EPA/540/P-91/008
OSWER Directive 9360.4-07
January 1991
COMPENDIUM OF ERT WASTE
SAMPLING PROCEDURES
Sampling Equipment Decontamination
Drum Sampling
Tank Sampling
Chip, Wipe, and Sweep Sampling
Waste Pile Sampling
Interim Final
Environmental Response Team
Emergency Response Division
Office of Emergency and Remedial Response
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
Washington, DC 20460
Printed on Recycled Paper
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Notice
This document has been reviewed hi accordance with U.S. Environmental Protection Agency policy and approved
for publication. Mention of trade names or commercial products does not constitute endorsement or
recommendation for use.
The policies and procedures established in this document are intended solely for the guidance of government
personnel, for use in the Superfund Removal Program. They are not intended, and cannot be relied upon, to
create any rights, substantive or procedural, enforceable by any party hi litigation with the United States. The
Agency reserves the right to act at variance with these policies and procedures and to change them at any tune
without public notice.
Depending on circumstances and needs, it may not be possible or appropriate to follow these procedures exactly
in all situations due to site conditions, equipment limitations, and limitations of the standard procedures.
Whenever these procedures cannot be followed as written, they may be used as general guidance with any and
all modifications fully documented hi either QA Plans, Sampling Plans, or final reports of results.
Each Standard Operating Procedure hi this compendium contains a discussion on quality assurance/quality
control (QA/QC). For more information on QA/QC objectives and requirements, refer to the Quality
Assurance/Quality Control Guidance for Removal Activities, OSWER directive 9360.4-01, EPA/540/G-90/004.
Questions, comments, and recommendations are welcomed regarding the Compendium of ERT Waste Sampling
Procedures. Send remarks to:
Mr. William A. Coakley
Removal Program QA Coordinator
U.S. EPA - ERT
Raritan Depot - Building 18, MS-101
2890 Woodbridge Avenue
Edison, NJ 08837-3679
For additional copies of the Compendium of ERT Waste Sampling Procedures, please contact:
National Technical Information Service (NTIS)
U.S. Department of Commerce
5285 Port Royal Road
Springfield, VA 22161
(703) 487-4600
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Table of Contents
1.0 SAMPLING EQUIPMENT DECONTAMINATION: SOP #2006
1.1 Scope and Application 1
1.2 Method Summary 1
1.3 Sample Preservation, Containers, Handling, and Storage 1
1.4 Interferences and Potential Problems 1
1.5 Equipment/Apparatus 1
1.6 Reagents 2
1.7 Procedures 2
1.7.1 Decontamination Methods 2
1.7.2 Field Sampling Equipment Cleaning Procedures 3
1.8 Calculations 3
1.9 Quality Assurance/Quality Control 3
1.10 Data Validation 4
1.11 Health and Safety 4
2.0 DRUM SAMPLING: SOP #2009
2.1 Scope and Application 5
2.2 Method Summary 5
2.3 Sample Preservation, Containers, Handling, and Storage 5
2.4 Interferences and Potential Problems 5
2.5 Equipment/Apparatus 6
2.5.1 Bung Wrench 6
2.5.2 Drum Deheader 5
2.5.3 Hand Pick, Pickaxe, and Hand Spike 6
2.5.4 Backhoe Spike 6
2.5.5 Hydraulic Drum Opener g
2.5.6 Pneumatic Devices 6
2.6 Reagents g
2.7 Procedures 7
2.7.1 Preparation 7
2.7.2 Drum Inspection 7
2.7.3 Drum Staging 7
2.7.4 Drum Opening g
2.7.5 Drum Sampling 9
2.8 Calculations U
2.9 Quality Assurance/Quality Control 11
2.10 Data Validation H
2.11 Health and Safety H
in
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Section Page
3.0 TANK SAMPLING: SOP #2010
3.1 Scope and Application 13
3.2 Method Summary 13
3.3 Sample Preservation, Containers, Handling, and Storage 13
3.4 Interferences and Potential Problems 13
3.5 Equipment/Apparatus 14
3.6 Reagents 14
3.7 Procedures 14
3.7.1 Preparation 14
3.7.2 Preliminary Inspection 14
3.7.3 Sampling Procedures 15
3.7.4 Sampling Devices 15
3.8 Calculations 18
3.9 Quality Assurance/Quality Control 18
3.10 Data Validation 18
3.11 Health and Safety 18
4.0 CHIP, WIPE, AND SWEEP SAMPLING: SOP #2011
4.1 Scope and Application 21
4.2 Method Summary 21
4.3 Sample Preservation, Containers, Handling, and Storage 21
4.4 Interferences and Potential Problems 21
4.5 Equipment/Apparatus 21
4.6 Reagents 22
4.7 Procedures 22
4.7.1 Preparation 22
4.7.2 Chip Sample Collection 22
4.7.3 Wipe Sample Collection 22
4.7.4 Sweep Sample Collection 23
4.8 Calculations 23
4.9 Quality Assurance/Quality Control 23
4.10 Data Validation 24
4.11 Health and Safety 24
5.0 WASTE PILE SAMPLING: SOP #2017
5.1 Scope and Application 25
5.2 Method Summary 25
5.3 Sample Preservation, Containers, Handling, and Storage 25
5.4 Interferences and Potential Problems 25
5.5 Equipment/Apparatus 26
5.6 Reagents 26
IV
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Section
5.7 Procedures 26
5.7.1 Preparation 26
5.7.2 Sample Collection 26
5.8 Calculations 29
5.9 Quality Assurance/Quality Control 29
5.10 Data Validation 29
5.11 Health and Safety 29
APPENDIX A - Drum Data Sheet Form 31
APPENDIX B - Figures 35
APPENDIX C - Calculations 51
REFERENCES 55
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List of Exhibits
Exhibit
Table 1:
Recommended Solvent Rinse for Soluble Contaminants
Drum Data Sheet Form
Figure 1: Univeral Bung Wrench
Figure 2: Drum Deheader
Figure 3: Hand Pick, Pickaxe, and Hand Spike
Figure 4: Backhoe Spike
Figure 5: Hydraulic Drum Opener
Figure 6: Pneumatic Bung Remover
Figure 7: Glass Thief
Figure 8: COLIWASA
Figure 9: Bacon Bomb Sampler
Figure 10: Sludge Judge
Figure 11: Subsurface Grab Sampler
Figure 12: Bailer
Figure. 13: Sampling Augers
Figure 14: Sampling Trier
Figure 15: Grain Sampler
Calculation Sheet: Various Volume Calculations
SOP
#2006
#2009
#2009
#2009
#2009
#2009
#2009
#2009
#2009
#2009
#2010
#2010
#2010
#2010
#2017
#2017
#2017
#2010
Page
4
33
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
50
52
VI
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Acknowledgments
Preparation of this document was directed by William A. Coakley, the Removal Program QA Coordinator of
the Environmental Response Team, Emergency Response Division. Additional support was provided under U.S.
EPA contract #68-03-3482 and U.S. EPA contract #68-WO-0036.
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1.0 SAMPLING EQUIPMENT DECONTAMINATION: SOP #2006
1.1
SCOPE AND APPLICATION
This Standard Operating Procedure (SOP) describes
methods used for preventing or reducing cross-
contamination, and provides general guidelines for
sampling equipment decontamination procedures at
a hazardous waste site. Preventing or minimizing
cross-contamination in sampled media and in
samples is important for preventing the introduction
of error into sampling results and for protecting the
health and safety of site personnel.
Removing or neutralizing contaminants that have
accumulated on sampling equipment ensures
protection of personnel from permeating substances,
reduces or eliminates transfer of contaminants to
clean areas, prevents the mixing of incompatible
substances, and minimizes the likelihood of sample
cross-contamination.
1.2 METHOD SUMMARY
Contaminants can be physically removed from
equipment, or deactivated by sterilization or
disinfection. Gross contamination of equipment
requires physical decontamination, including
abrasive and non-abrasive methods. These include
the use of brushes, air and wet blasting, and high-
pressure water cleaning, followed by a wash/rinse
process using appropriate cleaning solutions. Use
of a solvent rinse is required when organic
contamination is present.
1.3 SAMPLE PRESERVATION,
CONTAINERS, HANDLING, AND
STORAGE
This section is not applicable to this SOP.
1.4 INTERFERENCES AND
POTENTIAL PROBLEMS
• The use of distilled/deionized water
commonly available from commercial
vendors may be acceptable for
decontamination of sampling equipment
provided that it has been verified by
laboratory analysis to be analyte free.
• An untreated potable water supply is not
an acceptable substitute for tap water. Tap
water may be used from any municipal
water treatment system for mixing of
decontamination solutions.
• Acids and solvents utilized in the
decontamination sequence pose the health
and safety risks of inhalation or skin
contact, and raise shipping concerns of
permeation or degradation.
• The site work plan must address disposal
of the spent decontamination solutions.
• Several procedures can be established to
minimize contact with waste and the
potential for contamination. For example:
Stress work practices that
minimize contact with hazardous
substances.
Use remote sampling, handling,
and container-opening techniques
when appropriate.
Cover monitoring and sampling
equipment with protective material
to minimize contamination.
Use disposable outer garments
and disposable sampling
equipment when appropriate.
1.5 EQUIPMENT/APPARATUS
appropriate personal protective clothing
non-phosphate detergent
selected solvents
long-handled brushes
drop cloths/plastic sheeting
trash container
paper towels
galvanized tubs or buckets
tap water
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distilled/deionized water
metal/plastic containers for storage and
disposal of contaminated wash solutions
pressurized sprayers for tap and
deionized/distilled water
sprayers for solvents
trash bags
aluminum foil
safety glasses or splash shield
emergency eyewash bottle
1.6 REAGENTS
There are no reagents used in this procedure aside
from the actual decontamination solutions and
solvents. In general, the following solvents are
utilized for decontamination purposes:
• 10% nitric acid(1)
• acetone (pesticide grade)(2)
• hexane (pesticide grade)®
• methanol
(1) Only if sample is to be analyzed for trace metals.
(2) Only if sample is to be analyzed for organics.
1.7 PROCEDURES
As part of the health and safety plan, develop and
set up a decontamination plan before any personnel
or equipment enter the areas of potential exposure.
The equipment decontamination plan should
include:
• the number, location, and layout of
decontamination stations
• which decontamination apparatus is needed
• the appropriate decontamination methods
• methods for disposal of contaminated
clothing, apparatus, and solutions
1.7.1 Decontamination Methods
All personnel, samples, and equipment leaving the
contaminated area of a site must be
decontaminated. Various decontamination methods
will either physically remove contaminants,
inactivate contaminants by disinfection or
sterilization, or do both.
