ideal measured permeabilities are
1Q-4 to 10-8 cm/sec.
• Pilot demonstrations are necessary at sites
with complex geology or contaminant
distributions.
• Based on available data, treatment costs
are typically $40 per ton but can range
from $10 to $150 pur ton depending on
requirements for gas effluent or wastewater
treatment.
FOR FURTHER INFORMATION:
EPA PROJECT MANAGER:
Mary Stinson
U.S. EPA
Risk Reduction Engineering Laboratory
2890 Woodbridge Avenue
Edison, NJ 08837
908-321-6683
FTS: 340-6683
TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPER CONTACT:
James Malot
Terra Vac, Inc.
356 Fortaleza Street
P.O. Box 1591
San Juan, PR 00903
809-723-9171
Page 149
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Technology Profile
DEMONSTRATION PROGRAM
TEXACO SYNGAS, INC.
(Entrained-Bed Gasification)
TECHNOLOGY DESCRIPTION:
The Texaco entrained-bed gasification process
(see figure below) is a noncatalytic partial
oxidation process in which carbonaceous
substances react at elevated temperatures to
produce a gas containing mainly carbon
monoxide and hydrogen. This product, called
synthesis gas, can be used (1) to produce other
chemicals or (2) to be burned as fuel. Ash in
the feed melts and is removed as a glass-like
slag. The treatment of hazardous waste
materials in a gasifier is an extension of
Texaco's conventional gasification technology,
which has been operated commercially for over
30 years, using widely varying feedstocks, such
as natural gas, heavy oil, coal, and petroleum
coke.
The process treats waste material at pressures
above 20 atmospheres and temperatures between
2,200 and 2,800 degrees Fahrenheit.
Wastes are pumped in a slurry form to a
specially designed burner mounted at the top of
a refractory-lined pressure vessel. The waste
feed, along with oxygen and an auxiliary fuel
such as coal, flow downward through the
gasifier to a quench chamber that collects the
slag for removal through a lock hopper. The
synthesis gas is then further cooled and cleaned
by a waste scrubbing system; a sulfur recovery
T Slurry WM—MM
pump mm •
Purge Water
to Treatment
or Recycle
Schematic diagram of the entrained-bed gasification process
Page 150
-------
November 1991
system may be added. Fine paniculate matter
removed by the scrubber may be recycled back
to the gasifier.
The cooled, water-scrubbed product gas is
mainly composed of hydrogen and carbon
monoxide, but no hydrocarbons heavier than
methane. Metals and other ash constituents
become part of the inert slag.
The capacity of a system suitable for on-site
waste destruction is based on a wet synthesis gas
production rate of 3 million standard cubic feet
per day. Depending on the heat content and
proximate analysis, approximately 12 to 24 tons
per day of hazardous waste can potentially be
treated.
WASTE APPLICABILITY:
This process can treat contaminated soils,
sludges, and sediments containing both organic
and inorganic constituents, such as used motor
oils and lubricants, chemical wastes, and
petroleum residues. Solids in the feed must be
ground and pumped in a slurry form containing
40 to 70 percent solids by weight and 60 to 30
percent liquid, usually water.
STATUS:
This technology was accepted into the SITE
Demonstration program in July 1991. A
demonstration with Superfund hazardous waste
is planned for 1992 at Texaco's Montebello
Research Laboratory. In December 1988, under
a grant from the California Department of
Health Services, Texaco demonstrated the
gasification of low heating-value petroleum tank
bottoms to produce synthesis gas and
nonhazardous effluents. During a 40-hour pilot
run, this hazardous material was used as a
supplemental feed to a coal-fired gasifier.
Carbon conversion in the waste stream was over
99 percent, and solid residues from the process
were determined to be nonhazardous, based on
California Assessment Manual limits for total
and leachable materials. Both wastewater and
solid residue were determined to be free of trace
organics and EPA priority pollutants.
FOR FURTHER INFORMATION:
EPA PROJECT MANAGER:
Marta K. Richards
U.S. EPA
Risk Reduction Engineering Laboratory
26 West Martin Luther King Drive
Cincinnati, OH 45268
513-569-7783
FTS: 684-7783
TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPER CONTACT:
Richard Zang
Texaco Syngas, Inc.
2000 Westchester Avenue
White Plains, NY 10650
914-253-4047
Page 151
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Technology Profile
DEMONSTRATION PROGRAM
TEXAROME, INC.
(Solid Waste Desorption)
TECHNOLOGY DESCRIPTION:
The solid waste desorption process uses
superheated steam (up to 900 degrees Fahrenheit
[°F]) as a continuous conveying and stripping
gas in a pneumatic system to treat contaminated
solids. The counter-current flow of the gas
(steam) and the solid phase (contaminated solids)
provides a highly compact and efficient mass
transfer separation. While the word pneumatic
typically refers to air as a carrier gas, the carrier
gas in this case is superheated steam, which is
quite suitable for pneumatic conveying.
However, unlike air at ambient temperatures,
superheated steam as a carrier gas vaporizes the
volatile and semivolatile substances present in
the solids. The system (see figure below) uses
a proprietary piping arrangement within the
conveying system, which allows for a true
counter-current flow and a multi-stage
dispersion and separation (desorption) of the
gases from the solids. This makes the efficient
mass transfer task possible.
After desorption of virtually all volatile
substances from the solid substrate, the last stage
of the apparatus is used for quenching and as a
reactor loop to provide a final chemical
breakdown of the minute traces of volatiles left
in the solid, if necessary. Nonvolatile inorganic
contaminants (such as metals) are not separated
but do not inhibit the process. In certain
instances they may be treated by adding
stabilization agents or reactants in the stripping
stages or in the reactor loop.
boBor
at ck
chorcool
voc
(1) -«—contaminated
solids (onioned)
VOtf.
(20)
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
2
Feed hopper
Additive feeder
Plug feeder
Insulated plenum
Self cleaning filter
Induced draft fan
Condenser
Decanter
Discharge cyclone
Filter cyclone
Condenser with air separator
Mixing kettle
Quench fluld/reactant pump
Positive displacement blower
Boiler feedwater tank
Steam boiler
Steam superheater
Stream divider
Gas/oil burner
Boiler feedpump
Schematic diagram of the solid waste desorption process
Page 152
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November 1991
A portable desorption plant consists of four
trailer- or skid-mounted units. Up to four
additional units may be required for the
preconditioning of the contaminated solids, such
as debris sifters and crushers. The final feed
consistency required by this desorption process
depends on the type of solid material to be
processed and may have to be reduced to
particle size of 20 mesh and under. The milled
material is stored in a storage bin of a capacity
equal to 2/3 of the daily throughput, allowing
for retrieval at a constant flow rate, around the
clock. During the discharge of the system, the
clean solids are separated from the gas by
cyclonic action and subsequent 1 to 5 micron
filtration. The dust-free gas consisting of a
mixture of superheated steam and volatile
organic compound (VOC) vapors exits and
passes through a heat exchanger for complete
condensation and recovery of the liquid product.
VOCs, most of which are lipophylic and not
miscible with water, are removed continuously
in a coalescing decanter and packaged in drums
(or used as boiler fuel). The water phase is
treated to further remove traces of VOCs or
recycled in a closed loop as boiler feedwater.
WASTE APPLICABILITY:
The process can separate and recover organic
volatiles, semivolatiles, polychlorinated
biphenyls (PCB), pentachlorophenol (PCP),
creosote, volatile inorganics, and organic
fungicides and pesticides from inorganic solids
(such as soils) as well as organic solids (such as
wood wastes mop-up materials). Sludges and
sediments can be preconditioned (for dry flow
characteristics) to accommodate the feed
consistency requirements. Treatable
concentrations of light and heavy VOCs in the
solid wastes can range from traces to near
(dripping) saturation of the solids.
STATUS:
This technology was accepted into the SITE
Demonstration Program in June 1991. Although
no mobile field unit is ready for the SITE
demonstration, the plant will be improved and
modified to operate at 25 tons of solids per day.
The SITE demonstration is tentatively scheduled
for late fall 1991.
In 1982, a 4 ton per day pilot plant was set up
in the Texas Hill Country to extract cedarwood
oil from native Texas cedar. The project was
moved to Leakey, Texas, in 1984, and the plant
was scaled up to 12 tons per day. To date, this
plant has been successfully operating around the
clock.
FOR FURTHER INFORMATION:
EPA PROJECT MANAGER:
Mary Gaughan
U.S. EPA
Risk Reduction Engineering Laboratory
26 West Martin Luther King Drive
Cincinnati, OH 45268
513-569-7341
FTS: 684-7341
TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPER CONTACT:
Gueric Boucard
TEXAROME, Inc.
P.O. Box 157
Leakey, TX 78873
512-232-6079
Page 153
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Technology Profile
DEMONSTRATION PROGRAM
UDELL TECHNOLOGIES, INC.
(In Situ Steam Enhanced Extraction)
TECHNOLOGY DESCRIPTION:
The in situ steam enhanced extraction (ISEE)
process (see figure below), developed by Udell
Technologies Inc., removes volatile organic
compounds (VOC) and semivolatile organic
compounds (SVOC) from contaminated soils
both above and below the water table. Steam is
forced through the soil by injection wells to
thermally enhance the vapor and liquid
extraction processes. The extraction wells have
two purposes: to pump and treat groundwater
and to transport steam and vaporized
contaminants under vacuum to the surface.
Recovered contaminants are either condensed
and processed with the contaminated ground
water or trapped by gas-phase activated carbon
filters. The technology uses readily available
components, such as injection and extraction and
monitoring wells, manifold piping, vapor and
liquid separators, vacuum pumps, and gas
emission control equipment.
WASTE APPLICABILITY:
The process is used to extract VOCs and SVOCs
from contaminated soils and groundwater. The
primary applicable compounds are hydrocarbons
such as gasoline, diesel, and jet fuel, solvents
such as trichloroethylene (TCE), trichloroethane
(TCA), and dichlorobenzene (DCB), or a
mixture of these compounds. The process may
be applied to contaminants below the water
table. After application of this process, the
Water.
Supply
Make-up Water
•Contaminant
In situ Steam Enhanced Extraction process schematic
Page 154
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November 1991
subsurface conditions are excellent for
biodegradation of residual contaminants, if
necessary. The process cannot be applied to
contaminated soil very near the surface unless a
cap exists. Denser-than-water compounds may
be treated only in low concentrations unless a
geologic barrier exists to prevent downward
percolation of a separate phase.
STATUS:
In August 1988, a successful pilot-scale
demonstration of the process was completed at a
site contaminated by a mixture of solvents; 764
pounds of contaminants were removed from the
10-foot-diameter, 12-foot-deep test region.
The technology is scheduled to be demonstrated
under the SITE Demonstration Program at a
burn pit with soil contaminated by waste oil
mixed with VOCs, SVOCs, and metals at
McClellan Air Force Base in Sacramento,
California. The treatability studies on the
McClellan contaminated wastes and soils were
performed in fall 1991.
Also, a case study will be performed to
remediate a gasoline spill both above and below
the water table to depths of 137 feet at the
Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory in
Livermore, California.
An interagency agreement between the Naval
Civil Engineering Laboratory (NCEL) in Port
Hueneme, California and the Risk Reduction
Engineering Laboratory (RREL) in Cincinnati,
Ohio has been reached. NCEL and RREL are
considering a demonstration of this process at
the LeMoore Naval Air Station.
For more information regarding this technology,
see the Hughes Environmental Systems, Inc.,
profile in the Demonstration Program section of
this document.
FOR FURTHER INFORMATION:
EPA PROJECT MANAGER:
Paul dePercin
U.S. EPA
Risk Reduction Engineering Laboratory
26 West Martin Luther King Drive
Cincinnati, Ohio 45268
513-569-7797
FTS: 684-7797
TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPER CONTACT:
Lloyd Stewart
Udell Technologies, Inc.
4701 Doyle Street, Suite 5
Emeryville, CA 94608
510-653-9477
Page 155
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Technology Profile
DEMONSTRA TION PROGRAM
ULTROX INTERNATIONAL
(Ultraviolet Radiation and Oxidation)
TECHNOLOGY DESCRIPTION:
This ultraviolet (UV) radiation and oxidation
process uses UV radiation, ozone (O3), and
hydrogen peroxide (HaOz) to destroy toxic
organic compounds, particularly chlorinated
hydrocarbons, in water. The process oxidizes
compounds that are toxic or refractory (resistant
to biological oxidation) in concentrations of parts
per million or parts per billion.
The system (see figure below) consists of a
treatment tank module, an air compressor and
ozone generator module, and a hydrogen
peroxide feed system. It is skid-mounted and
portable, and permits on-site treatment of a wide
variety of liquid wastes, such as industrial
wastewaters, groundwaters,and leachate. The
treatment tank size is determined from the
expected wastewater flow rate and the necessary
hydraulic retention time to treat the contaminated
water. The approximate UV intensity, and
ozone and hydrogen peroxide doses, are
determined from pilot-scale studies.
Influent to the treatment tank (see figure below)
is simultaneously exposed to UV radiation,
ozone, and hydrogen peroxide to oxidize the
organic compounds. Off-gas from the treatment
tank passes through an ozone destruction
(Decompozon) unit, which reduces ozone levels
before air venting. The Decompozon unit also
destroys volatile organic compounds (VOC)
stripped off in the treatment tank. Effluent from
the treatment tank is tested and analyzed before
disposal.
TREATED OFF GAS
CATALYTIC OZONE
DECOMPOSER
REACTOR OFF GAS
OZONE GENERA TOR ^.
TREATED EFFLUENT
UL TROX w
UV/OXIDATION TREATMENT TANK
HYDROGEN PEROXIDE
FROM FEED TANK
DRYER
Isometric view of the Ultrox system
Page 156
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November 1991
WASTE APPLICABILITY:
Contaminated groundwater, industrial
wastewaters, and leachates containing
halogenated solvents, phenol,
pentachlorophenol, pesticides, polychlorinated
biphenyls (PCB), and other organic compounds
are suitable for this treatment process.
STATUS:
A field-scale demonstration was completed in
March 1989 at a hazardous waste site in San
Jose, California. The test program was designed
to evaluate the performance of the Ultrox system
at several combinations of five operating
parameters: (1) influent pH, (2) retention time,
(3) ozone dose, (4) hydrogen peroxide dose, and
(5) UV radiation intensity. The Technology
Evaluation Report was published in January
1990 (EPA/540/5-89/012). The Applications
Analysis Report was published in September
1990 (EPA/540/A5-89/012).
DEMONSTRATION RESULTS:
Contaminated groundwater treated by the Ultrox
system met regulatory standards at the
appropriate parameter levels. Out of 44 VOCs
in the wastewater, three were chosen to be used
as indicator parameters. They are
trichloroethylene (TCE), 1,1 dichloroethane
(1,1-DCA), and 1,1,1 trichloroethane
(1,1,1-TCA), all relatively refractory to
conventional oxidation.
Removal efficiencies for TCE were about 99
percent. Removal efficiencies for 1,1-DCA and
1,1,1-TCA were about 58 percent and 85
percent, respectively. Removal efficiencies for
total VOCs were about 90 percent.
For some compounds, removal from the water
phase resulted from both chemical oxidation and
stripping. Stripping accounted for 12 to 75
percent of the total removal for 1,1,1-TCA, and
5 to 44 percent for 1,1-DCA. Stripping was
less than 10 percent for TCE and vinyl
chloride, and was negligible for other VOCs
present.
The Decompozon unit reduced ozone to less
than 0.1 ppm Occupational Safety and Health
Act (OSHA) standards, with efficiencies greater
then 99.99 percent. VOCs present in the air
within the treatment system were not detected
after passing through the Decompozon unit.
There were no harmful air emissions to the
atmosphere from the Ultrox system.
Very low total organic carbon (TOC) removal
was found, implying partial oxidation of
organics without complete conversion to carbon
dioxide and water.
The technology is fully commercial, with over
20 commercial systems installed. Flow rates
ranging from 5.0 gallons per minute to 1,050
gallons per minute are presently being used in
various industries and site clean-up activities,
including aerospace, Department of Energy
(DOE), petroleum, pharmaceutical, automotive,
woodtreating and municipal.
FOR FURTHER INFORMATION:
EPA PROJECT MANAGER:
Norma Lewis
U.S. EPA
Risk Reduction Engineering Laboratory
26 West Martin Luther King Drive
Cincinnati, OH 45268
513-569-7665
FTS: 684-7665
TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPER CONTACT:
Jerome Barich
Ultrox International
2435 South Anne Street
Santa Ana, CA 92704
714-545-5557
Page 157
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Technology Profile
DEMONSTRATION PROGRAM
U.S. ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY
(Excavation Techniques and Foam Suppression Methods)
TECHNOLOGY DESCRIPTION:
This project was the result of a joint EPA effort
involving the Risk Reduction Engineering
Laboratory (Cincinnati, Ohio), Air and Energy
Engineering Research Laboratory (Research
Triangle Park, North Carolina), and Region 9 to
evaluate control technologies during excavation
operations. In general, excavating soil
contaminated with volatile organic compounds
(VOCs) results in fugitive air emissions.
The area to be excavated was surrounded by a
temporary enclosure (see figure below). Air
from the enclosure was vented through an
emission control system before being released to
the atmosphere. For example, in the case of
hydrocarbon and sulfur dioxide emissions, a
scrubber and a carbon adsorption unit would be
used to treat emissions. An additional emission
control method, a vapor suppressant foam, was
applied to the soil before and after excavation.
To control these emissions, containment and
treatment technologies were combined during a
SITE demonstration at the McColl Superfund
site in Fullerton, California.
WASTE APPLICABILITY:
These technologies are suitable for controlling
VOC emissions during the excavation of
contaminated soil.
STATUS:
This technique was observed at the McColl
Superfund site in Fullerton, California in June
and July 1990. Results from the application are
currently being prepared and will be available in
early 1992.
Excavation area enclosure
Page 158
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November 1991
DEMONSTRATION RESULTS:
An enclosure 60 feet wide, 160 feet long, and
26 feet high was erected over an area
contaminated with VOCs and sulfur dioxide.
Removal of the overburden and excavation of
underlying waste was performed with a backhoe.
There were three distinct layers of segregated
waste: 3 feet of oily mud, 4 feet of tar, and a
hard coal-like char layer. During excavation,
5-minute average air concentrations within the
enclosed area were up to 1000 ppm for sulfur
dioxide and up to 492 ppm for total
hydrocarbons (THC). The air pollution control
system removed up to 99 percent of the sulfur
dioxide and up to 50 percent of the THC.
The concentrations of contaminants in the air
inside the enclosure were higher than expected
due in part to the vapor-suppressant foam's
inability to form an impermeable membrane over
the exposed wastes. The foams reacted with the
highly acidic waste, causing degradation of the
foam. Furthermore, purge water from foaming
activities impacted operations by making
surfaces slippery for workers and equipment.
A total of 101 cubic yards of overburden and
137 cubic yards of contaminated waste was
excavated. The tar waste was solidified and
stabilized by mixing with fly ash, cement, and
water in a pug mill. The char wastes did not
require further processing.
FOR FURTHER INFORMATION:
EPA PROJECT MANAGERS:
S. Jackson Hubbard
U.S. EPA
Risk Reduction Engineering Laboratory
26 West Martin Luther King Drive
Cincinnati, OH 45268
513-569-7507
FTS: 684-7507
John Blevins
U.S. EPA, Region 9
Mail Code H-6-1
75 Hawthorne Avenue
San Francisco, CA 94105
415-744-2241
FTS: 484-2241
Page 159
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Technology Profile
DEMONSTRATION PROGRAM
WASTECH, INC.
(Solidification and Stabilization)
TECHNOLOGY DESCRIPTION:
This solidification and stabilization technology
applies proprietary bonding agents to soils,
sludge, and liquid wastes with organic and
inorganic contaminants to treat the pollutants
within the wastes. The waste and reagent
mixture is then mixed with cementitious
materials, which form a stabilizing matrix. The
specific reagents used are selected based on the
particular waste to be treated. The resultant
material is a nonleaching, high-strength
monolith.
The process uses standard engineering and
construction equipment. Since the type and dose
of reagents depend on waste characteristics,
treatability studies and site investigations must
be conducted to determine the proper treatment
formula.
The process begins with excavation of the waste.
Materials containing large pieces of debris must
be prescreened. The waste is then placed into a
high shear mixer (see figure below), along with
premeasured quantities of water and SuperSet®,
WASTECH's proprietary reagent.
Next, cementitious materials are added to the
waste-reagent mixture, stabilizing the waste and
completing the treatment process. WASTECH's
treatment technology does not generate waste
by-products. The process can also be applied in
situ.
WASTE APPLICABILITY:
WASTECH's technology can treat a wide
variety of waste streams consisting of soils,
sludges, and raw organic streams, such as
lubricating oil, aromatic solvents, evaporator
WATER
PUMP PROCESSED PROCESSD
MATERIAL TO MATERIALS PLACED
EXCAVATION TO SPECIFJCATJONS
POZZOLANS
On-site Remediation Project Flow Diagram
Page 160
-------
November 1991
bottoms, chelating agents, and ion exchange
resins, with contaminant concentrations ranging
from part per million levels to 40 percent by
volume. The technology can also treat wastes
generated by the petroleum, chemical, pesticide,
and wood-preserving industries, as well as
wastes generated by many other manufacturing
and industrial processes. WASTECH's
technology can also be applied to mixed wastes
containing radioactive materials, along with
organic and inorganic contaminants.
STATUS:
This technology was accepted into the SITE
Demonstration Program in Spring 1991.
Bench-scale evaluation of the process is
complete. A field demonstration at Robins Air
Force Base in Macon, Georgia, was completed
in August 1991. The WASTECH technology
was used to treat high level organic and
inorganic wastes at an industrial sludge pit. The
technology is now being commercially applied to
treat hazardous wastes contaminated with various
organics, inorganics, and mixed wastes.
FOR FURTHER INFORMATION:
EPA PROJECT MANAGER:
Terry Lyons
U.S. EPA
Risk Reduction Laboratory
26 West Martin Luther King Drive
Cincinnati, OH 45268
513-569-7589
FTS: 684-7589
TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPER CONTACT:
E. Benjamin Peacock
WASTECH, Inc.
P.O. Box 4638
114TulsaRoad
Oak Ridge, TN 37830
615-483-6515
Page 161
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Technology Profile
DEMONSTRATION PROGRAM
WESTERN RESEARCH INSTITUTE
(Contained Recovery of Oily Wastes)
TECHNOLOGY DESCRIPTION:
The contained recovery of oily wastes (CROW)
process recovers oily wastes from the ground by
adapting a technology presently used for
secondary petroleum recovery and for primary
production of heavy oil and tar sand bitumen.
Steam and hot-water displacement are used to
move accumulated oily wastes and water to
production wells for above ground treatment.
Injection and production wells are first installed
in soil contaminated with oily wastes (see figure
below). Low-quality steam is then injected
below the deepest penetration of organic liquids.
The steam condenses, causing rising hot water to
dislodge and sweep buoyant organic liquids
upward into the more permeable soil regions.
Hot water is injected above the impermeable soil
egions to heat and mobilize the oil waste
accumulations, which are recovered by
hot-water displacement.
When the oily wastes are displaced, the organic
liquid saturations in the subsurface pore space
increase, forming an oil bank. The hot water
injection displaces the oil bank to the production
well. Behind the oil bank, the oil saturation is
reduced to an immobile residual saturation in the
subsurface pore space. The oil and water
produced are treated for reuse or discharge.
In situ biological treatment may follow the
displacement and is continued until groundwater
contaminants are no longer detected in any water
samples from the site. During treatment, all
mobilized organic liquids and water-soluble
contaminants are contained within the original
boundaries of oily waste accumulations.
Hazardous materials are contained laterally by
Injection Well
Steam-Stripped
Water »
Low-Quality-
Steam '
Residual Oil' • I__J
' Saturation.'
Hot-Water
Reinjection
Production Well
Absorption Layer
~~
Oil and Water
Production
Hot-Water
Flotation •
Steam
'injection
CROW™ subsurface development
Page 162
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November 1991
groundwater isolation, and vertically by organic
liquid flotation. Excess water is treated in
compliance with discharge regulations.
The process (1) removes large portions of oily
waste accumulations, (2) stops the downward
migration of organic contaminants, (3)
immobilizes any residual saturation of oily
wastes, and (4) reduces the volume, mobility,
and toxicity of oily wastes. It can be used for
shallow and deep contaminated areas, and uses
the same mobile equipment required by
conventional petroleum production technology.
WASTE APPLICABILITY:
This technology can be applied to manufactured
gas plant sites, wood-treating sites, and other
sites with soils containing organic liquids, such
as coal tars, pentachlorophenol solutions,
creosote, and petroleum by-products.
STATUS:
Based on results of this project in the Emerging
Technology Program, this technology was
invited to participate in the SITE Demonstration
Program.
This technology was tested both at the laboratory
and pilot-scale under the SITE Emerging
Technology Program. The program showed the
effectiveness of the hot-water displacement and
displayed the benefits from the inclusion of
chemicals with the hot water.
The technology will be demonstrated at the
Pennsylvania Power and Light (PP&L) Brodhead
Creek site at Stroudsburg, Pennsylvania. The
site contains an area of high concentrations of
by-products from a former operation. The
project is now in the planning and negotiation
stage.
Remediation Technologies, Inc., is participating
in the project. Other sponsors , in addition to
EPA and PP&L, are the Gas Research Institute,
the Electric Power Research Institute, and the
U.S. Department of Energy.
In addition to the SITE Program, this technology
is now being demonstrated at a wood-treatment
site in Minnesota. Other areas of activity
include screening studies for other potential sites
and an in-house project to advance the use of
chemicals with the hot-water displacement.
FOR FURTHER INFORMATION:
EPA PROJECT MANAGER:
Eugene Harris
U.S. EPA
Risk Reduction Engineering Laboratory
26 West Martin Luther King Drive
Cincinnati, OH 45268
513-569-7862
FTS: 684-7862
TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPER CONTACT:
James Speight
Western Research Institute
P.O. Box 3395
University Station
Laramie, WY 82071
307-721-2011
Page 163
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Techno/oav Profile
DEMONSTRATION PROGRAM
WESTON SERVICES, INC.
[Low Temperature Thermal Treatment (LT31
TECHNOLOGY DESCRIPTION:
The basis of the LT3® technology is the thermal
processor, an indirect heat exchanger used to dry
and heat contaminated soils. The LT3® process
includes three main steps: soil treatment,
emissions control, and water treatment (see
figure below). Equipment used in the LT3®
process is mounted on three tractor trailer beds
for transport and operation.
Excavated soil is processed through a shredder
to increase the surface area of the soil. (This
step may not be needed for sludges or similar
matrices.) The conveyor and surge hopper,
which are enclosed to reduce emissions, then
feed the soil into the thermal processor. The
thermal processor consists of two covered
troughs that house four intermeshed screw
conveyors. The covered troughs and screws are
hollow to allow circulation of hot oil, providing
indirect heating of the soils. Each screw moves
the soil through the processor and thoroughly
mixes the material.
The heating of the soil to 400 to 500 degrees
Fahrenheit evaporates contaminants from the
soil. (Temperatures may vary depending on the
Sweep gas
To atmosphere
Hot oil burner off-gases
Fuel/combustion air
To atmosphere
Schematic diagram of the LT3® system
Page 164
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November 1991
specific contaminants of concern.) The vapor
stream is then processed through a baghouse
dust collector, two condensers in series, and is
subsequentially treated by carbon adsorption to
remove about 99 percent of the organic
contaminants and any particulate emissions.
Remaining exhaust gas is continuously
monitored to ensure that it contains total organic
concentrations not greater than 3 parts per
million (ppm) by volume.
The condensate from the LT3® system is
separated into light and heavy organic
compounds and water. The water is treated by
carbon adsorption until it is free of
contaminants, at which time it can be recycled to
the LT3® fresh water system to be sprayed on
the treated soil for dust control. The spraying
occurs in the system before the soil is released.
No water is discharged from the LT3® process.
WASTE APPLICABILITY:
This technology can be applied to soils
contaminated with volatile and semivolatile
organic compounds (VOC and SVOC).
STATUS:
This technology was accepted into the SITE
Demonstration Program in September 1991. A
site demonstration is scheduled for October 1991
at the Anderson Development Company (ADC)
Superfund site, Adrian, Michigan. ADC
manufactures specialty organic chemicals. The
demonstration of the LT3® process will
determine (1) how effectively the technology
removes VOCs and SVOCs, from the site soil;
(2) whether treated soil and sludge meet
established cleanup goals; and (3) whether
treated exhaust gas meets air permit
requirements.
FOR FURTHER INFORMATION:
EPA PROJECT MANAGER:
Paul dePercin
U.S. EPA
Rick Reduction Engineering Laboratory
26 West Martin Luther King Avenue
Cincinnati, OH 45268
513-569-7797
FTS: 684-7797
TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPER CONTACT:
Mike Cosmos
Weston Services, Inc.
1 Weston Way
West Chester, PA 19380
215-430-7423
Page 165
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TechnoloQV Profile
DEMONSTRATION PROGRAM
ZIMPRO/PASSAVANT ENVIRONMENTAL SYSTEMS, INC.
(PACT® Wastewater Treatment System)
TECHNOLOGY DESCRIPTION:
Zimpro/PassavantEnvironmental Systems, Inc.,
has adapted the PACT® wastewater treatment
system to the treatment of contaminated
groundwaters that are encountered at many
Superfund sites. The system combines
biological treatment and powdered activated
carbon (PAC) adsorption to achieve treatment
standards that are not readily attainable with
conventional technologies. A system can be
mounted on a trailer and function as a mobile
unit, having a treatment capacity range of 2,500
to 10,000 gallons of wastewater per day. Larger
stationary systems, treating up to 53 million
gallons per day, are already in operation. With
this technology, organic contaminants are
removed from the wastewater through
biodegradation and adsorption on the PAC.
Living microorganisms (biomass) and PAC
contact the wastewater in the aeration basin.
The biomass removes biodegradable organic
contaminants. , PAC enhances the biological
treatment by the adsorption of toxic organic
compounds. A flow diagram of a single-stage
PACT® wastewater treatment system is shown in
the figure below.
The degree of treatment achieved by the system
depends on the influent waste characteristics and
the system's operating parameters. Important
characteristics include biodegradability,
absorbability, and concentrations of toxic
inorganic compounds, such as heavy metals.
The technology is adjusted to the specific waste
stream by controlling the flow rate of the
influent waste, recycle streams, and air, by
POLYELECTROLY1E
STORAGE
FILTRATION
(OPTIONAL)
EFFLUENT
TO REGENERATION
OR DISPOSAL
PACT® Wastewater Treatment System General Process Daigram
Page 166
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November 1991
varying the concentration of PAC in the system,
and by adjusting the retention time of the mixed
liquid, and volume ratio of the waste to biomass.
