v-/EPA
U.S. Environmental
Protection Agency
Office of Solid Waste and
Emergency Response
Office of Research
and Development
EPA/540/N-94/500 No. 10 March 1994
IN THE FIELD
An information update on applying bioremediation to site cleanup.
Update on the
Bioremediation
Field Initiative
The Bioremediation Field In-
itiative was established to
provide U.S. Environmental
Protection Agency ^EPA)
and state project managers,
- consulting engineers, and
industry "with timely'inforj
mation regarding new de-
velopments in the application of bioremediation at
hazardous waste sites. The Initiative provides evalu-
ation of the performance of selected full-scale field
applications, provides technical assistance to reme-
dial project managers (RPMs) andon-scene coordina-
tors (OSCs) through the Technical Support Centers;
and is developing a database on the field applidations
of bioremediation, which is summarized in this bul-
letin (see pv9). '
Nine sites have been selected for field evaluaition of
bioremediation: West KL Avenue Landfill Superfund
"site^ Kalamazoo, Michigan; Libby Ground Waiter Su-
perfund site, L^bby, Montana; Park City Pipeline,
Park" City, Kansas; Bendix Corporation/Allied Auto-
motive Superfund site, Si Joseph, Michigan; "Eaelson
Air Force Base Superfund site, Alaska; Hill Air Force"
Base Superfund site, Utah; Escambia Wood Preserv-
ing site-Brookhaven, Brookhaven, Mississippi; Pub-
Jic Service Company Denver, Colorado; and Reilly Tar
andChemicalCorporationSuperfundsite/StLoxiisPark,
Minnesota. Recent results fromEielson Air Force Base
are summarized in the article on this page.
In This Issue
Update on the Bioremediation Field Initiative
Soil Wanning Found to Enhance Effectiveness of Bioventing at
Eielson Air Force Base
EPRI Creates Program to Support Bioremediation Research
Remediation Technologies Development Forum Forges
Public-Private Partnerships
Bioremediation Field Initiative Data Base Adds U.S.,
Corps of Engineers Sites
Handbook Assesses State-of-the-Art of Bioremediation
Bioremediation Conference and Resource Highlights .
EPA Bioremediation Publications
Field Applications of Bioremediation
.Army
SoiS Warming
Found to Enhance
Effectiveness of
Bioventing at
Eielson Air Force
Base
Data collected through fall of 1993 indicate that soil
warming techniques are significantly increasing the
effectiveness of bioventing at Eielson Air Force Base
(AFB) in Fairbanks, Alaska. Eielson AFB is the site of a
project being conducted jointly through the Bioreme-
diation Field Initiative by EPA's Risk Reduction Engi-
neering Laboratory (RREL) in Cincinnati, Ohio, and
the U.S. Air Force to examine the relative effectiveness
of three different soil warming techniques, and the
relationship between soil temperature and jet fuel deg-
radation rates. Onsite contracting support for the pro-
ject is being provided by Battelle Laboratories,
Columbus, Ohio. !
The three soil warming methods under investigation
at Eielson AFB are:
• Active warming. Ground water is circulated to an
electric heater, heated to 35°C, and reinjected into
the contaminated soil through five soaker hoses
placed 2 ft below the surface. The heated ground
water is applied at approximately 0.5 gallons/ft2-
day. i
• Surface warming. Heat tapes buried 3 ft below the
surface are used to warm contaminated soils. This
plot was established on day 420 of the investigation.
• Passive warming. A dear plastic covering is used to
enhance solar warming of contaminated soils in late
spring, summer, and early fall; an insulating layer is
applied to retain heat for the remainder of the year.
Each of the plots undergoing soil warming also is
being biovented. In addition, researchers are monitor-
ing a contaminated control plot, which is being
biovented but not heated, and an uncontaminated
(Continued on page 4)
Printed on Recycled Paper
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Bioremediation in the Field
EPRI Creates
Program to
Support
Bioremediation
Research
The Electric Power Research Institute (EPRI), an or-
ganization that serves the common research needs of
electric utilities throughout the United States, has
launched a pilot effort to provide EPRI member com-
panies with a consistent, cost-effective service for
evaluating, developing, and demonstrating bioreme-
diation technologies. The program, called the Ad-
vanced Bioremediation Assessment and Technology
Evaluation (ABATE) program, facilitates cooperative
research initiatives and manages cosponsored technol-
ogy development and demonstration projects at spe-
cific sites. These projects generate data on the
effectiveness of biological technologies, such as in situ
bioremediation or fungal composting, for treatment of
soils contaminated with hydrocarbon fuels or other
organic contaminants.
According to Dr. Douglas Munnecke, administrator of
the ABATE program, the impetus for establishing the
program came from a survey of EPRI member compa-
nies conducted in 1991 and 1992, which suggested that
biological technologies would play a role in a signifi-
cant number of EPRI-supported remediation efforts.
Prompted by these findings, EPRI began designing the
ABATE program in late 1992 and launched the pro-
gram in May 1993.
To support ABATE program activities, EPRI has organ-
ized a technical advisory board of leading individuals
from private remediation contractors, federal agen-
cies, and universities involved in bioremediation. A
steering committee composed of members from the
electric utility industry also has been established to
facilitate program interaction with other national
bioremediation programs, such as EPA's Bioremedia-
tion Field Initiative, Department of Defense (DOD) pro-
grams, and Department of Energy (DOE) programs.
In November 1993, the ABATE program began a 2-year
collaborative project with EPA's Superfund Innovative
Technology Evaluation (SITE) Emerging Technology
Program (ETP) to evaluate fungal bioremediation of
polyaromatic hydrocarbon wastes at a manufactured
town gas site. Over 2,000 such sites exist throughout
the United States. Other projects supported by the
ABATE program include evaluations of in situ biore-
mediation of petroleum hydrocarbon wastes and
bioremediation of mineral oU from transformers,
EPRI, which is involved in power supply and power
generation research as well as environmental research,
is funded by a majority of the electric utilities in the
United States. EPRI member companies contribute a
small percentage of their revenues to support EPRI
research activities.
The ABATE program is being managed for EPRI by
Environmental BioTechnologies, Inc. (EBT), Montara,
California. For more information, contact Dr. Mun-
necke of EBT at 415-728-2208, or Stan Yunker of EPRI
at 214-556-6533.
Bioremediation Field Initiative Contacts
"f -C' *
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ghcy R&s'
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FranKremer,Ph.D. ' -V^':;;
Coordinator, Bioremediation Field'Initiative, ; ,, /, < ; US;,%y§onmental Pfpfection^genc^, ,-
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, ; ;Av",:5" '~,-5lQ2W^" .'^-'-'"V"' "!-• ..-/?"• -','—>''
Office of Research and Development-";;,,' , , technology^Innovation Office : " •
26 West Martin Luther King Drive- , ;, Office of SolidjWaste and Erne
Cincinnati, OH 45268 ' --"', .',."•„ •^•f^ •>.•*-•<:?. ^OiJMStreet^SW."--, -~-"A " •-
513-569-7346 - , -r^A:,: ^}^-:c:J:) •'°::T:,Wasrungton>'DC"20460 /-•"
- - --",- '."'i-vrr' , ' ;'703-308-8825 '":/-•-'
To be added to the mailing list to receiye Bipremediatiynin ttie'EkU,'call 513-569>7562;
The Bioremediation Field Initiative is a cooperative effort among the Technology Innovation Office (TIO),
Office of Solid Waste and Emergency Response (OSWER), and the Office of Science, Planning, and Regulatory
Evaluation (OSPRE) and Office of Environmental Engineering and Technology Demonstration (OEETD),
Office of Research and Development (ORD). Major contributors to the Initiative include the waste programs
in the EPA Regional Offices and the following laboratories in ORD: Ada, OK; Athens, GA; Cincinnati, OH;
Gulf Breeze, FL; and Research Triangle Park, NC.
-------
e/oremediation in the Ffefd
Remediation
Technologies
Development
Forum Forges
Public-Private
Partnerships
The Remediation Technologies Development Forum
(RTDF) was established by EPA in 1992 after industry
representatives met with the Administrator to identify
ways in which EPA and industry could work together
to solve complex hazardous waste remediation prob-
lems. Since that time, RTDF has grown into a consor-
tium of organizations dedicated to developing
effective and economical hazardous waste charac-
terization and treatment technologies. RTDF members
include chemical, petroleum, pharmaceutical, and
manufacturing companies; federal agencies; national
laboratories; research centers; and universities. RTDF
facilitates collaborative research efforts among mem-
ber organizations by identifying and prioritizing re-
mediation technology development needs; overseeing
action teams that implement research efforts; and ad-
dressing scientific, institutional, and regulatory barri-
ers to innovative treatment technologies. •
RTDF-Supported Research
Through RTDF, private companies, universities, and
federal agencies share knowledge, experience, equip-
ment, facilities, and even proprietary technologies to
address their common remediation needs. To pursue
a specific research project through RTDF, an organiza-
tion must assemble an action team consisting of vari-
ous other RTDF members. Four action teams already
have been established:
• Bioremediation of Chlorinated Solvents Work
Group, which focuses on the natural attenuation,
accelerated bioremediation, and bioventing of chlo-
rinated solvents.
• Integrated In Situ Soil Remediation Technology
Work Group, which focuses on electroosmosis and
the installation of treatment zones using hyclrofrac-
turing and other technologies. '.
• In Situ Soil Flushing Work Group, which f ociises on
surfactant-enhanced removal of contaminants.
• Site Characterization Work Group, which focuses
on the development of cost-effective charac-
terization and monitoring techniques.
EPA provides funding and logistical support for RTDF
meetings and prepares meeting summaries. Fionding
for research activities undertaken by specific iaction
teams is provided by the participating organizations.
Bioremediation of Chlorinated Solvents
Work Group
The Bioremediation of Chlorinated Solvents Work
Group is planning field studies to evaluate natural
attenuation, accelerated anaerobic degradation, and
cometabolic bioventing of chlorinated solvents. The
work group currently is screening possible sites for the
studies from several amdidates proposed by the U.S.
Air Force. The natural attenuation studies will be con-
ducted at sites that have active microbial populations
and chloroethene contamination in shallow ground
water; the accelerated Einaerobic biodegradation study
will take place at one of the natural attenuation sites;
and the cometabolic bioventing study will be con-
ducted at one or two sites contaminated with a mixture
of chlorinated solvents and hydrocarbon fuels in
sandy soil.
The Bioremediation of Chlorinated Solvents Work
Group's industrial partners—DuPont, Dow, General
Electric, Monsanto, Zeneca, Ciba-Geigy, and Merck—
currently are developing the necessary agreements to
work with EPA, the Air Force, and each other to carry
out the proposed field studies. Once sites have been
selected, detailed site characterization and modeling
will be conducted. The design, installation, and moni-
toring of the bioremediation systems are expected to
continue through 1996.
For more information, contact Kurt Jakobson of EPA at
202-260-5748.
Back issues of Bhiremediaticinin the Field
carr be ordered from EPA by calling
,513-569-7562 and from NTtS by calling
800-553-6847. WHen brdering, please
specify the issue .and publication
number.;: "; "• •:'"<•;• A s.;,; %>v>v" ''-•- ••--
-fciL" , Vs""
-------
Bioremediation in the Field
Soil Warming Found to Enhance
Effectiveness of Bioventing at Eielson Air
Force Base
(Continued from page 1)
background plot, which is being neither heated nor
biovented.
The four biovented plots receive relatively uniform
aeration. Temperatures in all of the plots are monitored
by three-level thermocouple probes spaced evenly
across the site. In situ respirometry tests are conducted
periodically to measure in situ oxygen uptake by soil
microorganisms. These tests allow researchers to esti-
mate biodegradation rates and cumulative contami-
nant degradation in each of the test plots.
Figures 1 and 2 show the soil temperatures and esti-
mated cumulative contaminant degradation in the test
plots over the course of the project, which began in fall
of 1991. Plots receiving active and surface warming are
being maintained at temperatures significantly higher
than those in the passive warming plot, the contami-
nated control plot, and the uncontaminated back-
ground plot. This disparity is greatest during the
winter months, when temperatures in the active and
surface warming plots are maintained at 15 to 20°C
and temperatures in the other plots fall to near 0°C.
The data suggest that soil temperature is having a
significant impact on the effectiveness of bioventing in
each plot. Jet fuel is degrading at rates of 3 to 5
mg/kg/day in the active and surface warming plots,
compared with 1 to 2 mg/kg/day in the control and
passive warming plots.
The Air Force will perform final soil sampling in June
1994, at which point total hydrocarbon losses due to
bioventing will be calculated. For specific details about
the design of the soil warming and bioventing systems,
contact Dr. Gregory Sayles of REEL at 513-569-7607 or
refer to Symposium on Bioremediation of Hazardous
Wastes: Research, Development, and Field Applications
(EPA/600/R-93/054) (for ordering information, see
the EPA Bioremediation Publications list on p. 8).
Uricoritaminated
Background
1991 1992 1993
Figure 1. Spatially averaged soil temperature in the four test plots and in the uncontaminated background plot.
2000
CL 1500 -
o: 1000 -
o
s
800
Time (day)
Figure 2. Cumulative petroleum biodegradation estimated based on in situ respirometry in the four test plots.
4
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Bioremediation in the Field
Bioremediation
Field Initiative Data
Base Adds U.S.
Army Corps of
Engineers Sites
A number of new sites considering or undergoing
bioremediation by the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers
(USAGE) were added to the Bioremediation Field
Initiative's site data base in January 1994. USAGE is
involved with bioremediation of hazardous waste
sites across the country under several programs, in-
cluding the Installation Restoration Program (ERF),
Formerly Used Defense Sites (FUDS) program, and
U.S. Army Base Realignment and Closure j (BRAC)
program. USAGE also remediates sites at the request
of other federal agencies, such as the U.S. Air Fprce and
EPA, and has performed remedial design and remedial
action involving bioremediation at a small number of
National Priority List (NPL) sites.
The USAGE bioremediation sites are at various stages
of process development, ranging from sites where
bioremediation is being considered as one of several
remedial options to sites where bioremediation activi-
ties have been completed. Technologies being imple-
mented at a large number of the sites include land-
farming, bioventing, slurry-phase bioremediation,
solid pile treatment, composting, and in situ bioreme-
diation. Other, less conventional techniques are being
considered for use at sites where conventional tech-
nologies would be particularly expensive. For exam-
ple, USAGE is considering the use of a two-phase
anaerobic/aerobic treatment at a site on a remote is-
land contaminated with polychlorinated biphenyls
(PCBs). At other sites, USAGE is implementing bio-
logical technologies in treatment trains with nonbi-
ological technologies.
According to Dr. Donna Kuroda of USAGE, the major-
ity of USAGE bioremediation cleanup efforts target
mostly hydrocarbon fuels, although a significant num-
ber also target explosive wastes. USAGE has a research
and development (R&D) program to develop bioreme-
diation technologies for treatment of contaminants
commonly found at military installations. This pro-
gram focuses primarily on developing treatment tech-
nologies for explosive; wastes,
Based on contact with USAGE personnel and a review
of recent USAGE site restoration activities, Dr. Kuroda
predicts that USAGE \vill increasingly opt for bioreme-
diation in lieu of incineration, particularly for restora-
tion of sites in remote locations and cold climates. For
more information, contact Dr. Kuroda at 202-504-4335.
Handbook
Assesses
State-of-the-Arlt
Bioremediation
of
Several leading scientists from EPA, universities, and
industry, under the direction of Dr. John Wilson of
EPA's Robert S. Kerr Environmental Research Labora-
tory (RSKERL) in Ada, Oklahoma, have collaborated
to produce a detailed handbook on technologies avail-
able for the bioremediation of contaminated soil and
ground water. The handbook, entitled In Sify Bioreme-
diation of Ground Water and Geological Materials: A Re-
view of Technologies (EPA/600/R-93/124), was released
by EPA in 1993. The handbook was prepared at the
request of officials at EPA's Office of Research and
Development (ORD) and Technology Innovation Of-
fice (TIO), to provide an assessment of the state-of-the-
art of bioremediation for engineers, consultants,
regulatory personnel, and others involved'with the
restoration of hazardous waste sites. ;
The handbook focuses primarily on six field-tested
technologies: in situ bioremediation, bioventing, air
sparging, use of electron acceptors other than oxygen,
natural bioremediation, and introduction of microor-
ganisms. The handbook also assesses several emerg-
ing biological technologies, ranging from theoretical
concepts to technologies undergoing limited bench-
and field-scale testing. The applicability and limita-
tions of each technology are evaluated with respect to
contaminants in various phases and subsurface com-
partments, with particular emphasis on the use of each
technology for remediation of petroleum hydrocar-
bons and chlorinated, solvents. In addition, the hand-
book discusses cost considerations and site
characterization requirements for each technology,
presents case histories to illustrate challenges associ-
ated with field implementation, and identifies gaps in
the available data to suggest areas in which further
research needs to be conducted.
The handbook is available from the National Technical
Information Service (NTIS); to order, call 800-553-6847.
For additional information, contact Dick Scalf of
RSKERL at 406-436-8600.
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Bioremediation in the Field
Bioremediation Conference
Fifth Forum on Innovative Hazardous Waste Treatment
Technologies: Domestic & International
The Fifth Forum on Innovative Hazardous Waste
Treatment Technologies: Domestic & International
will be held May 3-5,1994, in Chicago, Illinois. This
3-day conference, which is being sponsored by
EPA's Office of Solid Waste and Emergency Re-
sponse (OSWER) Technology Innovation Office
(TIO), EPA's Office of Research and Development
(ORD) Risk Reduction Engineering Laboratory
(RREL), and EPA Region 5, is intended to increase
awareness in the user community of cleanup tech-
The specific goals of the conference are:
• To introduce promising domestic and interna-,
tional innovative hazardous waste treatment
technologies.
• To showcase results of EPA's Superfund Innova-
tive Technology Evaluation (SITE) program.
• To present case studies of selected applications of
innovative technologies.
• To highlight partnerships that have been forged
with EPA through the Federal Technology Trans-
fer Act (FTTA) and Small Business Administra-
tion (SBA) programs.
The conference will consist of technical paper pres-
entations and more than 100 poster presentations on
innovative thermal, biological, and physi-
cal/chemical remediation technologies. EPA exhib-
its and data bases related to remediation of uncon-,
trolled hazardous waste sites also will be displayed."
An important theme of the forum will be the poten-'
tial for public-private partnershipsio solve hazardr
ous waste remediation-problems. A concurrent
session on Wednesday, May 4, will include discus-
sions on partnerships with EPA in me development
of innovative technologies, the Small Business Inno-
vative Research (SBIR) program, and SBAprograms
directed at the international' technologies markeK
place. A dosing plenary-session von environmental
technology exports in the context of- the North .
American Free Trade Agreement (ISTAFTA) will be
held on Thursday, May 5.
<+' J v ;".
The conference is aimed at representatives of EPA/V
the U.S. Department of Defense (DOD), the US.
Department of Energy (DOE), state environmental
agencies, private remediation contractors, poten-
tially responsible parties, facility owner/ operators;"
and others interested in commercial interaction
with domestic and international vendors of hazard-
ous waste treatment technologies. There js no fee to"-
• attend the conference, but all prospective attendees-
musjfc register by April 22,19941 For information on
registering, contact SAIC's Technology Transfer De-
partment at 800-783^3870 or 215-62&-9317 within .
