United States
Environmental Protection
Agency
Superfund Innovative
Technology Evaluation
Program
Technology Profiles
Eleventh Edition
Volume 1
Demonstration Program
SUPERFUND INNOVATIVE
TECHNOLOGY EVALUATION
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EPA/540/R-03/501
September 2003
Technology Profiles
Eleventh Edition
Volume 1
Demonstration Program
National Risk Management Research Laboratory
Office of Research and Development
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
Cincinnati, Ohio 45268
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NOTICE
The development of this document was funded by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA)
under Contract No. 68-C-00-185, Task Order 13, to Computer Sciences Corporation. The document
was subjected to the Agency's administrative and peer review and was approved for publication as
an EPA document. Mention of trade names or commercial products does not constitute endorsement
or recommendation for use at any particular hazardous waste site.
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FOREWORD
The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency is charged by Congress with protecting the Nation's
land, air, and water resources. Under a mandate of national environmental laws, the Agency strives
to formulate and implement actions leading to a compatible balance between human activities and
the ability of natural systems to support and nurture life. To meet this mandate, EPA's research
program is providing data and technical support for solving environmental problems today and
building a science knowledge base necessary to manage our ecological resources wisely, understand
how pollutants affect our health, and prevent or reduce environmental risks in the future.
The National Risk Management Research Laboratory is the Agency's center for investigation of
technological and management approaches for preventing and reducing risks from pollution that
threatens human health and the environment. The focus of the Laboratory's research program is on
methods and their cost-effectiveness for prevention and control of pollution to air, land, water, and
subsurface resources; protection of water quality in public water systems; remediation of
contaminated sites, sediments and ground water; prevention and control of indoor air pollution; and
restoration of ecosystems, NRMRL, collaborates with both public and private sector partners to
foster technologies that reduce the cost of compliance and to anticipate emerging problems.
NRMRL's research provides solutions to environmental problems by developing and promoting
technologies that protect and improve the environment; advancing scientific and engineering
information to support regulatory and policy decisions, and providing the technical support and
information transfer to ensure implementation of environmental regulations and strategies at the
national, state, and community levels.
This publication has been produced as part of the Laboratory's strategic long-term research plan.
It is published and made available by the EPA's Office of Research and Development to assist the
user community and to link researchers with their clients.
Hugh W. McKinnon, Director
National Risk Management Research Laboratory
in
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ABSTRACT
The Superfund Innovative Technology Evaluation (SITE) Program, now in its sixteenth year is an
integral part of EPA's research into alternative cleanup methods for hazardous waste sites around
the nation. The SITE Program was created to encourage the development and routine use of
innovative treatment and monitoring and measurement technologies. Under the program, EPA
enters into cooperative agreements with technology developers. These developers research and
refine their innovative technologies at bench- or pilot-scale and then, with EPA's support,
demonstrate them at hazardous waste sites. As a result, the SITE Program provides environmental
decision-makers with data on new, viable treatment technologies that may have performance or cost
advantages compared to traditional treatment technologies.
This document is intended as a reference guide for those interested in technologies participating in
the SITE Demonstration, Emerging Technology, and Measurement and Monitoring Programs. The
two-page pro files are organized into two sections for each program, completed and ongoing projects,
and are presented in alphabetical order by developer name. Reference tables for SITE Program
participants precede the sections and contain EPA and developer contacts. Inquiries about a SITE
technology evaluation or the SITE Program should be directed to the specific EPA project manager;
inquiries on the technology process should be directed to the specific technology developer.
Each technology profile contains (1) a technology developer and process name, (2) a technology
description, including a schematic diagram or photograph of the process, (3) a discussion of waste
applicability, (4) a project status report, and (5) EPA project manager and technology developer
contacts. The profiles also include summaries of demonstration results, if available. The technology
description and waste applicability sections are written by the developer. EPA prepares the status
and demonstration results sections.
A Trade Name Index and Applicability Index are also included in the back of this document. The
Applicability Index is organized by 11 media categories, 19 waste categories, and 14 technology
categories.
IV
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TABLE OF CONTENTS
Page
NOTICE ii
FOREWORD iii
ABSTRACT iv
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS ix
SITE PROGRAM DESCRIPTION 1
SITE PROGRAM CONTACTS 6
Completed Demonstration Program Projects
Active Environmental Technologies, Inc 21
Advanced Remediation Mixing, Inc 23
Amec Earth and Environmental 25
American Combustion, Inc 27
Arctic Foundations, Inc 29
Argonne National Laboratory 31
ARS Technologies, Inc 33
AWD Technologies, Inc 35
Bergmann, a Division of Linatex, Inc 37
Berkeley Environmental Restoration Center 39
Billings and Associates, Inc 41
Biogenesis Enterprises, Inc 43
BIO-REM, Inc 45
Biotherm, LLC 47
Biotrol® 49
Biotrol® 51
Brice Environmental Services Corporation 53
BWX Technologies, Inc 55
Calgon Carbon Advanced Oxidation Technologies 57
CF Systems Corporation 59
Cognis, Inc 61
Colorado Department of Public Health and Environment 63
Commodore Advanced Sciences, Inc 65
Current Environmental Solutions (Six-phase Heating™ of TCE) 67
Duke Engineering and Services, Inc 69
Dynaphore, Inc 71
E.I. Dupont De Nemours and Company, and Oberlin Filter Company 73
E&C Williams, Inc 75
Earth Tech/Westinghouse Savannah River Company 77
Earthsoft (Equis Software) Equis Arcview GIS Interface 79
Ecomat, Inc 81
Ecova Corporation 83
Edenspace, Inc 85
ELI ECO Logic, Inc 87
Emtech Environmental Services 89
Envirometal Technologies, Inc 91
Envirometal Technologies, Inc 93
EPOC Water, Inc 95
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TABLE OF CONTENTS (Continued)
Page
Completed Demonstration Program Projects (Continued)
Filter Flow Technology, Inc 97
Gas Technology Institute 99
General Atomics 101
General Environmental, Inc 103
Geokinetics International, Inc.
(Electroheat-enhancedNonaqueous-phase liquids removal) 105
Geokinetics International Inc.
(Electrokinetics for lead recovery) 107
Geotech 109
GIS\Solutions, Inc Ill
Grace Bioremediation Technologies 113
Gruppo Italimpresse
(developed by Shirco Infrared Systems, Inc.) 115
High Voltage Environmental Applications, Inc 117
Horsehead Resource Development Co., Inc 119
Hrubetz Environmental Services, Inc 121
Hughes Environmental Systems, Inc 123
IIT Research Institute 125
International Waste Technologies and Geo-Con, Inc 127
It Corporation
KMNO4 (Potassium Permanganate) oxidation of TCE 129
It Corporation 131
KAI Technologies, LLC 133
KSE, Inc 135
Mactec-CBP Technologies Company, LLC 137
Magnum Water Technology 139
Matrix Photocatalytic Inc 141
Maxymillian Technologies, Inc 143
Micro-bac® International, Inc.
(Bioaugmentation process) 145
Minergy Corp. (Glass furnace technology for dredged sediments) 147
Morrison Knudsen Corporation/Spetstamponazhgeologia Enterprises 149
North American Technologies Group, Inc 151
New York State department of environmental conservation/
ENSR Consulting and Engineering and Larsen Engineers 153
New York State department of environmental conservation/
Science Applications International Corp 155
New York state Department of environmental conservation/
SBP Technologies, Inc 157
Novaterra Associates 159
U.S. EPA NRMRL (alternative cover assessment program) 161
U.S. EPA National Risk Management Research Laboratory 163
U.S. EPA National Risk Management Research Laboratory 165
U.S. EPA National Risk Management Research Laboratory and
IT Corporation 167
U.S. EPA National Risk Management Research Laboratory and
INTECH 180 Corporation 169
U.S. EPA National Risk Management Research Laboratory,
University of Cincinnati, and FRX, Inc 171
VI
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TABLE OF CONTENTS (Continued)
Page
Completed Demonstration Program Projects (Continued)
U.S. EPA National Risk Management Research Laboratory 173
Pharmacia Corporation 175
Phytokinetics, Inc 177
Pintail Systems, Inc 179
Praxis Environmental Technologies, Inc 181
Regenesis (time release electron acceptors and donors
for accelerated natural attenuation) 183
Region 8 and State of Colorado
(multiple innovative passive mine drainage technologies) 185
Remediation Technologies, Inc 187
Resources Conservation Company 189
Retech M4 Environmental Management Inc 191
Rochem Separation Systems, Inc 193
Rocky Mountain Remediation Services, LLC 195
Sandia National Laboratories 197
SBP Technologies, Inc 199
Sevenson Environmental Services, Inc 201
Smith Environmental Technologies Corporation 203
Soiltech ATP Systems, Inc 205
Soliditech, Inc 207
Solucorp Industries 209
Sonotech, Inc 211
Star Organics, LLC 213
STC Remediation, Inc 215
Steamtech Environmental Services
(Steam Enhanced Remediation [SER] at Loring AFB) 217
Steamtech Environmental Services
(Steam Enhanced Remediation [SER] at Ridgefield, Wa) 219
Terra-Kleen Response Group, Inc 221
Terratherm, Inc. (In situ thermal destruction) 223
Terra Vac 225
Texaco Inc 227
Toronto Harbor Commission 229
University of Idaho Research Foundation 231
University of Nebraska - Lincoln 233
U.S. Filter 235
US EPA Region 9 237
Wastech, Inc 239
Weiss Associates (Electrochemical Remediation Technologies [ECRTS]) 241
Roy F. Weston, Inc./IEG Technologies 243
Roy F. Weston, Inc 245
Wheelabrator Clean Air Systems, Inc 247
Wilder Construction Company 249
ASC/EMR WPAFB (U.S. Air Force) 251
X-19 Biological Products 253
Xerox Corporation 255
Zenon Environmental Inc 257
Zenon Environmental Inc 259
vn
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TABLE OF CONTENTS (Continued)
Page
Ongoing Demonstration Program Projects
Earth Tech, Inc 263
Electro-Petroleum, Inc 265
Geokinetics International, Inc 267
Harding ESE, a Mactec Company 269
Integrated Water Resources, Inc.
(Dynamic underground stripping & hydrous pyrolysis oxidation) 271
Lewis Environmental Services, Inc., Hickson Corporation 273
Lockheed Martin Missiles and Space Co.
and Geokinetics International, Inc 275
Matrix Photocatalytic Inc 277
Process Technologies Incorporated 279
Recycling Sciences International, Inc 281
RKK, LTD 283
Selentec Environmental Technologies, Inc 285
SIVE Services 287
Vortec Corporation 289
Western Research Institute 291
Wheelabrator Technologies, Inc 293
TRADE NAME INDEX 295
APPLICABILITY INDEX 308
LISTS OF FIGURES
1 DEVELOPMENT OF INNOVATIVE TECHNOLOGIES 2
2 INNOVATIVE TECHNOLOGIES IN THE EMERGING
TECHNOLOGY PROGRAM 3
3 INNOVATIVE TECHNOLOGIES IN THE DEMONSTRATION
PROGRAM 4
LIST OF TABLES
1 COMPLETED SITE EMERGING TECHNOLOGY PROGRAM PROJECTS
AS OF SEPTEMBER 2002 7
2 ONGOING SITE EMERGING TECHNOLOGY PROGRAM PROJECTS
AS OF SEPTEMBER 2002 261
vin
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ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
The project manager responsible for the preparation of this document is Teri Richardson of EPA's
National Risk Management Research Laboratory in Cincinnati, Ohio. This document was prepared
under the direction of Robert Olexsey, Director of the Land Remediation and Pollution Control
Division. Key program area contributors for EPA include Annette Gatchett, and Randy Parker.
Special acknowledgment is given to the individual EPA SITE project managers and technology
developers who provided guidance and technical support.
Computer Sciences Corporation prepared this document under the direction and coordination of Teri
Richardson and Annette Gatchett.
IX
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SITE PROGRAM DESCRIPTION
The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency's (EPA) Superfund Innovative Technology Evaluation
(SITE) Program, now in its sixteenth year, encourages the development and implementation of (1)
innovative treatment technologies for hazardous waste site remediation, and (2) characterization and
monitoring technologies for evaluating the nature and extent of hazardous waste site contamination.
The SITE Program was established by EPA's Office of Solid Waste and Emergency Response
(OSWER) and the Office of Research and Development (ORD) in response to the 1986 Superfund
Amendments and Reauthorization Act (SARA), which recognized a need for an "Alternative or
Innovative Treatment Technology Research and Demonstration Program." The SITE Program is
administered by ORD' s National Risk Management Research Laboratory (NRMRL), headquartered
in Cincinnati, Ohio.
The SITE Program includes the following key elements:
• Demonstration Program - Conducts and evaluates demonstrations of promising innovative
technologies to provide reliable performance, cost, and applicability information for site
cleanup decision-making
• Emerging Technology Program - Support of the Emerging Technology Program ended
in 1998 after completion of all committed projects in the Program
• Monitoring and Measurement Technologies - Evaluates technologies that detect, monitor,
and measure hazardous and toxic substances to provide better, faster, and more cost-
effective methods for producing real-time data during site characterization and remediation
• Information Transfer Activities - Disseminates technical information, including
engineering, performance, and cost data, on innovative technologies to remove impediments
for using innovative technologies.
This Technology Profiles document describes completed and ongoing projects in the Demonstration,
Emerging Technology, and Characterization and Monitoring Programs. Figure 1 shows the
relationship among the programs and depicts the process of technology development from initial
concept to commercial use.
In the Demonstration Program, the technology is field-tested on hazardous waste materials.
Engineering and cost data are gathered on the innovative technology so that potential users can
assess the technology's applicability to a particular site. Data collected during the field
demonstration are used to assess the performance of the technology, the potential need for pre- and
post-processing of the waste, applicable types of wastes and waste matrices, potential operating
problems, and approximate capital and operating costs.
Page 1
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Monitoring and
Measurement Technologies
Program
Figure 1 Development of Innovative Technologies
At the conclusion of a SITE demonstration, EPA prepares an Innovative Technology Evaluation
Report (ITER), Technology Capsule, and Demonstration Bulletin. Often, a videotape of the
demonstration is also prepared. These reports evaluate all available information on the technology
and analyze its overall applicability to other site characteristics, waste types, and waste matrices.
Testing procedures, performance and cost data, and quality assurance and quality control standards
are also presented. These demonstration documents are distributed by EPA to provide reliable
technical data for environmental decision-making and to promote the technology's commercial use.
The Demonstration Program currently as 147 program participants conducting 141 demonstrations.
Of these projects 128 demonstrations are complete and 13 are ongoing. The projects are divided into
the following categories: thermal treatment (34), biological degradation (28), physical/chemical
treatment (50), solidification/stabilization (13), phytoremediation (5), soil washing (4), materials
handling (3), and other (4). Several technologies represent more than one treatment category.
Page 2
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Thermal
Treatment
34
Materials
Handling
5
Solidification/
Stabilization
2
Biological
Degradation
19
Physical/
Chemical
38
Figure 2: Innovative Technologies in the Emerging Technology Program
Figure 2 shows the breakdown of technologies in the Demonstration Program. Profiles for
technologies demonstrated under the Demonstration Program are located in Volume I.
EPA has provided technical and financial support to 77 projects in the Emerging Technology
Program. Seventy-three are completed and four have exited the program. Eighteen Emerging
Technology Program projects participated in the Demonstration Program. The seventh-three active
technologies are divided into the following categories: thermal destruction (9), physical/chemical
treatment (38), biological degradation (19), solidification/stabilization (2), and materials handling
(5). Figure 3 displays the breakdown of technologies in the Emerging Technology Program.
Profiles for technologies demonstrated under the Emerging Technology Program are located in
Volume II.
Page 3
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Matenals
Themial Handling
Destruction-, 5
Solidification/
Stabilization
Physical/
D. , . , swwww.,.,.,.,.,.,.,.,.,.,.,.,.,.,.,.,.,.^-—. Chemical
Biological
Degradation-
19 38
Figure 3: Innovative Technologies in the Demonstration Program
The Monitoring and Measurement Technologies (MMT) Program's goal is to assess innovative and
alternative monitoring, measurement, and site characterization technologies. To date, 38 technology
demonstrations have occurred under the MMT Program. These demonstrations have included four
cone penetrometers, 6 field portable X-ray fluorescence units, 6 portable gas chromatographs, 4
spectrophotometers, 12 field test kits, and 6 soil samplers. Profiles for technologies demonstrated
under the MMT Program are located in Volume III.
In the Technology Transfer Program, technical information on innovative technologies in the
Demonstration Program, Emerging Technology Program, and MMT Program is disseminated to
increase the awareness and promote the use of innovative technologies for assessment and
remediation at Superfund sites. The goal of technology transfer activities is to promote
communication among individuals requiring current technical information for conducting site
investigations and cleanups.
The Technology Transfer Program reaches the environmental community through many media,
including:
• Program-specific regional, state, and industry brochures
• On-site Visitors' Days during SITE demonstrations
• Demonstration videotapes
• Project-specific fact sheets to comply with site community relations plans
• ITERs, Demonstration Bulletins, Technology Capsules, and Project Summaries
Page 4
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• The SITE Exhibit, displayed nationwide and internationally at conferences
• Networking through forums, associations, regions, and states
• Technical assistance to regions, states, and remediation cleanup contractors
SITE information including an electronic version of this document, is available through the
following on-line information clearinghouses:
SITE Program Home Page: http://www.epa.gov/ORD/SITE
Cleanup Information Bulletin Board System (CLU-IN)
Help Desk: 301-589-8368; Internet Access: http://www.du-in.org
Technical reports may be obtained by calling the National Service Center for Environmental
Publications in Cincinnati, Ohio. To find out about newly published documents or to be placed on
the SITE mailing list, call or write to:
USEPA/NSCEP
P.O. Box 42419
Cincinnati, OH 45242-2419
1-800-490-9198
Page 5
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SITE PROGRAM CONTACTS
J
The SITE Program is administered by EPA's Office of Research and Development (ORD),
specifically the National Risk Management Research Laboratory (NRMRL). For further information
on the SITE Program or its component programs contact:
Land Remediation and
Pollution Control Division
Robert Olexsey
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
26 West Martin Luther King Drive
Cincinnati, Ohio 45268
513-569-7861
Fax: 513-569-7620
SITE Program
Annette Gatchett
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
26 West Martin Luther King Drive
Cincinnati, Ohio 45268
513-569-7697
Fax: 513-569-7620
Monitoring and
Measurement Program
Stephen Billets
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
P. O. Box 93478
Las Vegas, Nevada 89193-3478
702-798-2232
Fax: 702-798-2261
Emerging Technology
Program
Randy Parker
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
26 West Martin Luther King Drive
Cincinnati, Ohio 45268
513-569-7271
Fax: 513-569-7620
Remediation and
Control Branch
John Martin
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
26 West Martin Luther King Drive
Cincinnati, Ohio 45268
513-569-7758
Fax: 513-569-7620
Treatment and
Destruction Branch
Laurel Staley
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
26 West Martin Luther King Drive
Cincinnati, Ohio 45268
513-569-7863
Fax: 513-569-7620
SITE Management
Support Branch
Teri Richardson
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
26 West Martin Luther King Drive
Cincinnati, Ohio 45268
513/569-7949
Fax: 513-569-7676
Page 6
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TABLE 1
Completed SITE Demonstration Program Projects as of September 2002
Developer/
Technology
Active Environmental, Inc.
Mount Holly, NJ
TechXtract® Decontamination Process
Advanced Remediation
Mixing, Inc.
(formerly Chemfix Technologies Inc,)
Kenner, LA
Solidification and Stabilization
AMEC Earth and Environmental
(formerly Geosafe Corporation)
Richland, WA
GeoMelt Vitrification
American Combustion, Inc.
Norcross, GA
PYRETRON® Thermal Destruction
Arctic Foundations, Inc.
Anchorage, AK
Cryogenic Barrier
Argonne National Laboratory
Argonne, IL
Development of Phytoremediation
ARS Technologies, Inc.
(formerly Accutech Remedial
Systems, Inc,)
Highland Park, NJ *
Pneumatic Fracturing Extraction8""
and Catalytic Oxidation
ASC/EMR WPAFB
Wright Patterson AFB, OH
Phytoremediation of TCE in
Groundwater
AWD Technologies, Inc.
(formerly Dow Environmental, Inc.)
Walnut Creek, CA
Integrated AquaDetox Steam Vacuum
Stripping and Soil Vapor
Extraction/Reinjection
Demonstration Location/
Demonstration Date
Pearl Harbor, Hawaii
March 1997
Portable Equipment Salvage
Company site in Clackamas, OR
March 1989
Parsons Chemical site in Grand
Ledge, MI
March -April 1994
EPA's Incineration Research
facility in Jefferson, AR using
soil from Stringfellow Acid Pit
Superfund Site in Glen Avon,
CA
November 1987 -January 1988
U.S. Department of Energy's
Oak Ridge National Laboratory
in Oak Ridge, Tennessee in
1998.
Argonne National Laboratory-
East
Summer of 1999
New Jersey Environmental
Cleanup Responsibility Act site
in Hillsborough, NJ
July -August 1992
Air Force Plant 4 at
Naval Air Station
Ft. Worth
Spring 1996
San Fernando Valley
Groundwater Basin Superfund
site in Burbank, CA
September 1990
Technology Contact
Scott Fay
609-702-1500
Sam Pizzitola
504-461-0466
James Hansen
Matthew Haass
609-942-1292
Gregory Gitman
770-564-4180
Ed Yarmak
907-562-2741
ext. 103
Christina Negri
630-252-9662
John Liskowitz
908-739-6444
Greg Harvey
937-255-7716
ext. 302
Ken Solcher
713-914-6607
EPA Project
Manager
Dennis Timberlake
513-569-7547
Edwin Earth
513-569-7869
Teri Richardson
513-569-7949
Laurel Staley
513-569-7863
Steven Rock
513-569-7149
Steven Rock
513-569-7149
Paul dePercin
513-569-7797
Steven Rock
513-569-7149
Gordon Evans
513-569-7684
Applicable
Media
Porous Solid
Materials
Soil, Sludge, Solids
Soil, Sludge,
Sediments
Liquids, Solids,
Sludges
Soil
Soil, Groundwater
Soil, Rock,
Groundwater
Groundwater, Soil
Groundwater, Soil
Applicable Waste
Inorganic | Organic
Heavy Metals,
Radionuclides
Heavy metals, Low-
level Nuclear Waste
Nonspecific
Inorganics
Not Applicable
Nonspecific
Inorganics
Tritium
Not Applicable
Not Applicable
Not Applicable
PCBs, Hydrocarbons
Not Applicable
Nonspecific Organics
Nonspecific Organics
Nonspecific Organics
VOCs
Halogenated and
Nonhalogenated
VOCs and SVOCs
TCE, Petroleum,
Munitions,
Halogenated
Hydrocarbons
VOCs, Chlorinated
Hydrocarbons
Solicitation Number
From Emerging Technology Program
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TABLE 1 (Continued)
Completed SITE Demonstration Program Projects as of September 2002
Developer/
Technology
Bergmann, A Division of Linatex,
Inc.
Gallatin, TN
Soil and Sediment Washing
Berkeley Environmental
Restoration Center
Berkeley, CA
In Situ Steam Enhanced Extraction
Process
Billings and Associates, Inc.
Albuquerque, NM
Subsurface Volatilization and
Ventilation System (SVVS®)
BioGenesis Enterprises, Inc.
Springfield, VA
BioGenesisSM Soil and Sediment
Washing Process
Bio-Rem, Inc.
Butler, IN
Augmented In Situ Subsurface
Bioremediation Process
Biotherm, LCC
(formerly Dehydro-Tech Corp)
Somerville, NJ
Biotherm Process™
BioTrof
Eden Prairie, MN
Biological Aqueous Treatment
System
BioTrol®
Eden Prairie, MN
Soil Washing System
Brice Environmental
Services Corporation
Fairbanks, AK
Soil Washing Process
BWX Technologies, Inc.
(Affiliate of Babcock & Wilcox Co.)
Lynchburg, VA
Cyclone Furnace
Demonstration Location/
Demonstration Date
Toronto, Ontario, Canada and
Saginaw Bay Confined Disposal
Facility in Saginaw, MI
April 1992 and May 1992
Lawrence Livermore National
Laboratory in Altamont Hills,
CA
December 1993
Site in Buchanan, MI
March 1993 - May 1994
Refinery site in Minnesota
November 1992
Williams AFB in Phoenix, AZ
May 1992 - June 1993
EPA's Research Facility in
Edison, NJ using wastes from
the PAB Oil site in
Abbeville, LA
August 1991
MacGillis and Gibbs Superfund
site in New Brighton, MN
July -September 1989
MacGillis and Gibbs Superfund
site in New Brighton, MN
September - October 1989
Alaskan Battery Enterprises
Superfund site in Fairbanks, AK
September 1992
Developer's facility in
Alliance, OH
November 1991
Technology Contact
John Best
615-230-2100
Kent Udell
510-642-2928
Steve Collins
510-643-1900
Brad Billings
505-345-1116
Charles Wilde
703-913-9700
David Mann
219-868-5823
800-428-4626
Not Available
Durell Dobbins
612-942-8032
Dennis Chilcote
612-942-8032
Craig Jones
907-456-1955
Evans Reynolds
804-522-6000
EPA Project
Manager
Annette Gatchett
513-569-7697
Paul dePercin
513-569-7797
Paul dePercin
513-569-7797
Annette Gatchett
513-569-7697
Teri Richardson
513-569-7949
Laurel Staley
513-569-7863
Mary Stinson
732-321-6683
Mary Stinson
732-321-6683
John Martin
513-569-7758
Laurel Staley
513-569-7863
Applicable
Media
Soil, Sediment
Soil, Groundwater
Soil, Sludge,
Groundwater
Soil, Sediment,
Sludge
Soil, Water
Soil, Sludge,
Sediment
Liquid Waste,
Groundwater
Soil
Soil
Solids, Soil, Sludge
Applicable Waste
Inorganic
Heavy Metals,
Radionuclides
Not Applicable
Not Applicable
Nonspecific
Inorganics
Not Applicable
Not Applicable
Not Applicable
Nonspecific Metals
Radioactive and
Heavy Metals
Nonspecific, Low-
Level Radionuclides,
Heavy Metals
Organic
PCBs, Nonspecific
Organics
VOCs and SVOCs,
Hydrocarbons,
Solvents
BTEX, Hydrocarbons
Volatile and
Nonvolatile
Hydrocarbons, PCBs,
Nonspecific Organics
Halogenated and
Nonhalogenated
Hydrocarbons
PCBs, Dioxins,
PAHs, Hydrocarbon-
Soluble Organics
Chlorinated and
Nonchlorinated
Hydrocarbons,
Pesticides
High Molecular
Weight Organics,
PAHs, PCP, PCBs,
Pesticides
Hydrocarbons
Nonspecific Organics
Solicitation Number
From Emerging Technology Program
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TABLE 1 (Continued)
Completed SITE Demonstration Program Projects as of September 2002
Developer/
Technology
Calgon Carbon Advanced
Oxidation Technologies
(formerly Vulcan Peroxidation
Systems, Inc.)
Pittsburgh, PA
perox-pure™ Chemical Oxidation
Technology
CF Systems Corporation
Boise, ID
Liquified Gas Solvent Extraction
(LG-SX) Technology
COGNIS, Inc."
Boss, MO
TERRAMET" Soil Remediation
System
Colorado Department of Public
Health and Environment
(Developed by Colorado School of
Mines)
Denver, CO
Constructed Wetlands-Based
Treatment
Commodore Advanced Sciences,
Inc.
Albuquerque, NM
Solvated Electron Technology SetTm
Remediation System
Current Environmental Solutions
Richland, WA
Six-Phase Heating™ of TCE
Duke Engineering and
Services, Inc.
Austin, TX
Surfactant Enhanced Aquifer
Remediation of Nonaqueous Phase
Liquids
E.I. DuPont de Nemours and
Company, and Oberlin Filter Co.
Wilmington, DE
Membrane Microfiltration
Demonstration Location/
Demonstration Date
Lawrence Livermore National
Laboratory in Altamont Hills,
CA
September 1992
New Bedford Harbor Superfund
site in New Bedford, MA
September 1988
Twin Cities Army Ammunition
Plant in New Brighton, MN
August 1994
Constructed Wetlands-Based
Treatment
Began in Summer 1993
Completed November 1993
Construction Battalion Supply
Center in Port Hueneme, CA
September 1996
Cape Canaveral, Florida
July 997
Completed 2001
Mullican Fields,
Pearl Harbor, HI
Palmerton Zinc Superfund site
in Palmerton, PA
April- May 1990
Technology Contact
Bertrand Dussert
412-787-6681
V.M. Poxleitner
208-386-5361
William E. Fristad
248-588-4719
Lou Magdits
573-626-3476
James Lewis
303-692-3390
O.M. Jones
505-872-3508
Bill Heath
509-727-4276
Dick Jackson
John Londergan
512-425-2000
Ernest Mayer
302-774-2277
EPA Project
Manager
Norma Lewis
513-569-7665
Laurel Staley
513-569-7863
Michael Royer
908-321-6633
Edward Bates
513-569-7774
Paul dePercin
513-569-7797
Tom Holdsworth
513-569-7675
Randy Parker
513-569-7271
John Martin
513-569-7758
Applicable
Media
Groundwater,
Wastewater
Soil, Sludge,
Sediment,
Wastewater
Soil, Sludge,
Sediment
Acid Mine Drainage
Soils, Sludges,
Sediments, Oils,
Hand Tools,
Personal Protective
Clothing
Groundwater, Soil
Groundwater
Groundwater,
Leachate,
Wastewater,
Electroplating
Rinsewaters
Applicable Waste
Inorganic
Not Applicable
Not Applicable
Lead, Heavy Metals
Metals
Not Applicable
Not Applicable
Not Applicable
Heavy Metals,
Cyanide, Uranium
Organic
Fuel Hydrocarbons,
Chlorinated Solvents,
PCBs, Phenolics,
Pesticides
VOCs, SVOCs,
PAHs, PCBs,
Dioxins, PCP
Not Applicable
Not Applicable
PCBs, Pesticides,
Halogenated
Compounds
Halogenated Organic;
Nonspecific Organics
Organic Particulates,
Volatile Organics,
Oily Wastes
Solicitation Number
From Emerging Technology Program
-------
P
era
TABLE 1 (Continued)
Completed SITE Demonstration Program Projects as of September 2002
Developer/
Technology
Dynaphore, Inc.
Richmond, VA
FORAGER® Sponge
E&C Williams, Inc.
Summerville, SC
Calcium Sulfide and Calcium
Polysulfide Technologies
Earth Tech/Westinghouse
Savannah River Co.
Roanoke, VA
Enhanced In Situ Bioremediation of
Chlorinated Compounds in
Groundwater
EarthSoft
Contonment, FL
EquIS Software
EcoMat, Inc.
Hayward, CA
Biological Deitrification Process
ECOVA Corporation
Boulder, CO
Bioslurry Reactor
Edenspace, Inc.
(formerly Phytotech)
Dolles, VA
Phytoremediation Technology
ELI Eco Logic
Rockwood, Ontario, Canada
Thermal Gas Phase Reduction Process
and Thermal Desorption Unit
EmTech Environmental Services
(formerly HAZCON, Inc.)
Gulfport, MS
Dechlorination and Immobilization
Demonstration Location/
Demonstration Date
National Lead Industry site in
Pedricktown, NJ
April 1994
Site Mine Facility Butte,
Montana
November 2000
March 1998
Cantonment, FL
Completed in Summer 2002
Former public water supply well
in Bendena, Kansas
May - December 1999
EPA's Test and Evaluation
Facility in Cincinnati, OH
May - September 1991
Former battery manufacturing
facility Tenton, NJ
1997-1998
Middleground Landfill in
Bay City, MI
October- November 1992
Former oil processing plant in
Douglasville, PA/October 1987
Technology Contact
Norman Rainer
804-288-7109
Robert McManus
843-821-4200
Dr. Brian B. Looney
803-725-3692
Rosann Kryczkowski
540-362-7356
Mitch Beard
800-649-8855
Peter J. Hall
510-783-5885
Not Applicable
Michael Blaylock
703-961-8700
Jim Nash
519-856-9591
Ray Funderburk
228-868-9915
EPA Project
Manager
Carolyn Esposito
732-906-6895
Edward Bates
513-569-7774
Vince Gallardo
513-569-7176
Richard Eilers
513-569-7809
Randy Parker
513-569-7271
Annette Gatchett
513-569-7697
Steven Rock
513-569-7149
Gordon Evans
513-569-7684
Paul dePercin
513-569-7797
Applicable
Media
Industrial
Discharge,
Municipal Sewage,
Process Streams,
Acid Mine Drainage
Sludge,
Groundwater,
Sediment, Soils
Groundwater
Not Applicable
Groundwater,
Wastewater
Soil, Sludge,
Sediment
Soil, Sediment,
Groundwater
Soil, Sludge,
Liquids
Soil, Sludge,
Sediment
Applicable Waste
Inorganic
Metals
Mercury
Not Applicable
Not Applicable
Perchlorate
Not Applicable
Not Applicable
Not Applicable
Heavy Metals
Organic
Not Applicable
Not Applicable
VOCs
Not Applicable
MTBE
Creosote and
Petroleum Wastes
Nonspecific Organics
PCBs, PAHs,
Chlorinated Dioxins
and Dibenzofurans,
Chlorinated Solvents
and Chlorophenols
Nonspecific
Chlorinated Organics
Solicitation Number
From Emerging Technology Program
-------
P
CTQ
ffi
TABLE 1 (Continued)
Completed SITE Demonstration Program Projects as of September 2002
Developer/
Technology
EnviroMetal Technologies Inc.
Guelph, Ontario, Canada
In Situ and Ex Situ Metal-Enhanced
Abiotic Degradation of Dissolved
Halogenated Organic Compounds in
Groundwater
(Two Demonstrations)
EnviroMetal Technologies, Inc.
Guelph, Ontario, Canada
In Situ Reactive Barrier
EPOC Water, Inc.
Fresno, CA
Precipitation, Microfiltration, and
Sludge Dewatering
Filter Flow Technology, Inc.
League City, XX
Colloid Polishing Filter Method®
Gas Technology Institute
(formerly Institute of Gas
Technology)
Cement-Lock Technology
General Atomics
(formerly Ogden Environmental)
San Diego, CA
Circulating Bed Combustor
General Environmental Inc.
(formerly Hydrologies, Inc. /Cure
International, Inc.)
Denver, CO
CURE®-Electrocoagulation
Wastewater Treatment System
Geokinetics International, Inc.
Berkeley, CA
Electroheat-Enhanced Nonaquious-
Phase Liquids Removal
Geokinetics International, Inc.
Berkeley, CA
Electrokinetics for Lead Recovery
GeoTech Development Corporation
Newark, NJ
Cold Top Ex-Situ Verification of
Chromium-Contaminated Soils
Demonstration Location/
Demonstration Date
Industrial facility in New Jersey
and industrial facility in
New York
November 1994 - February
1995 and May - December 1995
Rocky Flats Environmental
Technology Site in Golden
Colorado, 1996
Iron Mountain Superfund site in
Redding, CA
May - June 1992
DOE's Rocky Flats Plant in
Denver, CO
September 1993
Bench-Scale
Developer's facility in San
Diego, CA using waste from the
McColl Superfund site in
Fullerton, CA/March 1989
DOE's Rocky Flats Plant in
Denver, CO
August - September 1995
Pearl Harbor, Oahu, HI
1997
During the Summer of 2002
Geotech's Pilot Plant in Niagara
Falls, NY
February-March 1997
Technology Contact
John Vogan
Stephanie O'Hannesin
519-824-0432
John Vogan
519-824-0432
Rodney Squires
559-291-8144
Tod Johnson
281-332-3438
Anil Goyal
847-768-0605
Dan Jensen
858-445-4158
Carl Dalrymple
303-889-5949
Dan Eide
561-575-3500
Dr. Stephan R. Clarke
510-704-2941
Dr. Stephan R. Clarke
510-701-2941
Thomas Tate
610-337-8515
William Librizzi
973-596-5846
EPA Project
Manager
Annette Gatchett
513-569-7697
Thomas Holdsworth
513-569-7675
Annette Gatchett
513-569-7697
Annette Gatchett
513-569-7697
Edward Earth
513-569-7669
Douglas Grosse
513-569-7844
Steven Rock
513-569-7149
Thomas Holdsworth
513-569-7645
Thomas Holdsworth
513-569-7675
Marta K. Richards
513-569-7692
Applicable
Media
Groundwater
Groundwater
Wastewater
Sludge, Wastewater,
Leachable Soil
Groundwater,
Industrial
Wastewater
Soil, Sediment
Soil, Sludge, Slurry,
Liquids
Water
Clay, Silty Clay,
Shale Beds, Gravel
Deposits, etc.
Soil, Sediment
Solids, Ash, Slag
Applicable Waste
Inorganic
Not Applicable
Metals
Heavy Metals
Heavy Metals,
Nontritium
Radionuclides
Heavy Metals
Metals, Cyanides,
Nonspecific
Inorganics
Metals and
Radionuclides
Not Applicable
Lead
Hexavalent
Chromium, Heavy
metals
Organic
Halogenated Organic
Compounds
VOCs
Nonspecific Organics
Not Applicable
Nonspecific Organics
Halogenated and
Nonhalogenated
Organic Compounds,
PCBs
Not Applicable
Fuel Oil, Diesel,
Kerosene, PAHs,
Coal Tar, Hydraulic
Fluid, TCE
Not Applicable
Not Applicable
Solicitation Number
From Emerging Technology Program
-------
TABLE 1 (Continued)
Completed SITE Demonstration Program Projects as of September 2002
Developer/
Technology
GIS\Solutions, Inc.
Concord, CA
GIS\Key™ Environmental Data
Management System
GRACE Bioremediation
Technologies
Mississauga, Ontario, Canada
DARAMEND™ Bioremediation
Technology
Gruppo Italimpresse (developed by
Shirco Infrared Systems, Inc.)
(formerly Ecova Europa)
Rome, Italy
Infrared Thermal Destruction
High Voltage Environmental
Applications, Inc.
(formerly Electron Beam Research
Facility, Florida International
University, and University of Miami)
Wilmington, NC
High-Energy Electron Irradiation
Horsehead Resource
Development Co., Inc.
Palmerton, PA
Flame Reactor
Hrubetz Environmental
Services, Inc.
Dallas, TX
HRUBOUT® Hot Air Injection
Process
Hughes Environmental
Systems, Inc.
Steam Enhanced Recovery Process
IIT Research Institute
Chicago, IL
Radio Frequency Heating
International Waste Technologies
and Geo-Con, Inc.
Monroeville, PA
In Situ Solidification and Stabilization
Process
Demonstration Location/
Demonstration Date
San Francisco, CA and
Washington, DC
August 1993 (CA) and
December 1993 (DC)
Domtar Wood Preserving
facility in Trenton, Ontario,
Canada
Fall 1993 - September 1994
Peak Oil Superfund site in
Brandon, FL and Rose
Township-Demode Road
Superfund site in Oakland
County, MI. August 1987 (FL)
and November 1987 (MI)
DOE's Savannah River site in
Aiken, SC
September - November 1994
Developer's facility in Monaca,
PA using waste from National
Smelting and Refining
Company Superfund site in
Atlanta, GA
March 1991
Kelly Air Force Base in San
Antonio, TX
January - February 1993
Fuel spill site in Huntington
Beach, CA
August 1991 - September 1993
Kelly Air Force Base in San
Antonio, TX
August 1993
General Electric Service Shop
site in Hialeath, FL
April 1988
Technology Contact
Lawrence Eytel
925-944-3720
ext. 211
Alan Seech
David Raymond
905-273-5374
John Goffi or
Grupo Italimpresse
606-883-1900
William Cooper
910-962-3450
Regis Zagrocki
724-773-9031
Not Available
Not Available
Harsh Dev
312-567-4257
Stephen McCann
412-856-7700
EPA Project
Manager
Richard Eilers
513-569-7809
Teri Richardson
513-569-7949
Laurel Staley
513-569-7863
Franklin Alvarez
513-569-7631
Marta K. Richards
513-569-7692
Gordon Evans
513-569-7684
Paul dePercin
513-569-7797
Laurel Staley
513-569-7863
Mary Stinson
732-321-6683
Applicable
Media
Not Applicable
Soil, Sediment,
Sludge
Soil, Sediment
Liquid, Sludge
Soil, Sludge,
Industrial Solid
Residues
Soil
Soil, Groundwater
Soil
Soil, Sediment,
Sludge
Applicable Waste
Inorganic
Not Applicable
Lead, Manganese,
Zinc
Not Applicable
Not Applicable
Heavy Metals
Not Applicable
Not Applicable
Not Applicable
Nonspecific
Inorganics
Organic
Not Applicable
PAHs, PCP, Total
Petroleum
Hydrocarbons
Nonspecific Organics
Most Organics
Not Applicable
Halogenated or
Nonhalogenated
VOCs and SVOCs
VOCs, SVOCs,
Hydrocarbons,
Solvents
Petroleum
Hydrocarbons, VOCs
SVOCs, Pesticides
PCBs, PCP, Other
Nonspecific Organics
Solicitation Number
From Emerging Technology Program
-------
CTQ
ffi
TABLE 1 (Continued)
Completed SITE Demonstration Program Projects as of September 2002
Developer/
Technology
IT Corporation
Tampa, FL
KMnO4 (Potassium Permanganate)
Oxidation of TCE
IT Corporation
(formerly OHM Remediation Services
Corp.)
Findllay, OH
X*TRAX™ Thermal Desorption
KAI Technologies, LLC.
Portsmouth, NH
Radio Frequency Heating
KSE, Inc.
Amherst, MA
Adsorption-Integrated-Reaction
Process
MacTec-SBP Technologies
Company
(formerly EG&G Environmental, Inc)
Golden, CO
No VOCs™ In-Well Stripping
Technology
Magnum Water Technology
El Segundo, CA
CAV-OX® Process
Matrix Photocatalytic Inc."
London, Ontario, Canada
Photocatalytic Aqueous Phase
Organic Destruction
Maxymillian Technologies, Inc.
(formerly Clean Berkshires, Inc.)
Boston, MA
Thermal Desorption System
Demonstration Location/
Demonstration Date
LC34, Cape Canaveral, FL
Re-Solve, Inc., Superfund site
in North Dartmouth, MA
May 1992
Kelly Air Force Base in San
Antonio, TX
January -July 1994
Dover Air Force Base,
Dover, Delaware
Naval Air Station North Island
in San Diego, California
June 1998
Edwards Air Force Base, CA
March 1993
DOE's Oak Ridge Reservation
in Oak Ridge, TN
August - September 1995
Niagara Mohawk Power
Corporation Harbor Point site in
Utica, NY
November - December 1993
Technology Contact
Ernest Mott-Smith
813-612-3677
Robert Biolchini
419-423-3526
Raymond Kasevich
Michael Marley
413-528-6634
J.R. Kittrell
413-549-5506
Mark McGalthery
303-278-3100
Dale Cox
310-322-4143
Jack Simser
310-640-7000
Bob Henderson
519-660-8669
Neal Maxymillian
617-557-6077
EPA Project
Manager
Tom Holdsworth
513-56-7675
Paul dePercin
513-569-7797
Laurel Staley
513-569-7863
Vince Gallardo
513-569-7176
Michelle Simon
513-569-7469
Richard Eilers
513-569-7809
Richard Eilers
513-569-7809
Annette Gatchett
513-569-7697
Applicable
Media
Soil, Groundwater
Soil, Sludge, Solids
Soil
Air Streams
Groundwater
Groundwater,
Wastewater
Wastewater,
Groundwater,
Process Water
Soil
Applicable Waste
Inorganic | Organic
Not Applicable
Mercury, Heavy
Metals
Not Applicable
Not Applicable
Soluble metals
Cyanide
Nonspecific
Inorganics
Cyanide
Halogenated VOCs
VOCs, SVOCs,
PCBs, Hydrocarbons
Petroleum
Hydrocarbons, VOCs,
SVOCs, Pesticides
VOCs
BTEX, TCE, DCE,
PAHs, Alcohols,
Ketones
Halogenated
Solvents, Phenol,
PCP, PCBs, BTEX
Most Organics
VOCs, SVOCs,
PAHs, Coal Tars
Solicitation Number
From Emerging Technology Program
-------
TABLE 1 (Continued)
Completed SITE Demonstration Program Projects as of September 2002
Developer/
Technology
Micro-BAC® International, Inc.
Round Rock, XX
Bioaugmentation Process
Minergy Corporation
Neenah, WI
Glass Furnace Technology for
Dredged Sediments
Morrison Knudsen Corporation/
Spetstamponazhgeologia
Enterprises
Boise, ID
Clay-Based Grouting Technology
New York State Department of
Environmental Conservation/
ENSR Consulting and
Engineering, and Larsen
Engineers
Albany, NY
Ex Situ Biovault
New York State Department of
Environmental Conservation/ SBP
Technologies, Inc.
Albany NY
Groundwater Circulation Biological
Treatment Process
New York State Department of
Environmental Conservation/
Science Applications International
Corp.
Albany, NY
In Situ Bioventing Treatment System
North American Technologies
Group, Inc.
Bellaire, TX
Oleophilic Amine-Coated Ceramic
Chip
NOVATERRA Associates
(formerly Toxic Treatment, Inc.)
Los Angeles, CA
In Situ Soil Treatment (Steam and Air
Stripping)
Demonstration Location/
Demonstration Date
Lower Colorado River
Authority Goldthwaite, TX
August 2000
Minergy's pilot glass furnace,
located in Winneconne,
Wisconsin
August 2001
Mike Horse Mine Site in
Montana
1994-1996
Sweden 3 -Chapman site in
Sweden, NY
July -December 1994
Sweden 3-Chapman site in
Sweden, NY
July 1994 -Fall 1995
Sweden 3 -Chapman site in
Sweden, NY
July -December 1994
Petroleum Products Corporation
site in Fort Lauderdale, FL
June 1994
Annex Terminal in
San Pedro, CA
September 1989
Technology Contact
Todd Kenney
512-310-9000
Terrence W. Carroll
920-727-1411
Rick Raymondi
208-386-5000
Jim Harrington
518-457-0337
Dr. David Ramsden
713-520-9900
Dr. N. Sathiyakumar
716-272-7310
Jim Harrington
518-457-0337
Richard Desrosiers
914-694-2280
Jim Harrington
518-457-0337
Richard Cronce
717-901-8100
Tim Torrillion
713-662-2699
Phil La Mori
310-328-9433
EPA Project
Manager
Ronald Herrmann
513-569-7741
Marta K. Richards
513-569-7271
Annette Gatchett
513-569-7697
Annette Gatchett
513-569-7697
Michelle Simon
513-569-7469
Annette Gatchett
513-569-7697
Laurel Staley
513-569-7863
Paul dePercin
513-569-7797
Applicable
Media
Soil, Groundwater,
Wastewater
Sediments
Groundwater,
Liquid
Soil
Soil, Groundwater
Soil
Groundwater,
Marine Wastes
Soil, Sludge,
Liquids
Applicable Waste
Inorganic
Not Applicable
Nonspecific
Inorganics
Heavy Metals
Not Applicable
Not Applicable
Not Applicable
Not Applicable
Nonspecific
Inorganics, Heavy
Metals
Organic
TPH, PAH, PCB
Not Applicable
Nonspecific Organics
Chlorinated and
Nonchlorinated VOCs
and SVOCs
Chlorinated and
Nonchlorinated VOC;
Chlorinated and
Nonchlorinated
VOCs, SVOCs
Gasoline, Crude Oil,
Diesel Fuel, BTEX,
PAHs, PCBs, PCP,
Trichloroethene
VOCs, SVOCs,
Hydrocarbons
Solicitation Number
From Emerging Technology Program
-------
TABLE 1 (Continued)
Completed SITE Demonstration Program Projects as of September 2002
Developer/
Technology
Pharmacia Corporation
(formerly Monsanto/DuPont)
St. Louis, MO
Lasagna™ In Situ Soil Remediation
Phyto kinetics, Inc.
North Logan, UT
Phytoremediation Process
Pintail Systems, Inc.
Denver, CO
Spend Ore Bioremediation Process
Praxis Environmental Technologies,
Inc.
Burlingame, CA
In Situ Thermally Enhanced
Extraction (TEE) Process
Regenesis
San Clemente, CA
Time Release Electron Acceptors and
Donors for Accelerated Natural
Attenuation
Region 8 and State of Colorado
Pittsburgh, PA
Multiple Innovative Passive Mine
Drainage Technologies
Remediation Technologies, Inc.
(formerly Mo Tech, Inc.)
Seattle, WA
Liquid and Solids Biological
Treatment
Resources Conservation Company
Bellevue, WA
B.E.S.T. Solvent Extraction
Technology
Retech, M4 Environmental
Management Inc.
Ukiah, CA
Plasma Arc Vitrification
Rochem Separation Systems, Inc.
Torrance, CA
Reverse Osmosis: Disc Tube™
Module Technology
Demonstration Location/
Demonstration Date
DOE's Paducah Gaseous
Diffusion Plant, Kentucky
May 1995
Former Chevron Terminal
#129-0350 Site, Ogden, UT
1996-1999
EchoBay/McCoy Cover Mine
Site near Battle Mountain, NV
June 11, 1997 -August 26,
1997
Operable Unit 2 at Hill Air
Force Base, Ogden, UT
June and July 1997
Fisherville Mill, Grafton, MA
July 2000
Rocky Mountain Arsenal,
Denver, CO
May 2001
Summitville Mine Superfund
Site in the San Juan Mountains
in southwestern Colorado
Niagara Mohawk Power
Corporation Facility
Harbor Point, Utica, NY
June- August 1995
Grand Calumet River site in
Gary, IN
July 1992
DOE's Component
Development and Integration
Facility in Butte, MT/July 1991
Central Landfill Superfund site
in Johnston, RI
August 1994
Technology Contact
Dr. SaHo
314-694-5179
Ari Ferro
435-750-0985
Leslie Thompson
303-367-8443
Dr. Lloyd Steward
650-548-9288
Major Paul B. Devan
850-283-6288
Dr. Stephen
Koenigsberg
949-366-8000
George Watzlaf
412-386-6754
Mike Jenkins
304-329-1056
Merv Cooper
206-624-9349
William Heins
425-828-2400
ext. 1330
Ronald Womack
Leroy Leland
707-467-1721
David LaMonica
310-370-3160
EPA Project
Manager
Wendy Davis-Hoover
513-569-7206
Dr. Michael Roulier
513-569-7796
Steven Rock
513-569-7149
Patrick Clark
513-569-7561
Paul dePercin
513-569-7797
Paul dePercin
513-569-7797
Edward Bates
513-569-7675
Annette Gatchett
513-569-7697
Mark Meckes
513-569-7348
Laurel Staley
513-569-7863
Douglas Grosse
513-569-7844
Applicable
Media
Groundwater, Soils
Soil, Sediment,
Groundwater
Spent Ore, Waste
Rock, Mine
Tailings, Mining
Process Water
Soil, Groundwater
Soil, Groundwater
Waste Water, Heavy
Metals, Leachate
Soil, Sediment,
Sludge
Soil, Sludge,
Sediment
Soil, Sludge,
Liquids, Solids
Nonspecific
Liquids, Leachates
Applicable Waste
Inorganic
Nonspecific
Inorganics
Not Applicable
Cyanide
Not Applicable
Not Applicable
Metals
Not Applicable
Not Applicable
Heavy Metals
Nonspecific
Inorganics
Organic
Nonspecific Organics
Nonspecific Organics
Not Applicable
VOCs and SVOCs,
Hydrocarbons,
Solvents
Halogenated VOCs
Not Applicable
Biodegradable
Organics, Creosote,
PCP, PAHs
Hydrocarbons, PCBs,
PAHs, Pesticides,
Herbicides
Nonspecific Organics
Organic Solvents
Solicitation Number
From Emerging Technology Program
-------
TABLE 1 (Continued)
Completed SITE Demonstration Program Projects as of September 2002
Developer/
Technology
Rocky Mountain Remediation
Services, L.L.C.
Golden, CO
ENVIROBOND™ Solution
Sandia National Laboratories
Albuquerque, NM
In Situ Electrokinetic Extraction
System
SBP Technologies, Inc.
Baton Rouge, LA
Membrane Filtration and
Bioremediation
Sevenson Environmental Services,
Inc.
(formerly Mae Corp, Inc.)
Merrillville, IN
MAECTITE® Chemical Treatment
Process
Smith Environmental
Technologies Corporation
(formerly Canonie Environmental
Services Corporation)
Englewood, CO
Low Temperature Thermal Aeration
(LTTA®)
SoilTech ATP Systems, Inc.
Englewood, CO
Anaerobic Thermal Processor
Soliditech, Inc.
Houston, TX
Solidification and Stabilization
SOLUCORP Industries
West Nyack, NY
Molecular Bonding System®
Sonotech, Inc.
Atlanta, GA
Frequency-Tunable Pulse
Combustion System
Demonstration Location/
Demonstration Date
Crooksville/Roseville Pottery
Site in Ohio
SNL RCRA regulated landfill
May 1996
American Creosote Works in
Pensacola, FL
October 1991
Over 40 states, Canada, Italy,
and Mexico
1993-1997
Pesticide site in Phoenix, AZ
September 1992
Wide Beach Development
Superfund site in Brant, NY and
Waukegan Harbor Superfund
site in Waukegan, IL
May 1991 (NY); June 1992 (IL)
Imperial Oil
Company/Champion Chemical
Company Superfund site in
Morganville, NJ
December 1988
Midvale Slag Superfund Site in
Midvale, Utah
1997
EPA's Incineration Research
Facility in Jefferson, AR
September - October 1994
Technology Contact
Bob McPherson
303-966-5414
Eric Lindgren
505-844-3820
Earl D. Mattson
505-856-3311
SBP Technologies,
Inc.
Baton Rouge, LA
504-755-7711
Charles McPheeters
219-756-4686
Joseph Hutton
219-926-8651
Joseph Hutton
219-926-8651
Bill Stallworth
713-497-8558
Robert Kuhn
914-623-2333
Ben Zinn
404-894-3033
EPA Project
Manager
Ed Earth
513-569-7669
Randy Parker
513-569-7271
John Martin
513-569-7758
Annette Gatchett
513-569-7697
Paul dePercin
513-569-7797
Paul dePercin
513-569-7697
Annette Gatchett
513-569-7697
Thomas Holdsworth
513-5697675
Marta K. Richards
513-569-7692
Applicable
Media
Soil, Waste Streams,
Other Media
Soil
Groundwater,
Surface Water,
Storm Water,
Landfill Leachates,
Industrial Process
Wastewater
Soil, Sludge,
Sediment, Solids
Soil, Sludge,
Sediment
Soil, Sludge,
Sediment
Soil, Sludge
Soil, Sludge
Soil, Sludge,
Sediment, Gas
Applicable Waste
Inorganic
Lead, Heavy Metals
Anionic Heavy
Metals, Hexavalent
Chromium
Not Applicable
Lead, Other Heavy
Metals
Not Applicable
Mercury
Metals, Nonspecific
Inorganics
Heavy Metals
Nonspecific
Inorganics
Organic
Not Applicable
Not Applicable
Organic Compounds,
PAHs, Petroleum
Hydrocarbons, TCE,
PCP
Not Applicable
VOCs, SVOCs,
OCPs, OPPs, TPH
Petroleum and
Halogenated
Hydrocarbons, PAHs,
VOCs, SVOCs
Nonspecific Organics
Oil and Grease
Not Applicable
Nonspecific Organics
Solicitation Number
From Emerging Technology Program
-------
TABLE 1 (Continued)
Completed SITE Demonstration Program Projects as of September 2002
Developer/
Technology
Star Organics, L.L.C
Dallas, XX
Soil Rescue Remediation Fluid
STC Remediation, Inc.
(formerly Silicate Technology
Corporation)
Scottsdale, AZ
Organic Stabilization and Chemical
Fixation/ Solidification
SteamTech Environmental Services
Bakersfield, CA
Steam Enhanced Remediation (SER)
at Loring AFB
SteamTech Environmental Services
Bakersfield, CA
Steam Enhanced Remediation (SER)
at Ridgefield, WA
Terra-Kleen Response Group, Inc.
San Diego, CA
Solvent Extraction Treatment System
Terra Vac
Windsor, NJ
In Situ and Ex Situ Vacuum
Extraction
TerraTherm, Inc.
Fitchburg, MA
In Situ Thermal Destruction
Texaco Inc.
S. El Monte, CA
Texaco Gasification Process
Toronto Harbor Commission
Toronto, Ontario Canada
Soil Recycling
U.S. EPA/National Risk
Management Research
Laboratory
Cincinnati, OH
Alternative Cover Assessment
Program
Demonstration Location/
Demonstration Date
Crooksville/Ro Seville Pottery
Site in Ohio
September 1998
Selma Pressure Treating
Superfund site in Selma, CA
November 1990
Loring Air Force Base
Summer 2002
Ridgefield, WA
Spring 2002
Naval Air Station North Island
in San Diego, CA
May - June 1994
Groveland Wells Superfund site
in Groveland, MA
December 1987 - April 1988
Department of Defense Sites
1995
Developer's Montebello
Research Laboratory using a
mixture of soil from the Purity
Oil Sales Superfund site in
Fresno, CA
January 1994
Toronto Port Industrial District
in Toronto, Ontario, Canada
April- May 1992
Various Landfills
Technology Contact
Phil G. Clarke
214-522-0742
Scott Larsen
Stephen Pegler
480-948-7100
Hank Sowers
661-322-6478
Hank Sowers
661-322-6478
Alan Cash
858-558-8762
Joseph A. Pezzullo
609-371-0070
Dr. Ralph S. Baker
978-343-0300
Tom Levninger
562-699-0948
Ken Lundy
416-462-1261 ext. 11
Not Applicable
EPA Project
Manager
Ed Earth
513-569-7669
Edward Bates
513-569-7774
Eva Davis
580-436-8548
Marta Richards
513-569-7692
Mark Meckes
513-569-7348
Terrence Lyons
513-569-7589
Mary Stinson
732-321-6683
Marta K. Richards
513-569-7692
Marta K. Richards
513-569-7692
Teri Richardson
513-569-7949
Steven Rock
513-569-7149
Applicable
Media
Soil
Soil, Sludge,
Wastewater
Soil, Groundwater
Soil, Groundwater
Soil, Sludge,
Sediment
Soil, Groundwater
Soil
Soil, Sludge,
Sediment
Soil
Landfills
Applicable Waste
Inorganic
Lead, Other Heavy
Metals
Heavy Metals,
Cyanides, Fluorides,
Arsenates,
Chromates, Selenium
Not Applicable
Not Applicable
Not Applicable
Not Applicable
Not Applicable
Nonspecific
Inorganics
Nonspecific
Inorganics
Not Applicable
Organic
Not Applicable
Nonspecific Organics,
PAHs
Chlorinated VOCs
Chlorinated VOCs
PCBs, PCP, PAH,
Creosote, Chlorinated
Pesticides, PCDD,
PCDF
VOCs, SVOCs
VOCs, PAH, PCBs
Nonspecific Organics
Nonspecific Organics
Not Applicable
Solicitation Number
From Emerging Technology Program
-------
TABLE 1 (Continued)
Completed SITE Demonstration Program Projects as of September 2002
Developer/
Technology
U.S. EPA/National Risk
Management Research
Laboratory
Cincinnati, OH
Base-Catalyzed Decomposition
Process
U.S. EPA/National Risk
Management Research
Laboratory
Cincinnati, OH
Bioventing
U.S. EPA/National Risk
Management Research
Laboratory
Cincinnati, OH
Mobile Volume Reduction Unit
U.S. EPA/National Risk
Management Research
Laboratory and
INTECH 180 Corporation
Cincinnati, OH
Fungal Treatment Technology
U.S. EPA/National Risk
Management Research
Laboratory and
IT Corporation
Cincinnati, OH
Debris Washing System
U.S. EPA/National Risk
Management Research
Laboratory, University of
Cincinnati, and FRX, Inc.
Cincinnati, OH
Hydraulic Fracturing
U.S. EPA Region 9
San Francisco, CA
Excavation Techniques and Foam
Suppression Methods
U.S. Filter
(formerly Ultrox International Inc.)
Sunnyville, CA
Ultraviolet Radiation and Oxidation
Demonstration Location/
Demonstration Date
Koppers Company Superfund
site in Morrisville, NC
August - September 1993
Reilly Tar Site
St. Louis Park, MN
November 1992
Escambia Treating Company
site in Pensacola, FL
November 1992
Brookhaven Wood Preserving
site in Brookhaven, MS
June - November 1992
Superfund sites in Detroit, MI;
Hopkinsville, KY; and Walker
County, GA
September 1988 (MI),
December 1989 (KY), and
August 1990(GA)
Xerox Corporation site in Oak
Brook, IL and an underground
storage tank spill site in Dayton,
OH. July 1991 - September
1992 (IL) and August 1991 -
September 1992 (OH)
McColl Superfund site in
Fullerton, CA
June - July 1990
Lorentz Barrel and Drum
Company site in San Jose, CA
March 1989
Technology Contact
George Huffman
513-569-7431
Yei-Shong Shieh
213-832-0700
Paul McCauley
513-569-7444
Richard Griffiths
513-569-7832
John Glaser
513-569-7568
Richard Lamar
801-753-2111
Majid Dosani
513-782-4700
William Slack
513-469-6040
John Blevins
415-744-2400
Dr. Richard Woodling
408-752-1690
EPA Project
Manager
Terrence Lyons
513-569-7589
Paul McCauley
513-569-7444
Teri Richardson
513-569-7949
Teri Richardson
513-569-7949
John Martin
513-569-7758
MMichael Roulier
513-569-7796
Annette Gatchett
513-569-7697
Norma Lewis
513-569-7665
Applicable
Media
Soil, Sediment,
Sludge
Soil
Soil
Soil
Debris
Soil, Groundwater
Soil, Sludge,
Sediment, Air
Groundwater,
Leachate,
Wastewater
Applicable Waste
Inorganic
Not Applicable
Not Applicable
Metals
Not Applicable
Nonspecific
Inorganics
Nonspecific
Inorganics
Metals
Not Applicable
Organic
PCBs, PCP,
Halogenated
Compounds,
Polychlorinated
Dioxins and Furans
Nonspecific Organics
Creosote, PCP, PAHs,
VOCs, SVOCs,
Pesticides
PCP, PAHs,
Chlorinated Organics
Nonspecific Organics
PCBs, Pesticides
Nonspecific Organics
VOCs, SVOCs
Halogenated
Solvents, VOCs,
Pesticides, PCBs,
BTEX, PCP
Solicitation Number
From Emerging Technology Program
-------
P
CTQ
TABLE 1 (Continued)
Completed SITE Demonstration Program Projects as of September 2002
Developer/
Technology
University of Idaho Research
Foundation
(formerly licensed by J.R. Simplot
Company)
Moscow, ID
The SABRE™ Process
University of Nebraska-Lincoln
Lincoln, NE
Center Pivot Spray Irrigation System
WASTECH, Inc.
Solidification and Stabilization
Weiss Associates
Emeryville, CA
Electrochemical Remediation
Technologies (ECRTs)
Roy F. Weston, Inc.
West Chester, PA
Low Temperature Thermal Treatment
System
Roy F. Weston, Inc./IEG
Technologies
West Chester, PA
UVB - Vacuum Vaporizing Well
Wheelabrator Clean Air Systems,
Inc.
(formerly Chemical Waste
Management, Inc.)
Schaumburg, IL
PO*WW*ER™ Technology
Wilder Construction Company
Everett, WA
MatCon™ Modified Asphalt Cap
X-19 Biological Products
Santa Clara, CA
Microbial Degradation of PCBs
Demonstration Location/
Demonstration Date
Bowers Field in Ellensburg,
WA and Weldon Spring
Ordnance Works site in
Weldon Spring, MO
July 1993 (WA) and September
1993 - February 1994 (MO)
North Landfill Subsite in
Hastings, NE
July 1996
Robins Air Force Base in
Warner Robins, GA
August 1991
February 2001
Anderson Development
Company Superfund site in
Adrian, MI
November - December 1991
March Air Force Base, CA
May 1993 - May 1994
Chemical Waste Management's
facility in Lake Charles, LA
September 1992
Dover Air Force Base Site
April 1999
Lower Colorado River
Authority in Goldthwaite, TX
August 2000
Technology Contact
Ron Satterfield
208-885-4550
Ray Spalding
402-472-7558
Not Available
Joe lovenitti
510-450-6141
Mike Cosmos
610-701-7423
Mike Cosmos
610-701-7423
Mike Corbin
610-701-3723
Myron Reicher
847-706-6900
Karl Yost
425-551-3100
Paul Uill
408-970-9485
EPA Project
Manager
Wendy Davis-Hoover
513-569-7206
Teri Richardson
513-569-7949
Terrence Lyons
513-569-7589
Randy Parker
513-569-7797
Paul dePercin
513-569-7797
Michelle Simon
513-569-7469
Randy Parker
513-569-7271
David Carson
513-569-7527
Ronald Herrmann
513-569-7741
Applicable
Media
Soil
Groundwater
Soil, Sludge,
Liquids
Soil, Sediment,
Groundwater
Soil, Sludge
Groundwater,
Liquid, Soil
Wastewater,
Leachate,
Groundwater, Low-
Level Radioactive
Mixed Waste
Leachate, Landfills
Soil
Applicable Waste
Inorganic
Not Applicable
Not Applicable
Nonspecific and
Radioactive
Inorganics
Heavy Metals
Not Applicable
Heavy Metals
Metals, Volatile
Inorganic
Compounds,
Radionuclides
Not Applicable
Not Applicable
Organic
Nitroaromatics
VOCs
Nonspecific Organics
Phenols
VOCs, SVOCs,
Petroleum
Hydrocarbons, PAHs,
PCBs
VOCs, SVOCs
VOCs and
Nonvolatile Organic
Compounds
Not Applicable
VOCs, PAHs, PCBs
Solicitation Number
From Emerging Technology Program
-------
TABLE 1 (Continued)
Completed SITE Demonstration Program Projects as of September 2002
Developer/
Technology
Xerox Corporation
Webster, NY
2-PHASE ™ EXTRACTION Process
ZENON Environmental Inc.
Burlington, Ontario, Canada
Cross-Flow Pervaporation System
ZENON Environmental Inc.
Burlington, Ontario, Canada
ZenoGem™ Process
Demonstration Location/
Demonstration Date
McClellan Air Force Base in
Sacramento, CA
August 1994 - February 1995
Naval Air Station North Island
in San Diego, CA
February 1995
Nascolite Superfund site in
Millville, NJ
September - November 1994
Technology Contact
Ron Hess
716-422-3694
PhilMook
916-643-5443
Chris Lipski
905-639-6320
Chris Lipski
905-639-6320
EPA Project
Manager
Paul dePercin
513-569-7797
Lee Vane
513-569-7799
Daniel Sullivan
908-321-6677
Applicable
Media
Groundwater, Soil,
Liquid
Groundwater,
Leachate, Liquid
Groundwater,
Leachate,
Wastewater
Applicable Waste
Inorganic
Nonspecific Soluble
Inorganics
Not Applicable
Not Applicable
Organic
VOCs
Solvents, Degreasers,
Gasoline, Other
VOCs
Nonspecific Organics
o
Solicitation Number
From Emerging Technology Program
-------
Technology Protile
DEMONSTRATION PROGRAM
ACTIVE ENVIRONMENTAL TECHNOLOGIES, INC.
(formerly EET, Inc.)
(TechXtract® Decontamination Process)
TECHNOLOGY DESCRIPTION:
The TechXtract® process employs proprietary
chemical formulations in successive steps to remove
polychlorinatedbiphenyls (PCB), toxic hydrocarbons,
heavy metals, and radionuclides from the subsurface
of porous materials such as concrete, brick, steel, and
wood. Each formulation consists of chemicals from
up to 14 separate chemical groups, and formulation
can be specifically tailored to individual site.
The process is performed in multiple cycles. Each
cycle consists of three stages: surface preparation,
extraction, and rinsing. Each stage employs a specific
chemical mix.
The surface preparation step uses a solution that
contains buffered organic and inorganic acids,
sequestering agents, wetting agents, and special
hydrotrope chemicals. The extraction formula
includes macro- and microemulsifiers in addition to
electrolyte, flotation, wetting, and sequestering agents.
The rinsing formula is pH-balanced and contains
wetting and complexing agents. Emulsifiers in all the
formulations help eliminate fugitive releases of
volatile organic compounds or other vapors.
The chemical formulation in each stage is sprayed on
the contaminated surface as a fine mist and worked
into the surface with a stiff bristle brush or floor
scrubber. The chemicals are allowed to penetrate into
the subsurface and are then rinsed or vacuumed from
the surface with a wet/dry, barrel-vacuum. No major
capital equipment is required.
Contaminant levels can be reduced from 60 to 90
percent per cycle. The total number of cycles is
determined from initial contaminant concentrations
and final remedial action objectives.
WASTE APPLICABILITY:
The TechXtract® process is designed to treat porous
solid materials contaminated with PCBs; toxic
hydrocarbons; heavy metals, including lead and
arsenic; and radionuclides. Because the contaminants
are extracted from the surface, the materials can be
left in place, reused, or recycled. After treatment, the
contaminants are concentrated in a small volume of
liquid waste. The liquid can be disposed as is,
incinerated, or solidified for landfill. It will carry the
waste characteristics of the contaminant.
1. EET's proprietary
TECHHTRACTT'
blends are applied
in sequence.
Concrete
Metal
Brick
Asphalt
2. Chemicals
penetrate
through pores
and capillaries.
Metals
5. Contaminants
entrained in spent
solution are
vacuumed and
drumed for disposal.
3. Electrochemical bonds holding
contaminants to substrate are
attacked and broken.
4. Contaminants
are released
from substrate
and drawn to
surface.
Process Flow Diagram of the TECHXTRACT* Process
Page 21
The SITE Program assesses but does not
approve or endorse technologies.
-------
May 2003
Completed Project
In commercial applications, the process has reduced
PCB concentrations from 1,000,000 micrograms per
100 square centimeters (ug/100 cm2) to concentrations
less than 0.2 [ig/100 cm2. The TechXtract® process
has been used on concrete floors, walls, and ceilings,
tools and machine parts, internal piping, values, and
lead shielding. The TechXxtract" process has
removed lead, arsenic, technetium, uranium, cesium,
tritium, andthroium, chrome (+3,+6), gallium, copper,
mercury, plutonium, and strontium.
STATUS:
This technology was accepted into the SITE
Demonstration Program in summer 1994. EAT
Demonstrated the TechXtract® technology from
February 26, 1997 to March 6, 1997. During the
demonstration, AET competed 20 TechXtract® 100
cycles and 12 300/200 cycles. Post-treatment samples
were collected on March 6, 1997. In April 1997 a
demonstration project was completed at the Pearl
Harbor Naval Complex.
The technology has been used in over 200 successful
decontamination projects for the U.S. Department of
Energy; U.S. Department of Defense; the electric,
heavy manufacturing, steel, and aluminum industries;
and other applications. Further research is underway
to apply the technology to soil, gravel, and other loose
material. AET also plans to study methods for
removing or concentrating metals in the extracted
liquids.
FOR FURTHER INFORMATION:
EPA PROJECT MANAGER:
Dennis Timberlake
U.S. EPA
National Risk Management Research
Laboratory
26 West Martin Luther King Drive
Cincinnati, OH 45268
513-569-7547
Fax: 513-569-7676
E-mail: timberlake.dennis@epa.gov
TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPER CONTACT:
Scott Fay
Active Environmental Technologies, Inc.
40 High Street,
Mount Holly, NJ 08060
609-702-1500
Fax: 609-702-0265
E-mail: scottf@pics.com
The SITE Program assesses but does not
approve or endorse technologies.
