EPA/540/P-91/008
                                      OSWER Directive 9360.4-07
                                                January 1991
COMPENDIUM  OF ERT WASTE
    SAMPLING PROCEDURES
 Sampling Equipment Decontamination

 Drum Sampling

 Tank Sampling

 Chip, Wipe, and Sweep Sampling

 Waste Pile Sampling
                Interim Final
          Environmental Response Team
          Emergency Response Division
     Office of Emergency and Remedial Response
       U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
             Washington, DC 20460
                                      Printed on Recycled Paper

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                                             Notice
This document has been reviewed hi accordance with U.S. Environmental Protection Agency policy and approved
for publication.   Mention of trade names or commercial  products does  not constitute endorsement or
recommendation for use.

The policies and procedures established in this document are intended solely for the guidance of government
personnel, for use in the Superfund Removal Program.  They are not intended, and cannot be relied upon, to
create any rights, substantive or procedural, enforceable by any party hi litigation with the United States.  The
Agency reserves the right to act at variance with these policies and procedures and to change them at any tune
without public notice.

Depending on circumstances and needs, it may not be possible or appropriate to follow these procedures exactly
in all situations  due  to  site conditions, equipment limitations, and  limitations of the standard procedures.
Whenever these procedures cannot be followed as written, they may be used as general guidance with any and
all modifications fully documented hi either QA Plans, Sampling Plans, or final reports of results.

Each Standard Operating Procedure hi this compendium contains a discussion on quality assurance/quality
control (QA/QC).  For more information on QA/QC objectives and requirements,  refer to the Quality
Assurance/Quality Control Guidance for Removal Activities, OSWER directive 9360.4-01, EPA/540/G-90/004.

Questions, comments, and recommendations are welcomed regarding the Compendium of ERT Waste Sampling
Procedures. Send remarks to:

                                       Mr. William A. Coakley
                                 Removal Program QA Coordinator
                                          U.S. EPA - ERT
                                 Raritan Depot - Building 18, MS-101
                                      2890 Woodbridge Avenue
                                        Edison, NJ 08837-3679

For additional copies of the Compendium of ERT Waste Sampling Procedures, please contact:

                            National Technical Information Service (NTIS)
                                   U.S. Department of Commerce
                                        5285  Port Royal Road
                                        Springfield, VA 22161
                                           (703) 487-4600
                                                 u

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                                      Table of Contents
1.0     SAMPLING EQUIPMENT DECONTAMINATION:  SOP #2006

        1.1     Scope and Application                                                             1
        1.2     Method Summary                                                                 1
        1.3     Sample Preservation, Containers, Handling, and Storage                               1
        1.4     Interferences and Potential Problems                                                1
        1.5     Equipment/Apparatus                                                             1
        1.6     Reagents                                                                         2
        1.7     Procedures                                                                       2

               1.7.1   Decontamination Methods                                                  2
               1.7.2   Field Sampling Equipment Cleaning Procedures                               3

        1.8     Calculations                                                                      3
        1.9     Quality Assurance/Quality Control                                                  3
        1.10    Data Validation                                                                   4
        1.11    Health and Safety                                                                 4


2.0     DRUM SAMPLING: SOP #2009

        2.1     Scope and Application                                                             5
        2.2     Method Summary                                                                 5
        2.3     Sample Preservation, Containers, Handling, and Storage                                5
        2.4     Interferences and Potential Problems                                                5
        2.5     Equipment/Apparatus                                                             6

               2.5.1   Bung Wrench                                                             6
               2.5.2   Drum Deheader                                                            5
               2.5.3   Hand Pick, Pickaxe, and Hand Spike                                          6
               2.5.4   Backhoe Spike                                                             6
               2.5.5   Hydraulic Drum  Opener                                                    g
               2.5.6   Pneumatic Devices                                                          6

       2.6     Reagents                                                                          g
       2.7     Procedures                                                                        7

               2.7.1   Preparation                                                                7
               2.7.2   Drum Inspection                                                           7
               2.7.3   Drum Staging                                                              7
              2.7.4   Drum Opening                                                             g
              2.7.5   Drum Sampling                                                            9

       2.8    Calculations                                                                     U
       2.9    Quality Assurance/Quality Control                                                 11
       2.10    Data Validation                                                                  H
       2.11    Health and Safety                                                                H
                                               in

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Section                                                                                       Page


3.0     TANK SAMPLING: SOP #2010

        3.1     Scope and Application                                                             13
        3.2     Method Summary                                                                 13
        3.3     Sample Preservation, Containers, Handling, and Storage                               13
        3.4     Interferences and Potential Problems                                                13
        3.5     Equipment/Apparatus                                                             14
        3.6     Reagents                                                                         14
        3.7     Procedures                                                                       14

               3.7.1    Preparation                                                               14
               3.7.2    Preliminary Inspection                                                     14
               3.7.3    Sampling Procedures                                                       15
               3.7.4    Sampling Devices                                                          15

        3.8     Calculations                                                                      18
        3.9     Quality Assurance/Quality Control                                                  18
        3.10    Data Validation                                                                  18
        3.11    Health and Safety                                                                 18


4.0     CHIP, WIPE, AND SWEEP SAMPLING: SOP #2011

        4.1     Scope and Application                                                             21
        4.2     Method Summary                                                                 21
        4.3     Sample Preservation, Containers, Handling, and Storage                               21
        4.4     Interferences and Potential Problems                                                21
        4.5     Equipment/Apparatus                                                             21
        4.6     Reagents                                                                         22
        4.7     Procedures                                                                       22

               4.7.1    Preparation                                                               22
               4.7.2    Chip Sample Collection                                                    22
               4.7.3    Wipe Sample Collection                                                   22
               4.7.4    Sweep  Sample Collection                                                   23

        4.8     Calculations                                                                      23
        4.9     Quality Assurance/Quality Control                                                  23
        4.10    Data Validation                                                                  24
        4.11    Health and Safety                                                                 24


5.0     WASTE PILE SAMPLING: SOP #2017

        5.1     Scope and Application                                                             25
        5.2     Method Summary                                                                 25
        5.3     Sample Preservation, Containers, Handling, and Storage                               25
        5.4     Interferences and Potential Problems                                                25
        5.5     Equipment/Apparatus                                                             26
        5.6     Reagents                                                                         26
                                                 IV

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Section

       5.7    Procedures                                                                  26

              5.7.1   Preparation                                                           26
              5.7.2   Sample Collection                                                     26

       5.8    Calculations                                                                 29
       5.9    Quality Assurance/Quality Control                                              29
       5.10   Data Validation                                                              29
       5.11   Health and Safety                                                             29


APPENDIX A - Drum Data Sheet Form                                                       31

APPENDIX B - Figures                                                                      35

APPENDIX C - Calculations                                                                 51

REFERENCES                                                                             55

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                                      List of Exhibits
Exhibit
Table 1:
Recommended Solvent Rinse for Soluble Contaminants
Drum Data Sheet Form
Figure 1:       Univeral Bung Wrench
Figure 2:       Drum Deheader
Figure 3:       Hand Pick, Pickaxe, and Hand Spike
Figure 4:       Backhoe Spike
Figure 5:       Hydraulic Drum Opener
Figure 6:       Pneumatic Bung Remover
Figure 7:       Glass Thief
Figure 8:       COLIWASA
Figure 9:       Bacon Bomb Sampler
Figure 10:      Sludge Judge
Figure 11:      Subsurface Grab Sampler
Figure 12:      Bailer
Figure. 13:      Sampling Augers
Figure 14:      Sampling Trier
Figure 15:      Grain Sampler
Calculation Sheet: Various Volume Calculations
SOP
#2006
#2009
#2009
#2009
#2009
#2009
#2009
#2009
#2009
#2009
#2010
#2010
#2010
#2010
#2017
#2017
#2017
#2010
Page
4
33
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
50
52
                                              VI

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                                   Acknowledgments
Preparation of this document was directed by William A. Coakley, the Removal Program QA Coordinator of
the Environmental Response Team, Emergency Response Division. Additional support was provided under U.S.
EPA contract #68-03-3482 and U.S. EPA contract #68-WO-0036.
                                             vu

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     1.0    SAMPLING EQUIPMENT  DECONTAMINATION:  SOP #2006
1.1
SCOPE AND APPLICATION
This Standard Operating Procedure (SOP) describes
methods used  for preventing or reducing cross-
contamination,  and provides general guidelines for
sampling equipment decontamination procedures at
a hazardous waste site.  Preventing or minimizing
cross-contamination  in  sampled media  and in
samples is important for preventing the introduction
of error into sampling results and for protecting the
health and safety of site personnel.

Removing  or neutralizing contaminants that have
accumulated  on  sampling equipment   ensures
protection of personnel from permeating substances,
reduces or eliminates transfer of contaminants to
clean areas, prevents the mixing of incompatible
substances, and minimizes the likelihood of sample
cross-contamination.
1.2    METHOD SUMMARY

Contaminants  can  be  physically removed  from
equipment,  or  deactivated by sterilization  or
disinfection.   Gross  contamination of equipment
requires   physical   decontamination,   including
abrasive and non-abrasive methods.  These include
the use of brushes, air and wet blasting, and high-
pressure water cleaning, followed by a wash/rinse
process using appropriate cleaning solutions. Use
of a solvent  rinse  is  required when  organic
contamination is present.
1.3    SAMPLE PRESERVATION,
       CONTAINERS, HANDLING, AND
       STORAGE

This section is not applicable to this SOP.
1.4     INTERFERENCES AND
        POTENTIAL PROBLEMS

    •   The  use  of  distilled/deionized  water
        commonly   available  from  commercial
        vendors    may   be   acceptable  for
        decontamination  of sampling equipment
   provided  that  it  has been  verified  by
   laboratory analysis to be analyte free.

•  An untreated potable water supply is not
   an acceptable substitute for tap water. Tap
   water may be  used from any municipal
   water treatment system for  mixing  of
   decontamination solutions.

•  Acids  and  solvents  utilized  in  the
   decontamination sequence pose the health
   and  safety risks  of inhalation  or skin
   contact,  and raise  shipping concerns  of
   permeation or degradation.

•  The site work plan must address disposal
   of the spent decontamination solutions.

•  Several procedures  can be established to
   minimize  contact  with  waste  and  the
   potential for contamination. For example:

          Stress   work   practices  that
          minimize contact with hazardous
          substances.

          Use remote  sampling,  handling,
          and container-opening techniques
          when appropriate.

          Cover  monitoring and sampling
          equipment with protective material
          to minimize contamination.

          Use disposable  outer  garments
          and   disposable  sampling
          equipment when appropriate.
                                            1.5    EQUIPMENT/APPARATUS
                                                   appropriate personal protective clothing
                                                   non-phosphate detergent
                                                   selected solvents
                                                   long-handled brushes
                                                   drop cloths/plastic sheeting
                                                   trash container
                                                   paper towels
                                                   galvanized tubs or buckets
                                                   tap water

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        distilled/deionized water
        metal/plastic  containers for  storage and
        disposal of contaminated wash solutions
        pressurized   sprayers   for   tap  and
        deionized/distilled water
        sprayers for solvents
        trash bags
        aluminum foil
        safety glasses or splash shield
        emergency eyewash bottle
1.6     REAGENTS

There are no reagents used in this procedure aside
from  the actual  decontamination solutions and
solvents.  In general, the following solvents are
utilized for decontamination purposes:

    •   10% nitric acid(1)
    •   acetone (pesticide grade)(2)
    •   hexane (pesticide grade)®
    •   methanol

(1) Only if sample is to be analyzed for trace metals.
(2) Only if sample is to be analyzed for organics.
1.7     PROCEDURES

As part of the health and safety plan, develop and
set up a decontamination plan before any personnel
or equipment enter the areas of potential exposure.
The  equipment  decontamination  plan  should
include:

    •   the   number,  location,  and  layout  of
        decontamination stations

    •   which decontamination apparatus is needed

    •   the appropriate decontamination methods

    •   methods  for disposal of  contaminated
        clothing, apparatus, and solutions

1.7.1   Decontamination Methods

All personnel, samples, and equipment leaving the
contaminated  area   of   a  site   must  be
decontaminated. Various decontamination methods
will  either   physically   remove   contaminants,
inactivate   contaminants   by   disinfection   or
sterilization, or do both.
In many cases, gross contamination can be removed
by physical means.  The physical decontamination
techniques   appropriate   for   equipment
decontamination  can  be  grouped  into  two
categories:  abrasive  methods  and  non-abrasive
methods.