If necessary, the temperature and pH of
incoming waste can be adjusted and nutrients
can be added.
After completion of the aeration cycle, solids
(PAC with adsorbed organics, biomass, and
inert solids) are removed in the settling tank.
The removed solids are partially returned to the
aeration tank with the excess quantity diverted to
the thickener where the solids are concentrated.
The overflow from the thickener is returned to
the aeration tank and the concentrated solids are
removed. Dewatered solids may be regenerated
to recover PAC. The process is shown in the
figure.
A two-stage system can be applied where
environmental regulations require the virtual
elimination of organic priority pollutants or
toxicity in the treated effluent. In the first stage
aeration basin, a high concentration of biomass
and PAC is used to achieve the removal of most
of the contaminants. The second-stage aeration
basin is used to polish the first-stage effluent.
The virgin PAC added just ahead of the
second-stage and the counter-flow of solids to
the first-stage increases process efficiency. The
excess solids from the first-stage are removed
and treated as described in the single-stage
PACT® system.
WASTE APPLICABILITY:
This technology can be applied to municipal and
industrial wastewaters, as well as groundwater
and leachates containing hazardous organic
pollutants. It has successfully treated various
industrial wastewaters, including chemical plant
wastewaters, dye production wastewaters,
pharmaceutical wastewaters, refinery
wastewaters, and synthetic fuel wastewaters, in
addition to contaminated groundwater and mixed
industrial and municipal wastewater.
In general, the system can treat liquid wastes
with a chemical oxygen demand (COD) of up to
60,000 parts per million (ppm) including toxic
volatile organic compounds up to 1,000 ppm.
The developer's treatability studies have shown
that the system can reduce the organics in
contaminated groundwater from several hundred
ppm to below detection limits (parts per billion
range).
STATUS:
Contaminated groundwater from several sites has
been tested and found suitable for treatment.
Site-specific conditions have prevented
demonstration testing. Additional sites are now
being evaluated for full demonstration of the
PACT® system.
FOR FURTHER INFORMATION:
EPA PROJECT MANAGER:
John Martin
U.S. EPA
Risk Reduction Engineering Laboratory
26 West Martin Luther King Drive
Cincinnati, OH 45268
513-569-7758
FTS: 684-7758
TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPER CONTACT:
William Copa
Zimpro/Passavant Environmental Systems, Inc.
301 West Military Road
Rothschild, WI 54474
715-359-7211
Page 167
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-------
The Emerging Technology Program provides a framework to encourage the bench-and pilot-scale testing
and evaluation of technologies that have already been proven at the conceptual stage. The goal is to
promote the development of viable alternatives available for use in Superfund site remediations.
Technologies are solicited for the Emerging Technology Program through Requests for Pre-Proposals.
After a technical review of the pre-proposals submitted, selected candidates are invited to submit a
cooperative agreement application and detailed project proposal that undergoes another full technical
review. A cooperative agreement between EPA and the technology developer requires cost sharing.
Projects are considered for either a 1- or 2-year developmental effort, providing awards of up to
$150,000 per year, with a maximum of $300,000 over 2 years. Second-year funding depends on
achieving significant progress during the first year. After the second year, emerging technologies may
be considered for the SITE Demonstration Program.
Five solicitations have been issued to date - in November 1987 (E01), July 1988 (E02), July 1989 (£03)
July 1990 (E04), and July 1991 (EOS). The selection of EOS projects from solicitations received in
September will occur in early 1992.
Currently, six of the seven developers accepted under the November 1987 solicitation (E01), have
completed their projects. Of these six, three technologies, Bio-Recovery System's biological sorption,
the Colorado School of Mines' wetlands project, and the Western Research Institute's oil recovery
technology, have been invited to participate in the Demonstration Program. Other emerging technologies
that have promising results may also advance to the Demonstration Program.
Both completed and ongoing Emerging Technology Program participants are presented in alphabetical
order in Table 3 and in the technology profiles that follow.
Page 169
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TABLE 3
SITE Emerging Technology Program Participants
Developer
ABB Environmental
Services, Inc.,
Wakefield.MA (E03)*
Alcoa Separations,
Warrendale, PA (E03)
Allis Mineral Systems, Inc.,
[formerly Boliden Allis, Inc.,]
Milwaukee, WI (EOS)
Atomic Energy of Canada, Ltd.,
Chalk River, Ontario (E01)
Babcock & Wilcox Co. ,
Alliance, OH (E02)
Battelle Memorial Institute,
Columbus, OH (E01)
BioTrol, Inc.,
Chaska.MN (E03)
Bio-Recovery Systems, Inc.1,
Las Cruces, NM (E01)
[Project completed]
Center for Hazardous Materials
Research,
Pittsburgh, PA (EOS)
Technology
Two-Zone Plume
Interception In Situ
Treatment Strategy
Bioscrubber
Pyrokiln Thermal
Encapsulation Process
Chemical Treatment
and Ultrafiltration
Cyclone Furnace
In Situ Electroacoustic
Decontamination
Methanotrophic
Bioreactor System
Biological Sorption
Acid Extraction
Treatment System
Technology
Contact
Sam Fogel
617-245-6606
Paul Liu
412-772-1332
John Lees
414-475-3862
Leo Buckley
613-584-3311
Lawrence King
216-829-7576
Satya Chauhan
614-424-4812
Jeffery Petola
612-448-2515
Dennis Darnall
505-646-5018
Stephen Paff
412-826-5320
EPA Project
Manager
Ronald Lewis
513-569-7856
FTS: 684-7856
Naomi Berkley
513-569-7854
FTS: 684-78541
Marta Richards
513-569-7783
FTS: 684-7783
John Martin
513-569-7758
FTS: 684-7758
Laurel Staley
513-569-7863
FTS: 684-7863
Jonathan Herrman
513-569-7839
FTS: 684-7839
David Smith
513-569-7856
FTS: 684-7856
Naomi Barkley
513-569-7854
FTS: 684-7854
Kim Lisa Kreiton
513-569-7328
FTS: 684-7328
Waste
Media
Solids, Liquids
Soil, Water, Air
Soil, Sludge
Groundwater
Solids, Soil
Soil
Water
Groundwater,
Leachate,
Wastewater
Soil
Applicable Waste
Inorganic
Not Applicable
Not Applicable
Most Metallic
Compounds
Heavy Metals
Non-Specific
Inorganics
Heavy Metals
Not Applicable
Heavy Metals
Heavy Metals
Organic
Chlorinated and
Nonchlorinated Solvents
Most Organics
Most Organics
Not Applicable
Non-Specific Organics
Not Applicable
Halogenated Hydrocarbons
Not Applicable
Not Applicable
* Solicitation number
1 Graduate of Emerging Technology Program
-------
TABLE 3 (Continued)
SITE Emerging Technology Program Participants
Developer
Center for Hazardous Materials
Research,
Pittsburgh, PA (E04)
Colorado School of Mines,2
Golden, CO (E01)
[Project completed]
Davy Research and Development
Ltd.,
Cleveland, England (E04)
Electro-Pure Systems, Inc.,
Amherst, NY (E02)
Electrokinetics,
Baton Rouge, LA (£03)
Electron Beam Research Facility,
Florida International University,
and University of Miami,
Miami, FL (£03)
Energy and Environmental
Engineering, Inc.,
East Cambridge, MA (£01)
[Project completed]
Energy and Environmental
Research Corporation,
Irvine, CA (E03)
Enviro-Sciences, Inc./
ART International, Inc.,
Randolph, NJ (£03)
Technology
Lead Smelting
Wetlands-Based
Treatment
Chemical Treatment
Alternating Current
Electrocoagulation
Process
Electro-Osmosis
High-Energy Electron
Irradiation
Laser-Induced
Photochemical
Oxidative Destruction
Hybrid Fluidized Bed
System
Low-Energy Solvent
Extraction Process
Technology
Contact
Roger Price/
Steven Paff
412-826-5320
Rick Brown
303-331-4404
Richard
Hunter-Smith
04-44-642-607108
Clifton Farrell
716-691-2610
Yalcin Acar
504-388-3992
William Cooper
305-348-3049
James Porter/
Gopi Vungarala
617-666-5500
Gene Taylor
714-859-8851
Werner Steiner
201-361-8840
EPA Project
Manager
Patrick Augustin
908-321-6992
FTS: 340-6992
Edward Bates
513-569-7774
FTS: 684-7774
Kim Lisa Kreiton
513-569-7328
FTS: 684-7328
Naomi Barkley
513-569-7854
FTS: 684-7854
Randy Parker
513-569-7271
FTS: 684-7271
Frank Alvarez
513-569-7631
FTS: 684-7631
Ronald Lewis
513-569-7856
FTS: 684-7856
Teri Shearer
513-569-7949
FTS: 684-7949
S. Jackson Hubbard
513-569-7507
FTS: 684-7507
Waste
Media
Battery Waste
Acid Mine
Drainage
Soils, Sediments
Groundwater,
Wastewater,
Soil
Aqueous Solutions
and Sludges
Groundwater,
Wastewater
Solids, Sludges
Soils, Sediments,
Sludges
Applicable Waste
Inorganic
Lead
Metals
Heavy Metals,
Cyanides
Heavy Metals
Heavy Metals and
Other Organics
Not Applicable
Not Applicable
Volatile
Inorganics
Most Inorganics
Organic
Not Applicable
Not Applicable
Chlorinated phenols,
Chlorinated solvents,
Pesticides, PCBs
Petroleum Byproducts,
Coal-Tar Defivitaves
Not Applicable
Most Organics
Non-Specific Organics
Most Organics
PCBs, Petroleum
Hydrocarbons
2 Graduate of Emerging Technology Program
-------
TABLE 3 (Continued)
SITE Emerging Technology Program Participants
Developer
Ferro Corporation,
Independence, OH (E03)
Groundwater Technology, Inc.,
Concord, CA (E04)
Hazardous Substance
Management Research Center at
New Jersey Institute of
Technology,
Newark, NJ (E04)
Institute of Gas Technology,
Chicago, IL (E04)
Institute of Gas Technology,
Chicago, IL (£03)
Institute of Gas Technology,
Chicago, IL (EOS)
IT Corporation,
Knoxville.TN (E02)
IT Corporation,
Knoxville.TN (E04)
IT Corporation,
Knoxville.TN (E02)
Membrane Technology and
Research, Inc.,
MenloPark, CA (E02)
===== , - ,
Technology
Waste Vitrification
through Electric
Melting
Below Grade
Bioremediation Cell
Pneumatic Fracturing/
Bioremediation
Chemical and
Biological Treatment
Fluid Extraction-
Biological Degradation
Fluidized-Bed Cyclonic
Agglomerating
Incinerator
Batch Steam
Distillation and Metal
Mixed Waste
Treatment Process
Photolytic and
Biological Soil
Detoxification
VaporSep Membrane
Process
Technology
Contact
Emilio Spinosa
216-641-8580
Ronald Hicks
415-671-2387
William Librizzi
201-596-2457
Robert Kelley
312-567-3809
David Rue
312-567-3711
Amir Rehmat
312-567-5899
Robert Fox
615-690-3211
Ed Alperin
615-690-3211
Robert Fox
615-690-3211
Hans Wijmans/
Vicki Simmons
415 328 2228
EPA Project
Manager
Randy Parker
513-569-7271
FTS: 684-7271
Ronald Lewis
513-569-7856
FTS: 684-7856
Uwe Frank
908-321-6626
FTS: 340-6626
Naomi Barkley
513-569-7854
FTS: 684-7854
Annette Gatchett
513-569-7697
FTS: 684-7697
Teri Shearer
513-569-7949
FTS: 684-7949
Ronald Lewis
513-569-7856
FTS: 684-7856
Doug Grosse
513-569-7844
FTS: 684-7844
Randy Parker
513-569-7271
FTS: 684-7271
Paul dePercin
513-569-7797
FTS: 684-7797
Waste
Media
Soils, Sediments,
Sludges
Soil, Sludge,
Sediments
Soil
Soil, Sludge,
Groundwater,
Surface water
Soil
Solid, Liquid, Gas
Soil, Sludge
Soil
Soil
Gaseous Waste
Streams
Applicable Waste
Inorganic
Non-Specific
Inorganics
Not Applicable
Not Applicable
Not Applicable
Not Applicable
Not Applicable
Heavy Metals
Non-Specific
Inorganics
Not Applicable
Not Applicable
Organic
Non-Specific Organics
Biodegradable Organic
Compounds
Biodegradable Organics
Most Organics
Most Organics
Most Organics
Non-Specific Organics
Non-Specific Organics
PCBs, Other Non-Specific
Organics
Halogenated and
Nonhalogenated
Compounds
-------
TABLE 3 (Continued)
SITE Emerging Technology Program Participants
Developer
Montana College of Mineral
Science & Technology,
Butte, MT (E03)
New Jersey Institute of
Technology,
Newark, NJ (EOS)
Nutech Environmental,
London, Ontario (E04)
PSI Technology Company,
Andover, MA (E04)
Pulse Sciences, Inc.,
Agouora Hills, CA (E04)
Purus, Inc.,
San Jose, CA (E04)
J.R. Simplot Company,
Boise, ID (£03)
Trinity Environmental
Technologies, Inc.,
Mound Valley, KS (EOS)
University of South Carolina,
Columbia, SC (EOS)
University of Washington,
Seattle, WA (E02)
Technology
Air-Sparged
Hydrocyclone
Ghea Associates
Process
Photocatalytic
Oxidation
Metals Immobilization
and Decontamination of
Aggregate Solids
X-Ray Treatment
Photolytic Oxidation
Process
Anaerobic Biological
Process
Ultrasonically Assisted
Detoxification of
Hazardous Materials
In Situ Mitigation of
Acid Water
Adsorptive Filtration
Technology
Contact
Theodore Jordan
406-496-4112
Itzhak Gotlieb
201-596-5862
Brian Butters
519-457-1676
Srivats Srinvasachar
508-689-0003
John Bayless/
Randy Curry
818-707-00957
415-632-5100
Paul Blystone
408-453-7804
Douglas Sell
208-389-7265
Duane Koszalka
316-328-3222
Frank Caruccio
803-777-4512
Mark Benjamin
206-543-7645
EPA Project
Manager
Eugene Harris
513-569-7862
FTS: 684-7862
Annette Gatohett
513-569-7697
FTS: 684-7697
John Ireland
513-569-7413
FTS: 684-7413
Mark Meckes
513-569-7384
FTS: 684-7384
Esperanza Renard
513-569-7328
FTS: 684-7328
Norma Lewis
513-569-7665
FTS: 684-7665
Wendy
Davis-Hoover
513-569-7206
FTS: 684-7206
Kim Lisa Kreiton
513-569-7328
FTS: 684-7328
Roger Wilmoth
513-569-7509
FTS: 684-7509
Norma Lewis
513-569-7665
FTS: 684-7665
Waste
Media
Aqueous Solutions
Mixtures
Wastewater,
Groundwater,
Air-streams
Soils, Sediments,
Sludges
Soil, Water
Soil, Groundwater
Soil, Sludge
Solids
Acid Drainage
Groundwater,
Leachate,
Wastewater
Applicable Waste
Inorganic
Low-
Concentration
Metals
Most Inorganics
Cyanide, Sulphite,
Nitrite Ions
Heavy Metals
Not Applicable
Not Applicable
Not Applicable
Not Applicable
Most Metals
Metals
Organic
Not Applicable
Most Organics
PCBs, PCDDs, PCDFs,
Chlorinated alkenes,
Chlorinated phenols,
Most Organics
PCBs, TCE, TCA, Benzene
VOCs
Nitroaromatics
PCBs and Other
Chlorinated Compounds
Not.Applicable '
Not Applicable
-------
TABLE 3 (Continued)
SITE Emerging Technology Program Participants
Developer
Vortcc Corporation,
Collegeville, PA (E04)
Warren Spring Laboratory,
Herts, England (E04)
Wastewater Technical Centre,
Burlington Ontario (E02)
Western Product Recovery,
Group, Inc.
Houston, TX (E04)
Western Research Institute,3
Laramie.WY (E01)
[Project Completed]
Technology
Oxidation and
Vitrification Process
Physical and Chemical
Treatment
Cross-Flow
Pervaporation System
CCBA Physical and
Chemical Treatment
Contained Recovery of
Oily Wastes
Technology
Contact
James Hnat
215-489-2255
D. Neil Collins
01-44-438-741122
ext. 752
Rob Booth/
Pierre Cote
416-336-4689/
416-639-6320
Donald Kelly
713-493-9321
James Speight
307-721-2011
EPA Project
Manager
Ten Shearer
513-569-7949
FTS: 684-7949
Mary Stinson
908-321-6683
FTS: 340-6683
John Martin
513-569-7758
FTS: 684-7758
Joseph Farrell
513-569-7645
FTS: 684-7645
Eugene Harris
513-569-7862
FTS: 684-7862
Waste
Media
Soil, Sediments,
Mill Tailings
Soil
Groundwater,
Leachate,
Wastewater
Wastewater,
Sludges,
Sediments, Soil
Soil
Applicable Waste
Inorganic
Metals
Metals
Not Applicable
Heavy Metals
Not Applicable
Organic
Most Organics
Petroleum Hydrocarbons,
PAHs
VOCs, Solvents, Petroleum
Hydrocarbons
Most Organics
Coal Tar Derivatives,
Petroleum Byproducts
3 Graduate of Emerging Technology Program
-------
-------
Technology Profile
EMERGING TECHNOLOGY PROGRAM
ABB ENVIRONMENTAL SERVICES, INC.
(Two-Zone Plume Interception In Situ Treatment Strategy)
TECHNOLOGY DESCRIPTION:
ABB Environmental Services, Inc. (ABB-ES),
proposes to treat a mixture of chlorinated and
nonchlorinated organic solvents in saturated soils
and groundwater by applying its two-zone
plume interception in situ treatment strategy.
This treatment approach is being tested in a
bench-scale demonstration project. The first
zone is anaerobic and promotes the reductive
dechlorination of highly chlorinated solvents,
such as perchloroethylene. Immediately
downgradient is the second zone, where special
aerobic conditions encourage the biological
oxidation of the partially dechlorinated products
from the first zone, as well as other compounds
(see figure below).
The first step of the treatment strategy for
compounds such as perchloroethylene and
trichloroethane is to encourage partial
dechlorination by stimulating the growth of
methanogenic bacteria in the saturated soil. This
is accomplished by providing the bacteria with a
primary carbon source, such as glucose, and
with mineral nutrients, such as ammonia and
phosphate. Methanogenic bacteria are
considered to be ubiquitously distributed in
saturated soils.
At the completion of the (anaerobic) first step in
the treatment process, all of the more highly
chlorinated ethenes and ethanes
(tetrachloroethylene [PCE], trichloroethylene
[TCE], and trichloroethane [TCA]) in the
contaminated plume are converted to less
chlorinated forms (dichloroethylene [DCE],
vinyl chloride [VC], and dichloroethane [DCA])
by methanogenic bacteria. At a point
downgradient, oxygen is reintroduced into the
groundwater. Following this, methanotrophic
bacteria, growing on methane and oxygen, are
expected to oxidize the DCE, VC, and DCA, as
well as nonhalogenated solvents, to carbon
dioxide and biomass.
CONTAMINANT
SOURCE
VADOSE
ZONE
SATURATED
ZONS 1
—~ *
IMPERMEABLE
LAYER
NUTRIENTS,
OXYGEN
(METHANE)
HDw*****w
Two-zone plume interception in situ treatment strategy
Page 176
-------
November 1991
WASTE APPLICABILITY:
This in situ treatment technology can be applied
to groundwater and industrial wastewater
containing chlorinated and nonchlorinated
solvents. Residuals would be carbon dioxide
and biomass.
STATUS:
The technology was accepted into the SITE
Emerging Technology Program in July 1989. In
preparation for eventual field testing, optimal
treatment parameters are being determined by
simulating the two-zone treatment in
bench-scale soil aquifer simulators. Particular
objectives of this testing are to (1) understand
the factors that affect the development of the
bioactive zones, (2) demonstrate the treatment of
chlorinated and nonchlorinated solvent mixtures
by using the two-zone process, and (3) develop
a model for use in the design of field
remediations. The bench-scale testing is 40
percent complete as of September 1991.
FOR FURTHER INFORMATION:
EPA PROJECT MANAGER:
Ronald Lewis
U.S. EPA
Risk Reduction Engineering Laboratory
26 West Martin Luther King Drive
Cincinnati, OH 45268
513-569-7856
FTS: 684-7856
TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPER CONTACT:
Sam Fogel
ABB Environmental Services, Inc.
Corporate Place 128
107 Audubon Road
Wakefield, MA 01880
617-245-6606
FAX: 617-246-5060
Page 177
-------
Technology Profile
EMERGING TECHNOLOGY PROGRAM
ALCOA SEPARATIONS TECHNOLOGY, INC.
(Bioscrubber)
TECHNOLOGY DESCRIPTION:
This bioscrubber technology digests hazardous
organic emissions from soil, water, and air
decontamination processes. The bioscrubber
contains Alcoa's activated carbon medium as a
support for microbial growth. This unique
medium, with increased microbial population
and enhanced bioactivity, provides effective
conversion of diluted organics into carbon
dioxide, water, and other nonhazardous
compounds (see figure below).
The bioscrubber is designed for large volumes of
air streams containing trace volatile organics.
Almost complete removal of hazardous organics
has been demonstrated in a lab-scale feasibility
study.
The bioscrubber efficiency is attributed to the
carbon medium having been tailored to balance
macro- and micro-porosity. The macroporous
volume provides sufficient internal porous
surface area for microbial growth. The
microporous surface provides sufficient
Hydrocarbon
Filter
o
House
I^^rn-,
— .. p-
Alr
-U— -J
1
1 Mass Flow
|
1
A
w
s
1 Controllers
Jr~
l>
C
Bio
Colum
/N
/
^ater
.urat
ns
\
. 1
1
T
I3
s
srs
*!<
A
w
s
f
j
4
t
K
ydrocarbon
Saturators
i
I
5
A
w
s
x^
r
1
t
6
(T
T
Mass Flow
Controllers
S\.
r ^
\ r
*, *
7
A
w
s
X
A
v>
8
("1
C
T
T
Strip Chart
Recorder
Sample
Exit
Schematic of bench-scale unit showing four bioscrubbers'in parallel operation
Page 178
-------
November 1991
adsorption sites on which to concentrate the
dilute organic vapor for effective biological
digestion.
WASTE APPLICABILITY:
The bioscrubber technology can be used to
remove organic emissions from soil, water, or
air decontamination processes. Alcoa is
focusing on the treatment of streams containing
trace aromatic solvents, such as benzene,
toluene, and xylene. This technology could be
adapted to halogenated hydrocarbons and other
contaminants in the future.
STATUS:
This technology was accepted into the SITE
Emerging Technology Program in July 1990. A
bench-scale system has been assembled and is in
full operation. The removal efficiency
previously attained from a lab-scale feasibility
study has been duplicated using this unit. Alcoa
is presently evaluating the long-term stability
and efficiency of the bioscrubber. The
bench-scale study scheduled for completion in
early 1992, will be followed by a pilot-scale
demonstration.
FOR FURTHER INFORMATION:
EPA PROJECT MANAGER:
Naomi Barkley
U.S. EPA
Risk Reduction Engineering Laboratory
26 West Martin Luther King Drive
Cincinnati, OH 45268
513-569-7854
FTS: 684-7854
TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPER CONTACT:
Paul Liu
Alcoa Separations Technology, Inc.
181 Thorn Hill Road
Warrendale, PA 15086
412-772-1332
Page 179
-------
Technology Profile
EMERGING TECHNOLOGY PROGRAM
ALLIS MINERAL SYSTEMS
[formerly Boliden Allis, Inc.]
(PYROKILN THERMAL ENCAPSULATION Process)
TECHNOLOGY DESCRIPTION:
This technology seeks to improve conventional
rotary kiln hazardous waste incineration by
introducing inorganic additives (fluxing agents)
with the waste to promote incipient slagging or
"thermal encapsulating" reactions near the kiln
discharge end. The thermal encapsulation is
augmented using other additives in either the
kiln or in the air pollution control baghouse to
stabilize the metals in the fly ash.
The process thermally treats soils and sludges
contaminated with both organics and metals.
The advantages of this process include (1)
immobilizing the metals remaining hi the ash;
(2) producing an easily handled nodular form of
ash; and (3) stabilizing metals hi the fly ash,
while avoiding the problems normally
Contaminated
Bulk Materials
experienced with higher temperature "slagging
kiln" operations (see figure below).
The heart of this process is thermal
encapsulation. It traps metals in a controlled
melting process operating in the temperature
range between slagging and non-slagging
modes, producing nodules of ash that are 1/4-to
3/4-inch in diameter.
Organic waste is incinerated in a rotary kiln,
Metallic wastes (in particular, metals with high
melting points) are trapped in the bottom ash
from the kiln by adding fluxing agents that
promote agglomeration via "controlled
nodulizing." As proved by extraction procedure
toxicity characteristic and toxicity characteristic
leaching procedure (TCLP) tests, this
PYROKILN THERMAL ENCAPSULATION
Secondary ;' Quencher
Combustion /
Chamber '
Fuel,
Rotary Kiln
The Pyrokiln System
Decontaminated
Materials
Page 180
-------
November 1991
process can reduce metals leaching to levels
below EPA limits. Metals with low melting and
vaporization temperatures, such as arsenic, lead,
and zinc, are partitioned between the bottom ash
and the fly ash. Those that are concentrated hi
the fly ash are stabilized, if necessary, by adding
reagents to the kiln and to the air pollution
control system to reduce metals leaching to
below EPA limits. Another advantage of this
process is that it reduces both the total dust load
to the air pollution control system as well as the
amount of particulate emissions from the stack.
The use of fluxing reagents is a key element in
this technology. These will be introduced into
the kiln in the proper amount and type to lower
the softening temperature of the ash. Proper
kiln design is required to allow the outlet of the
kiln to function as an ash agglomerator. Good
temperature control is required to keep the
agglomerates at the correct particle size, yielding
the desired 1/4- to 3/4-inch size nodules. The
production of nodules, rather than a molten slag,
potentially avoids a multitude of operating
problems, such as ash quenching, overheating,
and premature failure of refractory. It also
simplifies cooling, handling, and conveying of
the ash.
The controlled nodulizing process should
immobilize metals with high boiling points.
Lead, zinc, and other metals with lower
vaporization temperatures tend to leave the kiln
as a fine fume and can be removed in the air
pollution control system. Reagents can be
injected into the kiln, the air pollution control
devices, or a final solids mixer for stabilizing
fines collected from the gas stream.
WASTE APPLICABILITY:
The technology is applicable to soils and
sludges. The process can destroy a broad range
of organic species, including halogenated and
nonhalogenated organics and petroleum
products. Metallic compounds that may be
encapsulated or stabilized include antimony,
arsenic, barium, beryllium, cadmium,
chromium, copper, lead, nickel, selenium,
silver, thallium, and zinc.
STATUS:
This technology was accepted into the SITE
Emerging Technology Program in March 1990.
The process has been further investigated in
batch tests during June and July 1991. A
continuous flow, pilot-scale kiln test will be be
conducted at Allis Mineral System's Process
Research and Test Center in Oak Creek,
Wisconsin, in spring 1992.
FOR FURTHER INFORMATION:
EPA PROJECT MANAGER:
Marta K. Richards
U.S. EPA
Risk Reduction Engineering Laboratory
26 West Martin Luther King Drive
Cincinnati, OH 45268
513-569-7783
FTS: 684-7783
TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPER CONTACT:
John Lees
Allis Mineral Systems, Inc.
1126 South 70th Street
Milwaukee, WI 53214
414-475-3862
Page 181
-------
Technology Profile
EMERGING TECHNOLOGY PROGRAM
ATOMIC ENERGY OF CANADA, LTD.
(Chemical Treatment and Ultrafiltration)
TECHNOLOGY DESCRIPTION:
The Atomic Energy of Canada Limited (AECL)
process uses chemical pretreatment and
subsequent ultrafiltration to remove trace
concentrations of dissolved metals from
wastewater, contaminated groundwater, and
leachate. The process provides both selective
removal of metal contaminants and a
volume-reduced water stream amenable to
further treatment and disposal.
The process involves addition of water-soluble
macromolecular compounds to the wastewater to
form complexes with heavy metal ions. In
addition, relatively high molecular weight
polymer, generally a commercially available
polyelectrolyte, is added to the wastewater to
form selective metal-polymer complexes at the
desired pH and temperature conditions. Without
the polyelectrolyte being present, and depending
on the pH conditions, metal ions present in the
waste solution either (1) precipitate, (2) remain
completely in solution, or (3) remain in a state
where metal precipitates and metal ion solutions
coexist. Enlarged metal-polyelectrolyte
complexes are found in the waste solution. The
polyelectrolyte quantities needed to achieve the
desired size enlargement are dependent on the
concentration of metal ions; therefore the
separated metal ions generally should be in the
parts-per-million (ppm) range. After the
desired size for the metal complex is achieved,
the solution containing the complex is processed
through a cross-flow ultrafiltration membrane
system that retains the complexes (retentate or
concentrate), while allowing uncomplexed ions
to pass through the membrane with the filtered
water (permeate). The filtered water is
recycled, or discharged, depending on the goal
set for metal removal. The figure below is a
schematic of the process.
The installed unit's overall dimensions are 5 feet
wide by 7 feet long by 6 feet high. The
skid-mounted unit consists of (1) a bank of
5-micron cartridge prefilters, (2) a feed
conditioning system with chemicals for pH
adjustment and polyelectrolytes, (3) two banks
of hollow-fiber ultrafilters, (4) a backflush
CIRCULATION LOOP
PREFILTRATION
POLYELECTROLYTE
ADDITION
~~l
METAL
COMPLEXATION
REACTION
TANK
~100 to 150 L/mln
ULTRAFILTRATION
SYSTEM
(265 »q ft Bonk)
~20 L/mln
1 FEED
I PUMP
~2O L/mln
"0.2 ,to 1.0 L/mln
BLEED/
CONCENTRATE
PERMRATE
Single-stage Chemical Treatment - Ultraflltration process flowsheet
Page 182
-------
November 1991
system for cleaning the membrane unit, and (5)
associated tanks and instrumentation. The two
banks of filters provide a total membrane surface
area of 390 square feet and a permeate rate of
about 8 gallons per minute (gpm). The
wastewater enters the prefilter through the feed
tank, where suspended particles from the feed
are removed. The filtered wastewater is then
routed to conditioning tanks where the solution
pH is adjusted and the metal-polyelectrolyte
complexation is achieved.