Page 22
-------
Technology Profile
DEMONSTRATION PROGRAM
ADVANCED REMEDIATION MIXING, INC.
(formerly Chemfix Technologies, Inc.)
(Solidification and Stabilization)
TECHNOLOGY DESCRIPTION:
In this solidification and stabilization process,
pozzolanic materials react with polyvalent metal ions
and other waste components to produce a chemically
and physically stable solid material. Optional binders
and reagents may include soluble silicates, carbonates,
phosphates, and borates. The end product may be
similar to a clay-like soil, depending on the
characteristics of the raw waste and the properties
desired in the end product.
The figure below illustrates the Chemfix
Technologies, Inc. (Chemfix), process. Typically, the
waste is first blended in a reaction vessel with
pozzolanic materials that contain calcium hydroxide.
This blend is then dispersed throughout an aqueous
phase. The reagents react with one another and with
toxic metal ions, forming both anionic and cationic
metal complexes. Pozzolanics that accelerate and
other reagents that precipitate metals can be added
before or after the dry binder is initially mixed with
the waste.
When a water soluble silicate reacts with the waste
and the pozzolanic binder system, colloidal silicate gel
strengths are increased within the binder-waste matrix,
helping to bind polyvalent metal cations. A large
percentage of the heavy metals become part of the
calcium silicate and aluminate colloidal structures
formed by the pozzolans and calcium hydroxide.
Some of the metals, such as lead, adsorb to the surface
of the pozzolanic structures. The entire pozzolanic
matrix, when physically cured, decreases toxic metal
mobility by reducing the incursion of leaching liquids
into and out of the stabilized matrices.
WASTE APPLICABILITY:
STATUS:
The solidification and stabilization process was
accepted into the SITE Demonstration Program in
1988. The process was demonstrated in March 1989
at the Portable Equipment Salvage Company site in
Clackamas, Oregon. The Technology Evaluation
REAGENT TRUCK
UNLOADING
REAGENT TRUCK
UNLOADING
WASTE INPUT
WATER SUPPLY
REAGENT TRUCK>
UNLOADING /
TO CONTAINMENT AREA
TRANSFER PUMP
Process Flow Diagram
Page 23
The SITE Program assesses but does not
approve or endorse technologies.
-------
May 2003
Completed Project
Report (EPA/540/5-89/01 la) and the Applications
Analysis Report (EPA/540/A5-89/011) are available
from EPA.
In addition, several full-scale remediation projects
have been completed since 1977, including a 1991
high solids CHEMSET" reagent protocol designed by
Chemfix to treat 30,000 cubic yards of hexavalent
chromium-contaminated, high solids waste. The
average chromium level after treatment was less than
0.15 milligram per liter and met toxicity characteristic
leaching procedure (TCLP) criteria. The final product
permeability was less than 1 x 1Q"6 centimeters per
second (cm/sec).
DEMONSTRATION RESULTS:
The demonstration yielded the following results:
• The technology effectively reduced copper and
lead concentrations in the wastes. The
concentrations in the TCLP extracts from the
treated wastes were 94 to 99 percent less than
those from the untreated wastes. Total lead
concentrations in the untreated waste approached
14 percent.
• The volume of excavated waste material increased
between 20 and 50 percent after treatment.
• During the durability tests, the treated wastes
showed little or no weight loss after 12 cycles of
wetting and drying or freezing and thawing.
• The unconfined compressive strength of the
wastes varied between 27 and 307 pounds per
square inch after 28 days. Hydraulic conductivity
of the treated material ranged between 1 * 1Q"6
cm/sec and 6.4 * 10"7 cm/sec.
• Air monitoring data suggest there was no
significant volatilization of poly chlorinated
biphenyls during the treatment process.
• Treatment costs were approximately $73 per ton,
including mobilization, labor, reagents, and
demobilization, but not disposal.
FOR FURTHER INFORMATION:
EPA PROJECT MANAGER:
Edwin Barth
U.S. EPA
National Risk Management Research
Laboratory
26 West Martin Luther King Drive
Cincinnati, OH 45268
513-569-7869
Fax:513-569-7585
e-mail: barth.ed@epa.gov
TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPER CONTACT:
Sam Pizzitola
Advanced Remediation Mixing, Inc.
711 Oxley Street
Kenner, LA 70062
504-461-0466
The SITE Program assesses but does not
approve or endorse technologies.
Page 24
-------
Technology Profile
DEMONSTRATION PROGRAM
AMEC EARTH AND ENVIRONMENTAL
(formerly GeoSafe Corporation)
(GeoMelt Vitrification, previously In Situ Vitrification)
TECHNOLOGY DESCRIPTION:
AMEC Earth and Environmental's GeoMelt
vitrification process uses electricity to melt soil or
other earthen materials at temperatures of 1,600 to
2,000°C, destroying organic pollutants by pyrolysis.
Inorganic pollutants are immobilized within the
vitrified glass and monolith. Watervapor and organic
pyrolysis products are captured in a hood, which
draws the off-gases into a treatment system that
removes particulates, acid gases and other pollutants.
The process can be applied to materials in situ, or
where staged below grade or ex situ. By the addition
of feeding and melt withdrawal fewtures, the process
can be operated semi-continuosly. To begin the
vitrification process, an array of large electrode pairs
is inserted into contaminated zones containing enough
soil for melting to occur (see photograph below). A
graphite starter path is used to melt the adjacent soil,
which then becomes the primary current-carrying
medium for further processing. As power is applied,
the melting continues downward and outward at an
average rate of 4 to 6 tons per hour, or 1 to 2 inches
per hour. The electrode array is lowered
progressively, as the melt grows to the desired
treatment depth. After cooling, a vitrified monolith
with a glass and microcrystalline structure remains.
This monolith possesses high strength and excellent
weathering and leaching properties.
The melting process is performed under a hood
through which air flow is controlled to maintain a
negative pressure. Excess oxygen is supplied for
combustion of any organic pyrolysis products. Off-
gases are treated by quenching, pH-controlled
scrubbing, dewatering (mist elimination), heating (for
dew point control), particulate filtration, and either
activated carbon adsorption or thermal oxidation as a
final off-gas polishing step. Individual melt settings
may encompass a total melt mass of up to 1,400 tons,
a maximum width of 40 feet, and depths as great as 22
feet. Special settings to reach deeper contamination
are also possible. Void volume and volatile material
removal results in a 30 to 50 percent volume reduction
for typical soils.The mobile GeoMelt system is
mounted on three semi-trailers. Electric power may
be provided by local utility or on-site diesel generator.
Typical power consumption ranges from 600 to 800
kilowatt-hours per ton of soil. The electrical supply
system has an isolated ground circuit to provide
safety.
WASTE APPLICABILITY:
The GeoMelt vitrification process can destroy or
remove organics and immobilize most inorganics in
contaminated soils, sediments, sludges, or other
earthen materials. The process has been tested on a
broad range of volatile and semivolatile organic
compounds, other organics including dioxins and
In Situ Vitrification Process Equipment
Page 25
The SITE Program assesses but does not
approve or endorse technologies.
-------
May 2003
Completed Project
poly chlorinated biphenyls (PCB), and on most priority
pollutant metals and heavy metal radio-nuclides. The
process can also treat large amounts of debris and
waste materials present in soil. In addition to soils
applications, the process has been used to treat mixed-
transuranic (TRU) buried waste and underground
tanks containing waste. Underground tank treatment
employs a new method of vertically planar melting
which enable sidewards melting rather than top-down
melting. Tanks to 4,500 gallons have been treated to
date.
STATUS:
The SITE demonstration of the process occurred
during March and April 1994 at the former Parsons
Chemical (Parsons) site in Grand Ledge, Michigan.
The soil at Parsons was contaminated with pesticides,
metals, and low levels of dioxins. The Innovative
Technology Evaluation Report (EPA/540/R-94/520)
and the Demonstration Bulletin
(EPA/540/MR-94/520) are available from EPA.
In October 1995, Geosafe was issued a National Toxic
Substances Control Act permit for the treatment of
soils contaminated with up to 17,860 parts per million
PCBs.
In December 1995, Geosafe completed the
remediation of the Wasatch Chemical Superfund Site
in Salt Lake City, Utah. This site contained about
6,000 tons of dioxin, pentachlorophenol, herbicide,
pesticide, and other organic contaminants in soil
containing up to 30 percent debris by weight. In 1996,
Geosafe completed remediation of the Apparatus
Service Shop Site in Spokane, Washington. A total of
6,500 tons of PCB-contaminated soil was treated at
the site.
GeoMelt vitirification is currently being employed for
the in situ treatment of mixed-TRU buried waste at the
Maralinga Test Range in South Australia. Twenty-
one pits containing Plutonium, Uranium, Lead,
Barium, and Beryllium are being treated there. That
project was to be completed in 1999.
DEMONSTRATION RESULTS:
During the SITE demonstration, about 330 cubic yards
of a saturated clayey soil was vitrified in 10 days.
This is the equivalent to a production rate of 53 tons
per day. The technology met cleanup levels specified
by EPA Region 5 for chlordane, 4,4-dichlorodiphe-
nyltrichloroethane, dieldrin, and mercury. Pesticide
concentrations were nondetectible in the vitrified soil.
Results also indicated that leachable mercury was
below the regulatory guidelines (40 CFRPart 261.64),
and no target pesticides were detected in the leachate.
No target pesticides were detected in the stack gas
samples, and metal emissions were below regulatory
requirements. Continuous emission monitoring
showed that total hydrocarbon and carbon monoxide
emissions were within EPA Region 5 limits.
FOR FURTHER INFORMATION:
EPA PROJECT MANAGER:
Teri Richardson, U.S. EPA
National Risk Management Research Lab.
26 West Martin Luther King Drive
Cincinnati, OH 45268
513-569-7949 Fax:513-569-7105
E-mail: richardson.teri@epa.gov
TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPER CONTACTS:
James Hansen or Matthew Haass
AMEC Earth & Environmental
2952 George Washington Way
Richland, WA 99352-1615
509-942-1292
Fax: 509-942-1293
E-Mail: geosafe@oneworld.out.com
The SITE Program assesses but does not
approve or endorse technologies.
Page 26
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Technology Protile
DEMONSTRATION PROGRAM
AMERICAN COMBUSTION, INC.
(PYRETRON® Thermal Destruction)
TECHNOLOGY DESCRIPTION:
The PYRETRON® thermal destruction technology
controls the heat input during incineration by
controlling excess oxygen available to oxidize
hazardous waste (see figure below). The
PYRETRON® combustor relies on a new technique
for mixing auxiliary oxygen, air, and fuel to
(1) provide the flame envelope with enhanced
stability, luminosity, and flame core temperature, and
(2) increase the rate of heat released.
The technology is computer-controlled to
automatically adjust the temperatures of the primary
and secondary combustion chambers and the amount
of excess oxygen. The system adjusts the amount of
excess oxygen in response to sudden changes in
contaminant volatilization rates in the waste.
The technology fits any conventional incineration unit
and can burn liquids, solids, and sludges. Solids and
sludges can also be coincinerated when the burner is
used with a rotary kiln or similar equipment.
WASTE APPLICABILITY:
The PYRETRON® technology treats high- and low-
British thermal unit solid wastes contaminated with
rapidly volatilized hazardous organics. In general, the
technology treats any waste that can be incinerated. It
is not suitable for processing Resource Conservation
and Recovery Act heavy metal wastes or inorganic
wastes.
STATUS:
The PYRETRON* technology was demonstrated at
EPA's Incineration Research Facility in Jefferson,
Arkansas, using a mixture of 40 percent contaminated
soil from the Stringfellow Acid Pit Superfund site in
Glen Avon, California and 60 percent decanter tank
tar sludge (K087) from coking operations. The
demonstration began in November 1987 and was
completed at the end of January 1988.
Both the Innovative Technology Evaluation Report
(EPA/540/5-89/008) and Applications Analysis
Report (EPA/540/A5-89/008) are available from EPA.
Event ; T = Temperature
Gas, air, and oxygen
flow to the burners
Ash Pit
PYRETRON® Thermal Destruction System
Page 27
The SITE Program assesses but does not
approve or endorse technologies.
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May 2003
Completed Project
DEMONSTRATION RESULTS:
The polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons naphthalene,
acenaphthylene, fluorene, phenanthrene, anthracene,
and fluoranthene were selected as the principal
organic hazardous constituents (POHC) for the
demonstration. The PYRETRON® technology
achieved greater than 99.99 percent destruction and
removal efficiencies for all six POHCs in all test runs.
Other results are listed below:
• The PYRETRON® technology with oxygen
enhancement doubled the waste throughput
possible with conventional incineration.
• All particulate emission levels from the scrubber
system discharge were significantly below the
hazardous waste incinerator performance standard
of 180 milligrams per dry standard cubic meter at
7 percent oxygen. This standard was in place
until May 1993.
• Solid residues were contaminant-free.
• There were no significant differences in transient
emissions of carbon monoxide between air-only
incineration and PYRETRON® oxygen-enhanced
operation with doubled throughput rate.
• Cost savings increase when operating and fuel
costs are high and oxygen costs are relatively low.
• The system can double the capacity of a
conventional rotary kiln incinerator. This
increase is more significant for wastes with low
heating values.
FOR FURTHER INFORMATION:
EPA PROJECT MANAGER:
Laurel Staley
U.S. EPA
National Risk Management Research
Laboratory
26 West Martin Luther King Drive
Cincinnati, OH 45268
513-569-7863
Fax: 513-569-7105
E-mail: staley.laurel2epa.gov
TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPER CONTACT:
Gregory Gitman
American Combustion, Inc.
4476 Park Drive
Norcross, GA 30093
770-564-4180
Fax: 770-564-4192
The SITE Program assesses but does not
approve or endorse technologies.
Page 28
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Technology Profile
DEMONSTRATION PROGRAM
ARCTIC FOUNDATIONS, INC.
(Cryogenic Barrier)
TECHNOLOGY DESCRIPTION:
Long-term containment and immobilization of
hazardous wastes using ground freezing technology is
a relatively new field, even though ground freezing
has been used as a temporary construction aid for
several years. Ground freezing is ideally suited to
control waterborne pollutants, since changing water
from a liquid to a solid has an obvious immobilizing
effect. The challenge for conventional ground
freezing technologies is to be technically and
economically viable in the long-term. Arctic
Foundations, Inc. (API), has developed a ground
freezing technology that can be used as a temporary or
permanent, long-term solution for containing and
immobilizing hazardous wastes. Buried hazardous
waste may be totally confined by surrounding it with
a frozen barrier. A frozen barrier is created by
reducing the ground temperature around the waste to
the appropriate freezing temperature and subsequently
freezing the intervening waste. Artificial injection of
water is usually unnecessary since moisture is present
in sufficient quantities in most soils. The ground
freezing process is naturally suited to controlling
hazardous waste because in-ground moisture is
transformed from serving as a potential waste
mobilizing agent to serving as a protective agent.
A typical containment system consists of multiple
thermoprobes, an active (powered) condenser, an
interconnecting piping system, a two-phase working
fluid, and a control system. The thermoprobes (API's
heat removal devices) and piping are inserted into the
soil at strategic locations around and sometimes
underneath the waste source depending on the
Membrane Boot
New Spray-Applied Membrane
Refrigeration Supply and
Return l/lanifolds
Cryogenic Barrier Insulation Plan
Page 29
The SITE Program assesses but does not
approve or endorse technologies.
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May 2003
Completed Project
presence or absence of a confining layer. Two-phase
working fluid circulates through the piping and
reduces the temperature of the surrounding soil,
creating a frozen barrier around the waste source. The
thermoprobes may be installed in any position and
spacing to create a frozen barrier wall of almost any
required shape and size. The selection of working
fluids depends on the specific waste application, site
conditions, and desired soil temperatures, and may
consist of freon, butane, propane, carbon dioxide, or
ammonia.
WASTE APPLICABILITY:
The cryogenic barrier can provide subsurface
containment for a variety of sites and wastes,
including the following: underground storage tanks;
nuclear waste sites; plume control; burial trenches,
pits, and ponds; in situ waste treatment areas;
chemically contaminated sites; and spent fuel storage
ponds. The barrier is adaptable to any geometry;
drilling technology presents the only constraint.
STATUS:
The API cryogenic barrier system was accepted into
the SITE Demonstration Program in 1996. The
demonstration was conducted over a 5-month period
at the U.S. Department of Energy's Oak Ridge
National Laboratory (ORNL) in Oak Ridge,
Tennessee in 1998. The demonstration was conducted
to evaluate the barrier's ability to contain
radionuclides from the ORNL Waste Area Grouping
9 Homogeneous Reactor Experiment pond. The
evaluation of the technology under the SITE Program
was completed in July 1998. The barrier continued in
operation after the demonstration to maintain
containment of the contaminants.
DEMONSTRATION RESULTS:
Phloxine B dye injected in the center of the
impoundment showed no movement over an initial
two-week time period. A Phloxine B "hit" was then
detected outside the barrier, but upgradient of the
injection point. This was inconsistent with other data.
After further investigation, it was determined that this
anomaly was due to transport through an abandoned,
subsurface inlet pipeline to the pond. A temporary,
artificial reverse-gradient condition was created by
"chasing" the Phloxine B dye with deionized water,
pushing the dye through the pipe, which was at least
partially void of soil/water during initial freezing.
This was a site anomaly considered unrelated to
performance of Frozen Soil Barrier technology,
although it serves as a "lesson learned" for further
deployments.
FOR FURTHER INFORMATION:
EPA PROJECT MANAGER:
Steven Rock
U.S. EPA
National Risk Management Research
Laboratory
26 West Martin Luther King Drive
Cincinnati, OH 45268
513-569-7149
Fax: 513-569-7105
E-mail: rock.steven@epa.gov
TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPER CONTACT:
Ed Yarmak
Arctic Foundations, Inc.
5621 Arctic Blvd.
Anchorage, AK 99518
907-562-2741
Fax: 907-562-0153
The SITE Program assesses but does not
approve or endorse technologies.
Page 30
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Technology Profile
DEMONSTRATION PROGRAM
ARGONNE NATIONAL LABORATORY
(Development Of Phytoremediation)
TECHNOLOGY DESCRIPTION:
The 317/319 areas at Argonne National Laboratory-
East (ANL-E) are contaminated by volatile organic
compounds (VOCs) in soil and groundwater and low
levels of tritium in the groundwater from past waste
disposal practices. As part of a nationwide effort to
find more cost-effective and environmentally friendly
remediation technologies, the U.S. Department of
Energy (DOE), through the Accelerated Site
Technology Development (ASTD) program, funded
the deployment of a phytoremediation system in the
317/319 area. The 317 and 319 areas are located on
the extreme southern end of the ANL-E site,
immediately adj acent to the DuPage County Waterfall
Glen Forest Preserve. The main objective of this
deployment, which was selected in place of the
baseline approach of an asphalt cap and extraction
wells, are to hydraulically contain groundwater
migration and to remove the VOCs and tritium within
and downgradient of the source area.
Phytoremediation is a technique using plants to take in
contaminants along with water and nutrients from the
soil. It is defined as the engineered use of natural
processes by which woody and herbaceous plants
extract pore water, and entrained chemical substances
from subsurface soils degrade, sequester, and transpire
them (along with water vapor) into the atmosphere.
The process has several advantages over the
traditional and often invasive cleanup techniques in
which the soil is sometimes dug up and incinerated in
a kiln to break down the compounds. Not only is
phytoremediation all natural, but the plants can
address a range of contaminants at one time. It is also
low cost and low maintenance, because the trees do
the bulk of the work.
Additional advantages of the phyto-remediation
system are (1) the ability of trees to actively promote
and assist in the degradation of the contaminants at the
source area, which the baseline asphalt cap would not
do, and (2) the optimal fit of vegetation with the
planned future land use of the contaminated site and
adjacent areas, as the phytoremediation plantation will
contribute to increased soil fertility to host subsequent
prairie species.
WASTE APPLICABILITY:
This technology is designed to treat soils and
groundwater contaminated by volatile organic
compounds (VOCs) and tritium.
STATUS:
Approximately 800 trees were planted in the summer
of 1999. These trees are expected to provide full,
year-round hydraulic control by the year 2003 and be
self-sustaining for the expected life of the engineering
plantation.
The use of the trees to remediate and contain
contaminated groundwater has been successfully
demonstrated in treating contaminated groundwater.
Applied Natural Sciences, Inc. (ANS) demonstrated
the use of phreatophytic trees (i.e., plants such as
poplars and willows that do not rely on precipitation
but seek water deep in the soils) with its
TreeMediation™ and TreeWell™ systems, that use a
unique and patented process to enhance the aggressive
rooting ability of selected trees to clean up soil and
groundwater up to 50 ft deep.
DEMONSTRATION RESULTS:
A rapid method was optimized to measure chlorinated
solvents and their degradation products in plant
tissues. Trichloroacetic acid (TCAA), a known
intermediate of the compound of TCE and PCE, was
analyzed throughout the vegetative season in addition
to the parent compounds as an indicator of their
degradation. Both parent compounds and TCAA were
found in the plant samples (an indication that the trees
are taking up contaminants), with a prevalence of
TCAA in the leaf tissue and the parent compounds in
the branches. TCAA showed a trend toward
accumulation in the leaf tissue as the vegetative
season progressed. The levels of TCAA in the leaf
samples were quite constant within a single tree but
varied significantly as a function of the location of the
tree within the contaminated area.
Page 31
The SITE Program assesses but does not
approve or endorse technologies.
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May 2003
Completed Project
Samples of the air immediately surrounding the leafed
branch were compared to air at the contaminated area
and from other, uncontaminated areas within Argonne.
While the air at the French Drain contained higher
concentrations of VOCs than other clean areas on site,
the presence of the leafed branches did not induce a
measurable increase in the VOC concentration in the
air, suggesting that most of the VOCs detected in the
air come from direct venting off the soil. Tritium
levels in the leaves and transpirate of hybrid poplars
planted in the hydraulic control area snowed levels
comparable to background, indicating that the trees
have not yet reached the contaminated aquifer.
Preliminary evaluations put the cost savings over the
lifetime of deployment at 50 percent of the baseline
approach. A significant cost savings over the
avoidance of secondary waste (pumped groundwater)
and related treatment.
Because the phytoremediation system will reach its
optimal growth stage and steady performance state in
2003, future plans are to evaluate the performance of
the remediation system. Some of the questions raised
by this objective cannot be answered by conventional,
compliance-related monitoring, so a more hypothesis-
driven approach will be adopted to find mechanistic
evidence of the effects of the plants on the removal of
the contaminants.
FOR FURTHER INFORMATION:
EPA PROJECT MANAGER:
Steven Rock
U.S. EPA National Risk Management
Research Laboratory
26 West Martin Luther King Drive
Cincinnati, OH 45268
513-569-7149
Fax: 513-569-7105
e-mail: rock.steven@epa.gov
TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPER CONTACT
Cristina Negri
Argonne National Laboratory
9700 S. Cass Avenue
ES-Bldg 362
Argonne, IL 60439
630-252-9662
Fax: 630-252-92811
e-mail: negri@anl.gov
The SITE Program assesses but does not
approve or endorse technologies.
Page 32
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Technology Profile
DEMONSTRATION PROGRAM
ARS TECHNOLOGIES, INC.
(formerly Accutech Remedial Systems, Inc.)
(Pneumatic Fracturing ExtractionSM and Catalytic Oxidation)
TECHNOLOGY DESCRIPTION:
Accutech Remedial Systems, Inc. (Accutech), and the
Hazardous Substance Management Research Center at
the New Jersey Institute of Technology in Newark,
New Jersey have jointly developed an integrated
treatment system that combines Pneumatic Fracturing
ExtractionSM (PFESM) with catalytic oxidation.
According to Accutech, the system provides a cost-
effective, accelerated approach for remediating less
permeable formations contaminated with halogenated
and nonhalogenated volatile organic compounds
(VOC) and semivolatile organic compounds (SVOC).
The Accutech system forces compressed gas into a
geologic formation at pressures that exceed the natural
in situ stresses, creating a fracture network. These
fractures allow subsurface air to circulate faster and
more efficiently throughout the formation, which can
greatly improve contaminant mass removal rates.
PFESM also increases the effective area that can be
influenced by each extraction well, while intersecting
new pockets of contamination that were previously
trapped in the formation. Thus, VOCs and SVOCs
can be removed faster and from a larger section of the
formation.
PFESM can be combined with a catalytic oxidation unit
equipped with special catalysts to destroy halogenated
organics (see photograph below). The heat from the
catalytic oxidation unit can be recycled to the
formation, significantly raising the vapor pressure of
the contaminants. Thus, VOCs and SVOCs volatilize
faster, making cleanup more efficient. PFESM can also
be combined with hot gas injection (HGI), an in situ
thermal process, to further enhance VOC and SVOC
removal rates. HGI returns to the ground the energy
generated during catalytic oxidation of the VOCs.
Page 33
The SITE Program assesses but does not
approve or endorse technologies.
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May 2003
Completed Project
WASTE APPLICABILITY:
The Accutech system can remove halogenated and
nonhalogenated VOCs and SVOCs from both the
vadose and saturated zones. The integrated treatment
system is cost-effective for treating soil and rock
when less permeable geologic formations limit the
effectiveness of conventional in situ technologies.
According to Accutech, the PFESM-HGI integrated
treatment system is cost-effective for treating less
permeable soil and rock formations where
conventional in situ technologies have limited
effectiveness. Activated carbon is used when
contaminant concentrations decrease to levels where
catalytic oxidation is no longer cost-effective.
STATUS:
The Accutech technology was accepted into the SITE
Demonstration Program in December 1990. The
demonstration was conducted in summer 1992 at a
New Jersey Department of Environmental Protection
and Energy Environmental Cleanup Responsibility
Act site in Hillsborough, New Jersey. During the
demonstration, trichloroethene and other VOCs were
removed from a siltstone formation. Results of this
demonstration were published in the following
documents available from EPA:
• Technology Evaluation Report
(EPA/540/R-93/509)
• Technology Demonstration Summary
(EPA/540/SR-93/509)
• Demonstration Bulletin
(EPA/540/MR-93/509)
• Applications Analysis Report
(EPA/540/AR-93/509)
DEMONSTRATION RESULTS:
The demonstration results indicate that PFESM
increased the effective vacuum radius of influence
nearly threefold. PFESM also increased the rate of
mass removal up to 25 times over the rates measured
using conventional extraction technology.
FOR FURTHER INFORMATION:
EPA Project Manager
Paul dePercin
U.S. EPA
National Risk Management Research
Laboratory
26 West Martin Luther King Drive
Cincinnati, OH 45268
513-569-7797
Fax:513-569-7105
E-mail: depercin.paul@epa.gov
TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPER CONTACT:
John Liskowitz
ARS Technologies, Inc.
271 Cleveland Ave.
Highland Park, NJ 08904
908-739-6444
e-mail: jjl@arstechnologies.com
The SITE Program assesses but does not
approve or endorse technologies.
Page 34
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Technology Protile
DEMONSTRATION PROGRAM
AWD TECHNOLOGIES, INC
(AquaDetox®/SVE System)
TECHNOLOGY DESCRIPTION:
This technology integrates two processes: (1)
AquaDetox®, a moderate vacuum steam stripping
tower (tower pressure no less than 50 mm Hg) that
treats contaminated groundwater and (2) a soil vapor
extraction (SVE) system that removes contaminated
soil-gas for subsequent treatment with granular
activated carbon (GAC). The two technologies are
integrated into a closed-loop system, providing
simultaneous remediation of contaminated
groundwater and soil-gas with no air emissions. The
integrated AquaDetox® is a high-efficiency,
countercurrent stripping technology developed by the
Dow Chemical Company. Stripping is commonly
defined as a process that removes dissolved volatile
compounds from water. A carrier gas, such as air or
steam, is purged through the contaminated water, with
the volatile components being transferred from the
water into the gas phase. SVE is commonly used for
the in-situ removal of VOCs from soil. A vacuum is
applied to vadose zone extraction wells to induce
airflow within the soil toward the wells. The air acts
as a stripping medium that volatilizes the VOCs in the
soil. Soil-gas from the extraction wells is typically
treated in GAC beds before release to the atmosphere.
Alternatively, the treated soilgas is reinjectedinto the
soil to control the direction of airflow in the soil. The
AquaDetox® and SVE systems are connected in a
closed loop. Noncondensable vapors from the
AquaDetox® system are combined with vapors from
the SVE compressor and treated using the GAC beds.
WASTE APPLICABILITY:
AWD technology simultaneously treats groundwater
and soil-gas contaminated with volatile organic
compounds (VOCs), such as trichloroethylene (TCE)
and tetra-chloroethylene (PCE). According to the
developer, the AquaDetox® technology can be used to
remove a wide variety of volatile compounds and
many compounds that are normally considered
"nonstrippable" (i.e.. those with boiling points in
excess of 200°C).
STATUS:
The SITE demonstration was conducted at the
Lockheed site in Burbank, California. The treatment
system at this site is a full-size unit capable of treating
1,200 gallons per minute (gpm) of groundwater and
300 standard cubic feet per minute (scDm) of soil-gas.
The system began operation in September 1988. The
demonstration was completed in September 1990.
Granular Activated
Carbon (GAC) Beds
Moncondensable Gases
Gravity Separator
Extractor
Blower
Condensed v
Water Stream
-Steam Supply
Jump if
*CT I Ground Surf
'.Soil-Gas Extraction Wells
Soil-Gas Injection Wells
Groundwater
Extraction Well
Groundwater
Injection Well
V Water Table
'.Contaminated Groundwater1
Pump
Integrated AquaDetox®/SVE Schematic
Page 35
The SITE Program assesses but does not
approve or endorse technologies.
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May 2003
Completed Project
DEMONSTRATION RESULTS:
During the demonstration, the system treated
groundwater and soil-gas contaminated with VOCs.
The primary contaminants present at the Lockheed
site were trichloroethylene (TCE) and
tetrachloroethylene (PCE) in soil and groundwater.
The effectiveness of the technology was evaluated by
analyzing the soil-gas and groundwater samples. The
analytical results indicate that the technology
effectively reduced the concentration of VOCs in the
treated groundwater and soil-gas. Groundwater
removal efficiencies of 99.92 percent or better were
observed for TCE and PCE. In addition, the effluent
groundwater concentrations of TCE and PCE were
below the regulatory discharge limit of 5 (ig/L. Soil-
gas removal efficiencies ranged from 98.0 to 99.9
percent for total VOCs.
FOR FURTHER INFORMATION:
EPA PROJECT MANAGER:
Gordon Evans
U.S. EPA
National Risk Management Research
Laboratory
26 West Martin Luther King Drive
Cincinnati, OH 45268
513-569-7684
Fax: 513-569-7571
E-mail: evan.gordon@epa.gov
TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPER CONTACTS:
Ken Solcher
Radian International LLC
1990 North California Boulevard
Suite 500
Walnut Creek, CA 94596
713-914-6607
The SITE Program assesses but does not
approve or endorse technologies.
Page 36
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Technology Profile
DEMONSTRATION PROGRAM
BERGMANN, A DIVISION OF LINATEX, INC.
(Soil and Sediment Washing)
TECHNOLOGY DESCRIPTION:
The soil and sediment washing technology developed
by Bergmann, A Division of Linatex, Inc.'s,
(Bergman), separates contaminated particles by
density and grain size (see photograph below). The
technology operates on the hypothesis that most
contamination is concentrated in the fine particle
fraction (less than 45 microns [um]) and that
contamination of larger particles is generally not
extensive.
After contaminated soil is screened to remove coarse
rock and debris, water and chemical additives such as
surfactants, acids, bases, and chelators are added to
the medium to produce a slurry feed. The slurry feed
flows to an attrition scrubbing machine. A rotary
trommel screen, dense media separators, cyclone
separators, and other equipment create mechanical and
fluid shear stress, removing contaminated silts and
clays from granular soil particles. Different separation
processes create the following four output streams:
(1) coarse clean fraction; (2)enriched fine fraction; (3)
separated contaminated humic materials; and (4)
process wash water. The coarse clean fraction
particles, which measure greater than 45 urn (greater
than 325 mesh) each, can be used as backfill or
recycled for concrete, masonry, or asphalt sand
application. The enriched fine fraction particles,
measuring less than 45 urn each are prepared for
subsequent treatment, immobilization, destruction, or
regulated disposal. Separated contaminated humic
materials (leaves, twigs, roots, grasses, wood chips)
are dewatered and require subsequent treatment or
disposal. Upflow classification and separation, also
known as elutriation, separates light contaminated
materials such as leaves, twigs, roots, or wood chips.
The process wash water is treated by flocculation and
sedimentation, oil-water separation, or dissolved air
flotation to remove solubilized heavy metal and
emulsified organic fractions. The treated process
wash water is then returned to the plant for reuse.
Bergmann Soil and Sediment Washing
Page 37
The SITE Program assesses but does not
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May 2003
Completed Project
WASTE APPLICABILITY:
This technology is suitable for treating soils and
sediment contaminated with organics, including
polychlorinated biphenyls (PCB), creosote, fuel
residues, and heavy petroleum; and heavy metals,
including cadmium, chromium, lead, arsenic, copper,
cyanides, mercury, nickel, radionuclides, and zinc.
STATUS:
This technology was accepted into the SITE
Demonstration Program in Winter 1991. It was
demonstrated in Toronto, Ontario, Canada in April
1992 as part of the Toronto Harbour Commission
(THC) soil recycling process. For further information
on the THC process, including demonstration results,
refer to the THC profile in the Demonstration Program
section (completed projects). The technology was
also demonstrated in May 1992 at the Saginaw Bay
Confined Disposal Facility in Saginaw, Michigan.
The Applications Analysis Report (EPA/540/
AR-92/075) and the Demonstration Bulletin
(EPA/540/MR-92/075) are available from EPA. Since
1981, Bergmannhas provided 31 commercial systems,
treating up to 350 tons per hour, at contaminated
waste sites.
DEMONSTRATION RESULTS:
Demonstration results indicate that the soil and
sediment washing system can effectively isolate and
concentrate PCB contamination into the organic
fractions and the fines. Levels of metals
contamination were also beneficially altered from the
feed stream to the output streams. The effectiveness
of the soil and sediment washing system on the
inorganic compounds met or exceeded its performance
for PCB contamination. During a 5-day test in May
1992, the Bergmann soil and sediment washing
system experienced no downtime as it operated for 8
hours per day to treat dredged sediments from the
Saginaw River.
The demonstration provided the following results:
• Approximately 71 percent of the particles
smaller than 45-(im in the input sediment
was appor-tioned to the enriched fine
stream.
• Less than 20 percent of the particles
smaller than 45-(im in the input sediment
was apportioned to the coarse clean
fraction.
• The distribution of the concentrations of
PCBs in the input and output streams
were as follows:
Input sediment = 1.6 milligrams
per kilogram (mg/kg)
Output coarse clean fraction = 0.20
mg/kg
Output humic materials =
11 mg/kg
Output enriched fines =
4.4 mg/kg
• The heavy metals were concentrated in
the same manner as the PCBs.
• The coarse clean sand consisted of
approximately 82 percent of the input
sediment.
FOR FURTHER INFORMATION:
EPA PROJECT MANAGER:
Annette Gatchett, U.S. EPA
National Risk Management Research
Laboratory
26 West Martin Luther King Drive
Cincinnati, OH 45268
513-569-7697 Fax: 513-569-7620
E-mail: gatchett.annett@epa.gov
TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPER CONTACT:
John Best
Bergmann, A Division of Linatex, Inc.
1550 Airport Road
Gallatin, TN 37066-3739
615-230-2100 Fax: 615-452-5525
The SITE Program assesses but does not
approve or endorse technologies.
Page 38
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Technology Profile
DEMONSTRATION PROGRAM
BERKELEY ENVIRONMENTAL
RESTORATION CENTER
(In Situ Steam Enhanced Extraction Process)
TECHNOLOGY DESCRIPTION:
WASTE APPLICABILITY:
The in situ steam enhanced extraction (ISEE) process
removes volatile organic compounds (VOC) and
semivolatile organic compounds (SVOC) from
contaminated water and soils above and below the
water table (see figure below). Pressurized steam is
introduced through injection wells to force steam
through the soil to thermally enhance the vapor and
liquid extraction processes.
The extraction wells have two purposes: (1) to pump
groundwater for ex situ treatment; and (2) to transport
steam and vaporized contaminants under vacuum to
the surface. Recovered contaminants are condensed
and recycled, processed with the contaminated
groundwater, or treated in the gas phase. The ISEE
process uses readily available components such as
injection, extraction, and monitoring wells; manifold
piping; vapor and liquid separators; vacuum pumps;
and gas emission control equipment.
The ISEE process extracts VOCs and SVOCs from
contaminated soils and groundwater. The primary
compounds suitable for treatment include
hydrocarbons such as gasoline, diesel, and jet fuel;
solvents such as trichloroethene, 1,1,1 -trichloroethane,
and dichlorobenzene; or a mixture of these
compounds. The process may be applied to
contaminants above or below the water table. After
treatment is complete, subsurface conditions are
amenable to biodegradation of residual contaminants,
if necessary. The process can be applied to
contaminated soil very near the surface with a cap.
Compounds denser than water may be treated only in
low concentrations, unless a barrier exists or can be
created to prevent downward percolation of a separate
phase.
Water
Fuel
Air
^ Liquid
Contaminant
^ Water
^ Liquids from
Recovery Wells
LEGEND
Liquid Flow
Vapor Flow
Steam Flow
Water-**—'
In Situ Steam Enhanced Extraction Process
Page 39
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STATUS:
In August 1988, a successful pilot-scale demonstration
of the ISEE process was completed at a site
contaminated with a mixture of solvents.
Contaminants amounting to 764 pounds were removed
from the 10-foot-diameter, 12-foot-deep test region.
After 5 days of steam injection, soil contaminant
concentrations dropped by a factor of 10.
In December 1993, a full-scale demonstration was
completed at a gasoline spill site at Lawrence
Livermore National Laboratory (LLNL) in Altamont
Hills, California. Gasoline was dispersed both above
and below the water table due to a 25-foot rise in the
water table since the spill occurred. The lateral
distribution of liquid-phase gasoline was within a
region 150 feet in diameter and up to 125 feet deep.
Appendix A of the Hughes Environmental Systems
Innovative Technology Evaluation Report
(EPA/540/R-94/510) contains detailed results from the
LLNL SITE demonstration. This report is available
from EPA.
A pilot-scale test of the ISEE process was conducted
in 1994 at Naval Air Station (NAS) Lemoore in
California. During 3 months of operation, over
98,000 gallons of JP-5 jet fuel was recovered from
medium permeability, partially saturated sand to a
depth of 20 feet. Preliminary soil sampling showed
reductions of JP-5 jet fuel concentrations from
several thousand parts per million (ppm) above the
water table to values less than 25 ppm.
During Fall 1998, Berkeley was scheduled to use the
ISEE process to remediate a groundwater contaminant
plume at Alameda Naval Air Station in California.
The contaminant plume contained halogenated
organic compounds, including trichlolorethene, 1,1,1-
trichlorethane, and perchloroethylene.
For more information about similar technologies, see
the following profiles in the Demonstration Program
section: Hughes Environmental Systems, Inc., (com-
pleted projects) and Praxis Environmental
Technologies, Inc. (ongoing projects).
DEMONSTRATION RESULTS:
During the SITE demonstration at LLNL, over
7,600 gallons of gasoline were recovered from above
and below the water table in 26 weeks of operation.
Recovery rates were about 50 times greater than those
achieved by vacuum extraction and groundwater
pumping alone. The rates were highest during cyclic
steam injection, after subsurface soils reached steam
temperatures. The majority of the recovered gasoline
came from the condenser as a separate phase liquid or
in the effluent air stream.
Without further pumping, 1,2-dichloroethene,
benzene, ethylbenzene, toluene, and xylene
concentrations in sampled groundwater were
decreased to below maximum contaminant levels after
6 months. Post-process soil sampling indicated that a
thriving hydrocarbon-degrading microbial population
existed in soils experiencing prolonged steam contact.
FOR FURTHER INFORMATION:
EPA PROJECT MANAGER:
Paul dePercin
U.S. EPA
National Risk Management Research
Laboratory
26 West Martin Luther King Drive
Cincinnati, OH 45268
513-569-7797
Fax:513-569-7105
E-Mail: depercin.paul@epa.gov
TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPER CONTACTS:
Kent Udell
Berkeley Environmental Restoration Center
6147EtcheverryHall
Berkeley, CA 94720-1740
510-642-2928
Fax: 510-642-6163
Steve Collins
Berkeley Environmental Restoration Center
461 Evans Hall
Berkeley, CA 94720-1706
510-643-1900
Fax: 510-643-2076
The SITE Program assesses but does not
approve or endorse technologies.
Page 40
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Technology Profile
DEMONSTRATION PROGRAM
BILLINGS AND ASSOCIATES, INC.
(Subsurface Volatilization and Ventilation System [SVVS®])
TECHNOLOGY DESCRIPTION:
The Subsurface Volatilization and Ventilation System
(SVVS®), developed by Billings and Associates, Inc.
(BAI), and operated by several other firms under a
licensing agreement, uses a network of injection and
extraction wells (collectively called a reactor nest) to
treat subsurface organic contamination through soil
vacuum extraction combined with in situ
biodegradation. Each system is designed to meet
site-specific conditions. The SVVS® technology has
three U.S. patents.
The SVVS® is shown in the figure below. A series of
injection and extraction wells is installed at a site.
One or more vacuum pumps create negative pressure
to extract contaminant vapors, while an air
compressor simultaneously creates positive pressure,
sparging the subsurface treatment area. Control is
maintained at a vapor control unit that houses pumps,
control valves, gauges, and other process control
hardware. At most sites with subsurface organic
contamination, extraction wells are placed above the
water table and injection wells are placed below the
groundwater.
This placement allows the groundwater to be used as
a diffusion device.
The number and spacing of the wells depends on the
modeling results of a design parameter matrix, as well
as the physical, chemical, and biological
characteristics of the site. The exact depth of the
injection wells and screened intervals are additional
design considerations.
To enhance vaporization, solarpanels are occasionally
used to heat the injected air. Additional valves for
limiting or increasing air flow and pressure are placed
on individual reactor nest lines (radials) or, at some
sites, on individual well points. Depending on
groundwater depths and fluctuations, horizontal
vacuum screens, "stubbed" screens, or multiple-depth
completions can be applied. Positive and negative air
flow can be shifted to different locations at the site to
emphasize remediation on the most contaminated
areas. Negative pressure is maintained at a suitable
level to prevent escape of vapors.
Subsurface Volatilization and Ventilation System (SVVS®)
Page 41
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May 2003
Completed Project
Because it provides oxygen to the subsurface, the
SVVS® can enhance in situ bioremediation at a site,
thereby decreasing remediation time. These processes
are normally monitored by measuring dissolved
oxygen levels in the aquifer, recording carbon dioxide
levels in transmission lines and at the emission point,
and periodically sampling microbial populations.
When required by air quality permits, volatile organic
compound emissions can be treated by a patent-
pending biological filter that uses indigenous
microbes from the site.
WASTE APPLICABILITY:
The SVVS® is applicable to soils, sludges, and
groundwater contaminated with gasoline, diesel fuels,
and other hydrocarbons, including halogenated
compounds. The technology is effective on benzene,
toluene, ethylbenzene, and xylene contamination. It
can also contain contaminant plumes through its
unique vacuum and air injection techniques.
STATUS:
This technology was accepted into the SITE
Demonstration Program in winter 1991. A site in
Buchanan, Michigan was selected for the
demonstration, and initial drilling and construction
began in July 1992. The demonstration began in
March 1993 and was completed in May 1994. The
Demonstration Bulletin (EPA/540/MR-94/529),
Technology Capsule (EPA/540/R-94/529a), and
Innovative Technology Evaluation Report
(EPA/540/R-94/529) are available from EPA. The
SVVS® has also been implemented at 95 underground
storage tank sites in New Mexico, North Carolina,
South Carolina, Florida, and Oklahoma.
BAI is researching ways to increase the microbiologi-
cal effectiveness of the technology and is testing a
mobile unit. The mobile unit will allow rapid field
pilot tests to support the design process. This unit will
also permit actual remediation of small sites and of
small, recalcitrant areas on large sites.
DEMONSTRATION RESULTS:
Results from the SVVS® demonstration are as follows:
• Data indicated that the overall reductions for
several target analytes, as determined from
individual boreholes, ranged from 71 percent
to over 99 percent, over a 1-year period.
• The early phase of the remediation was
characterized by higher concentrations of
volatile organics in the extracted vapor
stream.
• The shutdown tests indicate that the
technology stimulated biodegradative
processes at the site.
FOR FURTHER INFORMATION:
EPA PROJECT MANAGER:
Paul dePercin
U.S. EPA
National Risk Management Research
Laboratory
26 West Martin Luther King Drive
Cincinnati, OH 45268
513-569-7797
Fax:513-569-7105
E-Mail: depercin.paul@epa.gov
TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPER CONTACTS:
Brad Billings
Billings and Associates, Inc.
6808 Academy Parkway E. N.E.
Suite A-4
Albuquerque, NM 87109
505-345-1116
Fax: 505-345-1756
The SITE Program assesses but does not
approve or endorse technologies.
Page 42
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Technology Proiile
DEMONSTRATION PROGRAM
BIOGENESIS ENTERPRISES, INC.
(BioGenesisSM Soil and Sediment Washing Process)
TECHNOLOGY DESCRIPTION:
The BioGenesisSM soil and sediment washing process
uses specialized, patent-pending equipment, complex
surfactants, and water to clean soil, sediment, and
sludge contaminated with organic and inorganic
constituents. Two types of mobile equipment wash
different sizes of particles. A truck-mounted batch
unit processes 20 yards per hour, and washes soil
particles 10 mesh and larger. A full-scale, mobile,
continuous flow unit cleans sand, silt, clay, and sludge
particles smaller than 10 mesh at a rate of 20 to 40
yards per hour. Auxiliary equipment includes tanks,
dewatering and water treatment equipment, and a
bioreactor. Extraction efficiencies per wash cycle
range from 85 to 99 percent. High contaminant levels
require multiple washes.
The principal components of the process consist of
pretreatment equipment for particle sizing, a truck-
mounted soil washer for larger particles, a sediment
washing unit(s) for fine particles, and water treatment
and reconditioning equipment. The BioGenesisSM soil
washing system for larger particles consists of a
trailer-mounted gondola plumbed for air mixing,
water and chemical addition, oil skimming, and liquid
drainage (see figure below). Water, BioGenesisSM
cleaning chemicals, and soil are loaded into the
gondola. Aeration nozzles feed compressed air to
create a fluidized bed. The resulting slurry is agitated
to release organic and inorganic contaminants from he
soil particles. After mixing, a short settling period
allows the soil particles to sink and the removed oil to
rise to the water surface, where it is skimmed for
reclamation or disposal. Following drainage of the
wash water, the treated soil is evacuated by raising the
gondola's dump mechanism. Processed soil contains
a moisture level of 10 to 20 percent depending on the
soil matrix.
AprototypeBioGenesisSM sediment washing machine
was tested in Environment Canada's Contaminated
Sediment Treatment Technology Program. The
sediment washing machine is a continuous flow unit.
Capacities of up to 80 to 100 cubic yards per hour are
possible using full-scale, parallel processing
equipment.
In the sediment washing machine, sediment is
pretreated to form a slurry. The slurry passes to a
shaker screen separator that sizes particles into two
streams. Material greater than 1 millimeter (mm) in
diameter is diverted to the large particle soil washer.
Material 1 mm and smaller continues to the sediment
washer's feed hopper. From there, the slurry is
injected to the sediment cleaning chamber to loosen
the bonds between the pollutant and the particle.
+ 10 mesh particles
Filter
Unit Effluent from
Wash Unit ToVl
' "Treatment Plant
/Clean Solids/
to Storage/
Makeup
Water
Soil Washing Process
Sediment Washing Process
Page 43
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approve or endorse technologies.
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May 2003
Completed Project
After the cleaning chamber, the slurry flows to the
scrubber to further weaken the bonds between
contaminants and particles. After the scrubber, the
slurry passes through a buffer tank, where large
particles separate by gravity. The slurry then flows
through hydrocyclone banks to separate solids down
to 3 to 5 microns in size. The free liquid routes to a
centrifuge for final solid-liquid separation. All solids
go to the treated soil pile; all liquid is routed to
wastewater treatment to remove organic and inorganic
contaminants. Decontaminatedwastewater is recycled
back through the process. Equipment configuration
varies depending on the soil matrix.
The BioGenesisSM cleaning chemical is a light alkaline
mixture of ionic and nonionic surfactants and
bioremediating agents that act similarly to a
biosurfactant. The proprietary cleaner contains no
hazardous ingredients.
WASTE APPLICABILITY:
This technology extracts many inorganics, volatile and
nonvolatile hydrocarbons, chlorinated hydrocarbons,
pesticides, polychlorinated biphenyls (PCB),
polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons, and most organics
from nearly every soil and sediment type, including
clay.
STATUS:
The BioGenesisSM soil washing technology was
accepted into the SITE Demonstration Program in
June 1990. The process was demonstrated in
November 1992 on weathered crude oil at a refinery
site in Minnesota. Results from the demonstration
have been published in the Innovative Technology
Evaluation Report (EPA/540/R-93/510) and the SITE
Technology Capsule (EPA/540/SR-93/510). The
reports are available from EPA. BioGenesis
Enterprises, Inc., is planning a future demonstration of
the BioGenesisSM sediment washing process using
PCB-contaminated sediment.
DEMONSTRATION RESULTS:
Results of the SITE demonstration are presented
below:
• Soil washing and biodegradation with
BioGenesisSM removed about 85 percent of
the total recoverable petroleum hydrocarbon
(TRPH)-related contaminants in the soil.
• Treatment system performance was
reproducible at constant operating conditions.
• At the end of 90 days, TRPH concentrations
decreased an additional 50 percent compared
to washing alone.
• The prototype equipment operated within
design parameters. New production
equipment is expected to streamline overall
operating efficiency.
FOR FURTHER INFORMATION:
EPA PROJECT MANAGER:
Annette Gatchett
U.S. EPA
National Risk Management Research
Laboratory
26 West Martin Luther King Drive
Cincinnati, OH 45268
513-569-7697
Fax: 513-569-7620
E-mail: gatchett.annette@epa.gov
TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPER CONTACT:
Charles Wilde
BioGenesis Enterprises, Inc.
7420 Alban Station Boulevard, Suite B 208
Springfield, VA 22150
703-913-9700
Fax: 703-913-9704
The SITE Program assesses but does not
approve or endorse technologies.
Page 44
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Technology Profile
DEMONSTRATION PROGRAM
BIO-REM, INC.
(Augmented In Situ Subsurface Bioremediation Process)
TECHNOLOGY DESCRIPTION:
The Bio-Rem, Inc., Augmented In Situ Subsurface
Bioremediation Process uses a proprietary blend (H-
10) ofmicroaerophilic bacteria andmicronutrients for
subsurface bioremediation of hydrocarbon
contamination in soil and water (see figure below).
The insertion methodology is adaptable to site-
specific situations. The bacteria are hardy and can
treat contaminants in a wide temperature range. The
process does not require additional oxygen or oxygen-
producing compounds, such as hydrogen peroxide.
Degradation products include carbon dioxide and
water.
The bioremediation process consists of four steps:
(1) defining and characterizing the con-
taminationplume; (2) selecting a site-specific
application methodology; (3) initiating and
propagating the bacterial culture; and (4) monitoring
and reporting cleanup.
This technology treats soil and water contaminated
with hydrocarbons, including halogenated
hydrocarbons. Use of the augmented bioremediation
process is site-specific, and therefore engineered for
each individual site. The success of the process is
dependent on a complete and accurate site
characterization study. This data is necessary to
determine the treatment magnitude and duration.
Microaerophilic
Bacteria
Contaminated
Soil
Water
H-10
Clean
Soil
Micronutrients
Augmented In Situ Subsurface Bioremediation Process
Page 45
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May 2003
Completed Project
STATUS:
This technology was accepted into the SITE
Demonstration Program in winter 1991. The
technology was successfully demonstrated at Williams
Air Force Base in Phoenix, Arizona from May 1992
through June 1993. The Demonstration Bulletin
(EPA/540/ MR-93/527) is available from EPA.
Bio-Rem, Inc., has remediated sites throughout the
U.S., and in Canada and Central Europe.
DEMONSTRATION RESULTS:
Results from the Demonstration indicate that the BIO-
REM process was unsuccessful in reducing target
contaminants in the soil to the project clean-up levels.
Baseline sampling indicated that a maj ority of the soil
samples were significantly higher than the cleanup
levels of 130 ppb for benzene and lOOppmforTRPH.
Furthermore, soil samples analyzed one and three
months after inoculation did not show significant
reductions in benzene or TRPH contamination (Table
1). The lack of progress in the remediation prompted
concerns regarding the effectiveness of the
technology. It was jointly decided between the SITE
Program and BIO-REM to collect sixteen samples
(four boreholes) at six months to determine the
progress of the remediation at the predicted end of the
project. Results from the six month sampling event
also indicated a lack of significant reduction in
contaminant concentrations.
Based on these results, BIO-REM submitted a request
to the Air Force to re-inoculate the site based on their
assessment that sub-surface lithological conditions
inhibited the remedial process. In March of 1993
BIO-REM re-inoculated the site by injecting
approximately 35,000 gallons of H-10 slurry into 104
boreholes deepened to a depth of 23 feet below land
surface. The inoculation to deeper depths was
implemented to overcome the sub-surface lithological
conditions identified by BIO_REM. In June of 1993
a confirmatory sampling event initiated by the Air
Force. In conjunction with the SITE Program,
indicated that significant contamination existed at the
site, and that the re-inoculation was unsuccessful in
reducing the target contaminants to the project
specific clean-up levels. Based on these results, these
site activities were concluded.
FOR FURTHER INFORMATION:
EPA PROJECT MANAGER:
Teri Richardson
U.S. EPA
National Risk Management Research
Laboratory
26 West Martin Luther King Drive
Cincinnati, OH 45268
513-569-7949
Fax: 513-569-7105
E.mail: richardson.teri@epa.gov
TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPER CONTACT:
David O. Mann
BIO-REM, Inc.
P.O. Box 116
Butler, IN 46721
800-428-4626
The SITE Program assesses but does not
approve or endorse technologies.
Page 46
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Technology Profile
DEMONSTRATION PROGRAM
BIOTHERM, LLC
(formerly Dehydro-Tech Corporation)
(Biotherm Process™)
TECHNOLOGY DESCRIPTION:
The Biotherm Process™ combines dehydration and
solvent extraction technologies to separate wet, oily
wastes into their constituent solid, water, and oil
phases (see figure below).
Waste is first mixed with a low-cost hydrocarbon
solvent. The resultant slurry mixture is fed to an
evaporator system that vaporizes water and initiates
solvent extraction of the indigenous oil extraction
unit, where solids contact recycled solvent until the
target amount of indigenous oil is removed.
Depending on the water content of the feed, single-
effect or energy-saving multi-effect evaporators may
be used. Next, the slurry of dried solids is treated in
a multistage solvent. Finally, solids are centrifuged
away from the solvent, followed by "desolventizing,"
an operation that evaporates residual solvent. The
final solids product typically contains less than 2
percent water and less than 1 percent solvent. The
spent solvent, which contains the extracted indigenous
oil, is distilled to separate the solvent for reuse, and
the oil for recovery or disposal.
The Biotherm Process™ yields (1) a clean, dry solid;
(2) a water product virtually free of solids, indigenous
oil, and solvent; and (3) the extracted indigenous oil,
which contains the hazardous hydrocarbon-soluble
feed components. The Biotherm Process™
Biotherm Process™ Schematic Diagram
Page 47
The SITE Program assesses but does not
approve or endorse technologies.
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May 2003
Completed Project
combination of dehydration and solvent extractionhas
the following advantages: (1) any emulsions initially
present are broken and potential emulsion formation
is prevented; (2) solvent extraction is more efficient
because water is not present; and (3) the dry solids
product is stabilized more readily if required (for
example, if metals contamination is a concern).
WASTE APPLICABILITY:
The Biotherm Process™ can treat sludges, soils,
sediments, and other water-bearing wastes containing
hydrocarbon-soluble hazardous compounds, including
polychlorinated biphenyls, polynuclear aromatic
hydrocarbons, and dioxins. The process has been
commercially applied to municipal wastewater sludge,
paper mill sludge, rendering waste, pharmaceutical
plant sludge, and other wastes.
STATUS:
The Biotherm Process™ was accepted into the SITE
Demonstration Program in 1990. The pilot-scale
SITE demonstration of this technology was completed
in August 1991 at EPA's research facility in Edison,
New Jersey. Spent petroleum drilling fluids from the
PAB oil site in Abbeville, Louisiana, were used as
process feed. The Applications Analysis Report
(EPA/540/AR-92/002), Technology Demonstration
Summary (EPA/540/SR-92/ 002), and Technology
Evaluation Report (EPA/540/R-92/002) are available
from EPA.
DEMONSTRATION RESULTS:
The SITE demonstration of the Biotherm Process™
yielded the following results:
• The process successfully separated the petroleum-
contaminated sludge into its solid, indigenous oil,
and water phases. No detectable levels of indige-
nous total petroleum hydrocarbons were present
in the final solid product.
• The final solid product was a dry powder similar
to bentonite. A food-grade solvent comprised the
bulk of the residual hydrocarbons in the solid.
• Values for all metals and organics were well
below the Resource Conservation and Recovery
Act toxicity characteristic leaching procedure
limits for characteristic hazardous wastes.
• The resulting water product required treatment
due to the presence of small amounts of light
organics and solvent. Normally, it may be
disposed of at a local publicly owned treatment
works.
• A full-scale Biotherm Process™ can treat drilling
fluid wastes at technology-specific costs of $100
to $220 per ton of wet feed, exclusive of disposal
costs for the residuals. Site-specific costs, which
include the cost of residual disposal, depend on
site characteristics and treatment objectives.
FOR FURTHER INFORMATION:
EPA PROJECT MANAGER:
Laurel Staley
U.S. EPA
National Risk Management Research
Laboratory
26 West Martin Luther King Drive
Cincinnati, OH 45268
513-569-7863
Fax: 513-569-7105
e-mail: staley.laurel@epa.gov
The SITE Program assesses but does not
approve or endorse technologies.
Page 48
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Technology Protile
DEMONSTRATION PROGRAM
BIOTROL®
(Biological Aqueous Treatment System)
TECHNOLOGY DESCRIPTION:
The BioTrol biological aqueous treatment system
(BATS) is a patented biological system that treats
contaminated groundwater and process water. The
system uses naturally occurring microbes; in some
instances, however, a specific microorganism may be
added. This technique, known as microbial
amendment, is important if a highly toxic or
recalcitrant target compound is present. The amended
microbial system removes both the target contaminant
and the background organic carbon.
The figure below is a schematic of the BATS.
Contaminated water enters a mix tank, where the pH
is adjusted and inorganic nutrients are added. If
necessary, the water is heated to an optimum
temperature with a heater and a heat exchanger, to
minimize energy costs. The water then flows to the
bioreactor, where the contaminants are biodegraded.
The microorganisms that degrade the contaminants
are immobilized in a multiple-cell, submerged, fixed-
film bioreactor. Each cell is filled with a highly
porous packing material to which the microbes adhere.
For aerobic conditions, air is supplied by fine bubble
membrane diffusers mounted at the bottom of each
cell. The system may also run under anaerobic condi-
tions.
As water flows through the bioreactor, the
contaminants are degraded to biological end-products,
predominantly carbon dioxide and water. The
resulting effluent may be discharged to a publicly
owned treatment works or reused on site. In some
cases, discharge with a National Pollutant Discharge
Elimination System permit may be possible.
INFLUENT
MIX
TANK
BATS
INLET
BLOWERS
DISCHARGE
RECIRCULATION
LINE
BioTrol Biological Aqueous Treatment System (BATS)
Page 49
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May 2003
Completed Project
WASTE APPLICABILITY:
The BATS may be applied to a wide variety of
wastewaters, including groundwater, lagoons, and
process water. Contaminants amenable to treatment
include pentachlorophenol (PCP), creosote
components, gasoline and fuel oil components,
chlorinated hydrocarbons, phenolics, and solvents.
Other potential target waste streams include coal tar
residues and organic pesticides. The BATS may also
be effective for treating certain inorganic compounds
such as nitrates; however, this application has not yet
been demonstrated. The system does not treat metals.
STATUS:
The BATS was accepted into the SITE Demonstration
Program in 1989. The system was demonstrated
under the SITE Program from July to
September 1989 at the MacGillis and Gibbs
Superfund site in New Brighton, Minnesota. The
system operated continuously for 6 weeks at three
different flow rates. The Applications Analysis
Report (EPA/540/ A5-91/001), the Technology
Evaluation Report (EPA/540/5-91/001), and the
Demonstration Bulletin (EPA/540/M5-91/ 001) are
available from EPA.
During 1986 and 1987, BioTrol performed a
successful 9-month pilot-scale field test of the BATS
at a wood preserving facility. Since that time, the firm
has installed more than 20 full-scale systems and has
performed several pilot-scale demonstrations. These
systems have successfully treated waters contaminated
with gasoline, mineral spirit solvents, phenol, and
creosote.
DEMONSTRATION RESULTS:
For the SITE demonstration, the BATS yielded the
following results:
• Reduced PCP concentrations from about 45 parts
per million (ppm) to 1 ppm or less in a single pass
• Produced minimal sludge and no PCP air
emissions
• Mineralized chlorinated phenolics
• Eliminated groundwater biotoxicity
• Appeared to be unaffected by low concentrations
of oil and grease (about 50 ppm) and heavy metals
in groundwater
• Required minimal operator attention
The treatment cost per 1,000 gallons was $3.45 for a
5-gallon-per-minute (gpm) pilot-scale system and
$2.43 for a 30-gpm system.
FOR FURTHER INFORMATION:
EPA Project Manager
Mary Stinson
U.S. EPA
National Risk Management
Research Laboratory
2890 Woodbridge Avenue
Edison, NJ 08837-3679
(732)321-6683
Fax:(732)321-6640
e-mail: stinson.mary@epa.gov
TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPER CONTACT:
Durell Dobbins
BioTrol
10300 Valley View Road, Suite 107
Eden Prairie, MN 55344-3456
612-942-8032
Fax: 612-942-8526
The SITE Program assesses but does not
approve or endorse technologies.
Page 50
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Technology Profile
DEMONSTRATION PROGRAM
BIOTROL®
(Soil Washing System)
TECHNOLOGY DESCRIPTION:
The BioTrol Soil Washing System is a patented,
water-based volume reduction process used to treat
excavated soil. The system may be applied to
contaminants concentrated in the fine-sized soil
fraction (silt, clay, and soil organic matter) or in the
coarse soil fraction (sand and gravel).
In the first part of the process, debris is removed from
the soil. The soil is then mixed with water and
subjected to various unit operations common to the
mineral processing industry (see figure below). The
equipment used in these operations can include
mixing trommels, pug mills, vibrating screens, froth
flotation cells, attrition scrubbing machines,
hydrocyclones, screw classifiers, and various
dewatering apparatus.
The core of the process is a multistage,
countercurrent, intensive scrubbing circuit with
interstage classification. The scrubbing action
disintegrates soil aggregates, freeing contaminated
fine particles from the coarser material. In addition,
surficial contamination is removed from the coarse
fraction by the abrasive scouring action of the
particles themselves. Contaminants may also be
solubilized, as dictated by solubility characteristics or
partition coefficients.
Contaminated residual products can be treated by
other methods. Process water is normally recycled
after biological or physical treatment. Contaminated
fines may be disposed of off site, incinerated,
stabilized, or biologically treated.
This system was initially developed to clean soils
contaminated with wood preserving wastes, such as
polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and
pentachlorophenol (PCP). The system may also apply
to soils contaminated with petroleum hydrocarbons,
pesticides, polychlorinated biphenyls, various
industrial chemicals, and metals.
Recycle
>
Contaminated
Silt/Clay
>
BioTrol Soil Washing System Process Diagram
Page 51
The SITE Program assesses but does not
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May 2003
Completed Project
STATUS:
The BioTrol Soil Washing System was accepted into
the SITE Demonstration Program in 1989. The
system was demonstrated under the SITE Program
between September and October 1989 at the
MacGillis and Gibbs Superfund site in New Brighton,
Minnesota. A pilot-scale unit with a treatment
capacity of 500 pounds per hour operated 24 hours per
day during the demonstration. Feed for the first phase
of the demonstration (2 days) consisted of soil
contaminated with 130 parts per million (ppm) PCP
and 247 ppm total PAHs; feed for the second phase (7
days) consisted of soil containing 680 ppm PCP and
404 ppm total PAHs.
Contaminated process water was treated biologically
in a fixed-film reactor and recycled. A portion of the
contaminated soil fines was treated biologically in a
three-stage, pilot-scale EIMCO Biolift™ reactor
system supplied by the EIMCO Process Equipment
Company. The Applications Analysis Report
(EPA/540/A5-91/003)andthe Technology Evaluation
Report Volume I (EPA/540/5-91/003 a) and Volume II
(EPA/540/5-91/003b and EPA/540/5-9l/003c) are
available from EPA.
DEMONSTRATION RESULTS:
Key findings from the BioTrol demonstration are
summarized below:
• Feed soil (dry weight basis) was successfully
separated into 83 percent washed soil, 10 percent
woody residues, and 7 percent fines. The washed
soil retained about 10 percent of the feed soil
contamination; 90 percent of this contamination
was contained within the woody residues, fines,
and process wastes.
• The multistage scrubbing circuit removedup to 89
percent PCP and 88 percent total PAHs, based on
the difference between concentration levels in the
contaminated (wet) feed soil and the washed soil.
• The scrubbing circuit degraded up to 94 percent
PCP in the process water during soil washing.
PAH removal could not be determined because of
low influent concentrations.
• The cost of a commercial-scale soil washing
system, assuming use of all three technologies
(soil washing, water treatment, and fines
treatment), was estimated to be $168 per ton.
Incineration of woody material accounts for 76
percent of the cost.
FOR FURTHER INFORMATION:
EPA Project Manager
Mary Stinson
U.S. EPA
National Risk Management
Research Laboratory
2890 Woodbridge Avenue
Edison, NJ 08837-3679
(732) 321-6683
Fax: (732) 321-6640
e-mail: stinson.mary@epa.gov
TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPER CONTACT:
Dennis Chilcote
BioTrol
10300 Valley View Road, Suite 107
Eden Prairie, MN 55344-3456
612-942-8032
Fax: 612-942-8526
The SITE Program assesses but does not
approve or endorse technologies.
Page 52
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Technology Profile
DEMONSTRATION PROGRAM
BRICE ENVIRONMENTAL SERVICES
CORPORATION
(Soil Washing Process)
TECHNOLOGY DESCRIPTION:
Brice Environmental Services Corporation (Brice)
developed a soil washing process that removes
particulate metal contamination from soil. The
process has been successfully coupled with acid
leaching processes developed by Brice and others for
the removal of ionic metal salts and metal coatings
from soil. The Brice soil washing process is modular
and uses components specifically suited to site soil
conditions and cleanup standards. Component
requirements and anticipated cleanup levels attainable
with the process are determined during treatability
testing at Brice's Fairbanks, Alaska facility
laboratory. The process is designed to recirculate
wash water and leachate solutions.
Particulate metal contaminants removed from soil, and
metals recovered from the leaching system (if used),
are recycled at a smelting facility. Instead of
stabilizing the metals in place or placing the materials
in a landfill, the Brice technology removes metal
contaminants from the soil, thereby eliminating the
health hazard associated with heavy metal
contamination.
WASTE APPLICABILITY:
The Brice soil washing process treats soils
contaminated with heavy metals. Typical materials
suited for treatment with the technology include soils
at small arm ranges, ammunition manufacturing and
testing facilities, foundry sites, and sites used for lead-
acid battery recycling.
STATUS:
The Brice soil washing process was accepted into the
SITE Demonstration Program in winter 1991. Under
the program, the technology was demonstrated in late
summer 1992 on lead-contaminated soil at the
Alaskan Battery Enterprises (ABE) Superfund site in
Fairbanks, Alaska. The Demonstration Bulletin
(EPA/540/MR-93/503) and the Applications Analysis
Report (EPA/540/ A5-93/503) are available from
EPA.
Brice soil Washing Plant
Page 53
The SITE Program assesses but does not
approve or endorse technologies.
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May 2003
Completed Project
A Brice soil washing plant was operated in New
Brighton, Minnesota for 9 months at Twin Cities
Army Ammunition Plant (TCAAP - see photograph)
to process 20,000 tons of contaminated soil. The
wash plant was used in conjunction with a leaching
plant (operated by a separate developer) that removed
ionic lead following particulate metal removal.
During Fall 1996, Brice performed a soil washing/soil
leaching technology demonstration at a small arms
range at Fort Polk, Louisiana. The process
implemented physical separation of bullet and bullet
fragments from soil particles, and included a leaching
step for removing residual ionic lead. A total of 835
tons of soil were processed during this demonstration,
and all demonstration goals were met with no soil
requiring reprocessing.
In August 1998, Brice completed a full-scale soil
washing operation at the Marine Corps Air Ground
Combat Center in Twentynine Palms, California. This
operation involved processing about 12,000 tons of
soil at a small arms firing range.
Several successful demonstrations of the pilot- scale
unit have been conducted. The results from the SITE
demonstration have been published in a Technology
Evaluation Report (EPA/540/5-9l/006a), entitled
"Design and Development of a Pilot-Scale Debris
Decontamination System" and in a Technology
Demonstration Summary (EPA/540/S5-91/006).
EPA developed a full-scale unit with ancillary
equipment mounted on three 48-foot flatbed semi-
trailers. EPA was expected to formalize a
nonexclusive licensing agreement for the equipment
in late 1998 to increase the technology's use in
treating contaminated debris.
DEMONSTRATION RESULTS:
The demonstration at the ABE site consisted of three
test runs of five hours each, with 48 tons of soil
processed. Feed soils averaged 4,500 milligrams per
kilogram (mg/kg) and the separated soil fines fraction
averaged 13,00 mg/kg. On-line reliability was 92
percent, and all processed gravel passed TCLP testing.
Battery casing removal efficiencies during the three
runs were 94 percent, 100 percent and 90 percent.
The results for the demonstration at the TCAAP site
indicated that the Brice technology reduced the lead
load to the leaching process from 39 percent to 53
percent. Soil was continuously processed at a rate of
12 to 15 tons per hour.
Results of the Fort Polk demonstration indicate that
the technology reduced lead from firing range soils by
97 percent. All soil processed was below the
demonstration goals of 500 mg/kg total lead and 5
milligrams per liter (mg/L) TCLP lead. Average
results for all processed soil were 156 mg/kg total lead
and 2.1 mg/L TCLP lead. Processing rates ranged
from 6 to 12 tons per our hour.
FOR FURTHER INFORMATION:
EPA Project Manager:
John Martin
U.S. EPA
National Risk Management
Research Laboratory
26 West Martin Luther King Drive
Cincinnati, OH 45268
(513)569-7758
e-mail: martin.john@epa.gov
TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPER CONTACT:
Craig Jones
Brice Environmental Services Corporation
3200 Shell Street
P.O. Box 73520
Fairbanks, AK 99707
907-456-1955
Fax: 907-452-5018
The SITE Program assesses but does not
approve or endorse technologies.
Page 54
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Technology Protile
DEMONSTRATION PROGRAM
BWX TECHNOLOGIES, INC.
(an affiliate of BABCOCK & WILCOX CO.)