Abrasive Cleaning Methods

Abrasive cleaning methods work by  rubbing and
wearing away the top layer of the surface containing
the contaminant.  The following abrasive methods
are available:

    •   Mechanical: Mechanical cleaning methods
        use brushes of  metal or  nylon.   The
        amount and type of contaminants removed
        will vary with the hardness of bristles,
        length of brushing time, and  degree  of
        brush contact.

    •   Air Blasting:   Air  blasting is used for
        cleaning  large   equipment,  such   as
        bulldozers, drilling rigs or auger bits. The
        equipment  used  in  ah- blast cleaning
        employs compressed ah* to force abrasive
        material through a nozzle at high velocities.
        The distance between the nozzle and the
        surface cleaned, as well as the pressure of
        air, the tune of application, and the angle
        at which the abrasive strikes the surface,
        determines cleaning efficiency. Air blasting
        has several  disadvantages:  it is unable to
        control the amount of material removed, it
        can aerate contaminants, and it generates
        large amounts of waste.

    •   Wet  Blasting:   Wet blast cleaning, also
        used to clean large equipment, involves use
        of a suspended fine abrasive delivered by
        compressed air to the contaminated area.
        The amount of materials removed can be
        carefully  controlled by  using  very fine
        abrasives.  This method generates a large
        amount of waste.

Non-Abrasive Cleaning Methods

Non-abrasive cleaning methods work by forcing the
contaminant off of a surface with  pressure.   In
general, less of the  equipment surface  is removed
using non-abrasive methods.  The following non-
abrasive methods are available:

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     •   High-Pressure   Water:    This  method
         consists of  a  high-pressure  pump,  an
         operator-controlled directional nozzle, and
         a high pressure hose.  Operating pressure
         usually ranges from 340 to 680 atmospheres
         (atm) which relates to flow rates of 20 to
         140 liters per minute.

     •   Ultra-High-Pressure Water:  This system
         produces a  pressurized water jet  (from
         1,000 to 4,000 atm).   The  ultra-high-
         pressure  spray removes  tightly-adhered
         surface film.   The water velocity ranges
         from 500 m/sec (1,000 atm) to 900 m/sec
         (4,000 atm).  Additives  can  enhance the
         method. This method is not applicable for
         hand-held sampling equipment.

 Disinfection/Rinse  Methods

     •   Disinfection:  Disinfectants are a practical
         means of inactivating infectious agents.

     •   Sterilization:       Standard   sterilization
         methods involve heating the  equipment.
         Sterilization  is  impractical   for  large
         equipment.

     •   Rinsing:   Rinsing removes contaminants
         through dilution, physical attraction, and
         solubilization.

 1.7.2   Field Sampling Equipment
         Cleaning Procedures

 Solvent rinses are not  necessarily required  when
 organics are not a contaminant of concern and may
 be eliminated from the sequence specified below.
 Similarly, an acid rinse  is not required  if analysis
 does not include inorganics.

 1.  Where  applicable,  follow   physical removal
    procedures specified in  section 1.7.1.

2.  Wash  equipment  with   a  non-phosphate
    detergent solution.

3.  Rinse with tap water.

4.  Rinse with distilled/deionized water.

5.  Rinse with 10% nitric acid if the sample will be
    analyzed for trace organics.
 6.   Rinse with distilled/deionized water.

 7.   Use a solvent rinse (pesticide grade)  if the
     sample will be analyzed for organics.

 8.   Air dry the equipment completely.

 9.   Rinse again with distilled/deionized water.

 Selection  of  the  solvent   for   use   in  the
 decontamination   process  is  based  on  the
 contaminants present at the site.  Use of a solvent
 is required when organic contamination is present
 on-site.    Typical  solvents  used  for  removal  of
 organic contaminants include  acetone, hexane,  or
 water. An acid rinse step is required if metals are
 present on-site. If a particular contaminant fraction
 is  not   present   at  the  site,   the nine-step
 decontamination  procedure listed  above may be
 modified for site specificity. The decontamination
 solvent used should not be among the contaminants
 of concern at the site.

 Table 1 on page 4 lists solvent rinses which may be
 required  for elimination of particular chemicals.
 After each solvent rinse, the equipment should be
 air dried and rinsed with distilled/deionized water.

 Sampling equipment that requires the use of plastic
 tubing should  be  disassembled  and  the  tubing
 replaced with clean tubing, before commencement
 of sampling and between sampling locations.
1.8    CALCULATIONS

This section is not applicable to this SOP.
1.9     QUALITY ASSURANCE/
        QUALITY CONTROL

One type of quality control sample specific to the
field decontamination process is the rinsate blank.
The  rinsate blank  provides  information  on the
effectiveness  of  the  decontamination   process
employed in the field.  When used in conjunction
with field blanks and trip blanks, a rinsate blank can
detect  contamination  during sample  handling,
storage and sample transportation to the laboratory.

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             Table 1:  Recommended Solvent Rinse for Soluble Contaminants
               SOLVENT
          SOLUBLE CONTAMINANTS
  Water
Low-chain hydrocarbons
Inorganic compounds
Salts
Some organic acids and other polar compounds
  Dilute Acids
Basic (caustic) compounds
Amines
Hydrazines
  Dilute Bases — for example, detergent
  and soap
Metals
Acidic compounds
Phenol
Thiols
Some nitro and sulfonic compounds
  Organic Solvents(l) - for example,
  alcohols, ethers, ketones, aromatics,
  straight-chain alkanes (e.g., hexane), and
  common petroleum products (e.g., fuel,
  oil, kerosene)
Nonpolar compounds (e.g., some organic compounds)
(1) - WARNING:  Some organic solvents can permeate and/or degrade protective clothing.
A rinsate blank consists of a sample of analyte-free
(i.e,  deionized) water which is passed over and
through a field decontaminated sampling device and
placed in a clean sample container.

Rinsate blanks should be run for all parameters of
interest at a rate of 1 per 20 for each parameter,
even if samples are not shipped that day. Rinsate
blanks are not  required  if dedicated sampling
equipment is used.
1.10    DATA VALIDATION

This section is not applicable to this SOP.


1.11    HEALTH AND SAFETY

When working with potentially hazardous materials,
follow U.S. EPA, OSHA and specific health and
safety procedures.

Decontamination can pose hazards under certain
circumstances even though performed to protect
        health and safety.  Hazardous substances may be
        incompatible with decontamination methods.  For
        example, the decontamination solution or solvent
        may react  with contaminants to  produce  heat,
        explosion,  or  toxic products.   Decontamination
        methods may be incompatible  with clothing or
        equipment; some solvents can permeate or degrade
        protective clothing. Also, decontamination solutions
        and solvents may pose a direct health hazard to
        workers through inhalation  or skin contact, or if
        they combust.

        The decontamination solutions and solvents must be
        determined  to  be  compatible before  use.   Any
        method  that permeates, degrades, or  damages
        personal protective equipment should not be used.
        If decontamination methods pose a direct health
        hazard, measures  should  be taken  to protect
        personnel or the methods should be modified to
        eliminate the hazard.
                                                4 -

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                        2.0   DRUM SAMPLING:  SOP #2009
2.1     SCOPE AND APPLICATION

The purpose of this Standard Operating Procedure
(SOP) is to provide technical guidance on safe and
cost-effective response actions at hazardous waste
sites containing  drums with  unknown contents.
Container contents are sampled and characterized
for disposal, bulking, recycling, grouping, and/or
classification purposes.
2.2     METHOD SUMMARY

Prior  to sampling,  drums  must be  inventoried,
staged, and opened. An inventory entails recording
visual qualities of each drum and any characteristics
pertinent to the contents' classification.   Staging
involves   the   organization,   and   sometimes
consolidation of drums which have similar wastes or
characteristics.  Opening  of closed drums can be
performed manually or remotely.  Remote drum
opening is recommended for worker safety.   The
most  widely  used  method  of sampling a drum
involves the  use of a glass thief.  This method is
quick, simple, relatively inexpensive, and requires no
decontamination.
2.3    SAMPLE PRESERVATION,
        CONTAINERS, HANDLING, AND
        STORAGE

Samples collected from drums are considered waste
samples.  No preservatives should be added since
there is a potential reaction of the sample with the
preservative.  Samples should, however, be cooled
to 4°C and  protected from sunlight in order to
minimize any potential reaction due to the light
sensitivity of the sample.

Sample bottles  for  collection of waste  liquids,
sludges, or solids are typically wide-mouth amber
jars with Teflon-lined screw caps.  Actual volume
required for analysis should be  determined in
conjunction  with  the laboratory performing the
analysis.

Follow these waste sample handling procedures:

1.  Place sample container in two Ziploc plastic bags.
2.   Place each bagged container  in  a 1-gallon
    covered can  containing  absorbent packing
    material. Place the lid on the can.

3.   Mark the sample identification number on the
    outside of the can.

4.   Place the marked  cans in a cooler, and fill
    remaining  space  with   absorbent  packing
    material.

5.   Fill out chain of custody form for each cooler,
    place in plastic, and affix to inside lid of cooler.

6.   Secure and  custody seal the lid of cooler.

7.   Arrange  for  the appropriate  transportation
    mode consistent  with  the type  of hazardous
    waste involved.
2.4    INTERFERENCES AND
        POTENTIAL PROBLEMS

The practice of tapping drums to determine their
contents is neither safe nor effective and should not
be used if the drums are visually overpressurized or
if shock-sensitive materials are suspected. A laser
thermometer may be used instead.

Drums that have been overpressurized, to the extent
that the head is swollen several inches above the
level of the chime, should not be moved. A number
of devices have been developed for venting critically
swollen drums.  One method that has proven to be
effective  is a  tube and  spear  device.   A light
aluminum tube (3 meters long) is positioned at the
vapor space of the drum. A rigid, hooking device
attached to the tube goes over  the chime and holds
the tube securely in place. The spear is inserted in
the tube and positioned against the drum wall. A
sharp blow on the end of the spear drives the
sharpened tip through  the drum and  the gas vents
along the grooves.  The Venting should be done
from behind a wall or barricade. This  device can be
cheaply and easily designed and constructed where
needed. Once the pressure  has been relieved, the
bung can be removed and the  drum sampled.

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2.5    EQUIPMENT/APPARATUS

The following are standard materials and equipment
required for sampling:

    •   personal protection equipment
    •   wide-mouth glass jars with Teflon cap liner,
        approximately 500 mL volume
    •   uniquely numbered sample identification
        labels with corresponding data sheets
    •   1-gallon covered  cans half-filled  with
        absorbent (vermiculite)
    •   chain of custody forms
    •   decontamination materials
    •   glass  thief tubes  or  Composite  Liquid
        Waste Samplers (COLIWASA)
    •   laser thermometer
    •   drum opening devices

Drum opening devices include the following:

2.5.1   Bung Wrench

A common method for opening drums manually is
using a universal bung  wrench.  These  wrenches
have fittings made to  remove nearly all commonly
encountered bungs. They are usually constructed of
cast iron, brass, or a bronze-beryllium, non-sparking
alloy formulated to reduce the likelihood of sparks.
The use of a non-sparking  bung wrench does not
completely eliminate the possibility of a spark being
produced.  (See Figure 1, Appendix B.)

