v>EPA
U.S. Environmental
Protection Agency
Office of Solid Waste and
Emergency Response
Office of Research
and Development
EPA/540/N-93/001 No. 8 May 1993
iioumuiw
IN THE FIELD
An information update on applying bioremediation to site cleanup.
Update ori the
Bioremedsation
Fieid initiative
' The Kbremediation Field- fa-,,
1 „ itiatiye was-established to pro-
*
Protection', Agency Printed on Recycled Paper
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Btorermdtetion In the Field
SITE Program Demonstrates Success on
Two Bioremediation Projects
(Continued from page 1)
remedial techniques designated as Best Demonstrated
Available Technologies (BDATs). The goal of the pro-
ject was to evaluate the extent to which polynudear
aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) could be degraded in
a slurry-phase bioreactor system and to assess the air
emissions such a system would produce. Testing was
conducted at the U.S. EPA Test and Evaluation facility
located at the Gest Street Wastewater Ireatment Plant
in Cincinnati, Ohio.
PAH-contaminated soils from, the Burlington North-
ern Superfund site were treated in five 64-liter, stain-
less steel, slurry-phase bioreactors. A schematic of one
of the reactors is shown in Figure 1. Each reactor was
equipped with agitation, aeration, and temperature-
control systems. The reactor contents were agitated by
a rake mechanism, an airlift circulation system, and a
low-shear impeller. Air diffusers on the rake arm shaft
near the bottom of the reactor aerated the soil. A heat
tape system controlled the reactor temperature and
provided a digital temperature readout. Each reactor
was inoculated with inorganic nutrients and PAH-de-
grading microorganisms isolated from the Burlington
Northern site. The reactors were operated in parallel
to allow a statistical validation of the results of the
analyses.
In laboratory testing prior to the demonstration, re-
searchers determined that soils from the Burlington
Northern site consisted primarily of sand and that the
bioreactors could not keep heavy sands in suspension.
For this reason, soils were wet-milled to increase their
viscosity and decrease their settling velocity before
being fed to the reactors.
Prior to treatment, the soils had a total PAH concentra-
tion of 10,973 mg/kg, with a 2- and 3-ringed PAH
concentration of 5,892 mg/kg and a 4- and 6-ringed
PAH concentration of 5,081 mg/kg. Over the 12-week
study, the average reduction in total PAHs for the five
reactors was 93.4 percent, with a 97.4 percent reduction
in 2- and 3-ringed PAHs and a 90 percent reduction in
4- and 6-ringed PAHs. The lower molecular weight 2-
and 3-ringed PAHs also degraded more rapidly than
4- and 6-ringed compounds, reflecting either the pref-
erence of bacterial populations for the lower weight
compounds or their relative solubility and bioavail-
ability.
Air emissions from the reactors were sampled for total
hydrocarbons, semivolatile compounds, and volatile
compounds. Total hydrocarbon emissions were high-
est during the first 1V& days of the study, then rapidly
dropped to below background levels. Similarly, emis-
sions of volatile and semivolatile compounds initially
were detected, then fell to below detection limits after
the first week of the study. Based on these findings,
Sample and
Drain Valves
Rake Blades
Airlift Supply
Figure 1. Schematic of bioreactor tested for treatment of PAH-
contaminated soils from Burlington Northern Superfund site,
researchers concluded that slurry-phase bio>reactors
do not require elaborate air emissions control systems
unless the soil or ground water to be treated contains
very high concentrations of volatile organic com-
pounds.
Bioreactor Treatment of Ground Water at
MacGillis and Gibbs Company Site
During the 1950s and 1960s, a mixture of pentachlo-
rophenol (PCP) and oil was used for weed control and
wood treatment at the MacGillis and Gibbs Company
site. Over the years, residues from the weed control
application and spills from, the wood preserving proc-
ess leached into ground water beneath the site. A1984
remedial investigation/feasibility study (RI/FS) indi-
cated that the ground water contained high concentra-
tions of PCP. From July to September 1989, fdhe SITE
program conducted a demonstration project at the
MacGillis and Gibbs Company site to examine the
effectiveness of a multistage, aerobic, fixed-film biore-
actor for treatment of the PCP-contaminated ground
water.
-------
Bioremetfation in the Ffeftf
A schematic of the bioreactor used in the demonstra-
tion is shown in Figure 2. Contaminated ground water
was pumped from a well at the site into a 100-gallon
conditioning tank. From the conditioning tank, water
passed through a heat exchanger into the main treat-
ment unit, where it was aerated and contacted the
fixed-film biomass. Gaseous emissions from the treat-
ment unit were passed through a carbon adsorption
system and released. Treated ground water was fil-
tered to remove solids, passed through a carbon ad-
sorption system, and discharged to the site. The
bioreactor was tested in three 2-week stages at 1-, 3-,
UtjatdSamptt
'Nutriunts,
Catottc
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UquldSamplm J^C^orh^To
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^4-JL— Q
~l \ ...1 \~i I jjT Uquid
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Nofa: Circled numbers nfor
to aamp/a points
Figure 2. Schematic of bioreactor system tested at MacGillis and
Gibbs Company site.
and 5-gpm flow rates. Flow rates were incrementally
increased to allow the reactor to stabilize and provide
"steady state" analytical results.
Although there was some uncertainty about the con-
centration of PCP in the influent, the initial concentra-
tion of PCP in the ground water was estimated at 45
mg/L. Based on this figure, the bioreactor was found
to achieve a greater than 95 percent PCP removal at the
5-gpm flow rate and a greater than 99 percent PCP
removal at the 1- and 3-gpm flow rates. An economic
analysis of the demonstration project suggested that
the bioreactor system could be operated at other sites
for a total capital and operating cost of $2.94 per 1,000
gallons of water treated.
Ongoing SITE Bioremediation Projects
In addition to the recently completed projects de-
scribed above, several other bioremediation technolo-
gies currently are being tested through the SITE
Demonstration Program. These include white-rot
fungi treatment for PCP-contaminated soils at the Es-
cambia Wood Preserving site in Brookhaven, Missis-
sippi, and bioventing of PAH-contaminated soil at the
Reilly Tar and Chemical site in St. Louis Park, Minne-
sota. An additional study on slurry reactor treatment
of PAH-contaminated sediments from the municipal
town gas site of the Niagara Mohawk Power Corpora-
tion in Utica, New York, will begin in summer of 1993.
For more information, contact Ronald Lewis of the
SITE program at 513-569-7856.
Bioremediation Field Initiative Contacts
This initiative is a cooperative effort among the Technology Innovation Office (TIO), Office of Solid Waste
and Emergency Response (OSWER), and the Office of Technology Transfer and Regulatory Support (OTTRS)
and Office of Environmental Engineering and Technology Demonstration (OEETD), Office of Research and
Research Triangle Park, NC.
-------
Bloremedtetion In the Field
EPA Issues Final
Rules for
Corrective Action
Management Units
and Temporary
Units
On February 16, 1993, the U.S. Envkonmental
Protection Agency (EPA) promulgated regula-
tions under Subtitle C of the Resource Conserva-
tion and Recovery Act (RCRA) describing two
new waste management units that may be used
in RCRA corrective actions: (1) corrective, action
management units (CAMUs), and (2) temporary
units (TUs). The purpose of these units is to fadB-'
tate remedial activities at RCRA facilities, EPA
believes that CAMUs and TUs will increase, on-
site corrective actions and the use of innovative \
technologies, such as bioremediation, at RCRA
'following article is reprinted from a fact sheet-
(EPA/530/F-93/001) on the new regulations that
was issued by EPA's Office of Solid Waste" and
Emergency Response (OSWER) in January 1993,
Subtitle C of the 1976 Resource Conservation and Re-
covery Act (RCRA) created a comprehensive program
for the safe management of hazardous wastes. In 1984,
Congress passed the Hazardous and Solid Waste
Amendments (HSWA), which mandated even stricter
standards for the regulation of hazardous wastes. One
of the key provisions of HSWA was the authority
provided to EPA to compel "corrective action" for
environmental problems that have resulted from
historical waste management practices at hazardous
waste facilities.
Since 1984, corrective action has become a major part
of the RCRAprogram. More than 800 facilities are now
in the process of investigating and cleaning up con-
tamination problems. EPA estimates that as many as
4,000 RCRA facilities eventually may need some type
of corrective action.
The actual cleanup of these facilities, as with Super-
fund sites, often involves excavating and managing
large volumes of hazardous wastes, including con-
taminated soils, debris, sludges, and other wastes.
These cleanup wastes are subject to the same set of
RCRA regulations that apply to management of newly
generated hazardous wastes. EPA's experience, how-
ever, with implementing the corrective action program
has shown that application of these uniform, national
standards often has been counterproductive when ap-
plied to the cleanup of individual sites. In many cases,
the application of these standards, such as the RCRA
land disposal restrictions (LDRs), has forced EPA to
select remedies that are environmentally less effective
and reliable, and in some cases more expensive, than
alternative remedies that could otherwise have been
available. For example, treatment standards requiring
incineration often preclude the use of other defective
treatment technologies that could be used in achieving
a protective cleanup for a site.
In order to address these problems, EPA has finalized
regulations that provide for the use of corrective action
management units (CAMUs) when cleaning up sites
under RCRA and Superfund. Use of the CAMU con-
cept under these regulations will ensure cleanups that
are fully protective, yet better tailored to act.ua! site
conditions. Under the rule, appropriate treatment re-
quirements will be determined as part of the overall
cleanup plan for a particular site. This is expected to
result in more expeditious cleanups and will promote
the use of new, innovative treatment technologies. The
use of CAMUs should decrease the volumes of
cleanup wastes that must be incinerated and increase
the use of alternative treatment technologies that are
appropriate for actual site and waste characteristics. In
addition, EPA expects the new rule to result in less
waste being hauled off site and, overall, more treat-
ment of greater volumes of cleanup wastes.
The CAMU regulations contain important restrictions
and safeguards that ensure the rule will be used to
achieve more protective and effective cleanups. For
example, newly generated process wastes cannot be
managed in CAMUs, nor can wastes that originate
from other cleanup sites. Technical requirements for
ground water monitoring, closure, and postclosure
also are specified. In addition, the rule requires thor-
ough public review and comment on CAMU decisions.
Based on the Regulatory Impact Analysis conducted
for this rule, the use of the CAMU concept also is
expected to result in billions of dollars of cost savings
for industry and federal agencies.
In addition to the CAMU provisions, the final rule also
will allow regulatory agencies to approve "temporary
units" (TUs) for remedial purposes. This provision
will allow regulatory agencies to modify design stand-
ards for tanks and container storage units that are used
for short-term treatment or management of remedia-
tion wastes.
These rules took effect April 19,1993, in states where
EPA is implementing the RCRA corrective action pro-
gram. In other states, the rules will not take effect until
they are adopted by the state legislatures. Since the
rule is considered "less stringent," adopting the
(Continued on page 6)
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Bioremedlation in the Field
r
1
i_
Facility Boundary
r ^\
Solid Waste
Mgmnt. Unit I
. - Surface Soil
; -^Contamination
- . v' ••. s •. > X"
'•^ ~ ~ '• . • . *
rssn •'••'••'/•' ^
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Process Area V „
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Example 1
Before Remedial Activities
The remedial goal at this facility is (1) to treat and contain contami-
nated surface soil from the site, and (2) to stabilize and contain
sludge wastes from the leaking sludge lagoon. In this case, the two
waste streams have very different characteristics and require dif-
ferent treatment processes. In addition, they will require different
ultimate containment methods.
Designated
CAMUffl
fTreatmen
L Tank#l
|BBn I
DD o D
I Process Area
Facility Boundary
•.: *>.'•' •
Siirface'SpIT
Treatmeni
Tank #2
Designated
CAMU #2
_J
After Designating CAMUs
(A) To allow for these differing waste characteristics and to mini-
mize further contamination, the regulatory officials have desig-
nated two separate CAMUs to deal with the two remediation
waste streams.
(B) Remediation wastes from the contaminated surface soil of the
facility will be treated in treatment unit #1 and remediation wastes
from the lagoon will be treated in treatment unit #2. Both units may
be temporary units authorized specifically for the remediation
process.
(C) Treatment residuals can be placed in each CAMU without
triggering the RCRA land disposal restrictions (LDRs). Each
CAMU must be protective of human health and the environment.
For the sludge lagoon (now CAMU #2), this may mean retrofitting
the unit, even though it would not necessarily need to meet mini-
mum technology requirements (MTRs).
Example 2
Before Remedial Activities
The remedial goal at this facility is to treat the wastes in each of the
solid waste management units (SWMUs) and to consolidate the
wastes from the SWMUs in the flood plain to a more protective
location.
Resolution Using CAMUs
(A) The Regional Administrator or State Director designates
SWMU #4 as a CAMU.
(B) The remediation wastes from the four SWMUs then are re-
moved and treated in an onsite temporary treatment unit.
(C) SWMU #4 is retrofitted with a liner.
(D) The treatment residuals can be placed in the CAMU without
meeting the RCRAland disposal restrictions (LDRs). Specific treat-
ment standards and other design, operation, closure, and postclo-
sure requirements for the CAMU would be specified according to
the criteria in the CAMU regulations.
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Bloremedlatlon In the Field
EPA Issues Final Rules for Corrective
Action Management Units and Temporary
Units
(Continued from page 4)
CAMU rules will not be mandatory. EPA, however,
strongly encourages states to adopt these regulations.
For additional information or to order a copy of the
Federal Register notice, contact the RCRA Hotline,
Monday to Friday, 8:30 AM to 7:30 PM EST. The na-
tional, toll-free number is 800-424-9346; TDD 800-553-
7672 (hearing impaired); in the Washington, DC metro
area, the number is 703-412-9810, or TDD 703-412-
3323. The general public also may obtain copies of
documents applicable to this rulemaking by writing to
the RCRA Information Center (RIC), U.S. Environ-
mental Protection Agency, 401M Street, SW., Washing-
ton, DC 20460.
Glossary and Acronyms
Corrective action management unit (CAMU): An
area within a facility that is designated for the
management of remediation wastes generated
during the implementation of specific corrective
action requirements. CAMUs can be designated
only by the EPARegional Administrator.
Tetnporary unit (TU): Temporary tanks and/or
container storage areas used solely for treatment
or storage of hazardous remediation wastes dur-
ing specific remediation activities. Designated by
the Regional Administrator, such units must con-
form to specific standards and may be in opera-
tion only for a prespedfied period of time.
Remediation wastes: All solid and hazardous
wastes, and all media (including ground water,
surface water, soils, and sediments) and debris
that contain listed hazardous wastes or that them-
selves exhibit a characteristic, that are managed
for the purpose of implementing corrective action
requirements.
Land disposal restrictions (LDRs): A series of
regulations restricting the land disposal (place-
ment in or on land) of hazardous wastes as man-
dated by the 1984 HSWA amendments.
In situ: In place.
RCRA: The Resource Conservation and Recovery
Act, enacted in 1976.
HSWA: The Hazardous and Solid Waste Amend-
ments, enacted in 1984.
TSDF: Treatment, storage, and disposal facility.
RFA: RCRA facility assessment.
MTRs: Minimum technology requirements.
EPA Signs License
Agreement for
TCE-Degrading
Microorganisms
On March 8,1993, the U.S. Environmental Protection
Agency (EPA) signed a nonexclusive agreement
with SBP Technologies, Inc. (SBP) to license to SBP
the patent for Pseudomonas cepacia G4 (G4) and the
patent application for Pseudomonas cepacia G4 5223
PR1 (PR1). These recently isolated microorganisms
degrade chlorinated aromatic and chlorinated ali-
phatic compounds, such as trichloroethylene (TCE),
under aerobic conditions. G4 and PR1 are particu-
larly valuable because, unlike other TCE-degrading
microorganisms, they destroy TCE without generat-
ing byproducts, such as vinyl chloride, that can be
more hazardous than TCE itself. Under the March 8
agreement, EPA also licensed to SBP the patent for
the general oxygenase enzyme-mediated pathway
by which G4 and PR1 effect the degradation of TCE.
This patent covers any mutated or genetically engi-
neered microorganism that uses the same pathway
to degrade chlorinated aromatic and chlorinated ali-
phatic compounds.
PR1, which is a genetically altered derivative of
G4, may be more acceptable than G4 for environ-
mental cleanups. Unlike G4, PR1 does not require
an inducer chemical, such as toluene or phenol, to
activate the genes that produce TCE-degirading
oxygenase enzymes. Researchers obtained the
PR1 mutant by applying the mobile genetic
transposon Tn5. In nature, Tn5 exists by inserting
itself onto the chromosomes of microorganisms,
sometimes causing a "break" in a gene or in a gene
regulator that activates or deactivates a particular
set of genes. In PR1, Tn5 apparently inserted itself
into a genetic element involved in regulating the
production of toluene ortho-monooxygenase
(tomA), which is the principal enzyme required
for TCE degradation.
A drawback to PR1 is that the strain requires a sec-
ondary nutrient source for growth, because TCE
alone is not sufficient. SBP currently is investigating
the use of slow-release, micfoencapsulated nutrients
and oxygen to sustain long-term activity of PR1.
SBP licensed the patents for several commercial ap-
plications of PR1 and has been working with the
University of West Florida Center for Environmental
Diagnostics and Bioremediation (CEDB) and the
University of Waterloo Centre for Groundwaiter Re-
search to develop innovative application strategies.
Two strategies using PR1 have been tested at bench
scale, and pilot-scale applications of these strategies
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B/oremediation in the Field
are scheduled for summer of 1993. In one application,
PR1 will be used in an aboveground, contained biore-
actor to degrade vapor-phase TCE from an air-strip-
ping, pump-and-treat operation. If successful, this
bioreactor may replace or supplement the carbon fil-
tration system currently being used. In a second appli-
cation, a funnel-and-gate/removable cassette system
will be used for in situ PR1 treatment of a flowing,
TCE-contaminated, ground water stream. If success-
ful, this in situ system will replace or supplement the
current pump-and-treat system, which is costly and
slow.
In association with CEDB and the EPA's Environ-
mental Research Laboratory at Gulf Breeze, Florida,
SBP recently submitted permit applications for a
second strain of G4, Pseudomonas cepacia GM-5223-
PHE1, also capable of degrading chlorinated
aliphatics and aromatics.
For more information, contact Dr. Parmley Pritchard
of the U.S. EPA Gulf Breeze, Florida, Environmental
Research Laboratory at 904-934-9260.
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-------
BloremedJatlon In the Field
EPA Bioremediation Publications
1b order EPA documents, call 513-569-7562. For NTIS documents, call 1-800-553-6847.