Pennsylvania. . , " " ~
Sixth Annual Symposium on Bioremediation of Hazardous
Wastes: Research, Development, and Field Evaluations
The sixth annual Symposium on Bioremediation of
Hazardous Wastes: Research, Development, and
Field Evaluations will be held June 28r30,1994, in
San Francisco, California. This 3-day symposium "is,
being sponsored by EPA's Biosystems Technology
Development Program (BTDP), which coordinates
EPA's bioremediation research and development
activities, including the Agency's field evaluations
of site cleanups using bioremediation. „
The symposium will consist of technical paper and
poster presentations on the bioremediation projects'
undertaken by BTDP in 1993, as well as projects
conducted by EPA's Hazardous Substance Research
Centers (HSRCs). Presentation topics will includein"
situ treatment of surface and subsurface contami-
nants, ex situ treatment of aqueous- and gaseousr, -
phase contaminants, arid ex' situ treatment of .s0ii"
contaminants. The target audience for'fhe-sympo^
siutn includes researchers and field personnel from
federal, state, and Jocal government agencies;-
industry; technology vendors; -contractors; apcl
academia. ° ' -^ ' '->- -;
To register for the 1994 Symposium on -Bioremedia-
tion of Hazardous Wastes, call .Eastern Research '
Group, Inc. (ERG), at<6!7>-674-7374-For more in|or- -
"-mation about the symposium, call Helen Murray of
ERG at617-674-7307. , * ' , . , -.V
-------
Bioremediation in the Field
and Resource Highlights
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Symposium oh intri nsic Bioremediation of |jig{Hind
, ppporlumty ib|Iexciikige' Tbf ::Mformation amorigl
federal agendes7sTates;mdustry;and^tradbrs;r -
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"4" symppsi'dlnfisBeing organized by EPA^s^systems : S
^Technology Development Program (BTDPf arid the "' ,
US. Geological SMvfey (USGS),}with funding from',-. \H;:a l-,,to, 2-page abstract *to Helen? Murray, .Basterri
/,EPAjand;xthe;U,s::AkI?bfce.^€pu^ *"" v' ^ -'^— —'- — - - »• -
%-syinpbsi^'is tpejqploye the capabilities arivd limita-l \}-
> tions of;infeinsic ;bibreiKediatiori, (alsp;;l^rtowrivas|, S
- inaturai reme'dia:tibti,,of bio^ttenuation), ISf;",,treat-T;- :
;t,^ , •. - f - . * j t.-y* s *^ —-A-, " '"'* . T VT1 ^'"'•'' "• -.1 "•
iv MA:02173:319'8;§(;L67-674^2906. ,,
stracts jnusjt.bels^feraltted no later ifean April 22>
'** OQA ;r>~"£"~ ---- i^ti1*:-: ~,, — i_ _i__2_i _*._ _:.i — j^- j
, Jhersciaice of ,mtrir^ic,bibremedktibnK asfwell asi >
/^regulatory issues-assppat^d^th^application^of the" •
'^-technology, Presentations wiirfocus;6n ideMfyir%s-;-:
; ;the pmxiaxy: controlshon mtrmsicrSioremediation :.
-and the regulatory requirements for use;bfintraisic;:; :;
;; bioremediatibn, ;The, symposium will prpvjjde'^an,;!
~ sviX "*%L'-,'i^"\'^V'•":,*•••,*£' :', '-?'^f™*T.\v'™ i;'l ->~~' ;':*';V'»? -
les pi IntrinsicbioreroJadiaStcptl'lease include a full
- Mailing address:;and ielephbne number wheit sub-/
.^e^
cafl HelenMurfay at^177674-7307,' - ~", ' . i '.^-.
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TIO Releases Bioremediaticn Resource Guide
""In September 1993,,,the Technology InnoyaHbn Of-
;, fic^;(TI0)^Jf EPA's Office ,of Solid Waste ^&&>x-;
^vgen4yRe^ppnse"(pSWJ6R) released Ifa'Biomjtediaiian
"Resource Guide, -a '3prpage;guide' tb availableibiore-^
; mediation ,resQurc€s ,;documerits, data,,; bases/ holt-.
* -lines, and dockets. Th;^ guide prbvide^regi^nal and
state corrective action permit writers, remedial pro^.
; ;ject, marLager,s; (RPMs)/ oh-s,cene" eboMinatbrsI
XG^Cs)7ahdJibntractors with easy^access to thterer
• sbprces they neeii-to evaluate cleariup attematives,
- ,for -Resourcet Cbhservatidn and Recovery Act
t^CRA); Underground Storage ,Tahk; (^>T); .and
; ments. Inlormatioit'abbut these dbcujn^nts is sum-
: iriarized ir^;a:pullbut table at the center bf the guide.
"•;fti.e table,, _WMch}is avldlable-se^itfately as 'ik&Biore- :
)mej.i$fi0ri 'Resoufoe^ii-ij.^, provides~brdef ing: inf off;
;' mationt for. each dbcwQijert^as .well, as information
. ; , i,^ , ,„ , , .^___TJ,ogies,me--
; dia;,;andcbritamtoaribi cohered m each:document
~ In addition^the guide provides forms lor,ordering
"biorem^iatipridoc^iente,from Cjhe National Tech-
dee ^NTIS}"and 'the OfBce^bf V
tibrLdoctiments, iricludmgbibliog^apraes;g,ildaricelc
.mEiteflals, worlcshop, reports, oV'fervliewdb'cumehts, ;
^tud^y/test results,,,and tes,t,design/pfptbcoldocu-, ''•
to brder trie Bmemediation Resource 'Guide or,tri6::
, Eioreniedmt im'Resaurw Matrix,- m-ail or fax'a'request
fo IheWatibnal Center, f or ; Envfirontriental'Publica-
'
Road/RO.
oiW^CPI}, 11029' Kenwood,,'
>Gi|tcinraii;^H 42242-0419,
: "^ ' '""":* ? ' ' ' • ": -;
-------
/Bioremediation in the Field
EPA Bioremediation Publications
To order EPA documents, call 513-569-7562 or write to
ORD Publications, U.S. Environmental Protection
Agency, 26 West Martin Luther King Drive, Cincinnati,
OH 45268. To order NTIS documents, call 800-553-6847 or
write to National Technical Information Service, 5285
Port Royal Road, Springfield, VA22161.
Emerging Technology Summary: Pilot-Scale Demonstration of a
Two-Stage Methanotrophic Bioreactor for Biodegradation of
Trichloroethene in Ground Water EPA/540/S-93/505
Summary Paper: In Situ Bioremediation of Contaminated
Vadose Zone Soil EPA/540/S-93/502
Engineering Issue: In Situ Bioremediation of Contaminated
Unsaturated Subsurface Soils EPA/540/S-93/501
Handbook for Constructed Wetlands Receiving Acid Mine
Drainage NTIS PB93-233914AS
SITE Emerging Technologies: Bioscrubber for Removing
Hazardous Organic Emissions from Soil, Water, and Air
Decontamination Processes NTIS PB93-227205
Guide for Conducting Treatability Studies under CERCLA:
Biodegradation Remedy Selection—
Interim Guidance EPA/540/R-93/519a
Guide for Conducting Treatability Studies under CERCLA:
Biodegradation Remedy Selection—
Quick Reference Fact Sheet EPA/540/R-93/519b
Symposium on Bioremediation of Hazardous Wastes: Research,
Development, and Field Applications EPA/600/R-93/054
Bioremediation Case Study Collection: 1991 Augmentation of
the Alternative Treatment Technology
Information Center (ATTIC) EPA/600/R-92/043
Characterizing Heterogeneous Wastes NTIS PB92-216894
Fundamentals of Ground-Water Modeling... NTIS PB92-232354
A Study to Determine the Feasibility of Using a Ground
Penetrating Radar NTIS PB92-169382
Bioremediation of Hazardous Waste EPA/600/R-92/126
Methodologies for Evaluating In Situ Bioremediation of
Chlorinated Solvents NTIS PB92-146943
TCE Removal from Contaminated Soil and
Ground Water NTIS PB92-224104
In Situ Bioremediation of Contaminated
Ground Water NTIS PB92-224336
Technology Evaluation Report Biological Treatment of Wood
Preserving Site Ground Water by Biotrol, Inc. NTIS PB92-110048
Applications Analysis Report: Biological Treatment of Wood
Preserving Site Ground Water by Biotrol, Inc. NTIS PB91-227983
Microbial Removal of Halogenated Methanes, Ethanes, and
Ethylenes in an Aerobic Soil Exposed to Methane
(Journal Version) NTIS PB89-103196
Sequential Reductive Dehalogenation of Chloranilines by
Microorganisms from a Methanogenic Aquifer. NTIS PB90-117219
Creosote-Contaminated Sites NTIS PB90-129552
Action of a Fluoranthene-Utilizing Bacterial Community on
Polycydic Aromatic Hydrocarbon
Components of Creosote NTIS PB90-245721
Assessing Detoxification and Degradation of Wood Preserving
and Petroleum Wastes in Contaminated Soil. NTIS PB90-245275
Alaskan Oil Spill Bioremediation Project.... NTIS PB90-216466
Laboratory Studies Evaluating the Enhanced Biodegradation of
Weathered Crude Oil Components through the
Application of Nutrients NTIS PB90-264011
Total Organic Carbon Determinations in Natural and Contami-
nated Aquifer Materials NTIS PB91-129205
Anaerobic In Situ Treatment of Chlorinated
Ethenes NTIS PB91-137067
In Situ Bioremediation of Spills from Underground Storage
Tanks: New Approaches for Site Characterization, Project
Design, and Evaluation of Performance..... NTIS PB89-219976
Comparison of Methods to Determine Oxygen Demand
for Bioremediation of a Fuel-Contaminated
Aquifer NTIS PB89-207351
Available Models for Estimating Emissions Resulting from
Bioremediation Processes: A Review NTIS PB90-228610
Role of Microorganisms in the Bioremediation of the Oil Spill in
Prince William Sound, Alaska NTIS PB90-263070
Approach to Bioremediation of Contaminated
Soil NTIS PB91-116152
Protocol for Testing Bioremediation Products against Weathered
Alaskan Crude Oil NTIS PB91-137018
Reductive Dehalogenation: A Subsurface
Bioremediation Process NTIS PB91-144873
Field Evaluation of In Situ Biodegradation for Aquifer
Restoration NTIS PB88-130257
Alternative Biological Treatment Processes for Remediation of
Creosote-Contaminated Materials:
Bench-Scale Treatability Studies NTIS PB91-179085
Nitrate for Biorestoration of an Aquifer Contaminated
with Jet Fuel NTIS PB91-164285
Movement of Bacteria through Soil and
Aquifer Sand NTIS PB91-164277
Selection of Nutrients to Enhance Biodegradation for the
Remediation of Oil Spilled on Beaches NTIS PB91-233304
Effect of Sodium Chloride on Transport of Bacteria in a
Saturated Aquifer Material NTIS PB92-110428
Oil Spill Cleanup NTIS PB92-110469
Enhanced Bioremediation Utilizing Hydrogen Peroxide as a
Supplemental Source of Oxygen:
A Laboratory and Field Study NTIS PB90-183435
Bioremediation of Contaminated Surface Soil NTIS PB90-164047
Guide for Conducting Treatability Studies under CERCLA,
Aerobic Biodegradation Remedy Screenings. NTIS PB92-109065
Interactive Simulation of the Fate of Hazardous Chemicals
during Land Treatment of Oily Wastes:
Ritz User's Guide NTIS PB88-195540
Microbial Decomposition of Chlorinated
Aromatic Compounds EPA/600/2-86/090
Removal of Volatile Aliphatic Hydrocarbons
in a Soil Bioreactor NTIS PB88-180393
Transformation of Halogenated Aliphatic
Compounds NTIS PB88-170568
Understanding Bioremediation: A Guidebook
for Citizens :: EPA/540/2-91/002
-------
FIELD APPLICATIONS OF BIOREMEDIATION1
REG
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
SITE/
LOCATION/
LEAD
Baird and McGuire
HoIbrook,MA
CERCLA Fund Lead
Charlestown Navy Yard
Boston, MA
CERCLA State Lead
CoaUey Landfill
North Hampton, NH
CERCLA Enforcement Lead
General Electric,
Kttsfleld,MA
RCRA Lead (Federal) '
General Electric— Woods Pond
Pittsfield,MA
RCRA Lead (Federal)
Iron Horse Park
Billerica, MA
CERCLA Enforcement Lead
Sylvester
Nashua, NH
CERCLA State Lead
CONTACT/
PHONE
NUMBER
David Lederer
(617)573-5738
Martin Home
(617)292-5716
Stephen Carlson
(617)242-5680
Steve Calder
(617)573-9626
DanCoughlin
(617)573-9620
Joan Blake
(202)260-6236
Joan Blake
0202)260-6236
DonMcElroy
(617)223-5571
Chet Janowski
(617)573-9623
Paul Hiertzler
(603)882-3631 -
MEDIA/
CONTAMINANT
Ground water petroleum, wood
preserving, pesticides
(chlordane), arsenic, lead.
Volume: 300 gallons per minute.
Sediments: wood preserving
(PAHs).
Ground water: ammonia.
Sediments; PCBs. < '
Volume: 12 cubic meters.
Sediments: PCBs. "
Volume: 250 gallons, >
<*
Sludge / soil (vadose: sand,
loam): PAHs, petroleum, lead.
Volume: 20K cubic yards.
Ground water solvents (vinyl
chloride, benzene, chloroform,
MEK, PCE, phenols, TCE,
1,1,2-TCA, chlorobenzene,
methylene chloride, toluene,
1,1-DCA, trans-l,2-DCA,
1,1,1-TCA
methylmethacrylate), selenium.
Volume: 100 gallons per minute.
STATUS
Full-scale remediation has been
underway since 01/93.
Incurred cost: capital, $13M.
Cost per year: O&M, $2M.
Full-scale remediation is planned.
Currently in design.
Laboratory-scale and pilot-scale
studies are being conducted.
Full-scale remediation is planned.
Currently in predesign.
Full-scale bioremediation is not yet
planned. '
Laboratory-scale Studies ate >
planned. , >' , "
Full-scale bioremediation is not yet
planned.
Laboratory-scale studies are being
conducted. , <
Full-scale remediation has been
underway since 05/92.
Total expected cost $2M.
Full-scale remediation has been
underway since 06/86. Expected
completion 07/94.
Incurred cost: $15M.
Total expected cose $20M
Cost per year: $2M.
CLEANUP
LEVELS
Ground water: MCLs.
Not yet established.
Ground water: NPDES requirements.
Sediments? PCBs, 2 ppm.
Sediments: PCBs, 2 ppm.
Sludge: PAHs, 1 ppm; TPHs,
100 ppm (risk-based).
Vadose soil: PAHs, 1 mg/kg; TPHs,
100 mg/kg (risk-based).
Ground water vinyl chloride,
95 ppb; benzene, 340 ppb;
chloroform, 1,505 ppb; MEK,
8,000 ppb; PCE, 57 ppb; phenols,
400 ppb; TCE, 1,500 ppb;
1,1,2-TCA, 1.7 ppb; chlorobenzene,
110 ppb; methylene chloride,
12.3Kppb; toluene, 2,900 ppb;
1,1-DCA, 1.5 ppb; trans-l,2-DCA,
1,800 ppb; 1,1,1-TCA, 200 ppb;
methylmethacrylate, 350 ppb (New
Hampshire Drinking Water
Standards).
TREATMENT
Ex situ treatment, activated
sludge, continuous flow. Aerobic
conditions, exogenous organisms.
Other technologies: chemical
treatment for ground water and
incineration for soil. 100% of site
under bioremediation.
In situ treatment Ex situ
treatment, attached growth
process. Aerobic and anaerobic
conditions.
Ex situ treatment, typical
wastewater system. Other
technologies: metal precipitation
and air snipping. 50% of site will
undergo bioremediation.
Ex situ treatment, sequencing
batch reactor, batch flow. ,
Anaerobic conditions, indigenous
organisms. Other technologies:
incineration, flotation separation.
In situ treatment, confined
treatment facility, nutrient
addition. Anaerobic conditions, '
indigenous organisms! Other
technologies: incineration,
flotation separation. , , *
Ex situ land treatment Aerobic
conditions, indigenous organisms.
20% of site under bioremediation.
Ex situ treatment, activated
sludge, extended aeration,
continuous flow. Aerobic
conditions. Other technologies:
vacuum extraction. 20% of site
under bioremediation.
COMMENTS
None.
None.
None.
None. ' ,
None.'
Cold weather creates a short
season.
There have been problems
providing enough nutrients to
maintain an active biomass.
CERCLA/RCRA/UST sites considering, planning, operating, or having used bioremediation.
Bioremediation in the Field
* Indicates a new site.
** Indicates that the site has been updated.
Shading indicates a non-CERCLA site.
-------
FIELD APPLICATIONS OF BIOREMEDIATION
REG
n
n
n
n
n
>
n
n
SITE/
LOCATION/
LEAD
American Linen
Stillwater.NY
CERCLA State Lead
FAA Technical Center— Area
D
Atlantic County, NJ
CERCLA Enforcement Lead
General Electric — Hudson
River < , ' -
NY
TSCALead (Federal) , ' '
General Motors — Central
Foundry Division
Massena, NY
CERCLA Enforcement Lead
Knispel Construction Site
Horseheads,NJ »- "' v< , ~ *
USTLead(State)\ , •' '•
•J ; "'
*
Mobil Terminal
Buffalo, NY
CERCLA Enforcement Lead
Nascolite
MUlvffle,NJ
CERCLA Fund Lead
CONTACT/
PHONE
NUMBER
Frank Peduto
(518)457-2462
CailaSlruble
(212)264-4595
Joseph Freudenberg
(609)633-1455
Keith Buch
(609)484-6644
Jim Harrington
(518)457-3957
Ajay Schroff
(518)457-3957
Lisa Carson
(212)264-6857
Frank Peduto
(518)457-2462 ,
Robert Leary
(716)851-7220
SalCalandra
(716)851-7220
Farnaz Saghafi
(212)264-4665
Anton Navarajah
(609)633-6798
NicolettaDiForte
(212)264-0970
MEDIA/
CONTAMINANT
Soil: PAHs, VOCs, petroleum
(lube oil).
Volume: 4,375 cubic yards.
Soil (saturated sand) / ground
water: petroleum (jet fuel,
NAPLs).
Volume: 33K cubic yards.
Sediments: pCBs;cadmium,
chromium, lead.
Volume: 150 cubic feet.
Sediments / sludge / soil: PCBs.
Volume: 350K cubic yards.
Soil/ground water: petroleum.
Soil (silt, fill): petroleum
(gasoline, diesel), lead.
Volume: 15K cubic yards.
Sediments (sand, silt) / soil •
(sand, silt) / ground water: lead.
STATUS
Full-scale remediation was
completed 08/92. Started 07/91.
Pilot-scale studies were completed
08/92.
Total expected costs: capital,
$286K; O&M, $200K.
Full-scale bioremediation is not
planned.
Laboratory-scale studies have been
completed.
Incurred cost $2.6M.
Laboratory-scale studies have been
underway since 04/93.
Full-scale remediation was
completed 10/89. Started 01/89.
Incurred cost O&M, $250K,
Full-scale remediation has been
underway since 07/91.
Full-scale remediation is planned.
Currently in predesign.
Laboratory-scale studies were
completed 06/92. Started 04/92.
Pilot-scale studies are planned.
CLEANUP
LEVELS
Soil: TCLP to meet soil guidance
levels.
Saturated soil: New Jersey Soil
Action Levels.
Ground water: New Jersey MCLs.
Not yet established.
Sediments: PCBs, 1 ppm (risk-based).
Sludge: PCBs, 10 ppm (risk-based).
Soil: PCBs, 10 mg/kg (risk-based).
Soil: petroleum, 5 u,g*g (drinking
water standards).
Ground water: petroleum, 5 ppb
(drinking water standards).
Soil: NYDEC guidance values based
on TCLP.
Ground water: risk-based.
TREATMENT
Ex situ land treatment Aerobic
conditions, indigenous organisms.
100% of site underwent
bioremediation.
In situ treatment, nutrient addition
(soil, water), reinjection of
ground water. Other technologies:
free product extraction, cement
kiln incineration, soil venting,
off-gas treatment with catalytic
incinerator combustion or
activated carbon adsorption of
VOCs.