(Cyclone Furnace)
TECHNOLOGY DESCRIPTION:
The BWX Technologies, Inc cyclone furnace is
designed to combust coal with high inorganic content
(high-ash). Through cofiring,the cyclone furnace can
also accommodate highly contaminated wastes
containing heavy metals and organics in soil or
sludge. High heat-release rates of 45,000 British
Thermal Units (Btu) per cubic foot of coal and high
turbulence in cyclones ensures the high temperatures
required for melting the high-ash fuels and
combusting the organics. The inert ash exits the
cyclone furnace as a vitrified slag.
The pilot-scale cyclone furnace, shown in the figure
below, is a water cooled, scaled-down version of a
commercial coal-fired cyclone with a restricted exit
(throat). The furnace geometry is a horizontal
cylinder (barrel).
Natural gas and preheated combustion air are heated
to 820°F and enter tangentially into the cyclone
burner. For dry soil processing, the soil matrix and
natural gas enter tangentially along the cyclone
furnace barrel. For wet soil processing, an atomizer
uses compressed air to spray the soil slurry directly
into the furnace. The soil or sludge and inorganics are
captured and melted, and organics are destroyed in the
gas phase or in the molten slag layer. This slag layer
is formed and retained on the furnace barrel wall by
centrifugal action.
The soil melts, exits the cyclone furnace from the tap
at the cyclone throat, and drops into a water-filled slag
tank where it solidifies. A small quantity of soil also
exits as fly ash with the flue gas from the furnace and
is collected in a baghouse. In principle, this fly ash
can be recycled to the furnace to increase metal
capture and to minimize the volume of the potentially
hazardous waste stream.
COMBUSTION
AIR
INSIDE FURNAI
NATURAL GAS
INJECTORS
NATURAL GAS
SOIL INJECTOR
CYCLONE
BARREL
Cyclone Furnace
Page 55
The SITE Program assesses but does not
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May 2003
Completed Project
The energy requirements for vitrification are 15,000
Btu per pound of soil treated. The cyclone furnace
can be operated with gas, oil, or coal as the
supplemental fuel. If the waste is high in organic
content, it may also supply a significant portion of the
required fuel heat input.
Particulates are captured by abaghouse. To maximize
the capture of particulate metals, a heat exchanger is
used to cool the stack gases to approximately 200°F
before they enter the baghouse.
WASTE APPLICABILITY:
The cyclone furnace can treat highly contaminated
hazardous wastes, sludges, and soils that contain
heavy metals and organic constituents. The wastes
may be solid, a soil slurry (wet soil), or liquids. To be
treated in the cyclone furnace, the ash or solid matrix
must melt (with or without additives) and flow at
cyclone furnace temperatures (2,400 to 3,000°F).
Because the furnace captures heavy metals in the slag
and renders them nonleachable, it is particularly suited
to soils that contain lower-volatility radionuclides
such as strontium and transuranics.
STATUS:
Based on results from the Emerging Technology
Program, the cyclone furnace technology was
accepted into the SITE Demonstration Program in
August 1991. A demonstration occurred in November
1991 at the developer's facility in Alliance, Ohio. The
process was demonstrated using an EPA-supplied, wet
synthetic soil matrix (SSM) spiked with heavy metals
(lead, cadmium, and chromium), organics (anthracene
and dimethylphthalate), and simulated radionuclides
(bismuth, strontium, and zirconium). Results from the
demonstrations have been published in the
Applications Analysis Report (EPA/520/AR-92/017)
and Technology Evaluation Report, Volumes 1 and 2
(EPA/504/R-92/017A and EPA/540/ R-92/017B);
these documents are available from EPA.
DEMONSTRATION RESULTS:
Vitrified slag leachabilities for the heavy metals met
EPA toxicity characteristic leaching procedure
(TCLP) limits. TCLP leachabilities were 0.29
milligram per liter (mg/L) for lead, 0.12 mg/L for
cadmium, and 0.30 mg/L for chromium. Almost 95 %
of the noncombustible SSM was incorporated into the
slag. Greater than 75% of the chromium, 88% of the
strontium, and 97 % of the zirconium were captured in
the slag. Dry weight volume was reduced 28%.
Destruction and removal efficiencies for anthracene
and dimethylphthalate were greater than 99.997% and
99.998%, respect-ively. Stackparticulates were 0.001
grain per dry standard cubic foot (gr/dscf) at 7%
oxygen, which was below the Resource Conservation
Recovery Act limit of 0.08 gr/dscf effective until May
1993. Carbon monoxide and total hydrocarbons in the
flue gas were 6.0 parts per million (ppm) and 8.3 ppm,
respectively.
An independent cost analysis was performed as part of
the SITE demonstration. The cost to remediate 20,000
tons of contaminated soil using a 3.3-ton-per-hour unit
was estimated at $465 per ton if the unit is on line 80
percent of the time, and $529 per ton if the unit is on
line 60 percent of the time.
FOR FURTHER INFORMATION:
EPA PROJECT MANAGER:
Laurel Staley
U.S. EPA/NRMRL
26 West Martin Luther King Drive
Cincinnati, OH 45268
513-569-7863 Fax:513-569-7105
E-mail: staley.larel@epa.gov
TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPER CONTACT:
Jerry Maringo
BWX Technologies, Inc., an affiliate of
Babcock & Wilcox Co.
20 South Van Buren Avenue
P.O. Box 351
Barberton, OH 44203
330-860-6321
The SITE Program assesses but does not
approve or endorse technologies.
Page 56
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Technology Profile
DEMONSTRATION PROGRAM
CALGON CARBON ADVANCED OXIDATION TECHNOLOGIES
(formerly Vulcan Peroxidation Systems, Inc.)
(perox-pure™ Chemical Oxidation Technology)
TECHNOLOGY DESCRIPTION:
The perox-pure™ treatment system is designed to
destroy dissolved organic contaminants in
groundwater or wastewater with an advanced
chemical oxidation process that uses ultraviolet (UV)
radiation and hydrogen peroxide.
In the process, proprietary high-powered, medium-
pressure lamps emit high-energy UV radiation through
a quartz sleeve into the contaminated water.
Hydrogen peroxide is added to the contaminated water
and is activated by the UV light to form oxidizing
species called hydroxyl radicals:
H2O2 + UV -> 2(-OH)
The hydroxyl radical then reacts with the dissolved
contaminants, initiating a rapid cascade of oxidation
reactions that ultimately fully oxidize (mineralize) the
contaminants. The success of the process is based on
the fact that the rate constants for the reaction of-OH
radicals with most organic pollutants are very high.
The hydroxyl radical typically reacts a million to a
billion times faster than chemical oxidants such as
ozone and hydrogen peroxide. In addition, many
organic contaminants (e.g., PCE) undergo a change in
their chemical structure by the direct absorption of
UV light in the UV-C spectral range emitted by
Calgon Carbon Corporation's proprietary medium-
pressure UV lamps.
WASTE APPLICABILITY:
The perox-pure™ technology treats groundwater and
wastewater contaminated with chlorinated solvents,
pesticides, polychlorinated biphenyls, phenolics,
ethers, fuel hydrocarbons, and other organic
compounds. It is effective on concentrations ranging
from low parts per billion to several hundred parts per
million (ppm). In certain instances, when used in
conjunction with photocatalysts, it can be competitive
for contaminated waters at concentrations of several
thousand parts per million (ppm). In some cases, the
perox-pure™ Model SSB-30
Page 57
The SITE Program assesses but does not
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May 2003
Completed Project
combination of the perox-pure™ technology with
activated carbon, air stripping, or biological treatment
will provide a more economical approach than would
be obtained by using only one technology.
STATUS:
The perox-pure™ technology was accepted into the
SITE DemonstrationProgram in April 1991. A Model
SSB-30 (see photograph on previous page) was
demonstrated in September 1992 at the Lawrence
Livermore National Laboratory Superfund site in
Altamont Hills, California. The purpose of this
demonstration was to measure how well the perox-
pure™ technology removed volatile organic
compounds from contaminated groundwater at the
site. The Demonstration Bulletin (EPA/540/MR-
93/501), Technology Demonstration Summary
(EPA/540/SR-93/501), Applications Analysis Report
(EPA/540/AR-93/501), and Technology Evaluation
Report (EPA/540/R- 93/501) are available from EPA.
This technology has been successfully applied to over
250 sites throughout the United States, Canada, the
Far East, and Europe. The treat-ment units at these
sites have treated contaminated groundwater,
industrial wastewater, contaminated drinking water,
landfill leachates, and industrial reuse streams
(process waters). Equipment treatment rates range
from several gallons to several thousand gallons per
minute.
DEMONSTRATION RESULTS:
Operating parameters for the treatment system were
varied during the demonstration. Three
reproducibility tests were performed at the optimum
operating conditions, which were selected from the
initial test runs.
In most cases, the perox-pure™ technology reduced
trichloroethene, tetrachloroethene, chloroform,
trichloroethane, and dichloroethane to below
analytical detection limits. For each organic
contaminant, the perox-pure™ technology complied
with California action levels and federal drinking
water maximum contaminant levels at the 95 percent
confidence level. The quartz sleeve wipers effectively
cleaned the sleeves and eliminated the interference
caused by tube scaling.
FOR FURTHER INFORMATION:
EPA PROJECT MANAGER:
Norma Lewis
U.S. EPA
National Risk Management Research
Laboratory
26 West Martin Luther King Drive
Cincinnati, OH 45268
513-569-7665
Fax: 513-569-7787
e-mail: lewis.norma@epa.gov
TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPER CONTACT:
Bertrand Dussert
Calgon Carbon Advanced Oxidation Technologies
500 Calgon Carbon Drive
Pittsburgh, PA 15205
412-787-6681
Fax: 412-787-6682
E-mail: Dussert@calgcarb.com
The SITE Program assesses but does not
approve or endorse technologies.
Page 58
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Technology Profile
DEMONSTRATION PROGRAM
CF SYSTEMS CORPORATION
(Liquified Gas Solvent Extraction [LG-SX] Technology)
TECHNOLOGY DESCRIPTION:
The CF Systems Corporation (CF Systems) liquified
gas solvent extraction (LG-SX) technology uses
liquified gas solvents to extract organics from soils,
sludges, sediments, and wastewaters. Gases, when
liquified under pressure, have unique physical
properties that enhance their use as solvents. The low
viscosities, densities, and surface tensions of these
gases result in significantly higher rates of extraction
compared to conventional liquid solvents. These
enhanced physical properties also accelerate treated
water's gravity settling rate following extraction. Due
to their high volatility, gases are also easily recovered
from the suspended solids matrix, minimizing solvent
losses.
Liquified propane solvent is typically used to treat
soils, sludges, and sediments, while liquified carbon
dioxide is typically used to treat wastewater. The
extraction system uses a batch extractor-decanter
design for solids and sludges and a continuous trayed
tower design for waste-waters and low-solids wastes.
Contaminated solids, slurries, or wastewaters are fed
into the extraction system along with solvent (see
figure below). After the solvent and organics are
separated from the treated feed, the solvent and
organic mixturepasses to the solventrecovery system.
Once in the solvent recovery system, the solvent is
vaporized and recycled as fresh solvent. The organics
are drawn off and either reused or disposed of.
Treated feed is discharged from the extraction system
as a slurry. The slurry is filtered and dewatered. The
reclaimed water is recycled to the extraction system
and the filter cake is sent for disposal or reused.
WASTE APPLICABILITY:
The LG-SX technology can be applied to soils and
sludges containing volatile and semivolatile organic
compounds and other higher boiling point complex
organics, such as polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons
(PAHs), polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), dioxins,
and pentachlorophenol (PCP). This process can also
treat refinery wastes and wastewater contaminated
with organics.
WASTE
FEED
FEED
PREPARATION
EXTRACTION
SYSTEM
SOLVENT
RECOVERY
RECOVERED
ORGANICS
WATER
RECLAMATION
FILTRATION
SYSTEM
TREATED CAKE
TO DISPOSAL
Liquified Gas Solvent Extraction (LG-SX) Technology
Page 59
The SITE Program assesses but does not
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May 2003
Completed Project
STATUS:
This technology was accepted into the SITE
Demonstration Program in 1988. Under the SITE
Program, a pilot-scale mobile demonstration unit was
tested in September 1988 on PCB-laden sediments
from the New Bedford Harbor Superfund site in
Massachusetts. PCB concentrations in the harbor
sediment ranged from 300 parts per million (ppm) to
2,500 ppm. The Technology Evaluation Report
(EPA/540/5-90/002) and the Applications Analysis
Report(EPA/540/A5-90/002) are available from EPA.
A pilot-scale treatability study was completed on
PCB-contaminated soil from a Michigan Superfund
site. Analytical data showed that the treatment
reduced PCB levels to below 5 parts per million
(ppm), representing a 98 percent removal efficiency
for this waste. A Project Summary (EPA/540/SR-
95/505), which details results from this work, is
available from EPA.
CF Systems completed the first commercial on-site
treatment operation at Star Enterprise in Port Arthur,
Texas. The propane-based solvent extraction unit
processed listed refinery K- and F-wastes, producing
Resource Conservation and Recovery Act treated
solids that met EPA land-ban requirements. The unit
operated continuously from March 1991 to March
1992 and was on-line more than 90 percent of the
time. Following heavy metals fixation, the treated
solids were disposed of in a Class I landfill.
Effective mid-1998, Morrison Knudsen Corporation,
owner of CF Environmental Corporation, has
terminated research and development of the LG-SX
program, and no longer actively markets the
technology.
DEMONSTRATION RESULTS:
This technology was demonstrated concurrently with
dredging studies managed by the U.S. Army Corps of
Engineers. Contaminated sediments were treated by
theLG-SX technology, using a liquified propane and
butane mixture as the extraction solvent. The
demonstration at the New Bedford site yielded the
following results:
• Extraction efficiencies were 90 to 98 percent for
sediments containing PCBs between 360 and
2,575 ppm. PCB concentrations were as low as 8
ppm in the treated sediment.
• Volatile and semivolatile organics in aqueous and
semisolid wastes were extracted with 99.9 percent
efficiency.
• Operating problems included solids retention in
the system hardware and foaming in receiving
tanks. The problems were corrected in the full-
scale operations at Star Enterprise.
Projected costs for PCB cleanup were estimated at
$ 150 to $450 per ton, including material handling
and pre- and posttreatment costs. These costs are
highly dependent on the utilization factor and job
size, which may result in lower costs for large
cleanups.
FOR FURTHER INFORMATION:
EPA PROJECT MANAGER:
Laurel Staley
U.S. EPA
National Risk Management Research
Laboratory
26 West Martin Luther King Drive
Cincinnati, OH 45268
513-569-7863
Fax: 513-569-7328
e-mail: staley.laurel@epa.gov
TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPER CONTACT:
V.M. Poxleitner
Morrison Knudsen Corporation
P.O. Box 73
Boise, ID 83729
208-386-5361
The SITE Program assesses but does not
approve or endorse technologies.
Page 60
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Technology Profile
DEMONSTRATION PROGRAM
COGNIS, INC.
(TERRAMET® Soil Remediation System)
TECHNOLOGY DESCRIPTION:
The COGNIS, Inc. (COGNIS), TERRAMET® soil
remediation system leaches and recovers lead and
other metals from contaminated soil, dust, sludge, or
sediment. The system uses a patented aqueous
leachant that is optimized through treatability tests for
the soil and the target contaminant. The TERRAMET®
system can treat most types of lead contamination,
including metallic lead and lead salts and oxides. The
lead compounds are often tightly bound by fine soil
constituents such as clay, manganese and iron oxides,
and humus.
The figure below illustrates the process. A
pretreatment, physical separation stage may involve
dry screening to remove gross oversized material.
The soil can be separated into oversized (gravel),
sand, and fine (silt, clay, and humus) fractions. Soil,
including the oversized fraction, is first washed. Most
lead contamination is typically associated with fines
fraction, and this fraction is subjected to
countercurrent leaching to dissolve the adsorbed lead
and other heavy metal species. The sand fraction may
also contain significant lead, especially if the
contamination is due to particulate lead, such as that
found in battery recycling, ammunition burning, and
scrap yard activities. In this case, the sand fraction is
pretreated to remove dense metallic or magnetic
materials before subjecting the sand fraction to
countercurrent leaching. Sand and fines can be treated
in separate parallel streams.
After dissolution of the lead and other heavy metal
contaminants, the metal ions are recovered from the
aqueous leachate by a metal recovery process such as
reduction, liquid ion exchange, resin ion exchange, or
precipitation. The metal recovery technique depends
on the metals to be recovered and the leachant
employed. In most cases, a patented reduction process
is used so that the metals are recovered in a compact
form suitable for recycling. After the metals are
recovered, the leachant can be reused within the
TERRAMET® system for continued leaching.
Important characteristics of the TERRAMET® leaching/
recovery combination are as follows:
(1) the leachant is tailored to the substrate and the
contaminant; (2) the leachant is fully recycled within
the treatment plant; (3) treated soil can be returned on
site; (4) all soil fractions can be treated; (5) end
products include treated soil and recycled metal; and
(6) no waste is generated during processing.
WASTE APPLICABILITY:
The COGNIS TERRAMET® soil remediation system can
treat soil, sediment, and sludge contaminated by lead
and other heavy metals or metal mixtures. Appropriate
Physical Separation Stage
Feeder
Dewatered
+1/4"
Oversize
Soil Fines to
Leaching Circuit
Organic Material
DewateringI^Sand to
Sand Screw [Leaching Circuit
Lead Concentrate
- to Recycler
~fERRAUETO"CFemi6irEe"ich]r7g"StiSe"
Soil Fines From
Separation Stage
Sand From
Separation Stage
Make-up
Chemicals
Clean, Dewatered
Neutralized Soil
Lime
Lead Concentrate
to Recycler
TERRAMET® Soil Remediation System
Page 61
The SITE Program assesses but does not
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May 2003
Completed Project
sites include contaminated ammunition testing areas,
firing ranges, battery recycling centers, scrap yards,
metal plating shops, and chemical manufacturers.
Certain lead compounds, such as lead sulfide, are not
amenable to treatment because of their exceedingly
low solubilities. The system can be modified to leach
and recover other metals, such as cadmium, zinc,
copper, and mercury, from soils.
STATUS:
This technology was accepted into the SITE Emerging
Technology Program in August 1992. Based on
results from the Emerging Technology Program, the
technology was accepted into the SITE Demonstration
Program in 1994. The demonstration took place at the
Twin Cities Army Ammunition Plant (TCAAP) Site
F during August 1994. The TERRAMET® system was
evaluated during a full-scale remediation conducted
by COGNIS at TCAAP. The full-scale system was
linked with a soil washing process developed by Brice
Environmental Services Corporation (BESCORP).
The system treated soil at a rate of 12 to 15 tons per
hour. A Demonstration Bulletin (EPA/540/MR-
93/03) and Applications Analysis Report (EPA/540/
AR-93-93/503) are available from the EPA.
The TERRAMET® system is now available through Doe
Run, Inc. (see contact informationbelow). For further
information about the development of the system,
contact the Dr. William Fristad (see contact
information below).
DEMONSTRATION RESULTS:
Lead levels in the feed soil ranged from 380 to 1,800
milligrams per kilogram (mg/kg). Lead levels in
untreated and treated fines ranged from 210 to 780
mg/kg and from 50 to 190 mg/kg, respectively.
Average removal efficiencies for lead were about 75
percent. The TERRAMET® and BESCORP processes
operated smoothly at a feed rate of 12 to 15 tons per
hour. Size separation using the BESCORP process
proved to be effective and reduced the lead load to the
TERRAMET® leaching process by 39 to 63 percent.
Leaching solution was recycled, and lead concentrates
were delivered to a lead smelting facility. The cost of
treating contaminated soil at the TCAAP site using the
COGNIS and BESCORP processes is about $200 per
ton of treated soil, based on treatment of 10,000 tons
of soil. This cost includes the cost of removing
ordnance from the soil.
FOR FURTHER INFORMATION:
EPA PROJECT MANAGER:
Michael Royer
U.S. EPA
National Risk Management Research
Laboratory
2890 Woodbridge Avenue, MS-104
Edison, NJ 08837-3679
908-321-6633
Fax: 908-321-6640
e-mail: royer.michael@epa.gov
System Developer
William E. Fristad
Parker Amchem
32100 Stephenson Hwy
Madison Heights, MI 48071
248-588-4719
Fax: 248-583-2976
Technology Contact
Lou Magdits, TERRAMET® Manager
Doe Run, Inc.
Buick Resource Recycling Facility
HwyKK
HC 1 Box 1395
Boss, MO 65440
573-626-3476
Fax: 573-626-3405
E-mail: lmagdits@misn.com
The SITE Program assesses but does not
approve or endorse technologies.
Page 62
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Technology Protile
DEMONSTRATION PROGRAM
COLORADO DEPARTMENT OF PUBLIC
HEALTH AND ENVIRONMENT
(Developed by Colorado School of Mines)
(Constructed Wetlands-Based Treatment)
TECHNOLOGY DESCRIPTION:
The constructed wetlands-based treatment technology
uses natural geochemical and microbiological
processes inherent in an artificial wetland ecosystem
to accumulate and remove metals from influent
waters. The treatment system incorporates principal
ecosystem components found in wetlands, such as
organic materials (substrate), microbial fauna, and
algae.
Influent waters with high metal concentrations flow
through the aerobic and anaerobic zones of the
wetland ecosystem. Metals are removed by ion
exchange, adsorption, absorption, and precipitation
through geochemical and microbial oxidation and
reduction. Ion Exchange occurs as metals in the water
contact humic or other organic substances in the soil
medium. Oxidation and reductionreactions that occur
in the aerobic and anaerobic zones, respectively,
precipitate metals as hydroxides and sulfides.
Precipitated and absorbed metals settle in quiescent
ponds or are filtered out as the water percolates
through the soil or substrate.
The constructed wetlands-based treatment process is
suitable for acid mine drainage from metal or coal
mining activities. These wastes typically contain high
concentrations of metals and low pH. Wetlands
treatment has been applied with some success to
wastewater in the eastern United States. The process
may have to be adjusted to account for differences in
geology, terrain, trace metal composition, and climate
in the metal mining regions of the western United
States.
STATUS:
Based on the results of test conducted during the SITE
Emerging Technology Program (ETP), the constructed
wetlands-based treatment process was selected for the
SITE Demonstration Program in 1991. Results from
the ETP test indicated an average removal rate of 50
percent for metals. For further information on the
ETP evaluation, refer to the Emerging Technology
Summary (EPA/540/R-93/523), or the Emerging
Technology Bulletin (EPA/540/F-92/001), which are
available from EPA.
7 oz. GEOFABRIC
GEOGRID
SUBSTRATEv
7 oz. GEOFABRI
PERF. EFFLUENT
PIPING TIE TO
GEOGRID
PERF. INFLUENT
PIPING
7 oz. GEOFABRH
GEONET
HOPE LINER
GEOSYNTHETIC
CLAY LINER
16 oz. GEOFABRIC
Schematic Cross Section of Pilot-Scale Upflow Cell
Page 63
The SITE Program assesses but does not
approve or endorse technologies.
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May 2003
Completed Project
DEMONSTRATION RESULTS:
Studies under the Demonstration Program evaluated
process effectiveness, toxicity reduction, and
biogeochemical processes at the Burleigh Tunnel, near
Silver Plume, Colorado. Treatment of mine discharge
from the Burleigh Tunnel is part of the remedy for the
Clear Creek/Central City Superfund site.
Construction of a pilots-scale treatment system began
in summer 1993 and was completed in November
1993. The pilot-scale treatment system covered about
4,200 square feet and consisted of an up flow cell (see
figure on previous page) and a downflow cell. Each
cell treats about 7 gallons per minute of flow.
Preliminary results indicated high removal efficiency
(between 80 to 90 percent) for zinc, the primary
contaminant in the discharge during summer
operation. Zinc removal during the first winter of
operation ranged from 60 to 80 percent.
Removal efficiency of dissolved zinc for the upflow
cell between March and September remained above
90 percent; however, the removal efficiency between
September and December 1994 declined to 84 percent
due to the reduction in microbial activity in the winter
months. The removal efficiency in the downflow cell
dropped to 68 percent in the winter months and was
between 70 to 80 percent during the summer months.
The 1995 removal efficiency of dissolved zinc for the
upflow cell declined from 84 percent to below 50
percent due to substrate hydrologic problems
originating from attempts to insulate this unit during
the summer months. A dramatic upset event in the
spring of 1995 sentabout four times the design flow
through the upflow cell, along with a heavy zinc load.
The heavy zinc load was toxic to the upflow cell and
it never recovered to previous performance levels.
Since the upset event, removal efficiency remained at
or near 50 percent.
The 1995 removal efficiency of the downflow cell
declined from 80 percent during the summer months
to 63 percent during winter, again a result of reduced
microbial activity. The 1996 removal efficiency of
dissolved zinc calculated for the downflow cell
increased from a January low of 63 percent to over 95
percent from May through August. The increase in
the downflow removal efficiency is related to reduced
flow rates through the downflow substrate, translating
to increased residence time.
The SITE demonstration was completed in mid-1998,
and the cells were decommissioned in August 1998.
An Innovative Technology Evaluation Report for the
demonstration was to be available in 1999.
Information on the technology can be obtained
through below-listed sources.
EPA PROJECT MANAGER:
Edward Bates
U.S. EPA
National Risk Management Research
Laboratory
26 West Martin Luther King Drive
Cincinnati, OH 45268
513-569-7774
Fax:513-569-7676
e-mail: bates.edward@epa.gov
TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPER CONTACT:
James Lewis
Colorado Department of Public Health and
Environment
4300 Cherry Creek Drive South
HMWMD-RP-B2
Denver, CO 80220-1530
303-692-3390
Fax: 303-759-5355
The SITE Program assesses but does not
approve or endorse technologies.
Page 64
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Technology Profile
DEMONSTRATION PROGRAM
COMMODORE ADVANCED SCIENCES, INC.
(Solvated Electron Technology, SET™ Remediation System)
TECHNOLOGY DESCRIPTION:
Commmodore Applied Technologies, Inc.'s
(Commodore), solvated electron technology (SET™)
remediation system chemically reduces toxic
contaminants such as polychlorinated biphenyls
(PCB), pesticides, and other halogenated compounds
into benign substances. The solvating system uses a
solution of ammonia and an "active" metal to create a
powerful reducing agent that can clean up
contaminated soils, sediments, and liquids.
A solvated electron solution is a liquid homogeneous
mixture that produces a large supply of free electrons.
It can be created by combining liquid ammonia with
a metal such as sodium, calcium, lithium, or
potassium. When a solvated electron solution is
mixed with a contaminated material, the free electrons
in the solution chemically convert the contaminant to
relatively harmless substances and salts.
The SET™ process consists of components to move
and recover the ammonia (such as piping, pumps, and
tanks), along with reactor vessels which hold the
contaminated medium and the solvating solution. The
system can be transported to different field sites, but
the process is performed ex situ, meaning that the
contaminated medium must be introduced into the
reactor vessels.
The treatment process begins by placing the
contaminated medium into the reactor vessels, where
the medium is then mixed with ammonia.
One of the reactive metals (usually sodium) is then
addedto the contaminated medium-ammonia mixture,
and a chemical reaction ensues. After the chemical
reaction is complete (about 1 minute), the ammonia is
removed to a discharge tank for reuse. The treated
medium is then removed from the reactor vessels,
tested for contamination, and returned to the site.
Metal
Dirty Soil
Reactor
Ammonia
Ammonia/Soil
Separator
Clean Soil
Compressor
Ammonia/Water
Separator
Water
Schematic Diagram of the Solvated Electron Remediation System
Page 65
The SITE Program assesses but does not
approve or endorse technologies.
-------
May 2003
Completed Project
WASTE APPLICABILITY:
Commodore claims that its solvating electron
remediation system can effectively decontaminate
soils, sludges, sediments, oils, hand tools, and
personal protective clothing. The technology
chemically transforms PCBs, pesticides, and other
halogenated compounds into relatively benign salts.
Commodore also believes that the technology is
effective in treating chemical warfare agents and
radionuclides.
STATUS:
In October 1997, Commodore was awarded a contract
to remediate mixed waste material at the U.S.
Department of Energy site at Weldon Spring, Missouri
using the SET™ technology.
A nationwide permit for the destruction of PCBs and
metals in soils was issued for the SET™ process by
the EPA in March, 1997.
This permit was amended in May 1998 to include the
destruction of PCBs in oil.
FOR FURTHER INFORMATION:
Commodore was accepted into the SITE
Demonstration Program in 1995 and is also
participating in the Rapid Commercialization
Initiative (RCI). RCI was created by the Department
of Commerce, Department of Defense, Department of
Energy, and EPA to assist in the integration of
innovative technologies into the marketplace.
DEMONSTRATION RESULTS:
Commodore demonstrated the solvating system at the
Construction Battalion Supply Center in Port
Hueneme, California in September 1996. The
demonstration was designed to evaluate the system's
performance capability, costs, and design parameters.
Results from the demonstration will be presented in an
Innovative Technology Evaluation Report, which is
available from EPA.
EPA PROJECT MANAGER:
Paul dePercin
U.S. EPA
National Risk Management Research
Laboratory
26 West Martin Luther King Drive
Cincinnati, OH 45268
513-569-7797
Fax: 513-569-7105
E-Mail: depercin.paul@epa.gov
TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPER CONTACT:
O.M. Jones
Commodore Solution Technologies, Inc.
2340 Menaul Boulevard, NE
Albuquerque, NM 87111
505-872-3508
Fax: 505-872-6827
The SITE Program assesses but does not
approve or endorse technologies.
Page 66
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Technology Protile
DEMONSTRATION PROGRAM
CURRENT ENVIRONMENTAL SOLUTIONS
(Six-Phase Heating™ of TCE)
TECHNOLOGY DESCRIPTION:
Six-Phase Heating™ (SPH) is a thermally enhanced
soil vapor extraction (SVE) technique thattargets both
contaminated soil and groundwater. The technology
splits conventional three-phase electricity into six
phases and delivers the electricity to the subsurface
through metal electrodes. Once in the subsurface, the
electrical energy resistively heats the soil and
groundwater to generate steam. Direct volatilization
and in situ steam stripping mobilize the contaminants
present in the soil and groundwater. The volatilized
contaminants are recovered by SVE, and treated
before venting to the atmosphere. Contaminants are
also destroyed in situ by means of hydrolysis, hydrous
pyrolysis oxidation, and thermally accelerated
biodegradation.
The ability of SPH to produce steam in situ in low
permeability formations represents a significant
advantage over other thermal technologies that are
limited by hydraulic transport and conductive transfer
to deliver heat to the subsurface. Instead, SPH creates
steam within the soil pore structure itself, driving the
contaminants towards the surface for collection and
treatment.
This is important at heterogeneous sites like Cape
Canaveral, where contaminants are trapped in the low-
permeability clay and silt stringers in fine gain units.
As these stringers are heated, internal steam formation
drives contaminants into overlying permeable sands,
overcoming diffusion-limited mass transfer and
enabling rapid cleanup. When the required voltage
was applied to the subsurface soils and groundwater,
operating conditions were monitored and maintained
within acceptable design limits. After startup, the
system was monitored and controlled remotely.
Routine visits were performed to collect data and
perform system maintenance as required. Four to five
weeks were required to heat the test plot to the boiling
point of water. An additional seven to eight weeks
were required to accomplish cleanup goals.
This technology is designed to treat DNAPL (dense
nonaqueous phase liquid) contaminated soils and
groundwater. At Cape Canaveral,trichloroethylene
(TCE), cis-DCE, trans-DCE, and vinyl chloride in soil
and groundwater were treated with SPH.
Conceptual Illustration of Resistive Heating
Technology
STATUS:
Scientists and engineers at the Pacific Northwest
National Laboratory (PNNL) developed and
demonstrated the SPH technology in the early 1990s.
In July 1997, Battelle Memorial Institute and Terra
Vac Corporation formed a jointventure called Current
Environmental Solutions, LLC (CES) to
commercialize the SPH technology. SPH has been
demonstrated on six occasions at government sites
owned by the Department of Defense (DoD) and
Department of Energy (DOE) during the past four
years. SPH is now being commercially applied on a
full-scale basis at a site impacted by chlorinated
DNAPL underneath a building.
Page 67
The SITE Program assesses but does not
approve or endorse technologies.
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May 2003
Completed Project
The Interagency DNAPL Consortium (IDC), recently
formed by the DoD DOE and the Environmental
Protection Agency (EPA), is tasked with identifying
successful technologies for DNAPL remediation, in
soils and groundwater, at corresponding government
sites. In July of 1998, the IDC selected four in situ
technologies for demonstration at an Air Force site in
Cape Canaveral, Florida, that was impacted with
chlorinated DNAPL. One of the selected technologies
included SPH. The demonstration was completed in
2001 and the Application Analysis Report is available
from the EPA.
DEMONSTRATION RESULTS:
The SPH technology, provided commercially by
Current Environmental Solutions, was demonstrated
at Launch Complex 34 at Cape Canaveral, Florida, as
part of a multiple technology demonstration for the in
situ remediation of DNAPL. The contaminant of
concern was TCE, primarily residing as a separate
phase along the surface of a clay aquitard at a depth of
45 ft. The demonstration was successful in that 97%
of the DNAPL mass was removed, based on analysis
of soil cores taken before and after the demonstration.
However, the effect of SPH on dissolved-phase
fractions of the contaminant could not be quantified
because of large influxes of contaminated
groundwater caused by tropical storms, and the nearby
injection of nearly 2.7 pore volumes of an oxidant
solution directly upgradient of the test area. Attempts
to perform a total mass balance on the contaminants
were similarly confounded.
Based on the production of elevated levels of chloride
ion and other degradation by-products throughout the
demonstration, decontaminationtookplace as follows:
• 44 % was removed via the primary route, an in
situ degradation pathway
• 19% was removed in the vapor phase by steam
stripping
• Approximately 2% was mobilized to the
surrounding aquifer during a single flooding
event, caused by a tropical storm that occurred
early in the demonstration
• The remaining 33% could not be accounted for,
but is likely to have been degraded in situ
• Sampling wells and soil borings beyond the
perimeter of the treatment area revealed a net
decrease in contaminant levels, indicating that
treatment extended beyond the boundaries of the
test cell.
• The total cost of the SPH deployment was $569K,
including all costs for electricity, reporting,
secondary waste treatment, equipment
mobilization, and significant system
modifications and repairs prompted by severe
weather. Based on a treatment volume of 6,250
yd3 (4,780 m3), this corresponds to a total unit cost
of $91/yd3 ($70/m3). Of this, the net cost for SPH
implementation (design, installation, operations,
demobilization) was $65/yd3 ($50/m3), and the
cost of electricity was $12/yd3 ($9/m3).
FOR FURTHER INFORMATION:
EPA PROJECT MANAGER
Tom Holdsworth
U.S. EPA/NRMRL
26 West Martin Luther King Drive
Cincinnati, OH 45268
513-569-7675 Fax: 513-569-7676
e-mail: holdsworth.thomas@epa.gov
TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPER CONTACT
Bill Heath
CES Richland
Applied Process Engineering Laboratory
350 Hills Street
Richland, WA 99352
509-727-4276 Fax:509-371-0634
e-mail: bill@cesiweb.com
www.cesiweb.com
The SITE Program assesses but does not
approve or endorse technologies.
Page 68
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Technology Profile
DEMONSTRATION PROGRAM
DUKE ENGINEERING AND SERVICES, INC.
(Surfactant Enhanced Aquifer Remediation of Nonaqueous Phase Liquids)
TECHNOLOGY DESCRIPTION:
Surfactant enhanced aquifer remediation (SEAR)
technology greatly enhances the removal of residual
nonaqueous phase liquids (NAPL) from the
subsurface by increasing the solubility of the NAPL
and lowering the interfacial tension between the
NAPL and aqueous surfactant solution. Increasing the
solubility of the NAPL with surfactants substantially
enhances the removal of the NAPL mass through
pumping. Lowering the interfacial tension between
the NAPL and the aqueous surfactant solution reduces
the capillary forces that trap the NAPL in the pore
spaces of the aquifer. Under certain conditions, the
interfacial tension can be lowered sufficiently to drain
NAPL from the pore spaces thereby forming an oil
bank in the subsurface, which is then recovered at
extraction wells.
Before SEAR technology can be implemented, site
specific characteristics must be determined. Normal
aquifer properties such as stratigraphy, grain size
distribution, mineralogy, hydraulic conductivity,
vertical and horizontal gradients, depth to ground
water, etc., are determined. In addition, a fundamental
understanding of the NAPL composition, distribution,
and quantity in the subsurface is required. Knowledge
of the quantity of NAPL present prior to using SEAR
prevents either under- or over-designing the surfactant
flood. Laboratory experiments using soil core,
contaminant, groundwater, and source water from the
site are conducted to determine the optimum
surfactant solution mix. A geosystem model is then
developed which incorporates all the data gathered.
Simulations are run to determine optimum injection
and extraction well placement, percent recoveries of
the compounds injected, contaminant concentration
levels in the effluent, percent removal of the
contaminant mass, and all other pertinent results ofthe
surfactant flood.
OiUnd
Vfcter
S«f"ii r-ito r
waxri
5u rfictint
JJAPL
SEAR Technology
Page 69
The SITE Program assesses but does not
approve or endorse technologies.
-------
May 2003
Completed Project
Once the surfactant flood has been fully designed, the
surfactant solution is injected into the contaminated
zone in the subsurface through one or more wells.
The surfactant is drawn through the subsurface by
pumping at surrounding extraction wells. As the
surfactant moves through the subsurface it solubilizes
or, if the design calls for it, mobilizes the NAPL for
recovery at the extraction wells. The recovered
groundwater and NAPL are then typically sent to a
phase separator. The recovered NAPL is either
disposed of or recycled, and the groundwater and
surfactant is treated. For large scale proj ects, recovery
and reuse of the surfactant from the effluent stream is
economical.
WASTE APPLICABILITY:
SEAR technology is applicable for the rapid removal
of residual phase NAPL in the subsurface. Although
it does not directly remediate the dissolved phase
plume, removal of the source zone contamination can
greatly reduce long term liability and risk. SEAR
technology can be effective for the removal of a broad
range of organic contaminants. This technology may
not be suitable for sites with low hydraulic
permeabilities (10"5 cm/sec or less).
DEMONSTRATION RESULTS:
A demonstration of SEAR to remove a high viscosity
hydrocarbon (Navy Special Fuel Oil [NSFO]) was
completed at Mullican Field, Pearl Harbor, HI. The
hydrocarbon was successfully mobilized using a
custom-designed surfactant and heating. The
surfactant solution to 60°C.
SEAR technology has been successfully demonstrated
with three separate surfactant floods at a U.S. Air
Force base containing chlorinated solvent
contamination in an alluvial aquifer.
STATUS:
SEAR technology was accepted into the Superfund
Innovative Technology Evaluation (SITE)
Demonstration program in 1997.
FOR FURTHER INFORMATION:
EPA PROJECT MANAGER:
Randy Parker
U.S. EPA
National Risk Management Research
Laboratory
26 West Martin Luther King Drive
Cincinnati, OH 45268
513-569-7271
Fax: 513-569-7676
e-mail: parker.randy@epa.gov
TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPER CONTACT:
Dick Jackson or John Londergan
Duke Engineering and Services, Inc.
9111 Research Blvd.
Austin, TX 78758
512-425-2000
Fax: 512-425-2199
The SITE Program assesses but does not
approve or endorse technologies.
Page 70
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Technology Profile
DEMONSTRATION PROGRAM
DYNAPHORE, INC.
(FORAGER® Sponge)
TECHNOLOGY DESCRIPTION:
The FORAGER" Sponge (Sponge) is an open-celled
cellulose sponge containing a polymer with selective
affinity for dissolved heavy metals in both cationic
and anionic states. The polymer contains
iminodiacetic acid groups which enter into chelation
bonding with transition-group heavy metal cations.
The polymer's affinity for particular cations is
influenced by solution parameters such as pH,
temperature, and total ionic content. In general, the
following affinity sequence for several representative
ions prevails:
Cd++>&T>Hg^>Pb++>Au+++>Zn++>Fe+++>Ni++>Co^>
>Al+++>Ca++>Mg++»Na+
During absorption, a cation is displaced from the
polymer. The displaced cation may be H+ or a cation
below the absorbed cation in the affinity sequence.
The polymer also contains tertiary amine salt groups
which exhibit selective bonding for anion species such
as the following:
Cr
-------
May 2003
Completed Project
next page. Alternatively, the groundwater can be
treated aboveground in a packed column
configuration.
The Sponge can scavenge metals in concentration
levels of parts per million and parts per billion from
industrial discharges, municipal sewage, process
streams, and acid mine drainage. The Sponge is
particularly useful when treating water with low
contaminant levels, especially in polishing or end-of-
pipe treatments. Because of the low capital
investment required, the Sponge is well-suited for use
in short-term remediation projects and for sporadic
flow conditions.
This technology was accepted into the SITE
Demonstration Program in June 1991. The Sponge
was demonstrated in April 1994 at the National Lead
Industry site in Pedricktown, New Jersey. The
Demonstration Bulletin (EPA/540/MR-94/522),
Technology Capsule (EPA/540/R-94/522a), and
Inn o v ati v e T e chno 1 o gy Evaluation
Report(EPA/540/R-94/522) are available from EPA.
Analyte
Cadmium
Copper
Lead
Chromium
Average Influence Percent
Concentration (ug/L) Removal
917 97
578 97
426 32
According to the developer, the Sponge has also
effectively removed trace heavy metals from acid
mine drainage at three locations in Colorado. In
bench-scale tests, the Sponge reduced mercury, lead,
nickel, cadmium, and chromium in groundwater from
various Superfund sites to below detectable levels.
The Sponge was also demonstrated in a field-scale
installation at a photoprocessing operation. The
process reduced chromate and silver by 75 percent at
a cost of $1,100 per month. In bench-scale tests, the
Sponge has removed lead, mercury, and copper from
pourable sludges such as simulatedmunicipal sewage,
and from soils slurried with water.
DEMONSTRATION RESULTS:
Treatment performance from the SITE demonstration
was as follows:
In 1996, the Sponge, configured in a column, was
employed in a pump-and-treat remediation of 360,000
gallons of water that had accumulated as a result of a
fuel handling operation. The water, containing 0.2
parts per million (ppm) arsenic, was treated at 12
gallons per minute (0.1 bed volume per minute) to
produce an effluent having a nondetect level of
arsenic.
According to the developer, a newly developed
modification of the Sponge (designated Grade 0) has
proven effective in removing methyl-terf-butyl ether
(MTBE) from groundwater and in removing dense
non-aqueous phase liquids (DNAPL) from
stormwater. The sponge is currently being used in
passive, end-of-pipe installations to remove nickel
from electroplating effluents.
FOR FURTHER INFORMATION:
EPA Project Manager:
Carolyn Esposito, U.S. EPA
National Risk Management Research
Laboratory
2890 Woodbridge Avenue
Edison, New Jersey 08837-3679
732-906-6895
e-mail: esposito.carolyn@epa.gov
TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPER CONTACT:
Norman Rainer, Dynaphore, Inc.
2709 Willard Road
Richmond, VA 23294
804-672-3464
The SITE Program assesses but does not
approve or endorse technologies.
Page 72
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Technology Profile
DEMONSTRATION PROGRAM
E.I. DUPONT DE NEMOURS AND COMPANY, and
OBERLIN FILTER COMPANY
(Membrane Microfiltration)
TECHNOLOGY DESCRIPTION:
This membrane microfiltration system is designed to
remove solid particles from liquid wastes, forming
filter cakes typically ranging from 40 to 60 percent
solids. The system can be manufactured as an
enclosed unit, requires little or no attention during
operation, is mobile, and can be trailer-mounted.
The membrane microfiltration system uses an
automatic pressure filter (developed by Oberlin Filter
Company), combined with a special Tyvek® filter
material (Tyvek® T-980) made of spun-bonded olefin
(invented by E.I. DuPont de Nemours and Company)
(see figure below). The filter material is a thin,
durable plastic fabric with tiny openings about 1 ten-
millionth of a meter in diameter. These openings
allow water or other liquids and solid particles smaller
than the openings to flow through. Solids in the liquid
stream that are too large to pass through the openings
accumulate on the filter and can be easily collected for
disposal.
The automatic pressure filter has two chambers: an
upper chamber for feeding waste through the filter,
and a lower chamber for collecting the filtered liquid
(filtrate). At the start of a filter cycle, the upper
chamber is lowered to form a liquid-tight seal against
the filter. The waste feed is then pumped into the
upper chamber and through the filter. Filtered solids
accumulate on the Tyvek® surface, forming a filter
cake, while filtrate collects in the lower chamber.
Following filtration, air is fed into the upper chamber
at a pressure of about 45 pounds per square inch. Air
removes any liquid remaining in the upper chamber
and further dries the filter cake. When the filter cake
is dry, the upper chamber is lifted, and the filter cake
is automatically discharged. Clean filter material is
then drawn from a roll into the system for the next
cycle. Both the filter cake and the filtrate can be col-
lected and treated further before disposal, if necessary.
I II I 1 Ml II
I l!
Membrane Microfiltration System
Page 73
The SITE Program assesses but does not
approve or endorse technologies.
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May 2003
Completed Project
WASTE APPLICABILITY:
This membrane micro filtration system may be applied
to (1) hazardous waste suspensions, particularly liquid
heavy metal- and cyanide bearing wastes (such as
electroplating rinsewaters), (2) groundwater
contaminated with heavy metals, (3) constituents in
landfill leachate, and (4) process wastewaters
containing uranium. The technology is best suited for
treating wastes with solids concentrations of less than
5,000 parts per million; otherwise, the cake capacity
and handling become limiting factors. The system can
treat any type of solids, including inorganics,
organics, and oily wastes, with a wide variety of
particle sizes. Moreover, because the system is
enclosed, it can treat liquid wastes that contain volatile
organics.
STATUS:
The membrane microfiltration system, accepted into
the SITE Demonstration Program in 1988, was
demonstrated at the Palmerton Zinc Superfund site in
Palmerton, Pennsylvania. The demonstration was
conducted over a 4-week period in April and May
1990. Groundwater from the shallow aquifer at the
site was contaminated with dissolved heavy metals,
including cadmium, lead, and zinc. This contaminated
groundwater served as the feed waste for the demon-
stration. The system treated waste at a rate of about 1
to 2 gallons per minute.
The Applications Analysis Report (EPA/540/
A5-90/007), the Technology Evaluation Report
(EPA/540/5-90/007), and a videotape of the
demonstration are available from EPA.
Since 1991, about 12 commercial installations of the
technology have been operational.
DEMONSTRATION RESULTS:
During the demonstration at the Palmerton Zinc
Superfund site, the membrane microfiltration system
achieved the following results:
• Removal efficiencies for zinc and total suspended
solids ranged from 99.75 to 99.99 percent
(averaging 99.95 percent).
• Solids in the filter cake ranged from 30.5 to 47.1
percent.
• Dry filter cake in all test runs passed the Resource
Conservation and Recovery Actpaint filter liquids
test.
• Filtrate met the applicable National Pollutant
Discharge Elimination System standards for
cadmium, lead, zinc, and total suspended solids.
• A composite filter cake sample passed the
extraction procedure toxicity and toxicity
characteristic leaching procedure tests for metals.
FOR FURTHER INFORMATION:
EPA PROJECT MANAGER:
John Martin
U.S. EPA
National Risk Management Research
Laboratory
26 West Martin Luther King Drive
Cincinnati, OH 45268
513-569-7758
Fax:513-569-7620
e-mail: martin.john@epa.gov
TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPER CONTACT:
Ernest Mayer
E.I. DuPont de Nemours and Company
Nemours 6528
1007 Market Street
Wilmington, DE 19898
302-774-2277
Fax: 302-368-1474
The SITE Program assesses but does not
approve or endorse technologies.
Page 74
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Technology Profile
DEMONSTRATION PROGRAM
E&C Williams, Inc.
(Calcium Sulfide and Calcium Polysulfide Technologies)
TECHNOLOGY DESCRIPTION:
Enthrall® (CaS) is an inorganic, nonhazardous sulfide
compound developed by E&C Williams, Inc., for the
treatment of metals and cyanide compounds in various
media. Enthrall® is manufactured as powder, liquid,
and granulated solid to provide the widest range of
applications and uses.
The primary active ingredient in Enthrall® is calcium
sulfide which reacts with metals to form a metal
sulfide. This form of a metal is insoluble under the
test conditions imposed by the Toxicity Characteristic
Leaching Procedure (TCLP; which simulates the
acidic conditions found inmost landfills), the Multiple
Extraction Procedure (MEP; which simulates
approximately 1,000 years of acidic leaching), and the
Synthetic Products Leaching Procedure (SPLP; more
aggressive than the TCLP). Enthrall® has an
inherently high reaction efficiency, requiring much
less product than others.
The powder and liquid forms present enormous
potential for soil remediation products for both in situ
and ex situ. Enthrall® is effective over entire range of
regulated metals. Its reaction time is nearly
instantaneous, allowing for immediate sampling and
testing. Stabilized waste is truly stable - it is not
subject to leaching at a later date under acidic
conditions.
Calcium polysulfide (CaSx), while derived from
different raw materials, shares many characteristics
with calcium sulfide. It is effective over the entire
range of regulated metals and reacts with metals to
form metal sulfides as quickly as contact is achieved.
Both are single-phase additives requiring no other
compound to completely stabilize metals.
WASTE APPLICABILITY:
Both technologies are suitable for stabilizing metals in
a wide variety of media and physical states. Upon
exposure to acidic conditions, some hydrogen sulfide
gas may be generated. Both sulfide technologies can
be formulated to a high alkalinity range to offset the
effects of gassing.
STATUS:
The calcium sulfide technology was accepted into the
SITE Demonstration Program in November 2000.
Enthrall® was used as the active ingredient on a SITE
demonstration at treating mine tailings containing
mercury. The setup consisted of treating columns of
material from a site mining facility in Butte, Montana.
Enthrall® was used to treat the assigned column(s) and
the columns were then subjected to a twelve-week
leaching procedure. The results of this study are in the
process of final evaluation and will be published in
2002.
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May 2003
Completed Project
FOR FURTHER INFORMATION:
FOR FURTHER
INFORMATION:
EPA PROJECT MANAGER
Ed Bates
U.S. EPA National Risk Management
Research Laboratory
26 West Martin Luther King Drive
Cincinnati, OH 45268
513-569-7774
Fax: 513-569-7676
e-mail: bates.edward@epa.gov
TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPER CONTACT
Robert McManus
E&C Williams, Inc.
P.O. Box 3287
Summerville, SC 29484
843-821-4200
Fax: 843-821-4262
e-mail: rmcmanus@sc.rr.com
The SITE Program assesses but does not
approve or endorse technologies.
Page 76
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Technology Protile
DEMONSTRATION PROGRAM
EARTH TECH/WESTINGHOUSE
SAVANNAH RIVER COMPANY
(Enhanced In Situ Bioremediation of
Chlorinated Compounds in Groundwater)
TECHNOLOGY DESCRIPTION:
ITT Night Vision is conducting in situ enhanced
aerobic bioremediation of contaminated groundwater
in fractured bedrock utilizing technologies developed
at the U.S. Department of Energy Savannah River Site
and licensed to Earth Tech, Inc. This project currently
involves remediation of groundwater in the vicinity of
one contaminant source area as a pilot-scale operation,
with the possibility of applying the technology
elsewhere on site. Contaminants of concern in on-site
groundwater include chlorinated solvents and their
daughter products, plus acetone and isopropanol. To
accelerate the intrinsic (natural) biodegradation
observed at the site, the selected remedy involves the
subsurface injection of air, gaseous-phase nutrients
(triethyl phosphate and nitrous oxide), and methane.
The amendments are being added to stimulate existing
microbial populations (particularly methanotrophs) so
that they can more aggressively break down the
contaminants of concern. Amendment delivery to the
is accomplished through an injection well, and the
injection zone of influence is confirmed using
surrounding groundwater monitoring wells and soil
vapor monitoring points.
The patented PHOSter™ process for injection of
triethyl phosphate in a gaseous phase was licensed for
use at this site as an integral element of the enhanced
bioremediation operation. This technology maximizes
the subsurface zone of influence of nutrient injection
as compared to technologies injecting nutrients in
liquid or slurry form. Monitoring of contaminant (and
breakdown product) concentrations in groundwater
and soil vapor, measurement of microbiological
population density and diversity, and monitoring of
nutrient concentrations and groundwater geochemical
parameters provides feedback on system
effectiveness. This in turn allows adjustments to be
made in the sequencing and rate of delivery of air,
nutrients, and methane in response to changing
subsurface conditions.
Ambient
Air -
Inject Gas to
Subsurface via
Injection Wells
COMPRESSO
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Air Flow Check Valve
Air Flow Meter and Valve
Pressure Gauge/Switch
Exploslmeter
Page 77
The SITE Program assesses but does not
approve or endorse technologies.
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May 2003
Completed Project
WASTE APPLICABILITY:
This enhanced bioremediation technology breaks
down volatile organic compounds in groundwater.
Compounds which are amenable to intrinsic (natural)
biodegradation can be degraded more rapidly when
the subsurface microbial populations are stimulated
through the injection of air, gaseous-phase nutrients,
and methane. By providing an aerobic environment
for contaminant degradation, harmless breakdown
products are produced and toxic daughter products of
anaerobic degradation of chlorinated solvents (such as
vinyl chloride) can be broken down completely. This
in-situ technology is especially applicable in situation
where subsurface infrastructure (for example,
networks of utilities) limit or preclude excavation or
extraction technologies.
STATUS:
The enhanced bioremediation system, currently being
used in the ongoing RCRA corrective action interim
measure at the ITT Night Vision facility, was accepted
into the SITE program in 1997, with system start up
occurring in March of 1998. The technology had
previously been approved by EPA Region 3 as an
Interim Measure part of the facility's ongoing RCRA
Corrective Action program.
SITE program participants collected groundwater
quality and microbiological data prior to system start
up (baseline monitoring), between the air and nutrient
injection campaigns (interimmonitoring), and after 16
months of operation (final monitoring).
DEMONSTRATION RESULTS:
Baseline monitoring established a statistical reference
point for contaminants of concern in groundwater.
Interim monitoring suggests that the initial injection
campaigns have successfully stimulated the growth of
native microbial populations based upon the results of
phospholipid fatty acid assays and methanotrophmost
probable number plate counts. Corresponding
decreases in concentrations of contaminants of
concern have also been discernible.
Final monitoring indicated that the average percent
reduction, based on 28 baseline and 28 final samples
were as follows:
• Chloroethane - 36%
• 1,1 -Dichloroethane - 80%
• cw-l,2-Dichloroethene - 97%
• Vinyl chloride - 96%
FOR FURTHER INFORMATION:
EPA PROJECT MANAGER:
Vince Gallardo
US EPA
National Risk Management Research
Laboratory
26 W. Martin Luther King Drive
Cincinnati, OH 45268
513-569-7176
e-mail: gallardo.vincente@epa.gov
ITT NIGHT VISION PROJECT MANAGER:
Rosann Kryczkowski
Manager, Environmental, Health & Safety
ITT Night Vision
763 5 Plantation Road
Roanoke,VA 24019-3257
540-362-7356
Fax: 540-362-7370
TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPER CONTACT:
Brian B. Looney, Ph.D.
Westinghouse Savannah River Company
Savannah River Technology Center
Aiken, SC 29808
803-725-3692
Fax: 803-725-7673
The SITE Program assesses but does not
approve or endorse technologies.
Page 78
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Technology Profile
DEMONSTRATION PROGRAM
EARTHSOFT
(EQuIS Software)
TECHNOLOGY DESCRIPTION:
The EQuIS software is designed as an advanced
environmental data management and analysis platform
for monitoring and remediation projects. The EQuIS
applications provide a data warehouse where
environmental data can be entered and reviewed, and
then exported to a variety of industry standard tools.
The EQuIS system contains the following
components:
EQuIS Chemistry:
Electronic Lab Data Checker
EQuIS CrossTab Report Writer
EQuIS Data Verification Module
CARStat
EQuIS Geology:
LogPlot, RockWorks, CMS, EVS
EQuIS ArcView CIS Interface
EVS, GMS, & ESRI's 3D Analyst
A brief description of each software module is
presented in the following paragraphs.
EQuIS Chemistry manages sampling information and
analytical data generated in the field or by commercial
laboratories. EQuIS Chemistry offers an interface and
relational database to organize chemical field and lab
data, as well as interfaces to numerous statistical
analyses, reporting and visualization packages.
Chemistry QA/QC data is also managed to support
advanced remediation projects. Referential and
relational integrity is enforced resulting in high
quality data. Electronic Lab Data Checker (ELDC)
allows users to check electronic deliverables for
format accuracy using default or user-defined formats.
The ELDC can trap out many errors of consistency
and completeness. EQuIS CrossTab Report Writer
allows users to create complex cross tab reports using
data from existing EQuIS Chemistry project
databases. EQuIS Data Verification Module (DVM)
provides data and review and validation in accordance
with EPA programs, as well as analytical program
requirements from other agencies. The DVM
produces extensive validation reports and provides a
suggested qualifying flag that can be written back to
the database. CARStat eliminates unnecessary site
assessments and remediation due to misapplication of
statistical methods or simple comparison of
measurements to regulatory standards. Site-wide false
positive and negative rates are directly computed via
Monte Carlo simulations.
EQuIS Geology manages geological and geotechnical
information. EQuIS Geology facilitates rapid
modeling, calibration and analysis using any of
several standard commercial borehole logging,
groundwater modeling and solid contouring and
reporting techniques. EQuIS Arc View GIS Interface
encapsulates EQuIS and allows users to query and
view EQuIS Chemistry and Geology data inside of
ArcView GIS. Many basic and even advanced
operations such as creating borehole logs, CrossTab
reports, and solid models can be done in only a few
keystrokes.
STATUS:
The objective of the SITE Demonstration Program is
to develop reliable engineering performance and cost
data innovative alternative technologies so that
potential users can evaluate the applicability of each
technology for a specific site. This demonstration is
being performed on environmental data management
software and is carried out with data from hazardous
waste sites in New Jersey.
In a software evaluation, select data set(s) will be
utilized to evaluate capabilities of the software. The
procedures used to evaluate the software performance
and to document project activities will be critical to
this analysis.
In consultation with the EQuIS vendor, seven primary
modules will be tested in this evaluation. These are:
EQuIS Chemistry, ELDC, EQuIS CrossTab Report
Writer, DVM, CARStat, EQuIS Geology, and the
EQuIS ArcView GIS Interface. The EPA will publish
the technology evaluation results in Summer 2002.
Page 79
The SITE Program assesses but does not
approve or endorse technologies.
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May 2003
Completed Project
FOR FURTHER
INFORMATION:
EPA PROJECT MANAGER:
Richard Eilers
EPA NRMRL
26 West Martin Luther King Drive
Cincinnati OH, 45268
513-569-7809
Fax:513-569-7111
e-mail: eilers.richard@epa.gov
TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPER
Mitch Beard
EarthSoft
4141 Pine Forest Road
Cantonment, FL 32533
800-649-8855
Fax: 850-478-6904
www.earthsoft.com
The SITE Program assesses but does not
approve or endorse technologies.
Page 80
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Technology Profile
DEMONSTRATION PROGRAM
EcoMat, Inc.
(Biological Denitrification Process)
TECHNOLOGY DESCRIPTION:
EcoMat has developed and patented a continuously
circulating reactor that contains fixed film biocarriers
that are retained within the system, thereby
minimizing solids carryover. Fixed film treatment
allows rapid and compact treatment of nitrate with
minimal by-products. Methanol is added as a source
of carbon for the metabolic processes that remove free
oxygen, to encourage the bacteria to consume nitrate
instead, and as a source of carbon for cell growth.
The EcoLink membrane media consists of a
polyurethane-based sponge that is cut into 1-cm
cubes. The media last for a long time - up to several
years. The size of the interstitial spaces within the
sponge is designed to permit passage of gas, as well as
passage of water into these spaces. The surface area
involved is sufficiently great to provide for high
bacteria concentrations and high interaction
efficiency.
The mechanism for anoxic biodegradation of nitrate
consists of initial removal of dissolved oxygen
followed by the total removal of oxygen from the
nitrate. In the first step, available oxygen must be
consumed to a dissolved oxygen concentration of <1
mg/L so that the bacteria are forced to substitute the
nitrate as the electron acceptor. The nitrate is first
reduced to nitrite and then further reduced to nitrogen
gas.
The effluent from the denitrification system will
contain small amounts of bacteria and suspended
solids, which must be removed by a posttreatment
system. EcoMat can incorporate an oxidation
component (ozonation and/or ultraviolet disinfection)
into its posttreatment system to accomplish some
degree of chlorinated hydrocarbon destruction as well
as oxidation of any residual nitrite to nitrate, oxidation
of any residual methanol, and destruction of bacterial
matter. A filtration component can also be
incorporated into the posttreatment system to remove
suspended solids.
Design of the treatmentprocess/system for a particular
site requires the characterization of the water source
that will be fed to the system in terms of contaminants
present, variability in waste characteristics.
WASTE APPLICABILITY:
This technology is suitable for any water-based
contaminant remediation which permits the
proliferation of the lives of the various hardy bacteria
which consume the oxygen and methanol.
The technology has been applied to nitrate within
seawater (in commercial aquariums). It has also been
applied to industrial waste. Another potential
application is for remediation of sites subject to
eutrophication. The system has been demonstrated to
remediate perchlorate, after the dissolved oxygen and
nitrate have been removed. A relatively minor
modification of the reactor permits remediation of
both MTBE and ethylene glycol.
Page 81
The SITE Program assesses but does not
approve or endorse technologies.
-------
Technology Profile
DEMONSTRATION PROGRAM
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STATUS:
The technology evaluation under the SITE program
was conducted between May and December of 1999,
and the results have been analyzed (see Technology
Evaluation Report, May 2001 draft).
DEMONSTRATION RESULTS:
The demonstration site was the location of a
former public water supply well in Bendena,
Kansas. The well water is contaminated with high
levels of nitrate, with concentrations ranging from
20 to 130 ppm of nitrate (N). The results of the
testing program showed that EcoMat successfully
removed the nitrate, although the posttreatment
systems applied were not always successful in
reducing the nitrite sufficiently or in filtering the
exiting bacteria and suspended solids. This
relatively straightforward work remains to be
done before the system is approved for drinking
water application.
FOR FURTHER INFORMATION:
EPA CONTACT
Randy Parker
U.S. EPA National Risk Management
Research Laboratory
26 West Martin Luther King Drive
Cincinnati, OH 45268
513-569-7271
Fax: 513-569-7105
e-mail: parker.randy@epa.gov
TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPER
CONTACT:
Peter J. Hall
EcoMat, Inc.
26206 Industrial Boulevard
Hayward, CA 94545
510-783-5885
Fax: 510-783-7932
e-mail: pete@ecomatinc.com
The SITE Program assesses but does not
approve or endorse technologies.
Page 82
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Technology Profile
DEMONSTRATION PROGRAM
ECOVA CORPORATION
(Bioslurry Reactor)
TECHNOLOGY DESCRIPTION:
The ECOVA Corporation (ECOVA) slurry-phase
bioremediation (bioslurry) technology aerobically
biodegrades creosote-contaminated materials. The
technology uses batch and continuous flow
bioreactors to process polynuclear aromatic
hydrocarbon (PAH)-contaminated soils,
sediments, and sludges. The bioreactors are
supplemented with oxygen, nutrients, and a
specific inoculum of enriched indigenous
microorganisms to enhance the degradation
process.
Because site-specific environments influence
biological treatment, all chemical, physical, and
microbial factors are designed into the treatment
process. The ultimate goal is to convert organic
wastes into relatively harmless by-products of
microbial metabolism, such as carbon dioxide,
water, and inorganic salts. Biological reaction
rates are accelerated in a slurry system because of
the increased contact efficiency between
contaminants and microorganisms. The
photograph below shows the bioslurry reactor.
Bioslurry Reactor
Page 83
The SITE Program assesses but does not
approve or endorse technologies.
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May 2003
Completed Project
WASTE APPLICABILITY:
The bioslurry reactor is designed to treat highly
contaminated creosote wastes. It can also treat
other concentrated contaminants that can be
aerobically biodegraded, such as petroleum
wastes. The bioslurry reactor system must be
engineered to maintain parameters such as pH,
temperature, and dissolved oxygen within ranges
conducive to the desired microbial activity.
STATUS:
This technology was accepted into the SITE
Demonstration Program in spring 1991. From
May through September 1991, EPA conducted a
SITE demonstration using six bioslurry reactors at
EPA's Test and Evaluation Facility in Cincinnati,
Ohio.
ECOVA conducted bench- and pilot-scale studies
to evaluate bioremediation of PAHs in creosote-
contaminated soil from the Burlington Northern
Superfund site in Brainerd, Minnesota.
Bench-scale studies were conducted before
pilot-scale evaluations to determine optimal
treatment protocols. EIMCO Biolift™ slurry
reactors were used for the pilot-scale processing.
Data from the optimized pilot-scale program were
used to establish treatment standards for K001
wastes as part of EPA's Best Demonstrated
Available Technology program.
This technology is no longer available through
ECOVA. However, the technology is being
implemented by Walsh Environmental Scientists
& Engineers. For further information on the
technology, contact the EPA Project Manager.
DEMONSTRATION RESULTS:
Results from the SITE demonstration indicated
that slurry-phase biological treatment significantly
improved biodegradation rates of carcinogenic
4- to 6-ring PAHs. The pilot-scale bioslurry
reactor reduced 82 ±15 percent of the total
soil-bound PAHs in the first week. After 14 days,
total PAHs had been biodegraded by 96 ±2
percent. An overall reduction of 97 ±2 percent
was observed over a 12-week treatment period,
indicating that almost all biodegradation occurred
within the first 2 weeks of treatment.
Carcinogenic PAHs were biodegraded by 90 ±3.2
percent to 501 ±103 milligrams per kilogram
(mg/kg) from levels of 5,081 ±1,530 mg/kg.
FOR FURTHER INFORMATION:
EPA PROJECT MANAGER:
Annette Gatchett
U.S. EPA
National Risk Management Research
Laboratory
26 West Martin Luther King Drive
Cincinnati, OH 45268
513-569-7697
Fax: 513-569-7105
e-mail: gatchett.annette@epa.gov
The SITE Program assesses but does not
approve or endorse technologies.
Page 84
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Technology Profile
DEMONSTRATION PROGRAM
EDENSPACE, INC.
(formerly Phytotech)
(Phytoremediation Technology)
TECHNOLOGY DESCRIPTION:
Phytotech is an environmental biotechnology
company that uses specially selected and engineered
plants to treat soil and water contaminated with toxic
metals such as lead and cadmium, as well as
radionuclides. The treatment of soils or sediments
with this technology is referred to as phytoextraction
(see figure below).
Phytoextraction offers an efficient, cost-effective, and
environmentally friendly way to clean up heavy metal
contamination. Plants are grown in situ on
contaminated soil and harvested after toxic metals
accumulate in the plant tissues. The degree of
accumulation varies with several factors, but can be as
high as 2 percent of the plants' aboveground dry
weight, leaving clean soil in place with metal
concentrations that equal or are less than regulatory
cleanup levels. After accumulation in the plant
tissues, the contaminant metal must be disposed of,
but the amount of disposable biomass is a small
fraction of the amount of soil treated. For example,
excavating and landfilling a 10-acre site contaminated
with 400 parts per million (ppm) lead to a depth of 1
foot requires handling roughly 20,000 tons of lead-
contaminated soil. Phytoextraction of a 10-acre site to
remove 400 ppm of lead from the top 1 foot would
require disposal of around 500 tons of biomass - about
1/40 of the soil cleaned. In the example cited, six to
eight crops would typically be needed, with three or
four crops per growing season.
Compared to traditional remedial technologies,
phytoextraction offers the following benefits:
• Lower cost
• Applicability to a broad range of metals
• Potential for recycling the metal-rich biomass
• Minimal environmental disturbance
• Minimization of secondary air- and
water-borne wastes
Phytoextraction
Page 85
The SITE Program assesses but does not
approve or endorse technologies.
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May 2003
Completed Project
WASTE APPLICABILITY:
Phytotech's phytoextraction technology can be used to
clean soil or sediments contaminated with lead,
cadmium, chromium, cesium/strontium and uranium.
Phytoremediation of other metals such as arsenic,
zinc, copper, and thorium is in the research stage.
STATUS:
Phytotech was accepted into the SITE Demonstration
Program in 1997. Under the SITE Program, Phytotech
is demonstrating its phytoremediation technology at a
former battery manufacturing facility in Trenton, New
Jersey, where soil is contaminated with lead. The site
has been prepared and characterized, two crops of
Indian Mustard were grown and harvested over the
Spring and Summer of 1997, and one crop of
sunflowers was grown and harvested in 1998.
Phytotech has also conducted several successful field
trials of its phytoextraction technology at other
contaminated sites in the U.S. and abroad.
DEMONSTRATION RESULTS:
Results show that treatment increased the portion of
the treatment area with lead concentrations below 400
mg/Kg from 31% to 57%. The average lead
concentrations accumulated in the above-ground plant
tissue samples from the two Brassica crops were 830
mg/Kg and 2,300 mg/Kg. Differences in lead uptake
between the two Brassica crops are attributed to
amendment optimization. Lead in the above-ground
plant tissues of the sunflowers was measured at an
average concentration of 400 mg/Kg. All three of
these average values exceeded the minimum project
objective of 200 mg/Kg (dry weight). This
demonstration confirmed earlier findings that the use
of Indian Mustard plants to extract metals is most
applicable to intermediate levels of lead
contamination (less than 1,500 mg/Kg), soil pH levels
of 4.3-8.3, and moderate climates.
Phytotech has conducted several field demonstrations
of its rhizofiltration technology for the removal of (1)
cesium/strontium at Chernobyl, and (2) uranium from
contaminated groundwater at a DOE site in Ashtabula,
Ohio. At Chernobyl, sunflowers were shown to
extract 95 percent of the radionuclides from a small
pond within 10 days. At the Ashtabula site, Phytotech
ran a 9-month pilot demonstration during which
incoming water containing as much as 450 parts per
billion (ppb) uranium was treated to 5 ppb or less of
uranium.
FOR FURTHER INFORMATION:
EPA PROJECT MANAGER:
Steven Rock
U.S. EPA
National Risk Management Research
Laboratory
26 West Martin Luther King Drive
Cincinnati, OH 45268
513-569-7149
Fax:513-569-7105
e-mail: rock.steven@epa.gov
TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPER CONTACT:
Michael Blaylock
Edenspace, Inc.
15100 Enterprise CT
Suite 100
Dolles, VA20151
703-961-8700
Fax: 703-961-8939
The SITE Program assesses but does not
approve or endorse technologies.
Page 86
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Technology Profile
DEMONSTRATION PROGRAM
ELI ECO LOGIC, INC.
(Thermal Gas Phase Reduction Process and Thermal Desorption Unit)
TECHNOLOGY DESCRIPTION:
The ELI Eco Logic International Inc. (Eco Logic),
thermal desorption unit (TDU) is specially designed
for use with Eco Logic's gas-phase chemical reduction
process. The TDU, shown in the figure below,
consists of an externally heated bath of molten tin
metal (heated with propane) in a hydrogen gas
atmosphere. Tin is used for several reasons: tin and
hydrogen are nonreactive; tin's density allows soils to
float on the molten bath; molten tin is a good fluid for
heat transfer; tin is nontoxic in soil; and tin is used as
a bath medium in the manufacture of plate glass.
Contaminated soil is conveyed into the TDU feed
hopper, where an auger feeds the soil into the TDU.
A screw feeder provides a gas seal between the
outside air and the hydrogen atmosphere inside the
TDU. The auger's variable speed drive provides feed
rate control. Soil inside the TDU floats on top of the
molten tin and is heated to 600 °C, vaporizing the
water and organic material. Decontaminated soil is
removed from the tin bath into a water-filled quench
tank. The water in the quench tank provides a gas seal
between the TDU's hydrogen atmosphere and the
outside air. A scraper mechanism removes
decontaminated soil from the quench tank into drums.