The conditioned feed is fed to the ultrafilter
assembly through a recirculation loop. The
recirculation loop includes membranes that
provide the necessary contact time and
turbulence for the separation of
metal-polyelectrolyte complexes and other
suspended and colloidal particulates. The
permeate stream, which can be discharged, is
continuously withdrawn, while the concentrate
stream, consisting of most of the contaminants,
is recycled through the recirculation loop until
the desired volume reduction is achieved. After
the target concentration is reached, the
concentrate stream is withdrawn for further
treatment, such as solidification, after which it
can be readily and safely disposed.
WASTE APPLICABILITY:
The process can be used to treat wastewater
contaminated with trace levels of toxic heavy
metals that arise from different sources,
including groundwaters, leachates, and surface
runoff water. The process can also be applied to
treatment of effluents from (1) industrial
processes, (2) production and processing of base
metals, (3) smelters, (4) electrolysis operations,
and (5) battery manufacturing. Specific potential
applications include removal of metals such as
cadmium, lead, mercury, uranium, manganese,
nickel, chromium, and silver.
Influent-dissolvedmetal concentrations amenable
to treatment range from a few ppm to tens of
ppm. In addition to dissolved metals, other
inorganic and organic materials present as
suspended or colloidal solids can be removed.
The sole residue generated by this process is the
ultrafiltration concentrate. The concentrate
generally constitutes 5 to 20 percent of the feed
volume.
STATUS:
The initial bench-scale and pilot-scale tests have
indicated successful removal of cadmium, lead,
and mercury. Design and construction of the
transportable unit was based on bench-scale and
pilot-scale test results.
Initial testing of the transportable unit at the
Chalk River Laboratories and at a uranium mine
tailings site in Ontario has been completed. The
mobile unit, which is capable of treating influent
flows ranging from 1,000 to 5,000 gallons per
day, is available for treatability tests and on-site
applications.
FOR FURTHER INFORMATION:
EPA PROJECT MANAGER:
John Martin
U.S. EPA
Risk Reduction Engineering Laboratory
26 West Martin Luther King Drive
Cincinnati, OH 45268
513-569-7758
FTS: 684-7758
TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPER CONTACT:
Leo Buckley
Atomic Energy of Canada, Ltd.
Waste Management Systems
Chalk River Laboratories
Chalk River, Ontario KOJ UO, Canada
613-584-3311
Page 183
-------
Technology Profile
EMERGING TECHNOLOGY PROGRAM
BABCOCK & WILCOX CO.
(Cyclone Furnace)
TECHNOLOGY DESCRIPTION:
This furnace technology is designed to
decontaminate wastes containing both organic
and metal contaminants. The cyclone furnace
retains heavy metals in a non-leachable slag and
vaporizes and incinerates the organic materials
in the wastes. >
The treated soils resemble natural obsidian
(volcanic glass), similar to the final product
from vitrification.
The furnace is a horizontal cylinder (see figure
below) and is designed for heat release rates
greater than 450,000 British thermal units (Btu)
per cubic foot (coal) and gas temperatures
exceeding 3,000 degrees Fahrenheit (°F).
Natural gas and preheated primary combustion
air (820°F) enter the furnace tangentially.
Secondary air (820 °F), natural gas, and the
synthetic soil matrix (SSM) enter tangentially
along the cyclone barrel (secondary air inlet
location). The resulting swirling action
efficiently mixes air and fuel and increases
combustion gas residence time. Dry SSM has
been tested at pilot-scale feed rates of both 50
and 200 pounds per hour (Ib/hr). The SSM is
retained on the furnace wall by centrifugal
action; it melts and captures a portion of the
heavy metals. The organics are destroyed in the
molten slag layer. The slag exits the cyclone
furnace (slag temperature at this location is
2,400°F) and is dropped into a water-filled slag
tank where it solidifies into a nonleachable
vitrified material. A small quantity of the soil
also exits as flyash from the furnace and is
collected in a baghouse.
SECONDARY AIR
INSIDE
FURNACE
PRIMARY AIR
NATURAL GAS
SOIL
TERTIARY AIR
NATURAL GAS
SCROLL
BURNER
SLAG TRAP
CYCLONE
BARREL
SLAG QUENCHING TANK
Cyclone furnace
Page 784
-------
November 1991
WASTE APPLICABILITY:
This technology may be applied to high-ash
solids (such as sludges and sediments) and soils
containing volatile and nonvolatile organics and
heavy metals. The less volatile metals are
captured in the slag more readily. The
technology would be well-suited to mixed waste
soils contaminated with organics and nonvolatile
radionuclides (such as plutonium, thorium,
uranium). Because vitrification has been listed
as Best Demonstrated Achievable Technology
(BOAT) for arsenic and selenium wastes, the
cyclone furnace may be applicable to these
wastes.
STATUS:
The cyclone furnace was used to vitrify a dry
synthetic soil matrix spiked with 7,000 parts per
million (ppm) lead; 1,000 ppm cadmium; and
1,500 ppm chromium fed at nominal rates of 50
and 150 Ib/hr. Concentrations of these
contaminants in the vitrified (treated) SSM were
0.19, 0.12, and 0.08 milligrams per liter
(mg/L), respectively. These levels are well
below EPA limits. The capture of heavy metals
in the slag was estimated at 8 to 17 percent for
cadmium, 24 to 35 percent for lead, and 80 to
95 percent for chromium. The volume of the
vitrified soil was reduced by 35 percent when
compared to the dry SSM.
The cyclone furnace is now being modified to
feed a wet synthetic soil. Further tests with
SSM spiked with heavy metals will be
performed in an attempt to optimize the capture
of heavy metals in the slag.
FOR FURTHER INFORMATION:
EPA PROJECT MANAGER:
Laurel Staley
U.S. EPA
Risk Reduction Engineering Laboratory
26 West Martin Luther King Drive
Cincinnati, OH 45268
513-569-7863
FTS: 684-7863
TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPER CONTACT:
Lawrence King
Babcock & Wilcox Co.
1562 Beeson Street
Alliance, OH 44601
216-829-7576
Page 185
-------
Technology Profile
EMERGING TECHNOLOGY PROGRAM
BATTELLE MEMORIAL INSTITUTE
(In Situ Electroacoustic Soil Decontamination)
TECHNOLOGY DESCRIPTION:
This patented technology is used for in situ
decontamination of soils containing hazardous
organics by applying electrical (direct current)
and acoustic fields. The direct current facilitates
the transport of liquids through soils. The
process consists of electrodes (an anode and a
cathode) and an acoustic source (see figure
below).
The double-layer boundary theory is important
when an electric potential is applied to soils.
For soil particles, the double layer consists of a
fixed layer of negative ions that are firmly held
to the solid phase and a diffuse layer of cations
and anions that are more loosely held. Applying
an electric potential to the double layer displaces
the loosely held ions to their respective
electrodes. The cations drag water along with
them as they move toward the cathode.
Besides the transport of water through wet soils,
the direct current produces other effects, such as
ion transfer, development of pH gradients,
electrolysis, oxidation and reduction, and heat
generation. The heavy metals present in
contaminated soils can be leached or precipitated
out of solution by electrolysis, oxidation and
reduction reactions, or ionic migration. The
contaminants in the soil may be (1) cations, such
as cadmium, chromium, and lead; and (2)
anions, such as cyanide, chromate, and
dichromate. The existence of these ions in their
respective oxidation states depends on the pH
and concentration gradients in the soil. The
electric field is expected to increase the leaching
rate and precipitate the heavy metals out of
solution by establishing appropriate pH and
osmotic gradients.
When properly applied in conjunction with an
electric -field arid water flow, an acoustic field
Catholyte
Treatment
Water
+
Contaminants
Contaminants
Water (Optional)
Ground '
s Surface.;';!.
BJiW/sllfnil;®!
*.^.* WiLilSUWSB"!
Conceptual layout of electroacoustical soil decontamination (BSD) process
Page 786
-------
November 1991
can enhance the dewatering or leaching of
wastes such as sludges. This phenomenon is not
fully understood. Another possible application
involves unclogging of recovery wells. Since
contaminated particles are driven to the recovery
well, the pores and interstitial spaces in the soil
can become plugged. This technology could be
used to clear these clogged spaces.
WASTE APPLICABILITY:
Fine-grained clay soils are ideal. The
technology's potential for improving nonaqueous
phase liquid (NAPL) contaminant recovery and
in situ removal of heavy metals needs to be
tested on a pilot-scale using clay soils.
STATUS:
Phase I results indicate that electroacoustical soil
decontamination (BSD) is technically feasible for
removal of inorganic species, such as zinc and
cadmium, from clay soils, and only marginally
effective for hydrocarbon removal. For more
effective hydrocarbon removal, a modified BSD
process has been developed but not tested. An
EPA report (EPA/540/5-90/004) for the
one-year investigation is available for purchase
through the National Technical Information
Service. The NTIS order no. is PB 90-204
728/AS. The phone number is 703-487-4650.
FOR FURTHER INFORMATION:
EPA PROJECT MANAGER:
Jonathan Herrmann
U.S. EPA
Risk Reduction Engineering Laboratory
26 West Martin Luther King Drive
Cincinnati, OH 45268
513-569-7839
FTS: 684-7839
TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPER CONTACT:
Satya Chauhan
Battelle Memorial Institute
505 King Avenue
Columbus, OH 43201
614-424-4812
Page 187
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Technology Profile
EMERGING TECHNOLOGY PROGRAM
BIO-RECOVERY SYSTEMS, INC.
(Biological Sorption)
TECHNOLOGY DESCRIPTION:
The AlgaSORB™ sorption process is designed to
remove heavy metal ions from aqueous
solutions. The process is based on the natural
affinity of the cell walls of algae for heavy metal
ions.
The sorption medium is comprised of algal cells
immobilized in a silica gel polymer. This
immobilization serves two purposes: (1) it
protects the algal cells from decomposition by
other microorganisms, and (2) it produces a hard
material that can be packed into chromatographic
columns that, when pressurized, still exhibit
good flow characteristics.
The system functions as a biological
ion-exchange resin to bind both metallic cations
(positively charged ions, such as mercury, Hg+2)
and metallic oxoanions (large* complex,
oxygen-containing ions with a negative charge,
such as selenium oxide, SeO4~2). Anions such as
chlorides or sulfates are only weakly bound or
not bound at all.
Like ion-exchange resins, the algae-silica
system can be recycled. However, in contrast to
PETE Unit
Page 188
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November 1991
current ion-exchange technology, the
components of hard water (calcium, Ca+2, and
magnesium, Mg+2) or monovalent cations
(sodium, Na+, and potassium, K+) do not
significantly interfere with the binding of toxic
heavy metal ions to the algae-silica matrix.
After the media are saturated, the metals are
stripped from the algae by using acids, bases, or
other suitable reagents. This produces a small
volume of solution containing highly
concentrated metals that must undergo treatment.
The photograph shows a prototype portable
effluent treatment equipment (PETE) unit,
consisting of two columns operating in series.
Each column contains 0.25 cubic foot of
AlgaSORB™. The PETE unit is capable of
treating flows of approximately 1 gallon per
minute (gpm). Larger systems have been
designed and manufactured to treat flow rates
greater than 100 gpm.
WASTE APPLICABILITY:
This technology is useful for removing metal
ions from groundwater or surface leachates that
are "hard" or contain high levels of dissolved
solids. Rinse waters from electroplating, metal
finishing, and printed circuit board
manufacturing industries can also be treated.
The system can remove heavy metals such as
aluminum, cadmium, chromium, cobalt, copper,
gold, iron, lead, manganese, mercury,
molybdenum, nickel, platinum, silver, uranium,
vanadium, and zinc.
STATUS:
Under the Emerging Technology Program, the
AlgaSORB™ sorption process was tested on
mercury-contaminated groundwater at a
hazardous waste site in Oakland, California, in
fall 1989. Testing was designed to determine
optimum flow rates, binding capacities, and the
efficiency of stripping agents. The final report
(EPA/540/5-90/005a) is now available. Based
on the results from the Emerging Technology
Program, Bio-Recovery Systems, Inc., has been
invited to participate in the SITE Demonstration
Program.
The process is being commercialized for
groundwater treatment and industrial point
source treatment. Treatability studies are
required as the next stage in development.
FOR FURTHER INFORMATION:
EPA PROJECT MANAGER:
Naomi Barkley
U.S. EPA
Risk Reduction Engineering Laboratory
26 West Martin Luther King Drive
Cincinnati, OH 45268
513-569-7854
FTS: 684-7854
TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPER CONTACT:
Godfrey Crane
Bio-Recovery Systems, Inc.
2001 Copper Avenue
Las Cruces, NM 88005
505-523-0405
FAX: 505-523-1638
Page 189
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Technology Profile
EMERGING TECHNOLOGY PROGRAM
BIOTROL, INC.
(Methanotrophic Bioreactor System)
TECHNOLOGY DESCRIPTION:
The methanotrophic bioreactor system is an
aboveground remedial technology for water
contaminated with halogenated hydrocarbons.
trichloroethylene (TCE) and related compounds
pose a new and difficult challenge to biological
treatment. Unlike aromatic hydrocarbons, for
example, TCE cannot be used as primary
substrates for growth by bacteria. Their
degradation depends on the process of
cometabolism (see figure below) which is
attributed to the broad substrate specificity of
certain bacterial enzyme systems. Although
many aerobic enzyme systems are reported to
cooxidize TCE and related compounds, BioTrol
claims that the methane monooxygenase (MMO)
of methanotrophic bacteria is the most
promising.
Methanotrophs are bacteria that can use methane
as a sole source of carbon and energy.
Although it has been known that certain
methanotrophs can express MMO in either a
soluble form or a paniculate (membrane-bound)
form, BioTrol-sponsored research results have
led to a patent pending on the discovery that the
soluble form is responsible for extremely rapid
rates of TCE degradation. BioTrol also has a
patent pending on a colorimetric assay it uses to
verify the presence of the desired enzyme in the
bioreactor culture. Results from experiments
with Methylosinus trichosporium OB3b indicate
that the maximum specific TCE degradation rate
is 1.3 grams TCE per gram cells (dry weight)
per hour, which is 100 to 1,000 times faster than
the rates for other systems.
WASTE APPLICABILITY:
The technology is applicable to water
contaminated ; with halogenated aliphatic
hydrocarbons, including TCE, dichloroethylene
(DCE) isomersj vinyl chloride, dichloroethane
Carbon Dioxide
Water
Carbon Dioxide, Chloride
Methane
Oxygen
Trichloroethylene
Cometabolism of TCE
Page 190
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November 1991
(DCA) isomers, chloroform, dichloromethane
(methylene chloride), and others.
In the case of groundwater treatment, bioreactor
effluent can be reinjected or discharged either to
a sanitary sewer or to a national pollutant
discharge elimination system (NPDES) receiving
water.
STATUS:
This technology was accepted into the SITE
Emerging Technology Program in July 1990.
Bench-scale experiments were conducted during
the first year on a continuous-flow,
dispersed-growth system. Typical results
obtained are shown in the table below.
Pilot-scale field testing is planned for the second
year. The pilot-scale test will provide data that
could show the full-scale feasibility of the
bioreactor technology.
FOR FURTHER INFORMATION:
EPA PROJECT MANAGER:
David Smith
U.S. EPA
Risk Reduction Engineering Laboratory
26 West Martin Luther King Drive
Cincinnati, OH 45268
513-569-7856
FTS: 684-7856
TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPER CONTACT:
Jeffrey Peltola
BioTrol, Inc.
11 Peavey Road
Chaska, MN 55318
612-448-2515
Typical lab continuous-flow results
Page 191
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Technology Profile
EMERGING TECHNOLOGY PROGRAM
CENTER FOR HAZARDOUS MATERIALS RESEARCH
(Acid Extraction Treatment System)
TECHNOLOGY DESCRIPTION:
The acid extraction treatment system (AETS) is
a soil washing process that uses hydrochloric
acid to extract contaminants from soils.
Following treatment, soil may be disposed of or
used as fill material (see figure below).
The first step in the AETS is to separate large
particles and gravel from the soil. The sand and
clay-silt fractions (less than 4 mm) are retained
for treatment. Hydrochloric acid is slowly
added to a water and soil slurry to achieve and
maintain a pH of 2. Precautions are taken to
avoid lowering the pH below 2 and disrupting
the soil matrix.
When the extraction is complete, the soil is
rinsed, neutralized, and dewatered. The
extraction solution and rinse water are
regenerated. The regeneration process removes
entrained soil, organics, and heavy metals from
the extraction fluid. Heavy metals are
concentrated in a form potentially suitable for
economic recovery. Recovered acid is recycled
to the extraction unit.
WASTE APPLICABILITY:
Although the AETS will extract organic
contaminants from soil, its main application is to
remove heavy metals, such as arsenic, cadmium,
chromium, copper, lead, nickel and zinc. The
TREATED SOL
Flow diagram for AETS process
Page 192
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November 1991
projected treatment capacity of the AETS is 20
tons per hour.
STATUS:
This technology has been tested in the laboratory
on a limited, bench-scale basis. Similar
extraction techniques have been applied to soils
contaminated with organics. The developer has
designed and is constructing a pilot-scale plant
to test AETS on heavy metal-contaminated soils.
Current plans include using the AETS on
samples of contaminated soil from Superfund
sites. Further experiments will be performed to
establish optimal operating parameters for the
extraction unit and to refine the regeneration and
recovery process.
FOR FURTHER INFORMATION:
EPA PROJECT MANAGER:
Kim Lisa Kreiton
U.S. EPA
Risk Reduction Engineering Laboratory
26 West Martin Luther King Drive
Cincinnati, OH 45268
513-569-7328
FTS: 684-7328
TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPER CONTACT:
Stephen Paff
Center for Hazardous Materials Research
320 William Pitt Way
Pittsburgh, PA 15238
412-826-5320
Page 193
-------
Technology Profile
EMERGING TECHNOLOGY PROGRAM
CENTER FOR HAZARDOUS MATERIALS RESEARCH
(Lead Smelting)
TECHNOLOGY DESCRIPTION:
Secondary lead smelting is a proven technology
for reclaiming usable lead from many different
sources containing between 30 and 65 percent
lead, particularly lead-acid batteries (between 30
and 90 percent of which are currently
reclaimed). This technology uses reverberatory
and blast furnaces, which heat a mixture of lead
and other materials and remove the lead by a
combination of melting and reduction.
The Center for Hazardous Materials Research
will use the secondary lead smelting technology
to reclaim usable lead from waste materials such
as lead-contaminated rubber battery casings,
slags, and other wastes containing lower
concentrations of lead (in the range of 1 to 10
percent), as compared with the current
feedstock, which typically contains 30 to 65
percent lead. The process is intended to treat
battery wastes present at the battery breaker
Superfund sites, rather than soil. However, it is
expected that the process may be able to handle
a feedstock containing about 2 to 5 percent soil
by weight. This percentage will be determined
during testing. The net result will be the
detoxification of these materials, while providing
a viable product (such as reclaimed lead).
polypropylene
neutralization
CaSO+
sludge
stack
I I
Lead smelting process schematic
dust recycled to
reverberatory furnace
Page 194
-------
November 1991
This technology is based on existing
reverberatory furnace design and basic
pyrometallurgy. Feed materials are sized and
screened to remove large debris. Next, grinding
and crushing equipment reduce the size of the
feed material, which is then charged to the
gas-fired reverberatory furnace. The
reverberatory furnace essentially operates as a
melting furnace. The pure metallic lead portion
of the feedstock (as opposed to any oxide
content) is melted to produce molten lead, which
accumulates and is removed periodically from
the bottom of the furnace. The reverberatory
furnace's operating conditions (relatively lower
temperatures, short detention time, and oxidizing
atmosphere, as compared with a blast furnace)
cause any metal (lead) oxide portion of the
feedstock to report to the furnace's slag waste
stream. The feedstock, therefore, is not
recovered in the reverberatory furnace.
In contrast, the high temperature, long detention
time, and reducing conditions of the blast
furnace serve to (1) melt metallic lead, and (2)
metallurgically reduce lead oxides to produce
pure molten lead. Slag waste from the
reverberatory furnace, and other waste streams
which contain predominantly lead oxide, are
charged into a natural gas-fired blast furnace,
along with coke, iron (a slag conditioner), and
lime. The furnace operates at 2,200 degrees
Fahrenheit (°F) to 2,400°F. Molten lead is
removed from the furnace, further purified and
refined, and reclaimed for reuse in the
production of new lead acid batteries. The
process will operate by substituting a fraction of
the normal feed to the furnaces with the battery
wastes from the Superfund sites. The figure on
the previous page is an illustration of the lead
recovery procedure.
WASTE APPLICABILITY:
This process treats waste materials such as
discarded lead-contaminated rubber battery
casings, slags, and other materials containing
low concentrations of lead.
STATUS:
The project was accepted into the SITE
Emerging Technology Program in March 1991.
The developer is currently preparing the work
plan and Quality Assurance Project Plan
(QAPJP).
FOR FURTHER INFORMATION:
EPA PROJECT MANAGER:
Patrick Augustin
U.S. EPA
Risk Reduction Engineering Laboratory
2890 Woodbridge Avenue
Edison, NJ 08837
908-321-6992
FTS: 340-6992
TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPER CONTACTS:
Roger Price and Stephen Paff
320 William Pitt Way
Pittsburgh, PA 15238
412-826-5320
FAX: 412-826-5511
Page 195
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Technology Profile
EMERGING TECHNOLOGY PROGRAM
COLORADO DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH
(Developed by COLORADO SCHOOL OF MINES)
(Wetlands-Based Treatment)
TECHNOLOGY DESCRIPTION:
The constructed wetlands-based treatment
technology uses natural geochemical and
biological processes inherent in a man-made
wetland ecosystem (see figure below) to
accumulate and remove metals from influent
waters. The treatment system incorporates
principal ecosystem components found in
wetlands, including organic soils, microbial
fauna, algae, and vascular plants.
Influent waters, which contain high metal
concentrations and have a low pH, flow through
the aerobic and anaerobic zones of the wetland
ecosystem. Metals are removed by filtration,
ion exchange, adsorption, absorption, and
precipitation through geochemical and microbial
oxidation and reduction. In filtration, metal
flocculates and metals that are adsorbed onto
fine sediment particles settle in quiescent ponds,
or are filtered out as the water percolates
through the soil or the plant canopy. Ion
exchange occurs as metals in the water come
into contact with humic or other organic
substances in the soil medium. Oxidation and
reduction reactions that occur in the aerobic and
anaerobic zones, respectively, play a major role
in removing metals as hydroxides and sulfides.
WASTE APPLICABILITY:
The wetlands-based treatment process is suitable
for acid mine drainage from metal or coal
mining activities. These wastes typically contain
high metals concentrations and are acidic in
nature. Wetlands treatment has been applied
with some success to wastewater in the eastern
regions of the United States. The process may
have to be adjusted to account for differences in
Dam
^fft&VSw^P"' 'fcS&s?-*1' •'"
Typical wetland ecosystem
Page 196
-------
November 1991
geology, terrain, trace metal composition, and
climate in the metal mining regions of the
western United States.
STATUS:
The final year of funding for the project under
the Emerging Technology Program was
completed in 1991. The funding was used to
build, operate, monitor and assess the
effectiveness of a constructed wetlands in
treating a portion of the discharge of acid mine
drainage from the Big Five Tunnel near Idaho
Springs, Colorado. Results of the study have
shown that by optimizing design parameters,
removal efficiency of heavy metals from the
discharge can approach the removal efficiency of
chemical precipitation treatment plants. An
example of the optimum results from the three
years of operation are given below.
• pH was raised from 2.9 to 6.5.
• Dissolved aluminum, cadmium, chromium,
copper, zinc, concentrations were reduced
by 98 percent or more.
« Iron was reduced by 84 percent.
• Lead was reduced by 94 percent or more.
• Nickel was reduced by 84 percent or
more.
• Manganese removal was relatively low
with reduction between 9 and 44 percent.
• Biotoxicity to fathead minnows and
Ceriodaphnia was reduced by factors of 4
to 20.
One of the final goals of this project will be the
development of a manual that discusses design
and operating criteria for construction of a
full-scale wetland for treating acid mine
discharges. This manual will be available in fall
1991.
As a result of the success of this technology in
the SITE Emerging Technology Program, it has
been selected for the Demonstration Program.
The SITE demonstration will evaluate the
effectiveness of a full-scale wetland.
Construction of a full-scale wetland is the
proposed remedial action for the Burleigh
Tunnel near Silver Plume, Colorado. The
Burleigh Tunnel is part of the Clear
Creek/Central City Superfund Site in Colorado.
FOR FURTHER INFORMATION:
EPA PROJECT MANAGER:
Edward Bates
U.S. EPA
Risk Reduction Engineering Laboratory
26 West Martin Luther King Drive
Cincinnati, OH 45268
513-569-7774
FTS: 684-7774
TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPER CONTACT:
Rick Brown
Colorado Department of Health
4210 East llth Avenue, Room 252
Denver, CO 80220
303-331-4404
Page 197
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Technology Profile
EMERGING TECHNOLOGY PROGRAM
DAVY RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT, LTD.
(Chemical Treatment)
TECHNOLOGY DESCRIPTION:
This treatment employs resin-in-pulp (RIP) and
carbon-in-pulp (CIP) technologies for treating
soils, sediments, dredgings, and solid residues
contaminated with organics and inorganics. The
leach RIP and CIP technologies are based on the
extraction, adsorption, and removal of
contaminants from the slurry phase of a
soil-water-extractant mixture.
In the past, the RIP and CIP processes have
been successfully used for the recovery of metals
from ores. The RIP process is well-established
in the recovery of uranium, where anion
exchange resins are used to adsorb the uranium
that is leached as uranyl anion. The CIP process
is commonly used in recovering precious metals,
where activated carbon is used to adsorb gold
and silver leached as cyanide complexes. This
treatment technology uses both RIP and CIP
processes in multi-stage continuous
countercurrent contactors in horizontal
arrangement.
The figure below presents a schematic of the
process. Incoming contaminated material is
either passed through wet screens or subject to
tramp (debris) removal and crushing before
reaching the wet screens. Fine material passing
the wet screen is sent to the agitated leach tank,
where the contaminants are extracted. Coarse
material is sent to a vat leach and washing stage
or returned to the crushing step. The leached
fines and vat leach liquor are combined and
passed to the cyclones which separate sands
from the clays. When the contaminant
concentrations exceed 10,000 to 25,000
milligrams per kilogram of soil, the liquid passes
directly to precipitation and disposal, and the
»• alternative
c=coarse f=flnes s=sollds l=l!qulds r=resin/carbon
Schematic diagram of the chemical treatment process
Page 198
-------
November 1991
fine solids are reslurried before passing to the
cyclone. The clays and leach liquor then pass to
the RIP or CIP contactor where the contaminants
are adsorbed onto ion-exchange resins or
activated carbons. The thickened, treated solids
are collected from the thickener and the vat
leach and washing step for disposal or
post-treatment. The resins and carbons are
regenerated and recycled; the concentrated
contaminants are then subjected to further
treatment, disposal, or recovery.
WASTE APPLICABILITY:
RIP and CIP technologies are suitable for
treating a wide range of materials contaminated
by both inorganic and organic wastes.
Inorganics treated to date include heavy metals
and cyanide-containing wastes. This process
also applies to treatment of chlorinated phenols,
chlorinated solvents, pesticides, polychlorinated
biphenyls, and other organics and inorganics by
the choice of appropriate extractant reagents and
sorbent materials.
STATUS:
This technology was accepted into the SITE
Emerging Technology Program in July 1991.
Laboratory studies have been underway since
January 1991. A small pilot plant (treating
approximately 2 tons per day) is expected to be
in operation by early 1992. A suitable location
for pilot-scale test work under the SITE
Program is being sought in the United States for
late 1992 or early 1993.
FOR FURTHER INFORMATION:
EPA PROJECT MANAGER:
Kim Lisa Kreiton
U. S. EPA
Risk Reduction Engineering Laboratory
26 W. Martin Luther King Dr.
Cincinnati, OH 45268
FTS: 684-7328
513-569-7328
TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPER CONTACT:
Richard Hunter-Smith
Davy Research and Development, Ltd.
P. O. Box 37
Bowesfield Lane
Stockton-on-Tees
Cleveland TS18 3HA
United Kingdom
01-44-642-607108
Page 199
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Technology Profile
EMERGING TECHNOLOGY PROGRAM
ELECTRO-PURE SYSTEMS, INC.
(Alternating Current Electrocoagulation Technology)
TECHNOLOGY DESCRIPTION:
Alternating current electrocoagulation (ACE)
technology (ACE technology) offers an
alternative to metal salts or polymer and
polyelectrolyte addition for breaking stable
emulsions and suspensions. The technology is
also effective at removing certain metals and
other soluble pollutants in the polishing step of
effluent treatment. For example, the
approximate maximum efficiency removal rates
in percent are: lead-56, copper-96, zinc-91,
phosphate-97, and flouride-56.
Electrocoagulation introduces highly-charged
polyhydroxide aluminum species into aqueous
media that prompt the flocculation of colloidal
particles and destabilization of oil-in-water
emulsions. Liquid/liquid, and solid/liquid phase
separations are achieved with production of
sludges that can be filtered and dewatered more
readily than those formed through chemical
flocculant addition. The technology can be used
to break stable aqueous suspensions containing
submicron-sized particles of up to 10 percent
total solids and stable aqueous emulsions
containing up to 5 percent oil.
The figure below depicts the basic ACE
technology process. Electrocoagulation is
performed in either batch or continuous
(one-pass) mode in an ACE Separator™
apparatus of one of two designs: 1) cylindrical
chambers containing fluidized beds of aluminum
alloy pellets entrained between a series of noble
metal electrodes, 2) or an upright box containing
aluminum plate electrodes spaced at nominal
distances of 1/2 to 2 inches. Both ACE
Separator™ units are small; the working volume
of the parallel plate unit is 70 liters and mat of
the fluidized b^d cell, excluding the external
plumbing, is 1.5 liters. They have no moving
parts, and can be easily integrated into a process
treatment train either for effluent, pretreatment,
or polishing.
Coagulation , and flocculation occur
simultaneously within the ACE Separator™ and
continue within the product separation step.
Charge neutralization and the onset of
coagulation occur within the ACE Separator™ as
a result of exposure of the effluent to the electric
field and dissolution of aluminum from the
electrodes. This activity occurs rapidly (often
within 30 sfeconds) for most aqueous
suspensions. After charge neutralization and the
onset of coagulation, treatment is complete and
the suspension and emulsion may be transferred
by gravity flow to the product separation step.
Vent or
Treat Gas
Aqueous
Suspension
or Emulsion
A.C.
COAGULATOR
Solid
Product
Separation
« Airfpr
Turbulence
Alternating current electrocoagulation basic process flow
Page 200
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November 1991
Product separation is accomplished in
conventional gravity-separation, decant vessels
or by means of pressure or vacuum filtration.