2.5.2  Drum Deheader

When a bung is not removable with a bung wrench,
a drum can be  opened manually by using a drum
deheader.  This tool is constructed of forged steel
with an alloy steel blade and is designed to cut the
lid  of a drum off or  part way off by means of a
scissors-like cutting action.  A limitation of this
device is that it can be attached only to closed head
drums.  Drums with removable heads  must be
opened by other means. (See Figure 2, Appendix
B.)

2.5.3  Hand Pick,  Pickaxe,  and Hand
        Spike

These tools are usually constructed of brass or a
non-sparking alloy with a sharpened point that can
penetrate  the drum lid  or  head when the tool is
swung. The hand picks  or pickaxes that are most
commonly used are commercially available; whereas
the spikes are generally uniquely fabricated 4-foot
long poles  with a pointed end.  (See Figure 3,
Appendix B.)

2.5.4  Backhoe  Spike

The most common  means used  to  open drums
remotely for sampling is the use of a metal spike
attached or welded to  a backhoe  bucket.   In
addition to being  very efficient,  this  method can
greatly reduce the  likelihood of personal exposure.
(See Figure 4, Appendix B.)

2.5.5  Hydraulic Drum  Opener

Another remote method for opening drums is with
remotely operated hydraulic  devices. One such
device uses hydraulic pressure to pierce through the
wall of a drum.  It consists of a manually operated
pump which pressurizes  soil  through a length of
hydraulic line.  (See Figure 5,  Appendix B.)

2.5.6  Pneumatic Devices

A  pneumatic  bung  remover   consists   of  a
compressed air supply that is controlled by a heavy-
duty, two-stage regulator.  A high-pressure air line
of desired  length delivers compressed  air to a
pneumatic drill, which is adapted to  turn a bung
fitting selected to fit  the bung to be removed.  An
adjustable bracketing system has been designed to
position and align the pneumatic drill over the bung.
This bracketing system must be  attached to  the
drum before the drill can be  operated.  Once  the
bung has been loosened, the bracketing system must
be removed before the drum can be sampled. This
remote  bung opener does not  permit the slow
venting of the container, and therefore appropriate
precautions must  be taken.   It also  requires  the
container to be upright and relatively  level.  Bungs
that are rusted shut  cannot be removed with this
device.  (See Figure 6, Appendix B.)
2.6    REAGENTS

Reagents are not typically required for preserving
drum samples.  However,  reagents are used for
decontaminating   sampling  equipment.
Decontamination solutions  are specified in ERT
SOP #2006, Sampling Equipment Decontamination.

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2.7    PROCEDURES

2.7.1  Preparation

1.  Determine the extent of the sampling effort, the
    sampling methods to be employed, and which
    equipment and supplies are needed.

2.  Obtain  necessary sampling  and  monitoring
    equipment.

3.  Decontaminate or  preclean  equipment, and
    ensure that it is in working order.

4.  Prepare scheduling and coordinate with staff,
    clients, and regulatory agency, if appropriate.

5.  Perform a general site survey prior to site entry
    in accordance with the site-specific health and
    safety plan.

6.  Use stakes, flagging, or buoys to identify and
    mark all sampling locations.  If required,  the
    proposed locations may be adjusted based on
    site access, property boundaries, and surface
    obstructions.

2.7.2  Drum Inspection

Appropriate procedures for handling drums depend
on the contents. Thus, prior to any handling, drums
should  be visually inspected to  gain  as much
information as possible about their contents. Those
in charge of inspections should be on the look-out
for:

•   drum condition, corrosion, rust, and leaking
    contents

•   symbols, words, or other markings on the drum
    indicating hazards (i.e., explosive, radioactive,
    toxic, flammable)

•   signs that the drum is under pressure

•   shock sensitivity

Monitor  around   the  drums   with   radiation
instruments, organic vapor monitors (OVA) and
combustible gas indicators (CGI).

Classify the drums into categories, for instance:
        radioactive
        leaking/deteriorating
        bulging
        drums containing lab packs
        explosive/shock sensitive
All personnel should assume that unmarked drums
contain hazardous  materials until  their contents
have been categorized, and that labels on drums
may not accurately describe their contents.

If it is presumed that there are buried drums on-
site, geophysical  investigation techniques  such as
magnetometry, ground penetrating radar, and metal
detection  can  be  employed  in an attempt  to
determine depth  and location of the drums.  See
ERT SOP #2159, General Surface Geophysics.

2.7.3  Drum Staging

Prior to sampling, the drums should be staged to
allow easy access. Ideally, the staging area should
be located just far enough from the drum opening
area to prevent a  chain reaction if one drum should
explode or catch fire when opened.

While staging, physically separate the drums into
the following categories:  those containing liquids,
those containing solids, lab packs, or gas cylinders,
and those which are empty. This is  done because
the   strategy   for   sampling  and  handling
drums/containers hi each of these categories will be
different.  This may be achieved by:

     •  Visual inspection  of  the drum  and its
        labels, codes, etc.  Solids and sludges are
        typically  disposed of in open-top drums.
        Closed-head drums with a bung opening
        generally contain liquid.

     •  Visual inspection of the contents of the
        drum  during   sampling   followed   by
        restaghig, if needed.

Once  a drum   has  been excavated  and  any
immediate   hazard  has   been  eliminated  by
overpacking or transferring the drum's contents,
affix a numbered  tag to the drum and transfer it to
a staging area.  Color-coded tags, labels, or bands
should be used to  mark similar waste types.  Record
a  description of each  drum,  its  condition,  any
unusual markings, and the location  where it was
buried or stored,  on a drum data sheet (Appendix
A).    This  data sheet becomes  the principal

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recordkeeping tool for tracking the drum onsite.
1.  Fully outfit field personnel with protective gear.
Where there is good reason to suspect that some
drums contain radioactive, explosive,  and shock-
sensitive materials, these drums should be staged in
a separate, isolated area. Placement of explosives
and shock-sensitive materials in diked and fenced
areas will  minimize the hazard and the adverse
effects of any premature detonation of explosives.

Where space allows, the drum opening area should
be physically separated from the drum removal and
drum staging operations. Drums are moved from
the staging area to the drum opening area one at a
time using forklift trucks equipped  with  drum
grabbers or a barrel grappler. In a large-scale drum
handling operation, drums may be conveyed to the
drum opening area using a roller conveyor.

2.7.4  Drum Opening

There are  three  basic techniques  available for
opening drums at hazardous waste sites:

     •   Manual opening with non-sparking bung
        wrenches,

     •   Drum deheading, and

     •   Remote drum puncturing or bung removal.

The choice  of drum  opening techniques  and
accessories depends on the number of drums to be
opened, their waste contents, and physical condition.
Remote drum opening equipment should always be
considered  in  order  to protect worker safety.
Under OSHA 1910.120, manual drum opening with
bung wrenches or deheaders should  be performed
only with structurally sound drums having contents
that are known to be (1) not shock sensitive, (2)
non-reactive,  (3)  non-explosive,  and  (4) non-
flammable.

Manual Drum  Opening with a Bung
Wrench

Manual drum opening with bung wrenches (Figure
1, Appendix B) should not be performed unless the
drums are  structurally sound  (no evidence of
bulging  or deformation) and  their  contents  are
known to be non-explosive.  If opening the drum
with bung  wrenches is  deemed reasonably cost-
effective and safe, then follow these procedures to
minimize the hazard:
2.  Position drum upright with the bung up, or, for
    drums with bungs on the side, lay the drum on
    its side with the bung plug up.

3   Wrench the bung with a slow, steady pulling
    motion across the drum.  If the length of the
    bung wrench  handle provides  inadequate
    leverage  for  unscrewing  the plug,  attach a
    "cheater bar" to the handle to improve leverage.

Manual Drum  Opening with a Drum
Deheader

Drums are opened with a drum deheader (Figure 2,
Appendix B) by first positioning the cutting edge
just inside the top chime and then tightening the
adjustment screw so  that the deheader is  held
against the side of the drum. Moving the handle of
the deheader up and  down while sliding the
deheader along the chime will cut off the entire top.
If the top chime of  a drum has been damaged  or
badly dented, it may not be possible to cut off the
entire top. Since there is always the possibility that
a drum may be under pressure, make the initial cut
very slowly to allow  for the gradual release of any
built-up pressure.  A safer technique would be  to
use a remote method to puncture the drum prior to
using the deheader.

Self-propelled drum openers which  are  either
electrically or pneumatically driven can be used for
quicker and more  efficient  deheading.

Manual Drum  Opening with a Hand
Pick, Pickaxe,  or Spike

When a drum must be opened and neither a bung
wrench nor a drum deheader is suitable, the drum
can be opened for sampling by using a hand pick,
pickaxe, or spike (Figure 3, Appendix B). Often the
drum  lid or head  must be  hit  with a great deal  of
force in order to  penetrate it. The potential for
splash  or spraying  is  greater  than with other
opening methods  and, therefore, this  method  of
drum  opening is  not  recommended, particularly
when  opening drums  containing liquids.  Some
spikes used have been modified by the  addition of
a circular splash  plate near  the  penetrating  end.
This plate acts as a shield and reduces the amount
of splash in the direction of the person using the
spike.  Even  with this shield,  good splash gear is
essential.

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Since drums cannot be opened slowly with these
tools, spray from drums is  common requiring
appropriate safety measures.  Decontaminate the
pick or spike after each drum  is opened to avoid
cross-contamination  and/or   adverse   chemical
reaction from incompatible materials.

Remote Drum  Opening with a Backhoe
Spike

Remotely  operated drum opening tools  are the
safest available means of drum opening.  Remote
drum opening is slow, but is much safer compared
to manual methods of opening.

Drums should be "staged" or placed in rows with
adequate  aisle space to allow ease in backhoe
maneuvering.  Once staged,  the drums can be
quickly opened by punching a hole hi the drum
head or lid with the spike.

The spike (Figure  4, Appendix B)  should be
decontaminated  after  each  drum is  opened  to
prevent cross-contamination.   Even though some
splash or spray may occur when this method is used,
the operator of the backhoe can be protected by
mounting a large shatter-resistant shield in front of
the  operator's cage.  This,  combined with  the
required level of personal protection gear, should be
sufficient  to protect the operator.    Additional
respiratory protection can be afforded by providing
the operator with an on-board  airline system.

Remote Drum Opening with Hydraulic
Devices

A piercing device with  a metal point is attached to
the end of a hydraulic  line and is pushed into the
drum by hydraulic pressure (Figure 5, Appendix B).
The piercing device can be attached  so that the
sampling hole can be made on either the side or the
head of the drum. Some of the metal  piercers are
hollow or tube-like so that they can be left in place
if desired and serve as a permanent tap or sampling
port. The piercer is designed to establish a tight
seal after penetrating the container.

Remote Drum Opening with Pneumatic
Devices

 Pneumatically-operated devices utilizing compressed
 air  have  been designed to remove drum bungs
 remotely (Figure 6, Appendix B).
2.7.5  Drum Sampling

After  the   drum  has  been  opened,  monitor
headspace gases using an explosimeter and organic
vapor analyzer. In most cases it is impossible to
observe the contents of these  sealed or partially
sealed vessels. Since some layering or stratification
is likely in any solution left undisturbed over time,
take a sample that represents the entire depth of
the vessel.

