v>EPA
U.S. Environmental
Protection Agency
Office of Solid Waste and
Emergency Response
Office of Research
and Development
EPA/540/N-94/501 No. 11 July 1994
IN THE FIELD
An information update on applying bioremediation to site cleanup.
Field Initiative
Update on the
Bioremedialion
Field initiative
The Bioremediation Held In-
itiative was established to
provide ILS.- Environmental
Protection Agency'(EPA) and „
state project managers, con-
'sulting engineers, and indus-
f ous waste^sites, the Initiative provides evaluation of;
, the performance of sdectedfultscalefield applications/
provides technical assistance to remedial project man-
agers (RPMs) and on:scene -coordinators (OSCs)
through tile lechrdcalSupportCenters; and is develop"-"
ing a database" on me field applications olbioremedia-
tion, whichis summarized in this bulletin (see p. 12).
Hine sites hjive.beeri selected for field evaluation of
bioremediation: West KL Avenue Landfill Superfund
site, Kalamazoo, Michigan; Libby Ground Water Su-
perfund site, Libby, Montana; Park^City Pipeline,.
Park City, Kansas; Bendix Corporatidn/AuiedL Auto-
motive Superfund site, St. Joseph, Michigan; Eidson
Air Force Base Superfund site, Alaska; Hill Air Force
Base Superfund site, Utah; EscambM Wood Preserv:
ing sit^Brookhaven, Brookhaven, Mississippi; Pub-
'Hc Service Company Denver, Colorado; and Reffly Tar
ahdChemicalCprporationSuperfund sits, St. LouisPark,,
MinnesotarRecent results from most of these sites are -
summarized in this article,'-: -;„ ,-""?",. ' ,
' „ {Continued on page 9)
In This Issue
Update on the Bioremediation Field Initiative 1
Libby Site Evaluation Demonstrates Success of Three Biotreatment
Approaches for Wood Preserving Wastes 1
Bioremediation in the Field Search System (BFSS) Available on
EPA Bulletin Boards 2
Updated Data Reveal Bioremediation Trends 3
Fixed-Film Bioreactor Implemented at Former Silver Smelting Site . . 4
EPA and Industry Sign CRADA to Develop Innovative
"Lasagna" Process 5
Research on Anaerobic Bioremediation of BTEX Conducted at
Naval Weapons Station Seal Beach 8
EPA Publishes Educational Booklet on Bioremediation . 10
Update on the RTDF Bioremediation Work Group 10
EPA Bioremediation Publications 11
Field Applications of Bioremediation 12
Libby Site Evaluation
Demonstrates Success
of Three Biotreatment
Approaches for Wood
Preserving Wastes
Researchers from Utah State University (USU) and
EPA's Robert S. Kerr Environmental Research Labora-
tory (RSKERL) are in the final stages of evaluating the
performance of bioremediation at the Libby Ground
Water Superfund site in Libby, Montana. The evalu-
ation, now in its third year, is one of nine bioremedia-
tion performance evaluations being sponsored by the
Bioremediation Field Initiative (see Update article also
on this page). Results indicate that the biological tech-
nologies being implemented are effectively degrading
the wood preserving contaminants present at the site.
The Libby project is a complex cleanup effort targeting
polycydic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and pen-
tachlorophenol (PCP) in surface soil, ground water,
and nonaqueous phase liquids (NAPLs). Champion
International Corporation, which currently runs a
lumber mill at the site, operates the bioremediation
system which involves a treatment train approach
with three separate biological technologies to address
the multiphase contamination. Surface soil is being
treated in lined, prepared-bed land treatment units
(LTUs); extracted ground water from the upper aquifer
is being treated in aboveground fixed-film bioreactors;
and an in situ bioremediation system is being used
to treat contaminants in the upper aquifer. Figure 1
(see p. 5) is a plan view of the site, showing the three
treatment areas.
Land Treatment Units
The LTUs are used for bioremediation of contaminated
soil from three primatry sources: the tank farm, butt
dip, and waste pit areas. At the beginning of the pro-
ject, contaminated soil from these areas was excavated
and consolidated in the waste pit area, where the soil
was derocked and pretreated. After pretreatment, the
contaminated soil was applied in 9-in. lifts to two
adjacent, 1-acre, prepared-bed LTUs. Each LTU in-
cludes a treatment zone, liner system, and leachate
collection system.
(Continued on page 6)
Printed on Recycled Paper
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Bloremsdtatlon In the Field
Bioremediation in the Field Search System
(BFSS) Available on EPA Bulletin Boards
The Bioremediation Field Initiative is pleased to announce the release of Version
1.0 of the Bioremediation in the Field Search System (BFSS), a new information-
sharing resource for bioremediation professionals. BFSS, which was released on
major EPA bulletin boards in August, is a PC-based software application that
provides access to a database of information on sites across the country where
bioremediation is being tested or implemented, or has been completed. For each
site, the database contains information on the site location, media and contami-
nants being treated, treatment technologies being used, the status of treatment
operations, and the costs and performance of particular technologies.
BFSS allows the user to search for sites based on location, regulatory authority for cleanup, media,
contaminants, status of the project, and treatment used. Based on the search criteria specified by the user,
BFSS generates a list of qualifying sites. BFSS then allows the user to view on-line information about these
sites and to print reports of information contained in the database.
The Initiative established the BFSS database to provide federal and state project managers, consulting
engineers, industry personnel, and researchers with timely information on new developments in field
applications of bioremediation. The database currently contains information on more than 160 bioreme-
diation sites, primarily with federal leads. This summer the Initiative is expanding the database by
soliciting information from industry, contractors, and vendors—an effort that is expected to double or
triple the number of sites in the database. (This solicitation is in accordance with 5 CFR 1320, OMB
#2080-0048, approved through April 30,1997.)
To solicit information on new sites, questionnaires have been sent to hundreds of individuals from EPA
regional offices, state environmental agencies, private industry, engineering contractors, and technology
vendors. Questionnaires received so far are undergoing a data-quality review. Data on the new sites will
appear in upcoming issues of Bioremediation in the Field, and will be available in Version 2.0 of BFSS,
tentatively scheduled for release early in 1995. If you would like to provide information on a bioremedia-
tion site for inclusion in the BFSS database, please call Ann Tran of Eastern Research Group, Inc., at
617-674-7303.
Bioremediation Field Initiative Contacts
FranKremer,Ph.D.
Coordinator, Bioremediation Field Initiative
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
Office of Research and Development
26 West Martin Luther King Drive
Cincinnati, OH 45268
513-569-7346
"Michael ForlM \
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
5102W ..;,•; "'.,'"
Technology Innovation Office, "
Office of Solid Waste and Emergency Response
401M Street/SW;" :; , - '
-Washington, DC 20460 .
703-308-8825
To be added to the mailing list to receive Bioremediation in the Field, call 513-569-7562.
The Bioremediation Field Initiative is a cooperative effort among the Technology Innovation Office (TIO) of
the Office of Solid Waste and Emergency Response (OSWER) and the Office of Science, Planning, and
Regulatory Evaluation (OSPRE) and Office of Environmental Engineering and Technology Demonstration
(OEETD) of the Office of Research and Development (ORD). Major contributors to the Initiative include the
waste programs in the EPA regional offices; the following laboratories in ORD: Ada, OK; Athens, GA;
Cincinnati, OH; Gulf Breeze, FL; and Research Triangle Park, NC; the U.S. Air Force; state agencies; industry;
and universities.
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Bioremediation in the Field
BFSS will be available on the Alternative Treat-
ment Technology Information Clearinghouse (AT-
TIC) (703-908-2138), Cleanup Information
(CLU-IN) (301-589-8366), and Office of Research
and Development (ORD) (513-569-7610) bulletin
board systems. The software is designed to be
downloaded and operated off of a hard disk or a
local area network (LAN), not to be operated re-
motely from a bulletin board. BFSS also will be
available on diskette from the Center for Environ-
mental Research Information (CERI) by calling 513-
569-7562. Information in the database will continue
to be summarized in the "Field Applications of
Bioremediation" table, a regular feature of EPA's
Bioremediation in the Field bulletin (see p. 12).
Updated Data Reveal
Bioremediation Trends (
-According to the^recently updated data/ soil is v
-tine most common medium undergoing biore-
mediatipry present'at 124 sites in the BFSS
database. .Ground water is second, present at"63
sites, followed by sediments at 23, sludge at 10/
and^urface water at 2,(sefe Figure I)/ \
150-
Soil Ground Sediments Sludge Surface
• •• »'». • Water. " > Water
Figure!.. Number of sites treating each media type, , -
-Among the contaminants being treated oi con-r.
sidered for "treatment at sites in the database,-
petroleum'i^t predominant contaminant at 63:
sites, followed by wood preserving wastes at
35, solvent wastes at 27, and'herbicides/pesti-"
cides at 15: Thirty sites In the database list other"
wastes, such; as rrtunitiQns" and polychlpri-
nated biphMyls'(PCBs), as predominant i:bn-
tammants.,undergoing treatment, (see Figure
2), - *""> - ,- ,"./" c -,:- ">•
In- situ tfeafmerit technologies are "selected
more oftea;tiiEaii>x:situ technologies to treaF
a>ntaminants. In situ, techniques are being con-;
sidered for tjse or irjfiplemented at 72 out of 159;
. . Petroleum Wood Solvents Pesticides 'Other
' * Preserving *-« - ~ "
' ~ wastes „„"„•, , -
- Figure 2. Breakdown of sites by type of contamination.''
sites in the -database. In situ grourwi-water
treatment and in situ soil treatment are most
common (each at 16 percent)^, followed by
biovertting (14 percent), ak-;spargirig"(^ per-
cent), ,in situ sediment (4 perceaftt), apnd cpn-
fmed, land-treatment (1 percent)!'-Ex situ
npnreactor treatment technologies *(aex&ted
lagoon, land treatment, and pile;treatr|ient or
composting) are us,ed at 63 out of 159 sites, and
ex situxeactor treatment technologies are used
at 38 out of 159 sites
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Bloromcdlatlon In the Field
Fixed-Film Bioreactor
Implemented at
Former Silver
Smelting Site
A fixed-film bioreactor treatment system is effectively
treating ground water contaminated with ketones,
phenols, and toluene at the Silvex Corporation site in
St. Augustine, Florida. The system was developed as
an interim remedial design by the Florida Department
of Environmental Protection (FDEP) to reduce the po-
tential for migration of contaminated ground water
from the site into nearby Ward's Creek.
Prior to 1980, the site was used by the Silvex Corporation
for a silver smelting operation that recovered metals
from waste X-ray films. The operation used fuel from the
Naval Air Station in Jacksonville, Florida. In 1981, as a
result of vandalism at the site, waste fuel containing
spent paint, solvents, and cold carbon degreasers was
spilled from a 25,000 gallon storage tank onto the
ground, contaminating ground water beneath the tank.
Investigations conducted by FDEP in 1985 indicated
that the surficial aquifer in the spill area and the area
tone, and methyl isobutyl ketone), phenols, and tolu-
ene. Arisk assessment subsequently was performed to
determine cleanup goals. Ground-water goals were
based on EPA/FDEP standards, reference doses, and
carcinogenicity.
After the initial investigation, a feasibility study was
conducted to evaluate the technical feasibility and cost
effectiveness of various treatment technologies, in-
cluding air stripping, carbon adsorption, steam strip-
ping, and submerged fixed-film bioreactor treatment.
Based on the results of this study, which indicated the
presence of ketones in excess of 200 mg/L, air strip-
ping and carbon adsorption were determined to be
Table 1. Summary of Analytical Results3
technically infeasible. Asubmerged fixed-film bioreac-
tor was selected as the most appropriate treatment
alternative.
In 1992, FDEP performed abench-scale study to evalu-
ate the effectiveness of the proposed submerged fixed-
film bioremediation system. The study, which was
conducted using polypropylene beads in glass cells at
four different residence times, showed a removal effi-
ciency of 50 to 99 percent for ketones through both
biodegradation and volatilization, and a 50 percent
removal efficiency for phenols through biodegrada-
tion alone.
Following the bench-scale study, an onsite pilot-scale
study was conducted to provide information for the
design of a full-scale system. Contaminant removal
was evaluated at flow rates of 0.5,1, and 2 gallons per
minute (gpm) in a three-stage pilot-scale bioreactor.
An onsite gas chromatograph was used to monitor
influent and effluent ketone concentrations on a daily
basis. Results from the study demonstrated a contami-
nant removal efficiency of greater than 99 percent for
the pilot-scale reactor.
In 1993, FDEP used the data obtained from the pilot-
scale study, along with information about the
distribution of the existing ground-water plume, to
design and install a four-stage bioreactor capable of
treating up to 18 gpm. A two-stage granular activated
carbon polishing unit also was incorporated. In order
to acclimate the system, the bioreactor was filled with
contaminated water. Activated sludge from a local
treatment plant was added and the bioreactor was
aerated for 3 days.
Data from the site indicate that the reactor is meeting
effluent discharge criteria (see Table 1). Daily onsite
operation and maintenance is being conducted, and
telemetry is being used for remote monitoring of sys-
tem performance.
For more information, contact George Heuler of FDEP
at 904-488-0190.
Contaminant
Acetone
Methyl Ethyl Ketone
Methyl Isobutyl Ketone
Phenol
2,4-DIrrtethylphenol
2-Methylphenol
4-Methylphenol
BODs (mg/L)
COD (mg/L)
Bioreactor
Influent
11,000
41,000
16,000
1,200
1,200
1,500
3,000
1,400
1,700
Bioreactor Effluent
11
<10
36
<10
<10
<10
<10
68
160
GAG Effluent
34
<10
<10
<10
<10
<10
<10
NAb
NA
Effluent Cleanup
Criteria
700
170
350
20
400
350
350
NA
NA
"All values are expressed in g/L unless otherwise specified.
data not available.
4
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Bioremediation in the Field
EPA and Industry
Sign CRADA To
Develop Innovative
"Lasagna" Process
On January 27, 1994, EPA Administrator Carol
Browner signed a Cooperative Research and Develop-
ment Agreement (CRADA) to help develop and field
test the "lasagna" process—an innovative combina-
tion of technologies designed to remediate hazardous
wastes in low-permeability soils. The CRADA links
the specific technological innovations and research
capabilities of industry's Lasagna Technology Consor-
tium (LTC), formed by Dupont, General Electric, and
Monsanto, with those of EPA's Risk Reduction Engi-
neering Laboratory (RREL) in Cincinnati, Ohio. Clean
Sites, Inc. is assisting with the coordination of this
project as part of the public-private partnership project
implemented through a cooperative agreement with
EPA's Technology Innovation Office. Through the
CRADA, RREL and members of LTC will work jointly
to develop the lasagna process, so named because it
involves a number of layered subsurface electrodes
and treatment zones.
The lasagna process first came to EPA's attention
through the Remediation Technologies Development
Forum (RTDF), a consortium of public and private
interests dedicated to identifying and solving specific
hazardous waste remediation problems (see article in
Issue No. 10 of Bioremediation in the field). One of the
primary problems targeted by RTDF has been reme-
diation of hard-to-treat wastes in low-permeability,
silt- and clay-laden soils. The lasagna process was
proposed by Monsanto Company as a potentially cost-
effective cleanup technique for such soils.
Although the lasagna process involves sophisticated
technologies, the basic treatment concept is relatively
simple. A low-voltage electric current is applied to soil
by subsurface electrodes. This current stimulates a
dynamic flow of contaminants through the low-per-
meability material into high-permeability treatment
zones, where the contaminants are treated. Figure 1
illustrates a possible configuration for the lasagna
process, showing the electrodes, contaminated soil,
and treatment zones.
The electrical component of the lasagna process in-
volves a phenomenon known as electroosmosis, which
is the movement of pore fluid in soils under an electric
current. Most soil pgirtides, including clays, carry a
negative surface charge. As a result, soil particles im-
mersed in an electrolyte such as ground water attract
positively charged ioins, creating a double layer with a
net positive charge at the surface of each particle.
When a current is applied to a section of saturated soil,
the ions and associated fluid in the charged double
layer move toward the cathode. The remainder of the
pore fluid, which contains soil contaminants, moves in
the same direction as the double-layer fluid due to
viscous interactions. This net flow of pore fluid toward
the cathode is called electroosmosis. Because the rate
of electroosmosis does not depend on the size of the
soil particles, the process is just as effective in low-per-
meability day soils as in high-permeability sandy soils.
The high-permeability treatment zones used in the
lasagna process are created with techniques such as
hydrofracturing, directional drilling, and sheet piling,
which originally were developed by the petroleum
industry. In hydrofracturing, for example, a slurry is
injected into soil to create horizontal, pancake-shaped
porous zones up to 30 ft in diameter. (Researchers also
are considering using hydrofracturing to inject con-
ductive carbon into the soil to act as horizontal elec-
trodes.) The treatment zones are situated between the
electrodes to intercept contaminants as they migrate
under the applied current. Because electroosmotic
(Continued on page 8)
Borehole
Ground Surface
Applied
Electrical
Potential
Electroosmotic
Liquid
Flow
Granular Electrode
Degradation Zone
Contaminated Soil
„To Granular Electrode
Figure 1. A possible configuration for the lasagna process.
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Bioremediation In the Field
Libby Site Evaluation Demonstrates Success of
TYeatment Train Approach
(Continued from page 1)
Currently, effluent from the reactors also infiltrates the
subsurface and migrates through the waste pit area.
This allows recycling and amending of any available
nutrients and reoxygenation of the water.
Researchers evaluated the performance of the LTUs by
sampling the soil in each lift in each LTU. The primary
purpose of the sampling was to determine the statisti-
cal significance and extent of PAH and PCP degrada-
tion as a function of time and depth within each LTU.
Sampling procedures were designed to minimize sam-
ple variance and provide representative information
about the transformation of PAHs and PCP. The LTUs
were sampled in May, June, July, and September 1991,
and in September 1992, representing the top lifts and
those previously treated. Laboratory mass-balance in-
vestigations of radiolabeled compounds, which dem-
onstrate the mineralization and humification potential
of target contaminants, were used to corroborate the
results of field sampling.
In total, more than 300 soil samples were collected
from the LTUs and analyzed for PAH compounds
using gas chromatography/mass spectrometry
(GC/MS) and for PCP using a GC/electron capture
detector (ECD). These analyses indicated that land
treatment reduced the mean concentration of almost
every target contaminant to below the cleanup level
goals, with two exceptions, for which the mean con-
centrations were only slightly higher than the target
levels. The laboratory evaluation of soil microbial me-
tabolic potential demonstrated that two indicator
compounds, PCP and phenanthrene, could be miner-
alized by microorganisms present in the contaminated
soil under the temperature and moisture conditions
present at the site. These tests also showed that PCP
and phenanthrene would be unlikely to volatilize un-
der prevailing site conditions, suggesting that the re-
moval of PCP and PAHs from the LTUs occurred
because of biological processes rather than physi-
cal/chemical processes.
Aboveground Fixed-Film Bioreactor Treatment
The aboveground treatment unit, which has been oper-
ating since February 1990, is designed to remove PAHs
and PCP from extracted ground water. The unit consists
of an equalization tank with two fixed-film bioreactors
operated in series. The first reactor provides rough treat-
ment; the second reactor polishes and reoxygenates the
effluent prior to reinjection through an infiltration
trench. PAH removal occurs primarily in the first reactor;
PCP removal is balanced equally between the reactors.
Bioreactor sampling conducted in 1991 and 1992
provided various chemical, physical, and biological
parameters to assess the system's effectiveness for re-
moving PAHs and PCP from ground water. In addition,
a pilot-scale reactor was constructed and operated to esti-
mate the fate of chemicals within the bioreactors.
The fixed-film bioreactor system was able to remove
PCP (80 percent) and PAHs (90 percent) at a flow rate
of 10 gpm. When the flow rate was increased to 15
gpm, the removal rate efficiency decreased. This de-
crease has been attributed to both the decrease in
hydraulic retention time (HRT) and the increased or-
ganic loading. At a flow rate of 10 gpm, the HRT was
30 hours and the effluent concentrations of PCP and
PAHs were 0.3 to 0.9 mg/L and less than detection
limit, respectively. When the flow rate was increased
to 15 gpm, the HRT was 20 hours, and the effluent
concentrations of PCP and PAHs were 6 to 12 mg/L
and 0.6 to 6 mg/L, respectively. Sampling indicated
that the PAH and PCP influent concentrations were
highly variable with approximate log normal distribu-
tion. The organic loading at 15 gpm was higher than
at 10 gpm by a factor of 3 to 4. The removal rate of PCP
and PAHs with two rings or more was affected the most,
while naphthalene removal was affected the least.
In Situ Bioremediation
During the period of the performance evaluation, hy-
drogen peroxide and inorganic nutrients were injected
into the upper aquifer to stimulate the growth of con-
taminant-specific microbes. (Compressed oxygen gas
has since been substituted for hydrogen peroxide in
the in situ bioremediation system.) Hydrogen perox-
ide was injected at a flow rate of approximately 100
gpm through three injection dusters, resulting in a
concentration of approximately 100 mg/L of hydro-
gen peroxide. Inorganic nutrients in the form of potas-
sium tripolyphosphate and ammonium chloride were
continuously added to achieve concentrations in the
injection water of 2.4 mg/L nitrogen and 1 mg/L
phosphorus.
The evaluation of the in situ bioremediation system
focused on characterizing ground water, solid aquifer
material, and NAPL associated with the solid aquifer
material. The aquifer was sampled during 1991 and
1992. Ground water was analyzed for concentrations
of dissolved oxygen, PAHs and PCP, and iron and
manganese. (Iron and manganese are indicators of the
aquifer's potential abiotic demand for injected hydro-
gen peroxide.) Solid aquifer material was analyzed for
PAH and PCP concentrations in treated and back-
ground areas. Laboratory mass-balance experiments
using radiolabeled target compounds were used to
provide additional information concerning biotic reac-
tions (i.e., mineralization) and potential abiotic reactions
(i.e., contaminant removal from poisoned controls).
Concentrations of PAHs and PCP in ground water
were found to be lower in wells considered to be under
the influence of the injection system than in wells
considered to be outside the influence of the injection
system. Concentrations of iron and manganese in
ground water were found to be inversely proportional
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Bloremediatlon In the Field
3031
3026
Ground Water Flow
Mentoring Wells
H Injection Wells
Figure 1. Plan view of the Libby site, showing the three treatment areas.
to concentrations of dissolved oxygen, suggesting that
these inorganic compounds might exert a demand on
oxygen supplied by hydrogen peroxide and might
limit the oxygen intended for aquifer microorganisms.
Contaminant concentrations in the solid aquifer mate-
rial were found to range from 5 mg/kg to 687 mg/kg
for total PAHs, and 70 mg/kg to 2,525 mg/kg for total
petroleum hydrocarbons. The highest concentrations
of contaminants in the aquifer were found in the
NAPL, which contained greater than 10,000 mg/L
PAHs and greater than 1,000 mg/L PCP. Mass-balance
studies demonstrated that phenanthrene was mineral-
ized by microbes indigenous to the site, and that up to
70 percent of the radiolabeled carbon became incorpo-
rated into the aquifer matrix. No mineralization was
observed in the poisoned controls.
The evaluation of in situ bioremediation suggests that
degradation of contaminants in ground water is easier
than bioremediation of contaminants associated with
the solid or NAPL phases, because of limitations on
mass transport of oxygen and nutrients from ground
water to the solid arid NAPL phases. A common con-
cern is that the residual NAPL contaminants might con-
tribute to further ground-water contamination at the
Libby site.
. Performance Evaluation Reports
Separate reports are being prepared for each of the
three biological treatment systems at t" le site. Informa-
tion generated from full-scale characterization and
monitoring, pilot studies, and laboratory treatability
studies was combined with other site data to provide
an integrated evaluation of bioremediation perform-
ance. EPA intends for the results of the evaluation to
be used to evaluate and select rational approaches for
characterization, implementation, and monitoring of
bioremediation at other sites.
For more information, contact Scott Huling of RSKERL
at 405-436-8610 or John Matthews of RSKERL at 405-
436-8600. Copies of site reports will be published later
this year. See future issues of the bulletin for notices of
their availability.
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Bioremediation In the Field
EPA and Industry Sign CRADA To Develop
Innovative "Lasagna" Process
(Continued from page 5)
migration is relatively slow (approximately 1 in. per
day), the treatment zones are spaced dose together to
minimize the distance that contaminants must be trans-
ported.
The most effective treatment for contaminants once
they reach the treatment zones is tinder investigation.
LTC and RREL currently are considering both physi-
cal/chemical and biological methods. In one biologi-
cal treatment under consideration, activated carbon
would be used to sorb organic contaminants, which
then would be degraded by microorganisms. Because
the treatment zones are porous, they could easily be
infused with amendments, such as nutrients, to
enhance biotreatment. These amendments also could
be delivered to the soil adjacent to the treatment zones
by electroosmotic migration.
The three companies in the LTC have agreed to dem-
onstrate the feasibility of the lasagna concept at a site
contaminated with trichloroethylene in Paducah, Ken-
tucky. RREL will conduct studies on hydraulic fractur-
ing to investigate installation of horizontal subsurface
electrodes and treatment zones. RREL also will exam-
ine the potential for bioremediation under the condi-
tions expected in the lasagna process. Both RREL and
LTC believe that the lasagna process will offer a cost-
effective alternative to other technologies currently
available for treatment of low-permeability contami-
nated soils.
For more information, contact Leland Vane of RREL at
513-569-7799.
Research on
Anaerobic
Bioremediation of
BTEX Conducted at
Naval Weapons
Station Seal Beach
The Naval Facilities Engineering Service Center
(NFESC) in Port Hueneme, California, has conducted
a field study on the anaerobic degradation of BTEX
compounds in ground water at an unleaded fuel spill
site. The study, which took place at Naval Weapons
Station Seal Beach in Seal Beach, California, was part
of a 4-year research project sponsored by the Naval
Facilities Engineering Command (NFEC) in Washing-
ton, DC, and the Southwest Division of NFEC in San
Diego, California.
Prior to the field study, laboratory studies were con-
ducted in sealed, anaerobically maintained micro-
cosms usingsoil and ground water from the Seal Beach
site. The microcosms were amended with different
nutrients, carbon sources, and electron acceptors. In
these studies, anaerobic microbial populations were
found to degrade benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene, ra-
xylene, and p-xylene. It was unclear whether degrada-
tion of o-xylene occurred. All of the compounds that
were removed degraded under sulfate-reducing con-
ditions, except ethylbenzene, which degraded only
under nitrate-reducing conditions.
The field study was conducted using three bioreactors,
each consisting of a sealed, stainless-steel column (0.3
m x 1.2 m) filled with contaminated soil and inserted
into the ground at the site so that its top was flush with
the soil surface. In the first column, contaminated
ground water from the site was pumped from the
bottom of the column up through the soil. The pump-
ing maintained sulfate-reducing conditions in the
column, because ground water at the site contains
naturally high levels of sulfate (approximately 80
mg/L). In the second column, nitrate-amended
ground water was pumped up from the bottom of
the column. The third column was used as a static
control. Ground-water samples were collected peri-
odically from six sideports evenly spaced up the side
of each column to measure hydrocarbon concentra-
tions in the water as they moved up toward the soil
surface.
Anaerobic degradation of toluene, m-xylene, and p-
xylene was observed in the unamended and static
control columns, which were presumed to be under
sulfate-reducing conditions. In these columns, con-
taminant levels measured at the sideports closest to the
bottom were very low, suggesting that complete.
biodegradation of contaminants occurred in the first
few inches of soil. Degradation of toluene, ethylben-
zene, m-xylene, and p-xylene was observed in the col-
umn amended with nitrate. In general, contaminant
removal was greater in the nitrate-amended column
than in the nonamended columns.
The results of the laboratory- and pilot-scale studies
conducted on soil and ground water from Naval
Weapons Station Seal Beach indicate that a combina-
tion of electron acceptors is involved in the anaerobic
degradation of BTEX compounds. Bioremediation
with multiple electron acceptors could be a means of
accelerating anaerobic degradation of some BTEX
compounds and a way of initiating bioremediation of
others. By determining the most effective combination
of electron acceptors, researchers might be able to
identify a way to practicably remediate aromatic hy-
drocarbons in anaerobic settings.
For more information, contact Carmen Lebron of
NFESC at 805-982-1616.
-------
Bioremediation in the Field
Update on the Bioremediation Field initiative
' -AX , "s™ %!'" '<- , J * '>" ' Js/' °v ** " ^ s< "•> (v "" * 1 ^ ".•, ' s^\ ., ;i''' s •* 3~ " , '', ' ''
AtthfeLib>yOroundvWaterSupje^ " „
-completed, ^parate,ffpprts are being prepared oh-feach of the three-tteatment, -
>„ processes^tm^er ev4ttatipncFof Details,, see'ihe artidle'-oti p; Lof, this Bulletin" :\; T-
, „ ^eretrdspettiyefey^uationQl^ior^ %Ptiblic Service Company site °
:,has been completed, The.-Bioreiriiediation Field Iratiatiye (mreritiy Is preparing a :
report,that sum^iarizes-the resultsof a^fe'cpresam^iHgatrxd^omd-Water^w^,"
WXMessewarfnnnrinlMTIKrliwiftM^ ,-, v ; . --
ie Mil appear in a futee issue vr rt '* "
M, sM samplini plarm^ Jor :July>9^>%
apventing of p^ta>leum, hydrocarbons;^ jet-fuel) in cold climates,ki,conjun,cti6h; with, various .