After desorption from the soil, the organic
contaminants are carried from the TDU to Eco Logic's
proprietary gas-phase reduction reactor. In the
reactor, the organic contaminants undergo gas-phase
chemical reduction reactions with hydrogen at
elevated temperatures and ambient pressure. This
reaction converts organic and chlorinated organic
contaminants into a hydrocarbon-rich gas product.
After passing through a scrubber, the gas product's
primary components are hydrogen, nitrogen, methane,
carbon monoxide, water vapor, and other lighter
hydrocarbons. Most of this gas product recirculates
into the process, while excess gas can be compressed
for later analysis and reuse as supplemental fuel. For
further information on the Eco Logic gas-phase
chemical reduction process, see the profile in the
Demonstration Program section (completed projects).
RECIRCULATEDGAS
PROPAklE
AIR
TREATED SOILS
THERMAL DESORPTION
UNIT
REACTOR SYSTEM
Thermal Desorption Unit
Page 87
The SITE Program assesses but does not
approve or endorse technologies.
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May 2003
Completed Project
WASTE APPLICABILITY:
The Eco Logic TDU, when used with the gas-phase
chemical reduction reactor, is designed to desorb soils
and sludges contaminated with hazardous organic
contaminants such as polychlorinated biphenyls
(PCB), polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons,
chlorinated dioxins and dibenzofurans, chlorinated
solvents, chlorobenzenes, and chlorophenols. The
combined technologies are suited for wastes with high
water content since water is a good source of
hydrogen.
STATUS:
In October and November 1992, the Eco Logic
process, including the TDU, was demonstrated at the
Middleground Landfill in Bay City, Michigan, under
a Toxic Substances Control Act research and
development permit. The Demonstration Bulletin
(EPA/540/MR- 94/504) and the Applications Analysis
Report (EPA/540/AR-94/504) are available from
EPA.
Further research and development since the
demonstration has focused on optimizing the process
for commercial operations and improving the design
of the soil and sediment processing unit. According to
Eco Logic, the TDU design currently in commercial
operation has achieved excellent results, with
contaminants in soils and sediments desorbed from
high parts per million (ppm) levels to low parts per
billion levels.
Two commercial-scale SE25 treatment units are
currently in operation: one in Perth, Western
Australia, and the other at a General Motors of Canada
Ltd (GMCL) facility in Ontario. Both are currently
treating a variety of waste matrices including DDT
residues and PCBs in soils, oils, electrical equipment,
concrete, and other solids. Following the GMCL
project, the unit will be relocated to Toronto, Ontario
where General Electric (GE) and Eco Logic have a
contract to destroy PCB-impacted materials stored
aboveground at GE's Lansdowne and Davenport
facilities.
Eco Logic also has teamed with Westinghouse
Electric to treat chemical warfare agents using the
process. Eco Logic has been awarded a contract
through the Department of Energy's Morgantown
Energy Technology Center for treatment of hazardous
wastes, radioactive mixed low-level wastes, and
energetics-explosives.
DEMONSTRATION RESULTS:
During the demonstration in Bay City, Michigan, the
Eco Logic TDU achieved the following:
• Desorption efficiencies for PCBs from the soil of
93.5 percent in run one and 98.8 percent in run
two
• Desorption efficiency for hexachlorobenzene (a
tracer compound) from the soil of 72.13 percent in
run one and 99.99 percent in run two
• PCB destructionandremoval efficiencies of 99.99
percent for the combined TDU and reduction
reactor
FOR FURTHER INFORMATION:
EPA PROJECT MANAGER:
Gordon Evans
U.S. EPA
National Risk Management Research
Laboratory
26 West Martin Luther King Drive
Cincinnati, OH 45268
513-569-7684
Fax: 513-569-7787
e-mail: evans.gordon@epa.gov
TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPER CONTACT:
Beth Kummling
Vice President, Business Development
ELI Eco Logic International Inc.
143 Dennis Street
Rockwood, Ontario, Canada NOB 2KO
519-856-9591
Fax:519-856-9235
The SITE Program assesses but does not
approve or endorse technologies.
Page 88
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Technology Profile
DEMONSTRATION PROGRAM
EMTECH ENVIRONMENTAL SERVICES
(formerly HAZCON, INC.)
(Dechlorination and Immobilization)
TECHNOLOGY DESCRIPTION:
This technology mixes hazardous wastes with cement
(or fly ash), water, and one of 18 patented reagents,
commonly known as Chloranan, to immobilize heavy
metals. The developers also claim that certain
chlorinated organics are dechlorinated by the
treatment reagents.
Soils, sludges, and sediments can be treated in situ or
excavated and treated ex situ. Sediments can be
treated under water. In the finished product,
immobilized metals have a very low solubility. Ex situ
treatment occurs in batches, with volumetric
throughput rated at 120 tons per hour. The treatment
process begins by adding Chloranan and water to the
blending unit (see figure below). Waste is then added
and mixed for 2 minutes. Cement or fly ash is added
and mixed for a similar time. After 12 hours, the
treated material hardens into a concrete-like mass that
exhibits unconfmed compressive strengths (UCS)
ranging from 1,000 to 3,000 pounds per square inch
(psi), with permeabilities of 10"9 centimeters per
second (cm/sec). The hardened concrete-like mass
can withstand several hundred freeze and thaw cycles.
WASTE APPLICABILITY:
The technology is applicable to solid wastes contain
ing heavy metals and organics. The developer claims
that, since the 1987 SITE demonstration, the
technology has been refined to dechlorinate certain
chlorinated organics and to immobilize other wastes,
including those with high levels of metals. Wastes
with organic and inorganic contaminants can be
treated together. The process can treat contaminated
material with high concentrations (up to 25 percent) of
oil.
STATUS:
This technology was accepted into the SITE
Demonstration Program in 1987. The process was
demonstrated in October 1987 at a former oil
processing plant in Douglassville, Pennsylvania.
CHLORANAN
CEMENT OR
FLYASH
FIELD BLENDING UNIT
Dechlorination and Immobilization Treatment Process
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Completed Project
The site soil contained high levels of oil and grease
(250,000 parts per million [ppm]) and heavy metals
(22,000 ppm lead), and low levels of volatile organic
compounds (VOC) (100 ppm) and polychlorinated
biphenyls (PCB) (75 ppm). The Applications
Analysis Report (EPA/540/A5-89/001) and
Technology Evaluation Report (EPA/540/5-89/00la)
are available from EPA. A report on long-term
monitoring may be also obtained from EPA. The
technology has also been used to remediate a
California Superfund site with zinc contamination as
high as 220,000 ppm.
Since the demonstration in 1987,17 additional reagent
formulations have been developed. These reagents
supposedly dechlorinate many chlorinated organics,
including PCBs, ethylene dichloride, trichloroethene,
and pentachlorophenol.
DEMONSTRATION RESULTS:
For the SITE demonstration, samples were taken after
treatment at intervals of 7 days, 28 days, 9 months,
and 22 months. Analytical results from these samples
were generally favorable. The physical test results
indicated a UCS between 220 and 1,570 psi. Low
permeabilities (10"9 cm/sec) were recorded, and the
porosity of the treated wastes was moderate.
Durability test results showed no change in physical
strength after the wet and dry and freeze and thaw
cycles. The waste volume increased by about 120
percent. However, technology refinements now
restrict volumetric increases to 15 to 25 percent.
Using a smaller volume of additives reduces physical
strength, but toxicity reduction is not affected.
The results of the leaching tests were mixed. Toxicity
characteristic leaching procedure (TCLP) results for
the stabilized wastes showed that concentrations of
metals, VOCs, and semivolatile organic compounds
(SVOC) were below 1 ppm. Lead concentrations in
leachate decreased by a factor of 200 to below 100
parts per billion. VOC and SVOC concentrations in
the TCLP leachate were not affected by treatment. Oil
and grease concentrations were greater in the treated
waste TCLP leachate (4 ppm) than in the untreated
waste TCLP leachate (less than 2 ppm).
FOR FURTHER INFORMATION:
EPA PROJECT MANAGER:
Paul dePercin
U.S. EPA
National Risk Management Research
Laboratory
26 West Martin Luther King Drive
Cincinnati, OH 45268
513-569-7797
Fax: 513-569-7105
e-mail: depercin.paul@epa.gov
TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPER CONTACT:
Ray Funderburk
Funderburk & Associates
3312 llth Street
Gulfport, MS 35901
228-868-9915
Fax: 228-868-7637
The SITE Program assesses but does not
approve or endorse technologies.
Page 90
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Technology Profile
DEMONSTRATION PROGRAM
ENVIROMETAL TECHNOLOGIES INC.
(In Situ and Ex Situ Metal-Enhanced Abiotic Degradation of
Dissolved Halogenated Organic Compounds in Groundwater)
TECHNOLOGY DESCRIPTION:
This remedial technology, developed by the
University of Waterloo and EnviroMetal Technologies
Inc., degrades dissolved halogenated organic
compounds in groundwater with an in situ permeable
wall containing reactive metal (usually iron) (see
photograph below). The technology may also be used
in an aboveground reactor for ex situ treatment.
The technology employs an abiotic electrochemical
process. Contaminated groundwater passes through
the specially prepared granular reactive iron, which
oxidizes, inducing reductive dehalogenation of
contaminants. Halogenated organics are degraded to
nonhazardous substances, preventing contaminants
from migrating further downstream. Observed
degradation rates are several times higher than those
reported for natural abiotic degradation processes.
In most in situ applications of this technology,
groundwater moves naturally through the permeable
subsurface wall or is directed by flanking
impermeable sections such as sheet piles or slurry
walls. This passive remediation method is a cost-
effective alternative to conventional pump-and-treat
methods. Aboveground reactor vessels employing
this technology may replace or add to treatment units
in conventional pump-and-treat systems.
Process residuals may include dissolved ethane,
ethene, methane, hydrogen gas, chloride, and ferrous
iron. Because contaminants are degraded to
nonhazardous substances and not transferred to
another medium, this process eliminates the need for
waste treatment or disposal.
WASTE APPLICABILITY:
The process was developed to treat dissolved
halogenated organic compounds in groundwater.
The technology has degraded a wide variety of
chlorinated alkanes and alkenes, including
trichloroethene (TCE), tetrachloroethene (PCE), vinyl
chloride, 1,1,1 -trichloroethane, and 1,2-dichloroethene
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May 2003
Completed Project
(DCE). The technology also degrades other organic
contaminants, including Freon-113, ethylene
dibromide, certain nitroaromatics, and N-
nitrosodimethylamine.
This technology was accepted into the SITE
Demonstration Program in spring 1993. A pilot-scale
demonstration of the aboveground reactor (ex situ)
technology took place from November 1994 to
February 1995 at an industrial facility in New Jersey.
Groundwater at the facility contained dissolved TCE
and PCE.
A second SITE demonstration was performed in New
York from May through December 1995. A pilot-
scale in situ permeable wall was installed in a shallow
sand and gravel aquifer containing TCE, DCE, vinyl
chloride, and 1,1,1-trichloroethane. This project may
eventually be expanded to full-scale.
A successful permeable in situ wall was installed at
the Canadian Forces Base Borden test site in June
1991. The technology removed about 90 percent of
the TCE and PCE from groundwater passing through
the reactive iron wall. The wall has performed
consistently for 5 years. More than 400 sites have
been identified where the technology could be applied.
Over 75 successful bench-scale feasibility tests have
been completed using groundwater from industrial and
government facilities in the United States and Canada.
The first full-scale commercial in situ installation of
this technology was completed at an industrial facility
in California in December 1994. Since that time,
twelve additional full-scale in situ systems and ten
pilot-scale systems have been installed in locations
including Colorado, Kansas, North Carolina and
Belfast, Northern Ireland. Aboveground treatment
systems have been proposed at sites in the U.S. and
Germany.
DEMONSTRATION RESULTS:
During the New Jersey (ex situ) demonstration, about
60,833 gallons of groundwater was treated during 13
weeks of sampling. Conversion efficiency of PCE
during the demonstration period exceeded 99.9
percent. Vinyl chloride and cis-1,2-dichloroethene
occasionally exceeded the New Jersey Department of
Environmental Protection limits. This exceedance
may have been caused by a reduction in the iron's
reactive capacity due to precipitate formation.
Complete demonstration results are published in the
Technology Capsule and Innovative Technology
Evaluation Report (ITER), which is available from
EPA.
For the New York (in situ) demonstration, preliminary
data indicate a significant reduction in all critical
contaminants present, and no apparent decrease in
removal efficiency over the seven month
demonstration period. Results of the in situ
demonstration of the process are published in an ITER
that is available from EPA.
FOR FURTHER INFORMATION:
EPA PROJECT MANAGER:
Annette Gatchett
U.S. EPA
National Risk Management Research
Laboratory
26 West Martin Luther King Drive
Cincinnati, OH 45268
513-569-7697
Fax:513-569-7620
e-mail: gatchett.annette@epa.gov
TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPER CONTACT:
John Vogan/Stephanie O'Hannesin
EnviroMetal Technologies Inc.
42 Arrow Road
Guelph, Ontario, Canada NIK 1S6
519-824-0432
Fax: 519-763-2378
The SITE Program assesses but does not
approve or endorse technologies.
Page 92
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Technology Profile
DEMONSTRATION PROGRAM
ENVIROMETAL TECHNOLOGIES, INC.
(In Situ Reactive Barrier)
TECHNOLOGY DESCRIPTION:
The Reactive Barrier technology is an innovative
treatment system that uses the oxidation capacity of
zero-valent iron to induce reduction of oxidized
metals, reductive dechlorination of chlorinated
volatile organic compounds (VOCs), and
immobilization of some metals such as uranium by a
combination of reduction and sorbtion.
Granular zero-valent iron oxidizes within the reactor
vessel or reactive wall. As groundwater containing
VOCs flows through the reactor and around these
granules, electrons released by oxidation of the iron
create a highly reducing environment in solution.
The hydrocarbon-chloride bonds in the chlorinated
contaminants become unstable and break down
sequentially, forming less chlorinated compounds and
releasing nontoxic chloride ions to the groundwater.
The completely hydrolyzed hydrocarbon compounds
are nontoxic and degrade naturally. The rate of
reaction depends primarily on the surface area of the
iron or its abundance in the permeable reactive media.
The dechlorination reaction is typically accompanied
by an increase in groundwater pH and a decrease in
oxidation/reduction potential. Inorganic constituents
such as calcium, magnesium, and iron combine with
carbonate or hydroxide ions in the treated water to
form compounds such as metal carbonates and metal
hydroxides that precipitate from solution as
groundwater moves through the iron. Due to the
precipitation of these metallic compounds from
solution, the reaction is also typically accompaniedby
a decrease in total dissolved solids in the groundwater.
WASTE APPLICABILITY:
The Reactive Barrier technology is applicable to
subsurface or above-ground treatment of VOCs and
metals in groundwater or wastewater. The technology
is adaptable to a variety of sites when used in
combination with funnel and gate systems. Depth of
the contaminated groundwater is the only constraint
on the applicability of the technology.
The technology was accepted into the SITE
Demonstration Program in 1996. The demonstration
of the technology was completed at the Rocky Flats
Environmental Technology Site in Golden, Colorado.
The technology's effectiveness was evaluated through
sampling and analysis of untreated and treated
groundwater that is collected by a french drain system
and transferred to two subsurface reactor tanks
through gravity flow. Project reports will be available
in September 2001.
GROUND
SURFACE
WATER FLOWr
^ —
REACTOR
#1
*"" *
REACTOR
#2
I — ^^
FRENCH
DRAIN
Schematic of the Reactive Barrier Technology
Installation of Pilot-Scale In Situ Treatment System
at an Industrial Facility in Northeast United States
OVERFLOW
LINE
RETURN
TO STREAM
Page 93
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May 2003
Completed Project
DEMONSTRATION RESULTS:
FOR FURTHER INFORMATION:
Groundwater contamination in this area-known as the
mound site plume-originated from a former waste
drum storage area used by DOE in the 1950s.
Consisting of shallow groundwater with a flowrate of
0.5 to 2.0 gallons per minute, the plume horizontally
extends approximately 220 feet. Its primary
contaminants are uranium and volatile organic
compounds (VOCs), including carbon tetrachloride,
tetrachloroethene, thrichloroethene, and vinyl
chloride.
This barrier system begins with the downgrade-side
collection of groundwater in subsurface hydraulic
barrier (French drain) lined with high-density
polyethylene. The drain is located in the unconfined
aquifer at depths ranging from 8 to 15 feet below
ground surface. Groundwater is diverted through the
drain to piping that transfers it by gravity to the
reactive media treatment system containing granular,
zero-valent iron.
VOCs are dechlorinated to nonchlorinated
hydrocarbons and uranium in the oxidized state (U6+)
is converted to uranium in the reduced state (U4+) and
precipitated. Following treatment, groundwater exits
the barrier system directly through surface water that
flows to retention ponds.
Treatment reduced carbon tetrachloride,
tetrachloroethene, trichloroethane, and uranium
concentrations by >95%. Vinyl chloride
concentration was reduced by 70% (2.0 (ig/L to 0.6
ug/L). The treated effluent was below the Colorado
Water Quality Standards for each of the contaminants.
EPA PROJECT MANAGER:
Thomas Holdsworth
U.S. EPA
National Risk Management Research
Laboratory
26 West Martin Luther King Drive
Cincinnati, OH 45268
513-569-7675
Fax 513-569-7676
e-mail: holdsworth.thomas@epa.gov
TECHNOLOGY CONTACT
John Vogan
EnviroMetal Technologies Inc.
42 Arrow Road
Guelph, Ontario, Canada
N1K1S6
519-824-0423
The SITE Program assesses but does not
approve or endorse technologies.
Page 94
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Technology Profile
DEMONSTRATION PROGRAM
EPOC WATER, INC.
(Precipitation, Microfiltration, and Sludge Dewatering)
TECHNOLOGY DESCRIPTION:
The precipitation, microfiltration, and sludge
dewatering treatment uses a combination of processes
to treat a variety of wastes. In the first step of the
process, heavy metals are chemically precipitated.
Precipitates and all particles larger than 0.2 micron are
filtered through a unique tubular textile crossflow
micro filter (EXXFLOW). The concentrate stream is
then dewatered in a filter press of the same material.
EXXFLOW microfilter modules are fabricated from
a proprietary tubular woven polyester. Wastes
pumped into the polyester tubes form a dynamic
membrane, which produces a high quality filtrate and
removes all particle sizes larger than 0.2 micron. The
flow velocity continually maintains the membrane,
maximizing treatment efficiency.
Metals are removed through precipitation by adjusting
the pH in the EXXFLOW feed tank.
Metal hydroxides or oxides form a dynamic
membrane with any other suspended solids. The
EXXFLOW concentrate stream, which contains up to
5 percent solids, is then dewatered. A semidry cake,
up to 0.25 inch thick, is formed inside the tubular
filter. When the discharge valve is opened, rollers on
the outside of the tubes move to form a venturi within
the tubes. The venturi creates an area of high velocity
within the tubes, which aggressively cleans the cloth
and discharges the cake in chip form onto a wedge
wire screen. Discharge water is recycled to the feed
tank. Filter cakes are typically 40 to 60 percent solids
by weight.
Page 95
The SITE Program assesses but does not
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May 2003
Completed Project
Constituents other than metals can be removed using
seeded slurry methods in EXXFLOW. Hardness can
be removed by using lime. Oil and grease can be
removed by adding adsorbents. Nonvolatile organics
and solvents can be removed using adsorbents,
activated carbon, or powdered ion-exchange resins.
The EXXFLOW demonstration unit (see photograph
below) is transportable and is mounted on skids. The
unit is designed to process approximately 30 pounds
of solids per hour and 10 gallons of wastewater per
minute.
WASTE APPLICABILITY:
When flocculation and precipitation techniques are
used at close to stoichiometric dosing rates, the
EXXFLOW technology removes mixed metals, oil
and grease, and suspended solids sized at 0.10 micron.
When the EXXFLOW technology operates with finely
divided adsorbent powders, it removes contaminants
such as isophthalic acid, acetic acid, methyl ethyl
ketone, fluorides, and phos-phates from effluents
generated by semiconductor manufacture. Treated
effluents can then be reclaimed for reuse.
STATUS:
This technology was accepted into the SITE
Demonstration Program in 1989. Bench-scale tests
were conducted in 1990. The SITE demonstration
was conducted during May and June 1992 on highly
acidic mine drainage from the Old Number 8 mine
seep at the Iron Mountain Superfund site in Redding,
California. The Demonstration Bulletin
(EPA/540/MR-93/513) and the Applications Analysis
Report (EPA/540/AR-93/513) are available from
EPA.
This technology was commercialized in 1988.
Treatment systems have since been installed at over
45 sites worldwide. System capacities range from 1
gallon per minute to over 2 million gallons per day.
DEMONSTRATION RESULTS:
During the SITE demonstration, developer claims for
metal removal efficiencies on acid mine drainage,
when neutralizing with sodium hydroxide (NaOH) and
calcium hydroxide [Ca(OH)2], were generally met or
exceeded except for aluminum. This was most likely
due to excessive alkalinity (high pH) produced by the
added NaOH and Ca(OH)2, which redissolved the
aluminum. The claims for all metals, including
aluminum, were exceeded when magnesium oxide
(MgO) was used as the neutralizing agent. In most
cases, no detectable concentrations of heavy metals
were present in the permeate samples.
Filter cake produced from the demonstration test
contained approximately 12 percent, 31 percent, and
30 percent solids when NaOH, Ca(OH)2, and MgO,
respectively, were used as the treatment chemicals.
Toxicity characteristic leaching procedure (TCLP)
tests performed on the filter cake showed that
leachable levels of TCLP metals were below
regulatory limits for each treatment chemical tested.
FOR FURTHER INFORMATION:
EPA PROJECT MANAGER:
Annette Gatchett
U.S. EPA
National Risk Management Research
Laboratory
26 West Martin Luther King Drive
Cincinnati, OH 45268
513-569-7697
Fax: 513-569-7620
TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPER CONTACT:
Rodney Squires
EPOC Water, Inc.
3065 North Sunnyside
Fresno, CA 93727
559-291-8144
Fax: 559-291-4926
The SITE Program assesses but does not
approve or endorse technologies.
Page 96
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Technology Profile
DEMONSTRATION PROGRAM
FILTER FLOW TECHNOLOGY, INC.
(Colloid Polishing Filter Method®)
TECHNOLOGY DESCRIPTION:
The Colloid Polishing Filter Method® (CPFM®) uses
inorganic, oxide-based sorption particles (FF-1000®)
and optimized fluidics control to remove ionic,
colloidal heavy metals and nontritium radionuclides
from water. Beta- and alpha-emitting radionuclides
can be treated selectively by modifying the bed
formulation. The methodology efficiently removes
inorganics from groundwater, pond water, or
wastewater based on sorption, chemical and physical
properties of the pollutant species, and filtration. The
CPFM® is also an efficient heavy metals and
radionuclide polishing filter for groundwater and
wastewater. Excess solids and total dissolved solids
must be removed first, since they overload the beds,
resulting in frequent bed backwashing and
regeneration cycles and shorter bed lifetimes.
Three different types of CPFM® equipment have been
designed and successfully tested: (1) vertical plate
design beds with FF-1000®sorption bed particles
packaged in polymesh bags or filter packs for field
applications; (2) small, filter-housing units for
processing less than 1,000 gallons of contaminated
water; and (3) deep-bed, epoxy-coated, stainless steel
and carbon steel tanks equipped with special fluidics
controls and bed sluicing ports for continuous
processing. The photograph below shows a mobile
CPFM® unit.
WASTE APPLICABILITY:
The CPFM® has proved to be effective in removing
heavy metals and nontritium radionuclides from water
to parts per million or parts per billion levels. The ion
exchange/sorption method can be used separately to
treat water with low total suspended solids; in a
treatment train downstream from other technologies
(such as soil washing, organics oxidation; or
conventional wastewater treatment).
The CPFM®'s major advantages are its high
performance; alpha and beta emitter efficiency; and its
application to monovalent, divalent, multivalent, and
high valence forms existing as colloids, and ionic,
chelated, and complexed forms. The same equipment
can treat water at different sites, but the
preconditioning chemistry and pH must be optimized
for each site through bench-scale and field testing.
Mobile CPFM® Unit, Including Mixing Tanks, Pvimps, Filter Apparatus, and Other Equipment
Page 97
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May 2003
Completed Project
STATUS:
This technology was accepted into the SITE
Demonstration Program in July 1991. EPA and the
U.S. Department of Energy (DOE) cosponsored the
technology evaluation. The SITE demonstration
occurred in September 1993 at DOE's Rocky Flats
Plant (RFP) in Denver, Colorado. The Demonstration
Bulletin(EPA/540/MR-94/501), Technology Capsule
(EPA/540/R-94/50la), and Innovative Technology
Evaluation Report (EPA/540/R-94/501) are available
from EPA.
The CPFM® has been demonstrated independent of
the SITE Program at two locations at DOE's Hanford
facility, where it removed Strontium-90, Cesium-137,
Plutonium-239, and Americium-241 from water at K-
Basin and Strontium-90 from groundwater at Site
100N Area (N-Spring). It also has proven to be
effective at several other individual sites. A report
detailing the results is available from DOE (DOE/RL-
95-110).
DEMONSTRATION RESULTS:
During the SITE demonstration, the CPFM" treated
about 10,000 gallons of water that contained about
100 micrograms per liter of uranium and 100
picoCuries per liter of gross alpha contamination. The
demonstration consisted of three tests. The first test
consisted of three 4-hour runs, at a flow rate of about
5 gallons per minute (gpm). For the second test, also
run for 4 hours at 5 gpm, the influent water was
pretreated with sodium sulfide. The third test was a
15-hour run designed to determine the amount of
contamination each filter pack could treat.
The CPFM® system removed up to 95 percent
uranium and 94 percent gross alpha contamination.
However, due to the significant variation in removal
efficiencies between runs, average removal
efficiencies were significantly less: 80 percent for
uranium and 72 percent for gross alpha. Though
removal is largely attributable to the colloid filter
pack, uranium was significantly removed in runs one
and four before colloid filter treatment. Significant
gross alpha was also removed before colloid filter
treatment in runs one and three. At less than the
maximum removal efficiency, effluent from the
CPFM" system did not meet the Colorado Water
Quality Control Commission standards for discharge
of waters from RFP.
FOR FURTHER INFORMATION:
EPA PROJECT MANAGER:
Annette Gatchett
U.S. EPA
National Risk Management Research
Laboratory
26 West Martin Luther King Drive
Cincinnati, OH 45268
513-569-7697
Fax: 513-569-7620
e-mail: gatchett.annette@epa.gov
TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPER CONTACT:
Tod Johnson
Filter Flow Technology, Inc.
122 Texas Avenue
League City, TX 77573
281-332-3438
Fax:281-332-3644
The SITE Program assesses but does not
approve or endorse technologies.
Page 98
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Technology Protile
DEMONSTRATION PROGRAM
GAS TECHNOLOGY INSTITUTE
(formerly Institute of Gas Technology)
(Cement-Lock™ Technology)
TECHNOLOGY DESCRIPTION:
The Gas Technology Institute (GTI) has developed the
Cement-Lock™ Technology, which is a versatile,
cost-effective, and environmentally friendly
manufacturing technology. This method produces
construction-grade cements from a variety of
contaminated waste materials such as sediments,
concrete and building debris, town gas site soils,
Superfund site soils, sludges, chemical wastes,
petroleum refinery wastes, and incinerator residues.
Organic and inorganic contaminants are present in
these wastes across a broad range of concentrations.
In the Cement-Lock™ process, contaminated
materials and proprietary modifiers are fed to a
reactive melter operating under oxidizing conditions
where all the organic compounds are completely
destroyed and converted to innocuous carbon dioxide
and water. Chlorine and sulfur compounds are
sequestered and heavy metals are locked within the
molten matrix to completely immobilize them.
During processing, the melt (Ecomelt™) is imparted
with latent cementitious properties that allow it to be
transformed into construction-grade cement. The
Cement-Lock Technology is unique because it not
only decontaminates the sediment but also converts it
into a beneficial commercial commodity, namely,
construction-grade cement. The effectiveness of the
technology for remediating contaminated sediments
has already been verified in bench- and pilot-scale test
programs.
WASTE APPLICABILITY:
This technology is suitable for soils and sediments
that are contaminated with petroleum hydrocarbons,
PCBs, heavy metals and most other organic and
inorganic contaminants.
Modifiers
1
Fuel Gas
Quench
Clean Flu
Fuel Gas 1 Gas^
^Cleanup J
Contaminated
Sediments —
Reactive
i r
Natural Air/
Gas 0,
Grinder/
Pulv eriz er
Additives
1
Blender
High Quality
Construction
Grade Cement
TM,
Schematic Diagram of the Cement-Lock Process
For Treating Dredged Sediments
Page 99
The SITE Program assesses but does not
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May 2003
Completed Project
STATUS:
This successful project has been transferred from
Exploratory Research to the Industrial Program. GRI
and Endesco Clean Harbors LLC have entered into a
contract to further develop and commercialize this
technology.
DEMONSTRATION RESULTS:
Several bench-scale tests were conducted by IGT in
which aged siliceous (silica-based aggregate) concrete
was mixed with different amounts of inexpensive
modifiers and melted at about 2,300°F. The melt was
then rapidly quenched to retain the desired
amorphous, glassy phase. In one test, the concrete
was contaminated with 5,000 ppm of oil and 500 ppm
of chromium. The amorphous, glassy material
produced was then converted to blended cement per
ASTM procedures. The results of the analyses and
tests made on the product showed that organic
destruction in excess of 99.9% was achieved in the
ground melt. An analysis using the EPA TCLP
(Toxicity Characteristic Leaching Procedure)
procedure indicated the chromium leachability of the
blended cement was only 0.097 mg/L in the
leachate(the regulatory leachability limit is 5 mg/L).
The 3, 7, and 28-day compressive strengths of the
blended cement were 2530, 3370, and 5475 psi,
respectively. These strengths significantly exceed
ASTM C 595 and ASTM C 1157 requirements. Two
bench-scale tests using a calcareous (limestone-based)
concrete were also conducted. The melts produced
were glassy in nature and suitable for producing
blended cement.
A large-scale technology demonstration is on hold
pending the decision of disposition of dredged
sediments from the Detroit River.
FOR FURTHER INFORMATION:
EPA CONTACT
Edward Barth
U.S. EPA National Risk Management
Research Laboratory
26 West Martin Luther King Drive
Cincinnati, OH 45268
513-569-7669
Fax: 513-569-7105
e-mail: barth.edward@epa.gov
TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPER
CONTACT:
Anil Goyal
GTI
1700 S. Mount Prospect Road
Des Plaines, IL 60018
847-768-0605
Fax: 847-768-0534
The SITE Program assesses but does not
approve or endorse technologies.
Page 100
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Technology Profile
DEMONSTRATION PROGRAM
GENERAL ATOMICS
(formerly Ogden Environmental)
(Circulating Bed Combustor)
TECHNOLOGY DESCRIPTION:
General Atomies' circulating bed combustor (CBC)
uses high velocity air to entrain circulating solids and
create a highly turbulent combustion zone that
destroys toxic hydrocarbons. The commercial-scale,
3-foot combustion chamber can treat up to 150 tons of
contaminated soil daily, depending on the heating
value of the feed material.
The CBC operates at lower temperatures than
conventional incinerators (1,450 to 1,600°F). The
CBC's high turbulence produces a uniform
temperature around the combustion chamber and hot
cyclone. The CBC also completely mixes the waste
material during combustion. Effective mixing and
low combustion temperature reduce operating costs
and potential emissions of such gases as nitrogen
oxide (NOX) and carbon monoxide (CO). Natural gas,
fuel oil, or diesel can be used as auxiliary fuel. No
auxiliary fuel is needed for waste streams with a net
heating value greater than 2,900 British thermal units
per pound.
As shown in the figure below, waste material and
limestone are fed into the combustion chamber along
with the recirculating bed material. The limestone
neutralizes acid gases. A conveyor transports the
treated ash out of the system for proper disposal. Hot
combustion gases pass through a convective gas
cooler and baghouse before they are released to the
atmosphere.
The CBC process can treat liquids, slurries, solids, and
sludges contaminated with corrosives, cyanides,
dioxins and furans, inorganics, metals, organics,
oxidizers, pesticides, polychlorinated biphenyls
(PCB), phenols, and volatile organic compounds. The
CBC is permitted under the Toxic Substances Control
Act to burn PCBs in all 10 EPA regions, having
demonstrated a 99.99 percent destruction removal
efficiency (DRE). Applications of the CBC include a
variety of industrial wastes and contaminated site
materials. Waste feed for the CBC must be sized to
less than 1 inch. Metals in the waste do not inhibit
performance and become less leachable after
incineration. Treated residual ash can be replaced on
site or stabilized for landfill disposal if metals exceed
regulatory limits.
STATUS:
The CBC (formerly owned by Ogden Environmental
Services) was accepted into the SITE Demonstration
Program in 1986. A treatability study on wastes from
the McColl Superfund site in California was
conducted under the guidance of the SITE Program,
EPA Region 9, and the California Department of
Health Services in March 1989. A pilot-scale
demonstration was conducted at the General Atomics
research facility in San Diego, California using a
16-inch-diameter CBC. The demonstration was
conducted on soil from the McColl Superfund Site in
Fullerton, California.
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Completed Project
Several 3-foot-diameter CBCs have been built and
successfully operated. At the Swanson River project
in Alaska, over 100,000 tons of PCB-contaminated
soil was successfully treated to limits of detection that
were far below allowable limits. The process tookjust
over 3 years, from mobilization of the transportable
unit to demobilization. The unit operated at over 85
percent availability all year, including winter, when
temperatures were below -50°F. The soil was delisted
and returned to the original site. The unit has
subsequently been moved to a Canadian site. Another
unit of similar size treated soils contaminated with #6
fuel oil. Over 14,000 tons of soil was successfully
treated and delisted.
Upon completion, the site was upgraded to permit
operation as a merchant facility treating a wide range
of materials from leaking underground fuel tanks at
other sites. Two other units of the same size have been
constructed in Germany for treatment of munitions
wastes consisting of slurried explosives and
propellant. These units have been operational since
early 1995 and have been permitted under stringent
German regulations.
DEMONSTRATION RESULTS:
During the SITE demonstration, the CBC performed
as follows:
• Achieved DRE values of 99.99 percent or greater
for principal organic hazardous constituents
• Minimized formation of products of incomplete
combustion
• Met research facility permit conditions and
California South Coast Basin emission standards
• Controlled sulfur oxide emissions by adding
limestone and residual materials (fly ash and bed
ash); these emissions were nonhazardous. No
significant levels of hazardous organic compounds
were found in the system, the stack gas, or the bed
and fly ash.
• Minimized emissions of sulfur oxide, NOX, and
particulates. Other regulated pollutants were
controlled to well below permit levels.
FOR FURTHER INFORMATION:
EPA PROJECT MANAGER:
Douglas Grosse, U.S. EPA
National Risk Management Research
Laboratory
26 West Martin Luther King Drive
Cincinnati, OH 45268
513-569-7844
Fax:513-569-7585
e-mail: grosse.douglas@epa.gov
TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPER CONTACT:
Dan Jensen
General Atomics
P.O. Box 85608
3550 General Atomics Court
San Diego, CA 92186-9784
858-445-4158
Fax:858-455-4111
The SITE Program assesses but does not
approve or endorse technologies.
Page 102
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Technology Profile
DEMONSTRATION PROGRAM
GENERAL ENVIRONMENTAL, INC.
(formerly Hydrologies, Inc./Cure International, Inc.)
(CURE®-Electrocoagulation Wastewater Treatment System)
TECHNOLOGY DESCRIPTION:
The CURE® - Electrocoagulation (CURE®) system is
designed to remove ionic metal species and other
charged particles from water (see figure below).
Because many toxic metal ions such as nickel, lead,
and chromates are held in solution by electrical
charges, they will precipitate out of solution if they
are neutralized with oppositely charged ions. The
CURE® system is effective at breaking oily emulsions
and removing suspended solids. The system improves
on previous electrocoagulation methods through a
unique geometrical configuration.
The CURE® system's patented geometry maximizes
liquid surface contact between the anode and
concentric cathode electrocoagulation tubes, thus
minimizing the power requirements for efficient
operation. The CURE® system allows the
contaminated water to flow continuously through the
cathode tube, enabling a direct current to pass
uniformly through a water stream. The contaminated
water then passes through the annular space between
the cathode and anode tubes and is exposed to
sequential positive and negative electrical fields.
Typical retention time is less than 20 seconds. Water
characteristics such as pH, oxidation-reduction
potential, and conductivity can be adjusted to achieve
maximum removal efficiencies for specific
contaminants.
After the treated water exits the electrocoagulation
tubes, the destabilized colloids are allowed to
flocculate and are then separated with an integrated
clarifier system. Polymers can be added to enhance
flocculation, but in most cases they are not required.
The sludge produced by this process is usually very
stable and acid-resistant. Tests have shown that
sludges produced by the CURE® system pass the
to xicity characteristic leachingprocedure (TCLP) and
are often disposed of as nonhazardous waste.
INFLLJI
CURE®-Electrocoagulation System
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May 2003
Completed Project
WASTE APPLICABILITY:
The CURE® system can treat a broad range of
dissolved metals, including aluminum, arsenic,
barium, cadmium, chromium, cyanide, iron, lead,
nickel, uranium, and zinc. The system can also treat
contaminants such as emulsified oils, suspended
solids, paints, and dyes. Radionuclides were removed
by the system at the Rocky Flats Environmental
Technology Site (RFETS).
Because this system treats a wide range of
contaminants, it is suited for industries and utilities
such as plating, mining, electronics, industrial
wastewater, as well as remediation projects.
STATUS:
This technology was accepted into the SITE
Demonstration Program in 1993. A bench-scale test
of the technology was conducted in April 1995 to
determine the ability of the system to remove
radionuclides from solar evaporation water at RFETS.
The system removed over 90 percent of uranium and
plutonium from the test water. The technology was
demonstrated during August and September 1995 at
RFETS under a joint agreement between the
Department of Energy, the State of Colorado, and
EPA.
The technology has proven to be very effective in a
diverse number of industrial applications including
metal refmishing, oil treatment plants, acid mine
drainage and cooling towers in the U.S. and
internationally. Full or pilot scale units are available
from CURE® International, Inc.
DEMONSTRATION RESULTS:
During the SITE demonstration, four 3-hour test runs
were conducted at RFETS over a 2-week period.
Prior to the demonstration, operating parameters were
adjusted during several optimization runs.
The demonstration showed that the system removed
30 to 50 percent of uranium and 60 to 99 percent of
plutonium from the solar pond water at RFETS. The
radionuclide and metal content of the dewatered
sludge indicated that these contaminants were highly
concentrated in the sludge. Uranium and plutonium
were only slightly leachable by TCLP and no metals
were leachable by TCLP. These results suggest that
the sludge is very stable and resistant to breakdown.
The Demonstration Bulletin (EPA/540/MR-96/502),
Technology Capsule (EPA/540/R-92/502a), and
Innovative Technology Evaluation Report
(EPA/540/R-96/502) are available from EPA.
FOR FURTHER INFORMATION:
EPA PROJECT MANAGER:
Steven Rock
U.S. EPA
National Risk Management Research
Laboratory
26 West Martin Luther King Drive
Cincinnati, OH 45268
513-569-7149
Fax: 513-569-7105
e-mail: rock.steven@epa.gov
The SITE Program assesses but does not
approve or endorse technologies.
Page 104
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Technology Profile
DEMONSTRATION PROGRAM
GEOKINETICS INTERNATIONAL, INC.
(Electroheat-Enhanced Nonaqueous-Phase Liquids Removal)
TECHNOLOGY DESCRIPTION:
Geokinetics has developed and fully commercialized
a novel in-situ process for the extraction and/or
destruction of organic materials (nonaqueous phase
liquids [NAPL]) from ground and groundwater. The
process combines a novel direct electrical heating
process with established soil vapor, dual phase and
other extraction approaches. Heatis produced directly
in the treatment zone by the passage of an AC
current through the soil matrix. In effect, the ground
and groundwater become the electrical resistor in a
conventional resistive heating circuit.
Multi-phase electrical current is supplied to the soil
matrix using proprietary high surface area electrodes
inserted directly into the ground. Electrical current,
heat-up rate, and other operating parameters are
regulated by a proprietary computer-based (impedance
matching) control system. This system incorporates
automated data logging, fault tolerance, and remote
operation to minimize field labor requirements.
The process works by gradually and uniformly heating
the treatment zone to 60 to 80°C. This produces the
following effects:
• NAPL viscosity is significantly reduced.
• A density inversion of many dense nonaqueous-
phase liquid (DNAPL) components will occur
causing it to float to the top of the saturated
zone.
• The smear zone will greatly reduce or even
collapse.
• Nascent biological activity will typically
increase dramatically (provided the heat-up rate
is managed carefully). This greatly increases
natural biodegradation. Hen the treatment zone
has reached its operating temperature, a
combination of established extraction techniques
are applied as appropriate to remove most or all
of the NAPL.
• Treatment times typically include:
• 1 month for heat-up
• 4 to 8 months for primary extraction
WASTE APPLICABILITY:
The technology is broadly applicable for enhancing
the removal of NAPLs and DNAPLs from a broad
range of ground types. Recovered and destroyed
contaminants include fuel oil, diesel, kerosene, PAHs,
coal tar, hydraulic fluid, TCE, and other chlorinated
solvents, ground types treated include clays, silty
clays, shale beds, gravel deposits, etc. The technology
has been deployed alongside, inside, and underneath
existing buildings and structures.
STATUS:
Geokinetics first developed and commercialized the
technology in Europe and had more than 40 projects
completed or in progress. In the United States,
Geokinetics' technology was accepted in the
Superfund Innovative Technology Evaluation (SITE)
program in 1997. The technology was demonstrated
at the Pearl Harbor demonstration site in Oahu,
Hawaii.
Page 105
The SITE Program assesses but does not
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May 2003
Completed Project
. DEMONSTRATION RESULTS:
The heating process was able to reach the required
operating temperature. However, the test well was not
installed in an aquifer that communicated with the
contaminated zone, so no DNAPL was removed.
FOR FURTHER INFORMATION:
EPA PROJECT MANAGER:
Tom Holdsworth
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
Office of Research and Development
26 West Martin Luther King Drive
Cincinnati, OH 45268
513-569-7675
Fax: 513-569-7676
e-mail: holdsworth.thomas@epa.gov
TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPER CONTACT:
Dr. Stephen R. Clarke
Geokinetics International, Inc.
829 Heinz Street
Berkeley, CA 94563
510-704-2941
Fax:510-848-1581
Website: www.geokinetics.com
The SITE Program assesses but does not
approve or endorse technologies.
Page 106
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Technology Profile
DEMONSTRATION PROGRAM
GEOKINETICS INTERNATIONAL INC.
(Electrokinetics for Lead Recovery)
TECHNOLOGY DESCRIPTION:
This technology mobilizes lead in soil by
introducing a lead chelating agent, ethylene
diamine tetra acetic acid (EDTA), into the soil
mass. The chelating agent desorbs lead from
the soil and forms an ionic complex with lead in
solution. EDTA is a weak organic acid that is
nonhazardous and environmentally safe which
naturally biodegrades. EDTA was chosen after
two treatability studies on site soil demonstrated
that it was a successful chelating agent due to its
ability to absorb lead from the highly buffered
soil at the site.
A 4-cubic-yard batch ex situ treatment process
is used to mobilize and remove lead from the
site soil. Soil treatment involves flushing with
an EDTA electrolyte solution. The electrolyte
solution is introduced into the treatment tank
containing the volume of soil to be treated
through a manifold of microjets distributed
across the top of the tank. The solution
migrates through the soil column while the
EDTA desorbs the lead from the soil, thus
forming the Pb-EDTA2" complex. The
electrolyte solution (containing the Pb-EDTA2"
complex) is then allowed to drain through a port
at the bottom of the tank. Once the electrolyte
solution has been removed from the tank, it is
then delivered to a holding tank prior to being
cycled through a proprietary electrochemical
processing unit. Here the lead is electroplated
out of solution and recovered as metallic lead.
Afterward, the electrolyte solution is delivered
to a holding tank where it will be regenerated
(pH adjusted) before being reintroduced to the
soil undergoing treatment. Lead removed from
the electrolyte solution is accumulated and
delivered off-site for disposal or recycling. The
entire system is a batch, closed-loop process.
During operation, sensors monitor the
concentration of lead in the electrolyte solution
extracted from the soil.
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Page 107
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May 2003
Completed Project
WASTE APPLICABILITY:
This technology is suitable for any soils or
sediments containing lead. EDTA has a strong
affinity for lead and can effectively sequester
lead in solution. However, the electrolyte
solution containing the EDTA must be at a pH
of 5 to 6 to be effective.
STATUS:
The Electrokinetics for Lead Recovery
technology is due to undergo demonstration
during the summer of 2002.
FOR FURTHER INFORMATION:
EPA PROJECT MANAGER:
Thomas Holdsworth
U.S. EPA
National Risk Management Research
Laboratory
Office of Research and Development
26 West Martin Luther King Dr.
Cincinnati, OH 45268
513-569-7675
Fax: 513-569-7105
e-mail: holdsworth.thomas@epa.gov
TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPER CONTACT:
Dr. Stephen R Clark
Geokinetics International, Inc.
829 Heinz Street
Berkeley, CA 94563
510-701-2941
Fax:510-848-1581
www. geokinetics. com
The SITE Program assesses but does not
approve or endorse technologies.
Page 108
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Technology Protile
DEMONSTRATION PROGRAM
GEOTECH DEVELOPMENT CORPORATION
(Cold Top Ex-Situ Vitrification of Chromium-Contaminated Soils)
TECHNOLOGY DESCRIPTION:
The Geotech Cold Top technology is an ex-situ
vitrification process designed to transform metal-
contaminated soils into a nonleachable product. The
primary component of the technology is a water-
cooled, double-walled, steel vessel or furnace with
submerged-electrode resistance heating. The
furnace and associated equipment are capable of
attaining a melting temperature of up to 5,200°F.
The furnace is initially charged with a mixture of
sand and alumina/silica clay. Through electrical
resistance heating, a molten pool forms; the voltage
to the furnace is properly adjusted; and, finally,
contaminated soil is fed into the furnace by a screw
conveyor. When the desired soil melt temperature
is achieved, the furnace plug from below the molten
product tap is removed. As the soil melts, the
outflow is poured into refractory-lined and insulated
molds for slow cooling, and additional soil is added
to the furnace to maintain a "cold top." Excess
material can be discharged to a water sluice for
immediate cooling and collection before off-site
disposal.Geotech Development Corporation
(Geotech) claims that the Cold Top Vitrification
process converts quantities of contaminated soil
from a large number of particles into an essentially
monolithic, vitrified mass. According to Geotech,
vitrification transforms the physical state of
contaminated soil from assorted crystalline matrices
to a glassy, amorphous solid state comprised of
interlaced polymeric chains. These chains typically
consist of alternating oxygen and silicon atoms. It
is expected that chromium can readily substitute for
silicon in the chains. According to Geotech, such
chromium should be immobile to leaching by
aqueous solvents and, therefore, biologically
unavailable and nontoxic.
WASTE APPLICABILITY:
According to Geotech, the Cold Top Vitrification
process has been used to treat soils contaminated
with hazardous heavy metals such as lead,
cadmium, and chromium; asbestos and asbestos-
containing materials; and municipal solid waste
combustor ash residue. Geotech claims that
radioactive wastes can also be treated by this
technology. All waste material must be reduced in
size to less than 0.25 inches in diameter. The Cold
Top Vitrification process is most efficient when
feed materials have been dewatered to less than 5
percent water and organic chemical concentrations
have been minimized. Some wastes may require the
addition of carbon and sand to ensure that the
vitrification process produces a glass-like product.
Geotech claims that the vitrified product can have
JUNI^LLUIIGN
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Cold Top Ex-Situ Vitrification Technology
Page 109
The SITE Program assesses but does not
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May 2003
Completed Project
many uses, including shore erosion blocks,
decorative tiles, road-bed fill, and cement or
blacktop aggregate.
STATUS:
This technology was accepted into the SITE
Demonstration Program in December 1994. In
February and March, 1997, this process was
demonstrated at Geotech's pilot plant in Niagara
Falls, New York. Approximately 10,000 pounds of
chromium-contaminated soil from two New Jersey-
Superfund sites in the Jersey City area were
collected crushed, sieved, dried, mixed with carbon
and sand, and shipped to the Geotech plant. The
SITE demonstration consisted of one vitrification
test run on soil from each site.
DEMONSTRATION RESULTS:
The demonstration results indicate that the Cold Top
Vitrification process reduced the concentration of
leachable chromium to meet the Resource
Conservation and Recovery Act (RCRA) toxicity
characteristic leaching procedure (TCLP) total
chromium standard. For example, concentrations of
29 and 58 mg/L of TCLP chromium in feed soils
were reduced to 1.0 and 0.31 mg/L, respectively, in
vitrified products. Field observations and
measurements made during the demonstration
indicate that several operational issues must be
addressed during technology scale-up. First, a
consistent and controlled feed system needs to be
developed that spreads the waste uniformly over the
surface of the molten soil. This feed system must
also minimize dust generation. Second, an emission
control system needs to be configured to control
particulate and gaseous emissions from the furnace
and feed system.
The SITE Demonstration Bulletin (EPA/540/HR-
97/506) and Technology Capsule (EPA/540/R-
97/506a) are available from EPA. Geotech owns a
50-ton-per-day Cold Top Vitrification pilot plant in
Niagara Falls, New York. This facility has been
used for over 38 research and customer
demonstrations, including the SITE demonstration.
Geotech has built or assisted with the construction
or upgrading of more than five operating
vitrification plants. Geotech has tentative plans to
build a commercial Colt Top Vitrification facility
within 50 miles of the New Jersey sites. The
planned capacity of this facility is 300 tons per day.
The facility will be designed to receive, dry, vitrify,
and dispose of vitrified product from the chromium
sites and municipal solid waste incinerators, as well
as other producers of hazardous and nonhazardous
waste.
FOR FURTHER
INFORMATION:
EPA PROJECT MANAGER:
Marta K. Richards
U.S. EPA
National Risk Management Research
Laboratory
26 West Martin Luther King Drive
Cincinnati, OH 45268
513-569-7692
Fax:513-569-7676
e-mail: richards.marta@epa.gov
TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPER CONTACTS:
Thomas Tate, President
Geotech Development Corporation
1150 First Avenue, Suite 630
King of Prussia, PA 19406
610-337-8515
Fax: 610-768-5244
William Librizzi
Hazardous Substance Management
Research Center
New Jersey Institute of Technology
138 Warren Street Newark, NJ 07102
973-596-5846
Fax: 973-802-1946
The SITE Program assesses but does not
approve or endorse technologies.
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Technology Profile
DEMONSTRATION PROGRAM
GIS\SOLUTIONS, INC.
(GIS\Key™ Environmental Data Management System)
TECHNOLOGY DESCRIPTION:
GIS\Key™ v.3.0 is a comprehensive environmental
database management system that integrates site
data and graphics, enabling the user to create
geologic cross-sections, boring logs, potentiometric
maps, isopleth maps, structure maps, summary
tables, hydrographs, chemical time series graphs,
and numerous other maps and line graphs (see table
below). The software is networkable, multi-user, 32
bit and year 2000 compliant. It is menu-driven,
making it relatively simple to use. All system
outputs meet Resource Conservation and Recovery
Act (RCRA) and Comprehensive Environmental
Response, Compensation, and Liability Act
(CERCLA) reporting requirements and are
consistent with current industry practices.
In addition to complete integration between data and
graphics, GIS\Key™ v.3.0 integrates different data
types, allowing swift production of complex
graphics such as geo-chemical cross sections and
flux graphics.
GIS\Key™ v.3.0 stores and independently manages
metadata (such as maps, graphs, reports, boring logs
and sections) from multiple sites. Metadata is
geocoded, stored separately from a facility's source
data and retrieved by performance of a spatial
query. Metadata from a facility may be retrieved,
viewed and studied independently or combined with
metadata from other facilities for multi-site
management.
The GIS\Key™ software can directly export data
into the leading three-dimensional visualization
systems. These systems produce three-dimensional
contaminant plume models and groundwater flow
models as well as fence diagrams. GIS\Key™
includes audit or transaction logging capabilities for
source data as well as metadata.
The GIS\Key™ v3.0 also employs two new project
management and data navigation tools called
Scout™ and Smart Query™. Scout™ helps users
find and access existing projects, start new projects,
browse data and initiate queries that result in
reports, maps, and other graphics.
Scout™ also manages data security and multi-user
network installations of GIS\Key™ v.3.0. Smart
Query™ is a data "drill down" tool which helps
users set conditions on project data, displays data
meeting those conditions, then creates desired
output. GIS\Key™ v3.0 also has new modules for
radiological chemistry and RCRA Statistics. Site
data related to ecological assessment and air
emissions are not managed by this system.
The GIS\Key™ software can be used at any
Superfund site to facilitate the collection, reporting,
and analysis of site data. The software is designed
with numerous checks to assure the quality of the
data, including comprehensive quality
assurance/quality control protocols. System
outputs, listed in the table below, are presentation-
CHEMISTRY
GEOLOGY
HYDROLOGY
Isopleth maps of soil or water quality
{plan or section view)
Graphs
Time series graphs
Chemical versus chemical and inter
-well and intra-well
- Concentration versus position
- Summary of statistics
Trilinear Piper & Stiff diagrams
User alerts
- When QA/QC results fall outside data quality
objectives
When sample results fall outside historical
ranges
When sample results exceed applicable
regulatory
standards
Sample Tracking; Electronic Lab Interface
Presentation-quality data tables
Completely customizable boring logs
Geologic cross-section maps
Isopach maps
Structure maps
Presentation-quality data tables
ALL MODULES:
GIS\Key Scout1 M Interface
Independent management of metadata
Multi-site management capability
Integration between data types
Smart Query™ Data Retrieval
3D Modeling, Statistics, CIS Integration
Density-corrected water level, floating
product, hydraulic conductivity, and contour
maps
Water elevation and floating product
thickness versus time graphs
Flow versus time and chemical flux graphs
Presentation-quality data tables
SYSTEM REQUIREMENTS:
Hardware: Pentium Class PC
32 MB RAM
Operating System: Windows 95/98 or
Windows NT
GIS\Key™ Environmental Data Management System Outputs
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The SITE Program assesses but does not
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May 2003
Completed Project
quality and meet RCRA and CERCLA reporting
requirements. GIS\Key™ software provides a three
level data validation system which includes 1)
sample tracking by custody, sample ID and/or date
and time, 2) an electronic laboratory import
program that immediately finds, and helps the user
fix, quality control (QC) problems with the
laboratory data delivery and 3) a series of "User
Alert" reports which find data that falls outside of
project QC objectives, historical data ranges, or
above federal, state, and local or project specific
action levels.
STATUS:
This technology was accepted into the SITE
Demonstration Program in summer 1992. The
demonstration was held in August 1993 in San
Francisco, California, and December 1993 in
Washington, DC. The Demonstration Bulletin
(EPA/540/MR-94/505), Technology Capsule
(EPA/540/SR-94/505), Innovative Technology
Evaluation Report (EPA/540/R-94/505), and project
videotape are available from EPA.
DEMONSTRATION RESULTS:
The GIS\Key™ software is in use at several
Superfund sites including the Crazyhorse site near
Salinas, California, and the Moffett Field site near
San Jose, California. The U.S. Air Force's
Environmental Data Management and Decision
Support working group has successfully tested the
effectiveness of the GIS\Key™ technology at
Norton Air Force Base in California. The
technology is also being used by consultants at over
30 other U.S. Air Force and Department of Energy
facilities.
Results from the SITE demonstration indicated that
the GIS\Key™ software generated the four types of
contour maps necessary to assist in groundwater
mapping: hydrogeologic maps, chemical
concentration isopleths, geologic structure maps,
and geologic structure thickness isopach maps.
Several advanced chemistry reports and
construction and borehole summary tables were also
automatically prepared using customized
GIS\Key™ menu commands. The system
automated well and borehole logs based on the
information contained in the database. GIS\Key™
provided several editable reference lists, including a
list of regulatory thresholds, test methods, and a list
of chemical names, aliases, and registry numbers.
The GIS\Key™ database menu provided commands
for electronic database import and export. Any of
the database files used by GIS\Key™ can be used
with the general import and export commands
available in the database menu.
FOR FURTHER INFORMATION:
EPA PROJECT MANAGER:
Richard Eilers
U.S. EPA
National Risk Management Research
Laboratory
26 West Martin Luther King Drive
Cincinnati, OH 45268
513-569-7809
Fax:513-569-7111
e-mail: eilers.richard@epa.gov
TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPER CONTACT:
Lawrence S. Eytel
GIS\Solutions, Inc.
1800 Sutter Street
Suite 830
Concord, CA 94520
925-944-3720x211
Fax: 925-827-5467
e-mail: sales@giskey.com
Internet: http ://www.giskey.com
The SITE Program assesses but does not
approve or endorse technologies.
Page 112
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Technology Profile
DEMONSTRATION PROGRAM
GRACE BIOREMEDIATION TECHNOLOGIES
(DARAMEND™ Bioremediation Technology)
TECHNOLOGY DESCRIPTION:
The GRACE Bioremediation Technologies organic
amendment-enhanced bioremediation technology
(DARAMEND™) is designed to degrade many
organic contaminants in industrial soils and
sediments, including pentachlorophenol (PCP),
polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), and
petroleum hydrocarbons. The technology has been
applied both in situ and ex situ. In either case, soil
may be treated in lifts up to 2 feet deep using
available mixing equipment. The technology may
also be applied ex situ, as a biopile.
The technology treats batches of soil using
DARAMEND™ soil amendments. These
amendments are introduced using conventional
agricultural equipment (see photograph below),
followed by regular tilling and irrigation.
DARAMEND™ soil amendments are solid-phase
products prepared from natural organic materials to
have soil-specific particle size distribution, nutrient
content, and nutrient releases kinetics. Soil
amendments sharply increase the ability of the soil
matrix to supply water and nutrients to the
microorganisms that degrade the hazardous
compounds. The amendments can also transiently
bind contaminants, reducing the acute toxicity of the
soil aqueous phase. This reduction allows
microorganisms to survive in soils containing very
high concentrations of toxic compounds.
DARAMEND™ treatment involves three
fundamental steps. First, the treatment area is
prepared. For the ex situ application, a lined
treatment cell is constructed. In situ application
requires the treatment area to be cleared and ripped
to reduce soil compaction. Second, the soil is
pretreated; this includes removing debris larger than
4 inches, such as metal or rocks, that may damage
the tilling equipment. Sediments under-going
treatment must be dewatered. And third, the
DARAMEND™ soil amendment is incorporated,
usually at 1 percent to 5 percent by weight, followed
by regular tilling and irrigating.
Soil is tilled with a rotary tiller to reduce variation
in soil properties and contaminant concentrations.
Tilling also incorporates the required soil
c
_.. >
DARAMEND™ Bioremediation Technology
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May 2003
Completed Project
amendments and helps deliver oxygen to
contaminant-degrading microorganisms.
An irrigation system is used to maintain soil
moisture in the desired range. If the treatment area
is not covered, leachate or surface runoff caused by
heavy precipitation is collected and reapplied to the
soil as needed.
Equipment needed to implement this technology
includes a rotary tiller, irrigation equipment, and
excavation and screening equipment. Depending on
site-specific factors such as contaminant type and
initial concentration, and project schedule and
climate, a waterproof cover may be constructed over
the treatment area.
WASTE APPLICABILITY:
The DARAMEND™ technology can treat soil,
sediment, and other solid wastes such as lagoon
sludge. These matrices may be contaminated by a
wide range of organic compounds including, but not
limited to, PAHs, PCP, petroleum hydrocarbons,
and phthalates. Matrices of lead, manganese, and
zinc have been effectively treated with the
DARAMEND™ technology.
STATUS:
This technology was accepted into the SITE
Demonstration Program in spring 1993. The ex situ
application of the technology was demonstrated
from fall 1993 to summer 1994 at the Domtar Wood
Preserving facility in Trenton, Ontario, Canada.
The demonstration was one component of a 5,000-
ton remediation project underway at the site.
Currently, the DARAMEND™ technology has
received regulatory approval, and has been applied
at field-scale at five sites in the United States.
These sites include the full-scale treatment of PCP
impacted soil in Montana, Washington, and
Wisconsin, the full-scale treatment of phthalate
impacted soil in New Jersey and a pilot-scale
demonstration of toxaphene impacted soil in South
Carolina. In addition, the technology has been
applied at a number of Canadian sites including a
2,500 tonne biopile in New Brunswick, and two
pilot-scale projects targeting pesticides and
herbicides in Ontario. The first full-scale
application to soil containing organic explosives
was scheduled for late 1998.
DEMONSTRATION RESULTS:
In the ex situ demonstration area, the
DARAMEND™ technology achieved the following
overall reductions: PAHs, 94 percent
(1,710 milligram/kilogram [mg/kg] to 98 mg/kg);
chlorophenols, 96 percent (352 mg/kg to 13.6
mg/kg); and total petroleum hydrocarbons (TPH),
87 percent. These reductions were achieved in 254
days of treatment, including winter days when no
activity occurred because of low soil temperatures.
The control area showed a reduction of 41 percent in
PAH concentrations; no reduction was seen in the
concentration of either chlorinated phenols or TPH
during the treatment time. Results from the toxicity
analysis (earthworm mortality and seed
germination) showed that the toxicity was
eliminated or greatly reduced in the treated soil.
FOR FURTHER INFORMATION:
EPA PROJECT MANAGER:
Teri Richardson
U.S. EPA
National Risk Management Research
Laboratory
26 West Martin Luther King Drive
Cincinnati, OH 45268
513-569-7949
Fax: 513-569-7105
e-mail: richardson.teri@epa.gov
TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPER CONTACTS:
Alan Seech or David Raymond
GRACE Bioremediation Technologies
3465 Semenyk Court, 2nd floor
Mississauga, Ontario
Canada L5C 4PG
905-273-5374
Fax: 905-273-4367
The SITE Program assesses but does not
approve or endorse technologies.
Page 114
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Technology Protile
DEMONSTRATION PROGRAM
GRUPPO ITALIMPRESSE
(Developed by Shirco Infrared Systems, Inc.)
(formerly Ecova Europa)
(Infrared Thermal Destruction)
TECHNOLOGY DESCRIPTION:
The infrared thermal destruction technology is a
mobile thermal processing system that uses
electrically powered silicon carbide rods to heat
organic wastes to combustion temperatures. Any
remaining combustibles are incinerated in an
afterburner. One configuration for this mobile
system (see figure below) consists of four
components: (1) an electric-powered infrared
primary chamber; (2) a gas-fired secondary
combustion chamber; (3) an emissions control
system; and (4) a control center.
Waste is fed into the primary chamber and exposed
to infrared radiant heat (up to 1,850°F) provided by
silicon carbide rods above the conveyor belt. A
blower delivers air to selected locations along the
belt to control the oxidation rate of the waste feed.
The ash material in the primary chamber is
quenched with scrubber water effluent. The ash is
then conveyed to an ash hopper, where it is removed
to a holding area and analyzed for organic
contaminants such as polychlorinated biphenyls
(PCBs).
Volatile gases from the primary chamber flow into
the secondary chamber, which uses higher
temperatures, greater residence time, turbulence,
and supplemental energy (if required) to destroy
these gases. Gases from the secondary chamber are
ducted through the emissions control system. In the
emissions control system, the particulates are
removed in a venturi scrubber. Acid vapor is
neutralized in a packed tower scrubber. An induced
draft blower draws the cleaned gases from the
scrubber into the free-standing exhaust stack. The
scrubber liquid effluent flows into a clarifier, where
scrubber sludge settles and is removed for disposal.
The liquid then flows through an activated carbon
filter for reuse or to a publicly owned treatment
works for disposal.
This technology is suitable for soils or sediments
with organic contaminants. Liquid organic wastes
can be treated after mixing with sand or soil.
Optimal waste characteristics are as follows:
• Particle size, 5 microns to 2 inches
• Moisture content, up to 50 percent by weight
• Density, 30 to 130 pounds per cubic foot
• Heating value, up to 10,000 British thermal
units per pound
• Chlorine content, up to 5 percent by weight
• Sulfur content, up to 5 percent by weight
• Phosphorus, 0 to 300 parts per million (ppm)
• pH, 5 to 9
• Alkali metals, up to 1 percent by weight
Mobile Thermal Processing System
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Completed Project
STATUS:
EPA conducted two evaluations of the infrared
thermal destruction technology. A full-scale unit
was evaluated during August 1987 at the Peak Oil
Superfund site in Brandon, Florida. The system
treated nearly 7,000 cubic yards of waste oil sludge
containing PCBs and lead. A pilot-scale
demonstration took place at the Rose Township-
Demode Road Superfund site in Michigan during
November 1987. Organics, PCBs, and metals in soil
were the target waste compounds. Two
Applications Analysis Reports (EPA/540/A5-89/010
and EPA/540/ A5-89/007) and two Technology
Evaluation Reports (EPA/540/5-88/002a and
EPA/540/ 5-89/007a) are available from EPA. In
addition, the technology has been used to remediate
PCB contamination at the Florida Steel Corporation
and the LaSalle Electric Superfund sites.
This technology is no longer available through
vendors in the United States. For further
information about the technology, contact the EPA
Project Manager.
DEMONSTRATION RESULTS:
The results from the two SITE demonstrations are
summarized below.
• PCBs were reduced to less than 1 ppm in the
ash, with a destruction removal efficiency
(DRE) for air emissions greater than 99.99
percent (based on detection limits).
• In the pilot-scale demonstration, the Resource
Conservation and Recovery Act standard for
particulate emissions (0.08 gram per dry
standard cubic foot) was achieved. In the full-
scale demonstration, however, this standard was
not met in all runs because of scrubber
inefficiencies.
• Lead was not immobilized; however, it
remained in the ash. Significant amounts were
not transferred to the scrubber water or emitted
to the atmosphere.
• The pilot-scale unit demonstrated satisfactory
performance with high feed rate and reduced
power consumption when fuel oil was added to
the waste feed and the primary chamber
temperature was reduced.
• Economic analysis suggests an overall waste
remediation cost of less than $800 per ton.
FOR FURTHER INFORMATION:
EPA PROJECT MANAGER:
Laurel Staley
U.S. EPA
National Risk Management Research
Laboratory
26 West Martin Luther King Drive
Cincinnati, OH 45268
513-569-7863
Fax:513-569-7105
e-mail: staley.laurel@epa.gov
TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPER CONTACT:
Grupo Italimpresse
John Goffi
206-883-1900
The SITE Program assesses but does not
approve or endorse technologies.
Page 116
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Technology Profile
DEMONSTRATION PROGRAM
HIGH VOLTAGE ENVIRONMENTAL
APPLICATIONS, INC.
(formerly Electron Beam Research Facility, Florida
International University, and University of Miami)
(High-Energy Electron Irradiation)
High-voltage electron irradiation of water produces
a large number of reactive chemical species,
including the aqueous electron (e"aq), the hydrogen
radical (H-), and the hydroxyl radical (OH-). These
short-lived intermediates break down organic
contaminants in aqueous wastes.
In the principal reaction, the aqueous electron
transfers to halogen-containing compounds,
breaking the halogen-carbon bond and liberating
halogen anions such as chloride (Cl~) or bromide
(Br). The hydroxyl radical can undergo addition or
hydrogen abstraction reactions, producing organic
free radicals that decompose in the presence of other
hydroxyl radicals and water. In most cases,
organics are converted to carbon dioxide, water, and
salts. Lower molecular weight aldehydes,
haloacetic acids, and carboxylic acids form at low
concentrations in some cases.
During the high-voltage electron irradiation process,
electricity generates high energy electrons. The
electrons are accelerated by the voltage to
approximately 95 percent of the speed of light.
They are then directed into a thin stream of water or
sludge. All reactions are complete in less than 0.1
second. The electron beam and waste flow are
adjusted to deliver the necessary dose of electrons.
Although this is a form of ionizing radiation, there
is no residual radioactivity.
High Voltage Environmental Applications, Inc.
(High Voltage), has developed a mobile facility to
demonstrate the treatment process (see photograph
below).
The Mobile Electron Beam Hazardous Waste Treatment System
Page 117
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May 2003
Completed Project
WASTE APPLICABILITY:
This treatment process can effectively treat more
than 100 common organic compounds. These
compounds include the following:
• Trihalomethanes (such as chloroform), which
are found in chlorinated drinking water
• Chlorinated solvents, including carbon
tetrachloride, trichloroethane, tetrachloroethene
(PCE), trichloroethene (TCE), ethylene
dibromide, dibromo-chloropropane,
hexachlorobutadiene, and hexachloroethane
• Aromatics found in gasoline, including benzene,
toluene, ethylbenzene, and xylene (BTEX)
• Chlorobenzene and dichlorobenzenes
• Phenol
• Dieldrin, a persistent pesticide
• Polychlorinated biphenyls
• A variety of other organic compounds
The treatment process is appropriate for removing
various hazardous organic compounds from aqueous
waste streams and sludges. The high-energy
electron irradiation process was accepted into the
SITE Emerging Technology Program (ETP) in June
1990. For further information on the pilot-scale
facility evaluated under the ETP, refer to the
Emerging Technology Bulletins (EPA/540/F-
93/502, EPA/540/F-92/009, and EPA/540/F-
93/509), which are available from EPA. Based on
results from ETP, the process was invited to
participate in the Demonstration Program.
The ability of the technology to treat contaminated
soils, sediments, or sludges is also being evaluated
under the ETP. For further information on this
evaluation, refer to the the High Voltage profile in
the ETP section (ongoing projects).
The treatment process was demonstrated at the U.S.
Department of Energy's Savannah River site in
Aiken, South Carolina during two different periods
totaling 3 weeks in September and November 1994.
A trailer-mounted treatment system was
demonstrated on a portion of the Savannah River
site known as M-Area.
DEMONSTRATION RESULTS:
During the demonstration, the system treated about
70,000 gallons of M-Area groundwater
contaminated with volatile organic compounds
(VOC). The principal groundwater contaminants
were TCE and PCE, which were present at
concentrations of about 27,000 and
11,000 micrograms per liter (jj,g/L), respectively.
The groundwater also contained low levels of cis-
1,2-dichloroethene (40 |J.g/L). The following
compounds were also spiked into the influent stream
at approximately 500 ug/L: 1,2-dichloroethane,
carbon tetrachloride, 1,1,1-trichloroethane,
chloroform, and BTEX.
The highest VOC removal efficiencies were
observed for TCE (99.5 percent), PCE
(99.0 percent), and dichloroethene (greater than 99
percent). Removal efficiencies for chlorinated
spiking compounds ranged from 68 to 98 percent,
and removal efficiencies for BTEX ranged from 88
to 99.5 percent.
FOR FURTHER INFORMATION:
EPA PROJECT MANAGER:
Franklin Alvarez
U.S. EPA
National Risk Management Research
Laboratory
26 West Martin Luther King Drive
Cincinnati, OH 45268
513-569-7631
Fax:513-569-7571
e-mail: alvarez.franklin@epa.gov
TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPER CONTACT:
William Cooper
University of North Carolina at Wilmington
Department of Chemistry
601 South College Road
Wilmington, NC 28403-3297
910-962-3450
Fax: 910-962-3013
The SITE Program assesses but does not
approve or endorse technologies.
Page 118
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Technology Frotile
DEMONSTRATION PROGRAM
HORSEHEAD RESOURCE DEVELOPMENT CO., INC.