In many cases, gross contamination can be removed
by physical means. The physical decontamination
techniques appropriate for equipment
decontamination can be grouped into two
categories: abrasive methods and non-abrasive
methods.
Abrasive Cleaning Methods
Abrasive cleaning methods work by rubbing and
wearing away the top layer of the surface containing
the contaminant. The following abrasive methods
are available:
• Mechanical: Mechanical cleaning methods
use brushes of metal or nylon. The
amount and type of contaminants removed
will vary with the hardness of bristles,
length of brushing time, and degree of
brush contact.
• Air Blasting: Air blasting is used for
cleaning large equipment, such as
bulldozers, drilling rigs or auger bits. The
equipment used in ah- blast cleaning
employs compressed ah* to force abrasive
material through a nozzle at high velocities.
The distance between the nozzle and the
surface cleaned, as well as the pressure of
air, the tune of application, and the angle
at which the abrasive strikes the surface,
determines cleaning efficiency. Air blasting
has several disadvantages: it is unable to
control the amount of material removed, it
can aerate contaminants, and it generates
large amounts of waste.
• Wet Blasting: Wet blast cleaning, also
used to clean large equipment, involves use
of a suspended fine abrasive delivered by
compressed air to the contaminated area.
The amount of materials removed can be
carefully controlled by using very fine
abrasives. This method generates a large
amount of waste.
Non-Abrasive Cleaning Methods
Non-abrasive cleaning methods work by forcing the
contaminant off of a surface with pressure. In
general, less of the equipment surface is removed
using non-abrasive methods. The following non-
abrasive methods are available:
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• High-Pressure Water: This method
consists of a high-pressure pump, an
operator-controlled directional nozzle, and
a high pressure hose. Operating pressure
usually ranges from 340 to 680 atmospheres
(atm) which relates to flow rates of 20 to
140 liters per minute.
• Ultra-High-Pressure Water: This system
produces a pressurized water jet (from
1,000 to 4,000 atm). The ultra-high-
pressure spray removes tightly-adhered
surface film. The water velocity ranges
from 500 m/sec (1,000 atm) to 900 m/sec
(4,000 atm). Additives can enhance the
method. This method is not applicable for
hand-held sampling equipment.
Disinfection/Rinse Methods
• Disinfection: Disinfectants are a practical
means of inactivating infectious agents.
• Sterilization: Standard sterilization
methods involve heating the equipment.
Sterilization is impractical for large
equipment.
• Rinsing: Rinsing removes contaminants
through dilution, physical attraction, and
solubilization.
1.7.2 Field Sampling Equipment
Cleaning Procedures
Solvent rinses are not necessarily required when
organics are not a contaminant of concern and may
be eliminated from the sequence specified below.
Similarly, an acid rinse is not required if analysis
does not include inorganics.
1. Where applicable, follow physical removal
procedures specified in section 1.7.1.
2. Wash equipment with a non-phosphate
detergent solution.
3. Rinse with tap water.
4. Rinse with distilled/deionized water.
5. Rinse with 10% nitric acid if the sample will be
analyzed for trace organics.
6. Rinse with distilled/deionized water.
7. Use a solvent rinse (pesticide grade) if the
sample will be analyzed for organics.
8. Air dry the equipment completely.
9. Rinse again with distilled/deionized water.
Selection of the solvent for use in the
decontamination process is based on the
contaminants present at the site. Use of a solvent
is required when organic contamination is present
on-site. Typical solvents used for removal of
organic contaminants include acetone, hexane, or
water. An acid rinse step is required if metals are
present on-site. If a particular contaminant fraction
is not present at the site, the nine-step
decontamination procedure listed above may be
modified for site specificity. The decontamination
solvent used should not be among the contaminants
of concern at the site.
Table 1 on page 4 lists solvent rinses which may be
required for elimination of particular chemicals.
After each solvent rinse, the equipment should be
air dried and rinsed with distilled/deionized water.
Sampling equipment that requires the use of plastic
tubing should be disassembled and the tubing
replaced with clean tubing, before commencement
of sampling and between sampling locations.
1.8 CALCULATIONS
This section is not applicable to this SOP.
1.9 QUALITY ASSURANCE/
QUALITY CONTROL
One type of quality control sample specific to the
field decontamination process is the rinsate blank.
The rinsate blank provides information on the
effectiveness of the decontamination process
employed in the field. When used in conjunction
with field blanks and trip blanks, a rinsate blank can
detect contamination during sample handling,
storage and sample transportation to the laboratory.
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Table 1: Recommended Solvent Rinse for Soluble Contaminants
SOLVENT
SOLUBLE CONTAMINANTS
Water
Low-chain hydrocarbons
Inorganic compounds
Salts
Some organic acids and other polar compounds
Dilute Acids
Basic (caustic) compounds
Amines
Hydrazines
Dilute Bases — for example, detergent
and soap
Metals
Acidic compounds
Phenol
Thiols
Some nitro and sulfonic compounds
Organic Solvents(l) - for example,
alcohols, ethers, ketones, aromatics,
straight-chain alkanes (e.g., hexane), and
common petroleum products (e.g., fuel,
oil, kerosene)
Nonpolar compounds (e.g., some organic compounds)
(1) - WARNING: Some organic solvents can permeate and/or degrade protective clothing.
A rinsate blank consists of a sample of analyte-free
(i.e, deionized) water which is passed over and
through a field decontaminated sampling device and
placed in a clean sample container.
Rinsate blanks should be run for all parameters of
interest at a rate of 1 per 20 for each parameter,
even if samples are not shipped that day. Rinsate
blanks are not required if dedicated sampling
equipment is used.
1.10 DATA VALIDATION
This section is not applicable to this SOP.
1.11 HEALTH AND SAFETY
When working with potentially hazardous materials,
follow U.S. EPA, OSHA and specific health and
safety procedures.
Decontamination can pose hazards under certain
circumstances even though performed to protect
health and safety. Hazardous substances may be
incompatible with decontamination methods. For
example, the decontamination solution or solvent
may react with contaminants to produce heat,
explosion, or toxic products. Decontamination
methods may be incompatible with clothing or
equipment; some solvents can permeate or degrade
protective clothing. Also, decontamination solutions
and solvents may pose a direct health hazard to
workers through inhalation or skin contact, or if
they combust.
The decontamination solutions and solvents must be
determined to be compatible before use. Any
method that permeates, degrades, or damages
personal protective equipment should not be used.
If decontamination methods pose a direct health
hazard, measures should be taken to protect
personnel or the methods should be modified to
eliminate the hazard.
4 -
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2.0 DRUM SAMPLING: SOP #2009
2.1 SCOPE AND APPLICATION
The purpose of this Standard Operating Procedure
(SOP) is to provide technical guidance on safe and
cost-effective response actions at hazardous waste
sites containing drums with unknown contents.
Container contents are sampled and characterized
for disposal, bulking, recycling, grouping, and/or
classification purposes.
2.2 METHOD SUMMARY
Prior to sampling, drums must be inventoried,
staged, and opened. An inventory entails recording
visual qualities of each drum and any characteristics
pertinent to the contents' classification. Staging
involves the organization, and sometimes
consolidation of drums which have similar wastes or
characteristics. Opening of closed drums can be
performed manually or remotely. Remote drum
opening is recommended for worker safety. The
most widely used method of sampling a drum
involves the use of a glass thief. This method is
quick, simple, relatively inexpensive, and requires no
decontamination.
2.3 SAMPLE PRESERVATION,
CONTAINERS, HANDLING, AND
STORAGE
Samples collected from drums are considered waste
samples. No preservatives should be added since
there is a potential reaction of the sample with the
preservative. Samples should, however, be cooled
to 4°C and protected from sunlight in order to
minimize any potential reaction due to the light
sensitivity of the sample.
Sample bottles for collection of waste liquids,
sludges, or solids are typically wide-mouth amber
jars with Teflon-lined screw caps. Actual volume
required for analysis should be determined in
conjunction with the laboratory performing the
analysis.
Follow these waste sample handling procedures:
1. Place sample container in two Ziploc plastic bags.
2. Place each bagged container in a 1-gallon
covered can containing absorbent packing
material. Place the lid on the can.
3. Mark the sample identification number on the
outside of the can.
4. Place the marked cans in a cooler, and fill
remaining space with absorbent packing
material.
5. Fill out chain of custody form for each cooler,
place in plastic, and affix to inside lid of cooler.
6. Secure and custody seal the lid of cooler.
7. Arrange for the appropriate transportation
mode consistent with the type of hazardous
waste involved.
2.4 INTERFERENCES AND
POTENTIAL PROBLEMS
The practice of tapping drums to determine their
contents is neither safe nor effective and should not
be used if the drums are visually overpressurized or
if shock-sensitive materials are suspected. A laser
thermometer may be used instead.
Drums that have been overpressurized, to the extent
that the head is swollen several inches above the
level of the chime, should not be moved. A number
of devices have been developed for venting critically
swollen drums. One method that has proven to be
effective is a tube and spear device. A light
aluminum tube (3 meters long) is positioned at the
vapor space of the drum. A rigid, hooking device
attached to the tube goes over the chime and holds
the tube securely in place. The spear is inserted in
the tube and positioned against the drum wall. A
sharp blow on the end of the spear drives the
sharpened tip through the drum and the gas vents
along the grooves. The Venting should be done
from behind a wall or barricade. This device can be
cheaply and easily designed and constructed where
needed. Once the pressure has been relieved, the
bung can be removed and the drum sampled.
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2.5 EQUIPMENT/APPARATUS
The following are standard materials and equipment
required for sampling:
• personal protection equipment
• wide-mouth glass jars with Teflon cap liner,
approximately 500 mL volume
• uniquely numbered sample identification
labels with corresponding data sheets
• 1-gallon covered cans half-filled with
absorbent (vermiculite)
• chain of custody forms
• decontamination materials
• glass thief tubes or Composite Liquid
Waste Samplers (COLIWASA)
• laser thermometer
• drum opening devices
Drum opening devices include the following:
2.5.1 Bung Wrench
A common method for opening drums manually is
using a universal bung wrench. These wrenches
have fittings made to remove nearly all commonly
encountered bungs. They are usually constructed of
cast iron, brass, or a bronze-beryllium, non-sparking
alloy formulated to reduce the likelihood of sparks.