In situ treatment Aerobic
conditions, indigenous organisms.
Less than 1% of site underwent
bioremediation^
Ex situ treatment, slurry reactor,
batch flow. Aerobic conditions,
indigenous organisms. Other
technologies: chemical extraction,
chemical treatment, thermal
desorption.
In situ land treatment, hydrogen
peroxide, nutrient addition
(water). Aerobic conditions,'
indigenous organisms. 100% of
site underwent bioremediation,
Ex situ land treatment. Aerobic
conditions, exogenous organisms.
Other technologies: vacuum
extraction. 100% of site under
bioremediation.
Ex situ treatment contact
stabilization, batch flow. Aerobic
conditions, indigenous organisms.
Other technologies: filtration,
ultraviolet oxidation.
COMMENTS
Contaminated soil was applied in
2-ft layers; nutrients were added
and soil was tilled by mechanical
means.
None.
None.
Oil and grease in samples is
hindering efficiency of
bioremediation; material may
require pretreatment Treatability
studies of several other
technologies will be conducted in
case bioremediation is not
successful
None.
Li this ongoing process, treated
soil remains on site at Mobil
terminal. An air extraction system
was installed in summer 1991 to
enhance bioremediation in part of
the biocell.
None.
3
3
3'
* Indicates a new site.
** Indicates that the site has been updated.
Shading indicates a non-CERCLA site.
-------
FIELD APPLICATIONS OF BIOREMEDIATION (cont.)
REG
n
n
n
n
m
m
m
SITE/
LOCATION/
LEAD
Niagara Mohawk Power
Corporation
Saratoga Springs, NY
CERCLA Enforcement Lead
Osmose
Buffalo, NY
CERCLA State Lead
Plattsburgh Air Force Base
Plattsburgh, NY - - - ~
Federal Facility
Syracuse
Syracuse, NY
UST Lead (State)
Allied Chrome Works,
Baltimore, MD
ARC
Gainesville, VA
RCRA Lead (Federal)
Atlantic Wood
Portsmouth, VA
CERCLA Enforcement Lead
CONTACT/
PHONE
NUMBER
William R Jones
(315)428-5690
Michael Sherman
(315)428-6624
Jim Harrington
(518)485-8792
Jaspal Walia
(716)851-7220 •
PhflVonBargen-
"(518)565-6672"""
JimLister ,
(518)457-3976
Harry Warner
(315)426-7519
Louis DeFilippi
(708)391-3251
F. Stephen Lupon
(708)391-3224
Robert Siroud
(215)597-6688
3atri6kGrbver
(804)225-2863
Vance Evans
215)597-8485
Steve Mihalko
804)255-3263
MEDIA/
CONTAMINANT
Soil (sand): PAHs.
Soil (vadose and saturated: silt,
clay): wood preserving (BAP,
PAHs), petroleum (fuel oil).
Volume: 670 cubic yards.
Ground water: petroleum.
Soil: petroleum.
Volume; 6,000 cubic yards,
Sediments / soil / ground water:
iiexavalent chromium.
Soil: solvents (chlorobenzene).
Volume: 2,000 cubic yards.
Sediments / soil: wood
preserving (PCP, PAHs),
dioxins, furans.
STATUS
Laboratory-scale studies were
completed 05/92. Started 02/92.
Full-scale remediation has been
underway since 09/90.
Total expected cost $125K.
Pilot-scale studiejf are planned.
Expected Start 03/94. • "^ ~
Full-scale remediation was
completed 10/91, Started 07/90. ,
Full-scale bioremediation is not ,
planned.
Laboratory-scale and pilot-scale
studies have been completed.
Full-scale remediation was
completed 06/91. Started 10/89.
Laboratory-scale studies are being
conducted.
CLEANUP
LEVELS
Soil: potential for leaching to ground
water.
Vadose/saturated soil: BAP,
10 mg/kg; carcinogenic PAHs,
50 mg/kg (risk-based).
Soil: wood preserving, 473 mg/kg
(risk-based).
Not uet established J
Soil: NY Soil Cleanup Levels.
Sediments: hexavatent chromium,
0.05 ppm.
Soil'. Iiexavalent chromium,
0.05 mg/kg.
Ground water: hexavalent chromium,
0.05 ppm. ~ ~
Soil: chlorobenzene, 0.014 mg/kg
(technology effectiveness).
Not yet established.
TREATMENT
Ex situ treatment, slurry reactor.
Aerobic conditions, indigenous
organisms.
Ex situ land treatment Aerobic
conditions, indigenous organisms.
30% of site under bioremediation.
Aerobic conditions, indigenous
organisms.
Jn situ treatment Ex situ land
treatment;
Ex situ treatment, septic tank
reactor, continuous flow.
Anaerobic conditions, indigenous
organisms.
!n situ treatment, bioventing.
Aerobic conditions, exogenous
organisms. 5% of site underwent
)ioremediation.
3ioremediation treatment not yet
established. Other technologies:
in situ soil flushing, soil washing,
thermal desorption, incineration.
COMMENTS
Laboratory-scale feasibility study
report currently is being prepared.
Depending on results, pilot- and
full-scale activity may be
undertaken. In situ treatment with
nutrient addition would be used
for soils, and a fluidized bed
bioreactor would be used for
ground water.
None.
xixis Wiu uc a piiothscaie project
as part of the Air Force
Bioventing Initiative.
The first phase had a late start;
cold weather slowed flie use of.,
bioremediation. The site was
prepared for closure in fall of
1991, but small untreated areas
were discovered. This material
was separated and moved to an
adjacent area for treatment in
spring of 1992.
Pilot-scale studies in the field"
indicated that the site geology
was too problematic for full-scale
investigation and treatment.
Facility was required to submit a
closure plan to the state of VA;
towever, this requirement no
longer exists;
Feasibility study results currently
are being reviewed. Type of
treatment won't be determined
until review is completed. The
presence of dioxins and furans
might be a problem.
* Indicates a new site.
** Indicates that the site has been updated.
Shading indicates a non-CERCLA site.
-------
FIELD APPLICATIONS OF BIOREMEDIATION
REG
m
m
<
>
< :;>;
ra
m
ra
SITE/
LOCATION/
LEAD
Avtex Fibers
Front Royal, VA
CERCLA Enforcement Lead
Dover Air Force Base
Dover, DE
Federal Facility
Process 1
Process 2 s
is , <>
Process 3^ V -^
\ J
Process 4 * ** * * "
**•" \ ;'- 5
° " , ' "
Drake Chemical
Lock Haven, PA
CERCLA Fund Lead
L.A. Clarke & Son
Fredericksburg, VA
CERCLA Enforcement Lead
Ordnance Works Disposal
Area
Morgantown, WV
CERCLA Enforcement Lead
CONTACT/
PHONE
NUMBER
Bonnie Gross
(215)597-0491
MiltttaBeck
(302)677-6845
Rob Allen
(302)323-4540
' '
' v," * - - „
v
'-, '
Site has free product soil
contamination under aircraft *
parking' apron.f * ^ j!>
f ™ y V
None.
None.
A unilateral administrative order
was issued June 1990. There may
be problems at this site associated
with: (1) achieving the cleanup
levels, (2) extrapolating data from
the treatability studies, and (3)
determining usable amendments
for the treatability studies.
* Indicates a new site.
** Indicates that the site has been updated.
Shadingindicates.a non-CERCLA site.
-------
FIELD APPLICATIONS OF BIOREMEDIATION (cont.)
REG
m
,'IV
'
'•
-
IV
IV
IV
SITE/
LOCATION/
LEAD
Whitmoie Labs
Myerstown, PA
CERCLA Enforcement Lead
Alabama State Docks
Mobae,AL'
RCRA-Federalforsoil;
RCRA-State for ground wafer
Process 1 '
Process 2
-
American Creosote Works
Jackson, TN
CERCLA Fund Lead
O.UJ2
O.U.#3
American Creosote
Woiks— Pensacola
Pensacola, FL
CERCLA Fund Lead
Brown Wood Preserving
Live Oak, FL
CERCLA Enforcement Lead
CONTACT/
PHONE
NUMBER
Christopher Corbett
(215)597-8995
Noreen Chamberlain
(717)657-6309
Jason Darby'
(404)347-3433
Clyde Sherer
(205)271-7726 '
;„,
~— ~ -' - ->•—
'
Tony DeAngelo
(404)347-7791
Ron Sells
(901)423-6600
Betty Maness
(901)423-6600
Madolyn Streng
(404)347-2643
Doug Fitton
(904)488-0190
Beverly Houston
(404)347-3866
Martha Berry
(404)347-2643
Charles Logan
(904)488-0190
MEDIA/
CONTAMINANT
Soil (vadose and saturated):
solvents (benzene, TCE,
tetrachloroethene, aniline),
arsenic.
Volume: 4,000 cubic yards.
Ground water: wood preserving
(PCP, benzene), metals (arsenic,
chromium), lead.
i
Soil (sand, silt, clay, humus rich
matter): wood preserving (PCP).
1 ".
_
,
Ground water: wood preserving
(PCP), chromium (+3), copper,
silver.
Sludge / soil (vadose and
saturated: sand, silt): wood
preserving (PAHs, phenols),
chlYiminm ("j.^ prtntvM* citvur
Soil: wood preserving (PCP,
PAHs), dioxin.
Volume: 30K cubic yards.
Soil: wood preserving (PCP,
PAHs).
Volume: 9,000 cubic yards.
STATUS
Full-scale remediation is planned.
Currently in predesign.
Full-scale remediation is planned.
Currently in predesign.
Laboratory-scalestudies have been
completed. ' - v
Pilot-scale studies are planned.
Full-scale remediation is planned.
Currently in predesign.
Laboratory-scale studies have been
completed.
Pilot-scale studies are planned.
Full-scale remediation is planned.
Laboratory-scale and pilot-scale
studies are planned.
Full-scale remediation is planned.
Laboratory-scale and pilot-scale
studies are planned.
Full-scale bioremediation is not
planned.
Laboratory-scale studies were
completed 11/91.
Total expected cost: $5M.
Full-scale remediation was
completed 12/91. Started 10/88.
CLEANUP
LEVELS
Vadose soil: benzene, 0.009 mg/kg;
TCE, 0.017 mg/kg;
tetrachloroethene, 0.051 mg/kg;
aniline, 0.009 mg/kg.
Saturated soil: benzene, 0.002 mg/kg;
TCE, 0.004 mg/kg;
tetrachloroethene, 0.012 mg/kg;
aniline, 0.002 mg/kg.
Ground water: arsenic, 0.05 mg/L;
chromium, 0.05 mg/L; benzene,
0.005 mg/L, ' ' '
,
; „ '
NbtyetestablislKd.*
.
_
. > <
< ' > >
Not yet established.
Not yet established.
Soil: PCP, 30 mg/kg; PAHs,
50 mg/kg; dioxin (in situ), 2.5 ug/kg;
dioxin (ex situ), 1 Ug/kg (risk-based).
Soil: PAHs, 100 mg/kg.
TREATMENT
Ex situ treatment Other
technologies: chemical treatment,
fixation, incineration,
containment, pump and treat
Less than 10% of site will
undergo bioremediation.
Ex situ treatment, fixed bed,
continuous flow. Aerobic
conditions. Other technologies:
granular activated carbon.
In situ treatment Ex situ
treatment, slurry reactor.
,' !
~ >
Bioremediation treatment not yet
established.
Ex situ land treatment Aerobic
conditions, indigenous organisms.
In situ treatment Ex situ
treatment, sequencing batch
reactor, slurry reactor, batch flow.
Aerobic conditions. Other
technologies: soil washing,
incineration possible for
dioxin-contaminated soils.
Ex situ land treatment
COMMENTS
None.
Problems have arisen with
regulatory concerns when
managing treated material.
RCRA land disposal restrictions
(LDRs) may interfere With land
treatment of contaminated soils.
j, t
Hydrogeologic investigation is
under way. Remedial action is
contingent upon receiving a 10%
cost share from state. Funds are
available fortreatability studies
only.
State may not have 10% cost
share for any remedial action to
be undertaken.
Bioremediation was not effective
for remediation of dioxins in
soils.
None.
5'
t
* Indicates a new site.
** Indicates that the site has been updated.
Shading indicates a non-CERCLA site.
-------
FIELD APPLICATIONS OF BIOREMEDIATION
REG
IV
IV
IV
IV
, !
•"
rv
SITE/
LOCATION/
LEAD
Cabot Koppers
Gainesville, FL
CERCLA Enforcement Lead
Cape Fear Wood Preserving
Fayetteville, NC
CERCLA Fund Lead
Celanese Fibers Operations
Shelby, NC
CERCLA Enforcement Lead
Charleston Air Force Base * '
Charleston, SC
RCRA Lead (Federal)
x x v V1 v
A
"" > ,
>,
Coleman-Evans
White House, FL
CERCLA Fund Lead
CONTACT/
PHONE
NUMBER
Martha Berry
(404)347-2643
Kelsey Helton
(904)488-0190
Jon Bomholm
(404)347-7791
Ken Mallary
(404)347-7791
Charlotte Jesnick
(919)733-2801
Sue Davis * >>
(803)566-4978
JoeBowersvi
(803)734-4814' '
Liz Wilde -
,(404)347-30"16
,
Tony Best
(404)347-2643
Peter Grasel
(904)488-0190
MEDIA/
CONTAMINANT
Soil: wood preserving (PAHs,
phenol, naphthalene, fluorine,
PCP, arsenic, chromium).
Volume: 6,700 cubic yards.
Sediments / soil / ground water
and surface water wood
preserving (arsenic, PAHs,
chromium).
Volume: 4,000 cubic yards.
Ground water: solvents
(ethylene glycol, acetone,
1,2-DCE), metals (chromium),
lead.
Son. (vadosesand): petroleum -
(jet fuel), solvenfs'(l,l-DCE,
1,1,1-TCA, TCEf vinyl chloride,
trans-l,2-DCE,
tetrachloroethene,
dichlojomeaiane),lead, <
Volume; 25 cubic; yards.
Soil (sand, loam): wood
preserving (PCP), arsenic.
Volume: 27K cubic yards.
STATUS
Full-scale remediation was
completed 04/89.
Full-scale remediation is planned.
Currently in design.
Laboratory-scale studies were
completed 01/90.
Pilot-scale studies are planned.
Expected start 07/94.
Full-scale remediation has been
underway since 10/88. Expected
completion 09/99.
Total expected cost $2M
Mot-scale studies have been
underway since 11/92, s '
<
i v
'
\ v ,
Full-scale remediation is planned.
Currently in design. Remediation
expected completion 06/94.
Laboratory-scale studies have been
completed.
Total expected cost $8.6M.
CLEANUP
LEVELS
Soil: carcinogenic PAHs,
0.59 mg/kg; phenol, 4.28 mg/kg;
naphthalene, 211 mg/kg; fluorine.
323 mg/kg; PCP, 2.92 mg/kg;
arsenic, 27 mg/kg; chromium,
92.7 mg/kg.
Sediments: arsenic, 94 mg/kg; PAHs,
3 mg/kg.
Soil: PAHs, 1 mg/kg; carcinogenic
PAHs, 2.5 mg/kg; arsenic, 94 mg/kg;
chromium, 88 mg/kg.
Ground water: PAHs, 14 mg/L;
carcinogenic PAHs, 10 ug/L.
Surface water, arsenic, 12 ug/L.
Ground water: ethylene glycol,
7 ppm; 1,2-DCE, 0.07 ppm;
chromium, 50 ppb (state ARAR).
Not yet established.
"•> ;
"
Soil: PCP, 25 mg/kg.
TREATMENT
In situ treatment Other
technologies: soil washing,
solidification. 50% of site
underwent bioremediation.
Ex situ treatment, slurry reactor,
batch flow. Other technologies:
soil washing, solidification.
Ex situ treatment, sequencing
batch reactor, aerated tank, batch
flow. Aerobic conditions,
exogenous organisms. Other
technologies: chemical treatment,
carbon adsorption, and air
stripping used for ground water,
rotary Viln incineration,
solidification/stabilization to treat
sludges and soils. 100% of site
under bioremediation.
In situ treatment, bioventing.
Aerobic conditions, indigenous
organisms. Other technologies:
pump and treat tor ground water
plume, Less flian 10% of site
under bioremediation,
^
Ex situ treatment, slurry reactor,
batch flow. Aerobic conditions,
exogenous organisms. Other
technologies: soil washing,
solidification/stabilization. 100%
of site will undergo
bioremediation.
COMMENTS
None.
Laboratory-scale study was
terminated due to time
constraints. Biodegradation
reduced average total PAH levels
and carcinogenic PAH levels
from 306 mg/kg and 44 mg/kg,
respectively, to 50 mg/L and 14
mg/L in 18 days. Pilot-scale work
is needed to confirm
effectiveness; overall results
suggest longer incubation period
could result in further reduction
of PAHs to below cleanup goals.
Biomass upsets are decreasing the
operating efficiency of the
treatment system. The cause of
the upsets is unknown to date.
COD removal efficiency for
seventh operational quarter was
92 percent for wells located close
to source. TOC removal
efficiency was 87 percent
Bioventing will be difficult due to
high ground water table and
seasonal variation of ground
water elevation and direction. '
:
>
Problem exists with wood chip
removal from soils; dioxins have
been identified and are being
evaluated. Bioremediation will be
ineffective for dioxins.
"Indicates a new site.
"* Indicates that the site has been updated.
Shading indicates a non-CERCLA site.
-------
FIELD APPLICATIONS OF BIOREMEDIATION (cont.)
REG
IV
IV
--
IV
IV
IV
IV
IV
SITE/
LOCATION/
LEAD
DuboseOU
Cantonment, FL
CERCLA Enforcement Lead
Escainbia Wood Preserving
Site — Brookhaven
Brookhaven, MS
CERCLA Fund Lead
--
Koppers/Florence
Florence, SC
RCRA Lead (Federal)
Langdale Facility
Sweetwater, TN
RCRA Lead;(Federal)
Orkin Facility
Fort Pierce, FL
TSCA Lead (State)
Shavers Farm
CERCLA Fund Lead
Silvex - ,
Saint Augustine, FL '^: _
StateLead
CONTACT/
PHONE
NUMBER
MarkFite
(404)347-2643
George Linder
(904X88-0190
Kenneth Stockwell
(404)325-0770
De'Lyntoneus
Moore
(404)347-3931
- - - —
MikeArnett
(404)347-7603
< <*
'
Charles Burroughs
(615)741-3424
JoeMalihowski
(404)888-2895
Chuck Eger
\.« V^-TI
William Burns
(904)488-0190
George Hevler
(904)288-0190
MEDIA/
CONTAMINANT
Soil (sand, clay): petroleum,
PNAs, PCP, solvents (TCE,
PCE).
Volume: 15K cubic yards.
Soil (loam): wood preserving
(PCP).
Volume: 200 cubic yards.
- - -
Soil: wood preserving (PCP, "
PAHs).,4,
'
!
-
»»
Sludge /soil; wood preserving.
Soil (sand) Aground water:
pesticides (chlordane,
heptachlor).
Volume: 200 cubic yards.
Soil: pesticides (dicamba),
Lfvu&uiv' cu*iu, uivmuiiumiuyuiii;
acid, benzonilrile.
Ground water: solvents (acetone,
benzene, chloroform, cresols,
ethylbenzene, 2-butanone, •
methylene chloride, toluene,
1,1,1-TCA, MffiK, -
2,1,1-dimethylphenol),
cadmium, chromium, copper,
lead, nickel, silver, zinc.
STATUS
Full-scale remediation is planned.
Currently in design.
Laboratory-scale studies have been
completed.
Pilot-scale studies are planned.
Total expected cost $3M.
Full-scale bioremediation is not
planned.
Pilot-scale studies were completed
11/92. Started 06/92.
-
Full-scale remediation is planned. '
Currenttyin predesign.
'
Full-scale remediation was
completed 01/89.