Pt«*> fno.'T»a4'£i/>f'V*-*<4ly-*rt^^^1 ««Ju3v^i-»"T>-.v i\ '_ v_^/v * ^J ' ',_-"'
•« «^A --L 11 i- * Ji°^^rr-«?*r^*vV'**T-f1:^vvc«^ cita^vw^ctt^iiiiu svujHcewarmine' cneatinput
'fcS5^*^^
,^°^^ftie-contaminat^ soiTz^ ^
'-wruch was heated by solar warrnJng in,,the s^ummerenhanced with clear plastic on the surface did'
n°ii? -oim ^f^ncfrtdy differeritly thai\^erunpe^ted control. Results fibrri the final soil sampling -
:,wijl,be used to;calculate t>e arfiount^pet^ole^ removed p^r «hif cost, of heating./,;';'' */- , -v;, '-,
'^H*h^ ^^^ °^ ^ $$& year study begii^)n Efecember 199fl, the;olt)jfective of fce tioventirtg prdiect
at Hill^AEBis to documerltbioyentihg df petfoleum,hydrocarJ3ons 0P-$jet fuel) in a very large vadose
,zxma Cpritammation,e)dslte,,frbm^W gas and in situ
respiration tests, have rfeyealed that the air irijectipri-systemjs ,oper^tirig~(l) by^prdviding dxygen to-'
itaminated soil, he^^e aJbrAjeetigri^well; thereby inducing biocte^gradation 'of the fuel-™
importing vapor phase petroleumaWaly j6r<»ri ftiecpntaminated areaintbthe surroundlin^ -
, Whe|e ,flj|se clean sofecf m a^uge1>ipfil^r4^|r6;TO;%organic,vaporsas;:
e surroundine-.deart krtil **.** m:sihvK,-A'«i^.^cteasiesthe^ effective size of the
•< '; ' - ^ \* \-. , —"' /., •• ^^-^ •~**'^-^^*^ ***-i-?-'*Jt*bv*,,,itvv-1-t.ttijtvp i^LC? CiiC\-LA.Vtr,i>iity (Ji txlG
ZCP§ y^- ^^°^i^W^toal|bil''sainpling: ^^surhmer;,'1994 wifftodicate total1'-;
vis,cp'littouing at the* Eeilijr Tar, antf Chemical Gtfrpbrktiori; sit£ an afeandonei '
iWy eontarrjjnate^
^nbW^^lwfJt'Y^ ^^ t^%g^&Sto?|S|3L^SS $^^S>S^^\'
no teatirient control area'.^,I|iese twb"area> amSQ ft by 5^ft. Afte,r 18'months of bioveritihgfas of-
June 1994),respiraitionratesafS-rangMgfrpm-detedabletomorbt^E9,percentO2^perhbur oiretif >-
SeSl7E^?on/atf^:co^te*^^^^
or twice the target rate of 10 percent'peryear. -,- • -,:--•-."-/ -," -> " : , "-' '- ,. r -y :! *
;' - ' " - " > *- , -' ^ '"* *- •* •• ' " s ••••- ^v ,, -., ,' ^-.,s '"*" ' ?\' " "--^^ , - •- v""v
A demonstration pf in ^i%biQrm?diaid^at;tti| Park7- City-Pipeline; Mt J&ty, Kansas, site using' !
nitrate as an electron Acceptor,showed^t bibdegradation accounted for.reinoyal of more than 95
of toluene and ef^ylbenz,m^Apm,ground water,at the siteVand-frbm 68 to 76 percent of
ulhfcl^ ? ' per« ofbe^nzene-^^emo^^ the rer46yaJL%as accounted for;/'/
WorJc is cdntir^mg at^the Be
,of flie pl
. i& Devaluate e impact
ej ;Lai?e WcMg^-Irteed of fit? lake will be-
cg-rtee o t ae wi be-sampl
^
-------
In the Plaid
EPA Publishes Educational Booklet on Bioremediation
EPA recently published Bioremediation; Innovative
Pollution Treatment Technology, a 20-page booklet de-"
scribing bioremediation in easy-to-understand
terms. The publication also highlights the research ,
and engineering activities of EPA's Office of Re-
search and Development (ORD) aimed at advancing
the understanding, development, and field evalu- ,
ation of bioremediation. The booklet is intended to
provide the non-technical reader with a general un-
derstanding of bioremediation and its application to
both hazardous waste sites and oil spills.
' EPA anticipates that the booklet will be useful as an •
:- educational resource io,-a wide range of audiences,
including federal/ state/ and local environmental
decision-makers; environmental organizations; col-
- leges arid universities;'international environmental
ministries;-and "interested citizens,,To order the
" "booklet, mail or fax a request to ORD Publications,
13,$, -Environmental Protection Agency, 26 West
: Martin Luther King Drive,, Cincinnati, OET45268
.-(fax: 513-569-7566); or caE'513-569-7562. When or-
dering, reference the EPA publication number;:
• EPA/64G/K-93/002,;' ,
Update on the RTDF Bioremediation Work Group
The Remediation Technologies Development Forum's
(RTDF) Bioremediation Work Group is in the process
of gathering and analyzing site characterization data
for cometabolic hioventing, natural attenuation, and
accelerated anaerobic degradation. Atreatability study
at the Dover Air Force Base (AFB), Delaware, indicated
that accelerated anaerobic degradation is appropriate
for treating ground water contaminated with trichlo-
roethene at the site. Cometabolic bioventing and natu-
ral attenuation might be appropriate for other
contamination at the site. At Wurtsmith AFB, Michi-
gan, two potential test sites for natural attenuation
and cometabolic bioventing have been identified.
The Work Group plans to initiate four bioremediation
projects in fiscal year 1994: one accelerated anaerobic
degradation project at Dover AFB, one cometabolic
bioventing project at Wurtsmith AFB, and two natural
attenuationstudies at different sites at Wurtsmith AFB.
The Work Group plans to phase in additional pro-
jects over the next several years, increasing the num-
ber of projects to seven: two accelerated anaerobic
degradation, two cometabolic bioventing, and three
natural attenuation studies.
The industrial members of the Work Group are final-
izing an agreement that will form the Bioremediation
Research Consortium. This agreement describes the
planned research projects along with their schedules
and milestones, and the responsibilities of each partici-
pant. EPA is developing a Cooperative Research and
Development Agreement (CRADA), which will allow
the Agency to work with the Consortium on planned
collaborative efforts. The Department of Energy (DOE)
plans to sign a Memorandum of Understanding with
the Consortium; and the Air Force is proposing to sign
a CRADA with the Consortium. EPA, the Department
of Defense (DOD), DOE, and the Consortium mem-
bers will perform the necessary laboratory research,
field studies, and modeling to better understand, de-
velop, and scientifically validate the three biological
processes for degrading chlorinated solvents. The fed-
eral and industrial participants will provide the neces-
sary resources to accomplish the planned research
efforts. Both the Air Force and DOE are working with
the Bioremediation Work Group to prepare a proposal
to be submitted under the Strategic Environmental
Research and Development Program to fund the field
and analytical work at the test sites.
Back issues of Bioremediation in the Field can be ordered frorrt EPA by calling 513-669-7662
and from NTIS by calling 800-553-6847. When ordering, please specify the issue and
publication number. . ,-;. . -: »_
Issue # Publication #
1 NTISPB91-228023
2 EPA/540/2-91/007
(out of stock)
3 NTISPB92-224807
4 NTISPB92-224708
Issue # *'Publication #, " '/- '^ Issue #
5 NTISPB93426175 . '"-''V*
6 " EPA/S4d/N-92/GQ2 :" 10°
(out of stock) - ~ 11
7 -EPA/540/N-92/OQ4
8 EPA/54Q/N-93/001 . .'.
10
Publication-^
BPA/540/N-93/QQ2
EPA/54Q/H-94/SOO
EPA/54ti/N-94/50'l
-------
Bioremediation in the Field
EPA Bioremediation Publications
To order EPA documents, call 513-569-7562 or write to
ORD Publications, U.S. Environmental Protection
Agency, 26 West Martin Luther King Drive, Cincinnati,
OH 45268. To order NUS documents, call 800-553-6847 or
write to National Technical Information Service, 5285
Port Royal Road, Springfield, VA22161.
Emerging Technology Summary: Pilot-Scale Demonstration of a
Two-Stage Methanotrophic Bioreactor for Biodegradation of
Trichloroethene in Ground Water EPA/540/S-93/505
Summary Paper: In Situ Bioremediation of Contaminated Vadose
ZoneSoil EPA/540/S-93/502
Engineering Issue: In Situ Bioremediation of Contaminated
Unsaturated Subsurface Soils EPA/540/S-93/501
Handbook for Constructed Wetlands Receiving Acid Mine
Drainage NITS PB93-233914AS
SITE Emerging Technologies: Bioscrubber for Removing
Hazardous Organic Emissions from Soil, Water, and Air
Decontamination Processes NTIS PB93-227205
Guide for Conducting Treatabiliry Studies under CERCLA:
Biodegradation Remedy Selection—
Interim Guidance EPA/540/R-93/519a
Guide for Conducting Treatability Studies under CERCLA:
Biodegradation Remedy Selection—
Quick Reference Fact Sheet EPA/540/R-93/519b
Symposium on Bioremediation of Hazardous Wastes: Research,
Development, and Field Applications EPA/600/R-93/054
Bioremediation Case Study Collection: 1991 Augmentation of the
Alternative Treatment Technology Information
Center (ATTIC) EPA/600/R-92/043
Characterizing Heterogeneous Wastes NTIS PB92-216894
Fundamentals of Ground-Water Modeling NTIS PB92-232354
A Study to Determine the Feasibility of Using a Ground
Penetrating Radar NTIS PB92-169382
Bioremediation of Hazardous Waste EPA/600/R-92/126
Methodologies for Evaluating In Situ Bioremediation of
Chlorinated Solvents NTIS PB92-146943
TCE Removal from Contaminated Soil and
Ground Water NTIS PB92-224104
In Situ Bioremediation of Contaminated
Ground Water NTIS PB92-224336
Technology Evaluation Report: Biological Treatmentof Wood
Preserving Site Ground Water by Biotrol, Ihc NTIS PB92-110048
Applications Analysis Report Biological Treatment of Wood
Preserving Site Ground Water by Biotrol, Inc. NTIS PB91-227983
Microbial Removal of Halogenated Methanes, Ethanes, and
Ethylenes in an Aerobic Soil Exposed to Methane
Journal Version) NTIS PB89-103196
Sequential Reductive Dehalogenation of Chloranilines by
Microorganisms from a Methanogenic Aquifer ... NTIS PB90-117219
Creosote-Contaminated Sites NTIS PB90-129552
Action of a Fluoranthene-Utilizing Bacterial Community on
Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbon Components of
Creosote NTIS PB90-245721
Assessing Detoxification and Degradation of Wood Preserving and
Petroleum Wastes in Contaminated Soil NTIS PB90-245275
Alaskan Oil Spill Bioremediation Project NTIS PB90-216466
Laboratory Studies Evaluating the Enhanced Biodegradation of
Weathered Crude Oil Components through the
Application of Nutrients NTIS PB90-264011
Total Organic Carbon Determinations in Natural and Contaminated
Aquifer Materials NTIS PB91-129205
Anaerobic In Situ Treatment of Chlorinated
Ethenes NTIS PB91-137067
In Situ Bioremediation of Spills from Underground Storage Tanks:
New Approaches for Site Characterization, Project
Design, and Evaluation of Performance NTIS PB89-219976
Comparison of Methods to Determine Oxygen Demand
for Bioremediation of a Fuel-Contaminated
Aquifer NTIS PB89-207351
Available Models for Estimating Emissions Resulting from
Bioremediation Processes; A Review NTIS PB90-228610
Role of Microorganisms in the Bioremediation of the Oil Spill in
Prince William Sound, Alaska NTIS PB90-263070
Approach to Bioremediation of Contaminated
Soil NTIS PB91-116152
Protocol for Testing Bioremediation Products against Weathered
Alaskan Crude Oil NTIS PB91-137018
Reductive Dehalogenation: A Subsurface
Bioremediation Process NTIS PB91-144873
Field Evaluation of In Sirui Biodegradation for Aquifer
Restoration NTIS PB88-130257
Alternative Biological Treatment Processes for Remediation of
Creosote-Contaminated Materials:
Bench-Scale Treatability Studies NTIS PB91-179085
Nitrate for Biorestoration of an Aquifer Contaminated
with Jet Fuel NTIS PB91-164285
Movement of Bacteria through Soil and
Aquifer Sand NTIS PB91-164277
Selection of Nutrients to Enhance Biodegradation for the
Remediation of Oil Spilled on Beaches ,... NTIS PB91-233304
Effect of Sodium Chloride on Transport of Bacteria in a
Saturated Aquifer Material NTIS PB92-110428
Oil Spill Cleanup NTTS PB92-110469
Enhanced Bioremediation Utilizing Hydrogen Peroxide as a
Supplemental Source of Oxygen:
A Laboratory and Field Study NTIS PB90-183435
Bioremediation of Contaminated Surface Soil NTIS PB90-164047
Guide for Conducting Treatability Studies under CERCLA,
Aerobic Biodegradation Remedy Screenings NTIS PB92-109065
Interactive Simulation of £he Fate of Hazardous Chemicals
during Land Treatment of Oily Wastes:
Ritz User's Guide NTIS PB88-195540
Microbial Decomposition of Chlorinated
Aromatic Compounds EPA/600/2-86/090
Removal of Volatile Aliphatic Hydrocarbons
in a Soil Bioreactor NTIS PB88-180393
Transformation of Halogenated Aliphatic
Compounds NTIS PB88-170568
Understanding Bioremediution: A Guidebook
forCitizens EPA/540/2-91/002
Methods for Monitoring Pump-and-Treat
Performance EPA/600/R-94/123
11
-------
FIELD APPLICATIONS OF BIOREMEDIATION1
tn
r
i
REG
I
I
I
SITE/
LOCATION/
LEAD
BairdandMcGuire
HoIbrook,MA
CERCLA Fund Le»d
Charles George Landfill
Tyngsboro, MA
CERCLA Fund Lead
Charlestown Navy Yard
Boston, MA
CERCLA State Lead
CONTACT/
PHONE
NUMBER
David Ledercr
(617)573-5738
Federal (or national)
organization
Martin Home
(617)292-5716
State (or provincial)
organization
David Dickerson
(617)573-5735
Federal (or national)
organization
Dale Young
(617)292-5785
State (or provincial)
organization
Stephen Carlson
(617)242-5680
State (or provincial) •
organization
MEDIA/
CONTAMINANT/
VOLUME
Ground water (BTEX,
chlordane, creosote)
Volume: 300 gallons per minute
% of total voL at site: 100%
Ground water (arsenic, benzene)
Sediments (creosote, PAHs)
..
STATUS/
COSTS
Full-scale remediation has been
underway since 01/93.
Incurred cost: capital, $13M.
Cost per yean O&M, S2M.
Predesign.
Full-scale bioremediation is not
planned.
Laboratory-scale studies were
completed 09/93.
TARGET
CLEANUP
LEVELS
Ground water: MCLs.
Ground water: arsenic, 30 Hg/L; benzene,
5ug/L.
Not established.
TREATMENT
SUMMARY
Ex situ treatment, activated
sludge, completely mixed flow.
Aerobic conditions, exogenous
organisms. Nonbiological
technologies: chemical treatment
for ground water and incineration
for soil
Ex situ treatment, activated
sludge, completely mixed flow.
Aerobic conditions, exogenous
organisms. Nonbiological
technologies: activated sludge for
leachate, preaeration, carbon
filtering.
In situ treatment, in situ sediment
bioremediation. Oxygen source,
nutrient addition. Aerobic
conditions, indigenous
organisms.
COMMENTS
None.
None.
Both 30-day and 60-day
laboratory scale studies
were conducted. They were
able to reduce
concentrations which
varied fora 6,000-20,000
ppm according to location,
to between 100-300 ppm.
Most of the reduction
occurred in the first 30
days.
The State was looking for
target levels of 25 ppm,
which were below the
background levels of the
Boston Harbor, where the
site is located. It was not
felt that these could be
achieved through
bioremediation. There is a
slow natural process of
attenuation taking place,
and a minimal
environmental risk. The
options are now to let this
process continue, or to
dredge or cap the site.
1 CERCLA/RCRA/UST sites at which bioremediation activities are being considered, planned, or implemented, or have been completed. This site information has been summarized from the
Bioremediation in the Field Search System (BFSS) database (see article on p. 2).
"Indicates a new site.
"Indicates that contacts have provided updated information for this bulletin. Shading indicates a non-CERCLA site.
-------
FIELD APPLICATIONS OF BIOREMEDIATION (cont.)
REG
1
I
-
, I
V ,
^
I
I
SITE/
LOCATION/
LEAD
Coakley Landfill*
North Hampton, NH
CERCLA Enforcement Lead
General Electric
PjttsfieM,MA
RCRA Lead (Federal)
t -* *.
General Electric — Woods <
Pond" ' *
Pittsfield,MA ; - -
RCRA Lead federal)
t t
;
< ( \
Iron Horse Park, Operable
Unit 1(B&M Lagoon)**
Billerica, MA
CERCLA Enforcement Lead
Sylvester
Nashua, NH
CERCLA State Lead
Process 1
CONTACT/
PHONE
NUMBER
Steve Calder
(617)573-9626
Federal (or national)
organization
Dan Coughfin
(617)573-9620
Federal (or national)
organization
JoanBlake
(202)260-6236 -
Federal (or national)
, '
'organization
»• !
Joan Blake
(202)260-6236^
Federal (or national)
organization l «
1 < '
<>
Don McElroy
(617)223-5571
Federal (or national)
organization
ChetJanowski
(617)573-9623
Federal (or nations!^
organization
Paul Hiertzler
(603)882-3631
State (or provincial)
organization
MEDIA/
CONTAMINANT/
VOLUME
Ground water (ammonia)
Sediments (PCBs)
Volume; 12cubfc meters
v
•
> V -,
Sediments (PCBs) - •>
Volume: 250 gallons- , -
' *,
y * \
'' ' >SJ ->
Si . •
~ *j >
Sludge / vadose soil (PAHs,
TPHs)
Volume: 20,000 cubic yards
% of total voL at site: 100%
Ground water (benzene,
chloroform, MEK, 1,1,2-TCA,
chlorobeszese 1 1-DCA
1,1,1-TCA, methylene chloride,
methylmethacrylats, PCE,
phenols, TCE, toluene,
trans-l,2-DCA, vinyl chloride)
STATUS/
COSTS
Full-scale remediation is planned.
Currently in predesign. Expected
start 01/96.
Full-scale bioremediation is not
planned^ ' /'' _ s
Laboratory-scale andpilot-scale
studies are being conducted.
* ,
Full-scale bioremediation is not > x
planned. - <
Laboratory-scale and pilot-scale, >
sradiesarebeingcondncted. " -
< y/\ ( ><'
A-
Full-scale remediation has been
underway since 05/92.
Laboratory-scale studies were
completed 01/88.
Pilot-scale studies were completed
09/93.
Total expected cost $2M.
Predesign.
TARGET
CLEANUP
LEVELS
Ground water: NPDES requirements.
Sediments: PCBs, 2 ppm ,
(performance-based).
^
' < t! ' >
s
! " , i
Sediments: PCBs, 2 ppm * >
(performance-based), ( >,
1 < ^ ^ )f
. • >
> -
y if<
Sludge: PAHs, 1 ppm; TPHs, 5,000 ppm
(risk-based).
Vadose soil: PAHs, 1 mg/kg; TPHs,
5,000 mg/kg (risk-based).
Ground water: vinyl chloride, 95 ppb;
benzene, 340 ppb; chloroform, 1,505 ppb;
?YS3j£, 8,000 ppb; FCE, 57 ppb; phenols, '
400 ppb; TCE, 1,500 ppb; 1,1,2-TCA,
1.7 ppb; chlorobenzene, 110 ppfa; meihyiene
chloride, 12.3Kppb; toluene, 2,900 ppb;
1,1-DCA, 1.5 ppb; trans-l,2-DCA,
1,800 ppb; 1,1,1-TCA, 200 ppb;
methylmethacrylate, 350 ppb (New
Hampshire Drinking Water Standards).
TREATMENT
SUMMARY
In situ treatment, in situ ground
water bioremediation.
Nonbiological technologies:
metal precipitation and air
stripping.
Ex situ treatment, sequencing >
batchreactor, batchJBoW,
Anaerobic conditions, indigenous
organisms, Nonbiological
technologies; incineration,
flotation separation.
In site treatment, confined <
treatment facility for seatiments.
Nutrient addition. Anaerobic
conditions*, indigenous''
^organisms. Nonbiological . "
technologies', incineration,
flotation separation.
Ex situ land treatment Aerobic
conditions, indigenous
organisms.
Ex situ treatment, extended
aeration.
COMMENTS
None.
Bioremediation of PCBs is
too slow or nonexistent
"
At present there is no' '
known way to speed up
bioremediation of PCBs to
a' rate that would make
technology commercially -
Viable as an. option for site
cleanup.
Cold weather creates a
short season. There is a fair
amount of "weathered"
hydrocarbons which
reduces the percentage of
total hydrocarbons which
can be remediated quickly.
There have been problems
providing enough nutrients
to maintain an active
biomass.
"Indicates a new site.
**Indicates that contacts have provided updated information for this bulletin.
Shading indicates a non-CERCLA site.
-------
FIELD APPLICATIONS OF BIOREMEDIATION (cont.)
5
5"
REG
n
n
n
SITE/
LOCATION/
LEAD)
Proccss2
American Linen
Sffllwater, NY
CERCLA State Lead
FAA Technical Center— Area
D"
Atlantic County, NJ
CERCLA Enforcement Lead
General Electric — Hudson
River
NY
CERCLA Enforcement Lead
CONTACT/
PHONE
NUMBER
Frank Peduto
(518)457-9412
State (or provincial)
organization
Liz Rovers
(518)786-7400
Contractor/.
engineering firm
CarlaStruble
(212)264-4595
Federal (or national)
organization
Ian Curtis
(609)633-1455
State (or provincial)
organization
Keith Buch
(609)484-6644
Federal (or national)
organization
Jim Harrington
(518)485-8792
State (or provincial)
organization
Ajay Schroff
(518)457-3957
State (or provincial)
organization
MEDIA/
CONTAMINANT/
VOLUME
Ground water (benzene,
chloroform, MEK, 1,1,2-TCA,
chlorobcnzene, 1,1-DCA,
1,1,1-TCA, methylene chloride,
methylmethacrylate, PCE,
phenols, TCE, toluene,
trans-l,2-DCA, vinyl chloride)
Volume: 75 gallons per minute
Sou (BTEX lube oil, PAHs,
VOCs)
Volume: 4,375 cubic yards
% of total vol. at site: 100%
Saturated soil (BTEX jet fuel) /
ground water (NAPLs)
Sediments (PCBs)
Volume: 150 cubic feet
STATUS/
COSTS
Full-scale remediation hits been
underway since 01/86. Pilot-scale
studies were completed 01/83.
Full-scale remediation was
completed 08/92. Started 07/91.
Full-scale remediation is planned.
Currently being installed.
Pilot-scale studies have been
completed.
Full-scale remediation is planned.
Laboratory-scale studies have been
completed.
Pilot-scale studies were completed
01/92.
Incurred cost S2.6M.
TARGET
CLEANUP
LEVELS
Ground water, vinyl chloride, 95 ppb;
benzene, 340 ppb; chloroform, 1,505 ppb;
MEK, 8,000 ppb; PCE, 57 ppb; phenols,
400 ppb; TCE, 1,500 ppb; 1,1,2-TCA,
1.7 ppb; chlorobcnzene, 110 ppb; methylene
chloride, 12.3K ppb; toluene, 2,900 ppb;
1,1-DCA, 1.5 ppb; trans-l,2-DCA,
1,800 ppb; 1,1,1-TCA, 200 ppb;
methylmethacrylate, 350 ppb (New
Hampshire Drinking Water Standards).
Soil: TCLP to meet soil guidance levels.
Saturated soil: New Jersey Soil Action
Levels.
Ground waten New Jersey MCLs.
Not yet established.
TREATMENT
SUMMARY
Ex situ treatment, activated
sludge.
Ex situ land treatment. Aerobic
conditions, indigenous
organisms.
In situ treatment, in situ ground
water bioremediation, in situ soil
bioremediation (in situ laud
treatment). Nutrient addition.
In situ treatment, confined
treatment facility for sediments.
Aerobic conditions, indigenous
organisms.
COMMENTS
There have been problems
providing enough nutrients
to maintain an active
biomass. An evaluation
process is underway, which
will conclude at the end of
1994. After this evaluation
a decision will be made
concerning the next step.
None.
The ROD was signed in
1989, and the design has
been approved since 1992.
However, there have been
delays in the
implementation of
full-scale bioremediation.
This process is at the RHFS
stage. The above
experiment was completed,
and bioremediation is still
being considered. Onsite
experiments in
bioremediation of PCBs are
continuing to occur. There
are questions surrounding
the viability of PCB
bioremediation, and
nobody has shown yet that
it is viable.
"Indicates a new site.
"'Indicates that contacts have provided updated information for this bulletin.
Shading indicates a non-CERCLA site.
-------
FIELD APPLICATIONS OF BIOREMEDIATION (cont.)
REG
n
n
n
n
—
SITE/
LOCATION/
LEAD
General Motors — Central
Foundry Division**
Massena, NY
CERCLA Enforcement Lead
Knispel Construction Site**
Horseheads.NJ
UST Lead (State)
,
Mobil Terminal
Buffalo, NY
CERCLA Enforcement Lead
Nascolite"
Mfflville,NJ
CERCLA Enforcement Lead
CONTACT/
PHONE
NUMBER
Lisa Carson
(212)264-6857
Federal (or national)
organization
Frank Peduto
(518X57-9412
State (or provincial)
organization
_
x
i«
Robert Leary
(716)851-7220
Federal (or national)
organization
Sal Calandra
(716)851-7220
State (or provincial)
organization
Farnaz Saghafi
(212)264-4665
Federal (or national)
organization
Anton Navarajah
(609)633-6798
State (or provincial)
organization
Kim O'Connell
(212)264-8127
?ederal (or national)
organization
MEDIA/
CONTAMINANT/
VOLUME
Sediments / sludge / soil (PCBs)
Volume: 350,000 cubic yards
Soil /ground water (petroleum)
Soil (diesel, gasoline)
Volume: 15,000 cubic yards
% of total vol. at site: 100%
Ground water
[methylmethacrylate orgaaics)
STATUS/
COSTS
Full-scale bioremediation is not
planned.
Laboratory-scale studies were
completed 12/93. Started 04/93.
Full-scale remediation was
completed 10/89. Started 01/89.
Laboratory-scale studies have been
completed.
Incurred cost $250K.
Full-scale remediation has been
underway since 07/91 .
Laboratory-scale and pilot-scale
studies have been completed.
Full-scale remediation is planned.
Currently is design.
Laboratory-scale studies were
completed 06/92. Started 04/92.
•"Hot-scale studies were completed
06/94. Started 02/93.
TARGET
CLEANUP
LEVELS
Sediments: PCBs, 1 ppm (risk-based).
Sludge: PCBs, 10 ppm (risk-based).
Soil: PCBs, 10 mg/kg (risk-based).
SoH: petroleum, 5 Hg/kg (drinking water
standards).
Ground water: petroleum, 5 ppb (drinking
water standards).
1
-
Soil: NYDEC guidance values based on
TCLP.
Ground water: methylmethacrylate organics,
560 ppb (risk-based).
TREATMENT
SUMMARY
Ex situ treatment, slurry reactor,
batch flow. Aerobic conditions,
indigenous organisms.
Nonbiological technologies:
chemical extraction, chemical
treatment, thermal desorption.
In situ treatment, in situ ground
water bioremediation, in situ soil
bioremediation (in situ land
treatment). Hydrogen peroxide,
nutrient addition (RESTORE
375). Aerobic conditions,
indigenous organisms.
Ex situ land treatment Aerobic
conditions, exogenous and
indigenous organisms.
Nonbiological technologies:
vacuum extraction.
Ex situ treatment, fluidized bed,
plug flow. Aerobic conditions,
indigenous organisms.
Nonbiological technologies:
filtration.
COMMENTS
Oil and grease in samples
hindered efficiency of
bioremediation.
Three techniques were
tested; bioremediation,
solvent extraction, and
thermal desorption. Final
results are not yet
complete, but it appears
that the recommendation
will be that thermal
desorption be employed.
Bioremediation was not
able to get the contaminant
concentrations down to
acceptable levels, no
further than around 100
ppm.
None.
In this ongoing process,
treated soil remains on site
at Mobil Terminal. An air
extraction system was
installed in summer 1991 to
enhance bioremediation in
partofthebiocell.
Design stage will be
finished in April 1995.
After this, a contractor will
be hired for the
construction stage.
"Indicates a new site.
**Ihdicates that contacts have provided updated infonnation for this bulletin.
Shading indicates a non-CERCLA site.
-------
FIELD APPLICATIONS OF BIOREMEDIATION (cont.)
I
REG
K
n
H
SITE/
LOCATION/
LEAD
Niagara Mohawk Power
Corporation
Saratoga Springs, NY
CERCLA Enforcement Lead
Osmose
Buffalo, NY
CERCLA State Lead
Pittsburgh Air Force Base**
Pittsburgh, NY
Federal Facility
CONTACT/
PHONE
NUMBER
Edward Newhauser
(315)428-3355
Federal (or rational)
organization
Michael Sherman
(315)428-6624
Industry
Jim Harrington
(518)485-8792
State (or provincial)
organization
JaspalWalia
(716)851-7220
State (or provincial)
organization
BradyBaker
(518)565.5301
Federal (or national)
organization
Jim Lister
(518)457-3976 ' ,
Stat? (or jrovincM)
organization
MEDIA/
CONTAMINANT/
VOLUME
Son (PAHs)
Vadose and saturated soil (BAP,
PAHs) / soil (BTEX fuel oil,
creosote)
Volume: 670 cubic yards
% of total vol. at site: 30%
Ground water (BTEX free
product) -
.' ' *
STATUS/
COSTS
Laboratory-scale studies were
completed 05/92. Started 02/92.
Full-scale remediation has been
underway since 09/90.
Total expected cost: $125K.
Full-scale remediation is planned.
Currently in predesign. Pilot-scale
studies were completed 02/94.
Started 01/93.
_
\ ""< (i>
'
TARGET
CLEANUP
LEVELS
Soil: potential for leaching to ground water.
Vadose/saturated soil: BAP, 10 mg/kg;
carcinogenic PAHs, 50 mg/kg (risk-based).
Soil: creosote, 473 mg/kg (risk-based).
Notyet established. ( ,
TREATMENT
SUMMARY
Ex situ treatment, slurry reactor.
Aerobic conditions, indigenous
organisms.
Ex situ land treatment Aerobic
conditions, indigenous
organisms.
Th situ treatment, bioventing.