When sampling a previously sealed vessel, check for
the presence of a bottom sludge.  This is easily
accomplished  by measuring the depth to  the
apparent bottom, then comparing it  to the known
interior depth.

Glass Thief Sampler

The most widely used implement for sampling is a
glass tube  commonly referred  to as a glass thief
(Figure 7, Appendix  B).  This  tool is simple, cost
effective,  quick,  and collects  a sample without
having to decontaminate. Glass thieves are typically
6mm to 16mm I.D. and 48 niches long.

Procedures for using a glass thief are as follows:

1.   Remove cover from sample container.

2.   Insert glass tubing almost to the bottom of the
     drum  or until  a solid  layer is encountered.
     About one foot of tubing should extend above
     the drum.

3.   Allow the waste in the  drum to  reach its
     natural level  in the tube.

4.   Cap the top of the sampling tube  with  a
     tapered stopper or thumb, ensuring liquid does
     not come into contact with stopper.

5.   Carefully remove the capped  tube from the
     drum  and insert the  uncapped  end in the
     sample container.

6.   Release stopper and  allow  the glass thief to
     drain until the container is approximately 2/3
     full.

7.   Remove tube from the sample container, break
     it into pieces and place the pieces in the drum.

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 8.   Cap  the  sample container  tightly  and place
     prelabeled sample container in a carrier.

 9.   Replace the bung or place plastic over  the
     drum.

 10.  Log all samples in the site logbook and on field
     data sheets.

 11.  Package  samples  and  complete  necessary
     paperwork.

 12.  Transport sample to decontamination zone to
     prepare  it  for   transport  to  the  analytical
     laboratory.

 In many instances a drum containing waste material
 will have a sludge  layer on the bottom.  Slow
 insertion  of the sample tube down  into this layer
 and then a gradual withdrawal will allow the sludge
 to act as a bottom plug to maintain the fluid in the
 tube. The plug can be gently removed and placed
 into the sample container by the use of  a stainless
 steel lab spoon.

 It should  be noted that in some instances disposal
 of  the  tube by breaking it into the drum may
 interfere with eventual plans for the removal of its
 contents.  This practice should be cleared with  the
 project   officer or   other   disposal  techniques
 evaluated.

 COLIWASA  Sampler

 Some equipment is  designed to collect a sample
 from the full depth of a drum and maintain it in  the
 transfer tube until delivery  to the sample  bottle.
 These designs  include  primarily the Composite
 Liquid  Waste   Sampler  (COLIWASA)   and
 modifications thereof. The COLIWASA (Figure 8,
Appendix B) is a much cited sampler designed to
 permit representative sampling of multiphase wastes
 from drums and other containerized wastes. One
 configuration consists of a 152 cm  by 4 cm I.D.
section of tubing with a neoprene stopper at one
 end  attached by a rod running the  length  of the
tube to a locking mechanism at the other end.

Manipulation of the locking mechanism opens and
closes the sampler  by raising and  lowering the
neoprene stopper. One model of the COLIWASA
is shown in Appendix B; however, the design can be
modified and/or adapted  somewhat to  meet the
needs of the sampler.
 The  major  drawbacks associated  with using a
 COLIWASA concern decontamination and costs.
 The  sampler is difficult, if not  impossible to
 decontaminate  in the  field and  its high cost in
 relation to alternative procedures (glass tubes) make
 it an impractical throwaway item.   It  still has
 applications, however, especially in instances where
 a true representation  of a  multiphase  waste is
 absolutely necessary.

 Follow these procedures for using the COLIWASA:

 1.  Put the sampler in the open position by placing
    the stopper rod handle in the T-position and
    pushing the  rod down until the handle sits
    against the sampler's locking block.

 2.  Slowly lower the sampler into the liquid waste.
    Lower the  sampler at a rate  that permits the
    levels of the liquid inside and outside the
    sampler tube to be about the same.  If the level
    of the liquid in the sample tube is  lower than
    that outside the sampler, the sampling rate is
    too fast and will result in a non-representative
    sample.

 3.  When the sampler stopper hits  the bottom of
    the waste container, push the  sampler tube
    downward  against the stopper to close the
    sampler.   Lock the  sampler in the closed
    position by turning the  T-handle  until it is
    upright and one end rests tightly on the locking
    block.

 4.  Slowly withdraw the sample  from the waste
    container with one  hand  while wiping  the
    sampler tube with a disposable cloth or rag
    with the other hand.

 5.  Carefully discharge the sample into a suitable
    sample  container by slowly pulling the lower
    end  of  the T-handle  away from the locking
    block while  the lower end of the sampler is
    positioned in a sample container.

 6.  Cap  the sample container tightly  and place
    prelabeled sample container in a carrier.

7.  Replace the  bung or place plastic over  the
    drum.

8.  Log all samples in the site logbook and on field
    data sheets.
                                                 10

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9.   Package samples  and  complete  necessary
    paperwork.

10.  Transport sample to decontamination zone to
    prepare  it  for  transport  to the  analytical
    laboratory.
2.8    CALCULATIONS

This section is not applicable to this SOP.


2.9    QUALITY ASSURANCE/
       QUALITY CONTROL

The following general quality assurance procedures
apply:

    •  Document all  data on standard chain of
       custody forms, field data sheets, or within
       site logbooks.

    •  Operate all instrumentation in accordance
       with operating instructions as supplied by
       the   manufacturer,   unless   otherwise
       specified in the work plan.  Equipment
       checkout  and  calibration activities must
       occur  prior to sampling/operation,  and
       they must be documented.
2.10  DATA VALIDATION

This section is not applicable to this SOP.


2.11  HEALTH AND SAFETY

When working with potentially hazardous materials,
follow U.S. EPA, OSHA, and specific health and
safety procedures.

The opening of closed containers is one of the most
hazardous site activities. Maximum efforts should
be made to ensure the safety of the sampling team.
Proper  protective   equipment  and  a  general
awareness of the possible dangers will minimize the
risk inherent in sampling operations.  Employing
proper drum-opening techniques and equipment will
also safeguard personnel.   Use remote sampling
equipment whenever feasible.
                                               11

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                        3.0   TANK SAMPLING:  SOP #2010
3.1     SCOPE AND APPLICATION

The purpose of this Standard Operating Procedure
(SOP) is to provide protocols for sampling tanks
and other confined spaces from outside the vessel.
3.2    METHOD SUMMARY

The safe  collection of  a representative  sample
should  be the  criterion for selecting  sample
locations. A representative sample can be collected
using techniques or equipment that are designed for
obtaining liquids or sludges from various  depths.
The structure and characteristics of storage tanks
present problems with collection of samples from
more than one location; therefore, the selection of
sampling devices is an important consideration.

Depending on the type of vessel and characteristics
of the  material to be sampled, one can choose a
bailer,  glass thief,  bacon bomb sampler, sludge
judge, COLIWASA, or subsurface grab sampler to
collect the sample.  For depths of less than 5-feet,
a bailer, COLIWASA, or sludge judge can be used.
A sludge judge, subsurface grab sampler, bailer, or
bacon bomb sampler can be used for depths greater
than 5-feet. A sludge judge or bacon bomb can be
used to determine if the tank consists  of  various
strata.

All sample locations should be surveyed  for air
quality prior  to sampling.   At no  time  should
sampling continue with an LEL reading greater than
25%.

All personnel involved in tank sampling should be
advised as to the hazards associated with working in
unfavorable conditions.
3.3    SAMPLE PRESERVATION,
        CONTAINERS, HANDLING, AND
        STORAGE

Samples collected from tanks are considered waste
samples and, as such, addition of preservatives is
not required due to the potential reaction of the
sample  with the preservative.  Samples  should,
however, be cooled to 4°C  and protected from
sunlight in order to minimize any potential reaction
due to the light sensitivity of the sample.

Sample  bottles for collection of waste liquids,
sludges, or solids  are typically wide-mouth amber
jars with Teflon-lined screw caps.  Actual volume
required for  analysis  should be  determined  in
conjunction with  the  laboratory  performing  the
analysis.

Waste sample handling procedures should  be as
follows:

1.  Place sample container in two Ziploc plastic
    bags.

2.  Place each bagged  container  in  a  I-gallon
    covered can  containing  absorbent  packing
    material.  Place the lid on the can.

3.  Mark the sample identification number on the
    outside of the can.

4.  Place the  marked cans in a cooler, and fill
    remaining  space  with   absorbent  packing
    material.

5.  Fill  out a chain  of custody form for each
    cooler, place  it in plastic, and  affix it to the
    inside lid of the cooler.

6.  Secure and custody seal the lid of cooler.

7.  Arrange for the transportation appropriate for
    the type of hazardous waste involved.
3.4    INTERFERENCES AND
        POTENTIAL PROBLEMS

Sampling a storage tank requires a great deal of
manual dexterity, often requiring the sampler to
climb to the top of the tank upon a narrow vertical
or spiral stairway or ladder while wearing protective
clothing and carrying sampling equipment.

Before  climbing onto  the  vessel,  perform  a
structural survey of the tank to ensure the sampler's
                                               13

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safety  and accessibility prior  to initiating field
activities.

As  in  all  opening of containers, take extreme
caution to avoid ignition or combustion of volatile
contents. All tools used must be constructed of a
non-sparking  material and electronic instruments
must be intrinsically safe.

All sample locations should be  surveyed for  air
quality prior  to sampling.   At  no time should
sampling continue with an LEL reading greater than
25%.
3.5    EQUIPMENT/APPARATUS

Storage tank materials include liquids, sludges, still
bottoms, and solids of various structures. The type
of sampling equipment chosen should be compatible
with the waste. Samplers commonly used for tanks
include: the bacon bomb sampler, the sludge judge,
glass thief, bailer, COLIWASA, and subsurface grab
sampler.
        sampling plan
        safety equipment
        tape measure
        weighted tape line or equivalent
        camera/film
        stainless steel bucket or bowl
        sample containers
        Ziploc plastic bags
        logbook
        labels
        field data sheets
        chain of custody forms
        flashlight (explosion proof)
        coolers
        ice
        decontamination supplies
        bacon bomb sampler
        sludge judge
        glass  thief
        bailer
        COLIWASA
        subsurface grab sampler
        water/oil level indicator
        OVA (organic vapor analyzer or
        equivalent)
        explosimeter/oxygen meter
        high volume blower
3.6     REAGENTS

Reagents  are  not typically  required  for  the
preservation of waste samples.  However, reagents
will be utilized for  decontamination of equipment.
Decontamination solutions required are specified in
ERT   SOP   #2006,  Sampling   Equipment
Decontamination.
3.7     PROCEDURES

3.7.1   Preparation

1.   Determine the extent  of the sampling effort,
    the sampling methods to be employed, and
    which equipment and supplies are needed.

2.   Obtain necessary sampling  and monitoring
    equipment.

3.   Decontaminate  or preclean  equipment, and
    ensure that it is hi working order.

4.   Prepare scheduling and coordinate with staff,
    clients, and regulatory  agency, if appropriate.

5.   Perform a general site survey prior to site entry
    in  accordance with the site-specific health and
    safety plan.

6.   Identify and mark all sampling locations.

3.7.2   Preliminary Inspection

1.   Inspect the external structural characteristics of
    each tank and record in the site  logbook.
    Potential sampling points should be evaluated
    for safety, accessibility, and sample quality.

2.  , Prior to opening a tank for internal inspection,
    the tank sampling team should:

    •  Review  safety procedures and emergency
       contingency plans with the Safety Officer,

    •  Ensure that the tank is properly grounded,

    •  Remove  all sources of ignition from the
       immediate area.