The use of a non-sparking bung wrench does not
completely eliminate the possibility of a spark being
produced. (See Figure 1, Appendix B.)
2.5.2 Drum Deheader
When a bung is not removable with a bung wrench,
a drum can be opened manually by using a drum
deheader. This tool is constructed of forged steel
with an alloy steel blade and is designed to cut the
lid of a drum off or part way off by means of a
scissors-like cutting action. A limitation of this
device is that it can be attached only to closed head
drums. Drums with removable heads must be
opened by other means. (See Figure 2, Appendix
B.)
2.5.3 Hand Pick, Pickaxe, and Hand
Spike
These tools are usually constructed of brass or a
non-sparking alloy with a sharpened point that can
penetrate the drum lid or head when the tool is
swung. The hand picks or pickaxes that are most
commonly used are commercially available; whereas
the spikes are generally uniquely fabricated 4-foot
long poles with a pointed end. (See Figure 3,
Appendix B.)
2.5.4 Backhoe Spike
The most common means used to open drums
remotely for sampling is the use of a metal spike
attached or welded to a backhoe bucket. In
addition to being very efficient, this method can
greatly reduce the likelihood of personal exposure.
(See Figure 4, Appendix B.)
2.5.5 Hydraulic Drum Opener
Another remote method for opening drums is with
remotely operated hydraulic devices. One such
device uses hydraulic pressure to pierce through the
wall of a drum. It consists of a manually operated
pump which pressurizes soil through a length of
hydraulic line. (See Figure 5, Appendix B.)
2.5.6 Pneumatic Devices
A pneumatic bung remover consists of a
compressed air supply that is controlled by a heavy-
duty, two-stage regulator. A high-pressure air line
of desired length delivers compressed air to a
pneumatic drill, which is adapted to turn a bung
fitting selected to fit the bung to be removed. An
adjustable bracketing system has been designed to
position and align the pneumatic drill over the bung.
This bracketing system must be attached to the
drum before the drill can be operated. Once the
bung has been loosened, the bracketing system must
be removed before the drum can be sampled. This
remote bung opener does not permit the slow
venting of the container, and therefore appropriate
precautions must be taken. It also requires the
container to be upright and relatively level. Bungs
that are rusted shut cannot be removed with this
device. (See Figure 6, Appendix B.)
2.6 REAGENTS
Reagents are not typically required for preserving
drum samples. However, reagents are used for
decontaminating sampling equipment.
Decontamination solutions are specified in ERT
SOP #2006, Sampling Equipment Decontamination.
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2.7 PROCEDURES
2.7.1 Preparation
1. Determine the extent of the sampling effort, the
sampling methods to be employed, and which
equipment and supplies are needed.
2. Obtain necessary sampling and monitoring
equipment.
3. Decontaminate or preclean equipment, and
ensure that it is in working order.
4. Prepare scheduling and coordinate with staff,
clients, and regulatory agency, if appropriate.
5. Perform a general site survey prior to site entry
in accordance with the site-specific health and
safety plan.
6. Use stakes, flagging, or buoys to identify and
mark all sampling locations. If required, the
proposed locations may be adjusted based on
site access, property boundaries, and surface
obstructions.
2.7.2 Drum Inspection
Appropriate procedures for handling drums depend
on the contents. Thus, prior to any handling, drums
should be visually inspected to gain as much
information as possible about their contents. Those
in charge of inspections should be on the look-out
for:
• drum condition, corrosion, rust, and leaking
contents
• symbols, words, or other markings on the drum
indicating hazards (i.e., explosive, radioactive,
toxic, flammable)
• signs that the drum is under pressure
• shock sensitivity
Monitor around the drums with radiation
instruments, organic vapor monitors (OVA) and
combustible gas indicators (CGI).
Classify the drums into categories, for instance:
radioactive
leaking/deteriorating
bulging
drums containing lab packs
explosive/shock sensitive
All personnel should assume that unmarked drums
contain hazardous materials until their contents
have been categorized, and that labels on drums
may not accurately describe their contents.
If it is presumed that there are buried drums on-
site, geophysical investigation techniques such as
magnetometry, ground penetrating radar, and metal
detection can be employed in an attempt to
determine depth and location of the drums. See
ERT SOP #2159, General Surface Geophysics.
2.7.3 Drum Staging
Prior to sampling, the drums should be staged to
allow easy access. Ideally, the staging area should
be located just far enough from the drum opening
area to prevent a chain reaction if one drum should
explode or catch fire when opened.
While staging, physically separate the drums into
the following categories: those containing liquids,
those containing solids, lab packs, or gas cylinders,
and those which are empty. This is done because
the strategy for sampling and handling
drums/containers hi each of these categories will be
different. This may be achieved by:
• Visual inspection of the drum and its
labels, codes, etc. Solids and sludges are
typically disposed of in open-top drums.
Closed-head drums with a bung opening
generally contain liquid.
• Visual inspection of the contents of the
drum during sampling followed by
restaghig, if needed.
Once a drum has been excavated and any
immediate hazard has been eliminated by
overpacking or transferring the drum's contents,
affix a numbered tag to the drum and transfer it to
a staging area. Color-coded tags, labels, or bands
should be used to mark similar waste types. Record
a description of each drum, its condition, any
unusual markings, and the location where it was
buried or stored, on a drum data sheet (Appendix
A). This data sheet becomes the principal
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recordkeeping tool for tracking the drum onsite.
1. Fully outfit field personnel with protective gear.
Where there is good reason to suspect that some
drums contain radioactive, explosive, and shock-
sensitive materials, these drums should be staged in
a separate, isolated area. Placement of explosives
and shock-sensitive materials in diked and fenced
areas will minimize the hazard and the adverse
effects of any premature detonation of explosives.
Where space allows, the drum opening area should
be physically separated from the drum removal and
drum staging operations. Drums are moved from
the staging area to the drum opening area one at a
time using forklift trucks equipped with drum
grabbers or a barrel grappler. In a large-scale drum
handling operation, drums may be conveyed to the
drum opening area using a roller conveyor.
2.7.4 Drum Opening
There are three basic techniques available for
opening drums at hazardous waste sites:
• Manual opening with non-sparking bung
wrenches,
• Drum deheading, and
• Remote drum puncturing or bung removal.
The choice of drum opening techniques and
accessories depends on the number of drums to be
opened, their waste contents, and physical condition.
Remote drum opening equipment should always be
considered in order to protect worker safety.
Under OSHA 1910.120, manual drum opening with
bung wrenches or deheaders should be performed
only with structurally sound drums having contents
that are known to be (1) not shock sensitive, (2)
non-reactive, (3) non-explosive, and (4) non-
flammable.
Manual Drum Opening with a Bung
Wrench
Manual drum opening with bung wrenches (Figure
1, Appendix B) should not be performed unless the
drums are structurally sound (no evidence of
bulging or deformation) and their contents are
known to be non-explosive. If opening the drum
with bung wrenches is deemed reasonably cost-
effective and safe, then follow these procedures to
minimize the hazard:
2. Position drum upright with the bung up, or, for
drums with bungs on the side, lay the drum on
its side with the bung plug up.
3 Wrench the bung with a slow, steady pulling
motion across the drum. If the length of the
bung wrench handle provides inadequate
leverage for unscrewing the plug, attach a
"cheater bar" to the handle to improve leverage.
Manual Drum Opening with a Drum
Deheader
Drums are opened with a drum deheader (Figure 2,
Appendix B) by first positioning the cutting edge
just inside the top chime and then tightening the
adjustment screw so that the deheader is held
against the side of the drum. Moving the handle of
the deheader up and down while sliding the
deheader along the chime will cut off the entire top.
If the top chime of a drum has been damaged or
badly dented, it may not be possible to cut off the
entire top. Since there is always the possibility that
a drum may be under pressure, make the initial cut
very slowly to allow for the gradual release of any
built-up pressure. A safer technique would be to
use a remote method to puncture the drum prior to
using the deheader.
Self-propelled drum openers which are either
electrically or pneumatically driven can be used for
quicker and more efficient deheading.
Manual Drum Opening with a Hand
Pick, Pickaxe, or Spike
When a drum must be opened and neither a bung
wrench nor a drum deheader is suitable, the drum
can be opened for sampling by using a hand pick,
pickaxe, or spike (Figure 3, Appendix B). Often the
drum lid or head must be hit with a great deal of
force in order to penetrate it. The potential for
splash or spraying is greater than with other
opening methods and, therefore, this method of
drum opening is not recommended, particularly
when opening drums containing liquids. Some
spikes used have been modified by the addition of
a circular splash plate near the penetrating end.
This plate acts as a shield and reduces the amount
of splash in the direction of the person using the
spike. Even with this shield, good splash gear is
essential.
-------
Since drums cannot be opened slowly with these
tools, spray from drums is common requiring
appropriate safety measures. Decontaminate the
pick or spike after each drum is opened to avoid
cross-contamination and/or adverse chemical
reaction from incompatible materials.
Remote Drum Opening with a Backhoe
Spike
Remotely operated drum opening tools are the
safest available means of drum opening. Remote
drum opening is slow, but is much safer compared
to manual methods of opening.
Drums should be "staged" or placed in rows with
adequate aisle space to allow ease in backhoe
maneuvering. Once staged, the drums can be
quickly opened by punching a hole hi the drum
head or lid with the spike.
The spike (Figure 4, Appendix B) should be
decontaminated after each drum is opened to
prevent cross-contamination. Even though some
splash or spray may occur when this method is used,
the operator of the backhoe can be protected by
mounting a large shatter-resistant shield in front of
the operator's cage. This, combined with the
required level of personal protection gear, should be
sufficient to protect the operator. Additional
respiratory protection can be afforded by providing
the operator with an on-board airline system.
Remote Drum Opening with Hydraulic
Devices
A piercing device with a metal point is attached to
the end of a hydraulic line and is pushed into the
drum by hydraulic pressure (Figure 5, Appendix B).
The piercing device can be attached so that the
sampling hole can be made on either the side or the
head of the drum. Some of the metal piercers are
hollow or tube-like so that they can be left in place
if desired and serve as a permanent tap or sampling
port. The piercer is designed to establish a tight
seal after penetrating the container.
Remote Drum Opening with Pneumatic
Devices
Pneumatically-operated devices utilizing compressed
air have been designed to remove drum bungs
remotely (Figure 6, Appendix B).