Full-scale remediation is planned.
Currently in design. Remediation
expected completion 12/95.
Pilot-scale studies have been
cumpimeu. - -
Full-scale remediation is planned.
Currently in design.
Laboratory-scale studies were
completed 08/91,;Started 01/91.
Pilot-scale studies were completed
10/92. Started 01/92.
CLEANUP
LEVELS
Soil: PNAs, 50 rag/kg; PCP,
50 mg/kg; xylene, 65 mg/kg;
benzene, 10 mg/kg; TCE,
0.05 mg/kg; PCE, 0.07 mg/kg.
Soil: risk-based.
- -
Not yet established.
' > 4 ' •-
Notsupplied. *
Not yet established.
!
Soil: dicamba, 25 mg/kg; benzoic
acict, 23 mg/Kg; aicMorosalicyclic
acid, 25 mg/kg; benzonitrile,
25 mg/kg.
Ground water: acetone, 700 (tg/L;
benzene, 1 (lg/L; chloroform,
0.7 ug/L; cresols, 700 ug/L;
ethylbenzene, 39 ug/L; 2-butanone,
680 Ug/L; methylene chloride,
7 Ug/L; toluene, 2,000 ug/L;
1,1,1-TCA, 200 Ug/L; MffiK,
350 ug/L; 2,l,l:dimethylphenpl,
39 ug/L.
TREATMENT
Ex situ treatment, pile. Aerobic
conditions, indigenous organisms.
Other technologies: carbon
adsorption for treatment of
wastewater. 90% of site will
undergo bioremediation.
Ex situ treatment Aerobic
conditions, exogenous and
indigenous organisms. 1% of site
underwent bioremediation.
- -
Ex situ land treatment •
Exogenous and indigenous
organisms. Other technologies:
ground water extraction, -
pretreatment, and discharge to a
POTW, 33% of site will undergo
bioremediation.
Ex situ land treatment
Exogenous organisms.
In situ land treatment, hydrogen
peroxide, nutrient addition (soil,
water). Aerobic and anaerobic
conditions, indigenous organisms.
Bioremediation treatment not yet
established.
Ex situ tfeafiheht, fixed film,
continuous flow. Aerobic
conditions, exogenous organisms.
Other technologies: soil
solidification. 100% of site will
undergo bioremediation.
COMMENTS
Pilot study was delayed due to
waiting for results of dioxins test
There is a lack of information on
the success of this technology at
field scale; however, the field
treatability study showed
reduction in PCP and
creosote— -up to 86% for PCP,
and 96% for 3-ringed PAH
creosote compounds.—
None.
None,
None.
Pilot bench-scale treatability
studies are being reviewed.
None. -
D
>'
j
j.
I'
5°
* Indicates a new site.
** Indicates that the site has been updated.
Shading indicates a non-CERCLA site.
-------
FIELD APPLICATIONS OF BIOREMEDIATION
REG
IV
IV
IV
V
SITE/
LOCATION/
LEAD
Southeastern Wood Preserving
Canton, MS
CERCLA Fund Lead
Stallworth Timber
Beatrice, AL
RCRA Lead (State) and
RCRALead (Federal)
*• i
,' > < ' *'
White House Waste
White House, FL
CERCLA Fund Lead
Allied Chemical
fronton, OH
CERCLA Enforcement Lead
CONTACT/
PHONE
NUMBER
Don Rigger
(404)347-3931
Jason Darby
(404)347-3433
Stan Sullivan
(205)271-7730
i
<•
•
Tony Best
(404)347-2643
Marvin Collins
(904)488-0190
Jim Van der Hoot
(312)353-9309
Kay Gossett
(614)385-8501
MEDIA/
CONTAMINANT
Soil: wood preserving.
Volume: 10K cubic yards.
Soil (sand, silt) / ground water:
wood preserving (TCP).
, '
,
> < > -
r* •- * ' «<
Soil (sand, silt) / ground water:
petroleum, solvents (BAP,
chlorobenzene,
1,4-dichlorobenzene, di-n-butyl
phthalate, methylene chloride,
2-methylnaphthalene,
naphthalene, phenol,
tetrachloroethene, TCE, acetone,
bis(2-ethylhexyl)phthalate,
carbon disulfide, ethylbenzene,
MEK, 3,4-methylphenol), PCB
1260, lead, other inorganics.
Volume: 40.7K cubic yards.
Sediments (coal and coke fines):
PAHs, arsenic.
Volume: 500K cubic yards.
STATUS
Full-scale remediation has been
underway since 04/90.
Total expected cost $1.7M.
Full-scale remediationls planned.
Currently in predesign.
„
" f '
, *
( - % i
, --•••^
Full-scale remediation is planned.
Currently in predesign.
Remediation expected completion
06/94.
Total expected costs: capital,
$15.5M; O&M, $3.4M.
Full-scale remediation is planned.
Currently in design.
Laboratory-scale studies were
completed 09/92.
Pilot-scale studies have been
completed.
Total expected cost: $26M.
CLEANUP
LEVELS
Soil: K001 land ban standards.
Not yet established.
t
51
,
1 5 -s
iV * ,
Soil: benzene, 1.13 ug/kg; BAP,
0.192 mg/kg; chlorobenzene,
970 mg/kg; 1,4-dichlorobenzene,
0.012 mg/kg; methylene chloride,
29.3 mg/kg; PCB 1260, 0.09 mg/kg;
2-methylnaphthalene, 2.2 mg/kg;
naphthalene, 0.261 mg/kg; phenol,
0.549 mg/kg; tetrachloroethene,
4.3 mg/kg; toluene, 14.4K mg/kg;
TCE, 0.0447 mg/kg (risk-based).
Ground water: acetone, 0.0016 mg/L;
benzene, 0.005 mg/L; BAP,
0.0002 mg/L;
bis(2-ethylhexyl)phthalate,
0.004 mg/L; carbon disulfide,
1.64 mg/L; ethylbenzene, 0.7 mg/L;
MEK, 8.46 mg/L; 3,4-methylphenol,
0.85 mg/L; naphthalene, 9,700 mg/L;
2-methylnaphthalene, 0.067 mg/L;
phenol, 10 mg/L; toluene, 1 mg/L;
TCE, 0.005 mg/L; xylene, 10 mg/L.
Sediments: carcinogenic PAHs,
1 mg/kg (risk-based).
TREATMENT
Ex situ treatment, slurry reactor,
batch flow. Aerobic conditions,
exogenous and indigenous
organisms. Other technologies:
soil washing. 100% of site under
bioremediation.
In situ treatment. Ex situ
treatment, activated sludge,
continuous flow. Aerobic
conditions, exogenous and
indigenous organisms. Other
technologies:1 chemical treatment,
clarification, ultraviolet oxidation.
100% of site win undergo
bioremediation. ^"
Ex situ treatment, slurry reactor,
batch flow. Aerobic conditions,
exogenous organisms. Other
technologies: soil washing,
solidrfication/stabUization. 100%
of pit material of site will undergo
bioremediation.
In situ treatment Aerobic
conditions, indigenous organisms.
Other technologies: incineration
with onsite reuse of waste heat;
pump and treat for ground water.
50% of site will undergo
bioremediation.
COMMENTS
Site failed to meet current K001
land ban standards for pyrene and
phenanthrene and may be forced
to seek a testability variance.
None.
.,
v *
'• \
r't ' »
Bioremediation is a proposed
remedy, presently under public
comment If accepted, an
amended ROD will follow.
Solidification/stabilization will
follow bioremediation in the
treatment train due to the
presence of lead.
Concentrations of contaminants
are highly variable, making
confirmation of cleanup difficult
D
3"
|
5
* Indicates a new site.
f Indicates that the site has been updated.
Shading jndicates a non-CERCLA site^
-------
FIELD APPLICATIONS OF BIOREMEDIATION (cont.)
REG
V
*
V
>r
-
V
V
SITE/
LOCATION/
LEAD
Aristech Chemical
Haverhffl, OH
RGRA "Lead (Federal)
, ' ' -* ' >' > '
Autostyle , , ;
Kentwood,MI '"
State Lead f-
x A x
5 *
> ^ f ^
' ' '<"'*
B&F Trucking Company
RochesterrMN '~~~~ - - —
UST Lead (State)
Bendix Corporation/Allied
Automotive Site
SL Joseph, MI
CERCLA Enforcement Lead
BP Oil Company
Lima, OH
RCRA Lead (Federal)
Burlington Northern
irainerd, MN
CERCLA— State to start;
RCRA— Federal since 1986
CONTACT/
PHONE
NUMBER
Matthew Ohl
(312)886-4442 *
Scott Schermerhom
Bud Smith t "
(614)533-5412
' { >
Bonnie White
(616)456-5071 f '
< *i
Pat Hanson
'(612)297-8578 ~;
Stephen Thompson
(612)297-8603
JohnKuhns
(312)353-6556
Sally Beebe
(517)373-4110
Gary Vonderembse <
(419)226-2744S
)avid Seep
913)661-7015
'rederick Jeimess
612)297-8470
Richard Truax
303)493-3700
MEDIA/
CONTAMINANT
Soil (clay): cumene, phenol.
\ <.?
<" J f
Ground vrater: solvents '
(aromatic ketones), alcohol, !
"< *
Soil / ground wafer: petroleum
(lubeoil).' "
Volume: 700 cubic yards. '
''. N
Ground water: solvents (TCE,
DCE, DCA, vinyl chloride).
Soil: petroleum (BAP,
-methylchrysene,
-methylnaphthalene), barium,
cadmium, chromium (ffl),
chromium (VT), lead, nickel,
zinc,
Soil (vadose sand) / ground
water: wood preserving (PCP).
Volume: 10K cubic yards.
STATUS
FWl-scale remediation was
completed 04/92. *
Incurred cose $180K.
Total expected cost: S258K.
Pull-scale remediation has been
underway since 09/90.
1 '' ^ ^
\*~
Full-scale remediation was
completed"12/92. Started 04/91?
Incurred cost $341 K.
^
Full-scale remediation is planned.
Currently in predesign.
Laboratory-scale studies are being
conducted.
Full-scale bioremediation is not
hlannm^
-aboratory-scale studies were
completed 11/88,
Full-scale remediation is being
conducted.-:
CLEANUP
LEVELS
Soil: cumene, 4.67 mg/kg; phenol,
4.1 mg/kg (risk-based).
" ' '
Not yet established.
>N " ') "- ' *
Soil: BTEK, 50 fiig/fe» 'risk-based1'.
Ground water^ 100 x MN Department
ofHealthRALs.,
Not yet established.
Soil:BAP,38ug/kg;
Denzo(a;anthracene, 38 ug/kg;
chrysene, 37 Ug/kg;
1-methylchrysene, 37 ug/kg;s
.-methylnaphthalene, 16 Hg/kg
residential risk-based scenario).
to yet established.
TREATMENT
In situ land treatment, nutrient
addition (fertilizer, nitrogen, and
phosphorous). Aerobic and
anaerobic conditions, exogenous
and indigenous organisms. Less
than 1% of site underwent
bioremediation.
Ex situ treatment, fixed film.
Aerobicconditions. Other
technologies: vacuum extraction,
soil vapor extraction for product
recovery and soil treatment.
100% of site under .,
bioremediation.
^treatment, sequencing batch
reactor, continuous flow. Aerobic
conditions, indigenous organisms.
75% of site underwent
bioremediation.
In situ treatment Aerobic and
anaerobic conditions, indigenous
organisms.
"n situ land treatment, nutrient
duuiuun lannyorous ammoniaj.
Indigenous organisms.
Jx situ land treatment Aerobic
conditions, indigenous organisms.
Other technologies: thermal
lesorption and pump and treat for
pxmnd water. 100%; of site under
Jioremediation.
COMMENTS
Soil moisture and temperature
were the most difficult factors to
control.
*
None.
JuiCjcase.,tue.iii iron coflCciitratioa_
in ground water caused iron
bacteria and resulting "slime" to
accumulate on the surface of
pipes and other process
equipment Site now has
converted to nonbiological •
process.
Recent sampling has identified
much higher TCE concentrations
than expected. At these
concentrations, TCE potentially
might be toxic for aerobic
organisms. Additional tests are
»ing conducted to examine the
feasibility of a two-phase
anaerobic/aerobic system.
-and treatment permit was
aemea. Application ot oily sludge
took place in November 1990.
Site is working to achieve risk
evels of Iff6 or 10"8 before
closing, which will determine the
and's final Msfc
tone.
* Indicates a new site.
** Indicates that the site has been updated.
Shading indicates a non-CERCLA site.
-------
FIELD APPLICATIONS OF BIOREMEDIATION
REG
V
V
V
<
V
V
V
»
SITE/
LOCATION/
LEAD
Cliff/Dow Disposal Site
vlarquette, MI
CERCLA Enforcement Lead
Galesburg/Koppers
Galesbuig, IL
CERCLA State Lead
Bfentchells
Traverse City, MI
UST Lead (State) ,
^ f
''
"-
i f , >
JoUetAnn^Ammunitions
Hant „/>•<' »
HwoodvIL*
FederalFacilily
v
,'> '' '
JoslynMFG
Brooklyn Center, MN
CERCLA State Lead
KZ Sawyer AFB
.Marquette.MI '
Federal Facility , -
^ \ v
"- \
x i>
"• ,C ' -:',,
CONTACT/
PHONE
NUMBER
Ken Glatz
(312)886-1434
Bruce Van Ottem
(517)373-8427
Brad Bradley
(312)886-4742
Steve Davis
(217)785-3913
AnnEmingtOtt
(616)775-9729
,'
i
\
5
Dion Novak <
(312)886-4737 -
Steve Miller
(217)782-1803
>
*•>*•
Ann Bidwell
(612)296-7827
Kevin Turner
(312)886-4444
Maeve Morgan
(906)346-2342
MarkPetrle
(906)228-6561;
11 ' J *" (
MEDIA/
CONTAMINANT
Soil (vadose charcoal/sand mix)
1 ground water wood preserving
(PAHs), arsenic, copper, lead,
mercury.
Volume: 9,000 cubic yards.
Soil: wood preserving (phenols,
chlorophenol, PNAs, PCP,
PAHs).
Soil / ground water, petroleum.
„ :
? ! >
*.'
.,>*'•
Soil: munitions (ENT.DNT, /•
KOX). " , ' •
(, > f
* ^
Soil (vadose): wood preserving
(PCP, PAHs).
Volume: 67K cubic yards.
Soil (vadosesand): petroleum. -.
- i
' !<
'>' t '*-
., ;!• vf
STATUS
Laboratory-scale studies were
completed 01/93. Started 12/92.
Full-scale remediation is planned.
Currently in predesign.
FullTScale remediatiori:was
completed 03/89. Started 09/85.
^
Full-scale remediafion is planned.
Currenflymdesign.
Laboratory-scale studies have been
completed. t • ,
Pilot-scale studies are being
conducted.
Full-scale remediation has been
underway since 08/89. Expected
completion 09/94.
Paot-scalestudie&have.been ,
underway since 10/92.
>
( j1
CLEANUP
LEVELS
Not yet established.
Not yet established.
Soil: nondetecu'on levels.
Ground watenwmdetection levels.
,'' s;' *
f
Nat yet established.
^
*
\
Vadose soil: PCP, 150 mg/kg; PAHs,
100 mg/kg (dermal contact).
Vadosesoil: tenzene, 20 p.g/kg;
toluene, 16Kng/kg; xylene,
6,000 Ug&&(MDNR Act 307 Type B
Criteria),,
, ->
'- ^
'•'s ,
>
TREATMENT
Ex situ treatment, pfle. Aerobic
conditions, indigenous organisms.
90% of site underwent
bioremediation.
In situ treatment, nutrient
addition. 100% of site will
undergo bioremediation.
In situ treatment, nutrient addition
(soil: mono- and di-sodium ,
phosphate, ammonium chloride;
water: mono-'and di-sodium
phosphate, ammonium chloride).
'Aerobic conditions, indigenous
organisms, 75% of site underwent
bioremediation.
Ex. situ treatment, sequencing
batch reactor, batch flow, Aerobic
conditions, indigenous organisms.
"
<
^ ' -
Ex situ land treatment Aerobic
conditions, indigenous organisms.
Other technologies: ground water
pump out system with
nonbiological treatment 35% of
site under bioremediation.
In situ treatment, biovenong.
Aerobic conditions, indigenous
organisms. Other technologies: a
twelve-week study was conducted
from November 1990 to February
1991 to evaluate the effectiveness
of dual pump versus single pump
hydrocarbon recovery for ftee
product oa the water table.
COMMENTS
None.
Slone.
[iron-forming bacteria clogged the
carbon system. Site is pursuing
final cleanup of residue at leading
edge of plume and needs soil
verification,
None. * ,
' -
Due to extreme rainfall in May
1992, part of the land treatment
unit was under water. Flooding
has delayed treatment of lift 2 soil.
Site is located in northern U.S.,
near LakeSuperior. s
Accumulation of snow and
freezing temperatures for more
than 6 months of the year make
field workand system operation
difficult ,„ f >
00
* Indicates a new site.
** Indicates that the site has been updated.
Shading indicates a non-CERCLA site.
-------
FIELD APPLICATIONS OF BIOREMEDIATION (cont.)
REG
V
' V
V
V
V
SITE/
LOCATION/
LEAD
Kenworth Track Company
Chfflicothe, OH
CERCLA State Lead
Kinchelpe Former Air Force -
Base* ', - "'' >
Kinross County, MI
Federal Facility ?
MacGillis and Gibbs
Company Site
New Brighton, MN
CERCLA Fund Lead
Marathon Station-Ervines
Kentwood,MI
State Lead
Mayville Fire Department
Mayville, MI
UST Lead (State)
CONTACT/
PHONE
NUMBER
Kay Gossett
(614)385-8501
Richard Leonard"
!(716)879-4418 _>
Judith Eelthner
(716)8784234 ,
< l
•^<~
Daryl Owens
(312)886-7089
Douglas Robohm
(612)296-7717
Bonnie White
(616)456-5071,
JonMayes
(517)684-9141
MEDIA/
CONTAMINANT
Soil (vadose sand) / ground
water: solvents (benzene,
toluene, ethylbenzene, xylene,
acetone).
Soil {vadose sand): petroleum,
chromium, lead. < :
s
Ground water: wood preserving
(PCP), arsenic, chromium.
Ground water: petroleum
(gasoline).'
Ground water: petroleum.
STATUS
Full-scale remediation is planned.
Currently being installed.
Full-scale remediation is planned.
Currently in predesign.
Laboratory-scale and pilot-scale
studies are planned.
Full-scale remediation is planned.
Currently in design. Remediation
expected completion 04/95.
Pilot-scale studies were completed
09/89. Started 07/89.
Total expected cost capital, S260K.
Cost per year: O&M, $600K.
Full-scale remediation has been
underway since 01/88.
Full-scale remediation has been
underway since 05/90.
CLEANUP
LEVELS
Vadose soil: TPHs, 40 mg/kg.
Ground water benzene, 0.005 ppm;
toluene, 1 ppm; ethylbenzene,
0.7 ppm; xylene, 10 ppm; acetone,
0.25 ppm.
Vadose soil: xylene, 6,000 (Ig/kg
(Michigan health risk-based
standard), *
^ < i
Ground water: POTW pretreatment
standards.
Ground water: background,
nondetection, or risk-based.
Ground water: benzene, 1 ppb;
toluene, 800 ppb; ethylbenzene,
70 ppb; xylenes, 300 ppb.
TREATMENT
In situ treatment, hydrogen
peroxide, nutrient addition (soil:
nitrogen, phosphorus; water:
nitrogen, phosphorus). Ex situ
treatment, GAC bioreactor,
continuous flow. Aerobic
conditions, indigenous organisms.
100% of site will undergo
bioremediation.
In situ treatment, bioventing.