3.   Each   tank   should   be   mounted   using
    appropriate means.  Remove manway covers
    using non-sparking tools.
                                                14

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4.
Collect  air  quality measurements  for  each
potential   sample   location   using   an
explosimeter/oxygen   meter   for   a   lower
explosive  limit  (LEL/Oj)  reading  and  an
OVA/HNU for an organic vapor concentration.
Both readings should be taken from the tank
headspace, above the sampling port, and in the
breathing zone.
5.
Prior to sampling, the tank headspace should be
cleared of  any  toxic  or  explosive  vapor
concentration using a high volume blower. No
work should start if LEL readings exceed 25%.
At  10%  LEL,  work  can  continue but with
extreme caution.
3.7.3  Sampling Procedures

1.  Determine the depth of any and all liquid-solid
    interface, and depth of sludge using a weighted
    tape measure, probe  line, sludge judge,  or
    equivalent.

2.  Collect liquid samples from 1-foot below the
    surface, from mid-depth of liquid, and from 1-
    foot above the bottom sludge layer. This can
    be accomplished with a subsurface grab sampler
    or bacon bomb.  For liquids less than 5-feet in
    depth,  use  a glass thief or  COLIWASA to
    collect the sample.

    If sampling storage tanks, vacuum trucks, or
    process vessels, collect at least one sample from
    each compartment in the tank.  Samples should
    always be collected through an opened  hatch at
    the  top of the tank.  Valves near  the bottom
    should   not  be  used,   because  of  their
    questionable or  unknown integrity. If such a
    valve cannot be closed once opened, the entire
    tank contents may be  lost to the  ground
    surface.  Also, individual strata  cannot be
    sampled separately through a valve near the
    bottom.

3.  Compare the three samples for visual phase
    differences.   If   phase  differences  appear,
    systematic  iterative   sampling  should  be
    performed.   By halving the distance between
    two discrete sampling points, one can determine
    the depth of the phase change.

4.  If another sampling port is available, sample as
    above to verify the phase information.
5.  Measure the outside diameter of the tank and
    determine the volume of wastes using the depth
    measurements.     (See  Appendix  C   for
    calculations.)

6.  Sludges can be collected using a bacon bomb
    sampler, glass thief, or sludge judge.

7.  Record all information on the sample data
    sheet or site logbook. Label the container with
    the appropriate sample tag.

8.  Decontaminate  sampling equipment as per
    ERT  SOP  #2006,   Sampling  Equipment
    Decontamination.

3.7.4  Sampling Devices

Bacon Bomb Sampler

The bacon bomb sampler (Figure 9, Appendix B) is
designed to collect  material from various levels
within a storage tank.  It consists of a cylindrical
body, usually made  of chrome-plated  brass and
bronze with an internal tapered plunger that acts as
a valve to admit the sample. A line attached to the
top of the plunger opens and closes the valve. A
line is attached to the removable top cover which
has a locking mechanism to keep the plunger closed
after sampling.

1.  Attach the sample line and the plunger line to
    the sampler.

2.  Measure and then mark the sampling line at
    the desired depth.

3.  Gradually lower  the bacon bomb  sampler by
    the  sample line  until the  desired  level  is
    reached.

4.  When the desired level is reached, pull up on
    the plunger line  and  allow the sampler to fill
    before releasing the plunger line to seal off the
    sampler.

5.  Retrieve the sampler by the sample line.  Be
    careful not  to pull up on the plunger line and
    thereby prevent accidental  opening of the
    bottom valve.

6.  Rinse or wipe off the exterior of the sampler
    body.
                                                15

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7.  Position the sampler over the sample container
    and release its contents by pulling up on the
    plunger line.

8.  Cap the sample container tightly and place
    prelabeled sample container in a carrier.

9.  Replace the bung or place plastic over the tank.

10. Log all samples in the site logbook and on field
    data sheets and label all samples.

11. Package samples  and  complete  necessary
    paperwork.

12. Transport sample to decontamination zone to
    prepare  it for   transport  to  the analytical
    laboratory.

Sludge Judge

A sludge judge (Figure 10, Appendix B) is used for
obtaining an accurate reading of solids which can
settle, in any liquid,  to any depth.  The  sampler
consists of 3/4-inch plastic pipe in 5-foot sections,
marked  at 1-foot increments, with  screw-style
fittings.  The top section includes a nylon line for
raising the sampler.

1.  Lower the  sludge judge to the bottom of the
    tank.

2.  When  the bottom has been reached,  and the
    pipe has filled to surface level,  tug slightly on
    the rope as you begin to raise the unit.  This
    will seat the check valve, trapping the column of
    material.

3.  When the unit has been raised clear of the tank
    liquid,  the amount of sludge in the  sample can
    be read using the  1-foot increments marked on
    the pipe sections.

4.  By touching the phi extending from  the bottom
    section against a hard surface, the  material is
    released from the unit.

5.  Cap the sample  container tightly  and  place
    prelabeled sample container in a carrier.

6.  Replace the bung or place plastic over the tank.

7.  Log all samples in the site logbook and on field
    data sheets and label all samples.
8.  Package  samples  and  complete  necessary
    paperwork.

9.  Transport sample to decontamination zone to
    prepare  it  for transport  to the  analytical
    laboratory.

Subsurface Grab Sampler

Subsurface grab samplers (Figure 11, Appendix B)
are designed to collect samples of liquids at various
depths.  The sampler  is usually constructed  of
aluminum   or   stainless  steel   tubing  with  a
polypropylene or Teflon head that attaches to a 1-
liter sample container.

1.  Screw the sample bottle onto the  sampling
    head.

2.  Lower the sampler to the desired depth.

3.  Pull the ring at the top which opens the spring-
    loaded plunger in the head assembly.

4.  When  the bottle  is full,  release the ring, lift
    sampler, and remove sample bottle.

5.  Cap the sample  container tightly and  place
    prelabeled sample container in a carrier.

6.  Replace the bung or place plastic over the tank.

7.  Log all samples in the site logbook and on field
    data sheets and label all samples.

8.  Package samples and  complete  necessary
    paperwork.

9.  Transport sample to decontamination zone to
    prepare  it  for  transport  to the  analytical
    laboratory.

Glass Thief

The most widely used  implement for sampling is a
glass tube commonly  referred to as  a glass thief
(Figure 7, Appendix B).  This tool is simple, cost
effective, quick, and  collects a  sample without
having to decontaminate. Glass thieves are typically
6mm to 16mm I.D. and 48 inches long.

1.  Remove cover from sample container.

2.  Insert glass tubing almost to the bottom of the
                                                 16

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     tank  or  until a  solid layer is  encountered.
     About 1 foot of tubing should extend above the
     tank.

 3.  Allow the waste hi the tank to reach its natural
     level hi the tube.

 4.  Cap  the top  of  the sampling  tube with a
     tapered stopper or thumb, ensuring liquid does
     not come into contact with stopper.

 5.  Carefully remove the capped  tube from  the
     tank and insert the uncapped end hi the sample
     container. Do not spill liquid on the outside of
     the sample container.

 6.  Release stopper and allow the glass thief to
     drain until the container is approximately 2/3
     full.

 7.  Remove tube from the sample container, break
     it into pieces and place the pieces in the tank.

 8.  Cap the  sample  container tightly  and place
     prelabeled sample container hi a carrier.

 9.  Replace the bung or place plastic over the tank.

 10.  Log all samples hi  the site logbook and on field
     data sheets and label all samples.

 11.  Package  samples  and  complete  necessary
     paperwork.

 12.  Transport sample  to decontamination zone to
     prepare it  for  transport to  the  analytical
     laboratory.

 In many instances a tank containing waste material
 will  have a sludge layer on  the bottom.  Slow
 insertion of the  sample tube down into this layer
 and  then a gradual withdrawal will allow the sludge
 to act as a bottom plug to maintain the fluid in the
 tube. The plug can be gently removed and placed
 into  the sample container  by the use of  a stainless
 steel lab spoon.

Bailer

The  positive-displacement volatile sampling bailer
(manufactured by GPI or equivalent) (Figure 12,
Appendix B) is perhaps the most appropriate for
collecting water samples for volatile analysis. Other
bailer types (messenger, bottom fill, etc.)  are less
 desirable, but may be mandated by cost and site
 conditions.   Generally,  bailers can  provide  an
 acceptable sample,  providing that the sampling
 personnel use extra care hi the collection process.

 1.   Make sure clean plastic sheeting surrounds the
     tank.

 2.   Attach a line to the bailer.

 3.   Lower the bailer slowly and gently into the tank
     so as not to splash  the  bailer into the tank
     contents.

 4.   Allow the bailer to fill completely and retrieve
     the bailer from the tank.

 5.   Begin slowly pouring from the bailer.

 6.   Cap  the sample container  tightly and place
     prelabeled sample container in a carrier.

 7.   Replace the bung or place plastic over the tank.

 8.   Log all samples in the site logbook and on field
     data  sheets and label all samples.

 9.   Package  samples  and  complete  necessary
     paperwork.

 10.  Transport sample to decontamination zone to
     prepare   it for   transport  to  an analytical
     laboratory.

 COLIWASA

 Some  equipment is designed  to collect a sample
 from the full depth of a tank and maintain it in the
 transfer tube until delivery to the  sample bottle.
 These  designs include primarily the  Composite
 Liquid Waste Sampler (COLIWASA) (Figure  8,
 Appendix  B) and  modifications  thereof.   The
 COLIWASA is a much cited sampler designed  to
 permit representative sampling of multiphase wastes
 from tanks and other containerized wastes.   One
 configuration consists of a 152 cm by 4 cm I.D.
 section of tubing with a neoprene stopper at one
 end  attached by a rod running the length of the
 tube to a locking mechanism at the  other  end.
Manipulation of the locking mechanism opens and
 closes  the sampler by raising and lowering the
neoprene  stopper.
                                                 17

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The  major  drawbacks  associated  with using a
COLIWASA concern decontamination and  costs.
The  sampler  is  difficult if not  impossible  to
decontaminate in the field  and its high cost in
relation to alternative procedures (glass tubes) make
it  an impractical throwaway item.  It still  has
applications, however, especially in instances where
a  true representation of a  multiphase waste is
absolutely necessary.

1.   Put the sampler in the open position by placing
    the stopper rod handle in the T-position  and
    pushing the rod down  until the handle  sits
    against the sampler's locking block.

2.   Slowly lower the sampler into the liquid waste.
    Lower the sampler at a  rate that permits the
    levels of the liquid inside and outside  the
    sampler tube to be about the same. If the level
    of the liquid in the sample tube is lower than
    that outside the sampler, the sampling rate is
    too fast and will result in a  non-representative
    sample.

3.  When the sampler stopper  hits the bottom of
    the waste container, push  the  sampler tube
    downward  against the  stopper to close  the
    sampler.   Lock the  sampler  in the closed
    position  by turning  the T-handle  until it is
    upright and one end rests tightly on the locking
    block.

4.  Slowly withdraw the sample from the waste
    container with one hand  while  wiping  the
    sampler tube with a disposable cloth or rag with
    the other hand.

5.  Carefully discharge  the sample into a suitable
    sample  container by slowly pulling the lower
    end  of  the T-handle away from the  locking
    block while the lower end of  the  sampler is
    positioned in a  sample container.

6.  Cap the sample container tightly and place
    prelabeled sample container in a carrier.

7.  Replace the bung or place plastic over the tank.

8.  Log all samples in the site logbook and on  field
    data sheets and label all samples.

9.  Package  samples  and  complete  necessary
    paperwork.

 10. Transport sample to decontamination zone to
    prepare  it  for transport  to the  analytical
    laboratory.

3.8    CALCULATIONS

Refer to Appendix C for calculations to determine
tank volumes.
3.9    QUALITY ASSURANCE/
        QUALITY CONTROL

There are no  specific quality assurance activities
which  apply  to  the implementation  of  these
procedures.  However, the following general QA
procedures apply:

    •   All data must be documented on field data
        sheets or within site logbooks.