Overview Documents
Alaskan Oil SpiU Bioremediation Project NIB PB90-216466
AStudy to Determine the Feasibility of Using a Ground Penetrating Radar NITS PB92-169382
Available Models for Estimating Emissions Resulting from Bioremediation Processes: A Review NITS PB90-228610
Bioremediation of Hazardous Waste EPA/600/R-92/126
Characterizing Heterogeneous Wastes NIB PB92-216894
Fundamentals of Ground-Water Modeling NIB PB92-232354
Movement of Bacteria throughSoil and Aquifer Sand NIB PB91-164277
OilSpill Cleanup • • NIB PB92-110469
Reductive Dehalogenatioiu A Subsurface Bioremediation Process NIB PB91-.L44873
Understanding Bioremediation: AGuidebook for Citizens EPA/540/2-91/002
Guidance/Workshops
Methodologies for Evaluating In Situ Bioremediation of Chlorinated Solvents NIB PB92-146943
Study/Test Results
Action of a Fluoranthene-Utilizing Bacterial Community on Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbon
Components of Creosote • NIB PB90-245721
Alternative Biological Treatment Processes for Remediation of Creosote-Contaminated Materials:
Bench-Scale TreatTbility Studies NIB PB91-179085
Anaerobic In Situ Treatment of Chlorinated Ethenes NIB PB91-137067
Applications Analysis Report: Biological Treatment of Wood Preserving Site Ground Water by Biotrol,Inc NIB PB91-227983
Approach to Bioremediation of Contaminated Soil NIB PB91-116152
Assessing Detoxification and Degradation of Wood Preserving and Petroleum Wastes in Contaminated Soil . . . . NIB PB90-245275
Bioremediation Case Study Collection: 1991 Augmentation of the Alternative Treatment Technology
Information Center (ATTIC) • • • • EPA/600/R-92/043
Bioremediation of Contaminated Surface Soil NIB PB90-164047
Comparison of Methods to Determine Oxygen Demand for Bioremediation of a Fuel-Contaminated Aquifer . . . NIB PB89-207351
Oeosote-Contaminated Sites NIB PB90-129552
Enhanced Bioremediation Utilizing Hydrogen Peroxide as a Supplemental Source of Oxygen:
ALaboratory and Field Study NIB PB90-183435
Microbial Decomposition of Chlorinated Aromatic Compounds EPA/600/2-86/090
Microbial Removal of Halogenated Methanes, Ethanes, and Ethylenes in an Aerobic Soil
Exposed to Methane (JoumM Version) NIB PB89-103196
Nitrate for Biorestoration of an Aquifer Contaminated with Jet Fuel NIB PB91-164285
Removal of Volatile Aliphatic Hydrocarbons in a Soil Bioreactor NIB PB88-180393
Role of Microorganisms in the Bioremediation of the Oil SpUl in Prince William Sound, Alaska NIB PB90-263070
Sequential Reductive Dehalogenation of Chloranilines by Microorganisms from a Methanogenic Aquifer NIB PB90-117219
TCE Removal from Contaminated Soil and Ground Water EPA/540/S-92/002
Technology Evaluation Report Biological Treatment of Wood Preserving Site Ground Water by Biotrol, Inc. .... NIB PB92-110048
Transformation of Halogenated Aliphatic Compounds NIB PB88-170568
Test Designs/Protocols
Effect of Sodium Chloride on Transport of Bacteria in a Saturated Aquifer Material NIB PB92-110428
Field Evaluation of In Situ Biodegradation for Aquifer Restoration NIB PB88-130257
Guide for Conducting Treatability Studies under CERCLA, Aerobic Biodegradation Remedy Screenings NTB PB92-109065
In Situ Bioremediation of Contaminated Ground Water EPA/540/S-92/003
InSitu Bioremediation of Spills from Underground Storage Tanks: New Approaches for Site Characterization, 0,00,7,-
Project Design, and Evaluation of Performance Nllfa 1 KJy-ZlW/b
Interactive Simulation of the Fate of Hazardous Chemicals during Land Treatment of
Oily Wastes: Ritz User's Guide NIB PB88--195540
Laboratory Studies Evaluating the Enhanced Biodegradation of Weathered Crude Oil Components through the
Application of Nutrients NIB PB90-264011
Protocol for Testing Bioremediation Products against Weathered Alaskan Crude Oil NIB PB91-137018
Selection of Nutrients to Enhance Biodegradation for the Remediation of Oil Spilled on Beaches NIB PB91-233304
Total Organic Carbon Determinations in Natural and Contaminated Aquifer Materials NIB PB91-129205
8
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Bioremediation in the Field
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BAG Contacts
General Information
Mr. Kurt Jakobson, EPA/ORD, 202-260-0594
BAG Executive Director
Mr. Stephen Lingle, EPA/ORD, 202-260-4073
Regulatory/Permitting Issues
Dr. Walter Kovalick, EPA/OSWER, 703-308-8800
Ms. Elizabeth MUewski, EPA/OPPTS,
202-260-6900
Bioremediation Field Initiative
Dr. Fran Kremer, EPA/ORD, 513-569-7346
Ms. Nancy Dean, EPA/OSWER, 703-308-8797
Communications
Dr. Fran Kremer, EPA/ORD, 513-569-7346
Data and Information
Mr. James Solyst, National Governors'
Association, 202-624-7739
Protocols
Dr. Edgar Berkey, NETAC, 412-826-5511
Spill Response
Mr. Stephen Luftig, EPA/OSWER, 202-260-2180
Education
Dr. Rashalee Levine, DOE, 301-903-7920
Research
Dr. Martin Alexander, Cornell University,
607-255-1717
Pollution Prevention
Dr. George Pierce, American Cyanamid,
908-862-6000, ext. 415
Dr. Laura Meagher, Rutgers University,
908-932-6571
ATTIC Systems Operator
301-670-6294
. 9
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Bioremediation In the Field
IKHIEHEDIATOH
*I«U Initiative
Bioremediation
Field Initiative
Data Base Adds 29
New Sites
The number of hazardous waste sites being tracked by
the Bioremediation Field Initiative rose from 130 to 159
in the period from June 1992 to April 1993. Many of the
new sites are Air Force bases undertaking bioventing
projects on petroleum-contaminated soils as part of
the Air Force Bioventing Initiative (see related article,
Bioremediation in the Field, Issue No. 7, p. 3). Accord-
ingly, the proportion of sites at which soil is being
treated also increased during the same time period.
Soil remains the most frequently bioremediated me-
dium, present at 111 sites in the Bioremediation Field
Initiative's data base (see Figure 1). Ground water is
second, undergoing bioremediation at 58 sites. Sedi-
150
100
Number
of Sites
50
111
58
15
10
2 i
Soil Ground Sediments Sludge Surface
Water Water
Figure 1. Number of sites treating each medium.
ments and sludge are third and fourth with 15 and 10
sites, respectively. At many sites, bioremediation is
being conducted or has been completed on more than
one medium.
Figure 2 shows the major categories of waste undergo-
ing bioremediation at sites in the database. Petroleum
narrowly edged out wood preserving wastes as the
target contaminant at the greatest number of sites. Of
100
Number
of Sites
80
40
20
0
55
47
37
15
Petroleum Wood Solvents Pesticides Other ,
Preserving i
Wastes :
Figure 2. Breakdown of sites by type of contamination.
the 159 sites in the data base, petroleum products are
being treated at 55, wood preserving wastes at 47,
solvents at 37, and pesticides at 15. At 11 sites, other
wastes, such as polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) and
munitions residues, are being treated.
Most of the sites in the data base have not yet begun
full-scale operation (see Figure 3). Over 90 sites still are
undergoing laboratory- and pilot-scale treatability
Number
of Sites
Redesign In Being Operational Completed
Design Installed
Figure 3. Breakdown of sites by stage of operation.
studies in the predesign and design phases. Full-scale
equipment currently is being installed at a small num-
ber of sites. Of the remaining sites, 36 are operating at
full scale, and 24 have completed bioremediation ac-
tivities.
The sites in the data base are widespread geographi-
cally and represent all 10 EPA Regions (see Figure 4).
Almost 40 percent of the sites, however, are located in
Regions 5 and 9.
Figure 4. Map showing geographic distribution of sites.
The Bioremediation Field Initiative is continually
looking to expand its data base of sites where bioreme-
diation is being considered, planned, or implemented,
or has been completed. If you can provide information
about bioremediation sites other than those already
listed in the Field Applications of Bioremediation table on
p. 11, please call Ivan Rudnicki at 617-674-7341.
10
-------
FIELD APPLICATIONS OF BIOREMEDIATION1
REG
I
I
I
- I,
SI -
I
SHE/
LOCATION/
LEAD
Baiid and McGuire"
Holbrook,MA
CERCLA Fund Lead
Charlestown Navy Yard
Boston, MA
CERCLA State Lead
Coakley Landfill
North Hampton, NH
CERCLA Enforcement Lead
General Electric**, ^ *,{>','.
Pittsfieia,'MA-'' 'v,;9-'-:< '
^SCRA'iyid (Federal)- ' • - -
General Electric— Woods Pond
httsfield.MA,, - .-'5; .' "
3RCj^("Leado(Federal) - - ,-
;,»»,'•;! -' "
lion Horse Park
Billerica,MA
CERCLA Enforcement Lead
CONTACT/
PHONE
NUMBER
David Lederer
(617)573-5738
Martin Home
(617)292-5716
Stephen Carlson
(617)242-5680
Steve Colder
(617)573-9626
Dan Coughlin
(617)573-9620
Joan-:Biafce'¥«:; "•""''•
(202)260-6236 -
JbanxBlake "> ••-'-,.-
(202)260-6236- \, ,
,-" - • -' t'~ \-'f
DonMcEkoy
(617)223-5571
MEDIA/
CONTAMINANT/
VOLUME
Ground water: petroleum, wood
preserving, pesticides
(chlordane), arsenic, lead.
Volume: 300 gallons per minute.
Sediments: wood preserving
(PAHs).
Ground water: ammonia.
Sediments: PCBsV;S ;: s- '
Volume; IZcuhio meters.
.Sediments PGBs.- - - !
Volume: 250 gallons.
Sludge / soil (vadose: sand,
loam): PAHs, petroleum, lead.
Volume: 20K cubic yards.
STATUS
Full-scale remediation has
been under way since 01/93.
Incurred cost: capital, S13M.
Cost per yean O&M, $2M.
Full-scale remediation is
planned. Currently in design.
Laboratory-scale and
pilot-scale studies are being
conducted.
Full-scale remediation is
planned. Currently in
predesign. Expected start
01/94.
Full-scalebiorernediationis\ :
not planned. -- - ' *',
.Laboratory-scale studies are, ,
raanned.;,V>;:;\ W;\- :"
Full-scale btoremediatiorl Is -•
not planned. ,;„,„ ', ' -,
.Laboratory-scale-smdies are ', ' ; -
< being conducted! ;*•« ,»'; <*;J
Full-scale remediation has
been under way since 05/92.
Total expected cost: $2M.
CLEANUP
LEVELS
Ground water: MCLs.
Not yet established.
Ground water: NPDES requirements.
Sediments: PCBs, 2 ppm. ,
-, , ,";• -Kl':';*- ; ','s " •' 'x'»
Seditnenis: PGBs «2 ppm; '•" - • ; ; j"
S'H'rV' "'/• '••'•'
Soil (vadose): PAHs, 1 mg/kg; TPH,
100 mg/kg (risk-based).
Sludge: PAHs, 1 ppm; TPH, 100 ppm
(risk-based).
TREATMENT
Ex situ treatment, activated sludge,
continuous flow. Aerobic conditions,
exogenous organisms. Other
technologies: chemical treatment for
ground water and incineration for soil.
100% of site under bioremediation.
In situ treatment Ex situ treatment,
attached growth process. Aerobic and
anaerobic conditions.
Ex situ treatment, typical wastewater
system. Other technologies: metal
precipitation and air stripping. 50% of
site will undergo bioremediation.
Ex situ tteatment,'Sequencing batch
reactor, batch flow. Anaerobic • ~if • " [ • ' !
'conditions; indigenous organisms,
Other technologies: incineration,
flotation separation, <•/•"<'-,•;;,;;
LTsitUu-eaimen!, confined treatment
facility, nutrient aViditiori." Anaerobic , ,
conditions, indigenous organisms. : : :•
Qtetecftrtologjesirndneratiori^; J,' <
flotation separation. " -••-,,:,- f - * •'-
Ex situ land treatment Aerobic
conditions, indigenous organisms. 20%
of site under bioremediation.
COMMENTS
None.
None.
None.
None.' - - ";"--''';>'-:.Y""
^fjVJ " ^ '>:>
-None? ;:\:!~ ';','/,; "
:'-s *'< ••
, -';•;>. '5" >:,-'
Cold weather creates short
season.
CERCLA/RCRA/UST sites considering, planning, operating, or having used bioremediation.
* Indicates a new site.
** Indicates that the site has been updated.
Shading indicates a non-CERCLA site.
I
-------
FIELD APPLICATIONS OF BIOREMEDIATION (cont.)
REG
I
n
n
'£
n
, ff;
, ij ',
SITE/
LOCATION/
LEAD
Sylvester"
Nashua, NH
CERCLA State Lead
American Linen
Stillwater.NY
CERCLA State Lead
FAA Technical Center— Area
D"
Atlantic County, NJ
CERCLA Enforcement Lead
Ger#ralB(ectdc%Huds0rf C, ,
a&yer-',?; '
NY.- :; • . ,-,
,TSCA,Lea * " %
General Motors — Central
Foundry Division
Massena,NY
CERCLA Enforcement Lead
I&isp4G9mkact!o»Site ;, ,,,
Bot^elwadKM;,"., \-'
J|StLf«;fkte);?;\; - -
K-'-^SV ^;;;;^;|;,x;;\\".
CONTACT/
PHONE
NUMBER
ChetJanowsld
(617)573-9623
PaulHiertzlcr
(603)882-3631
Frank Peduto
(518)457-2462
Carla Stable
(212)264-4595
Joseph Freudenberg
(609)633-1455
Keith Buch
(609X84-6644
Jim Harrington--,:' '?•
(518)457-3957
AjaySchroflS ---* '
(518)457-3957 f -
Lisa Carson
(212)264-6857
-£fi«kPe'•;
';":;,; •*,"• ;'*;/,-'''< '•':•'';•>'
Sediments / sludge / soil: HAHs
(PCBs).
Volume: 350K cubic yards.
Sop/ gwund water: peljoleum.' ,-'
STATUS
Fdl-scale remediation has
been under way since 06/86.
Expected completion 07/94.
Incurred cost S15M.
Total expected cost S20M.
Cost per yean $2M.
Full-scale remediation was
completed 08/92. Started
07/91.
Pilot-scale studies were
completed 08/92.
Total expected costs: capital,
$286K;0&M,$200K.
, Full-scale* bioremediafionis '
notplanned, *V-:- ; .-";»"'v
Laboratory-scale studies have' '
'beencorapteted. , t
-"-'*'';' j\ '' ,' ' Y '.'
Jacuiie^.c6st:;$2i6M, , ; ''/' "_ ( -• -~.
Laboratory-scale studies have
been under way since 04/93.
W-scate'teae^bttwas ,; „
cofflplejid J0®9 SfajteA ,- : -
miss, '\-\\v;---;;'',;;;1.,
Incurred c^O^SSJ$jC:
CLEANUP
LEVELS
Ground water: vinyl chloride, 95 ppb;
benzene, 340 ppb; chloroform,
1,505 ppb; MEK, 8,000 ppb; PCE,
57 ppb; phenols, 400 ppb; TCE,
1,500 ppb; 1,1,2-trichloroediane,
1.7 ppb; chlorobenzene, 110 ppb;
methylene chloride, 12.3Kppb;
toluene, 2,900 ppb; 1,1-dichloroethane,
1.5 ppb; trans-l,2-dichloroethane,
1,800 ppb; 1,1,1-trichloroethane,
200 ppb; methyl methacrylate, 350 ppb
(New Hampshire Drinking Water
Standards).
Soil: TCLP to meet soil guidance
levels.
Soil (saturated): New Jersey Soil
Action Levels.
Ground water: New Jersey MCLs.
"Notyetestablished. '-' ^\,vi';,^'<,
::';H;::4!:.\;:;';?'^;\; „ - -'-;
' (' < t ^ <-.,\
--,. -,- '-.' "*s.:' v:j....-s^
\&*>- '- - - '-':'"l-.!
Soil: PCBs, 10 mg/kg (risk-based).
Sludge: PCBs, 10 ppm (risk-based).
Sediments: PCBs, 1 ppm (risk-based).
SoBijpeljoleUrn, 5'£g/kg (drinktog, ,»j~lt
water standards), c , .jj-^'.-^^Ji;}*
Gfomdw^enpetoleam,5jy>;>^';*j
'.(drinking: ws|erstan'dais6); 5 ;, *;';• J i}\* *
TREATMENT
Ex situ treatment, activated sludge,
extended aeration, continuous flow.
Aerobic conditions. Other technologies:
vacuum extraction. 20% of site under
bioremediation.
Ex situ land treatment Aerobic
conditions, indigenous organisms.
100% of site underwent bioremediation.
In situ treatment, nutrient addition (soil,
water), reinjectioa of ground water.
Other technologies: tree product
extraction, cement kirn incineration,
soil venting, off-gas treatment with
catalytic incinerator combustion or
activated carbon adsorption of VOCs.
"In situ treatment Aerobic 'conditions,. -
'indigehdrisprgantsms. Less flianlWS o£j
siteunderoantbiorernedialiqa '^
.-->!•!* ti'V^' >--'•"-
Ex situ treatment, slurry reactor, batch
flow. Aerobic conditions, indigenous
organisms. Other technologies:
chemical extraction, chemical
treatment, thermal desorption.
;to'4wlWdtrek<^Cj«yoto8O» ;<••:," '
'pejoxidei akrient addiriori (wsiter>., \_ _." -
•Aerohfc conditions, wdigenOTls ^ X -, :' ;->
organfante; J00*isf,sit«ijund^wrait ' * !,;
M«ejme|WttonY;^^ ,'V;-^?-''!*:
COMMENTS
Problems providing nutrients
to maintain an active biomass.
Contaminated soil was applied
in 2-ft layers; nutrients were
added and soil was tilled by
mechanical means.
None.
None. :-,.?;- •• - •',";
:.= - -:^->^.:
" ^ ^ , , > >-,»' '.
" ' ^ f ••$ V
'"*' t V - ' v ^'^ ^T» J
', ''.')('.'' ''V(^
Oil and grease in samples is
hindering efficiency of
bioremediation; material may
require pretreatment Will be
doing Instability studies of
several other technologies in
case bioremediation is not
successful.
••^Vv^ ^-">! - -:->«
;.r-t^:,<-;, ;j^,- ;^,J;x
"' ' /::'^*"' ,' ^::^;
5-
&
3
5
N)
* Indicates a new site.
Shading indicates a non-CERCLA site.
-------
FIELD APPLICATIONS OF BIOREMEDIATION (cont.)
REG
n
n
n
n
•-a:
s'f
% u/f
}'lv Jf
- ,n!?
;y> ;
S->' J
» >'
L» .-;:
!>f ' -
" i,." 5
SITE/
LOCATION/
LEAD
Mobil Terminal"
Buffalo, NY
CERCLA Enforcement Lead
Nascolite
MaiviHe,NJ
CERCLA Fund Lead
Niagara Mohawk Power
Corporation
Saratoga Springs, NY
CERCLA Enforcement Lead
Osmose
Buffalo, NY
CERCLA State Lead
JPJattsbia^-A¥Foj^,BiS5$,'' t;
jHattsbitfgh.NY^;^:" ".'•
,FederafFadli^r;!'!:"! • "',
s'yracBse^-^;"':; ,j ''•-{
Sytaeuse;inr, ;,,.„< ," -'•* ' ;
-OSTjiaa' (State} =" ( <1°
CONTACT/
PHONE
NUMBER
Robert Leary
(716)851-7220
SalCalandra
(716)851-7220
Farnaz Saghafi
(212)264-4665
Anton Navarajah
(609)633-6798
NicolettaDiForte
(212)264-0970
William R.Jones
(315X28-5690
Michael Sherman
(315)428-6624
Jim Harrington
(518)485-8792
JaspalWalia
(716)851-7220
•fttitVol* Barren; !&
^18)565^6672 "„: ;
JimJUster,, ',;=>'?- J
jS^^ms;-^
Harry WarneisK' -
£315)426-7519, ^*
:-';r'"';-Sfe?
;'£*"*• V'V:
MEDIA/
CONTAMINANT/
VOLUME
Soil (silt, fill): petroleum (gas
and diesel), lead.
Volume: 15K cubic yards.
Sediments (sand, silt) / soil
(sand, silt) / ground water:
methylmethacrylate, lead.
Soil (sand): PAHs.
Soil (vadose and saturated: silt,
clay): wood preserving
(benzo(a)pyrene, PAHs),
petroleum (fuel oil).
Volume: 670 cubic yards.
OrouM^tecpetrpteuto, •„'
"',- K,V> "-• ' "•':•••&!••'
" , • » -!'-?>:;i ' ' ,-
,802 petroleum. ; , ' j!'s> '»
Vomme:6?0(K>cubicyards. .,,
r^« ":'•:'&'
>,'•* „- _ , '//5s""* " - _.,,
STATUS
Full-scale remediation has
been under way since 07/91.
Full-scale remediation is
planned. Currently in
predesign. Laboratory-scale
studies were completed 06/92.
Started 04/92.
Pilot-scale studies are planned.
Laboratory-scale studies were
completed 05/92. Started
02/92.
Full-scale remediation has
been under way since 09/90.
Total expected cost S125K.
JPiiot-icllf studies tte planned; '
FipretejfstartOam,;,', '\'^;,;
c ''<;< ' * * ''' % ' tu' *>>?*
'*^J 'A>" '**''*,* ~-
'<•*'••';>< '-' ' " , '•• ;-f;)
Full-scale remediation was
,completedl079i.StaTtM, ,«;-.
07/90. :':l'<'"?' *'• •'
' ?:;'"' "'' ?""•
*%" >. ^ , ^ ' ^ %'' % ^ - » ">,,, \ f ^
\ , •. - - „ % ,c \ « ^ ^ ' ' ; ^
^-;j';-:l>;-s; , •
SoUr'NYiSofiCleanattLevels. Kf' \l
•)°"'*J "- „,- ,, ,:•-• '*!>;$*»"*
;^&:<«" •;= _" ^ " _ '.; ,,-,j;s .s°;;
TREATMENT
Ex situ land treatment Aerobic
conditions, exogenous organisms.
Other technologies: vacuum extraction.
100% of site under bioremediation.
Ex situ treatment, contact stabilization,
batch flow. Aerobic conditions,
indigenous organisms. Other
technologies: filtration, ultraviolet
oxidation.
Ex situ treatment, slurry reactor.
Aerobic conditions, indigenous
organisms.
Ex situ land treatment Aerobic
conditions, indigenous organisms. 30%
of site under bioremediation.
Jttdtwtreatoe^|w\^j]ng;,-:Aferotac ; '
conditions, mdigenoiis organisms. ,
:• .•;• isir?|;, (';,'-' ''' '.'' '- " '>
1tosimlancltteatment.'Bi,sit4iandts*';,
treatment.-, vt'^> ''/'" ^ v '
""' y,^'i~i<\*<:^- "f ':'!'-''•
COMMENTS
Ongoing process; treated soil
remains on site at Mobil
terminal. Air extraction system
installed in summer 1991 to
enhance bioremediation in part
ofbiocell.
None.
Laboratory-scale feasibility
study report currently is being
prepared. Depending on
results, pilot- and lull-scale
activity may be undertaken. In
situ treatment with nutrient
addition would be used for
soils, and a fluidized bed
bioreactor would be used for
ground water.
None.
This*Wfllbf g'paot-scate •;*,,,'
jptoject «spart.oftheXirF,orce ,
;Bbyen&g'imttttive.:f'-<:> ">
s" -•,;>}:,-, '-•'- o-"-'-; ',„-;:•<
Late start for Cist phase; cold
weather slqwed-|ise of t ; ,^,
prepared for closure in Fall
1991, t>ut smaU untreated areas I'
was separated and moved to an
adjacent area for treatjaentin
Spring 1992. ,"", "' ,''„/'''*•
3-
f
* Indicates a new site.