Aerobic conditions, indigenous
organisms;
<
COMMENTS
Laboratory-scale feasibility
study report currently Is
being prepared. Depending
on results, pilot- and
full-scale activity may be
undertaken. In situ
treatment with nutrient
addition would be used for
soils, and a fluidized bed
bioreactor would be used
for ground water.
LNAPLs were found in
some areas of the biocell,
and PAHs in these areas
have not been affected by
the bioremediation.
LNAPLs recovery and
bioremediation are still
being performed.
Bioremediation is not
going in preferred
direction. Nonbiological
treatment technologies,
such as ozone injections,
are also being considered
as an alternative.
Air permits are being
considered by New York
State.
o\
"Indicates a new site.
**Indicates that contacts have provided updated information for this bulletin.
Shading indicates a non-CERCLA site.
-------
FIELD APPLICATIONS OF BIOREMEDIATION (cont.)
REG
n
<
t
in
.
.
m
STYE/
LOCATION/
LEAD
Syracuse
Syracuse, NY
UST Lead (State)' ,
'
<
' -,
-
i> , i
f
Allied Chrome Works"
Baltimore, MD
State of Mary land
Process 1
Process 2
-
ARC
Gainesville, VA'
RCRA Lead (Federal)
' * <. j
' , <
S ? A< •*
CONTACT/
PHONE
NUMBER
Harry Warner f
(315)426-7519
State (or provincial)
organization ^
Arnold Earnhardt^ < '
(716)876-5290"'* t
Contractor/
engineering firm
, <
" o> < ~ <
"„
I " 2'<
Louis DeFiIippi
(708)391-3251 - '
Industry
f
F. Stephen Lupton
(708)391-3224 ,"'
Industry
>
* '
J '
: , '""^
'- \'V.
Robert Stroud
(215)597-6688 - ,
Federal (ornatipnal)
organization '"
yatrickGrover
(804)225-2863
State (or provincial)
organization' '
MEDIA/
CONTAMINANT/
VOLUME
Soil (petroleum) ,
yblume: 5,000 cubic yards
' " " '• ,
' - " '»
^
/'"
' * " ' " ,<
,5 ,'*•« > ,
',' '''H *• <^ „ <
*" " ^
' < V
Sedunentsy soil / ground water
(hexavalent chromium)
,
>
"
Sediments / soil / ground water
(hexavalentchromium)
r- < •*
<
^ ,
! .
s
jSoil (chlorobenzene)
'Volume: 2,000 cubic yards
% of total vol. at site; 5%
;
>!<
-
STATUS/
COSTS
Full-scale remediation was
completed 10/91. Started 07/90," ,
V 'f "*
„
^"J '' >
i ' \ , *~~ •>
' '*• ' ,1 <
^ / '. ^ \ '-.^
*' " t i.
" '*'•"
C ii -_
" * ' '
Full-scale bioremediation is not
planned. >
Pilot-scale studies were completed
01/92. ' -~
Incurred cost: $200K. '
-
^
Full-scale bioremediation is not
planned. • ^* -
Laboratory-scale studies we're , t
completed 01/91. Started 01/90.
lhcurredcost:$200IC. , <> *> t
'. "
< ^{ << >-, >
. ' ^ 1 '" 't
completed 06/91. Started 10/89. ' " '
' "*> -
1
, ; -
-l !° '°
«•„ ^ , j'
' ' ' <
TARGET
CLEANUP
LEVELS
Soil; NY Soil Cleanup Levels. ,~ <
.s"1 " 'f -^ ' *
"~J ', """*-, i*
" \ * . ) ' ' '" ~f
< ! /^t-
" „ \ ' * \ ,. \ S f! ', t >
•;v»-\ ; t ' _
, >i , t "- 1
°!- '•„;.,, * '^
''"«>, !" "
< ^ "• i>v \< ^ •>....
1 "j >> '"• ' >
Sediments: hexavalent chromium, 0.05 ppm
(drinking water,siandards).
Soil: hexavalent chromium, 0.05 mg/kg
(drinking water standards).
Ground water, hexa^alent 'chromium,
O.OSppm. '' ' <
.» " , ' -
r '" * * \
Sediments! hexavalentchromium, 0.05 ppm
(drinking water standards).
Soil: hexavalentchromium, 0.05 mg/kg
(dririkingwatet' standards).
Ground wateS hexavalenrchmmium,
0.05 ppm (drinking water standards).
".r '
Soil; chlorobenzene, ,0.014 wg/kg
(technology effectiveness), '
^ " V f^ '»
-v s ' ,
•ff'n^^, , ^ ^ ^j1 "-
J - ' /" :
cx\
TREATMENT
SUMMARY
Ex situ land treatment Aerobic
conditions, indigenous
organisms* '
; < t, "
-1 f <
r , ' "> ^. ""
J ^ v
, r " '
^ * ^ \ ^ * V
^^
^.J11" ? y "-
k ,
In situ treatment in situ ground
water biowmediation. Nutrient
addition (mineral salts and
molasses). <
-* i
^
-,
v
Ex situ treatment, septic, tank
reactor, completely mixed flow.
Anaerobic conditions, indigenous
^organisms. <'
!
, ,
" ' ,
*Jn situ treatment bioventing.
Aerobic conditions, exogenous
organisms. t
> '
^ •*
, l '
,"','- • .' '
COMMENTS
The first phase had a late
start; cold weather slowed
the use of bioremediation.
The site was prepared fdr
closure to fall of 1991, but
small untreated areas were
discovered. This material
was separated and moved > ^
to an adjacent area for
treatment mspringof 19^2.
The remedial activities at
this tiih»f»ftVrtTwrt c
'completed and all soil \
cleanup levels met >
Pilot-scale studies in the
field indicated that the site
geology was too '
problematic for lull-scale
investigation and treatment
There were problems •with
preferential flows. A cap
treatment was chosen for
full-scale remediation.
Personnel, cost and time
factored into1 the decision
not to continue ex situ.
treatment in pilot-scale <
study, even though the
lab-scale treatment had
given good results.
Facility was required to ,
submit a closure plan to the
state of VA; however, this '
requirement no longer
exists. ' ,
*
" i . ^ '
•
!
51-
*lhdicates a new site.
"Indicates that contacts have provided updated information for this bulletin.
Shading indicates a non-CERCLA site.
-------
FIELD APPLICATIONS OF BIOREMEDIATION (cont)
s»
REG
m
m
m
m
SUE/
LOCATION/
LEAD
Atlantic Wood
Portsmouth, VA
CERCLA Enforcement Lead
Avtex Fibers *
Front Royal, VA
CERCLA Enforcement Lead
Dover Air Force Base
Dover, DE
Federal Facility
Process!
Process2
Process 3
Process 4
Drake Chemical
Lode Haven, PA
CERCLA Fund Lead
CONTACT/
PHONE
NUMBER
Davelacono
(215)597-8485
Federal (or national)
organization
Khoa Nguyen
State (or provincial)
organization
Bonnie Gross
(215)597-0491
Federal (or national)
organization
Milton Beck
(302)677-6820
Federal (or national)
organization
Rob Allen
(302)323-4540
State (or provincial)
:organizatibn
RoySchrock
(215)597-0913
Federal (or national)
organization
MEDIA/
CONTAMINANT/
VOLUME
Sediments / soil (PAHs, PCP)
Ground water (carbon disulfide)
Volume: 1,000,000 gallons per
day
Vadose soil (BTEX, TPHs) /
ground water (BTEX)
Volume: 15,000 cubic yards
Soil /ground water (solvents)
Volume of soil: 50,000 cubic
yards
Volume of ground water;
175,000 gallons
Vadose soil (BTEX, PAHs,
f CE, TPHs)
Vadose soil (BTEX, TPHs)
Volume: 300,000 cubic yards
Soil / ground water (DCE, fcnac,
pesticides)
STATUS/
COSTS
Full-scale remediation is planned.
Currently in predesign.
Laboratory-scale and pilot-scale
studies are planned.
Full-scale remediation is being
conducted.
Full-scale remediation is planned.
Pilot-scale studies havebeen
underway since 1 1/92.
Total expected cost $180K.
•
Full-scale remediationis planned.
Currently in predesign. Pilot-Scale
studies have teen underway since
01/93.
Pilot-scale studies areplanned.
Full-scale bioremediation is not
planned.
Pilot-scale studies are planned.
Incurred cost O&M, S100K.
Total expected cost capital, S1.2M.
Full-scale remediation is planned.
Currently in prcdcsign.
TARGET
CLEANUP
LEVELS
Sediments: PCP, 0.4 mgftg; PAHs,
25 mg/kg (ecological).
Not yet established.
Vadose soil: BTEX, 10 mg/kg; TPHs,
1,000 mg*g (risk-based).
Ground water; risk-based.
Notyet established..
Vadose soil: BTEX, 10 mg/kg; TPHs,
1,000 mg/kg (risk-based).
Vadose son: TPHs, 1,000 mg/kg; BTEX,
10 mg/kg (risk-based).
Not yet established.
TREATMENT
SUMMARY
Ex situ land treatment Aerobic
conditions. Nonbiological
technologies: in situ soil flushing,
soil washing, thermal desorption,
incineration.
Ex situ treatment, activated
sludge, completely mixed flow.
Aerobic conditions, indigenous
organisms.
In situ treatment, bioventtng.
Aerobic conditions, indigenous
organisms. Nonbiological
technologies: vacuum extraction,
air sparging. •
In situ treatment, air sparging.
Aerobic conditions, indigenous
organism! Nonbiological
technologies: vacuum extraction.
In situ treatment, bioventing.
Aerobic conditions, indigenous
organisms.
In situ treatment, bioventing. Ex
situ land treatment Aerobic
conditions, indigenous
organisms. Nonbiological
technologies: vacuum extraction,
asphalt binding (probably not
going to be used).
Attached growth. Aerobic
conditions.
COMMENTS
Feasibility study results
currently are being
reviewed. Type of
treatment will not be
determined until review is
completed. The presence of
dioxins and fnrans and
metals might be a problem.
Typical operational and
maintenance problems of a
wastewater treatment plant
Site lias experienced
problems with tree product
and ground water
contamination.;
-
Site has solvents in ground.
water, andrugh iron and
manganese.
None. . .. .
Site has free product soil
contamination under
aircraft parking apron.
Because of contracting
problems, this never got off
the ground. Further tests
may be conducted.
None.
3"
f
3!
00
•Indicates a new site.
"IncEcMcjfhaocxnacU have provided updated iarbmutioa for iMj bulletin.
Shading iadiicaCei a non-CERCLA ste.
-------
SITE/
LOCATION/
LEAD
^^•[^•^•^••^^^•••^•^^H
FIELD APPLICATIONS OF BIOREMEDIATION (cont.)
I l i .
•
L.A. Clarke & Son*'
Fredericksburg, VA
CERCLA Enforcement Lead
CONTACT/
PHONE
NUMBER
Andrew Palestini
(215)597-1286
Federal (or national)
organization
MEDIA/
CONTAMINANT/
VOLUME
Sediments / soil (creosote)
Volume: 119,000 cubic yards
Ordnance Works Disposal
Area
Morgantown, WV
CERCLA Enforcement Lead
Melissa Whittington
(215)597-1286
Federal (or national)
organization
Janet Wolfe
(304)558-2745
State (or provincial)
organization
STATUS/
COSTS
•-—— '
Full-scale remediation is planned.
Currentiy in design. Pilot-scale
studies have been underway since
07/92.
Total expected cost $23M.
TARGET
CLEANUP
LEVELS
Not yet established.
TREATMENT
SUMMARY
Soil(PAHs)
Volume: 1 cubic yard
In situ treatment, creosote
recovery, landfarming. Anaerobic
conditions. Nonbiological
technologies: in situ soil flushing.
Full-scale remediation is planned.
Laboratory-scale studies have been
underway since 02/93. Expected
completion 12/94.
Pilot-scale studies are planned.
Total expected cost: $8.3M.
Soil: carcinogenic PAHs, 44.7 tag/kg
(risk-based).
Ex situ land treatment Aerobic
conditions, indigenous
organisms. Nonbiological
technologies: solidification of
inorganics.
"Indicates anew site.
""Indicates that contacts have provided updated information for mis bulletin.
Consent decree includes a
provision allowing
responsible party to
petition EPA to revise
cleanup levels. The petition
is not yet completed.
Therefore, cleanup goals
are not yet defined, and it is
not known whether
bioremediation would be
capable of meeting those
goals. Although
landfarming is still an
option, other cleanup
technologies are being
considered.
A unilateral administrative
order was issued June
1990. There may be
problems at this site
associated with: (1)
achieving the cleanup
levels, (2) extrapolating
data from the treatability
studies, and (3)
determining usable
amendments for the
treatability studies, m
addition, we are having
difficulty with the
heterogeneity of the soil.
The process is still in the
laboratory-scale phase. The
pilot-scale phase has not
yet been started, and there
is no estimate when it will
start. There have been
many delays. There is no
immediate threat to the
study. As long as the study
is being funded and there
are no unsuccessful results,
it can be continued.
5-
f
Shading indicates a non-CERCLA site.
-------
FIELD APPLICATIONS OF BIOREMEDIATION (cont.)
- ' ' '-•—
REG
JOL
ffl
IV
SITE/
LOCATION/
LEAD
exas Eastern Gas Pipeline
Armaugh, PA
SCALead. (Federal)
<
WhitmoyerLabs
ilyerstown, PA
CERCLA Enforcement Lead
AlabamaState Docks"
Mobile, AL
RCRA-Federal for soil; ,
RCRA-Stateforground water
Process 2
CONTACT/
PHONE
NUMBER
oanBlake ;
202)260-6236 -
'ederal(or national)
rganization
;
Christopher Corbett
(215)597-8186
'ederal (or national)
organization
Moreen Chamberlain
(717)657-6319
State (or provincial)
organization
Jason Darby
(404)347-3433
Federal (omational)
organization
Jennifer Anderson
(205)270-5600
State (or provincial)
organization
MEDIA/
CONTAMINANT/
VOLUME
oil{PCBs)
Volume; 3 cubic yards
'
Vadose soil / saturated soil
(benzene, aniline, PCE, TCE)
Volume: 4,000 cubic yards
Ground water (PAHs; benzene, i
PCP)
Soil (PAHs, PCP)
STATUS/
COSTS
rull-scale remediation is planned.,
.aboratory-scale and pilot-scale
todies are being conducted. "
-
-
Full-scale remediation is planned.
Currently in predesign.
.aboratory-scale and pilot-scale
studies are planned.
Full-scale remediationisplanned.
Currently in predesign.
Laboratory-scale studies have been
Pilot-scale studies are being
conducted.
Full-scale remediation is planned.
Currently in predesign.
Laboratory-scale studies have been
completed.
Pilot-scale studies are planned.
TARGET
CLEANUP
LEVELS
oil; performance-based. •,
-
' > >, <
'
,
-' v =-
• t ^
Vadose soil: benzene, 0.009 mg/kg; TCE,
0.017 mg/kg; PCE, 0.051 mg/kg; aniline,
0.009 mg/kg.
Saturated soil: benzene, 0.002 mg/kg; TCE,
0.004 mg/kg; PCE, 0.012 mg/kg; aniline,
Ground water; benzenej 0.005,mg/L(MCL).
•' > t *
Soil: risk-based.
TREATMENT
SUMMARY
Irt,situ treatment, in situ soil
ioreraediation (in situ land
treatment). Ex situ treatment,
sequencingbatdi reactor.
Nutrient addition, batch flow.
Aerobic conditions, exogenous
organisms. Nonbiological
technologies: solid-phase
extraction, process (physical
separation). "
Ex situ treatment, biological
treatment Nonbiological
technologies: chemical treatment,
ixation, incineration,
containment, pump and treat
Be' situ treatment'fluidizedbed,
completely rmxedflow. Aerobic
condifionsj'exogenous organisms.
"Konbiologkal technologies:
granularactiyated carbon.
Ex situland treatment
COMMENTS
Pilot-scale studies are being
carried out by a contractor
hired by TexasEastem.
'
j
>e used on a very small
portion of the site, since the
main contaminant is
arsenic. There is one area
that is high in organics, but
jioremediation is still a
couple of years away.
Problems have arisen over
regulatory concerns when
managinglreated material.
RCRA land disposal
restrictions (LDRs) may
interfere with land
treatment of contaminated
soils. Promulgation of the
CAMU rule has provided
some relief from LDRs.
•Mow anew*:. .
•"Indicate! tte contacts haveprovided updated tofwraadon for this buBcun.
Shading indicates anoo-CERCLA site.
-------
FIELD APPLICATIONS OF BIOREMEDIATION (cont.)
REG
rv
IV
SITE/
LOCATION/
LEAD
American Creosote
Works — Jackson"
Jackson, TN
CERCLA Fund Lead
Process 1
__
Process 2
American Creosote
Works — Pensacola
Pensacola, FL
CFJtCLA Fund Lead
Process 1
CONTACT/
PHONE
NUMBER
Tony DeAngelo
(404)347-7791
Federal (or national)
organization
jKon Sells
(901)423-6600
State (or provincial)
organization
Mark File
(404)347-2643
Federal (or national)
organization
Doug Fitton
(904)488-0190
State (or provincial)
organization
MEDIA/
CONTAMINANT/
VOLUME
Ground water (creosote, PCP)
Sludge (creosote) / vadose and
saturated soil (creosote, PAHs,
phenols)
Soil (PAHs, PCP)
STATUS/
COSTS
Full-scale remediation is planned.
Laboratory-scale and pilot-scale
studies are planned.
.
Full-scale remediation is planned.
Laboratory-scale and pilot-scale
studies are planned.
Full-scale bioremediation is not
planned.
Laboratory-scale studies were
completed 11/91.
Total expected cost $5M.
TARGET
CLEANUP
LEVELS
Not yet established.
Not yet established.
Soil: risk-based.
TREATMENT
SUMMARY
FA situ land treatment, pile.
Aerobic conditions, indigenous
organisms.
FJC situ treatment, aerated lagoon.
Aerobic conditions, indigenous
organisms.
Ex situ treatment, sequencing
batch reactor, slurry reactor,
batch flow. Aerobic conditions,
indigenous organisms.
Nonbiological technologies: soil
washing.
COMMENTS
Hydro-geologic
investigation is completed.
Remedial action is
contingent upon receiving a
10% cost share from state.
Funds are available for
treatability studies only.
This unit, Operable Unit
#2.isinthepre-ROD
stage. Bioremediation has
not yet been selected as a .
remedy, only a potential
one.
State may not have 10%
cost share for any remedial
action to be undertaken. In
this Operable Unit #3,
bioremediation has not yet
been a selected remedy,
only a potential one.
Bioremediation was not
effective for remediation of
dioxins in soils, and it was
only effective in degrading
PCPs and carcinogenic
PAHs at a rate of 30%.
Laboratory tests indicated
inability to achieve cleanup
goals; biotreatment not
compatible with dioxin and
PCP and PAH
contamination discovered
at site. Since
bioremediation was not
successful in meeting the
cleanup goals for PCPs and
carcinogenic PAHs, the site
is no longer pursuing a
biotreatment plan. An
amended ROD has been
proposed and will most
likely incorporate a thermal
schnology.
"Indicates a new site.
**Ihdicates that contacts have provided updated information for this bulletin.
Shading indicates a non-CERCLA site.
-------
FIELD APPLICATIONS OF BIOREMEDIATION (cont.)
REG
IV
SITE/
LOCATION/
LEAD
Process 2
Process 3
Brown Wood Preserving
Live Oak, EL
CERCLA Enforcement Lead
CONTACT/
PHONE
NUMBER
Martha Berry
(404)347-2643
Federal (or national)
organization
DougFitton
(904)488-0190
State (or provincial)
organization
MEDIA/
CONTAMINANT/
VOLUME
Ground water (benzene,
acenaphthene, fluoranthene,
dibenzofuran, naphthalene,
PAHs,PCP)
Volume: 152,000,000 gallons
Soil(PAHs,PCP)
Soil(PAHs)
Volume: 9,000 cubic yards
STATUS/
COSTS
Full-scale remediation is j>lanned.
Currently in predesign.
Laboratory-scale studies are
planned. Expected start 01/95.
Pilot-scale studies are planned.
Expected start 01/96.
Total expected costs: capital,
$3.9M; total, $5.9M.
Costs per year: O&M, $492K.
Full-scale bioremcdialion is not
planned.
Laboratory-scale studies were
completed 11/91.
Total expected cost: $5M.
Full-scale remediation was
completed 12/91. Started 10/88.
TARGET
CLEANUP
LEVELS
Ground water: carcinogenic PAHs,
1,100 ppb; benzene, 91 ppb; PCP,
296Kppb; acenaphthene, 9,000 ppb;
fluoranthene, 1,500 ppb; naphthalene,
21 .9K ppb; dibenzofuran, 44 ppb (alternate
cone, limit (ACL)).
Soil: risk-based.
Soil: PAHs, 100 mg/kg.
TREATMENT
SUMMARY
In situ treatment, in situ ground
water bioremediation. Hydrogen
peroxide, nutrient addition
(nutrients not yet determined).
Aerobic conditions, indigenous
organisms. Nonbiological
technologies: soil washing,
enhanced DNAPL recovery and
separation prior to in situ
biotreatment of ground water.
Ex situ land treatment Aerobic
conditions, indigenous
organisms. Nonbiological
technologies: soil washing.
Ex situ land treatment Aerobic
conditions, indigenous
organisms.
COMMENTS
Addition of other
enhancing agents during
DNAPL recovery may
inhibit bioremediation.
Injection of any nutrients or
hydrogen peroxide may be
prohibited by State.
Bioremediation was not
effective for remediation of
dioxins in soils.
Biotreatment was unable to
achieve remedial goals for
PCPs and carcinogenic
PAHs.
None.
i
Is)
K>
"Indicates a new site.
Shading indicate a uon-CERCLA lite,
-------
FIELD APPLICATIONS OF BIOREMEDIATION (cont.)
RE
TV
J.V
TV
XV
L_
SITE/
LOCATION/
LEAD
f^ahnl W*n««.«**
*-aoot i^oppers
Gainesville, EL
CERCLA Enforcement Lead
Cape Fear Wood Preserving**
ayetteville, NC
CERCLA Fund Lead
CONTACT/
PHONE
NUMBER
Martha Berry
(404)347-2643
Federal (or national)
organization
DougFitton
(904)488-0190
State (or provincial)
organization
on Bornholm
404)347-7791
Federal (or national)
rganization
MEDIA/
CONTAMINANT/
VOLUME
Soil (PAHs, fluorene,
naphthalene, PCP, phenol)
Volume: 6,700 cubic yards
ediments / soil / ground water
(PAHs)
Volume: 2,600 cubic yards
STATUS/
COSTS
Full-scale remediation is planned.
Laboratory-scale studies were
completed 04/93.
Pilot-scale studies are planned.
Full-scale remediation is planned.
Currently in design.
-aboratory-scale studies were
completed 01/90.
"ilot-scale studies are planned.
Expected start 06/95.
TARGET
CLEANUP
LEVELS
Soil: carcinogenic PAHs, 0.59 mg/kg;
phenol, 4.28 mg/kg; naphthalene,
211 mg/kg; fluorene, 323 mg/kg; PCP,
2.92 mg/kg.
ediments: PAHs, 3 mg/kg.
Soil: PAHs, 100 mg/kg; carcinogenic PAHs,
.5 mg/kg.
Ground water: PAHs, 14 mg/L;
arcinogenic PAHs, 10 jig/L.
TREATMENT
SUMMARY
In situ treatment, in situ soil
bioremedialion (in situ land
treatment). Hydrogen peroxide,
plate counts, respirometry,
analytical assays. Aerobic
conditions, indigenous
organisms. Nonbiological
technologies: soil washing,
solidification.
ix situ treatment, slurry reactor,
ratch flow. Aerobic conditions,
indigenous organisms.
Nonbiological technologies: soil
washing, solidification.
COMMENTS
This site is an active facility.
The purpose of considering
me cleanup was to prevent
contamination of the ground
water, and it was thought
initially that the
contamination was only to 6
to 7 feet Bioremediation
was being considered for
two source areas under
structures, where it was hard
to excavate. However, it was
suddenly discovered mat
there was contamination to
25 feet, and mat there was a
serious DNAPL problem. In
addition, the bench-scale bio
tests did not show cleanup
level achievement At (he
nesent, there is a rethinking
of strategy, and work is
beginning on me submission
of an FS work plan. A pomp
and treat system for ground
water is being set up in order
to deal with the DNAPL
now, and soil will be dealt
with later. A pilot-scale
study for the bio is probably
le next step.
-aboratory-scale study was
terminated due to time
constraints. Biodegradation
reduced average total PAH
evels and carcinogenic
AH levels from 306
mg/kg and 44 mg/kg,
respectively, to 50 mg/L
and 14 mg/L in 18 days.
"Hot-scale work is needed
confirm effectiveness;
verall results suggest
onger incubation period
could result in further
reduction of PAHs to
below cleanup goals.
"Indicates a new site.
""Indicates that contacts have provided updated information for this bulletin.
Shading indicates a non-CERCLA site.
-------
FIELD APPLICATIONS OF BIOREMEDIATION (cont.)
REG
IV
rv
aitLTE
SITE/
LOCATION/
LEAD
Celanese Fibers Operations
helby.NC
CERCLA Enforcement Lead
Charleston Air Force Base**
CharlestonjSC-
RCRA Lead (Federal)
CONTACT/
PHONE
NUMBER
5ewey Williamson
704)482-2411
ndustry
iruce Nicholson
919)733-2801
State (or provincial)
organization
CenMallary
404)347-7791
'ederal (or national)
organization
AlUrnrbV -
(803)566-4978
Federal (or national)
organization
AA."Gussie"
Qwnby
(803)734-4587
State (or provincial)
organization
Caron Falconer
(404)347-3016
Federal (or national]
organization
MEDIA/
CONTAMINANT/
VOLUME
Ground water (acetone,
,2-DCE, ethylene glycol)
Volume: 93,500 gallons per day
e
Vadosasoil (i,l,l-TCA,BTEX
jet fuel, PCE,l,l-r>CE,
dlchlororneBianefTCE,
frans-l;2-DCEi vinyl chloride)
Volume: 25 cubic yards
STATUS/
COSTS
Full-scale remediation is being
conducted.
ncurred cost: $1.5M.
Full-scaleremediatibnisjlanned. ,
JKlot-scale studies werecorttjted
05/94. Started 11/92.
TARGET
CLEANUP
LEVELS
Ground water: ethylene glycol, 7 ppm;
,2-DCE, 0.07 ppm (state MCLs).
Not yet established. * < ,
TREATMENT
SUMMARY
Ex situ treatment, sequencing
>atch reactor, batch flow. Aerobic
conditions, exogenous and
indigenous organisms.
Nonbiological technologies:
chemical treatment, the front-end
technologies used to help out the
)ioremediation are pH
adjustment, equalization tank,
and a tank separator to take care
of iron. Other technologies used
after the bioremediation are air
stripping and carbon adsorption.
Insitatteatment, bioventing.
Oxygejisource. Aerobic
conditions, indigenous
organisms.
COMMENTS
ystem has experienced
)iomass upsets. The cause
has not been determined,
nit measures have been
taken to deal with them and
have been fairly successful.
The ROD did not specify
the cleanup levels for
hemical specific
contaminants. Although the
efficiency of the system is
monitored based on BOD,
COD, and TOC, specific
reductions in chemicals of
concern have not been
analyzed or determined. In
the last 5 years, the two-tier
extraction well system has
averaged 90% removal of
TOC and 80% removal of
BOC. A total of 460,900
Ibs of TOC, 165,000 Ibs of
COD, and 286,000 Ibs of
BOD have been removed
from the inner-tier well
system.
Bioventing will be difficult
due to high, ground water
table andseasonal variation
of ground water elevation
and direction. Studies are
being conducted to assess if
bioventing should be
implemented at this site
and also to determine what
technologies would be
most effective.
•Indicates a new jiie.
Shading indicacsanon-CERCLA site.
-------
FIELD APPLICATIONS OF BIOREMEDIATION (cont.)
REG
IV
SITE/
LOCATION/
LEAD
Coleman-Evans**
White House, FL '•
CERCLA Fund Lead
Dubose Oil**
Cantonment, FL
CERCLA Enforcement Lead
CONTACT/
PHONE
NUMBER
Tony Best
(404)347-2643
Federal (or national)
organization
Kelsey Helton
(904)488-0190
State (or provincial)
organization
Mark Hie
(404)347-2643
Federal (or national)
organization
George Under
(904)488-0190
State (or provincial)
organization
GregWieland
(404)325-0770
Contractor/
engineering firm
MEDIA/
CONTAMINANT/
VOLUME
Soil (dioxin, PCP)
Volume: 27,000 cubic yards
Soil (PCP, benzene, DCE,
PNAs,TCE,xylene)
Volume: 20,000 tons
% of total voL at site: 46%
STATUS/
COSTS
Full-scale bioremediation is not
planned.
Laboratory-scale studies have been
completed.
Total expected cost $8.6M.
Full-scale remediation has been
underway since 1 1/93.
Laboratory-scale studies were
completed 11/88. Started 01/88.
'ilot-scale studies are planned.
Total expected cost $3M ,
TARGET
CLEANUP
LEVELS
Soil: PCP, 25 mg/kg.
Soil: PNAs, 50 mg/kg; PCP, 50 mg/kg;
xylene, 1.5 mg/kg; benzene, 10 mg/kg;
TCE, 0.05 mg/kg; DCE, 0.07 mg/kg
(risk-based).
TREATMENT
SUMMARY
Ex situ treatment, slurry reactor,
batch flow. Aerobic conditions,
exogenous organisms.
Nonbiological technologies: soil
washing,
solidification/stabilization.
Ex situ treatment, pile. Aerobic
conditions, indigenous
organisms. Nonbiological
technologies: carbon adsorption
for treatment of wastewater.
COMMENTS
Problem existed with wood
chip removal from soils.
Dioxins have been
identified and were found
to obstruct the
biodegradation process.
The identification of dioxin
in the soil increased the
contaminated area from
27,000 cubic yards to
52 000 Cub*" "~~1- XT~
document of the treatability
studies was ever drafted.