2.7.5 Drum Sampling
After the drum has been opened, monitor
headspace gases using an explosimeter and organic
vapor analyzer. In most cases it is impossible to
observe the contents of these sealed or partially
sealed vessels. Since some layering or stratification
is likely in any solution left undisturbed over time,
take a sample that represents the entire depth of
the vessel.
When sampling a previously sealed vessel, check for
the presence of a bottom sludge. This is easily
accomplished by measuring the depth to the
apparent bottom, then comparing it to the known
interior depth.
Glass Thief Sampler
The most widely used implement for sampling is a
glass tube commonly referred to as a glass thief
(Figure 7, Appendix B). This tool is simple, cost
effective, quick, and collects a sample without
having to decontaminate. Glass thieves are typically
6mm to 16mm I.D. and 48 niches long.
Procedures for using a glass thief are as follows:
1. Remove cover from sample container.
2. Insert glass tubing almost to the bottom of the
drum or until a solid layer is encountered.
About one foot of tubing should extend above
the drum.
3. Allow the waste in the drum to reach its
natural level in the tube.
4. Cap the top of the sampling tube with a
tapered stopper or thumb, ensuring liquid does
not come into contact with stopper.
5. Carefully remove the capped tube from the
drum and insert the uncapped end in the
sample container.
6. Release stopper and allow the glass thief to
drain until the container is approximately 2/3
full.
7. Remove tube from the sample container, break
it into pieces and place the pieces in the drum.
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8. Cap the sample container tightly and place
prelabeled sample container in a carrier.
9. Replace the bung or place plastic over the
drum.
10. Log all samples in the site logbook and on field
data sheets.
11. Package samples and complete necessary
paperwork.
12. Transport sample to decontamination zone to
prepare it for transport to the analytical
laboratory.
In many instances a drum containing waste material
will have a sludge layer on the bottom. Slow
insertion of the sample tube down into this layer
and then a gradual withdrawal will allow the sludge
to act as a bottom plug to maintain the fluid in the
tube. The plug can be gently removed and placed
into the sample container by the use of a stainless
steel lab spoon.
It should be noted that in some instances disposal
of the tube by breaking it into the drum may
interfere with eventual plans for the removal of its
contents. This practice should be cleared with the
project officer or other disposal techniques
evaluated.
COLIWASA Sampler
Some equipment is designed to collect a sample
from the full depth of a drum and maintain it in the
transfer tube until delivery to the sample bottle.
These designs include primarily the Composite
Liquid Waste Sampler (COLIWASA) and
modifications thereof. The COLIWASA (Figure 8,
Appendix B) is a much cited sampler designed to
permit representative sampling of multiphase wastes
from drums and other containerized wastes. One
configuration consists of a 152 cm by 4 cm I.D.
section of tubing with a neoprene stopper at one
end attached by a rod running the length of the
tube to a locking mechanism at the other end.
Manipulation of the locking mechanism opens and
closes the sampler by raising and lowering the
neoprene stopper. One model of the COLIWASA
is shown in Appendix B; however, the design can be
modified and/or adapted somewhat to meet the
needs of the sampler.
The major drawbacks associated with using a
COLIWASA concern decontamination and costs.
The sampler is difficult, if not impossible to
decontaminate in the field and its high cost in
relation to alternative procedures (glass tubes) make
it an impractical throwaway item. It still has
applications, however, especially in instances where
a true representation of a multiphase waste is
absolutely necessary.
Follow these procedures for using the COLIWASA:
1. Put the sampler in the open position by placing
the stopper rod handle in the T-position and
pushing the rod down until the handle sits
against the sampler's locking block.
2. Slowly lower the sampler into the liquid waste.
Lower the sampler at a rate that permits the
levels of the liquid inside and outside the
sampler tube to be about the same. If the level
of the liquid in the sample tube is lower than
that outside the sampler, the sampling rate is
too fast and will result in a non-representative
sample.
3. When the sampler stopper hits the bottom of
the waste container, push the sampler tube
downward against the stopper to close the
sampler. Lock the sampler in the closed
position by turning the T-handle until it is
upright and one end rests tightly on the locking
block.
4. Slowly withdraw the sample from the waste
container with one hand while wiping the
sampler tube with a disposable cloth or rag
with the other hand.
5. Carefully discharge the sample into a suitable
sample container by slowly pulling the lower
end of the T-handle away from the locking
block while the lower end of the sampler is
positioned in a sample container.
6. Cap the sample container tightly and place
prelabeled sample container in a carrier.
7. Replace the bung or place plastic over the
drum.
8. Log all samples in the site logbook and on field
data sheets.
10
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9. Package samples and complete necessary
paperwork.
10. Transport sample to decontamination zone to
prepare it for transport to the analytical
laboratory.
2.8 CALCULATIONS
This section is not applicable to this SOP.
2.9 QUALITY ASSURANCE/
QUALITY CONTROL
The following general quality assurance procedures
apply:
• Document all data on standard chain of
custody forms, field data sheets, or within
site logbooks.
• Operate all instrumentation in accordance
with operating instructions as supplied by
the manufacturer, unless otherwise
specified in the work plan. Equipment
checkout and calibration activities must
occur prior to sampling/operation, and
they must be documented.
2.10 DATA VALIDATION
This section is not applicable to this SOP.
2.11 HEALTH AND SAFETY
When working with potentially hazardous materials,
follow U.S. EPA, OSHA, and specific health and
safety procedures.
The opening of closed containers is one of the most
hazardous site activities. Maximum efforts should
be made to ensure the safety of the sampling team.
Proper protective equipment and a general
awareness of the possible dangers will minimize the
risk inherent in sampling operations. Employing
proper drum-opening techniques and equipment will
also safeguard personnel. Use remote sampling
equipment whenever feasible.
11
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3.0 TANK SAMPLING: SOP #2010
3.1 SCOPE AND APPLICATION
The purpose of this Standard Operating Procedure
(SOP) is to provide protocols for sampling tanks
and other confined spaces from outside the vessel.
3.2 METHOD SUMMARY
The safe collection of a representative sample
should be the criterion for selecting sample
locations. A representative sample can be collected
using techniques or equipment that are designed for
obtaining liquids or sludges from various depths.
The structure and characteristics of storage tanks
present problems with collection of samples from
more than one location; therefore, the selection of
sampling devices is an important consideration.
Depending on the type of vessel and characteristics
of the material to be sampled, one can choose a
bailer, glass thief, bacon bomb sampler, sludge
judge, COLIWASA, or subsurface grab sampler to
collect the sample. For depths of less than 5-feet,
a bailer, COLIWASA, or sludge judge can be used.
A sludge judge, subsurface grab sampler, bailer, or
bacon bomb sampler can be used for depths greater
than 5-feet. A sludge judge or bacon bomb can be
used to determine if the tank consists of various
strata.
All sample locations should be surveyed for air
quality prior to sampling. At no time should
sampling continue with an LEL reading greater than
25%.
All personnel involved in tank sampling should be
advised as to the hazards associated with working in
unfavorable conditions.
3.3 SAMPLE PRESERVATION,
CONTAINERS, HANDLING, AND
STORAGE
Samples collected from tanks are considered waste
samples and, as such, addition of preservatives is
not required due to the potential reaction of the
sample with the preservative. Samples should,
however, be cooled to 4°C and protected from
sunlight in order to minimize any potential reaction
due to the light sensitivity of the sample.
Sample bottles for collection of waste liquids,
sludges, or solids are typically wide-mouth amber
jars with Teflon-lined screw caps. Actual volume
required for analysis should be determined in
conjunction with the laboratory performing the
analysis.
Waste sample handling procedures should be as
follows:
1. Place sample container in two Ziploc plastic
bags.
2. Place each bagged container in a I-gallon
covered can containing absorbent packing
material. Place the lid on the can.
3. Mark the sample identification number on the
outside of the can.
4. Place the marked cans in a cooler, and fill
remaining space with absorbent packing
material.
5. Fill out a chain of custody form for each
cooler, place it in plastic, and affix it to the
inside lid of the cooler.
6. Secure and custody seal the lid of cooler.
7. Arrange for the transportation appropriate for
the type of hazardous waste involved.
3.4 INTERFERENCES AND
POTENTIAL PROBLEMS
Sampling a storage tank requires a great deal of
manual dexterity, often requiring the sampler to
climb to the top of the tank upon a narrow vertical
or spiral stairway or ladder while wearing protective
clothing and carrying sampling equipment.
Before climbing onto the vessel, perform a
structural survey of the tank to ensure the sampler's
13
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safety and accessibility prior to initiating field
activities.
As in all opening of containers, take extreme
caution to avoid ignition or combustion of volatile
contents. All tools used must be constructed of a
non-sparking material and electronic instruments
must be intrinsically safe.
All sample locations should be surveyed for air
quality prior to sampling. At no time should
sampling continue with an LEL reading greater than
25%.
3.5 EQUIPMENT/APPARATUS
Storage tank materials include liquids, sludges, still
bottoms, and solids of various structures. The type
of sampling equipment chosen should be compatible
with the waste. Samplers commonly used for tanks
include: the bacon bomb sampler, the sludge judge,
glass thief, bailer, COLIWASA, and subsurface grab
sampler.
sampling plan
safety equipment
tape measure
weighted tape line or equivalent
camera/film
stainless steel bucket or bowl
sample containers
Ziploc plastic bags
logbook
labels
field data sheets
chain of custody forms
flashlight (explosion proof)
coolers
ice
decontamination supplies
bacon bomb sampler
sludge judge
glass thief
bailer
COLIWASA
subsurface grab sampler
water/oil level indicator
OVA (organic vapor analyzer or
equivalent)
explosimeter/oxygen meter
high volume blower
3.6 REAGENTS
Reagents are not typically required for the
preservation of waste samples. However, reagents
will be utilized for decontamination of equipment.
Decontamination solutions required are specified in
ERT SOP #2006, Sampling Equipment
Decontamination.
3.7 PROCEDURES
3.7.1 Preparation
1. Determine the extent of the sampling effort,
the sampling methods to be employed, and
which equipment and supplies are needed.
2. Obtain necessary sampling and monitoring
equipment.
3. Decontaminate or preclean equipment, and
ensure that it is hi working order.
4. Prepare scheduling and coordinate with staff,
clients, and regulatory agency, if appropriate.
5. Perform a general site survey prior to site entry
in accordance with the site-specific health and
safety plan.
6. Identify and mark all sampling locations.
3.7.2 Preliminary Inspection
1. Inspect the external structural characteristics of
each tank and record in the site logbook.