Coagulation and flocculation continue until
complete phase separation is achieved. Waste is
removed by using surface skimming, bottom
scraping, and decanting.
After the product separation step, each phase
(oil, water, and solid) is removed for reuse,
recycling, further treatment, or disposal. The
technology can be employed in conjunction with
conventional water treatment systems, including
those relying on metal precipitation, membrane
separation technologies, mobile dewatering and
incineration units, and soil extraction systems.
A typical decontamination application, for
example, would produce a water phase that
could be discharged directly to a stream or local
wastewater treatment plant for further treatment.
The solid phase, after dewatering, would be
shipped off-site for disposal, and the dewatering
filtrate would be recycled. Any floatable
material would be reclaimed, refined, otherwise
recycled or disposed of.
WASTE APPLICABILITY:
The ACE technology can be applied to various
aqueous-based suspensions and emulsions
typically generated by contaminated
groundwater, surface runoff, landfill leachate,
truck wash, scrubber solutions, treated effluents,
and extract solutions. The suspensions include
solids such as inorganic and organic pigments,
clays, metallic powders, metal ores, and natural
colloidal matter. The emulsions include a
variety of organic solid and liquid contaminants,
including petroleum-based by-products.
Reductions exceeding 90 percent in the loadings
of aqueous clay, latex and titanium dioxide
suspensions have been routinely achieved.
Reductions exceeding 80 percent in the Chemical
Oxygen Demand (COD) and Total Organic
Carbon (TOC) contents of diesel fuel-spiked
slurries have been achieved.
ACE technology has also been used to enable
recovery of fine-grained product (latex, titanium
dioxide, and edible oil solids) from industrial
process streams that would otherwise have been
lost to sewer discharge.
STATUS:
This technology was accepted into the SITE
Emerging Technology Program in July 1988.
The second year of laboratory-scale testing and
development of the technology has been
completed. Extensive experimentation on
end-member metals and complex synthetic soil
slurries has enabled definition of the major
operating parameters for broad classes of
effluents. Optimization of the treatment
procedure to both minimize electric power
consumption and maximize effluent throughput
rates has been successful. Results indicate that
electrocoagulation can affect aqueous and solid
separations comparable to chemical flocculant
addition, but with reduced filtration times and
sludge volumes.
FOR FURTHER INFORMATION:
EPA PROJECT MANAGER:
Naomi Barkley
U.S. EPA
Risk Reduction Engineering Laboratory
26 West Martin Luther King Drive
Cincinnati, OH 45268
513-569-7854
FTS: 684-7854
TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPER CONTACT:
Dr. Clifton Farrell
Electro-Pure Systems, Inc.
10 Hazelwood Drive, Suite 106
Amherst, NY 14228-2298
Office: 716-691-2610
Laboratory: 716-691-2613
FAX: 716-691-3011
Page 201
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Technofoav Profile
EMERGING TECHNOLOGY PROGRAM
ELECTROKINETICS, INC.
(Electro-Osmosis)
TECHNOLOGY DESCRIPTION:
Electrokinetic soil processing is an in situ
separation and removal technique for extracting
heavy metals and organic contaminants from
soils. The technology uses electricity to affect
chemical concentrations and groundwater flow.
In electro-osmosis (EG), the fluid between the
soil particles moves, because a constant, low
direct current is applied through electrodes
inserted into a soil mass..
The figure below presents a schematic diagram
of the process and the ion flow. A comparison
of flow with and without EO in clays is also
depicted. The efficiency of electro-osmotic
water transport under EO varies with the type of
soil. The figure below also shows that EO can
be an efficient process for pumping contaminants
from fine-grained, low permeability soils.
Studies of the electrochemistry associated with
the process indicate that an acid front is
generated at the anode. This acid front
eventually migrates from the anode to the
cathode. Movement of the acid front by
migration and advection results in desorption of
contaminants from the soil. The concurrent
mobility of thei ions and pore fluid under the
electrical gradients decontaminates the soil mass.
These phenomena provide an added advantage
over conventional pumping techniques for in situ
treatment of contaminated fine-grained soils.
Recent bench-scale data indicate that the process
may be applied to both saturated and partially
saturated soils i The process will lead to
temporary acidification of the treated soil.
However, equilibrium conditions will be rapidly
reestablished by diffusion when the electrical
potential is removed.
Schematic diagram of electro-osmosis
Page 202
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November 1991
Studies have indicated that metallic electrodes
may dissolve as a result of electrolysis, and
introduce corrosion products into the soil mass.
However, if the electrodes are made of carbon
or graphite, no residue will be introduced into
the treated soil mass as a result of the process.
WASTE APPLICABILITY:
This is an in situ separation technique for
extracting heavy metals, radionuclides, and other
inorganic contaminants. Bench-scale laboratory
data demonstrate the feasibility of removing
arsenic, benzene, cadmium, chromium, copper,
ethylbenzene, lead, nickel, phenol,
trichloroethylene, toluene, xylene, and zinc from
soils. Recent bench-scale tests demonstrated the
feasibility of removing uranium and thorium
from kaolinite. Limited field tests demonstrated
that the method removed zinc and arsenic from
both clays and saturated and unsaturated sandy
clay deposits. Lead and copper were also
removed from dredged sediments. The
treatment efficiency was dependent upon the
specific chemicals and concentrations. The
technique proved 85 percent efficient in the
removal of 500 parts per million (ppm) phenol
from saturated kaolinite. In addition, the
removal efficiency of lead, chromium, cadmium,
and uranium, at levels up to 1000 ppm ranged
between 75 and 95 percent.
STATUS:
Under the SITE Program, bench-scale
laboratory studies investigating the removal of
heavy metals precipitates, radionuclides, and
organic contaminants will be completed by the
end of 1991. Pilot-scale studies investigating
removal of radionuclides will begin in January
1992. The pilot-scale study will be completed
by the end of 1992. The technology will be
available for full-scale implementation upon
completion of the pilot-scale studies.
Treatability studies, removal enhancement
studies, and cost-effective electrode design and
manufacture are currently in progress,
FOR FURTHER INFORMATION:
EPA PROJECT MANAGER:
Randy Parker
U.S. EPA
Risk Reduction Engineering Laboratory
26 West Martin Luther King Drive
Cincinnati, OH 45268
513-569-7271
FTS: 684-7271
TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPER CONTACT:
Yalcin Acar
Electrokinetics, Inc.
Louisiana Business and Technology Center
Louisiana State University
South Stadium Drive
Baton Rouge, LA 70803
504-388-3992
FAX: 504-388-3928
Page 203
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Technology Profile
EMERGING TECHNOLOGY PROGRAM
ELECTRON BEAM RESEARCH FACILITY
FLORIDA INTERNATIONAL UNIVERSITY and
UNIVERSITY OF MIAMI
(High-Energy Electron Irradiation)
TECHNOLOGY DESCRIPTION:
High-energy electron irradiation of water
solutions and sludges produces a large number
of very reactive chemical species, including
hydrogen peroxide. The reactive species that
are formed are the aqueous electron (e;q), the
hydrogen radical (H •), and the hydroxyl radical
(OH-)- These short-lived intermediates react
with organic contaminants, transforming them to
nontoxic by-products. The principal reaction
that e£, undergoes is electron transfer to
halogen-containing compounds, which breaks
the halogen-carbon bond and liberates the
halogen anion (for example, chlorine [Cl~] or
bromine [Br~]). The hydroxyl radical can
undergo addition or hydrogen abstraction
reactions, producing organic-free radicals that
decompose in the presence of other hydroxyl
radicals and water. In most cases, the chemicals
are mineralized to carbon dioxide and water and
salts. Lower molecular weight aldehydes and
carboxylic acids are formed at very low
concentrations in some cases. These compounds
are biodegradable end products.
In the electron beam treatment process,
electricity is used to generate a high voltage (1.5
megavolts [MeV]) and electrons. The electrons
are accelerated by the voltage to approximately
95 percent of the speed of light. They are then
shot into a thin stream of water or sludge as it
falls through the beam. All reactions are
complete in less than 1/10 of a second.
Vault Exhaust Fan
Window
Exhaust Fan
I m
"-n-* ^5-Ton Crane
y-
Vault Exhaust Duct
Influent Line
Electron Beam Research Facility
Page 204
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November 1991
The electron beam and waste flow are adjusted
to deliver the necessary dose of electrons.
Although this is a form of ionizing radiation,
there is no residual radioactivity. A full-scale
facility in Miami, Florida, can treat more than
170,000 gallons per day. The facility is
equipped to handle tank trucks carrying up to
6,000 gallons of waste for treatability studies.
The figure on the previous page is a schematic
of the Electron Beam Research Facility in
Miami, Florida.
WASTE APPLICABILITY:
This system has been found effective in treating
a large number of common organic chemicals.
These include (1) trihalomethanes (such as
chloroform), which are found in chlorinated
drinking water; (2) chlorinated solvents,
including carbon tetrachloride, trichloroethane,
tetrachloroethene, trichloroethylene,
tetrachloroethylene, ethylene dibromide,
dibromochloropropane, hexachlorobutadiene,
and hexachloroethane; (3) aromatics found in
gasoline, including benzene, toluene,
ethylbenzene, and xylene; (4) chlorobenzene and
dichlorobenzenes; (5) phenol; and (6) the
persistent pesticide, dieldrin.
The technology is considered appropriate for
removing various hazardous organic compounds
from aqueous waste streams and sludges with up
to 8 percent solids.
STATUS:
This technology was accepted into the SITE
Emerging Technology Program in June 1990.
The major research thrust of the first year has
been to determine reaction by-products
following high energy irradiation of solutions
and sludges containing trichloroethylene (TCE),
tetrachloroethylene (PCE), chloroform (CHCI3),
benzene, tolulene and m- and o-xylene. It
appears, for the most part, that these compounds
are mineralized. Trace quantities (a few
micrograms per liter) of formaldehyde and other
low molecular weight aldehydes have been
detected; however, these compounds are not
toxic at these concentrations.
The organic solutes of interest are currently
being solubilized directly in aqueous solutions by
using 6,000-gallon tank trucks to eliminate the
solvent effects of the methanol.
FOR FURTHER INFORMATION:
EPA PROJECT MANAGER:
Franklin Alvarez
U.S. EPA
Risk Reduction Engineering Laboratory
26 West Martin Luther King Drive
Cincinnati, OH 45268
513-569-7631
FTS: 684-7631
TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPER CONTACTS:
William Cooper
Drinking Water Research Center
Florida International University
Miami, FL 33199
305-348-3049
Thomas Waite or Charles Kurucz
University of Miami
Coral Gables, FL 33124
305-284-3467 or 305-284-6595
Page 205
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Technology Profile
EMERGING TECHNOLOGY PROGRAM
ENERGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING, INC.
(Laser-Induced Photochemical Oxidative Destruction)
TECHNOLOGY DESCRIPTION:
This technology is designed to photochemically
oxidize organic compounds in wastewater by
adding a chemical oxident and applying
ultraviolet (UV) radiation with an Excimer laser.
The photochemical reactor can destroy low
concentrations of organics in water. The energy
is sufficient to fragment the bonds of organic
compounds, and the radiation is not absorbed to
any significant extent by the water molecules in
the solution. The process is envisioned as a
final treatment step to reduce organic
contamination in groundwater and industrial
wastewaters to acceptable discharge limits.
The overall reaction uses hydrogen peroxide as
the oxidant in the reaction:
C.HbX
aCO2
[2a
0.5(b -
l)] H2O
HX
CaH!,X = a halogenated toxic component in the
aqueous phase. The reaction products are
carbon dioxide, water, and the appropriate
halogen acid.
The existing process equipment has a capacity of
1 gallon per minute when treating a solution
containing 32 parts per million (ppm) of total
organic carbon. It consists of a photochemical
reactor, where oxidation is initiated, and an
effluent storage tank to contain reaction
products.
The skid-mounted system can be used in the
field and stationed at a site. The exact makeup
of the process will depend on the chemical
composition of the groundwater or wastewater
being treated.
Typically, contaminated groundwater is pumped
from a feed well through a filter unit to remove
suspended particles. The filtrate is then fed to
the photochemical reactor and irradiated. The
chemical oxidant, hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), is
introduced to the solution to provide hydroxyl
radicals required for oxidation.
The reactor effluent is directed to a vented
storage tank, where the carbon dioxide (COz)
oxidation product is vented. An appropriate
base (such as calcium carbonate [CaCO3]) may
be added to the storage tank to neutralize any
halogenated acids formed when treating fluids
contaminated with halogenated hydrocarbons.
The reaction kinetics depend on (1) toxicant
concentration, (2) peroxide concentration, (3)
irradiation dose, and (4) irradiation frequency.
Table 1 presents typical reaction times for
specific levels of destruction for several
toxicants of concern.
TABLE 1
DESTRUCTION OF TOXIC ORGANICS BY
LASER-INDUCED PHOTOCHEMICAL OXIDATION
Benzene
Benzidine
Chlorobenzene
Chlorophenol
Dichloroethene
Phenol
Reaction
96
288
114
72
624
72
Destruction
Removal Efficiency
Achieved (Percent)
91
88
98
100
88
100
WASTE APPLICABILITY:
This technology can be applied to groundwater
and industrial wastewater containing organics.
Page 206
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November 1991
Typical target compounds tested, in which
greater than 95 percent destruction removal
efficiency (DRE) was obtained include benzene,
chlorobenzene, chlorophenol, dichloroethene,
and phenol.
Table 2 lists the compounds destroyed by
ultraviolet ozonation processes that can be
treated successfully by laser-induced
photochemical oxidative destruction.
TABLE 2
COMPOUNDS TREATED WITH UV/OXIDATION
Ethers
Aromatic Amines
Toluene
Xylene
Complexed Cyanides
Trichloroethane
Polycyclic Aromatics
Dichloroethane
Perchloroethylene
Hydrazine
Cresols
Polynitrophenols
1,4-Dioxane
Pentachlorophenol
Ethylenediamiaetetraacetic
Acid
Pesticides
Benzene
Ethylbenzene
Citric Acid
Phenol
Trinitrotoluene
Trichloloethylene
Dioxins
Methylene Chloride
Dichloroethylene
Cyclonite
Polychlorinated Biphenyls
Ketones
Vinyl Chloride
STATUS:
The process is entering the SITE Demonstration
Program. The company is offering to conduct
treatability studies for prospective clients.
Funding is also being sought to construct a
full-scale pilot facility. Preliminary cost
evaluation shows the process to be very
competitive compared to other UV/oxidation
processes and carbon adsorption.
FOR FURTHER INFORMATION:
EPA PROJECT MANAGER:
Ronald Lewis
U.S. EPA
26 West Martin Luther King Drive
Risk Reduction Engineering Laboratory
Cincinnati, OH 45268
513-569-7856
FTS: 684-7856
TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPER CONTACTS:
James Porter and Gopi Vungarala
Energy and Environmental Engineering, Inc.
P.O. Box 215
East Cambridge, MA 02141
617-666-5500
Page 207
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Technology Profile
EMERGING TECHNOLOGY PROGRAM
ENERGY & ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH CORPORATION
(Hybrid Fluidized Bed System) ,
TECHNOLOGY DESCRIPTION:
The Hybrid Fluidized Bed (HFB) system treats
contaminated solids and sludges by (1)
incinerating all organic compounds, and (2)
extracting and detoxifying volatile metals. The
system consists of three stages: a spouted bed,
a fluidized afterburner, and a high temperature
particulate soil extraction system.
First, a spouted bed rapidly heats solids and
sludges to extract volatile organic and inorganic
compounds. The bed's design retains larger soil
clumps until they are reduced in size, but allows
fine material to quickly pass through the primary
stage. This segregation process is beneficial
because organic contaminants in fine particles
vaporize very rapidly. The decontamination
time for large particles is longer due to heat and
mass transfer limitations.
The central spouting region is operated with an
inlet gas velocity of greater than 150 feet per
second (ft/sec). This creates abrasion and
grinding action, resulting in the rapid size
reduction of the feed materials through attrition.
The spouted bed operates between 1500 degrees
Fahrenheit (°F) and 1700 °F, under oxidizing
conditions.
Organic vapors, volatile metals and fine soil
particles are carried from the spouted bed
through an open-hole type distributor, which
forms the bottom of the second stage, the
fluidized bed afterburner (FBA). This stage
provides sufficient retention time and mixing to
incinerate the organic compounds that escape the
spouted bed, resulting in a destruction and
removal efficiency greater than 99.999 percent.
In addition, this stage contains bed materials that
absorb metal vapors, capture fine particles, and
promote the formation of insoluble metal
silicates. A slightly sticky bed is advantageous
because of its particle retention properties.
The third stage is the high temperature
particulate soil extraction system where clean
processed soil is removed from the effluent gas
stream with one or two hot cyclones. The clean
soil is extracted hot to preclude the condensation
of any unreacted volatile metal species.
Off-gases are then quenched and passed through
a conventional baghouse to capture the
condensed metal vapors.
Generally, material handling problems create
major operational difficulties for soils cleanup
devices. The HFB uses a specially designed
auger feed system. Solids and sludges are
dropped through a lock hopper system into an
auger shredder, which is a rugged, low
revolutions per minute (rpm) feeding/grinding
device. Standard augers are simple and reliable,
but they are susceptible to clogging due to
compression of the feed in the auger. In this
design, the auger shredder is close-coupled to
the spouted bed to reduce compression and
clump formation during feeding. The close
couple arrangement locates the tip of the auger
screw several inches from the internal surface of
the spouted bed, preventing the formation of soil
plugs.
WASTE APPLICABILITY:
This technology is applicable to soils and
sludges contaminated with organic and volatile
inorganic contaminants. Non-volatile inorganics
are not affected.
STATUS:
This technology was accepted into the site
Emerging Technology Program in January 1990.
Design and construction of the commercial
prototype Spouted Bed Incinerator (SBI) is
complete. The second year of research is
proceeding.
Page 208
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November 1991
FOR FURTHER INFORMATION:
EPA PROJECT MANAGER:
Teri Shearer
U.S. EPA
Risk Reduction Engineering Laboratory
26 West Martin Luther King Drive
Cincinnati, OH 45268
513-569-7949
FTS: 684-7949
TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPER CONTACT:
D. Gene Taylor
Energy and Environmental Research Corp.
18 Mason Street
Irvine, CA 92718
714-859-8851
Page 209
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Technology Profile
EMERGING TECHNOLOGY PROGRAM
ENVIRO-SCIENCES, INC., and
ART INTERNATIONAL, INC.
(Low-Energy Solvent Extraction Process)
TECHNOLOGY DESCRIPTION:
The low-energy solvent extraction process
(LEEP) uses common organic solvents to extract
and concentrate organic pollutants from soils,
sediments, and sludges (see figure below). The
contaminants are leached from the solids with a
hydrophilic (water-miscible) leaching solvent
using a counter current contactor and are then
concentrated in a hydrophobic
(water-immiscible) stripping solvent. While the
leaching solvent is recycled internally, the
hydrophobic stripping solvent containing all of
the contaminants is removed from the process
for off-site disposal. Decontaminated solids are
then returned to the environment.
The selected solvents are readily available, and
inexpensive, and are applicable to almost every
type of organic contaminant. Most organic
contaminants of interest have a very high
solubility, and particles of earth materials, such
as soils and sediments, have fast settling rates in
the selected solvents. The hydrophilic solvent is
able to remove the otherwise impermeable water
film surrounding the solid particles. These
characteristics allow high leaching efficiencies at
high leaching rates. Due to the favorable
physical properties of the leaching solvent, it can
be recycled at a low energy cost.
The LEEP technology is capable of operating at
ambient conditions and involves simple-to-use,
heavy-duty equipment. The LEEP design
generally allows for a wide range of processing
conditions, enabling the process to achieve
required cleanup levels for virtually every
organic contaminant.
The projected system capacity of the LEEP is 10
to 15 tons per hour. The number of stages
depends on operating conditions, which can be
adjusted to match site-specific parameters. The
required cleanup levels can thus be achieved
without multiple passes of the same material.
Also, the design of the leaching unit allows the
simultaneous use of different leaching solvents.
fcontamlnatem
ISolids/
I_
Co
Leaching
Unit
ntaminated
Rnli/pnt
Solids/ ^
Residual Solvent
Cle
— Solv
Residual
Solvent
Removal
an 1
rent A
»j
1
( Clean ^
1 Solids J
LEEP™ Technology Schematic
Page 210
-------
November 1991
WASTE APPLICABILITY:
The process was originally designed to remove
polychlorinated biphenyls (PCB) from
sediments. However, it has been shown to have
much broader application, including petroleum
hydrocarbons, polycyclic aromatic
hydrocarbons, pesticides, wood preserving
chlorophenol formulations, and tars.
LEEP has been used in bench-scale treatability
studies to successfully decontaminate the
following wastes:
• PCB contaminated solids
- Sediments from the Hudson River and
Waukegan Harbor contaminated with PCBs
(Aroclors 1242 and 1254) and mineral oil
- Topsoil contaminated with PCBs (Aroclor
1260)
- Surface cover from an electric utility
containing PCBs (Aroclor 1260) and mineral
oil
- Subsoil consisting of silt and clay contaminated
with PCBs (Aroclor 1260)
• Refinery sludges
- Rainwater impoundment sludge
- Slop oil emulsion solids
• Oil contaminated solids
- Subsoil contaminated with cutting oil used in
metal machining
- Fill material contaminated with fuel oil No. 6
• Manufactured gas plant sites
- Soil contaminated with tar
STATUS:
The process concept was developed in 1987
under a EPA research grant. The technology
was accepted into the SITE Emerging
Technology Program in July 1989. Bench-scale
process optimization and engineering and
construction of a pilot plant have been
completed. ART International Inc., offers
bench-scale and pilot plant treatability studies
for a fee. Several such studies have been
completed. The first trailer-mounted
commercial unit is scheduled to be available by
the end of 1992.
FOR FURTHER INFORMATION:
EPA PROJECT MANAGER:
S. Jackson Hubbard
U.S. EPA
Risk Reduction Engineering Laboratory
26 West Martin Luther King Drive
Cincinnati, OH 45268
513-569-7507
FTS: 684-7507
TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPER CONTACT:
Werner Steiner
ART International, Inc.
273 Franklin Road
Randolph, NJ 07869
201-361-8840
Page 211
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Technology Profile
EMERGING TECHNOLOGY PROGRAM
FERRO CORPORATION
(Waste Vitrification Through Electric Melting)
TECHNOLOGY DESCRIPTION:
Vitrification technology converts contaminated
soils, sediments, and sludges into oxide glasses,
rendering them nontoxic and suitable for
landfilling as a nonhazardous material.
Inorganic and toxic species are chemically
bonded into an oxide glass and are changed
chemically to a nontoxic form.
Two requirements for successfully vitrifying
soils, sediments, and sludges are: (1) the
development of glass compositions tailored to
the waste being treated, and (2) the development
of a glass melting technology that can convert
the waste and additives into a stable glass
without producing toxic emissions. Because of
a low toxic emission rate, an electric melter may
be more beneficial man a fossil fuel melter for
vitrifying toxic wastes.
GLASS-MAKING
MATERIALS
In an electric melter, molten glass — an ionic
conductor of relatively high electrical resistivity
— can be kept molten through joule heating.
Consequently,. electric melters process waste
under a relatively thick blanket of feed material,
which limits the emission of hot gases (see
figure below). This blanket essentially forms a
counter-flow scrubber for volatile emissions. In
contrast, fossil fuel melters have large, exposed
molten glass surface areas from which hazardous
constituents can volatilize. Typical experience
with commercial electric melters has shown that
the loss of inorganic volatile constituents such as
boric anhydride (B2O3) or lead oxide (PbO),
which are both high in fossil fuel melters, is
significantly reduced. Because of its low
emission rate and small volume of exhaust
gases, electric melting is a promising technology
for incorporating high-level nuclear waste into
a stable glass.
Electrode
Steel
FRIT. MARBLES, etc. |
t=>
STABLE
GLASS
DISPOSAL
Electric furnace vitrification
Page 212
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November 1991
WASTE APPLICABILITY:
Vitrification is a viable option for stabilizing
inorganic components found in hazardous waste.
In addition, the high temperature involved in
glass production (approximately 1,500 degrees
Celsius [°C]) will decompose organic material in
the waste to relatively harmless components,
which can be removed easily from the low
volume of melter off-gas.
STATUS:
Initial testing is focused on developing a glass
chemistry suitable for synthetic soil matrix
(SSM) IV as defined by EPA's Risk Reduction
Engineering Laboratory (REEL) Risk Control
Branch. A synthetic soil has been chosen to
alleviate permitting complications that would
arise with the excavation and transport of a
Superfund site waste. Extraction procedure (EP)
toxicity and toxicity characteristic leachate
procedure (TCLP) protocols will be used to
define glass compositions that would render the
former hazardous waste a nonhazardous waste.
Glass properties required for melter operation
will also be measured.
Initial trials are being conducted in a laboratory
melter. SSM IV has been melted between
1,500°C and 1,600°C to produce a glass. Initial
results indicate that the hazardous metallic
elements have been chemically incorporated.
Additional trials will establish initial operating
conditions and provide operational experience
that will be used to scale the technology to a
pilot melter capable of producing glass at a rate
of 100 to 200 pounds per hour. Drying,
comminution, and mixing experiments are
expected to be completed in fall 1991. Final
evaluations of the product glass and the emission
rate will be obtained from these pilot melter
trials.
FOR FURTHER INFORMATION:
EPA PROJECT MANAGER:
Randy Parker
U.S. EPA
Risk Reduction Engineering Laboratory
26 West Martin Luther King Drive
Cincinnati, OH 45268
513-569-7271
FTS: 684-7271
TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPER CONTACT:
Emilio Spinosa
Research Associate
Corporate Research Ferro Corporation
7500 East Pleasant Valley Road
Independence, OH 44131
216-641-8580
Page 213
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Technology Profile
EMERGING TECHNOLOGY PROGRAM
GROXJNDWATER TECHNOLOGY GOVERNMENT SERVICES, INC.
(Below Grade Bioremediation Cell)
TECHNOLOGY DESCRIPTION:
This technology utilizes bioremediation to treat
soils contaminated with cyclodiene insecticides,
such as chlordane and heptachlor.
Bioremediation is a proven technique for the
remediation of soils containing a variety of
organic compounds. The process involves
stimulating the indigenous microbial population
to degrade organic wastes into biomass and
harmless by-products of microbial metabolism
such as carbon dioxide, water, and inorganic
salts. The Groundwater Technology, Inc.,
process relies on aerobic metabolism of
microorganisms present at the site.
In this process, contaminated soils are excavated
and the site is lined with an impermeable layer.
The liner is used to protect against any possible
groundwater contamination during operation of
the bioremediation system. A leachate collection
system is installed to avoid saturated conditions
at the site. The excavated soil is conditioned
using shredding/sieving equipment, and bulking
agents are added to assist in increasing air
permeability. Soil amendments such as
inorganic nutrients and micronutrients are added.
The soil is placed in the excavated and lined pit
and a negative pressure vacuum extraction
system is installed. The vacuum system controls
and captures any volatile organic compounds
released during operation and provides oxygen
for aerobic degradation of the contaminant.
Upon completion of the project, soils may be
left in-place or disposed. The figure below is a
schematic of the technology.
Treated Contaminated Soils
Aeration and Vapor Abatement System
Surface Grade
Excavated and Lined Reactor Cell
Below grade bioremediation reactor
Page 214
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November 1991
WASTE APPLICABILITY:
Applicable waste media include soil, sludge, and
sediments. This technology is specifically being
developed for cyclodiene insecticides; however,
the process is applicable for all biodegradable
organic compounds. The industry this
technology is targeting is the pest control
industry. Residuals expected following
treatment include carbon dioxide and inorganic
chloride salts.
STATUS:
Initial treatability studies were concluded in
spring 1991. The results of these studies
indicated that degradation of chlordane and
heptachlor can be accelerated by the process and
that treatment times will vary between 3 months
and 2 years depending on the initial contaminant
concentration.
Additional laboratory testing is being conducted
to quantify additional treatment options such as
the incorporation of white-rot fungi or chemical
oxidation during the soil conditioning phase of
the project. Field trials are scheduled to begin
in fall 1991. Approximately 500 cubic yards of
contaminated soil will be treated by the process.
FOR FURTHER INFORMATION:
EPA PROJECT MANAGER:
Ronald F. Lewis
U.S. EPA
Risk Reduction Engineering Laboratory
26 West Martin Luther King Drive
Cincinnati, Ohio 45268
513-569-7856
FTS: 684-7856
TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPER CONTACT:
Ronald Hicks
Director, Bioremediation Technology
Groundwater Technology, Inc.
4057 Port Chicago Highway
Concord, CA 94520
415-671-2387
FAX: 415-685-9148
Page 215
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Technology Profile
EMERGING TECHNOLOGY PROGRAM
HAZARDOUS SUBSTANCE MANAGEMENT RESEARCH CENTER
at NEW JERSEY INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY
(Pneumatic Fracturing/Bioremediation)
TECHNOLOGY DESCRIPTION:
This technology uses two innovative techniques
— pneumatic fracturing and bioremediation —
as an integrated process to enhance in situ
remediation of soils contaminated with organic
constituents.
The pneumatic fracturing process consists of
injecting high-pressure air or other gas into soil
formations at controlled flow rates and
pressures. In low permeability soils, the process
creates conductive channels in the formation.
these channels increase the permeability and
exposed surface area of the soil, thereby
accelerating removal and treatment of the
contaminants. In high permeability soils, the
process provides a means for rapidly aerating the
soil formation.
The technology uses pneumatic fracturing to
enhance microbial processes, in staggered spatial
distribution for maximum effectiveness (see
figures below). Aerobic processes dominate at
the fracture interfaces and, to a limited distance,
into the soil away from the fracture. Depletion
of oxygen during aerobic biodegradation allows
the formation of methanogenic populations at
greater distances away from the fractures.
Contaminant diffusion processes are toward the
Injection
(nutrients, air, etc.)
Supplemental
Nutrients
Vadose Zone
Detail "A"
Aquifer
Vadose zone biodegradation with fracturing and vapor stripping
Page 216
-------
November 1991
fracture, serving as a substrate for various
microbial populations. This stacking
arrangement results in enhanced growth of
aerobic population through the reduction in
substrate concentrations in the denitrifying and
methanogenic zones.
WASTE APPLICABILITY:
This technology combines pneumatic fracturing
and biodegradation for the remediation of soil
contaminated with petroleum hydrocarbons,
benzene, toluene, and xylene.
STATUS:
This technology was accepted into the SITE
Emerging Technology Program in July 1991.