Aerobic conditions, indigenous
organisms. Other technologies;
.vacuum extraction. 100% of site
will undergo bioremediation.
f jf
Ex situ treatment, fixed film, plug
flow. Aerobic conditions,
indigenous organisms. Other
technologies: soil washing and
soil incineration are undo:
consideration. 10% of site will
undergo bioremediation.
Ex situ treatment, fixed film.
Aerobic conditions. Other
technologies: carbon polish unit
to ensure compliance with
NPDES permit Company has
been considering soil vapor
extraction to enhance process but
has not taken steps to implement.
Originally also had some product
separation (gravity). 95% of site
under bidrernidiation.
In situ treatment, air sparging.
Aerobic conditions, indigenous
organisms. 100% of site under
biorejnediatton.
COMMENTS
None.
Soil at site contains low
concentrations of TCE, which
will be removed by soil vapor
extraction. , l
A pilot-scale bioremediation
system was tested on site under
the SITE program. The results are
in a report dated September 1991
(EPA/540/A5-91/001).
System was designed as a decay
phase reactpr, so periodically it
has to shut down to allow
regrowth of cultures. (This has
occurred only once.)
None,
VO
5'
3-
* Indicates a new site.
** Indicates that the site has been updated.
Shading indicates a non-CERCLA site.
-------
FIELD APPLICATIONS OF BIOREMEDIATION
REG
V
V
V
V
^
y
-
SITE/
LOCATION/
LEAD
Michigan Air National Guard
Battle Creek, MI
Federal Facility
f f
Moss-American
Milwaukee, WI
CERCLA Enforcement Lead
New Lyme Landfill
New Lyme, OH
CERCLA Fund Lead
Newark Air Force Base
Newark, OH
USTLead (State)
' "
~'<
1 ' '<"•- !• „'
CONTACT/
PHONE
NUMBER
Fred Vollmerhausen
(616)969-3233
,'
Bonnie Eleder
(312)886-4885
Ted Smith
(312)353-6571
Robert Colson
(614)522-7077
\ * s
, ,t
' '
>''
, -f '-
MEDIA/
CONTAMINANT
Soil (vadose: sand; silt):
petroleum, heavy metals.
^
Sediments / soil (sand, silt,
loam): wood preserving.
Volume: 86.5K cubic yards.
Ground water: solvents
(ethylbenzene, methylene
chloride, methylphthalate).
Soil (vadose: silt, clay):
petroleum (gasoline).
Volume; 60 cubic yards/ ^
1
,
„> "-- "> „<*,'*
STATUS
Full-scale remediation is planned.
Currently in design. Remediation ..
expected completion 09/94. >
Pilot-scale studies have been
underway since 09/92.
Incurred costs: capital, $3,000;
O&M, $48.
Total expectedcosts: capital,
$3,000; O&M, $1,268.
Costs per year. O&M, $436; total,
$436.
Full-scale remediation is planned.
Currently to predesign.
Laboratory-scale and pilot-scale
studies are planned.
Full-scale remediation is being
conducted.
Incurred cost capital, $18.1M.
Total expected costs: capital,
$20M; O&M, $750K.
Pilot-scale, studies have been
underway since 08/92. Expected
completion 08/94. ;
Incurred costs: capital, $35K;
O&M, $1,000. , ,
Total expected costs: capital, $35K;
O&M, $2,000. x '
CLEANUP
LEVELS
Notyet established.
••
Sediments: wood preserving,
6.1 mg/kg (risk-based).
Soil: wood preserving, 6.1 mg/kg
(risk-based).
Ground water, ethylbenzene,
68 Hg/L; methylene chloride,
473 ug/L; methylphthalate, 9.2 (ig/L.
Vadose soil: TPHs, 642mg/fcg;
gasoline, 360 mg/kg (risk-based).
!
'
s
' - < ' • „<• '
TREATMENT
In situ treatment, bioventing.
Aerobic conditions, indigenous
organisms, 100% of site will
undergo bioremediation.
' *
Ex situ treatment, slurry reactor,
batch flow. Aerobic conditions,
indigenous organisms. Other
technologies: soil washing. 2% of
site will undergo bioremediation.
Ex situ treatment, fixed film,
rotating biological, continuous
flow. Aerobic conditions,
exogenous organisms. 100% of
site under bioremediation.
In situ treatment, bioventing.
Aerobicconditions, indigenous
organisms. 40% of site under
bioremediation. -
.
-------
FIELD APPLICATIONS OF BIOREMEDIATION (cont.)
rO
1— *
REG
V
V
V
V
V
SITE/
LOCATION/
LEAD
Onalaska Municipal Landfill
Lacrosse County, WI
CERCLA Fund Lead
Organic Chemical
Grandville, MI
CERCLA Fund Lead
Parke-Davis ,
-Holland/Ml
RCRA Lead (Federal)
-
ReillyTar
Indianapolis, IN
CERCLA Enforcement Lead
Reilly Tar & Chemical
St. Louis Park, MN
CERCLA Enforcement Lead
CONTACT/
PHONE
NUMBER
Kevin Adler
(312)886-7078
Paul Kozol
(608)264-6013
Robin Schmidt
(608)267-7569
Tom Williams
(312)886-6157
Shari Kolak
(312)886-6151
DaveSlayton
(517)373-8012
Dion Novak
(312)886-4737
KristaEskilson
(317)243-5088
Daryl Owens
(312)886-7089
Douglas Beckwith
(612)296-7715
Mike Scott
(612)296-7297
MEDIA/
CONTAMINANT
Soil (vadose and saturated sand):
solvents CTCE), petroleum,
wood preserving (naphthalene).
Volume: 5,000 cubic yards.
Ground water: petroleum (lube
oil), solvents (TCE, toluene).
Soil / ground water: petroleum,
solvents, arsenic, chloride, zinc.
Ground water: benzene,
pyridine, ammonia.
Volume: 7M gallons per day.
Soil (vadose loam): wood
preserving (2-fluorobiphenyl,
naphthalene, acenaphthylene,
fluorene, acenaphthene,
phenanthrene, anthracene,
fluoranthene, pyrene,
benzo(a)anthracene, chrysene,
benzo(b)fluoranthene,
benzo(k)fluoranthene, BAP,
indeno(l,2,3-cd)pyrene,
dibenzo(a,h)anthracene,
benzo(g,h,i)perylene).
STATUS
Full-scale remediation is planned.
Currently in design. Remediation
expected completion 09/96.
Laboratory-scale studies were
completed 03/92.
Total expected costs: capital,
$400K; O&M, $20K.
Laboratory-scale studies are
planned.
Laboratory-scale and pilot-scale
studies are planned,
Full-scale remediation is planned.
Currently in predesign.
Laboratory-scale studies have been
underway since 12/91.
Total expected cost: $15M
Full-scale remediation is planned.
Pilot-scale studies have been
underway since 11/92. Expected
completion 11/95.
Incurred cost: $25K.
Total expected cost: $70K.
CLEANUP
LEVELS
Not yet established.
Not yet established.
Not yet established. , • *
Not yet established.
Not yet established.
TREATMENT
In situ treatment, bioventing.
Aerobic conditions, indigenous
organisms. 20% of site will
undergo bioremediation.
Bioremediation treatment not yet
established. Other technologies:
levels of organics are so high at
the site that bioremediation is not
practical until the levels are
lowered Ground water-pump .and-
treat with an air stripper and GAC
is being used as an interim
measure.
In situ treatment Ex situ
treatment, fixed film. Aerobic
:cohditions. Other technologies;
ah- stripping and steam stripping.
Ex situ treatment, sequencing
batch reactor, continuous flow.
Other technologies: chemical
extraction. 100% of site will
undergo bioremediation.
In situ treatment, bioventing,
nutrient addition. Aerobic
conditions, indigenous organisms.
Other technologies: carbon
adsorption.
COMMENTS
Site is in the final design stage.
Soils outside of the landfill have
yet to be addressed. Methane hi
the landfill might pose a problem.
Review of dioxin data has
revealed that soil will be handled
by EPA in Cincinnati. Site is
waiting for the feasibility study to
do remediation on the TCE and
toluene and is. working. on.sii
additional plan for oil. Ground
water pump and treat began in
December 1993.
-None.
Site consists of 60 to 80 ft of
aquifer with conductivities of
0.01 to 0.001 with interfingering
until units are not continuous
(clay); 7,000,000 gallons per day
are being pumped from lower
zone aquifier. "
Site initiated a 3-year field
evaluation of bioventing in
November 1992.
* Indicates a new site.
** Indicates that the site has been updated.
Shading indicates a non-CERCLA site.
T|
£
-------
FIELD APPLICATIONS OF BIOREMEDIATION
REG
V
.
i
V
SITE/
LOCATION/
LEAD
Saginaw Bay Confined
Disposal Facility*
Bay City, MI
Federal Facility
Process I
Process 2
'
i
'
'
Process 3 »' " <
> ' "
,
< v
>
<
"
Seymour Recycling
Seymour, IN
CERCLA Enforcement Lead
Process 1
Process 2
CONTACT/
PHONE
NUMBER
Frank Snitz
(313)226-6748
Jim Galloway
(313)226-6760
,
; v
0 ^
* ^ "
>
' <
s
»
;
„
>'
>
(
Jeff Gore
(312)886-6552
Prabhakar
Kasarabada
(317)243-5130
MEDIA/
CONTAMINANT
Sediments (silt, clay): PCBs,
cadmium, chromium, copper,
lead, mercury, nickel, zinc.
Volume: 6 tons.
•
Sediments (silt): PCBs,
cadmium, chromium, copper,
lead, mercury, nickel, zinc.
Volume: 6 tons.
< > <
;
, •
;
u < >
Sediments (silt): PCBs,
cadmium, chromium, copper,
lead, mercury, nickel, zinc.
Volume: 6 tons., > '
-
"
j
,
'4 .
Ground water solvents (vinyl
chloride, TCE, DCE, benzene,
chloroethane).
Volume: 500K gallons.
Soil: solvents (vinyl chloride,
TCE, DCE).
Volume: lllKcubic yards.
STATUS
Full-scale bioremediation is not yet
planned,
Pilot-scale studies are planned.
Expected start 04/94. Expected
completion 04/96.
Incurred cost capital, $3,000.
Total expected costs: capital,
$3,000; O&M, $15K.
Costs per year, O&M, $5,000.
Full-scale bioremediation is not yet
planned.
Pilot-scale studies are planned.
Expected start 04/94. Expected
completion 04/96. '
incurred cost capital, $3,000,
Total expected costs; capital, ,
$3,000; O&M, $15K.
Costs per yean O&M, $5,000.
Full-scale bioremediation is not yet
planned.
Pilot-scale studies are planned.
Expectedstart 04/94. Expected
Completion 04/96.
Incurred cost capital, $3,000.
Total expected costs: capital,
$3,000; O&M, $15K,
Costs peryeaf. O&M, $5,000.
Full-scale remediation was
completed 09/90.
Incurred cost $1M.
Full-scale remediation was
completed 09/90.
Incurred cost $750K.
CLEANUP
LEVELS
Not yet established.
Not yet established.
>
,-
' -s
>
i
c
Not yet established. ,
1
<
<
'
, ( s
Ground water: drinking water
standards.
Not supplied.
TREATMENT
In situ treatment, periodic tilling.
Aerobic and anaerobic
conditions, indigenous organisms.
Other technologies: soil washing.
In situ treatment, devegetation.
Aerobic and anaerobic
conditions, indigenous organisms.
Othertechnologies: soil washing.
<
1
'
j ,
In situ treatment, no active
remediation. Aerobic and
anaerobic conditions, indigenous
organisms. ^ ~
<
* f
,,<
In situ treatment, nutrient
addition. Aerobic conditions,
indigenous organisms. Other
technologies: vacuum extraction,
multi-layer cap.
In situ treatment, nutrient
addition. Aerobic conditions,
indigenous organisms. Other
technologies: vacuum extraction,
multi-layer cap.
COMMENTS
Contaminated fines from a
hydrocyclone washing process
willte disposed of in a30-ft
diameter tank located on a
structure that is permitted to
receive contaminated dredged
material The fines will be tilled
periodically. The effects of
weather on PCB degradation also
will be monitored.
Contaminated fines from a
hydrocyclone washing process
will be disposed of in a 30-ft
diameter tank located on a
structure that is permitted to
receive contaminated dredged
material. The fines wttlTmdergo a
devegetation process, The effects
of weather on PCB degradation
also will be monitored.
Contaminated fines fiom a
hydrocyclone washing process
will be placed in a 30-ftdiameter
tank located on a structure that is
permitted to receive contaminated
dredged material. The effects of
weather on PCB concentrations
will be monitored, but no action
will be taken to stimulate PCB
degradation.
None.
Since a multi-layer cap was
applied over the bio-applied soil,
there is no way to sample the
contaminated soil. The RI in 1984
found more than 54 organic
chemicals.
* Indicates a new site.
** Indicates that the site has been updated.
Shading indicates a non-CERCLA site.
-------
FIELD APPLICATIONS OF BIOREMEDIATION (cont.)
REG
V
V
- v
V
V
SITE/
LOCATION/
LEAD
Sheboygan River and Harbor
Sheboygan, WI
CERCLA Enforcement Lead
St Louis River
Ihterlake/Duluth Tar Site
Duluth, MN
CERCLA State Lead
Union Carbide^ Marietta
Facility
Marietta, OH
CERCLA Enforcement Lead
Upjohn Company Portage
Facility
Kalamazoo, MI
RCRA Lead (Federal)
West K&L Avenue Landfill
ialamazoo, MI
CERCLA Enforcement Lead
CONTACT/
PHONE
NUMBER
Bonnie Eleder
(312)8864885
Tom Eggert
(608)264-6012
RirV Fnv
K1U1 FOA
(312)886-7979
Ann Bidwell
(612)296-7827
Kathleen Warren
(312)353-6756
Scott Bergreen
(614)385-8501
Terry Roundtree
(312)353-3236
Lprna Jereza
(312)353-5110
GregRudloff
(312)335-3478
DanCozza
(312)886-7252
MEDIA/
CONTAMINANT
Sediments (sand, silt, clay):
PCBs.
Volume: 2,500 cubic yards.
Sediments / soil: VOCs, PAHs.
Soil / ground water: VOCs,
dioxin, monochlorinated
biphenyls, dichlorinated
biphenyls, PCBs, aluminum,
manganese.
Soil / ground water; solvents.
Ground water solvents (acetone,
benzene, TCE, vinyl chloride,
1,2-DCA, xylene, toluene,
trans-l,2-DCE, ethylbenzene,
1,1-DCA).
STATUS
Full-scale bioremediation is not yet
planned.
Laboratory-scale and pilot-scale
studies are being conducted.
Full-scale remediation is planned.
Currently in predesign.
Laboratory-scale studies were
completed 07/93.
Full-scale remediation is planned.
Currently in predesign. Pilot-scale
studies have been underway since
01/87.
Laboratory-scale and pilot-scale
studies are being conducted.
Total expected cost: $2.2M.
CLEANUP
LEVELS
Not yet established.
Not yet established.
Not yet established.
Not yet established, :
Ground water acetone, 700 ppb;
Benzene, 1 ppb; vinyl chloride,
0.02 ppb; 1,2-DCA, 0.4 ppb; xylene,
20 ppb; toluene, 40 ppb;
trans-l,2-DCE, 100 ppb;
ethylbenzene, 30 ppb; 1,1-DCA,
700 ppb.
TREATMENT
In situ treatment. En situ
treatment Aerobic and anaerobic
conditions, indigenous organisms.
Other technologies: armoring
(capping)— -pilot-scale study,
armoring — effects on
biodegradation,
solidification/stabilization,
thermal extraction, chemical
dechlorination, solvent extraction.
Bioremediation treatment not yet
established. Other technologies:
"pure tar" found in isolated "tar
seeps" at the site will be
thermally destroyed as fuel.
In situ land treatment (soil). Ex
situ treatment, activated sludge
(ground water). Aerobic and
anaerobic conditions, exogenous
and indigenous organisms. Other
technologies: GAC.
Ex situ treatment, fixed film
biorhass with continuous flow
(ground water). Aerobic
conditions, indigenous organisms.
Other technologies: in situ soil
flushing, vacuum extraction.
Aerobic conditions. Other
technologies: depending on
results of ground water samples
during pump test: precipitation of
metals and a carbon filter for the
vinyl chloride may need to be
added.
COMMENTS
Delays in pilot-scale study due to
additional laboratory-scale tests
and coordination with ARCS
Program as Pilot Demonstration
Project for Sheboygan AOC. This
project is ongoing.
Remedy for PAH-contaminated
soils and sediments has not been
selected. The supplemental RI
report for the soils operable unit
currently is being completed.
Site still is in FS stage. A
treatability study has been
completed.
Site anticipates possible problems
with low winter temperatures.
Laboratory-scale microcosms and
pilot-scale lysimeter systems are
being used to assess the
biodegradative capacity of the
aquifer and landfill material.
Potential problems include
treatment of vinyl chloride and
landling of water after treatment
Discharge to POTW would be
possible only with the installation
of 3 miles of sewer line, and no
surface water discharge is
possible, so treated ground water
must be reinjected.
* Indicates a new site.
** Indicates that the site has been updated.
Shading indicates a non-CERCLA site.
-------
FIELD APPLICATIONS OF BIOREMEDIATION
REG
V
VI
VI
VI
,.
VI
"vC
,i'i - *
i >•,"•
"^
~<^ •<
SITE/
LOCATION/
LEAD
Wright-Patterson Air Force
Base
Dayton, OH
Federal Facility
Atchinson
Santa Fe, MM
CERCLA Enforcement Lead
Chennault Air Force Base
Lake Charles, LA
CERCLA Fund Lead
Dow Chemical •
Company — Louisiana Division
Plaquemine, LA '
RCRA Lead (Federal)*
«','!'
J, ( rv." /
1 -
^
£l '*'* •'
French Limited
Crosby, TX
CERCLA Enforcement Lead
Hudson RefiningTCompany f
Cashing, OK < r '<
RCRAtead (Federal)""
!>',» "
-,< < 1 s« -
• ', ^~ -S' > "
\ >'
>! , -ff
' /><*!' s ' ' '•
CONTACT/
PHONE
NUMBER
John Wolfe
(513)257-0178
Ky Nichols
(214)655-6730
Susan Morris
(505)827-2890
Larry Poindexter
(504)862-2937
Madeline Murphy
(504)765-0585
JfflMcCullough <
(504)389-8493 -
} ' ^
x
'
Judith Black
(214)655-6735
Louis Rogers
(512)463-8188
'BryoaHeineman <<.
(214)655-8318 t J
»>V<~ r
n
v>-
, ' ' * \ I
MEDIA/
CONTAMINANT
Soa(vadose: sand, sOt, clay):
petroleum (jet fuel).
Volume: 7,500 cubic yards.
Sediments (silt) / soil (sand,
silt): petroleum (diesel),
chlorides.
Volume: 28K cubic yards.
Soil (mixed sHt and clay):
petroleum (JP-4 jet fuel).
Volume: 27K cubic yards.
Ground water: solvents ..> -
'(1,2-DCA,1,1,1-TCA, ,.'"
1,1-DCA, 1,1-dichloroethylene,
chloreethane).
Volume: 90K cubic yards.
* i ~
••
>
Sediments (sand, silt) / sludge /
soil (sand, silt, clay) / ground
water PCBs, hazardous
contaminants, petroleum (BAP,
VOCs), arsenic.
Soil (vadose: sand, silt, loam); •/
petroleum (lube oil), wood '
preserving'^AHs). *> ' - <'
Volume: 145K cubic yards'
'' '"*
'' "* ''
'' * * •< * <
STATUS
Pilot-scale studies are planned.
Expected completion 03/94.
Full-scale remediation has been
underway since 07/92.
Total expected cost $3M.
Full-scale remediation is planned.
Currently in predesign. Expected
start 06/94. Expected completion
12/95. Pilot-scale studies are
planned. Expected completion
04/94.