(Flame Reactor)
TECHNOLOGY DESCRIPTION:
The Horsehead Resource Development Co., Inc.
(HRD), flame reactor system is a patented,
hydrocarbon-fueled, flash-smelting system that
treats residues and wastes contaminated with metals
(see figure below). The reactor processes wastes
with hot (greater than 2,000°C) reducing gases
produced by combusting solid or gaseous
hydrocarbon fuels in oxygen-enriched air.
In a compact, low-capital cost, water-cooled reactor,
the feed materials react rapidly, allowing a high
waste throughput. The end products are glass-like
slag; a potentially recyclable, heavy metal-enriched
oxide; and in some cases, a metal alloy. The glass-
like slag is not toxicity characteristic leaching
procedure (TCLP) leachable. The volatile metals
are fumed and captured in a baghouse; nonvolatile
metals partition to the slag or may be separated as a
molten alloy. Organic compounds should be
destroyed at the elevated temperature of the flame
reactor technology. Volume reduction (of waste to
slag plus oxide) depends on the chemical and
physical properties of the waste.
In general, the system requires that wastes be dry
enough (less than 5 percent total moisture) to be
pneumatically fed and fine enough (less than 200
mesh) to react rapidly. HRD claims larger particles
(up to 20 mesh) can be processed; however, the
efficiency of metals recovery is decreased. The
prototype system has a capacity of 1 to 3 tons per
hour. According to HRD, individual units can be
scaled to a capacity of 7 tons per hour.
WASTE APPLICABILITY:
The flame reactor system can be applied to granular
solids, soil, flue dusts, slags, and sludges that
contain heavy metals. HRD claims that the flame
reactor technology has successfully treated the
following wastes: (1) electric arc furnace dust, (2)
lead blast furnace slag, (3) soil, (4) iron residues,
(5) primary copper flue dust, (6) lead smelter nickel
matte, (7) zinc plant leach residues and purification
residues, (8) brass mill dusts and fumes, and (9)
electroplating sludges.
FLAME
REACTOR
Natural Gas
Oxygen + Air
Solid-Waste Feed
Air
Off-Gas
SLAG
SEPARATOR
Effluent Slag
Oxide Product
HRD Flame Reactor Process Flow
Page 119
The SITE Program assesses but does not
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May 2003
Completed Project
The system has treated wastes with the following
metal species and concentrations: zinc (up to
40 percent); lead (up to 10 percent); chromium (up
to 4 percent); cadmium (up to 3 percent); arsenic
(up to 1 percent); copper (up to 8 percent); cobalt;
and nickel. According to HRD, the system can also
treat soils that are contaminated with a variety of
toxic organics.
STATUS:
This technology was accepted into the SITE
Demonstration Program in 1990. Currently, the
prototype flame reactor system operates as a
stationary unit at HRD's facility in Monaca,
Pennsylvania. EPA and HRD believe that a mobile
system could be designed and constructed for on-
site treatment of hazardous waste.
The SITE demonstration was conducted in March
1991 using secondary lead smelter soda slag from
the National Smelting and Refining Company
(NSR) Superfund site in Atlanta, Georgia. The
demonstration was conducted at the Monaca,
Pennsylvania facility under a Resource
Conservation and Recovery Act research,
development, and demonstration permit. This
permit allows treatment of wastes containing high
concentrations of metals, but only negligible
concentrations of organics.
The major objectives of the SITE technology
demonstration were to investigate the reuse
potential of the recovered metal oxides, evaluate the
levels of contaminants in the residual slag and their
leaching potential, and determine the efficiency and
economics of processing.
A 30,000-standard-tons-per-year commercial flame
reactor system processes steel mill baghouse dust
(K061) at the North Star Steel Mini Mill near
Beaumont, Texas. The plant was activated June 1,
1993, and is reported to be performing as designed.
DEMONSTRATION RESULTS:
Approximately 72 tons of NSR waste material were
processed during the demonstration. Partial test
results are shown in the table below.
Metal Concentration Ranges in Influent and Effluent
Waste Effluent Oxide
Feed Slag Product
(mg/kg)" (mg/kg) (mg/kg)
Arsenic
Cadmium
Copper
Iron
Lead
Zinc
428-1,040
356-512
1,460-2,590
95,600-130,000
48,200-61,700
3,210-6,810
92.1-1,340
<2.3-13.5
2,730-3,890
167,000-228,000
1,560-11,400
709-1,680
1,010-1,170
1,080-1,380
1,380-1,780
29,100-35,600
159,000-184,000
10,000-16,200
milligrams per kilogram
All effluent slag passed toxicity characteristic
leaching procedure criteria. The oxide was recycled
to recover lead. The Technology Evaluation Report
(EPA/540/5-91/005) and the Applications Analysis
Report (EPA/540/A5-91/005) are available from
EPA.
FOR FURTHER INFORMATION:
EPA PROJECT MANAGER:
Marta K. Richards
U.S. EPA
National Risk Management Research
Laboratory
26 West Martin Luther King Drive
Cincinnati, OH 45268
513-569-7692
Fax: 513-569-7676
e-mail: richards.marta@epa.gov
TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPER CONTACT:
Regis Zagrocki
Horsehead Resource Development Co., Inc.
Field Station - East Plant
Delaware Avenue
Palmerton, PA 18071
724-773-9037
The SITE Program assesses but does not
approve or endorse technologies.
Page 120
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Technology Profile
DEMONSTRATION PROGRAM
HRUBETZ ENVIRONMENTAL SERVICES, INC.
(HRUBOUT* Hot Air Injection Process)
TECHNOLOGY DESCRIPTION:
The HRUBOUT*' process is a thermal, in situ and ex
situ treatment process designed to remove volatile
organic compounds (VOC) and semivolatile organic
compounds (8VOC) from contaminated soils. The
in situ process is shown in the figure below. Heated
air is injected into the soil below the contamination
zone, evaporating soil moisture and removing
volatile and semivolatile hydrocarbons. As the
water evaporates, soil porosity and permeability
increase, further facilitating the air flow at higher
temperatures. As the soil temperature increases,
the less volatile constituents volatilize or are
thermally oxidized.
Injection wells are drilled in a predetermined
distribution pattern to depths below the
contamination zone. The wells are equipped with
steel casings, perforated at the bottom, and
cemented into the hole above the perforations.
Heated, compressed air is introduced at
temperatures of up to 1,200 *F, and the pressure is
slowly increased. As the air progresses upward
through the soil, the moisture is evaporated,
removing the VOCs and SVOCs- A surface
collection system captures the exhaust gases under
negative pressure. These gases are transferred to a
thermal oxidizer, where the hydrocarbons are
thermally destroyed in an incinerator tl a
temperature of 1,500*F.
The air is heated in an adiabatic burner at:
2,9 million British thermal units per hour
(MMBtu/hr). The incinerator has a rating of
3.1 MMBtu/hr The air blower can deliver up to
S.500 pounds p«r hour. The units employ a fully
modulating fuel train that is fueled by natural gas or
propane, All equipment is mounted on custom-
designed mobile units and can operate 24 hours per
day,
HRUBOUT* Process
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Completed Project
WASTE APPLICABILITY:
The HRUBOUT" process can remediate soils
contaminated with halogenated or nonhalogenated
organic volatiles and semivolatiles, such as
gasoline, diesel oil, jet fuel, heating oil, chemical
solvents, or other hydrocarbon compounds.
STATUS:
The HRUBOUT® process was accepted into the
SITE Demonstration Program in July 1992. The
technology was demonstrated at Kelly Air Force
Base in San Antonio, Texas from January through
February 1993. A 30-foot by 40-foot area of an
80,000-gallon JP-4 jet fuel spill site was chosen as
the treatment area. Six heated air injection wells,
spaced on a 3-by-2 grid 10 feet apart, were drilled to
a depth of approximately 20 feet. The
Demonstration Bulletin (EPA/540/MR- 93/524) is
available from EPA.
In September 1993, an in situ project was completed
at the Canadian Forces military base in Ottawa,
Ontario, Canada. Levels up to 1,900 parts per
million (ppm) of total petroleum hydrocarbons
(TPH) were encountered over a 17-foot by 17-foot
area on the base. Five injection wells were drilled
to a depth of 30 feet. After 12 days of treatment,
borehole samples ranged from nondetectto 215 ppm
TPH, meeting closure requirements of 450 ppm
TPH.
The containerized version of the HRUBOUT®
process was tested in July 1993 at a west Texas site
contaminated with Varsol, or naphtha. The soil was
excavated for treatment in Hrubetz's insulated
container. Analysis of untreated soil revealed TPH
at 1,550 ppm. Three loads were treated for about 60
to 65 hours each. Post- treatment samples ranged
from nondetect to 7 ppm TPH, meeting the Texas
Natural Resource Conservation Commission's
background target level of 37 ppm. Large-scale
mobile container units, holding up to 40 cubic yards
and capable of ex situ treatment of a load in 8 hours,
are under development.
The ex situ version of the technology was selected
to remediate a site in Toronto, Ontario, Canada,
which consisted of about 1,500 cubic yards (yd3) of
soil contaminated with gasoline and diesel. Soil
contamination was measured at 200 ppm TPH.
Following treatment, seven soil samples were
collected. Two samples had detectable
concentrations of TPH (25 and 37 ppm) and the
remaining five samples had nondetectable levels of
TPH, achieving the 100 ppm TPH cleanup goal.
About 100 yd3 of toluene-contaminated soil was
remediated in Orlando, Florida using the soil pile
process with a smaller 5-ton unit. A composite
analysis of the excavated soil found toluene at
concentrations of up to 1,470 parts per billion;
nondetect levels were required for closure. A
composite soil sample collected after 96 hours of
operation met the closure criteria.
Four patents have been granted, and additional
patents are pending. The process was approved by
the Texas Natural Resources Conservation
Commission in 1991.
FOR FURTHER INFORMATION:
EPA PROJECT MANAGER:
Gordon Evans
U.S. EPA
National Risk Management Research
Laboratory
26 West Martin Luther King Drive
Cincinnati, OH 45268
513-569-7684
Fax: 513-569-7787
e-mail: evans.gordon@epa.gov
The SITE Program assesses but does not
approve or endorse technologies.
Page 122
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Technology Profile
DEMONSTRATION PROGRAM
HUGHES ENVIRONMENTAL SYSTEMS, INC.
(Steam Enhanced Recovery Process)
TECHNOLOGY DESCRIPTION:
The Steam Enhanced Recovery Process (SERF)
removes most volatile organic compounds (VOC)
and semivolatile organic compounds (SVOC) from
perched groundwater and contaminated soils both
above and below the water table (see figure below).
The technology is applicable to the in situ
remediation of contaminated soils below ground
surface and below or around permanent structures.
The process accelerates contaminant removal rates
and can be effective in all soil types.
Steam is forced through the soil by injection wells
to thermally enhance the recovery of VOCs and
SVOCs. Extraction wells are used for two purposes:
to pump and treat groundwater, and to transport
steam and vaporized contaminants to the surface.
Recovered nonaqueous liquids are separated by
gravity separation. Hydrocarbons are collected for
recycling, and water is treated before being
discharged to a storm drain orsewer. Vapors can be
condensed and treated by any of several vapor
treatment techniques (for example, thermal
oxidation and catalytic oxidation). The technology
uses readily available components such as extraction
and monitoring wells, manifold piping, vapor and
liquid separators, vacuum pumps, and gas emission
control equipment.
WASTE APPLICABILITY:
The SERF can extract VOCs and SVOCs from
contaminated soils and perched groundwater.
Compounds suitable for treatment are petroleum
hydrocarbons such as gasoline and diesel and jet
fuel; solvents such as trichloroethene,
trichloroethane, and dichlorobenzene; or a mixture
of these compounds. After application of the
process, subsurface conditions are excellent for
biodegradation of residual contaminants. The
process cannot be applied to contaminated soil very
near the ground surface unless a cap exists.
HYDROCARBON
LIQUID
LIQUIDS
(HYDROCARBONS/
WATER)
HOLDING STORAGE TANK RECYCL'E
I
*_ STEAM
HYPVUliARBO
CfQUID STbAM
Steam Enhanced Recovery Process
Page 123
The SITE Program assesses but does not
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May 2003
Completed Project
STATUS:
This technology was accepted into the SITE
Demonstration Program in 1991. The
demonstration of the technology began in August
1991 and was completed in September 1993. The
demonstration took place in Huntington Beach,
California, at a site contaminated by a large diesel
fuel spill. The Demonstration Bulletin
(EPA/540/MR -94/510), Technology Capsule
(EPA/540/R- 94/5 lOa), and Innovative Technology
Evaluation Report (EPA/540/R-94/510) are
available from EPA.
For more information regarding this technology, see
the profiles for Berkeley Environmental Restoration
Center (completed projects) or Praxis
Environmental Technologies, Inc., in the
Demonstration Program section (ongoing profiles).
This technology is no longer available through a
vendor. For further information on the technology,
contact the EPA Project Manager.
DEMONSTRATION RESULTS:
Evaluation of the posttreatment data suggests the
following conclusions:
• The geostatistical weighted average for total
petroleum hydrocarbon (TPH) concentrations in
the treated soils was 2,290 milligrams per
kilogram (mg/kg). The 90 percent confidence
interval for this average concentration is 996
mg/kg to 3,570 mg/kg, indicating a high
probability that the technology did not meet the
cleanup criterion. Seven percent of soil samples
had TPH concentrations in excess of 10,000
mg/kg.
• The geostatistical weighted average for total
recoverable petroleum hydrocarbon (TRPH)
concentrations was 1,680 mg/kg, with a 90
percent confidence interval of 676 mg/kg to
2,680 mg/kg. Levels of benzene, toluene,
ethylbenzene, and xylenes (BTEX) were below
the detection limit (6 micrograms per kilogram)
in treated soil samples; BTEX was detected at
low mg/kg levels in a few pretreatment soil
samples.
• Analysis of triplicate treated soil samples
showed marked variability in soil contaminant
concentrations over short distances. Analogous
results for TPH and TRPH triplicate samples
suggest that the contaminant concentration
variability exists within the site soil matrix and
is not the result of analytical techniques. This
variability is the reason that confidence intervals
for the average concentrations are so large.
• The data suggest that lateral or downward
migration of contaminants did not occur during
treatment.
FOR FURTHER INFORMATION:
EPA PROJECT MANAGER:
Paul dePercin
U.S. EPA
National Risk Management Research
Laboratory
26 West Martin Luther King Drive
Cincinnati, OH 45268
513-569-7797
Fax: 513-569-7105
e-mail: depercin.paul@epa.gov
The SITE Program assesses but does not
approve or endorse technologies.
Page 124
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Technology Proiile
DEMONSTRATION PROGRAM
IIT RESEARCH INSTITUTE
(Radio Frequency Heating)
TECHNOLOGY DESCRIPTION:
Radio frequency heating (RFH) is an in situ process
that uses electromagnetic energy to heat soil and
enhance soil vapor extraction (SVE). Developed by
IIT Research Institute, the patented RFH technique
heats a discrete volume of soil using rows of vertical
electrodes embedded in soil (or other media).
Heated soil volumes are bounded by two rows of
ground electrodes with energy applied to a third row
midway between the ground rows. The three rows
act as a buried triplate capacitor. When energy is
applied to the electrode array, heating begins at the
top center and proceeds vertically downward and
laterally outward through the soil volume. The
technique can heat soils to over 300°C.
RFH enhances SVE in two ways: (1) contaminant
vapor pressures are increased by heating, and (2) the
soil permeability is increased by drying. Extracted
vapor can then be treated by a variety of existing
technologies, such as granular activated carbon or
incineration.
WASTE APPLICABILITY:
RFH can treat petroleum hydrocarbons, volatile
organic compounds, semivolatile organic
compounds, and pesticides in soils. The technology
is most efficient in subsurface areas with low
groundwater recharge. In theory, the technology
should be applicable to any polar compound in any
nonmetallic media.
Adjusted in the
Field to Match
Contaminated Aluminum
RF Shield
Vapor from
Surface
Expanded Metal
RF Shield
Vapor from
round Row
Electrodes
Barrier and
RF Shield on Surface
Shielding Electrode
Rows
In Situ Radio Frequency Heating System
Page 125
The SITE Program assesses but does not
approve or endorse technologies.
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May 2003
Completed Project
STATUS:
The RFH technique was accepted into the SITE
Demonstration Program in summer 1992. The
technique was demonstrated in August 1993 at
Kelly Air Force Base (AFB), Texas, as part of a
joint project with the U.S. Air Force. Brown and
Root Environmental was the prime contractor
evaluating and implementing RFH forthe U.S. Air
Force. A field demonstration of the KAI
Technologies, Inc. (KAI), RFH technology was
completed in June 1994 at the same site for
comparison. The Demonstration Bulletin
(EPA/540/MR- 94/527), Technology Capsule
(EPA/540/ R-94/527a), and the Innovative
Technology Evaluation Report (EPA/540/R-94-527)
are available from EPA. For further information on
the KAI technology, see the profile in the
Demonstration Program section (completed
projects).
In 1995, the RFH technique was tested at the former
chemical waste landfill at Sandia National
Laboratories in Albuquerque, New Mexico.
Approximately 800 cubic yards of silty soil was
heated. Preliminary results indicate that the
contaminant concentration in the extracted vapors
increased by a factor of 10 compared to in situ
venting.
Two previous field tests were completed using in
situ RFH. The first test was completed at a fire
training pit, located at the Volk Air National Guard
Base in Camp Douglas, Wisconsin. The sandy soil
in the pit was contaminated with jet fuel. The
second test was completed at Rocky Mountain
Arsenal in Colorado, where clayey soil was
contaminated by organochlorine pesticides.
DEMONSTRATION RESULTS:
Under the SITE demonstration, statistical analyses
for the design treatment zone indicate that total
recoverable petroleum hydrocarbons, pyrene, and
bis(2-ethylhexyl)phthalate exhibited statistically
significant decreases (at the 95 and 97.5 percent
confidence levels). Chlorobenzene concentrations
appeared to increase during treatment, possibly due
to volatilization of chlorobenzene present in the
groundwater.
Significant concentrations of 2-hexanone, 4-methyl-
2-pentanone, acetone, and methyl ethyl ketone were
found in the treated soils, although virtually no
ketones were found before treatment. Soil
temperatures as high as 1,000°C during the
demonstration may have caused partial oxidation of
petroleum hydrocarbons. Alternatively, the ketones
may have been volatilized from groundwater. At
this time, insufficient data are available to determine
the source of ketones found in treated soils.
FOR FURTHER INFORMATION:
EPA PROJECT MANAGER:
Laurel Staley
U.S. EPA
National Risk Management Research
Laboratory
26 West Martin Luther King Drive
Cincinnati, OH 45268
513-569-7863
Fax: 513-569-7105
e-mail: staley.laurel@epa.gov
TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPER CONTACTS:
Harsh Dev
IIT Research Institute
10 West 3 5th Street
Chicago, IL 60616-3799
312-567-4257
Fax: 312-567-4286
The SITE Program assesses but does not
approve or endorse technologies.
Page 126
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Technology Profile
DEMONSTRATION PROGRAM
INTERNATIONAL WASTE TECHNOLOGIES
AND GEO-CON, INC.
(In Situ Solidification and Stabilization Process)
TECHNOLOGY DESCRIPTION:
The in situ solidification and stabilization process
immobilizes organic and inorganic compounds in
wet or dry soils, using reagents (additives) to
produce a cement-like mass. The basic components
of this technology are (1) Geo-Con, Inc.'s
(Geo-Con), deep soil mixing (DSM) system, to
deliver and mix the chemicals with the soil in situ;
and (2) a batch mixing plant to supply proprietary
additives (see figure below).
The proprietary additives generate a complex,
crystalline, connective network of inorganic
polymers in a two-phase reaction. In the first phase,
contaminants are complexed in a fast-acting
reaction. In the second phase, macromolecules
build over a long period of time in a slow-acting
reaction.
The DSM system involves mechanical mixing and
injection. The system consists of one set of cutting
blades and two sets of mixing blades attached to a
vertical drive auger, which rotates at approximately
15 revolutions per minute. Two conduits in the
auger inject the additive slurry and supplemental
water. Additives are injected on the downstroke;
the slurry is further mixed upon auger withdrawal.
The treated soil columns are 36 inches in diameter
and are positioned in an overlapping pattern of
alternating primary and secondary soil columns.
WASTE APPLICABILITY:
The process treats soils, sediments, and sludge-pond
bottoms contaminated with organic compounds and
metals. The process has been laboratory-tested on
soils containing polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs),
pentachlorophenol, refinery wastes, and chlorinated
and nitrated hydrocarbons.
STATUS:
A SITE demonstration was conducted as a joint
effort between International Waste Technologies
(IWT) and Geo-Con. The demonstration was
conducted at the General Electric Service Shop site
in Hialeah, Florida in April 1988. IWT provided the
treatment reagent, specifically the proprietary
additive (HWT-20), and Geo-Con provided both
engineering and hardware for the in situ soil
treatment. Two 10-by-20-foot areas were treated —
one to a depth of 18 feet, and the other to a depth of
14 feet. Ten months after the demonstration, long-
term monitoring tests were performed on the treated
sectors. A four-auger process was later used to
remediate the PCB-contaminated Hialeah site
during the winter and spring of 1990. Cooperative
efforts between Geo-Con and IWT ended with the
remediation of the Hialeah site.
In Situ Solidification and Stabilization Process Flow Diagram
Page 127
The SITE Program assesses but does not
approve or endorse technologies.
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May 2003
Completed Project
Presently, Geo-Con offers the entire in situ
stabilization package, including the treatment
chemicals. Geo-Con has used the process to
complete over 40 in situ stabilization projects
throughout the United States. Significant projects
completed to date include the following:
• Construction of a 110,000-square-foot, 60-foot-
deep, soil-bentonite DSM wall to contain
contaminated groundwater from a former waste
pond. All DSM permeabilities were less than
10"7 centimeters per second (cm/s).
• Shallow soil mixing and stabilization of 82,000
cubic yards of contaminated soils at a former
manufactured gas plant site. The site was
declared clean and ultimately converted to a city
park.
The DSM system augers have been scaled up to
diameters as large as 12 feet. To date, Geo-Con has
used this process to treat over 1 million cubic yards
of contaminated soils and sludges.
DEMONSTRATION RESULTS:
The SITE demonstration yielded the following
results:
• PCB immobilization appeared likely, but could
not be confirmed because of low PCB
concentrations in the untreated soil. Leachate
tests on treated and untreated soil samples
showed mostly undetectable PCB levels.
Leachate tests performed 1 year later on treated
soil samples showed no increase in PCB
concentrations, indicating immobilization.
• Data were insufficient to evaluate the system's
performance on other organic compounds and
metals.
• Each test sample showed high unconfined
compressive strength (UCS), low permeability,
and low porosity. These physical properties
improved in samples retested 1 year later,
indicating the potential for long-term durability.
• Bulk density of the soil increased 21 percent
after treatment. This treatment increased the
treated soil volume by 8.5 percent and caused a
small ground rise of 1 inch per foot of treated
soil.
• The UCS of treated soil was satisfactory, with
values up to 1,500 pounds per square inch.
• The permeability of the treated soil was
satisfactory, decreasing to 10"6 and 10"7 cm/s
compared to 10"2 cm/s for untreated soil.
• Data were insufficient to confirm
immobilization of volatile and semivolatile
organics. This may be due to organophilic clays
present in the reagent.
• Process costs were $194 per ton for the 1-auger
machine used in the demonstration, and $111
per ton for a commercial four-auger operation.
More recent experience with larger scale
equipment reduced process costs to about $15
per ton plus the cost of reagents. The
Technology Evaluation Report
(EPA/540/5-89/004a) and the Applications
Analysis Report (EPA/540/A5-89/004) are
available from EPA.
FOR FURTHER INFORMATION:
EPA PROJECT MANAGER:
Mary Stinson
US EPA/NRMRL
2890 Woodbridge Ave.
Editon, NJ 0887-3679
732-321-6683
Fax:732-321-6640
e-mail: stinson.mary@epa.gov
TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPER CONTACT:
Stephen McCann
Geo-Con, Inc.
4075 Monroeville Boulevard
Corporate One, Building II, Suite 400
Monroeville, PA 15146
412-856-7700
Fax: 412-373-3357
The SITE Program assesses but does not
approve or endorse technologies.
Page 128
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Technology Profile
DEMONSTRATION PROGRAM
IT CORPORATION
KMnO4 (Potassium Permanganate) Oxidation of TCE
TECHNOLOGY DESCRIPTION:
In situ chemical oxidation using potassium
permanganate is a potentially fast and low cost
solution for the destruction of a broad range of
organic compounds, including chlorinated ethylenes
and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons. This
oxidation technology involves injecting a potassium
permanganate solution that reacts with volatile
organic compounds (VOCs) to form nontoxic by-
products such as carbon dioxide, manganese
dioxide, and chloride ions. The chemical reaction is
as follows:
2KMnO4 + C2HC13
H+ + 3C1-
2CO2 + 2MnO2 (s) +2K+ +
Oxidation using potassium permanganate involves
cleavage of carbon-carbon bonds often facilitated by
free-radical oxidation mechanisms. The impact of
organic matter that will consume the oxidant can be
significant and must be considered during the
technology selection process at each specific site.
In the absence of organic matter, the reaction is
second ordered and the rate is governed by the
concentration of both TCE and MnO4- ions.
Several injection points spread throughout the plot
will be used to deliver the KMnO4 to the subsurface.
A few centrally located groundwater recovery wells,
each screened in different lithologic units, will
facilitate flow and extract the injected fluids and
groundwater.
WASTE APPLICABILITY:
Potassium permanganate reacts effectively with the
double bonds in chlorinated ethylenes such as
trichloroethylene, perchloroethylene,
dichloroethylene isomers, and vinyl chloride. It is
effective for remediation of DNAPL, adsorbed
phase and dissolved phase contaminants, and
produces innocuous breakdown products, such as
carbon dioxide, chloride ions and manganese
dioxide.
Conceptual Illustration of In Situ Oxidation
Technology
STATUS:
IT Corporation injected potassium permanganate
from 20 points across 15 two-foot intervals to a
depth of 45 feet in a 50- x 75-foot test cell. These
injection intervals encompass three lithologic zones,
consisting of a layered mix of sand, shell hash, silts,
sandy clays and clay lenses. Permanganate solution,
at concentrations of one to three percent, was
prepared in an automated feed system and pumped
under pressure to each point. This solution is easily
handled, mixed and injected, and is nonhazardous.
Page 129
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approve or endorse technologies.
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May 2003
Completed Project
DEMONSTRATION RESULTS:
The demonstration treatment effectiveness was
evaluated by EPA as part of the Superfund
Innovative Technology Evaluation (SITE) Program.
The total reduction in TCE mass within the
oxidation cell was calculated through collection and
analysis of soil cores from 12 soil borings with over
192 discrete sample intervals analyzed for TCE.
Sampling was performed before treatment and one
month after treatment. The results show that the
mass of TCE in the oxidation cell was reduced by
82%. DNAPL concentrations (defined as any TCE
soil concentration greater than 300 mg/kg) were
reduced by as much as 84%. The TCE
concentrations were reduced to nondetectable levels
at 85 of the 192 sample intervals from initial soil
concentrations as high as 10,500 mg/kg. As
permanganate was still present throughout the cell
during the posttreatment sampling effort, additional
TCE reductions may occur. The test results clearly
show that the technology was effective in the
reduction of TCE (dissolved, absorbed phase and
DNAPL).
The posttreatment soil data could be used to target
an additional application of permanganate to the
remaining TCE areas for full cell reductions to
nondetectable levels. A cost model for prediction of
the project costs for application of permanganate at
other facilities has been prepared and is available
for use at other sites.
FOR FURTHER INFORMATION:
EPA PROJECT MANAGER
Tom Holdsworth
U.S. EPA National Risk Management
Research Laboratory
26 West Martin Luther King Drive
Cincinnati, OH 45268
513-569-7675
Fax: 513-569-7676
e-mail: holdsworth.thomas@epa.gov
TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPER CONTACT
Ernest Mott-Smith
725 U.S. Highway 301 South
Tampa FL 33619
813-612-3677
Fax: 813-626-1662
e-mail: emott-smith@theitgroup.com
The SITE Program assesses but does not
approve or endorse technologies.
Page 130
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Technology Profile
DEMONSTRATION PROGRAM
IT CORPORATION
(formerly OHM Remediation Services Corp.,
formerly Chemical Waste Management, Inc.)
(X*TRAX™ Thermal Desorption)
TECHNOLOGY DESCRIPTION:
The X*TRAX™ technology is a patented thermal
desorption process that removes organic
contaminants from soils, sludges, and other solid
media (see photograph below). X*TRAX™ is not,
however, an incinerator or a pyrolysis system.
Chemical oxidation and reactions are discouraged
by maintaining an inert environment and low
treatment temperatures. Combustion by-products
are not formed in X*TRAX™, as neither a flame
nor combustion gases are present in the desorption
chamber.
The organic contaminants are removed as a
condensed liquid, which is characterized by a high
heat rating. This liquid may then be destroyed in a
permitted incinerator or used as a supplemental fuel.
Low operating temperatures of 400 to 1,200°F and
low gas flow rates optimize treatment of
contaminated media.
An externally fired rotary dryer volatilizes the water
and organic contaminants from the contaminated
media into an inert carrier gas stream. The inert
nitrogen carrier gas transports the organic
contaminants and water vapor out of the dryer. The
carrier gas flows through a duct to the gas treatment
system, where organic vapors, water vapors, and
dust particles are removed and recovered. The gas
first passes through a high-energy scrubber, which
removes dust particles and 10 to 30 percent of the
organic contaminants. The gas then passes through
two condensers in series, where it is cooled to less
than 40°F.
Most of the carrier gas is reheated and recycled to
the dryer. About 5 to 10 percent of the gas is
separated from the main stream, passed through a
particulate filter and a carbon adsorption system,
and then discharged to the atmosphere. This
discharge allows addition of make-up nitrogen to
the system to keep oxygen concentrations below 4
percent (typically below 1 percent). The discharge
also helps maintain a small negative pressure within
the system and prevents potentially contaminated
gases from leaking. The volume of gas released
from this process vent is approximately 700 times
less than from an equivalent capacity incinerator.
Page 131
The SITE Program assesses but does not
approve or endorse technologies.
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May 2003
Completed Project
WASTE APPLICABILITY:
The X*TRAX™ process has been used to treat
solids contaminated with the following wastes:
poly chlorinated biphenyls (PCB); halogenated and
nonhalogenated solvents; semivolatile organic
compounds, including polynuclear aromatic
hydrocarbons, pesticides, and herbicides; fuel oils;
benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene, and xylene; and
mercury.
STATUS:
This technology was accepted into the SITE
Demonstration Program in 1989. The
demonstration was conducted in May 1992 at the
Re-Solve, Inc., Superfund site in Massachusetts.
After the demonstration, the full-scale X*TRAX™
system, Model 200, remediated 50,000 tons of PCB-
contaminated soil at the site. The Demonstration
Bulletin (EPA/540/MR-93/502), which details
results from the demonstration, is available from
EPA.
The full-scale system, Model 200, is presently
operating at the Sangamo-Weston Superfund site in
South Carolina. More than 45,000 tons of PCB-
contaminated soil, clay, and sludge have been
thermally treated at this site. Feed material with
PCB concentrations of more than 8,800 milligrams
per kilogram (mg/kg) has been successfully treated
to produce (discharge) PCB levels of less than 2
mg/kg. PCB removal efficiency was demonstrated
to be greater than 99.97 percent.
Laboratory-, pilot-, and full-scale X*TRAX™
systems are available. Two laboratory-scale,
continuous pilot systems are available for
treatability studies. More than 108 tests have been
completed since January 1988.
DEMONSTRATION RESULTS:
During the SITE demonstration, X*TRAX™
removed PCBs from feed soil and met the site-
specific treatment standard of 25 mg/kg for treated
soils. PCB concentrations in all treated soil samples
were less than 1.0 mg/kg and were reduced from an
average of 247 mg/kg in feed soil to an average of
0.13 mg/kg in treated soil. The average PCB
removal efficiency was 99.95 percent.
Polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and
polychlorinated dibenzofurans were not formed
within the X*TRAX™ system. Organic air
emissions from the X*TRAX™ process vent were
negligible (less than 1 gram per day). PCBs were
not detected in vent gases.
X*TRAX™ removed other organic contaminants
from feed soil. Concentrations of tetrachloroethene,
total recoverable petroleum hydrocarbons, and oil
and grease were reduced to below detectable levels
in treated soil. Metals concentrations and soil
physical properties were not altered by the
X*TRAX™ system.
FOR FURTHER INFORMATION:
EPA PROJECT MANAGER:
Paul dePercin
U.S. EPA
National Risk Management Research
Laboratory
26 West Martin Luther King Drive
Cincinnati, OH 45268
513-569-7797
Fax: 513-569-7105
E-Mail: depercin.paul@epa.gov
TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPER CONTACT:
Robert Biolchini
IT Corporation
16406 U.S. Route 224 East
Findlay, OH 45840
419-423-3526
Fax: 419-424-4991
The SITE Program assesses but does not
approve or endorse technologies.
Page 132
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Technology Profile
DEMONSTRATION PROGRAM
KAI TECHNOLOGIES, LLC.
(Radio Frequency Heating)
TECHNOLOGY DESCRIPTION:
Radio frequency heating (RFH) is an in situ process
that uses electromagnetic energy to heat soil and
enhance bioventing and soil vapor extraction (SVE).
The patented RFH technique, developed by KAI
Technologies, Inc. (KAI), uses an antenna-like
applicator inserted in a single borehole to heat a
volume of soil. Large volumes of soil can be treated
by RFH employing a control system and an array of
applicators. When energy is applied by the
applicator to the soil, heating begins near the
borehole and proceeds radially outward. This
technique can achieve soil temperatures from just
above ambient to over 250°C.
RFH enhances SVE in two ways: (1) contaminant
vapor pressures are increased by heating; and (2)
soil permeability is increased by drying. Extracted
vapor can then be treated by a variety of existing
technologies.
WASTE APPLICABILITY:
The RFH technique has been tested using pilot-scale
vertical and horizontal antenna orientations to
remove petroleum hydrocarbons and volatile and
semivolatile organics from soils. The technology is
most efficient in subsurface areas with low
groundwater recharge. In theory, the technology
should be applicable to any polar compound in any
nonmetallic medium. The flexible design permits
easy access for in situ treatment of organics and
pesticides under buildings or fuel storage tanks.
STATUS:
The KAI RFH technique was accepted into the SITE
Demonstration Program in summer 1992. The
technique was demonstrated between January and
July 1994 at Kelly Air Force Base, Texas as part of
a joint project with the U.S. Air Force Armstrong
Laboratory. Brown and Root Environmental was
the prime contractor evaluating and implementing
RFH for the U.S. Air Force. A field demonstration
of the IIT Research Institute RFH technology was
completed in summer 1993 at the same site for
comparison. The Demonstration Bulletin
(EPA/540/MR- 94/528), Technology Capsule
(EPA/540/R- 94/528a), and Innovative Technology
Evaluation Report (EPA/540/R-94/528) are
available from EPA. For further information on the
IIT Research Institute technology, see the profile in
TD1 & TD2Q
A = antenna
Q = pressure transducer
£ = extraction well
_ = infrared temperature and
m electric field profiling wells
• = thermowell
x = thermocouple string
. . . = vapor collection lines
TD6 & TD3
TC3 TD5 & TD2 jD4
E7
E8
I
ll
•2?
i
QTD7&TD8
KAI Antenna System
Page 133
The SITE Program assesses but does not
approve or endorse technologies.
-------
May 2003
Completed Project
the Demonstration Program section (completed
projects). KAI is now leasing commercial units to
engineering companies around the U.S.
DEMONSTRATION RESULTS:
For this demonstration, the original treatment zone
was 10 feet wide, 15 feet long, and 20 feet deep.
This treatment zone was based on RFH operation at
13.56 megahertz (MHz); however, RFH was applied
at 27.12 MHz to the top 10 feet of the original
treatment zone to reduce the time on site by half.
Demonstration results were as follows:
• Uniform heating within the revised heating
zone: significant regions had soil
temperatures in excess of 100 °C with soil
temperatures within a 3-foot radius of the
antenna exceeding 120 °C.
• Significant amounts of liquid were heated to
around 240 °C as strongly suggested by a
measurement of 233.9 °C on the outside
wall of the heating well liner.
• Soil permeability increased by a factor of 20
within the revised treatment zone.
• In the original treatment zone, the mean
removal for total recoverable petroleum
hydrocarbons (TRPH) was 30 percent at the
90 percent confidence level. Concentrations
in the pretreatment samples varied from less
than 169 to 105,000 parts per million (ppm);
posttreatment concentrations varied from
less than 33 to 69,200 ppm.
• In the revised treatment zone, the mean
removal for TRPH was 49 percent at the 95
percent confidence level. Concentrations in
the pretreatment samples varied from less
than 169 ppm to 6,910 ppm; posttreatment
concentrations varied from less than 33 ppm
to 4,510 ppm.
• Benzo(o)fluoranthene, benzo(a)pyrene, and
bis(2-ethylhexyl)phthalate exhibited
statistically significant removals within the
original treatment zone. Benzo(o)-
fluoranthene, benzo(a)pyrene, chrysene,
pyrene, and fluoranthene exhibited
statistically significant removals within the
revised treatment zone.
• Contaminants may have migrated into and
out of the revised treatment zone due to the
design and operation of the SVE system.
The design of the heated vapor recovery
system is an essential component of the
efficiency of the overall system.
• Cleanup costs are estimated to range from
less than $80 per ton for large scale to
between $100 to $250 per ton for small-
scale (hot spot) treatments.
FOR FURTHER INFORMATION:
EPA PROJECT MANAGER:
Laurel Staley
U.S. EPA
National Risk Management Research
Laboratory
26 West Martin Luther King Drive
Cincinnati, OH 45268
513-569-7863
Fax: 513-569-7105
e-mail: staley.laurel@epa.gov
TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPER CONTACTS:
Raymond Kasevich or Michael Marley
KAI Technologies, LLC.
94 West Avenue
Great Barrington, MS
413-528-4651
Fax: 413-528-6634
e-mail: raykase@taconic.net
The SITE Program assesses but does not
approve or endorse technologies.
Page 134
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Technology Profile
DEMONSTRATION PROGRAM
KSE, INC.
(Adsorption-Integrated-Reaction Process)
TECHNOLOGY DESCRIPTION:
The Adsorption-Integrated-Reaction (AIR 2000)
process combines two unit operations, adsorption
and chemical reaction, to treat air streams
containing dilute concentrations of volatile organic
compounds (VOCs) (see photo graph below).
The contaminated air stream containing dilute
concentrations of VOCs flows into a photocatalytic
reactor, where chlorinated and nonchlorinated
VOCs are destroyed. The VOCs are trapped on the
surface of a proprietary catalytic adsorbent. This
catalytic adsorbent is continuously illuminated with
ultraviolet light, destroying the trapped,
concentrated VOCs through enhanced
photocatalytic oxidation. This system design
simultaneously destroys VOCs and continuously
regenerates the catalytic adsorbent. Only oxygen in
the air is needed as a reactant.
The treated effluent air contains carbon dioxide and
water, which are carried out in the air stream exiting
the reactor. For chlorinated VOCs, the chlorine
atoms are converted to hydrogen chloride with some
chlorine gas. If needed, these gases can be removed
from the air stream with conventional scrubbers and
adsorbents. The AIR 2000 process offers
advantages over other photocatalytic technologies
because of the high activity, stability, and selectivity
of the photocatalyst. The photocatalyst, which is
not primarily titanium dioxide, contains a number of
different semiconductors, which allows for rapid
and economical treatment of VOCs in air. Previous
results indicate that the photocatalyst is highly
resistant to deactivation, even after thousands of
hours of operation in the field.
The particulate-based photocatalyst allows for more
freedom in reactor design and more economical
scale-up than reactors with a catalyst film coated on
a support medium. Packed beds, radial flow
reactors, and monolithic reactors are all feasible
reactor designs. Because the catalytic adsorbent is
continuously regenerated, it does not require
disposal or removal for regeneration, as traditional
carbon adsorption typically does. The AIR 2000
process produces no residual wastes or by-products
needing further treatment or disposal as hazardous
waste. The treatment system is self-contained and
mobile, requires a small amount of space, and
requires less energy than thermal incineration or
catalytic oxidation. In addition, it has lower total
system costs than these traditional technologies, and
can be constructed of fiberglass reinforced plastic
(FRP) due to the low operating temperatures.
AIR2000
Page 135
The SITE Program assesses but does not
approve or endorse technologies.
-------
May 2003
Completed Project
WASTE APPLICABILITY:
The AIR 2000 process is designed to treat a wide
range of VOCs in air, ranging in concentration from
less than 1 to as many as thousands of parts per
million. The process can destroy the following
VOCs: chlorinated hydrocarbons, aromatic and
aliphatic hydrocarbons, alcohols, ethers, ketones,
and aldehydes.
The AIR 2000 process can be integrated with
existing technologies, such as thermal desorption,
air stripping, or soil vapor extraction, to treat
additional media, including soils, sludges, and
groundwater.
STATUS:
The AIR 2000 process was accepted into the SITE
Emerging Technology Program in 1995. Studies
under the Emerging Technology Program are
focusing on (1) developing photocatalysts for a
broad range of chlorinated and nonchlorinated
VOCs, and (2) designing advanced and cost-
effective photocatalytic reactors for remediation and
industrial service.
The AIR 2000 Process was initially evaluated at
full-scale operation for treatment of soil vapor
extraction off-gas at Loring Air Force Base (AFB).
Destruction efficiency of tetrachloroethene
exceeded 99.8 percent. The performance results
were presented at the 1996 World Environmental
Congress.
The AIR-I process, an earlier version of the
technology, was demonstrated as part of a
groundwater remediation demonstration project at
Dover AFB in Dover, Delaware, treating effluent
air from a groundwater stripper. Test results
showed more than 99 percent removal of
dichloroethane (DCA) from air initially containing
about 1 ppm DCA and saturated with water vapor.
The AIR 2000 Process was accepted into the SITE
Demonstration program in 1998. A demonstration
was completed at a Superfund site in Rhode Island.
A project bulletin was to be completed in 2001 and
other project reports are still in preparation.
DEMONSTRATION RESULTS:
A 700 SCFM commercial unit is now operating at a
Superfund Site in Rhode Island, destroying TCE,
DCE and vinyl chloride in the combined off-gas
from a SVE system and a groundwater stripper.
Results collected during August to October 1999
show that the system is operating at 99.6%
destruction efficiency. The AIR 2000 unit is
operating unattended, with the number of UV lamps
being illuminated changing automatically in
response to changing flow conditions for maximum
performance at minimum cost.
FOR FURTHER INFORMATION:
EPA PROJECT MANAGER:
Vince Gallardo
U.S. EPA
National Risk Management Research
Laboratory
26 West Martin Luther King Drive
Cincinnati, OH 45268
513-569-7176
Fax: 513-569-7620
e-mail: gallardo.vincente@epa.gov
TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPER CONTACT:
J.R. Kittrell
KSE, Inc.
P.O. Box 368
Amherst, MA 01004
413-549-5506
Fax: 413-549-5788
e-mail: kseincfSJaol.com
The SITE Program assesses but does not
approve or endorse technologies.
Page 136
-------
Technology Protile
DEMONSTRATION PROGRAM
MACTEC-SBP TECHNOLOGIES COMPANY, L.L.C.
(formerly EG&G Environmental, Inc.)
(NoVOCs™ In-Well Stripping Technology)
TECHNOLOGY DESCRIPTION:
MACTEC-SBP provides the patented NoVOCs™
in-well stripping technology for the in situ removal
of volatile organic compounds (VOC) from
groundwater (see figure below). NoVOCs™
combines air-lift pumping with in-well vapor
stripping to remove VOCs from groundwater
without the need to remove, treat, and discharge a
wastewater stream. The process also can be adapted
to remove both VOCs and soluble metals from
groundwater. NoVOCs™ consists of a well
screened both beneath the water table and in the
vadose zone. An air line within the well runs from
an aboveground blower and extends below the water
table. Pressurized air injected below the water table
aerates the water within the well, creating a density
gradient between the aerated water and the more
dense water in the surrounding aquifer. As a result,
groundwater flows through the lower well screen
and forces the aerated water upward within the well,
and is in turn accelerated. The result is arising
column of aerated water within the well, essentially
acting as an air-lift pump.
As the aerated groundwater column rises within the
well, VOC mass transfer occurs from the dissolved
phase to the vapor phase. Above the water table, a
packer is installed at the upper screen to prevent the
passage of rising water or bubbles. The rising water
column hits the packer, the bubbles burst, and the
entrained VOC vapor is stripped off laterally
through the screen by an upper vacuum casing. The
VOC-rich vapor is brought to the surface for
treatment while the laterally deflected water
circulates back into the aquifer. Reinfiltrating water
Injection
Blower
Vapor Treatment
Vacuum ^—Us
Blower
Groundwater
Circulation
Zone
Lower Intake
Screen
VOC-Contaminated
Water
Schematic Diagram of the NoVOCs™ Technology
Page 137
The SITE Program assesses but does not
approve or endorse technologies.
-------
May 2003
Completed Project
creates a toroidal circulation pattern around the
well, enabling the groundwater to undergo multiple
treatment cycles before flowing downgradient. The
VOC-rich vapor is treated using commercially
available techniques chosen according to the vapor
stream characteristics.
NoVOCs™ also can be used to remove readily
reduced metals from groundwater and stabilize them
in the vadose zone. Solubilized metals in their
oxidized states enter the lower screen by the same
route as dissolved VOCs in the groundwater. The
nonvolatile metals remain in solution as the VOCs
are stripped at the upper screen and the water
circulates out of the well. The groundwater and
soluble metals then pass through an infiltration and
treatment gallery surrounding the upper well screen.
This treatment gallery is impregnated with a
reducing agent that reduces the soluble metals to an
insoluble valence state. The insoluble metals
accumulate in the infiltration gallery high above the
water table and can be either capped or excavated at
the conclusion of remedial actioa
WASTE APPLICABILITY:
The process treats groundwater contaminated with
volatile petroleum hydrocarbons including benzene,
ethylbenzene, and toluene, as well as chlorinated
solvents such as tetrachloroethene and
trichloroethene. Highly soluble organics like
alcohols and ketones are not easily air-stripped from
water but are readily biodegraded in the oxygen-rich
environment produced by NoVOCs™.
STATUS:
The NoVOCs™ technology was accepted into the
SITE Demonstration Program in 1995. The
demonstration at Installation Restoration Program
Site 9 of Naval Air Station North Island in San
Diego, California, was completed in June 1998.
DEMONSTRATION RESULTS:
VOC results for groundwater samples collected
from the influent and effluent of the NoVOCs™
system indicated that 1,1-dichloroethene (1,1-DCE),
czs-l,2-dichloroethene (czs-l,2-DCE), and
trichloroethene (TCE) concentrations were reduced
by greater than 98, 95, and 93% respectively. The
mean concentrations of 1,1-DCE, cw-l,2,-DCE, and
TCE in the untreated water were approximately
3,530, 45,000 and 1,650 micrograms per litter
(fig/L), respectively, and the mean concentrations of
1,1-DCE, cw-l,2-DCE, and TCE in the treated water
discharged from the NoVOCs™ system were 27,
1,400, and 32 (ig/L, respectively. The average total
VOC mass removed by the NoVOCs™ system
ranged from 0.01 to 0.14 pound per hour and
averaged 0.10 pound per hour. Accounting for the
intermittent operation of the NoVOCs™ system, the
mass of total VOCs removed during the entire
operation period from 4/20-6/19/98 was estimated to
be approximately 92.5 pounds.
FOR FURTHER INFORMATION:
EPA PROJECT MANAGER:
Michelle Simon
U.S. EPA
National Risk Management Research
Laboratory
26 West Martin Luther King Drive
Cincinnati, OH 45268
513-569-7469
Fax: 513-569-7676
e-mail: simon.michelle@epa.gov
TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPER CONTACT:
Mark McGlathery
MACTEC-SBP Technologies Company,
L.L.C.
1819 Denver West Drive, Suite 400
Golden, CO 80401
303-278-3100
Fax: 303-273-5000
The SITE Program assesses but does not
approve or endorse technologies.
Page 138
-------
Technology Frotile
DEMONSTRATION PROGRAM
MAGNUM WATER TECHNOLOGY
(CAV-OX® Process)
TECHNOLOGY DESCRIPTION:
WASTE APPLICABILITY:
The CAV-OX® process uses a combination of
hydrodynamic cavitation and ultraviolet (UV)
radiation to oxidize contaminants in water. The
process (see figure below) is designed to remove
organic contaminants from wastewater and
groundwater without releasing volatile organic
compounds into the atmosphere.
The process generates free radicals to degrade
organic contaminants. The cavitation process alone
has been demonstrated to achieve trichloroethene
(TCE) reductions of up to 65 percent. UV
excitation and, where necessary, addition of
hydrogen peroxide and metal catalysts, provide
synergism to achieve overall reductions of over 99
percent. Neither the cavitation chamber nor the UV
lamp or hydrogen peroxide reaction generates toxic
by-products or air emissions.
Magnum Water Technology (Magnum) estimates
the cost of using the CAV-OX® process to be about
half the cost of other advanced UV oxidation
systems and substantially less than carbon
adsorption. Because the process equipment has one
moving part, maintenance costs are minimal.
According to Magnum, the CAV-OX® process does
not exhibit the quartz tube scaling common with
other UV equipment.
The process is designed to treat groundwater or
wastewater contaminated with organic compounds.
Contaminants such as halogenated solvents; phenol;
pentachlorophenol (PCP); pesticides;
poly chlorinated biphenyls; explosives; benzene,
toluene, ethylbenzene, and xylenes; methyl tertiary
butyl ether; other organic compounds; and cyanide
are suitable for this treatment process. Bacteria and
virus strains are also eliminated.
STATUS:
This technology was accepted into the SITE
Demonstration Program in summer 1992 and was
demonstrated for 4 weeks in March 1993 at
Edwards Air Force Base (AFB) Site 16 in
California. The Applications Analysis Report
(EPA/540/AR-93/520), Technology Evaluation
Report (EPA/540/R-93/520), and a videotape are
available from EPA.
Magnum reports that improvements in UV lamp and
reactor technologies have improved the efficiency of
the CAV-OX® process three- to five-fold, compared
with the pilot-scale unit tested at Edwards AFB
under the SITE Program. CAV-OX® recently (1996)
has proven very effective in potentiating ozone
concentrations in water reclamation applications.
GROUND WATER
HOLDING TANK
INFLUEN
FLOW
METER TO
I 1 DISCHARGE
|TJ tl=-> OR
p 1 REUSE
H.E. UV REACTOR
(OPTIONAL)
CAV-OX® I
L.E. UV REACTOR
AV-OX® CAV-OX®
PUMP CHAMBER
The CAV-OX® Process
Page 139
The SITE Program assesses but does not
approve or endorse technologies.
-------
May 2003
Completed Project
Ozone gas (O3) is relatively insoluble in water.
However, hydrodynamic cavitation used in the
CAV-OX® process continuously develops micro
bubbles which enhances the dispersion of ozone in
water. Three O3 techniques are available to
Magnum: corona discharge with air feed,
electrochemical 'water splitting' method, and
electrochemical anodic oxidation.
The CAV-OX" process has been tested at several
public and private sites, including the San
Bernadino and Orange County Water Department in
California. At a Superfund site, the process treated
leachate containing 15 different contaminants. PCP,
one of the major contaminants, was reduced by 96
percent in one test series. The process has also been
used to remediate former gasoline station sites and
successfully reduced contaminants in process
streams at chemical and pharmaceutical plants.
The CAV-OX® unit was part of an ongoing
evaluation at the U.S. Army Aberdeen Proving
Ground (Aberdeen). Special features of the unit
tested include remote monitoring and control
systems for pH, flow rates, H2O2 flow rate, storage
level and pump rate, UV lamp, main power, pump
function, and remote system shutdown control. The
15-gallon-per-minute CAV-OX® I Low Energy unit
was operated by Army contractors for 9 months.
Upon completion of testing at Aberdeen, further
CAV-OX® II High Energy Tests were conducted at
El Segundo. The CAV-OX® process achieved
contaminant concentrations of greater than 95
percent. During 1997 tests of CAV-OX® equipment
and/or Pilot Tests were made in Taiwan, Thailand,
and Australia. Also, a continuing series of tests for
major U.S. corporations are on-going. The CAV-
OX® process achieved removal efficiencies of
greater than 99.9 percent for TCE, benzene, toluene,
ethylbenzene, and xylenes. SITE demonstration
results for the CAV-OX® process are shown in the
table below. Results are presented for both the
CAV-OX® I (cavitation chamber by itself) and
CAV-OX® II (cavitation chamber combined with
UV) demonstrations.
FOR FURTHER INFORMATION:
EPA PROJECT MANAGER:
Richard Eilers
U.S. EPA
National Risk Management Research
Laboratory
26 West Martin Luther King Drive
Cincinnati, OH 45268
513-569-7809
Fax:513-569-7111
eilers.richard@epa.gov
TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPER CONTACTS:
Dale Cox or Jack Simser
Magnum Water Technology
600 Lairport Street
El Segundo, CA 90245
310-322-4143 or 310-640-7000
Fax:310-640-7005
trations Flow
(mg/L)2 fgpm)3
CAV-OX® I
Removal Efficiencies (%}
Benzene Toluene Xvlene
Flow TCE
facm) 5-kW4 10-kW
RemovaF^fYic9e)nciles {%}
Benzene Toluene Xylene
5-kW 10-kW 5-kW 10-kW 5-kW 10-kW
33.1
23.4
4.9
48.3
6.0
4.9
5.9
5.9
6.1
0
0
0.5
0.6
1.5
0.6
0.7
1.5
0.5
0.7
1.5
99.9
99.9
71.4
99.7
87.8
61.7
96.4
87.1
60.6
>99.9
>99.9
88.6
>99.9
96.9
81.6
99.4
96.5
86.1
99.4
>99.9
87.4
>99.9
94.5
83.8
99.8
97.6
87.3
92.9
>99.9
65.6
>99.9
92.1
80.2
98.9
98.1
>99.9
1.5
2.0
4.0
1.4
1.9
3.9
1.4
1.9
4.0
1.6
1.8
99.6
99.7
87.7
99.8
98.4
85.1
99.6
97.8
86.3
94.1
80.6
99.2
99.7
98.1
99.7
99.3
97.1
99.4
99.2
98.9
99.2
97.6
99.4
99.5
89.7
99.8
98.8
89.5
99.6
99.4
93.5
49.1
38.5
98.8
99.6
98.7
99.8
99.3
97.8
99.6
99.5
99.5
68.1
60.5
>99.9 98.6
>99.9 >99.9
88.8 97.1
>99.9 >99.9
96.9 98.6
91.8 97.9
99.8 99.8
99.5 99.7
94.5 99.6
20.7 54.7
48.6 75.2
>99.9 >99.9
>99.9 >99.9
78.7 87.2
98.7 >99.9
93.6 97.0
90.4 96.0
99.5 99.5
99.2 99.7
95.4 >99.9
43.3 46.7
56.9 83.8
1 hydrogen peroxide 2 milligrams per liter 3 gallons per minute
CAV-OX® Process Demonstration Results
The SITE Program assesses but does not
approve or endorse technologies.
Page 140
-------
Technology Profile
DEMONSTRATION PROGRAM
MATRIX PHOTOCATALYTIC INC.
(Photocatalytic Aqueous Phase Organic Destruction)
TECHNOLOGY DESCRIPTION:
The Matrix Photocatalytic Inc. (Matrix)
photocatalytic oxidation system, shown in the
photograph below, removes dissolved organic
contaminants from water and destroys them in a
continuous flow process at ambient temperatures.
When excited by light, the titanium dioxide (TiO2)
semiconductor catalyst generates hydroxyl radicals
that oxidatively break the carbon bonds of
hazardous organic compounds.
The Matrix system converts organics such as
polychlorinated biphenyls (PCB); phenols; benzene,
toluene, ethylbenzene, and xylene (BTEX); and
others to carbon dioxide, halides, and water.
Efficient destruction typically occurs between 30
seconds and 2 minutes actual exposure time. Total
organic carbon removal takes longer, depending on
the other organic molecules and their molecular
weights. The Matrix system was initially designed
to destroy organic pollutants or to remove total
organic carbon from drinking water, groundwater,
and plant process water. The Matrix system also
destroys organic pollutants such as PCBs,
polychlorinated dibenzodioxins, polychlorinated
dibenzofurans, chlorinated alkenes, chlorinated
phenols, chlorinated benzenes, alcohols, ketones,
aldehydes, and amines. Inorganic pollutants such as
cyanide, sulphite, and nitrite ions can be oxidized to
cyanate ion, sulphate ion, and nitrate ion,
respectively.
WASTE APPLICABILITY:
The Matrix system can treat a wide range of
concentrations of organic pollutants in industrial
wastewater and can be applied to the ultrapure water
industry and the drinking water industry. The
Matrix system can also remediate groundwater.
STATUS:
The system was accepted into the SITE Emerging
Technology Program (ETP) in May 1991. Results
from the ETP evaluation were published in a journal
article (EPA/540/F-94/503) available from EPA.
Based on results from the ETP, Matrix was invited
to participate in the Demonstration Program.
During August and September 1995, the Matrix
system was demonstrated at the K-25 site at the
10-Gallon-Per-Minute TiO2 Photocatalytic System Treating BTEX in Water
Page 141
The SITE Program assesses but does not
approve or endorse technologies.
-------
May 2003
Completed Project
Department of Energy's Oak Ridge Reservation in
Oak Ridge, Tennessee. Reports detailing the results
from the demonstration are available from EPA.
DEMONSTRATION RESULTS:
Results from the demonstration are detailed below:
• In general, high percent removals (up to 99.9
percent) were observed for both aromatic
volatile organic compounds (VOCs) and
unsaturated VOCs. However, the percent
removals for saturated VOCs were low
(between 21 and 40 percent).
• The percent removals for all VOCs increased
with increasing number of path lengths and
oxidant doses. At equivalent contact times,
changing the flow rate did not appear to impact
the treatment system performance for all
aromatic VOCs and most unsaturated VOCs
(except 1,1-dichloroethene [DCE]). Changing
the flow rate appeared to impact the system
performance for saturated VOCs.
• The effluent met the Safe Drinking Water Act
maximum contaminant levels (MCL) for
benzene; cis-l,2-DCE; and 1,1-DCE at a
significant level of 0.05. However, the effluent
did not meet the MCLs for tetrachloroethene
(PCE); trichloroethene (TCE); 1,1-
dichloroethane (DCA); and 1,1,1-
trichloroethane (TCA) at a significant level of
0.05. The influent concentrations for toluene
and total xylenes were below the MCLs.
• In tests performed to evaluate the effluent's
acute toxicity to water fleas and fathead
minnows, more than 50 percent of the
organisms died. Treatment by the Matrix
system did not reduce the groundwater toxicity
for the test organisms at a significant level of
0.05.
• In general, the percent removals were
reproducible for aromatic and unsaturated
VOCs when the Matrix system was operated
under identical conditions. However, the
percent removals were not reproducible for
saturated VOCs. The Matrix system's
performance was generally reproducible in (1)
meeting the target effluent levels for benzene;
cis-l,2-DCE; and 1,1-DCE; and (2) not meeting
the target effluent levels for PCE; TCE; 1,1-
DCA; and 1,1,1-TCA.
• Purgable organic compounds and total organic
halides results indicated that some VOCs were
mineralized in the Matrix system. However,
formulation of aldehydes, haloacetic acids, and
several tentatively identified compounds
indicated that not all VOCs were completely
mineralized.
FOR FURTHER INFORMATION:
EPA PROJECT MANAGER:
Richard Eilers
U.S. EPA
National Risk Management Research
Laboratory
26 West Martin Luther King Drive
Cincinnati, OH 45268
513-569-7809 Fax:513-569-7111
e-mail: eilers.richard@epa.gov
TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPER CONTACT:
Bob Henderson
Matrix Photo catalytic Inc.
22 Pegler Street
London, Ontario, Canada
N5Z 2B5
519-660-8669 Fax:519-660-8525
The SITE Program assesses but does not
approve or endorse technologies.
Page 142
-------
Technology Protile
DEMONSTRATION PROGRAM
MAXYMILLIAN TECHNOLOGIES, INC.
(formerly Clean Berkshires, Inc.)
(Thermal Desorption System)
TECHNOLOGY DESCRIPTION:
The Maxymillian Technologies, Inc., mobile
Thermal Desorption System (TDS) uses rotary kiln
technology to remove contaminants from soils. The
TDS can remediate soils contaminated with volatile
organic compounds (VOC), semivolatile organic
compounds (SVOC), and polynuclear aromatic
hydrocarbons (PAH). The TDS is fully
transportable, requires a footprint of 100-by-140
feet, and can be set up on site in 4 to 6 weeks. The
system combines high throughput with the ability to
remediate mixed consistency soil, including sands,
silts, clays, and tars.
The TDS consists of the following components (see
figure below):
• Waste feed system
• Rotary kiln drum desorber
• Cyclone
• Afterburner
• Quench tower
• Baghouse
• Fan and exhaust stack
• Multistage dust suppression system
• Process control room
Soil is first shredded, crushed, and screened to
achieve a uniform particle size of less than 0.75
inch. Feed soils are also mixed to achieve uniform
moisture content and heating value.
The thermal treatment process involves two steps:
contaminant volatilization followed by gas
treatment. During the volatilization step,
contaminated materials are exposed to temperatures
ranging from 600 to 1,000°F in a co-current flow
rotary kiln drum desorber where contaminants
volatilize to the gas phase. Clean soils are then
discharged through a multistage dust suppression
system for remoisturization and are stockpiled for
testing.
The gas and particulate stream passes from the kiln
to the cyclone, where coarse particles are removed.
The stream then enters the afterburner, which
destroys airborne contaminants at temperatures
ranging from 1,600 to 2,000°F. The gas stream is
cooled by quenching before passing through a high-
efficiency baghouse, where fine particles are
removed. The clean gas is then released to the
atmosphere through a 60-foot stack. Processed soil,
after discharge from the dust suppression system, is
stockpiled and allowed to cool prior to sampling.
.. Atomizing Air
Make Up Water
Water
Mentoring Points Tank
1. Soil Feed Rate 6. Quench Water Flow
2. Kiln Entry Pressure 7. Quench Exit
3. Kiln Gas Exit Temperature
Temperature 8. Baghouse
4. Soil Discharge Differential Pressure
Temperature 9. ID Fan Differential
5. AB Gas Exit Pressure
Temperature 10. Stack Gas Flow Rate
11. CEM (CO, CO2, Os,
THC)
Mobile Thermal Desorption System
Page 143
The SITE Program assesses but does not
approve or endorse technologies.
-------
May 2003
Completed Project
WASTE APPLICABILITY:
The TDS is designed to remove a wide variety of
contaminants from soil, including VOCs, SVOCs,
PAHs, coal tars, and cyanide.
STATUS:
The TDS was accepted into the SITE Demonstration
Program in 1993. The demonstration was
conducted in November and December 1993 at the
Niagara Mohawk Power Corporation Harbor Point
site, a former gas plant in Utica, New York. During
the demonstration, the TDS processed three
replicate runs of four separate waste streams. Stack
emissions and processed soil were measured to
determine achievement of cleanup levels. The
Demonstration Bulletin (EPA/540/MR-94/507) and
Technology Capsule (EPA/540/R-94/507a) are
available from EPA.
Following the SITE demonstration, the TDS was
chosen to remediate approximately 17,000 tons of
VOC-contaminated soil at the Fulton Terminals
Superfund site in Fulton, New York. This project
was completed in 1995. The system has since been
moved to a location in North Adams,
Massachusetts.
DEMONSTRATION RESULTS:
Results from the SITE Demonstration are
summarized below:
• The TDS achieved destruction removal
efficiencies (DRE) of 99.99 percent or
better in all 12 runs using total xylenes as a
volatile principal organic hazardous
constituent (POHC).
• DREs of 99.99 percent or better were
achieved in 11 of 12 runs using naphthalene
as a semivolatile POHC.
• Average concentrations for critical
pollutants in treated soils were
0.066 milligram per kilogram (mg/kg)
benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene, and xylene
(BTEX); 12.4 mg/kg PAHs; and 5.4 mg/kg
total cyanide.
• Comparison of the dry weight basis
concentration of pollutants in the feed and
treated soil showed the following average
removal efficiencies: 99.9 percent for
BTEX; 98.6 percent for PAHs; and 97.4
percent for total cyanide.
• The TDS showed good operating stability
during the demonstration with only a minor
amount of downtime.
FOR FURTHER INFORMATION:
EPA PROJECT MANAGER:
Annette Gatchett
U.S. EPA
National Risk Management Research
Laboratory
26 West Martin Luther King Drive
Cincinnati, OH 45268
513-569-7697
Fax: 513-569-7105
e-mail: gatchett.annette@epa.gov
TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPER CONTACT:
Neal Maxymillian
Maxymillian Technologies, Inc.
84 State Street
Boston, MA 02109
617-557-6077
Fax: 617-557-6088
The SITE Program assesses but does not
approve or endorse technologies.
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Technology Profile
DEMONSTRATION PROGRAM
MICRO-BAC® INTERNATIONAL, INC.
(Bioaugmentation Process)
TECHNOLOGY DESCRIPTION:
The M-1000PCB™ is a biological product
specifically designed and formulated for the
degradation of chlorinated compounds and complex
aromatic compounds found in contaminated and/or
hazardous wastes. The M-1000PCB™ product
consists of live, specially selected, naturally
occurring microorganisms, along with a supply of
balanced nutrients in a ready-to-use liquid medium.
The microorganisms work either anaerobically or
aerobically and the system requires no expensive
machinery.
The product is nonpathogenic and free of slime-
forming and sulfate-reducing bacteria. The live
cultures contained in the product do not need to be
activated or require an acclimation period prior to
use. In a proprietary selection process, MBI isolates
and sustains specific strains of bacteria that work
together to degrade specific organic compounds.
Reportedly, these microorganisms have the ability
to thrive in a variety of site conditions characterized
by diverse soils and water chemistries, and are
capable of using hazardous waste substances as a
carbon source.
For soil applications, the product is typically applied
via a spray, as shown in the photograph below. M-
1000™ product and nutrient application rates for
soil are based on specific site characteristics.
Information such as soil type, nutrient availability,
soil moisture content, and contaminant type and
concentration are considered before applying the
technology at a site. The general application rate for
the M-1000™ products in soil is one quart of
bacteria per one cubic yard of soil. This treatment
provides a bacterial concentration of approximately
1,250 ppm. The bacteria is typically applied first,
followed by the nutrient formulation.
At a number of sites, the addition of nutrients is
used to augment the activity of the product in
conditions where macronutrients such as carbon,
nitrogen, or phosphate are limited. MBI produces its
own nutrient mixtures that are specifically
formulated for use with MBI bacteria. The nutrient
mixtures are shipped as a dry powder and packaged
in single packets or in four packet containers. A
single packet of nutrients is typically mixed on-site
with 55 gallons of water. This mixture is used to
amend approximately 10,000 gallons or 50 cubic
yards of the bacteria mix.
Depending upon the duration of treatment, it is often
necessary for multiple applications of microbe and
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Completed Project
nutrient mixtures. The treated soil is then routinely
mixed with a roto-tiller. The frequency of this
mixing may vary over the duration of a project, but
will generally not be more frequent than once a
week.
WASTE APPLICABILITY:
The MBI bioremediation products are specifically
targeted for the contaminant groups most frequently
encountered; including products for total petroleum
hydrocarbons (TPH), polynuclear aromatic
hydrocarbons (PAHs), polychlorinated biphenyls
(PCBs), other aromatic and chlorinated
hydrocarbons, gasolines, crude oils, and jet fuels.
The M-1000™ products have been applied in a
number of different ways. The product has been
used successfully in a variety of in situ and ex situ
applications, but has also been applied as part of a
bioreactor process, in land farms, in biopiles, and in
pump-and-treat scenarios. According to the MBI, it
apparently works well as an augmentation to other
methods or as a stand-alone solution.
STATUS:
The MBI bioaugmentation technology was accepted
into the SITE Demonstration Program in 1999. A
demonstration is currently in progress at the Lower
Colorado River Authority (LCRA) Goldthwaite,
Texas, substation. At this site PCB-contaminated
soil is being treated with M-1000PCB™ product in
an approximate 16- x 8- x 2-ft treatment cell. The
overall goal of the project is to reduce PCB
concentrations in the soil to a levels of 50 mg/kg or
less, on a dry weight basis of the original soil, thus
enabling the LCRA to dispose of their soils in a less
costly in-state landfill (as opposed to a TSCA
landfill).
The SITE Program is conducting soil sampling to
evaluate the effectiveness of the MBI technology for
treating the PCBs in the soil. The LCRA is
performing periodic rototilling of the soil within the
treatment cell (see photograph below). As of
August 2001, a total of four sampling events have
been completed. These included a baseline
sampling event conducted in August 2000 to
establish pretreatment PCB levels, and three
Intermediate sampling events for tracking treatment
progress. These intermediate events were
conducted in October and December of 2000, and in
June of 2001. A final sampling event is scheduled
for October 2001.
FOR FURTHER INFORMATION:
EPA PROJECT MANAGER:
Ronald Herrmann
U.S. EPA
National Risk Management Research
Laboratory
26 West Martin Luther King Drive
Cincinnati, OH 45268
(513) 569-7741
Fax: 513-569-7105
e-mail: herrmann.ronald@epa.gov
TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPER
CONTACT:
Todd Kenney
Micro-Bac® International, Inc.
3200 N. IH-35
Round Rock, Texas 78681
(512)310-9000
FAX: (512)310-8800
The SITE Program assesses but does not
approve or endorse technologies.
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Technology Profile
DEMONSTRATION PROGRAM
MINERGY CORP.
(Glass Furnace Technology for Dredged Sediments)
TECHNOLOGY DESCRIPTION:
The Glass Furnace Technology is an adaptation of
systems that have been used for decades in glass
manufacturing. Because a glass furnace has
temperatures high enough to melt minerals into
glass, there is a corollary benefit of destruction of
organic contaminants such as PCBs, and permanent
stabilization of trace metals in the resultant glass
product matrix.
A glass furnace is a refractory-lined, rectangular
melter. Refractory is brick or concrete, which has
been specially treated to resist chemical and
physical abrasion, has a high melting point, and
provides a high degree of insulating value to the
process. Current glass furnaces use oxy-fuel
burners, combining natural gas and oxygen for a
bright flame above the glass. These burners raise
the internal temperature of the melter to 2,900
degrees Fahrenheit. At these high
temperatures, PCB contaminants are destroyed, and
the sediment melts and flows out of the processing
system as molten glass. The molten glass is water
quenched to produce an inert aggregate that is
marketed to construction companies.
Process Description
Sediment (A) is fed to the hopper above the screw
feeder (B). The feeder conveys the sediment
continuously into the main section of the melter (C).
The extremely high temperatures in the melter cause
the sediment to become molten, liquid glass (D).
The molten glass flows under a skimmer block (E),
into the forehearth (F), where the material continues
to form a stable glass. At the end of the melter, the
glass flows out (G) into a water quenching tank. A
removable block is included at the end of the
forehearth (H) to stop the flow of glass if desired.
Exhaust gases (I) flow out from the furnace up the
square flue, to the air sampling equipment.
C »
Internal View of Melter (Sediment Feeding and Melting)
WASTE APPLICABILITY:
The target applicable waste for the technology is
sediments or soils that have PCB and metals
contamination. The process design of a glass
furnace is focused on melting low energy feedstock
materials (that is, those with low Btu values). Silica
is one of the primary constituents of sediments,
making it a perfectly suited material for processing.