** Bidicates that the site has been updated.
Shading indicates a non-CERCLA site.
-------
FIELD APPLICATIONS OF BIOREMEDIATION (cont)
REG
m
m
m
m
m
m
SITE/
LOCATION/
LEAD
Allied Chrome Works*
Baltimore, MD
ARC
Gainesville, VA
RCRALead (Federal)
Atlantic Wood
Portsmouth, VA
CERCLA Enforcement Lead
Avtex Fibers
Front Royal, VA
CERCLA Enforcement Lead
ItoVer Air force Base
Dover, DE ' ->
jpedeiat Facility
Process!
Process^ t ' < •'
Prqces$4 %",'':
Drake Chemical
Lock Haven, PA
CERCLA Fund Lead
CONTACT/
PHONE
NUMBER
Louis DcFiippl
(708)391-3251
F. Stephen Lupon
(708)391-3224
RobertStroud
(215)597-6688
Patrick Grovet
(804)225-2863 '.'.•
Vance Evans
(215)597-8485
Steve Mihalko
(804)255-3263
Bonnie Gross
(215)597-0491
Milton Beck
(302)677-6845
Rob Allen- , , -
(302)323-4540
RoySchrock
(215)597-0913
MEDIA/
CONTAMINANT/
VOLUME
Sediments / coil / ground waten
hexavalent chromium.
Soil; solvents (chlorobenzene),
Volume: 2,000 cubic yards.
Sediments / soil: wood
preserving (PCP, PAHs),
dioxins, furans.
Ground waten arsenic, zinc,
lead, carbon disulfide, cadmium,
hydrasulfide.
Soil (vadose sand) / ground
water: petroleum, metals (lead).
Volume; ISKcubicyards.
Soil (sand) / ground waten
solvents, iron, manganese. - '
Volume: 50Kcubicyardg.
Soil (vadose silt): petroleum,
PAHsVrCB.
Soil (vadose; sand, silt);
petroleum.
Volume: SOOKcubfc yards.
Soil / ground waten pesticides,
solvents (DCE), herbicides
(fenac).
STATUS
Full-scale bioremcdiau'on is
not planned.
Laboratory-scale and
pilot-scale studies have been
completed.
Full-scale remediation was
completed 06791, Started
10/89. : - .
Laboratory-scale studies are
being conducted.
Laboratory-scale studies are
planned.
Total expected cost $9M.
Pilot-scale studies have been
under way since 11/92. <
Pilot-scale studies have been
under way since 01/93.
Pilot-scale studies are planned.
Expected start 10^3. ' '•
Pilot-scale studies are planned,
Expected start 09/93.
Incurred cost: O&M, SIOOK.
Total expected cost capital,
Full-scale remediation is
planned. Currently in
predesign.
CLEANUP
LEVELS
Soil: hexavalent chromium,
O.OSmg/kg.
Ground water; hexavalent chromium,
0.05 ppm.
Sediments: hexavalent chromium,
0.05 ppm.
Soil: chlorobenzene, 0.014 rag/kg
(technology effectiveness).
Not yet established.
Ground water: arsenic, 0.05 mg/L; zinc,
5 mg/L; lead, 0.05 mg/L; carbon
disulfide, 0.7 mg/L; cadmium,
0.01 mg/L.
Soft (vadose): BTEX, lOmg/kg; TPH,
I,000mg/kg;lead,500mg/kg
(risk-based). . <
Ground water: risk-based.
Not yet established, ; '
'' i ' < <
Soil {vadose): BTEX, ft mg/fcg; T5H,
1,000 mg/kg (risk-based).
Soil (vadose): TPH, 1,000 mg*g;
BTEX, 10mg/kg(nsk-oased),
Not yet established.
TREATMENT
Ex situ treatment, septic tank reactor,
continuous flow. Anaerobic conditions,
indigenous organisms.
la situ treatment, bioventing. Aerobic
conditions, exogenous organisms. 5%
of site underwent biojemediation.
Bioremediation treatment not yet
established. Other technologies: in situ
soil flushing, soil washing, thermal
desorption, incineration.
Ex situ treatment, attached growth
reactor. Aerobic conditions. Other
technologies: chemical treatment
In situ treatment, bioventing. Aerobic '
conditions, indigenous organisms. > -
Other technologies: vacuum extraction,
air sparging,"' < '
In situ treatment, 'air sparging. Aerobic
conditions, indigenous organisms.
Other technologies: vacuum extraction.
Ittsitutteatment, htovenfing. Aerobic
conditions, indigenous organisms. *
In situ treatment, air sparging,
bioventing. E* situ land treatment
Aerobic conditions, indigenous t
organisms. Other technologies: vacuum
extraction, asphalt binding. • :
Aerobic attached growth.
COMMENTS
Pilot-scale studies in field
indicated that the site geology
was too problematical for
full-scale investigation and
treatment
Facility was required to submit
a closure plan to the state of
VA; however, this requirement
no longer exists,
Feasibility study results
currently are being reviewed.
Type of treatment won't be
determined until review is
completed. The presence of
dioxins and furans might be a
problem.
Site is undergoing a remedial
investigation/feasibility study.
Problem, with ftee product and
ground Water contamination.
Site has solvents in ground
water, high iron and
manganese.
None. • „ I, ,
Sitebasjfee productsoil
contamination under aircraft
packing apron.
None,
* Indicates a new site.
** Indicates mat the site has been updated.
Shading indicates a non-CERCLA site.
-------
FIELD APPLICATIONS OF BIOREMEDIATION (cont.)
REG
m
ffl
m
IV
IV
SITE/
LOCATION/
LEAD
L. A. Clarke & Son
Fredericksburg,VA
CERCLA Enforcement Lead
Ordnance Works Disposal
. **
Area
Morgantown,WV
CERCLA Enforcement Lead
Whitmore Labs
Myerstown, PA
CERCLA Enforcement Lead
AlabamkState Docks** -»
MobaVAL", ;>
RCRA-Pfedeiaifgtsoi!;, ' I
RCRA-Statefor ground water
Process!' S > ' >>
Process^
*u i
> f
American Creosote Wotks"
Jackson, TN
CERCLA Fund Lead
O.U.#2
CONTACT/
PHONE
NUMBER
GeneWingert
(215)597-1727
Melissa WMttington
(215)597-1286
Janet Wolfe
(304)558-2745
Christopher Corbett
(215)597-8995
Noreen Chamberlain
(717)657-6309
Jason Darby i ><
(404)347-3433 „
CJydeSherer"
(205)27iv772S
^ il
* * >
',""<"
TonyDeAngelo
(404)347-7791
Ron Sells
(901)423-6600
Betty Maness
(901)423-6600
MEDIA/
CONTAMINANT/
VOLUME
Sediments / soil: wood
preserving.
Volume: 119K cubic yards.
Soil: PAHs, arsenic, cadmium,
copper, lead.
Volume: 42K cubic yards.
Soil (vadose and saturated):
solvents (benzene,
trichloroethene,
tetrachloroethene, aniline),
arsenic.
Volume: 4,000 cubic yards.
Ground water: wood preserving
(PC V), arsenic, chromium, t
benzene, tead. ' - ''''
>J< > < <
Soil (sand, silt, clay, humus rich ,
matter): wood preserving (PCP).
^ ' < °
Ground water: wood preserving
(PCP), chromium (+3), copper,
silver.
STATUS
Full-scale remediation is
planned. Currently in design.
Pilot-scale studies have been
under way since 07/92.
Total expected cost $23M.
Full-scale remediation is
planned. Laboratory-scale
studies have been under way
since 02/93. Expected
completion 11/93.
Pilot-scale studies ate planned.
Expected start 11/93.
Total expected cost $8.3M.
Full-scale remediation is
planned. Currently in
predesign.
Full-sea^ remediation is!
jflatwed-'CnrrerBlyin, ' ^
predsagu, tab^ratorjf-scate
stodies have been completed, '
Pilot-stale, studies are planned,'
Full-'scafe remediation is <
planned. Currently in
predesign. Laboratory-scale
studies have been completed.
Pilot-scale studies are planned.* *
Full-scale remediation is
planned. Laboratory-scale and
pilot-scale studies are planned.
CLEANUP
LEVELS
Not yet established.
Soil: carcinogenic PAHs, 44.7 mg/kg
(risk-based).
Soil (vadose): benzene, 0.009 mg/kg;
trichloroethene, 0.017 mg/kg;
tetrachloroethene, 0.051 mg/kg; aniline,
0.009 mg/kg.
Soil (saturated): benzene, 0.002 mg/kg;
trichloroethene, 0.004 mg/kg;
tetrachloroethene, 0.012 mg/kg; aniline,
0.002 mg/kg.
Ground water- arsenic, 0.05 mg/L;
chjomium, 0.05 mg/L; benzene, >
0.005inga,.'> .' ' ''
0>> £ ( '
Not yet established. < "' '•
Not yet established.
TREATMENT
In situ treatment, creosote recovery.
Anaerobic conditions, exogenous
organisms. Other technologies: soil
flushing. 25% of site will undergo
bioremediation.
Ex situ land treatment Aerobic
conditions, indigenous organisms.
Other technologies: solidification of
inorganics.
Ex situ treatment. Other technologies:
chemical treatment, fixation,
incineration, containment, pump and
treat Less than 10% of site will
undergo bioremediation.
Ex situ treatment, fixed bed, continuous
flow. Aerobic conditions. Other
technologies: granular activated carbon.
In situ land treatment. Ex situ
treatment, slurry reactor.
> j< ><
Bioremediation treatment not yet
established.
COMMENTS
None.
Unilateral administrative order
issued June 1990. There may
be problems at this site
associated with: (1) achieving
the cleanup levels, (2)
extrapolating data from the
treatability studies, and (3)
determining usable
amendments for the treatability
studies.
None.
Problems irithregulatory
cQncern$"whenindi£aging >
treated material.
i >
RCRA land disposal
restrictions (LDRs)may '
interfere with land treatment of
contaminated soils. :
Hydrogeologic investigation
under way. Remedial action
contingent upon receiving 10%
cost share from state. Funds
available for treatability
studies only.
* Indicates a new site.
** Indicates that the site has been updated.
Shading indicates a non-CERCLA site.
-------
FIELD APPLICATIONS OF BIOREMEDIATION (cont.)
REG
IV
IV
IV
IV
IV
SITE/
LOCATION/
LEAD
O.U.S3
American Creosote
Works — Pensacola
Pensacola, FL
CERCLA Fund Lead
Brown Wood Preserving
Live Oak, FL
CERCLA Enforcement Lead
Cabot Koppers
Gainesville, FL
CERCLA Enforcement Lead
Cape Fear Wood Preserving
Fayettevffle,NC
CERCLA Fund Lead
Celanese Fibers Operations
Shelby, NC
CERCLA Enforcement Lead
CONTACT/
PHONE
NUMBER
MadolynStreng
(404)347-2643
DougFitton
(904)488-0190
Beverly Houston
(404)347-3866
Martha Berry
(404)347-2643
Charles Logan
(904)488-0190
Martha Berry
(404)347-2643
Kelsey Helton
(904)488-0190
Jon Bornholm
(404)347-7791
KenMallary
(404)347-7791
Charlotte Jesnick
(919)733-2801
MEDIA/
CONTAMINANT/
VOLUME
Sludge / soil (vadose and
saturated: sand, silt): wood
preserving (PAHs, phenols),
chromium (+3), copper, silver.
Soil: wood preserving (PCP,
PAHs), dioxin.
Volume: 30K cubic yards.
Soil: wood preserving (PCP,
PAHs).
Volume: 9,000 cubic yards.
Soil: wood preserving (PAHs,
phenol, naphthalene, fluorine,
PCP, arsenic, chromium).
Volume: 6,700 cubic yards.
Sediments / soil / ground water
and surface water: wood
preserving (arsenic, PAHs,
chromium).
Volume: 4,000 cubic yards.
Ground water: chromium,
solvents (efliylene glycol,
acetone, 1,2 DCE), lead.
STATUS
Full-scale remediation is
planned. Laboratory-scale and
pilot-scale studies are plumed.
Full-scale bioremediation is
not planned.
Laboratory-scale studies were
completed 11/91.
Total expected cost $SM
Full-scale remediation was
completed 12/91. Started
10/88.
Full-scale remediation was
completed 04/89.
Full-scale remediation is
planned. Currently in design.
Laboratory-scale studies were
completed 01/90.
Pilot-scale studies are planned.
Expected start 07/94.
Full-scale remediation has
been under way since 10/88.
Expected completion 09/99.
Total expected cost $2M.
CLEANUP
LEVELS
Not yet established.
Soil: PCP, 30 mg/kg; PAHs, 50 mg/kg;
dioxin (in situ), 2.5 (ig/kg; dioxin (ex
situ), 1 (ig/kg (risk-based).
SoU: PAHs, 100 mg/kg.
Soil: carcinogenic PAHs, 0.59 mg/kg;
phenol, 4.28 mg/kg; naphthalene,
211 mg/kg; fluorine, 323 mg/kg; PCP,
2.92 mg/kg; arsenic, 27 mg/kg;
chromium, 92.7 mg/kg.
Soil: PAHs, 1 mg/kg; carcinogenic
PAHs, 2 .5 mg/kg; arsenic, 94 mg/kg;
chromium, 88 mg/kg.
Surface water: arsenic, 12 ug/L.
Ground water: PAHs, 14 mg/L;
carcinogenic PAHs, 10 ug/L.
Sediments: arsenic, 94 mg/kg; PAHs,
3 mg/kg.
Ground water: ethylene glycol, 7 ppm;
1,2 DCE, 0.07 ppm; chromium, 50 ppb
(state ARAR).
TREATMENT
Ex situ land treatment. Aerobic
conditions, indigenous organisms.
In situ treatment Ex situ treatment,
sequencing batch reactor, slurry reactor,
batch flow. Aerobic conditions. Other
technologies: soil washing, incineration
possible for dioxin-contaminated soils.
Ex situ land treatment
In situ treatment Other technologies:
soil washing, solidification. 50% of site
underwent bioremediation.
Ex situ treatment, slurry reactor, batch
flow. Other technologies: soil washing,
solidification.
Ex situ treatment, sequencing batch
reactor, aerated tank, batch flow.
Aerobic conditions, exogenous
organisms. Other technologies:
chemical treatment, carbon adsorption,
and air stripping used for ground water,
rotary fciln incineration,
solidification/stabilization to treat
sludges and soils. 100% of site under
bioremediation.
COMMENTS
State may not have 10% cost
share for any remedial action
to be undertaken.
Bioremediation was not
effective for remediation of
dioxins in soils.
None.
None.
Laboratory-scale study was
terminated due to time
constraints. Biodegradation
reduced average total PAH
levels and carcinogenic PAH
levels from 306 mg/kg and 44
mg/kg, respectively, to 50
mg/L and 14 mg/L in 18 days.
Pilot-scale work is needed to
confirm effectiveness; overall
results suggest longer
incubation period could result
in further reduction of PAHs to
below cleanup goals.
Biomass upsets decreasing
operating efficiency of
treatment system. Cause of
upsets is unknown to date.
COD removal efficiency for
seventh operational quarter
was 92 percent for wells
located close to source. TOC
removal efficiency was 87
percent
* Indicates a new site.
** Indicates that the site has been updated.
l indicates a non-CERCLA site.
-------
FIELD APPLICATIONS OF BIOREMEDIATION (cont.)
REG
IV
*
IV
IV
IV
'IV,
"/;
'*t
i/,
SITE/
LOCATION/
LEAD
Charleston Air Force Base*
Charleston, SO <
RCRA Lead (Federal)
' . i > < ,
''
(
Coleman-Evans
White House, EL
CERCLA Fund Lead
DuboseOil"
Cantonment, FL
CERCLA Enforcement Lead
Escambia Wood Preserving
Site— Brookhaven"
Brookhaven, MS
CERCLA Fund Lead
Kpppers/Florence. J,
Florence,' SCse ' , :^'~. ..',-'
RCRALead'(Federaij „ • •- ' ,
• ';!' ,; *' ', ,,
,;; .' _,>; , ''1- ;•--'
; ,, ,',: - -';•:,- .-' , • \
Sweetwater.TN,'1;' '*•'
CONTACT/
PHONE
NUMBER
Sue Davis , '
(803)566-4978 ' ,
Joe Bowers ° <
(803)734-4814
LizWflde ,.
(404)347-3016
< * •
*"
' '
Tony Best
(404)347-2643
Peter Grasel
(904)488-0190
Mark File
(404)347-2643
George Linder
(904)488-0190
Kenneth Stockwell
(404)325-0770
De'Lyntoneus
Moore
(404)347-3931
MikeArnett,-;-
(404)347r76q3 ',,,.;
*< * * ^!l' ,
: " ;'*••' >.'-•
!C -V- '•';
Charles Burroughs
(615)741*3424 , ; V
Zt •.* ' j \
MEDIA/
CONTAMINANT/
VOLUME
.Soil (vadose sand): petroleum
(jet fuel), solvents
(1,1-dichIoroethene, '
1,1,1-trichloroethane,
tricbloroethene, vinyl chloride,
trans 1,2-dichloroetliene,
tetrachloroethene, , " "
dichloromethane), lead.
Volume: 25 cubic yards.' '
Soil (sand, loam): wood
preserving (PCP), arsenic.
Volume: 27K cubic yards.
Soil (sand, clay): TPNA, PCP,
petroleum, solvents (TCE, PCE).
Volume: 15K cubic yards.
Soil (loam): wood preserving
(PCP).
Volume: 200 cubic yards.
Soil: wood preserying (PCP,*
PAHs). ' ,;;'• •:,''•"',-
f '"• 't ->^ *
', ' / ' " :'4:" ,-',
" ,' • ' ',> ' '«• ••
Sludge/soil: wood preserving,'
* X ^ '' ' %>1t
STATUS
Pilot-scalestudies have been
under way since 1 1/92,
Expected completion 12/93,
s , <
j j
,<
Full-scale remediation is
planned. Currently in design.
Expected start 06/93. Expected
completion 06794.
Laboratory-scale studies have
been completed.
Total expected cost $8.6M
Full-scale remediation is
planned. Currently in design.
Laboratory-scale studies have
been completed.
Pilot-scale studies are planned.
Total expected cost $3M.
Full-scale bioremediation is
not planned.
Pilot-scale studies were
completed 11/92. Started
06/92.
Fnlf-'scale remediatioB'is;
jlanned/Currentlyin ' , ; :;
Jredesign., „;"'
, - ' • . I i • . " ,: «
--.'"' " '' :'' !V , •'','
Full-scale remediation was
completed 01/89, ('-'••'
>,'•' • ' **' ',, •'','
CLEANUP
LEVELS
Not yet established.
'
*>;
>
j j
Soil:PCP,25mg*g.
Soil: TPNA, 50 mg/kg; PCP, 50 mg/kg;
xylene, 65 mg/kg; benzene, 10 mg/kg;
TCE, 0.05 mg*g; PCE, 0.07 mg/kg.
Soil: risk-based.
'Not yet established.::* , - -/;
' j "' * ' ' „' ' L " ' > ' '
•'"; ' '«' " -'-,'" ' - -'/
NdtsuppBed^ '--,'- _ -s , ' "'' ; - - ""
TREATMENT
Jh situ treatment, bioventing. Aerobic
conditions, indigenous organisms.
Other technologies; pump and treat for
ground water plume. Less than 10% of
site under bioremediation.
j , '
»!' ''",'" >'>
< , < '
Ex situ treatment, slurry reactor, batch
flow. Aerobic conditions, exogenous
organisms. Other technologies: soil
washing, solidification/stabilization.
100% of site will undergo
bioremediation.
Ex situ treatment, pile. Aerobic
conditions, indigenous organisms.
Other technologies: carbon adsorption
for treatment of wastewater. 90% of
site will undergo bioremediation.
Ex situ treatment. Aerobic conditions,
exogenous and indigenous organisms.
1% of site underwent bioremediation.
Ex sfttt land treatment;,Ej(6genoas atid; ;
indigenous''orgarusms:p'lhet,;,; ' ' ,
technologies': ground water extraction, -
Hetreatment, and discharge to a
?OTW. 33* of iite will undergo -'
Horemediation. » ,- „ ; * ' ' t x
3x situ land itreatrrient,Ex<)gendus,x :'"
organisms,3 ^ ','' - (- ,,' •> J-,
COMMENTS
Bioventing will be difficult
due to high ground water table
and seasonal variation of >
ground water elevation and
direction. :
> * '•
" ' ' '
<
Problem with wood chip
removal from soils; dioxins
have been identified and are
being evaluated.
Bioremediation will be
ineffective for dioxins.
Pilot study was delayed due to
waiting for results of dioxins
test
There is a lack of information
on success of technology at
field-scale level; however,
results of field treatability
study showed reduction in
PCP and creosote— up to 86%
for PCP, and 96% for 3-ringed
PAH creosote compounds.
tfone.';" ,,. \ ;' ,j ,' -"
, ' * ' * .' v ' '
None, f' -' ;- ",';;-' '\ ,
* Indicates a new site.
** Indicates that the site has been updated.
Shading indicates a non-CERCLA site.