Total expected cost $13M.
Laboratory-scale studies were ,
completed 12/90.
Klot-scale studies have been*
underway since 03/93.
Incurred costs: capital, $25QK;
O&M, $10K.
Total expected cost capital, $1M.
Cost per year: O&M, $50K.
Full-scale remediation has been
underway since 01/92.
Total expected cost $90M.
Fnll-scaleremediation.hasbeen tX
underway since 01/86. ,
( ' *
-
*
CLEANUP
LEVELS
Not yet established.
Not yet established.
Soil: JP-4 jet fuel, 250 mg/kg;
benzene, 10 mg/kg (state cleanup
level goal).
Not yet established. •'
-/ ^
\
••
Sludge: BAP, 9 ppm; PCBs, 23 ppm;
VOCs, 43 ppm; benzene, 14 ppm.
Ground water MCLs (risk-based).
Not yet established. •- '
TREATMENT
In situ treatment, bioventing.
Aerobic conditions, indigenous
organisms. 100% of site will
undergo bioremediation.
In situ treatment Ex situ land
treatment Aerobic conditions,
indigenous organisms. 100% of
site under bioremediation.
Ex situ land treatment Aerobic
conditions, indigenous organisms.
100% of site will undergo
bioremediation.
In situ treatment, nutrient
addition. Anaerobic conditions,
indigenous organisms. Other
technologies: pump and treat
Less than l%tof site under
bioremediation.
In situ treatment, pure oxygen
dissolution system, oxygen
source, nutrient addition (water,
sediments). Aerobic conditions,
indigenous organisms. Other
technologies: stabilization of
residue, if necessary. 100% of site
under bioremediation.
In situ land treatment, nutrient
addition. Aerobic conditions,
indigenous organisms. Other
technologies: excavation of soils
exhibiting oil and grease
concentrations greater tlian
20,000 ppm. 40% of site wider
bioremediation.
COMMENTS
None.
There is a possible problem with
ligh chloride content in sou and
sludges.
High humidity and rainfall could
be obstacles to bioremediation.
Permeability of the contaminated
zones is low, land thesupply
(injection) of nutrients is difficult
All bioactivity may occur at the
well screen, thereby plugging the
.screen,
>
This is the first full-scale
application of in situ, slurry-phase
bioremediation to a Superfund
site cleanup.
Problems include a lack of
microorganisms, a state order that
failed to specify cleanup levels,
and recontamination at anearby
refinery.
•
•
i
* Indicates a new site.
** Indicates that the site has been updated.
Shading indicates a non-CERCLA site.
-------
FIELD APPLICATIONS OF BIOREMEDIATION (cont)
K
REG
VI,
VI
VI
VI
VI
SITE/
LOCATION/
LEAD
Kelly Air Force Base , ,
San Antonio, TX
FederalFacilily
Matagora Island Air Force
Range '
Matagoralslaud, TX
USTLead (State)
North Cavalcade Street
Houston, TX
CERCLA State Lead
Old Inger
Darrow, LA
CERCLA State Lead
Sheridan Disposal Services
Hempstead, TX
CERCLA Enforcement Lead
Texas Eastern Gas Pipeline
aintFrancisville, LA
TSCA Lead (Federal)
CONTACT/
PHONE
NUMBER
Dennis Guadarrama
(512)925-3100
MarkWeeger
(512)908-2361
Jack Otis
(409)766-8161
David Harvey
(512)'851-8484
LisaLawson *
(918)669-7551
j
Deborah Griswold
(214)655-6715
Louis Rogers
(512X63-8188
Larry Wright
(214)655-6715
Paul Sieminski
(214)655-6710
Sandra Greenwich
(504)765-0487
Gary Bombgarten
214)655-6749
oan Blake
202)260-6236
MEDIA/
CONTAMINANT
Soil (vadose clay): petroleum '
(jetfiiel), solvents (PCE, TCE,
vinyl chloride, DCE).
Soil (vadgser sand, silt):
petroleum (jet fuel). v
Volume; 410 cutic yards.
.oOinLsand,.siit, clay) / ground. - -
water: wood preserving
(benzene, PAHs).
Volume: 5,500 cubic yards.
Sludge / soil: petroleum.
Volume: 200K cubic yards.
Sludge / soil (sand, silt, clay) /
surface water: solvents (benzene,
oluene, ethylbenzene, phenol),
PCBs.
Volume: 40K cubic yards.
oil: PCBs,
STATUS
Full-scale remediation has teen
underway since 02/93. Expected
completion 09/94.
*
Full-scale remediation was
completed 03/93. ,
Incurred cost capital, S77.9K.
Total expected cost capital,
$77.9K.
-rail-scale remediation is-planned.
Laboratory-scale studies have been
completed.
Pilot-scale studies have been
underway since 01/92.
Total expected cost $4M.
?ull-scale remediation has been
underway since 04/92. Expected
completion 04/99.
Incurred cost $5.4M.
?ull-scale remediation is planned.
Currently in predesign.
^boratory-scale studies have been
completed.
*ilot-scale studies were comnlfite/!
2/91. Started 04/91.
Total expected cost: $28M.
^aboratory-scale and pilot-scale
todies are being conducted.
CLEANUP
LEVELS
Not yet established.
Vadose soil: TPHs, 500 mg/kg; -
BTEX, 1,000 nig/kg; benzene,
0.5 mg/kg; toluene, lOOmg/kg;
ethyjbenzene, 70 mg/kg; xylene,
1,000 mg/fcg.
Soil: benzene, 0.04-mg/kgr "
carcinogenic PAHs, 1 mg/kg
(risk-based).
Sludge: contaminant reduction from
76% to 4%.
Soil: contaminant reduction from
76% to 4%.
Soil, sludge, surface water: PCBs,
25 ppm (PCBs as indicators of other
organics).
Not yet established.
TREATMENT
In situ treatment, bioventing.
Aerobic conditions, indigenous
organisms. Other technologies:
pump and treat for ground water.
Ex situ treatment, pile. Aerobic
conditions, exogenous organisms,
100% of site underwent
bioremediation,
i ~
"Ex Situ land treatment Aerobic
conditions, indigenous organisms.
Other technologies: soil washing,
ground water pump and treat via
separation and carbon adsorption.
100% of site will undergo
bioremediation.
3x situ land treatment. Aerobic
conditions, indigenous organisms.
Other technologies: granular
activated carbon. 70% of site
under bioremediation.
5x situ treatment, slurry reactor.
Aerobic conditions. Other
echuologies: stabilization of
residues. 100% of site will
uHucigG uiCfciilcuiatiOjl. - -
5x situ treatment Aerobic
onditions, exogenous and
indigenous organisms.
COMMENTS
Bioventing is to be used only
within S-4 area of Kelly AFB on
soils with fuel-related
contamination.
Contaminated soil was spread in
9-inch layers on a concrete
surface, and upseudomonas
mjcrobial slurry was applied. The
soil then was mixed and tested for
BTEX compounds and TPH. The
process was repeated as necessary
until contamination was reduced
to below Texas Water
Commission Requirements.
Winter rain has i significantly ~
slowed the pilot study.
Stone.
Pilot study was completed and the
report finalized in August 1993.
"CB levels are used as indicators
of levels of other organics.
This is a treatability study being
carried out by a contractor hired
y Texas Eastern.
1 Indicates a new site.
'* Indicates that the site has been updated.
Shading indicates a non-CERCLA site.
-------
FIELD APPLICATIONS OF BIOREMEDIATION
REG
vn
vn
vn
vn
-
''vn
/, '
'
SITE/
LOCATION/
LEAD
Amoco Refinery
Sugar Creek, MO
RCRA Lead (State)
Conservation Chemical
Kansas City, MO
CERCLA Enforcement Lead
Fairfield Coal & Gas
Fairfield,IA
CERCLA Enforcement Lead
International Paper
Joplin,MO'
RCRA Lead (State)
,?i, '*" - '
' ,«"
f *.*<• » -
> - -•>- ./
OJSutt Air Force Base
LaPlatte^NE > *' >f
Federal Faculty N s
; r "*' ";-
,*,,, '/,. ,"•",'
CONTACT/
PHONE
NUMBER
fomRatermann
(314)751-3176
Alan Hancock
(913)551-7647
Steve Auchterionie
(913)551-7778
Steve Jones
(913)551-7755
JohanshirGolchin
(515)281-8925
Rob Morrison
(314)751-3176
> t * f
•f * *
, < «> •?
'" " , *
Philip Cork i
,(402)294^087 ^
EdLQuis;,« „
(402)471-4230 "„ x
EranfcWemer v
(402)294-4087 >„-
MEDIA/
CONTAMINANT
Sofl (sat, clay): petroleum
phenanthrene, pyrene,
naphthalene), lead.
Volume: 137K cubic yards.
.
Ground water, solvents
(sermvolatiles, VOCs, phenols),
cyanide complexes, nickel, zinc.
Volume: 200 gallons per minute.
Soil (saturated: sand, silt, clay) /
ground water: coal tar (benzene,
ethylbenzene, toluene, xylene,
PAHs).
Soil (silt, loam): wood •
preserving (PCP, PAHs).
Volume: 70K cubic yards.
'; " "t " "• ~,
V <
r " i
' ? * i
', ,. ;
' Soil {vadose: sand, silt); --5 -
petroleum, arsenic, barium, lead,
zinc. •. _ „«,
Volume: 700 cubicyards.
-i >•?• >
• -''>.: ;; J*
STATUS
Full-scale remediation has been
underway since 01/90.
Total expected costs: capital,
$10M-O&M,$13M.
Full-scale remediation has been
underway since 01/90.
Incurred cost capital, $110K.
Cost per year: O&M, S25K.
Pilot-scale studies have been
underway since 12/91.
Total expected cost S1.6M.
Full-scale remediation is planned.
Currently'beinginstalled. ,
Total expected cost $9M.
1
"
* < '
; , > /
Hlol-scale studies have been.
imderway since 08/92.
, ' *
"-'
CLEANUP
LEVELS
Not yet established.
Ground water: VOCs, 10 ppb;
phenols, 1 ppb (Missouri drinking
water standards).
Saturated soil: benzene, 241 mg/kg;
PAHs, 500 mg/kg; carcinogenic
PAHs, 100 mg/kg.
Ground water: benzene, 1 ppb;
carcinogenic PAHs, 200 ppt
Soil: Sumof me concentrations of 24
aromatic compounds is less than
600 mg/kg (risk-based and
state-required).
,
,
v:
, ,. ^
Not yet established* 4
•' \ >
' — , ,
•) fc '
, , " t '" .-
TREATMENT
Ex situ treatment, aerated lagoon,
and treatment Aerobic
conditions, indigenous organisms.
Other technologies: a decoiling
step may be used if EPA allows
resource recovery of oil without
invoking Land Disposal
Restrictions. 5% of site under
bioremediation.
Ex situ treatment, fixed film,
continuous flow. Aerobic
conditions, exogenous organisms.
Other technologies: carbon
adsorption, lime precipitation,
and sulfide precipitation in series.
100% of site under
bioremediation.
In situ treatment, injection and
extraction wells, hydrogen
peroxide, nutrient addition (water:
nitrate). Aerobic conditions,
indigenous organisms. Other
technologies: thermal treatment
of contaminant source areas and
pump and treatment of ground
water by carbon adsorption with
polymer injection and settling.
Ex situ land treatment Aerobic
conditions, indigenous organisms.
Other technologies^criemical
treatment, soilTvasning proposed
but restricted by Land Disposal
Restrictions. 100% of site will
undergo bioremediation,
""
<
•^ ..;*
In situ treatment, bioventing. <
Aerobicconditipris, indigenous
organisms. 10% of site under
bioremediation. ,' _,
> V >
COMMENTS
itee have been, material
jandling problems such as
mixing sludgefor uniformity and
providing enough oxygen without
cooling the pond below an
effective temperature.
None.
Future problems due to poor
transmissivity of the aquifer are
possible.
Bioremediation failed at this site
due to lack of temperature and
moisture control; thennits were
flooded, blocking oxygen / >
transfer. Steps are being taken to
control moisture and temperature
by covering basins (10+ acres
under ropf)* Land disposal
restrictions limit cleanup options.
'J
Pilot-scale system lias been jn
operation since August 1992.,
There is no significant j
information.^ report yet.
rO
* Indicates a new site.
»* Indicates that the site has been updated.
Shading indicates a non-CERCLA site.
-------
FIELD APPLICATIONS OF BIOREMEDIATION (cont.)
REG
vn
vn
vn
vn
vnr
vm
SITE/
LOCATION/
LEAD
Park City
Park City, KS
CERCLA State Lead
Scott Lumber
Alton, MO
CERCLA Fund Lead
Sioux City Pilot Study
Sioux City, IA
CERCLA State Lead
Vogel Paint & Wax
Maurice, IA
CERCLA State Lead
Burlington Northern
Glendive,MT
Water Qualify Bureau Lead
Burlington Northern Tie Plant
Somers, MT
CERCLA Enforcement Lead
CONTACT/
PHONE
NUMBER
John Wilson
(405)332-8800
Bruce Morrison
(913)236-3881
Johanshir Golchin
(515)281-8925
Steven Jones
(913)551-7755
Bob Drastrup
(515)281-8900
Terry.Webster
406)444-2406
im Harris
406)449-5414
ien Quinones
406)449-4067
MEDIA/
CONTAMINANT
Ground water: petroleum (lube
oil).
Volume: 700K cubic feet.
Soil (vadose silly clay): wood
preserving (naphthalene,
acenaphthylene, fluorene,
phenanthrene, anthracene,
fluoranthene, pyrene,
benzo(b)fluoranthene,
benzo(a)anthracene, chrysene,
benzoflOfluoranthene, BAP.
dibehzb(a4i)aiithracene>
benzo(gji4)perylene,
indeno(l,2,3-cd)pyrene, PAHs).
Volume: 15.9K tons.
Soil (silty clay loam): PAHs,
petroleum (lube oil), cyanide.
Volume: 100K cubic yards.
Soil (silt, clay): petroleum (lube
oil), solvents (MEK), lead,
mercury.
Volume: 10K cubic yards.
Soil: petroleum (diesel).
Soil / ground water wood
preserving (PAHs).
Volume: 82K cubic yards.
STATUS
Full-scale remediation has been
underway since 12/92.
Incurred cost S275K.
Total expected cost $650K.
Full-scale remediation was
completed 11/91. Started 06/90.
Incurred costs: capital, $700K;
0&M,$500K.
Pilot-scale studies were completed
10/91. Started 08/91.
Incurred cost capital, $250K.
Total expected cost: $50 to 100 per
cubic yard.
Full-scale remediation has been
underway since 10/91.
Total expected cost $2M.
Full-scale remediation has been
Itirtorll/alr oln/xl f\1 fQt
Full-scale remediation is planned.
Currently in design. Pilot-scale
studies are being conducted.
Total expected cost: $11M.
CLEANUP
LEVELS
Ground water: benzene, 5 u.g/L
(drinking water standards).
Vadose soil: BAP, 14 mg/kg; PAHs,
500 mg/kg.
Soil: PAHs, 500 mg/kg; carcinogenic
PAHs, 250 mg/kg.
Not yet established.
Soil: diesel, 100 mg/kg (EPA
'V^''"UCUW0™"
Soil: carcinogenic PAHs, 36 mg/kg
risk-based).
Ground water: carcinogenic PAHs,
0.03 Hg/L (water quality criteria).
TREATMENT
In situ treatment (ground water),
possible bioventing for soils,
nutrient addition (ammonium
chloride and nitrate). Aerobic and
anaerobic conditions. Other
technologies: in situ soil flushing,
soil washing, denitrification of
BTEX.
Ex situ land treatment 7 acres
closed system water recirculation
with 2-ft thick clay liner. Aerobic
conditions, indigenous organisms.
90% of site underwent
bioremediation.
Ex situ land treatment Aerobic
and anaerobic conditions,
exogenous and indigenous
organisms. Other technologies:
chemical treatment. 90% of site
underwent bioremediation.
Ex situ land treatment Aerobic
conditions, indigenous organisms.
Other technologies: air stripping
of ground water, product
recovery.
Ex situ land treatment Aerobic
cOTmnons;; indigenous organisms!
30% of site under bioremediation.
In situ treatment Ex situ land
treatment Aerobic conditions,
indigenous organisms. Other
echnologies: in situ soil flushing,
urface treatment of extracted
ground water by either UV or
carbon adsorption is proposed.
80% of site will undergo
)ioremediation.
COMMENTS
Site is serving as a test case for
new Kansas environmental
regulations.
Health-based risk levels for PAHs
were changing and inconsistent
Problems included high soil
moisture, a large area of
operation, low temperatures, and
other climatic obstacles.
Volatilization control/air
monitoring are being evaluated.
None.
llot-scale field activities have
>een initiated because of low soil
ransmissivities. Onsite pumping
tests were completed in the third
quarter of FY1991. A portion of
the site is adjacent to a large lake.
" Indicates a new site.
' Indicates that the site has been updated.
Shading indicates a non-CERCLA site.
-------
FIELD APPLICATIONS OF BIOREMEDIATION
REG
vm
vm
Vffl
vra
\
vm
!
vm
vm
SUE/
LOCATION/
LEAD
Conoco Landf arm
Billings, MT
RCRA Lead (State)
Exxon Landf arm
Billings, MT
RCRA Lead (State)
Geraldine Airport
Geraldine, MT
CERCLA State Lead
Glasgow Former Aif Force
Base ,-/
Glasgow, MT
FederalFacmty
t>
Hill Air Force Base
SaltLakeCity.XJT > !%
FederalFacility
"• > °H.
^ > ^ t~*
Idaho Pole Company
Bozeman, MT
CERCLA State Lead
Joliet Weed Control District
Joliet MT
CERCLA State Lead
CONTACT/
PHONE
NUMBER
Mark Hall
(406)444-4096
MarkHall
(406)444-4096
Carol Fox
(406)449-4067
Steven Ott
(402)221-7670'^
BenMundie
(406)444^5970
Martin Rasmussen -
(402)221-3827
Robert Stites
(303)294-1974
Jim Harris
(406)449-5414
Kevin Kirley
(406)449-4067
Janie Stiles
(406)449-4067
Carol Fox
(406)449-4067
MEDIA/
CONTAMINANT
Sludge / soil: K048 organics,
K051 organics, K048 metals,
K051 metals, petroleum.
Volume: 77.8K tons,
Sludge: K049 organics, K050
organics, K051 organics, K049
metals, K050 metals, K051
metals.
Volume: 45K tons.
Soil (vadose: sand, silt, loam,
clay): pesticides (2,4-D, aldrin,
dieldrin, endrin, chlordane,
toxaphene, P-BHC, 4,4'-DDE,
4,4'-DDT,4,4'-DDD).
Soil (vadose clay): petroleum. „
Volume: 3,200 cubic yards.
Soil; petroleum (J^-4 jet fuel),
- ' i *.
-», v> *
* *
Sediments / soil / ground water:
PCP, PAHs, dioxins, furans.
Soil (vadose: sand, silt, loam,
clay): pesticides (2,4-D,
dicamba,MCPA).
STATUS
Full-scale remediation has been
underway since 01/73.
Full-scale remediation has been
underway since 01/80.
Full-scale remediation is planned.
Currently in predesign.
Full-scale remediation is planned.
Expected start 04/95.
Total expected costs: capital,
$2,000; O&M, $1,000.
Full-scale remediation has been
underway since 09/91.
' ' -* . * '"*
Full-scale remediation is planned.
Currently in predesign.
Full-scale remediation is planned.
Currently in design. Pilot-scale
studies were completed 09/91.
CLEANUP
LEVELS
Sludge: K048 metals, 1,000 ppm;
K051 metals, 1 ,000 ppm (closure
lerformance standards).
Sludge: K049 metals, 1,000 ppm;
K050 metals, 1,000 ppm; K051
metals, 1 ,000 ppm (closure
jerformatice standard).