This project combines effort between the
Hazardous Substance Management Research
Center at New Jersey Institute of Technology
and BP America, Inc. A candidate site in
Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, has been tentatively
identified to demonstrate this technology. Site
characterization is underway. Studies are
underway to develop data needed for optimal
design of the pilot-scale testing apparatus and
testing protocols. Field pilot-scale testing is
planned to begin in spring 1992.
FOR FURTHER INFORMATION:
EPA PROJECT MANAGER:
Uwe Frank
U.S. EPA
Risk Reduction Engineering Laboratory
2890 Woodbridge Avenue
Edison, NJ 08837
908-321-6626
FTS: 340-6626
TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPER CONTACTS:
William Librizzi
Hazardous Substance Mgmt. Research Center
New Jersey Institute of Technology
138 Warren Street
Newark, NJ 07102
201-596-2457
Karen Enderle
BP America, Inc.
216-581-5488
Bulk
Convection
Nutrients
Nitrate
Oxygen
X=0
Contaminant
*-CO2
Aerobic
Denitrifying
Methanogenic
Detail "A". Contaminant, oxygen, nutrient, and reaction product fluxes
Page 217
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Technology Profile
EMERGING TECHNOLOGY PROGRAM
INSTITUTE OF GAS TECHNOLOGY
(Chemical and Biological Treatment)
TECHNOLOGY DESCRIPTION:
Institute of Gas Technology's (IGT) Chemical
and Biological Treatment (CBT) process
remediates sludges and soils contaminated with
organic compounds. The treatment system
combines two remedial techniques: (1) chemical
oxidation as the pre-treatment, and (2)
biological treatment using aerobic and anaerobic
biosystems either in sequence or alone,
depending on the waste. The CBT process uses
mild chemical treatment to produce intermediates
that are biologically degraded, reducing both the
cost and risk associated with the more severe
process.
In chemical treatment/oxidation, metal salts and
hydrogen peroxide are used to produce the
hydroxyl radical, a powerful oxidizer. The
reaction of the hydroxyl radical with organic
contaminants causes chain reactions, resulting in
modification and degradation of organics to
biodegradable and environmentally benign
products. These products are later destroyed in
the biological step.
Wet oxidation and ozone (O3) are other
commonly used chemical oxidation techniques
that will be evaluated and compared with
Fenton's reagent. Wet oxidation is a thermal
treatment in which a slurry consisting of water
and a carbonaceous material is heated to
CO2
CH4 , CO2
For TCE, PAHs
AEROBIC
ANAEROBIC
Clean
Product
Contaminated CHEMICAL
OXIDATION
soil/sludge
For RGBs
ANAEROBIC
t
CH4 , C02
k
w
AEROBIC
t
CO2
Clean^
W
Product
CBT process schematic
Page 218
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November 1991
temperatures ranging from 250 to 650 degrees
Fahrenheit and under pressure of air or oxygen.
Depending on the temperature, residence time,
and the type of compounds being oxidized,
carbonaceous material will either be oxidized to
carbon dioxide and water, or modified for
subsequent biodegradation. The CBT process
will be compared with wet oxidation or
ozonation with and without chemical treatment.
Special pressure vessels, which can withstand
high temperatures and pressures, will be used in
these studies.
The figure on the previous page shows some of
the options that are available for application.
The contaminated material is treated chemically
by a chemical reagent degrading the
organopollutants to carbon dioxide, water, and
more biodegradable, partially oxidized
intermediates. Additional treatment with ozone
and mild wet oxidation may increase the
efficiency of the pretreatment oxidation process.
In the second stage of the CBT process,
biological systems are used to degrade the
hazardous residual materials, as well as the
partially oxidized material from the first stage.
Chemically treated wastes are subject to cycles
of aerobic and anaerobic degradation if aerobic
or anaerobic treatment alone is not sufficient.
WASTE APPLICABILITY:
The CBT process can be applied to remediation
of soils containing low, as well as high, waste
concentrations in sediments and sludges that
would typically inhibit bioremediation. The
process is not adversely affected by
radionuclides or heavy metals. Depending on
the types of heavy metals present, these metals
will be either (1) bioaccumulate in the biomass,
(2) complex with organic or inorganic material
in the soil slurries, or (3) solubilize in the
recycled water. The CBT process can be
applied to a wide range of organic pollutants,
including alkenes, chlorinated alkenes,
aromatics, substituted aromatics, and complex
aromatics. Applicable matrices include soil,
sludge, groundwater, and surface water.
STATUS:
This technology was accepted into the SITE
Emerging Technology Program in January 1991.
The developer is currently preparing the Work
Plan and Quality Assurance Project Plan
(QAPJP).
FOR FURTHER INFORMATION:
EPA PROJECT MANAGER:
Naomi Barkley
U.S. EPA
Risk Reduction Engineering Laboratory
26 West Martin Luther King Drive
Cincinnati, OH 45268
513-569-7854
FTS: 684-7854
TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPER CONTACT:
Robert Kelley
Institute of Gas Technology
3424 South State Street
Chicago, IL 60616-3896
312-567-3809
FAX: 312-567-5209
Page 219
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Technology Profile
EMERGING TECHNOLOGY PROGRAM
INSTITUTE OF GAS TECHNOLOGY
(Fluid Extraction-Biological Degradation Process)
TECHNOLOGY DESCRIPTION:
The fluid extraction-biological degradation
(FEBD) process is a three-step process for the
effective remediation of organic contaminants
from soil (see figure below). It combines three
distinct technologies: (1) fluid extraction, which
removes organics from contaminated solids; (2)
separation, which transfers pollutants from the
extract to a biologically-compatible solvent; and
(3) biological treatment, which degrades organic
pollutants to innocuous end-products.
Contaminants ffrst must be extracted from the
soil. Excavated soils are placed in a pressure
vessel and extracted with a recirculated stream
of supercritical or near supercritical carbon
dioxide. An extraction co-solvent can improve
the removal of many contaminants.
Following extraction, organic contaminants are
collected in a biologically-compatible separation
solvent. Clean extraction solvent is recycled to
the extraction stage. The separation solvent
containing the cbntaminants is sent to the final
Pressure
Reducing
Valve
Contaminated
Sediments
Separation
Solvent
Extraction Solvent
with contaminants
Stage 1
EXTRACTION
Stage 2
SEPARATION
Extraction
Solvent
Recycled
or
Cleaned
Extraction
Solvent
Decontaminated
Sediments
Compressor
Make-up
Extraction
Solvent
Separation Solvent
with
Contaminants
Stage 3
BIOLOGICAL
DEGRADATION
Water,
carbon
dioxide,
and
blomass
Overview of the fluid extraction-biodegradation process
Page 220
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November 1991
stage of the process, where bacteria are used to
degrade the waste to carbon dioxide and water.
Biodegradation is achieved in above ground
aerobic bioreactors, using mixtures of bacterial
cultures capable of degrading the contaminants.
Selection of cultures is based on site
characteristics. For example, if a site is
contaminated mainly with polycyclic aromatic
hydrocarbons (PAH), such as naphthalene,
phenanthrene, fluorene, pyrene, and others,
cultures able to grow at the expense of these
hydrocarbons are used in the biological
treatment stage.
WASTE APPLICABILITY:
This technology removes organic compounds
from contaminated solids. It is more effective
on some classes of organics, such as
hydrocarbons (for example, gasoline and fuel
oils), than on others, such as halogenated
solvents and polychlorinated biphenyls (PCS).
The process has been shown to be quite effective
in treating nonhalogenated aliphatic and
polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons.
STATUS:
This technology was accepted into the SITE
Emerging Technology Program in January 1989.
The developer has conducted tests evaluating the
extraction, separation, and biodegradation stages
of the technology by using a soil obtained from
a Superfund site that was contaminated with
two-to-six ring PAH compounds. Extraction
and degradation of these compounds has been
successfully achieved. The developer is
preparing the final report.
FOR FURTHER INFORMATION:
EPA PROJECT MANAGER:
Annette Gatchett
U.S. EPA
Risk Reduction Engineering Laboratory
26 West Martin Luther King Drive
Cincinnati, OH 45268
513-569-7697
FTS: 684-7697
TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPER CONTACT:
David Rue
Institute of Gas Technology
3424 South State Street
Chicago, IL 60616
312-567-3711
FAX: 312-567-5209
Page 221
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Technology Profile
EMERGING TECHNOLOGY PROGRAM
INSTITUTE OF GAS TECHNOLOGY
(Fluidized-Bed Cyclonic Agglomerating Incinerator)
TECHNOLOGY DESCRIPTION:
The Institute of Gas Technology (IGT) has
developed a two-stage, fluidized-bed cyclonic
agglomerating incinerator (see figure below)
based on a combination of technologies
developed at IGT over many years. In the
combined system, solid, liquid, and gaseous
organic waste can be efficiently destroyed, while
solid, nonvolatile, inorganic contaminants are
combined within a glassy matrix suitable for
disposal in an ordinary landfill.
The first stage of the incinerator is an
agglomerating fluidized-bed reactor, which can
operate either under substoichiometric conditions
or with excess air. The system can operate over
a wide range of conditions, from low
temperature (desorption) to high temperature
(agglomeration), including the gasification of
high British thermal unit (Btu) wastes (such as
natural gas). With a unique distribution of fuel
and air, the ibulk of the fluidized-bed is
maintained at llSQQ to 2,000 degrees Fahrenheit
(CF), while the central spout temperature can be
varied between 2,000 and 3,000.
When the contaminated soils and sludges are fed
into the fluidized-bed, the combustible fraction
of the waste undergoes a rapid gasification and
combustion, producing gaseous components.
The solid fraction, containing metal
contaminants, undergoes a chemical
transformation in the hot zone and is
agglomerated into glassy pellets that are
essentially nonleachable under the conditions of
the toxicity characteristic leachate procedure
(TCLP).
CYCLONIC
COMBUSTOR/
SEPARATOR
1600'-2200T
OXIDANT, FUEL
AND COFIRED
GASEOUS
WASTE
SOLID,
SLUDGE
AND LIQUID
WASTE
FLUIDIZED-BED
INCINERATOR
1SOO'-2000'F
OXIDANT
AGGLOMERATED ,
RESIDUE
FLUE GAS
TO HEAT
RECOVERY OR
TREATMENT
FINES
RECIRCULATION
OXIDANT
OXIDANT + FUEL
Schematic of the two-stage fluidized-bed/cyclonic agglomerating incinerator
Page 222
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November 1991
The gaseous products leaving the fluidized-bed
may contain unburned hydrocarbons, furans,
dioxins, and carbon monoxide as well as the
products of complete combustion — carbon
dioxide and water.
The product gas from the fluidized-bed is fed
into the second stage of the incinerator, where it
is further combusted at a temperature of 1,600
to 2,200 degrees Fahrenheit. The second stage
is a cyclonic combustor and separator that
provides sufficient residence time (2 1/2
seconds) to oxidize carbon monoxide and
organic compounds to carbon dioxide and water
vapor, with a combined destruction removal
efficiency greater than 99.99 percent.
Volatilized metals are collected downstream in
the flue gas scrubber condensate.
IGT's two-stage fluidized-bed and cyclonic
agglomerating incinerator is not an entirely new
concept, but rather an improvement based on
experience with other fluidized-bed and cyclonic
combustion systems. The patented sloped-grid
design and ash discharge port in this process
were initially developed for IGT's U-GAS coal
gasification process. The cyclonic combustor
and separator is a modification of IGT's low
emissions combustor.
WASTE APPLICABILITY:
This two-stage incinerator can destroy organic
contaminants in gaseous, liquid, and solid
wastes, including soils and sludges. Gaseous
wastes can be fired directly into the cyclonic
combustor. Liquid, sludge, and solid wastes can
be co-fired directly into the fluidized-bed stage.
The particle size of the solids must be suitable to
support fluidized-bed operation. Wastes such as
municipal solid wastes, aluminum pot liners, or
auto fluff will likely require comminution prior
to incineration.
Because the solid components hi the waste are
heated above their fusion temperature during the
agglomeration process, metals and other
inorganic materials are encapsulated and
immobilized within the glassy matrix.
STATUS:
This technology was accepted into the SITE
Emerging Technology Program in July 1990.
Since then, tests conducted in the batch 6-inch
diameter fluidized-bed unit to date have
demonstrated that agglomerates can be formed
from the soil. The agglomerates, produced at
several different operating conditions, exhibit
low leachability; however, the TCLP test results
are inconclusive. Additional testing is required
to demonstrate the operation of the bench-scale
unit with the elutriated fines recycled to the hot
zone.
The design of a pilot-plant incinerator with a
capacity of 6 tons per day has been completed.
Construction of the pilot plant will begin when
negotiations with the engineering and
construction firm have been completed.
FOR FURTHER INFORMATION:
EPA PROJECT MANAGER:
Teri Shearer
U.S. EPA
Risk Reduction Engineering Laboratory
26 West Martin Luther King Drive
Cincinnati, OH 45268
513-569-7949
FTS: 684-7949
TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPER CONTACT:
Amir Rehmat
Institute of Gas Technology
3424 South State Street
Chicago, IL 60616-3896
312-567-5899
Page 223
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Technology Profile
EMERGING TECHNOLOGY PROGRAM
IT CORPORATION
(Batch Steam Distillation and Metal Extraction)
TECHNOLOGY DESCRIPTION:
The batch steam distillation and metal extraction
treatment process is a two-stage system that
treats soils contaminated with organics and
inorganics. This technology uses conventional,
readily available process equipment, and does
not produce hazardous combustion products.
Hazardous materials are separated from soils as
concentrates, which can then be disposed of or
recycled. After treatment, the soil is
decontaminated and may be returned to the site.
By mixing the waste soil with steam for a
retention time of approximately one hour volatile
organics are separated from the feed waste (soil)
(see figure below). The resulting vapors are
condensed and decanted to separate organic
liquids from the aqueous phase. The soil is then
transferred as a slurry to the metals extraction
step. Condensed water from the step can be
recycled through the system after further
RECYCLE WATER FROM
EXTRACTION STEP
OFF SITE DISPOSAL
SOIL SLURRY TO
METAL EXTRACTION
OR DEWATERING VESSEL
BATCH DISTILLATION VESSEL
Batch steam distillation step
Page 224
-------
November 1991
treatment to remove soluble organics.
After the volatile organics are separated, heavy
metals are removed from the soil slurry by
hydrochloric acid. After contact with the acid,
the solids and the acid solution containing the
metals is pumped out through the use of
gravimetric separation. Most heavy metals are
converted to chloride salts in this step. This
stream is then charged to a batch distillation
system, where hydrochloric acid is recovered.
The bottoms from the still, containing the heavy
metals, are precipitated as hydroxide salts, and
drawn off as a sludge for off-site disposal or
recovery.
As a batch process, this treatment process is
targeted for smaller sites that contain less than
5,000 tons of soil requiring treatment.
Processing depends on the size of equipment
used and batch cycle times. A process rate of
20 tons of soil per day per unit is standard.
WASTE APPLICABILITY:
This process may be applied to soils
contaminated with organics, inorganics, and
heavy metals.
STATUS:
This technology was accepted into the SITE
Emerging Technology Porgram in January 1988.
Under the program three pilot-scale tests have
been completed on three soils. Removal of
benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene, and xylene
(BTEX) was greater than 99 percent at 5 and 10
percent overhead steam condensate. Removal of
chlorinated solvents ranged from 97 percent to
99 percent. One acid extraction and two water
washes resulted in 95 percent removal of heavy
metals, verified by 80 percent of the sample
analyses. Toxicity characteristic leaching
procedure (TCLP) tests on the treated soils
showed that soils from eight of the nine tests
met leachate criteria. Data was also collected on
recovery of excess acid and collection of the
heavy metals in a concentrate by precipitation.
FOR FURTHER INFORMATION:
EPA PROJECT MANAGER:
Ronald Lewis
U.S. EPA
Risk Reduction Engineering Laboratory
26 West Martin Luther King Drive
Cincinnati, OH 45268
513-569-7856
FTS: 684-7856
TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPER CONTACT:
Robert Fox
IT Corporation
312 Directors Drive
Knoxville, TN 37923
615-690-3211
FAX: 615-690-3626
Page 225
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Technology Profile
EMERGING TECHNOLOGY PROGRAM
IT CORPORATION
(Mixed Waste Treatment Process)
TECHNOLOGY DESCRIPTION:
The mixed waste treatment process has been
designed to address one of the more difficult
waste treatment problems — soils contaminated
with both hazardous and radioactive constituents.
The objective of the process is to separate the
hazardous and radioactive contaminants into
distinct organic and inorganic phases. The
separated streams can then be further minimized,
recycled, or destroyed at commercial disposal
facilities with the decontaminated soil safely
returned to the site.
The process combines thermal desorption,
gravity separation, water treatment, and chelant
extraction to treat various contaminants in soil.
Each of these technologies has been individually
demonstrated on selected contaminated materials.
The process flow diagram below shows how the
technologies have been integrated to address the
problems associated with treatment of mixed
waste streams. The individual unit operations
will be run continuously during pilot-scale tests.
Feed
-*
Soil
Thermal
Separation
Condenser
\
Water
Treatment
i
Orgar
to I
ilcPhast
Isposal
Water
t '
Recycle
TRU/Clear
Water
Treatment
Gravity
Separation
1
^•i
j
•
The initial treatment step is to prepare the bulk
contaminated soil for processing by physical
reduction of oversized material via crushing and
grinding.
Volatile and semivolatile organics are removed
from the soil by thermal treatment. Indirect
heating of the soil in a rotating chamber
volatilizes organic contaminants along with any
moisture present in the soil. The soil passes
through the chamber and is collected as a dry
solid. Condensing of the volatilized organics
and water generates separate liquid phases. The
organic phase is decanted and removed for
disposal. The contaminated aqueous phase is
treated by passing it through activated carbon,
removing soluble organics before combining
with the thermally treated soil.
Inorganic contaminants are removed by three
physical and chemical separation techniques: (1)
gravity separation of high density particles, (2)
chemical precipitation of soluble metals, and (3)
chelant extraction of chemically bound metals.
Radionuclide
Chelant
Water and
Conditioning
Agents
Clean
Soil
Heavy
Radionuclide
Particles
Radionuclides
on Resin
Mixed waste treatment process flow diagram
Page 226
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November 1991
Gravity separation will be used to separate
higher density particles from common soil.
Radionuclide contaminants are typically found in
this fraction. Selection of the gravity separation
device — shaker table, jig, cone or spiral — is
based on the distribution of contaminants and
physical properties of the thermally treated soil.
Many of the radionuclide and other heavy metals
are in a form that makes them soluble or
suspended in the aqueous media used for
separation. These contaminants are separated
from the soils and are precipitated. A potassium
ferrate formulation is used to precipitate
radionuclides. The resulting microcrystalline
precipitant is removed, allowing recycling of the
aqueous stream, during the process cycle.
Some of the radionuclides that are not in soluble
form remain with the soil through the gravity
separation process. These radionuclides are
removed from the soil via extraction with a
chelant. The chelant solution then passes
through an ion exchange resin to remove the
radionuclides. The chelant solution is recycled
back to the soil extraction step.
The contaminants are collected as concentrates
from all waste process streams for recovery or
off-site disposal at commercial hazardous waste
or radiological waste facilities. The
decontaminated soil is then returned to the site
as clean fill.
WASTE APPLICABILITY:
This process can be applied to soils
contaminated with both organic and inorganic
contaminants, and radioactive material.
STATUS:
The mixed waste treatment process selected for
the SITE Emerging Technology Program in
October 1991. Pilot-scale testing under the
program is planned for early 1992. Individual
components of the treatment process have been
demonstrated for various wastes from
Department of Energy (DOE), Department of
Defense (DOD), and commercial sites. Thermal
separation of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCB)
has been used to remove and recover PCBs from
soil contaminated with uranium and technetium.
The soils used in this pilot demonstration were
from two separate DOE gaseous diffusion plants.
Gravity separation of radionuclides has been
demonstrated at pilot-scale at Johnston Atoll in
the South Pacific. Gravity separation was
successfully used to remove plutonium from
native coral soils. Water treatment using the
potassium ferrate formulations has been
demonstrated at several DOE facilities in
laboratory and full-scale tests. Cadmium,
copper, lead, nickel, plutonium, silver, uranium,
and zinc have all been removed to dischargeable
levels by using this chemistry. Chelant
extraction has been successfully applied to
surface contamination in the nuclear industry for
more than 20 years. Application of this
chemistry using soil washing equipment is
expected to achieve similar results on subsurface
contamination.
FOR FURTHER INFORMATION:
EPA PROJECT MANAGER:
Douglas Grosse
U.S. EPA
Risk Reduction Engineering Laboratory
26 West Martin Luther King Drive
Cincinnati, OH 45268
513-569-7844
FTS: 684-7844
TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPER CONTACT:
Ed Alperin
Laboratory Director
IT Corporation
304 Directors Drive
Knoxville, TN 37923
615-690-3211
FAX: 615-694-9573
Page 227
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Technology Profile
EMERGING TECHNOLOGY PROGRAM
IT CORPORATION
(Photolytic and Biological Soil Detoxification)
TECHNOLOGY DESCRIPTION:
This technology is a two-stage, in situ photolytic
and biological detoxification process for shallow
soil contamination. The first step in the process
is to degrade the organic contaminants by using
ultraviolet (UV) radiation. Degradation is
enhanced by adding detergent-like chemicals
(surfactants) to mobilize the contaminants.
Photolysis of the original contaminants is
expected to convert them to less-resistant
compounds. Biological degradation, the second
step, is then used to further destroy the organic
contamination and detoxify the soil. The rate of
photolytic degradation is several times faster
with artificial UV light than with natural
sunlight.
When using sunlight for soil with shallow
contamination, the soil is tilled with a power
tiller and sprayed with surfactant (see figure
below). Tilling and spraying are repeated
frequently to expose new surfaces. Water may
also be added to maintain soil moisture. UV
lights with parabolic reflectors are suspended
over the soil to irradiate it. After photolysis is
complete, biodegradation is enhanced by adding
microorganisms and nutrients and by further
tilling of the soil.
When these techniques are applied to soils with
deep contamination, the excavated soil is treated
in a specially constructed shallow treatment
basin, which meets the requirements of the
Resource Conservation and Recovery Act.
Photolytic degradation process using sunlight
Page 228
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November 1991
The only residue from this combination of
technologies is soil contaminated with both the
end metabolites of the biodegradation processes
and the surfactants that are used. The surfactants
are common materials used in agricultural
formulations.
WASTE APPLICABILITY:
This technology destroys organics, particularly
dioxins, polychlorinated biphenyls (PCB), and
other polychlorinated aromatics, as well as
polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH).
STATUS:
Bench-scale tests to optimize the processing
conditions have been completed and the data are
being evaluated to select the optimum conditions
for pilot testing. Two contaminated soils will be
tested — one with PCBs and one with dioxin.
A Toxic Substances Control Act (TSCA) permit
has been received for the PCB pilot-scale test on
soil brought into IT Corporation's
Environmental Technology Development Center
in Oak Ridge, Tennessee. A RCRA Research
Development and Demonstration (RD&D)
permit for the pilot test on soil contaminated
with tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD) is in
process. Pilot tests are scheduled to begin hi
September, 1991.
FOR FURTHER INFORMATION:
EPA PROJECT MANAGER:
Randy Parker
U.S. EPA
Risk Reduction Engineering Laboratory
26 West Martin Luther King Drive
Cincinnati, OH 45268
513-569-7271
FTS: 684-7271
TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPER CONTACT:
Robert Fox
IT Corporation
312 Directors Drive
Knoxville, TN 37923
615-690-3211
FAX: 615-690-3626
Page 229
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Technofoav Profile
EMERGING TECHNOLOGY PROGRAM
MEMBRANE TECHNOLOGY AND RESEARCH, INC.
(VaporSep Membrane Process)
TECHNOLOGY DESCRIPTION:
This technology uses synthetic polymer
membranes to remove organic contaminants
from gaseous waste streams. Organic
contaminants are recovered in liquid form for
recycling or disposal off-site.
Solvent-laden contaminated air at atmospheric
pressure contacts one side of a membrane that is
permeable to the organic material but
impermeable to air (see figure below). A partial
vacuum on the other side of the membrane
draws the organic vapor through the membrane.
The organic vapor is then cooled and condensed.
The small volume of air that permeates the
membrane is recycled through the system.
The treated stream may be vented, recycled for
further use at the site, or passed to an additional
treatment step. For more dilute waste streams,
a two-stage process is required. Organic vapor
is concentrated tenfold in the first stage and an
additional tenfold in the second stage.
The system is transportable and is significantly
smaller than a carbon adsorption system of
similar capacity. The process generates a clean
air stream and a pure liquid product stream that
can be reused or incinerated.
Seventeen VaporSep systems have been built or
are under construction. The capacities of these
systems range from 1 to 100 standard cubic feet
per minute (scfm). Twelve systems are pilot
Solvent
in air
- /Cv
- \z?
Compressor
Solvent-
depleted
air
n
Membrane
unit
Vacuum
pump
Condenser
Liquid
solvent
Schematic of simple one-stage solvent vapor separation and recovery process
Page 230
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November 1991
systems for demonstration purposes. Five are
commercial installations that have been designed
to meet removal specifications for specific
applications.
WASTE APPLICABILITY:
Membrane systems can be applied to most
airstreams containing halogenated and
nonhalogenated contaminants. Typical
applications are (1) the treatment of air stripper
exhaust before discharge to the atmosphere, (2)
reduction of process vent emissions such as
those now regulated by EPA's source
performance standards for the synthetic organic
chemical manufacturing industry, and (3)
recovery of chlorofluorocarbons (CFC) and
hydrochlorofluorocarbons (HCFC).
Effectiveness depends on the class of organic
compound.
STATUS:
This technology was accepted into the SITE
Emerging Technology Program in January 1990.
The process has been tested on both the bench-
and pilot-scale, and has achieved removal
efficiencies of greater than 90 percent for
selected organics.
This technology has been successfully field
demonstrated in numerous industrial processes,
including CFC and halocarbon recovery from
process vents and transfer operations, and vinyl
chloride monomer recovery from a polyvinyl
chloride (PVC) manufacturing plant. The
technology has been tested on air streams
contaminated with a wide range of organics, in
concentrations of 100 to over 100,000 parts per
million.
The final report is in preparation and will be
available in spring 1992.
FOR FURTHER INFORMATION:
EPA PROJECT MANAGER:
Paul dePercin
U.S. EPA
Risk Reduction Engineering Laboratory
26 West Martin Luther King Drive
Cincinnati, OH 45268
513-569-7797
FTS: 684-7797
TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPER CONTACT:
Hans Wijmans and Vicki Simmons
Membrane Technology and Research, Inc.
1360 Willow Road
Menlo Park, CA 94025
415-328-2228
FAX: 415-328-6580
Page 231
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Technology Profile
EMERGING TECHNOLOGY PROGRAM
MONTANA COLLEGE OF MINERAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY
(Air-Sparged Hydrocyclone)
TECHNOLOGY DESCRIPTION:
The air-sparged hydrocyclone (ASH) (see figure
below) consists of two concentric right-vertical
tubes with a conventional cyclone header at the
top and a froth pedestal at the bottom. The
inner tube is a porous tube through which air is
sparged. The outer tube serves as an air jacket
to provide for even distribution of air through
the porous inner tube.
The slurry is fed tangentially through the
conventional cyclone header to develop a swirl
flow of a certain thickness in the radial direction
(the swirl-layer thickness) and is discharged
through an annular opening between the insides
of the porous tube wall and the froth pedestal.
Air is sparged through the jacketed inner porous
tube wall and is sheared into small bubbles that
are radially transported, together with attached
hydrophobic particles, into a froth phase that
forms on the cyclone axis. The froth phase is
stabilized and constrained by the froth pedestal
at the underflow, moves toward the vortex
finder of the cyclone header, and is discharged
as an overflow product. Hydrophilic particles
(water wetted) generally remain in the slurry
phase and are discharged as an underflow
product through the annulus created by the froth
pedestal.
During the past decade, large mechanical
flotation cells (aeration-stirred tank reactors)
have been designed, installed, and operated for
mineral processing. In addition, considerable
effort has been made to develop column flotation
OVERFLOW
-9 VORTEX
RNDER
UNDERFLOW
SLURRY
Air-sparged hydrocyclone
Page 232
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November 1991
technology in the United States and elsewhere,
leading to a number of industrial installations.
Nevertheless, for both mechanical and column
cells, the specific flotation capacity is generally
limited to 1 to 2 tons per day (tpd) per cubic
foot of cell volume.
In contrast with conventional flotation
equipment, this ASH will have a specific
flotation capacity of at least 100 tpd per cubic
foot of cell volume.
Standard flotation techniques used in industrial
mineral processing are effective ways of
concentrating materials. However, metal value
recovery using standard flotation is never
complete. The valuable material escaping the
milling process is frequently concentrated in the
very fine particle fraction. The ASH was
developed under Dr. Jan Miller's research group
at the University of Utah during the early 1980s
to achieve fast flotation of fine particles in a
centrifugal field.
WASTE APPLICABILITY:
This technology may be applied to removing fine
mineral particles that are amenable to the froth
flotation process. These are generally sulfide
minerals, such as galena (lead sulfide), sphalerite
(zinc sulfide) and chalcopyrite
(copper-iron-sulfide). Finely-divided mining
wastes containing these minerals oxidize and
release the metallic elements as dissolved
sulfates into the groundwater. Particularly
applicable are tailings from older operations
conducted before the development of froth
flotation. Earlier operations recovered minerals
through gravity concentration methods, which
did not effectively capture fine particles and left
tailings containing relatively large concentrations
of fine sulfide minerals.
STATUS:
This technology was accepted into the SITE
Emerging Technology Program in June 1990. A
pilot plant has been built and is presently
evaluating the recovery of lead and zinc minerals
from a tailing generated in the 1950s. Results to
date are marginally successful, but the tailing
was generated in a flotation operation and is not
an ideal candidate for this technology. The
investigators are seeking permission from the
potentially responsible party (PRP) of a different
tailing produced by gravity concentration to test
their equipment.
FOR FURTHER INFORMATION:
EPA PROJECT MANAGER:
Eugene Harris
U.S. EPA
Risk Reduction Engineering Laboratory
26 West Martin Luther King Drive
Cincinnati, OH 45268
513-569-7862
FTS: 684-7862
TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPER CONTACT:
Theodore Jordan
Montana College of Mineral Science &
Technology
West Park Street
Butte, MT 57901
406-496-4112
Page 233
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Technology Profile
EMERGING TECHNOLOGY PROGRAM
NEW JERSEY INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY
(GHEA Associates Process)
TECHNOLOGY DESCRIPTION:
In the Ghea Associates process, surfactants and
additives^ which can be applied to soil washing
and wastewater treatment, are used to solubilize
both organic and metal contaminants. In soil
washing, soil extraction is followed by a water
rinse to produce clean soil. The wash and rinse
liquids are combined and treated to separate a
surfactant and contaminant from the water in a
sequence of steps consisting of phase separation,
ultrafiltration, and air flotation. The purified
water meets all of the National Pollutant
Discharge Elimination System (NPDES) ground
water discharge criteria, allowing it to (1) be
discharged without further treatment and (2) to
be reused in the process itself or as a source of
high quality water for other users. The
contaminants are separated from the surfactants
by desorption and isolated as a concentrate. The
desorption step regenerates the surfactants for
repeated use in the process.