-------
r
FIELD APPLICATIONS OF BIOREMEDIATION (cont)
REG
IV
IV
IV
'
IV
IV
1
<
SUE/
LOCATION/
LEAD
(Man Facility*
Fort Pierce, FL
TSCALead (Slate)
Shavers Farm
Lafayette, GA
CERCLA Fund Lead
saves; .. -. ,.--
Saint Augustine, FL
State Lead
,
' <
t
j > ^>
>,
;'
Southeastern Wood Preserving
Canton, MS
CERCLA Fund Lead
Stallworth Timber**
Beatrice, AL\
RCRA Lead (State) and
RCRA Lead (Federal) -
•*' ' ' ^
< t- t
CONTACT/
PHONE
NUMBER
foeMalinowski
(404)888-2895
Chuck Eger
(404)347-3931
WUliamBunis
(904)488-0190 /
GeorgeHevler
(904)288-0190
-
1
~i
' c *
!•- " "
Don Rigger
(404)347-3931
Jason Darby
(404)347-3433
Stan Sullivan
(205)271-7730 ,;
< " ,( ' <
> < '
0 '
I '
MEDIA/
CONTAMINANT/
VOLUME
Soil (sand) /ground water:
pesticides (chlordane,
icptacblor).
Volume: 200 cubic yards.
Soil: pesticides (dicamba),
benzoic acid, dichlorosalicyclic
acid, benzonitrile.
Ground water; solvents (acetone,
benzene, chloroform, cresols,
ethylbenzene, 2-butanone,
rneUiylene chloride, toluene,
l.l.l-tricHoroethane, methyl
isobutylketone,
2,1,1-dimelhyljtariol),
cadmium, chromium, coHfier,
lead, nickel, silver, zinc.
'
>
, j ^
Soil: wood preserving.
Volume: 10K cubic yards.
Soil (sand, silt) / ground waten
wood presarying^PCP).' *
< ,
<' '. ,
" , ' '
x
",
STATUS
run-scale remediation is
planned. Currently in design.
Expected start 12/93. Expected
completion 12/95.
Pilot-scale studies have been
completed.
Full-scale remediation is
planned. Currently in design.
Laboratory-scale studies were
completed 08/91. Started
01/91.
Pilot-scale studies were
completed 10/92, Started
01/92.
^
,
.
Full-scale remediation has
been under way since 04/90.
Total expected cost S1.7M.
Full-scale remediation is
planned Currently in <
predeagn. , >
x.
*' ;>
CLEANUP
LEVELS
Not yet established.
Soil: dicamba, 25 mg/kg; benzoic acid,
25 mg/kg; dichlorosalicyclic acid,
25 mg/kg; benzonitrite, 25 mg/kg.
Ground water: acetone, 700 |lg/L
(risk-based); benzene, 1 (ig/L
(risk-based); chloroform, 0,7 Hg/L
(risk-based); cresols, 700 |ig/L
(risk-based); ethylbenzene, 39 Hg/L
(proposed MCL)-, 2-butanone, 680 ug/L
(risk-based); methylene chloride,
7 jig/L (risk-based); toluene,
2,000 (tg/L (risk-based);
l,l,J-tricMoroefhane,200 Ug/L; methyl
isobutyl fcetone, 350 Hg/L (risk-based);
2,l,l'dimethylphenol,39 ug/L
(risk-based).
Soil: K001 land ban standards.
Notyetestablished.
, < '
' /
(r s f
,
;,
TREATMENT
In situ land treatment, hydrogen
peroxide, nutrient addition (soil, water).
Aerobic and anaerobic conditions,
indigenous organisms.
Biorcmediation treatment not yet
established.
Ex situ treatment, fixed Elm,
continuous flow. Aerobic conditions,
exogenous organisms. Other
technologies: soil solidification. 100%
of site will undergo bioremediation.
.
<
* < 0
' ' *'
Ex situ treatment, slurry reactor, batch
flow. Aerobic conditions, exogenous
and indigenous organisms. Other
technologies: soil washing. 100% of
site under bioremediation.
lii situ treatment, nutrient addition (soil:
treatment, activated sludge, continuous
flow. Aerobic conditions, exogenous
and indigenous organisms. Other
technologies: djenucaltteatraent,
clarification, ulfravioletoxidation.
ICKM&ofsitewiBundstgo' °/
bioremediatio&. ,'
COMMENTS
tone.
Pilot bench-scale treatabQity
studies being reviewed. Still
working out logistics.
None.
*
"
,
^
' i '
Failed to meet current K001
land ban standards for pyrene
and phenanthrene. May be
forced to seek treatability
variance.
l>lone. <
<
j Jo
,"
0
< s
oo
* Indicates a new site.
"Indicates that the site has been vi
g indicates a non-CERCLA site.
-------
FIELD APPLICATIONS OF BIOREMEDIATION (cont.)
REG
IV
V
, A"
V V
?l;V
tl !>'
SITE/
LOCATION/
LEAD
White House Waste
White House, FL
CERCLA Fund Lead
Allied Chemical
Ironton, OH
CERCLA Enforcement Lead
Aristech Chemical „< *'' , ,<"
HaverMll.OH/,. •"*'" -;",t>
EtCKA. JLe&d iQPedeialJ >\j " ' ^ j
J ~% ' £ ; J 'V' * , ' * " "
^ i \ ^t , ' ' ; ' ' s>! "• /
~'': • ""'• '"-'' '"'* '
CONTACT/
PHONE
NUMBER
Tony Best
(404)347-2643
Marvin Colh'ns
(904)488-0190
JimVanderKloot
(312)353-9309
KayGossett
(614)385-8501
MatttKwOhl\ " ,
(312)886,4442;, !' '
ScottSchennerrlbm
(614)385-8501 ''•* ,„:
Bud Smith" \,, ,'*
(614)53*-5412 ,';l'f
''"'<.' > f -.
MEDIA/
CONTAMINANT/
VOLUME
Soil (sand, silt) / ground water:
petroleum, solvents
(benzo(a)pyrene, chlorobenzene,
1,4-dichIorobenzene, di-n-butyl
phthalate, methylene chloride,
2-methyl naphthalene,
naphthalene, phenol,
tetrachloroethene,
trichloroethene, acetone,
bis(2-ethylhexyl)phthalat,
carbon disuliide, ethylbenzene,
methyl ethyl ketone,
3,4-methylphenol), PCB 1260,
lead, other inorganics.
Volume: 40.7K cubic yards.
Sediments (coal and coke fines):
PAHs, arsenic.
Volume: 500K cubic yards.
Scat (Clay); Mraene^phenoJ,/' '
"•"" •',!<%>>' "~f<: , .,'v<-
*" ' ' '* . ' •- ' ^ '
'-;,,- '".^> \>, ' . ','f,
STATUS
Full-scale remediation is
planned. Currently in
predesign. Expected start
06793. Expected completion
06/94.
Total expected costs: capital,
$15.5M;O&M,$3.4M.
Full-scale remediation is
planned. Currently in design.
Laboratory-scale studies were
completed 09/92.
Pilot-scale studies have been
completed.
Total expected cost $26M.
Full-scale sobfbediafionww"' ,^
acurredcosl;$180K;'; .„
Total expected cost J258K.'-' / '-
- > ' i ")'" ' V;5'"
'•'A » >„.: - „ ,}
CLEANUP
LEVELS
Soil: benzene, 1.13 (ig/kg;
benzo(a)pyrene, 0.192 mg/kg;
chlorobenzene, 970 mg/kg;
l,4^chlorobenzene, 0.012 mg/kg;
methylene chloride, 29.3 mg/kg; PCB
1260, 0.09 mg/kg; 2-methyl naphthalene,
2.2 mg/kg; naphthalene, 0.261 mg/kg;
phenol, 0 .549 mg/kg; telrachloroethene,
4.3 mg/kg; toluene, 14.4K mg/kg;
trichloroethene, 0.0447 mg/kg
(risk-based).
Ground water acetone, 0.0016 mg/L
(risk-based); benzene, 0.005 mg/L
(ARAR-based); benzo(a)pyrene,
0.0002 mg/L (ARAR-based);
bis(2-emy]hexyl)phmala«, 0.004 mg/L
(ARAR-based); carbon disuffide,
1.64 mg/L (risk-based); ethylbenzene,
0.7 mg/L (ARAR-based); methyl ethyl
ketone, 8.46 mg/L (risk-based);
3,4-methylphenol, 0.85 mg/L (risk-based);
naphthalene, 9,700 mg/L (nsk-based);
2-methyl naphthalene, 0.067 mg/L
(risk-based); phenol, 10 mg/L
(risk-based); toluene, 1 mg/L
(ARAR-based); trichloroethene,
0.005 mg/L (ARAR-based); xylene,
10 mg/L (ARAR-based).
Sediments: carcinogenic PAHs,
100 mg/kg (risk-based).
SSS^SS^',: =
:'"!" ;"'""''' ;s !^' X,?;"\
^ '-''• ^ ;>,-V_, -*-°:"< , '" ''
<* ''*}' " ''j<5,<'' ^<, ' J v ''<*"?*
TREATMENT
Ex situ treatment, slurry reactor, batch
flow. Aerobic conditions, exogenous
organisms. Other technologies: soil
washing, solidification/stabilization.
100% of pit material at site will
undergo bioremediation.
In situ treatment Aerobic conditions,
indigenous organisms. Other
technologies: incineration with onsite
reuse of waste heat; pump and treat for
ground water. 50% of site will undergo
bioremediation.
In situ land treatment, nutrient addition
(fertilize^ nitrogen, and phosphorous). '
Aerobic and anaerobic conditions, •
'-, , "' ''" , 5, , ;I'--, ,^r7^" •
' ^ ,-.*>«** ' <.' ( v^ v ' / >'; '
***'*£ ^'^j' ' \J '
COMMENTS
Bioremediation is a proposed
remedy, presently under public
comment If accepted, an
amended ROD will follow in
May 1993.
Solidification/stabilization will
follow bioremediation in the
treatment train due to the
presence of lead.
Concentrations of
contaminants are highly
variable, making confirmation
of cleanup difficult
Soil moisture and temperature
weretfteMtostdifficaRfactors" ,
to control. .. „";- ""!*' '
J ' ' ^ " V * ^ ' ' ' '•-'
, ;j;.'-,;; •'* ~ -„»,,''
i"
i
3'
?
i
•Indicates a new site.
** Indicates that the site has been updated.
Shading indicates a non-CERCLA site.
-------
FIELD APPLICATIONS OF BIOREMEDIATION (cont.)
REG
V
V
V
V
1 s
V
- "..
>
V
V
SITE/
LOCATION/
LEAD
Awostyle
(cntwood, MI
B&F Tracking Company
Rochester, MN
USTLead (State)
^ c
Bendix Corporation/Allied
Automotive Site
St Joseph, MI
CERCLA Enforcement Lead
BPOfl Company!*
Lima, OH t\
RCRA Lead (Federal) % 5
<«,,
BnruBgtoa Northern" *
Brainerd,MN ' ••
CERCLA— State to start;
KXVRfcdMtaoBK
1-jnethyl chrySene, 1-methyl <
naphthalene), barium, ftntmtam,
chromium (ffl), chrominm (VI),
lead, nickel, sine, „ >
Sod (vadose sand) / ground ;
water; wood preserving (PCP),
Volume; lOKcuWcyards,
^ j •[*
Soil (vadose charcoal/sand mix)
/ ground water: wood preserving
(PAHs), arsenic, copper, lead,
mercury.
Volume: 9,000 cubic yards.
Soil: phenols, chlorophenol,
PNAs, PCP, PAHs.
STATUS
Full-scale remediation has
ieen under way since 09/90.
Full-scale remediation was
completed 12/92. Started
04/91.
Incurred cost J341K.
Adi-scale remediation is
planned. Currently in
predesign. Laboratory-scale
studies are being conducted.
Full-scale bioremediatkm is
not planned. '
Laboratory-scale studies were
completed 11/88. •''
< ,
Full-scale remediation is being
Scaducted. ,
< s "
'-
Laboratoiy-scale studies were
completed 01/93. Started
12/92.
Full-scale remediation is
planned. Currently in
predesign.
CLEANUP
LEVELS
Not yet established.
Soil: BTEX, 50 mg/kg (risk-based).
Ground water; 100 x MN Department
ofHealthRALs.
Not yet established.
Soil: benz^ajpyrene, 38 fig/kg;,
"benzo(a)anthracene, 38}tg/kg;
chrysene, 37 (ig/kg; l-mefhylctoysene,
16 |ig/kg (residential risk-based
scenario).
Ground water; carcinogenic PCP, '
28 mg/L; aoncarcinogenic PCP,
3QOmg/L. ^' "
0
'
Not yet established.
Not yet established.
TREATMENT
Ex situ treatment, fixed film. Aerobic
conditions. Other technologies: vacuum
extraction, soil vapor extraction for
product recovery and sofl treatment
100% of site under Horemediation.
In situ treatment. Ex situ treatment,
sequencing batch reactor, continuous
flow. Aerobic conditions, indigenous
organisms. 75% of site-underwent
bioremedialion. '
- :•,''"- V-: ' - •-••.'.:... . ' '•.• --.
In situ treatment Aerobic and
anaerobic conditions, indigenous
organisms.
In situ land treatment, nutrient addition
(anhydrous ammonia), iidigenous
organisms.
>
Exsa»l»ndJre8tm«!. Aerobic . ^
conditions, indigenous organisms,
Othactechnologles; awrmajdesorpfion
and pump and treat for ground water,
100%ofsiteunderbioremediation, <
«
Ex situ treatment, pile. Aerobic
conditions, indigenous organisms. 90%
of site win undergo bioremediation.
In situ treatment, nutrient addition.
100% of site win undergo
uiuicui^uiauuu.
COMMENTS
None.
Increase in iron concentration
n ground water caused iron
bacteria and resulting "slime"
to accumulate on the surface of
pipes and othecprocess
equipment Sitenow has
converted to nonbiological
process., ; .
Recent sampling has identified
much higher TCE
concentrations than expected.
At these concentrations, TCE
potentially might be toxic for
aerobic organisms. Additional
tests are being conducted to
examine the feasibility of a
two-phase anaerobic/aerobic
system.
Land treatment permit was t
denied. Application of oily
sludge took place in November
1990. Working to achieverisk^
levels of io"* or MT8 before '
closing, whidt will deterrnina ,
theland's final Use,
Hone, _ ;
(;
>
^,,
None.
* Indicates a new site.
-------
FIELD APPLICATIONS OF BIOREMEDIATION (cont.)
REG
,v
< i
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(u
*
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• •:«
V
.:-Y< •
:••, :
;:,-;,-
0 ';5
-, -
V
SITE/
LOCATION/
LEAD
Hentchells
TravetseCity,MI
TJSTLead (Slate)
"*' " '1 '
>,,,« ' ''
Joh'et Army Ammunitions
Plant >
Elwood,lL ' ' °
Federal Facility
' ; v< >
JoslynMFG
Brooklyn Center, MN
CERCLA State Lead
KI Sawyer AFB ' , '"
Mattniejte/Ml:}>'< '-:' ('
Fe^eirf Facility' v-,, ;, ,».,
./• /:"l-;;' * '" '., '
'-'• ' if , (.,
,,£•' •, - ,,'•';>; 't>i;>-. \"-'
MacGillisandGibbs
Company Site
New Brighton, MN
CERCLA Fund Lead
CONTACT/
PHONE
NUMBER
AnnEmington
(616)775-9729 , ,
' ' " '
' '<
DionNovafc
(312)886-4727
SteveMffler '
(217)782-1803
" •''!': '•',':'
AnnBidwell
(612)296-7827
Kevin Turner
(312)886-4444
'MaeveMprgan, ;''*
(906)346-2342
•MarfcPetrie-5, ,r; ^
(90^)228-6561 /"
(,'->, "c >, .- '"'
' \* " * ' V ^ '
' * '*•'
Daryl Owens
(312)886-7089
Douglas Robohm
(612)296-7717
MEDIA/
CONTAMINANT/
VOLUME
Soil /ground water petroleum.
: ",>;'"
t "' o
' ; .x
<>
>
Soa:W,DNT,JRDX, , , "
1 s >; '
.
,
' , <,
Soil (vadose): wood preserving
(PCP, PAHs).
Volume: 67K cubic yards.
Soji'(vadosesand)s petroleum; "'
-1- <:?•''•-•:,',,; -'2 p ;>
h - '-' :,-•,'-"--,• ,:•',>.,",, i <<':
.. V t ,,,,-,'
^
Ground water: wood preserving
(PCP), arsenic, chromium.
STATUS
Full-scale remediation was
completed 03/89. Started > « >
09/85.'<' < ' ' " -
' ,' > ' '
< , , _
Full-scale remediation is
planned. Currently in design. :
Laboratory-scale studies have
b'een completed.
Pilot-scale studies are beinf£
conducted, i , a
Full-scale remediation has
been under way since 08/89.
Expected completion 09/94.
Pilot-scale studies have been
underway, stoce fti/92; : •••,•:'
.Expected completion 10/93. - •
^ < , v'";>*;Sv ; t \*, ^ v o
>r '< ^ ' V
;f l ' >,' ! : '
Full-scale remediation is
planned. Currently in design.
Expected start 09/93. Expected
completion 04/95. Blot-scale
studies were completed 09/89.
Started 07/89.
Total expected cost capital,
S260K.
Cost per yean O&M, $600K.
CLEANUP
LEVELS
Soil: nondetection levels.
Ground water; nondetection levels.
1 >< > ,
' '„ ' > "
< < < <
i
(
Notyetestablished.
X '
'
,< -> '
0 > ' > ' ' ^
Soil (vadose): PCP, 150 mg/kg; PAHs,
100 mg/kg (dermal contact).
Soil (vadose): benzene,-20 Jig/kg;* '*',':
toluene. 16KU(i/kK' xvlene.
6,(X»Hg/kg(MDNRAct307TypeB'. '
CriteHa). ^ ' ^ '
* '"-<
','",'', "" ' ' "
' ":' '- j'1'-''^ --,,;-,
Ground water: POTW pretreatment
standards.
TREATMENT
In situ treatment, nutrient addition (soil;
motto- and di-sodium phosphate,
ammonium choride;waten mono- and
di-sodium phosphate, ammonium
chloride). Aerobicconditions,
indigenous organisms. 75% of site
underwent bioremediation.
Ex situ treatment sequencing batch
reactor, batch flow. Aerobic conditions;
indigenous organisms. > < ,
-
-
Ex situ land treatment Aerobic
conditions, indigenous organisms.
Other technologies: ground water pump
out system with nonbiological
treatment 35% of site under
bioremediation.
In situ treatment, bioventing. Aerobic' '
condirions^indigetkius organisms. ,
Other technologieStatwelve-weefc «.
study was conducted from November
1990 to Februaiy 1991 to evaluate the
effecfivenessofdualpnmpversul** , :
single pump hydrocarbon recovery for
free product on the water table.
Ex situ treatment, fixed film, plug flow.
Aerobic conditions, indigenous
organisms. Other technologies: soil
washing and soil incineration are under
consideration. 10% of site will undergo
bioremediation.
COMMENTS
Iron-forming bacteria clogged ,
the carbon system. Pursuing
final cleanup of residue at
leading edge of plume. Also
need soil verification.
V
None. , ' ^< '
' c '
,
.
,
Due to extreme rainfall in May
1992, part of Land Treatment
Unit was under water.
Flooding has delayed
treatment of lift 2 soil.
•Site is located in northern U,S.,,
near'Lake.Superiofc ; ' '-;; ,
Accumulation of snow and
freezing temperatures for mote '
than 6 months of the year '°:
make field work and system, ,,.
(Operation, difficult '• „•> <,; •
A pilot-scale bioremediation
system was tested on site
under the SHE program. The
results are in a report dated
September 1991
(EPA/540/A5-91/001).
* Indicates a new site.
** Indicates that the site has been updated.
Shading indicates a non-CERCLA site.
-------
FIELD APPLICATIONS OF BIOREMEDIATION (cont.)
REG
V
V
'V
', ,>
V
V
SUE/
LOCATION/
LEAD
Marathon Slation-Ervines
Kcntwood.MI
State Lead
Mayville Fire Department
MayvilIe,MI
USTLead (Stale)
Michigan Air National Guard*
Battle Creek, MI
Federal Facility
' « < ,!,,{,<< <
v
< < ^ < 0 { < > <
Moss-American
Milwaukee, WI
CERCLA Enforcement Lead
New Lyme Landfill**
NewLyme, OH
CERCLA Fund Lead
CONTACT/
PHONE
NUMBER
Bonnie \Vhite
(616)456-5071
JonMayes
(517)684-9141
FredVollmcrhausen
(616)969-3233
{ °3 r
Bonnie Heder
(312)886-4885
Ted Smith
(312)353-6571
MEDIA/
CONTAMINANT/
VOLUME
Ground water: petroleum
(gasoline).
Ground water: petroleum.
Soil (vadosc: sand, silt):
petroleum, heavy metals.
< ' ^ " > < j*
i( \<:<< * ' ; \ '( < *r
1 J J\
-------
FIELD APPLICATIONS OF BIOREMEDIATION (cont.)
REG
V
,
i
>
V
V
* V
i
"/»
, '<
V
SITE/
LOCATION/
LEAD
Newark Air Force Base*
jWatfcOH
USTLead^fate)^
'',
'
- ,> < •
, ,
< '
• < , .
Onalaska Municipal Landfill
Lacrosse County, WI
CERCLA Fund Lead
Organic Chemical
Grandvflle, MI
CERCLA Fund Lead
ParkeJJavis •< ; „» «,, >'>
.Holland, MI
RCRAXead (Federal) --
, .^Vv-V,- '
ReillyTar
Indianapolis, IN
CERCLA Enforcement Lead
CONTACT/
PHONE
NUMBER
Robert Cobott , (
(614)522-7077 '
*
<„!
t
5
Kevin Adler
(312)886-7078
Paul Kozol
(608)264-6013
Robin Schmidt
(608)267-7569
Tom Williams
(312)886-6157
ShariKolak
(312)886-6151 1, <-..