Because a glass furnace has temperatures high
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Completed Project
enough to melt minerals into glass, it has a high
destruction efficient of organic contaminants such
as PCBs, and permanent stabilization of trace metals
in the resultant glass product matrix. Exhaust gas
volumes from a glass furnace are very low, thus
enabling downstream carbon filtering to capture
contamination by mercury or other light metals.
STATUS:
In August 2001, the Glass Furnace Technology
(GFT) was demonstrated in Minergy's pilot glass
furnace, located in Winneconne, Wisconsin. The
pilot demonstration was performed using 60 tons of
sediment dredged from the Lower Fox River,
Wisconsin, from which 30 tons of glass were made.
EPA SITE was on-site for the two-week
demonstration. The SITE report was not yet
complete at the time of this writing. The objectives
of the SITE analysis are:
• To determine the treatment efficiency (TE) of
PCBs in dredged-and-dewatered river sediment
when processed in the Minergy GFT.
• To determine whether the GFT glass aggregate
product meets the criteria for beneficial reuse
under relevant federal and state regulations.
• Determine the unit cost of operating the GFT on
dewatered dredged river sediment.
• Quantify the organic and inorganic contaminant
losses resulting from the existing or alternative
drying process used for the dredged-and-
dewatered river sediment.
• Characterize organic and inorganic constituents
in all GFT process input and output streams. Of
principal concern is the formation of dioxin and
furan during the vitrification step.
FOR FURTHER INFORMATION:
EPA PROJECT MANAGER:
Marta K. Richards
U.S. EPA/NRMRL
26 West Martin Luther King Drive
Cincinnati, OH 45268
513-569-7271
Fax: 513-569-7676
e-mail: richards.marta@epa.gov
TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPER
CONTACTS:
Terrence W. Carroll, P.E.
Regional Manager
Minergy Corporation
1512 S. Commercial Street
Neenah, WI 54956
920-727-1411
e-mail: rcarroll@minergy.com
The SITE Program assesses but does not
approve or endorse technologies.
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Technology Profile
DEMONSTRATION PROGRAM
MORRISON KNUDSEN CORPORATION/
SPETSTAMPONAZHGEOLOGIA ENTERPRISES
(Clay-Based Grouting Technology)
TECHNOLOGY DESCRIPTION:
Morrison Knudsen Corporation (MK) is working
under a joint venture agreement with
Spetstamponazhgeologia Enterprises (STG) of
Ukraine to demonstrate the effectiveness of a clay-
based grouting technology. This technology uses
clay slurries as a base for grout solutions, which are
injected into bedrock fracture systems to inhibit or
eliminate groundwater flow in these pathways. The
clay slurries may also be used as a base for slurry
wall construction.
The MK/STG clay-based grouting technology is an
integrated method involving three primary phases:
obtaining detailed site characteristics; developing a
site-specific grout formulation; and grout mixing
and injection. The first phase, site characterization,
includes obtaining geophysical, geochemical,
mineralogical, and hydrogeological information
about the target area.
is developed in the laboratory. The overall
properties of clay-based grout depend on the
physical and mechanical properties of the clay,
cement, and other additives. Formulated clay-based
grouts are viscoplastic systems composed primarily
of clay mineral mortar and structure-forming
cement. The clay is normally a kaolin/illite
obtained from a local source; other additives may be
required. The formulation is laboratory-tested to
determine suitability for the desired application.
The third phase is grout mixing and placement. The
process for preparing and injecting the clay-based
grout is shown in the diagram below. Boreholes
drilled during the site characterization phase may be
used for grout placement. Additional boreholes may
be drilled to complete the injection program. A
quality assurance program ensures that placement
and project objectives are met. After injection, the
clay-based grout retains its plasticity and does not
crystallize, providing permanent underground
protection.
The second phase, a site-specific grout formulation,
WASTE APPLICABILITY:
DRY-PULVERIZED
CLAY SUPPLY
ADDITIVE(S)
SUPPLY
I
WATER SUPPLY
SYSTEM
ADDITIVE(S)
BIN
CLAY STORAGE
& SLURRY
PREPARATION
GROUT INJECTION
MK/STG -*-
CLAY-CEMENT
BASED GROUT
PIPING SYSTEM
GROUT
MIXING
&HIGH
PRESSURE
PUMPING
CEMENT STORAGE
& SLURRY
PREPARATION
WATER
SUPPLY
CEMENT
• SUPPLY
Process Flow Diagram of the Clay-Based Grouting Technology
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Completed Project
This technology is suitable for providing a flow
barrier to groundwater contaminated with both
heavy metals and organics. The clay-based grout
can be formulated to withstand detrimental
conditions such as low pH. The technology can be
used at inactive mine sites that produce acid mine
drainage. Other potential applications include liquid
effluent control from landfills, containment of
groundwater contaminated with chemicals or
radionuclides, and reduction of brine inflows.
STATUS:
This technology was accepted into the SITE
Demonstration Program in winter 1993. It was
partially installed in fall 1994 at the abandoned
Mike Horse Mine site in Montana; operations were
suspended due to winter weather conditions. The
third phase, to complete installation of the grout,
was canceled due to EPA budget constraints. The
demonstration was completed in 1996, but the
technology was not fully evaluated due to loss of
accessibility to the site.
Over 200 projects using this technology have been
completed during the last 20 years in the former
Soviet Union and Eastern block countries, as well as
in China and Australia. The technology has not
been applied in the United States or western
hemisphere other than at the Mike Horse Mine site.
FOR FURTHER INFORMATION:
EPA PROJECT MANAGER:
Annette Gatchett
U.S. EPA
National Risk Management Research
Laboratory
26 West Martin Luther King Drive
Cincinnati, OH 45268
513-569-7697
Fax: 513-569-7620
e-mail: gatchett.annette@epa.gov
TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPER CONTACTS:
Rick Raymondi
Morrison Knudsen Corporation/STG
P.O. Box 73
Boise, ID 83729
208-386-5000
Fax: 208-386-6669
The SITE Program assesses but does not
approve or endorse technologies.
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Technology Profile
DEMONSTRATION PROGRAM
NORTH AMERICAN TECHNOLOGIES GROUP, INC.
(Oleophilic Amine-Coated Ceramic Chip)
TECHNOLOGY DESCRIPTION:
This hydrocarbon recovery technology is based on
an oleophilic, amine-coated ceramic chip that
separates suspended and dissolved hydrocarbons, as
well as most mechanical and some chemical
emulsions, from aqueous solutions. The oleophilic
chip is manufactured by grafting a hydrophobic
amine to a mineral support, in this case a ceramic
substrate. Each granule is 0.6 to 1 millimeter in
diameter, but is very porous and thus has a large
surface area. The hydrophobic property of the
amine coating makes each granule more effective
for microfiltration of hydrocarbons in an unstable
emulsion.
The figure below illustrates the process; the
separator, filter, and coalescer unit is shown on the
next page. The pressure-sensitive filtering bed is
regenerated by automatic backflushing. This
automatic regeneration eliminates the expense
associated with regeneration of carbon and similar
filtration media. Recovered hydrocarbons coalesce
and can thus be removed by simple gravity
separation.
This technology provides cost-effective oil and
water separation, removes free and emulsified
hydrocarbon contaminants, and significantly
reduces hydrocarbon loading to air strippers and
carbon systems. The technology can achieve a
concentration of less than 7 parts per million oil and
grease in the treated effluent.
WASTE APPLICABILITY:
The amine-coated granules have proven effective on
a wide variety of hydrocarbons, including gasoline;
crude oil; diesel fuel; benzene, toluene,
ethylbenzene and xylene mixtures; and polynuclear
aromatic hydrocarbons. The unit also removes
hydrophobic chlorinated hydrocarbons such as
pentachlorophenol, polychlorinated biphenyls, and
trichloroethene, as well as vegetable and animal
oils.
Treatment systems incorporating this technology
have been designed for various applications,
including (1) contaminated groundwater pump-and-
treat systems; (2) in-process oil and water
separation; (3) filtration systems; (4) combined oil
and water separator-filter-coalescer systems for on-
site waste reduction and material recovery; and (5)
treatment of marine wastes (bilge and ballast
waters).
STATUS:
This technology was accepted into the SITE
Oleofilter
Pressurized
Feed
f •>*
Pressurized
Clean Water
Out
and Partial
Draw
Recycled
Upstream of
Primary
Spnaratnr
s \*
Backwash
Air In
' Backwash >
Water in
Heat When
Viscous
Hydrocarbons
Handled
Control
Cabinet
Schematic Diagram of the Oleofilter Technology
Page 151
The SITE Program assesses but does not
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May 2003
Completed Project
Demonstration Program in December 1992. The
SITE demonstration was completed in June 1994 at
the Petroleum Products Corporation site in Fort
Lauderdale, Florida. The site is a former oil
recycling facility where groundwater has been
contaminated with a variety of organic and
inorganic constituents. The Demonstration Bulletin
(EPA/540/MR-94/525) and Innovative Technology
Evaluation Report (EPA/540/ R-94/525) are
available from EPA.
The technology has been used for several full-scale
projects. Several separator-filter-coalescers (see
figure below) are in use treating industrial process
waters and oily wash waters.
Separator, Filter, and Coalescer
DEMONSTRATION RESULTS:
For the demonstration, five separate evaluation
periods (runs) were initiated. Each run used the
same feed oil, except run four. The oil for run four
was a 3:1 mixture of oil to kerosene. The average
total recoverable petroleum hydrocarbon (TRPH)
concentrations for the feed streams ranged from 422
to 2,267 milligrams per liter (mg/L). Preliminary
data indicate that the system removed at least 90
percent of the TRPH from the emulsified oil and
water feed stream.
For the runs where the system operated within
normal design parameters, TRPH concentrations in
the treated water effluent were reduced to 15 mg/L
or less. The oleophilic granules achieved a 95
percent reduction of TRPH concentration for the
runs with similar feed oil.
FOR FURTHER INFORMATION:
EPA PROJECT MANAGER:
Laurel Staley
U.S. EPA
National Risk Management Research
Laboratory
26 West Martin Luther King Drive
Cincinnati, OH 45268
513-569-7863
Fax:513-569-7620
e-mail: staley.laurel@epa.gov
TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPER CONTACT:
Tim Torrillion
North American Technologies Group, Inc.
4710 Bellaire Boulevard, Suite 301
Bellaire, TX 77401
713-662-2699
Fax: 713-662-3728
The SITE Program assesses but does not
approve or endorse technologies.
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Technology Protile
DEMONSTRATION PROGRAM
NEW YORK STATE DEPARTMENT OF ENVIRONMENTAL
CONSERVATION/ENSR CONSULTING AND ENGINEERING and
LARSEN ENGINEERS
(Ex Situ Biovault)
TECHNOLOGY DESCRIPTION:
The Ex Situ Biovault, developed by ENSR
Consulting and Engineering (ENSR) and Larsen
Engineers (Larsen), is a specially designed,
aboveground soil pile designed to treat soils
contaminated with volatile organic compounds
(VOC) and semivolatile organic compounds
(SVOC). The biovault is enclosed by a double liner
system; the bottom half of the liner contains a leak
detection system. The bottom half of the liner is
supported by soil berms that serve as side walls.
To construct a biopile, a layer of gravel containing
an air distribution system is placed on the bottom
liner. The soil to be treated is then placed over the
gravel. After placing the soil, a layer of sand
containing a second air distribution system is placed
on top of the soil. Soaker hoses are also placed on
top of the pile. Finally, the top liner is placed on the
pile and sealed at all seams. The air distribution
systems are designed to control gas flows
throughout the pile while the soaker hoses add water
and nutrients. A sump is located in the lowest
corner of the biovault with a pump that removes the
liquids that drain through the soil pile. This liquid is
amended with nutrients as needed and recirculated
through the soaker hoses. Together, the sump and
soaker hoses form the liquid management system
(LMS).
One of the control parameters for biovault operation
is the rate of air supply. For the SITE
demonstration, two identical vaults were
constructed. One vault was operated with a
continuous supply of air throughout the course of
treatment. In the other biovault, air was supplied
intermittently in an effort to cycle the biovault
between aerobic and anaerobic conditions.
WASTE APPLICABILITY:
The ex situ biovault is intended to treat soil
contaminated with chlorinated and nonchlorinated
VOCs, as well as SVOCs. Soil contaminated with
VOCs was treated during the demonstration.
STATUS:
ENSR's and Larsen's ex situ biovault was accepted
into the SITE Demonstration Program in June 1994.
The pilot-scale, multivendor treatability
demonstration (MVTD) was jointly sponsored by
the New York State Department of Environmental
Conservation (NYSDEC), the New York State
Center for Hazardous Waste Management, and the
Water Piping
(Top)
Toe Wall
Around Pad
LMS
Nutrient Addition-
Contaminated
Soil
Gravel
Schematic of the Ex Situ Biovault System
Cross Section of the
Ex Situ Biovault System
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May 2003
Completed Project
SITE Program. The objectives of the MVTD were
to (1) generate field data for biological processes,
and (2) evaluate the performance of each biological
process in meeting NYSDEC clean-up goals.
The demonstration was conducted from July to
December 1994 at the Sweden 3-Chapman site in
Sweden, New York. The soil at the site was
contaminated with elevated levels of acetone,
trichloroethene, tetrachloroethene, cis-1,2-
dichloroethene, 2-butanone, 4-methyl-2-pentanone,
and toluene. The final report is available from the
vendor.
In addition to the ENSR and Larsen process, the
following systems also were demonstrated:
• SBP Technologies, Inc., Vacuum-Vaporized
Well System
• R.E. Wright Environmental, Inc., In Situ
Bioventing Treatment System
For information on these technologies, refer to the
NYSDEC profiles in the Demonstration Program
section (completed projects).
The Demonstration Bulletin (EPA/540/MR-95/524)
is available from EPA. The Innovative Technology
Evaluation Report, which provides more detailed
demonstration results, is being prepared.
DEMONSTRATION RESULTS:
The primary objective of the SITE demonstration
was to determine the effectiveness of the biovaults
in reducing the concentrations of six target VOCs.
The results of the ex situ biovault technology
demonstration were as follows:
• Soil concentrations of six target VOCs were
significantly reduced over the 5-month
demonstration period, but the treatment did not
meet NYSDEC criteria.
• Analytical results and field measurements
indicated that both biovaults supported
biological processes.
• The aerobic and aerobic/anaerobic biovaults
performed similarly.
The biovault process is sensitive to ambient
temperatures, and cool temperatures during the
operating period may have negatively impacted
microbial activity. The developers suggest initiating
biovault operation in the spring and discontinuing
operation when weather conditions become too cold
to sustain microbial activity.
FOR FURTHER INFORMATION:
EPA CONTACT:
Annette Gatchett
U.S. EPA
National Risk Management Research
Laboratory
26 West Martin Luther King Drive
Cincinnati, OH 45268
513-569-7697 Fax:513-569-7105
e-mail: gatchett.annette@epa.gov
NEW YORK STATE CONTACTS:
Jim Harrington
New York State Department of
Environmental Conservation
50 Wolf Road, Room 268
Albany, NY 12233-7010
518-457-0337 Fax:518-457-9639
e-mail: harrington.jim@epa.gov
TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPER CONTACTS:
David Ramsden, Ph.D.
ENSR Consulting and Engineering
3000 Richmond Avenue
Houston, TX 77098
713-520-9900 Fax: 713-520-6802
N. Sathiyakumar, Ph.D., P.E.
Larsen Engineers
700 West Metro Park
Rochester, NY 14623-2678
716-272-7310 Fax:716-272-0159
The SITE Program assesses but does not
approve or endorse technologies.
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Technology Profile
DEMONSTRATION PROGRAM
NEW YORK STATE DEPARTMENT OF ENVIRONMENTAL
CONSERVATION/SCIENCE APPLICATIONS INTERNATIONAL
CORP.
(In Situ Bioventing Treatment System)
TECHNOLOGY DESCRIPTION:
The In Situ Bioventing Treatment System, process
uses bioventing technology to induce aerobic
biological degradation of chlorinated compounds.
A series of extraction and injection wells is used to
amend the soil environment, creating optimum
growth conditions for the indigenous bacteria.
Anhydrous ammonia and methane are injected into
the subsurface to stimulate the growth of
methanotrophic microorganisms. Methanotrophs
have the enzymatic capabilities to degrade
chlorinated solvents through a cometabolic process.
The treatment system consists of an injection and
extraction well field and a soil gas
extraction-amendment injection blower unit (see
photograph below). The blower unit is operated in
the vacuum mode long enough to adequately aerate
the subsoil and provide oxygen for the aerobic
bacteria. Injection wells are located between the
extraction wells and are manifolded to the pressure
port of the blower unit. Anhydrous ammonia is
periodically injected into the subsoil to provide a
source of nitrogen for the aerobic bacteria. In
addition, methane gas is periodically injected to
stimulate the growth of methanotrophs. The
positive displacement blower unit is equipped with a
moisture knockout tank, an automatic water
discharge pump, and a control panel that allows
remote operation of the system. Air and water
discharges are typically treated with granular
activated carbon prior to final discharge.
Normal system monitoring consists of periodic soil
sampling and analysis and soil gas monitoring. Soil
samples are collected and analyzed for volatile
organic compounds (VOC), soil fertility parameters,
and microbiological parameters such as
trichloroethene (TCE) degraders and
In Situ Bioventing Treatment System
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The SITE Program assesses but does not
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May 2003
Completed Project
methanotrophs. In situ respiration tests are
conducted to determine the relative activity of the
bacteria in the soil.
WASTE APPLICABILITY:
The technology can treat both chlorinated and
nonchlorinated VOCs and semivolatile organic
compounds that are biodegradable. The in situ
bioventing system process was developed to treat
volatile chlorinated aliphatic and aromatic
hydrocarbons in the unsaturated soil zone.
STATUS:
The in situ bioventing system process was accepted
into the SITE Demonstration Program in June 1994.
The in situ bioventing system process was part of a
pilot-scale, multivendor treatability demonstration
(MVTD) that was jointly sponsored by the New
York State Department of Environmental
Conservation (NYSDEC), the New York State
Center for Hazardous Waste Management, and the
SITE Program. The objectives of the MVTD were
to (1) generate field data for three biological
processes, and (2) evaluate the performance of each
biological process in meeting NYSDEC cleanup
goals.
The demonstration took place from July to
December 1994 at the Sweden 3-Chapman site in
Sweden, New York and coincided with the ongoing
remediation of the site. Soil at the site contained
elevated levels of TCE, acetone, tetrachloroethene,
dichloroethene, and toluene. The Demonstration
Bulletin (EPA/540/MR-95/525) is available from
EPA. The Innovative Technology Evaluation
Report, which provides more detailed demonstration
results, is being prepared.
In addition to the in situ bioventing process, the
following technologies were also demonstrated:
• SBP Technologies, Inc., Vacuum-Vaporized
Well system
• ENSR Consulting and Engineering and
Larsen Engineers Ex Situ Biovault
For information on these technologies, refer to the
NYSDEC profiles in the Demonstration Program
section (completed projects).
DEMONSTRATION RESULTS:
The SITE demonstration results indicated that the
REWEI process reduced contaminants in the soil.
The initial mass of TCE in the soil was reduced by
92 percent with 80 percent removal attributed to
biodegradation and 12 percent removed by vapor
extraction. Results of the microbiological analyses
indicate that the number of total heterotrophic, TCE-
degrading, and methane-degrading microorganisms
increased during treatment. The inorganic soil
nitrogen content increased due to the subsurface
injection of anhydrous ammonia.
FOR FURTHER INFORMATION:
EPA PROJECT MANAGER:
Annette Gatchett
National Risk Management Research
Laboratory
U.S. EPA
26 West Martin Luther Drive
Cincinnati, OH 45268
513-569-7697
Fax:513-569-7105
e-mail: gatchett.annette@epa.gov
TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPER CONTACTS:
Jim Harrington
New York State Department of
Environmental Conservation
50 Wolf Road, Room 268
Albany, NY 12233-7010
518-457-3337
Fax: 518-457-9639
e-mail: harrington.jim@epa.gov
Richard Cronce
Science Applications International Corp.
6310AllentownBlvd.
Harrisburg, PA 17112
717-901-8100
Fax:717-901-8105
The SITE Program assesses but does not
approve or endorse technologies.
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Technology Profile
DEMONSTRATION PROGRAM
NEW YORK STATE DEPARTMENT OF ENVIRONMENTAL
CONSERVATION/SBP TECHNOLOGIES, INC.
(Groundwater Circulation Biological Treatment Process)
TECHNOLOGY DESCRIPTION:
The SBP Technologies, Inc. (SBP), remediation
program uses an in situ Unterdruck-Verdampfer-
Brunnen (UVB) vertical groundwater circulation
well technology, which has been enhanced with an
in situ bioreactor to treat soil and groundwater
contaminated with chlorinated and non-chlorinated
volatile organic compounds (VOC). This process
consists of a specially adapted groundwater
circulation well, reduced-pressure stripping reactor,
an in situ bioreactor, and an aboveground vapor-
phase bioreactor.
The UVB technology was developed by IEG mbH
in Germany and is distributed in the U.S. by IEG
Technologies Corporation. SBP obtained the rights
to implement this technology and enhanced it to
create a more effective in situ bioremediation
technology.
The microbiologically enhanced vertical circulation
well technology simultaneously treats the vadose
zone, capillary fringe, and saturated zones. During
the demonstration, a groundwater convection
lWitt.ntta.r0Hr
**»«vz«ir
Vacuum-Vaporized Well (UVB)
System Standard Circulation
(circulation) cell was created radially within the
aquifer around the 16-inch UVB well. The UVB
well consisted of upper and lower screens separated
by a solid riser casing (see the figure below). The
lower screen was isolated from the upper screen by
a packer, creating two separate screened zones.
Contaminated groundwater flowed into the lower
screen of the UVB well and was pumped to the
upper section. The water rose through the in situ
fixed film bioreactor, initially reducing the
contaminant load. Groundwater then flowed to the
in situ aerator/stripping reactor, where fresh ambient
air was mixed with the contaminated groundwater.
The convection cell was developed by allowing the
treated groundwater to exit into the upper aquifer.
The untreated VOCs exiting the in situ bioreactor
system were stripped before the groundwater flowed
out of the upper screen into the aquifer as clean
water. Oxygenated groundwater from the shallow
aquifer circulated to the deep aquifer zone and
through the fixed film bioreactor to provide for
aerobic degradation. This circulation created a
remediation circulation cell in a glacial till geologic
formation.
In conjunction with the groundwater remediation,
the upper double-cased screen in the well allowed
for a one-way soil air flow from the vadose zone to
the UVB. This one-way soil venting, created by the
reduced-pressure developed in the well by the
blower, simultaneously remediated the
contaminated unsaturated and capillary fringe zones.
The off-gases from the in situ aerator/stripping
reactor passed through an ex situ gas-phase
bioreactor for further biotreatment followed by
granular activated carbon treatment before they
were vented. This bioreactor consisted of spirally
wound, microporous, polyvinyl chloride-silica
sheets that served as a biosupport for Pseudomonas
cepacia (strain 17616), a known trichloroethene
(TCE) degrader. VOCs in the off-gases, such as
toluene, benzene, xylene, TCE, and others, were
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also biologically treated rough a cometabolic
process in the gas-phase bioreactor.
WASTE APPLICABILITY:
This technology treats soil and groundwater
contaminated with chlorinated and nonchlorinated
VOCs.
STATUS:
The UVB system was accepted into the SITE
Demonstration Program in June 1994. The pilot-
scale, multivendor treatability demonstration
(MVTD) was jointly sponsored by the New York
State Department of Environmental Conservation
(NYSDEC), the New York State Center for
Hazardous Waste Management, and the SITE
Program. The objectives of the MVTD were to (1)
generate field data for three biological processes,
and (2) evaluate the performance of each biological
process in meeting NYSDEC cleanup goals.
The demonstration took place at the Sweden
3-Chapman site in Sweden, New York. Field work
began in July 1994 and was completed in fall 1995.
Final reports from the demonstration are available
from EPA.
The UVB demonstration coincided with the
remediation of the site. Soil at the site contained
elevated levels of TCE, acetone, tetrachloroethene,
dichloroethene, and toluene. The contaminants of
concern (COC) were monitored at 15 groundwater
monitoring wells, across the in situ bioreactor, the
vadose zone soils, and the ex situ bioreactor, to
evaluate the system's performance. A dye tracer test
was conducted to determine the extent of the
groundwater circulation cell.
In addition to the SBP process, the following
technologies were also demonstrated:
• R.E. Wright Environmental, Inc., In Situ
Bioventing Treatment System
• ENSR Consulting and Engineering and Larsen
Engineers Ex Situ Biovault
For information on these technologies, refer to the
NYSDEC profiles in the Demonstration Program
section (completed projects).
DEMONSTRATION RESULTS:
During the demonstration, an in situ vertical
groundwater circulation cell was established with an
effective radius of 40 feet. The UVB system
reduced the concentration of COCs in groundwater.
The in situ bioreactor provided biotreatment of the
COCs in the dissolved phase; removal of COCs
from soils was also demonstrated. An ex situ
bioreactor was effective in treating off-gas vapors
from the UVB system prior to final polishing. Mass
balance calculations determined that at least 75
percent of the target COCs in soil and groundwater,
within the UVB's radius of influence, were removed
during the demonstration.
FOR FURTHER INFORMATION:
EPA PROJECT MANAGER:
Michelle Simon
U.S. EPA
National Risk Management Research
Laboratory
26 West Martin Luther King Drive
Cincinnati, OH 45268
513-569-7469 Fax: 513-569-7676
e-mail: simon.michelle@epa.gov
TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPER CONTACTS:
Jim Harrington
New York State Department of
Environmental Conservation
50 Wolf Road, Room 268
Albany, NY 12233-7010
518-457-0337 Fax:518-457-9639
e-mail: harrington.jim@epa.gov
Richard Desrosiers
SBP Technologies, Inc.
106 Corporate Park Drive
White Plains, NY 10604
914-694-2280 Fax: 914-694-2286
The SITE Program assesses but does not
approve or endorse technologies.
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Technology Profile
DEMONSTRATION PROGRAM
NOVATERRA ASSOCIATES
(formerly Toxic Treatment, Inc.)
(In Situ Soil Treatment [Steam and Air Stripping])
TECHNOLOGY DESCRIPTION:
This technology treats contaminated soils and
contained groundwater by the simultaneous in situ
injection of treatment agents below ground during
active mixing by augers or drilling blades (see
figure below). The in situ injection of steam and air
during mixing strips the volatile organic compounds
(VOCs) and semivolatile organic compounds
(SVOCs) from the soil and contained groundwater.
The removed organics are captured at the surface
and disposed of in an environmentally safe manner.
The technology is implemented by a drill unit that
can consist of a single or double blade or auger
mounted on a large crane or backhoe. The diameter
of the drill or auger can vary from 5 to 8 feet, and it
is mounted on a kelly that reaches depths of 60 feet.
The steam and air are carried down the center of the
kelly(s) and injected into the ground through jets
located on the blade or auger arms. The steam is
supplied by an oil- or natural gas-fired boiler at
450°F and 500 pounds per square inch gauge (psig).
The air heated by the compressor is injected at 250
°F and 200 psig. The steam heats the contaminants
in the soil and contained water, increasing the vapor
pressure of the VOCs and SVOCs and increasing
their removal rates. The direct application of the
steam on the soil thermally desorbs the VOCs and
SVOCs, increasing their removal percentage.
Almost all the VOCs and SVOCs of interest form
Air
Compressor
Containment
Device ~\
azeotropes with steam that boil below 212 °F and
contain low concentrations (such as a few percent)
of contaminants. These azeotropes significantly
increase contaminant removal rates, especially for
the higher-boiling-point SVOCs.
The VOC- and SVOC-laden air and steam vapor
stream removes the contamination to the surface
where it can be captured, if necessary, in a metal
container. The container, which makes a tight seal
to the ground surface, is connected to a process
stream by piping. A suction blower draws the waste
stream to the process stream where it is collected or
destroyed. The blower creates a slight vacuum in
the container and piping as well as a positive
displacement inward to the collection or destruction
system, thus protecting the outside environment
from contamination.
The simplest form of the process system uses a
catalytic oxidizer or thermal oxidizer to destroy the
contamination before exhausting to the atmosphere.
When treating chlorinated VOCs and SVOCs, an
acid scrubber can be added if required by the
amount of material being processed. Another
simple process uses activated carbon to recover the
contamination. For the carbon to work efficiently, a
cooling system must precede the carbon bed, so the
process must also treat contaminated water. If
recovery and reuse of the contamination is
important or economically desirable, a process
system that condenses the gas stream can be used.
Steam
Generator
, Kelly Bar
Atmosphere
Offgas Process
Treatment System
Cutter __.
Blades T
In Situ Soil Treatment Process Schematic
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Completed Project
The in situ soil treatment technology has also
treated contaminated soil by injecting and mixing
other agents. Chemical injection processes include
the stabilization and solidification of heavy metals,
neutralization of acids and bases, and oxidation.
The technology has been successfully used to
perform bioremediation. The equipment is capable
of injecting cement into the soil and making slurry
walls. The technology has the unique feature of
being able to inject two materials simultaneously or
sequentially.
WASTE APPLICABILITY:
This technology can treat solid materials which do
not contain obstructions, including soils, sludges,
lagoons, and the liquids contained within, such as
water and dense and light nonaqueous-phase liquids.
The technology is applicable to most VOCs and
SVOCs, including pesticides. It is particularly
applicable to free product and removal of highly
concentrated contamination. It is most effective for
removals of 95 to 99 percent of the contamination as
a result of the low temperature thermal desorption.
After treatment is completed, the soil can meet
construction engineering requirements by
compacting or injecting small amounts of cement.
STATUS:
This technology was accepted into the SITE
Demonstration Program in 1989. A SITE
demonstration was performed in September 1989 at
the Annex Terminal, San Pedro, California. Twelve
soil blocks were treated for VOCs and SVOCs.
Liquid samples were collected during the
demonstration, and the operating procedures were
closely monitored and recorded. In January 1990,
six blocks that had been previously treated in the
saturated zone were analyzed by EPA methods 8240
and 8270.
The Applications Analysis Report
(EPA/540/A5-90/008) was published in June 1991.
The technology remediated 30,000 cubic yards at
the Annex Terminal after completion of the SITE
demonstration and has been used at five other
contaminated sites.
DEMONSTRATION RESULTS:
The SITE technology demonstration yielded the
following results:
• Removal efficiencies were greater than 85
percent for VOCs present in the soil.
• Removal efficiencies were greater than 55
percent for SVOCs present in the soil.
• Fugitive air emissions from the process were
low.
• No downward migration of contaminants
resulted from the soil treatment.
• The process treated 3 cubic yards of soil per
hour.
FOR FURTHER INFORMATION:
EPA PROJECT MANAGER:
Paul dePercin
U.S. EPA
National Risk Management Research
Laboratory
26 West Martin Luther King Drive
Cincinnati, OH 45268
513-569-7797
Fax: 513-569-7105
E-Mail: depercin.paul@epa.gov
TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPER CONTACT:
Phil La Mori
NOVATERRA Associates
2419 Outpost Drive
Los Angeles, CA 90068-2644
310-328-9433
E-mail: NOVATERRA(S)aol.com
The SITE Program assesses but does not
approve or endorse technologies.
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Technology Profile
DEMONSTRATION PROGRAM
U.S. EPA NRMRL
(Alternative Cover Assessment Program)
TECHNOLOGY DESCRIPTION:
The goal of the Alternative Cover Assessment
Program (ACAP) is the development of field-scale
performance data for landfill final cover systems.
Both prescriptive (RCRA) and innovative
alternative cover designs are currently being tested
in the project. The ACAP demonstration has four
phases:
• Phase 1 - Initial review of current data
collection efforts and numerical modeling
capabilities relative to landfill cover design
• Phase 2 - Design, construction, and operation
(for 5 years) of a network of alternative cover
testing facilities
• Phase 3 - Analysis of field results with
improved numerical models to predict long-term
performance of alternative cover systems at the
selected testing sites
• Phase 4 - Development of a comprehensive
guidance document on alternative cover systems
A primary function of a landfill final cover system
is to minimize deep percolation to prevent surface
and groundwater contamination. Landfill and waste
site covers are constructed to meet the requirements
of current regulatory guidance, and typically rely on
a combination of layers of specified thickness to
limit percolation through the cover.
The large costs associated with the construction of
the landfill and waste site covers and the desire for
constant innovation and performance improvement
have resulted in a growing interest for alternative
designs. It is ACAP's goal to evaluate the various
proposed alternative cover systems. ACAP is
currently focusing on evapotranspiration (ET) type
covers. ET covers utilize plants to cycle water from
the soil profile to the atmosphere during the growing
season thus minimizing year-round drainage from
the cover system.
20 meters
Geosynthetic
Root Barrier Cover (thickness
^Site Specific)
Site Interim
Cover Soil
•Thickness Varies)
Geomembrane
Earthen
Berm
-Drainage
Pipe
Drainage
Composite
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Completed Project
WASTE APPLICABILITY:
ACAPs are generally constructed for landfills and
waste sites of all scales. In theory, ACAPs can be
installed at any location where environmental
contaminants must be contained.
STATUS:
Test sections have been installed at landfills in
Sacramento County, California; Lake County,
Montana; Lewis & Clark County, Montana;
Monticello, Utah; Cedar Rapids, Iowa; Omaha,
Nebraska; Boardman, Oregon; Altamont, California;
Monterey, California; and the Marine Corps
Logistics Base in Albany, Georgia. In addition,
retrofit monitoring (to study existing alternative
covers constructed prior to ACAP) has been
established in Cincinnati and Logan, Ohio.
The basic components of the alternative covers for
these sites are vegetation and soil. Different
communities of trees, shrubs, and grasses are
incorporated depending on local soil and
climatological conditions. The cover soil is
generally local soil, with depth differing in
accordance with soil water holding capacity,
precipitation patterns, and vegetation selected.
Several of the sites include a prescriptive RCRA
cover test section. Such side-by-side comparisons
will allow direct evaluation of the performance of an
alternative to meet or exceed that of the
conventional, prescriptive cover.
Each site will contain at least one test section (10
meters x 20 meters) that consists of a large-scale,
pan-type lysimeter to monitor percolation through
tested covers over a period of five years.
During the five years, EPA will monitor and record
the climatological conditions (rainfall, snowfall, air
temperature, solar radiation, and humidity), and soil
parameters (moisture content, moisture potential,
and temperature) of each test section. Data will be
recorded on a data logger connected to a telemetry
unit. The telemetry unit allows remote
communication with the data logger and enables
data to be downloaded, stored, and analyzed for
performance and system status.
Annually during the five years of this project, EPA
will release performance reports for each site. EPA
predicts that the data collected through ACAP will
lead to the development of new computer models
for designing and evaluating future landfill covers,
new designs, and new methods to regulate such
systems.
FOR FURTHER INFORMATION:
EPA Project Manager
Steve Rock
U.S. EPA
National Risk Management Research
Laboratory (NRMRL)
26 W. Martin Luther King Dr.
Cincinnati, OH 45268
513-569-7149
Fax: 513-569-7105
e-mail: rock.steven@epa.gov
The SITE Program assesses but does not
approve or endorse technologies.
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Technology Protile
DEMONSTRATION PROGRAM
U.S. EPA NATIONAL RISK MANAGEMENT
RESEARCH LABORATORY
(Base-Catalyzed Decomposition Process)
TECHNOLOGY DESCRIPTION:
The base-catalyzed decomposition (BCD) process is
a chemical dehalogenation technology developed by
the National Risk Management Research Laboratory
in Cincinnati, Ohio. The process is initiated in a
medium-temperature thermal desorber (MTTD) at
temperatures ranging from 600 to 950°F. Sodium
bicarbonate is added to contaminated soils,
sediments, or sludge matrices containing hazardous
chlorinated organics including polychlorinated
biphenyls (PCB) and polychlorinated dioxins and
furans. Chlorinated contaminants that are thermally
desorbed from the matrix are condensed and treated
by the BCD process. The BCD process chemically
detoxifies the condensed chlorinated organic
contaminants by removing chlorine from the
contaminants and replacing it with hydrogen.
ETG Environmental, Inc. (ETG), and Separation
and Recovery Systems, Inc. (SRS), developed the
THERM-O-DETOX" and SAREX® systems and
combined them with the BCD process chemistry.
The combined process begins by initiating solid-
phase dechlorination in the MTTD step (see figure
below). In addition to the dechlorination that occurs
in the MTTD, organics are thermally desorbed from
the matrix, and are condensed and sent to the BCD
liquid tank reactor (LTR).
Reagents are then added and heated to 600 to 650°F
for 3 to 6 hours to dechlorinate the remaining
organics. The treated residuals are recycled or
disposed of using standard, commercially available
methods. Treated, clean soil can be recycled as on-
site backfill.
ETG has continued to develop the THERM-O-
DETOX" system and now offers continuous
systems and batch vacuum systems. The batch
vacuum system offers greater operational flexibility
for removal and destruction of high hazard, high
boiling point contaminants to ensure that treatment
standards are met. The vapor recovery system can
be set up to use noncontact condensers or chillers
and additional final polishing steps to meet the most
stringent air emission standards.
WASTE APPLICABILITY:
The BCD process can treat soils, sediments, and
sludges contaminated with the following chlorinated
compounds: halogenated semivolatile organic
compounds (SVOC), including herbicides and
pesticides; PCBs; pentachlorophenol (PCP) and
other chlorinated phenols; and polychlorinated
dioxins and furans.
SOIL PRETREATMENT
VAPOR RECOVERY
LIQUID DECOMPOSITION
Base-Catalyzed Decomposition (BCD) Process
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Completed Project
STATUS:
The combined BCD process was demonstrated
under the SITE Program at the Koppers Company
Superfund site in Morrisville, North Carolina, from
August through September 1993. The process
removed PCP from clay soils to levels below those
specified in the Record of Decision. The process
also removed dioxins and furans from contaminated
soil to 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin
equivalent concentrations less than the
concentration specified in the Record of Decision.
ETG is also currently operating the batch vacuum
system at a New York State Department of
Environmental Conservation cleanup site in
Binghamton, New York. Approximately 1,500
cubic yards of soil contaminated with herbicides
pesticides, dioxins, and furans (F027 waste) are
being treated. The Michigan Department of Natural
Resources has also approved BCD for a project
involving treatment of about 200 cubic yards of
F027 soils. At another site, multiple systems will
treat soils contaminated with chlorinated volatile
organic compounds and high boiling point (800-
1150 °F) organic lubricants. The batch vacuum
system has also been used to treat sludges at an
operating refinery in Puerto Rico and a chemical
company in Texas.
For information on the SAREX® system, see the
profile for SRS in the Demonstration Program
section (ongoing projects).
DEMONSTRATION RESULTS:
The SITE demonstration consisted of four test runs
in the MTTD and two test runs in the LTR. Feed
soil consisted of a dry, clayey silt and had a
residence time of 1 to 2 hours in the MTTD, which
was heated to 790 °F to 850 °F. The MTTD off-
gases were treated by passing through an oil
scrubber, water scrubbers, and carbon filters. The
oil from the oil scrubber was transferred to the LTR
for BCD treatment. The oil in each LTR test run
was batch-processed for 3 to 4 hours at 600 to 630
of.
Key findings from the SITE demonstration are
summarized as follows:
• The MTTD achieved removal efficiencies of
99.97 percent or better for PCP and 99.56
percent or better for total dioxins and total
furans.
• The treated soils were well below toxicity
characteristic leaching procedure limits for
SVOCs.
• Treated soil met the cleanup goal of 95 parts per
million PCP in all test runs. Treated soil also
met a cleanup goal of 7 micrograms per
kilogram 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin
equivalents in all test runs.
• The LTR batch tests reduced PCP
concentrations by 96.89 percent or better, and
total dioxin and total furan concentrations by
99.97 percent or better.
FOR FURTHER INFORMATION:
EPA PROJECT MANAGER:
Terrence Lyons
U.S. EPA
National Risk Management Research
Laboratory
26 West Martin Luther King Drive
Cincinnati, OH 45268
513-569-7589
Fax:513-569-7676
e-mail: lyons.terrence@epa.gov
TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPER CONTACTS:
George Huffman
U.S. EPA
National Risk Management Research
Laboratory
26 West Martin Luther King Drive, MS-445
Cincinnati, OH 45268
513-569-7431
Fax: 513-569-7549
Yei-Shong Shieh
Environmental, Inc.
Blue Bell, PA
213-832-0700
The SITE Program assesses but does not
approve or endorse technologies.
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Technology Profile
DEMONSTRATION PROGRAM
U.S. EPA NATIONAL RISK MANAGEMENT
RESEARCH LABORATORY
(Bioventing)
TECHNOLOGY DESCRIPTION:
Lack of oxygen in contaminated soil often limits
aerobic microbial growth. The bioventing
biological system treats contaminated soil in situ by
injecting atmospheric air. This air provides a
continuous oxygen source, which enhances the
growth of microorganisms naturally present in the
soil. Additives such as ozone or nutrients may be
introduced to stimulate microbial growth.
Bioventing technology uses an air pump attached to
one of a series of air injection probes (see figure
below). The air pump operates at extremely low
pressures, providing inflow of oxygen without
significantly volatilizing soil contaminants. The
treatment capacity depends on the number of
injection probes, the size of the air pump, and site
characteristics such as soil porosity.
Pressure Gauge
Air Pump /
Flow
Control
Rotameter
Pressure Gauge
J 3-Way Ball
Valve
Bentonite Seal
Stainless Steel Air Injection Probe
1 cm ID
2cmOD
. Screened
" Section
Bioventing System
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May 2003
Completed Project
WASTE APPLICABILITY:
Bioventing is typically used to treat soil
contaminated by industrial processes and can treat
any contamination subject to aerobic microbial
degradation. Bioventing treats contaminants and
combinations of contaminants with varying degrees
of success.
STATUS:
This technology was accepted into the SITE
Demonstration Program in July 1991. The
demonstration began in November 1992 at the
Reilly Tar site in St. Louis Park, Minnesota. Soil at
this site is contaminated with polynuclear aromatic
hydrocarbons.
DEMONSTRATION RESULTS:
Between 1917 and 1972, the 80-acre Reilly Tar site
was used for coal tar distillation and wood
preserving operations. Wood preserving solutions
were estimated to consist of 60-70 percent creosote
oil and petroleum oils. Soils at this site consist of
approximately 0.6 meters of a topsoil cover
underlain by an asphaltic layer, below which coarse
sand extends to the water table at approximately 3
meters below ground surface. Sandy soils within
the demonstration area were contaminated with
PAHs in concentrations as high as 873 mg/Kg.
Respiration tests conducted after two years of
system operation suggested that initial oxygen
utilization correlated to concentration reductions in
the more readily degradable carrier oils (23 percent
for naphthalene). Concentrations of the three- and
higher-ring PAHs, however, remained unchanged.
Final soil data collected in 1997 after five years of
treatment showed that bioventing significantly
treated the higher-ring PAHs as well. Data analysis
indicated concentration reductions of 62 percent, 50
percent, 31 percent, 20 percent, and 24 percent for
the 2, 3,4, 4, 5, and 6-ring PAHs, respectively.
FOR FURTHER INFORMATION:
EPA PROJECT MANAGER AND TECHNOLOGY
DEVELOPER CONTACT:
Paul McCauley
U.S. EPA
National Risk Management Research
Laboratory
26 West Martin Luther King Drive
Cincinnati, OH 45268
513-569-7444
Fax:513-569-7105
e-mail: mccauley.paul@epa.gov
The SITE Program assesses but does not
approve or endorse technologies.
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Technology Profile
DEMONSTRATION PROGRAM
U.S. EPA NATIONAL RISK MANAGEMENT
RESEARCH LABORATORY
and IT CORPORATION
(Debris Washing System)
TECHNOLOGY DESCRIPTION:
This technology was developed by EPA's National
Risk Management Research Laboratory and IT
Corporation (IT) for on-site decontamination of
metallic and masonry debris at Comprehensive
Environmental Response, Compensation, and
Liability Act sites. The entire system is mounted on
three 48-foot flatbed semi-trailers and can be readily
transported from site to site.
The full-scale debris washing system (DWS) is
shown in the figure below. The DWS consists of
dual 4,000-gallon spray-wash chambers that are
connected to a detergent solution holding tank and
rinse water holding tank. Debris is placed into one
of two 1,200-pound baskets, which in turn is placed
into one of the spray-wash chambers using a 5-ton
crane integral to the DWS. If debris is large
enough, the crane places it directly into one of the
two chambers. Process water is heated to 160°F
using a diesel-fired, 2,000,000-British-thermal-unit-
per-hour (Btu/hr) water heater. The water is
continuously reconditioned using particulate filters,
an oil-water separator, and other devices such as
charcoal columns or ion-exchange columns. About
8,000 to 10,000 gallons of water is required for the
decontamination process. The system is controlled
by an operator stationed in a trailer-mounted control
room.
WASTE APPLICABILITY:
The DWS can be applied on site to various types of
debris (scrap metal, masonry, or other solid debris
such as stones) contaminated with hazardous
chemicals such as pesticides, dioxins,
polychlorinated biphenyls (PCB), or hazardous
Pilot-Scale Debris Washing System
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Completed Project
metals.
STATUS:
The first pilot-scale tests were performed in
September 1988 at the Carter Industrial Superfund
site in Detroit, Michigan. An upgraded pilot-scale
DWS was tested at a PCB-contaminated Superfund
site in Hopkinsville, Kentucky in December 1989.
The DWS was also field tested in August 1990 at
the Shaver's Farm Superfund site in Walker County,
Georgia. The contaminants of concern were
benzonitrile and Dicamba. After being cut into
sections, 55-gallon drums were decontaminated in
the DWS.
Results from the SITE demonstration have been
published in a Technology Evaluation Report
(EPA/540/5-9 l/006a), entitled "Design and
Development of a Pilot-Scale Debris
Decontamination System" and in a Technology
Demonstration Summary (EPA/540/S5-91/006).
In 1993, a manual version of the full-scale DWS
was used to treat PCB-contaminated scrap metal at
the Summit Scrap Yard in Akron, Ohio. During the
4-month site remediation, 3,000 tons of PCB-
contaminated scrap metal (motors, cast iron blocks)
was cleaned on site. The target level of 7.7 fig/100
cm2 was met, in most cases, after a single treatment
with the DWS. The cleaned scrap was purchased by
a scrap smelter for $52 per ton. The net costs for
the on-site debris decontamination ranged from $50
to $75 per ton. The National Risk Management
Research Laboratory and IT estimate that the system
can decontaminate 50 to 120 tons of typical debris
per day.
DEMONSTRATION RESULTS:
At the Carter Industrial Superfund site, PCB
reductions averaged 58 percent in batch 1 and
81 percent in batch 2. Design changes based on
these tests were made to the DWS before additional
field testing.
At the Hopkinsville, Kentucky site, PCB levels on
the surfaces of metallic transformer casings were
reduced to less than or equal to 10 micrograms PCB
per 100 square centimeters (fig/cm2). All 75
contaminated transformer casings on site were
decontaminated to EPA cleanup criteria and sold to
a scrap metal dealer.
At the Shaver's Farm Superfund site, benzonitrile
and Dicamba levels on the drum surfaces were
reduced from the average pretreatment
concentrations of 4,556 and 23 fig/100 cm2 to
average concentrations of 10 and 1 fig/100 cm2,
respectively.
FOR FURTHER INFORMATION:
EPA PROJECT MANAGER:
John Martin
U.S. EPA
National Risk Management Research
Laboratory
26 West Martin Luther King Drive
Cincinnati, OH 45268
513-569-7758
Fax: 513-569-7620
e-mail: martin.john@epa.gov
TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPER CONTACTS:
Majid Dosani
IT Corporation
11499 Chester Road
Cincinnati, OH 45246-4012
513-782-4700
Fax: 513-782-4807
The SITE Program assesses but does not
approve or endorse technologies.
Page 168
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Technology Protile
DEMONSTRATION PROGRAM
U.S. EPA NATIONAL RISK MANAGEMENT
RESEARCH LABORATORY
and INTECH 180 CORPORATION
(Fungal Treatment Technology)
TECHNOLOGY DESCRIPTION:
This biological treatment system uses lignin-
degrading fungi to treat excavated soils. These
fungi have been shown to biodegrade a wide
catalogue of organic contaminants.
The contaminated soil is inoculated with an organic
carrier infested with the selected fungal strain. The
fungi break down soil contaminants, using enzymes
normally produced for wood degradation as well as
other enzyme systems.
This technology has the greatest degree of success
when optimal growing conditions for the fungi are
used. These conditions include moisture control (at
90 percent of field capacity), and temperature and
aeration control. Organic nutrients such as peat may
be added to soils deficient in organic carbon.
WASTE APPLICABILITY:
This biological treatment system was initially
applied to soil contaminated with organic chemicals
found in the wood-preserving industry. These
contaminants are composed of chlorinated organics
and polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH). The
treatment system may remediate different
contaminants and combinations of contaminants
with varying degrees of success. In particular, the
SITE Demonstration Program evaluated how well
white rot fungi degrade pentachlorophenol (PCP) in
combination with creosote PAHs.
STATUS:
This biological treatment system was accepted into
the SITE Demonstration Program in April 1991. In
September 1991, a treatability study was conducted
at the Brookhaven Wood Preserving site in
Brookhaven, Mississippi. Site soils were
contaminated with 200 to 5,200 milligrams per
kilogram (mg/kg) PCP and up to 4,000 mg/kg
PAHs.
A full-scale demonstration of this fungal treatment
technology was completed in November 1992 to
obtain economic data. The Demonstration Bulletin
(EPA/540/MR- 93/505) is available from EPA.
The extent of treatment in the full-scale
demonstration was disappointing for the time of
treatment. The full-scale demonstration was
hampered by excessive rainfall which did not permit
the treatment beds to be sufficiently tilled. Without
this processing, oxygen-depleted conditions
developed, leading to loss of fungal biomass and
activity. Soil bed applications of this technology
may not be suitable in climates of high rainfall.
Current costs of fungal treatment operation are
estimated at $150 to $200 per ton. Lower costs may
be achieved with new inoculum formulations which
permit reduction in the amount of inoculum mass
required for treatment.
In Situ White Rot Fungal Treatment of Contaminated Soil
Page 169
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approve or endorse technologies.
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May 2003
Completed Project
DEMONSTRATION RESULTS:
The full-scale project involved a 0.25-acre plot of
contaminated soil and two smaller control plots.
The soil was inoculated with Phanaerochaete
sordida, a species of lignin-degrading fungus. No
other amendments were added to the prepared soil.
Field activities included tilling and watering all
plots. No nutrients were added. The study was
conducted for 20 weeks.
Some key findings from the demonstration were:
• Levels of PCP and the target PAHs found in the
underlying sand layer and the leachate from
each of the plots were insignificant, indicating
low leachability and loss of these contaminants
due to periodic irrigation of the soil and heavy
rainfall.
• Levels of PCP, the target PAHs, and dioxins in
the active air samples collected during the soil
tilling events were insignificant, indicating a
very low potential for airborne contaminant
transport.
• Air emissions data showed that soil tilling
activities did not pose significant hazards to
field technicians. Contaminated soil,
underlying sand, and leachate had no
significant contamination.
FOR FURTHER INFORMATION:
EPA PROJECT MANAGER:
Teri Richardson
U.S. EPA
National Risk Management Research
Laboratory
26 West Martin Luther King Drive
Cincinnati, OH 45268
513-569-7949
Fax: 513-569-7105
e-mail: richardson.teri@epa.gov
TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPER CONTACTS:
John Glaser
U.S. EPA
National Risk Management Research
Laboratory
26 West Martin Luther King Drive
Cincinnati, OH 45268
513-569-7568
Fax: 513-569-7105
e-mail: glaser.john@epa.gov
Richard Lamar
INTECH 180 Corporation
1770N. Research Parkway, Suite 100
North Logan, UT 84341
801-753-2111
Fax: 801-753-8321
The SITE Program assesses but does not
approve or endorse technologies.
Page 170
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Technology Protile
DEMONSTRATION PROGRAM
U.S. EPA NATIONAL RISK MANAGEMENT
RESEARCH LABORATORY,
UNIVERSITY OF CINCINNATI, and FRX, INC.
(Hydraulic Fracturing)
TECHNOLOGY DESCRIPTION:
Hydraulic fracturing is a physical process that
creates fractures in soils to enhance fluid or vapor
flow in the subsurface. The technology places
fractures at discrete depths with hydraulic
pressurization at the base of a borehole. These
fractures are placed at specific locations and depths
to increase the effectiveness of treatment
technologies such as soil vapor extraction, in situ
bioremediation, and pump-and-treat systems. The
technology is designed to enhance remediation in
less permeable geologic formations.
The fracturing process begins by injecting water
into a sealed borehole until the water pressure
exceeds a critical value and a fracture is nucleated
(see photograph below). A slurry composed of a
coarse-grained sand, or other granular material, and
guar gum gel is then injected as the fracture grows
away from the well. After pumping, the grains hold
the fracture open while an enzyme additive breaks
down the viscous fluid. The thinned fluid is
pumped from the fracture, forming a permeable
subsurface channel suitable for delivering or
recovering a vapor or liquid. These fractures
function as pathways for fluid movement,
potentially increasing the effective area available for
remediation.
The hydraulic fracturing process is used in
conjunction with soil vapor extraction technology to
enhance recovery of contaminated soil vapors.
Hydraulic fractures have recently been used to
improve recovery of light nonaqueous phase liquids
by increasing recovery of free product and
controlling the influence of underlying water.
Hydraulically induced fractures are used as channels
for fluids and nutrients during in situ
bioremediation. The technology has the potential to
deliver nutrients and other materials to the
subsurface solids useful in bioremediation. Solid
nutrients or oxygen-releasing granules can be
injected into the fractures.
Real-time techniques for measuring ground surface
deformation have been developed to monitor the
fracture positions in the subsurface.
:
Hydraulic Fracturing Process (Well is at center of photograph)
Page 171
The SITE Program assesses but does not
approve or endorse technologies.
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May 2003
Completed Project
WASTE APPLICABILITY:
Hydraulic fracturing is appropriate for enhancing
soil and groundwater remediation. The technology
can channel contaminants or wastes for soil vapor
extraction, bioremediation, or pump-and-treat
systems.
STATUS:
The hydraulic fracturing technology was accepted
into the SITE Demonstration Program in July 1991.
Demonstrations have been conducted in Oak Brook,
Illinois and Dayton, Ohio. The hydraulic fracturing
process was integrated with soil vapor extraction at
the Illinois site and with in situ bioremediation at
the Ohio site. The project was completed in
September 1992. The Technology Evaluation and
Applications Analysis Reports, which were
published under one cover (EPA/540/R-93/505),
and the Technology Demonstration Summary
(EPA/540/SR-93/505) are available from EPA.
DEMONSTRATION RESULTS:
The first demonstration was conducted at a Xerox
Corporation site in Oak Brook, Illinois, where a
vapor extraction system has been operating since
early 1991. The site is contaminated with
ethylbenzene, 1,1-dichloroethane, trichloro-ethene,
tetrachloroethene, 1,1,1 -trichloroethane, toluene,
and xylene. In July 1991, hydraulic fractures were
created in two of the four wells, at depths of 6, 10,
and 15 feet below ground surface. The vapor flow
rate, soil vacuum, and contaminant yields from the
fractured and unfractured wells were monitored
regularly. Results from this demonstration are as
follows:
• Over a 1-year period, the vapor yield from
hydraulically fractured wells was one order of
magnitude greater than from unfractured wells.
• The hydraulically fractured wells enhanced
remediation over an area 30 times greater than
the unfractured wells.
• The presence of pore water decreased the vapor
yield from wells; therefore, water must be
prevented from infiltrating areas where vapor
extraction is underway.
The technology was also demonstrated at a site near
Dayton, Ohio, which is contaminated with benzene,
toluene, ethylbenzene, and xylene (BTEX), and
other petroleum hydrocarbons. In August 1991,
hydraulic fractures were created in one of two wells
at 4, 6, 8, and 10 feet below ground surface.
Sampling was conducted before the demonstration
and twice during the demonstration at locations 5,
10, and 15 feet north of the fractured and
unfractured wells. Results from this demonstration
are as follows:
• The flow of water into the fractured well was
two orders of magnitude greater than in the
unfractured well.
• The bioremediation rate near the fractured well
was 75 percent higher for BTEX and 77 percent
higher for total petroleum hydrocarbons
compared to the rates near the unfractured well.
FOR FURTHER INFORMATION:
EPA PROJECT MANAGER:
Michael Roulier
U.S. EPA
National Risk Management Research
Laboratory
26 West Martin Luther King Drive
Cincinnati, OH 45268
513-569-7796
Fax:513-569-7620
e-mail: roulier.michael@epa.gov
TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPER CONTACT:
William Slack
FRX Inc.
P.O. Box 498292
Cincinnati, OH 45249
513-469-6040
Fax: 513-469-6041
The SITE Program assesses but does not
approve or endorse technologies.
Page 172
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Technology Protile
DEMONSTRATION PROGRAM
U.S. EPA NATIONAL RISK MANAGEMENT
RESEARCH LABORATORY
(Mobile Volume Reduction Unit)
TECHNOLOGY DESCRIPTION:
The volume reduction unit (VRU) is a pilot-scale,
mobile soil washing system designed to remove
organic contaminants and metals from soil through
particle size separation and solubilization. The
VRU can process 100 pounds of soil (dry weight)
per hour.
The process subsystems consist of soil handling and
conveying, soil washing and coarse screening, fine
particle separation, flocculation-clarification, water
treatment, and utilities. The VRU is controlled and
monitored with conventional industrial process
instrumentation and hardware.
WASTE APPLICABILITY:
The VRU can treat soils that contain organics such
as creosote, pentachlorophenol (PCP), pesticides,
polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH), volatile
organic compounds, and semivolatile organic
compounds. The VRU also removes metals.
STATUS:
SITE
The VRU was accepted into the
Demonstration Program in summer 1992.
The demonstration was conducted in November
1992 at the former Escambia Treating Company in
Pensacola, Florida. The facility used PCP and
creosote PAHs to treat wood products from 1943 to
1982. The Applications Analysis Report (EPA/540/
AR-93/508) is available from EPA.
Storage
Office/Lab
Filter Package
Typical VRU Operational Setup
Page 173
The SITE Program assesses but does not
approve or endorse technologies.
-------
Technology Protile
DEMONSTRATION PROGRAM
PHARMACIA CORPORATION
(formerly Monsanto/DuPont)
(Lasagna™ In Situ Soil Remediation)
TECHNOLOGY DESCRIPTION:
The Lasagna™ process, so named because of its
treatment layers, combines electroosmosis with
treatment layers which are installed directly into the
contaminated soil to form an integrated, in-situ
remedial process. The layers may be configured
vertically or horizontally (see figures below). The
process is designed to treat soil and groundwater
contaminants completely in situ, without the use of
injection or extraction wells.
The outer layers consist of either positively or
negatively charged electrodes which create an
electrical potential field. The electrodes create an
electric field which moves contaminants in soil pore
fluids into or through treatment layers. In the
vertical configuration, rods that are steel or granular
graphite and iron filings can be used as electrodes.
In the horizontal configuration, the electrodes and
treatment zones are installed by hydraulic
fracturing. Granular graphite is used for the
electrodes and the treatment zones are granular iron
(for zero-valent, metal-enhanced, reductive
dechloronation) or granular activated carbon (for
biodegradation by methanotropic microorganisms).
The orientation of the electrodes and treatment
zones depends on the characteristics of the site and
the contaminants. In general, the vertical
configuration is probably more applicable to more
shallow contamination, within 50 feet of the ground
surface. The horizontal configuration, using
hydraulic fracturing or related methods, is uniquely
capable of treating much deeper contamination.
WASTE APPLICABILITY:
The process is designed for use in fine-grained soils
(clays and silts) where water movement is slow and
it is difficult to move contaminants to extraction
wells. The process induces water movement to
transport contaminants to the treatment zones so the
contaminants must have a high solubility or
miscibility in water. Solvents
A, Horizontal Configuration
B. Vertical Configuration
electrode wells
omul surface
Electrode
Electroosmotic
and Gswtational
Liquid Flow
Electrode
ace
lectraosmol i: Liquid Fk if
HH
TE at ment Zones
ES
Page 175
The SITE Program assesses but does not
approve or endorse technologies.
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May 2003
Completed Project
such as trichloroethylene and soluble metal salts can
be treated successfully while low-solubility
compounds such as polychlorinated biphenyls and
polyaromatic hydrocarbons cannot.
STATUS:
The Lasagna™ process (vertical configuration) was
accepted into the SITE Demonstration Program in
1995. Two patents covering the technology have
been granted to Monsanto, and the term Lasagna™
has also been trademarked by Monsanto.
Developing the technology so that it can be used
with assurance for site remediation is the overall
objective of the sponsoring consortium.
DEMONSTRATION RESULTS:
The vertical configuration demonstration by
Pharmacia at the Gaseous Diffusion Plant in
Paducah, Kentucky, has been completed. The
analysis of trends in TCE contamination of soil
before and after Lasagna™ treatment indicated that
substantial decreases did occur and the technology
can be used to meet action levels.
The horizontal configuration demonstration by the
University of Cincinnati and EPA at Rickenbacker
ANGB (Columbus, OH) has been completed and
both cells decommissioned. The cells were installed
in soil containing TCE. The work demonstrated that
horizontal Lasagna™ installations are feasible and
that the installation results in some treatment of
contaminants. The extent of treatment of the TCE-
contaminated soil was not clear because of the small
size of the cells and transport of TCE into the cells
from adjacent contaminated areas.
In cooperation with the U.S. Air Force, EPA
installed two horizontal configuration Lasagna™
cells in TCE-contaminated soil at Offutt AFB
(Omaha, NE) in November 1998. The cells have
been in operation since September 2000. An
interim sampling in December 2000 at the four
locations with highest concentrations in each cell
showed slight decreases in organic chloride in one
cell, but these were not statistically different from
initial (pretreatment) concentrations. A second
interim sampling will be conducted in June 2001
and the final (posttreatment) sampling in September
2001.
FOR FURTHER
INFORMATION:
EPA PROJECT MANAGER:
Wendy Davis-Hoover
Michael Roulier, Ph.D.
EPA Research Team
U.S. EPA National Risk Management
Research Laboratory
26 West Martin Luther King Drive
Cincinnati, OH 45268
513-569-7206 (Davis-Hoover)
513-569-7796 (Roulier)
Fax: 513-569-7879
TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPER:
Sa V. Ho, Ph.D.
Monsanto Company
800 N. Lindbergh Boulevard
St. Louis, MO 63167
314-694-5179
Fax:314-694-1531
The SITE Program assesses but does not
approve or endorse technologies.
Page 176
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Technology Profile
DEMONSTRATION PROGRAM
PHYTOKINETICS, INC.
(Phytoremediation Process)
TECHNOLOGY DESCRIPTION:
Phytoremediation is the treatment of contaminated
soils, sediments, and groundwater with higher
plants. Several biological mechanisms are involved
in phytoremediation. The plant's ability to enhance
bacterial and fungal degradative processes is
important in the treatment of soils. Plant-root
exudates, which contain nutrients, metabolites, and
enzymes, contribute to the stimulation of microbial
activity. In the zone of soil closely associated with
the plant root (rhizosphere), expanded populations
of metabolically active microbes can biodegrade
organic soil contaminants.
The application of phytoremediation involves
characterizing the site and determining the proper
planting strategy to maximize the interception and
degradation of organic contaminants. Site
monitoring ensures that the planting strategy is
proceeding as planned. The following text discusses
(1) using grasses to remediate surface soils
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Phytoremediation of Surface Soil
contaminated with organic chemical wastes (Figure
1), and (2) planting dense rows of poplar trees to
treat organic contaminants in the saturated
groundwater zone (Figure 2).
Soil Remediation - Phytoremediation is best suited
for surface soils contaminated with intermediate
levels of organic contaminants. Preliminary soil
phytotoxicity tests are conducted at a range of
contaminant concentrations to select plants which
are tolerant. The contaminants should be relatively
nonleachable, and must be within the reach of plant
roots. Greenhouse-scale treatability studies are often
used to select appropriate plant species.
Grasses are frequently used because of their dense
fibrous root systems. The selected species are
planted, soil nutrients are added, and the plots are
intensively cultivated. Plant shoots are cut during
the growing season to maintain vegetative, as
opposed to reproductive, growth. Based on the
types and concentrations of contaminants, several
growing seasons may be required to meet the site's
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Phytoremediation of the Saturated
Zone
Page 177
The SITE Program assesses but does not
approve or endorse technologies.
-------
May 2003
Completed Project
remedial goals.
Groundwater Remediation - The use of poplar trees
for the treatment of groundwater relies in part on the
tree's high rate of water use to create a hydraulic
barrier. This technology requires the establishment
of deep roots that use water from the saturated zone.
Phytokinetics uses deep-rooted, water-loving trees
such as poplars to intercept groundwater plumes and
reduce contaminant levels. Poplars are often used
because they are phreatophytic; that is, they have
the ability to use water directly from the saturated
zone.
A dense double or triple row of rapidly growing
poplars is planted downgradient from the plume,
perpendicular to the direction of groundwater flow.
Special cultivation practices are use to induce deep
root systems. The trees can create a zone of
depression in the groundwater during the summer
months because of their high rate of water use.
Groundwater contaminants may tend to be stopped
by the zone of depression, becoming adsorbed to
soil particles in the aerobic rhizosphere of the trees.
Reduced contaminant levels in the downgradient
groundwater plume would result from the
degradative processes described above.
WASTE APPLICABILITY:
Phytoremediation is used for soils, sediments, and
groundwater containing intermediate levels of
organic contaminants.
STATUS:
This technology was accepted into the SITE
Demonstration Program in 1995. The
demonstration occurred at the former Chevron
Terminal #129-0350 site in Ogden, Utah. A total of
40 hybrid poplar trees were planted using a deep
rooting techniques in 1996 and data were collected
through 1999 growing season.
DEMONSTRATION RESULTS:
Water removal rates estimated using a water use
multiplier and leaf area index to adjust a reference
evapo-ranspiration rate was 5 gallons per day per
tree in 1998 and 113 gallons per day per tree in
1999. Water removal rates determined using SAP
velocity measurements done in September and
October of 1998 agreed closely with the estimated
values. Although the trees transpired a volume of
water equivalent to a 10-ft thickness of the saturated
zone, water table elevation data collected in 1999
did not indicate a depression in the water table.
FOR FURTHER INFORMATION:
EPA PROJECT MANAGER:
Steven Rock
U.S. EPA
National Risk Management Research
Laboratory
26 West Martin Luther King Drive
Cincinnati, OH 45268
513-569-7149
Fax: 513-569-7105
e-mail: rock.steven@epa.gov
TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPER CONTACT:
Ari Ferro
Phytokinetics, Inc.
1770 North Research Parkway
Suite 110
North Logan, UT 84341-1941
435-750-0985
Fax: 435-750-6296
The SITE Program assesses but does not
approve or endorse technologies.
Page 178
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Technology Profile
DEMONSTRATION PROGRAM
PINTAIL SYSTEMS, INC.
(Spent Ore Bioremediation Process)
TECHNOLOGY DESCRIPTION:
This technology uses microbial detoxification of
cyanide in heap leach processes to reduce cyanide
levels in spent ore and process solutions. The
biotreatment populations of natural soil bacteria are
grown to elevated concentrations, which are applied
to spent ore by drip or spray irrigation. Process
solutions are treated with bacteria concentrates in
continuous or batch applications. This method may
also enhance metal remineralization, reducing acid
rock drainage and enhancing precious metal
recovery to offset treatment costs.
Biotreatment of cyanide in spent ore and ore
processing solutions begins by identifying bacteria
that will grow in the waste source and that use the
cyanide for normal cell building reactions. Native
isolates are ideally adapted to the spent ore
environment, the available nutrient pool, and
potential toxic components of the heap environment.
The cyanide-detoxifying bacteria are typically a
small fraction of the overall population of cyanide-
tolerant species.
For this reason, native bacteria isolates are extracted
from the ore and tested for cyanide detoxification
potential as individual species. Any natural
detoxification potentials demonstrated in flask
cyanide decomposition tests are preserved and
submitted for bioaugmentation. Bioaugmentation of
the cyanide detoxification population eliminates
nonworking species of bacteria and enhances the
natural detoxification potential by growth in waste
infusions and chemically defined media. Pintail
Systems, Inc. (PSI) maintains a bacterial library of
some 2,500 strains of microorganisms and a
database of their characteristics.
The working population of treatment bacteria is
grown in spent ore infusion broths and process
solutions to adapt to field operating conditions. The
cyanide in the spent ore serves as the primary
carbon or nitrogen source for bacteria nutrition.
Other required trace nutrients are provided in the
chemically defined broths. The bacterial
consortium is then tested on spent ore in a 6-inch-
by- 10-foot column in the field or in the laboratory.
The column simulates leach pile conditions, so that
detoxification rates, process completion, and
effluent quality can be verified. Following column
tests, a field test may be conducted to verify column
results.
The spent ore is remediated by first setting up a
stage culturing system to establish working
populations of cyanide-degrading bacteria at the
mine site. Bacterial solutions are then applied
directly to the heap using the same system originally
designed to deliver cyanide solutions to the heap
leach pads (see figure on previous page). Cyanide
concentrations and leachable metals are then
measured in heap leach solutions. This method of
cyanide degradation in spent ore leach pads
degrades cyanide more quickly than methods which
treat only rinse solutions from the pad. In addition
to cyanide degradation, biological treatment of heap
leach pads has also shown significant
biomineralization and reduction of leachable metals
in heap leachate solutions.
Page 179
The SITE Program assesses but does not
approve or endorse technologies.
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May 2003
Completed Project
WASTE APPLICABILITY:
The spent ore bioremediation process can be applied
to treat cyanide contamination, spent ore heaps,
waste rock dumps, mine tailings, and process water
from gold and silver mining operations.
STATUS:
This technology was accepted into the SITE
Demonstration Program in May 1994. The field
treatability study was conducted, at the Echo
Bay/McCoy Cover mine site near Battle Mountain,
Nevada, between June 11, 1997 and August 26,
1997.
DEMONSTRATION RESULTS:
Results from the study are summarized below:
• The average % WAD CN reduction attributable
to the Biocyanide process was 89.3 during the
period from July 23 to August 26. The mean
concentration of the feed over this period was
233 ppm, while the treated effluent from the
bioreactors was 25 ppm. A control train, used
to detect abiotic loss of cyanide, revealed no
destruction of cyanide (average control affluent
= 242 ppm).
• Metals that were monitored as part of this study
were As, Cd, Co, Cu, Fe, Mn, Hg, Ni, Se, Ag,
and Zn. Significant reductions were noted fro
all metals except Fe and Mn. Average reduction
in metals concentration after July 23 for all
other metals were 92.7% for As 91.6% for Cd,
61.6% for Co, 81,4% for Cu, 95.6% for Hg,
65.0% for Ni, 76.3% for Se, 94.6% for Ag, and
94.6% for Zn. Reductions for As, Cd, Co, and
Se are probably greater than calculated due to
non-detect levels in some effluent samples. A
biomineralization mechanism is proposed for
the removal of metals for solution.
Biomineralization is a process in which
microbes mediate biochemical reactions
forming novel mineral assemblages on solid
matrices.
• The Aqueous Biocyanide Process was operated
fro two and one-half months. During the first
42 days (June 11 to July 22) system
performance was variable, and occasional
downtimes were encountered. This was due to
greatly higher cyanide and metals concentration
in the feed than was encountered during
benchscale and design phases of the project.
Once optimized for the more concentrated feed,
the system performed well with continuous
operation for 35 days (July 23 to August 26).