In wastewater treatment applications, surfactants
are added to the wastewater to effect adsorption
of contaminants. The mixture is then treated in
the same manner as described above for (1)
water purification, (2) separation of the
contaminants, ,and (3) recovery of the
surfactants. In balance, the process produces
clean soil, clean water, and a highly
concentrated contaminants fraction. No other
residues, effluents, or emissions are produced.
The figure below is a schematic diagram if the
GHEA process
WASTE APPLICABILITY:
This technology can be applied to soil, sludges,
sediments, slurries, groundwater, surface water,
CONTflMINRTED,
SOIL
EXTRRCTION
SURFRCTRNT
LIQUID
RECYCLE
RINSE
lULTRflFILTRRTIONl
UflTER PHHSE
RECYCLE
CLERN
WflTER
RIR FLOTRTION
CLEBN
SOIL
LIQUID
PHflSE
SEPHRRTION
SURFRCTRNT
RECYCLE
DESORPTION
CONTRMINRNT
Process for soil washing
Page 234
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November 1991
end-of-pipe industrial effluents,and in situ soil
flushing. The scope of contaminants is broad,
including both organics and heavy metals,
nonvolatile and volatile compounds, and highly
toxic refractory compounds.
STATUS:
The technology was accepted into the SITE
Emerging Technology Program in January 1990.
Treatability tests were conducted on various
matrices, including soils with high clay contents,
industrial oily sludges, industrial wastewater
effluents, and contaminated groundwater (see
table below). In situ soil flushing tests have
shown a twenty-fold enhancement of the
contaminants removal rates. Tests using a
25-gallon pilot-plant are being conducted. The
final report is in preparation and will be
available in June 1992.
FOR FURTHER INFORMATION:
EPA PROJECT MANAGER:
Annette Gatchett
U.S. EPA
Risk Reduction Engineering Laboratory
26 West Martin Luther King Drive
Cincinnati, OH 45268
513-569-7697
FTS: 684-7697
TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPER CONTACT:
Itzhak Gotlieb
New Jersey Institute of Technology
Department of Chemical Engineering
Newark, NJ 07102
201-596-5862
TABLE 1
SUMMARY OF TREATABILITY TEST RESULTS
MATRIX
Volatile Organic Compounds (VOCs):
Soil, ppm
Water, ppb
Total Petroleum Hydrocarbons (TPH):
Soil, ppm
Polychlorinated Biphenyls (PCB):
Soil, ppm
Trinitrotoluene in Water, ppm
Coal Tar Contaminated Soil (ppm):
Benzo [a] pyrene
Benzo [k] fluoranthene
Chrysene
Benzanthracene
Pyrene
Anthracene
Phenanthrene
Flourene
Dibenzofuran
1-Methylnaphthalene
2-Methylnaphthalene
Heavy Metals In Soil:
Chromium, ppm
Iron (HI) in Water, ppm:
UNTREATED
SAMPLE
20.13
109
13,600
380.00
180.0
28.8
24.1
48.6
37.6
124.2
83.6
207.8
92.7
58.3
88.3
147.3
21,000
30.80
TREATED
SAMPLE
0.05
2.5
80
.57
<.08
<0.1
4.4
<0.1
<0.1
<0.1
<0.1
<0.1
<0.1
<0.1
1.3
<0.1
640
PERCENT
REMOVAL
99.7%
97.8%
99 4%
99 8%
>99 5%
>99.7%
81.2%
>99.8%
>99.7%
>99.9%
>99.8%
>99.9%
>99.9%
>99.8%
98.5%
96 8%
Page 235
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Technology Profile
EMERGING TECHNOLOGY PROGRAM
NUTECH ENVIRONMENTAL
a Division of NUTECH ENERGY SYSTEMS, INC.
(Photocatalytic Oxidation)
TECHNOLOGY DESCRIPTION:
Nulite1" Technology uses illuminated titanium
dioxide to destroy organic pollutants and
detoxify inorganic pollutants in water. The
illumination of titanium dioxide in water
generates excess electrons in the conduction
band (e'cu) and positive "holes" (h+vB) in the
valence band. At the surface, the
photogenerated "holes" react either with
adsorbed water or surface hydroxide groups to
form hydroxide radicals. The hydroxide radicals
are extremely reactive and readily attack organic
molecules, eventually oxidizing them to carbon
dioxide and water (and halide ions when the
organic molecule contains halogen atoms).
Nutech Environmental has recently developed a
strategy that drastically improves the efficiency
of the technology. This strategy is based on
adding efficient (preferably irreversible) electron
acceptors to the system.
Nullta
Photoreactor
These additives should (1) readily accept
electrons from the conduction band, (2) rapidly
dissociate into harmless products, and (3) if
possible, provide additional routes for the
formation of hydroxide radicals or other
powerful oxidizing agents. Additives such as
oxygen, hydrogen peroxide, ozone, and
ammonium persulphate have been found to
significantly improve the efficiency of the
process.
The center of the Nulite™ Technology is a
photoreactor. The photoreactor comprises a
stainless steel jacket, a lamp and a photocatalytic
sleeve (see figure below). The lamp emits
ultraviolet (UV) light in the 300 to 400
nanometer range and is coaxially mounted within
the jacket. Around the lamp is a Fiberglass
mesh sleeve coated with titanium dioxide
(anatase). Contaminated water flows through
the photocatalytic sleeve. Because of its open
pore configuration and large surface area,
Sampling Port
3OO-40O nm UV lamp
with coaxially wrapped
TIO coated tlbroglmaa moah
Qlaaa aaplrator bottle
(reservoir)
Stalnleaa fteel Jacket
Sampling Port -— /
Liquid phase test photoreactor configuration
Page 236
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November 1991
the mesh creates turbulent mixing. The
photoreactors can be linked in series or in
parallel or both. The process can be operated
both in continuous flow and batch operational
modes. The figure shows the multipass
operation. After passing through the
photoreactors, water returns to the reservoir.
There are no known limits to the technology that
would prevent the reactors from being scaled-up
significantly. Furthermore, the titanium dioxide
catalyst has no limits to its lifetime. Low
concentrations of chemical intermediates may be
formed; however, since the intermediates are
produced as a result of the hydroxide attack on
the organic compounds, their concentrations can
be reduced to whatever level is desired by
simply ensuring that contact or residence time is
long enough to achieve target discharge criteria.
WASTE APPLICABILITY:
The Nulite™ Technology was initially designed
to destroy organic pollutants and to detoxify
inorganic pollutants in water. Recent
developments, however, have clearly shown that
this technology can also be applied to the
destruction of organic pollutants in air streams.
Organic pollutants such as polychlorinated
biphenyls (PCBs), polychlorinated
dibenzodioxins (PCDDs), polychlorinated
dibenzofurans (PCDFs), chlorinated alkenes,
chlorinated phenols, chlorinated benzenes,
alcohols, ketones, aldehydes, and amines can be
destroyed by this technology. Inorganic
pollutants such as, but not limited to, cyanide,
sulphite, and nitrite ions can be oxidized to
cyanate ion (OCN~), sulphate ion (SO42~) and
nitrate ions (NO3~) respectively.
The technology can be applied to a wide range
of concentrations of organic pollutants in
industrial wastewater. It can be applied to the
ultrapure water industry and the drinking water
industry. Groundwater remediation is another
field to which this technology can be applied.
STATUS:
This technology was accepted into the SITE
Emerging Technology Program in May 1991.
The efficiency of the process has significantly
improved by adding irreversible electron
acceptors to the system. With this
improvement, the technology is not only capable
of treating low concentrations, but high
concentrations of organics can also be
remediated. Further efficiency improvement, as
well as the engineering and testing of a pilot
reactor system for water treatment, are the
company's current focus.
FOR FURTHER INFORMATION:
EPA PROJECT MANAGER:
John Ireland
U.S. EPA
Risk Reduction Engineering Laboratory
26 West Martin Luther King Drive
Cincinnati, OH 45268
513-569-7413
FTS: 684-7413
TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPER CONTACT:
Brian Butters
Nutech Environmental, A Division of Nutech
Energy Systems Inc.
511 McCormick Boulevard
London, Ontario Canada NSW 4C8
519-457-2963
FAX: 519-457-1676
Page 237
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Technology Profile
EMERGING TECHNOLOGY PROGRAM
PSI TECHNOLOGY COMPANY
(Metals Immobilization and Decontamination of Aggregate Solids)
TECHNOLOGY DESCRIPTION:
PSI Technology Company's metals
immobilization and decontamination of aggregate
solids (MeUDAS) process (see figure below) is a
modified incineration process for the destruction
of organics and treatment of metals hi
contaminated soils. In this process, the
contaminated soil is treated hi a typical
incinerator, in conjunction with sorbents. The
high temperatures present during the processing
destroys the organics, while simultaneously
encapsulating the metals in the soil into a form
that is nonleachable (as determined by toxicity
characteristic leaching procedure analysis).
With a one-to-one soil to sorbent ratio, the
metals present in the soil can be effectively
treated.
Standard air pollution control devices are used to
clean the effluent gas stream. Hydrogen
chloride and sulfur dioxide, formed from the
oxidation of chlorinated organics and sulfur
compounds present hi the waste, are cleaned by
alkaline scrubbers. Fly ash is captured by a
paniculate removal device, such as an
electrostatic precipitator or baghouse. The only
solid residues exiting the process are treated
solids, which are decontaminated with respect to
organics and also will not leach toxic metal
species.
1) PARTICULATE REMOVAL
2) ACID-GAS SCRUBBER
BURNER
AIR POLLUTION
CONTROL EQUIPMENT
CONTAMINATED
SOIL
SORBENTS I
SOIL/FLYASH
PROCESSOR
ATED
SOIL/FLYASH
DISCHARGE
MEIDAS process
Page 238
-------
November 1991
WASTE APPLICABILITY:
The MelDAS process treats organics and heavy
metals including arsenic, cadmium, chromium,
lead, nickel, and zinc in soils, sediments and
sludges.
STATUS:
This technology was accepted into the SITE
Emerging Technology Program in July 1991.
The developer is currently preparing a quality
assurance plan. Initial testing, conducted under
an EPA Small Business Innovative Research
program, has shown the feasibility of treating
wastes containing arsenic, cadmium, lead, and
zinc. A complete feasibility testing schedule is
planned for the first year of the program.
Pilot-scale evaluation will be completed in July
1993.
FOR FURTHER INFORMATION:
EPA PROJECT MANAGER:
Mark Meckes
U.S. EPA
Risk Reduction Engineering Laboratory
26 Weat Martin Luther King Drive
Cincinnati, OH 45268
513-569-7348
FTS: 569-7348
TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPER CONTACT:
Srivats Srinivasachar
PSI Technology Company
20 New England Business Center
Andover, MA 01810
508-689-0003
FAX: 508-689-3232
Page 239
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Technology Profile
EMERGING TECHNOLOGY PROGRAM
PULSE SCIENCES, INC.
(X-Ray Treatment)
TECHNOLOGY DESCRIPTION:
X-ray treatment of organically contaminated soil
and water products is based on the in-depth
deposition of ionizing radiation. The collision of
energetic photons with matter generates a
shower of energetic secondary electrons within
the contaminated waste material. The electrons
break up the complex molecules and form
radicals that react with contaminant materials to
form compounds such as water, carbon dioxide,
and oxygen. Direct electron beam processing
has been established as highly effective for the
destruction of organic compounds in aqueous
solutions, with residual organic contaminant
levels in the jig/liter range. However, the
electrons do not penetrate deeply and, thus,
material handling can be a problem. X-ray
treatment does not have this problem.
The physical mechanism by which volatile
organic compounds (VOC) and semivolatile
organic compound (SVOC) contaminants are
removed is primarily dependent on the substrate.
For example, in oxygenated water the primary
reactant is the hydroxyl (OH) radical. This
kinetic mechanism is also expected to play an
important role in nonaqueous matrices, because
of the presence of moisture in contaminated soil,
sludge, and sediments. It is expected that the
complete mineralization of contaminants at
sufficiently high dose levels can be achieved
with the elimination of undesirable air emissions
and waste residuals.
A linear induction accelerator (LIA) is used, as
shown on the figure below, to generate the
x-rays used in the treatment process. The LIA
can accelerate electron beams to energies of 1 to
5 million electron volts (MeV). (A prototype
1.2 MeV, 0.7 kilo-ampere (kA) accelerator will
be used for the proposed tests.) A pulse of
electrons, 55 nanoseconds in duration, is
directed onto a converter to generate x-rays.
The x-rays penetrate the waste material. The
penetration depth of the x-rays is tens of
centimeters long. Large volumes can, therefore,
be easily treated, and standard container walls
will not absorb a significant fraction of the
ionizing radiation. Either flowing waste or
waste contained in disposal barrels can be
treated. No ^additives are required for the
process; therefore, sealed containers can also be
accommodated. The cost of x-ray processing
is estimated to be competitive with alternative
processes. Moreover, electron accelerators offer
Waste
Treatmen
Area
Pump or
Conveyor Waste
Storage
LJA
1-5 MeV
Electron
Beam
X-Ray
Converter
(Ta)
X Rays
-•-Disposal
Proposed schematic diagram for the X-Ray Treatment Process
Page 240
-------
November 1991
a high level of safety; the x-ray output of the
LIA is easily turned off by disconnecting the
electrical power.
WASTE APPLICABILITY:
X-ray processing is uniquely capable of treating
a large number of contaminants without
expensive extraction or preparation of the waste.
Organic wastes that may be treated include (1)
benzene, (2) trichloroethane, (3)
trichloroethylene, and (4) polychlorinated
biphenyls (PCB). The large penetration depth of
the x-rays combined with the high flux of the
x-rays generated by the LIA, allows either
disposable containers or flow systems to be
treated.
STATUS:
This technology was accepted into the the SITE
Emerging Technology Program in May 1991.
Initial testing of the x-ray treatment process is
scheduled for late 1991. Small scale samples
will be exposed to x-ray dose levels of 100
kilorads to 5 megarads. Over 14 VOC and
SVOC contaminants will be evaluated in soil and
water mixtures. The treated samples will be
analyzed at EPA-approved laboratories by using
standard chemical analysis techniques (such as
gas chromatography).
From these tests a database will be generated to
provide the basis for construction of a
processing pilot plant. The cost to build a
5-MeV facility will be based on the x-ray dose
required to chemically decompose the various
organic compounds. Operational costs, as well
as the throughput capability of the plant, will
also be estimated. Conceptual x-ray treatment
plant designs based on this analysis will be
submitted to EPA for review.
FOR FURTHER INFORMATION:
EPA PROJECT MANAGER:
Esperanza Piano Renard
U.S. EPA
Risk Reduction Engineering Laboratory
2890 Woodbridge Avenue
Edison, NJ 08837
908-321-4355
FTS: 342-4355
TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPER CONTACTS:
John Bayless
Pulse Sciences, Inc.
5330 Derry Avenue, Suite J
Agoura Hills, CA 94577
818-707-0095
Randy Curry
Pulse Sciences, Inc.
600 McCormick Street
San Leandro, CA 94577
415-632-5100
Page 241
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Technology Profile
EMERGING TECHNOLOGY PROGRAM
PURUS, INC.
(Photolytic Oxidation Process)
TECHNOLOGY DESCRIPTION:
This process is based on photolytic oxidation for
the destruction of volatile organic compounds
(VOC) in soil and ground-water. The treatment
system design embodies the use of a xenon
pulsed-plasma flashlamp that emits short
wavelength ultraviolet (UV) light at very high
intensities. The process strips the contaminants
into the vapor phase, where the UV treatment
converts the VOCs into less hazardous
compounds.
Direct photolysis does not involve the formation
of the hydroxyl radical. Direct photolysis
occurs when sufficient UV light energy is
absorbed by the organic contaminant,
transforming electrons to higher energy states
and causing molecular bonds to break (see figure
below). The process depends entirely on the
ability of the UV light source to emit
wavelengths in the regions absorbed by the
contaminant. An innovative feature of the
Purus, Inc. technology is the ability to shift the
UV spectral output to better optimize the
photolysis.
The process uses vacuum extraction or air
stripping to volatilize organic compounds from
soils or ground water, respectively. VOCs enter
the photolysis reactor, where UV light is
generated by a xenon flashlamp. The plasma is
produced by pulse discharge of electrical energy
across two electrodes contained in the lamp.
Required exposure time for 99 percent
destruction is on the order of seconds, allowing
for continuous operation or air flow process.
An advantage is mat less energy is required to
destroy the contaminant, than would be required
for the water phase treatment.
WASTE APPLICABILITY:
The Purus photolytic oxidation process is
designed for the destruction of VOCs, including
dichloroethylene (DCE), tetrachloroethylene
CI
cr
.ci
H
uv
TCE
C02
HCI
Purus advanced UV photolysis
Page 242
-------
November 1991
(PCE), trichloroethylene (TCE), and vinyl
chloride volatilized from soil or groundwater.
Other VOCs, such as benzene, carbon
tetrachloride, and 1,1,1-trichloroethane, are
being investigated.
STATUS:
This technology was accepted into the SITE
Emerging Technology Program in March 1991.
Field testing of a full-scale prototype is
scheduled to begin in October 1991. The test
will be conducted at the Lawrence Livermore
National Laboratory, a Superfund site under the
auspices of EPA Region 9, located in
Livermore, California. The site contains soil
zones highly contaminated with TCE. A
vacuum extraction system (VES) has been
installed and will deliver contaminated air to the
Purus, Inc. unit at air flows of up to 500 cubic
feet per minute (CFM). The initial
concentrations of TCE in the air will be
approximately 250 parts per million by volume.
The contaminant removal goal for the treatment
has been set at 99 percent. Vapor phase carbon
filters will be placed downstream of the Purus
unit to satisfy California Air Quality emission
control during the field test.
Initial laboratory testing of the system in batch
mode has demonstrated the destruction of TCE.
Exposure times of 3 seconds were required to
achieve 99 percent destruction. Construction of
a full-scale continuous flow prototype was based
on these results. Treatment costs will be
measured during the field test and will be
compared against two alternative treatment
technologies — vapor phase carbon and catalytic
oxidation. Photolysis products will also be
measured to verify that no hazardous
by-products are generated in the process.
FOR FURTHER INFORMATION:
EPA PROJECT MANAGER:
Norma Lewis
U.SEPA
Risk Reduction Engineering Laboratory
26 West Martin Luther King Drive
Cincinnati, OH 45268
513-569-7665
FTS: 684-7655
TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPER CONTACT:
Paul Blystone
Purus, Inc.
2150 Paragon Drive
San Jose, CA 95131
408-453-7804
FAX: 408-453-7988
Page 243
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Technology Profile
EMERGING TECHNOLOGY PROGRAM
J.R. SIMPLOT COMPANY
(Anaerobic Biological Process)
TECHNOLOGY DESCRIPTION:
This technology involves the bioremediation of
soils and sludges contaminated with
nitroaromatics. Nitroaromatics, particularly
nitrotoluenes used as explosives, have become
serious environmental contaminants at military
locations nationwide. Pesticides are also
examples of nitroaromatic environmental
contaminants.
Considerable work during the 1970s indicated
that complete biodegradation of
2,4,6-trinitrotoluene (TNT) and similar highly
nitrated compounds did not occur. Biological
reductions (R-NO2-> R-NO -* R-NHOH ->
R-NHj,) and polymerization reactions appeared
to occur, but actual degradations of aromatic
nuclei were not generally observed.
Recently, it was discovered that anaerobic
microbial mixtures can completely destroy many
recalcitrant chemicals, such as chloroform,
benzene, and chlorophenols, that had been
considered essentially nonbiodegradable under
such conditions. Extensive work with such
microbes indicates that these systems are capable
of complete mineralization of nitroaromatic
pollutants.
Anaerobic microbial mixtures have been
developed for both the pesticide dinoseb
(2-sec-butyl-4,6-dinitrophenol) and TNT.
These mixtures completely degrade their target
molecules to simple nonaromatic products over
a period of a few days. Transient formation of
reduced intermediates (such as
aminonitrotoluenes) and hydroxylated
intermediates (such as methylphlorglucinol and
Buffered
wate
Inject carbon source and
anaerobic consortium, if necessary
Oxygen sink layer
V
Amended sol
Storage tank
orfnedpft
Schematic view of pilot-treatment
Page 244
-------
November 1991
p-cresol) is observed. The consortia of
microbes function at Eh's of -200 mV or more
negative.
Pilot-scale treatment units (see figure) involve
simple plastic or Fiberglass vessels that contain
static soil slurries (50:50 w/v, soihwater). They
are scaled in steps up to approximately 50 cubic
meters of soil. The biodegradation process
involves adding starch to flooded soils and
sludges. Anaerobic, starch-degrading bacteria
may also be introduced. After anaerobic
conditions are established (at Eh equal to
-200 mV), a nitroaromatic-degrading anaerobic
microbial consortium will be injected to initiate
nitroaromatic-pollutant destruction. In some
soils, inoculations are not necessary, because
native consortia develop quickly.
WASTE APPLICABILITY:
This technology is designed to treat soils
contaminated with nitroaromatic pollutants.
Anaerobic microbial mixtures have been
developed for the pesticide dinoseb and for
TNT. These pollutants can be reduced to less
than 1 part per million in most soils.
STATUS:
This technology was accepted into the SITE
Emerging Technology Program in January 1990.
Bench-scale processes have been developed for
both dinoseb and TNT under the SITE Emerging
Technology Program.
Dinoseb-contaminated soils from a site in Idaho
are being treated at the pilot-scale, with the
largest reactors holding 4 cubic meters (m3) of
soil. With three replicates per treatment, up to
12 m3 of soil are treatable at one time. The
efficacy of the procedure has been confirmed at
a small scale (50 kilograms) by using
dinoseb-contaminated soil from a spill site 'm
Washington state.
FOR FURTHER INFORMATION:
EPA PROJECT MANAGER:
Wendy Davis-Hoover
U.S. EPA
Risk Reduction Engineering Laboratory
26 West Martin Luther King Drive
Cincinnati, OH 45268
513-569-7206
FTS: 684-7206
TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPER CONTACT:
Douglas Sell
J.R. Simplot Company
P.O. Box 15057
Boise, ID 83715
208-389-7265
FAX: 208-345-1032
Page 245
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Technology Profile
EMERGING TECHNOLOGY PROGRAM
TRINITY ENVIRONMENTAL TECHNOLOGIES, INC.
(Ultrasonically Assisted Detoxification of Hazardous Materials)
TECHNOLOGY DESCRIPTION:
Trinity Environmental Technologies, Inc., has
been chemically destroying polychlorinated
biphenyls (PCB) in mineral oils under a Region
7 EPA permit since 1986. Trinity is now
developing an ultrasonically assisted PCB
destruction chemical process for
PCB-contaminated soils. The technology uses
an aprotic solvent and other reagents in the
presence of ultrasonic irradiation to dehalogenate
the PCBs to inert biphenyl and chloride. Gas
chromatograph/mass spectrograph (GCMS)
analysis of processed PCB materials shows that
the process has no toxic or hazardous
by-products. The commercial process is
expected to be less costly than incineration but
more costly than land disposal. There are no
stack emissions associated with this process.
*
The process (see figure below) begins by sizing
the solid material to allow better contact between
the solvents and the PCBs. The PCBs are
extracted from the contaminated material in a
multiple-stage counter-current extraction
process. The extraction solvent of choice is not
aqueous. Therefore, the process avoids
separation problems typically associated with
water and clay soils. The solvent can be
completely removed from the soil by using
various unit operations, but solvent residue
should not pose an environmental problem. The
solvent has a high boiling point and is
recyclable.
After the solvent is separated from the treated
solids, it is pumped to an ultrasonic flow
reactor. Reagent is added to the PCB-laden
solvent prior to ultrasonic irradiation. During
ultrasonic treatment, the PCBs are
dehalogenated, and chlorine is completely
stripped from the biphenyl structure. After
treatment, the reaction products can be removed
from the solvent, and the solvent is recycled to
the extractor.
MULTI-STAGE EXTRACTION PROCESS
PCB
son.
Process flow diagram
Page 246
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November 1991
WASTE APPLICABILITY:
To date, only PCB aroclors and specific PCB
cogeners have been treated using this process.
However, other chlorinated hydrocarbons such
as pesticides, herbicides, pentachlorophenol
(PCP), polychlorinated dibenzodioxins (PCDD)
andpolychlorinateddibenzofurans (PCDF) could
also be treated by this technology. The process
will be capable of treating many different solids
and sludge-type materials, provided that they are
compatible with the solvent.
STATUS:
This technology was accepted into the SITE
Emerging Technology Program in July 1990.
The current system was developed by
researchers in early 1991 after the original
aqueous caustic-based system proved ineffective
in destroying PCBs.
In bench-scale studies, synthetically
contaminated samples containing from 25 to 100
parts per million (ppm) PCB were treated by this
technology. Initial results show that more than
80 percent destruction efficiency. Further
laboratory experimentation is being conducted to
isolate the mechanism of the reaction and
enhance the destruction of PCBs. Through
additional experimentation, the developer
expects to reduce the ultrasonic irradiation time
to less than 30 seconds.
A modular pilot-scale processor is being planned
that will consist of a multistage extraction
process for removing PCBs from the soil and a
continuous ultrasonic reactor to destroy the
PCBs. Initially the pilot process would be
capable of processing one ton per hour.
Additional modules could be added to increase
the capacity of the process as needed.
Contaminated soils would be used for these tests
instead of the synthetically contaminated soils
used in bench-scale testing. The modular plant
is scheduled for construction in mid-1992 and to
be completed by late-1992.
FOR FURTHER INFORMATION:
EPA PROJECT MANAGER:
Kim Lisa Kreiton
U.S. EPA
Risk Reduction Engineering Laboratory
26 West Martin Luther King Drive
Cincinnati, OH 45268
513-569-7328
FTS: 684-7328
TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPER CONTACT:
Duane Koszalka
Trinity Environmental Technologies, Inc.
62 East First Street
Mound Valley, KS 67354
316-328-3222
Page 247
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Technology Profile
EMERGING TECHNOLOGY PROGRAM
UNIVERSITY OF SOUTH CAROLINA
(In Situ Mitigation of Acid Water)
TECHNOLOGY DESCRIPTION:
This technology addresses the acid drainage
problem associated with exposed sulfide-bearing
minerals (such as mine waste rock and
abandoned metallic mines) and is an innovative
technique for the in situ mitigation of acid
water. Acid drainage forms under natural
conditions when iron disulfides (such as fool's
gold) are exposed to the atmosphere and water,
and spontaneously oxidize to produce a complex
of highly soluble iron sulfates. These salts
readily hydrolyze to produce an acid-, iron-,
and sulfate-enriched drainage that adversely
affects the environment.
The hi situ mitigation strategy works by
modifying the hydrology and geochemistry of
the site. This is accomplished through land
surface reconstruction and selective placement of
limestone.
The technique can be applied to any site located
hi a humid area where limestone is available as
a neutralizing medium. Limestone is used as the
alkaline source material because it has long-term
availability, is generally inexpensive, and is safe
to handle. For the chemical balances to be
effective, the site must be located in an area of
rainfall sufficient to produce seeps or drainages
that continually contact the limestone. Rainfall,
therefore, helps to remediate the site, rather than
increasing the acid drainage.
The overall conceptual model is presented in the
figure below and is applicable primarily to mine
construction. Surface depressions are
constructed to collect surface runoff and funnel
the water into the waste rock dump through
chimneys constructed of alkaline material.
Acidic material is capped with impermeable
material to divert water from the acid cores.
Through this design, some acid production can
5L' _ *^"|^gj flJJTJTTl
MANIPULATION of ACID and ALKALINE STRATA
and HYDROLOGY
Conceptual model for the abatement of acid drainages.
Page 248
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November 1991
be tolerated, but the net acid load will be lower
than the alkaline load, resulting in benign,
nonacid drainage.
WASTE APPLICABILITY:
The technology is designed to neutralize acid
drainage from abandoned waste dumps and
mines.
STATUS:
This technology was accepted into the SITE
Emerging Technology Program in March 1990.
Six large-scale lysimeters (12 feet wide, 8 feet
high, and 16 feet deep) have been constructed
and lined with 20-mil polyvinyl chloride (PVC)
plastic. The lysimeters can be drained through
an outlet pipe into 55-gallon collection barrels.
Within the floor of the lysimeters, piezometers
have been installed to monitor the hydrology and
chemistry of the completed lysimeter.
During June 1991, 50 tons of acid-producing
mine waste rock were packed into each
lysimeter. The chemistry of the effluent
draining from each lysimeter is currently being
monitored. Leachate will be monitored for
about 6 months to establish a baseline of quality,
at which time selected lysimeters will be
topically treated by maintaining two lysimeters
as controls. By comparison, the efficacy of the
acid abatement strategy will be evaluated. In
addition, a rain gauge has been installed at the
site for mass balance measurements, and an
ancillary study has been implemented to
correlate laboratory and field results.
FOR FURTHER INFORMATION:
EPA PROJECT MANAGER:
Roger Wilmoth
U.S. EPA
Risk Reduction Engineering Laboratory
26 West Martin Luther King Drive
Cincinnati, OH 45268
513-569-7509
FTS: 684-7509
TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPER CONTACT:
Frank Caruccio
Department of Geological Sciences
University of South Carolina
Columbia, SC 29208
803-777-4512
FAX: 803-777-6610
Page 249
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Technology Profile
EMERGING TECHNOLOGY PROGRAM
UNIVERSITY OF WASHINGTON
(Adsorptive Filtration)
TECHNOLOGY DESCRIPTION:
This technology uses adsorptive filtration to
remove inorganic contaminants (metals) from the
liquid phase. An adsorbent ferrihydrite is
applied to the surface of an inert substrate, such
as sand, which is then placed in a vertical
column (see figure below). A metal-containing
solution is adjusted to a pH of 9 to 10 and
passed through the column, where the
iron-coated sand grains act simultaneously as a
filter and adsorbent. When filtration capacity is
reached (indicated by paniculate breakthrough or
attainment of maximum allowable headloss), the
column is backwashed. When the adsorptive
capacity of the column is reached, (indicated by
breakthrough of soluble metals), the metals are
removed and concentrated for subsequent
recovery by using a pH-induced desorption
process.