Potential sampling points should be evaluated
for safety, accessibility, and sample quality.
2. , Prior to opening a tank for internal inspection,
the tank sampling team should:
• Review safety procedures and emergency
contingency plans with the Safety Officer,
• Ensure that the tank is properly grounded,
• Remove all sources of ignition from the
immediate area.
3. Each tank should be mounted using
appropriate means. Remove manway covers
using non-sparking tools.
14
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4.
Collect air quality measurements for each
potential sample location using an
explosimeter/oxygen meter for a lower
explosive limit (LEL/Oj) reading and an
OVA/HNU for an organic vapor concentration.
Both readings should be taken from the tank
headspace, above the sampling port, and in the
breathing zone.
5.
Prior to sampling, the tank headspace should be
cleared of any toxic or explosive vapor
concentration using a high volume blower. No
work should start if LEL readings exceed 25%.
At 10% LEL, work can continue but with
extreme caution.
3.7.3 Sampling Procedures
1. Determine the depth of any and all liquid-solid
interface, and depth of sludge using a weighted
tape measure, probe line, sludge judge, or
equivalent.
2. Collect liquid samples from 1-foot below the
surface, from mid-depth of liquid, and from 1-
foot above the bottom sludge layer. This can
be accomplished with a subsurface grab sampler
or bacon bomb. For liquids less than 5-feet in
depth, use a glass thief or COLIWASA to
collect the sample.
If sampling storage tanks, vacuum trucks, or
process vessels, collect at least one sample from
each compartment in the tank. Samples should
always be collected through an opened hatch at
the top of the tank. Valves near the bottom
should not be used, because of their
questionable or unknown integrity. If such a
valve cannot be closed once opened, the entire
tank contents may be lost to the ground
surface. Also, individual strata cannot be
sampled separately through a valve near the
bottom.
3. Compare the three samples for visual phase
differences. If phase differences appear,
systematic iterative sampling should be
performed. By halving the distance between
two discrete sampling points, one can determine
the depth of the phase change.
4. If another sampling port is available, sample as
above to verify the phase information.
5. Measure the outside diameter of the tank and
determine the volume of wastes using the depth
measurements. (See Appendix C for
calculations.)
6. Sludges can be collected using a bacon bomb
sampler, glass thief, or sludge judge.
7. Record all information on the sample data
sheet or site logbook. Label the container with
the appropriate sample tag.
8. Decontaminate sampling equipment as per
ERT SOP #2006, Sampling Equipment
Decontamination.
3.7.4 Sampling Devices
Bacon Bomb Sampler
The bacon bomb sampler (Figure 9, Appendix B) is
designed to collect material from various levels
within a storage tank. It consists of a cylindrical
body, usually made of chrome-plated brass and
bronze with an internal tapered plunger that acts as
a valve to admit the sample. A line attached to the
top of the plunger opens and closes the valve. A
line is attached to the removable top cover which
has a locking mechanism to keep the plunger closed
after sampling.
1. Attach the sample line and the plunger line to
the sampler.
2. Measure and then mark the sampling line at
the desired depth.
3. Gradually lower the bacon bomb sampler by
the sample line until the desired level is
reached.
4. When the desired level is reached, pull up on
the plunger line and allow the sampler to fill
before releasing the plunger line to seal off the
sampler.
5. Retrieve the sampler by the sample line. Be
careful not to pull up on the plunger line and
thereby prevent accidental opening of the
bottom valve.
6. Rinse or wipe off the exterior of the sampler
body.
15
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7. Position the sampler over the sample container
and release its contents by pulling up on the
plunger line.
8. Cap the sample container tightly and place
prelabeled sample container in a carrier.
9. Replace the bung or place plastic over the tank.
10. Log all samples in the site logbook and on field
data sheets and label all samples.
11. Package samples and complete necessary
paperwork.
12. Transport sample to decontamination zone to
prepare it for transport to the analytical
laboratory.
Sludge Judge
A sludge judge (Figure 10, Appendix B) is used for
obtaining an accurate reading of solids which can
settle, in any liquid, to any depth. The sampler
consists of 3/4-inch plastic pipe in 5-foot sections,
marked at 1-foot increments, with screw-style
fittings. The top section includes a nylon line for
raising the sampler.
1. Lower the sludge judge to the bottom of the
tank.
2. When the bottom has been reached, and the
pipe has filled to surface level, tug slightly on
the rope as you begin to raise the unit. This
will seat the check valve, trapping the column of
material.
3. When the unit has been raised clear of the tank
liquid, the amount of sludge in the sample can
be read using the 1-foot increments marked on
the pipe sections.
4. By touching the phi extending from the bottom
section against a hard surface, the material is
released from the unit.
5. Cap the sample container tightly and place
prelabeled sample container in a carrier.
6. Replace the bung or place plastic over the tank.
7. Log all samples in the site logbook and on field
data sheets and label all samples.
8. Package samples and complete necessary
paperwork.
9. Transport sample to decontamination zone to
prepare it for transport to the analytical
laboratory.
Subsurface Grab Sampler
Subsurface grab samplers (Figure 11, Appendix B)
are designed to collect samples of liquids at various
depths. The sampler is usually constructed of
aluminum or stainless steel tubing with a
polypropylene or Teflon head that attaches to a 1-
liter sample container.
1. Screw the sample bottle onto the sampling
head.
2. Lower the sampler to the desired depth.
3. Pull the ring at the top which opens the spring-
loaded plunger in the head assembly.
4. When the bottle is full, release the ring, lift
sampler, and remove sample bottle.
5. Cap the sample container tightly and place
prelabeled sample container in a carrier.
6. Replace the bung or place plastic over the tank.
7. Log all samples in the site logbook and on field
data sheets and label all samples.
8. Package samples and complete necessary
paperwork.
9. Transport sample to decontamination zone to
prepare it for transport to the analytical
laboratory.
Glass Thief
The most widely used implement for sampling is a
glass tube commonly referred to as a glass thief
(Figure 7, Appendix B). This tool is simple, cost
effective, quick, and collects a sample without
having to decontaminate. Glass thieves are typically
6mm to 16mm I.D. and 48 inches long.
1. Remove cover from sample container.
2. Insert glass tubing almost to the bottom of the
16
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tank or until a solid layer is encountered.
About 1 foot of tubing should extend above the
tank.
3. Allow the waste hi the tank to reach its natural
level hi the tube.
4. Cap the top of the sampling tube with a
tapered stopper or thumb, ensuring liquid does
not come into contact with stopper.
5. Carefully remove the capped tube from the
tank and insert the uncapped end hi the sample
container. Do not spill liquid on the outside of
the sample container.
6. Release stopper and allow the glass thief to
drain until the container is approximately 2/3
full.
7. Remove tube from the sample container, break
it into pieces and place the pieces in the tank.
8. Cap the sample container tightly and place
prelabeled sample container hi a carrier.
9. Replace the bung or place plastic over the tank.
10. Log all samples hi the site logbook and on field
data sheets and label all samples.
11. Package samples and complete necessary
paperwork.
12. Transport sample to decontamination zone to
prepare it for transport to the analytical
laboratory.
In many instances a tank containing waste material
will have a sludge layer on the bottom. Slow
insertion of the sample tube down into this layer
and then a gradual withdrawal will allow the sludge
to act as a bottom plug to maintain the fluid in the
tube. The plug can be gently removed and placed
into the sample container by the use of a stainless
steel lab spoon.
Bailer
The positive-displacement volatile sampling bailer
(manufactured by GPI or equivalent) (Figure 12,
Appendix B) is perhaps the most appropriate for
collecting water samples for volatile analysis. Other
bailer types (messenger, bottom fill, etc.) are less
desirable, but may be mandated by cost and site
conditions. Generally, bailers can provide an
acceptable sample, providing that the sampling
personnel use extra care hi the collection process.
1. Make sure clean plastic sheeting surrounds the
tank.
2. Attach a line to the bailer.
3. Lower the bailer slowly and gently into the tank
so as not to splash the bailer into the tank
contents.
4. Allow the bailer to fill completely and retrieve
the bailer from the tank.
5. Begin slowly pouring from the bailer.
6. Cap the sample container tightly and place
prelabeled sample container in a carrier.
7. Replace the bung or place plastic over the tank.
8. Log all samples in the site logbook and on field
data sheets and label all samples.
9. Package samples and complete necessary
paperwork.
10. Transport sample to decontamination zone to
prepare it for transport to an analytical
laboratory.
COLIWASA
Some equipment is designed to collect a sample
from the full depth of a tank and maintain it in the
transfer tube until delivery to the sample bottle.
These designs include primarily the Composite
Liquid Waste Sampler (COLIWASA) (Figure 8,
Appendix B) and modifications thereof. The
COLIWASA is a much cited sampler designed to
permit representative sampling of multiphase wastes
from tanks and other containerized wastes. One
configuration consists of a 152 cm by 4 cm I.D.
section of tubing with a neoprene stopper at one
end attached by a rod running the length of the
tube to a locking mechanism at the other end.
Manipulation of the locking mechanism opens and
closes the sampler by raising and lowering the
neoprene stopper.
17
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The major drawbacks associated with using a
COLIWASA concern decontamination and costs.
The sampler is difficult if not impossible to
decontaminate in the field and its high cost in
relation to alternative procedures (glass tubes) make
it an impractical throwaway item. It still has
applications, however, especially in instances where
a true representation of a multiphase waste is
absolutely necessary.
1. Put the sampler in the open position by placing
the stopper rod handle in the T-position and
pushing the rod down until the handle sits
against the sampler's locking block.
2. Slowly lower the sampler into the liquid waste.
Lower the sampler at a rate that permits the
levels of the liquid inside and outside the
sampler tube to be about the same. If the level
of the liquid in the sample tube is lower than
that outside the sampler, the sampling rate is
too fast and will result in a non-representative
sample.
3. When the sampler stopper hits the bottom of
the waste container, push the sampler tube
downward against the stopper to close the
sampler. Lock the sampler in the closed
position by turning the T-handle until it is
upright and one end rests tightly on the locking
block.
4. Slowly withdraw the sample from the waste
container with one hand while wiping the
sampler tube with a disposable cloth or rag with
the other hand.
5. Carefully discharge the sample into a suitable
sample container by slowly pulling the lower
end of the T-handle away from the locking
block while the lower end of the sampler is
positioned in a sample container.
6. Cap the sample container tightly and place
prelabeled sample container in a carrier.