The ability to "re-engineer" the system in the
field to accommodate the new waste stream is a
positive attribute of the system.
FOR FURTHER INFORMATION:
EPA PROJECT MANAGER:
Patrick Clark
U.S. EPA
National Risk Management Research
Laboratory
26 West Martin Luther King Drive
Cincinnati, OH 45268
513-569-7561
Fax: 513-569-7620
e-mail: clark.patrick@epa.gov
TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPER CONTACT:
Leslie Thompson
Pintail Systems, Inc.
4701 Ironton Street
Denver, CO 80239
303-367-8443
Fax: 303-364-2120
The SITE Program assesses but does not
approve or endorse technologies.
Page 180
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Technology Profile
DEMONSTRATION PROGRAM
PRAXIS ENVIRONMENTAL TECHNOLOGIES, INC.
(In Situ Thermally Enhanced Extraction (TEE) Process)
TECHNOLOGY DESCRIPTION:
The PRAXIS TEE in situ thermal extraction process
heats soil with steam injection, enhancing pump-
and-treat and soil vapor extraction processes used to
treat volatile organic compounds (VOC) and
semivolatile organic compounds (SVOC). This
process is an effective and relatively inexpensive
technique to raise a target soil volume to a nearly
uniform temperature.
As illustrated in the figure below, steam is
introduced to the soil through injection wells
screened in contaminated intervals. The vacuum
applied to the extraction wells, during and after
steam/hot air injection, forms a pneumatic barrier at
the treatment boundaries. This barrier limits lateral
migration of steam and contaminants while air
sweeping the steam zone boundaries carries
contaminants to extraction wells.
Groundwater and liquid contaminants are pumped
from the extraction wells; steam, air, and vaporized
contaminants are extracted under vacuum. After the
soil is heated by steam injection, the injection wells
can introduce additional agents to facilitate the
cleanup.
Recovered vapors pass through a condenser. The
resulting condensate is combined with pumped
liquids for processing in separation equipment.
Separated nonaqueous phase liquids (NAPL) can be
recycled or disposed of, and the water is treated
prior to discharge. The noncondensible gases are
directed to a vapor treatment system consisting of
(1) catalytic oxidation equipment, (2) activated
carbon filters, or (3) other applicable vapor
technologies. The in situ thermal extraction process
uses conventional injection, extraction and
monitoring wells, off-the-shelf piping, steam
generators, condensers, heat exchangers, separation
equipment, vacuum pumps, and vapor emission
control equipment.
VACUUM PUMP
AUUUM h-UMh-l I
/ \J *l TREATMENT I > AIR
WATER
»~ WATER
NAPL
FUEL
CLAY
CLAY
In Situ Thermal Extraction Process
Page 181
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May 2003
Completed Project
WASTE APPLICABILITY:
The in situ thermal extraction process removes
VOCs and SVOCs from contaminated soils and
groundwater. The process primarily treats
chlorinated solvents such as trichloroethene (TCE),
tetrachloroethene (PCE), and dichloro-benzene;
hydrocarbons such as gasoline, diesel, and jet fuel;
and mixtures of these compounds.
The process can be applied to rapid cleanup of
source areas such as dense NAPL pools below the
water table surface, light NAPL pools floating on
the water table surface, and NAPL contamination
remaining after using conventional pumping
techniques. Subsurface conditions are amenable to
biodegradation of residual contaminants, if
necessary, after application of the thermal process.
A cap is required for implementation of the process
near the soil surface. For dense NAPL compounds
in high concentrations, a barrier must be present or
created to prevent downward percolation of the
NAPLs. The process is applicable in less permeable
soils with the use of novel delivery systems such as
horizontal wells or fracturing.
STATUS:
This technology was accepted into the SITE
Demonstration Program in August 1993. The
demonstration occurred at a former waste
management area located at Operable Unit 2 at Hill
Air Force Base in Ogden, Utah, during June and
July 1997. The demonstration site was the location
of two former unlined trenches that received
unknown quantities of various chlorinated solvent
wastes from 1967 to 1975.
DEMONSTRATION RESULTS:
The demonstration focused primarily on assessing
and recovering dense NAPL from the trough area
and reducing TCE and PCE levels in the lower
saturated zone so as to meet or exceed the Record of
Decision (ROD) cleanup goals and the Preliminary
Remedial Goals (PRO) established for the site's
soils.
Soil PRGs for TCE and PCE were 58 milligrams per
kilogram (mg/Kg) and 12 mg/Kg respectively. A
total of 41 post-characterization soil samples were
collected to determine if these goals were met by the
technology. Thirty-five of the 41 samples had PCE
concentrations below the PRO. Thirty-five of the 41
samples also had TCE concentrations below the
PRO. There were 33 samples that had both TCE
and PCE concentrations below the specified PRGs.
Detailed reports on the demonstration are in
preparation and will be available from EPA in 2001.
The developer is presently seeking patents on
various aspects of the system, while continuing to
seek opportunities at other U.S. Department of
Defense facilities.
FOR FURTHER INFORMATION:
EPA PROJECT MANAGER:
Paul dePercin
U.S. EPA
National Risk Management Research
Laboratory
26 West Martin Luther King Drive
Cincinnati, OH 45268
513-569-7797
Fax: 513-569-7105
e-mail: depercin.paul@epa.gov
TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPER CONTACTS:
Dr. Lloyd Stewart
Praxis Environmental Technologies, Inc.
1440 Rollins Road
Burlingame, CA 94010
650-548-9288
Fax: 650-548-9287
e-mail: LDS@praxis-enviro.com
Major Paul B. Devane
U.S. Air Force Research Laboratory, Environics
Directorate
139 Barnes Drive, Suite 2
Tyndall AFB, FL 32403-5319
850-283-6288
The SITE Program assesses but does not
approve or endorse technologies.
Page 182
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Technology Profile
DEMONSTRATION PROGRAM
REGENESIS
(Time Release Electron Acceptors and Donors
for Accelerated Natural Attenuation)
TECHNOLOGY DESCRIPTION:
The Regenesis technology is defined as the use of
time-released electron acceptors and electron donors
for the passive, long-term and cost effective
acceleration of the bioremediation component of
natural attenuation. The specific products are 1)
Oxygen Release Compound (ORC®), which
provides the electron acceptor oxygen to enhance
the aerobic bioremediation of compounds such as
petroleum hydrocarbons and 2) Hydrogen Release
Compound (HRC®), which provides the electron
donor hydrogen to enhance the anaerobic
bioremediation of compounds such as chlorinated
solvents. ORC® is a proprietary formulation of
magnesium peroxide that only releases oxygen
when hydrated and can provide a continuous source
of oxygen (electron acceptor) for up to 12 months.
HRC® is a polylactate ester and also requires
hydration before it releases lactic acid, a
fermentable substrate, which generates hydrogen
(electron donor) for up to 18 months. Treatment is
typically in situ and both products are applied to the
subsurface via direct-push injection or borehole
delivery methods. If needed, both products can be
applied directly to open excavations via broadcast
application techniques. These methods, as illustrated
in Figure 1, can be used to emplace barriers to
plume migration or be used directly in the plume to
treat dissolved and residual contaminant mass.
The bioremediation component of natural
attenuation describes a process by which
contaminants are reduced in concentration over time
by biological action. The process is facilitated by
microbes that can be aerobic or anaerobic, requiring
either oxygen or hydrogen respectively, to help
carry out the degradation of target contaminants. At
most sites the subsurface is lacking in these key
substrates, which prevents the natural microbial
population from facilitating bioremediation. The use
of time-released substrates such as ORC® and HRC®
typically accelerates natural attenuation 10 to 100
times faster than unassisted natural attenuation.
WASTE APPLICABILITY:
Figure 1
Plume
Trealmrni
\
Barrier
1'reatmeut
Page 183
The SITE Program assesses but does not
approve or endorse technologies.
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May 2003
Completed Project
ORC® and HRC® can be applied to chlorinated
solvents and hydrocarbon-contaminated
groundwater plumes and soils.
STATUS:
Regenesis was invited to participate in the SITE
Demonstration Program in 2000-2001 at two
specific sites, Fisherville Mill and the Rocky
Mountain Arsenal.
Fisherville Mill -Grafton, Massachusetts
Currently a pilot scale study is being conducted to
demonstrate the effectiveness of using HRC® to
reduce the concentration of trichloroethylene (TCE)
in groundwater at the Fisherville Mill site in
Grafton, MA. This site is considered a Brownfield
site and has a sandy gravel aquifer impacted with
the chlorinated solvent. The Pilot test consists of an
array of 15 2-inch-diameter injection wells
constructed to deliver the HRC® to the subsurface.
The wells were constructed of PVC with a 10-foot
screened interval. The HRC® injection well array
was installed downgradient of an existing
monitoring well. Ten new monitoring wells were
constructed downgradient of the HRC injection
array to track the progress of the accelerated
reductive dechlorination. Hundred pounds of HRC®
were injected into each injection well for a total of
1,500 Ibs. of HRC®. This activity began in July 2000
and monitoring was scheduled to continue through
October 2001. A report was scheduled to be released
in December 2001.
Rocky Mountain Arsenal- Denver, Colorado.
Another HRC® field pilot scale study is being
carried out at the Rocky Mountain Arsenal. The
field demonstration is designed to treat a plume in
the northern portion of Basin F that is contaminated
by several organic compounds including PCE, TCE,
chloroform, methylene chloride, dieldrin and di-
isopropylmethyl phosphonate (DIMP). Based on a
60-day bench-scale study completed in March 2000,
HRC® was shown to be very effective in
dramatically reducing the entire range of
contaminants, which prompted the Rocky Mountain
Arsenal Water Team to arrange a field pilot test at
the site. The recently installed pilot consists of a
permeable reactive barrier utilizing 41 HRC®
injection points at depths of 42 ft to 54 ft below the
ground surface. Thirty-three pounds of HRC® were
injected into each injection point for a total of 1,353
Ibs of HRC® using direct-push technology and high-
pressure injection techniques. This activity began in
May 2001 and monitoring is scheduled to continue
through October 2001. A report is scheduled to be
released for December 2001.
FOR FURTHER INFORMATION:
EPA PROJECT MANAGER:
Paul dePercin
U.S. EPA/NRMRL
26 West Martin Luther King Drive Cincinnati, OH
45268
513-569-7797
Fax: 513-569-7105
e-mail: depercin.paul@epa.gov
TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPER CONTACTS:
Stephen Koenigsberg, Ph.D.
Vice President for Research and Development
Regenesis Bioremediation
Products
1011 CalleSombra
San Clemente, CA 92673
949-366-8000/Fax: 949-366-8090
e-mail: steve@regenesis.com
www .regenesis.com
The SITE Program assesses but does not
approve or endorse technologies.
Page 184
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Technology Protile
DEMONSTRATION PROGRAM
REGION 8 AND STATE OF COLORADO
(Multiple Innovative Passive Mine Drainage Technologies)
TECHNOLOGY DESCRIPTION:
These technologies include a successive alkalinity
producing system (SAPS) and a lime addition
approach known as the Aquafix system for
removing high concentrations of metals (aluminum,
copper, iron, manganese, and zinc) from acid mine
drainage (AMD). A third treatment technology, an
ion exchange system using a mixture of zeolites,
was slated for evaluation as well, but construction
delays precluded the collection of sufficient data
from that system.
The SAPS technology has been developed in public
domain over the past 10 years for the remediation of
AMD. A SAPS is a pond that contains a
combination of limestone and compost overlain by
several feet of water (see figure). Mine drainage
enters at the top of the pond; flows down through
the compost, where the drainage gains alkalinity and
the oxidation-reduction potential decreases; then
flows into the limestone below. Dissolution of the
limestone increases the alkalinity of the water,
resulting in the precipitation of metals.
The Aquafix system, a proprietary technology of the
Aquafix Corporation, uses lime to increase the pH
of the AMD. In this system, a portion of the
influent AMD is channeled to turn a water wheel on
the Aquafix unit, driving an auger that drops lime
from a hopper into the rest of the AMD that is
flowing below (see figure). After the lime is added,
the AMD is routed through a rock drain to promote
mixing and dissolution of the lime and to aerate the
AMD. The more alkaline and aerobic conditions
cause metals to precipitate from solution.
WASTE APPLICABILITY:
These technologies are suitable for any acidic water
containing high concentrations of metals.
Treatment at very low concentrations is likely not
achievable.
STATUS:
The SAPS technology is in the public domain and
has been used in several locations in the midwestern
and eastern United States. The Aquafix system is
commercially available and has been used at several
mine sites in the United States and Canada.
RCW'I'
SAPS Treatment System Proccess Flow Schematic
Bypass to ND
Existing Ditch
Influent from
Reynolds AD IT
»-ToND Ditch T /"*"
nfluentto Aquafix™ Line Feeder 1 I
PVC Pipe
Collection Line
With Overflow to
Existing ND Ditch
2" Flow-
Meter
Rock Drain
Aquafix™ Line
Addition System
Remaining Flow Receives
Line Dosage Beneath Line
Hopper
Aquafix™ Treatment System Proccess Flow Schematic
/ Route to
^- >- Existing
Drainage
lanation
M Gate Valve
Q Approximate Sampling Location
CZ^ Sludge Sampling Location
(1) Influent Sampling Location for Primary Objective PI
(2) Effluent Samplint Locaiton for Primarv Objective PI
Page 185
The SITE Program assesses but does not
approve or endorse technologies.
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May 2003
Completed Project
DEMONSTRATION RESULTS:
The demonstration site was the Summitville Mine
Superfund Site in the San Juan Mountains in
southwestern Colorado. The drainage water at the
site is highly acidic and contains high
concentrations of metals. The results of the
demonstration program indicate that both the SAPS
and Aquafix systems removed significant
percentages of aluminum, copper, iron, manganese,
and zinc from the AMD. Removal efficiencies for
the SAPS ranged from 11 percent (manganese) to 97
percent (aluminum) for metals while the removal
rate for the Aquafix system was 97 (aluminum and
manganese) to 99 percent (copper, iron, and zinc).
FOR FURTHER
INFORMATION:
EPA PROJECT MANAGER:
Edward Bates
U.S. EPA National Risk Management
Research Laboratory
Office of Research and Development
26 West Martin Luther King Dr.
Cincinnati, OH 45268
513-569-7675
Fax: 513-569-7105
e-mail: bates.edward@epa.gov
TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPER
CONTACTS:
SAPS
George Watzlaf
U.S. Department of Energy
Federal Energy Technology Center
626 Cochrans Mill Road
P.O. Box 10940
Pittsburgh, PA 15236-0940
412-386-6754
e-mail: watlaf@fetc.doe.gov
Aquafix
Mike Jenkins
Aquafix Corporation
301 Maple Lane
Kingwood, WV 26537
304-329-1056
www.aquafix.com
The SITE Program assesses but does not
approve or endorse technologies.
Page 186
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Technology Profile
DEMONSTRATION PROGRAM
REMEDIATION TECHNOLOGIES, INC.
(formerly MoTech, Inc.)
(Liquid and Solids Biological Treatment)
TECHNOLOGY DESCRIPTION:
Liquid and solids biological treatment (LST) is a
process that remediates soils and sludges
contaminated with biodegradable organics (see
figure below). The process is similar to activated
sludge treatment of municipal and industrial
wastewaters, but it treats suspended solids
concentrations greater than 20 percent. First, an
aqueous slurry of the waste material is prepared, and
environmental conditions such as nutrient
concentrations, temperature, and pH are optimized
for bio degradation. The slurry is then mixed and
aerated for a sufficient time to degrade the target
waste constituents.
Several physical process configurations are possible,
depending on site- and waste-specific conditions.
Waste can be treated continuously or in batches in
impoundment-based reactors. This configuration is
sometimes the only practical option for projects
greater than 10,000 cubic yards. Alternatively,
tank-based systems may be constructed.
Constituent losses due to volatilization must be
controlled during LST operations. The potential for
emissions is greatest in batch treatment systems and
lowest in continuously stirred tank reactor systems,
particularly those with long residence times.
Technologies such as carbon adsorption and
biofiltration can control emissions.
LST may require pre- and posttreatment operations.
However, in situ applications that store treated
sludge residues do not require multiple unit
operations.
Overall bioremediation in a hybrid system
consisting of LST and land treatment systems can
provide an alternative to landfilling treated solids.
This combination rapidly degrades volatile
constituents in a contained system, rendering the
waste suitable for landfilling.
Remediation Technologies, Inc. (ReTeC), has
constructed a mobile LST pilot system for field
demonstrations. The system consists of two
reactors, two 2,000-gallon holding tanks, and
aassociated process equipment. The reactors are
aerated using coarse bubble diffusers and mixed
using axial flow turbine mixers. The reactors can
operate separately, or as batch or continuous
systems. Oxygen and pH are continuously
monitored and recorded. Additional features
include antifoaming and temperature control
systems.
Return Soils
to Site
Liquid and Solids Biological Treatment
Page 187
The SITE Program assesses but does not
approve or endorse technologies.
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May 2003
Completed Project
WASTE APPLICABILITY:
The technology treats sludges, sediments, and soils
containing biodegradable organic materials. To
date, the process has mainly treated sludges
containing petroleum and wood preservative
organics such as creosote and pentachlorophenol
(PCP). LST has treated polynuclear aromatic
hydrocarbons (PAH), PCP, and a broad range of
petroleum hydrocarbons in the laboratory and the
field.
STATUS:
This technology was accepted into the SITE
Demonstration Program in 1987. The technology
was demonstrated under SITE at the Niagara
Mohawk Power Corporation facility at Harbor Point
in Utica, New York from June through August 1995.
The following equipment was used for the
demonstration: (1) a 10,000-gallon cylindrical tank
(12-foot diameter) with bottom-mounted air
diffusers that provided aeration and assisted in
suspending solids; (2) a tank cover outfitted with
exhaust piping that contained and channeled air
discharge; and (3) a spray system that recircultated
liquid from within the tank to disperse foam
buildup.
ReTeC has applied the technology in the field over a
dozen times to treat wood preservative sludges with
impoundment-type LST systems. In addition, LST
has treated petroleum refinery impoundment sludges
in two field-based pilot demonstrations and several
laboratory treatability studies.
DEMONSTRATION RESULTS:
Analytical results from the SITE demonstration
showed a reduction in oil and grease concentrations
from 14,500 to 3,100 milligrams per kilogram
(mg/kg), or 79 percent; total PAH concentrations
were reduced from 137 to 51 mg/kg, or 63 percent;
and total benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene, and xylene
concentrations were reduced from 0.083 to 0.030
mg/kg, or 64 percent. PAH leachability in the solids
was reduced to nondetect levels after treatment.
Toxicity of the solids to earthworms was also
decreased by the treatment. Only 24 percent of the
earthworms survived when added to untreated
contaminated soil, while earthworms placed in
treated soil showed no toxic effects.
FOR FURTHER INFORMATION:
EPA PROJECT MANAGER:
Annette Gatchett
U.S. EPA
National Risk Management Research
Laboratory
26 West Martin Luther King Drive
Cincinnati, OH 45268
513-569-7697
Fax: 513-569-7105
e-mail: gatchett.annette@epa.gov
TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPER CONTACT:
Merv Cooper
Remediation Technologies, Inc.
1011 S.W. Klickitat Way, Suite 207
Seattle, WA 98134
206-624-9349
Fax: 206-624-2839
The SITE Program assesses but does not
approve or endorse technologies.
Page 188
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Technology Profile
DEMONSTRATION PROGRAM
RESOURCES CONSERVATION COMPANY
(B.E.S.T. Solvent Extraction Technology)
TECHNOLOGY DESCRIPTION:
Solvent extraction treats sludges, sediments, and
soils contaminated with a wide range of hazardous
contaminants including polychlorinated biphenyls
(PCB), polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH),
pesticides, and herbicides. The waste matrix is
separated into three fractions: oil, water, and solids.
Organic contaminants, such as PCBs, are
concentrated in the oil fraction, while metals are
separated into the solids fraction. The volume and
toxicity of the original waste is thereby reduced, and
the concentrated waste streams can be efficiently
treated for disposal.
The B.E.S.T. technology is a mobile solvent
extraction system that uses secondary or tertiary
amine solvents to separate organics from soils,
sediments, and sludges. The B.E.S.T. solvents are
hydrophobic above 20°C and hydrophilic below
20 °C. This property allows the process to extract
both aqueous and nonaqueous compounds by
changing the solvent temperature.
Pretreatment includes screening the waste to remove
particles larger than 1 inch in diameter, which are
treated separately.
The B.E.S.T. process begins by mixing and agitating
the solvent and waste in a mixer/settler. Solids from
the mixer/settler are then transferred to the
extractor/dryer vessel. (In most cases, waste
materials may be added directly to the
extractor/dryer and the mixer/settler is not required.)
Hydrocarbons and water in the waste
simultaneously solubilize with the solvent, creating
a homogeneous mixture. As the solvent breaks the
oil-water-solid emulsions in the waste, the solids are
released and settle by gravity. The solvent mixture
is decanted from the solids and centrifuged to
remove fine particles.
PRIMARY
EXTRACTION/
DEWATERING
Soil
SECONDARY
EXTRACTION/
SOLIDS
DRYING
SOLVENT
STORAGE
B.E.S.T. Solvent Extraction Technology
Page 189
The SITE Program assesses but does not
approve or endorse technologies.
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May 2003
Completed Project
The solvent-oil-water mixture is then heated. As the
mixture's temperature increases, the water separates
from the organics and solvent. The organics-
solvent fraction is decanted and sent to a solvent
evaporator, where the solvent is recycled. The
organics are discharged for recycling, disposal, or
treatment. The water passes to a steam stripping
column where residual solvent is recovered for
recycling. The water is typically discharged to a
local wastewater treatment plant.
The B.E.S.T. technology is modular, allowing for
on-site treatment. The process significantly reduces
the organic contamination concentration in the
solids. B.E.S.T. also concentrates the contaminants
into a smaller volume, allowing for efficient final
treatment and disposal.
WASTE APPLICABILITY:
The B.E.S.T. technology can remove hydrocarbon
contaminants such as PCBs, PAHs, pesticides, and
herbicides from sediments, sludges, or soils.
System performance can be influenced by the
presence of detergents and emulsifiers.
STATUS:
The B.E.S.T. technology was accepted into the SITE
Demonstration Program in 1987. The SITE
demonstration was completed in July 1992 at the
Grand Calumet River site in Gary, Indiana. The
following reports are available from EPA:
• Applications Analysis Report
(EPA/540/AR-92/079)
• Technology Evaluation Report - Volume I
(EPA/540/R-92/079a)
• Technology Evaluation Report - Volume II,
Part 1 (EPA/540/R-92/079b)
• Technology Evaluation Report - Volume II,
Part 2 (EPA/540/R-92/079c)
• Technology Evaluation Report - Volume II,
Part 3 (EPA/540/R-92/079d)
• Technology Demonstration Summary
(EPA/540/SR-92/079)
The first full-scale B.E.S.T. unit was used at the
General Refining Superfund site in Garden City,
Georgia. A 75-ton-per-day B.E.S.T. unit is being
installed at Idaho National Engineering Laboratory
to extract organic contaminants from mixed wastes.
DEMONSTRATION RESULTS:
The SITE demonstration showed that the B.E.S.T.
process removed greater than 99 percent of the
PCBs found in river sediments without using
mechanical dewatering equipment. Treated solids
contained less than 2 milligrams per kilogram PCBs.
Comparable removal efficiencies were noted for
PAHs.
FOR FURTHER INFORMATION:
EPA PROJECT MANAGER:
Mark Meckes
U.S. EPA
National Risk Management Research
Laboratory
26 West Martin Luther King Drive
Cincinnati, OH 45268
513-569-7348
Fax: 513-569-7328
e-mail: meckes.mark@epa.gov
TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPER CONTACT:
William Heins
Ionics RCC
3006 Northup Way, Suite 200
Bellevue, WA 98004
425-828-2400 ext. 1330
Fax: 425-828-0526
The SITE Program assesses but does not
approve or endorse technologies.
Page 190
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Technology Profile
DEMONSTRATION PROGRAM
RETECH M4 ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT INC.
(Plasma Arc Vitrification)
TECHNOLOGY DESCRIPTION:
Plasma arc vitrification occurs in a plasma arc
centrifugal treatment (PACT) system, where heat
from a transferred plasma arc torch creates a molten
bath that detoxifies the feed material (see figure
below). Solids are melted into the molten bath
while organics are evaporated and destroyed.
Metallic feed material can either form a separate
liquid phase underneath the metal oxide slag layer
or can be oxidized and become part of the slag
layer.
Waste material is fed into a sealed centrifuge, where
a plasma torch heats solids to approximately
3,200°F and gas headspace to a minimum of
1,800°F. Organic material is evaporated and
destroyed. Off-gases travel through a gas-slag
separation chamber to a secondary chamber, where
the temperature is maintained at over 2,000°F for at
least 2 seconds. The off-gases then flow through an
off-gas treatment system.
Inorganic material is reduced to a molten phase that
is uniformly heated and mixed by the centrifuge and
the plasma arc. Material can be added in-process to
control slag quality. When the centrifuge slows, the
molten material is discharged as a homogeneous,
nonleachable, glassy slag into a mold or drum in the
slag collection chamber. When cooled, the resulting
product is a nonleachable, glassy residue which
meets toxicity characteristic leaching procedure
(TCLP) criteria.
The off-gas treatment system removes particulates,
acid gases, and volatilized metals. Off-gas
monitoring verifies that all applicable environmental
regulations are met. The design of the off-gas
treatment system depends on the waste material.
The entire system is hermetically sealed and
operated below atmospheric pressure to prevent
leakage of process gases. Pressure relief valves
connected to a closed surge tank provide relief if gas
pressures in the system exceed safe levels. Vented
gas is held in the tank, then recycled through the
PACT system.
WASTE APPLICABILITY:
The technology can process organic and inorganic
solid and liquid wastes. It is most appropriate for
mixed, transuranic, and chemical plant wastes; soil
containing both heavy metals and organics;
incinerator ash; and munitions, sludge, and hospital
waste.
Waste may be loose (shredded or flotation process)
or contained in 55-gallon drums. It can be in almost
Loose Material
or Drum Feeder
Plasma Arc Centrifugal Treatment (PACT) System
Page 191
The SITE Program assesses but does not
approve or endorse technologies.
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May 2003
Completed Project
any physical form: liquid, sludge, metal, rock, or
sand. Volatile metals in the waste, such as mercury,
are recovered by the off-gas treatment system.
STATUS:
The PACT-6 System, formerly PCF-6, was
demonstrated under the SITE Program in July 1991
at the Component Development and Integration
Facility of the U.S. Department of Energy in Butte,
Montana. During the demonstration, about 4,000
pounds of waste was processed. The waste
consisted of heavy metal-bearing soil from Silver
Bow Creek Superfund site spiked with 28,000 parts
per million (ppm) of zinc oxide, 1,000 ppm of
hexachlorobenzene, and a 90-to-10 weight ratio of
No. 2 diesel oil. All feed and effluent streams were
sampled. The Demonstration Bulletin
(EPA/540/M5-91/007), Applications Analysis
Report (EPA/540/A5-91/007), and Technology
Evaluation Report (EPA/540/ 5-91/007b) are
available from EPA.
During subsequent testing at the Component
Development and Integration Facility, the PACT-6
system achieved the following results:
• Hexachlorobenzene was at or below detection
limits in all off-gas samples. The minimum
destruction removal efficiency ranged from
99.9968 percent to greater than 99.9999 percent.
• The treated material met TCLP standards for
organic and inorganic constituents.
• Particulates in the off-gas exceeded the
regulatory standard. The off-gas treatment
system is being modified accordingly.
Particulate emissions from another PACT-8
system in Switzerland were measured at 1/200th
of the U.S. regulatory limit.
• Nitrous oxide (NOX) levels were very high
during the demonstration, but can meet stricter
standards. While NOX concentrations during the
demonstration exceeded 5,000 ppm, the NOX
concentrations in the off-gas from the PACT-8
furnace in Switzerland was reduced to 19 ppm.
Subsequent PACT-6 applications include
military pyrotechnics.
Two PACT-2 systems are in use in Europe, and
another one is at Retech for research and
development, while five Japanese PACT-8 systems
are under construction for European and domestic
nuclear and commercial applications. Two PACT-1
bench-scale systems are also in domestic use for
nuclear and shipboard testing.
FOR FURTHER INFORMATION:
EPA PROJECT MANAGER:
Laurel Staley
U.S. EPA
National Risk Management Research
Laboratory
26 West Martin Luther King Drive
Cincinnati, OH 45268
513-569-7863
Fax: 513-569-7620
e-mail: staley.laurel@epa.gov
TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPER CONTACTS:
Ronald Womack or Leroy Leland
Retech, Lockheed martin Advanced
Environmental Systems
P.O. Box 997
301 S. State Street
Ukiah, CA 65842
707-467-1721
Fax: 707-462-4103
The SITE Program assesses but does not
approve or endorse technologies.
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Technology Profile
DEMONSTRATION PROGRAM
ROCHEM SEPARATION SYSTEMS, INC.
(Reverse Osmosis: Disc Tube™ Module Technology)
TECHNOLOGY DESCRIPTION:
The Rochem Disc Tube™ Module System uses
membrane separation to treat aqueous solutions
ranging from seawater to leachate contaminated
with organic solvents. The system uses osmosis
through a semipermeable membrane to separate
pure water from contaminated liquids.
Osmotic theory implies that a saline solution may be
separated from pure water by a semipermeable
membrane. The higher osmotic pressure of the salt
solution causes the water (and other compounds
having high diffusion rates through the selected
membrane) to diffuse through the membrane into
the salt water. Water will continue to permeate the
salt solution until the osmotic pressure of the salt
solution equals the osmotic pressure of the pure
water. At this point, the salt concentrations of the
two solutions are equal, eliminating any additional
driving force for mass transfer across the
membrane.
However, if external pressure is exerted on the salt
solution, water will flow in the reverse direction
from the salt solution into the pure water.
This phenomenon, known as reverse osmosis (RO),
can separate pure water from contaminated
matrices. RO can treat hazardous wastes by
concentrating the hazardous chemical constituents
in an aqueous brine, while recovering pure water on
the other side of the membrane.
Fluid dynamics and system construction result in an
open-channel, fully turbulent feed and water-flow
system. This configuration prevents accumulation
of suspended solids on the separation membranes,
ensuring high efficiency filtration for water and
contaminants. Also, the design of the disc tubes
allows easy cleaning of the filtration medium,
providing a long service life for the membranes.
A general flow path for the Rochem Disc Tube™
Module System as applied at the SITE
demonstration is shown on the previous page.
Waste feed, process permeate, and rinse water are
potential feed materials to the RO modules. The
modules are skid-mounted and consist of a tank and
a high-pressure feed system. The high-pressure feed
system consists of a centrifugal feed pump, a
prefilter cartridge housing, and a triplex plunger
pump to feed the RO modules. The processing units
are self-contained and require electrical and
interconnection process piping before operation.
WASTE APPLICABILITY:
Many types of waste material can be treated with
this system, including sanitary and hazardous
landfill leachate containing both organic and
inorganic chemical species.
STATUS:
CENTRIFUGAL PRE-FILTER
PUMP SYSTEM
Three-Stage, Reverse Osmosis Flow Path
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This technology was accepted into the SITE
Demonstration Program in July 1991. The
demonstration was conducted in August 1994 at the
Central Landfill Superfund site in Johnston, Rhode
Island. The system was used to treat landfill
leachate from a hazardous waste landfill. During
the demonstration, approximately 4 gallons per
minute of contaminated waste was processed over a
3-week period. All feed and residual effluent
streams were sampled to evaluate the performance
of this technology. The Innovative Technology
Evaluation Report (EPA/540/R-96/507), the
Technology Capsule (EPA/540/R-96/507a), and the
Demonstration Bulletin (EPA/540/MR-96/507) are
available from EPA.
DEMONSTRATION RESULTS:
Preliminary results from the demonstration suggest
the following:
• Over 99 percent of total dissolved solids,
over 96 percent of total organic carbon, and
99 percent of all target metals were
removed. In addition, the average percent
rejection for volatile organic compounds
was greater than the test criteria of 90
percent.
• The average water recovery rate for the
Rochem Disc Tube™ Module System
during the demonstration was
approximately 75 percent. The test criterion
was 75 percent treated water recovery rate.
• The Rochem Disc Tube™ Module System
operated for 19 days at up to 8 hours per
day. Daily operation hours were not as long
as planned due to weather and field
operational difficulties. However, the
system operated long enough to evaluate the
technology's performance.
FOR FURTHER INFORMATION:
EPA PROJECT MANAGER:
Douglas Grosse
U.S. EPA
National Risk Management Research
Laboratory
26 West Martin Luther King Drive
Cincinnati, OH 45268
513-569-7844
Fax: 513-569-7585
e-mail: grosse.douglas@epa.gov
TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPER CONTACT:
David LaMonica
Pall Rochem
3904 Del Amo Boulevard, Suite 801
Torrance, CA 90503
310-370-3160
Fax: 310-370-4988
The SITE Program assesses but does not
approve or endorse technologies.
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Technology Profile
DEMONSTRATION PROGRAM
ROCKY MOUNTAIN REMEDIATION SERVICES, L.L.C.
(ENVIROBOND™ Solution)
TECHNOLOGY DESCRIPTION:
ENVIROBOND™ is a proprietary solution that
binds with metals in contaminated soils and other
wastes to form a virtually impenetrable chemical
bond. Rocky Mountain Remediation Services,
L.L.C., claims that the treatment process effectively
prevents metals leaching and can be used with
mechanical compaction to reduce the overall
volume of contaminated media by 30 to 50 percent.
The process generates no secondary wastes and
requires minimal handling, transportation, and
disposal costs. In addition, unlike some pozzolanic-
based reagents, the ENVIROBOND™ liquid is safe
to handle and does not generate any emissions.
ENVIROBOND™ consists of a mixture of additives
containing oxygen, sulfur, nitrogen, and
phosphorous; each additive has an affinity for a
specific class of metals. ENVIROBOND™
converts metal contaminants from their leachable
form to an insoluble, stable, nonhazardous metallic
complex. ENVIROBOND™ is essentially a ligand
that acts as a chelating agent. In the chelation
reaction, coordinate bonds attach the metal ion to
least two ligand nonmetal ions to form a
heterocyclic ring. The resulting ring structure is
inherently more stable than simpler structures
formed in other binding processes. By effectively
binding the metals, the process reduces the waste
stream's RCRA toxicity characteristic leaching
procedure (TCLP) test results to less than the
RCRA-regulated levels, subsequently reducing the
risks posed to human health and the environment.
The stabilized waste can then be placed in a pit or
compacted into the earth using traditional field
compaction equipment, or it can be mechanically
compacted to produce a solid, compressed form
called ENVIROBRIC™. The machine used to form
the ENVIROBRIC™ is designed for mass
production of sand-clay "rammed earth" bricks.
Unlike conventional construction bricks, rammed
earth bricks are produced under extremely high
compaction forces and are not heated or fired. As a
result, the bricks posses very high compressive
strength and a correspondingly low porosity,
making them ideal for on-site treatment by
solidification/stabilization at industrial sites. The
size of the individual bricks can be adjusted
depending on specific site requirements, and the
bricks have successfully passed various tests
designed to measure their long-term durability.
WASTE APPLICABILITY:
The ENVIROBOND™ process doe not reduce the
overall concentration of metal contaminants; instead
it converts them to metal-ligand compounds,
rendering them insoluble and stable in the media.
The developer claims that the process can be applied
to contaminated soils and other media in both
industrial and residential use scenarios. At
residential sites, contaminated soils and other media
in both industrial and residential use scenarios. At
residential sites, contaminated soil can be mixed
with ENVIROBOND™ and stabilized before being
disposed of off site. At industrial sites,
ENVIROBOND™ can be mixed with contaminated
waste streams or soils and then compacted in the
ENVIROBRIC™ process and backfilled on site to
reduce the overall volume of contaminated media.
Bench-scale and field tests indicate that
ENVIROBOND™ can be added to waste streams
containing more than four metal contaminants at
concentrations ranging from 200 to more than 5,000
parts per million (ppm). TCLP tests have shown
that metals concentrations in leachate frm treated
media doe not exceed RCRA regulatory levels.
Metals that can be stabilized with
ENVIROBOND™ include arsenic, barium,
cadmium, chromium, lead, mercury, nickel,
selenium, silver, and zinc. However, the process is
less effective in media containing more than 3
percent by weight of meals such as aluminum,
magnesium, calcium, and manganese. These metals
my reduce the number of chelating sites available by
preferentially binding with the ENVIROBOND™
agent.
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Completed Project
The ENVIROBOND™ process is capable of
achieving high processing rates of 20 to 40 tones per
hour and can be used with contaminated media
containing as much as 10 percent debris and other
matter. For acidic wastes with a pH of 3 or less,
buffering compounds can be added to the
contaminated media before it is media with
ENVIROBOND™. Volatile organic compounds
such as benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene, and xylenes
do not affect the process.
STATUS:
Under a cooperative agreement with the Ohio EPA,
the ENVIROBOND™ process with demonstrated in
September 1998 at two separate areas of the
Crooksville/Roseville Pottery site in Ohio. Soil at
the site, some of it adjacent to residential areas, is
contaminated with lead from waste disposal
practices associated with pottery production
operations. Soil at the demonstration areas contains
lead in concentrations ranging from 100 ppm to
80,000 ppm.
DEMONSTRATION RESULTS:
Soil treatment with ENVIROBOND™ reduced the
bioavilablility of lead by at least 25%, as determined
by the Physiological-Based Extracted Test (PBET),
and reduced leachable lead concentrations form 247
to 563 mg/L to <0.50 to 2.1 ug/L, as determined by
the Toxicity Characteristic Leaching Procedure
(TCLP).
FOR FURTHER INFORMATION:
EPA PROJECT MANAGER:
Ed Earth
U.S. EPA
National Risk Management Research
Laboratory
26 West Martin Luther King Drive
Cincinnati, OH 45268
513-569-7669
Fax:513-569-7585
e-mail: barth.ed@epa.gov
TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPER CONTACT:
Bob McPherson
Rocky Mountain Remediation
Services, L.L. C.
10808 Highway 93, Unit B
Building T-124A
Golden, CO 80403-8200
303-966-5414
Fax: 303-966-4542
The SITE Program assesses but does not
approve or endorse technologies.
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Technology Profile
DEMONSTRATION PROGRAM
SANDIA NATIONAL LABORATORIES
(In Situ Electrokinetic Extraction System)
TECHNOLOGY DESCRIPTION:
Electrokinetic remediation has been used suc-
cessfully to treat saturated soils contaminated with
heavy metals. At some sites, however, it may not be
desirable to add the quantities of water needed to
saturate a contamination plume in the vadose zone.
Sandia National Laboratories (SNL) has developed
an electrokinetic remediation technology that can be
used in unsaturated soils without adding significant
amounts of water.
The SNL electrokinetic extraction system, shown in
the figure below, consists of three main units: the
electrode assembly (electrode casing and internal
assemblies), the vacuum system, and the power
supply. The electrode casing consists of a porous
ceramic end that is 5 to 7 feet long and has an outer
diameter of 3.5 inches. During field installation, the
casing is attached to the required length of 3-inch
polyvinyl chloride pipe. The electrode internal
assembly consists of the drive electrode, a water
level control system, and a pump system. The
vacuum system consists of a venturi vacuum pump
and vacuum regulator that together supply a
constant vacuum for the electrode. Up to four
10,000-watt power supplies can operate in either
constant voltage or constant current mode.
When the drive electrode is energized, contaminants
and other ions are attracted into the electrode casing.
The water level control system adds water to, and
extracts water from, the electrodes. Water is
supplied to the electrode from a supply solution tank
at the ground surface. This solution is either drawn
into the electrode by the vacuum maintained in the
electrode or by a supply pump. At the same time,
water is continuously pumped out from the
Pressure
Regulator
Drive
.^^Electrode
Schematic Diagram of the In Situ Electrokinetic Extraction System
Page 197
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Completed Project
electrode casing at a constant rate. Part of the
contaminated water is sent to an effluent waste tank
at the ground surface; the remainder is returned to
the electrode to maintain circulation of the fluid
surrounding the electrode. A metering pump
controlled by in-line pH meters regulates the
introduction of neutralization chemicals to each
electrode. Process control and monitoring
equipment is contained in a 10-foot- by-40-foot
instrument trailer.
WASTE APPLICABILITY:
SNL has developed its electrokinetic extraction
system to treat anionic heavy metals such as
chromate in unsaturated soil. There is no lower
limit to the contaminant concentration that can be
treated; however, there may be a lower limit on the
ratio of contaminant ions to other ions in the soil.
The technology can be expanded to treat saturated
soils. Soil that is highly conductive because of a
high salinity content is not suitable for this
technology. In addition, sites with buried metal
debris, such as pipelines, are not appropriate.
STATUS:
This technology was accepted into the SITE
Demonstration Program in summer 1994. The SITE
demonstration began May 1996, at an unlined
chromic acid pit within a SNL RCRA regulated
landfill. The operation was completed in November
1996 and site closure was completed in April 1997,
with a closure report submitted to New Mexico state
regulators in September 1997.
DEMONSTRATION RESULTS:
The demonstration verified the technology's
capability of removing anionic contaminants from
vadose zone soil through passive operation.
Approximately 520 grams (g) of hexavalent
chromium was remove d during the demonstration.
Overall hexavalent chromium removal rates varied
from 0.074 gram per hour (g/hour) during Test 1 to
0.338 g/hour during Test 5. Overall hexavalent
chromium removal efficiencies varied from 0.0359
gram per kilowatt-hour (g/kW-h) during Test 7 to
0.136 g/kW-h during Test 13. More than 50 percent
of the postdemonstration soil samples exceeded the
toxicity characteristic leach procedure TCLP) limit
of 5 milligrams per liter (mg/L) for total chromium.
The soil TCLP leachate concentrations that were
above the TCLP limit ranged from 6 to 67 mg/L.
FOR FURTHER INFORMATION:
EPA PROJECT MANAGER:
Randy Parker
U.S. EPA
National Risk Management Research
Laboratory
26 West Martin Luther King Drive
Cincinnati, OH 45268
513-569-7271
Fax:513-569-7571
e-mail: parker.randy@epa.gov
TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPER CONTACTS:
Eric Lindgren
Sandia National Laboratories
Mail Stop 0719
P.O. Box 5800
Albuquerque, NM 87185-0719
505-844-3820
Fax: 505-844-0543
e-mail: erlindg@sandia.gov
Earl D. Mattson
Sat-UnSat Inc.
12004 Del ReyNE
Albuquerque, NM 87122
505-856-3311
The SITE Program assesses but does not
approve or endorse technologies.
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Technology Profile
DEMONSTRATION PROGRAM
SBP TECHNOLOGIES, INC.
(Membrane Filtration and Bioremediation)
TECHNOLOGY DESCRIPTION:
SBP Technologies, Inc. (SBP), has developed a
hazardous waste treatment system consisting of
(1) a membrane filtration system that extracts and
concentrates contaminants from groundwater,
surface water, wash water, or slurries; and (2) a
bioremediation system that treats concentrated
groundwater, wash water, and soil slurries (see
photograph below). These two systems treat a wide
range of waste materials separately or as parts of an
integrated waste handling system.
The membrane filtration system removes and
concentrates contaminants by pumping
contaminated liquids through porous stainless steel
tubes coated with specifically formulated
membranes. Contaminants are collected inside the
tube membrane, while "clean" water permeates the
membrane and tubes. Depending on local
requirements and regulations, the clean permeate
can be discharged to the sanitary sewer for further
treatment at a publicly owned treatment works
(POTW). The concentrated contaminants are
collected in a holding tank and fed to the
bioremediation system.
Contaminated water or slurry can also flow directly
into the bioremediation system and be polished in
the membrane filtration system. The bioremediation
system consists of one or more bioreactors that are
inoculated with specially selected, usually
indigenous microorganisms to produce effluent with
low to nondetectable contaminant levels. In-
tegrating the two systems allows removal and
destruction of many contaminants.
Membrane Filtration and Bioremediation
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WASTE APPLICABILITY:
The membrane filtration system concentrates
contaminants and reduces the volume of
contaminated materials from a number of waste
streams, including contaminated groundwater,
surface water, storm water, landfill leachates, and
industrial process wastewater.
The bioremediation system can treat a wide range of
organic contamination, especially wood-preserving
wastes and solvents. A modified version can also
treat polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH)
such as creosote and coal tar; pentachlorophenol;
petroleum hydrocarbons; and chlorinated aliphatics,
such as trichloroethene.
The two technologies can be used separately or
combined, depending on site characteristics and
waste treatment needs. For example, for waste-
waters or slurries contaminated with inorganics or
materials not easily bioremediated, the membrane
filtration system can separate the material for
treatment by another process. Both the membrane
filtration system and the bioremediation system can
be used as part of a soil cleaning system to handle
residuals and contaminated liquids.
STATUS:
The membrane filtration system, accepted into the
SITE Program in 1990, was demonstrated in
October 1991 at the American Creosote Works in
Pensacola, Florida. The Demonstration Bulletin
(EPA/540/MR- 92/014) and Applications Analysis
Report (EPA/540/AR-92/014) are available from
EPA. A full-scale SITE Program demonstration of
the bioremediation system was canceled. However,
a smaller-scale field study was conducted at the site;
results are available through the developer. SBP is
marketing its bioremediation and membrane
filtration systems to industrial and governmental
clients for on-site treatment of contaminated soil,
sludge, and water.
DEMONSTRATION RESULTS:
Results from the SITE demonstration are
summarized as follows:
• The system effectively concentrated the PAHs
into a smaller volume.
• The process removed 95 percent of the PAHs
found in creosote from the feed and produced a
permeate stream that was acceptable for
discharge to a POTW.
• The membrane removed 25 to 35 percent of
smaller phenolic compounds.
• The system removed an average of about 80
percent of the total concentrations of creosote
constituents (phenolics and PAHs) in the
feedwater and permeate.
FOR FURTHER INFORMATION:
EPA PROJECT MANAGER:
John Martin
U.S. EPA
National Risk Management Research
Laboratory
26 West Martin Luther King Drive
Cincinnati, OH 45268
513-569-7758
Fax: 513-569-7620
e-mail: martin.john@epa.gov
TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPER CONTACT:
SBP Technologies Inc.
Baton Rouge, LA
504-755-7711
The SITE Program assesses but does not
approve or endorse technologies.
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Technology Profile
DEMONSTRATION PROGRAM
SEVENSON ENVIRONMENTAL SERVICES, INC.
(formerly Mae Corp, Inc.)
(MAECTITE® Chemical Treatment Process)
TECHNOLOGY DESCRIPTION:
The patented MAECTITE® chemical treatment
process for lead and other heavy metals uses
reagents and processing equipment to render soils,
waste, and other materials nonhazardous when
tested by the Resource Conservation and Recovery
Act toxicity characteristic leaching procedure
(TCLP). The MAECTITE® process reduces
leachable lead, hexavalent chromium, and other
heavy metals to below treatment standards required
by land-ban regulations. Lead in treated material, as
determined by approved EPA methods (such as the
TCLP, extraction procedure toxicity test, and the
multiple extraction procedure), complies with limits
established by EPA. The photograph below shows a
500-ton-per-day ex situ unit.
500-Ton-Per-Day MAECTITE®
Processing System
Chemical treatment by the MAECTITE® process
converts leachable lead into insoluble minerals and
mixed mineral forms within the material or waste
matrix. MAECTITE® reagents stimulate the
nucleation of crystals by chemical bonding to yield
mineral compounds in molecular forms. These
forms are resistant to leaching and physical
degradation from environmental forces. The
durability of traditional monolithic solidification-
stabilization process end-products is often measured
by geotechnical tests such as wet-dry, freeze-thaw,
permeability, and unconfined compressive strength.
The MAECTITE® process does not use physical
binders, is not pozzolanic or siliceous, and does not
rely on the formation of metallic hydroxides using
hydration mechanisms. Therefore, these tests are
not relevant to MAECTITE® product chemical
stability, although engineered properties are readily
obtained, if required. MAECTITE® is not pH
dependent and does not use adsorption, absorption,
entrapment, lattice containment, encapsulation, or
other physical binding principles. The technology is
a true chemical reaction process that alters the
structure and properties of the waste, yielding stable
compounds.
The MAECTITE® process uses water to assist in
dispersing reagents. However, the dehydration
characteristic of the process liberates water present
in waste prior to treatment (absorbed and hydrated
forms) to a free state where it can be removed from
the waste matrix by evaporation and capillary
drying principles. The ability of treated material to
readily lose water, the formation of dense mineral
crystals, and the restructuring of the material as a
result of MAECTITE® treatment (where interstitial
space is minimized), all contribute to reduced waste
volume and weight.
Ex situ MAECTITE® processing equipment
generally consists of material screening and sizing
components, liquid and solid reagent storage
delivery subsystems, and a mixing unit such as a
pug mill. Equipment is mobile but can be modified
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Completed Project
for fixed system operations. In situ MAECTITE®
processing equipment is also available; system
selection is largely dictated by contaminant plume
configuration, soil characteristics, and site space
limitations.
WASTE APPLICABILITY:
Materials that have been rendered nonhazardous
include soils; sludges; sediments; battery contents,
including casings; foundry sands; and firing range
soil. Oversized material can be treated with the
process as debris, but size reduction often makes
processing more efficient. Even sludges with free
liquids (as determined by the paint filter test) have
been treated to TCLP compliance when excess
fluids are present.
The range of lead levels effectively treated has not
been fully determined; however, soils with total lead
as high as 30 percent by weight and TCLP values
over 15,000 milligrams per liter (mg/L) were not
problematic. Common lead levels encountered have
averaged from 200 milligrams per kilogram to
6,500 with TCLP concentrations averaging 20 to
400 mg/L. Material geochemistry most often
dictates final MAECTITE® treatment designs.
Furthermore, correlations between total lead and
regulated leachable lead levels are inconsistent, with
treatment efforts more strongly related to the
geochemical characteristics of the waste material.
STATUS:
The chemical treatment technology was initially
accepted into the SITE Demonstration Program in
March 1992. EPA is seeking a suitable
demonstration site.
Sevenson Environmental Services, Inc. (Sevenson),
acquired the MAECTITE® technology in 1993 and
was issued second, third and fourth patents in 1995,
1996, and 1997 respectively. Combining ex situ and
in situ quantities, over 650,000 tons of material has
been successfully processed. Treatability studies
have been conducted on over 100 different materials
in over 40 states, Canada, Italy, and Mexico. The
technology has been applied at full-scale
demonstration and remedial projects in over
25 states and in all 10 EPA regions.
The MAECTITE" process has been formally
accepted into the EPA PQOPS program for the
fixation-stabilization of inorganic species.
Proprietary technology modifications have shown
promise in rendering radionuclides nonleachable
using gamma spectral counting methods on TCLP
extract.
FOR FURTHER INFORMATION:
EPA PROJECT MANAGER:
Annette Gatchett
U.S. EPA
National Risk Management Research
Laboratory
26 West Martin Luther King Drive
Cincinnati, OH 45268
513-569-7697
Fax: 513-569-7105
e-mail: gatchett.annette@epa.gov
TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPER CONTACT:
Charles McPheeters
Sevenson Environmental Services, Inc.
8270 Whitcomb Street
Merrillville, IN 46410
219-756-4686
Fax:219-756-4687
The SITE Program assesses but does not
approve or endorse technologies.
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Technology Profile
DEMONSTRATION PROGRAM
SMITH ENVIRONMENTAL
TECHNOLOGIES CORPORATION
(formerly Canonic Environmental Services Corporation)
(Low Temperature Thermal Aeration [LTTA®])
TECHNOLOGY DESCRIPTION:
The Low Temperature Thermal Aeration (LTTA®)
technology is a low-temperature desorption process
(see figure below). The technology removes
organic contaminants from contaminated soils into a
contained air stream, which is extensively treated to
collect or thermally destroy the contaminants.
A direct-fired rotary dryer heats an air stream
which, by direct contact, desorbs water and organic
contaminants from the soil. Soil can be heated to up
to 800°F. The processed soil is quenched to reduce
temperatures and mitigate dust problems. The
processed soil is then discharged into a stockpile.
The hot air stream that contains vaporized water and
organics is treated by one of two air pollution
control systems. One system removes the organic
contaminants from the air stream by adsorption on
granular activated carbon (GAC) and includes the
following units in series: (1) cyclones and baghouse
for particulate removal; (2) wet scrubber for acid
gas and some organic vapor removal; and (3) GAC
adsorption beds for organic removal.
The second air pollution control system can treat
soils containing high concentrations of petroleum
hydrocarbons. The system includes the following
units in series: (1) cyclones for particle removal;
(2) thermal oxidizer-afterburner for destruction of
organics; (3) quench tower for cooling of air stream;
(4) baghouse for additional particle removal; and
(5) wet scrubber for acid gas removal.
The LTTA® technology generates no wastewater or
waste soils. Cyclone fines and baghouse dust are
combined with treated soil and quenched with
treated scrubber water. The treated soil, once
verified to meet the treatment criteria, is backfilled
on site without restrictions. GAC beds used for air
pollution control are regenerated or incinerated
when spent.
WASTE APPLICABILITY:
LTTA® can remove volatile organic compounds
(VOC), semivolatile organic compounds (SVOC),
organochlorine pesticides (OCP), organophosphorus
pesticides (OPP), and total petroleum hydrocarbons
(TPH) from soils, sediments, and some sludges.
TREATED MATERIAL
IMPACTED MATERIAL
Low Temperature Thermal Aeration (LTTA®) Technology
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Completed Project
LTTA® has been used at full scale to remove VOCs
such as benzene, toluene, tetrachloroethene,
trichloroethene, and dichloroethene; SVOCs such as
acenaphthene, chrysene, naphthalene, and pyrene;
OCPs such as DDT, DDT metabolites, and
toxaphene; OPPs such as ethyl parathion, methyl
parathion, merphos, and mevinphos; and TPHs.
STATUS:
The LTTA® technology was accepted into the SITE
Demonstration Program in summer 1992. LTTA®
was demonstrated in September 1992 on soils
contaminated with OCPs during a full-scale
remediation at a pesticide site in Arizona. The
Demonstration Bulletin (EPA/540/MR-93/504) and
Applications Analysis Report (EPA/540/AR-
93/504) are available from EPA.
The full-scale LTTA® system has remediated
contaminated soils at six sites, including three
Superfund sites. The system has treated more than
117,000 tons of soil.
DEMONSTRATION RESULTS:
Key findings from the demonstration are
summarized below:
• The LTTA® system achieved the specified
cleanup criteria for the site, a sliding scale
correlating the concentrations of DDT family
compounds (DDT, DDE, and ODD) with
concentrations of toxaphene. The maximum
allowable pesticide concentrations in the treated
soil were 3.52 milligrams per kilogram (mg/kg)
of DDT family compounds and 1.09 mg/kg of
toxaphene.
Residual levels of all the pesticides in the
treated soil were generally below or close to the
laboratory detection limit, with the exception of
4,4'-DDE, which was found at residual
concentrations of 0.1 to 1.5 mg/kg. Removal
efficiencies for pesticides found in the feed soil
at quantifiable concentrations are summarized
below:
Compound
4,4'-DDD
4,4'-DDE
4,4'-DDT
Endrin
Toxaphene
Endosulfan 1
Efficiency
>99.97%
90.26%
99.97%
>99.85%
>99.83%
>99.98%
• The LTTA® process did not generate
dioxins or furans as products of incomplete
combustion or thermal transformation.
FOR FURTHER INFORMATION:
EPA PROJECT MANAGER:
Paul dePercin
U.S. EPA
National Risk Management Research
Laboratory
26 West Martin Luther King Drive
Cincinnati, OH 45268
513-569-7797
Fax:513-569-7105
e-Mail: depercin.paul@epa.gov
TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPER CONTACT:
Joseph Hutton
Smith Environmental Technologies
Corporation
304 Inverness Way South, Suite 200
Englewood, CO 801 12
219-926-8651
The SITE Program assesses but does not
approve or endorse technologies.
Page 204
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Technology Protile
DEMONSTRATION PROGRAM
SOILTECH ATP SYSTEMS, INC.
(Anaerobic Thermal Processor)
TECHNOLOGY DESCRIPTION:
The SoilTech ATP Systems, Inc. (SoilTech),
anaerobic thermal processor (ATP) uses a rotary
kiln to desorb, collect, and recondense contaminants
or recyclable hydrocarbons from a wide variety of
feed material (see figure below).
The proprietary kiln contains four separate internal
thermal zones: preheat, retort, combustion, and
cooling. In the preheat zone, water and volatile
organic compounds (VOC) are vaporized. The hot
solids and heavy hydrocarbons then pass through a
proprietary sand seal to the retort zone. The sand
seal allows solids to pass and inhibits gas and
contaminant movement from one zone to the other.
Concurrently, hot treated soil from the combustion
zone enters the retort zone through a second sand
seal. This hot treated soil provides the thermal
energy necessary to desorb the heavy organic
contaminants. The vaporized contaminants are
removed under slight vacuum to the gas handling
system. After cyclones remove dust from the gases,
the gases are cooled, and condensed oil and water
are separated into their various fractions.
The coked soil passes through a third sand seal from
the retort zone to the combustion zone. Some of the
hot treated soil is recycled to the retort zone through
the second sand seal as previously described. The
remainder of the soil enters the cooling zone. As
the hot combusted soil enters the cooling zone, it is
cooled in the annular space between the outside of
the preheat zone and the kiln shell. Here, the heat
from the combusted soils is transferred indirectly to
the soils in the preheat zone. The cooled, treated
soil exiting the cooling zone is quenched with water
and conveyed to a storage pile.
Flue gases from the combustion zone pass through
the cooling zone to an emission control system. The
system consists of a cyclone and baghouse to
remove particulates, a wet scrubber to remove acid
gases, and a carbon adsorption bed to remove trace
organic compounds.
WASTE APPLICABILITY:
The system treats soils, sediments, and sludges
contaminated with compounds that vaporize at
temperatures up to 1,100 °F. Treated solids are free
of organics and suited for backfill on site.
Applicable contaminants include the following:
• Petroleum hydrocarbons: fuel, oil, lube oil,
semivolatile organic compounds (SVOC),
VOCs
• Halogenated hydrocarbons: polychlorinated
biphenyls (PCB), dioxins, furans, pesticides,
herbicides
• Aromatic hydrocarbons: coal tar residues
polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH)
• Volatile metals: mercury
Clean Stack Gas
Dischaiue To Atmosphere
Cles
>•
in Solids
A r
ATP
t
Fuel
Flue Gas
Treatment
_f
Steam and
Hydrocarbons ^^
^f Separation
Nbncondansable
uases
\f
w^ On-Slte
V
Recovered organic
to off-site
treatment or recycle
Anaerobic Thermal Processor (ATP)
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STATUS:
This technology was accepted into the SITE
Demonstration Program in 1991. The ATP has been
demonstrated at two sites. At the first
demonstration, in May 1991, a full-scale unit
dechlorinated PCB-contaminated soil at the Wide
Beach Development Superfund site in Brant, New
York. At the second demonstration, completed in
June 1992, a full-scale unit remediated soils and
sediments at the Waukegan Harbor Superfund site
in Waukegan, Illinois. Two additional Superfund
sites in Ohio and Kentucky have since been
remediated by the ATP. Soils at these sites were
contaminated with PCBs, PAHs, and pesticides.
The ATP has been used to treat more than 100,000
tons of waste on four separate sites. The system has
operated in compliance with state and federal
regulations in New York, Illinois, Ohio, and
Kentucky. SoilTech is currently negotiating with a
confidential client to remediate 25,000 cubic yards
of trichloroethene- (TCE) and PCB-contaminated
soil at a site located in Pennsylvania.
ZzSoilTech is continuing its research into more
diverse organic remediation applications and
bitumen recovery.
DEMONSTRATION RESULTS:
Test results from both SITE demonstrations indicate
the following:
• The SoilTech ATP removed over 99 percent of
the PCBs in the contaminated soil, resulting in
PCB levels below 0.1 part per million (ppm) at
the Wide Beach Development site and
averaging 2 ppm at the Waukegan Harbor site.
• Dioxin and furan stack gas emissions were
below the site-specific standards.
• PCB stack gas emissions were equivalent to
99.99 percent destruction and removal
efficiency at the Waukegan Harbor site.
• No volatile or semivolatile organic degradation
products were detected in the treated soil. Also,
no leachable metals, VOCs, or SVOCs were
detected in the treated soil.
• For the Wide Beach Development and
Waukegan Harbor remediation projects, soil
treatment costs were approximately $265 and
$155 per ton, respectively. The regulatory
support, mobilization, startup, and
demobilization costs totaled about $1,400,000
for each site.
FOR FURTHER INFORMATION:
EPA PROJECT MANAGER:
Paul dePercin
U.S. EPA
National Risk Management Research
Laboratory
26 West Martin Luther King Drive
Cincinnati, OH 45268
513-569-7697
Fax:513-569-7105
e-mail: depercin.paul@epa.gov
TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPER CONTACTS:
Joseph Hutton
Smith Environmental Technologies
Corporation
304 Inverness Way South, Suite 200
Englewood, CO 80112
219-926-8651
The SITE Program assesses but does not
approve or endorse technologies.
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Technology Profile
DEMONSTRATION PROGRAM
SOLIDITECH, INC.
(Solidification and Stabilization)
TECHNOLOGY DESCRIPTION:
This solidification and stabilization process
immobilizes contaminants in soils and sludges by
binding them in a concrete-like, leach-resistant
matrix. Contaminated waste materials are collected,
screened to remove oversized material, and
introduced to the batch mixer (see figure below).
The waste material is then mixed with water;
Urrichem, a proprietary chemical reagent;
proprietary additives; and pozzolanic material (fly
ash), kiln dust, or cement. After it is thoroughly
mixed, the treated waste is discharged from the
mixer. Treated waste is a solidified mass with
significant unconfmed compressive strength (UCS),
high stability, and a rigid texture similar to that of
concrete.
WASTE APPLICABILITY:
This process treats soils and sludges contaminated
with organic compounds, metals, inorganic
compounds, and oil and grease. Batch mixers of
various capacities can treat different volumes of
waste.
STATUS:
This technology was accepted into the SITE
Demonstration Program in 1988. The solidification
and stabilization process was demonstrated in
December 1988 at the Imperial Oil
Company/Champion Chemical Company Superfund
site in Morganville, New Jersey. This site formerly
contained both chemical processing and oil
reclamation facilities. Soils, filter cakes, and oily
wastes from an old storage tank were treated during
the demonstration. These wastes were contaminated
with petroleum hydrocarbons, polychlorinated
biphenyls (PCB), other organic chemicals, and
heavy metals. The Technology Evaluation Report
(EPA/540/ 5-89/005a), Applications Analysis
Report (EPA/540/A5-89/005), and Demonstration
Bulletin (EPA/540/M5- 89/005) are available from
EPA. This technology is no longer available through
a vendor. Contact the EPA Project Manager for
further information.
INTERNAL VIEW OF MIXER
TfltATED WASTE
Soliditech Processing Equipment
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DEMONSTRATION RESULTS:
Key findings from the Soliditech demonstration are
summarized below:
• Extract and leachate analyses showed that heavy
metals in the untreated waste were immobilized.
• The process solidified both solid and liquid
wastes with high organic content (up to 17
percent), as well as oil and grease.
• Volatile organic compounds in the original
waste were not detected in the treated waste.
• Physical test results of the solidified waste
showed (1) UCS ranging from 390 to 860
pounds per square inch (psi); (2) very little
weight loss after 12 cycles of wet and dry and
freeze and thaw durability tests; (3) low
permeability of the treated waste; and
(4) increased density after treatment.
• The solidified waste increased in volume by an
average of 22 percent. Because of
solidification, the bulk density of the waste
material increased by about 35 percent.
• Semivolatile organic compounds (phenols) were
detected in the treated waste and the toxicity
characteristic leaching procedure (TCLP)
extracts from the treated waste, but not in the
untreated waste or its TCLP extracts. The
presence of these compounds is believed to
result from chemical reactions in the waste
treatment mixture.
• The oil and grease content of the untreated
waste ranged from 2.8 to 17.3 percent (28,000
to 173,000 parts per million [ppm]). The oil and
grease content of the TCLP extracts from the
solidified waste ranged from 2.4 to 12 ppm.
• The pH of the solidified waste ranged from 11.7
to 12.0. The pH of the untreated waste ranged
from 3.4 to 7.9.
• PCBs were not detected in any extracts or
leachates from the treated waste.
• Visual observation of solidified waste revealed
bulk oily material about 1 millimeter in
diameter.
FOR FURTHER INFORMATION:
EPA PROJECT MANAGER:
Annette Gatchett
U.S. EPA
National Risk Management Research
Laboratory
26 West Martin Luther King Drive
Cincinnati, OH 45268
513-569-7697
Fax: 513-569-7105
e-mail: gatchett.annette@epa.gov
TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPER CONTACT:
Bill Stallworth
Soliditech, Inc.
Houston, TX
713-497-8558
The SITE Program assesses but does not
approve or endorse technologies.
Page 208
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Technology Protile
DEMONSTRATION PROGRAM
SOLUCORP INDUSTRIES
(Molecular Bonding System®)
TECHNOLOGY DESCRIPTION:
The Molecular Bonding System® (MBS) is a
process developed for the stabilization of a variety
of media, such as soil, sludge, slag, and ash, that is
contaminated with heavy metals. The process
employs a proprietary mixture of nonhazardous
chemicals to convert the heavy metal contaminants
from their existing reactive and leachable forms
(usually oxides) into insoluble, stable,
nonhazardous, metallic-sulfide compounds that will
achieve toxicity characteristic leaching procedure
(TCLP) levels far below regulatory limits. The
MBS process maintains the pH levels in the media
within the range where the insolubility of the heavy
metal sulfides is assured. The system also provides
buffer capacity to ensure that the pH is not
significantly altered by the addition of acids or
caustics to the media.
As depicted in the diagram below, the MBS
treatment process is completely mobile and easily
transportable (to allow for on-site treatment). Waste
material is screened and crushed as required to
reduce particle sizes to an average 1-inch diameter
(particle size reduction increases surface area, which
maximizes contact with the reagents). The waste
media is then mixed with powdered reagents in a
closed-hopper pug mill (the reagent mixture is
established through treatability studies for the site-
specific conditions). Water is then added to
catalyze the reaction and to ensure homogeneous
mixing. There is no curing time and the resulting
increase in volume is between 2 to 3 percent. The
treated media is then conveyed to a stockpile where
it can then be either returned to the original site or
disposed in a landfill as cover, fill, or contour
material.
MBS can also be applied with traditional in situ
mixing techniques such as tillers, eliminating the
need for excavating and preparing the soil.
The MBS process can also be used to stabilize waste
"in line" during the manufacturing process,
preventing the waste from being classified as
hazardous. Commercial applications on slag from a
secondary smelter are underway.
The MBS process stabilizes heavy metals in soil,
sludges, baghouse dust, ash, slag, and sediment.
Heavy metals rendered inert by the process include
arsenic, cadmium, chromium, copper, lead,
mercury, nickel, silver, and zinc. The process can
simultaneously stabilize multiple heavy metal
contaminants. The presence of organics does not
affect treatment by MBS.
Silo
Process Flow Diagram of the Molecular Bonding System
Page 209
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May 2003
Completed Project
STATUS:
The MBS technology was accepted into the SITE
Demonstration Program in early 1995. A SITE
demonstration was conducted at the Midvale Slag
Superfund Site in Midvale, Utah in 1997. Three
waste streams contaminated with As, Cd, and Pb
were treated, including soil/fill material, slag, and
miscellaneous smelter waste without brick.
Approximately 500 tons of each waste stream was
treated. The treated wastes and soils passed EPA's
Multiple Extraction Procedure. The MBS process
has undergone extensive bench-scale and pilot-scale
testing prior to its successful full-scale
commercialization. The same reductions in the
TCLP levels of hazardous contaminants achieved in
the laboratory were achieved at five manufacturing
sites in five different states.
FOR FURTHER INFORMATION:
EPA PROJECT MANAGER:
Thomas Holdsworth
U.S. EPA
National Risk Management Research
Laboratory
26 West Martin Luther King Drive
Cincinnati, OH 45268
513-569-7675
Fax:513-569-7676
e-mail: holdsworth.thomas@epa.gov
TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPER CONTACT:
Robert Kuhn
SOLUCORP Industries
250 West Nyack Road
West Nyack, NY 10994
914-623-2333
Fax: 914-623-4987
The SITE Program assesses but does not
approve or endorse technologies.
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Technology Profile
DEMONSTRATION PROGRAM
SONOTECH, INC.
(Frequency-Tunable Pulse Combustion System)
TECHNOLOGY DESCRIPTION:
The Sonotech, Inc., frequency-tunable pulse
combustion system (Sonotech system) is designed to
significantly improve batch- and continuous-mode
combustion or thermal processes (such as
incineration) by creating large-amplitude, resonant
pulsations inside the combustion chamber. This
technology can be applied to new or existing
combustion systems. The technology is used in
fossil fuel combustion devices, residential natural
gas furnaces, and industrial combustion systems. It
should prove similarly beneficial to hazardous waste
incineration and soil remediation applications.
The Sonotech system (see photograph below)
consists of an air inlet, a combustor section, a
tailpipe, a control panel, and safety features.
This system is designed to improve an incinerator's
performance by (1) increasing mixing rates between
the fuel and air, (2) increasing mixing rates between
reactive gas pockets and ignition sources, and (3)
increasing rates of heat and mass transfer between
the gas and the burning waste. These improvements
should (1) reduce the amount of excess air required
to completely burn the waste, (2) increase
destruction and removal efficiencies (DRE) of
principal organic hazardous constituents, (3)
minimize the formation of products of incomplete
combustion, and (4) eliminate or minimize
detrimental emissions or "puffs."
The Sonotech system has achieved sound
amplitudes as high as 170 decibels and frequencies
of 100 to 500 hertz within the combustion chamber.
The high frequencies and velocities of these gas
oscillations help mix the gases in the chamber and
thus reduce or eliminate stratification effects.
Frequency-Tunable Pulse Combustion System Installed at
EPA's Research Facility
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May 2003
Completed Project
The Sonotech system can function alone or as a
supplemental retrofit to an existing combustion
system. In the latter application, the frequency-
tunable pulse combustion system can supply as little
as 2 to 10 percent of the total energy requirements.
The total fuel supplied to the main burner and the
Sonotech system should be less than the amount of
fuel supplied to the main burner before retrofitting.
WASTE APPLICABILITY:
This technology can be used with any material that
can be treated in a conventional incinerator.
Sonotech, Inc., believes that the technology is ready
for incineration of hazardous, municipal, and
medical wastes.
STATUS:
This technology was accepted into the SITE
Demonstration Program in 1992. The 6-week
demonstration evaluated whether the technology
improved the performance of a larger scale
incineration system. To meet this goal, the pilot-
scale rotary kiln incinerator at EPA's Incineration
Research Facility in Jefferson, Arkansas was retrofit
with a Sonotech system. The demonstration took
place from September to October 1994. The retrofit
incinerator was used to treat coal- and oil-
gasification wastes, traditionally incinerated with
conventional technology. The Technology Capsule
(EPA/540/R-95/502a) is available from EPA.
DEMONSTRATION RESULTS:
The Sonotech system increased the incinerator
waste feed rate capacity by 13 to 21 percent
compared to conventional combustion. As the
demonstration waste had significant heat content,
the capacity increase was equivalent to a reduction
in the auxiliary fuel needed to
treat a unit mass of waste from 21,100 British
thermal unit/pound (Btu/lb) for conventional
combustion to 18,000 Btu/lb for the Sonotech
system. Visual observations indicated improved
mixing in the incinerator cavity with the Sonotech
system operating.