The sand can be coated by a few different
procedures. All involve an iron nitrate or iron
chloride salt as the source of the iron, sand, heat
and in some cases base (sodium hydroxide).
The resulting ferrihydrite-coated sand is
insoluble at pH above about 1, so acidic
solutions can be used in the regeneration step to
ensure complete metal recovery. There has been
no apparent loss of treatment efficiency after
tens of regeneration cycles. Anionic metals
(such as arsenate, chromate, and selenite) can be
removed from solution by treatment at pH near
4 and regeneration at high pH.
The substantial advantages of this technology
over conventional treatment technologies for
metals are that it (1) acts as a filter to remove
both dissolved and suspended contaminant from
the waste stream, (2) removes a variety of
complex metals, (3) works in the presence of
Influent
To Metal Recovery
Effluent to Discharge
or Recycle
• Vahe
(j) Pump
Schematic of proposed treatment system
Page 250
-------
November 1991
high concentrations of background ions, and (4)
removes anions.
WASTE APPLICABILITY:
This process removes inorganic contaminants,
mainly metals, from aqueous waste streams. It
can be applied to aqueous waste streams with a
wide range of contaminant concentrations and
pH values.
STATUS:
This technology was accepted into the SITE
Emerging Technology Program in January 1988.
Synthetic solutions containing 0.5 parts per
million (ppm) of cadmium, copper, or lead have
been treated in packed columns with retention
times of 2 minutes. After approximately 5,000
bed volumes were treated, effluent
concentrations were about 0.025 ppm for each
metal, indicating a 95 percent removal
efficiency. The tests were stopped at this point,
although the metals were still being removed; in
other experiments, the capacity of the media to
adsorb copper was about 7,000 milligrams per
liter (mg/L) of packed bed.
When the columns were regenerated, the first
batch of regenerant solutions contained about
500 ppm of metal each in the case of cadmium
or lead, representing a concentration factor of
about 1,000 to 1. The copper data have not
been analyzed yet. At a flow rate yielding a
2-minute retention time, it would have taken
10,000 minutes, or about 7 days of continuous
flow operation, to treat the 5,000 bed volumes.
Regeneration took about 2 hours.
The system has also been tested for treatment of
rinse waters from a copper-etching process at a
printed circuitboard shop. The coated sand was
effective in removing mixtures of soluble,
complexed copper and paniculate copper, as
well as zinc and lead, from these waters. When
two columns were used in series, the treatment
system was able to handle fluctuations in influent
copper concentration from less than 10 mg/L up
to several hundred mg/L.
Groundwater is being treated from Western
Processing site a Superfund site near Seattle,
Washington.
The project will be completed by December
1991 and data from the groundwater will be
included in the final report.
FOR FURTHER INFORMATION:
EPA PROJECT MANAGER:
Norma Lewis
U.S. EPA
Risk Reduction Engineering Laboratory
26 West Martin Luther King Drive
Cincinnati, OH 45268
513-569-7665
FTS: 684-7665
TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPER CONTACT:
Mark Benjamin
University of Washington
Department of Civil Engineering
Seattle, WA 98195
206-543-7645
Page 251
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Technology Profile
EMERGING TECHNOLOGY PROGRAM
VORTEC CORPORATION
(Oxidation and Vitrification Process)
TECHNOLOGY DESCRIPTION:
Vortec has created an oxidation and vitrification
process for remediation of soils, sludges, and
sediments that have organic, inorganic, and
heavy metal contamination. The system has the
ability to oxidize and vitrify materials introduced
as slurries, thus providing the capability of
mixing waste oils, along with the hazardous
soils.
The figure below is a block diagram of the
Vortec oxidation and vitrification process. The
basic elements of this system include (1) a
combustion and melting system (CMS); (2) an
upstream material handling, processing, storage,
and feed subsystem; (3) a vitrified product
separation and reservoir assembly; (4) a waste
heat recovery air preheater (recuperator); (5) a
gas cleanup subsystem; and (6) a vitrified
product handling system.
The Vortec CMS, which is the primary thermal
processing system, consists of three major
assemblies: a precombustor, an in-flight
suspension preheater, and a cyclone melter
chamber. Contaminated soil (waste in slurry or
dry form) is introduced into the precombustor as
the first step in j the process, where heating and
oxidation of th6 waste materials are initiated.
The precombustor is a vertical vortex combustor
designed to provide sufficient residence time to
vaporize water and to initiate oxidation of
organics in the waste materials before melting of
the material. The suspension preheater is a
counter rotating vortex (CRV) combustor
designed to provide suspension preheating of the
materials, as well as secondary combustion of
volatiles emitting from the precombustor and
combustion of auxiliary fuel introduced directly
into the CRV combustor. The average
temperature of materials leaving the CRV
FUEL
WASTE
MATERIAL
PHE-COMBUSTOR
COMBUSTION AIR
RECUPERATOR
CRV COMBUSTOR
STOR\ /
Rl OHEV J-\
CYCLONE
MELTER
w
ELECTROSTATIC
PRECIPITATOR
STACK
SEPARATOR-
RESERVOIR
Diagram of the Vortec oxidation and vitrification process.
Page 252
-------
November 1991
combustion chamber is typically between 2,200
and 2,700 degrees Fahrenheit.
The preheated solid materials exiting the CRV
combustor enter the cyclone melter, where they
are separated to the chamber walls to form a
molten glass layer. The vitrified glass product
and the exhaust gases exit the cyclone melter
through a tangential exit channel and enter a
glass and gas separation chamber assembly. The
exhaust gases then enter an air preheater for
waste heat recovery and are subsequently
delivered to an air pollution control subsystem
for paniculate and acid gas cleanup. The molten
glass product exits the glass and gas separation
chamber through a slag tap and is delivered to a
water quench assembly for subsequent disposal.
Some of the unique features of the Vortec
oxidation and vitrification process include the
following:
• processes solid waste with both organic
and heavy metal contaminants
• uses various fuels, especially economical
fuels and, possibly, waste fuels
• can handle waste quantities ranging from 5
tons/day to greater than 300 tons/day
• can recycle toxic materials collected in the
air pollution control system
• produces a product that immobilizes heavy
metals and has long-term stability
• produces a vitrified product that is
nontoxic according to EPA's toxicity
characteristic leaching procedure (TCLP)
standards.
WASTE APPLICABILITY:
The Vortec oxidation and vitrification system
treats soils, sediments, sludges, and mill tailings
containing organic, metallic, and radioactive
components. Organic materials included with
the waste are successfully oxidized at the high
temperatures achieved in the combustor. The
chemical composition of the organic constituents
of the waste material will determine the amount
and type of glass-forming additives required to
produce a vitrified product. The glass cullet
produced by the process can be made to
consistently pass TCLP requirements.
STATUS:
The Vortec technology was accepted into the
SITE Emerging Technology Program in May
1991. The technology has been under
development by the Department of Energy and
others since 1985. A 20 tons/day pilot scale test
facility has been processing nonhazardous
industrial waste material for 2 years on an
experimental and developmental basis. The
vitrified product generated in these tests have
passed TCLP. Preliminary system designs of up
to 300 tons/day have been developed. The
developer is currently developing the work plan
and Quality Assurance Project Plan (QAPjP).
FOR FURTHER INFORMATION:
EPA PROJECT MANAGER:
Teri Shearer
U.S. EPA
Risk Reduction Engineering Laboratory
26 West Martin Luther King Drive
Cincinnati, OH 45268
FTS: 684-7949
513-569-7949
TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPER CONTACT:
James Hnat
Vortec Corporation
3770 Ridge Pike
Collegeville, PA 19426
215-489-2255
FAX: 215-489-3185
Page 253
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Technology Profile
EMERGING TECHNOLOGY PROGRAM
WARREN SPRING LABORATORY
(Physical and Chemical Treatment)
TECHNOLOGY DESCRIPTION:
Warren Spring Laboratory will investigate the
application of feed preparation and mineral
processing techniques for treatment of soil
contaminated with metals, petroleum
hydrocarbons, and polycyclic aromatic
hydrocarbons.
Feed preparation processes to be evaluated
include scrubbing, classifying, and cycloning.
Mineral processing techniques including
flotation, flocculation, high- and low-intensity
magnetic separation, and gravity techniques will
also be investigated. The processes will be
taken to pilot-scale, culminating in an integrated
system for the treatment of contaminated soil.
A typical flowsheet for the physical treatment of
contaminated soil is shown in the figure. Feed
samples will be subjected to scrubbing and
attritioning procedures, by simple tumble
scrubbers and attritioning scrubbers, with
associated size fractionation and chemical
analysis to evaluate the deployment of metals
and organics. After feed preparation, samples
will be subjected to magnetic separation by using
high gradient and high intensity matrices for
metals separation.
Flotation procedures for organics will use a
range of frother types (alcohols, polyglycols,
and cresols) to be evaluated over a range of pH
values ranging from 5 to 10 to maximize
organics recovery and increase selectivity with
respect to solids. Metals flotation will be based
on the comparison of different sulfydric
collectors including xanthates, thiophosphates,
thiocarbamates, and xanthogen formates. The
separation of organic and metal phases will be
examined by using selective flocculation
techniques. Tailing samples will be subjected to
Coarse 10mm
Screening
2mm Trommel
Screen
I Scubber
Flocculatlon
Sedimentation
Dlaolsal or
Treatment
Conditioner Flotation Cells
Spiral
^Concentrator
Decontaminated Soil
Sedimentation and Reuse
Typical flowsheet for the physical treatment of contaminated soils
Page 254
-------
November 1991
heavy liquid centrifuge techniques to assess the
presence of liberated metal phases and the
potential of subsequent gravity separation.
Expected capacities for an operating plant using
these procedures would be from 20 to 60 tons
per hour.
WASTE APPLICABILITY:
The pilot-scale treatment system will treat
contaminated soil for removal of metals,
petroleum hydrocarbons, and polycyclic
aromatic hydrocarbons.
The industrial origins of these wastes will
include gas works, petrochemical plants,
pickling plants, industrial chemical plants, coke
factories, scrapyards, ship repair yards, and
smelters.
STATUS:
The initial testing scheduled for late 1991 will
focus on identifying and collecting suitable feed
materials for the main research program.
Characterization tests will then be conducted to
establish the amenability of the soils to the
methods under investigation so that a selection
can be made of the soil to be studied at
pilot-plant scale.
FOR FURTHER INFORMATION:
EPA PROJECT MANAGER:
Mary Stinson
U.S. EPA
Risk Reduction Engineering Laboratory
MS-104, Bldg. 10
2890 Woodbridge Avenue
Edison, NJ 08837
908-321-6683
FTS: 340-6683
TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPER CONTACT:
D. Neil Collins
Warren Spring Laboratory
Gunnels Wood Road
Stevenage Hertsfordshire
Herts, England SGI 2BX
01-44-438-741122 Ext. 752
FAX: 01-44-438-360858
Page 255
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Technology Profile
EMERGING TECHNOLOGY PROGRAM
WASTEWATER TECHNOLOGY CENTRE
(Cross-Flow Pervaporation System)
TECHNOLOGY DESCRIPTION:
Pervaporation is a process for removing volatile
organic compounds (VOC) from contaminated
water. The performance of the cross-flow
pervaporation system increases with temperature,
with an equipment limitation of 35 degrees
Celsius. Permeable membranes that
preferentially adsorb VOCs are used to partition
VOCs from the contaminated water. The VOCs
diffuse from the membrane and water interface
through the membrane and are drawn off by a
vacuum pump. Upstream of the vacuum pump,
a condenser traps and contains the permeating
vapors, condensing all the vapor, therefore,
allowing no discharge to the atmosphere (see
figure below). The condensed organic vapors
represent only a fraction of the initial wastewater
volume and may be sent for disposal at
significant cost savings. Industrial waste streams
may also be treated with this process, and
solvents may be recovered for reuse.
A modular three liters per minute separation unit
in which wastewater flows across the outside of
a hollow fiber membrane has been tested at the
Wastewater Technology Centre. The system's
treatment capacity is limited to three liters per
minute. In this configuration, the vacuum pump
is applied to theiinside of the fiber. This design
provides very high packing densities and low
pressure losses on both the feed and permeate
sides.
WASTE APPLICABILITY:
Pervaporation can be applied to aqueous waste
streams (groundwater, lagoons, leachate, and
rinse water) contaminated with VOCs, such as
solvents, degreasers, and gasoline. The
Module(s)
Contaminated
Water
L
Treated
Water
Condenser
Vacuum
Pump
VOC rich
Condensate
Pervaporation Process
Page 256
-------
November 1991
technology is applicable to the types of wastes
currently treated by carbon adsorption, air
stripping, and reverse osmosis separation.
STATUS:
This technology was accepted into the SITE
Emerging Technology Program in January 1989.
A cost comparison, generated by Wastewater
Technology Centre, showed that pervaporation
can be competitive with air stripping and
activated carbon to treat low concentrations of
VOCs.
A pilot plant with a maximum removal
efficiency of 99 percent was built and evaluated
in-house with model compounds (toluene and
trichlorethylene). A unit suitable for field
demonstration should be available in 1992.
FOR FURTHER INFORMATION:
EPA PROJECT MANAGER:
John Martin
U.S. EPA
Risk Reduction Engineering Laboratory
26 West Martin Luther King Drive
Cincinnati, OH 45268
513-569-7758
FTS: 684-7758
TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPER CONTACT:
Rob Booth
Wastewater Technology Centre
867 Lakeshore Road, Box 5068
Burlington, Ontario L7R 4L7
Canada
416-336-4689
Pierre Cote
Zenon Environmental, Inc.
845 Harrington Court
Burlington, Ontario L7N 3P3
Canada
416-639-6320
Page 257
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Technology Profile
EMERGING TECHNOLOGY PROGRAM
WESTERN PRODUCT RECOVERY GROUP, INC.
(CCBA Physical and Chemical Treatment)
TECHNOLOGY DESCRIPTION:
The coordinate, chemical bonding, and
adsorption (CCBA) process converts heavy
metals in soils, sediments, and sludges to
nonleaching silicates. The process (see figure
below) is also capable of oxidizing organics in
the waste stream and incorporating the ash into
the ceramic pellet matrix. The consistency of
the solid residual varies from a soil and sand
density and size distribution to a controlled size
distribution ceramic aggregate form. The
residues can be (1) placed back in its original
location or (2) used as a substitute for
conventional aggregate.
The technology uses specific clays with cation
exchange capacity as the necessary structure to
provide sites for physical and chemical bonding
of heavy metals to the clay.
The process is designed for continuous flow for
the entering and outgoing streams. The input
sludge and soil stream is carefully ratioed with
specific clays and then mixed in a high intensity
mechanical mixer. The mixture is then densified
and formed into green or unfired pellets of a
desired size. The green pellets are then direct
fired in a rotary kiln for approximately 30
minutes, The pellet temperature slowly rises to
2,000 degrees Fahrenheit creating the ceramic
nature of the fired pellet. Organics on the
surface of the pellet are oxidized, and organics
inside the pellet are pyrolyzed, as the pellet
temperature rises. The pellets reach a
temperature inside the kiln, where the available
silica sites in the clay chemically react with the
heavy metals in the soil and sludge to form the
final metal silicate product.
The residue from the process is an inert ceramic
product, free of organics, with metal silicates
providing the molecular bonding structure to
preclude leaching. The off-gas from the kiln is
processed in ah afterburner and wet scrub
system before release to the atmosphere. Excess
scrub solution is recycled back to the front-end
mixing process.
To Stack
fN I ^ u =»
So 1 1 s/
SI u d g e s / *•
Sediments
i
Recycle Scrub
MIXER
So
1 u t i o n
PELLET
FORMER
OFF
fl C /
OL t/
SYS
'
ROT
KI
GAS
\NUP
TEM
ARY
LN
1
CCBA process
Res 1 d u a I
Product
Page 258
-------
November 1991
WASTE APPLICABILITY:
The CCBA process has been demonstrated
commercially on metal hydroxide sludges at a
sludge throughput of 70 wet tons per month,
based on an 8 hour day, at 25 percent by weight
solids. This process can be used on wastewater
sludges, sediments, and soils contaminated with
mixed organic and heavy metal wastes.
STATUS:
This technology was accepted into the SITE
Emerging Technology Program January 1991.
The SITE project is designed to extend the
CCBA technology to include soils contaminated
with both heavy metals and organics. The initial
SITE studies will be done at a pilot facility with
a capacity of 10 pounds per hour; the resulting
data will then be used to design a transportable
production unit.
FOR FURTHER INFORMATION:
EPA PROJECT MANAGER:
Joseph Farrell
U. S. EPA
Risk Reduction Engineering Laboratory
26 West Martin Luther King Drive
Cincinnati, OH 45268
513-569-7645
FTS: 684-7645
TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPER CONTACT:
Donald Kelly
Western Product Recovery Group, Inc.
P.O. Box 79728
Houston, TX 77279
713-493-9321
FAX: 713-493-9434
Page 259
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Technology Profile
EMERGING TECHNOLOGY PROGRAM
WESTERN RESEARCH INSTITUTE
(Contained Recovery of Oily Wastes)
TECHNOLOGY DESCRIPTION:
The contained recovery of oily wastes (CROW)
process recovers oily wastes from the ground by
adapting a technology presently used for
secondary petroleum recovery and for primary
production of heavy oil and tar sand bitumen.
Steam and hot-water displacement are used to
move accumulated oily wastes and water to
production wells for above ground treatment.
Injection and production welis are first installed
in soil contaminated with oily wastes (see figure
below). Low-quality steam is then injected
below the deepest penetration of organic liquids.
The steam condenses, causing rising hot water to
dislodge and sweep buoyant organic liquids
upward into the more permeable soil regions.
Hot water is injected above the impermeable soil
egions to heat and mobilize the oil waste
accumulations, which
hot-water displacement.
are recovered by
When the oily wastes are displaced, the organic
liquid saturations in the subsurface pore space
increase, forming an oil bank. The hot water
injection displaces the oil bank to the production
well. Behind the oil bank, the oil saturation is
reduced to an immobile residual saturation in the
subsurface pore space. The oil and water
produced are treated for reuse or discharge.
In situ biological treatment may follow the
displacement and is continued until groundwater
contaminants are no longer detected in any water
samples from the site. During treatment, all
mobilized organic liquids and water-soluble
contaminants are contained within the original
boundaries of, oily waste accumulations.
Hazardous materials are contained laterally by
Injection Well
Steam-Stripped
Water
Low-Quality
Steam
Residual Oil' • I—|
' Saturation .'
Hot-Water
Reinfection
Production Well
Absorption Layer
Oil and Water
Production
•••»7.vi!-V/.. ««.*.""i«i«ii«»...&.•#•'*:*••••'••••"• ••.•:*••
Hot-Water
Flotation •
Steam
Injection
CROW™ subsurface development
Page 260
-------
November 1991
groundwater isolation, and vertically by organic
liquid flotation. Excess water is treated in
compliance with discharge regulations.
The process (1) removes large portions of oily
waste accumulations, (2) stops the downward
migration of organic contaminants, (3)
immobilizes any residual saturation of oily
wastes, (4) and reduces the volume, mobility,
and toxicity of oily wastes. It can be used for
shallow and deep contaminated areas, and uses
the same mobile equipment required by
conventional petroleum production technology.
WASTE APPLICABILITY:
This technology can be applied to manufactured
gas plant sites, wood-treating sites, and other
sites with soils containing organic liquids, such
as coal tars, pentachlorophenol solutions,
creosote, and petroleum by-products.
STATUS:
This technology was tested both at the laboratory
and pilot-scale under the SITE Emerging
Technology Program. The program showed the
effectiveness of the hot-water displacement and
displayed the benefits from the inclusion of
chemicals with the hot water. Evaluation under
the Emerging Technology program has been
completed, and the final report has been
submitted to EPA.
Based on the results of the Emerging
Technology Program, this technology was
invited to participate in the SITE Demonstration
Program. The technology will be demonstrated
at the Pennsylvania Power and Light (PP&L)
Brodhead Creek site at Stroudsburg,
Pennsylvania. The site contains an area of high
concentrations of by-products from a former
operation. The project is now in the planning
and negotiation stage.
Remediation Technologies, Inc., is participating
in the project. Other sponsors, in addition to
EPA and PP&L, are the Gas Research Institute,
the Electric Power Research Institute, and the
U.S. Department of Energy.
In addition to the SITE program, this technology
is now being demonstrated at a wood-treatment
site in Minnesota. Other areas of activity
include screening studies for other potential sites
and an in-house project to advance the use of
chemicals with the hot-water displacement.
FOR FURTHER INFORMATION:
EPA PROJECT MANAGER:
Eugene Harris
U.S. EPA
Risk Reduction Engineering Laboratory
26 West Martin Luther King Drive
Cincinnati, OH 45268
513-569-7862
FTS: 684-7862
TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPER CONTACT:
James Speight
Western Research Institute
P.O. Box 3395
University Station
Laramie, WY 82071
307-721-2011
Page 261
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M&MT0KIN0 £K$ ^EASTOEKltemr TECHN0L0OIES PROGRAM
The purpose of the Monitoring and Measurement Technologies Program (MMTP) is to accelerate the
development, demonstration, and use of innovative monitoring, measurement, and characterization
technologies at Superfund sites. These technologies are used to assess the nature and extent of
contamination and evaluate the progress and effectiveness of remedial actions. The Program places high
priority on those technologies that provide cost-effective and faster, safer, and better methods than
conventional technologies for producing real-time or near-real-time data.
The MMTP is interested hi new or modified technologies that can detect, monitor, and measure hazardous
and toxic substances in the subsurface (saturated and vadose zones), air, biological tissues, wastes, and
surface waters, as well as technologies that characterize the physical properties of sites. The types of
technologies of interest to EPA include: chemical sensors for in situ measurements; ground-water
sampling devices; soil and core sampling devices; soil-gas sampling devices; fluid sampling devices for
the vadose zone; in situ and field-portable analytical methods; and expert systems that support field
sampling or data acquisition and analysis.
The identification of candidate technologies is an ongoing process in the MMTP; therefore, technology
developers are encouraged to submit new and updated information at any time or as it becomes available.
The information submitted is reviewed, cataloged, and incorporated into a technology matrix, from which
EPA can make a preliminary determination of the types of innovative technologies that may be candidates
for participation.
Currently, there are 14 active participants in the MMTP. These technologies are presented in alphabetical
order in Table 4 and in the technology profiles that follow.
Page 263
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TABLE 4
SITE Monitoring and Measurement Technologies Program Participants
Developer
Analytical and Remedial
Technology, Inc.,*
Menlo Park, CA
Binax Corporation,
Antox Division,
South Portland, ME
Bruker Instruments,*
Billerica, MA
CMS Research Corporation,
Birmingham, AL
EnSys, Inc.*
[developed by Westinghouse
Bio-Analytic Systems],
Research Triangle Park, NC
Graseby Ionics, Ltd.,
Watford, Herts, England and
PCP, Inc.,*
West Palm Beach, FL
HNU Systems, Incorporated,
Newtown, MA
MDA Scientific, Incorporated,
Norcross, GA
Microsensor Systems,
Incorporated,
Technology
Automated Volatile
Organic Analytical
Equate* Immunoassay
Bruker Mobile
Environmental Monitor
MINICAMS
ELISA
Ion Mobility
Spectrometry
Portable Gas
Chromatograph
Infrared Spectrometer
Portable Gas
Chromatograph
Technology
Contact
D. MacKay
415-324-2259
Roger Piasio
207-772-3544
John Wronka
506-667-9580
H. Ashley Page
205-733-6911
Stephen Friedman
914-941-5509
John Brokenshire/
Martin Cohen
01-44-923-816166/
407-683-0507
Clayton Wood
617-964-6690
Orman Simpson
404-242-0977
N. L. Jarvis
703-642-6919
EPA Project
Manager
Eric Koglin/
Stephen Billets
702-798-2432
Jeanette Van Emon
702-798-2154
Eric Koglin/
Stephen Billets
702-798-2432
Richard Berkley
919-541-2439
FTS: 629-2439
Jeanette Van Emon
702-798-2154
Eric Koglin
702-798-2432
Richard Berkley
919-541-2439
FTS: 629-2439
William McClenny
919-541-3158
FTS: 629-3158
Richard Berkley
919-541-2439
FTS: 629-2439
Waste
Media
Water, Air
Streams
Water
Air Streams,
Water, Soil,
Sludge, Sediment
Air Streams
Water
Air Streams,
Vapor, Soil,
Water
Air Streams
Air Streams
Air Streams
Applicable Waste
Inorganic
Not Applicable
Not Applicable
Not Applicable
Not Applicable
Not Applicable
Not Applicable
Not Applicable
Non-Specific
Inorganics
Not Applicable
Organic
VOCs
Volatile PAHs
VOCs and SVOCs
VOCs
PCPs
VOCs, Chloroform,
Ethylbenzene
VOCs, Aromatic
Compounds, Halocarbons
Non-Specific Organics
VOCs
K>
8
* Demonstration or Evaluation complete
-------
TABLE 4 (continued)
SITE Monitoring and Measurement Technologies Program Participants
Developer
Microsensor Technology,
Incorporated,*
Fremont, CA
Photovac International,
Incorporated,
Deer Park, NY
Sentex Sensing Technology,
Incorporated,
Ridgefield, NJ
SRI Instruments,
Torrance, CA
XonTech, Incorporated,*
Van Nuys, CA
Technology
Portable Gas
Chromatograph
Photovac 10S PLUS
Portable Gas
Chromatograph
Gas Chromatograph
XonTech Sector
Sampler
Technology
Contact
Gary Lee
415-490-0900
Mark Collins
516-254-4199
Amos Linenberg
201-945-3694
Dave Quinn
213-214-5092
Matt Young
818-787-7380
EPA Project
Manager
Richard Berkley
919-541-2439
FTS: 629-2439
Richard Berkley
919-541-2439
FTS: 629-2439
Richard Berkley
919-541-2439
FTS: 629-2439
Richard Berkley
919-541-2439
FTS: 629-2439
Joachim Pleil
919-541-4680
FTS: 629-4680
Waste
Media
Air Streams
Air Streams
Air Streams,
Water, Soil
Air Streams
Air Streams
Applicable Waste
Inorganic
Non-Specific
Inorganics
Not Applicable
Not Applicable
Not Applicable
Not Applicable
Organic
Non-Specific Organics
VOCs, Volatile Aromatic
Compounds, Chlorinated
Olefin Compounds
VOCs
VOCs
VOCs
ho
p)
01
Demonstration or Evaluation complete
-------
Technology Profile
MONITORING AND MEASUREMENT
TECHNOLOGIES PROGRAM
ANALYTICAL AND REMEDIAL TECHNOLOGY, INC.
(Automated Volatile Organic Analytical System)
TECHNOLOGY DESCRIPTION:
The automated volatile organic analytical system
(AVOAS)(see photograph below) permits the
continuous monitoring of a water stream. The
instrument consists of a sampling manifold that
automatically samples at predetermined
collection points within the process under study.
The samples are then shunted directly into a
chamber where a conventional purge-and-trap
procedure is carried out. The analytes are
collected on a sorbent trap, which is then
thermally desorbed. The sample is then
automatically injected into a gas chromatograph,
where individual components are separated. The
gas chromatograph can be equipped with a
variety of detectors that can offer high sensitivity
or specificity depending on the application or
date requirements. The entire system, including
report preparation, is under computer control;
therefore, the operator is not directly involved in
sample collection, transport, or analysis. The
instrument was designed to meet the
requirements of standard EPA purge-and-trap
methods. :
WASTE APPLICABILITY:
The system is designed for the automated
determination of volatile organic compounds in
aqueous samples, as may be obtained from a
treatment or process stream. Because the system
contains a thermal desorption chamber, air
samples collected on TENAX or charcoal tubes
may also be analyzed. The instrument can
provide real-time analytical data during the
remediation and long-term monitoring phases at
a Superfund site.
Automated volatile organic analytical system
Page 266
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November 1991
STATUS:
The demonstration was conducted in May 1991
at the Wells G and H Superfund site in EPA's
Region 1. The demonstration was conducted as
part of a pilot-scale pump-and-treat engineering
study. For purposes of this demonstration, EPA
Method 502.2 was evaluated. The system was
installed to collect samples at six points in the
treatment train to measure the efficiency of the
technique under study. For this evaluation,
duplicate samples were collected and shipped to
a conventional laboratory for confirmatory
analysis. A preliminary evaluation of the results
indicates a strong correlation between the
laboratory and field data. A full report on this
demonstration is being prepared and is scheduled
for completion in December 1991. A
presentation of results is planned for the 1992
Pittsburgh Conference and Exposition on
Analytical Chemistry and Applied Spectroscopy.
Additional studies will be conducted to expand
the scope of application and to prepare detailed
protocols based on the conclusions and
recommendations presented in the final report.
FOR FURTHER INFORMATION:
EPA PROJECT MANAGERS:
Eric Koglin and Stephen Billets
U.S. EPA
Environmental Monitoring Support
Laboratory — Las Vegas (EMSL/LV)
P.O. Box 93478
Las Vegas, NV 89193
702-798-2432
TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPER CONTACT:
Dr. D. MacKay
Analytical and Remedial Technology
206 West O'Conner Street
MenloPark,CA 94025
415-324-2259
Page 267
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Technology Profile
MONITORING AND MEASUREMENT
TECHNOLOGIES PROGRAM
BINAX CORPORATION
Antox Division
(Equate® Immunoassay)
TECHNOLOGY DESCRIPTION:
The Equate® immunoassay test uses an anti-BTX
(benzene, toluene, and xylene) polyclonal
antibody to facilitate analysis of BTX in water.
A hapten-enzyme conjugate mimics free BTX
hydrocarbons and competes for binding to the
polyclonal antibody immobilized on a test tube.
After washing to remove unbound conjugate, a
substrate chromogen mixture is added and a
colorized enzymatic reaction product is formed.
The enzymatic reaction is stopped by the
addition of a few drops of sulfuric acid, which
changes the cblor to yellow. As with other
competitive enzyme-linked immunosorbent
assays (ELISA), the color intensity of the
enzymatic product is inversely proportional to
the sample analyte concentration. Each sample
Step 1
Delonteed
Water
(no analyte)
Reference
Tube
Sample
Tube
BTX—Analog
Enzyme
Conjugate
Sample
AAAAA
AAAA
(onalyte)
Step 2
Step 3
Substrate/
Chromogen
O O OOO
oo
Incubate 1 minute
Wash 4 Times
(detanked water)
Substrate/
Chromogen
o o o oo
o o
Incubate 1 minute
Wash 4 Times (delonlzed water)
Add 4 drops stop solution
Step 4, 5, 6 (C
Colorimeter
Read Absorbance
at 45t> nm
Calculate
Sample/Reference
Absorbance Ratio
Antox BTX assay principle
Page 268
-------
November 1991
is run, with a reference sample of deionized
water. The optical density of the colored
enzymatic product is read on a portable digital
colorimeter equipped with a filter that passes
light at a peak wavelength of 450 nanometers.