DaveSlayton
(517)373-8012
Dion Novak
(312)886-4737
KristaEskilson
(317)243-5088
MEDIA/
CONTAMINANT/
VOLUME
Soil (vadose: silt, clay):
petroleum (gasoline).
Volume: 60 cubieyards.
'.
• >
, t
i i > ' -- t ,
Soil (vadose and saturated sand):
solvents CTCE), petroleum (total
hydrocarbons), wood preserving
(naphthalene).
Volume: 5,000 cubic yards.
Ground water: TCE, toluene,
petroleum (lube oil).
Soil /ground water: petroleum,
solvents, arsenic, chloride, zinc.
,
i\ ' ' " "<-> , >. „
Ground waten benzene,
pyridine, ammonia.
Volume: 7M gallons per day.
STATUS
Full-scale bioremediation is
not planned. > :
Pilot-scale studies have been
under way since 08/92. < '
Expected completion 08/94. >
Incurred costs: capital, $35K;
0&M,$1,000. ,,t , . ,
Total expected costs: capital,
$35K-O&M, $2,000. ,
Full-scale remediation is
planned. Currently hi design.
Remediation expected to
complete 09/96.
Laboratory-scale studies were
completed 03/92.
Total expected costs: capital,
$400K;O&M,$20K.
Laboratory-scale studies are
planned.
Laboratory-scale and'^i* t~ ,
pilot-scale studies are planned.
A ** i ,>s « .
!- < ''
*, ',; .^',
Not yet established.
TREATMENT
In situ treatment, bioventing. Aerobic
conditions, indigenous organisms. 40%
of site under bioremediation.
V
'
' l > °
<
> '
« ,
In situ treatment, bioventing. Aerobic
conditions, indigenous organisms. 20%
of site will undergo bioremediation.
Bioremediation treatment not yet
established. Other technologies: levels
of organics are so high at the site that
bioremediation is not practical until the
levels are lowered. Ground water pump
and treat with an air stripper and GAC
is being used as an interim measure.
to situ treatment Ex situ treatment, »
fixed film. Aerobic conditions. Other
technologies: air stripping and steam
stripping. "> • ,
In final design stage.
Construction expected May
1993. Soils outside of landfill
to be addressed — methane in
landfill.
Review of dioxin data has
revealed that soil will be
handled by EPA in Cincinnati.
Waiting for feasibility study to
do remediation on TCE and
toluene. Working on additional
plan for oil. Ground water
pump and treat began in
December 1993.
None. '" <
^ '\ > ! -, ^ "t *
' - ' " <
'* ' '!"
60 to 80 feet of aquifier with
conductivities of 0.01 to 0.001
with interfingering until units
are not continuous (clay);
7,000,000 gallons per day are
being pumped from lower zone
aquifier.
to
I
* Indicates a new site.
** Indicates that the site has been updated.
Shading indicates a non-CERCLA site.
-------
FIELD APPLICATIONS OF BIOREMEDIAHON (cont.)
REG
V
V
V
V
SITE/
LOCATION/
LEAD
Reilly Tar & Chemical
Company
SL Louis Park, MN
CERCLA Enforcement Lead
Seymour Recycling
Seymour, IN
CERCLA Enforcement Lead
Process 1
Process 2
Sheboygan River and Harbor"
Sheboygan, WI '
CERCLA Enforcement Lead
St Louis River
Interlake/Duluth Tar Site
Dulufli, MN
CERCLA State Lead
CONTACT/
PHONE
NUMBER
Daryl Owens
(312)886-7089
Douglas Bcckwith
(612)295-7715
Mike Scott
(612)296-7297
Jeff Gore
(312)886-6552
Prabhakar
Kasarabada
(317)243-5130
Bonnie Heder
(312)886-4885
TomEggert
(608)264-6012
Rick Fox
(312)886-7979
AnnBidwell
(612)296-7827
MEDIA/
CONTAMINANT/
VOLUME
Soil (vadose loam): wood
preserving (2-fluorobiphenyl,
naphthalene, acenapthylene,
fluorene, acenapthene,
phenanthrene, anthracene,
fluoranthene, pyrene,
bcnzo(a)anthraccne, chrysene,
bcnzo(b)fluonmthene1
benzo(k)fluoranthene,
benzo(a)pyrene,
indcno(l,2,3-cd)pyrene,
dibenzo(a,h)anthracene,
benzo(g,h,i)perylene).
Ground water solvents (vinyl
chloride, TCE, DCE, benzene,
chloroethane).
Volume: 500K gallons.
Soil: solvents (vinyl chloride,
TCE, DCE).
Volume: 1 1 IK cubic yards.
Sediments (sand, silt, clay):
PCBs.
Volume: 2,500 cubic yards.
Sediments / soil: VOCs, PAHs.
STATUS
Full-scale remediation is
planned. Pilot-scale studies
have been under way since
1 1/92. Expected completion
11/95.
Incurred cost: $25K.
Total expected cost $70K.
Full-scale remediation was
completed 09/90.
Incurred cosuSlM.
Full-scale remediation was
completed 09/90.
Incurred cost S750K.
Full-scale biorcmediation is
not planned.
Laboratory-scale and
pilot-scale studies are being
conducted.
Full-scale remediation is
planned. Currently in
predesign.
CLEANUP
LEVELS
Not yd established.
Ground water: drinking water
standards.
Not supplied.
Not yet established.
Not yet established.
TREATMENT
la situ treatment, biovcnling, nutrient
addition. Aerobic conditions,
indigenous organisms. Other
technologies: carbon adsorption.
In situ treatment, nutrient addition.
Aerobic conditions, indigenous
organisms. Other technologies: vacuum
extraction, multi-layer cap.
In situ treatment, nutrient addition.
Aerobic conditions, indigenous
organisms. Other technologies: vacuum
extraction, multi-layer cap.
In situ treatment, capping of sediments.
Ex situ treatment, confined treatment
facility (tank). Aerobic and anaerobic
conditions, indigenous organisms.
Other technologies: armoring
(capping) — pilot-scale study,
armoring — effects on biodegradation,
solidification/stabilization, thermal
extraction, chemical dechlorination,
solvent extraction.
Bioremediation treatment not yet
established. Other technologies: "pure
tar" found in isolated "tar seeps" at the
site will be thermally destroyed as fuel.
COMMENTS
Site initiated a 3-year field
evaluation of bioventing in
November 1992.
None.
Since a multi-layer cap was
applied over the bio-applied
soil, there is no way to sample
the contaminated soil. The RI
in 1984 found more than 54
organic chemicals.
Delays hi pilot-study due to
additional lab-scale tests and
coordination with ARCS
Program as Pilot
Demonstration Project for
Sheboygan AOC. Project is
ongoing.
Remedy for
PAH-contaminated soils and
sediments has not been
selected. The supplemental RI
report for the soils operable
unit currently is being
completed.
s>
I
I
3*
* Indicates a new site.
** Indicates that the site has been updated.
Shading indicates a non-CERCLA site.
-------
FIELD APPLICATIONS OF BIOREMEDIATION (cont.)
REG
V
,,'v
1 <
V
°y •
>;I , - '
', ' '"
VI
SITE/
LOCATION/
LEAD
Union Carbide— Marietta
Facility1"
Marietta, OH
CERCLA Enforcement Lead
Upjohn Company Portage *
Facility t ' "
Kalamazoo.Mt , .
RCR&Lead'(Federai)'
' <
West K&L Avenue Landfill
Kalamazoo, MI
CERCLA Enforcement Lead
Wright-Patterson Air Fdrce:
JJase, \'i'\»;!° ;, ;' ,;>";;%
Dayton^OH * " - " , <
'Federal Facility, •; \1 ~ J v ,!?',<:
Atchinson
Santa Fe,NM
CERCLA Enforcement Lead
CONTACT/
PHONE
NUMBER
Kathleen Warren
(312)353-6756
Scott Bergreen
(614)385-8501
Terry Roundtree
(312)353-3236
LoraaJereza
(312)3S3-51tO
GregRudloff' ' ^
(312)335-3478 •"
'"'•'> - :
DanCozza
(312)886-7252
John Wolfe' :ri *'.'*$
(513)257-9178' ",; „
? ; i \ ''* ',
•]:>£::!'; ;•%':;
Ky Nichols
(214)655-6730
Susan Morris
(505)827-2890
MEDIA/
CONTAMINANT/
VOLUME
Soil / ground water: VOCs,
dioxin, monochlorinated
biphenyls, dichlorinated
biphenyls, PCBs, aluminum,
manganese.
Soil / ground water; solvents.
< ' I-
J " *'
''"'-
Ground water solvents (acetone,
benzene, TCE, vinyl chloride,
1,2-dichIoroethane, xylene,
toluene, trans-l,2-DCE,
ethylbenzene,
1,1-dichloroethane).
£cfl'(vadose: sand, sat, clay); -
petroleum (jet 'fuel).1. -";;* " I '';/' < -
;Vblume:i7,500 cubic yards.
, ' "• ' ' ' ~- , '*
Sediments (silt) / soil (sand,
silt): petroleum (diesel),
chlorides.
Volume: 28K cubic yards.
STATUS
Laboratory-scale studies have
been completed.
'Full-scale remediation i$
planned. Currently in
predesign. Pilot-scale studies
have been under way since t
'01/87, ( ' •'
Laboratory-scale and
pilot-scale studies are being
conducted.
Total expected cost $2.2M.
Pilot-scale studies are planned.
Expected rompletiokp3/94.
i'\ ••,-;;-:,->—•;.• _-_ .'"' - t
' . ] ' ^ ' ' -'""'-*<'(
Full-scale remediation has
been under way since 07/92.
Total expected cost: $3M.
r*l T7 AMTTP
LJ-J1AINU"
LEVELS
Not yet established.
Hotyet'e&tablisried, '*'"'
-, ^ ''' ' <
V ' "> 1
'* I
''''"' "/ '
Ground water: acetone, 700 ppb;
benzene, 1 ppb; vinyl chloride,
0.02 ppb; 1,2-dichloroethane, 0.4 ppb;
xylene, 20 ppb; toluene, 40 ppb;
trans-l>DCE, 100 ppb; ethylbenzene,
30 ppb; 1,1-dichloroethane, 700 ppb.
Wyetes^^^^V^r,
'-t~.;'f '-,,./;'•" ,,;"' i-<<':'"';
-;>, ;- - ., ':;;x>y ;, c •
Not yet established.
TREATMENT
In situ land treatment (soil). Ex situ
treatment, activated sludge (ground
water). Aerobic and anaerobic
conditions, exogenous and indigenous
organisms. Other technologies: GAC.
Ex situ treatment, fixed filmbiomass
with continuous flow (ground water). ,
Aerobic conditions, indigenous
organisms. Other technologies: in situ
soil flushing, vacuum extraction-
Aerobic conditions. Other technologies:
depending on results of ground water
samples during pump test* precipitation
of metals and a carbon filter for the
vinyl chloride may need to be added.
Ja situ trealmenCbioyenting. Aerobic^'; •
conditions! indigenous organisms.
100% of site will undergo " s K---X
bioreinediation.\- - 'l ','/,' \,
In situ land treatment, nutrient addition
(soil: phosphate and nitrogen;
sediments: phosphate and nitrogen). Ex
situ land treatment Aerobic conditions,
indigenous organisms. 100% of site
under bioremediation.
COMMENTS
Site still is in FS stage. A
treatability study has been
completed. The ROD should
be completed by September
1993.
Possible problems witiilow
winter temperatures. < „
<" -
* , >
' , <
Laboratory-scale microcosms
and pilot-scale lysimeter
systems are being used to
assess thebiodegradative
capacity of the aquifer and
landfill material. Results are
scheduled to be reported in
November 1993. Potential
problems include treatment of
vinyl chloride and handling of
water after treatment.
Discharge to POTW would be
possible only with the
installation of 3 miles of sewer
line, and no surface water
discharge is possible, so
treated ground water must be
reinjected.
Noney* ' ; / yj ^ f * ' < (J "
>
3'
a
* Indicates a new site.
Shading indicates a non-CERCLA site.
-------
FIELD APPLICATIONS OF BIOREMEDIATION (cont.)
REG
VI
VI
VI
VI
VI
VI
SITE/
LOCATION/
LEAD
Dow Chemical
Company— Louisiana Division
Plaqueminc,LA
RCRA Lead (Federal)
French Limited"
Crosby, TX
CERCLA Enforcement Lead
Hudson Refining Company**
Gushing, OK " •'
RCRA Lead (Federal)
KeuXAirForceBase*
San Antonio, TX
FederalFaeility "-
North Cavalcade Street"
Houston, TX
CERCLA State Lead
Oldlnger
Danow.LA
CERCIA State Lead
CONTACT/
PHONE
NUMBER
Madeline Murphy
(504)765-0585
JillMcCullough
(504)389-8493
Judith Black
(214)655-6735
Louis Rogers
(512)463-8188
Bjyon Heineman *
(214)655-8318
Dennis Guadaqrama
(512)925-3100 \
MarkVeeger
(512)908-2361
Deborah Griswold
(214)655-6715
Louis Rogers
(512)463-8188
Larry Wright
(214)655-6715
Paul Sieminski
(214)655-6710
Sandra Greenwich
(504)765-0487
MEDIA/
CONTAMINANT/
VOLUME
Ground water: solvents
(1,2-diehIorocthanc,
1,1,1-trichIoroethane,
1 ,1-dichloroethane,
1 ,1-dichloroethyIene,
chloroethane).
Volume: 90K cubic yards.
Sediments (sand, silt) / sludge /
soil (sand, silt, clay) /ground
water FCBs, arsenic, hazardous
contaminants, petroleum (BAP,
VOCs), arsenic.
Soil (vadose: sand, silt, loam):
petroleum (lube oil), wood
preserving (PAHs).
Volume: 145K cubic yards.'
Soil (vadose clay): petroleum
(Jet fuel), solvents (PCE, TCE,
vinyl chloride, DCE).
Soil (sand, silt, clay) / ground
waten wood preserving
(benzene, PAHs).
Volume: 5,500 cubic yards.
Sludge /soil: petroleum.
Volume: 200K cubic yards.
STATUS
Laboratory-scale studies were
completed 12/90.
Pilot-scale studies have been
under way since 03/93.
Incurred costs: capital, S250K;
O&M.510K.
Total expected cost capital,
SIM.
CostperyeanO&M,$50K.
Full-scale remediation has
been under way since 01/92.
Total expected cost $90M.
Full- scale remediation has
been under way since 01/86.
Full-scale remediation has
been under way since 02A13.
Expected completion 09/94,
Full-scale remediation is
planned. Laboratory-scale
studies have been completed.
Pilot-scale studies have been
under way since 01/92.
Total expected cost $4M.
Full-scale remediation has
been under way since 04/92.
Expected completion 04/99.
Incurred cost: $5.4M.
CLEANUP
LEVELS
Not yet established.
Ground water: MCLs (risk-based).
Sludge: BAP, 9 ppm; PCBs, 23 ppm;
VOCs, 43 ppm; arsenic, 7 ppm;
benzene, 14 ppm.
Soft (vadose): 30% to 50% reduction of
contaminants, „ > *
Notyetestablished. •> < .
Soil: benzene, 0.04 mg/kg;
carcinogenic PAHs, 1 mg/kg
(risk-based).
Soil: contaminant reduction from 76%
to 4%.
Sludge: contaminant reduction from
76% to 4%.
TREATMENT
In situ treatment, nutrient addition.
Anaerobic conditions, indigenous
organisms. Other technologies: pump
and treat Less than 1% of site under
bioremediation.
In situ treatment, air sparging, oxygen
source, nutrient addition (soil, water,
sediments). Aerobic conditions,
indigenous organisms. Other
technologies: stabilization of residue, if
necessary. 100% of site under
bioremediation.
In situ land treatment, nutrient addition.
Aerobic conditions, indigenous ,
organisms. Other technologies:
excavation of soils exhibiting oil and
grease concentrations greater than
20,000 ppm. 40% of site wider
bioremediation. ' «,- >
In situ treatment, bioventing. Aerobic
conditions, indigenous organisms.
Other technologies; pump and treat for
ground water.
Ex situ land treatment Aerobic
conditions, indigenous organisms.
Other technologies: soil washing,
ground water pump and treat via
separation and carbon adsorption.
100% of site will undergo
bioremediation.
Ex situ land treatment, continuous flow.
Aerobic conditions, indigenous
organisms. Other technologies: granular
activated carbon. 70% of site under
bioremediation.
COMMENTS
Permeability of contaminated
zones is low; supply (injection)
of nutrients is difficult All
bioactivity may occur at the
well screen, thereby plugging
the screen.
None.
Lack of microorganisms; state
order failed to specify cleanup
levels; recontamination at
nearby refinery.
Bioventing to Be used only
within S-4 area of Kelly AFB
tax soils with fuel related ,
contamination*
Winter rain has significantly
slowed the pilot study.
None.
1
* Indicates a new site.
** Indicates that the site has been updated.
Shading indicates a non-CERCLA site.
-------
FIELD APPLICATIONS OF BIOREMEDIATION (cont.)
REG
VI
to;/
VJt-
vn
vn
SITE/
LOCATION/
LEAD
Sheridan Disposal Services
Hempstead, TX
CERCLA Enforcement Lead
< jfejtfls jjflsferR 0$$ Pipeline u *
Ssmt f*T3ticjsyjI10i. *-*A
"Amoco Refinery?*; '„>*"' •"
SugairCieek, MO ' (, '; > .•}
£CRA;L5ad (state) '• „ ;\
Conservation Chemical**
Kansas City, MO
CERCLA Enforcement Lead
Fairfield Coal & Gas"
Fairfield,IA
CERCLA Enforcement Lead
CONTACT/
PHONE
NUMBER
Gary Bombgarten
(214)655-6749
' " ' - * *
j %'*, **' - ;<<-
TomRatermann" ' ,;
(314)751-3176'^ '',:
^i|)55,l-7647- ,, -;•
Steve Auchterlonie
(913)551-7778
Steve Jones
(913)551-7755
Johanshir Golchin
(515)281-8925
MEDIA/
CONTAMINANT/
VOLUME
Sludge / soil (sand, silt, clay) /
surface water: solvents (benzene,
toluene, ethylbenzene, phenol),
PCBs.
Volume: 40K cubic yards.
^i/^;^Y;^
S6il J>" ^ ^ •.',£*
' ~- "' ^',;.'.
Ground water: VOCs, 10 ppb; phenols,
1 ppb (Missouri drinking water
standards).
Soil (saturated): benzene, 241 mg/kg
(risk-based); PAHs, 500 mg*g (5 x
risk-based); carcinogenic PAHs,
100 mg/kg (risk-based).
Ground water: benzene, 1 ppb
(risk-based); carcinogenic PAHs,
200 ppt (best detection level).
TREATMENT
Ex situ treatment, slurry reactor.
Aerobic conditions. Other technologies:
stabilization of residues. 100% of site
will undergo bioremediation.
exogenous and indigenous organisms, ;;:
Ex situ treatment, aerated lagoon, land
tre)Whent,bateh'flqw. Aerobic ,', ^
conditions, indigenous organisms, •
Other technologies; a derailing step .
may be usedif EPA allows resource
recovery of oil without invoking Land,
Disposal Restrictions. 5% of site under ;•
.bioretaediation. ^ ', ,•'"- .. >' ^"
Ex situ treatment, fixed film,
continuous flow. Aerobic conditions,
exogenous organisms. Other
technologies: carbon adsorption, lime
precipitation, and sulfide precipitation
in series. 100% of site under
bioremediation.
In situ treatment, injection and
extraction wells, hydrogen peroxide,
nutrient addition (water: nitrate).
Aerobic conditions, indigenous
organisms. Other technologies: thermal
treatment of contaminant source areas
and pump and treatment of ground
water by carbon adsorption with
polymer injection and settling.
COMMENTS
Pilot study completed; report
finalized August 1993.
"«amed<»t,b.y ^,ifflS.ty-,
•and providkig enough oxygen * :
without cooling the pond ^'
below, an effective temperature;
' "', 'iV^Ol^^ *v>>at f
None.
Possible future problems due
to poor transmissivity of the
aquifer.
* Indicates a new site.
** Indicates that the site has been updated.
Shading indicates a non-CERCLA site.
-------
FIELD APPLICATIONS OF BIOREMEDIATION (cont.)
REG
vn
vn
vn
vn
vn
SITE/
LOCATION/
LEAD
International Paper
JopUn,MO
RCRALead (state)
OfiuttAirForceBase"
LaP|atte,NB
Federal FacHity
Park City"
Park City, KS
CERCLA State Lead
Scott Lumber
Alton, MO
CERCLA Fund Lead
Sioux City Pilot Study
Sioux City, JA
CERCLA State Lead
CONTACT/
PHONE
NUMBER
Rob Morrison
(314)751-3176
Philip Cork
(402)294-4087
Edioais
(402)471-4230
Frank Werner
(402)294-4087
John Wilson
(405)332-8800
Bruce Morrison
(913)236-3881
Johanshir Golchin
(515)281-8925
MEDIA/
CONTAMINANT/
VOLUME
Soil (silt, loam): wood
preserving (PCP.PAHs),
Volume; 70K cubic yards.