7. Replace the bung or place plastic over the tank.
8. Log all samples in the site logbook and on field
data sheets and label all samples.
9. Package samples and complete necessary
paperwork.
10. Transport sample to decontamination zone to
prepare it for transport to the analytical
laboratory.
3.8 CALCULATIONS
Refer to Appendix C for calculations to determine
tank volumes.
3.9 QUALITY ASSURANCE/
QUALITY CONTROL
There are no specific quality assurance activities
which apply to the implementation of these
procedures. However, the following general QA
procedures apply:
• All data must be documented on field data
sheets or within site logbooks.
• All instrumentation must be operated in
accordance with operating instructions #s
supplied by the manufacturer, unless
otherwise specified in the work plan.
Equipment checkout and calibration
activities must occur prior to
sampling/operation and they must be
documented.
3.10 DATA VALIDATION
This section is not applicable to this SOP.
3.11 HEALTH AND SAFETY
When working with potentially hazardous materials,
follow U.S. EPA, OSHA, and specific health and
safety procedures. More specifically, the hazards
associated with tank sampling may cause bodily
injury, illness, or death to the worker. Failure to
recognize potential hazards of waste containers is
the cause of most accidents. It should be assumed
that the most unfavorable conditions exist, and that
the danger of explosion and poisoning will be
present. Hazards specific to tank sampling are:
• Hazardous atmospheres can be flammable,
toxic, asphyxiating, or corrosive.
• If activating electrical or mechanical
equipment would cause injury, each piece
of equipment should be manually isolated
18
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to prevent inadvertent activation while
workers are occupied.
• Communication is of utmost importance
between the sampling worker and the
standby person to prevent distress or injury
going unnoticed. The Illuminating
Engineers Society Lighting Handbook
requires suitable illumination to provide
sufficient visibility for work.
• Noise reverberation may disrupt verbal
communication with standby personnel.
• Tank vibration may affect multiple body
parts and organs of the sampler depending
on vibration characteristics.
• General hazards include falling scaffolding,
surface residues (which could cause
electrical shock, incompatible material
reactions, slips, or falls), and structural
objects (including baffles/trays in
horizontal/vertical tanks, and overhead
structures).
19
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4.0 CHIP, WIPE, AND SWEEP SAMPLING: SOP #2011
4.1 SCOPE AND APPLICATION
This Standard Operating Procedure (SOP) outlines
the recommended protocol and equipment for
collection of representative chip, wipe, and sweep
samples to monitor potential surficial
contamination.
This method of sampling is appropriate for surfaces
contaminated with non-volatile species of analytes
(i.e., PCB, PCDD, PCDF, metals, cyanide, etc.)
Detection limits are analyte specific. Sample size
should be determined based upon the detection
limit desired and the amount of sample requested
by the analytical laboratory. Typical sample area is
1 square foot. However, based upon sampling
location, the area may need modification due to
area configuration.
4.2 METHOD SUMMARY
Since surface situations vary widely, no universal
sampling method can be recommended. Rather,
the method and implements used must be tailored
to suit a specific sampling site. The sampling
location should be selected based upon the potential
for contamination as a result of manufacturing
processes or personnel practices.
Chip sampling is appropriate for porous surfaces
and is generally accomplished with either a hammer
and chisel, or an electric hammer. The sampling
device should be laboratory cleaned and wrapped in
clean, autoclaved aluminum foil until ready for use.
To collect the sample, a measured and marked off
area is chipped both horizontally and vertically to an
even depth of 1/8 inch. The sample is then
transferred to the proper sample container.
Wipe samples are collected from smooth surfaces to
indicate surficial contamination; a sample location
is measured and marked off. Sampling personnel
wear a new pair of surgical gloves to open a sterile
gauze pad, and then soak it with solvent. The
solvent used is dependent on the surface being
sampled. This pad is then stroked firmly over the
sample surface, first vertically, then horizontally, to
ensure complete coverage. The pad is then
transferred to the sample container.
Sweep sampling is an effective method for the
collection of dust or residue on porous or non-
porous surfaces. To collect such a sample, an
appropriate area is measured off. Then, while
wearing a new pair of disposable surgical gloves,
sampling personnel use a dedicated brush to sweep
material into a dedicated dust pan. The sample is
then transferred to the proper sample container.
Samples collected by all three methods are sent to
the laboratory for analysis.
4.3 SAMPLE PRESERVATION,
CONTAINERS, HANDLING, AND
STORAGE
Samples should be stored out of direct sunlight to
reduce photodegredation and shipped on ice (4°C)
to the laboratory performing the analysis.
Appropriately-sized, laboratory-cleaned, glass
sample jars should be used for sample collection.
The amount of sample required is determined in
concert with the analytical laboratory.
4.4 INTERFERENCES AND
POTENTIAL PROBLEMS
This method has few significant interferences or
problems. Typical problems result from rough
porous surfaces which may be difficult to wipe, chip,
or sweep.
4.5 EQUIPMENT/APPARATUS
• lab-dean sample containers of proper size
and composition
field and travel blanks
site logbook
sample analysis request forms
chain of custody forms
custody seals
sample labels
disposable surgical gloves
sterile wrapped gauze pad (3 in. x 3 in.)
appropriate pesticide (HPLC) grade solvent
21
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• medium-sized, laboratory-cleaned paint
brush
medium-sized, laboratory-cleaned chisel
autoclaved aluminum foil
camera
hexane (pesticide/HPLC grade)
iso-octane
distilled/deionized water
4.6 REAGENTS
Reagents are not required for preservation of chip,
wipe or sweep samples. However, reagents will be
utilized for decontamination of sampling equipment.
Decontamination solutions are specified in ERT
SOP #2006, Sampling Equipment Decontamination.
4.7 PROCEDURES
4.7.1 Preparation
1. Determine the extent of the sampling effort, the
sampling methods to be employed, and the
types and amounts of equipment and supplies
needed.
2. Obtain necessary sampling and monitoring
equipment.
3. Decontaminate or preclean equipment, and
ensure that it is in working order.
4. Prepare scheduling and coordinate with staff,
clients, and regulatory agencies, if appropriate.
5. Perform a general site survey prior to site entry
in accordance with the site-specific health and
safety plan.
6. Mark all sampling locations. If required, the
proposed locations may be adjusted based on
site access, property boundaries, and surface
obstructions.
4.7.2 Chip Sample Collection
Sampling of porous surfaces is generally
accomplished by using a chisel and hammer or
electric hammer. The sampling device should be
laboratory cleaned or field decontaminated as per
ERT SOP# 2006, Sampling Equipment Decon-
tamination. It is then wrapped in cleaned,
autoclaved aluminum foil. The sampler should
remain in this wrapping until it is needed. Each
sampling device should be used for only one sample.
1. Choose appropriate sampling points; measure
off the designated area and photo document.
2. To facilitate later calculations, record surface
area to be chipped.
3. Don a new pah" of disposable surgical gloves.
4. Open a laboratory-cleaned chisel or equivalent
sampling device.
5. Chip the sample area horizontally, then
vertically to an even depth of approximately 1/8
inch.
6. Place the sample in an appropriately-prepared
sample container with a Teflon-lined cap.
7. Cap the sample container, attach the label and
custody seal, and place in a double plastic bag.
Record all pertinent data in the site logbook.
Complete the sampling analysis request form
and chain of custody form before taking the
next sample.
8. Store samples out of direct sunlight and cool to
4°C.
9. Leave contaminated sampling device in the
sampled material, unless decontamination is
practical.
10. Follow proper decontamination procedures,
then deliver sample(s) to the laboratory for
analysis.
4.7.3 Wipe Sample Collection
Wipe sampling is accomplished by using a sterile
gauze pad, adding a solvent hi which the
contaminant is most soluble, then wiping a pre-
determined, pre-measured area. The sample is
packaged in an amber jar to prevent
photodegradation and packed in coolers for
shipment to the lab. Each gauze pad is used for
only one wipe sample.
1. Choose appropriate sampling points; measure
off the designated area and photo document.
22
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2. To facilitate later calculations, record surface
area to be wiped.
3. Don a new pair of disposable surgical gloves.
4. Open new sterile package of gauze pad.
5. Soak the pad with the appropriate solvent.
6. Wipe the marked surface, area using firm
strokes. Wipe vertically, then horizontally to
ensure complete surface coverage.
7. Place the gauze pad hi an appropriately
prepared sample container with a Teflon-lined
cap.
8. Cap the sample container, attach the label and
custody seal, and place hi a double plastic bag.
Record all pertinent data hi the site logbook.
Complete the sampling analysis request form
and chain of custody form before taking the
next sample.
9. Store samples out of direct sunlight and cool to
4°C.
10. Follow proper decontamination procedures,
then deliver sample(s) to the laboratory for
analysis.
4.7.4 Sweep Sample Collection
Sweep sampling is appropriate for bulk
contamination. This procedure utilizes a dedicated,
hand-held sweeper brush to acquire a sample from
a pre-measured area.
1. Choose appropriate sampling points; measure
off the designated area and photo document.
2. To facilitate later calculations, record the
surface area to be swept.
3. Don a new pah- of disposable surgical gloves.
4. Sweep the measured area using a dedicated
brush; collect the sample hi a dedicated dust
pan.
5. Transfer sample from dust pan to sample
container.
6. Cap the sample container, attach the label and
custody seal, and place in a double plastic bag.
Record all pertinent data hi the site logbook.
Complete the sampling analysis request form
and chain of custody form before taking the
next sample.
7. Store samples out of direct sunlight and cool to
4°C.
8. Leave contaminated sampling device hi the
sample material, unless decontamination is
practical.
9. Follow proper decontamination procedures,
then deliver sample(s) to the laboratory for
analysis.
4.8 CALCULATIONS
Results are usually provided hi mg/g, ^g/g or
another appropriate weight per unit weight
measurement. Results may also be given hi a mass
per unit area.
4.9 QUALITY ASSURANCE/
QUALITY CONTROL
The following general quality assurance procedures
apply:
• All data must be documented on standard
chain of custody forms, field data sheets or
within the site logbook.
• All instrumentation must be operated in
accordance with operating instructions as
supplied by the manufacturer, unless
otherwise specified hi the work plan.
Equipment checkout and calibration
activities must occur prior to
sampling/operation, and they must be
documented.
The following specific quality assurance activities
apply to wipe samples:
• A blank should be collected for each
sampling event. This consists of a sterile
gauze pad, wet with the appropriate
solvent, and placed in a prepared sample
container. The blank will help identify
potential introduction of contaminants via
23
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the sampling methods, the pad, solvent or 4.10 DATA VALIDATION
sample container.