The ratio of the sample to the reference optical
density values is used to estimate the aromatic
hydrocarbon level in the low ppm range. The
test is sensitive to about 1 part per million and
requires 5 to 10 minutes per analysis.
WASTE APPLICABILITY:
The immunoassay is designed to measure
volatile polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in
water.
STATUS:
The Environmental Monitoring System
Laboratory - Las Vegas (EMSL-LV) conducted
a performance evaluation of several successfully
developed versions of the immunoassay test.
Laboratory performance evaluation of the test
focused on cross-reactivity and interference
testing and on analysis of BTX, BTEX (benzene,
toluene, ethylbenzene, and xylene), and gasoline
standard curves.
As a preliminary field evaluation, five well
samples and a creek sample were assayed in
duplicate, both in the field and the laboratory,
by the test. For confirmation, samples were
also analyzed by purge-and-trap gas
chromatography (GC) with an electron capture
detector, in parallel with a photoionization
detector.
A SITE demonstration of the Equate® test is
planned for 1992.
FOR FURTHER INFORMATION:
EPA PROJECT MANAGER:
Dr. Jeanette Van Emon
U.S. EPA
Environmental Monitoring Systems Laboratory
-Las Vegas
P.O. Box 93478
Las Vegas, NV 89193-3478
702-798-2154
TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPER CONTACT:
Roger Piasio
Binax Corporation, Antox Division
95 Darling Avenue
South Portland, ME 04106
207-772-3544
FAX: 207-761-2074
Page 269
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Technology Profile
MONITORING AND MEASUREMENT
TECHNOLOGIES PROGRAM
BRUKER INSTRUMENTS
(Bruker Mobile Environmental Monitor)
TECHNOLOGY DESCRIPTION:
This mobile environmental monitor (see figure
below) is a field transportable analytical
instrument designed to identify and measure
organic pollutants in various environmental
media. The spectrometer uses a quadruple mass
analyzer similar to most conventional
instruments. Like conventional mass
spectrometers, this instrument can be used to
identify and quantify organic compounds on the
basis of their retention time, molecular weight,
and characteristic fragment pattern. The design
and electronics for the Bruker instrument have
been specially modified for field use.
The instrument is designed to operate by battery
power and can be used in various environmental
situations with minimum support requirements.
The integrated gas chromatograph allows for the
introduction of complex extracts for separation
into individual components and subsequent
analysis in the mass spectrometer.
The instrument was originally designed for the
military for use in detecting and monitoring
chemical warfare agents. Environmental
samples may be introduced to the mass analyzer
through the direct air sampler or the gas
chromatograph. Results are collected and stored
hi a computer, where data reduction and analysis
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Schematic diagram of the mobile mass spectrometer
Page 270
-------
November 1991
are carried out. The computer system is capable
of providing reports within minutes of final data
acquisition.
WASTE APPIICABILITY:
This instrument is designed to detect the full
range of volatile and semivolatile organic
compounds directly in air and in extracts of
water, soil, sediment, sludge, and hazardous
waste. For purposes of this demonstration, the
instrument was used to determine the presence
and concentration of polychlorinated biphenyls
(PCB) hi soil, polynuclear aromatics (PNA) in
soil, and the full range of Superfund targeted
volatile organic compounds (VOC) in water.
This demonstration was conducted by using
samples collected and analyzed at the Resolve
and Westborough Superfund sites in EPA
Region 1. The Bruker mobile environmental
monitor can be used to provide in-field,
real-time support during the characterization and
remediation phases of cleanup at a hazardous
waste site. The demonstration was conducted at
Superfund sites known to contain the target
compounds of interest. The intent of the study
was to validate the technology by using a variety
of quality control and environmental samples.
The experimental design required that all of the
samples analyzed in the field be shipped to a
laboratory and analyzed by using standard
Superfund analytical methods, as would be
obtained under the Contract Laboratory
Program.
STATUS:
The SITE demonstration was completed in
September 1990 and a Project Report was
provided to the Superfund Program Office.
Presentations on the results of this study were
made at the American Society for Mass
Spectrometry (ASMS) Conference (May 1991)
and at the Superfund Hazardous Waste
Conference (July 1991). A recent survey of
regional laboratories identified additional testing
of this technology as a priority need. Additional
demonstrations under the Technology Support
program are planned.
Environmental Monitoring Systems Laboratory
- Las Vegas (EMSL/LV) has proposed purchase
of a field portable gas chromatograph/mass
spectrograph (GC/MS) system in fiscal year
1992 to pursue other applications and to expand
the scope of the project as conducted under this
SITE demonstration.
FOR FURTHER INFORMATION:
EPA PROJECT MANAGERS:
Eric Koglin and Stephen Billets
U.S. EPA
Environmental Monitoring Systems
Laboratory - Las Vegas (EMSL/LV)
P.O. Box 93478
Las Vegas, NV 89193
702-798-2432
TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPER CONTACT:
John Wronka
Bruker Instruments, Inc.
Manning Park
19 Fortune Drive
Billerica, MA 01821
506-667-9580
Page 271
-------
Technology Profile
MONITORING AND MEASUREMENT
TECHNOLOGIES PROGRAM
CMS RESEARCH CORPORATION
(MINICAMS)
TECHNOLOGY DESCRIPTION:
The CMS Research Corporation's MINICAMS
(see figure below) is an analytical and alarm
system based on (1) collection of volatile organic
compounds (VOC) on solid sorbents, (2)
separation using capillary column gas
chromatography, and (3) detection using either
a flame-photometric detector, or a
flame-ionization detector, or both. In addition
to sounding an alarm when VOC concentration
exceeds a preset level, the MINICAMS reports
concentrations accurately over a range of up to
eight orders of magnitude.
Cycle time can be varied from 2 minutes to
more than 15 minutes.
WASTE APPLICABILITY:
The CMS MINICAMS can be used to monitor
VOC emissions from hazardous waste sites and
other emission sources before and during
remediation. It is potentially applicable to many
CMS Research Corporation MINICAMS
Page 272
-------
November 1991
kinds of vapor phase pollutants, but its
performance characteristics in field, operation
have not yet been evaluated.
STATUS:
Laboratory evaluation of the CMS MINICAMS
will be conducted during fall 1991. Field
evaluation at a Superfund site under remediation
is scheduled for January 1992.
FOR FURTHER INFORMATION:
EPA PROJECT MANAGER:
Richard Berkley
U.S. EPA
Atmospheric Research and Exposure Assessment
Laboratory
MD-44
Research Triangle Park, NC 27711
919-541-2439
FTS: 629-2439
TECHNOLOGY CONTACT:
H. Ashley Page
CMS Research Corporation
200 Chase Park South, Suite 100
Birmingham, AL 35244
205-733-6911
Page 273
-------
Technology Profile
MONITORING AND MEASUREMENT
TECHNOLOGIES PROGRAM
ENSYS, INC. :
[Developed by WESTINGHOUSE BIO-ANALYTIC SYSTEMS]
(ELISA)
TECHNOLOGY DESCRIPTION:
Westinghouse Bio-Analytic Systems (WBAS)
developed two different immunoassays for
determination of pentachlorophenol (PCP) in
water samples. One is a quantitative 96-well
microtiter plate enzyme-linked immunosorbent
assay (ELISA); the other is a rapid, portable,
semi-quantitative, microwell strip ELISA. A
monoclonal antibody was used to develop the
quantitative plate ELISA; a polyclonal antibody
was used for the rapid strip ELISA. The
antibodies had similar, but not identical,
cross-reactivity profiles. For the purpose of
clarity, these will be referred to as plate and
strip immunoassays, respectively.
The plate ELISA requires about 3 hours of
hands-on time. Although it has an overnight
incubation step, sample throughput is extremely
high. The test is sensitive to about 30 parts per
billion and has a linear dynamic range of
approximately 30 to 400 ppb. The plate method
is a competitive inhibition ELISA and it has a
different format than the strip ELISA. The
96-well microtiter plate is coated with a hapten
(dichlorophenol) protein conjugate. In the first
step, a colorimetric substrate (paranitrophenyl
phosphate) is added, and the bound enzyme acts
on it to produce a colored product. The
intensity of the color, which is inversely
proportional to the analyte concentration, is read
spectrophotometrically. Typically, each plate
contains a set of known standards that are run
along with the! unknown. A standard curve
(concentration or log concentration) is plotted,
fitted (by hand or computer), and used to
quantify the unknowns.
The strip ELISA takes about 30 minutes to run,
PENTACHLOROPHENOL
FIELD ANALYSIS KIT
Riltlgiral*
WBAS field kit immunoassay
Page 274
-------
November 1991
has a detection limit of 3 ppb, and has a linear
dynamic range of 3 to 40 ppb. The microwell
strips are coated with an anti-PCP polyclonal
antibody. In the first step of the procedure, a
sample (or standard containing analyte) is
incubated with an enzyme-labeled (horseradish
peroxidase) dichlorophenol conjugate in the
antibody-coated wells. Free analyte in the
sample competes with the hapten-conjugate for
binding to the bound antibody. After washing
the strip to remove unbound material, a substrate
chromogen mixture is added to produce a
colored product. Finally, the reaction is stopped
by the addition of a few drops of 2N sulfuric
acid. The intensity of color, which is inversely
proportional to the sample (or standard)
analyte's concentrate, is read on a
battery-operated portable digital colorimeter.
WASTE APPLICABILITY:
These two ELISAs are used to analyze
pentachlorophenol (PCP) in water samples.
STATUS:
From July through early September 1989, a field
demonstration of the plate and strip ELISAs was
conducted as a part of the SITE Program at the
McGillis and Gibbs Superfund site in New
Brighton, Minnesota. The immunoassay
demonstration ran concurrently with the
demonstration of a bioreactor. In conjunction
with the bioreactor demonstration, groundwater
influent and effluent samples from within the
bioreactor process cycle were analyzed by gas
chromatography/mass spectrometer (GC/MS)
(EPA Method 8270), following EPA Method
3510 extraction, and by the two ELISAs.
The objective of the immunoassay SITE
demonstration was to evaluate the ruggedness
and utility of the immunoassay kits. This was
accomplished by collecting grab samples and
splits of composite field samples taken for
GC/MS analysis as part of the bioreactor
demonstration. These samples, along with splits
of field blanks, field duplicates, and quality
assurance samples, were analyzed by the ELISA
on-site and by the strip and plate ELISA at the
Environmental Monitoring Systems Laboratory
- Las Vegas (EMSL-LV) and WBAS
laboratories. All field samples selected for
on-site analysis were analyzed by the plate
ELISA at both laboratories. During the first and
third weeks of the demonstration, selected field
samples were analyzed by the strip ELISA in
both laboratories (as well as on-site). This was
designed to provide laboratory versus on-site
and laboratory versus laboratory comparison
data. The performance of the immunoassay strip
assay was evaluated and compared with the
GC/MS results and the plate immunoassay
results. A SITE Project Summary report will be
published in December 1991.
FOR FURTHER INFORMATION:
EPA PROJECT MANAGER:
Jeanette Van Emon
U.S. EPA
Environmental Monitoring Systems Laboratory
P.O. Box 93478
Las Vegas, NV 89193-3478
702-798-2154
TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPER CONTACT:
Stephen Friedman
EnSys, Inc.
P.O. Box 14063
Research Triangle Park, NC 27709
914-941-5509
Page 275
-------
Technology Profile
MONITORING AND MEASUREMENT
TECHNOLOGIES PROGRAM
GRASEBY IONICS, LTD. and
PCP, INC.
(Eon Mobility Spectrometry)
TECHNOLOGY DESCRIPTION:
Ion mobility spectrometry (IMS) is a technique
used to detect and characterize organic vapors in
air. The principles of IMS involve the
ionization of molecules and their subsequent
temporal drift through an electric field.
Analysis and characterization are based on
analyte separations resulting from ionic
mobilities rather than masses; this distinguishes
IMS from mass spectrometry. IMS is operated
at atmospheric pressure, a characteristic that has
practical advantages, including smaller size, less
power, less weight, and simplicity.
Two technology developers participated in the
laboratory demonstration that was conducted in
summer and fall 1990. One developer, Graseby
Ionics Ltd., used a commercially available,
self-contained instrument that weighs about 2
kilograms (see figure below). The other
developer, PCP, Inc., used a larger (12 kg)
transportable IMS. This laboratory
demonstration was the first opportunity for these
developers to test their instruments by using
environmental samples.
WASTE APPLICABILITY:
The IMS units, which are intended to be used in
a preprogrammed fashion, are capable of
monitoring one of several chemicals, such as
chlororform, ethylbenzene, and other volatile
organic compounds (VOC), in a defined
situation. They can be used to analyze air,
vapor, soil, and water samples. However, for
the analysis of solid materials, the contaminants
must be introduced to the instrument in the gas
phase, therefore requiring some sample
preparation.
NOZZLE PROTECTIVE CAP-
ENV1RONMENTAL CAP -> (Po3,t|on when A.V.M. Is In use)
Airborne vapor monitor
Page 276
-------
November 1991
STATUS:
The laboratory SITE demonstration of IMS was
valuable. Though the potential of IMS for
envkonmental measurements has been mentioned
for a long time, the results of this demonstration
highlighted, for the first time, the limitations of
the technology. Two main needs must be met
before IMS will be field-ready for
environmental applications:
• Additional development of sampling or
sample preparation strategies for soil and
water analysis
• Improvements in the design and
performance of IMS inlets in conjunction
with the development of sampling and
presentation procedures
A technology evaluation report on the IMS
laboratory demonstration is being prepared.
FOR FURTHER INFORMATION:
EPA PROJECT MANAGER:
Eric N. Koglin
U.S. EPA
Environmental Monitoring Systems
Laboratory - Las Vegas
P.O. Box 93478
Las Vegas, NV 89193-3478
702-798-2432
TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPER CONTACTS:
John Brokenshire
Graseby Ionics Ltd.
Analytical Division
Park Avenue, Bushey
Watford, Herts, WD2 2BW
England
011-44-923-816166
Martin Cohen
PCP, Inc.
2155 Indian Road
West Palm Beach, FL 33409-3287
407-683-0507
Page 277
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Technology Profile
MONITORING AND MEASUREMENT
TECHNOLOGIES PROGRAM
HNU SYSTEMS, INCORPORATED
(Portable Gas Chromatograph)
TECHNOLOGY DESCRIPTION:
The HNU GC 311 portable gas chromatograph
(see figure below) is specially designed to be
field-deployable. It has an internal carrier gas
supply, operates on 110-volt line power, and is
microprocessor-controlled. Chromatograms are
plotted, and data are printed on an internal
printer plotter. Data can also be reported to an
external computer, which is connected through
an RS-232 outlet. Either photoionization or
electron-capture detectors can be used.
Capillary columns of all sizes can be installed.
The unit is capable of autosampling.
WASTE APPLICABILITY:
The HNU GC 311 can potentially be used to
monitor volatile organic compound (VOC)
emissions from hazardous waste sites and other
emissions sources before and during
remediation. It is potentially applicable to a
wide variety of vapor phase pollutants, but its
performance characteristics in field operation
have not yet been evaluated. The
photoionization detector is sensitive to
compounds that ionize below 10.4 electron volts
(eV), such as aromatic compounds and
unsaturated halocarbons. The electron-capture
detector is sensitive to material with a high
affinity for electrons, such as halocarbons.
STATUS:
Laboratory evaluation of the HNU GC 311 will
be conducted during fall 1991. Field evaluation
at a Superfund site under remediation is
scheduled for January 1992.
HNU Systems GC 311
Page 278
-------
November 1991
FOR FURTHER INFORMATION:
EPA PROJECT MANAGER:
Richard Berkley
U.S. EPA
Atmospheric Research and Exposure Assessment
Laboratory
MD-44
Research Triangle Park, NC 27711
919-541-2439
FTS: 629-2439
TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPER CONTACT:
Clayton Wood
HNU Systems, Incorporated
160 Charlemont Street
Newtown, MA 02161-9987
617-964-6690
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Technology Profile
MONITORING AND MEASUREMENT
TECHNOLOGIES PROGRAM
MDA SCIENTIFIC, INCORPORATED
(Infrared Spectrometer)
TECHNOLOGY DESCRIPTION:
This long-path monitoring system (see figure
below) is a field-deployable long-path Fourier
transform infrared spectrometer that measures
the absorption caused by infrared-active
molecules. An infrared beam is transmitted
along a path to a retroflector that returns it to
the detector. The total path can be up to 1
kilometer long. The system does not need
calibration in the field. Analysis is performed
by using a reference spectrum of
known concentration and classical least squares
fitting routines. It does not require the
acquisition of a sample, thereby facilitating
sample integrity. A measurement requires only
a few minutes, which allows determination of
temporal profiles for pollutant gas
concentrations.;
WASTE APPLICABILITY:
The long-path monitor can measure various
airborne vapors, including both organic and
Fourier transform infrared spectrometer
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November 1991
inorganic compounds, especially those that are
too volatile to be collected by preconcentration
methods. It can be used to monitor emissions
from hazardous waste sites during remediation.
Under proper conditions, it may be possible to
estimate emission rates of vapors from the site.
STATUS:
The long-path monitor has been evaluated in
several field studies and has been proven capable
of detecting various significant airborne
atmospheric vapors. Software for identification
and quantification of compounds in the presence
of background interference is under
development. Current efforts include the
establishment of field operating procedures and
quality control procedures. A field evaluation of
this instrument will be conducted at a Superfund
site in January 1992.
FOR FURTHER INFORMATION:
EPA PROJECT MANAGER:
William McClenny
U.S. EPA
Atmospheric Research and Exposure Assessment
Laboratory
MD-44
Research Triangle Park, NC 27711
919-541-3158
FTS: 629-3158
TECHNOLOGY CONTACT:
Orman Simpson
MDA Scientific, Incorporated
3000 Northwoods Parkway
Norcross, GA 30071
404-242-0977
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Technology Profile
MONITORING AND MEASUREMENT
TECHNOLOGIES PROGRAM
MICROSENSOR SYSTEMS, INCORPORATED
(Portable Gas Chromatograph)
TECHNOLOGY DESCRIPTION:
The MSI-301A (see figure below) vapor
monitor is a portable temperature-controlled gas
Chromatograph with a highly selective surface
acoustic wave detector and an on-board
computer. It preconcentrates samples and uses
scrubbed ambient air as a carrier gas. It
analyzes a limited group of preselected
compounds (for example, benzene, toluene, and
xylenes) at part per billion levels. It is
battery-powered and includes an RS-232
interface. It can be operated automatically as a
stationary sampler or manually as a mobile unit.
WASTE APPLICABILITY:
The MSI-301A vapor monitor can potentially be
used to monitor volatile organic compound
(VOC) emissions from hazardous waste sites and
other sources before and during remediation. It
can be applied to many kinds of vapor phase
pollutants, but its performance characteristics in
field operation have not yet been evaluated.
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November 1991
STATUS:
Laboratory evaluation of the MSI-301A gas
chromatograph will be conducted during the fall
of 1991. The sensitivity of the instrument was
not adequate for field operation without
preconcentration. In January 1992, the
instrument will be evaluated in the field at a
superfund site using a preconcentrator.
FOR FURTHER INFORMATION:
EPA PROJECT MANAGER:
Richard Berkley
U.S. EPA
Atmospheric Research and Exposure Assessment
Laboratory
MD-44
Research Triangle Park, NC 27711
919-541-2439
FTS: 629-2439
TECHNOLOGY CONTACT:
N. L. Jarvis
Microsensor Systems, Incorporated
6800 Versar Center
Springfield, IL 22151
703-642-6919
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Technology Profile
MONITORING AND MEASUREMENT
TECHNOLOGIES PROGRAM
MICROSENSOR TECHNOLOGY, INCORPORATED
(Portable Gas Chromatograph)
TECHNOLOGY DESCRIPTION:
The Microsensor Technology M200 gas analyzer
(see figure below) is a dual-channel portable gas
chromatograph. The inlet system and thermal
conductivity detector are micromachined on a
silicon wafer and connected by a short length of
microbore column. Samples are drawn through
a loop, which is then placed in line with the
carrier stream. Concentrations as low as 1 part
per million can be detected from a wide variety
of volatile organic compounds (VOC) without
preconcentration. Chromatograms are
completed in less than 5 minutes.
WASTE APPLICABILITY:
The Microsensor Technology M200 can
potentially be used to monitor VOC emissions
from hazardous waste sites before and during
remediation. Analysis of concentrations below
1 part per million (ppm) requires the use of a
preconcentrator. Because of the universal
sensitivity of its thermal conductivity detector, it
is potentially applicable to all kinds of
vapor-phase compounds, both organic and
inorganic. However, its performance
characteristics in field operation have not yet
been evaluated.
M200 gas analyzer
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November 1991
STATUS:
Laboratory evaluation of this instrument was
conducted during 1990 and 1991. The
sensitivity of the instrument was not adequate
for field operation without preconcentration. In
January 1992, the instrument will be evaluated
in the field at a Superfund site using a
preconcentrator.
FOR FURTHER INFORMATION:
EPA PROJECT MANAGER:
Richard Berkley
U.S. EPA
Atmospheric Research and Exposure Assessment
Laboratory
MD-44
Research Triangle Park, NC 27711
919-541-2439
FTS: 629-2439
TECHNOLOGY CONTACT:
Gary Lee
Microsensor Technology, Incorporated
41762 Christy Street
Fremont, CA 94538
415-490-0900
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Technology Profile
MONITORING AND MEASUREMENT
TECHNOLOGIES PROGRAM
PHOTOVAC INTERNATIONAL, INCORPORATED
(Photovac 10S PLUS)
TECHNOLOGY DESCRIPTION:
The Photovac 10S PLUS (see figure below) is a
redesigned version of the Photovac 10S70. The
Photovac 10S70 is a battery-powered portable
gas chromatograph which has already been
evaluated. Many of its design problems have
been addressed. The 10S PLUS includes the
following characteristics:
• All-steel valves significantly reduce
memory effect and carryover
contamination.
• Autoranging permits operation at high
gain.
• An on-board computer controls the unit
and manages data.
• The 10.6 electron volt (eV) photoionization
detector is limited to low temperature
operation.
• For a limited number of compounds that
ionize below 10.6 eV and are volatile
enough to elute at 50° or below, it is
highly selective and more sensitive than
any other detector.
• This unit is capable of detecting benzene,
toluene, xylenes, and chlorinated ethylenes
in samples that are small enough to be
chromato graphed, without
preconcentfation, at concentrations well
below 1 part per billion.
WASTE APPLICABILITY:
The Photovac 10S PLUS can potentially be used
to monitor volatile organic compound (VOC)
emissions from hazardous waste sites and other
emission sources before and during remediation.
Its predecessor, the 10S70, has been shown to
be an effective — though somewhat
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Photovac 10S PLUS
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November 1991
temperamental — monitor for volatile aromatic
and chlorinated olefin compounds at ambient
background levels.
STATUS:
Laboratory evaluation of the Photovac 10S
PLUS will be conducted during fall 1991. Field
evaluation at a Superfund site under remediation
is scheduled for January 1992. The evaluations
will determine the extent to which problems with
the 10S70 have been solved.
FOR FURTHER INFORMATION:
EPA PROJECT MANAGER:
Richard Berkley
U.S. EPA
Atmospheric Research and Exposure Assessment
Laboratory
MD-44
Research Triangle Park, NC 27711
919-541-2439
FTS: 629-2439
TECHNOLOGY CONTACT:
Mark Collins
Photovac International, Incorporated
25B Jefryn Boulevard West
Deer Park, NY 11729
516-254-4199
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Technology Profile
MONITORING AND MEASUREMENT
TECHNOLOGIES PROGRAM
SENTEX SENSING TECHNOLOGY, INCORPORATED
(Portable Gas Chromatograph)
TECHNOLOGY DESCRIPTION:
The scentograph portable gas chromatograph
(see figure below) can operate for several hours
on internal batteries and has internal carrier gas
and calibrant tanks. It can be fitted with a
megabore capillary column or a packed column.
The instrument can be operated isothermally at
elevated temperatures or ballistically
temperature-programmed. Autosampling is
performed by drawing air through a sorbent bed,
followed by rapid thermal desorption into the
carrier stream. The detector may be operated in
either argon ionization or electron-capture
modes. The 11.7 electron volt (eV) ionization
energy makes the detector unit nearly universal
with a detection limit of about one part per
billion. The instrument is controlled through an
attached IBM PC-XT compatible laptop
computer.
WASTE APPLICABILITY:
The scentograph portable gas chromatograph can
be used to monitor volatile organic compound
(VOC) emissions from hazardous waste sites and
other emission: sources before and during
remediation. It has been used for several years
in water and soil analyses and can be applied to
analysis of all kinds of vapor phase pollutants.
Portable gas chromatograph
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November 1991
STATUS:
Laboratory evaluation of the scentograph will be
conducted during fall 1991. Field evaluation at
a Superfund site under remediation is scheduled
for January 1992.
FOR FURTHER INFORMATION:
EPA PROJECT MANAGER:
Richard Berkley
U.S. EPA
Atmospheric Research and Exposure Assessment
Laboratory
MD-44
Research Triangle Park, NC 27711
919-541-2439
FTS: 629-2439
TECHNOLOGY CONTACT:
Amos Linenberg
Sentex Sensing Technology, Incorporated
553 Broad Avenue
Ridgefield, NJ 07657
201-945-3694
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Technology Profile
MONITORING AND MEASUREMENT
TECHNOLOGIES PROGRAM
SRI INSTRUMENTS
(Gas Chromatograph)
TECHNOLOGY DESCRIPTION:
The SRI 8610 gas chromatograph (see figure
below) is a small low-cost laboratory instrument
that is field-deployable. It is
temperature-programmable and features a
built-in purge-and-trap system. Available
detectors include thermal conductivity, flame
ionization, nitrogen-phosphorus, thermionic
ionization, photoionization, electron capture,
Hall, and flame photometric. Up to three
detectors may be simultaneously mounted in
series.
WASTE APPLICABILITY:
The SRI 8610 gas chromatograph can be used to
monitor airborne emissions from hazardous
waste sites and other emission sources before
and during remediation. It can be applied to
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8610 gas chromatograph
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November 1991
volatile organic compounds (VOC), but its
performance characteristics in field operation
have not yet been evaluated.
STATUS:
Laboratory evaluation of the SRI 8610 gas
chromatograph will be conducted during fall
1991. Field evaluation at a Superfund site under
remediation is scheduled for January 1992.
FOR FURTHER INFORMATION:
EPA PROJECT MANAGER:
Richard Berkley
U.S. EPA
Atmospheric Research and Exposure Assessment
Laboratory
MD-44
Research Triangle Park, NC 27711
919-541-2439
FTS: 629-2439
TECHNOLOGY CONTACT:
Dave Quinn
SRI Instruments
3870 Del Amo Boulevard, Suite 506
Torrance, CA 90503
213-214-5092
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Technology Profile
MONITORING AND MEASUREMENT
TECHNOLOGIES PROGRAM
XONTECH INCORPORATED
(XonTech Sector Sampler)
TECHNOLOGY DESCRIPTION:
The XonTech sector sampler (see figure below)
collects time-integrated whole air samples in
Summa-polished canisters. The territory
surrounding the sampler is divided into two
sectors, an "in" sector which lies in the general
direction of a suspected pollutant-emitting
"target" and the "out" sector which encompasses
all territory which is not part of the "in"
territory. When wind velocity exceeds 0.37
meters per second (m/s) from the direction of
the target, the first canister is filled. When the
wind velocity exceeds 0.37 m/s from any other
direction, the other canister is filled. At other
times, neither canister is filled. Over an
extended period of time, a target sample and a
background sample are produced.
WASTE APPLICABILITY:
The Xontech sector sampler can potentially be
used to monitor volatile organic compound
(VOC) emissions from hazardous waste sites and
Sector sampler
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November 1991
other emission sources before and during
remediation. Short-term sampling can
determine which compounds are emitted from a
site in high concentrations. Long-term
monitoring can be used to assess effects of an
emission source on the local population.
STATUS:
This method has been shown to be useful in two
short-term field demonstration studies.
Mathematical methods for processing data have
been developed and shown to be appropriate.
Issues remaining to be studied in more detail
include (1) wind field consistency between
source and receptor site, (2) treatment of data
taken during stagnant conditions, and (3)
applicability to a wider variety of compounds,
including polar and odorous compounds.
FOR FURTHER INFORMATION:
EPA PROJECT MANAGER:
Joachim Pleil
U.S. EPA
Atmospheric Research and Exposure Assessment
Laboratory
MD-44
Research Triangle Park, NC 27711
919-541-4680
FTS: 629-4680
TECHNOLOGY CONTACT:
Matt Young
XonTech Incorporated
6862 Hayvenhurst Avenue
Van Nuys, CA 91406
818-787-7380
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ACRONYMS
BTEX Benzene, Toluene, Ethylbenzene, Xylene
DCA Dichloroethane
PAH Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbon
PCB Polychlorinated Biphenyl
PCDD Polychlorinated Dibenzodioxin
PCDF Polychlorinated Dibenzofuran
PCP Pentachlorophenol
SVOC Semivolatile Organic Compound
TCA Trichloroethane
TCE Trichloroethene
VOC Volatile Organic Compound
* U.S. GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE:1992-648-003/40729
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INFORMATION REQUEST FORM
The EPA's Risk Reduction Engineering Laboratory is responsible for testing and evaluating technologies
used at Superfund site cleanups. To receive publications about these activities, indicate your area of
interest by checking the appropriate box(es) below and mail the top half of this sheet to the following
address:
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
Center for Environmental Research Information
26 West Martin Luther King Drive
Cincinnati, Ohio 45268
Attention: ORD Publications Unit (MS-G72)
(A9) Q Superfund
(A8) J-] Superfund Innovative Technology Evaluation (SITE) Program
Name.
Firm _
Address
City, State, Zip Code _
EPA plans to issue two requests for proposals during the coming year; one in January 1992 for the
Demonstration Program (SITE 007), and the other in July 1992 for the Emerging Technology Program
(E06). To receive these RFPs, indicate your area of interest by checking the appropriate box(es) below
and mail the bottom half of this sheet to the following address:
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
Risk Reduction Engineering Laboratory
26 West Martin Luther King Drive
Cincinnati, Ohio 45268
Attention: RFPs (MS-215)
(007) [3 Demonstration Program RFP
(E06) Q Emerging Technology Program RFP
Name
Firm _
Address
City, State, Zip Code
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