Soil (vadose: sand, silt);
petroleum (TRPH), arsenic,
barium, lead, zinc.
Volume: 700 cubic yards.
Ground water: petroleum (lube
oil), benzene.
Volume: 700K cubic feet
Soil (vadose silly clay): wood
preserving (naphthalene,
acenaphthalene, fluorene,
pbenanthrene, anthracene,
fluoranthene, pyrene,
benzo(b)Quoranthene,
benzo(a)anlhracene, chrysene,
benzo(k)fluoranthene,
benzo(a)pyrene,
dibenzo(a,h)anthracene,
benzo(g4M)perylene,
indeno(l,2,3-cd)pyrene, PAHs).
Volume: 15.9Ktons.
Soil (silty clay loam): PAHs,
petroleum (lube oil), cyanide.
Volume: 100K cubic yards.
STATUS
Full-scale remediation is
planned. Currently being
installed.
Total expected cost: $9M.
Pilot-scale studies have been
under way since 08/92.
Full-scale remediation has
been under way since 12/92.
Incurred cost $275K.
Total expected cost- $650K.
Full-scale remediation was
completed 11/91. Started
06790.
Incurred costs: capital, S700K;
0&M,$500K.
Pilot-scale studies were
completed 10/91. Started
08/91.
Incurred cost: capital, S250K.
Total expected cost capital,
$50-100 per cubic yard.
CLEANUP
LEVELS
SOD: Sum of the concentrations of 24
aromatic compounds is less than 600
nig/leg (risk-based and state-required).
Not yet established.
Ground water: benzene, 5 Ug/L
(drinking water standards).
Soil (vadose): benzo(a)pyrcne,
14 mg/kg; PAHs, 500 mg/kg.
Soil: PAHs, 500 mg/kg; carcinogenic
PAHs, 250 mg/kg.
TREATMENT
Ex situ land treatment Aerobic
conditions, indigenous organisms.
Other technologies: chemical treatment,
soil washing proposed but restricted by
Land Disposal Restrictions. 100% of
site will undergo bioremediation.
In situ treatment bioventing. Aerobic
conditions, indigenous organisms. 10%
of site under bioremediation.
In situ treatment (ground water),
possible bioventing for soils, nutrient
addition (ammonium chloride and
nitrate). Aerobic and anaerobic
conditions. Other technologies: in situ
soil flushing, soil washing,
denitrification of BTEX.
Ex situ land treatment 7 acres closed
system water recirculation with 2-ft
thick clay liner. Aerobic conditions,
indigenous organisms. 90% of site
underwent bioremediation.
Ex situ land treatment Aerobic and
anaerobic conditions, exogenous and
indigenous organisms. Other
technologies: chemical treatment 90%
of site underwent bioremediation.
COMMENTS
Bioremediation failed at site
due to lack of temperature and
moisture control; the units
were flooded, blocking oxygen
transfer. Steps are being taken
to control moisture and
temperature by covering basins
(10+ acres under roof). Land
disposal restrictions limit
cleanup options.
Pilot-scale system has been in
operation since August 1992,
No significant information to
report yet
Site is serving as a test case for
new Kansas environmental
regulations.
Health-based risk levels for
PAHs were changing and
inconsistent
High soil moisture, large area
of operation, low temperatures,
and other climatic obstacles.
CD
B"
I
a
cS"
5
to
00
* Indicates a new site.
-------
FIELD APPLICATIONS OF BIOREMEDIATION (cont.)
REG
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SITE/
LOCATION/
LEAD
Vogel Paint & Wax"
Maurice, IA
CERCLA State Lead
'BVlingtoff.Nortjierli 1 , ', , - : ' - ; '
GiendiveJtfriH':." ; ':
WateVQaalityButeauliead ,; *',
* **;<,- > ^ * ^ * ' > ' *
''/I>'(>'>'%1
5.-:;! .*.',';", ;' ':" ' \
Burlington Northern Tie Plant
Somers, MT
CERCLA Enforcement Lead
GMiocqLandJaisi" • "
Biiiirigs,MT , ";. *•'„"">'•
fiCH4Leaa/stlte>?-' '," '
SJabcon L^ndtomu - , ! j , 4> ' - '
Billings, ME-, j*,;; "s':'
RCKALeadtstete)" ' , ;,
*->*J '-.\*' *^' *, A !<***:
" , , „•',*, '--•' •<•* "
Geraldine Airport
Geraldine, MT
CERCLA State Lead
HB1 Afe FprceBaser ,:-::>',"
"s'alttsJce'eitjf.tJT *'•'
F^eral Facility - _>•;;
, * > *'j"1 !,J" < %
<\ < ';'' ' >'' cl 'c
>^ ' / " " ' " < ,, i
CONTACT/
PHONE
NUMBER
Steven Jones
(913)551-7755
Bob Diustrup
(515)281-8900
'feny Webster*
(406)444-2406 % j
;;•'-!>: 'P;;':*°'' t"
''*- /',!
, v -^>.', ,<•„;- ;»j*
Jim Harris
(406)449-5414
Ben Quinones
(406)449-4067
:MaflcTB&fi:!i:J h>-'
.(io^te*^^, t>
;*!,';*' ;' .''..C^ •
1 ^* ' \ "t* <'* '' '
'MatfeHBll, ,x ,,;,,
(406^444-4096 f;' --
^ ;; ' J>* ' " ' ^
; , ,v ,,'iv(^
Carol Fox
(406)449-4067
Robert Stiles £•; .,'•
j(303J294-1974;
••' < "• ' V ' * v '
; .-.V, «;="-"
's' •-'-<• - "
MEDIA/
CONTAMINANT/
VOLUME
Soil (silt, clay): petroleum (lube
oil), solvents (MEK), lead,
mercury.
Volume: 10K cubic yards.
Soifc. petroleum (diesgl)," ', ^ \'^\
' *X. / vrt.*^V *'
^ > ' X ^ 1 (
Soil / ground water wood
preserving (PAHs).
Volume: 82K cubic yards.
•Sludge / soil: K048 organics,
K051 crfganicsiKO^'metais;- ;^
K051 metak, petroleum.
Volume: 77.8Ktons. , , -/ >,.~-f,
,,,^'i1,;^<.-1', -
Full-scale remediation is
planned. Currently in design.
Pilot-scale studies are being
conducted.
Total expected cost: $1 1M.
Full-jscale leruediation'liaS' : t : * °
beeatiri(}erway;sinceOal/73, ;'
^ ^ \""^^'U^ ( *',"'o"*v ' '-. ^ 5
•i r Jt^"^% J( Oj,(^
' ,'; • ;'; , ;• o.
Full-scale remediation has . \,
, 1,, ;'•'' ;,"•" J°''tj'>'~ <
•* - •>,><,,>.'}•;*••>' '''frt^X
,, •».;< ;„; \ ••' -• •>>•'-',,- «, -
Full-scale remediation is
planned. Currently in
predesign.
Full-scale remediation has5-* ' '• ' :<
been under way since 09/91.
Expected cornptetioii'b$W93.
> ^ ; " :>;''(:!<"?;.:''.''•,: ''':' "'-'
vs"-., * , - -;>; ; : - -
• ''"•"•'Vk'->;;'«,
-j>, .-; '; V,;f- \ '''•••
CLEANUP
LEVELS
Not yet established.
Soil: diesel, 100 rrig/kg (EPA,
Recommended Standard), i s, •;;,*,
Soil: carcinogenic PAHs, 36 mg/kg
(risk-based).
Ground water: carcinogenic PAHs,
0.03 ug/L (water quality criteria).
:siudgK K048 metati; lipOOppm; K051
metak, 1,000 ppm (closure' >f '-,>" :
performance standards). \ "
Sludge; K049 metals, tOJ^ppm; 'tCOSO
rnet^^i.OOOt^mjKOSlmetals, , ,
1,000 ppm (closure performance: :
'stanaard)>- '-' '* ;
Not yet established.
'NotyetestaTjlished. , ,',„',. ' -,'•> V';f, * *""•*- -
TREATMENT
Ex situ land treatment, batch flow.
Aerobic conditions, indigenous
organisms. Other technologies: air
stripping of ground water, product
recovery.
Ex situ land treatment; active tillage, •
moisture and nutrient control; seasonal
monitoring of contaminants. " :'V
J^oMtorSng^to^treatmentjZone oKce-^,
'a year for leaching AenDbio'cori'ditionv '
indigenous organisms, 30% of site
underbioreinediation,-, :'•"'':' '"':•<
In situ treatment Ex situ land
treatment Aerobic conditions,
indigenous organisms. Other
technologies: in situ soil flushing,
surface treatment of extracted ground
water by either UV or carbon
adsorption is proposed. 80% of site will
undergo bioremediation.
Ex situMd treatment -Aerobic; :•-?*'•
conditions, indigenous organisms, -
adsorption, ton excrumge, precipitation.
65% of site under bioremediation. •;
5 ^ „ ^
feli^landtrea^iieaiAeroblc: f^—- -
conditions, indigenous organisms.4'
Other tecbnologies: chemical : -',,-
adsorption, ion exchange, precipitation. '
In situ treatment Ex situ treatment
Aerobic and anaerobic conditions,
indigenous organisms.
In situ treatment, bioventing. Aerobic
conditions, indigenous organisms. J.} • • '
Othertechnologiestvaporventmg^;' ;> •
100% of site under bioremediation. ....
'" ^- ^j'^^'J'^^^^J^.v
COMMENTS
Volatilization control/air
monitoring berng evaluated.
None,,,;--;"- /-• :;>;^.$:^ ;;
\ ?z ' ;V'^'\ <"^ ^*''J*'J '*
'^f;:'"-:! !!\.;^..;;.
!;-J:'::w>?>';*<;;?>;';,;% . >;
Pilot-scale field activities have
been initiated because of low
soil transmissivities. Onsite
pumping tests were completed
in the third quarter of FY1991.
A portion of site is adjacent to
large lake.
Cprtoc^Bilifn^X^ndfarriXis, ;,
.seeking aN&Migration"' : >' : ' S I
,VarM>c*; >Thefaeifity ,<*.".
^q^^lTTiS a Montana' ^ ' ' ', ^ < ^
Hazaritojis Waste permit : ,s
.^rtHV^SS-pZJ;;**" '-•"•;:,
&xon tandferm (BilBngs)lV •
seeking a No Mgiation*, , ,
;yarianc& The facility '•'''"> -'" •
mamtains a!Montaita/
Hazardous Waste Permit- '**"!;<
-88«i)C *•;«:!'-, - f
None.
.IfHffl'^cWgetfunding,, ,
,ji)ioventirig could be conducted- }
on soils witll different ' " ,>
contaminant mixtures: {!)"
gasoline and ditorina4ed '•?"'/,,
Solvents, and (2) petroleum- -'•
hydrtx:atbons','jp,'4'jetfnel,;;, •
dioitins/furans, andsolvents, :
to
* Indicates a new site.
** Indicates that the site has been updated.
Shading indicates a non-CERCLA site.
-------
FIELD APPLICATIONS OF BIOREMEDIATION (cont.)
REG
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Vffl
SITE/
LOCATION/
LEAD
Idaho Pole Company
Bozeman.MT
CERCLA State Lead
Joliet Weed Control District
Joliet, MT
CERCLA State Lead
Lake County Weed Control
Ronan,MT
CERCLA State Lead
Libby Ground Water Site
Libby, MT
CERCLA Enforcement Lead
Miles City Airport
Miles City, MT
CERCLA State Lead
CONTACT/
PHONE
NUMBER
Jim Harris
(406)449-5414
Kevin Kirley
(406)449-4067
Janie Stiles
(406)449-4067
Carol Fox
(406)449-4067
Carol Fox
(406)449-4067
Jim Harris
(406)449-5415
Carol Fox
(406)449-4067
MEDIA/
CONTAMINANT/
VOLUME
Sediments / soil / ground water
pentachlorophenol, PAHs,
dioxins/furans.
Soil (vadose: sand, silt, loam,
clay): herbicides (2,4-D,
dicatnba,MCPA),
Soil (vadose: sand, silt, loam,
clay): pesticides (aldrin, dieldrin,
endrin, methoxychlordane,
chlordane,¥-BHC,p-BHC,
4,41-DDE,4.4'-DDT,
4,4'-DDD), herbicides (2,4-D,
dicamba, picloram (tordon),
atrazine), triallates (far-go).
Soil / ground water: wood
preserving (PAHs, pyrene, PCP,
dioxin, naphthalene,
phenanthrene, benzene, arsenic).
Volume: 45K cubic yards.
Soil (vadose and saturated):
pesticides (aldrin, dieldrin,
methyloxychlordane, chlordane,
o-BHC.r-BHC.p'-BHC,
4,4'-DDE,4,4'-DDT,
4,4'-DDD, ethyl parathion,
endrin), herbicides (2,4-D,
picloram (tordon), atrazine),
triallates (far-go).
STATUS
Fall-scale remediation is
planned. Currently in
p redesign.
Full-scale remediation is
planned. Currently in design.
Pilot-scale studies were
completed 09/91.
Full-scale remediation is
planned. Currently in design.
Pilot-scale studies were
completed 06/92.
Full-scale remediation has
been under way since 05/91.
Incurred cost: $4M.
Full-scale remediation is
planned. Currently in
predesign.
CLEANUP
LEVELS
Not yet established.
Not yet established.
Not yet established.
Soil: carcinogenic PAHs, 88 mg/kg;
pyrene, 7.3 mg/kg; PCP, 37 mg/kg;
dioxin, 1 (ig/kg; naphthalene, 8 mg/kg;
phenanthrene, 8 mg/kg. '
Ground water: carcinogenic PAHs,
40 Hg/L; noncarcinogenic PAHs,
400 ug/L; PCP, 1.05 mg/L; benzene,
5 mg/L; arsenic, 50 mg/L.
Not yet established.
TREATMENT
In situ treatment, oxygen enhancement,
nutrient addition (soil, water,
sediments). Ex situ treatment, fixed
film, slurry reactor. Aerobic conditions,
indigenous organisms. Other
technologies: in situ soil flushing.
In situ treatment Ex situ treatment
Aerobic and anaerobic conditions,
indigenous organisms.
In situ treatment Ex situ treatment
Aerobic and anaerobic conditions,
indigenous organisms.
In situ treatment (ground water), ex situ
land treatment (soil), hydrogen
peroxide (water), nutrient addition (soil,
water). Ex situ treatment, bioreactor for
ground water. Aerobic conditions,
indigenous organisms. 75% of site
under bioreraediation.
In situ treatment Ex situ treatment
Aerobic and anaerobic conditions,
indigenous organisms.
COMMENTS
Dioxins and furans inhibit
biorcmediaUon of other
contaminants.
Pilot-scale study did not have
adequate controls.
None.
Oil-water separation in
bioreactor has been a problem
because free product has about
the same specific gravity as
water. Pyrene degradation
rates in land treatment units for
soils have been low.
None.
I
31
5
* Indicates a new site.
-------
FIELD APPLICATIONS OF BIOREMEDIATION (cont.)
REG
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„
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- -,"'
SITE/
LOCATION/
LEAD
Montana Pole
Butte,MT
CERCLA State Lead
MontanaRaEtink— East ,
Heletta <> ,
East Helena, Ml""
Water Quality Bureau
X
Montana Rail Link— Missoula
Missoula,MT
Water Quality Bureau
Public Service Company
i>ettver,C0
USTLead (State)
Richey Airport
Richey.MT
CERCLA State Lead
UnionPacific • -\, -/ •
RGRALeadflPederal)",-", ;>•
• , .' i
-! '},' . , ,5 ''""-, •/'
V • ' '**' ' *
CONTACT/
PHONE
NUMBER
Brian Antonioli
(406)449-4067
SaraWeinstock
(406)449-5414
TertyWebster ,
(406)444-2406
_
t
Terry Webster
(406)499-2406
.
s !
SuzanneStevenson
(303)293-1511
LisaWeer
(303)331-4830
•
Carol Fox
(404)449-4067
(303)293-1524-': ••-
•'.'-!'"" , J"''
>" ,- , X-
:-v\ '• ;:;
MEDIA/
CONTAMINANT/
VOLUME
Sediments (silt) / soil (silt) /
ground water: PCP.
Volume: 250K cubic yards.
Soit petroleum (diesel).
,
Soil: petroleum. . ' ,
<
X
Ground water: petroleum.
Volume: 12M gallons. -,
' >
;-'
Soil (vadose: sand, silt, loam,
clay): pesticides (picloram
(tordon), aldrin, dieldrin, endrin,
memyloxychlordane, chlordane,
0-BHC,^BHC,P-BHC,
4,4'-DDE,4,4'-DDT,
4,4'-DDD, methyl parathion,
ethyl parathion), herbicides
(2,4-D, dicamba, attazine),
triallates (far-go).
Soil /ground water >ood ;
preserving'(PAHs,PCP). - - ,;
Yolume: 750K cubic yards A
•\" /j' •",>!/,•'> ; v-
'• »'*' -- 1:: ''.- ';''vs~
,r" ^\ "3r\
STATUS
Full-scale remediation is
planned. Currently in
ptedesign. Laboratoiy-scale
studies are being conducted.
Total expected costs: capital,
$10K;O&M,$300K.
Full-scale remediation has
been under way since 05/92,
'i > ,
> , ,'"' " '*
>
Full-scale remediation has :
been wider way since 05/92,
< i;> " ! "
* <<
'',
Full-scale remediation was
completed 03/92. Started'
06/89.1;
< ^ >
lhcuttedcost:|500K. > «
Full-scale remediation is
planned. Currently in
predesign.
Full-scaleremediatiba,|as;' ;
Expected completion OM96J s; ^
bmdeoik'^MJi ""'"'
To&lK^ectedcosi: $iOOM.H;|';
^' •';:u \ ;'^j:- "''='.
CLEANUP
LEVELS
Not yet established.
Recommended), ;*,
XJ ! ' !) ^ ^
i S " > i
. '. , - ',
S62: petroleum, 100 mg/kg'^EPA
Recommended). ,t
t „,,;; 1 ' * ' tl
( s >> ij *
I " ' «-', '" .
Ground water;' risk-based. ^"J> '
! > \ i
'/'* ' , '"'
Not yet established.
NotyetestabHsiied, -;j; >>' •; J|
^F/pf/r1^'',^ .x!"' \i
:; -
chemical tteatment> , " "
In situ treatment Ex situ treatment
Aerobic and anaerobic conditions,
indigenous organisms.
-
In situ treatment, fixed film reactor. Ex
situ land treatment Aerobic conditions^
indigenous organisms. Other - ; • "
t^hnblogle^:chemibatex(iacaor4-f **'< '
chemical treatment, insitut soil ;• * ,,
flusmng,'soilwashulg,%ermat', ',[,'},,
desorption. 50%oj|sit« under '; j >;,', ;
Jiioremediaiida.'," ~--,*{t- ], - t
COMMENTS
The Montana Pole Site is in
the RI/FS stage and no
remediation currently is taking
place. However, treatability
studies have recently been
conducted and reports are
being revised at this time.
None. . ! •'
! ! ' /s
-" , ' , ,
?" ' , . ,','
None, ,
°
1 <
,.'''"''
A risk assessment has been
submitted to the State of
Colorado Health Department
for review along with an
application for closure.
None.
Fluid delivery is not uniform, < '
sobioremediationisTiot , ••'•-;
tu&lbrm.^ ^ ' j i/ * , . ' , .
^ ' vv ^ ;^ \ ' v . ,
" ' '• *' '.**•!'.* '•'•;'''-,'
* ' '" ' . \ * « ' f v' '
•Indicates a new site.
** Indicates that the site has been updated.
Shading indicates a non-CERCLA site.
-------
r
FIELD APPLICATIONS OF BIOREMEDIATION (cont.)
REG
K
\
''
SITE/
LOCATION/
LEAD
Bealo Air Force Base
Matysvflle, CA
Federal Facility
Processl
Proces$2
ProcessS
< < ,
|>rocess4
Process 5
*
Pfocess6
Process? v
„
>
CONTACT/
PHONE
NUMBER
SheriRolfsness
(916)634-2643
.,
1 !
•:v
-
••'. >•
v j.
MEDIA/
CONTAMINANT/
VOLUME
Soil (vadose saty clay):
petroleum (diesel).
Volume: 20K cubic yards.
Soil (vadose silly clay);
petroleum (gasoline, diesel),
solvents.
Volume: 10K cubic yards.
Soil (vadose silty clay):
petroleum (diesel, gasoline),
Volume: 10K cubic yards.
-
Soil {vadose silly day): ' < ^
petroleum (gasoline, diesel),<
Volumei 3,000 cnbicyards,' ,
Soil (vadose silty clay):
petroleum (diesel), lead.
Volume: lOKcubic yards.
' ' •
Soil (vadose silly clay): < t
petroleum (diesel, gasoline),
solvents (TCB), lead.
Volume: 100K cubic, yards. >
Soil (vadose silty clay);
petroleum (diesel), lead.
Volume; 10Kcuttcyards.>
•'
v;. :
STATUS
Full-scale remediation has
beea under way since 07/92,
Incurred cose capital, $30K,
Total expected cost O&M,
$6,000.
Pilot-scale studies have been
under way since 10/92.
Expected completion 10/93.
Total expected costs: capital,
$50KiO&M,$10K.
Pilot-scale studies have been
under way since 10/92, ,
Expected completion 10/93.
Total expected costs: capital,
-$50KjO&M,$10K.