Review the quality control samples and use the data
• Spiked wipe samples can also be collected to qualify the environmental results.
to better assess the data being generated.
These are prepared by spiking a piece of
foil of known area with a standard of the 4^-j-j HEALTH AND SAFETY
analyte of choice. The solvent containing
the standard is allowed to evaporate, and When working with potentially hazardous materials,
the foil is wiped in a manner identical to follow U.S. EPA, OSHA and specific health and
the other wipe samples. safety procedures.
Specific quality assurance activities for chip and
sweep samples should be determined on a site-
specific basis.
24
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5.0 WASTE PILE SAMPLING: SOP #2017
5.1 SCOPE AND APPLICATION
The objective of this Standard Operating Procedure
(SOP) is to outline the equipment and methods
used in collecting representative samples from waste
piles, sludges or other solid or liquid waste mixed
with soil.
5.2 METHOD SUMMARY
Stainless steel shovels or scoops should be used to
clear away surface material before samples are
collected. For samples at depth, a decontaminated
auger may be required to advance the hole, then
another decontaminated auger used for sample
collection. For a sample core, thin-wall tube
samplers or grain samplers may be used. Near
surfaces samples can be collected with a clean
stainless steel spoon or trowel.
All samples collected, except those for volatile
organic analysis, should be placed into a Teflon-
lined or stainless steel pail and mixed thoroughly
before being transferred to an appropriate sample
container.
5.3 SAMPLE PRESERVATION,
CONTAINERS, HANDLING, AND
STORAGE
Chemical preservation of solids is generally not
recommended. Refrigeration to 4°C is usually the
best approach, supplemented by a minimal holding
time.
Wide mouth glass containers with Teflon-lined caps
are typically used for waste pile samples. Sample
volume required is a function of the analytical
requirements and should be specified in the work
plan.
5.4 INTERFERENCES AND
POTENTIAL PROBLEMS
There are several variables involved in waste
sampling, including shape and size of piles,
compactness, and structure of the waste material.
Shape and size of waste material or waste piles vary
greatly in areal extent and height. Since state and
federal regulations often require a specified number
of samples per volume of waste, size and shape
must be used to calculate volume and to plan for
the correct number of samples. Shape must also be
accounted for when planning physical access to the
sampling point and when selecting the appropriate
equipment to successfully collect the sample at that
location.
Material to be sampled may be homogeneous or
heterogeneous. Homogeneous material resulting
from known situations may not require an extensive
sampling protocol. Heterogeneous and unknown
wastes require more extensive sampling and analysis
to ensure the different components are being
represented.
The term "representative sample" is commonly used
to denote a sample that has the properties and
composition of the population from which it was
collected, in the same proportions as found in the
population. This can be misleading unless one is
dealing with a homogenous waste from which one
sample can represent the whole population.
The usual options for obtaining the most
"representative sample" from waste piles are simple
or stratified random sampling. Simple random
sampling is the method of choice unless (1) there
are known distinct strata; (2) one wants to prove or
disprove that there are distinct strata; or (3) one is
limited in the number of samples and desires to
minimize the size of a "hot spot" that could go
unsampled. If any of these conditions exist,
stratified random sampling would be the better
strategy.
This strategy, however, can be employed only if all
points within the pile can be accessed. In such
cases, the pile should be divided into a three-
dimensional grid system; the grid sections assigned
numbers; and the sampling points chosen using
random-number tables or random-number
generators. The only exceptions to this are
situations in which representative samples cannot be
collected safely or where the investigative team is
trying to determine worst-case conditions.
25
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If sampling is limited to certain portions of the pile,
a statistically based sample will be representative
only of that portion, unless the waste is
homogenous.
5.5 EQUIPMENT/APPARATUS
Waste pile solids include powdered, granular, or
block materials of various sizes, shapes, structure,
and compactness. The type of sampler chosen
should be compatible with the waste. Samplers
commonly used for waste piles include: stainless
steel scoops, shovels, trowels, spoons, and stainless
steel hand augers, sampling triers, and grain
samplers.
Waste pile sampling equipment check list:
sampling plan
maps/plot plan
safety equipment, as specified in the health
and safety plan
compass
tape measure
survey stakes or flags
camera and film
stainless steel, plastic, or other appropriate
homogenization bucket or bowl
1-quart mason jars w/Teflon liners
Ziploc plastic bags
logbook
labels
chain of custody forms and seals
field data sheets
cooler(s)
ice
decontamination supplies/equipment
canvas or plastic sheet
spade or shovel
spatula
scoop
plastic or stainless steel spoons
trowel
continuous flight (screw) auger
bucket auger
post hole auger
extension rods
T-handle
thin-wall tube sampler
sampling trier
grain sampler
5.6 REAGENTS
No chemical reagents are used for the preservation
of waste pile samples; however, decontamination
solutions may be required. If decontamination of
equipment is required, refer to ERT Standard
Operating Procedure (SOP) #2006, Sampling
Equipment Decontamination, and the site-specific
work plan.
5.7 PROCEDURES
5.7.1 Preparation
1. Determine the extent of the sampling effort,
the sampling methods to be employed, and
which equipment and supplies are required.
2. Obtain necessary sampling and monitoring
equipment.
3. Decontaminate or preclean equipment, and
ensure that it is in working order.
4. Prepare schedules, and coordinate with staff,
client, and regulatory agencies, if appropriate.
5. Perform a general site survey prior to site entry
in accordance with the site-specific health and
safety plan.
6. Use stakes or flagging to identify and mark all
sampling locations. Specific site factors,
including extent and nature of contaminants,
should be considered when selecting sample
locations. If required, the proposed locations
may be adjusted based on site access, property
boundaries, and surface obstructions.
5.7.2 Sample Collection
SAMPLING WITH SHOVELS AND
SCOOPS
Collection of samples from surface portions of the
pile can be accomplished with tools such as spades,
shovels, and scoops. Surface material can be
removed to the required depth with this equipment,
then a stainless steel or plastic scoop can be used to
collect the sample.
Accurate, representative samples can be collected
with this procedure depending on the care and
26
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precision demonstrated by sample team members.
Use of a flat, pointed mason trowel to cut a block
of the desired material can be helpful when
undisturbed profiles are required. A stainless steel
scoop, lab spoon, or plastic spoon will suffice in
most other applications. Care should be exercised
to avoid the use of devices plated with chrome or
other materials. Plating is particularly common with
implements such as garden trowels.
Use the following procedure to collect surface
samples:
1. Carefully remove the top layer of material to
the desired sample depth with a precleaned
spade.
2. Using a precleaned stainless steel scoop, plastic
spoon, or trowel, remove and discard a thin
layer of material from the area which came in
contact with the spade.
3. If volatile organic analysis is to be performed,
transfer the sample into an appropriate, labeled
sample container with a stainless steel lab
spoon, plastic lab spoon, or equivalent and
secure the cap tightly. Place the remainder of
the sample into a stainless steel, plastic, or
other appropriate homogenization container,
and mix thoroughly to obtain a homogenous
sample representative of the entire sampling
interval. Then, either place the sample into
appropriate, labeled containers and secure the
caps tightly; or, if composite samples are to be
collected, place a sample from another
sampling interval into the homogenization
container and mix thoroughly. When
compositing is complete, place the sample into
appropriate, labeled containers and secure the
caps tightly.
SAMPLING WITH AUGERS AND THIN-
WALL TUBE SAMPLERS
This system consists of an auger, a series of
extensions, a "T" handle, and a thin-wall tube
sampler (Figure 13, Appendix B). The auger is
used to bore a hole to a desired sampling depth,
and is then withdrawn. The sample may be
collected directly from the auger. If a core sample
is to be collected, the auger tip is then replaced with
a thin-wall tube sampler. The system is then
lowered down the borehole, and driven into the pile
at the completion depth. The system is withdrawn
and the core collected from the thin-wall tube
sampler.
Several augers are available. These include:
bucket, continuous flight (screw), and post hole
augers. Bucket augers are better for direct sample
recovery since they provide a large volume of
sample in a short time. When continuous flight
augers are used, the sample can be collected
directly from the flights, which are usually at 5-foot
intervals. The continuous flight augers are
satisfactory for use when a composite of the
complete waste pile column is desired. Post hole
augers have limited utility for sample collection as
they are designed to cut through fibrous, rooted,
swampy areas.
Use the following procedure for collecting waste
pile samples with the auger:
1. Attach the auger bit to a drill rod extension,
and attach the "T" handle to the drill rod.
2. Clear the area to be sampled of any surface
debris. It may be advisable to remove the first
3 to 6 inches of surface material for an area
approximately 6 inches in radius around the
drilling location.
3. Begin augering, periodically removing and
depositing accumulated materials onto a plastic
sheet spread near the hole. This prevents
accidental brushing of loose material back
down the borehole when removing the auger or
adding drill rods. It also facilitates refilling the
hole, and avoids possible contamination of the
surrounding area.
4. After reaching the desired depth, slowly and
carefully remove the auger from boring. When
sampling directly from the auger, collect sample
after the auger is removed from boring and
proceed to Step 10.
5. Remove auger tip from drill rods and replace
with a precleaned thin-wall tube sampler.
Install proper cutting tip.
6. Carefully lower the tube sampler down the
borehole. Gradually force the tube sampler
into the pile. Care should be taken to avoid
scraping the borehole sides. Avoid hammering
the drill rods to facilitate coring as the
vibrations may cause the boring walls to
collapse.
27
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7. Remove the tube sampler, and unscrew the drill
rods.
8. Remove the cutting tip and the core from
device.
9. Discard the top of the core (approximately 1-
inch), as this represents material collected
before penetration of the layer of concern.
Place the remaining core into the appropriate
labeled sample container. Sample
homogenization is not required.
10. If volatile organic analysis is to be performed,
transfer the sample into an appropriate, labeled
sample container with a stainless steel lab
spoon, plastic lab spoon, or equivalent and
secure the cap tightly. Place the remainder of
the sample into a stainless steel, plastic, or
other appropriate homogenization container,
and mix thoroughly to obtain a homogenous
sample representative of the entire sampling
interval. Then, either place the sample into
appropriate, labeled containers and secure the
caps tightly; or, if composite samples are to be
collected, place a sample from another
sampling interval into the homogenization
container and mix thoroughly. When
compositing is complete, place the sample into
appropriate, labeled containers and secure the
caps tightly.