Not yet established.
Vadose soil: TPHs, 100 mg/kg;
BTEX, lOmg/kg (DIRP standard).
-------
FIELD APPLICATIONS OF BIOREMEDIATION (cont.)
REG
vra
vm
vm
vm
vm;
vm
SITE/
LOCATION/
LEAD
Lake County Weed Control
Ronan, MT
CERCLA State Lead
Libby Ground Water Site
Libby.MT
CERCLA Enforcement Lead
Miles City Airport
Miles City, MT
CERCLA State Lead
vlontana Pole
Butte.MT
CERCLA State Lead
Montana Rail Link— East
fclena :
East Helena, MT
Water Quality Bureau
Montana Rail Link— Missoula
Missoula, MT
Water Quality Bureau
CONTACT/
PHONE
NUMBER
Carol Fox
(406)4494067
Jim Harris
(406)449-5415
Carol Fox
(406)449-4067
Brian Antonioli
(406)449-4067
SaraWeinstock
(406)449-5414
Terry Webster
(406)444r2406
Terry Webster:
406)499-2406
MEDIA/
CONTAMINANT
Soil (vadose: sand, silt, loam,
clay): pesticides (2,4-D,
dicamba, Tordon, aldrin,
dieldrin, endrin, methoxychlor,
cMordane, y-BHC, 0-BHC,
4,4'-DDE,4,4'-DDT,
4,4'-DDD), herbicides
(atrazine), triallates (Far-go).
Soil / ground water wood
preserving (PAHs, pyrene, PCP,
dioxin, naphthalene,
phenanthrene, benzene, arsenic).
Volume: 45K cubic yards.
Soil (vadose and saturated):
pesticides (2,4-D, Tordon,
aldrin, dieldrin, methoxychlor,
chlordane, o-BHC, y-BHC,
P-BHC, 4,4'-DDE, 4,4'-DDT,
4,4'-DDD, ethyl parathion,
endrin), herbicides (atrazine),
triallates (Far-go).
Sediments (silt) / soil (silt) /
ground water: PCP.
Volume: 250K cubic yards.
Soil: petroleum (diesel). '
Soil: petroleum.
STATUS
Full-scale remediation is planned.
Currently in design. Pilot-scale
studies were completed 06/92.
Full-scale remediation has been
underway since 05/91.
Incurred cost $4M.
Full-scale remediation is planned.
Currently in predesign.
Full-scale remediation is planned.
Currently in predesign.
Laboratory-scale studies are being
conducted.
Total expected costs: capital, $10K;
O*M «nnKp
Full-scale remediation has been
underway since 05/92.
Full-scale remediation has been
underway since 05/92.
CLEANUP
LEVELS
Not yet established.
Soil: carcinogenic PAHs, 88 mg/kg;
pyrene, 7.3 mg/kg; PCP, 37 mg/kg;
dioxin, 1 (ig/kg; naphthalene,
8 mg/kg; phenanthrene, 8 mg/kg.
Ground water: carcinogenic PAHs,
40 ug/L; noncarcinogenic PAHs,
5 mg/L; arsenic, 50 mg/L.
Not yet established.
Not yet established.
Soil: diesel, 100 mg/kg (EPA' ,
Recommended).
Soil: petroleum, 100 nig/kg (EPA
Recommended).
TREATMENT
In situ treatment Ex situ
treatment Aerobic and anaerobic
conditions, indigenous organisms.
In situ treatment (ground water).
Ex sini land treatment (soil),
hydrogen peroxide (water),
nutrient addition (soil, water). Ex
situ treatment, bioreactor for
ground water. Aerobic conditions,
inHicgnniig Qrojmjgmc 75% O^
site under bioremediation.
In situ treatment Ex situ
treatment Aerobic and anaerobic
conditions, indigenous organisms.
Bioremediation treatment not yet
established. Other technologies:
in situ soil flushing, soil washing.
Ex situ land treatment Aerobic
conditions, indigenous organisms.
Active land tillage, moisture and
nutrient control, seasonal
monitoring for leachate below
treatment zone.
ix situ land treatment Aerobic
conditions, indigenous organisms.
Active land tillage, moisture and
nutrient control, seasonal
monitoring for leachate below
treatment zone.
COMMENTS
None.
Oil-water separation in bioreactor
has been a problem because free
product has about the same
specific gravity as water. Pyrene
degradation rates in land
treatment units for soils have
been low.
None.
The Montana Pole Site is in the
Rl/FS stage and no remediation
currently is taking place.
However, treatability studies have
recently been conducted and
reports are being revised at this
time.
None,
None.
MD
!
I
* Indicates a new site.
.** Indicates that the site has been updated.
Shading indicates a non-CERCLA site.
-------
FIELD APPLICATIONS OF BIOREMEDIATION
REG
Vffl
vm
vm
'"i
,,K
SITE/
LOCATION/
LEAD
Public Service Company
Denver, CO
USTLead (State)
Richey Airport
Richey, MT
CERCLA State Lead
Onion Pacific
Laramie,A«VY
RCRALead (Federal)
'
j~
< s >
Aua Fuel Farm*
American Sarnoa^ ,
•FederalFacilily " _, <
,.~ * - x
><'"' V, -"''
CONTACT/
PHONE
NUMBER
Suzanne Stevenson
(303)293-1511
LisaWeer
(303)331-4830
Carol Fox
(404)449-4067
'Felix Hechas
(303)293-1524
s
HeleneTakemoto
(808)438-6931
>
MEDIA/
CONTAMINANT
Ground water petroleum.
Volume: 12M gallons.
Soil (vadose: sand, silt, loam,
clay): pesticides (2,4-D,
dicamba, Tordon, aldrin,
dieldrin, endrin, methoxychlor.
chlordane, a-BHC, y-BHC,
P-BHC, 4,4'-DDE, 4,4'-DDT,
4,4'-DDD, methylparathion,
ethyl parathion), herbicides
(atrazine), triallates (Far-go).
Soil / ground water: wood
preserving (PAHs, PCP).
Volume: 750K cubic yards.
' „ ,
*
Soil (sand, silt, fill): petroleum ' '
(diesel). -
<• jf
h tJ->
STATUS
Full-scale remediation was
completed 03/92, Started 06/89.
Incurred cost S500K.
Full-scale remediation is planned.
Currently in predesign.
Full-scale remediationhas been:
underway since 09/91. Expected -
completion 01/96. ,
Incurred cost: $50M.
Total expected cost $JOOM.
,
Full-scale remediationhas been
underway since 12/93.
Incurred cost: capital, $700K.
Total expected costs: capital, *
$700K;O&M,$10K. , > '
f *
CLEANUP
LEVELS
Ground water: risk-based.
Not yet established.
Not yet established.
,,
c <
Soil: diesel, 50 mg/kg, ,, t
„.
-
TREATMENT
In situ treatment, hydrogen
peroxide, combined bioproccss,
nutrient addition. Aerobic
conditions, indigenous organisms.
Other technologies: chemical
treatment
In situ treatment. Ex situ
treatment Aerobic and anaerobic
conditions, indigenous organisms.
In situ treatment. Ex situ land
treatment Aerobic conditions,
indigenous organisms. Other
technologies: chemical extraction,
chemical treatment, in situ soil
flushing, soil washing, thermal
desorption. 50% of site under
bioremediation.
In situ treatment, delivery of ;.
dissolved oxygen, nutrient
addition (nitrogen, phosphorus).
Aerobic conditions, indigenous
organisms, 100% of site under
bioremediation.
V
COMMENTS
A risk assessment has been
submitted to the State of
Colorado Health Department for
review along with an application
for closure.
None.
Fluid delivery is not uniform, so
bioremediatibn is not uniform.
None.
,
-
CO
5"
j
L
a
5°
^
3"
?
TO
* Indicates a new site.
** Indicates that the site has been updated.
Shading indicates a non-CERCLA site.
-------
FIELD APPLICATIONS OF BIOREMEDIATION (cont.)
REG
IX
' '
jf
',
SITE/
LOCATION/
LEAD
BealeAirForceBase
MarysvilfoCA' , "'"<'•
Federal Facility
Process 1 -,
*• '* °
Process 2 ," ' ' " ?
Process 3 < ' ,' '
Process 4 ~ * , !
Process^ > , > ~
Process 6 .
Process 7'
CONTACT/
PHONE
NUMBER
SheriRolfsness
(916)634-2643
1 *• » ,"•
->v. *
'
S
' '.
t "V *
f; ." ' '
MEDIA/
CONTAMINANT
Soil (vadose silty clay):
petroleum (diesel).
Volume: 20K cubic yards, t f
'" " "" L *'*'
SoB (vadose sBty clay):
petroleum (gasoline, diesel),
solvents.
Volume: 10K cubic yards.
SoB (vadose sUty clay):
petroleum (diesel, gasoline).
Volume: 10K cubic yards.
Soil (vadose silty clay);
petroleum (gasoline, diesel). * -
Volume: 3,000 cubic yards.
Soil (vadose silty clay):
petroleum (diesel), lead. ,
Volume: 10K cubic yards, j.
Soil (vadose sBty clay): , , *» \ '
petroleum (diesel, gasoline),
solvents (TCB), lead.
Volume; lOOKcubic yards,
Soil (vadose silty clay):
petroleum (diesel), lead.
Volume: 10K cubic yards, < ;
STATUS
Full-scale remediation has'been x
underway since' 07/92.
Incurred cost capital, $30K.
Total expected cosp O&M, $6,000.
Pilot-scale studies have been
underway since 10/92.
Total expected costs: capital, &50K;
O&M, $10K,
Pilot-scale studies have been
underway since 10/92.
Total expected costs: capital, S50K;
~O&S!,$10Kr ~ ~ ~ ~~
Full-scale remediation ha* been "
Underway since 11/92,
Total expected costs: capital,
$100K;0&M,$30K.
Pilot-scale studies have been
underway since 10/92.
Total expected costs: capital, $50K;
0&M,$1QK. , , ,
Full-scale remediation is planned.
Currently in design, Remediation
expected completion 06/96. <
Total expected costs: capital,
Fall-scale remediation is planned.
Currently in design. Remediation
expected completion 10/96.
Total expected costs: capital, S30K;
O&M, $6,000.
CLEANUP
LEVELS
Vadose soil: diesel, 50 mg/kg (state
guidelines).
4
Vadose soil; gasoline, 10 mg/kg;
diesel, 50 mg/kg (state guidelines),
Vadose soil: diesel, 50 mg/kg;
gasoline, 10 mg/kg (state guidelines).
Vadose soil: gasoline, 10 mg/kg;
diesel, 50 mg/kg (state guidelines),
Vadose soil: diesel, 50 mg/kg (state
guidelines). ' '
Vadose soil; diesel, 50 mg/kg;
gasoline, 10 mg/kg (state guidelines).
Vadose soil: diesel, 50 mg/kg (state
guidelines).
TREATMENT
In,situ treatment, bioventing.
Aerobic conditions, indigenous
organisms, ^
- ' „, j
In situ treatment, bioventing.
Aerobic conditions, indigenous
organisms,
In situ treatment, bioventing.
Aerobic conditions, indigenous
organisms.
Ex situ treatment, pile. Aerobic
conditions, indigenous organisms.
In situ treatment, bioventing.
Aerobic conditions, indigenous
organisms,
In situ treatment, bioventing, <
Aerobic conditions, indigenous
organisms. v N
In situ treatment, bioventing. '
Aerobic conditions, indigenous
organisms.
COMMENTS
Pilot-scale test demonstrated that
bioremediation could work in
silty-claysoil., %,
.
Project will be a pilot-scale
system, operating for on£ year.
Project will be a pilot-scale test -
for one year.
Biofilters to treat contaminated
soU Were removed during
Underground Storage Tank
removal projects.
Pilot-scale system to operate for
one year.
None,
Process area recently was
discovered; little information is
available.
55-
5'
I
1
* Indicates a new site.
** Indicates that the site has been updated.
Shading indicates anon-CERCLA site.
-------
FIELD APPLICATIONS OF BIOREMEDIATION
REG
K
IX
K
DC
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FIELD APPLICATIONS OF BIOREMEDIATION (cont.)
w
REG
DC
DC
EC
SITE/
LOCATION/
LEAD
Hamburg Ranch
Merced County, CA
CERCLA State Lead
Harmon Field
Tulare County, CA
CERCLA State Lead
Hercules Incorporated
Hercules, CA
CERCLA State Lead
J.H. Baxter
Weed,CA
CERCLA Enforcement Lead
"recess 1
•1006882
CONTACT/
PHONE
NUMBER
Christine Holm
(916)361-5703
JackGrisanti
(209)897-5873
MikePfister
(209)297-3934
Tony Luan
(916)322-6872
Elizabeth Keicher
(415)744-2361
Susan Warner
707)576-2220
EdCargUe
916)255-3703
MEDIA/
CONTAMINANT
Soil (vadose and saturated:
loam, clay): pesticides (DDD,
DDE, DDT, endosulfan,
toxaphene, chlorfenvinphos,
methidathion, Monitor,
Nemacur, parathion-e,
parathion-m).
Soil (clay): pesticides (a-BHC,
chlordane, difocol, endosulfan
H, endrin, endrin. aldehyde,
heptachlorepoxide. 4,4'-DDE,
4,4'-DDT, 4,4'-Dbb,
methoxychlor, toxaphene,
heptachlor).
Volume: 65 gallons.
Soil: TNT, DNT, nitrobenzene.
Volume: 1,500 cubic yards.
Sediments (sand, silt) / soil
sand, silt): wood preserving
tetrachlorophenol, PCP, PAHs),
arsenic, chromium, copper, zinc.
Volume: 21.9K cubic yards.
Ground water: wood preserving
JAHs, PCP, dioxins), arsenic,
bromium, copper, zinc.
Volume: 150K gallons per day.
STATUS
Full-scale remediation is planned.
Currently in predesign.
Remediation expected completion
10/96.
Pilot-scale studies were completed
11/90. Started 05/90.
?ilot-scale studies were completed
01/91. Started 01/89.
'nil-scale remediation is planned.
Currently in predesign. Expected
tart 12/94. Laboratory-scale and
lilot-scale studies have been
completed.
9.6M; O&M, $3.3M; total, $13M.
•toll-scale remediation is planned.
Currently in predesign. Expected
start 12/94. Pilot-scale studies have
been underway since 01/89.
total expected costs: capital,
$4.3M; O&M, S13.1M; total,
17.4M
CLEANUP
LEVELS
Not yet established.
Not yet established.
Soil: TNT, 30 mg/kg; DNT, 5 mg/kg;
nitrobenzene, 5 mg/kg.
Sediments: tetrachlorophenol,
mg/kg (risk-based).
Soil: PCP, 17 mg/kg; carcinogenic
>AHs, 0.51 mg/kg; noncarcinogenic
PAHs, 0.15 mg/L (risk-based).
Ground water: carcinogenic PAHs,
Hg/L; noncarcinogenic PAHs,
Hg/L; PCP, 2.2 fig/L; dioxins,
.025 ppt (risk-based).
TREATMENT
Bioremediation treatment not yet
established.
Ex situ land treatment Aerobic
and anaerobic conditions,
exogenous and indigenous
Ex situ land treatment Aerobic
conditions, indigenous organisms.
Ex sini land treatment Aerobic
conditions, indigenous organisms.
Other technologies: cement
ixation for soils contaminated
with inorganics.
Ex situ treatment fixed film,
ontinuous flow. Aerobic
onditions, indigenous organisms.
Other technologies: chemical
treatment
COMMENTS
This site is especially difficult
because of the high degree of
contamination and the amount of
material involved. Excavation
down to 1 ppm DDT, DDD, and
DDE and 5 ppm toxaphene is
now taking place. Much of this
material will be disposed of at a
Class 1 landfill, since it is
characterized as non-RCRA
waste. The remainder will be
bioremediated on site.
Tests were conducted on thirteen
5-gallon buckets of soil. Results
showed that pesticides were not
192 days of treatment Due to the
high variability of the data,
tiowever, it is unclear whether
some degradation occurred. A
larger scale study may be
conducted to achieve statistically
significant results.
Slot-scale project was
completed; field study results
currently are being evaluated.
Tiere is some concern regarding
le effect of elevated metals on
noremediation process.
i
'Indicates a new site.
** Indicates that the site has been updated.
Shading indicates a non-CERCLA site.
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FIELD APPLICATIONS OF BIOREMEDIATION
REG
K
DC
K
SITE/
LOCATION/
LEAD
ASCO
Mountain View, CA
CERCLA Enforcement Lead
Koppers Company, Inc.
Oroville,CA
CERCLA Enforcement Lead
Marine Corps Air/Ground
Combat Center
Twenty-Nine Palms, CA
CERCLA Fund Lead
CONTACT/
PHONE
NUMBER
Rose Marie Caraway
415)744-2235
Fred Schauffler
(415)744-2365
EdCargile
(916)255-3703
RayLukens
(619)776-8958
MEDIA/
CONTAMINANT
oil (silt, clay) / ground water:
olvenls (1,1-DCA, 1,1-DCE,
,2-DCE, 1,1,1-TCA, benzene,
hloroethane, MEK, acetone,
methylene chloride, PCP,
etrachloroethene, TCE, toluene,
vinyl chloride, methanol,
xylenes, ethylbenzene,
1,2-DCA), petroleum (diesel).
Volume: 1,100 cubic yards.
Soil (vadose: sand, clay, gravel,
cobbles): wood preserving (PCP,
PAHs, dioxins, furans), arsenic,
chromium.
Volume: 1 10K cubic yards.
Soil: petroleum (jet fuel,
gasoline, diesel, aviation fluid,
transmission fluid).
STATUS
ull-scale remediation is planned.
Currently in design.
Laboratory-scale studies were
completed 11/91. Started 02/91.
ncurred cost: $30K.
Total expected costs: capital
$200K;O&M,$248K.
Full-scale remediation is planned.
Currently in predesign.
Laboratory-scale studies were
completed 01/93.
Pilot-scale studies are planned.
Expected completion 11/94.
Total expected costs: capital,
$4.5M; O&M, $7.7M.
Full-scale remediation is planned.
Currently in design.
CLEANUP
LEVELS
oil: 1,1-DCA, 0.03 mg/kg;
,1-DCE, 1 mg/kg; 1,1-DCA,
.6 mg/kg; 1,2-DCE, 1 mg/kg;
,1,1-TCA, 100 mg/kg; benzene,
).3 mg/kg; chloroelhane,
4,000 mg/kg; MEK, 9 mg/kg;
acetone, 30 mg/kg; methylene
hloride, 0.2 mg/kg; PCP,
200 mg/kg; tetrachloroethene,
7 mg/kg; TCE, 3 mg/kg; toluene,
1,000 mg/kg; vinyl chloride,
0.02 mg/kg; methanol, 200 mg/kg;
xylenes, 2,000 mg/kg; diesel
10K mg/kg; ethylbenzene,
3,000 mg/kg (potential migration to
ground water).
Ground water: acetone, 4,000 ppb;
benzene, 1 ppb; 1,1-DCA, 5 ppb;
1,1-DCE, 6 ppb; 1,2-DCA, 0.5 ppb;
methylene chloride, 150 ppb; PCP,
1 ppb; toluene, 1 ppb; vinyl chloride,
0.5 ppb; TPHs, 3,000 ppb;
tetrachloroethene, 5 ppb.
Vadose soil: PCP, 17 mg/kg;
carcinogenic PAHs, 0.19 mg/kg;
dioxins, 0.03 ppt; furans, 0.03 ppt
Not yet established.
TREATMENT
Ex situ treatment, batch flow.
Aerobic and anaerobic
onditions. 100% of soil of site
will undergo bioremediation.
In situ treatment, nutrient
addition. Aerobic conditions,
indigenous organisms. Other
technologies: soil washing,
fixation of metal-contaminated
soil, ground water treatment with
carbon. 30% of site will undergo
bioremediation.