Bioremediation was
ineffective for the removal
of dioxins although the
process was effective in
degrading PCP in
treatability studies.
Bioremediation is no
longer being considered at
the site, and the ROD is
being amended. Thermal
incineration (all in
conjunction with ground
water pump and treat) are
alternatives being
considered to address
dioxin contamination.
Pilot study was delayed due
to difficulty in locating
soils exceeding cleanup
evels. However, full-scale
operation proceeded on
schedule.
*Indicates a new site.
"Indicates that contacts have provided updated information for this bulletin...
Shading indicates a non-CERCLA site.
-------
FIELD APPLICATIONS OF BIOREMEDIATION (cont.)
REG
IV
IV
,
IV
SITE/
LOCATION/
LEAD
iscambia Wood Preserving
Site— Brookhaven"
irookhaven, MS
CERCLA Fund Lead
(Coppers/Florence**
Florence, SC
RCRALead (Federal)"
Processl
* ^
X 5
>
If \
,
<* >
"•'. "
"
Pjx>eess2
Langdale Facility
Swcdwater.TN
RCRA Lead (Federal)
CONTACT/
PHONE
NUMBER
De'Lyntoneus
tloore
(404)347-3931
Federal (or national)
organization
'ftm Vrantrm
!um&reiion
'513)569-7328
?ederal (or national)
organization
MSkeArnett'
(404)347-7603 ""
Federal"(ormaaonal)
organization '
K /j
•! ! t
( )
j c
>T(
i - " ,*
r$ 'i at^
r
) •„>, v
,
Charles Burroughs
(615)741-3424
Federal (or national)
organization
MEDIA/
CONTAMINANT/
VOLUME
Soil (creosote, PCP)
Volume: 200 cubic yards
Soil (PAHs, PCP) •>
<>__ ~k V
i\
n <• \^ <
) v
t t" > *«
\i
1 , s
j, >•
' 1 ! i(
% I •*
t v ^ -,
VadoSBSoil(PAm,PCP)
Sludge / soil (creosote)
STATUS/
COSTS
;ull-scalebioremediationisuot .
ilanned.
"ilot-scale studies were completed
11/92. Started 06/92.
7ull-scale remediation is planned,
Qttrentty^ predesign. Pilot-scale
studies are planned. Expected
compIe'fion07/9S: * "
^ ' V
t '1
s " ^ <
' l x > "i.
f ' ^ ,
'f t •.
1
^ ',*
'
'
Full-scale remediation is planned.
Currentlyinpredesigtt. Hlot-scale
studies are planned. Expected
completion 07/95.
Full-scale remediation was
completed 01/89.
TARGET
CLEANUP
LEVELS
Soil: risk-based.
Soil:jjskibased,
v <
^ ^ i
•.'" ^
1 ' M ^ t
""
> ^" - 'K
< ^^ r- \
^ V ^ M
v ">
1 % ^
'*' ^ ^
Vadose soilj ristlwed.
Not supplied.
TREATMENT
SUMMARY
Ex situ treatment, white rot fungi
treatment Aerobic conditions,
exogenous and indigenous
organisms.
Btsttu tod treatment Aerobic .
conditions, exogenous and
indigenous organisms,
iStonbfological technologies:
ground watef Extraction,
pretreatment, and discharge to a
POTW *- v '• tf>
1
1 -^ s
^ ' ' fr A
<
*t i '
' , -,"•, !
<
In situ treatment, in dm soil
bioremedialion (in situ land
treatment). Hydttgett peroxide.
; Aerobic coadifioBs, exogenous
and indig«riotts organisms.
Honbioldgical technologies:
ground water extraction,
pretreatment, and discharge to a
POTW.
FJC situ land treatment, nutrient
addition, nd comdabolitc.
Exogenous organisms.
COMMENTS
[here is a lade of
information on the success
of this technology at field
scale; however, the field
treatabflity study showed
reduction in PCP and
creosote— up to 86% for
PCP, and 96% for 3-ringed
PAH creosote compounds.
There have beenmany
negotiations involved wift-V
various parties, including
th&state, hying to address
att the concerns. Ihemaui ,
stole concern is of the.
contaminants beingfarceo*
further into ttKaguifer.lt
tooka while to gefflie
document to theapproval •.
stage. The general lack of
experienceofoniers doing
in situ treatment with, these
types of waste was also an
obstacle. ,
There have been many
negotiations with toe
Various parties involved,
including the state, trying
toaddress attcoiacerns.'nie
main concern of the state is
of the contaminants being
forced further into the
aquifer. It took a while to
get the document to the
approval stage. The general
lack of experience of others
doing in situ treatment with
these types of wastes is
also in obstacle.
None.
•Indicates a new site.
"Mcato d»l contacts have provided updated informalkw for this boiain.
Shading indicates a non-CERCtA rile.
-------
FIELD APPLICATIONS OF BIOREMEDIATION (cont.)
REG
IV
,,
, '
-
IV
IV
' J
'>
t
SITE/
LOCATION/
LEAD
Orkin Facility**
Fort Pierce, FL
RCRA Lead (State)
' J
>
' <
'
° *
>S'
'
Shavers Farm
Lafayette, GA
CERCLA Fund Lead
Silvex**
Saint Augustine, EL „ i „
State Lead
< / f
; i
''
' l ••
'
'
CONTACT/
PHONE
NUMBER
BobHines
(404)888-2195
State (or provincial)
organization < " <
RonLewis
(513)569-7856 , -
Federal ^or national)
organization
RonHicks "'' '
Contractor/ <
engineering firm ,
• "'
<^
,' , ,
;>
• ,
,,.,,
i
> '' '
t
;
MEDIA/
CONTAMINANT/
VOLUME
Soil(chlordane,heptachlor) '
Volume: 750 cubic yards
5 ! '•<•!
« "*^" v>r~,'
'*
t t * j >
> ,
> i ' .< * *
K' * < * *"'*
" " , 5 ' ' ! ,
!> > ' '
^ ^'
Soil (benzoic acid, benzonitrile,
dicamba, dichlorosalicyclic acid)
Ground water (acetone, benzene,
2-butanone, chloroform,
1,1,1-TCA, 2,4^dimethylphenol,,
cresols, etliylbenzene, mefhylene
chloride,MBK; toluene)
' - , ' '
> ' i
ivx • f ' f
«
^, ;
" ;
' f * \
y j
1 > ^ ' ' s
c ft *>
*
STATUS/
COSTS
Full-scale remediation is planned. ,
Currently in predesign.
Eaborstory-scale studies have been
underway srace03/93.Expectea ?
completion 10/94. ' "^ ; , j>t
Pilot-scale studies areplanned. „ ^
r. .' ' " " ''%
> fs
•iv ' <";*
'- ;, ' s;
'-'* ,; U, < >
'*' '
Pilot-scale studies have been
completed.
Full-scale remediation has been
underway since 10/93, < t >
Laboratory-scale studies were<
completedOS/^.'ltartedOl/Sl. •
Pilot-sca!a sttidies were completed
10/92.'SiattedOt/92:. '
'Incurred costs; capital, $560K; ,'•
O&M $330IC ' x * ^
total expected costs; capital, '" '
$S85K;0&M,'$400K\ total, ' '
telOK.;, '
t } < x
f ' '•' (
• '\, ' *i ' '
xt > ^ ^ ^
1 1 ' *
^
,
TARGET
CLEANUP
LEVELS
Soil; risk-based. ,
; '
, ,
^ (( ;
;
1 ',' 't'
" , . •
„* -
5 ,
J
Soil: dicamba, 25 mg/kg; benzoic acid,
25 mg/kg; dichlorosalicyclic acid,
25 mg/kg; benzonitrile, 25 mg/kg.
Ground water; acetone, 700}ig/L; benzene,
ln|igflL; chloroform, 0.7 (ig/L; ctesols,
700jig/L; ethylbenzene, 39 |ig/L;
2-butanone, 680 ftg/L; mefhylene chloride,
7 (igflU totaene; 2,000 (tg/L; 1,1,1-TCA, „ -
2QOu!gd;MlBKl350!ig/L;
2,4-dtmetriylphenol, 39 |ig/L.
*
.';,
*
%
' / ' ' "
", ' "
>
TREATMENT
SUMMARY
In situ treatment, in situ soil
bioremediation (in situ land
treatment). Oxygen source,
nutrient addition. Aerobic
conditions, exogenous organisms.
Nonbiological technologies'.
chemical treatment
"
Bioremediation treatment not yet
established.
Ex sita treatment, fixed film,
completely mixed flow. Aerobic
conditions, exogenous organisms,
(Noubiological technologies: soil
solidification.
_
COMMENTS
None.
,
'
Pilot bench-scale
treatability studies are
being reviewed.
The entire 16 gpm system
was designed, mobilized,
and constructed as part of
an IRM project in 9 weeks.
Tfie greatest obstacle has
been the treatment of
vapors/off-gas from the
bioreactor and equalization
tank, which will react with
a vapor GAC system, due
to heat liberated from the
oxidation of ketones with
charcoal. Not yet mobilized
is a large-scale Diotuter
system, by E,G,&G
which will be constructed
by mid-summer, and is
"guaranteed to remove the
very pungent odors," which
include mercaptons, from
the ground water.
I
5'
*Indicates a new site.
**Indicates that contacts have provided updated information for this bulletin;
Shadingindicates a ndn-CERCLA site. •
-------
FIELD APPLICATIONS OF BIOREMEDIATION (cont.)
REG
IV
iv
IV
SITE/
LOCATION/
LEAD
Southeastern Wood
Preserving"
Canton, MS
CERCLA Fund Lead
Stallworth Timber**
Beatrice, AL
RCRA Lead (State) and
RCRA Lead (Federal)
White House Waste"
White House, FL
CERCLA Fund Lead
CONTACT/
PHONE
NUMBER
Don Rigger
(404)347-3931
Federal (or national)
organization
oharyn Mrickson,
Contracting Officer
^404^47 9T7A
\twt) Jf / -£, 3 /f
Federal (or national)
organization
Doug Jerger
(800)326-4932
Contractor/
engineering firm
Jason Darby
(404)347-3433
Federal'(or national)
organization "
fe*ff V"i tfVl&n e
jen Ajicncns
^9(Vtt?71 77'X
\eAJJ j&lJ^I 1 L\j
State (orprovincial)
organization.
Tony Best
(404)347-2643
Federal (or national)
organization
Marvin Collins
(904)488-0190
State (or provincial)
organization
MEDIA/
CONTAMINANT/
VOLUME
Soil (total PAHs)
Volume: 8,000 cubic yards
% of total vol. at site; 100%
Soil / ground water (creosote,
PCP)
Soil (BAP, 1,4-dichlorobenzene,
benzene, 2-methylnaphthalene,
chlorobenzene, di-n-buryl
phthalate, methylene chloride,
naphthalene, PCB 1260, PCE,
phenol, TCE, toluene) / ground
water (acetone, BAP, benzene,
bis(2-ethy)hexyl)phthalate,
carbon disulfide,
2-methylnaphthalene, di-n-butyl
phlhalate, ethylbenzene,
m-cresol, MEK, naphthalene,
p-cresol, pheaol, TCE, toluene,
xylcnc)
Volume: 56,000 cubic yards
STATUS/
COSTS
Full-scale remediation was
completed 06794.
Total expected cost $2.2M.
Full-scale remediation isjplanned.
Currenfly inpredesign.
•' ~t V* A
f
Full-scale remediation is planned.
Currently in predesign.
Laboratory-scale studies were
completed 09/91.
Total expected costs: capital,
$1S.5M;0&M,$3.4M.
TARGET
CLEANUP
LEVELS
Soil: total PAHs, 950 mg/kg (risk-based).
Not yet established.
^
,
Soil: benzene, 1.13 Hg/kg; BAP,
0.192 mg/kg; chlorobenzene, 970 mg/kg;
1,4-dichlorobenzene, 0.012 mg/kg;
methylene chloride, 29.3 mg/kg; PCB 1260,
0.09 mg/kg; 2-melhyInaphthalene,
23, mg/kg; naphthalene, 0.261 mg/kg;
phenol, 0.549 mg/kg; PCE, 4.3 mg/kg;
toluene, 14.4K mg/kg; TCE, 0.0447 mg/kg
(risk-based).
Ground water acetone, 0.0016 mg/L;
benzene, 0.005 mg/L; BAP, 0.0002 mg/L;
bis(2
-------
to
FIELD APPLICATIONS OF BIOREMEDIATION (cont.)
REG
••• -a
SITE/
LOCATION/
LEAD
Allied Chemical
fconton, OH
CERCLA Enforcement Lead
Process 1
Process 2
Process 3
Aristech Chemical *
foverhill, OH
SCRA Lead (Federal)
•recess 1 ( *
.
<
,
CONTACT/
PHONE
NUMBER
TomAlcamo
(312)886-7278
Federal (or national)
organization
Kay Gossett
(614)385-8501
State (or provincial)
organization
Bud Smith
(614)533-5412 '
ndustry
ScottSchermerhorn
614)385-8501
State (or provincial)
organization
DanBiach
614)533-5412
Industry
MEDIA/
CONTAMINANT/
VOLUME
Sediments (PAHs)
Volume: 1,000 cubic yards
otuiiiicuts ^rArasj
Volume: 460,000 cubic yards
Sediments (PAHs)
Volume: 30,000 cubic yards
Vadosftand saturated soil
phenol)
Volume: 10,OdO cubic yards'
% of total vol. kiite: less than
1%
'
STATUS/
COSTS
Full-scale remediation is planned.
Currently in design.
Laboratory-scale and pilot-scale
studies have been completed.
full-scale remediation is planned.
Currently in design. Expected start
06/95. Laboratory-scale studies
were completed 09/92.
Pilot-scale studies have been
Full-scale remediation is planned.
Currently in design. Expected start
06/95. Laboratory-scale and
pilot-scale studies have been
completed.
Jull-scale reme^ationhas been' '
undeiwaysjnceffiW. ' '
^aboratoiy-scale. studies were
completed 06/94. Starfeot05$4
Pilot-scale studies have been -
completed
/-
•
,
TARGET
CLEANUP
LEVELS
Sediments: carcinogenic PAHs, 1 ppm
(risk-based).
Sediments: carcinogenic PAHs, 1 mg/kg
(risk-based).
Sediments: carcinogenic PAHs, 1 ppm
'risk-based).
Yaaose/saniratedsoifcjhenol, 10 mg/kg
nsk-based). •
<
TREATMENT
SUMMARY
Ex situ treatment, reactor used to
grow microorganisms where a
magnetic field is applied, then
circulated to two engineered
cells. Aerobic conditions,
indigenous organisms.
In situ treatment, in situ sediment
bioremediation. Oxygen source,
nutrient addition. Aerobic
conditions, indigenous
organisms. Nonbiological
technologies: incineration with
onsite reuse of waste heat; pump
and treat for ground water.
Ex situ land treatment Aerobic
conditions, indigenous
organisms. Nonbiological
technologies: incineration with
reuse of onsite waste heat; pump
and treat for ground water.
h situ treatment, bioventing.
Oxygensource, nutrient adVUfioa.
Aerobic conditions, indigenous
organisms. Nonbiological
technologiesr vacuum extraction,
thermal desorption.
•>
,
COMMENTS
None.
Concentrations of
contaminants are highly
confirmation of cleanup
difficult
None.
tone.
"Indicates a new site.
"""Indicates that contacts have provided updated information for this bulletin.
Shading indicates a nbn-CERCLA site.
-------
FIELD APPLICATIONS OF BIOREMEDIATION (cont.)
w
0
REG
-
V
V
SITE/
LOCATION/
LEAD
Process2 , '
" ~ >
>
C A
I
• "
,
^
Autostyle
Kentwood,MI
CERCLA Enforcement Lead
B&FTrucking Company
Rochester, MN "
UST Lead (State)'
CONTACT/
PHONE
NUMBER
' < i
'
* * \ <
\ '
f ' ^ '
> ,
' A
c "'< *,
Bonnie White
(616)456-5071
State (or provincial)
organization
DoaMless
(612)297-8577
State (or provincial)
organization
Stephen Thompson
(612)297-8603
State (or provincial)
organization
MEDIA/
CONTAMINANT/
VOLUME
Yadosesoil (phenol)'
Volumes J^JOO cubic yards ^ ~~
j.
*' l 'A '<->
' " 1>^'
< >
< ' >'
*' ,; ,i -
' J i ,
>t
< >A
Ground water (alcohol, aromatic
ketones)
Soil t ground water (BTEX lube
oil)
Volume; 700 cubic yards
% of total vol. atsite: 75%
.
STATUS/
COSTS
V^v/w X w
Fall-scale bioremediation isnot
ilanned. - * -
jaboratory-scale studies have been
mp
'
N
' " X " '.
^ ^
;
- f * 0
>
?ull-scale remediation has been
underway since 09/90.
Laboratory-scale and pilot-scale
studies have been completed.
Full-scale remediation was
completed 12/92. Started 04/91^
Laboratory-scale studies were
completed 01/90.
Pilot-scale studies have been
completed, -, '
Incurred cost: J341IC
TARGET
CLEANUP
LEVELS
Vadose soil; phenol, 10 mg/kg (risk-based).
f - —
t c*
f ,
^
f " '
\
> >
<
',} ,
Not yet established.
'Soil: BTEX, 50 mg/kg (risk-based).
Ground water: lOOxMN Department of
Health RALs.
TREATMENT
SUMMARY
In situ treatment, ittsitu soil
iforemediation (ni situ land
treatment). Nutrient addition
nitrogen-phosphorus slurry).
Aerobic conditions, exogenous
andindigenous organisms.
J {
'
j ^
Ex situ treatment, fixed film,
completely mixed flow. Aerobic
conditions. Nonbiological
technologies: vacuum extraction,
soil vapor extraction for product
recovery and soil treatment
Ex situ treatment, sequencing
batch reactor, completely mixed
flow* Aerobic conditions,
indigenous organisms.
COMMENTS
Soil moisture and
emperature were the most
ifficult factors to control.
The land treatment process
also required constant
aeration to be effective.
"reliminary studies were
done to determine what
remediation method would
be the most effective
irocess in treating the
contaminated site. Land
treatment had been
considered but has since
beeadeterminedto be less
effective than bioventing.
*fone.
Theaboveground
bioreactor portion of the
process went well;
however, there were
problems with the
reinfiltratibn step, due to
water levels. The
upgradient infiltration
gallery was periodically
swamped by rising ground
water level, so the treated
water could not be
infiltrated. Increase in the
iron concentration in
ground water caused iron
bacteria and resulting
"slime" to accumulate on
the surface of pipes and
other process equipment
Site now has converted to
nonbiological process.
"Indicate a new site.
" "Jadkafei thit conlactt have provided updated MormatioQ for tte buMctia.
SbadfagiDdloltJaDon-CERCLAiilc.
-------
FIELD APPLICATIONS OF BIOREMEDIATION (cont.)
=*==
REG
^
SITE/
LOCATION/
LEAD
Bendix Corporation/Allied
Automotive Site"
St Joseph, MI
CERCLA Enforcement Lead
Process 1
Process 2
BP Oil Company"
Lima,OH
RCRA Lead (Federal)
: i i
'
'
"
< " >
;
1
CONTACT/
PHONE
NUMBER
JohnKuhns
(312)353-6556
Federal (or national)
organization
Bill Harmon
(517)373-4951
State (or provincial)
organization
Gary Vonderembse
(419)226-2744 ,*
Federal (or national)
organization
^
-<
' "
^
, <
5 i
v
y*
-•
MEDIA/
CONTAMINANT/
VOLUME
Vadose soil (DCA, TCE)
Ground water (DCE, DCA,
TCE, vinyl chloride)
Soil (BAP, l-methylchrysene,t
1-metoylnaphthalene, v"~
benzo(a)anthracenei chrysene)
Volume: 9 acres •.
* >^ '
-,
* x
y
*
f <
_^ ^ / ^
x
%
r
9
STATUS/
COSTS
Full-scale remediation is planned.
Currently being installed. Expected
start 09/94. Laboratory-scale
studies have been completed.
Pilot-scale studies are planned.
Full-scale remediation is planned.
Laboratory-scale studies are being
conducted.
Full-scale bioremedlation isnot 'v <_
planned.^ '- , " • •»
Laboratory-scale studies were " ' -
completed H/88.
* ^-r -1
•> ,
'- ' * ,
^
^
•'• < "
, '
N <•»
1 ^,. -f ( >
1
TARGET
CLEANUP
LEVELS
NotyetestabHshed.
Not yet established.
_So2»BAP,38pg&r»tenzo(a>ttuiracene, "
38 (Igflcg; chrysen'^ 37 pgflcg;'
i-methylcteysene, 37}tgftg;
1-methylnaphthalene, 16 jag/kg (residential '
risk-based sqenario).
V -, ^
? 1 '
, " -x
" - - -'
^
^
"
'
>
TREATMENT
SUMMARY
Ex situ treatment, fixed film, plug
flow. Aerobic conditions,
indigenous organisms.
Nonbiological technologies:
vacuum extraction.
In situ treatment, in situ ground
water bioremediation. Aerobic
and anaerobic conditions,
indigenous organisms.
In situ treatment, in situ soil
bioremediation (in situ land
treatment). Nutfientaddition
(anhydrous ammonia). Aerobic
conditions, indigenous
organisms.
" ^-4 'V' x
v , •• ^
^"^ * * ^-.
„» ' \
x ' ^J
x
< >i
^ " "
I /
COMMENTS
None.
Recent sampling inrnifl
elevated levels of ernene in
the aquifer, implying an
extensive degree of
intrinsic mineralization.
This unassisted, intrinsic
process of biodegradation
may be adequate to
remediate the ground water.
Land treatment permit was
denied. Application of oily"
sludge took place ill
November 1990. Site is
working to acMeverisk
levels of Iff* or 10"* before '
closing, which will
determine the land's final
use.^
Faculty is waitingfor
approval of the closure plan
it submitted in November
X992, Additionally,
assessments ate being " ( ' ~
madeof'moYingjfronia \
residential risK— ossetl plan
to an industrial risk-based •
rian. *
'Indicates a new site.
•'Indicates that contacts have provided updated information for this bulletin.
Shading indicates a non-CERCLA site.
\
I
I
1
-------
FIELD APPLICATIONS OF BIOREMEDIATION (cont.)
i
LO
N>
REG
v.
j
-
V
V
V
V
SHE/
LOCATION/
LEAD
BurlingtonJNorlhern
Brainerd,MN
CERCLA— State to start;
RCRA— Federal since- 1986
-
Cliff/Dow Disposal Site**
Marquette, MI
CERCLA Enforcement Lead
Fisher-Calo
LaPorte, IN
CERCLA Fund Lead
Galesbuig/Koppers**
Galesburg.IL
CERCLA State Lead
Hcnlchclls"
Traverse City, MI
UST Lead (SBW)
Process 1
CONTACT/
PHONE
NUMBER
David Seep
(913)661-7015
Federal (or national)
organization
Frederick Jenness
(612)297-8470
State (or provincial)
organization
RichardTruax
(303)493-3700
Contractoi/
engineering firm
KenGlatz
(312)886-1434
Federal (or national)
organization
Brace Van Ottern
(517)373-8427
State (or provincial)
organization
Jeff Gore
(312)886-6552
Federal (or national)
organization
Brad Bradley
(312)886-4742
State (or provincial)
organization
Steve Davis
(217)785-3913
State (or provincial)
organization
AnnEmington
(616)775-9727
S laic (or provincial)
organization
MEDIA/
CONTAMINANT/
VOLUME
Yadbsesoil/groundwater _
(PCP) , ,:
VoltunK 10,000 cubic yards , , t
%oftoalvoLa£site; 100%"
^
< "' •.
„
Vadose soil (PAHs)
Vohime: 9,000 cubic yards
Soil (PCBs) / ground water
(DCE,DCA,TCE)
Soil (chlorophenol, PCP, PAHs,
phenols, PNAs)
Ground water (PAHs)
STATUS/
COSTS
Full-scale remediation isbeing
conductetPUot-scale studies were.
completed 01/86.
*
1 " "*
'"
Full-scale bioremediation is not
planned,
Laboratory-scale studies were
completed 08/93. Started 12/92..
Predesign.
Full-scale remediation is planned.
Currently in predesign.
Full-scale remediation is being
conducted. Pilot-scale studies were
completed 08/93. Started 06/93.
TARGET
CLEANUP
LEVELS
Notyetestablished, -
-
i
"
f,
Vadose soil: PAHs, 0.3 rag/kg
(health-based).
Ground water: TCE, 5 ppb; DCE, 70 ppb;
DCA, 200 ppb (drinking water standards).
Notyetestablished.
Ground walcn risk-based.
TREATMENT
SUMMARY
Ex situ land treatment, nutrient
addition. Aerobic conditions;
indigenous organisms.
Nonbiological technologies:
thermal desorption and pump and
tieatfor ground water.
,-
Ex situ treatment, pile, forced air
biological treatment (FAST).
Aerobic conditions, indigenous
organisms.
Bioremediation treatment not yet
established.
In situ treatment, in situ soil
bioremediation (in situ land
treatment). Nutrient addition.
In situ treatment, air sparging.
Oxygen source. Aerobic
conditions, indigenous
organisms. Nonbiological
technologies: vacuum extraction.
COMMENTS
None.
^
\ >
*- „
< .
<
Biotreatment process did
not reduce PAHs to below
risk-based numbers in a
reasonable time frame (22
weeks). Further sampling is
being conducted to
determine what alternative
method, if any, should be
implemented to remediate
the site. Currently, in situ
and excavation techniques
are being considered.
There is only a remote
possibility that
bioremediation will be used
to remediate entire site.
None.
Isolated "hot spots" are
currently being treated with
air sparge/soil vapor
extraction.
"Indicaicjancwsilc.
Shading iadkafei a non-CERCLA lite.
-------
ir
RE
1
y
N
_
1,
c
SITE/
LOCATION/
LEAD
f *
\ ,
f
Brooklyn Center, MN
CERCLA State Lead
rfatquetfe, MI ! -
'ederal Facility
•recess 1
i
1 f
'' <
Process 2 •* '
*<
CONTACT/
PHONE
NUMBER
'y; ';
, <• ;
I ' '
,'\ '' " <"'
>,
'•
Ann Bidwell
(612)296-7827
State (or provincial)
organization
JohnBetcher
(612)296-7821
State (or provincial)
organization
Kevin Turner
312)886-4444
Federal (or national)
organization
GatyKoslct "• *
906)372-2342
'ederal (or national)
rganization ' '
'
MarkPetri& *
906)228-6561 „
We (or provincial)
rganization' ,,'' ,
\
' J
" *
^ \
-^ v.-. J^-M.-v^AmaL^j.TJ.JL^i^JLrx JL J.VAL1I ICUHI.I
MEDIA/
CONTAMINANT/
VOLUME
Soil (BTBX,EAHs}/groundi
water (BTEX) '
! ,
- -
'' ', ' ' ' ', *
f
i t
Vadose soil: PCP, 150 mg/kg; PAHs,
100 mg/kg (dermal contact).
yadpse sott: benzene, 20 ug/kg; toluene, i!
16K ugftg; xylene, 6,000 ug/kg'^NR
Act 307 Type B Criteria). -
*
•
1
* > i "
Vadose soil: benzene, 20 Jig/kg; toluene, ,
16K Ug/kg; xylene, 6,000 ug/kg (MDNR *
Act 307 Type B Criteria),
„
,
* ; : / . ; h -
-
TREATMENT
SUMMARY
,In situ treatment, in situ ground
water bioremediation, in situ soil
bioremediation (in sito land ,
tteatment). Nutrient addition
(sofls, (moflo- and di-sodium
phosphate, ammonium ehoride),
water^(mono- and di-sidium
phosphate, ammonium chloride)).
^Aerobic condiiions,Jnaigenous
"'organisms.0 * '
Ex sito land treatment Nutrient
addition (inorganic nitrogen and
phosphorous). Aerobic
conditions, indigenous
organisms. Nonbiological
technologies: ground water pump
out system with nonbiological
treatment
n sito treatment, bioventing, *
Aerobic conditions, indigenous
rganisms. Nonbiological
technologies: a twelve-week
tody was conducted from
November 1990 to February 1991
to evaluate the effectiveness of '
dual pump versus single pump
ydrocarbon recovery for ftee >
roduct on the water-table, ,
n situ treatment, bioventing,
erobic conditions, indigenous
rganisms, ,
COMMENTS
ton-forming bacteria
clogged the carbon system. "
Site is pursuing final II
cleanup of residue at
leading edgeof plume and
needs soil verification.
<
Due to extreme rainfall in
May 1992, part of the land
treatment unit was under
water. Flooding has
1
delayed treatment of lift 2 1
soil. Lift 3 (TL3) soils were 1
applied to LTU in fall
1992. Cool wet weather
slowed treatment of TL3. If
treatment goals are met in
1994, the fourth and final
soil lift(TL4) will be
applied.
'Site is located in northern 'v<
U.S., near Lake Superior. -
Accumulation of snow and
freezing temperatures for
more than 6 months of the
year make field woit and I
system operation difficult "'
,
'
"
Site is located in northern
U.S., near Lake Superior,
Accumulation of snow and
freezing temperatures for
more than 6 months of the
year make field work and
system operation difficult
i
"Indicates a new site, i
"Indicates that contacts have provided updated information for this bulletin. «,„„„„ =„,=„„,„ . ... ™n™ . .. C
Jj
5'
I
f
|!
C
anon-CERCLAsite.
-------
FIELD APPLICATIONS OF BIOREMEDIAT]
REG
IY
V
c
V
r~v
1
L
SITE/
LOCATION/
LEAD
Kenworth Truck Company
Chillicothe, OH
CERCLA State Lead
Kincheloe Former Air Force
Base**
Kinross County, Ml
Federal Facility _
•
MacGillisandGibbs
Company Site
New Brighton, MN
CERCLA Fund Lead
Marathon Station-Ervines'*
Kcntwcod,MI
Stale Lead
CONTACT/
PHONE
NUMBER
Kay Gossett
(614)385-8501
State (or provincial)
organization
Richard Leonard
(716)87<>if418
Federal (or national)
organization
Judith Leithner
(716)879-4234
Federal (ornational)
'organization '•> ;
>' f
•
,
"
Daryl Owens
(312)886-7089
Federal (or national)
organization
Douglas Robohm
(612)296-7717
State (or provincial)
organization
BonnicWhile
(616)456-5071
State (or provincial)
organization
MEDIA/
CONTAMINANT/
VOLUME
Vadose soil (TPHs) / ground
water (benzene, ethylbenzene,
acetone, toluene, xylene)
Vadose soil (BTEX, benzene,
ethylbenzene, toluene, xyleae)
i . " „ ">
! '- ,__ ,-'; iV ^v
' 'rv s . -
. •, '
X
*
Ground waten POTW pretreatment
standards.