    •   All  instrumentation must be operated in
        accordance with operating instructions #s
        supplied  by  the  manufacturer,  unless
        otherwise  specified in  the work  plan.
        Equipment  checkout   and  calibration
        activities   must  occur   prior   to
        sampling/operation  and  they must  be
        documented.
3.10   DATA VALIDATION

This section is not applicable to this SOP.


3.11   HEALTH AND SAFETY

When working with potentially hazardous materials,
follow U.S. EPA, OSHA, and specific health and
safety procedures.  More specifically, the hazards
associated  with tank  sampling may cause bodily
injury, illness, or  death to the worker.  Failure to
recognize potential  hazards of waste containers is
the cause of most accidents.  It should be assumed
that the most unfavorable conditions exist, and that
the  danger of explosion and poisoning will be
present.  Hazards specific to tank sampling are:

     •  Hazardous  atmospheres can be flammable,
        toxic, asphyxiating, or corrosive.

     •  If  activating  electrical  or  mechanical
        equipment  would cause injury,  each  piece
        of equipment should be  manually isolated
                                                 18

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    to  prevent  inadvertent activation  while
    workers are occupied.

•   Communication is  of  utmost importance
    between  the  sampling worker  and  the
    standby person to prevent distress or injury
    going  unnoticed.     The  Illuminating
    Engineers  Society  Lighting  Handbook
    requires  suitable illumination  to  provide
    sufficient visibility for work.

•   Noise  reverberation may  disrupt  verbal
    communication with standby personnel.
•   Tank vibration may affect multiple body
    parts and organs of the sampler depending
    on vibration characteristics.

•   General hazards include falling scaffolding,
    surface  residues  (which   could  cause
    electrical  shock,  incompatible  material
    reactions,  slips,  or falls), and structural
    objects   (including   baffles/trays   in
    horizontal/vertical tanks, and overhead
    structures).
                                              19

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            4.0   CHIP, WIPE, AND SWEEP SAMPLING:  SOP #2011
 4.1     SCOPE AND APPLICATION

 This Standard Operating Procedure (SOP) outlines
 the  recommended protocol  and equipment for
 collection of representative chip, wipe, and sweep
 samples  to   monitor   potential   surficial
 contamination.

 This method of sampling is appropriate for surfaces
 contaminated with non-volatile species of analytes
 (i.e., PCB, PCDD, PCDF, metals, cyanide, etc.)
 Detection limits are analyte specific.  Sample size
 should be determined based  upon the detection
 limit desired and the amount of sample requested
 by the analytical laboratory. Typical sample area is
 1 square foot.  However, based upon sampling
 location, the area  may need modification due to
 area  configuration.
 4.2    METHOD SUMMARY

 Since surface situations vary widely,  no universal
 sampling method can be recommended.  Rather,
 the method and implements used must be tailored
 to suit  a specific  sampling site.   The sampling
 location should be selected based upon the potential
 for contamination  as a result of manufacturing
 processes or personnel practices.

 Chip sampling is appropriate for  porous surfaces
 and is generally accomplished with either a hammer
 and chisel,  or an electric hammer. The sampling
 device should be laboratory cleaned and wrapped in
 clean, autoclaved aluminum foil until ready for use.
 To collect the sample, a measured and marked off
 area is chipped both horizontally and vertically to an
 even depth of  1/8 inch.   The sample  is then
 transferred  to the proper sample container.

 Wipe samples are collected from smooth surfaces to
 indicate surficial contamination; a sample location
 is measured and marked off.  Sampling personnel
 wear a new pair of surgical gloves to open a sterile
 gauze pad,  and then soak  it with solvent.  The
 solvent used is  dependent  on the surface being
 sampled.  This pad is then stroked firmly over the
sample surface, first vertically, then horizontally, to
ensure  complete coverage.    The pad is  then
transferred to the sample container.
 Sweep  sampling is an effective  method for the
 collection of dust  or residue on porous or non-
 porous surfaces.   To collect such a sample, an
 appropriate area is measured off.  Then, while
 wearing a new pair of disposable surgical gloves,
 sampling personnel use a dedicated brush to sweep
 material into a dedicated dust pan. The sample is
 then transferred to the proper sample container.

 Samples collected by all three methods are sent to
 the laboratory for analysis.
 4.3    SAMPLE PRESERVATION,
        CONTAINERS, HANDLING, AND
        STORAGE

 Samples should be stored out of direct sunlight to
 reduce photodegredation and shipped on ice (4°C)
 to  the  laboratory  performing  the  analysis.
 Appropriately-sized,  laboratory-cleaned,   glass
 sample jars should be used for sample collection.
 The amount of sample required is determined in
 concert with the analytical laboratory.
4.4    INTERFERENCES AND
        POTENTIAL PROBLEMS

This method has few significant interferences or
problems.   Typical problems result from  rough
porous surfaces which may be difficult to wipe, chip,
or sweep.
4.5    EQUIPMENT/APPARATUS
    •  lab-dean sample containers of proper size
       and composition
       field and travel blanks
       site logbook
       sample analysis request forms
       chain of custody forms
       custody seals
       sample labels
       disposable surgical gloves
       sterile wrapped gauze pad (3 in. x 3 in.)
       appropriate pesticide (HPLC) grade solvent
                                              21

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    •  medium-sized,  laboratory-cleaned  paint
       brush
       medium-sized, laboratory-cleaned chisel
       autoclaved aluminum foil
       camera
       hexane (pesticide/HPLC grade)
       iso-octane
       distilled/deionized water
4.6    REAGENTS

Reagents are not required for preservation of chip,
wipe or sweep samples. However, reagents will be
utilized for decontamination of sampling equipment.
Decontamination  solutions are specified in ERT
SOP #2006, Sampling Equipment Decontamination.
4.7    PROCEDURES

4.7.1   Preparation

1.  Determine the extent of the sampling effort, the
    sampling methods  to  be employed, and  the
    types and amounts of equipment and supplies
    needed.

2.  Obtain  necessary  sampling  and  monitoring
    equipment.

3.  Decontaminate  or  preclean equipment, and
    ensure that it is in working order.

4.  Prepare scheduling and  coordinate with staff,
    clients, and regulatory agencies, if appropriate.

5.  Perform a general site survey prior to site entry
    in accordance with the site-specific health and
    safety plan.

6.  Mark all sampling locations.  If required, the
    proposed locations may  be adjusted based on
    site access, property boundaries, and surface
    obstructions.

4.7.2  Chip  Sample Collection

Sampling   of  porous  surfaces   is   generally
accomplished by  using a chisel and hammer or
electric hammer.  The sampling device should be
laboratory cleaned or field decontaminated as per
ERT SOP# 2006,  Sampling Equipment Decon-
tamination.   It  is then  wrapped in  cleaned,
autoclaved aluminum foil.  The sampler should
remain in this wrapping until it is needed.  Each
sampling device should be used for only one sample.

1.   Choose appropriate sampling points; measure
    off the designated area and photo document.

2.   To facilitate later calculations, record surface
    area to be chipped.

3.   Don a new pah" of disposable surgical gloves.

4.   Open a laboratory-cleaned chisel or equivalent
    sampling device.

5.   Chip  the  sample  area   horizontally,  then
    vertically to an even depth of approximately 1/8
    inch.

6.   Place the sample in an appropriately-prepared
    sample container with a Teflon-lined cap.

7.   Cap the sample container, attach the label and
    custody seal, and place in a double plastic bag.
    Record all pertinent data in the site logbook.
    Complete the sampling analysis request form
    and chain of custody form before taking  the
    next sample.

8.   Store samples out of direct sunlight and cool to
    4°C.

9.   Leave  contaminated sampling device  in  the
    sampled  material,  unless decontamination is
    practical.

10. Follow  proper decontamination procedures,
    then deliver  sample(s) to the laboratory for
    analysis.

4.7.3  Wipe Sample Collection

Wipe sampling is accomplished by using a sterile
gauze   pad,  adding  a  solvent  hi which  the
contaminant  is most soluble, then wiping a pre-
determined,  pre-measured area.  The  sample is
packaged  in    an   amber    jar  to   prevent
photodegradation and  packed in  coolers  for
shipment to  the lab. Each gauze pad is used for
only one wipe sample.

1.  Choose  appropriate sampling points; measure
    off the designated area and photo document.
                                                 22

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 2.  To facilitate later calculations, record surface
     area to be wiped.

 3.  Don a new pair of disposable surgical gloves.

 4.  Open new sterile package of gauze pad.

 5.  Soak the pad with the appropriate solvent.

 6.  Wipe the  marked  surface, area using  firm
     strokes.  Wipe vertically, then  horizontally to
     ensure complete surface coverage.

 7.  Place the  gauze pad  hi  an  appropriately
     prepared sample container with a Teflon-lined
     cap.

 8.  Cap the  sample container, attach the label and
     custody seal, and place hi a double plastic bag.
     Record all pertinent data hi the site logbook.
     Complete the sampling analysis request form
     and chain  of custody form  before taking the
     next sample.

 9.   Store samples out of direct sunlight and cool to
     4°C.

 10.  Follow proper decontamination  procedures,
     then  deliver sample(s)  to the  laboratory for
     analysis.

 4.7.4  Sweep Sample Collection

 Sweep   sampling  is   appropriate   for  bulk
 contamination.  This procedure utilizes a dedicated,
 hand-held sweeper brush to acquire a sample from
 a pre-measured area.

 1.  Choose appropriate sampling points; measure
    off the designated area and photo  document.

2.  To facilitate later calculations,  record  the
    surface area to be swept.

3.  Don a new pah- of disposable surgical gloves.

4.  Sweep the  measured  area using  a dedicated
    brush;  collect the sample hi a  dedicated dust
    pan.

5.  Transfer  sample  from  dust pan to  sample
    container.

6.   Cap the sample container, attach the label and
     custody seal, and place in a double plastic bag.
     Record all pertinent data hi the site logbook.
     Complete the sampling analysis request form
     and chain of custody form  before taking the
     next sample.

 7.   Store samples out of direct sunlight and cool to
     4°C.

 8.   Leave  contaminated  sampling device  hi  the
     sample material,  unless  decontamination is
     practical.

 9.   Follow proper  decontamination procedures,
     then  deliver sample(s)  to the laboratory for
     analysis.
 4.8    CALCULATIONS

 Results are  usually provided hi mg/g,  ^g/g or
 another   appropriate  weight  per  unit  weight
 measurement. Results may also be given hi a mass
 per unit area.
4.9    QUALITY ASSURANCE/
        QUALITY CONTROL

The following general quality assurance procedures
apply:

    •   All data must be documented on standard
        chain of custody forms, field data sheets or
        within the site logbook.

    •   All instrumentation must be  operated in
        accordance  with  operating instructions as
        supplied  by  the  manufacturer,  unless
        otherwise  specified hi  the  work plan.
        Equipment   checkout   and  calibration
        activities   must   occur   prior   to
        sampling/operation, and they  must be
        documented.

The following specific quality assurance activities
apply to wipe samples:

    •   A  blank should be  collected  for each
        sampling event.   This consists of a sterile
        gauze pad,  wet  with  the  appropriate
        solvent, and placed in a  prepared sample
        container.   The  blank will help identify
        potential introduction of  contaminants via
                                                23

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        the sampling methods, the pad, solvent or        4.10   DATA VALIDATION
        sample container.
                                                      Review the quality control samples and use the data
    •   Spiked wipe samples can also be collected        to qualify the environmental results.
        to better assess the data being generated.
        These are prepared by spiking a piece of
        foil of known area with a standard of the        4^-j-j   HEALTH AND  SAFETY
        analyte of choice.  The solvent containing
        the standard is allowed to evaporate, and        When working with potentially hazardous materials,
        the foil is wiped in a manner identical to        follow U.S. EPA, OSHA and specific health and
        the other wipe samples.                        safety procedures.