In situ treatment, bioventing.
Aerobic conditions, indigenous
COMMENTS
The ROD selected an ex situ
ioremediation process, which
will combine aerobic and
anaerobic treatments. The
hallenges at this site are (1) to
minimize volatilization of
contaminants during excavation,
and (2) to balance the aerobic and
anaerobic processes to treat the
entire contaminated area. If
cleanup levels are not achieved,
contaminated material will be
disposed of in a RCRA landfill.
None.
None.
•Indicates a new site.
** Indicates that the site has been updated.
Shading indicates a non-CERCLA site.
-------
FIELD APPLICATIONS OF BIOREMEDIATION (cont.)
REG
•*
V
',
1 "I
K
IX
DC
IX
SITE/
LOCATION/
LEAD
Greeniee County, AZ %>
FeaeralFacilily ' '? , ••*„
£ * A i
>><' (* > <
J! " >
^ " ^ ;>
' '< "-"*, ! ** „., '
Montrose Chemical
Coiporation of California
Torrance, CA
CERCLA Enforcement Lead
Moore Aviation
Colusa, CA
CERCLA State Lead
^aval Air Station Fallen
Fallen, NV -
federal Facility
Naval Weapons Station—Seal
ieach
SealBeach.CAj ,_-,
research facility
CONTACT/
PHONE
NUMBER
Robert M.Mandel
(415)744-5290
TimSteele -"
(602)257-2335' t
t s
«>" :/r.
•' ? >
Nancy Woo
(415)744-2394
Alice Geniro
(310)590-4931
Steven Safferman
(513)569-7350
Chnstine Holm
(916)361-5703
Al Williamson
(916)753-9500
RonHoeppel
(805)952-1655
David Chesmoie
(702)687-5872 ^
Steve Klauser
(702)426-2785 .
Carmen LeBron <
805)982-1616
MEDIA/
CONTAMINANT
Soil (vadose: silt, loam): < '
pesticides (2,4,5-TP,2,4-D, -
2,4,5-T). ,,<
Volume: 550 cubic yards. s
•/
< V
Soil (vadose: silt, clay):
pesticides (DDT), benzene,
chlorobenzene, chloroform.
Soil (vadose: silt, loam):
pesticides (DDE, endosulfan I,
parathion, chlorpyrifos,
disulfoton, propazine, atrazine,
2,4-D, 2,4,5-TP, endosulfan H),
bis(2-ethylhexyl)pthalat, phenols.
Soil (vadose and saturated silt) /
ground water: petroleum (jet
iiel, p-xylene, naphthalene,
l-methylnaphthalene,
n-butylbenzene), arsenic.
Ground water: petroleum. ;
STATUS
Full-scaleremediation was
^completed 09/92,' ,
Incurred cost $30K,
Total expected cost $35K.
Laboratory-scale studies were
completed 03/93. Started 09/92.
Full-scale remediation was
completed 10/92. Started 09/91.
Total expected cost $35K.
Pilot-scale studies Jiave been
underway s'uiceloy92. ,
Laboratory-scalfe'itudies are being
onducted, ( '
CLEANUP
LEVELS
Vadose soU: 2,4,5-TP, 50 mg/kg '
(state requirement).
Not yet established.
Vadose soil: DDE, 1 mg/kg;
endosulfan 1, 7.4 mg/kg; parathion,
3 mg/kg; chlorpyrifos, 2 mg/kg;
disulfoton, 0.1 mg/kg; propazine,
0.14 mg/kg; atrazine, 0.03 mg/kg;
2,4-D, 1 mg/kg; 2,4,5-TP, 0.1 mg/kg;
endosulfan n, 7.4 mg/kg (beneficial
use water quality criteria).
Not yet established.
Not yet established.
TREATMENT
Ex situ land treatment Aerobic
conditions, indigenous organisms.
Prepared bed with water and '
nutrients; periodic rototiDing.
Omer technologies:
photodegradationby ultraviolet
sunlight at elevation of $,000 ft
above sea level. 100% of site'
"underwent bioremediation.
Ex situ land treatment Aerobic
conditions, exogenous organisms.
Other technologies: white rot
fungus.
Ex situ land treatment Aerobic
and anaerobic conditions,
exogenous organisms.
to situ treatment, bioventing,
oil/water separation, nutrient
addition (soil). Aerobic
conditions, indigenous organisms.
Other technologies: vacuum
extraction.
h situ treatment Aerobic and
anaerobic conditions, indigenous
organisms. ^
COMMENTS
None.
s
None.
There are some problems with
QA/QC on analyses; two
independent labs are giving
conflicting results. Endosulfans
iave been particularly
recalcitrant
Site has had problems obtaining a
water discharge permit from the
State of Nevada to discharge
treated ground water to the NAS
Fallen sewer system due to
iresence of natural arsenic in
ground water.
fone.
>-
* Indicates a new site.
** Indicates that the site has been updated.
Shading indicates a non-CERCLA site.
-------
FIELD APPLICATIONS OF BIOREMEDIATION
REG
K
EC
EC
EC
,EC
EC
SITE/
LOCATION/
LEAD
Oakland Chinatown
Oakland, CA
UST Lead (State)
Process!
Process 2
Poly-Carb
Wells, NV
CERCLA Fund Lead
Protek
Carson City, CA
UST Lead (State)
*
San Diego Gas and Electric %
San Diego, CA
UST Lead (Federal)
Seaside High School,
Seaside, CA
USTLead (State)
i _
SEGS Solar Project
Kramer Junction, CA
StateLead ' -
CONTACT/
PHONE
NUMBER
Donald Smallbeck
415)899-8804
Robert M. Mandel
(415)744-2290
KenSmarkel
(916)322-3910
PaulHadley
(916)324-3823
DickEricksson
(916)322-7046
Bruce LaBelle "
(916)324-2958
MEDIA/
CONTAMINANT
Soa (saturated sand) / ground
water petroleum.
Volume: 10K cubic yards.
Ground water: petroleum.
Soa: wood preserving (cresol,
phenols).
Volume: 1,500 cubic yards.
Soil: petroleum.
Volume: 700 cubic yards.
SoB (sand): petroleum (gasoline).
Volume: 1,200 cubic yards.
So3: petroleum (diesel).
Volume: 100 cubic yards.
Soil: biphenyl, diphenyl ether.
-
STATUS
Full-scale remediation was
completed 08/90. Started 03/89.
'ull-scale remediation was
completed 08/90. Started 03/89.
---
Full-scale remediation was
completed 09/88. Started 06/87.
Incurred cost $450K.
Full-scale remediation was
completed 12/89. Started 08/88.
Bull-scale remediation was
completed 04/93. Started 10/89.
*
Full-scale remediation was
completed 06/88.
Full-scale remediationhas been
underway since 07/90.
CLEANUP
LEVELS
Saturated soil: BTEX, 100 mg/kg
(RWQCB guidelines).
Not supplied.
- ... .
Soa: cresol, 10 mg/kg; phenols,
20 mg/kg (performance-based).
SoB:TPHs, 10 mg/kg.
"Not supplied.
Soa: diesel, 500 mg/kg.
SoB: biphenyl, 1,000 mg/kg;
diphenyl ether, 1,000 mg/kg.
TREATMENT
In situ treatment, hydrogen
peroxide, nutrient addition (soU:
ammonia nitrate, mono- and
di-basic phosphates; water:
ammonia nitrate, mono- and
di-basic phosphates). Aerobic
conditions, indigenous organisms.
Ex situ treatment, completely
mixed reactor, continuous flow.
Aerobic conditions, indigenous
organisms. Other technologies:
carbon adsorption.
Ex situ land treatment Aerobic
conditions, indigenous organisms.
Other technologies: in situ soa
flushing, in situ volatilization.
60% of site underwent
bioremediation.
Ex situland treatment, 100% of
site underwent bibremediatibh;
-
In situ treatment Anaerobic
conditions, indigenous organisms.
100% of site underwent
bioremediation.
Ex situland treatment Aerobic
conditions, indigenous organisms.
100% of site underwent
bioremediation.
-{
Ex situ treatment, pUe.
COMMENTS
tone.
"tone. -
None.
The control cell, which did not
receive any nutrient supplements,
proprietary inoculum, or the
benefit of rigorous aeration,
showed contamiriantlevel
reductions equal to those of the
: treatment cells.
None.
Diesel fuel concentrations were
reduced below 1,000 mg/kg with
multiple applications of fertilizer,
moisture, and tilling. Indigenous
bacteria effected the'reductibn iii •:
fuel Concentrations.
None.
II
w
ON
* Indicates a new site.
** Indicates that the site has been updated.
Shading indicates a non-CERCLA site.
-------
FIELD APPLICATIONS OF BIOREMEDIATION (cont.)
w
N)
REG
DC
IX
^
sn i V
;<
'
*
'
SITE/
LOCATION/
LEAD
Solvent Service
San Jose, CA
CERCLA State Lead
Southern Pacific
Transportation Company
Roseville, CA
CERCLA State Lead
East 15th Street Service Station
'Anchorage, AK > ,_ %
USTLead (State) , -» "
* ^ ^ * ' c* <
/.'.•'. >' .'./
Fakchild Air Force Base <
Spokane, WA (, v ,
FederalFacility
Process 1 %' / , /
, " * ,' "
• ,' " , *! ,
ProcesSZ 4* „' ,," " %<
t* < •? jf *
ProcessB "\ ,' >'
1 <• 3 <
^-- '-v* '
CONTACT/
PHONE
NUMBER
Bruce Wolf
(510)286-0787
Marie Lacey
(415)744-2234
David Wright
(916)332-3910
TonyPalagyi
(818)505-2701, '
„_ ^^
*. 5
Thomas' Smiley
(509)247-2313 f ' '
William Harris
<206)438-3070
CSaneWulf ,
(509)247-2313 '
S ^ _f,
> '•>>.
<" k
,
MEDIA/
CONTAMINANT
Ground water: solvents
(l,2-DCE,cis-l,2-DCE,
trans-l,2-DCE, ethylbenzene,
1,1,1-TCA, freon 113, benzene,
acetone, 1,1-DCE, naphthalene).
Soil: petroleum.
Volume: 240 tons.
Soil; petroleum (diesel).
Volume: 1,500 cubic yards.
-'-.'„ ' » — >
; * * / <
~ ' ,
Soil (Vadose and saturated silt) 1,.
ground water: solvents (TCE).'
?< ^ ,"
Soil (vadosesilt): petroleum,
solvents (TCE). i ' ' , '
*% "v, ! •• ;
Soil (vadosesilt): rietrbleum.
< ; J " ^ <• J
" 1 , ' ' t
STATUS
Full-scale remediation has been
underway since 01/91.
Incurred cost $399K-
Total expected cost $844K.
Full-scale remediation was
completed 01/91. Started 11/90.
Incurred cost S310K.
Full-scale remediation has been
underway since 06/92.
, {>„ „
Incurred cost $75K. ' -
Total expected cost S200K.
Pilot-scale studies are planned.
Expectedst9rt,01>5. ' <;
Total expected cosls; capital, $5M;
O&M, $50K.
Pilot-scale studies hjve been
underway srnce 04/93. ' C
< % * * ' s
'ilot-scale studies havebeen
underwajf since 04/93.
>. x <
CLEANUP
LEVELS
Ground water: 1,2-DCE, 5 (ig/L;
cis-l,2-DCE, 6 ug/L; trans-l,2-DCE,
10 ug/L; ethylbenzene, 400 ug/L;
1,1,1-TCA, 200 ug/L; freon 113,
1,200 ug/L; benzene, 0.7 ug/L;
acetone, 400 Ug/L; 1,1-DCE, 1 Ug/L;
naphthalene, 2,000 ug/L.
Soil: TPHs, 5,000 mg/kg.
Soil: diesel, 100 mg/kg (regulatory
guidelines).
_^ ^, m ^ -i „ ^, _^
< j
!
Vadose/saturated soil: TCE,
0,5 rag/kg. ^ i
Ground water; TCE, 5 ug/L.
u
f
Vadose soil: tenzene, 0.5 mg/kg; ^
TPHs, 200 mg/kg; TCE, 0.5 mg/kg.
!( * .
Vadose Soil:^TPHs, 2QO'mg/kg.
f
TREATMENT
Ex situ treatment, fixed film,
continuous flow. Anaerobic
conditions, exogenous organisms.
Other technologies: soil washing,
vacuum extraction, steam
enhancement 100% of site under
bioremediation.
Ex situ land treatment.
In situ treatment, bioventing.
Aerobic conditions, indigenous
organisms, Giher technologies; —
vacuum extraction. 20% of site
under Bioremediation.
In situ treatment, bioventing.
Aerobic conditions, indigenous
organisms. Other technologies: „
vacuum extraction.
<
* * ^
In situ treatment, bioventing.
Aerobic conditions, indigenous
organisms. "* >
Jtt situ treatment, biovenfing,
nutrient addition. Aerobic <
conditions, Indigenous organisms.
COMMENTS
Site had difficulty obtaining a
permit for bioremediation.
None.
Winter weather has T>een an
obstacle toTjioremediafion.
, „__ „ ^ _^ ^
•
None. ~<
' '
None. N
'? ;
None.
•i
^ ~" \« f '
•Indicates a new site.
** Indicates that the site has been updated.
Shading indicates a non-CERCLA site.
-------
FIELD APPLICATIONS OF BIOREMEDIATION
REG
X
X
X
r-
X
SITE/
LOCATION/
LEAD
J.H. Baxter Company
Renton.WA
State Lead
Texas Tower*
FortGreely.AK
^Federal Facility
Unocal— Seattle Marketing .
Terminal
Seattle, WA
State Toxics, PRP Lead
1
1 "
Utah Power and Light
Idaho Falls, ID
RCRA Lead (State) ,
• * -
CONTACT/
PHONE
NUMBER
Gail Colburn
(206)649-7058
Ching-Pi Wang
(206)649-7134
PaulLaverty
(907)753-5719
NnamdiMadakor
(206)649-7112
Andrew Pentony
(208)334-5898
Randy Steger
(208)334-5898
MEDIA/
CONTAMINANT
Sediments (sand, silt) / sludge /
soil (vadose and saturated
complex mixture) / ground
water wood preserving (PAHs,
PCP).
Volume: 20K cubic yards.
Soil (vadose sand) / ground
water: petroleum (diesel).
Volume: 18K cubic yards.
Soil: petroleum.
•Volume; 34K cubic yards,
Soil (vadose): wood preserving
(PAHs).
-v
STATUS
Full-scale remediation is planned.
Currently in design. Remediation
expected completion 10/98.
Laboratory-scale studies were
completed 11/92. Started 08/92.
Full-scale remediation has been
underway since 12/93.
Total expected cost $300K.
.Full-scale remediation has been
completed.
-Incurred cost: $3.5M.
Pilot-scale studies -were completed
07/91.
CLEANUP
LEVELS
Vadose/saturated soil: risk-based.
Ground waten risk-based.
Vadose soil: diesel, 100 mg/kg (state
regulation).
Ground waten diesel, 0.005 mg/L
(MCL for benzene).
Not supplied.
Vadose soil: PAHs, 50 (ig/kg (permit
standards).
TREATMENT
ix situ land treatment Aerobic
conditions, exogenous and
indigenous organisms,
In situ treatment air sparging.
Aerobic conditions, indigenous
organisms. 100% of site under
bioremediatiori. .
Ex situ land treatment 40% of
site underwent bioremediation.
In situ land treatment Aerobic
Conditions, exogenous organisms.
Other technologies: pump and
treat 33% of siteimderwenf
bioremediation.
COMMENTS
This site may not be able to meet
RCRA treatability standards for
and disposal. Benzo(a)pyrene
appears the most difficult
compound to degrade. Other
results are very good: 40% to
90% removals on individual
PAHs. Those bins experiencing
drainage problems had reduced
rates of bioremediation. Properly
draining bins showed 90%
reductions,
None.
Bioremediation has been
successful for treating soils in the
upper yard. Soils were excavated,
treated, and disposed of at the
.Coal Creek Landfill. Treatability
studies have revealed that
solid-phase bioremediation is
ineffective at treating lower yard
soils Which are contaminated with
heavier hydrocarbons. The state is -
discussing an amendment to the
Consent Decree to accommodate
alternative technologies.
Addition of water or mixing and
drying were not monitored. There
were no indications of dilution or
volatilization. Tests were
determined to be unsuccessful.
* Indicates a new site.
** Indicates that the site has been updated.
Shading indicates a non-CERCLA site.
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FIELD APPLICATIONS OF BIOREMEDIATION (cont.)
REG
X
SITE/
LOCATION/
LEAD
Wyckoff Eagle Harbor
Puget Sound, WA
CERCLA Enforcement Lead
CONTACT/
PHONE
NUMBER
Rene Fuentes
(206)553-1599
Sally Martin
(206)553-2102
MEDIA/
CONTAMINANT
Ground water wood preserving
(PCP.PAHs).
STATUS
Full-scale remediation has been
underway since 01/90.
CLEANUP
LEVELS
Ground water PCP, 6 u,g/L; PAHs,
20 Ug/L (water quality criteria).
TREATMENT
Ex situ treatment, activated
sludge, fixed film, continuous
flow. Aerobic conditions.
exogenous organisms. Aerobic
attached growth process in series
with aeration tank, clarifier, and
biological sludge digester;
possible sludge and soil
remediation. Other technologies:
oil/water separation, carbon
polishing.
COMMENTS
Site has lower TOC than expected
during design and periodically
experiences problems with PCP
toxicity.
w
GLOSSARY OF BIOREMEDIATION TERMS
Growth Conditions
Aerobic-la the presence of oxygen.
Anaerobic-ln the absence of oxygen.
Source of Microorganisms
Indigenous-Qceumng naturally at a site.
Exogenous-Hot native to a site.
Treatment in a Reactor
Activated Sludge-The biomass is suspended in liquid, captured in a clarifier, and recycled to the
reactor; the contact time between the waste and the biomass is controlled by wasting excess biomass.
Extended Aeration-The biomass is suspended in liquid, captured in the clarifier, and recycled to the
reactor; a long contact time is created by enlarging the aeration basin.
Contact Stabiliwtion-lbe. waste contacts the biomass suspended in liquid in the first aeration tank
and contaminants are adsorbed to the clarified biomass; then they are digested in the second aeration
tank.
Fixed Fi7m-Biomass is retained in the system by using a static support media.
Fluidked Serf-Bacteria is attached to a support media, which is fluidized in the reactor.
Sequencing Batch Reactor-Tais self-contained treatment system incorporates equalization, aeration,
and clarification using a draw and fill approach on wastewater sludges.
Slurry /teoctor-Contaminants are treated in a soil slurry (a thin mixture of soil and water) with
nutrients and oxygen added as needed; water and soil must be separated after treatment, but clean soil
is left on site.
Treatment Outside of a Reactor
Aerated Lagoon-Ths biomass is kept suspended in liquid with aeration.
Land Treatment-Waste is applied onto or incorporated into the soil surface in a facility.
Contaminants are treated with microorganisms typically indigenous to the existing soil matrix;
nutrients, moisture, and oxygen can be added to optimize growth conditions. If the waste remains at
the facility after closure, the land treatment facility becomes a disposal facility.
Pi'/e-This method refers to any noncontainerized accumulation of solid, nonflowing waste being
treated or stored.
Bioventing-Aii is injected into contaminated soil at rates low enough to increase soil oxygen
concentrations and stimulate indigenous microbial activity without releasing volatile emissions.
In Situ rrefl/menf-Biodegradable contaminants are treated by microorganisms within the environment
in which they are found. Most commonly, this process utilizes aerobic processes and involves
delivery of oxygen or other electron acceptors and other appropriate amendments.
I
i
* Indicates a new site.
** Indicates that the site has been updated.
Shading indicates a non-CERCLA site.
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Environmental Protection Agency
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Cincinnati, OH 45268
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