Ground water, health risk.
J_n^ -
LOW (cont)
TREATMENT
SUMMARY
fa situ treatment, in situ ground
water bioremediation. Ex situ
treatment, GAC bioreactor.
Hydrogen peroxide, nutrient
addition (nitrogen, phosphorus),
completely mixed flow. Aerobic
conditions, indigenous
organisms.
In sira treatment, hioventing.
Oxygen source, nutrientaddition
{nitrogen and phosphorous may
be used depending on initial test
resuKsXadditional moisture may
boused depending On, initial test '
results. Aerobic conditions,
indigenous organisms.
^tfonbiological technologies:
vaorirmextractHra.
* " '- -.
^
* *
*•
-
Ex sioi treatment, fixed film, plug
flow. Aerobic conditions,
indigenous organisms.
Nonbiological technologies: soil
washing and soil incineration are
under consideration.
Ex situ treatment, fixed film, plug
flow. Aerobic conditions.
Nonbiological technologies:
carbon polishuoit to ensure
compMance with NPDES permit
Corap»y has been considering
sol vspor extraction to enhance
process but has not taken stepsto
taptaemL Originally also had
some product separation
(gravity).
COMMENTS|
.
, :
concentrations of TCE,
•which willbe removedby
soil vapor extraction.
Lab-scale tests-will be
performed only if (a) "
bio-oxidation xateis-mudi
lower than expected during
pilot trials and (b) '
regulatory agency requests'
them. No date for lab-scate
tests is scheduled dueto
provisional nature of tests.
A contract has been
awarded for the pilot-scale:
studies to
!
t
Engmeeriag-Science, Inc.
Full-scale remediation will
depend oaresults of pilot
trials.
bioremediation system was
tested on site under the
SITE program. The results
are in a report dated
September 1991-
(EPA/540/A5-91/001).
decay phase reactor, so
periodically it has to shut
down to allow rcgrowth of
cultures. CHus has occurred
only once.)
1
1 1
MndicjicjaDcwiite. .
IndicMc* itacofllacu have provided updated taformafcon for ito bulletin.
ShatogindicMcsanoo-CERCLAsilc.
-------
^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^HBBBHBHHBHBBBHHJ^HB^IBH
FIELD APPLICATIONS OF BIOREMEDIATION (cont.)
- '-CSS
REG
V
SITE/
LOCATION/
LEAD
Mayville Fire Department"
MayviHe.M
UST Lead (State)
Michigan Air National Guard**
Battle Creek, MI
Federal Facility
t
Moss-American
Milwaukee, WI
CERCLA Enforcement Lead
_
CONTACT/
PHONE
NUMBER
Dennis Gervia ' '
(517)386-7265
State (orprovincial)
organization '
<•
Fred Vollmerhausen
(616)969-3233
Federal (or national)
organization
Pn
' <
< ^
Ross Hart
(312)886-4844
Federal (or national)
organization
MEDIA/
CONTAMINANT/
VOLUME
Ground water (benzene,
ethylbenzene, toluene, xylenes)
Volume of saturated seal: 1,500 "
cubic yards
% of total vol. at site; 100%
f < ^
-,'
Vadosesoil(BTEK) ; . -
<•
< ' V ^ < ^
<
" , ,<
.
Sediments / soil (creosote)
Volume: 80,000 cubic yards
STATUS/
COSTS
Full-scale remediation has been
underway since 05/90. Expected s<
completion 12/94.
Incurred costs: capital, $12K;
O&M, $4,000.
;'
Full-scale remediation is planned.
expected completiod 09/94,"
Pilot-scale studies were completed
09/93! Started 09/92.
Incurred costs; capital, $3,000;
Total expected Wse O&M, $1,268;
Cost per year; O&M, $436,
Full-scale remediation is planned.
Laboratory-scale studies have been
completed.
Pilot-scale studies are planned.
TARGET
CLEANUP
LEVELS
Ground waten benzene, 1 ppb; toluene, <
800 ppb; ethylbenzene, 70 ppb; xylenes,
300ppt>. '
' *
Not supplied.
,
<
j i
<;,'
''','.'"<
<
Sediments: creosote, 6.1 mg/kg (risk-based).
Soil: creosote, 6.1 mg/kg (risk-based).
TREATMENT
SUMMARY
In situ treatment, air sparging.
Aerobic conditions, indigenous *
organisms.
In situ treatment, bioventing.
Aerobic conditions, indigenous
organisms.
"
Ex situ treatment, slurry reactor.
Nutrient addition (phosphorus,
nitrogen), batch flow. Aerobic
conditions, indigenous
organisms. Nonbiological
technologies: soil washing.
COMMENTS
Non-detectable levels have
been achieved. However,
the project has not yet been
closed out Cleanup
appears to be complete,, but
monitoringneeds to occur
for three more quarters.
None.
•
Percent of clay in
soil/sediment may reduce
the efficiency of the system.
Surfactants used in working
process may interfere with
biosluny system. Also,
laboratoiy-scale studies
iroduced erratic results. The
biosluny technique was
shown to remove 80-90% of
two-, three-, and four-ring
PAHs but only 50-60% of
five-ring PAHs. The
differing degrees of
degradation have suggested
areview of the biosluny
method. Further studies and
tdditional research are being
conducted to determine what
method would be most
effective in remediating the
site. Since the biosluny
technique was unable to
remediate test samples to the
targeted clean-up level of 6.1
>pm, a higher performance
goal of 40-60 ppm has been
imposed and may be
established. The additional
research on the site began
ummer 1994 and should be
complete by fall 1994.
OJ
"Indicates a new site.
**Indicates that contacts have provided updated information for this bulletin.
Shading indicates a non-CERCLA site.
-------
FIELD APPLICATIONS OF BIOREMEDIATION (cont.)
REG
V
, '
V
SITE/
LOCATION/
LEAD
Newark Air Force Base"*
Newark, OH " '
TJSTLead (State)
*
,
11
Onalaska Municipal Landfill"
LaCrosse County, WI
CERCLA Fund Lead
CONTACT/
PHONE
NUMBER
VincentPower
(614)522-7077 ~ -
Federal (or national)
organization
>
i"
i<
-.
x
Kevin Adler
(312)886-7078
Federal (or national)
organization
PaulKozol
(608)264-6013
State (or provincial)
organization
Steve Keith
(414)272-2426
Contractor/
engineering firm
MEDIA/
CONTAMINANT/
VOLUME
Vadose soil (gasoline, TPHs)
Volume; 60 cubic yards
^ v £
! s *
V
r
f c-
v~
.,
,
Saturated soil (TCE) / vadose
and saturated soil (BTEX,
naphthalene, TPHs).
Volume: 5,000 cubic yards
STATUS/
COSTS
Pttll-scalebioremediationismot f „
planned, ~~ ~ ~,-~~ ~
Pilot-scalestudies were completed ,
12/93. Started 08/92.
Incurced costs: capital, $35K;
O&M, $1,000.
Total expected costs: capital, $35K;
O&Mv $2,000.
^
•,';* * ,,«> S
> \ ^ ^ r
' ">!' •
**'-,-'
1
i ,v^V> "•
tV*
>
t; ^ ,
-
f
t1 '! "
•
Not yet established.
TREATMENT
SUMMARY
In situ treatment, bioventing.
Aerobic conditions, indigenous
organisms. <
t
^,
,
,
<
.
•
In situ treatment, bioventing.
Aerobic conditions, indigenous
organisms.
COMMENTS
The remediation involves
small, localized areas of
petroleum product
contamination; therefore,
thetreatability study may
accomplish complete
remediation of the site.
Most of the areas were
belowthe state's action
levels initially. Informal
policies placed the TPKt <
standard atan arbitrary 100
mg/kg; veryinfeasible and
subject to fate positives
and organic interference.
By targeting small,
localized areas, bioventing
could accomplish
remediation to the
risk-based levels enacted '
shortly after reporting flus
site. In addition, facility
upgradeprojects would
remove residual "•
contamination.;
Soils inside the landfill
have yet to be addressed.
Methane hi the landfill
might pose a problem.
0\
"Indicates a new site.
"lodkaces that con tacts have provided updated inlbnrcwion for (Ms bulletin.
SiadSng indicate a noo-CERCLA site.
-------
FIELD APPLICATIONS OF BIOREMEDIATION (cont.)
REG
V
V
V
SITE/
LOCATION/
LEAD
Organic Chemical
Grandville, MI
CERCLA Fund Lead
Rasmussen
Livingston County, MI
CERCLA Enforcement Lead
ReillyTar"
Indianapolis, IN
CERCLA Enforcement Lead
CONTACT/
PHONE
NUMBER
Tom Williams
(312)886-6157
Federal (or national)
organization
Ken Glatz
(312)886-1434
Federal (or national)
orgamza on
Leslie Smith HI
(517)335-3386
State (or provincial)
organization
Dion Novak
(312)886-4737
Federal (or national)
organization
Krista Eskilson
(317)243-5088
State (or provincial)
organization
MEDIA/
CONTAMINANT/
VOLUME
Vadose soil (BTEX) / ground
water (BTEX lube oil, TCE,
toluene)
Volume: 6,500,000 cubic feet
Ground water (2-butanone,
4-methyl-2-pentanone, acetone)
Ground water (benzene,
ammonia, pyridine)
Volume: 7,000,000 gallons per
day
STATUS/
COSTS
Laboratory-scale studies are
planned.
Redesign.
Full-scale remediation is planned.
Currently in predesign.
Laboratory-scale studies have been
underway since 01/89.
Total expected cost $15M.
TARGET
CLEANUP
LEVELS
Not yet established.
Ground water: acetone, 700 ppb;
2-butanone, 350 ppb; 4-methyl-2-pentanone,
350 ppb.
Not yet established.
TREATMENT
SUMMARY
Bioremediation treatment not yet
established. Nonbiological
technologies: levels of organics
are so high at the site that
bioremediation is not practical
until the levels are lowered.
Ground water pump and treat
with an air stripper and GAC is
being used as an interim measure.
Ex situ treatment, fixed film.
Exogenous organisms.
Nonbiological technologies:
chemical treatment, air
stripping/carbon adsorption with
nutrient addition.
Ex situ treatment, sequencing
batch reactor, completely mixed
flow. Nonbiological technologies:
chemical extraction.
COMMENTS
Review of dioxin data has
revealed that soil will be
handled by EPA in
Cincinnati. Site is waiting
for the feasibility study to
do remediation on the TCE
and toluene and is working
on an additional plan for
oil. Ground water pump
and treat began in
December 1993.
None.
Site consists of 60 to 80 ft
of aquifer with
conductivities of 0.01 to
0.001 withinterfingering
until units are not
continuous (clay);
7,000,000 gallons per day
are planned to be pumped
from lower zone aquifier.
The total amount of ground
water to be treated has not
yet been determined. A
record of decision has only
been written for the ground
water IRM (proposed cost
$15M); other portions of
the site are still to the
feasibility studies stage,
and bioremediation is
under consideration.
3-
I
*Indicates a new site.
"Indicates that contacts have provided updated information for this bulletin.
Shading indicates a non-CERCLA site.
-------
OO
oo
FIELD APPLICATIONS OF BIOREMEDIATION (cont.)
REG
V
y
SITE/
LOCATION/ '
LEAD
Reifly Tar & Chemical
Company"
St Louis Park, MN
CERCLA Enforcement Lead
Saginaw Bay Confined , ,
•Disposal Facility** j
Bay City, MI
Federal Facility
Process 1
,
Process!
CONTACT/
PHONE
NUMBER
Daryl Owens
(312)886-7089
Federal (or national)
organization
Douglas Beckwith
(612)296-7715
State (or provincial)
organization
JimMcArfliur
(612)296-7297
State (or provincial)
organization
Frank Snitz
(313)226-6748
Federal (or national)
organization
Jim Galloway^
(313)226-6760
Federal (ounational)
organization
^
MEDIA/
CONTAMINANT/
VOLUME
Vadose soil (2=fluorobiphenyl,
acenaphthylene, acenaphthene,
anthracene, benzo(a)anthracene,
benzo(b)fluoranfliene, BAP,
bea2o{k)Quoranthene,
benzo(g,h4)peiylene, chrysene,
dibenzo(a4i)anthracene,
fluoranthene, fluorene,
indeno(l,2,3-cd)pyrene,
naphthalene, PAHs,
phenanthrene, pyrene)
Volume: 2,000 cubic yards
Sediments (PCBs) %
."Votes; 6 fens , ,, -\ j,
Sediments (PCBs)
STATUS/
COSTS
Full-scale remediation is planned.
Pilot-scale studies have been
underway since 11/92. Expected
completion 11/95.
Incurred cost $25K.
Total expected cost: $70K.
FuU-SiiatoWoremediatiOitisriOt
planned. (1 '
Pilot-scale studies are planned, >
Expected completion 04/96. ,, '
Incurred cost- capital, $3,000. -
Total expected costs; capital,
$3,000; O&M, $15K.
Costs per yean O&M, $5,000.
Full-scale bioremeolationis aot
Slot-scale studies are planned,
3xpected completion 04/96.
flcurred cost capital, $3,000.
Total expected costs: capital,
$3,000; O&M, $15K.
Costs per yean O&M, $5,000.
TARHPiT
CLEANUP
LEVELS
Not yet established.
Not established, '
'
Not established..
TREATMENT
SUMMARY
In situ treatment, bioventing.
Nutrient addition. Aerobic
conditions, indigenous
In situ treatment, periodic tilling.
Aerobic and anaerobic
conditions, indigenous
organisms, Nonbiological
technologies: soil washing.
In situ treatment, devegetatiOn.
Aerobic and anaerobic
conditions, indigenous
organisms. Nonbiological
technologies: soil washing.
COMMENTS
None.
•
Contaminated fines from a
hydrocyclone washing
process will be disposed of
ina30-fl diameter tank
located on a structure that
is permitted to receive
contaminated dredged
material. Thefines will be
tilled periodically. The
effects of weather on PCB
degradation also will be
monitored.
Contaminatedfines fronts
lydrocyclone washing
process will be disposed of
n a 30-ft diameter tank
located on a structure that
is permitted to receive
contaminated dredged
material. Thefines will
undergo a devegetation
process. The effects of
weather on PCB
degradation also will be
monitored.
•Indicate! a new site.
Hut eonaas have provided updated Woramion for tot bultein.
Shading todkaia a jxxtCERCLA Ac.
-------
FIELD APPLICATIONS OF BIOREMEDIATION (eont.)
REG
V
V
SITE/
LOCATION/
LEAD
Process?
-
'
K
•> s i
Seymour Recycling
Seymour, IN
CERCLA Enforcement Lead
Sheboygan River and Harbor
Sheboygan, WI
CERCLA Enforcement Lead
Process 1
Process 2
CONTACT/
PHONE
NUMBER
"
'
;_"
« -, A
•>
, * X'
, >;'A ?
>
f ,
Jeff Gore
(312)886-6552
Federal (or national)
organization
Prabhakar
Kasarabada
(317)243-5130
State (or provincial)
organization
Bonnie Eleder
(312)886-4855
Federal (or national)
organization
Jane Lemcke
(608)264-0544
State (or provincial)
organization
Rick Fox
(312)886-7979
Federal (or national)
organization
MEDIA/
CONTAMINANT/
VOLUME
Sediments (PCBs)
Volume; 6 tons*
., ••
t
< ix.
'<''. '
\* ' < ''
' ~ '
5 "
"Txr < '
<
Soil (DCE, TCE, vinyl chloride)
/ ground water (TCE, benzene,
chloroethane, DCE, vinyl
chloride)
Volume of ground water:
500,000 gallons
Volume of soil: 11 1 ,000 cubic
yards
Sediments (PCBs)
Volume: 2,500 cubic yards
STATUS/
COSTS
Full-scale bioremediation is not
planned, x
Pilot-scale studies are planned.
Expected completion 04/96.
Incurred cost! capital, $3,000.
Total expected costs: capital,
$3,000; 0&M,$15K.
Costs pet year: p&M, $5,000. {>
t *
,*"
> \
v x \ >
Full-scale remediation was
completed 09/90.
Incurred costs: capital, $900K;
O&M, $100K.
Full-scale bioremediation is not
planned.
Laboratory-scale and pilot-scale
studies have been completed.
Predesign.
TARGET
CLEANUP .
LEVELS
Notestablished,*'-*
* X
' " 1 '',
*~ \x<° 'x '
•-<*",
*>' " X
i' * A V >* X ^
< ~ x ,- ^
x 'x V'xjX1 ^ ,- "
,
Ground water: drinking water standards.
Not established.
Not yet established.
TREATMENT
SUMMARY
In situ treatment) no active
remediation, Aerobic and
anaerobic conditions, indigenous
organisms:-'* * '•>
* * *"
t
•• ^*
>
'
\ * '> „ '
<
In situ treatment, in situ ground
water bioremediation, in situ soil
bioremediation (in situ land
treatment). Nutrient addition
(potassium, nitrogen,
phosphorous, sulfur). Aerobic
conditions, indigenous
organisms. Nonbiological
technologies: vacuum extraction,
multi-layer cap.
Ex situ treatment, confined
treatment facility (tank). Aerobic
and anaerobic conditions,
indigenous organisms.
Nonbiological technologies:
armoring (capping) pilot-scale
study was undertaken on
armoring effects on
biodegradation,
solidification/stabilization,
thermal extraction, chemical
dechlorination, solvent extraction.
In situ treatment, in situ sediment
bioremediation.
COMMENTS
Contaminated fines from a ,
hydrocyclone washing
process will be placed in a
30-ft diameter tank located
on a structure that is
permitted to receive
contaminated dredged
material.' The effects of
weather on KS
concentrations will be
monitored, but no action
wiu oe taxen to stimulate
PCS degradation.
Since a multi-layer cap was
applied over the
bio-applied soil, there is no
way to sample the
contaminated soil. The RI
in 1984 found more than 54
organic chemicals. It was
difficult to landfann
nutrients below the surface
as far as we would have
preferred.
Delays in pilot-scale study
due to additional
laboratory-scale tests and
coordination with ARCS
Program as Pilot
Demonstration Project for
Sheboygan AOC.
Effectiveness and
reliability are unproven.
Process takes a long time.
TSCA requirements: might
not be able to achieve a 2
ppm treatment level.
Several rounds of samples
have been collected but
results are inconclusive.
vo
"Indicates a new site.
"Indicates that contacts have provided updated information for this bulletin.
Shading indicates a non-CERCLA site.
-------
FIELD APPLICATIONS OF BIOREMEDIATION (cont.)
REG
V
V
V
V
SITE/
LOCATION/
LEAD
Sleeping BearDunes National
Lakeshore
Empire, MI
Federal Facility;
X
~% '' f
Speigelberg Landfill
Livingston Township, MI
CERCLA Enforcement Lead
St Louis River
Interlake/Duluth Tar Site"
Duluth,MN
CERCLA State Lead
Union Carbide— Marietta
Facility"
Marietta, OH
CERCLA Enforcement Lead
Processl
Process 2
CONTACT/
PHONE
NUMBER
John Wilson
(405)332-8800
Federal (or national)
organization
GuySewell
(405)332-8800
Federal (ornationat)
organization
KenGlatz
(312)886-1434
Federal (or national)
organization
Leslie Smith M
(517)335-3386
State (or provincial)
organization
AnnBidwell
(612)296-7827
State (or provincial)
organization
Debbie Siebers
(312)353-9299
Federal (or national)
organization
JohnBetcher
(612)296-7821
State (or provincial)
organization
Kevin Turner
(312)886-4444
Federal (or national)
organization
Jessica Smith
(614)385-8501
State (or provincial)
organization
MEDIA/
CONTAMINANT/
VOLUME
Ground water (petroleum)
Volume: I,000gallons
Ground water (2-butanone,
hexanone)
Soil(PAHs)
Volume: 3,300 cubic yards
Soil (dioxin, dichlorinatcd
biphenyls, monochlorinatcd
biphenyls, PCBs, VOCs) /
ground water (dioxin.
dichlorinatcd biphenyls,
benzene, chlorobcnzcne,
monochlorinatcd biphenyls,
PCBs, phenol, VOCs)
Ground water (benzene,
chlorobcnzcne, phenol)
STATUS/
COSTS
Predesign. * ~>
T
•
v>
: * <
Predesign.
Full-scale remediation is planned.
Currently in predesign.
Laboratory-scale studies are being
conducted.
Total expected costs: capital,
$88.8K;O&M,$172K.
Full-scale remediation is planned.
Currently in predesign.
Laboratory-scale studies were
completed 07/93.
Full-scale remediation is planned.
Currently in predesign.
Laboratory-scale studies were
completed 07/93.
TARGET
CLEANUP
LEVELS
Notyetestablished, . ,
„
-
i -t
'
Ground water: 2-butanone, 350 ppb;
hexanone, 50 ppb.
Soil: carcinogenic PAHs, 0.08 mg/kg
(risk-based).
Notyetestablished.
Ground water. MCLs (not yet determined).
TREATMENT
SUMMARY
Anaerobic conditions, Jiadigenous
organisms.
> ^
Exogenous organisms.
Nonbiological technologies: air
stripping/carbon adsorption with
nutrient addition.
In situ treatment, bioventing, in
situ soil bioremediation (in situ
land treatment). Ex situ land
treatment. Nutrient addition
(nutrients undetermined at this
point). Aerobic conditions.
indigenous organisms.
Nonbiological technologies:
thermal desorption, "pure tar"
found in isolated "tar seeps" at
the site will be thermally
destroyed as fuel
Ex situ treatment, activated
sludge, completely mixed flow.
Aerobic and anaerobic
conditions, exogenous and
indigenous organisms.
Ex situ treatment, fluidizcd bed,
completely mixed flow. Aerobic
and anaerobic conditions.
exogenous and indigenous
organisms. Nonbiological
technologies: GAC
COMMENTS
Sitelad-an excess of.
isomers.
N
j
None.
Remedy for
PAH-contaminated soils
has not been selected. The
final Rl reports for the soils
operable unit currently is
being reviewed along with
Alternatives Screening
Projects.
A treatability study has
been completed. Site is in
proposed plan/ROD stage.
A trcalability study has
been completed. Site is in
proposed plan/ROD stage.
g-
31
"Indicates a new site.
inrorr^
Shading indicates a non-CERCLA site.
-------
FIELD APPLICATIONS OF BIOREMEDIATION (cent
REG
V
V
'
.
.
SITE/
LOCATION/
LEAD
Process 4
Process 5
Facility**
Kalamazoo,MI
RCRA Lead (State)
"
<
„
,
" ..— ,
Company— Paike-Davis**
Holland, MI
RCRALead (Federal)
1 ^
* - ,
"
__ :
CONTACT/
PHONE
NUMBER
LomaJereza
(312)353-5110 ,
Federal (or national)
organization '
'eterQnackenbush
517)373-7397
State (or provincial)
organization -
GregRudloff -
312)335-3478
federal (or national)
rganization
hariSutker
312)886-^151
ederal (or national)
rganization ' /
1 (i A '' ^
aveSlayton -
517)373-8012 '
tate (or provincial)
rganization
N X
MEDIA/
CONTAMINANT/
VOLUME
Ground water (benzene,
chlorobenzene, phenol)
Ground water (benzene,
chlorobenzene, phenol)
Ground water (benzene,
chlorobenzene, phenol)
Soil / ground water (solvents)
v , t' '
<
j y
'
'' ," !
', *,
~<
oil /ground water (petroleum,
olvents) "
' ''' ,
"J *
\ ^ ;
* " * J '
STATUS/
COSTS
Full-scale remediation is planned.
Currently in predesign.
Laboratory-scale studies were
completed 07/93.
Full-scale remediation is planned.
Currently in predesign.
Laboratory-scale studies were
completed 07/93.
Full-scale remediation is planned.
.Currently in predesign.
Laboratory-scale studies were
completed 07/93.
Full-scale remediationia planned.
Currentiyin predesign. Pilot-scale >
studies have been underway since
01/87. ' 'f }
< " >„ *
< » ,
'
j
i s
Laboratory-scale and pilot-scale
Indies are planned. !
*• '
; < '
,, ,
' ? •- /
"
' '
TARGET
CLEANUP
LEVELS
Ground water: MCLs (not yet determined).
Ground water: MCLs (not yet determined).
Ground water Mri c fnnt mt ,4»t<»~»: — j\. .
Notyet established.
x \ ^ t
'f''s ';'"",'
*
' ' \ •-
~ „.- '
• > ' '
,
• '< '*
* i i , " _, / '
Notyet established, > ,
* '
. " „ -
Y Jr < , „ -
' ' * " '•','"'"' , \
J. " ' < < *•
* ' ' " i
TREATMENT
SUMMARY
Ex situ treatment, aerated lagoon.
In situ treatment, in situ ground
water bioremediation. Oxygen
source, nutrient addition.
ui aim ircaiment, tncKiing inters.
Ex situ treatment, fixed film,
non-aerated lagoovcompletely
mixeotflow. Aerobic conditions,
Nonbiological technologies* in
itu soil flushing, vacuum ,
extraction. _ \
' >' . '
Ex situ treatment fixed Sun.
Aerobic conditions.
bnbiological technologies: air
tripping and steamstripping.
> > t -.
,
' ,> ''
f :
COMMENTS
A treatability study has
been completed. Site is in
proposed plan/ROD stage.
A treatability study has
been completed. Site is in
proposed plan/ROD stage.
]
A treatability study has II
been completed. Site is in
proposed plan/ROD stage.
Site anticipates possible
Moblems with low, winter ,
temperatures.
A
i
"
' ,' t
'f
•
s
tone.
* <
^ <
"
'<
I
i
:
5
*Ihdicates a new site. ;
"^Indicates that contacts have provided updated information for this bulletin. ffludina inrf!™*. . n.» rmnr A .-, - «
3-
f
I!
-------
FIELD APPLICATIONS OF BIOREMEDIATION (cont.)
=-. - ••' . -
REG
V
V
VI
SITE/
LOCATION/
LEAD
West K&L Avenue Landfill"*
Calamazoo, MI
ERCLA Enforcement Lead
'rocessl
Process 2
Wright-Pattersoa Air Force
Base**
Dayton, OH
FederalFaeility
Atchinson - ATSS Santa Fe
Lake"
Santa Fe,NM
CERCLA Enforcement Lead
CONTACT/
PHONE
NUMBER
)anCozza
312)886-7252
'ederal (or national)
rganization
Rob Franks
517)335-9295
tate (or provincial)
rganization
John Wolfe
(513)257-2201
Federal (or national)
organization
Ky Nichols
(214)655-6783
Federal (or national)
organization
Smart Kent
(505)827-0037
State (or provincial)
organization
David auk
(913)435-2210
Industry
MEDIA/
CONTAMINANT/
VOLUME
Ground water (acetone, benzene,
,2-DCA,TCE, 1,1-DCA,
thylbenzene, toluene,
trans-l,2-DCE, vinyl chloride,
ylene)
Ground water (1,1-DCA,
1,2-DCA, acetone, benzene,
ethylbenzene, TCE, toluene,
trans-l,2-DCE, vinyl chloride,
xylene)
Vadosesoil (BTEXjetfoel)
Volume: 7,500 cubic yards
Sediments (diesel) / soil
(hydrocarbons)
Volume: 28,000 cubic yards
% of total vol. at site: 100%
STATUS/
COSTS '
rull-scale remediation is planned.
Currently in predesign.
,aboratory-scale and pilot-scale
udies are being conducted.
otal expected cost $16M.
'ull-scale remediation is planned.
ixpected start 12/98.
Laboratory-scale studies areheing
conducted. Expected completion
09/94.
'ilot-scale studies are planned.
Expected completion 06/97.
Blot-scale studies have been
underway since 07/93.
Full-scale remediation has been
underway since 07/92. Pilot-scale
studies have been completed.
Total expected cost $10M.
TARGET
CLEANUP
LEVELo
round waten acetone, 700 ppb; benzene,
ppb; vinyl chloride, 0.02 ppb; 1,2-DCA,
4 ppb; xylene, 20 ppb; toluene, 40 ppb;
trans-l,2-DCE, 100 ppb; ethylbenzene,
0 ppb; 1,1-DCA, 700 ppb.
Ground water: 1,1-DCA, 700 ppb;
1,2-DCA, 0.4 ppb; trans-l,2-DCE, 100 ppb;
xylene, 20 ppb; acetone, 700 ppb; benzene,
1 ppb; ethylbenzene, 30 ppb; toluene,
40 ppb; vinyl chloride, 0.02 ppb.
Not yet established,
Sediments: diesel, 1,000 mg/kg (state
guideline (California)).
Soil: hydrocaibons, 1,000 mg/kg (state
guideline (California)).
TREATMENT
SUMMARY
Ex situ treatment, fixed film,
>atchflow. Aerobic conditions.
onbiological technologies:
>recipitation of metals, a carbon
Liter for the vinyl chloride, and
andfill capping.
In situ treatment, in situ ground
water bioremediation. Aerobic
and anaerobic conditions,
indigenous organisms.
In situ treatment, bloventing.
Aerobic conditions, indigenous
organisms.
—
In situ treatment, in situ soil
bioremediation (in situ land
treatment). Ex situ land treatment
Nutrient addition. Aerobic
conditions, indigenous
organisms.
COMMENTS
Laboratory-scale
microcosms and pilot-scale
ysimeter systems are being
used to assess the
>iodegradative capacity of
le aquifer and landfill
material. Potential
roblems include treatment
f vinyl chloride and
laiidling of water after
treatment Discharge to
POTW would be possible
nly with the installation of
miles of sewer line, and
no surface water discharge
is possible, so treated
ground water must be
reinjected.
Regulatory obstacles -
ROD for the site will need
to be amended as will the
consent decree and SOW if
remedy changed based on
bioremediation field study.