11. If another sample is to be collected in the same
hole, but at a greater depth, reattach the auger
bit to the drill and assembly, and follow steps 3
through 11, making sure to decontaminate the
auger and tube sampler between samples.
SAMPLING WITH A TRIER
This system consists of a trier and a "T" handle.
The auger is driven into the waste pile and used to
extract a core sample from the appropriate depth.
Use the following procedure to collect waste pile
samples with a sampling trier:
1. Insert the trier (Figure 14, Appendix B) into
the material to be sampled at a 0° to 45° angle
from horizontal. This orientation minimizes
spillage of the sample. Extraction of the
samples might require tilting of the sample
containers.
2. Rotate the trier once or twice to cut a core of
material.
3. Slowly withdraw the trier, making sure that the
slot is facing upward.
4. If volatile organic analysis is to be performed,
transfer the sample into an appropriate, labeled
sample container with a stainless steel lab
spoon, plastic lab spoon, or equivalent and
secure the cap tightly. Place the remainder of
the sample into a stainless steel, plastic, or
other appropriate homogenization container,
and mix thoroughly to obtain a homogenous
sample representative of the entire sampling
interval. Then, either place the sample into
appropriate, labeled containers and secure the
caps tightly, or, if composite samples are being
collected, place samples from the other
sampling intervals into the homogenization
container and mix thoroughly. When
compositing is complete, place the sample into
appropriate, labeled containers and secure the
caps tightly.
SAMPLING WITH A GRAIN SAMPLER
The grain sampler (Figure 15, Appendix B) is used
for sampling powdered or granular wastes or
materials in bags, fiberdrums, sacks, similar
containers or piles. This sampler is most useful
when the solids are no greater than 0.6 cm (1/4
inch) in diameter.
This sampler consists of two slotted telescoping
brass or stainless steel tubes. The outer tube has a
conical, pointed tip at one end that permits the
sampler to penetrate the material being sampled.
The sampler is opened and closed by rotating the
inner tube. Grain samplers are generally 61 to 100
cm (24 to 40 inch) long by 1.27 to 2.54 cm (1/2 to
1 inch) in diameter and are commercially available
at laboratory supply houses.
Use the following procedures to collect waste pile
samples with a grain sampler:
1. With the sampler in the closed position, insert
it into the granular or powdered material or
waste being sampled from a point near a top
edge or corner, through the center, and to a
point diagonally opposite the point of entry.
28
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2. Rotate the sampler inner tube into the open
position.
3. Wiggle the sampler a few times to allow
material to enter the open slots.
4. With the sampler in the closed position,
withdraw it from the material being sampled.
5. Place the sampler in a horizontal position .with
the slots facing upward.
6. Rotate the outer tube and slide it away from
the inner tube.
7. If volatile organic analysis is to be performed,
transfer the sample into an appropriate, labeled
sample container with a stainless steel lab
spoon, plastic lab spoon, or equivalent and
secure the cap tightly. Place the remainder of
the sample into a stainless steel, plastic, or
other appropriate homogenization container,
and mix thoroughly to obtain a homogenous
sample representative of the entire sampling
interval. Then, either place the sample into
appropriate, labeled containers and secure the
caps tightly; or, if composite samples are to be
collected, place a sample from another
sampling interval into the homogenization
container and mix thoroughly. When
compositing is complete, place the sample into
appropriate, labeled containers and secure the
caps tightly.
5.9 QUALITY ASSURANCE/
QUALITY CONTROL
There are no specific quality assurance activities
which apply to the implementation of these
procedures. However, the following QA procedures
apply:
• All data must be documented on field data
sheets or within site logbooks.
• All instrumentation must be operated in
accordance with operating instructions as
supplied by the manufacturer, unless
otherwise specified in the work plan.
Equipment checkout and calibration
activities must occur prior to
sampling/operation, and they must be
documented.
5.10 DATA VALIDATION
This section is not applicable to this SOP.
5.1.1 HEALTH AND SAFETY
When working with potentially hazardous materials,
follow U.S. EPA, OSHA and specific health and
safety procedures.
5.8 CALCULATIONS
This section is not applicable to this SOP.
29
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APPENDIX A
Drum Data Sheet Form
31
-------
-------
Drum Data Sheet Form
SOP #2009
Drum ID#: Date Sampled:
Estimated Liquid Quantity: Time:
Grid Location:'
Staging Location:
Sampler's Name:
Drum Condition:
Sampling Device:
Physical Appearance of the Drum/Bulk Contents:
Odor:
Color:
pH: % Liquid:
Laboratory Date of Analysis:
Analytical Data:
Compatibility:
Hazard:
Waste ID:
Treatment Disposal Recommendations:
Approval
Lab: Date:
Site Manager: Date:
* Area of site where drum was originally located.
Based on di Napoli, 1982. Table originally printed in the Proceedings of the National Conference on
Management of Uncontrolled Hazardous Waste Sites, l'>82. Available from Ha/ardous Materials Control
Research Institute, 9300 Columbia Blvd., Silver Spring, MD 20*) 10.
-------
-------
APPENDIX B
Figures
35
-------
Figure 1: Universal Bung Wrench
SOP #2009
36
-------
Figure 2: Drum Deheader
SOP #2009
37;:
-------
Figure 3: Hand Pick, Pickaxe, and Hand Spike
SOP #2009
HAND PICK
PICKAXE
HAND SPIKE
38
-------
Figure 4: Backhoe Spike
SOP #2009
V
39
-------
Figure 5: Hydraulic Drum Opener
SOP #2009
40
-------
Figure 6: Pneumatic Bung Remover
SOP #2009
41
-------
Figure 7: Glass Thief
SOP# 2009
Insert open tube (thief) sampler
in containerized liquid.
3.
Cover top of sampler with gloved
thumb.
4.
Remove open tube (thief) sampler
from containerized liquid.
Place open tube sampler over
appropriate sample bottle and
remove gloved thumb.
42
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Figures: COLIWASA
SOP #2009
T handle
Locking block
Stopper
lol I
/
/
,1.
l-
'
6,35
152 c
cr*i<
n<6(
— 2.86
17.8 cn<7')
T i
1 I
•10.16 cm<4'>
Pipe, PVC, -translucent
4.13 cm I.D.,
4.26 cm D.D.
Stopper rod, PVC,
0.95 cn<3/8') D.D.
Stopper, neoprene, 4*9, tapered,
0.95 cn<3/8') PVC lock' nut
and washer
SAMPLING POSITION
CLOSED POSITION
43
-------
Figure 9: Bacon Bomb Sampler
SOP #2010
44.
-------
Figure 10: Sludge Judge
SOP #2010
45
-------
Figure 11: Subsurface Grab Sampler
SOP #2010
Lo
La
PM
0 0
CD CD
46
-------
Figure 12: Bailer
SOP #2010
•STAINLESS WIRE
CABLE
).TEFLON
EXTRUDED TUBING,
18 TO 36" LONG
>Jl 3/4" DIAMETER
GLASS OR TEFLON
1" DIAMETER TEFLON
EXTRUDED ROD
5/16" DIAMETER
HOLE
47
-------
Figure 13: Sampling Augers
SOP #2017
X3 LL
TUBE
AUGER
BUCKET
AUGER
48
-------
Figure 14: Sampling Trier
SOP #2017
o?
2T
I V
(O
CSJ
_J L
1.27-2.54 cm
49
-------
Figure 15: Grain Sampler
SOP #2017
T
61-100 cm
(24-40')
V
1.27-2.54 cm
(1/2-r)
50
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APPENDIX C
Calculations
51
-------
Various Volume Calculations
SOP #2010
SPHERE
ELLIPTICAL CONTAINER
ANY RECTANGULAR CONTAINER
Total Volume
V=1/6 vrD3 =0.523498D3
Partial Volume
V=1/3 TTd2 (3/2 D-d)
=*==
Total Volume
V= TV BDH
Partial Volume
V= BDh
TRIANGULAR CONTAINER
Total Volume
V=1/2 HBL
n
t
r
Case 1
Partial Volume
V=1/2 hBL
h
Case 2
Partial Volume
V=1/2 L(HB-hB)
'7>\ H
— W
Total Volume
V=HLW
Partial Volume
V=hLW
RIGHT CYLINDER
Total Volume
V=1/4TrD2 H
Partial Volume
D2 h
52 ,c
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Various Volume Calculations (Cont'd)
FRUSTUM OF A CONE
Case 1 Case 2
CONE
Case 1 Case 2
PARABOLIC CONTAINER
• n J
D -|
/
\^^/
— b —
hH
/^"N,
\
• — B — -I
„ i fc
" i_ fc
Total Volume
V=2/3 HDL
« i _.
rh
t
1 "
rh
i
u
•"« 1
Total Volume
V= 7T/12 H(D12+D1 D2+D22)
Partial Volume
V= TV/12 h(D.,2 +D1 d+d2)
Total Volume
V= 7Y/12-D2H
Partial Volume Case 1
- V= 7T/12-d2h
Partial Volume Case 2
V= 7T/12-(D2H-d2h)
Case 1
Partial Volume
V=2/3 hdL
Case 2
Partial Volume
V=2/3 (HD-hd)-L
53
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References
Illuminating Engineers Society. 1984. IES Lighting Handbook. New York, NY. eds. John E. Kaufman and
Jack Christensen. (2 volumes).
National Institute for Safety and Health. October 1985. Occupational Safety and Health Guidance Manual for
Hazardous Waste Site Activities.
New Jersey Department of Environmental Protection, Division of Hazardous Site Mitigation. 1988. Field
Sampling Procedures Manual.
U.S. EPA. 1985. Guidance Document for Cleanup of Surface Tank and Drum Sites. OSWER Directive
9380.0-3. NTIS Ref: PB-87-110-72.
U.S. EPA. 1986. Drum Handling Practices at Hazardous Waste Sites. EPA/600/2-86/013.
U. S. EPA/Region IV, Environmental Services Division. April 1,1986. Engineering Support Branch Standard
Operating Procedures and Quality Assurance Manual. Athens, Georgia.
U.S. EPA/OSWER. November, 1986. Test Methods for Evaluating Solid Waste, Third Edition, Vol. II, Field
Manual. EPA Docket SW-846.
U.S. EPA. 1987. A Compendium of Superfund Field Operations Methods. EPA/540/5-87/001. Office of
Emergency and Remedial Response. Washington, D.C. 20460.
•U.S. Government Printing Office: 1991 — WB-187/40582 55
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