Specific quality assurance  activities  for  chip and
sweep  samples should  be  determined on  a site-
specific basis.
                                                  24

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                     5.0   WASTE PILE  SAMPLING:   SOP  #2017
 5.1     SCOPE AND APPLICATION

 The objective of this Standard Operating Procedure
 (SOP) is to outline the equipment and methods
 used in collecting representative samples from waste
 piles,  sludges or other solid or liquid waste mixed
 with soil.
 5.2     METHOD SUMMARY

 Stainless steel shovels or scoops should be used to
 clear away surface material  before  samples  are
 collected.  For samples at depth, a decontaminated
 auger may be required to advance the hole, then
 another decontaminated auger used  for sample
 collection.   For a sample core,  thin-wall tube
 samplers or grain samplers may be  used.  Near
 surfaces samples can  be  collected with a  clean
 stainless steel spoon or trowel.

 All  samples  collected,  except those  for volatile
 organic analysis, should be placed into a Teflon-
 lined or stainless steel pail and mixed thoroughly
 before being transferred to an appropriate sample
 container.
 5.3    SAMPLE PRESERVATION,
        CONTAINERS, HANDLING, AND
        STORAGE

 Chemical preservation  of solids  is generally not
 recommended.  Refrigeration to 4°C is usually the
 best approach, supplemented by a minimal holding
 time.

 Wide mouth glass containers with Teflon-lined caps
 are typically used for waste pile samples.  Sample
 volume  required is a  function of the analytical
 requirements and should be specified  in the work
 plan.
5.4    INTERFERENCES AND
        POTENTIAL PROBLEMS

There  are several  variables  involved in  waste
sampling,  including  shape and  size of  piles,
 compactness, and structure of the waste material.
 Shape and size of waste material or waste piles vary
 greatly in areal extent and height. Since state and
 federal regulations often require a specified number
 of samples per  volume of waste, size and shape
 must be used to calculate volume and to plan for
 the correct number of samples. Shape must also be
 accounted for when planning physical access to the
 sampling point and when selecting the appropriate
 equipment to successfully collect the sample at that
 location.

 Material to be sampled may be homogeneous or
 heterogeneous.  Homogeneous material resulting
 from known situations may not require an extensive
 sampling protocol.  Heterogeneous and  unknown
 wastes require more extensive sampling and analysis
 to ensure the  different components are  being
 represented.

 The term "representative sample" is commonly used
 to denote  a  sample that has the properties and
 composition of the population from which it was
 collected, in the  same proportions as found in the
 population.  This can be misleading unless one is
 dealing with a homogenous waste from which one
 sample  can represent the whole population.

 The  usual  options  for  obtaining  the  most
 "representative sample" from waste piles are simple
 or stratified  random sampling.  Simple random
 sampling is the method of choice unless (1)  there
 are known distinct strata; (2) one wants to prove or
 disprove that  there are distinct strata; or (3) one is
 limited  in the number  of samples and desires to
 minimize the size  of a  "hot spot" that could  go
 unsampled.   If  any of these conditions  exist,
 stratified random sampling would be  the  better
 strategy.

 This strategy, however, can be employed only if all
 points within the pile can be accessed.  In such
 cases, the pile should  be divided into a three-
 dimensional grid system; the grid sections  assigned
 numbers; and the  sampling points  chosen using
 random-number    tables  or   random-number
 generators.    The  only exceptions  to  this  are
 situations in which representative samples cannot be
 collected safely or where the investigative team is
trying to determine worst-case conditions.
                                               25

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If sampling is limited to certain portions of the pile,
a statistically based sample will be representative
only  of  that  portion,  unless   the  waste  is
homogenous.
5.5    EQUIPMENT/APPARATUS

Waste pile solids include powdered, granular, or
block materials of various sizes, shapes, structure,
and compactness.  The type of sampler chosen
should be compatible with  the waste.  Samplers
commonly used for waste piles include:  stainless
steel scoops, shovels, trowels, spoons, and stainless
steel  hand  augers,  sampling  triers,  and grain
samplers.

Waste pile sampling equipment check list:
        sampling plan
        maps/plot plan
        safety equipment, as specified in the health
        and safety plan
        compass
        tape measure
        survey stakes or flags
        camera and film
        stainless steel, plastic, or other appropriate
        homogenization bucket or bowl
        1-quart mason jars w/Teflon liners
        Ziploc plastic bags
        logbook
        labels
        chain of custody forms and seals
        field data sheets
        cooler(s)
        ice
        decontamination supplies/equipment
        canvas or plastic sheet
        spade or shovel
        spatula
        scoop
        plastic or stainless steel spoons
        trowel
        continuous flight (screw) auger
        bucket auger
        post hole auger
        extension rods
        T-handle
        thin-wall tube sampler
        sampling trier
        grain sampler
5.6     REAGENTS

No chemical reagents are used for the preservation
of waste pile samples; however, decontamination
solutions may be required. If decontamination of
equipment  is required,  refer to ERT  Standard
Operating  Procedure  (SOP)  #2006,  Sampling
Equipment Decontamination, and the site-specific
work plan.
5.7    PROCEDURES

5.7.1   Preparation

1.  Determine the extent of the sampling effort,
    the sampling methods to be  employed,  and
    which equipment and supplies are required.

2.  Obtain  necessary sampling and monitoring
    equipment.

3.  Decontaminate  or preclean equipment,  and
    ensure that it is in working order.

4.  Prepare schedules, and coordinate with  staff,
    client, and regulatory agencies, if appropriate.

5.  Perform a general site survey prior to site entry
    in accordance with the site-specific health and
    safety plan.

6.  Use stakes or flagging to identify and mark all
    sampling  locations.   Specific  site  factors,
    including extent  and nature of contaminants,
    should be considered when selecting sample
    locations.  If required, the proposed  locations
    may be  adjusted based on site access, property
    boundaries, and surface obstructions.

5.7.2  Sample Collection

SAMPLING WITH SHOVELS AND
SCOOPS

Collection of samples from surface portions of the
pile can be accomplished with tools such as spades,
shovels, and scoops.  Surface  material can be
removed to the required depth with this equipment,
then a stainless steel or plastic scoop can be used to
collect the sample.

Accurate, representative samples can be  collected
with this  procedure  depending  on the  care and
                                                26

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 precision demonstrated by sample team members.
 Use of a flat, pointed mason trowel to cut a block
 of  the  desired material can  be  helpful  when
 undisturbed profiles are required. A stainless steel
 scoop, lab  spoon,  or  plastic spoon  will suffice in
 most other applications.  Care should be exercised
 to avoid the use of devices plated with chrome or
 other materials. Plating is particularly common with
 implements such as garden trowels.

 Use the following procedure  to collect  surface
 samples:

 1.   Carefully remove  the  top layer  of material to
     the  desired sample depth with a  precleaned
     spade.

 2.   Using a precleaned stainless steel scoop, plastic
     spoon,  or  trowel,  remove and discard a thin
     layer of material from the area which came in
     contact with the spade.

 3.   If volatile organic  analysis is to be performed,
     transfer the sample into an appropriate, labeled
     sample container  with  a  stainless  steel  lab
     spoon,  plastic  lab spoon,  or equivalent and
     secure the cap  tightly.  Place the remainder of
     the sample into a stainless steel,  plastic,  or
     other appropriate  homogenization container,
     and  mix thoroughly to obtain a homogenous
     sample  representative of the entire sampling
     interval.  Then, either place the sample into
     appropriate, labeled containers and secure the
     caps tightly; or, if composite samples are  to be
     collected,  place   a  sample  from  another
     sampling  interval   into  the  homogenization
     container  and mix  thoroughly.     When
     compositing is complete,  place the sample into
     appropriate, labeled containers and secure the
     caps tightly.

SAMPLING WITH AUGERS AND THIN-
WALL TUBE SAMPLERS

This  system consists  of  an auger, a series  of
extensions, a "T" handle,   and a thin-wall  tube
sampler (Figure 13, Appendix B).  The auger is
used to bore a hole to a desired sampling depth,
and  is  then withdrawn.   The  sample may be
collected directly from the auger.  If a core sample
is to be collected, the auger tip is then  replaced with
a thin-wall  tube sampler.   The  system is  then
lowered down the borehole, and driven into the pile
at the completion depth. The system is withdrawn
 and  the core collected  from the thin-wall  tube
 sampler.

 Several augers  are available.   These include:
 bucket, continuous  flight (screw), and  post  hole
 augers. Bucket augers are better for direct sample
 recovery since  they provide a  large volume  of
 sample in a short time.  When continuous flight
 augers  are  used,  the  sample  can be  collected
 directly from the flights, which are usually at 5-foot
 intervals.    The continuous  flight   augers  are
 satisfactory  for  use when  a composite  of the
 complete waste pile column is desired.  Post  hole
 augers have  limited utility for sample collection  as
 they  are designed to cut through fibrous,  rooted,
 swampy areas.

 Use  the following procedure for  collecting waste
 pile samples with the auger:

 1.  Attach the auger bit to a drill rod extension,
    and attach the "T" handle to the drill rod.

 2.  Clear  the area  to be sampled of  any  surface
    debris. It may be advisable to remove the  first
    3 to 6 inches of surface material  for an area
    approximately 6 inches in radius  around the
    drilling location.

 3.  Begin  augering, periodically removing  and
    depositing accumulated materials onto a plastic
    sheet  spread near  the hole.   This prevents
    accidental  brushing  of  loose  material back
    down the borehole when removing the auger or
    adding drill rods. It also facilitates  refilling the
    hole, and avoids possible contamination of the
    surrounding area.

4.  After reaching the  desired depth,  slowly  and
    carefully remove the auger from boring. When
    sampling directly from the auger, collect sample
    after the auger  is removed from  boring  and
    proceed to Step 10.

5.  Remove  auger tip from drill rods and replace
    with a precleaned  thin-wall  tube  sampler.
    Install  proper cutting tip.

6.  Carefully lower  the tube sampler down  the
    borehole.  Gradually force the tube sampler
    into the pile.  Care should be taken to avoid
    scraping the borehole sides. Avoid hammering
    the  drill  rods  to  facilitate  coring  as  the
    vibrations may  cause  the  boring walls  to
    collapse.
                                                 27

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7.  Remove the tube sampler, and unscrew the drill
    rods.

8.  Remove  the  cutting tip  and the  core  from
    device.

9.  Discard the top of the core (approximately 1-
    inch),  as this represents material collected
    before penetration  of  the  layer of  concern.
    Place the remaining core into the appropriate
    labeled   sample   container.      Sample
    homogenization is not required.

10. If volatile organic analysis is to be performed,
    transfer the sample into an appropriate, labeled
    sample container with  a stainless steel  lab
    spoon, plastic lab  spoon, or equivalent and
    secure the cap tightly. Place the remainder of
    the sample into a  stainless steel,  plastic, or
    other appropriate homogenization container,
    and mix thoroughly to obtain a homogenous
    sample representative of the entire sampling
    interval.  Then, either  place the sample into
    appropriate, labeled containers and secure the
    caps tightly; or, if composite samples are to be
    collected,  place  a sample  from   another
    sampling  interval  into  the  homogenization
    container  and   mix  thoroughly.     When
    compositing is complete, place the sample into
    appropriate, labeled containers and secure the
    caps tightly.

11. If another sample is to be collected in the same
    hole, but at a greater depth, reattach the auger
    bit to the drill and assembly, and follow steps 3
    through 11, making sure to decontaminate the
    auger and tube sampler between samples.