— — —
None. ' - : •;.' ; .;..
:
with high chloride content
in soil and sludges.
'
I
J , 1
••Indicia that cml^s have providd
.
u^^
-------
••"^^^^^^^^^^"•^^"^^••^^^•i^BBBm^M^^^Ml^MBH^MBBi
FIELD APPLICATIONS OF BIOREMEDIATION (cont.)
REG
VI
VI
VI
'
VI
»
SITE/
LOCATION/
LEAD
Dow Chemical (
Company— Louisiana.
Division*
Plaquemine, LA
RCRALead (State)
1
French Limited**
Crosby, TX
CERCLA Enforcement Lead
Hudson Refining Company „
Cushing, OK
RCRALead (Federal)
•
Kelly Air Force Base
San Antonio, TX *
Federal Facility
'
CONTACT/
PHONE
NUMBER
Madeline Murphy
(504)765-0585 ,'
State (or provincial)
organization '
JillMcCullough
(504)353-8493
Industry,
X > *-
"
Judith Black
(214)655-6739
Federal (or national)
organization
Louis Rogers
(512)463-8188
Ronnie Grassland
(214)655-6480'-
Federal (or .national)
organization
(214)655-8315
FederaJ (or national)
organization
Kenny Johnson
(210)925-,1812
Federal (or national) >
MarkWse'ger ,
(512)908-2361
State (or provincial)
organization
MEDIA/
CONTAMINANT/
VOLUME
Groundiwater (1,1,1-TCA,
1,1-DCA, 1,1-DCE, 1,2-DCA,
chloroethane)
Volume: 90,000 cubic yards
I ,
, C A' ^ *
-
V
Sediments / soil / sludge (BAP,
benzene, PCBs, VOCs) / ground
water (hazardous contaminants)
Vadosesoil (BAP, '
benzo(a)anthracene, chrysene,
total oil and grease, total PAHs)
Volume: 145,000 cubic yards
%oftotalvol. atsite:40% -
;
Vadosesoil (benzene, BXEX jet
fuel, efiiylbenzene, PCB, DCE,
TCE, toluene, vinyl chloride,
xylene) , (" ,
" ,
,
STATUS/
COSTS
Full-scale bioremediation is not
planned. ''
Laboratory-scale studies were
completed 12/90.
Pilot-scale studies were completed
1 12/92.
'incurred costs: capital, $250K;
0&M,$10K. ' ''.„''
Total expected cost S260KT
1 !. Y'
Predesign.
Full-scate.remediationlias been
underway since 01/86,
Incurred cost: $1M.
.; -. ::
Full-scale remediation has been.
underway since 02/93, Expected
completion 09/94,
! ^
'
<„ • r
i , ' . > '
TARGET
CLEANUP
LEVELS
Not established.
1 A *
"f ' t >
,
°'i 'I
- <
Sludge: BAP, 9 ppm; PCBs, 23 ppm; VOCs,
43 ppm; benzene, 14 ppm.
Ground water: MCLs (risk-based).
Vadose soil: totalPAHs, 15 mg/kg; BAP,
200 Hg/kg;benzo(a)anthracene, 200 |tg/kg;
chrysene, 200 IjtgScg; total oil and grease,
960rhg/kg.
' (
.. :
NotyetestafiKshed.
11
t <
TREATMENT
SUMMARY
Ja situ treatment, in situ ground '
water bioremediatlon. Nutrient
addition (acetate, glucose, or
ethanol proposed). Anaerobic
conditions, indigenous
organisms. Nonbiological
technologies^pump and treat
<
^
• fa situ treatment, ah* sparging,
pure oxygen dissolution system.
Oxygen source, nutrient addition
(for soil, water, and sediments).
Aerobic conditions, indigenous
organisms.
In situ treatment, in situ soil
bioremediation (in situ land
treatment). Nutrient addition.
Aerobic conditions, indigenous
organisms. Nonbiological
technologies: excavation of soils
exhibiting oil and grease
concentrations greater man
20,000 ppm.
In situ treatment, bioventing.
Aerobic conditions, indigenous '
organisms. Nonbiological
technologies: pump and treat for
ground water.
'
COMMENTS
Permeability of the
contaminated zones is low,
and the supply (injection)
of nutrients is difficult All
bioactivity may occur at the
well screen, thereby
plugging the screen.
Unable to move nutrients
through the contaminated
zones even after hydraulic
fracturing.
This is the first full-scale
application of in situ,
slurry-phase
bioremediation to a
Superfund site cleanup.
Since the t efinery has gone
into bankruptcy, the state
and continuance of
bioremediation is uncertain.
*
Bioventing is to be ttsedx
only within S-4 area of
Kelly AFB on soils with
fuel-related contamination,
0
>'
I
I
t'
"Indicates a new site.
"Indicates that contacts have provided updated information for mis bulletin.
Shading indicates anon-CERCLA site.
-------
FIELD APPLICATIONS OF BIOREMEDIATION (cont.)
REG
VI
VI
VI
VI
SITE/
LOCATION/
LEAD
Matagora Island AirForca
Range"
Matagora Island, TX
TJST Lead (State)
'
North Cavalcade Street"
Houston, TX
CERCLA State Lead
Oldlnger"
Darrow.LA
CERCLA State Lead
Sheridan Disposal Services"
Hcmpslcad, TX
CERCLA Enforcement Lead
CONTACT/
PHONE
NUMBER
Jack Otis -
(409)766-8161
Federal (or national)
organization
David Harvey
(512)851-8484
State (or provincial)
organization
BrentMcCallick
(210)661-4251
Contractor/
engineering firm
Glenn Celerier, RE.
(214)655-8523
Federal (or national)
organization
Steve Chong, P.E.
(512)239-2441
State (or provincial)
organization
Larry Wright, P.E.
(214)655-6715
Federal (or national)
organization
Paul Sieminski
(214)655-8503
Federal (or national)
organization
Tim Knight
(504)765-0487
State (or provincial)
organization
Gary Baumgartcn
(214)655-6749
Federal (or national)
organization
MEDIA/
CONTAMINANT/
VOLUME
Vadosesoil (BTEXjetfeeL
benzene, ethylbenzene, toluene,
TPHs, xylene)
Volume: 871 cubic yards
% of total vol. at site; 100%
«
" "• \ "
^
'
Vadose soil (benzene, PAHs)
Volume: 10,000 cubic yards
Sludge (hydrocarbons) / soil
(petroleum)
Volume: 100,000 cubic yards
% of total vol. at site: 70%
Sludge / soil / surface water
(benzene, clhylbcnzcnc, PCBs,
phenol, toluene)
Volume: 40,000 cubic yards
STATUS/
COSTS
Full-scale remediation was _
completed 03/93.
Incurred cosU capital* $77.9K.
;
<.
i
j.- .
<
Full-scale remediation is planned.
Currently in design. Pilot-scale
studies were completed 10/92.
Started 06/92.
Total expected cost $4M.
Full-scale remediation is being
conducted. Laboratory-scale
studies have been completed.
Pilot-scale studies were completed
11/86. Started 10/85.
Incurred cost $5.4M.
Total expected cost S12.5M.
Full-scale remediation is planned.
Currently in prcdosign.
Laboratory-scale studies have been
completed.
Pilot-scale studies were completed
12/91. Started 04/91.
Total expected cose S2BM.
TARGET
CLEANUP
LEVELS
Vadose jiQik TPHs, 500 mg/kgiBTEX* _
1,000 rag/kg; benzene, 0.5 mg/kg; toluene,
100 mg/kg; ethylbenzenej 70 mg/kg; xylene,
1,000 mg/kg.
*
> ><
*
Vadose soil: carcinogenic PAHs, 1 mg/kg
(risk-based).
Sludge: contaminant reduction from 76% to
4%.
Soil: contaminant reduction from 76% to
4%.
Sludge: PCBs, 50 ppm (PCB spill cleanup
policy).
Soil: PCBs, 50 mg/kg.
TREATMENT
SUMMARY
Exjitu treatment, pile, addition
of Pseudomonas microbial slurry.
Aerobic conditions* exogenous
organisms.
"
',
Ex situ land treatment Aerobic
conditions, indigenous
organisms.
Ex situ land treatment Aerobic
conditions, indigenous
organisms. Nonbiological
technologies: granular activated
carbon for water treatment
Ex situ treatment, slurry reactor,
completely mixed flow. Aerobic
conditions. Nonbiological
technologies: stabilization of
residues.
COMMENTS
Bioremediation proved
successful in cleaning up
thesitetobelowthe
necessary levels. The site is;
now In the process of being
closed to further remedial
action.
<^<
^
None.
No problems with
bioremediation. Full-scale
operations were delayed
due to state lag time in
procuring contractor.
Pilot study was completed
and the report finalized in
August 1993. PCB levels
are used as indicators of
levels of other organics.
•Indicates a new site.
halmgiodici(«»DOn-CKRCLAsiic.
-------
FIELD APPLICATIONS OF BIOREMEDIATION (cont.)
REG
VI
_
<
vn
-
j
•>
vn
vn
SITE/
LOCATION/
LEAD
Texas Eastern Gas Pipeline *
SaintFrancisville, LA
TSCAJLead (Federal)
-
>
1 ' A „ >
<
^- -.
'
Amoco Refinery**
Sugar Creek, MO
RCRALead (State)
Process 1
" fj
<
> * t
>
Process 2
'
Conservation Chemical
Kansas City, MO
CERCLA Enforcement Lead
Faiifield Coal & Gas**
Fairfield, IA
CERCLA Enforcement Lead
CONTACT/
PHONE
NUMBER
Joan Blake
(202)260-6236
Federal (of national)
organization "
,"
.,'
^
, >
-
^
0 > >*'
'< t
\ '
'
Rob Morrison"
(314)751-3176 x
State (or provincial)
organization *
^
Alan Hancock x
(913)551-7647
Federal (ornational)
organization Jj fr
v f *•*
_
^ "'
Steve Auchterlonie
(913)551-7778
Federal (or national)
organization
Bruce Morrison
(913)551-7755
Federal (ornational)
organization
Johanshir Golchin
(515)281-8925
State (or provincial)
organization
MEDIA/
CONTAMINANT/
VOLUME
SoilflPCBs)
< w }
,<'
1 ~~ '
>? ,_ <
-* A >
<. •*
v /
,
'
v K
*
Soil (phenanthrene, pyrene,
naphthalene, toluene, xylene)
, ^
•>* " \> -
',] % ' V- °'<
\ r.1* * f } ~"
Soil (phenanthrene, pyrene,
naphthalene, toluene, xylene)
>lt
f
Ground water (semivolatiles,
phenols, VOCs)
Volume: 200 gallons per minute
% of total vol. at site: 100%
Saturated soil / ground water
(benzene, ethylbenzene, PAHs,
toluene, xylene)
STATUS/
COSTS
Full-scale bioremedtation ismot
planned.
Laboratory-scale studies have been
completed. J" ^ *
.Pilot-scale studies'were completed*
04/93., " ^,
«
'
i f
/ /
,' it > l
n '"
- '
-
Full-scale remediation has been
underway since 08/94,
Laboratory-scale and pilot-scale
studies have been completed.
• ' '"
' *•
v*< ' *?*•' ^
s ^* ' > P
Full-scale remediation has been
underway since 01/91. ,* •
V M
" ''
Full-scale remediation has been
underway since 01/90.
Laboratory-scale studies were
completed 01/89.
Incurred cost: capital, S110K.
Cost per yean O&M, $25K
Full-scale bioremediation is not
planned.
Laboratory-scale studies have been
completed.
Pilot-scale studies were completed
01/93. Started 12/91.
Incurred cost: O&M, S150K.
Total expected costs: capital,
$300K;O&M,$150K.
Costs per yean O&M, $150K.
TARGET
CLEANUP
LEVELS
•Soil: performance-based.
<•"' ' , ^ '^" '
*V* " • !
*'* •> > (~
: ' > 'J ? ' "^ •• *
'-' '' • ' '' , ' ' *% ,-
i < X< s~ t * > "-
-V '' ' 'i-
' i ^ s ^ \ '"
« ^ A lf
' ,
t ,\ ' ~, " -»
Not yet established. t - "•
* , ' < •" " ^
. ''*" , -/"> > ' »>
\ ']' '' i "'
" ' v - ^ ' "»" *'«
' ; ""- V
Notyet established.
, "l
i ! ^
Ground water: VOCs, 5 Ug/L; phenols,
1 ppb (EPA or Missouri drinking water
standards).
Saturated soil: benzene, 241 mg/kg; PAHs,
500 mg/kg; carcinogenic PAHs, 100 mg/kg.
Ground waten benzene, 1 ppb; carcinogenic
PAHs, 200 ppt
TREATMENT
SUMMARY
Ex situ treatment, biotreatment of
soil in a plastic liner. Aerobic'
conditions, exogenous and
indigenous organisms. v
" "*• \
,
Ml < ' > X
•* ^ \
'- >' ', >
^-. ^. "
!* '
it-v '' " ',<
f * -
, 1 *
'
Ex situ treatment, aeratedlagoon,
pile. Aerobic conditions,
indigenous organisms.
'Ndnbiological technologies: ,
thermal desorption. r
y
"^ *
', ' "> i <
^ -^ y * >
Ex situ land treatment Aewbic
conditions, indigenous
organisins.«Nonbiological
technologies; thermal desorption.
Ex situ treatment, fixed film,
completely mixed flow. Aerobic
conditions, exogenous organisms.
Monbiological technologies:
carbon adsorption, lime
precipitation, and sulfide
precipitation in series.
n situ treatment, in situ ground
water bioremediation, injection
and extraction wells. Hydrogen
leroxide, nutrient addition
water, (nitrate)). Aerobic
conditions, indigenous
organisms.
COMMENTS
This was a treatability
study carried out by a > ,
contractorhired by Texas ,
EasternTThe studies-
indicated that • '
Jbioremediation failed to
reduce PCB contamination
to within the necessary '
Bioremediation of PCBs "
WflC^nrtt ^mrt«etni*ewl itt ' _
'the 2-year duration of the
'experiment Although"
bioremediation^as "
considered, it was rejected
and the site was Jandfilled,
There have been material
handling problems such as "
mixing sludge for
uniformity and providing
enough oxygen without
cooling the pond below an
effectiyetemperature.
< K •- " '
' i ?
None.
'
•, " v '
None.
Future problems due to
xx>r transmissivity of the
aquifer are possible.
lydrogeologic conditions
were determined to be
irohibitive to
)ioremediation. Pilot study
confirmed this.
"Indicates a new site.
**Indicates that contacts have provided updated information for this bulletin.
Shading indicates anon-CERCLA site.
-------
FIELD APPLICATIONS OF BIOREMEDIATION (cont.)
REG
_vu
vn
>,
vn
SITE/
LOCATION/
LEAD
International Paper , ,
Joplin,MO
RCRA Lead (State)
.t *
"
,
,
Offutt Air Force Base"
Bellevue,NE
Federal Facility
Process 1
Process^
Park City"
Park City, KS
RCRA Lead (State)
CONTACT/
PHONE
NUMBER
JimTucholski
(314)751-3176 :
State (or provincial) ^
organization
RobMorrison.
(314)751-3176
State (or.provincial)
organization "*
•
\
< ~ ^ <
.,
" ,'H
Philip Cork
(402)294-7621 ^'lv
Federal (or national)
organization
Ed Louis
(402)471-4230
State (or provincial)
organization
Frank Werner
(402)294-7621
Federal (or national)
organization
John Wilson
(405)436-8532
Federal (or national)
organization
MEDIA/
CONTAMINANT/
VOLUME
Soil (creosote, PAHs, PCP)
Volume: 100,000 cubicyatds
i
^ 4
' t
' t > '
"' " - " 'V ^ •- \
<•,' , ^
Jl * f' '
t t t " " * <
t .r.-, ' \
," X * "
Vadosesoil (benzene, ,. ,
ethylbeazene, TPffi, xylene)
Volume; 11,000 cubic yards
1 % of total vol. at site 55%
Ground water (VOCs)
Volume: 5,600,000 cubic feet
Ground water (benzene,
m-xykne, ethylbenzcnc,
o-xylene, p-xylcne, toluene)
Volume: 22,000 cubic meters
% of total vol. at site: 50%
STATUS/
COSTS
Full-scale remediation has been.
underway since 05/94.
Laboratory-scale studies were
completed 01/90. Started 01/88,
i* > i
Total expected cose $9M. ,
> <
' ,
^< >
V -X
V , ,
~
Full-scale remediationhasbeen v
underway-since 10/93, Expected
completion 10/95. Pilot-scale ',
studies have been underway since.
08/92.
Full-scale remediationis planned.
Laboratory-scale studies have been
completed.
Pilot-scale studies are planned.
Expected completion 08/95.
Total expected cost S2.5M.
Fall-scale remediation has been
underway since 06.93.
Laboratory-scale studies were
completed 01/93. Started 01/92.
Incurred CO&S275K.
Toul expected cost; S650K.
TARGET
CLEANUP
LEVELS
Soil; risk-based and state-required.
"• ' ' •• , -
» f
(
1 - "
t* •> -'
t •"<--'
„
\ ^ ^ ^ ^
^ --S, ^ ''
x I ,
V, '" *
^ "" , *
yadose sofl: benzene, 10 mg/kg;
ethylbenzene, 10 mg/kg; xylene, 10 mg/kg;
TPHs, 10 mg/kg (risk-based),' N l
''
Ground water: risk-based.
Ground waten federal MCLs.
TREATMENT
SUMMARY
Ex situ land treatment Aerobic
conditions, indigenous
organisms. Nonbiological
technologies: chemical treatment,
soil washing proposed but
restricted by land disposal
restrictions.
*
„
< *- ^
1 > ^
'•• ^
5 t
;
x
•>'-
In situ treatment, bioventing.
Oxygensouree. Aerobic
conditions, indigenous ~
organisms. <
In situ treatment, in Situ ground
water bioremediatjon. Hydrogen
peroxide. Aerobic conditions,
indigenous organisms.
In situ treatment, in situ ground
water biorcmcdialion, in situ
sediment biorcmcdialion.
Nutrient addition (nitrate is added
as an election receptor). Aerobic
and anaerobic conditions,
indigenous organisms.
COMMENTS
,
Bioremediation initially
failed at this site due to
lack of temperature and
moisture control; the units
were flooded, blocking
oxygen. transfer.Basins
were covered (10-t- acres
under each of four roofs) to
contfolmoisttre and
temperature, and
biorcmediation has started
up again. Unable at this
time to say whether this has
worked. Land disposal L
restrictions limit cleanup
options. ,
Problems encountered, with
bioventing: liigh water
tabledue to rains, blower
motor failure.
Getting hydrogen peroxide
to all parts of shallow
aquifer being treated.
Site is serving as a test case
for new Kansas
environmental regulations.
•Indicaicsancwsitc.
h^provioVdurxiad^
SriadiBgindkatoanon-CERCLAsitc.
-------
FIELD APPLICATIONS OF BIOREMEDIATION (cont.)
REG
vn
vn
\«, ^
SITE/
LOCATION/
LEAD
Scott Lumber
Alton, MO
CERCLA Fund Lead
Sioux City Pilot Study"
Sioux City, IA
CERCLA State Lead
Vogel Paint & Wax
Maurice, IA
CERCLA State Lead
Burlington Northern ,
Gtendive,MT
Water Quality B wean Lead
Burlington Northern Tie
Plant**
Somers, MX
CERCLA Enforcement Lead
CONTACT/
PHONE
NUMBER
Bruce Morrison
(913)236-3881
Federal (or national)
organization
-
Johanshir Golchin
(515)281-8925
State (or provincial)
organization
Jack Generaux
(913)551-7690
State (or provincial)
organization
Bob Drustnip
(515)281-8900
State (or provincial)
organization
Terry Webster
(406)444-2406
Stale (of provincial)
organization
Tim Harris
(406)449-5414
Federal (or national)
organization
Karen Zackheim
(406)449-4067
State (or provincial)
MEDIA/
CONTAMINANT/
VOLUME
Vadose soil (acenaphthylene,
fluorene, anthracene,
benzo(b)fluoranthene,
benzo(a)anthracene, BAP,
benzo(g,h,i)peiylene,
benzo(k)fluoran1hene, chrysene,
dibenzo(a,h)anthracene,
fluoranthene,
indeno(l,2,3-cd)pyrene,
naphthalene, PAHs,
phenanthrene, pyrene)
Vnlllma- 1 < OnA *™« -
% of total vol. at site: 90%
Soil (BTEX lube oil, PAHs)
Volume: 100,000 cubic yards
Soil (benzene, ethylbenzene,
MEK, toluene, xylene)
Volume: 40,000 cubic yards
% of total vol. at site: 100%
Soil (diesel)
' "!t >!
Soil / ground water (PAHs)
Volume: 60,000 cubic yards
% of total vol. at site: 75%
STATUS/
COSTS
Full-scale remediation was
completed 11/91. Started 06/90.
Incurred costs: capital, $700K;
O&M, $500K.
Total expected cose O&M, S600K.
Cost per yean O&M, S300K.
-- - - - -
Pilot-scale studies were completed
10/91. Started 08/91.
Incurred cost: capital, S250K.
Total expected cost capital, $10M.
Full-scale remediation has been
underway since 10/91.
Total expected cost $2M.
Full-scale remediation has been
underway sinceQl/91.
' >> * >
' I !
J >
Full-scale remediation has been
underway since 09/93.
-aboratory-scale studies have been
completed.
Total expected cost SUM.
TARGET
CLEANUP
LEVELS
Vadose soil: BAP, 14 mg/kg; PAHs,
500mg/kg.
- - - -
Soil: PAHs, 500 mg/kg; carcinogenic PAHs,
250 mg/kg.
Not yet established.
Soil: diesel, XOO mg*g (EPA
Recommended Standard), x
/; ,' ,' '
Soil: carcinogenic PAHs, 36 mg/kg
(risk-based).
Ground water: carcinogenic PAHs,
0.03 ug/L (water quality criteria).
TREATMENT
SUMMARY
Ex situ land treatment Aerobic
conditions, indigenous
organisms.
Ex situ land treatment Aerobic
and anaerobic conditions,
exogenous and indigenous
organisms. Nonbiological
technologies: chemical treatment
Ex situ land treatment Aerobic
conditions, indigenous
organisms. Nonbiological
technologies: air stripping of
ground water, product recovery.
Ex situland treatment, active <>
tillage, nutrient control, Aerobic
conditions, indigenous > "
n situ treatment, in situ ground
water bioremediation, in situ soil
)ioremediation (in situ land
treatment). Ex situ land treatment
Oxygen source, nutrient addition
nitrogen, phosphorus). Aerobic
conditions, indigenous
organisms. Nonbiological
technologies: surface treatment of
extracted ground water by carbon
adsorption.
COMMENTS
Health-based risk levels for
PAHs were changing and
inconsistent.
Problems included high
soil moisture, a large area
of operation, low
temperatures, and other
climatic obstacles.
Volatilization control/air
monitoring are being
evaluated.
None. '
>
Slot-scale field activities
lave been initiated because
of low soil transmissivities.
Onsite pumping tests were
completed in me third
quarter of FY1991. A
portion of the site is
adjacent to a large lake.
"Indicates a new site.
'•Indicates that contacts have provided updated information for this bulletin.
Shading indicates a non-CERCLA site.
-------
FIELD APPLICATIONS OF BIOREMEDIATION (cont.)
REG
vnr
vm
Vffl
vm.
Vffl
SITE/
LOCATION/
LEAD
Conoco Landfarm
Billings, MT
RCRA Lead (State)
3xxbn Landfarm
Billings, MT
RCRA Lead (State)
Geraldine Airport
Geraldine, MT
CERCLA State Lead
Glasgow Former Air Force
Base"
Glasgow, MT
FederalFacility
Hffl Air Force Base"
SaltLakeCity.Ur
Federal Facility
CONTACT/
PHONE
NUMBER
dark Mohorcich
(406)444-1430 ,
State (or provincial)
organization
MarkMohorcich
(406)444-1430
State (of provincial)
organization
Amy Reynolds
(406)443-5827
State (or provincial)
organization
Steven Ott
(402)221-7670
Federal (or national)
organization
Ben Mundie
(406)444-5970
State (orprovincial)
organization
Martin Rasmussen
(402)221-3827
State (or provincial)
organization
Robert Stiles
(303)294-1974
Federal (or national)
MEDIA/
CONTAMINANT/
VOLUME
Sludge (K048 organiqs, K048
metals, K051 metals.KQSl
organics)/ soil (petroleum)
Volume: 15 acres
% of total vol. atsite: 100% -
Sludge (K049 organics, K049
metals, K050 metals, K050
organics, K051 metals, K051'
Organics)
Volume: 45,000 tons
Vadose soil (2,4-D, aldrin,
chlordane, 4,4'-DDE,
4,4'-DDD, 4,4'-DDT, p-BHC,
dieldrin, endrin, toxaphene)
Vadose soil (BTEX, TPHs)
Volume: 3200 cubicyards
Soil / ground water (TPHs)
STATUS/
COSTS
Full-scale remediation has been
underway since 01/73. Pilot-scale
studies have "been completed.
1
Full-scale remediation has been
underway since 01/80. Pilot-scale
studies have been completed.
Pull-scale bioremediation is not
planned.
Full-scale remediationisplanned.
Expected start 07/95,
Total expected costs: capital,
$2,000; O&M, $1,000.
Full-scale remedktionhas been
underway since 09/91.
TARGET
CLEANUP
LEVELS
Sludge: K048 metals, l,OOOppm;K051
metals, 1,000 ppra(closureperfonnance
standards).
\ \ *
-
Sludge: K049 metals, 1,000 ppm; K050
metals, 1,000 ppm; K051 metals, 1,000 ppm *
(closure performance standard).
Not established.
Vadose soil: TPHs, 100 mg/fcg;'BTEX, , -
10 mg/kg (DIRP standard).
Not yet established.
TREATMENT
SUMMARY
Ex situland treatment Aerobic
conditions, indigenous
organisms. Nonbiolojdcal
technologies: chemical
adsorption, ion exchange,
irecipitation.
Bx situ land treatment Aerobic
conditions, indigenous
organisms. Nonbiological
technologies: chemical
adsorption^ ion exchange,
Precipitation.
Aerobic and anaerobic
conditions, indigenous
organisms.
Ex sitaland treatment Aerobic ,
conditions, indigenous
organisms.
In situ treatment, bioventing.
Oxygen source. Aerobic
conditions, indigenous
organisms. Nonbiological
technologies: vapor venting.
COMMENTS
Conoco Billings Landfarm
is seeking aNo Migration
Variance.The facility
maintains a Montana
Hazardous Waste Permit
(MTHWP-88-02).
ExxouLandfatm (Billings)
has obtained a No
Migration Variance. The
facility maintains a
MontanaHazardous Waste
Permit (MTHWP-88-01),
No longer being considered
due to failure of related
pilot-scale treatability
studies to substantially
reduce pesticide levels.
The cold weather of
northern Montana might
pose an obstacle to
effective landfarming; State
is sensitive about the total.
volume of material to be
Ian df armed.
If Hill AFB can get
funding, bioventing could
be conducted on soils with
different contaminant
mixtures: (1) gasoline and
chlorinated solvents, and
(2) petroleum
hydrocarbons, JP-4 jet fuel,
dioxiosffurans, and
solvents.
00
"IndicKcjancwiiie.
" "Indicates that contacu have provided updated information for thk baictfa.
Shading todkateJ a noa-CERCLA Jitc.
-------
FIELD APPLICATIONS OF BIOREMEDIATION (cont.)
REG
SITE/
LOCATION/
LEAD
Idaho Pole Company
Bozeman, MT
CERCLA State Lead
Process 1
Process 2
Process 3
foliet Weed Control District**
Joliet,MT
CERCLA State Lead
CONTACT/
PHONE
NUMBER
Jim Harris
(406)449-5720
State (or provincial)
organization
Brian Antonioli
(406)449-4067
State (or provincial)
organization
Janie Stiles
State (or provincial)
organization
Amy Reynolds
(406)443-5827
State (or provincial)
organization
MEDIA/
CONTAMINANT/
VOLUME
Vadose and saturated soil
(fluoranthene, BAP,
benzo(b)fluoranthene,
anthracene,
benzo(gji4)perylene,
benzo(a)anthracene,
benzo(k)fluoranmene, chrysene,
indeno(l A3-cd)pyrene, PCP,
phenanthrene, pyrene)
Sediments (fluoranthene,
anthracene, BAP,
benzo(a)anthracene,
benzo(b)fluoranthene,
benzo(gji,i)perylene,
benzo(k)fluoranthene, chrysene,
indeno(l,2,3-cd)pyrene, PCP,
phenanthrene, pyrene)
Ground water
(2,4,6-trichlorophenol,
fluoranthene, chrysene,
3enzo(b)fluoranthene,
Jenzo(a)anthracene, anthracene,
BAP, benzo(k)fluoranthene,
fluorene, naphthalene, PCP,
phenanthrene, pyrene)
Vadose soil (2,4-D, dicamba,
MCPA)
STATUS/
COSTS
Full-scale remediation is planned.
Currently in predesign.
Total expected costs: capital,
$900K;0&M,$130K.
Full-scale remediation is planned.
Currently in predesign.
Laboratory-scale studies are
planned. Expected start 07/95,
expected completion 03/96.
Pilot-scale studies are planned.
Expected start 10/94, expected
completion 03/96.
Total expected costs: capital,
$1.2M; O&M, $400K.
Full-scale remediation is planned.
Currently in predesign.
Laboratory-scale studies are
planned. Expected start 07/95,
expected completion 03/96.
Slot-scale studies are planned.
Expected start 10/94, expected
completion 03/96.
Total expected costs: capital,
$1.2M;O&M,$400K.
Full-scale bioremediation is not
ilanned.
"Sot-scale studies were completed
09/91.
TARGET
CLEANUP
LEVELS
Vadose/saturated soil: PCP, 48 mg/kg
(risk-based).
Sediments: PCP, 48 mg/kg (risk-based).
Ground water: PCP, 1 ug/L; pyrene,
0.4 ug/L; chrysene, 0.2 ug/L;
benzo(b)fluoranthene, 0.2 ug/L;
benzo(k)fluoranthene, 0.2 (ig/L;
benzo(a)anthracene, 0.1 ug/L; anthracene, •
0.3 ug/L; BAP, 0.2 ug/L (MCL).