Full-scale remediation has
beea under way since 11$2,<
Total expected; costs: capital,
$100K;Q&M,530K,' , «>
Pilot-scale studies have been
underway since HV92, ^ ,
Expected completion 10/93,
Total expected costs: capital, ,
Full-scale remediation is
planned. Currently in design.
completion 06/96.
Total expected costs: capital, ,
Full-scale remediation is
planned. Currently in design.
Expected start 10/93.Expected ;
completion 10/96, <'
Total expscfcdcests: capital,
$30K;0&M, $6,000.,
„ -
CLEANUP
LEVELS
Soil (vadose): diesel, SO mg/kg (state
guidelines).
Soil (vadose): gasoline, 10 mg/kg;
diesel, 50 mg/kg (state guidelines).
Soil (vadose): diesel, 50 mg/fcg;
gasoline, lOmg/tg (state guidelines).
*> >
Soil{vadose^gasolin6, 10 mg/kg;
die$el,iSOing/kg(stategnideline3). j
J * >•>
i*s
£oil{vadose):diesel(50mg*g(state .
'guidelines), ' "'
;'
Soil (vadose): dieseX iOmgflcg;
gasoline, 10 rag/kg (state guidelines),
' j
' <' S> " > *
' " '
Soil (vadose); diesejlsOmg/kg (state
guidelines). ,'
. ••'
i ; 5 it,,'
TREATMENT
tn situ treatment, bioventing. Aerobic
conditions, indigenous organisms.
In situ treatment, bioventing. Aerobic
conditions, indigenous organisms.
In situ treatment, bioventing. Aerobic
conditions, indigenous organisms.
<
Ex-sittttsannent, pile, Aerol>ie ,
conditions, indigenous organisms.
In situ treatment, bioventing. Aerobic
conditions, indigenous organisms.
•\ ; .';\ "
Utsitutteannent, biovenfing-'Afirobic ; '
conditions, indigenous organisms. , :
' • . \'t
In situ treatment, bioventing. Aerobic
conditions, indigenous organisms.
'»,'"• " ^ •
*, ^ ^
COMMENTS
Pilot-scale test demonstrated
that biorcmcdiation could
woric in silly-clay soil
Project will be a pilot-scale
system, operating for one year.
Project will be apilot-scale test
for one year.
'
Biofilters to treat contaminated
soil femoved during
Underground Storage Tarifc
removal projects. (]
Pflot-sealesystemtooperate "
foroneyear.
!' , ,
3
None. T > <• >
- ,r -
Processarearecently
discovered; litfle information^
available, HopetoMnstatt
fttt-scaleffiovemtng system, '
'i--; \
-"i
OJ
to
*lndici
vsite.
-------
FIELD APPLICATIONS OF BIOREMEDIATION (cont.)
REG
IX -
' P
;DC
EC
' ^ (,
DT
') , jv\
DC
DC ,
V
DC
DC
SITE/
LOCATION/
LEAD
•BKK Landfill' ,';\'f ' ''
'WestCovina,CA <-, ;->'' ^ -'"''"<
CALtRANS-;/;^:'- *,"•''
LakeporiqA' ''•;"-' ', ' ;,
UST Lead (State); ' .;'•"-"'<<
v-'- V-'W;,'; '•'- ,- -\"
Citrus Heights Irrigation
Citrus Heights,' CA •'*;*,, '<
UST Lead (State)
-Coriverse/Montebello
Corporation Yard**- - :-•'
MontebellOfCA , -•; '"•;•;,'
tJSTJLead (State) ><•'•''"
' >J , - - -<
(^ Freight LjnejT K, -
Santa Rosa; CA'''':°;, ,". , ,
JJSTLead(State>''>: />,:'. "',
, •.;<-•; x-;',.: -
Former Service Station
Los Angeles, CA<-/, •"•',, ,/
UST.Lead (State)" '_, ,'\' -
Fort OrdAimy Base
Monterey, CA
CBS.CLA Enforcement Lead
Gila Indian Reservation
Bapchule, AZ
CERCLA Fund Lead
CONTACT/
PHONE
NUMBER
Carmen Santos
(415)744-2037,-' •,,-:
5Nanc/' ;;,;;f'-; ;']"
TUndsay/Glenn ' ' '
:Heyman ;>,:>; >.,";!,
(415)744-2044 ,
; >i>'\, S,i*;> V>: '!
•keo'SmarKel~*; "•'
•I(9l6)3ar39l0>,, ;
7onnWesnoas^)r /';
(915)324-1807
KenSmatfcel ,'
(916)322-3910
JohnWesnousiy -!', '
' (916)32471807 f s-:--
PaulHadley-.,-"- -
(916)324-3823
' -V > ^ 'l'
,ila* Beischeid '
,(916)322-3294- ,
TjonyPalagyJ •-'-;,-
(818)505-2701 ' -
' ' *'"-
John Chestnut
(415)744-2387
Vance Fong
(415)744-2392
Richard Martin
(415)744-2288
MEDIA/
CONTAMINANT/
VOLUME
Ground water; solvents {vinyl-
chloride, dichloromethane, ' ' *
chloroform, carbon tetrachloride,
TCE. phenols,. ;, ,,,
• r^-dichloroptopane),' i; - '' ' ;
petroleum, arsenic, cadmium,
chromium, cyanide, lead, , , ,
mercury.','" /. ','-'" '<'<"
Volume: 50K gallons per day, ,
'Soil: petroleum. - ' '
Volume;: 70 cubic yards. ,-
','',.-!>, ',;•'-' '-.' '>": "'-'-^ °i
Soil (silt);"petrOleum{diesel); ' • '
Votatns: 120 cubic yards.
-' 'I'.l'j '*"-''•."''• \' -' ': ''"•'
Soil '(vadose silt): petroleuni '
(gas,diesel).* '- '>' :'-';'-
Soil (vadose); petroleum (diesel).
Volurne; 600 cuhic yards.
• ' -," >-, ,','•'- ' ";
SoU /ground water: petroleum.
Volume; 3,000 cubic yards. ,;•-,; >
Soil / ground water; petroleum,
solvents (MEK).
Soil: pesticides (toxaphene,
parathion).
Volume: 100K cubic yards.
STATUS
Full-scale remediafionrias1- : -
been under way since 01/87, :
,-,, r ,,,;;• °"->'tV ^'"'"'i
V «>- ;'- ' , K >,/,>: , 'Ji-
, ', ^i<;,;< ,',-", ,-' - * >*"-<-
Full-scale fcmedi&tiott wai - ; ' '
.completed 01/89, Started -« -
ii/88, n;-<;!!- "'<>:' •>•> *• ':,<
Full-scale remediation was -, ; .
completed 08/89, Started
«5ffl9.\V ;$'.f\"'. l'-l".i,"
Laboratory-scale studies have
•been completed.' ^1"', ,*' ;,•;
Pilot-scale studies have been '
underway since 05/93. " ', ,>;
-Expected completion 12/93.
Full-scale remediation was
completed 11/91. Started
10/90. • - ' /
>' - i - ' ~ - • -
Full-scale remediation was
completed 03/91. Started •'
11/88.' '-,"•• -V- :
lncnrredcost:$l,6M!
Pilot-scale studies are being
conducted.
Full-scale remediation was
completed 07/86. Started
01/84.
Incurred cost: $700K.
CLEANUP
LEVELS
-Not yet established.,- ,-,-V,. r_
<:-:; - 'r'"" •',;/> :<«/v ' -
.*• ; 0; ' .'• ---„• ^ ! -;
'Soil: petroleum, !00;mg/kg. ,",»-< -'i^
' ' J l ---'-->-; J- J- ' j , j1- * - ^' -
•'v v ' J^ ^ ', - ^ ^- ,,',-''," ;^'Ji
'SoB: diesel, 100 mg/kg. ,,
;x •' ; :'s"'--::. -»,-•• :'' ->' ,'• ::
-v, ;-, . •
Notyetestablished.
Not supplied.
t V ' J
• • -- / . ,,- , - -.- •
Soil: TPftlpO mg/kg.
Ground water: benzene, 5 ppb.
Ground water: MCLs.
Soil: background levels.
TREATMENT
fit situ fteatjaent,fluidfa»l bed,'-', ""
continuous flow. Aeixibiccondifions.''- -
Other technologies: chemical treatment,
may also treat landfill liquids to see if- x ,
ground water not heavily contaminated
can besttipped by ari'aif Jteipping '• * ' ' '
process. 100%ofsiteunder i '- , ;
bioremediation. - ~ -' - , "*
- " <' ''"'-•*''',-•-:, * ',">, ['
«Iftsitulaudtreat|nfint. •;*',,
Ex situ treiitment, continuous flow.
Aerobic conditions, indigenous i-,-
organisms,'100% of site underwent ! ' -
bioremediation. "•,"";. ',{-,
In situ treatment, bioventing, nutrient « ;
addition (nitrate and phosphate).
Aerobic condilidns.'mdigenotis^ ; ;
organisms. Omer technologies: vacuum '
ejtuaction. iti% oisita'under ; , - , -;
bioremediation.^, '•",.,] ~'-\[ ' '- •-
)^ "\ v > , -' - - j
ExsitulandlieatmenVAerobii; >
conditions, exogenous organisms, *^.;
100% of site underweat bioremediation.
/'-,';";-' \'»:.i- .: ,,,,:,' '
IB situ treatment, hydrogenperoxide; ' * - ,
closed loop system, nutrient addition .
(water). Aerobic conditions, indigenous *
organisms. Other technologies: in situ •
soil flushing, vacuum extraction: 65%
;of site underwent bioremediatiott, , , -
In situ land treatment. Other
technologies: pump and treat, carbon
adsorption.
In situ land treatment. Aerobic and
anaerobic conditions, indigenous
organisms. 100% of site underwent
bioremediation.
COMMENTS
-Treatability study.rnay be,done
on mixture of landfill leachate
and ground water to 'see if „ \
.system can. treat Plant win 6e,
expanded Possible use of air
strippers, which exist but are
not being usedf. •'-',-•"-'>
-----' - ,- , ,
- " , '-'--/-'/--- ;^ -
Degfadatibtfratftw^/, f,,," ',;
dependeit upon foe pile's - -', ;
^porositjv water content, type of ,
waste, soil, and bacterial
cwoSium. , " ",
None., - -;,vi> ' f' '*-.
'- * *x x-t ,'(1
, £;,>,•« ; ',• ,-
None.; „ 0 - ' -;-*, - ,
-', - .S'1 ;-';;" * ^ ' ;'
Nona ••' •,-;'•
"''"' , ,, .,
tDuring channeling, overload : ,
reduced the reinjection process
"rate: '« -- „ '';,';_ :' '
None.
Toxaphene is very hard to
break down. Materials
handling was difficult.
OJ
* Indicates a new site.
Shading indicates a non-CERCLA site.
-------
FIELD APPLICATIONS OF BIOREMEDIATION (cont.)
CD
REG
K
K
K
K
SITE/
LOCATION/
LEAD
Hamburg Ranch
Merced County, CA
CERCLA State Lead
Hannon Field"
Tulate County, CA
CERCLA State Lead
Hercules Incorporated
Hercules, CA
CERCLA State Lead
JH. Baxter"
Weed,CA
CERCLA Enforcement Lead
Process 1
CONTACT/
PHONE
NUMBER
Chris tine Holm
(916)361-5703
JackGrisanti
(209)897-5873
MikePfister
(209)297-3934
Tony Loan
(916)322-6872
Elizabeth Keicher
(415)744-2361
Susan Warner
(707)576-2220
EdCargUe
(916)255-3703
MEDIA/
CONTAMINANT/
VOLUME
Soil (vadose and saturated:
loam, clay): pesticides (ODD,
DDE, DDT, endosulfan,
toxaphcnc, chloricnvinphos,
mcthidathion, monitor, nemacur,
parathion-e, parathion-m).
Soil (clay): pesticides (a-BHC,
chlordane, difocol, endosulfan
H, endrin, endrin aldehyde,
heptachlorepoxide, 4,4'-DDE,
4,4'-DDT,4,4'-TDE,
methoxychlordane, toxaphene.
heptachlor).
Volume: 65 gallons.
Soil: TNT, DMT, nitrobenzene.
Volume: 1,500 cubic yards.
Sediments (sand, silt) / soil
(sand, silt): wood preserving
(tetrachlorophenol, PCP, PAHs),
arsenic, chromium, copper, zinc.
Volume: 21.9K cubic yards.
STATUS
Full-scale remediation is
planned. Currently in
predesign. Expected start
06/93. Expected completion
10/96.
Pilot-scale studies were
completed 11/90. Started
05/90.
Full-scale bioremediation is
not planned.
Pilot-scale studies were
completed 01/91. Started
01/89.
Full-scale remediation is
planned. Currently in
predesign. Expected start
12/94. Laboratory-scale and
pilot-scale studies have been
completed.
Total expected costs: capital,
S9.6M; O&M, $3.3M; total,
$13M.
Pf PANT IP
Vil tl ifXl1! U^
TT5VKT C
LiCV.CL'O
Not yet established.
Not yet established.
Sofl: TNT, 30 mg/kg; DNT, 5 mg/kg;
nitrobenzene, 5 mg/kg.
Soil: PCP, 17 mg/kg; carcinogenic
PAHs, 0.51 mg/kg; noncarcinogenic
PAHs, 0.15 mg/L (risk-based).
Sediments: tetrachlorophenol, 1 mg/kg
(risk-based).
TREATMENT
Bioremediation treatment not yet
established.
Ex situ land treatment Aerobic and
anaerobic conditions, exogenous and
indigenous organisms.
Ex situ land treatment Aerobic
conditions, indigenous organisms.
Ex situ land treatment Aerobic
conditions, indigenous organisms.
Other technologies: cement fixation for
soils contaminated with inorganics.
COMMENTS
This site is especially difficult
because of the high degree of
contamination and the amount
of material involved.
Excavation down to 1 ppm
DDT, ODD, and DDE and 5
ppm toxaphene is now taking
place. Much of this material
will be disposed of at a Class 1
landfill, since it is
characterized as non-RCRA
waste. The remainder will be
bioremediated on site.
Tests were conducted on
thirteen 5-gallon buckets of
soil Results showed that
pesticides were not removed
from the containers after 192
days of treatment Due to the
high variability of the data,
however, it is unclear whether
some degradation occurred. A
larger scale study may be
conducted to achieve
statistically significant results.
Pilot-scale project completed.
Evaluating field study results.
* Indicates a new site.
-------
FIELD APPLICATIONS OF BIOREMEDIATION (cont.)
REG
DC
DC
DC
SITE/
LOCATION/
LEAD
Process 2
JASCO**
Mountain View, CA
CERCLA Enforcement Lead
Koppers Company, Inc.
Orovffle, CA
CERCLA Enforcement Lead
Marine Corps Air/Ground
Combat Center
Twenty-Nine Palms, CA
CERCLA Fund Lead
CONTACT/
PHONE
NUMBER
Rose Marie Caraway
(415)744-2235
Fred Schauffler
(415)744-2365
EdCargile
(916)255-3703
RayLukens
(619)776-8958
MEDIA/
CONTAMINANT/
VOLUME
Ground water: wood preserving
(PAHs, PCP, dioxins), arsenic,
chromium, copper, zinc.
Volume: 150K gallons per day.
Soil (silt, clay) / ground water:
solvents (1,1-DCA, 1,1-DCE,
1,2-DCE, 1,1,1-TCA, benzene,
chloroethane, methyl ethyl
ketone, acetone, methylene
chloride, pentachlorophenol,
tetrachloroethene, TCE, toluene,
vinyl chloride, methanol,
xylenes, ethylbenzene,
1,2-DCA), petroleum (diesel).
Volume: 1,100 cubic yards.
Soil (vadose: sand, clay, gravel,
cobbles): wood preserving (PCP,
PAHs, dioxins/furans), arsenic,
chromium.
Volume: 110K cubic yards.
Soil: petroleum (jet fuel,
gasoline, diesel, aviation fluid,
transmission fluid)
STATUS
Full-scale remediation is
planned. Currently in
predesign. Expected start
12/94. Pilot-scale studies have
been under way since 01/89.
Total expected costs: capital,
$4.3M; O&M, $13.1M; total,
$17.4M.
Full-scale remediation is
planned. Currently in design.
Laboratory-scale studies were
completed 11/91. Started
02/91.
Incurred cost $30K.
Total expected costs: capital,
$200K;0&M,$248K.
Full-scale remediation is
planned. Currently in
predesign. Laboratory-scale
studies were completed 01/93.
Pilot-scale studies are planned.
Expected completion 11/94.
Total expected costs: capital,
$4.5M;0&M,$7.7M.
Full-scale remediation is
planned. Currently in design.
CLEANUP
LEVELS
Ground water: carcinogenic PAHs,
5 Hg/L; noncarcinogenic PAHs, 5 Hg/L;
PCP, 2.2 u,g/L; dioxins, 0.025 ppt
(risk-based).
Soil: 1,1-DCA, 0.03 mg/kg; 1,1-DCE,
1 mg/kg; 1,1-DCA, 0.6 mg/kg;
1,2-DCE, 1 mg/kg; 1,1,1-TCA,
100 mg/kg; benzene, 0.3 mg/kg;
chloroethane, 4,000 mg/kg; methyl
ethyl ketone, 9 mg/kg; acetone,
30 mg/kg; methylene chloride,
0.2 mg/kg; pentachlorophenol,
200 mg/kg; tetrachloroethene, 7 mg/kg;
TCE, 3 mg/kg; toluene, 1,000 mg/kg;
vinyl chloride, 0.02 mg/kg; methanol,
200 mg/kg; xylenes, 2,000 mg/kg;
diesel, 10K mg/kg; ethylbenzene,
3,000 mg/kg (potential migration to
ground water).
Ground water: acetone, 4,000 ppb;
benzene, 1 ppb; 1,1-DCA, 5 ppb;
1,1-DCE, 6 ppb; 1,2-DCA, 0.5 ppb;
methylene chloride, 150 ppb;
pentachlorophenol, 1 ppb; toluene,
1 ppb; vinyl chloride, 0.5 ppb; TPH,
3,000 ppb; tetrachloroethene, 5 ppb.
Soil (vadose): PCP, 17 mg/kg (state
ARAR); carcinogenic PAHs,
0.19 mg/kg (risk-based);
dioxins/furans, 0.03 ppt (risk-based).
Not yet established.
TREATMENT
Ex situ treatment, fixed film,
continuous flow. Aerobic conditions,
indigenous organisms. Other
technologies: chemical treatment
Ex situ treatment, batch flow. Aerobic
and anaerobic conditions. 100% of soil
of site will undergo bioremediation.
In situ treatment, nutrient addition.
Aerobic conditions, indigenous
organisms. Other technologies: soil
washing, fixation of
metal-contaminated soil, ground water
treatment with carbon. 30% of site will
undergo bioremediation.
In situ treatment, bioventing. Aerobic
conditions, indigenous organisms.
COMMENTS
Concern regarding effect of
elevated metals on
bioremediation process.
The ROD selected an ex situ
bioremediation process, which
will combine aerobic and
anaerobic treatments. The
challenges at this site are (1) to
minimize volatilization of
contaminants during
excavation, and (2) to balance
the aerobic and anaerobic
processes to treat the entire
contaminated area. If cleanup
levels are not achieved,
contaminated material will be
disposed of in a RCRA landfill.
None.
None.
§
* Indicates a new site.
** Indicates that the site has been updated.
Shading indicates a non-CERCLA site.
-------
FIELD APPLICATIONS OF BIOREMEDIATION (cont.)
Oi
ON
REG
DC
K
DC
K
K
EC
SITE/
LOCATION/
LEAD
Middle Mountain Sflvex"
Greenlee County. AZ
Federal Facility
Montrose Chemical
Corporation of California
Torrance, CA
CERCLA Enforcement Lead
Moore Aviation
Cohisa,CA
CERCLA State Lead
Naval Ait StationFaHon < '•
Jallon,NV , „ ,
FedetalFacility
Naval Weapons Station— Seal '
Beacb*-
Seal Beach, CA
ResearcJiFacility
Oakland Chinatown*
Oakland, CA
ttsrtead (State)
ProcessI
ProceSsZ ,
CONTACT/
PHONE
NUMBER
Robert M.Mandel
(415)744-2290
TimSteete
(602)257-2335
Nancy Woo
(415)744-2394
Alice Geniro
(310)5904931
Steven Safferman
(513)569-7350
Christine Holm
(916)361-5703
Al Williamson
(916)753-9500
RoaHoeppel ' •
(805)952-1655
vDavidChesmore
'(702)687-5872 - <
Steve Klaus* „ '
(702)426-2785
Carmen LeBron
(805)982-1616
Donald Smallbeck
(415)899-8804
t
MEDIA/
CONTAMINANT/
VOLUME
Soil (vadose: silt, loam):
pesticides 0,4,5-TP), herbicides
(2,4-D.2,4,5-T),
Volume: 550 cubic yards.
Soil (vadose: silt, day):
pesticides (DDT), benzene,
chlorobenzene, chloroform.
Soil (vadose: silt, loam):
pesticides (DDE, endosulfan I &
n, parathion, chlorpyrifos,
disulfoton, propazine, atrazine,
2,4-D, 2,4,5-TP),
bis(2-ethylhexyl)ptbalat phenols.
Soil (vadose and saturated silt)/
ground water: petroleum (jet
fuel, p-xylene, naphthalene,
1 -methyl naphthalene,
n-tutylbenzene), arsenic. •'
Ground watec petroleum.