SAMPLING WITH A TRIER

This  system  consists of a trier and a "T" handle.
The auger is driven into the waste pile and used to
extract a core sample from the appropriate depth.

Use the following procedure to collect waste  pile
samples with a sampling trier:

1.  Insert the  trier (Figure 14, Appendix B) into
    the material to be sampled at a 0° to 45° angle
    from horizontal.   This orientation minimizes
    spillage  of the  sample.   Extraction  of  the
    samples  might require tilting of the sample
    containers.
2.   Rotate the trier once or twice to cut a core of
    material.

3.   Slowly withdraw the trier, making sure that the
    slot is facing upward.

4.   If volatile organic analysis is to be performed,
    transfer the sample into an appropriate, labeled
    sample  container  with  a  stainless  steel lab
    spoon, plastic lab spoon,  or equivalent and
    secure the cap tightly. Place the remainder of
    the sample into a stainless steel, plastic,  or
    other appropriate  homogenization container,
    and mix thoroughly to obtain a homogenous
    sample  representative of the entire sampling
    interval.   Then, either place the sample into
    appropriate, labeled containers and secure the
    caps tightly, or, if composite samples are being
    collected,  place  samples  from  the  other
    sampling  intervals into the homogenization
    container  and  mix  thoroughly.     When
    compositing is complete, place the sample into
    appropriate, labeled containers and secure the
    caps tightly.

SAMPLING WITH A GRAIN SAMPLER

The grain sampler (Figure 15, Appendix B) is used
for sampling powdered or granular wastes  or
materials  in  bags,  fiberdrums,  sacks,  similar
containers or piles.  This sampler is most useful
when the solids are no greater than 0.6 cm (1/4
inch) in diameter.

This  sampler consists  of two slotted telescoping
brass or stainless steel tubes. The outer tube has a
conical, pointed  tip at one end that  permits the
sampler to penetrate the material being sampled.
The sampler is opened and closed by rotating the
inner tube.  Grain samplers are generally 61 to 100
cm (24 to 40 inch) long by 1.27 to 2.54 cm (1/2 to
1 inch) in diameter and are commercially available
at laboratory supply houses.

Use the following procedures to collect waste pile
samples with a grain sampler:

1.  With the sampler in the closed position, insert
    it into the granular or powdered material or
    waste being  sampled from a point near a top
    edge or corner, through the center, and to  a
    point diagonally opposite the point of entry.
                                                 28

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 2.  Rotate the sampler inner tube into the open
    position.

 3.  Wiggle the sampler a  few times to  allow
    material to enter the open slots.

 4.  With  the  sampler in  the  closed  position,
    withdraw it from the material being sampled.

 5.  Place the sampler in a horizontal position .with
    the slots facing upward.

 6.  Rotate the outer tube and slide it away from
    the inner tube.

 7.  If volatile  organic analysis is to be performed,
    transfer the sample into an appropriate, labeled
    sample container with  a stainless steel lab
    spoon, plastic lab spoon, or  equivalent and
    secure the cap tightly.  Place the remainder of
    the sample into a stainless steel, plastic, or
    other  appropriate homogenization container,
    and mix thoroughly to obtain a homogenous
    sample representative of the entire sampling
    interval.  Then, either place  the  sample into
    appropriate, labeled containers and secure the
    caps tightly; or, if composite samples are to be
    collected,  place  a  sample  from  another
    sampling   interval  into  the  homogenization
    container   and   mix  thoroughly.     When
    compositing is complete, place the sample into
    appropriate, labeled containers and secure the
    caps tightly.
5.9    QUALITY ASSURANCE/
        QUALITY CONTROL

There are  no specific quality assurance  activities
which apply  to  the  implementation  of  these
procedures. However, the following QA procedures
apply:

    •  All data must be documented on field data
        sheets or within site logbooks.

    •  All instrumentation must be  operated in
        accordance  with operating instructions as
        supplied  by  the  manufacturer,  unless
        otherwise  specified  in the  work  plan.
        Equipment   checkout  and   calibration
        activities   must   occur   prior   to
        sampling/operation,  and  they  must  be
        documented.
5.10   DATA VALIDATION

This section is not applicable to this SOP.


5.1.1   HEALTH AND SAFETY

When working with potentially hazardous materials,
follow U.S. EPA, OSHA and specific health and
safety procedures.
5.8     CALCULATIONS

This section is not applicable to this SOP.
                                               29

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   APPENDIX A



Drum Data Sheet Form
        31

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                                    Drum Data Sheet Form

                                          SOP #2009
Drum ID#:	                       Date Sampled:

Estimated Liquid Quantity:	                       Time:	

Grid Location:'  	
Staging Location:

Sampler's Name:

Drum Condition:

Sampling Device:
Physical Appearance of the Drum/Bulk Contents:

Odor:  	

Color:  	
pH:  	  % Liquid:
Laboratory                                                           Date of Analysis:
Analytical Data:		
Compatibility:

Hazard:  	
Waste ID:
Treatment Disposal Recommendations:
Approval

Lab:  	                           Date:

Site Manager: 	                           Date:
 * Area of site where drum was originally located.
 Based on di Napoli,  1982.  Table originally  printed in  the  Proceedings of the National  Conference  on
 Management of Uncontrolled Hazardous Waste Sites,  l'>82.  Available from Ha/ardous Materials Control
 Research Institute, 9300 Columbia Blvd., Silver Spring, MD  20*) 10.

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APPENDIX B




   Figures
     35

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Figure 1:  Universal Bung Wrench



         SOP #2009
             36

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Figure 2:  Drum Deheader



      SOP #2009
          37;:

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             Figure 3: Hand Pick, Pickaxe, and Hand Spike



                           SOP #2009
HAND PICK
                                                 PICKAXE
                                HAND  SPIKE
                              38

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Figure 4:  Backhoe Spike



      SOP #2009
           V
          39

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Figure 5:  Hydraulic Drum Opener



         SOP #2009
             40

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Figure 6: Pneumatic Bung Remover



          SOP #2009
               41

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                           Figure 7: Glass Thief

                               SOP# 2009
 Insert open tube  (thief) sampler
 in containerized liquid.
 3.
 Cover top of sampler  with gloved
 thumb.
 4.
Remove   open tube (thief) sampler
from  containerized  liquid.
Place open  tube  sampler over
appropriate  sample bottle and
remove  gloved  thumb.
                                   42

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                                  Figures:  COLIWASA

                                       SOP #2009
    T handle
Locking block
    Stopper
                    lol     I


/
/



,1.



l-
'
6,35

152 c

cr*i<

n<6(
                                                    — 2.86
                                                      17.8  cn<7')
                                                  T  i
                                                  1  I
                                                           •10.16 cm<4'>
                                                               Pipe, PVC, -translucent
                                                               4.13  cm I.D.,
                                                               4.26 cm D.D.
                                                              Stopper  rod, PVC,
                                                              0.95 cn<3/8') D.D.
                                                               Stopper, neoprene, 4*9, tapered,
                                                               0.95  cn<3/8')  PVC lock' nut
                                                               and  washer
           SAMPLING  POSITION
CLOSED  POSITION
                                            43

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Figure 9: Bacon Bomb Sampler



        SOP #2010
            44.

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Figure 10:  Sludge Judge



      SOP #2010
          45

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Figure 11: Subsurface Grab Sampler

           SOP #2010
        Lo
                    La
                    PM
      0   0
                 CD CD
              46

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    Figure 12: Bailer

      SOP #2010
    •STAINLESS WIRE
     CABLE
                    ).TEFLON
     EXTRUDED TUBING,
     18 TO 36" LONG
>Jl	3/4" DIAMETER
     GLASS OR TEFLON

     1" DIAMETER TEFLON
     EXTRUDED ROD
  5/16" DIAMETER
  HOLE
          47

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    Figure 13:  Sampling Augers

         SOP #2017
         X3      LL
 TUBE
AUGER
BUCKET
 AUGER
              48

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    Figure 14:  Sampling Trier


          SOP #2017
o?
2T
I  V
(O
  CSJ
           _J  L
                   1.27-2.54 cm
             49

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Figure 15: Grain Sampler

       SOP #2017
   T
   61-100 cm
    (24-40')
            V
                     1.27-2.54 cm
                      (1/2-r)
             50

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APPENDIX C



 Calculations
    51

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                         Various Volume Calculations

                                SOP #2010
       SPHERE
            ELLIPTICAL CONTAINER
ANY RECTANGULAR CONTAINER

Total Volume
V=1/6 vrD3  =0.523498D3
Partial Volume
V=1/3 TTd2  (3/2 D-d)
                =*==
                             Total Volume
                             V= TV BDH
                             Partial Volume
                             V=  BDh
TRIANGULAR CONTAINER

    Total Volume
     V=1/2 HBL
n


t

                              r
                                           Case 1
                                        Partial  Volume
                                          V=1/2 hBL
                                                         h
                                           Case 2
                                        Partial  Volume
                                       V=1/2 L(HB-hB)
                                                                       '7>\  H
                                                                         — W
                                             Total  Volume
                                             V=HLW
                                             Partial Volume
                                             V=hLW
                                                            RIGHT  CYLINDER
                                               Total Volume
                                               V=1/4TrD2 H

                                               Partial Volume
                                                      D2 h
                                    52 ,c

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             Various Volume Calculations (Cont'd)
      FRUSTUM OF  A CONE
  Case 1                   Case 2
             CONE
Case 1                  Case 2
     PARABOLIC  CONTAINER
• n J
D -|
/
\^^/
— b —
hH
/^"N,
\
• — B — -I
„ i fc
" i_ fc


Total Volume
V=2/3 HDL


« 	 i 	 _.

rh
t
1 "
rh
i
u
•"« 	 1

                                                  Total Volume
                                            V= 7T/12 H(D12+D1 D2+D22)

                                                  Partial Volume
                                            V= TV/12 h(D.,2 +D1 d+d2)
    Total Volume
    V= 7Y/12-D2H

Partial  Volume Case 1
  -  V= 7T/12-d2h
Partial  Volume Case 2
 V= 7T/12-(D2H-d2h)
                                                     Case 1
                                                  Partial  Volume
                                                   V=2/3 hdL
                                                     Case 2
                                                  Partial  Volume
                                                 V=2/3 (HD-hd)-L
                           53

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                                          References


 Illuminating Engineers Society.  1984. IES Lighting Handbook. New York, NY.  eds. John E. Kaufman and
        Jack Christensen.  (2 volumes).

 National Institute for Safety and Health.  October 1985. Occupational Safety and Health Guidance Manual for
        Hazardous Waste Site Activities.

 New Jersey Department of Environmental Protection, Division of Hazardous Site Mitigation.   1988.  Field
        Sampling Procedures Manual.

 U.S. EPA.  1985.  Guidance Document for Cleanup of Surface Tank and Drum Sites.  OSWER Directive
        9380.0-3. NTIS Ref: PB-87-110-72.

 U.S. EPA. 1986. Drum Handling Practices at Hazardous Waste Sites. EPA/600/2-86/013.

 U. S. EPA/Region IV, Environmental Services Division. April 1,1986.  Engineering Support Branch Standard
        Operating Procedures and Quality Assurance Manual. Athens, Georgia.

 U.S. EPA/OSWER.  November, 1986. Test Methods for Evaluating Solid Waste, Third Edition, Vol. II, Field
        Manual.  EPA Docket SW-846.

 U.S. EPA.  1987. A Compendium of Superfund Field Operations Methods.  EPA/540/5-87/001.  Office of
        Emergency and Remedial Response.  Washington, D.C. 20460.
•U.S. Government Printing Office: 1991 — WB-187/40582                55

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