Not established.
TREATMENT
SUMMARY
Ex situ land treatment Oxygen
source, nutrient addition. Aerobic
conditions, indigenous
gam
Ex situ treatment, fixed film, plug
flow. Aerobic conditions,
indigenous organisms.
fa situ treatment, in situ ground
water bioremediation. Oxygen
source, nutrient addition. Aerobic
conditions, indigenous
organisms.
n situ treatment, in situ soil
rioremediation (in situ land
reatment). Aerobic and anaerobic
conditions, indigenous
organisms.
COMMENTS
None.
None.
None.
^lot-scale study did not
lave adequate controls.
No longer being considered
due to high levels of
dioxins and failure of '
related pilot-scale
treatabflity studies to
reduce pesticide levels
ubstantially.
"Indicates a new site.
"Indicates that contacts have provided updated information for this bulletin.
Shading indicates a non-CERCLA site.
-------
FIELD APPLICATIONS OF BIOREMEDIATION (cont)
Ul
o
REG
vm
vra
vra
vm
SITE/
LOCATION/
LEAD
Lake County Weed Control"
Ronan,MT
CERCLA State Lead
Libby Ground Water Site**
Libby.MT
CERCLA Enforcement Lead
Process!
Process 2
ProcessS
Miles City Aiiport**
Miles City, MT
CERCLA State Lead
Montana Pole"
BuMc,MT
CERCLA State Lead
CONTACT/
PHONE
NUMBER
Amy Reynolds
(406)443-5827
State (or provincial)
organization
Jim Harris
(406)449-5415
Federal (or national)
organization
Amy Reynolds
(406)443-5827
State (or provincial)
organization
Brian Antonioli
(406)449-4067
Stall; (or provincial)
organization
SaraWcinstock
(406)449-5414
Federal (or national)
organization
MEDIA/
CONTAMINANT/
VOLUME
Vadose soil (2,4-D, atrazine,.
4,4'-DDD,4,4'-DDE,
4,4'-DDT, aldrin, P-BHC,
•y-BHC, chloidane, dicamba,
dieldrin, endrin, Far-go,
methoxychlpr, Tordon)
Ground water (PAHs, benzene,
PCP)
Volume: 10 gallons per minute
Soil (PAHs, PCP)
Volume: 45,000 cubic yards
% of total vol. at site: 100%
Ground water (benzene, PAHs,
PCP)
Volume: 10 gallons per minute
Vadose soil (2,4-D, aldrin,
chlordane, cc-BHC, 4,4'-DDE,
4,4'-DDD, 4,4'-DDT, P-BHC,
Y-BHC, atrazine, dieldrin,
Far-go, methoxychlor,
parathion-c, Tordon) / saturated
soil (cndrin)
Sediments / ground walcr (PCP)
/soU (PAHs, PCP)
Volume: 200,000 cubic yards
?
1
STATUS/
COSTS
Full-scale bioremediation is not
planned.
Full-scale remediation is being
conducted. Laboratory-scale and
pilot-scale studies bave been
completed.
Full-scale remediation is being
conducted. Pilot-scale studies bave
been completed. '
Full-scale remediation is being
conducted. Laboratory-scale and
pilot-scale studies have been
completed.
Full-scale biorcmediation is not
planned.
Full-scale remediation is planned.
Cuncntly in predcsign.
Laboratory-scale and pilot-scale
studies are planned. Expected start
05/95, expected completion 11/95.
Total expected costs: capita], S3M;
0&M.S12M.
CosU per yean 0&M.S1.2M.
TARGET
CLEANUP
LEVELS
Not established.
Ground waten carcinogenic PAHs, 40 Hg/L;
noncarcinogenic PAHs, 400 (ig/L; PCP,
1.05 mg/L; benzene, 5 mg/L.
Soil: carcinogenic PAHs, 88 mg/kg; PCP,
37 mg/kg.
Ground water: benzene, 5 mg/L;
carcinogenic PAHs, 40 Jlg/L;
noncarcinogenic PAHs, 400 ug/L; PCP,
1.05 mg/L.
Not established.
Sediments: PCP, 34 mg/kg (risk-based).
SoU: PCP, 34 rag/kg; PAHs, 42 mg/kg
(risk-based).
Ground waten PCP, 1 (ig/L (MCL).
TREATMENT
SUMMARY
Aerobic and anaerobic
conditions, indigenous
organisms.
Ex situ treatment, fixed film,
bioreactor for ground water, plug
flow. Aerobic conditions,
indigenous organisms.
Ex situ land treatment Aerobic
conditions, indigenous
organisms.
'
In situ treatment, in situ ground
water bioremediation. Oxygen
source, nutrient addition
(potassium, tripolyphosphate,
ammonium chloride). Aerobic
conditions, indigenous
organisms.
Aerobic and anaerobic
conditions, indigenous
organisms.
In situ treatment, in situ ground
water bioremediation. Ex situ
treatment, reactor type to be
determined, land treatment.
Hydrogen peroxide, oxygen
source, nutrient addition
(nutrients not yet determined).
Aerobic conditions, indigenous
organism*. NonbioJogicsl
IcchDOtogwj: in situ soil flushing.
COMMENTS
No longer being considered
due to natural degradation
of pesticide levels to levels
too low to perform
pilot-scale study on and
due to failure of related
studies to substantially
reduce pesticide levels.
Oil-water separation in
bioreactor has been a
problem because fiee
product has approximately
the same specific gravity as
water.
Pyrene degradation rates in
land treatment units for
soils have been low, but
pyrene has been removed
from remediation
requirements.
None.
No longer being considered
due to failure of related
pilot-scale Instability
studies to reduce pesticide
levels substantially.
The Montana Pole Site is in
the prc-RD/RA stage and
no remediation currently is
taking place.
•Indicate* a new site.
Shadig iBdio(» a noo-CERCLA lite.
-------
FIELD APPLICATIONS OF BIOREMEDIATION (cont.)
REG
vm
vm
vm
.,•
Vffl
vm
SITE/
LOCATION/
LEAD
MontanaRail Link— East ( '
^STLead^State)
Process 1 t '" •*',
S?~ ^ f
Process2 '
Richey Airport
Richey.MT
CERCLA State Lead
Union Pacific Railroad Tie
Treatment Plant"
Laramte,WY
RCRALead (Federal)
CONTACT/
PHONE
NUMBER
Terry Webster
(406)444-2406 j,,
State (or provincial)
organization ~ s
-TeayWebster s
(406)4442406'
State (or provincial)
organization
Suzanne Stevensoi
(303)293-1669, '
State (or provincial) '
organization
LisSWeer >
(303)692-3451
State;(or provincial)
organization, »
"
Amy Reynolds
(404)443-5827
State (or provincial)
organization
Felix Flechas
,(303^293-1524,,'
T?ederal (or national)
organization
11 <"A' !
' i '" '
MEDIA/
CONTAMINANT/
VOLUME
'Soil (diesel) ^ f> t» ->'-<'
f'« j*'* " } t
Soil ^petroleumj <
^Ground water (benzene, toluene,
xylene) ' <• " " ' >l >
Volume; 12,000,000 gallons
Sediments" (ethylbenzene,
•toluene, xylene), '
* 'it'"
Vadose soil (2,4-D, aldrin,
dicamba, chlordane, o-BHC,
4,4'-DDE,4,4'-DDD,
4,4'-DDT,p-BHC,Y-BHC,
atrazine, dieldrin, endrin, Far-go,
methoxychlor, parathion-e,
parathion-m, Tordon)
Volume: 1 ^ pallnns
Soil /ground water (creosote, ^
fAHs'.PCP) <.'' * ?
STATUS/
COSTS
Full-scale remediation has been,
underway since 05S2. „ , *t
Full-scale remediation has been
underway since05/92. ,c sii
Full-scale remediation Was
completed 03/92. Started 06Y89, '
Incurred cost; S500K.
< /'t //^ 'v< " "{I £ ' f '
Full-scale remediation has been
completed. > * *
Full-scale bioremediation is not
planned.
Laboratory-scale studies have been
completed.
Pilot-scale studies were completed
08/93. Started 01/93.
Full-scale, bioremediation jsfnot' s t
planned.
Laboratory-scale and pilot-scale
studies have been completed.
Incurred cost: $35M.
Total^expectedcosfclSSM? ,f ^ ,*$,
/ ' * t ^
^ " / , '' >
< * * /^ * ^ ^
' „ IA ,! ,
TARGET
CLEANUP
LEVELS
SoU; diesel,, 100 mg*g (EPA
Recommended).
Soil: pefrblenrn.'jlOOmg/kg (EPA "> , •
'Recommendecl).
f 0 i < *
Ground Water; risk-based.
> > ;
- /- s" ' '' ^ ' *
Not supplied. „
Not established.
Not established/ ' % < - i =•
. « "i':;'>'' S" ' k* " '
* ^" < v > ; \ ' ,
TREATMENT
SUMMARY
Ex situ land treatment, tillage,
moisture and nutrient control.
Aerobic conditions, indigenous
organisms.
Ex situ land treatment, tillage,
moisture and nutrient control.
Aerobic conditions, indigenous
organisms. "
In situ treatment, jn situ ground
water bioremediation, combined
bioprocess. Hydrogen peroxide,
nutrient addition (ammonium and
phosphate compounds). Aerobic
conditions, indigenous j s *
organisms. Nonbiological
technologies: chemical treatment
In situ treatment, biovenling, in t
situ ground water bioreinediation,
in situ sediment bioremediation.
Oxygen source, nutrient addition. '
Aerobic conditions, indjgenoils < '
organisms.
Ex situ treatment, reactor (type
not chosen). Aerobic and
anaerobic conditions, indigenous
organisms.
In situ treatment, in situ ground
water bioremediation, in situ
sediment bioremediation, in situ
soil bioremediation (in situ land
treatment). Ex situ treatment, >
sequencing batch reactor, land '
treatment Hydrogen peroxide," -'
nutrient addition (N:P). Aerobic
conditions, indigenous
'organisms. Nonbiological
technologies: in situ soil flushing,
soil washing.
COMMENTS
None. '
None.
A risk assessment has been
submitted to the State of
Colorado Health
Department for review. The
State has accepted the
closureapplication forthe *
site. '
Higher costs than expected,
No longer being considered
due to failure of the
pilot-scale treatability
studies to substantially
reduce pesticide levels.
Fluid delivery is not
uniform, so bioremediation
is not uniform. Cleanup of
bedrock: contaminationis
technically impracticable.
Besides bedrock
contamination, there are
three considerations which: '
lead to the conclusion that
it is'impracticabte to
bioremediate the area: (1)
the size of the area, (2) the
cost that would be incurred,
and (3) the time required to
bioremediate the area.
"Indicates a new site.
"Indicates that contacts have provided updated information for this bulletin.
Shading indicates a non-CERCLA site.
-------
FIELD APPLICATIONS OF BIOREMEDIATION (cont.)
REG
re
K
SITE/
LOCATION/
LEAD
Aua Fuel Farm"
American Samoa
Federal Facility
Beale Air R>rce Base
Marysville, CA
Federal Facility
Process! "
Process 2
Process 3
Process 4
ProcessS
Process 6
CONTACT/
PHONE
NUMBER
HeleneTakemoto
(808)438-6931
Federal {or national)
organization
Sheri Rolfsness
(916)634-2642
Federal (or national)
organization
c ' %
MEDIA/
CONTAMINANT/
VOLUME
SoilCdieself
Vadose soil (diesel) ,
Volume: 20,000cubieyards •
% of total vol. at site: 100%
Vadose soil (diesel, gasoline,..
solvents)
Volume: 10,000 cubic yards
Vadose soil (diesel, gasoline)
Volume: 10,000 cubic yards
Vadose soil (diesel, gasoline)
Volume: 3,000 cubic yards
% of total vol. at site: 100%
Vadose soil (benzene, diesel,
elhylbcnzene, toluene, xylene)
Volume: 10,000 cubic yards
Vadose soil (diesel, gasoline,
TCE)
Volume: 100,000 cubic yanls
STATUS/
COSTS
TFull-scale remediation has Been ™
underway since 12/93. Expected
completion 12/95. Pilot-scale *
studieswerecompletedOlTO. s „
Incurred costs: capital, $700K;
O&M,$10K. x '
FuU-scalaremediation has been ,
underway since 07/92.PJlot-scale
studies were completed 12/9}.
Started 10/91.
Incurred cost: capital, $30K,
Total expected cost: O&M,~$6,000. *
Pilot-scale studies have been
underway since 10/92,* ^ '
Total expected costs: capital, $50K;
O£M,$10K.
Pilot-scate studies have been
underwaysince 10/92.
Total expected costs: capital, S50K;
0&M.S10K.
Full-scale remediation has been
underwaysince \\Kfi.
Total expected costs: capital,
$100K;O&M,$30K.
Pilot-scale studies have been
underway since 10/92.
Total expected costs: capital, $50K;
0&M,$10K.
Full-scale remediation is planned.
Currently in design. Remediation
expected completion 06/96.
Tout expected costs: capital,
S221K;O&M,S64K.
TARGET
CLEANUP
LEVELS
Soil: diesel, 50mg/% Cris&based).
.Vadose sofl: diesel, 50 mg/kg (state
guidelines).
Vadose soil: gasoline, 10 mg/kg; diesel,
50 mg/kg (state guidelines).
Vadose soil: diesel, 50 mg/kg; gasoline,
10 mg/kg (state guidelines).
Vadose soil: gasoline, 10 mg/kg; diesel,
50 mg/kg (state guidelines).
Vadose soil: diesel, 50 mg/kg (state
guidelines).
Vndoscsofl: diesel, 50 mg/kg; gasoline,
10 mg/kg (sate guidelines).
TREATMENT
SUMMARY
Tn situ treatment, delivery of
dissolved oxygen. Nutrient
addition (soils (nitrogen,
phosphorus)). Aerobic
conditions, indigenous
organisms.
In situ treatment, bioventing.
Aerobic conditions, indigenous ' '
organisms.
In situ treatment, bioventing.
Aerobic conditions, indigenous
organisms.
In situ treatment, bSoventing.
Aerobic Conditions, indigenous
organisms.
Ex situ treatment, pile. Aerobic
conditions, indigenous
organisms.
In situ treatment, bioventing.
Aerobic conditions, indigenous
organisms.
In situ treatment, bioventing.
Aerobic conditions, indigenous
organisms.
COMMENTS
Water pressure is an issue.
Pilot-scale test
demonstrated that
bioremediation could work:
insilty-claysoil.
Project will be a pilot-scale
system, operating for one
year.
Project will be a pilot-scale
testfor one year.
Biofilters to treat
contaminated soil were
removed during
Underground Storage Tank
removal projects.
Pilot-scale system to
operate for one year.
None.
3
3'
LH
•Indicates a new site.
"IndtcaJes trot contacts have provided updacd Inforrrotion for (his btflJain.
Shading indicates a non-CERCLA lite.
-------
FIELD APPLICATIONS OF BIOREMEDIATION (cont.)
REG
K
EC
EC
DC
SUE/
LOCATION/
LEAD
Process 7
BKK Landfill
WestCovina,CA
RCRALead (Federal)
-
CALTRANS
LakeportCA
UST Lead (State)
X I
t • '•<
>
J
^
Citrus Heights Irrigation -
Citrus Heights, CA
UST Lead (State)
•
Converse/Montebello
Corporation Yard" ' ,
rfontebello, CA
UST Lead (State)
CONTACT/
PHONE
NUMBER
•
Carmen Santos ,
(415)744-2037
Federal (or national)
Organization
Nancy ' ,
Lindsay/Glenn
Heymari
(415)744-2044
Federal (or national)
organization
Ken Smarkel
(916)322-3910
State (or provincial)
organization ,
lohttWesnousky
(915)324-1807 ,
}
*
Ken Smarkel •
916)322-3910
State (or provincial)
organization
ohnWesnousky
916)324-1807
PautHadtey
916)324-3823
State (or provincial)
rganization
MEDIA/
CONTAMINANT/
VOLUME
Vadosesoil (benzene, diesel, *
ethylbenzene, toluene, xylene)
Volume: 10,000 cubic yards
(around water (dichloro'methane,
caibon tetrachloride, chloroform,
benzene, {,2-dichloropropane,
phenols, TCE, toluene, vinyl
Volume: 50,000 gallons per day '
% of total vol, at site; 100%
\
Soil hydrocarbons)
Volume: 70 cubic yards '
' , < < <>
*
f •» 2
xs
~ ' * i "
' ' , >,
Soil (diesel)
Volume; 120 cubic yards
% of total vol. atsite: 100%
t > <
" .
Vadosesoil (diesel, gasoline)
Volume: 600 cubic yards
•
. STATUS/
COSTS
Full-scale remediation is planned.
Currently in design. Remediation "
expected completion 10/96,
Total expected costs: capital,,$30K|
O&M, $6,000.
Full-scale remediation has been
underway since 01/87. Pilot-scale,
studies have been completed.
s
•-• " '-i
a i *
Pull-scale remediation was
.completed Ol'/89. Startedll/88.
" ,1 "
1 V V
, t > *
> ^ > -j ••
,
>
>
^
out-scale remediation was
completed 08/89. Started 05/89. ,
> *
f i
Full-scale remediation is planned.
Currently in pjedesign.
!/aboratory-scale studies have been
completed.
'iloi-scale studies have been
underway since 05/93. '
-
TARGET
CLEANUP
LEVELS
Vadose soil: diesel, 50 mg/fcg (state ,.
guidelines).
-
Not yet established. ;
> ^ (
i
,
t
Soil: hydrocarbons, lOOmg/kg. >
-> ^ J' !>
•< *>^
•> ' ? - / ,
< j
^ '. *
Soil; diesel, 100 mg*g. -
''
,
Vadose soil: notavailable.
'
TREATMENT
SUMMARY
In situ treatment, bioventing.
Aerobic conditions, indigenous
organisms.
*
Ex situ treatment, ftuidized bed,
completely mixed flow. Aerobic
conditions. Nonblological
technologies: chemical treatment
may also treat landfill liquids to
seeif ground water not heavily
contaminated can be stripped by
an air stripping process.
fa situ treatment, in situ soil
jioremediatiofl (in situ land - '
treatment). Nonbiological ~ '
technologies: passive'aeration'.
;
, f
^
Ex situ treatment, leachate
recirculatipn, completely mixed
flow. Aerobic conditions, »
indigenous organisms.'
< ^
5
n situ treatment, bioventing,
ioventing and bioreniediation
ugmentation. Nutrient addition
soils (nitrate and phosphate)).
Aerobic conditions, indigenous
rganisms. Nonbiological
echnologies: vacuum extraction.
COMMENTS
Process area recently was
discovered; little
information is available.
A treatability study may be
done on a mixture of
landfill leachate and
eroundwateftoseeifrtiK "
system can treat it Plant
Will be expanded. Air
strippers, which exist but
are not being used, might
be used in the future.
Degradation rate was
dependent upon the pile's
porosfty, water content,
type of waste, soil, and -
bacterial consortium. '
Additional information onv
this site can beobtained
through the California '
Department of Toxic
Substances Control, Office
of Pollution Prevention and
Technology Development
sfone..
Results of pUot-scale will
be considered when
eveloping a full-scale.
ystem; the benefits of
utrient addition will be1
valuated against
ioventing without nutrient
addition.
"Indicates a new site.
**Indicates that contacts have provided updated information for this bulletin.
Shading indicates a non-CERCLA site.
-------
FIELD APPLICATIONS OF BIOREMEDIATION (cont.)
RRG
K
IX
EC
K
K
SITE/
LOCATION/
LEAD
CWX Freight Lines"
antaRosa,CA
XJSTLead (State}
>
Fbrriier Service Station
Los Angeles, CA
UST Lead (State)
Fort Ord Army Base"
Monterey, CA
CERCLA Enforcement Lead
Gila Indian Reservation"
Bapchule, AZ
CERCLA Fund Lead
Growers Air Service
Woodland, CA
CRWQCBLead
CONTACT/
PHONE
NUMBER
flarkBerscheid
916)322-3294 ! f
tate (or provincial) ,
rganizatiott ',
'
Tony PalagyJ
206)774-6090
ndustry
w
<
John Chesnutt
(415)744-2387
'ederal (or national)
organization
Gail Youngblood
(408)242-8018
Federal (or national)
organization
Richard Martyn
(415)744-2288
Federal (or national)
organization
Christine Holm
(916)255-3103
State (or provincial)
organization
MEDIA/
CONTAMINANT/
VOLUME
Vados6sral(diesel) , -.
Volume- 600 cubic yards %s ,
% of total vol. atsite; 100%
Soil (hydrocarbons) /ground
water (benzene) ;
Volimtebf vadoseand saturated
oils 3,000 cubic yards i-
%af totalvol. atsite-.65»
Volume of ground water:" (
800 000 gallqns "• - °
i /"
Vadose soil (diesel, gasoline,
toluene, xylene) / ground water
(l,2-DCE,TCE,TPHs)
Volume: 4,000 cubic yards
Soil (parathion, toxaphene)
Volume: 80,000 cubic yards
% of total voL at site: 100%
Sou (atrazine, Bravo, 1&2-DDT,
dacthal, malathion, parathion,
mclhyltrithion,elhion,
parathion-m, ptroxon, thiadine,
thiadine sulfatc, toxaphene.
trUluraln, trithiou)
STATUS/
POSTS
^nil-scale remediatiotvwas ,.
completedll/9i. Started 10/90.*' *
•ilot-scalestudiesliavebeen
completed. J
Full-scale remediation was
completed 03/91. Started 11/88.
Pilot-scale studWwere completed
2/88. Started 01/S& <.
Incurred cos^$l,6Mi> t
*• t \"~>
Full-scale bioremediation is not
ilanned.
"Slot-scale studies were completed
05/94. Started 01/85.
Full-scale remediation was
completed 07/86. Started 01/84.
Incurred cosU$700K.
Full-scale bioremediation is not
planned.
Laboratory-scale studies were
completed 10/88.
TARGET
CLEANUP
LEVELS
Vadose soil;. water boardissue,' -
,
Soil: hydrocarbons, 100 rag/kg (Jos Aageles
County regulations).
Ground water: benzene, 5 ppb (los Angeles
County regulations).
^ ,
Ground water. TPHs, 1,000 ppb; 1,2-DCE,
6ppb;TCE,5ppb.
Soil: risk based.
Not established.
TREATMENT
SUMMARY
Ex situland treatment Nutrient
addition (Solmar L-104, 32-10-10
erulizer}. Aerobic conditions,
xogenous organisms.
h situ treatment, ia situ ground
water bioremediation, closed loop
system. Hydrogen peroxide,
nutrient addition (nitrogen and
others). Aerobic conditions,
ndigenous organisms.
Nonbiological technologies; in
situ soil flushing, vacuum
extraction.
In situ treatment, in situ soil
bioremediation (in situ land
treatment). Nutrient addition
(carbon fertilizers). Aerobic
conditions, indigenous
organisms. Nonbiological
technologies: pump and treat,
carbon adsorption.
In situ treatment, in situ soil
bioremediation (hi situ land
treatment). Hydrogen peroxide,
nutrient addition (alfalfa,
manure). Aerobic and anaerobic
conditions, indigenous
organisms.
Ex situ land treatment, lime
addition. Anaerobic conditions.
COMMENTS
None.
During channeling,
overload reduced the
reinjection process rate.
Ground water was not the
jrimary medium being
reated but was used as part
of the pump and treat
system for the soil
remediation.
A large pilot-scale study
was performed, and the
treatment that was
implemented was sufficient
to remediate the site to
within or below risk levels.
Toxaphene is very hard to
break down. Materials
handling was difficult
The study was supposed to
be on a pilot scale, but it
ended up on a laboratory
scale. The results were
inconclusive due to many
QA/QC problems in the
analyses. The full-scale
cleanup at Ibis site has not
begun. The Regional Boarf
has not initialed action
because of staff resource
limiUiioM. Future of
bioremediation at this site
!s unclear.
*Ii)dic2&$ 4 DCW siic.
hJvepfovKMupditri
SMfag todkates a non-CERCLAiitc.
-------
FIELD APPLICATIONS OF BIOREMEDIATION (cont)
BEG
K
DC
SITE/
LOCATION/
LEAD
Hamburg Ranch
Merced County, CA
CERCLA State Lead
Harmon Field"
Tulare County, CA
CERCLA State Lead
Process 1
CONTACT/
PHONE
NUMBER
Christine Holm
(916)255-3103
State (or provincial)
organization
Jack Grisanti
(209)897-5873
Contractor/
engineering firm
MikePfister
(209)297-3934
State (or provincial)
organization
MEDIA/
CONTAMINANT/
VOLUME
Vadose and saturated soil
(DDD, DDE, chlorfenvinphos,
DDT, endosulfan, methidathion,
Monitor, Ncmacur, parathion-e,
parathion-m, toxaphene)
Vadose soil (DDT, toxaphene)
Volume: 200 cubic yards
'
STATUS/
COSTS
Full-scale remediation is planned.
Currently in predesign.
Remediation expected completion
10/96.
Full-scale remediation is planned.
Pilot-scale studies are planned.
Expected completion 12/94.
Total expected cost: capital, S50K.
TARGET
CLEANUP
LEVELS
Not yet established.
Vadose soil: toxaphene, 1 mg/kg; DDT,
1 mg/kg (risk-based).
TREATMENT
SUMMARY
Bioremediation treatment not yet
established.
Ex situ treatment, lined cells on
aboveground containers, organic
material and lime addition.
Aerobic conditions, indigenous
organisms. Nonbiological
technologies: thermal desorption.
COMMENTS
This site is especially
difficult because of the
high degree of
contamination and the
amount of material
involved. Excavation down
to 1 ppm DDT, DDD, and
DDE and 5 ppm toxaphene
is now taking place. Much
of this material will be
disposed of at a Class 1
landfill, since it is
non-RCRA waste. The
remainder win be
bioremediated on site.
Bioremediation technology
has not yet been selected.
White rot fungus is a
possibility.
The project is still in its
planning stages: proposed
testing the effect of plant
root activity on
bioremediation; to test the
activity, proposed growing
rice, which requires that
water be recirculated
continuously, creating
technical problems
regarding the handling of
water.
-------
FIELD APPLICATIONS OF BIOREMEDIATION (cont.)
REG
K
K
SITE/
LOCATION/
LEAD
Process 2
Hercules Incorporated
Hercules, CA
CERCLA State Lead
J.H. Baxter"
Wced,CA
CERCLA Enforcement Lead
Processl
CONTACT/
PHONE
NUMBER
Mehdi Sunga
(510)540-3825
State (or provincial)
organization
Kathy Sedan
(415)744-2254
Federal (or national)
organization
Susan Warner
(707)576-2220
Municipal (or local)
organization
EdCargile
(916)255-3703
SUc (or provincial)
organization
MEDIA/
CONTAMINANT/
VOLUME
Soil (a-BHC, chtordane, dicofol,
4,4'-DDE,4,4'-DDD,
4,4'-DDT, endosulfan D, endrin,
endrirraldehyde, heptachlor,
heptachlor epoxide,
methoxychlor, toxaphene)
Volume: 65 gallons
Soil (DMT, nitrobenzene, TNT)
Volume: 1,500 cubic yards
Sediments (tctrachlorophcnol) /
soil (PAHs, PCP)
Volume: 21,875 cubic yards
STATUS/
COSTS
Full-scale bioremediation is not
planned.
Pilot-scale studies were completed
11/90. Started 05/90.
Incurred cost: capital, $120K.
Total expected cost- capital, $120K.
Full-scale bioremediation is not
planned.
Pilot-scale studies were completed
01/91. Started 01/89.
Full-scale remediation is planned.
Currently in predesign. Expected
start 12/94. Laboratory-scale and
pilot-scale studies have been
completed.
Total expected costs: capital,
S9.6M; O&M, $3JM; total, S13ML
TARGET
CLEANUP
LEVELS
Soil: chlordane, 1 mg/kg; dicofol, 1 mg/kg; '
endosulfan n, 1 mg/kg; endrin, 1 mg/kg;
endrin aldehyde, 1 mg/kg; heptachlor
epoxide, 1 mg/kg; 4,4'-DDE, 1 mg/kg;
4,4'-DDT, 1 mg/kg; 4,4'-DDD, 1 mg/kg;
methoxychlor, 1 mg/kg; toxaphene,
1 mg/kg; heptachlor, 1.
Soil: TNT, 30 mg/kg; DMT, 5 mg/kg;
nitrobenzene, 5 mg/kg.
Sediments: tetrachlorophenol, 1 mg/kg
(risk-based).
Soil: PCP, 17 mg/kg; carcinogenic PAHs,
0.51 mg/kg; noncartinogenic PAHs,
0.15 mg/L (risk-based).
TREATMENT
SUMMARY
Ex situ land treatment, lime and
moisture addition. Aerobic and
anaerobic conditions, exogenous
and indigenous organisms.
Nonbiological technologies:
thermal desorption.
Ex situ land treatment Aerobic
conditions, indigenous
organisms.
^
Ex situ land treatment Aerobic
conditions, indigenous
organisms. Nonbiological
technologies: cement fixation for
soils contaminated with
inorganics.
COMMENTS
Tests were conducted on
thirteen 5-gallon buckets of
soil. Results showed that
pesticides were not
removed from the
containers after 192 days of
treatment Due to the high
variability of the data,
however, it is unclear
whether some degradation
occurred. A larger scale
study may be conducted to
achieve statistically
significant results.
Results of this testing were
inconclusive regarding the
effectiveness of the
bioremediation process in
remediating the site.
The pilot-scale studies
were very promising, and
cleanup levels were
achieved fairly quickly.
However, the timing for
full-scale bioremediation
was not favorable. There
were other technical
problems. Only
landfarming was tried, no
slurry type bioremediation.
None.
Oi
ON
"Indicates a new site.
tocoiit^h^ provided updated W^
Shading indicates a DOQ CERCLA At.
-------
FIELD APPLICATIONS OF BIOREMEDIATION (cont.)
REG
IX
.
DC
IX
SITE/
LOCATION/
LEAD
Process 2
JASCO
Mountain View, CA
CERCLA Enforcement Lead
Koppers Company, Inc.