Sod (saturated sand) / ground
water: petroleum.
Volume: lOKcubiqyards.
Ground water: petroleum.
STATUS
Full-scale remediation was
completed 09/92.
Incurred cost: $3QK.
Total expected cosU$35K.
Laboratory-scale studies were
completed 03/93. Started
09/92.
Full-scale remediation was
completed 10/92. Started
09/91.
Total expected cost $35K.
Pilot-scale studies have been
underway since 10/92.
Laboratory-scale studies are
being conducted.
Full-scale remediation was
completed 08/90. Started ,
03/89.
Fultscale remediation was
completed 08/90, Started
03/89.
CLEANUP
LEVELS
Soa (vadose): 2,4,5-TP, 50 mgftg (state
requirement).
Not yet established.
Soil (vadose): DDE, 1 mg/kg;
endosulfan I & n, 7.4 mg/kg; parathion,
3 mg/kg; chlorpyrifos, 2 mgftg;
disulfoton, 0.1 mgftg; propazine,
0.14 mgftg; atrazine, 0.03 mgftg;
2,4-D, 1 mgftg; 2,4,5-TP, 0.1 mgftg
(beneficial use water quality criteria).
Not yet established, t , ", ^ >
Not yet established.
Soil (saturated): BTEX, 100 mgftg
(RWQO guidelines).
Not supplied.
TREATMENT
Ex situ land treatment Aerobic
conditions, indigenous organisms.
Prepared bed with water and nutrients,
periodic rototflling. CXhertechnologies:
photodegradalion by ultraviolet
sunlight at elevation of 9,000 ft above
sea level 100% of site underwent
biorcmedialion.
Ex situ land treatment Aerobic
conditions, exogenous organisms.
Other technologies: white rot fungus.
Ex situ land treatment Aerobic and
anaerobic conditions, exogenous
organisms.
In situ treatment, bioventing, oil/wafer I '
separation, nutrient addition (soil). * j '' •
Aerobic conditions, indigenous <
organisms. Other technologies: vacuum
extraction. <
In situ treatment Aerobic and
anaerobic conditions, indigenous > *
organisms. <
In situ treatment, hydrogen peroxide,
nutrient addition (soil: ammonia nitrate,
mono- and di-basic phosphates; water:
ammonia nitrate, mono- and dt-basic t
phosphates). Aerobic conditions,
indigenous organisms. ^ <
Ex situ treatment completely mixed
reactor, continuous^ow. Aerobic
conditions, indigenous organisms.
Other technologies; carbon,adsorptioru
COMMENTS
None.
None.
Some problems with QA/QC
on analyses; two independent
labs are giving conflicting
results. Endosulfans have been
particularly recalcitrant
Problems obtaining a water
'dischargepetmitfrorftthe
; State of Nevada to discharge
treated ground water to the
NAS Fallen sewer system due _,
to presence of natural arsenic
in ground water, ' .
None. '
None.
None.
I
s-
I
* Indicates a new site.
-------
FIELD APPLICATIONS OF BIOREMEDIATION (cont.)
REG
K
\
*t(*
' x v*'
,'ix^
>^?<;
' '"l\'
•'?V.
DC
IX
SITE/
LOCATION/
LEAD
Poly-Carb
Wells, NV
CERCLA Fund Lead
'prbtek' •-- •?'«»'/ '.','.'"'.'; /
San Diego Gas 'and Electric? *• {•<
: San Diego; C!A" < -;' ' ';"'
,0ST.LeadT(lfederal) ,f ^tl ^,; > ^
3SS»
Solvent Service
San Jose, CA
CERCLA State Lead
Southern Pacific
Transportation Company
Rosevflle, CA
CERCLA State Lead
CONTACT/
PHONE
NUMBER
Robert M.Mandel
(415)744-2290
,{91<$522.-391!f, , „',,
',';^'t\f ;»:;;;>j,;5^;l,
\$i(>fitA-3W "';''''
' \ '"'>,'•
Bruce Wolf
(510)286-0787
Marie Lacey
,(415)744-2234
David Wright
(916)332-3910
MEDIA/
CONTAMINANT/
VOLUME
Soil: wood preserving (cresol,
phenols).
Volume: 1,500 cubic yards.
^SOjIi^pCttOiSUtll. * ' *>^(j^v, ',
SoUt petroleum.>(diesel). , " > J ' '
, ?;V,' > ;, ?ijj;("> ;J ^\^ :j^'
Ground water solvents
(l,2-DCE,cis-l,2-DCE,
trans-l,2-DCE, ethylbenzene,
1,1,1-TCA, fieon 113, benzene,
acetone, 1,1-DCE, naphthalene).
Soil: petroleum.
Volume: 240 tons.
STATUS
Full-scale remediation was
completed 09/88. Started
06/87.
Incurred cost: S450K.
•om{itetedji2789. Started -';;"''
;Full-scaleremediationwas, . -
'coinpiete% 04/93, Started' *" ;
10/8?.-;-;,; _> -iV!;'.s^:r.,',s
Full-'scaie remediation was *''.(>.
been under way since 07/90.
Full-scale remediation has
been under way since 01/91.
Incurred cost $399K.
Total expected cose S844K.
Full-scale remediation was
completed 01/91. Started
11/90.
Incurred cost S310K.
CLEANUP
LEVELS
Soil: cresol, 10 mg/kg; phenols,
20 mg/kg (performance-based).
£J!ESH?
Notsuppfieii,''" '-' '' *'' ' '' -''/
Sbfij diesel; 500taig/kg. '•'!;>{'>{ 3 :," h ;"
,Soil:bi^enyi,l,pO(>°mg^;dijhenyI>
'eQKr^l^OOOing/kg;1"^^'^' ''^^'x ':,;s
;"; ''>L '/"x <>> !'-' o >>*\> J 'i ^ ,',j'
Ground water: 1,2-DCE, 5 Jig/L;
cis-l,2-DCE, 6 Ug/L; trans-l>DCE,
10 (tg/L; ethylbenzene, 400 Ug/L;
1,1,1-TCA, 200 ng/L; fieon 113,
1,200 |ig/L; benzene, 0.7 |lg/L;
acetone, 400 Ug/L; 1,1-DCE, 1 Ug/L;
naphthalene, 2,000 Ug/L.
Soil: petroleum, 5,000 mg/kg.
TREATMENT
Ex situ land treatment Aerobic
conditions, indigenous organisms.
Other technologies: in situ soil
flushing, in situ volatilization. 60% of
site underwent bioremediation.
Ex site land ftealment.''^^ of sfle|: H °
In situ treatment Anaerobic conditions,
indigenous organisms. lbp%spf site' '* ,- ]
'underwerit'bioremediatiqn, - ;, , ,^ ,-/ j a;, -
Ex situ land tteatmenL Aerobic ~
100% of/iteifflderweatbiortjaeaiatol
"^^7S,V;;
Ex situ treatment, fixed film,
continuous flow. Anaerobic conditions,
exogenous organisms. Other
technologies: soil washing, vacuum
extraction, steam enhancement 100%
of site under bioremediation.
Ex situ land treatment
COMMENTS
None.
'Tbfl'conifot cdl; w,hichittanot ;
tBceivft' any'nutrient f . % ; ; v .t"
rnoculum, «r th.ebsieiStb)f ; ;}|
rigorous aeration, showed -,i]'
wwitajtwantlewl rfidu^ioas -" ''
:e4u4 1^ (hps&oftte (reatmentf ?
ceiis. ,'-'.'' 7J;?'K"-'\;;
None, " ,:<^; >J ! 'sZli-.^
Diesel fuel concentrations
ye«,te
JlJC/K^i^VitO, ^XBJjtjpJ^ > , *
^,iei!telqa;lo fuel ' '] ''[' ; ?;,>
%;,,,^^'r;hhi
Had difficulty obtaining a
permit for bioremediation.
None.
I
* Indicates a new site.
Shading indicates a non-CERCLA site.
-------
FIELD APPLICATIONS OF BIOREMEDIATION (cont)
I
REG
X
X
,
I
>*•,
,
It
" (
y
'
•c > )
*•>
X
s
•
>
-'
SITE/
LOCATION/
LEAD
East 15th Street Service Station
Anchorage, AK
UST Lead (State)
FairchDd Air Force Base
Spokane, WA :. -- . :
Federal Facility
Process I
r
Process 2
1
.Process? < > /
',', - >>t j "'"V
"•( . • ::,
JJtBaxfac.Company
Senton,WA>
Stat&Lead js ,„ | , jv «
' . "5, ' '? '"'"
j « t -t *
'>'.,, " > - '«
, ;<
>' "< * * !'-'*
,
Seattle, WA'< „ . > '
a^^mn^a. ^
1 '" . « '"" ' < , ,, °
1 ! > ?; '!,
, .« '«
*> < ^
, , <. .,
CONTACT/
PHONE
NUMBER
TonyPalagyi
(818)505-2701
Thomas Smiley
(509)247-2313
William Harris
006)438-3070
Diane Wulf
(509)247-2313
,
si -> '
<, ~ £
>,
^CbBwn -
(205)549-7058
S^S S» ;
*>« ,1 j
>"<
" * ', "
* *• $ ^
' I •'" ' "
•° '" "'
c °
>., >'''!
(
• > ^> «
MEDIA/
CONTAMINANT/
VOLUME
Soil: petroleum (TPH diesel).
Volume: 1,500 cubic yards.
Soil (vadose and saturated silt) /
ground water solvents (TCE).
Soil (vadose silt); petroleum, ,
solvents (TCE).
Soil (vadose silt): petroleum. ,
, , , "vs,
Sediments (sand, silt)/sludge/ <
sptt (vadoseand saturated , "
complex mixiare) /ground ' < >>
^Water: woqdpreserving^'AHs,''
PCP>TPH)< , ! ' '
fVolume;20Kcurac yards, 'J" "
"<"> \ ' '°> «,',>.
.' '' -1 'x'l
<> )J 'j
.' * "^ '' ,.,''?
» "' ' .',''' '. ! "'
11 " •'< •« '" *'!
^:(\,-'' • ''
Soil: petroleum. ' ,
Volume: 34Kciibie yards.
, <
( ' J J j
> « (,
- > ' '\* '
, t^ > " <
:
STATUS
Full-scale remediation has
been under way since 06/92.
Incurred cost $75K.
Total expected cost S200K.
Pilot-scale studies are planned.
Expectedstart 01/95,
Total expected costs; capital,
$5M;0&M,$50K.
Pilot-scale studies have been
underway smce 04/93.
Pilot-scale studies have been
underway since 04/93.
',' " ! 1
Full-scale remediation is
planned. Currently in design.
'Expected start 02/94. Expected
conipletfoa 19(98. ,>,>, ,',
Laboratory-scale studies,^ere
completed 11/92. Started > « '
08/92, '
,
5 J ce
~l "' * "
0 c s
1 , . 1.1,1.* °
' - ' l«".t
Full-scale remediation has
been completed. ,
,> « ' ' <<
Incurred cost: $3.5M. ':
, « < ,
<<
" ' << S
< , J ,
'"
CLEANUP
LEVELS
Soil: TPH diesel, 100 mg/kg
(regulatory guidelines).
Ground water: TCE, 5 (tg/L.
Soil (vadose and saturated): TCE,
0.5 mg/kg.
Soil (vadose); benzene, 0.5 mg/kg;
TPH, 200mgflcg; TCE, 05 mg/kg.
' .
Soil (vadose): TPH, 200 mg/kg.
< '
';' i", - ' *
Ground water: risk^ased.
Soil (vadose and saturated): risk-based.
><° ' '-j * ,
<
** <\ s" 1 ' ^ i
1 '*'* ».
*
',' , !J
s^t < ' o
<<1 " «»' .
* % l» *(*(' < 1 •*
,'
«o ' <
. '
TREATMENT
In situ treatment, bioventing. Aerobic
conditions, indigenous organisms.
Other technologies: vacuum extraction.
20% of site under bioremediation.
la situ treatment, bioventing. Aerobic
conditions, indigenous organisms.
Other technologies: vacuum extraction.
In situ treatment, bioventing, nutrient
addition. Aerobic conditions,
indigenous organisms. >
In situ treatment, bioventing, nutrient
addition. Aerobic conditions, ><
indigenous organisms. ^ ^ _"' '
Ex-siMJand treatment Aerobic" -, '
conditions, exogenous and indigenous
organisms, <' <'
S ' " i ' '
j ' .i1' ;/'f =,", rit
j
*'/'' * '< ' < '"j ' ^ _
A •, i > ><'">' i . , >,'
' « * . _> »
!- f
< t <"« ^ *"< ^ * °
t '-,,;';!' • " *-<^ > *;
Ex situ landteaanent. 40% of site
underwent bioremediation.
o < =V < ''''-.' -"'• .' .,
- 1*''< ' '«, > ,"'"'''«
, <
' J
> c 'l * ( ^
) ) J ' ) J " AJ^ J>
COMMENTS
Winter weather has been an
obstacle to bioremediation.
None,
None. ,
None.
•
May not be able to meet
RCRA treaiabihty standards
for land disposal.
Benzo(a)pyrene appears the
most difficult compound to
degrade. Other results are very
good: 40% to 90% removals
on individual PAHs. Those
bins experiencing drainage
problems had reduced rates of
bioremediation. Properly
draining ttns Showed 90% >
reductions. « ,
Bioremediation has been <
successful for treating soils in
the upper yard. Soils were
excavated, treated, and ,
Landfill. Treatability studies
broremsdiatjpB is ineffective at
ttea^ng foweryard stals which
hydrocarbons. The state is * >
discussing an amendment to
the Consent Decree to
accommodate alternative
technologies, * * ' ? <*
U)
00
* Indicates a new site.
** Indicates that the site has been up
; indicates a non-CERCLA site.
-------
FIELD APPLICATIONS OF BIOREMEDIATION (cont.)
REG
X
X
SITE/
LOCATION/
LEAD
Utah Power and tight
Idaho Falls, H>
RCRA Lead (state)
, * >
Wyckoff Eagle Haitar
Puget Sound, WA
CERCLA Enforcement Lead
CONTACT/
PHONE
NUMBER
Andrew Pentony
(208)334-5898
KandySteger
(208)334-5898' '
Rene Fuentes
(206)553-1599
Sally Martin
(206)553-2102
MEDIA/
CONTAMINANT/
VOLUME
Soil (vadose): wood preserving
(PAHs).
Ground water: wood preserving
(POP, PAHs).
STATUS
Pilot-scale studies were' '
completed 07/91.
Full-scale remediation has
been under way since 01/90.
CLEANUP
LEVELS
Soil (vadose); PAHs, 50 fig/kg (permit
standards). ,
Ground water: PCP, 6 (ig/L; PAHs,
20 Hg/L (water quality criteria).
TREATMENT
In situ land treatment. Aerobic
conditions, exogenous organisms, '
Other technologies: pump and treat
33% of site underwent bioremediation.
Ex situ treatment, activated sludge,
fixed film, continuous flow. Aerobic
attached growth process in series with
aeration tank, clarifier, and biological
sludge digester, possible sludge and
soil remediation. Aerobic conditions,
exogenous organisms. Other
technologies: oil/water separation,
carbon polishing.
COMMENTS
No monitoring of addition of
water or mixing and drying.
No indications of dilution or
volatilization. Tests were
determined to be unsuccessful.
Lower TOC than expected
during design. Periodic PCP
toxicity.
OJ
VO
GLOSSARY OF BIOREMEDIATION TERMS
Growth Conditions
Aerobic-la the presence of oxygen.
Anaerobic-fa the absence of oxygen.
Source of Microorganisms
Indigenous-Occunmg, naturally at a site.
Exogenous-Hot native to a site.
Treatment in a Reactor
Activated Sludge-The biomass is suspended in liquid, captured in a clarifier, and recycled to the
reactor; the contact time between the waste and the biomass is controlled by wasting excess biomass.
Extended Aeration-The biomass is suspended in liquid, captured in the clarifier, and recycled to the
reactor; a long contact time is created by enlarging the aeration basin.
Contact Stabilization-Ths waste contacts the biomass suspended in liquid in the first aeration tank and
contaminants are adsorbed to the clarified biomass; then they are digested in the second aeration tank.
Fixed F/Ym-Biomass is retained in the system by using a static support media.
Fluidized Bed-Bacteria is attached to a support media, which is fluidized hi the reactor.
Sequencing Botch Reactor-Ttos self-contained treatment system incorporates equalization, aeration,
and clarification using a draw and fill approach on wastewater sludges.
Slurry fleactor-Contaminants are treated in a soil slurry (a thin mixture of soil and water) with
nutrients and oxygen added as needed; water and soil must be separated after treatment, but clean soil
is left on site.
Treatment Outside of a Reactor
Aerated Lagoon-The biomass is kept suspended in liquid with aeration.
Land Treatment-Waste is applied onto or incorporated into the soil surface in a facility. .
Contaminants are treated with microorganisms typically indigenous to the existing soil matrix;
nutrients, moisture, and oxygen can be added to optimize growth conditions. If the waste remains at
the facility after closure, the land treatment facility becomes a disposal facility.
ft'fe-This method refers to any noncontainerized accumulation of solid, nonflowing waste being
treated or stored.
Bioventing-Air is injected into contaminated soil at rates low enough to increase soil oxygen
concentrations and stimulate indigenous microbial activity without releasing volatile emissions.
In Situ rreawje/tf-Biodegradable contaminants are treated by microorganisms within the environment
hi which they are found. Most commonly, this process utilizes aerobic processes and involves
delivery of oxygen or other electron acceptors and other appropriate amendments.
•Indicates a new site.
** Indicates that the site has been updated.
Shading indicates a non-CERCLA site.
-------
Bloremedlatlon In the Field
Update on the Bioremediation Field Initiative
(Continuedfrom page 1) i ,„ ;;;;X.-°
At the Libby Ground Water Superfurid site^all fieltfevaliiatiqn sampling --Kas||i'e^n-completed,
reports on the performance of the two fixed-film bipiea'cL.,... ™,™ _,»,.—,, .—_„,. ,-^-77-.- -, -~ p,--— oxygen/ and
monitoring wells within the aquifer where hydrogen perppdevand rtutrientsiwere Jratepdiiced.
The Air Force constrac*edanewtestpiotatEielsonAVI°^^
using buried heat tape. Results from the new test plof sK6wed':temf>erattu:es .rajagtrtg from, 10'to 12?C .-'.The'
plot heated by warm water showed temperature^ i^gfrtg &orftl%tp-l"6°Q the plot using pltstic mulcihing:,-,
achieved temperatures of only 2 to 3°Q and th^Jynhe^tidlControl piot^ayed-'at-0°G/A January-,l99$;-:;
temperature.
A - " r; , «, ''^f\\ •, Vj "y" **• r '-. ^v. ;/'J ,', "^ ' ,'^ "-v-•»'£_•• t -,'-, f
At Hill Air Force Base, a helium tracer study, was cdriduct^,from;december 1992 jhiougri Jarttiary;r1[:993"to
determine the heterogeneity of air movement through jQfcsite. Data fora 1hefst(idyrCUCTen^afe1:)eling
evaluated. Injection rates now are being maintained at a|oF |l$vsr fate of |5 fi?/miti. The next respJ^ation te,^t,,
will be conducted in June 1993. ' :-;;; •-, -,, /;;, 7' /-, ~^2~:. -:- "~^ ';-, -_, ^ ' ,:?.,-,~; • -, |: ,^,-i'> ,r>':
The field demonstration at the Escambia Wood Ppsejvjbgsite^Brool^ve^n^aSbeen %o*fe
the demonstration currently are being analyzed,'"r- % . 7., ','-"?;'-/x' '-•—-"?';;'":.'H ^:-" *;}-$:''- '„:¥'*''•
At the Reilly Tar and Chemical Corporation Supemjnd site, instillation of j^wp adpcent 50-ft,|y 50'rfjt' pilots
was completed in November 1992. The first is a |est:pl|>t equipped wifh.bne 10»ft-dfeep Hoven&tg well; the
second is a control plot, which is not biovented. Samplirtg,at time-zero InNovember' 1992 indicated ||ajt} due
to the pervious soil at the site, injected air wai-migratirig from the te~st plot 125 to,180 ft into the control plot;
A 10-ft-deep bentonite slurry wall was constructed acrp|^|ie;iiear wal| of the cpntrpl plofcThfesJiiyrfy wall,,
has prevented any further unwanted aeration of ihe cpn^bl,piot»;.A 3/year evaluatiort^rogram wa^Mtiate^
in November 1992 with the time-zero sampling. Irj sifai respiratibii tests.will b^dhdujdted several times each
year to determine oxygen utiMzation and carbon "dioxide evolution rates^^ which' can boused tb; estimate^;
biodegradation rates. Soil core analyses will^be peyjformed pe'ripciically:"to yeriiy: the disappearance p£';
polycydic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs^Because of the strpngxpartitipriing of ,PAJ|s,to -spil,^ long-term,
bioventing probably will be necessary to complete remediation of this site! sThe target PAH removal irate; for
the 3-year project is 30 percent Based on this rate, full^Sle fefiiediation would require;; 10 ;tp:15 years. ?J ;,-
•U.S. Government Printing Office: 1993 — 752-510
United States
Environmental Protection Agency
Center for Environmental Research Information
Cincinnati, OH 45268
Official Business
Penalty for Private Use
S300
BULK RATE
POSTAGE & FEES PAID
EPA
PERMIT No. G-35
EPA/540/N-93/001
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