Orovffle, CA
CERCLA Enforcement Lead
MCAGCC Twenty-Nine
Palms"
Twenty-Nine Palms, CA
DOD section of Superfund: -
Defense Environmental
Restoration Account
Process 1
CONTACT/
PHONE
NUMBER
Rose Marie Caraway
(415)744-2356
Federal (or national)
orgamzajon
FredSchauffler
(415)744-2359
Federal (or national)
organization
EdCargile
(916)255-3703
State (or provincial)
organization
CristopherKyberg
(619)532-1998
Federal (or national)
organization
SayLukenS
(619)776-8958 x
State (or provincial)
organization
MEDIA/
CONTAMINANT/
VOLUME
Ground water (PAHs, dioxins,
PCP)
Volume: 150,000 gallons per day
Soil (1,1-DCA, 1,1,1-TCA,
1,1-DCE, 1,2-DCE, acetone,
benzene, chloroethane, MEK,
-less., et.,y.ueazene, methane.!,
methylene chloride, PCE, PCP,
TCE, toluene, vinyl chloride,
xylenes) / ground water
(acetone, 1,1-DCA, 1,1-DCE,
1,2-DCA, benzene, methylene
chloride, PCE, PCP, toluene,
TPHs, vinyl chloride)
Volume: 1,100 cubic yards
Vadose soil (PAHs, dioxins,
furans, PCP)
Volume: 110,000 cubic yards
Soil (gasoline, JP-5)
!.'
4 ^
STATUS/
COSTS
Full-scale remediation is planned.
Currently in predesign. Expected
start 12/94. Pilot-scale studies have
been underway since 01/89.
Total expected costs: capital,
$4.3M; O&M, $13.1M; total,
$17.4M.
Full-scale remediation is planned.
Currently in design.
Laboratory-scale studies were
wuiyivncu my i. OUJ11CU lAi/yi.
Incurred cost: $30K.
Total expected costs: capital,
$200K;0&M,$248K.
Full-scale remediation is planned.
Currently in predesign.
Laboratory-scale studies were
completed 01/93.
Pilot-scale studies are planned.
Expected completion 11/94.
Total expected costs: capital,
$4.5M; O&M, S7.7M.
Full-scale remediation is planned.
Currently in design. Pilot-scale
studies have been underway since
01/94. Expected completion 01/97.
; _/*
f
1' * *
TARGET
CLEANUP
LEVELS
Ground water: carcinogenic PAHs, 5 ug/L;
noncarcinogenic PAHs, 5 Ug/L; PCP,
2.2 ug/L; dioxins, 0.025 ppt (risk-based).
Soil: 1,1-DCA, 0.03 mg/kg; 1,1-DCE,
I mg/kg; 1,1-DCA, 0.6 mg/kg; 1,2-DCE,
1 mg/kg; 1,1,1-TCA, 100 mg/kg; benzene,
u.j mg/Kg; cmoroemane, 4,uuu mg/Kg;
MEK, 9 mg/kg; acetone, 30 mg/kg;
mefliylene chloride, 0.2 mg/kg; PCP,
200 mg/kg; PCE, 7 mg/kg; TCE, 3 mg/kg;
toluene, 1,000 mg/kg; vinyl chloride,
0.02 mg/kg; methanol, 200 mg/kg; xylenes,
2,000 mg/kg; diesel, 10K mg/kg;
ethylbenzene, 3,000 mg/kg (potential
migration to ground water).
Ground waten acetone, 4,000 ppb; benzene,
1 ppb; 1,1-DCA, 5 ppb; 1,1-DCE, 6 ppb;
1,2-DCA, 0.5 ppb; methylene chloride, .
150 ppb; PCP, 1 ppb; toluene, 1 ppb; vinyl
chloride, 0.5 ppb; TPHs, 3,000 ppb; PCE,
5 ppb.
Vadose soil: PCP, 17 mg/kg; carcinogenic
PAHs, 0.19 mg/kg; dioxins, 0.03 ppt;
furans, 0.03 ppt
Soil: JP-5, 1,000 mg/kg.
1 ' ' 1 ! ^
* >/' j \
;!r -.
TREATMENT
SUMMARY
Ex situ treatment, fixed film,
completely mixed flow. Aerobic
conditions, indigenous
organisms. Nonbiological
technologies: chemical treatment
Ex situ treatment, ex situ reactor
treatment, batch flow. Aerobic
and anaerobic conditions.
In situ treatment, in situ soil
bioremediation (in situ land
treatment). Nutrient addition.
Aerobic conditions, indigenous
organisms. Nonbiological
technologies: soil washing,
fixation of metal-contaminated
soil, ground water treatment with
carbon.
to situ treatment, bioventing.
Aerobic conditions, indigenous
organisms. Nonbiological
technologies: some of the
Jioventing sites are irrigated with
A
.
COMMENTS
There is some concern
regarding the effect of
elevated metals on
bioremediation process.
The ROD selected an ex
situ bioremediation
process, which will
combine aerobic and
anaerobic treatments. The
challenges at this site are
(1) to minimize
volatilization of
contaminants during
excavation, and (2) to
balance the aerobic and
anaerobic processes to treat
the entire contaminated
area. If cleanup levels are
not achieved, contaminated
material will be disposed of
hi a RCRA landfill.
None.
There have been problems
with acceptance of
aoremediation technology.
,
s>
r
>
-------
FIELD APPLICATIONS OF BIOREMEDIATION (cont)
B>
REG
IX
K
K
SITE/
LOCATION/
LEAD
Process2
Middle Mountain Silvex"
Greenlee County, AZ
Federal Facility
Montrose Chemical
Corporation of California
Tonance, CA
CERCLA Enforcement Lead
V
Moore Aviation"
Colusa, CA
CERCLA State Lead
CONTACT/
PHONE
NUMBER
v
Robert M.Mandel
(415)744-2290
Federal (or national)
organization
TimSteele
(602)257-2335
State (or provincial)
organization
Nancy Woo
(415)744-2404
Federal (or national)
organization
Gloria Conti
(310)590-5566
Slate (or provincial)
organization
Steven Safferman
(513)569-7350
Federal (or national)
organization
Christine Holm
(916)255-3103
State (or provincial)
organization
Bruce Locken
(916)753-9500
Contractor/
engineering firm
MEDIA/
CONTAMINANT/
VOLUME
Soil (gasoline,' JP-5 jet fuel)
Volume: 1*800,000 cubic yards
Vadosesoil(2,4,5-T,2,4-D)
Volume: 550 cubic yards
% of total vol, at site: 100%
f % (
Vadose soil (DDT)
Vadose soil (DDE chlorpyrifos,
disulfoton, 2,4-D, 2,4,5-T,
atrazine, endosulfan I,
ehdosnlfanH, parathion,
propazine)
Volume: 75 cubic yards
STATUS/
COSTS
Pilot-scalestudies have been
underway since 01/94^
Full-scale remediation was
completed09/92.
Incurred cost $19,5K.
i *
< '
Full-scale bioremediation is not
planned.
Laboratory-scale studies were
completed 03/94. Started 09/92.
Full-scale remediation has been
underway since 09/91.
Laboratory-scale studies were
completed 01/90.
Pilot-scale studies have been
completed.
Total expected cost S35K.
TARGET
CLEANUP
LEVELS
Soil; JP:5 jet fuel, 1,000 mg&g.
Vadose soil; 2,4,5-T, 50mg/kg (state
requirement).
"•• IV \
, 1
Not established.
Vadose soil: DDE, 1 mg/kg; endosulfan L,
7.4 mg/kg; parathion, 3 mg/kg; chlorpyrifos,
2 mg/kg; disulfoton, 0.1 mg/kg; propazine,
0.14 mg/kg; atrazine, 0.03 mg/kg; 2,4-D,
1 mg/kg; 2,4,5-T, 0.1 mg/kg; endosulfan n,
7.4 mg/kg (beneficial use water quality
criteria).
TREATMENT
SUMMARY
In situ treatment, in situ natural
aspiration of wells. Aerobic
conditions, indigenous »
organisms.
Ex situ land treatment Aerobic
conditions, indigenous
organisms. Prepared bed with
water and nutrients; periodic
rototilling. Nonbiological
technologies: photo-degradation
by ultraviolet sunlight at
elevation of 9,000 ft above sea ,
level.
Ex situ land treatment Aerobic
conditions, exogenous organisms.
Ex situ land treatment Aerobic
and anaerobic conditions,
indigenous organisms.
COMMENTS
None.
None.
!
-
4
>
Inoculated fungus had
trouble competing with
indigenous population and
did not significantly reduce
DDT concentrations.
Laboratory-scale studies
indicated that land
treatment was not an
effective method of
remediating the site. Test
results failed to meet the
proposed cleanup levels.
No further bioremediation
is planned, and (he soil will
either be capped or be
taken off site for
incineration.
There are some problems
with QA/QC on analyses;
two independent labs are
giving conflicting results.
Endosulfans have been
particularly recalcitrant
This has not allowed the
project to come to a fun
completion, in part due to
the fact that the cleanup
levels arc somewhat
stringent
oo
•Indicates a new site.
••Indicates that contacts have provided updated tofocmalioB for this buBctin,
Shading indicate a non-CKRCLA site.
-------
•^^••^•^•••^•••••^•^•^•^^^^H
FIELD APPLICATIONS OF BIOREMEDIATION (cont.)
=»==
KEG
K
EC
BC
"',
.
DC
SITE/
LOCATION/
LEAD
NavalAir Station— Fallon"
Fallon, NV
Federal Facility
-
'-,
,
Naval Weapons Station— -Seal
Beach - '' ,
Seal Beach, CA"
Federal facility (state priority
list site)
-'
< ' -- ,
Oakland Chinatown
Oakland, CA , , ",
VST Lead (State) ^s
„
, -!
-
— —
Poly-Carb
Wells, NV
CERCLA Fund Lead
'
CONTACT/
PHONE
NUMBER
RonHoeppel
(805)982-1655
Federal (ornational)
organization
David Chesmore
(702)687-5872
State (or provincial)
Organization -
Doug Bonham
(702)426-2772
mvaiBase
Environmental "
Coordinator
>
Carmen LeBron'
(805)982-16,16 ^
Federal (or national)
organization .
-
...
, , > >'
Donald Smallbeck
(415)883-0112
Contractor/ * <*
engineering fihn
>• <
-
'< < „ . '
"• ' '' ""
s
"
Robert M. Mandel
415)744-2290
Federal (ornational)
rganization
MEDIA/
CONTAMINANT/
VOLUME
Vadosesoil / saturated soil
(benzene, ethylbenzene, toluene,
xylene) / vadose and saturated
soil (JP-S jetfuel) / ground
water (JP-5 jet fuel,
etiiylbenzene, ,
l-methylnaphlhalene, benzene,
n-butylbenzene, naphthalene, i
p-xylene, toluene)
Volume: 20,000 cubic yards
1
•
Ground water (BXEX)
*
,
, " ,' >
Soil / ground water (BTEX,/,
Volume: 10,000 cubic yards *
% of total vol. atsife: 100%
',"''. .
, '' >
i ,-
> \ ^f >
" ,' ~t
.., p
„ * s
, ' ,
Soil (cresol, phenols)
Volume: 1,500 cubic yards
% of total vol. at site: 100%
STATUS/
COSTS
Full-scale remediation is planned.
Currently in predesign.
Laboratory-scale studieshav&been
underway since 09/93. Expected
completion 09/95.
Pilot-scale studies have been
underway since 01/93.Expected
completion 06/96.
Incurred costs: capital, $250K;
0&M,$500K.
Total expected costs: capital.
$250K;O&M,$250K.
* c
Full-scale remediation is planned.
Currently in'predesign.
Laboratory-scale studies have been
Pilot-scale studies have been
underway since 12/92, Expected !
completion 12/95., '•
M-scateretaediationwas / <
completed 08/90. Started 03/89.
laboratory-scale studies were^ ' ^
completed 01/89, Started 10/88,
Incurred costs: capital, $300K;
Q&M,$480K.
Total expected cost; O&M, $142M. ,
Cost par yeac O&M, $720K/ >
f '*
5 vf
! -*"
Full-scale remediation was
completed 09/88. Started 06/87.
-aboratory-scale studies were
ompleted 05/87. Started 03/87.
Incurred cost $450K.
Total expected cost: S600K.
TARGET
CLEANUP
LEVELS
Vadose/saturated soil; risk-based,"
' '„
.
j j
' ,,
Not yet established, ' , _ ,
,. '•"•-••
Soifc'BTEX, '50 jig/ks TPHs,.100 mg/kg
(RWQCBjgnidellnes). ' , t
Ground water: BTEX, 1 ^g/L (MCL). ^
,1 - ' '• -
* A ^ '
s ^ ^ *
l •• '*
'•' ,
i * "" "„
' ? 4
Soil: cresol, 10 mg/kg; phenols, 20 mg/kg
performance-based).
TREATMENT
SUMMARY
fo situ treatment, bioslurping.
Oxygen source. Aerobic
conditions, indigenous
organisms. Nonbiological
technologies: vacuum extraction,
vacuum enhanced free fuel
recovery (provided by vacuum
extraction bioventing techniques).
^
>
•
In situ treatment, in situ ground
water Woremediation. Nutrient /
addition. Aerobic and anaerobic
conditions, indigenous
; ' , * - •
In situ treatment, in' situ ground
water bfotemediafion, in situ soil
ttoremediation (in situ land s
treatment)^ Ex situ treatment,
completely mixedreactor, '
Hydrogen peroxide, nutrient
ainrrionia nitrate, mono-^ and
di-basicphospfiates)), completely
mixed flow. Aerobic'condilions,,
indigenous organisms. %
Nonbiological technologies:
carbon adsorption.
sx situ land treatment Aerobic
onditions, indigenous
rganisms. Nonbiological
technologies: in situ soil flushing;
in situ volatilization.
7
COMMENTS
Site has had problems
obtaining a water discharge
permit from the State of
Nevada to discharge treated
ground water to the NAS -
Fallon sewer system due to
presence of natural arsenic
in ground water. Excessive
free fuel in contaminated
•/Ones appears to he
impeding biodegradation.
unce .excess ruei is
removed, biodegradation
rates are expected to
increase.
Benzeneis most
recalcitrant, however; only "
after 100 daystalimation
period does it degrade.
,
, ^
Site has been closed since
1990 ancl a plaza has been
built in its place. /• ,
' '
'>" ' ^ *
< ^
••
, '
<
tone.
*Indicates a new site.
**Indicates that contacts have provided updated information for this bulletin.
Shading indicates a non-CERCLA site.
-------
FIELD APPLICATIONS OF BIOREMEDIATION (cont.)
REG
DC
DC
DC
K
DC
SITE/
LOCATION/
LEAD
Protek:
Carson City ,;CA
UST Lead (State)
San Diego Gas and Electric
San Diego, CA
UST Lead (Federal)
Seaside High School
Seaside, CA
UST Lead (State)
SEGS Solar Project"
Kramer Junction, CA
State Lead
Solvent Service
San Jose, CA
CERCLA Slate Lead
CONTACT/
PHONE
NUMBER
Cen Smarkel
916)322-3910
State (or provincial)
organization
PaulHadley
(916)324-3823
Federal (or national)
organization
DickEficksson
(916)322-7046
State (or provincial)
organization
Bruce LaBelle
(916)324-2958
Stale (orprovincial)
organization
Tony Mancini
(510)286-0825
State (or provincial)
organization
JUfflril* f JlCtfV
jvluttc i*wxy
(415)744-2234
Federal (or national)
organization
MEDIA/
CONTAMINANT/
VOLUME
Soil(TPHs)-
Volume: 700 cubic yards
% of total vol. at site: 100%
Soil(BTEX)
Volume; 600 cubic yards
% of total vol. at site: 100%
Soil(diesel)
Volume: 100 cubic yards
% of total vol. at site: 100%
Soil (biphenyl, diphenyl ether)
Ground water (1 ,2-DCE,
cis-l,2-DCE, 1.1,1-TCA,
acetone, 1,1-DCE, benzene,
cthylbenzcnc, freon 113;
naphthalene, Uans-15-DCE)
STATUS/
COSTS
'nil-scale remediation was
completed 12/89. Started 08/88.
Full-scale remediation was
completed 04/93. Started 10/89.
Incurred cost: capital, $25K.
Costperyear. 0&M,$U5K.
Full-scale remediation was
completed 06/88.
Full-scale remediation has been
underway since 07/90.
Laboratory-scale studies have been
completed.
Pilot-scale studies were completed
01/90.
Full-scale remediation has been
underway since 01/91.
Incurred cost S399K.
Total expected cosu S844K.
TARGET
CLEANUP
LEVELS
Soil: TPHs, 10 mg/kg.
','
, '<
Not supplied.
Soil: diesel, 500 mg/kg.
Soil: biphenyl, 1,000 mg/kg; diphenyl ether,
1,000 mg/kg (risk-based).
Ground water U-DCE. 5 [ig/L;
cis-l^DCE, 6 ng/L; trans-W-DCa
10 (tg/L; elhylbenzenc, 400 Hg/L;
I,l,l-TCA,200|lg/L;lrconn3>
1200 p:g/L; benzene, 0.7 Hg/L; acetone.
400 ng/L; 1,1-DCE, 1 (igt; naphtolenc.
2flOQ (igrt. (not yel established).
TREATMENT
SUMMARY
Ex situ land treatment
/ -
.
In situ treatment, in situ ground
water bioremediation, in situ soil
noremediation (in situ land
treatment).'Nutrient addition
(N03, PO4, K+). Anaerobic
conditions, indigenous
organisms.
Ex situ land treatment Aerobic
conditions, indigenous
'organisms.
Ex situ treatment, pile. Aerobic
conditions, indigenous
organisms*
Ex silu treatment, fixed film,
completely mixed flow.
Anaerobic conditions, exogenous
organisms. Nonbiological
technologies: vacuum extraction,
air stripper with carbon
absorption unit
COMMENTS
The control cell, which did
not receive any nutrient
upplements, proprietary
inoculum, or the benefit of
rigorous aeration, showed
contaminant level
reductions equal to those of
the treatment cells.
Additional information On
this site can be obtained
through the California
DepattmentofToxic -
Substances Control, Office
of Pollution andPrevention
and Technology
3evelopment.
^one,
Diesel-contaminated soil
was remediated and placed
as a road base material
prior to paving.
Full-scale treatment is Used
on an ongoing basis for
treatment of soil
contaminated by occasional
leaks and spills.
Site bad difficulty
obtaining a permit for
bioremediation.
a\
o
•Indicates a new site,
t ita contacts havopravidod updaCol tnfonnuioo feflttsbnteia,
-------
FIELD APPLICATIONS OF BIOREMEDIATION (cont.)
REG
R
X
X
SITE/
LOCATION/
LEAD
Southern Pacific
Transportation Company
Roseville, CA
CERCLA State Lead
East 15th Street Service.
Station**
Anchorage, Alt
UST Lead (State)
-
:FaushildAir Force Base**
Sjxikane, WA
Federal Facility
Process 1
j 4 '
Process 2 ; '
4
Process 3
CONTACT/
PHONE
NUMBER
David Wright
(916)332-3910
State (or provincial)
organization
Tony Palagyi
(206)774-6090
Industry
- -
2ndLt.ToddLuce
(509)247-5170
Federal (or national)
organization
William Harris
(206)438-3070*
Diane.Wulf
(509)247-2313 <.
Federal (or national)
organization ,'
''"
,- ' "
. ', >
MEDIA/
CONTAMINANT/
VOLUME
Soil (hydrocarbons)
Volume: 240 tons
Soil (diesel)
Volume: 1,500 cubic yards
% of total vol. atsite: 20% ,
_.
Vadose soil (BTEX, TPHs)
Volume: 700 cubic yards
:-|tl>. '*'
Vadosesoil (BTEX, TPHs)
Volume! 700 cubic yards
' I " '•
"Vadose soil (BTEX, TPHs) v"
Volume: 700 cubic yards
STATUS/
COSTS
Full-scale remediation was
completed 01/91. Started 11/90.
Incurred cost $310K.
Full-scale remediation has been
underway since 06/92. Pilot-scale
studies have been underway since
02/94. Expected completion 12/94.
Incurred cost: $75K.
Total expected cost- $200K.
Full-scale remediation is planned.
Currently in predesign. Pilot-scale
studies have been underway since
03/94. Expected completion 03*5.
Total expected costs: capital, $50K;'
O&M; $2,000.
,'• ' ^ ,>
Full-scale remediation Is planned, )
Currentiyin predesign. Pilot-scale
studies have been underway since
03/94. Expected completion 03/95.
Total expected costs: capital, $50K;
O&M, $2,000. * '
Full-scale bioremediation is not
planned.
'Pilot-scale studies have been
underway since 03/94.Expected
completion 03/95. >
Total expected costs: capital, $50K;
O&M, $2,000, „ ,
. TARGET
CLEANUP
LEVELS
Soil: hydrocarbons, 5,000 mg/kg.
Soil: diesel, 100 mg/kg (regulatory
guidelines).
1 ' < -
Vadose soil: TPHs, 200 mg/kg (state '
standard).
'
' ' .V, ' "V ','
Vadose soil: TPHs, 200 mg*g (state
standard). s x
;,^> .*_
Vadose soil: TPHs, 200 mg/kg^state ', ?
TREATMENT
SUMMARY
Ex situ land treatment
In situ treatment, bioventing.
Aerobic conditions, indigenous
organisms. Nonbiological
technologies: vacuum extraction.
, ' - '\ '
In situ treatment, bioventing.
Oxygen source. Aerobic
conditions, indigenous
organisms. *< <**>
'> '
1 x >
In situ treatment, bioventing,
Qsygensource. 'Awwbic
conditions, indigenous
"organisms. „ x
^ ' '
m situ treatment. Woventing,
Oxygen source. Aerobic -
conditions, indigenous >
COMMENTS
None.
Winter weather has been an '
obstacle to bioremediation.
- --- '
None,
•-' ,' ' ' '' * "
None.
.- ' ' - - -
Pilot-scale studies will be
sufficient to remediate the
contaminated area.
CD
§'
§
*Indicates a new site.
'"Indicates that contacts have provided updated information for this bulletin.
Shading indicates a non-CERCLA site.
-------
FIELD APPLICATIONS OF BIOREMEDIATION (cont.)
REG
v
„
X
X
SITE/
LOCATION/
LEAD
Process 4
ProcessS
x
Process6
'
'
J.H. Baxter Company"
Renton,WA
State Lead
Texas Tower"
FortGreely.AK
Federal Facility
CONTACT/
PHONE
. NUMBER
-
.
> 3
- \ ' >
GailColburn
(206)649-7058
State (or provincial)
organization
Ching-PiWang
(206)649-7134
State (or provincial)
organization
PadLaverty
(907)753-5719
Federal (or national)
organization
MEDIA/
CONTAMINANT/
VOLUME
Vadosesoil (benzene, TPHs)
Volume: 700 cubic yards
Vadose soil (BTBX, TPHs)
Volume: 700 cubic yards
* ~
^ * i
,
Vadosesoil (benzene)
Volume: 1,000 cubicyards
i
Sediments / sludge / vadose and
saturated soil /ground water
(PAHs,PCP,TPHs)
Volume: 20,000 cubic yards
Vadose soil / ground water
(diesel)
Volume; 3,000 cubic yards
STATUS/
COSTS
Full-scale remediation is planned.
Currently in prcdesign. Pilot-scale
studies have been underway since
03/94.Expected completion 03/95.
Total expected costs: capital, $20K;
O&M, $2,000.
Full-scale bioremediation is not
planned.
Pilot-scale studies have been
underway since 03/94, Expected
completion 03/95,
Total expected costs; capital, $20K;
O&M, $2,000. -
Full-scale remediation is planned.
Currently in prcdesign. Pilot-scale ••
studies have been underway since
07/94. Expected completion 06/95,
Total expected costs: capital, $50K;
O&M, $5,000.
Full-scale remediation is planned,
Currently in design. Remediation
expected completion 10/98.
Laboratory-scale studies were
completed 1 1/92. Started 08/92.
Prcdesign.
TARGET
CLEANUP
LEVELS
Vadose soil:-benzen^ 0.5 mg&g (state
standard).
Vadose soft TPHs, 200mg/kg; BTEX,
200 mg/kg (state standard). .. ,
S i *
",' s • ' -, "
-, - »
Vadose soil: benzene, 0.5 mg/kg (state
standard).
* <.
Vadose/saturated soil: risk-based.
Ground water: risk-based.
Vadose soil: diesel, 100 mg/kg (stale
regulation).
Ground water diesel, 0.005 mg/L (MCL for
benzene).
TREATMENT
SUMMARY
In situ treatment, bioventing. - ~
Oxygen source. Aerobic
conditions, indigenous
organisms.
In situ treatment, bioventing.
Oxygen source. Aerobic
conditions, indigenous
organisms.
\' IL " \ ^
In situ treatment, air sparging.
bioventing. Oxygen source.
Aerobic conditions, indigenous
organisms.
Ex situ land treatment. Aerobic
conditions, exogenous and
indigenous organisms.
In situ treatment, air sparging.
Oxygen source. Aerobic
conditions, indigenous
organisms. Nonbiological
technologies: vacuum extraction.
COMMENTS
None.
Pilot-scale studies will be
sufficient to remediate the
site,
.
.
None. .
This site may not be able to
meetRCRA treatability
standards for land disposal.
Benzo(a)pyrene appears to
be themost difficult
compound to degrade.
Other results are very good:
40 percent to 90 percent
removals on individual
PAHs. Those bins
experiencing drainage
problems had reduced rates
of bioremediation. Properly
draining bins showed 90
percent reductions.
None.
1
o\
•Indicates a new ste.
'lodtatoa (hit contacts have provided updated Moonaion for ihiiboEctim.
Shading indicate* a non-CERCLA jite.
-------
FIELD APPLICATIONS OF BIOREMEDIATION (cont.)
REG
X
X
SITE/
LOCATION/
LEAD
Utah Power and Light
Idaho Falls, ID
RCRALead (State)-
\
Wyckoff Eagle Harbor*"
Puget Sound, WA
CERCLA Enforcement Lead
CONTACT/
PHONE
NUMBER
Judith Myers
(208)334-5898
Slate (or provincial)
organization
Randy Steger
(208)334-5898
State (or provincial)
organization
Rene Fuentes
(206)553-1599
Federal (or national)
organization
Peter Rubenstein
(206)553-1067
Federal (or national)
organization
MEDIA/
CONTAMINANT/
VOLUME
Vadosesoil(PAHs) ,
Ground water (PAHs, PCP)
Volume: 60 gallons per minute
STATUS/
COSTS
Full-scale bioremediation is not
planned.
Pilotf scale studies were completed
07/91.
Full-scale bioremediation is not
planned. - - -
TARGET
CLEANUP
LEVELS
Vadose soil: PAHs, 50 Jtg/kg (permit
standards)* * *-
i
Ground water PCP, 6 ug/L; PAHs, 20 Hg/L
(water quality criteria). ~
TREATMENT
SUMMARY
In situ treatment, in situ soil
bioremediation (in situ land >
treatment). Aerobic conditions,
exogenous organisms.
Nonbiological technologies:
pump and treat
Ex situ treatment, physical
separation of wastes and water
with activated carbon addition.
Attached growth process in series
with aeration tank, clarifier, and
biological sludge digester.
Aerobic conditions.
Nonbiological technologies:
pump and treat for water, floating
and sinking oil extraction and
separation.
COMMENTS
Addition of water or
mixing and drying were not
monitored. There were no
indications of dilution or
volatilization.
Tests were determined to
be unsuccessful.
{
Site has lower TOC than
expected during design and
periodically experiences
problems with PCP
toxicity. Additional
research and planning is
being conducted on the
site. The original treatment
facility is in need of repair
or replacement so that any
further plans for
remediation have been put
on hold.
GLOSSARY OF BIOREMEDIATION TERMS
Growth Conditions
Aerobic-Tn the presence of oxygen.
Anaerobic-la the absence of oxygen.
Source of Microorganisms
Indigenous-Occulting naturally at a site.
Exogenous-Nol native to a site.
Treatment in a Reactor
Activated Sludge-Ike biomass is suspended in liquid, captured in a clarifier, and recycled to the
reactor, the contact time between the waste and the biomass is controlled by wasting excess biomass.
Extended Aeration-The biomass is suspended in liquid, captured in the clarifier, and recycled to the
reactor, a long contact time is created by enlarging the aeration basin.
Contact Stabilization-The waste contacts the biomass suspended in liquid in the first aeration tank
and contaminants are adsorbed to the clarified biomass; then they are digested in the second aeration
Fixed Ft&n-Biomass is retained in the system by using a static support media.
FluidizedBed-Bactenn is attached to a support media, which is fluidized in the reactor.
Sequencing Batch Reactor-Ibis self-contained treatment system incorporates equalization, aeration,
and clarification using a draw and fill approach on wastewater sludges.
Slurry fleactor-Contaminants are treated in a soil slurry (a thin mixture of soil and water) with
nutrients and oxygen added as needed; water and soil must be separated after treatment, but clean soil
is left on site.
Treatment Outside of a Reactor
Aerated Lagoon-The biomass is kept suspended in liquid with aeration.
Land Treatment-Waste is applied onto or incorporated into the soil surface in a facility.
Contaminants are treated with microorganisms typically indigenous to the existing soil matrix;
nutrients, moisture, and oxygen can be added to optimize growth conditions. If the waste remains at
the facility after closure, the land treatment facility becomes, a disposal facility.
A'te-This method refers to any noncontainerized accumulation of solid, nonflowing waste being
treated or stored.
Bioventing-Aii is injected into contaminated soil at rates low enough to increase soil oxygen
concentrations and stimulate indigenous microbial activity without releasing volatile emissions.
In Situ rrearmenf-Biodegradable contaminants are treated by microorganisms within the environment
in which they are found. Most commonly, this process utilizes aerobic processes and involves
delivery of oxygen or other electron acceptors and other appropriate amendments.
*Mcates a new site.
"Indicates that contacts have provided updated information for this bulletin.
Shading indicates anon-CERCLA site.
-------
United States
Environmental Protection Agency
Center for Environmental Research Information
Cincinnati, OH 45268
Official Business
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------- |