Benzene and naphthalene DREs were greater than
99.99%. The average concentration of carbon
monoxide exiting the afterburner, corrected to 7
percent oxygen, decreased from 20 parts per million
(ppm) with conventional combustion to 14 ppm
with the Sonotech system. The average
concentration of nitrogen oxides exiting the after
burner, corrected to 7 percent oxygen, decreased
from 82 ppm with conventional combustion to 77
ppm with the Sonotech system. Average soot
emissions exiting the afterburner, corrected to 7
percent oxygen, were reduced from 1.9 milligrams
per dry standard cubic meter (mg/dscm) for
conventional combustion to less than 1.0 mg/dscm
with the Sonotech system. Total air requirements
for system combustion, determined from
stoichiometric calculations, were lower with the
Sonotech system in operation.
FOR FURTHER INFORMATION:
EPA PROJECT MANAGER:
Marta K. Richards
U.S. EPA
National Risk Management Research
Laboratory
26 West Martin Luther King Drive
Cincinnati, OH 45268
513-569-7692
Fax: 513-569-7676
e-mail: richards.marta@epa.gov
TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPER CONTACT:
Ben Zinn
Sonotech, Inc.
3656 Paces Valley Road
Atlanta, GA 30327
404-894-3033
Fax: 404-894-2760
The SITE Program assesses but does not
approve or endorse technologies.
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Technology Profile
DEMONSTRATION PROGRAM
STAR ORGANICS, L.L.C.
(Soil Rescue Remediation Fluid)
TECHNOLOGY DESCRIPTION:
Tart Organics, L.L.C., has developed a liquid
remediation solution that binds heavy metal
contaminants in soils, sludges, and aqueous
solutions. The liquid, called Soil Rescue, consists
of organic acids that occur naturally in trace
concentrations in soil. The liquid is typically
sprayed onto and then tilled into the contaminated
media; the application process can be repeated until
the metals concentration in the media are reduced to
below the applicable cleanup standards. Laboratory
and pilot-scale tests have shown that metals
concentrations can be reduced to below Research
Conservation and Recovery Act (RCRA) regulatory
levels.
The Soil Rescue solution does not destroy or
remove toxic concentrations of metals. Instead,
organic acids in the solution bond with the metals to
form more complex metallic compounds in a
process known as chelation. Soil Rescue is
essentially a ligand that acts as a chelating agent. In
te chelation reaction, coordinate bonds attach the
metal ion to least two ligand organic compounds to
form a heterocyclic ring. The resulting ring
structure is inherently more stable than simpler
structures formed in other binding processes.
By effectively binding the metals, the process
reduces the waste stream's toxicity characteristic
leaching procedure (TCLP) test results to less than
the RCRA-regulated levels, subsequently reducing
the risks posed to human health and the
environment. Once the toxic metals are bound to
the ligand, the bond appears to be irreversible. The
permanence of the bond has been tested using all
recognized EPA test procedures for such
determinations, including exposure to boiling acids.
The Soil Rescue process offers the following
advantages over some treatment options: (1) it
minimized the handling and transports costs
associated with treatment and disposal, (2) it
requires no air monitoring because it release no
emissions, (3) its liquid application procedure
minimized fugitive dust emissions, (4) it generates
no effluent, (5) it requires no stockpiling of
contaminated soil, and (6) it minimizes exposure
risks for workers because it is sprayed directly onto
the contaminated media.
The Soil Rescue solution has been shown to be
effective in reducing concentrations of barium,
cadmium chromium, cooper, lead, mercury,
selenium, and zinc. In situ remediation of heavy
metal contaminated soil may be possible in
moderately permeable soils. In dense or heavily
compacted soils, the remediation procedure may
require soil excavation and application of the Soil
Rescue solution to moisten the media, followed by
mixing in a rotating cylinder. This procedure can be
repeated until the metals concentrations in the soil
are sufficiently reduced to allo the soil to be
replaced as backfill in its original location. At a soil
pH of 5.0, a single application can reduce lead
concentrations of 1,000 parts per million (ppm) to
below the EPA maximum permissible level; with a
second application of the remediation fluid, lead
concentrations can be reduced to below the RCRA
regulatory limit of 5 ppm.
STATUS:
Under a cooperative agreement with the Ohio EPA,
the Soil Rescue technology was demonstrated in
September 1998 at two separate areas of the
Crooksville/Roseville Pottery site in Ohio. Soil at
the site, some of it adjacent to residential areas, is
contaminated with lead from waste disposal
practices associated with pottery production
operations. Soil at the demonstration areas contain
lead in concentrations ranging from 100 ppm to
80,000 ppm.
DEMONSTRATION RESULTS:
Soil treatment reduced leachable lead concentrations
from 364 to 453 mg/L to 2.7 to 3.6 mg/L, as
determined by the Toxicity Characteristic Leaching
Procedure (TCLP).
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Completed Project
FOR FURTHER INFORMATION:
EPA PROJECT MANAGER:
Ed Earth
U.S. EPA
National Risk Management Research
Laboratory
26 West Martin Luther King Drive
Cincinnati, OH 45268
513-569-7669
Fax: 513-569-7585
e-mail: barth.ed@epa.gov
TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPER CONTACT:
Phil G. Clarke, President
Star Organics, L.L.C.
3141 Hood Street, Suite 350
Dallas, TX 75219
214-522-0742
Fax: 214-522-0616
The SITE Program assesses but does not
approve or endorse technologies.
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Technology Profile
DEMONSTRATION PROGRAM
STC REMEDIATION, INC.
(formerly Silicate Technology Corporation)
(Organic Stabilization and Chemical Fixation/Solidification)
TECHNOLOGY DESCRIPTION:
STC Remediation, Inc. (STC Remediation), has
developed both chemical organic stabilization and
chemical fixation/ solidification technologies that
treat inorganic and organic solid hazardous wastes
(see photograph below). Leachable organic
contaminant concentrations are reduced to well
below regulatory limits. The chemical fixation/
solidification technology forms insoluble chemical
compounds, reducing leachable inorganic
contaminant concentrations in soils and sludges.
STC Remediation's technology has been
successfully implemented on numerous full-scale
hazardous waste remediation projects, successfully
stabilizing more than 750,000 tons of hazardous
soils, sediments, and sludges. These sites include
Superfund sites and industrial sites across the
United States and in Italy.
STC Remediation has evaluated various materials
handling and mixing systems for use on full-scale
remediation projects. Materials handling processes
consist of pretreatment processes for screening and
crushing contaminated soils, and placement and
conveying systems for handling treated material.
Mixing systems consist of various batching plants,
pug mills, and high-shear batch mixing systems to
properly meter and mix reagents with contaminated
soils. STC Remediation provides complete
treatability study services during project
development and on site technical services and/or
contracting services during full scale remediation to
ensure effective application of the treatment
technologies, documentation, and quality
assurance/quality control procedures during the
treatment process.
Treatment of Contaminated Soil
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May 2003
Completed Project
WASTE APPLICABILITY:
STC Remediation's technology can treat a wide
variety of hazardous soils, sludges, and wastewaters,
including the following:
• Soils and sludges contaminated with inorganics,
including most metals, cyanides, fluorides,
arsenates, chromates, and selenium
• Soils and sludges contaminated with organics,
including halogenated aromatics, polynuclear
aromatic hydrocarbons, and aliphatic
compounds
• Wastewaters contaminated with heavy metals
and emulsified and dissolved organic
compounds, excluding low-molecular-weight
organic contaminants such as alcohols, ketones,
and glycols
STATUS:
This technology was accepted into the SITE
Demonstration Program in 1988, and the
demonstration was completed in November 1990 at
the Selma Pressure Treating (SPT) Superfund site in
Selma, California. STC Remediation was
subsequently selected for the full-scale remediation
of the SPT site, which is contaminated with
organics, mainly pentachlorophenol (PCP), and
inorganics, mainly arsenic, chromium, and copper.
The Applications Analysis Report
(EPA/540/AR-92/010) is available through the
National Technology Information Service (Order
No. PB93-172948). The Technology Evaluation
Report (EPA/540/R-92/010) and Demonstration
Bulletin (EPA/540/MR- 92/010) are available from
EPA.
DEMONSTRATION RESULTS:
The SITE demonstration yielded the following
results:
• The organic stabilization technology reduced
total extractable PCP concentrations up to 97
percent.
• The chemical fixation/stabilization technology
stabilized the residual PCP concentrations to
very low leachable levels (from 5 to less than
0.3 milligrams per liter).
• STC Remediation's technology immobilized
arsenic and copper, while chromium remained
well within regulatory limits.
• Long-term monitoring at 18 and 32 months
following the demonstration project
provided comparable results for PCP,
arsenic, and copper, while chromium
remained well within regulatory limits.
• The treated wastes had moderately high
unconfined compressive strength, averaging 300
pounds per square inch (psi) after 28 days,
increasing to more than 700 psi after 18 months.
• Permeability of the treated waste was less than
1.7 x 10"7 centimeters per second). The relative
cumulative weight loss after 12 wet/dry and 12
freeze/thaw cycles was negligible (less than 1
percent).
• Treatment costs depend on specific waste
characteristics.
FOR FURTHER INFORMATION:
EPA PROJECT MANAGER:
Edward Bates
U.S. EPA
National Risk Management Research
Laboratory
26 West Martin Luther King Drive
Cincinnati, OH 45268
513-569-7774
Fax: 513-569-7676
e-mail: bates.edward@epa.gov
TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPER CONTACTS:
Scott Larsen or Stephen Pegler
STC Remediation, Inc.
7650 East Redfield Road, Suite D-5
Scottsdale, AZ 85260
480-948-7100
Fax:480-941-0814
www. stecremediation. com
The SITE Program assesses but does not
approve or endorse technologies.
Page 216
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Technology Profile
DEMONSTRATION PROGRAM
STEAMTECH ENVIRONMENTAL SERVICES
(Steam Enhanced Remediation [SER] at Loring AFB)
TECHNOLOGY DESCRIPTION:
Steam Enhanced Remediation - Dynamic
Underground Stripping (SER - DUS) is a
combination of technologies previously used
separately, adapted to the hydrogeology of typical
contaminated sites. Steam is injected at the
periphery of the contaminated area to heat
permeable subsurface areas, vaporize volatile
compounds bound to the soil, and drive
contaminants to centrally located vapor and liquid
extraction wells. Electrical heating is used for less-
permeable clays and fine-grained sediments to
vaporize contaminants and drive them into the
vapor. Since media at Edwards Air Force Base is
fractured bedrock there will be no electrical heating.
Progress is monitored by underground imaging,
primarily Electrical Resistance Tomography (ERT)
and temperature monitoring, which delineates the
heated area and tracks the steam fronts daily to
ensure total cleanup and precise process control.
removal of liquid, dissolved and vapor phase
contaminants by physical transport to centrally
located extraction wells. NAPL is removed from
the extraction wells along with hot water.
Contaminated vapors are extracted from the wells
by aggressive vacuum extraction. In situ destruction
of contaminants by thermally accelerated oxidation
processes (hydrous pyrolysis, oxidation and
biological mineralization) converts harmful
chemicals into carbon dioxide and water.
WASTE APPLICABILITY:
Large and small sites contaminated with petroleum
products, creosote and solvents can be remediated
faster and at lower cost via SER. SER is highly
effective for removal of both volatile and
semivolatile compounds. SER works both above
and below the groundwater table and both LNAPL
and DNAPL contaminants can be removed.
STATUS:
Contaminated
Liquid Vapors
Steam
Injection
SER - DUS is capable of extracting, separating and
treating effluent vapors, nonaqueous phase liquids
(NAPL), and water on-site for complete
contaminant destruction or off-site disposal. The
dominant removal mechanisms for volatile
contaminants are the increased volatilization and
steam stripping when the mixture of water and
NAPL reaches the boiling point. Another major
removal mechanism of contaminants is the fast
Excellent cleanup results have been achieved in the
laboratory, simulating cleanup using steam injection
and Joule heating for gasoline, oils, creosote, and
chlorinated solvent DNAPL. Field demonstrations
include successful applications to sites containing
chemical mixtures gasoline, jet fuel wood-treating
chemicals, and chlorinated solvents such as TCE.
DEMONSTRATION RESULTS:
There has not yet been a demonstration at Loring
Air Force Base, so there are no results up to this
point. The demonstrations are planned for the
summer of 2002.
Page 217
The SITE Program assesses but does not
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May 2003
Completed Project
FOR FURTHER INFORMATION:
EPA PROJECT MANAGERS:
Paul De Percin
U.S. EPA
National Risk Management Research
Laboratory
26 West Martin Luther King Drive
Cincinnati, OH 45268
513-569-7797
Fax: 513-569-7676
e-mail: depercin.paul@epa.gov
Eva Davis
U.S. EPA
National Risk Management Research
Laboratory
Robert S. Kerr Environmental Research
Center
P.O.Box 1198
Ada, OK 84821
580- 436-8548
Fax: 580-436-8703
e-mail: davis.eva@epa.gov
TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPER CONTACT:
Hank Sowers
SteamTech Environmental Services
4750 Burr Street
Bakersfield, CA 93308
661-322-6478
Fax: 661-322-6552
e-mail: sowers@steamtech.com
The SITE Program assesses but does not
approve or endorse technologies.
Page 218
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Technology Profile
DEMONSTRATION PROGRAM
STEAMTECH ENVIRONMENTAL SERVICES
(Steam Enhanced Remediation [SER] at Ridgefield, WA)
TECHNOLOGY DESCRIPTION:
Steam Enhanced Remediation - Dynamic
Underground Stripping (SER - DUS) is a
combination of technologies previously used
separately, adapted to the hydrogeology of typical
contaminated sites. Steam is injected at the
periphery of the contaminated area to heat
permeable subsurface areas, vaporize volatile
compounds bound to the soil, and drive
contaminants to centrally located vapor and liquid
extraction wells. Electrical heating is used for less-
permeable clays and fine-grained sediments to
vaporize contaminants and drive them into the
vapor. Since media at Edwards Air Force Base is
fractured bedrock there will be no electrical heating.
Progress is monitored by underground imaging,
primarily Electrical Resistance Tomography (ERT)
and temperature monitoring, which delineates the
heated area and tracks the steam fronts daily to
ensure total cleanup and precise process control.
Contaminated
Liquid Vapors
Steam
Injection
SER - DUS is capable of extracting, separating and
treating effluent vapors, non-aqueous phase liquids
(NAPL), and water on-site for complete
contaminant destruction or off-site disposal. The
dominant removal mechanisms for volatile
contaminants are the increased volatilization and
steam stripping when the mixture of water and
NAPL reaches the boiling point. Another major
removal mechanism of contaminants is the fast
removal of liquid, dissolved- and vapor-phase
contaminants by physical transport to centrally
located extraction wells. NAPL is removed from
the extraction wells along with hot water.
Contaminated vapors are extracted from the wells
by aggressive vacuum extraction. In situ destruction
of contaminants by thermally accelerated oxidation
processes (hydrous pyrolysis, oxidation and
biological mineralization) converts harmful
chemicals into carbon dioxide and water.
WASTE APPLICABILITY:
Large and small sites contaminated with petroleum
products, creosote and solvents can be remediated
faster and at lower cost via SER. SER is highly
effective for removal of both volatile and
semivolatile compounds. SER works both above
and below the groundwater table and both LNAPL
and DNAPL contaminants can be removed.
STATUS:
Excellent cleanup results have been achieved in the
laboratory, simulating cleanup using steam injection
and Joule heating for gasoline, oils, creosote, and
chlorinated solvent DNAPL. Field demonstrations
include successful applications to sites containing
chemical mixtures gasoline, jet fuel wood-treating
chemicals, and chlorinated solvents such as TCE.
DEMONSTRATION RESULTS:
There has not yet been a demonstration in
Ridgefield, WA, so there are no results up to this
point. The demonstrations are planned for the
spring of 2002.
Page 219
The SITE Program assesses but does not
approve or endorse technologies.
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May 2003
Completed Project
FOR FURTHER
INFORMATION:
EPA PROJECT MANAGER:
Marta Richards
U.S. EPA
National Risk Management Research
Laboratory
26 West Martin Luther King Drive
Cincinnati, OH 45268
513-569-7692
Fax:513-569-7676
e-mail: richards.marta@epa.gov
TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPER
CONTACT:
Hank Sowers
SteamTech Environmental Services
4750 Burr Street
Bakersfield, CA 93308
661-322-6478
Fax: 661-322-6552
e-mail: sowers@steamtech.com
The SITE Program assesses but does not
approve or endorse technologies.
Page 220
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Technology Profile
DEMONSTRATION PROGRAM
TERRA-KLEEN RESPONSE GROUP, INC.
(Solvent Extraction Treatment System)
TECHNOLOGY DESCRIPTION:
Terra-Kleen Response Group, Inc. (Terra-Kleen),
developed the solvent extraction treatment system to
remove semivolatile and nonvolatile organic
contaminants from soil. This batch process system
uses a proprietary solvent blend to separate
hazardous constituents from soils, sediments,
sludge, and debris.
A flow diagram of the Terra-Kleen treatment system
is shown below. Treatment begins after excavated
soil is loaded into the solvent extraction tanks.
Clean solvent from the solvent storage tank is
pumped into the extraction tanks. The soil and
solvent mixture is held in the extraction tanks long
enough to solubilize organic contaminants into the
solvent, separating them from the soil. The
contaminant-laden solvent is then removed from the
extraction tanks and pumped into the sedimentation
tank. Suspended solids settle or are flocculated in
the sedimentation tank, and are then removed.
Following solvent extraction of the organic
contaminants, any residual solvent in the soil is
removed using soil vapor extraction and biological
treatment. Soil vapor extraction removes the
majority of the residual solvent, while biological
treatment reduces residual solvent to trace levels.
The treated soils are then removed from the
extraction tanks.
Contaminant-laden solvents are cleaned for reuse by
Terra-Kleen's solvent regeneration process. The
solvent regeneration process begins by pumping
contaminant-laden solvent from the sedimentation
tank through a microfiltration unit and a proprietary
solvent purification station. The microfiltration unit
first removes any fines remaining in the solvent.
The solvent purification station separates organic
contaminants from the solvent and concentrates
them, reducing the amount of hazardous waste for
off-site disposal. The solvent is pumped into the
solvent storage tank for use in treating additional
soil.
WASTE APPLICABILITY:
The Terra-Kleen solvent extraction treatment
system is a waste minimization process designed to
remove the following organic contaminants from
soils: polychlorinated biphenyls (PCB), chlorinated
pesticides, polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons
(PAH), pentachlorophenol, creosote,
polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins (PCDD),
chlorinated pesticides, and polychlorinated
dibenzofurans (PCDF). The system is transportable
and can be configured to treat small quantities of
soil (1 to 1,000 cubic yards) as well as large
volumes generated at remedial sites.
1 Ton 1 Ton 1 Ton 1 Ton 1 Ton
Untreated Soil Untreated Soil Untreated Soil Untreated Soil Untreated Soli
CONTAMINANT-LADEN
SOLVENT
VACUUM EXTRACTION SYSTEM
VENT , Q C
TO <"1-|J> Wash Solvent
•^> Air and Solvent Vapor
MICROFILTRATION
UNIT
SOLVEr
PURIFICATION
STATION
CLEAN SOLVENT
STORAGE TANK
Solvent Extraction Treatment System
Page 221
The SITE Program assesses but does not
approve or endorse technologies.
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May 2003
Completed Project
STATUS:
The solvent extraction treatment system was
demonstrated during May and June 1994 at Naval
Air Station North Island (NASNI) Site 4 in San
Diego, California. Soils at Site 4 are contaminated
with heavy metals, volatile organic compounds
(VOC), PCBs (Aroclor 1260), and furans. The
Technology Capsule (EPA/540/R-94/521a) and
Demonstration Bulletin (EPA/540/MR-94/521) are
available from EPA. The Innovative Technology
Evaluation Report is available from EPA.
Several full-scale solvent extraction units are in
operation at this time. Terra-Kleen has removed
PCBs from 10,000 tons of soil at three sites within
NASNI, and completed cleanup of a remote Air
Force Base PCB site in Alaska. A full-scale system
has also removed DDT, ODD, and DDE from clay
soil at the Naval Communication Station in
Stockton, California.
Terra-Kleen has been selected to participate in the
Rapid Commercialization Initiative (RCI). RCI was
created by the Department of Commerce,
Department of Defense, Department of Energy
(DOE), and EPA to assist in the integration of
innovative technologies into the marketplace.
Under RCI, Terra-Kleen is expanding its
capabilities to process PCBs and VOCs in low-level
radioactive wastes. The pilot project for this effort
was completed in 1997 at DOE's Fernald Plant near
Cincinnati, Ohio.
DEMONSTRATION RESULTS:
Findings from the SITE demonstration are
summarized as follows:
• PCB Aroclor 1260 concentrations were reduced
from an average of 144 milligrams per kilogram
(mg/kg) to less than 1.71 mg/kg, an overall
removal efficiency of 98.8 percent.
• NASNI untreated soil contained a moisture
content of 0.83 percent; a particle size
distribution of 80 percent sand, 15 percent
gravel, and 5 percent clay; and an overall oil and
grease concentration of 780 mg/kg.
• Hexach 1 orodibenzofuran and
pentachlorodibenzofuran concentrations were
reduced by 92.7 percent and 84.0 percent,
respectively. Oil and grease concentrations
were reduced by 65.9 percent.
Additional data were collected at the Naval
Communication Station in Stockton, California.
The system treated soil contaminated with
chlorinated pesticides at concentrations up to
600 mg/kg. Samples taken during system operation
indicated that soil contaminated with ODD, DDE,
and DDT was reduced below 1 mg/kg, an overall
removal efficiency of 98.8 to 99.8 percent.
FOR FURTHER INFORMATION:
EPA PROJECT MANAGER:
Mark Meckes or Terrence Lyons
U.S. EPA
National Risk Management Research
Laboratory
26 West Martin Luther King Drive
Cincinnati, OH 45268
513-569-7348 or 513-569-7589
Fax: 513-569-7328 or 513-569-7676
e-mail: meckes.mark@epa.gov or
lyons.terrence@epa.gov
TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPER CONTACT:
Alan Cash
Terra-Kleen Response Group, Inc.
3970 B Sorrento Valley, Blvd.
San Diego, CA 92121
858-558-8762
Fax: 858-558-8759
The SITE Program assesses but does not
approve or endorse technologies.
Page 222
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Technology Profile
DEMONSTRATION PROGRAM
TERRATHERM, INC.
(In Situ Thermal Destruction)
TECHNOLOGY DESCRIPTION:
TerraTherm, Inc.'s patented In Situ Thermal
Destruction (ISTD) process utilizes
conductive heating and vacuum to remediate
soil contaminated with a wide range of
organic compounds. Heat and vacuum are
applied simultaneously to subsurface soil,
either with an array of vertically or
horizontally positioned heaters under imposed
vacuum. The electrically powered heating
elements are operated at temperatures of up to
800°C. In a typical installation for soils
contaminated with organochlorine pesticides,
polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), or
polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs),
the heater wells are installed at 6 ft to 7.5 ft
spacing, with an impermeable liner installed at
the soil surface. More volatile compounds can
be treated with more widely spaced wells.
Heat flows through the soil from the heating
elements primarily by thermal conduction,
which results in uniform heat distribution
because unlike other soil physical properties
such as permeability that tend to vary over
orders of magnitude, thermal conductivity is
nearly invariant over a wide range of soil
types (e.g., clay to sand).
As the soil is heated, volatile organic
compounds (VOCs) and semivolatile organic
compounds (SVOCs) are vaporized and/or
destroyed by a number of mechanisms,
including evaporation, boiling of water/steam
distillation, boiling of the contaminants,
oxidation and pyrolysis. The vaporized water
and contaminants are drawn counter-current to
the heat flow into the heater-vacuum wells. In
practice, most (e.g., 95-99 percent) of the
contaminants are destroyed within the soil as
they arrive in the superheated soil in proximity
of the heated extraction wells. The small
fraction of the contaminant mass that has not
been destroyed in situ is removed from the
vapor stream at the surface with an air
pollution control system.
THERMAL
WELLS
Reprinted with permission from Hazardous and
Radioactive Waste Treatment Technologies Handbook.
Copyright CRC Press, Boca Raton, Florida.
The vapor treatment train usually consists of
a thermal oxidizer, heat exchanger, dry
scrubber, carbon adsorbers, and vacuum
blowers. Destruction and removal efficiencies
of 99.9 percent have been achieved in the
stack effluent with this system for PCBs.
Page 223
The SITE Program assesses but does not
approve or endorse technologies.
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May 2003
Completed Project
WASTE APPLICABILITY:
Based on the results of completed ISTD
remediation projects conducted at seven
contaminated sites and numerous treatability
studies, the ISTD technology has been proven to
be highly effective in removing a wide variety
of organic contaminants from soil and buried
waste, including pesticides, PCBs, dioxins,
chlorinated solvents, PAHs, coal tar, wood-
treatment wastes, explosives residues, and
heavy and light petroleum hydrocarbons.
Achievement of non detect levels throughout the
treatment zone is a typical result of
approximately two to three months of heating.
Soil, waste and sediment can be treated both
above and below the water table, although in the
case of treatment of SVOCs below the water
table, recharge of groundwater into the heated
zone must be controlled.
STATUS:
Since 1995, ISTD has been applied at seven
field sites, including three demonstrations and
four full-scale projects. Of these, four were at
CERCLA and/or Department of Defense sites.
Currently, TerraTherm, Inc. is engaged in
design and implementation of ISTD at four
additional project sites. In particular,
remediation of the Hex Pit at the Rocky
Mountain Arsenal, Commerce City, Colorado,
by ISTD is a U.S. EPA Superfund Innovative
Technology Evaluation (SITE) demonstration
project.
A total of 266 thermal wells, including 210
heater-only and 56 heater-vacuum wells, will be
installed during the fall of 2001 in a hexagonal
pattern at 6.0-ft spacing and to a depth of 12 feet
to treat 2,500 cubic yards of soil. Heating of the
Hex Pit is scheduled to begin in January 2002.
The treatment zone will be heated over an
approximately 75-day period to interwell
temperatures of >325°C. Subsurface
monitoring will track the progress of heating.
SITE will carry out isokinetic stack testing as
well as pre- and posttreatment
soil sampling both within and just outside the
boundaries of the thermal treatment zone to
evaluate the degradation efficiency, degree of
in-situ destruction, effects on fringe areas, and
discharge concentrations.
FOR FURTHER INFORMATION:
EPA PROJECT MANAGER:
Marta K. Richards
U.S. EPA
National Risk Management Research
Laboratory
26 W. Martin Luther King Drive
Cincinnati, OH 45268
513-569-7692
Fax: 513-569-7676
e-mail: richards.marta@epa.gov
TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPER:
Ralph S. Baker, Ph.D.
TerraTherm, Inc.
356 Broad St.
Fitchburg, MA01420
978-343-0300
Fax: 978-343-2727
e-mail: rbaker@terratherm.com
The SITE Program assesses but does not
approve or endorse technologies.
Page 224
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Technology Protile
DEMONSTRATION PROGRAM
TERRA VAC
(In Situ and Ex Situ Vacuum Extraction)
TECHNOLOGY DESCRIPTION:
In situ or ex situ vacuum extraction is a process that
removes volatile organic compounds (VOC) and
many semivolatile organic compounds (SVOC)
from the vadose, or unsaturated, soil zone. These
compounds can often be removed from the vadose
zone before they contaminate groundwater. Soil
piles also may be cleaned by ex situ vacuum
extraction. The in situ vacuum extraction process
has been patented by others and licensed to Terra
Vac and others in the United States.
The extraction process uses readily available
equipment, including extraction and monitoring
wells, manifold piping, air-liquid separators, and
vacuum pumps. Vacuum extraction systems may
vent directly to the atmosphere or through an
emission control device. After the contaminated
area is generally characterized, extraction wells are
installed and connected by piping to the vacuum
extraction and vapor treatment systems.
First, a vacuum pump creates a vacuum in the soil
causing in situ volatilization and draws air through
the subsurface. Contaminants are removed from the
extraction wells and pass to the air-liquid separator.
The vapor-phase contaminants may be treated with
an activated carbon adsorption filter, a catalytic
oxidizer, or another emission control system before
the gases are discharged to the atmosphere.
Subsurface vacuum and soil vapor concentrations
are monitored with vadose zone monitoring wells.
The technology can be used in most hydrogeological
settings and may reduce soil contaminant levels
from saturated conditions to nondetectable. The
process also works in fractured bedrock and less
permeable soils (clays) with sufficient permeability.
The process may be used to enhance bioremediation
(bioventing). It also may be used in conjunction
with dual vacuum extraction, soil heating,
pneumatic fracturing, and chemical oxidation to
recover a wide range of contaminants. The figure
below illustrates one possible configuration of the
process.
Typical contaminant recovery rates range from 20 to
2,500 pounds (10 to 1,000 kilograms) per day,
depending on the degree of site contamination and
the design of the vacuum extraction system.
VAPOR PHASE
CARBON CANISTERS
DUAL VACUUM
EXTRACTION WELLS
In Situ Dual Vacuum Extraction Process
Page 225
The SITE Program assesses but does not
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May 2003
Completed Project
WASTE APPLICABILITY:
The vacuum extraction technology may treat soils
containing virtually any VOC. It has removed over
40 types of chemicals from soils and groundwater,
including solvents and gasoline- and diesel-range
hydrocarbons.
STATUS:
The process was accepted into the SITE
Demonstration Program in 1987. The process was
demonstrated under the SITE Demonstration
Program at the Groveland Wells Superfund site in
Groveland, Massachusetts, from December 1987
through April 1988. The technology remediated
soils contaminated with trichloroethene (TCE). The
Technology Evaluation Report
(EPA/540/5-89/003a) and Applications Analysis
Report (EPA/540/A5-89/003) are available from
EPA.
The vacuum extraction process was first
demonstrated at a Superfund site in Puerto Rico in
1984. Terra Vac has since applied the technology at
more than 20 additional Superfund sites and at more
than 700 other waste sites throughout the United
States, Europe, and Japan.
DEMONSTRATION RESULTS:
During the Groveland Wells SITE demonstration,
four extraction wells pumped contaminants to the
process system. During a 56-day period,
1,300 pounds of VOCs, mainly TCE, were extracted
from both highly permeable strata and less
permeable (10"7 centimeters per second) clays. The
vacuum extraction process achieved nondetectable
VOC levels at some locations and reduced the VOC
concentration in soil gas by 95 percent. Average
reductions of soil
concentrations during the demonstration program
were 92 percent for sandy soils and 90 percent for
clays. Field evaluations yielded the following
conclusions:
• Permeability of soils is an important
consideration when applying this technology.
• Pilot demonstrations are necessary at sites with
complex geology or contaminant distributions.
• Treatment costs are typically $40 per ton of soil
but can range from less than $10 to $80 per ton
of soil, depending on the size of the site and the
requirements for gas effluent or wastewater
treatment.
• Contaminants should have a Henry's constant of
0.001 or higher.
FOR FURTHER INFORMATION:
EPA PROJECT MANAGER:
Mary Stinson
U.S. EPA
National Risk Management Research
Laboratory
2890 Woodbridge Ave
Edison, NJ 08837-3679
732-321-6683
Fax: 732-321-6640
e-mail: stinson.mary@epa.gov
TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPER CONTACTS:
Joseph A. Pezzullo
Vice President
Terra Vac
Windsor Industrial Park, Building 15
92 N. Main Street
P.O. Box 468
Windsor, NJ 08561-0468
609-371-0070
Fax:609-371-9446
e-mail: jpezzullO@aol.com
The SITE Program assesses but does not
approve or endorse technologies.
Page 226
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Technology Profile
DEMONSTRATION PROGRAM
TEXACO INC.
(Texaco Gasification Process)
TECHNOLOGY DESCRIPTION:
The Texaco Gasification Process (TOP) is an
entrained-bed, noncatalytic, partial oxidation
process in which carbonaceous substances react at
elevated temperatures and pressures, producing a
gas containing mainly carbon monoxide and
hydrogen (see figure below). This product, called
synthesis gas, can be used to produce other
chemicals or can be burned as fuel. Inorganic
materials in the feed melt are removed as a
glass-like slag.
This technology has operated commercially for over
40 years with feedstocks such as natural gas, heavy
oil, coal, and petroleum coke. The TOP processes
waste feedstocks at pressures above 20 atmospheres
and temperatures between 2,200 and 2,800°F.
Slurried wastes are pumped to a specially designed
injector mounted at the top of the refractory lined
gasifier. The waste feed, oxygen, and an auxiliary
fuel such as coal react and flow downward through
the gasifier to a quench chamber that collects the
slag. The slag is eventually removed through a
lockhopper. A scrubber further cools and cleans the
synthesis gas. Fine particulate matter removed by
the scrubber may be recycled to the gasifier; a sulfur
recovery system may also be added.
After the TOP converts organic materials into
synthesis gas, the cooled, water-scrubbed product
gas, consisting mainly of hydrogen and carbon
monoxide, essentially contains no hydrocarbons
heavier than methane. Metals and other ash
constituents become part of the glassy slag.The TOP
can be configured as a transportable system capable
Solids-Free
Purge Water
to Treatment
or Recycle
Texaco Gasification Process
Page 227
The SITE Program assesses but does not
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May 2003
Completed Project
of processing about 100 tons of hazardous waste per
day. This system would produce about 6 million
standard cubic feet of usable synthesis gas per day
with a heating value of approximately 250 British
thermal units per standard cubic foot.
WASTE APPLICABILITY:
The TOP can treat the following wastes:
• Contaminated soils, sludges, and sediments that
contain both organic and inorganic constituents
• Chemical wastes
• Petroleum residues
Solids in the feed are ground and pumped in a slurry
containing 40 to 70 percent solids by weight and 30
to 60 percent liquid, usually water.
Texaco has demonstrated gasification of coal
liquefaction residues, petroleum production tank
bottoms, municipal sewage sludge, and surrogate
contaminated soil. Texaco is operating a
gasification facility at its El Dorado, Kansas
refinery that will convert up to 170 tons per day of
petroleum coke and Resource Conservation and
Recovery Act-listed refinery wastes into usable
synthesis gas.
STATUS:
The TOP was accepted into the SITE Demonstration
Program in July 1991. A demonstration was
conducted in January 1994 at Texaco's Montebello
Research Laboratory in California using a mixture
of clean soil, coal, and contaminated soil from the
Purity Oil Sales Superfund site, located in Fresno,
California. The mixture was slurried and spiked
with lead, barium, and chlorobenzene. Forty tons of
slurry was gasified during three demonstration runs.
The Demonstration Bulletin (EPA/540/MR-
95/514), Technology Capsule
(EPA/540/R-94/514a), and Innovative Technology
Evaluation Report (EPA/540/R-94/514) are
available from EPA.
DEMONSTRATION RESULTS:
Findings from the SITE demonstration are
summarized below:
• The average composition of the dry synthesis
gas product from the TOP consisted of 37
percent hydrogen, 36 percent carbon monoxide,
and 21 percent carbon dioxide. The only
remaining organic contaminant greater than 0.1
part per million (ppm) was methane at 55 ppm.
• The destruction and removal efficiency for the
volatile organic spike (chlorobenzene) was
greater than the 99.99 percent goal.
• Samples of the primary TOP solid product,
coarse slag, averaged below the Toxicity
Characteristic Leaching Procedure (TCLP)
limits for lead (5 milligrams per liter [mg/L])
and barium (100 mg/L). Volatile heavy metals
tended to partition to and concentrate in the
secondary TOP solid products, fine slag and
clarifier solids. These secondary products were
above the TCLP limit for lead.
FOR FURTHER INFORMATION:
EPA PROJECT MANAGER:
Marta K. Richards
U.S. EPA
National Risk Management Research
Laboratory
26 West Martin Luther King Drive
Cincinnati, OH 45268
513-569-7692
Fax: 513-569-7676
e-mail: richards.marta@epa.gov
TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPER CONTACT:
Tom Leininger
Montebello Technology Center
Texaco Global Gas & Power
329 N. Durfee Avenue
S. El Monte, CA 91733
562-699-0948
Fax: 562-699-7408
The SITE Program assesses but does not
approve or endorse technologies.
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Technology Profile
DEMONSTRATION PROGRAM
TORONTO HARBOR COMMISSION
(Soil Recycling)
TECHNOLOGY DESCRIPTION:
The Toronto Harbor Commission's (THC) soil
recycling process removes inorganic and organic
contaminants from soil to produce a reusable fill
material (see photograph below). The process
consists of three technologies operating in series: a
soil washing technology; a technology that removes
inorganic contamination by chelation; and a
technology that uses chemical and biological
treatment to reduce organic contaminants.
The process uses an attrition soil wash plant to
remove relatively uncontaminated coarse soil
fractions using mineral processing equipment while
concentrating the contaminants in a fine slurry
which is routed to the appropriate process for further
treatment. The wash process includes a trommel
washer to remove clean gravel, hydrocyclones to
separate the contaminated fines, an attrition
scrubber to free fines from sand particles, and a
density separator to remove coal and peat from the
sand fraction.
If only inorganic contaminants are present, the
slurry can be treated in the inorganic chelator unit.
This process uses an acid leach to free the inorganic
contaminant from the fine slurry and then removes
the metal using solid chelating agent pellets in a
patented countercurrent contactor. The metals are
recovered by electrowinning from the chelation
agent regenerating liquid.
Organic removal is accomplished by first
chemically pretreating the slurry from the wash
plant or the metal removal process. Next, biological
treatment is applied in upflow slurry reactors using
the bacteria which have developed naturally in the
soils. The treated soil is dewatered using
hydrocyclones and returned to the site from which it
was excavated.
WASTE APPLICABILITY:
The technology is designed to reduce organic and
inorganic contaminants in soils. The process train
approach is most useful when sites have been
contaminated as a result of multiple uses over a
Soil Washing Plant (Metal Extraction Screwtubes in Foreground
and Bioslurry Reactors in Background)
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Completed Project
period of time. Typical sites where the process train
might be used include refinery and petroleum
storage facilities, sites with metal processing and
metal recycling histories, and manufactured gas and
coal or coke processing and storage sites. The
process is less suited to soils with undesirable high
inorganic constituents which result from the
inherent mineralogy of the soils.
STATUS:
The THC soil recycling process was accepted into
the SITE Demonstration Program in 1991. The soil
recycling process was demonstrated at a site within
the Toronto Port Industrial District that had been
used for metals finishing and refinery products and
petroleum storage. Demonstration sampling took
place in April and May 1992.
Results have been published in the Demonstration
Bulletin (EPA/520-MR -92/015), the Applications
Analysis Report (EPA/540-AR-93/517), the
Technology Evaluation Report
(EPA/540/R-93/517), and the Technology
Demonstration Summary (EPA/540/SR-93/517).
These reports are available from EPA.
This technology is no longer available through a
vendor. For further information on the technology,
contact the EPA Project Manager.
DEMONSTRATION RESULTS:
The demonstration results showed that soil washing
produced clean coarse soil fractions and
concentrated the contaminants in the fine slurry.
The chemical treatment process and biological
slurry reactors, when operated on a batch basis with
a nominal 35-day retention time, achieved at least a
90 percent reduction in simple polyaromatic
hydrocarbon compounds such as naphthalene, but
did not meet the approximately 75 percent reduction
in benzo(a)pyrene required to achieve the cleanup
criteria.
The biological process discharge did not meet the
cleanup criteria for oil and grease, and the process
exhibited virtually no removal of this parameter.
THC believes that the high outlet oil and grease
values are the result of the analytical extraction of
the biomass developed during the process.
The hydrocyclone dewatering device did not
achieve significant dewatering. Final process
slurries were returned to the excavation site in liquid
form.
The metals removal process achieved a removal
efficiency for toxic heavy metals such as copper,
lead, mercury, and nickel of approximately
70 percent.
The metals removal process equipment and
chelating agent were fouled by free oil and grease
contamination, forcing sampling to end prematurely.
Biological treatment or physical separation of oil
and grease will be required to avoid such fouling.
FOR FURTHER INFORMATION:
EPA PROJECT MANAGER:
Teri Richardson
U.S. EPA
National Risk Management Research
Laboratory
26 West Martin Luther King Drive
Cincinnati, OH 45268
513-569-7949
Fax: 513-569-7105
e-mail: richards.teri@epa.gov
TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPER CONTACTS:
Ken Lundy
Toronto Harbor Commission
62 Villiers St.
Toronto, Ontario MSA 1B1
CANADA
416-462-1261 ext. 11; Fax: 416-462-3511
The SITE Program assesses but does not
approve or endorse technologies.
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Technology Protile
DEMONSTRATION PROGRAM
UNIVERSITY OF IDAHO RESEARCH FOUNDATION
(formerly licensed to J.R. SIMPLOT COMPANY)
(The SABRE™ Process)
TECHNOLOGY DESCRIPTION:
The patented Simplot Anaerobic Biological
Remediation (SABRE™) process reduces
contamination through on-site bioremediation of
soils contaminated with the herbicide dinoseb (2-
sec-butyl-4,6-dinitrophenol) or nitroaromatic
explosives. The biodegradation process begins
when contaminated soil is placed in a bioreactor and
flooded with buffered water. A source of carbon
and a nitroaromatic-degrading consortium of
anaerobic bacteria are then added to the bioreactor.
Anaerobic conditions are quickly established,
allowing the bacteria to degrade the target
compounds while preventing polymerization of
intermediate breakdown products. A photograph of
the technology in operation is shown below.
WASTE APPLICABILITY:
Soil can be treated in above- or in-ground
containment ponds. Temperature, pH, and redox
potential in the bioreactor are monitored during
treatment. A hydromixing system has been
engineered to efficiently solubilize the target
compound from the soil while maint-aining
anaerobic conditions. Frequency of mixing depends
upon the contaminants present, concentration, soil
heterogeneity, and soil type.
This technology is designed to treat soils
contaminated with nitroaromatic pesticides and
explosives. This contamination most often occurs at
rural crop dusting aircraft sites and at ordnance
handling and manufacturing facilities.
STATUS:
This technology was accepted into the SITE
Emerging Technology Program in January 1990.
Based on bench- and pilot-scale results from the
Emerging Technology Program, this technology was
accepted in the SITE Demonstration Program in
winter 1992. Demonstrations for dinoseb and the
explosive TNT (2,4,6-trinitrotoluene) were
performed at Bowers Field in Ellensberg,
Washington and at Weldon Spring Ordnance Works
in Weldon Spring, Missouri, respectively. A
Technology Capsule describing the dinoseb project
(EPA/540/R-94/508a) and an Innovative
Technology Evaluation Report describing the TNT
project (EPA/540/R-95/529) are available from
EPA.
Bioreactors and Soil Mixing System at a TNT-Contaminated Site in Washington
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Completed Project
Since then, the process has been evaluated at
several other sites. During the winters of 1994 and
1995, two 10-cubic-yard (yd3) batches of soils from
Bangor Naval Submarine Base, Washington were
treated using the SABRE™ Process. One batch
contained TNT, while the other was contaminated
with TNT and RDX. Cost savings were realized by
using in-ground ponds for bioreactors and efficient
mixing. Heaters were also installed to maintain
optimum biological activity during the sub-freezing
temperatures. Treatment goals were met or
surpassed in the 90 days allowed for the project.
A full-scale remediation of 321 yd3 of dinoseb-
contaminated soils was completed in October 1995.
The site was a former herb-icide distributor located
near Reedley, CA. The treatment was performed in
an above-ground containment already existing on
site. Concentrations ranging from 40 to 100
milligrams per kilogram were reduced to nondetect
after 28 days of treatment. The soil was mixed three
times during treatment using a full-scale,
expandable hydromixing system.
A larger evaluation was conducted in fall 1996 at
Naval Weapons Station - Yorktown. About 500 yd3
of soil were contained in an in-ground pond
measuring 86 ft by 150 ft deep. A full-scale
hydromixing system was used to periodically slurry
the soil and water mixture.
Process optimization work is ongoing.
Collaborative projects with the U.S. Army Corps of
Engineers Waterways Experiment Station and the
U.S. Army Environmental Center are underway.
DEMONSTRATION RESULTS:
During the Weldon Spring demonstration, TNT was
reduced from average concentrations of 1,500 parts
per million (ppm) to an average of 8.7 ppm, for an
average removal rate of 99.4%. Toxicity testing,
which included early seedling growth, root
elongation, and earthworm reproduction tests,
showed that soil toxicity was signifi-cantly reduced.
The Weldon Spring demon-stration showed the
effectiveness of this process even in unfavorable
conditions. The treatment time was lengthened by
unsea-sonably cool ambient temperatures.
Temperatures in the bioreactor were as low as 4°C;
ideal temperatures for the SABRE™ process are 35
to 37 °C.
During the Ellensburg demonstration, dinoseb was
reduced from 27.3 ppm to below the detection limit,
a greater than 99.8% removal. Other pesticides
were also degraded in this process, highlighting the
effectiveness of the process even in the presence of
co-contaminants. The process was completed in just
23 days, despite 18°C temperatures.
FOR FURTHER INFORMATION:
EPA PROJECT MANAGER:
Wendy Davis-Hoover
U.S. EPA
National Risk Management Research
Laboratory
26 West Martin Luther King Drive
Cincinnati, OH 45268
513-569-7206 Fax: 513-569-7879
e-mail: davis-hoover.wendy@epa.gov
TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPER CONTACTS:
Ron Satterfield
Director of Technology Marketing
Research Foundation, Inc.University of Idaho
P.O. Box 443003
Moscow, ID 83844-3003
208-885-4550 Fax: 208-882-0105
The SITE Program assesses but does not
approve or endorse technologies.
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Technology Profile
DEMONSTRATION PROGRAM
UNIVERSITY OF NEBRASKA - LINCOLN
(Center Pivot Spray Irrigation System)
TECHNOLOGY DESCRIPTION:
Spray irrigation technology with "center pivots" and
"linear" systems can be used to remediate
groundwater contaminated with volatile organic
compounds (VOC). The technology is commonly
used to apply irrigation water to vegetable and row
crops. While the systems were introduced to
irrigate hilly terrain and excessively well-drained
soils, the technology has been adapted in both
groundwater quality and quantity management areas
as a best management practice. This technology
severely reduces water application rates and
leaching relative to flood irrigation techniques.
The systems consist of an elevated pipeline with
nozzles placed at close intervals. Groundwater is
pumped through the pipeline and sprayed uniformly
over a field as the pipeline pivots or linearly passes
over the cropped area. The typical pump rate is
between 800 and 2,000 gallons per minute (gpm).
These self-propelled systems are highly mechanized
and have low labor and operating requirements. The
systems do not require level ground, and start-up
costs are low.
The sprinkler method applies water over the
irrigated area with a fine spray (see the photograph
below). Water coverage over the irrigated area is
controlled by the speed with which the "pivot" or
"linear" system travels across the field. The heart of
the sprinkler irrigation system is the nozzle, which
has a small opening through which a high-velocity
stream of water is emitted. As the high-velocity
water stream leaves the nozzle, it strikes an impact
pad and forms a thin film of water. The thin film of
water produced by these pads breaks up into small
droplets as it leaves the impact pad. Droplet size
depends on the stream pressure and design of the
impact pad.
The system used in the SITE demonstration
program was a center pivot and was located on a
seed-corn field in Hastings, Nebraska. The system
was equipped with off-the-shelf, fog-producing
impact pads for improved volatilization efficiency.
A stratified water droplet collector (SWDC)
simultaneously collected spray at four fall heights
above ground level, and was specifically contracted
for this project by the Dutton-Lainson Company in
Hastings, Nebraska. With this device, droplets were
collected at heights of 1.5, 4.5, 7.5, and 10.5 feet
above the ground surface. Twelve SWDCs were
installed parallel to the pivot arm to determine
average volatilization efficiencies from the 340
nozzles on the pivot arm.
Center Pivot spray Irrigation System
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Completed Project
WASTE APPLICABILITY:
The sprinkler irrigation system is capable of
remediating VOC-contaminated groundwater.
Removal rates in excess of 95 percent have been
demonstrated for groundwater containing ethylene
dibromide (EDB), trichloroethene (TCE), 1,1,1-
trichloroethane (TCA), and carbon tetrachloride
(CT). The method will efficiently volatilize all
common volatiles in groundwater that may originate
from landfills, degreasers, dry cleaners, electrical
industries, gas stations, or refineries. The residuals
are transferred to the atmosphere where they are
dispersed and most are rapidly degraded in
ultraviolet light.
The technique may be limited to individual
groundwater VOC concentrations that are less than
1 part per million if residual concentrations of
VOCs are mandated to be near or below the
maximum contaminant level prior to reaching the
ground surface. Otherwise, the technique can be
used in any agricultural setting where sufficient
groundwater and irrigatable land are available.
The Center Pivot Spray Irrigation system was
accepted into the SITE Demonstration Program in
late 1995. Under a University of Nebraska project
funded by the Cooperative State Research Service of
the Department of Agriculture, field tests were
completed in the summers of 1994 and 1995 in a
seed-corn field in Hastings, Nebraska. The
technology was demonstrated under the SITE
Program in July 1996 at the North Landfill/FAR-
MAR-CO Subsite in Hastings, Nebraska. The 50-
acre site is a furrow-irrigated corn field underlain by
commingled plumes of groundwater containing
EDB, TCE, TCA, CT, 1,1-dichloroethene, and
chloroform. The primary goal of the demonstration
was to determine the efficiency of the system to
remediate VOCs in groundwater to concentrations
below the maximum contaminant levels. The
results of this demonstration are available in an
Innovative Technology Evaluation Report
(EPA/540/R-98/502).
Clients involved in large pump-and-treat projects at
several military bases are investigating the
suitability of the system to their specific site
situations. Potential clients include the U.S. Navy,
the Army Corps of Engineers, and several state
agencies. The technology is currently being used at
the Lindsey Manufacturing site in Nebraska and
near some grain elevators being remediated by
Argonne Laboratory.
DEMONSTRATION RESULTS:
The results of this demonstration, combined with
previous results obtained by UNL, provide
significant performance data and serves as the
foundation for conclusions about the system's
effectiveness and applicability to similar
remediation projects.
FOR FURTHER INFORMATION:
EPA PROJECT MANAGER:
Teri Richardson
U.S. EPA
National Risk Management Research
Laboratory
26 West Martin Luther King Drive
Cincinnati, OH 45268
513-569-7949
Fax: 513-569-7105
e-mail: richardson.teri@epa.gov
TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPER CONTACT:
Roy Spalding
University of Nebraska - Lincoln
Water Center/Environmental Programs
103 Natural Resources Hall
P.O. Box 830844
Lincoln, NE 68583-0844
402-472-7558
Fax: 402-472-9599
The SITE Program assesses but does not
approve or endorse technologies.
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Technology Protile
DEMONSTRATION PROGRAM
U.S. FILTER
(formerly Ultrox International, Inc.)
(Ultraviolet Radiation and Oxidation)
TECHNOLOGY DESCRIPTION:
This ultraviolet (UV) radiation and oxidation
technology uses UV radiation, ozone, and hydrogen
peroxide to destroy toxic organic compounds,
particularly chlorinated hydrocarbons, in water. The
technology oxidizes compounds that are toxic or
refractory (resistant to biological oxidation) to parts
per million (ppm) or parts per billion (ppb) levels.
The UV radiation and oxidation system consists of
the UV-oxidation reactor, an air compressor and
ozone generator module, and a hydrogen peroxide
feed system (see figure below). The system is skid-
mounted and portable, and permits on-site treatment
of a wide variety of liquid wastes. Reactor size is
determined by the expected wastewater flow rate
and the necessary hydraulic retention time needed to
treat the contaminated water. The approximate UV
intensity, and ozone and hydrogen peroxide doses,
are determined from pilot-scale studies.
Reactor influent is simultaneously exposed to UV
radiation, ozone, and hydrogen peroxide to oxidize
the organic compounds. Off-gas from the reactor
passes through a catalytic ozone destruction
Decompozon™ unit, which reduces ozone levels
before air venting. The Decompozon™ unit also
destroys volatile organic compounds (VOC)
stripped off in the reactor.
Treated Off-Gas
Decompozon™
Unit
Ozone
Generator
Compressed.
Air
Dryer
Treated
Effluent
ULTROX®
UV/Oxidation Reactor
x^
^
Groundwater
Hydrogen Peroxide
from Feed Tank
UV Radiation and Oxidation System (Isometric View)
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May 2003
Completed Project
Effluent from the reactor is tested and analyzed
before disposal.
WASTE APPLICABILITY:
The UV radiation and oxidation system treats
contaminated groundwater, industrial wastewaters,
and leachates containing halogenated solvents,
phenol, penta-chlorophenol, pesticides,
poly chlorinated biphenyls, explosives, benzene,
toluene, ethylbenzene, xylene, methyl tertiary butyl
ether, and other organic compounds. The system
also treats low-level total organic carbon and
reduces chemical oxygen demand and biological
oxygen demand.
STATUS:
This technology was accepted into the SITE
Demonstration Program in 1989. A field-scale
demonstration of the system was completed in
March 1989 at the Lorentz Barrel and Drum
Company site in San Jose, California. The testing
program was designed to evaluate system
performance while varying five operating
parameters: (1) influent pH, (2) retention time,
(3) ozone dose, (4) hydrogen peroxide dose, and
(5) UV radiation intensity. The Demonstration
Bulletin (EPA/540/M5-89/012), Technology
Demonstration Summary (EPA/540/S5-89/ 012),
Applications Analysis Report
(EPA/540/A5-89/012), and Technology Evaluation
Report (EPA/540/5-89/012) are available from EPA.
The technology is fully commercial, with over 30
systems installed. Units with flow rates ranging
from 5 gallons per minute (gpm) to 1,050 gpm are
in use at various industries and site remediations,
including aerospace, U.S. Department of Energy,
U.S. Department of Defense, petroleum,
pharmaceutical, automotive, woodtreating, and
municipal facilities. UV radiation and oxidation
technology has been included in records of decision
for several Superfund sites where groundwater
pump-and-treat remediation methods will be used.
DEMONSTRATION RESULTS:
Contaminated groundwater treated by the system
during the SITE demonstration met regulatory
standards at the appropriate parameter levels. Out
of 44 VOCs in the wastewater, trichloroethene,
1,1-dichloroethane, and 1,1,1-trichloroethane were
chosen as indicator parameters. All three are
relatively refractory to conventional oxidation.
The Decompozon™ unit reduced ozone to less than
0.1 ppm, with efficiencies greater than 99.99
percent. VOCs present in the air within the
treatment system were not detected after passing
through the Decompozon™ unit. The system
produced no harmful air emissions. Total organic
carbon removal was low, implying partial oxidation
of organics without complete conversion to carbon
dioxide and water.
FOR FURTHER INFORMATION:
EPA PROJECT MANAGER:
Norma Lewis
U.S. EPA
National Risk Management Research
Laboratory
26 West Martin Luther King Drive
Cincinnati, OH 45268
513-569-7665
Fax: 513-569-7787
e-mail: lewis.norma@epa.gov
TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPER CONTACT:
Dr. Richard Woodling
U.S. Filter
121 OElko Drive
Sunnyville, CA 94089
408-752-1690
Fax: 408-752-7720
The SITE Program assesses but does not
approve or endorse technologies.
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Technology Profile
DEMONSTRATION PROGRAM
US EPA REGION 9
(Excavation Techniques and Foam Suppression Methods)
TECHNOLOGY DESCRIPTION:
Excavation techniques and foam suppression
methods have been developed through a joint EPA
effort involving the National Risk Management
Research Laboratory (Cincinnati, Ohio), Air and
Energy Engineering Research Laboratory (Research
Triangle Park, North Carolina), and EPA Region 9
to evaluate control technologies during excavation
operations.
In general, excavating soil contaminated with
volatile organic compounds (VOC) results in
fugitive air emissions. When using this technology,
the area to be excavated is surrounded by a
temporary enclosure (see photograph below). Air
from the enclosure is vented through an emission
control system before being released to the
atmosphere. For example, in the case of
hydrocarbon and sulfur dioxide emissions, a
scrubber and a carbon adsorption unit would be used
to treat emissions. As an additional emission
control method, a vapor suppressant foam can be
applied to the soil before and after excavation.
WASTE APPLICABILITY:
This technology is suitable for controlling VOC and
sulfur dioxide emissions during excavation of
contaminated soil.
STATUS:
This technology was demonstrated at the McColl
Superfund site in Fullerton, California, in June and
July 1990. An enclosure 60 feet wide, 160 feet
long, and 26 feet high was erected over an area
contaminated with VOCs and sulfur dioxide. A
backhoe removed the overburden and excavated
underlying waste. Three distinct types of waste
were encountered during excavation: oily mud, tar,
and hard coal-like char.
Excavation Area Enclosure
Page 237
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May 2003
Completed Project
The following documents, which contain results
from the demonstration, are available from EPA:
• Applications Analysis Report
(EPA/540/AR-92/015)
• Technology Evaluation Report
(EPA/540/R-93/015)
• Demonstration Summary
(EPA/540/SR-92/015)
DEMONSTRATION RESULTS:
During excavation, the 5-minute average air
concentrations within the enclosed area were up to
1,000 parts per million (ppm) for sulfur dioxide and
up to 492 ppm for total hydrocarbons (THC). The
air pollution control system removed up to 99
percent of the sulfur dioxide and up to 70 percent of
the THCs.
The concentrations of air contaminants inside the
enclosure were higher than expected. These high
concentrations were due in part to the inability of
the vapor suppressant foams to form an
impermeable membrane over the exposed wastes.
The foam reacted with the highly acidic waste,
causing the foam to degrade. Furthermore, purge
water from foaming activities made surfaces
slippery for workers and equipment. A total of 101
cubic yards of overburden and 137 cubic yards of
contaminated waste was excavated. The tar waste
was solidified and stabilized by mixing with fly ash,
cement, and water in a pug mill. The char wastes
did not require further processing.
FOR FURTHER INFORMATION:
EPA PROJECT MANAGER:
Annette Gatchett
U.S. EPA
National Risk Management Research
Laboratory
26 West Martin Luther King Drive
Cincinnati, OH 45268
513-569-7697
Fax: 513-569-7620
e-mail: gatchett.annette@epa.gov
TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPER CONTACT:
John Blevins
U.S. EPA Region 9
San Francisco, CA
415-744-2400
e-mail: blevins.john@epa.gov
The SITE Program assesses but does not
approve or endorse technologies.
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Technology Profile
DEMONSTRATION PROGRAM
WASTECH, INC.
(Solidification and Stabilization)
TECHNOLOGY DESCRIPTION:
This technology solidifies and stabilizes organic and
inorganic contaminants in soils, sludge, and liquid
wastes. First, a proprietary reagent chemically
bonds with contaminants in wastes. The waste and
reagent mixture is then mixed with pozzolanic,
cementitious materials, which combine to form a
stabilized matrix. Reagents are selected based on
target waste characteristics. Treated material is a
nonleaching, high-strength, stabilized end-product.
The WASTECH, Inc. (WASTECH), technology
uses standard engineering and construction
equipment. Because the type and dose of reagents
depend on waste characteristics, treatability studies
and site investigations must be conducted to
determine the proper treatment formula.
Treatment usually begins with waste excavation.
Large pieces of debris in the waste must be screened
and removed. The waste is then placed into a high
shear mixer, along with premeasured quantities of
water and SuperSet®, WASTECH's proprietary
reagent (see figure below).
Next, pozzolanic, cementitious materials are added
to the waste-reagent mixture, stabilizing the waste
and completing the treatment process. The
WASTECH technology does not generate by-
products. The process may also be applied in situ.
WASTE APPLICABILITY:
The WASTECH technology can treat a wide variety
of waste streams consisting of soils, sludges, and
raw organic streams, including lubricating oil,
evaporator bottoms, chelating agents, and ion-
exchange resins, with contaminant concentrations
ranging from parts per million levels to 40 percent
by volume. The technology can also treat wastes
generated by the petroleum, chemical, pesticide, and
wood-preserving industries, as well as wastes
generated by many other chemical manufacturing
and industrial processes. The WASTECH
technology can also be applied to mixed wastes
containing organic, inorganic, and radioactive
contaminants.
CEMENT
PROCESSED
MATERIALS
PLACED TO
SPECIFICATIONS
POZZOLANS
WASTECH Solidification and Stabilization Process
Page 239
The SITE Program assesses but does not
approve or endorse technologies.
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May 2003
Completed Project
STATUS: FOR FURTHER INFORMATION:
The technology was accepted into the SITE EPA PROJECT MANAGER:
Demonstration Program in spring 1989. A field Terrence Lyons
demonstration at Robins Air Force Base in Warner U.S. EPA
Robins, Georgia was completed in August 1991. National Risk Management Research
WASTECH subsequently conducted a bench-scale Laboratory
study in 1992 under glovebox conditions to develop 26 West Martin Luther King Drive
a detailed mass balance of volatile organic Cincinnati, OH 45268
compounds. 513-569-7589
This technology is no longer available from the Fax: 513-569-7676
vendor. For further information about the process, e-mail: lyons.terrence@epa.gov
contact the EPA Project Manager.
The SITE Program assesses but does not
approve or endorse technologies.
Page 240
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Technology Profile
DEMONSTRATION PROGRAM
WEISS ASSOCIATES
(Electrochemical Remediation Technologies [ECRTs])
TECHNOLOGY DESRIPTION:
Electrochemical Remediation Technologies
(ECRTs) utilize an AC/DC current passed between
an electrode pair (one anode and one cathode) in
soil, sediment, or groundwater to either mineralize
organic contaminants through the
ElectroChemicalGeoOxidation (ECGO) process, or
complex, mobilize, and remove metal contaminants
through the Induced Complexation (1C) process,
either in situ or ex situ. Field remediation data
suggest that ECRTs-IC cause electrochemical
reactions in soil, sediment, and groundwater to
generate metallic ion complexes from the target
contaminant metals. Electric power is passed
through a proprietary direct current (DC)/alternating
current (AC) converter that produces a low-voltage
and low-amperage DC/AC current. When this
modified electrical current is passed through the
sediment via the electrodes, the sediment particles
become polarized and are purported to develop
electrical properties similar to a capacitor. These
complexes subsequently migrate to the electrodes
down the electrokinetic gradient and are deposited
onto the electrodes, which can be removed and
recycled. ECRTs-IC operates at electrical power
levels below those of conventional electrokinetic
methods. A unique feature of ECRTs-IC, in marked
contrast to electrokinetics, is that metals migrate to
both the anode and cathode. According to the
technology developer, when the polarized particles
discharge electricity in the ECGO, the energy given
off induces chemical reactions (redox reactions),
which decompose organic contaminants.
Typically, ECRTs are preferred to be implemented
in situ. As such, site activities are only minimally
disturbed in contrast to excavation and off-site
disposal. ECRTs are powered by the existing site
electrical grid or through a power generator.
WASTE APPLICABILITY:
ECRT is capable of remediating mercury, phenolic
compounds, metal, and organic contaminants in
sediments, soil, and groundwater.
STATUS:
The Washington Department of Ecology (Ecology)
is proposing to amend an existing legal agreement
(Agreed Order for Interim Action) with Georgia-
Pacific (G-P) to provide Ecology access to the
Georgia-Pacific Log Pond (Log Pond) to conduct a
sediment treatment pilot study. The Log Pond is
located in Bellingham Bay adjacent to the G-P
facility at 300 W. Laurel Street, Bellingham. Under
the amendment, Ecology and other partners will
conduct a sediment treatment pilot study on a small
area of the Log Pond.
The Log Pond is a subunit of the Whatcom
Waterway Site and consists of intertidal and subtidal
aquatic lands adjacent to the Whatcom Waterway
Federal Navigation Channel in Bellingham.
The Log Pond is part of the Whatcom Waterway
contaminated sediment site and was capped with
clean sediments from other Puget Sound Corps of
Engineers maintenance dredging projects in
February 2001. This capping was conducted under
an Agreed Order for Interim Action with Ecology.
The ECRT apparatus will be installed in 2002.
Installation of the pilot study infrastructure will
generally involve placing two pairs of sheet pile
electrodes into the sediment (four sheet piles: two
positive and two negative electrodes). The sheet
piles will be placed in parallel at a distance of 30 to
50 feet. The sheet piles will be placed into the
sediment by vibratory hammer equipment in such a
manner as to minimize any disturbance of
contaminated sediments and the sediment cap.
Page 241
The SITE Program assesses but does not
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Completed Project
Operation of the ECRT apparatus, along with FOR FURTHER INFORMATION:
monitoring activities outlined above, will continue
until the objectives of the pilot study have been met, EPA PROJECT MANAGER:
whichever is earlier. Randy Parker
U.S. EPA National Risk Management
An in-progress U.S. bench-scale test strongly Research Laboratory
suggests migration of total mercury to the anode. 26 West Martin Luther King Drive
These results show that ECRTs-IC are rapid and Cincinnati, OH 45268
effective. 513-569-7797
Fax:513-569-7571
e-mail: parker.randy@epa.gov
TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPER CONTACT:
Joe lovenitti
5801 Christie Ave.
Suite 600
Emeryville, CA 94608
510-450-6141
Fax: 510-547-5043
e-mail: jli@weiss.com
The SITE Program assesses but does not
approve or endorse technologies.
Page 242
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Technology Profile
DEMONSTRATION PROGRAM
ROY F. WESTON, INC./IEG TECHNOLOGIES
(UVB - Vacuum Vaporizing Well)
TECHNOLOGY DESCRIPTION:
The Unterdruck-Verdampfer-Brunnen (UVB)
system is an in situ system for remediating
contaminated aquifers. The basic system is simple
in design and operation, consisting of a well, a
groundwater extraction pump, a negative pressure
stripping reactor, and an electric blower. While in
operation, the water level rises inside the UVB well
casing due to reduced atmospheric pressure
generated by the blower, increasing the total
hydraulic head in the well. Atmospheric air enters
the well through a fresh air pipe connected to the
stripping reactor. The incoming fresh air forms
bubbles as it jets through the pinhole plate of the
stripping reactor and mixes with the influent
groundwater in the well casing, creating an "air lift"
effect as the bubbles rise and expand to the stripping
reactor. After treatment, the movement of water out
of the well develops a groundwater circulation cell
around a remediation well. The circulating
groundwater transports contaminants from the
adjacent soils and groundwater to the well, where
these contaminants are removed using a
combination of physical, chemical and biological
treatment processes. The technology is capable of
mobilizing and treating contaminants that are water
soluble (dissolved phase) or are present as dense
non aqueous phase liquids (DNAPL) or light non
aqueous phase liquids (LNAPL). The technology
also can extract and treat soil gas from the
unsaturated zone.
Due to the presence of a natural groundwater flow,
the total amount of water circulating around the
UVB well at any given time consists of (1) a portion
of up gradient groundwater captured by the influent
screen section, and (2) recirculated groundwater.
This ratio is typically 15 to 85 percent respectively.
Groundwater leaving the circulation cell exits
Ambient Air
Activated Carbon Filter
Monitoring Wells
Off Air
yWorifingGW Level _Resting GW Leve
Saturated
Zone
UVB Standard Circulation
Page 243
The SITE Program assesses but does not
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May 2003
Completed Project
through the downstream release zone in a rate equal
to the up gradient groundwater being captured.
These flow dynamics and the dimensions of the
capture zone, circulation cell, and release zone can
be calculated using design aids based on numerical
simulations of the groundwater hydraulics and can
be validated by monitoring the actual performance
results of the system.
The advantage of the UVB technology over external
pump-and-treat technologies is its ability to treat
contaminants while maintaining a net equilibrium
flow in the aquifer, eliminating adverse effects
associated with excessive mounding or draw-down
of groundwater due to continuous extraction and
replacement of equal volumes of water.
Additionally, the circulation well serves as a
mechanism for flushing contaminants from the soils
and aquifer to the well casing for treatment on a
continuous basis. As a secondary benefit, because
the primary treatment process is physical removal
through air stripping, the dissolved oxygen levels in
the groundwater passing through the well can
theoretically increase up to 10 milligrams per liter
within the aquifer, enhancing bioremediation by
indigenous micro-organisms.
WASTE APPLICABILITY:
This technology can be used to assist in treating a
variety of soil and groundwater pollutants ranging
from chlorinated solvents to gasoline constituents,
polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, heavy metals,
and nitrates.
STATUS:
This technology was accepted into the SITE
Demonstration Program in 1993, and a
demonstration was completed at March Air Force
Base, California, in May 1994. The Demonstration
Bulletin (EPA/540/MR- 95/500), Technology
Capsule (EPA/540/R- 95/500a), and Innovative
Technology Evaluation Report (EPA/540/R-95/500)
are available from EPA.
DEMONSTRATION RESULTS:
Demonstration results indicate that the UVB system
reduced trichloroethene (TCE) in groundwater by an
average of 94 percent. The average TCE
concentration from the outlet of the UVB system in
the treated groundwater was approximately 3
micrograms per liter (jj,g/L), with only one event
above 5 (ig/L. The inlet TCE concentration
averaged 40 (ig/L. Results of a dye tracer study
indicated that the radius of the circulation cell was
at least 40 feet. Modeling of the study indicated a
circulation cell radius of 60 feet. In general, TCE in
the shallow and intermediate screened wells showed
a concentration reduction both vertically and
horizontally during the demonstration. TCE
concentrations in these wells appeared to
homogenize as indicated by their convergence and
stabilization. Variations in TCE concentrations
were noted in the deep screened wells.
FOR FURTHER INFORMATION:
EPA PROJECT MANAGER:
Michelle Simon
U.S. EPA
National Risk Management Research
Laboratory
26 West Martin Luther King Drive
Cincinnati, OH 45268
513-569-7469
Fax:513-569-7676
e-mail: simon.michelle@epa.gov
TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPER CONTACTS:
Mike Cosmos, Roy F. Weston, Inc.
One Weston Way
West Chester, PA 19380
610-701-7423
Fax: 610-701-5035
e-mail: cosmosm@mail.rfweston.com
Mike Corbin
One Weston Way
West Chester, PA 19380
610-701-3723
Fax: 610-701-7597
The SITE Program assesses but does not
approve or endorse technologies.
Page 244
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Technology Profile
DEMONSTRATION PROGRAM
ROY F. WESTON, INC.
(Low Temperature Thermal Treatment System)
TECHNOLOGY DESCRIPTION:
The Roy F. Weston, Inc. (Weston), low temperature
thermal treatment (LT3®) system thermally desorbs
organic compounds from contaminated soil without
heating the soil to combustion temperatures. The
transportable system (see photograph below) is
assembled on three flat-bed trailers and requires an
area of about 5,000 square feet, including ancillary
and support equipment. The LT3® system consists
of three segments: soil treatment, emissions control,
and water treatment.
The LT3® thermal processor consists of two jacketed
troughs, one above the other. Each trough houses
four intermeshed, hollow screw conveyors. A front-
end loader feeds soil or sludge onto a conveyor that
discharges into a surge hopper above the thermal
processor. Hot oil circulating through the troughs
and screws heats the soil to 400 to 500°F, removing
contaminants. A second stage indirect heater is
available to achieve 1,000°F discharge
temperatures. Soil is discharged from the thermal
processor into a conditioner, where a water spray
cools the soil and minimizes dust emissions.
A fan draws desorbed organics from the thermal
processor through a fabric filter baghouse.
Depending on contaminant characteristics, dust
collected on the fabric filter may be retreated,
combined with treated material, or drummed
separately for off-site disposal. Exhaust gas from
the fabric filter is drawn into an air-cooled
condenser to remove most of the water vapor and
organics. The gas is then passed through a second,
refrigerated condenser and treated by carbon
adsorption.
Condensate streams are typically treated in a three-
phase, oil-water separator to remove light and heavy
organic phases from the water phase. The water
phase is then treated in a carbon adsorption system
to remove residual organic contaminants. Treated
condensate is often used for soil conditioning, and
only the organic phases are disposed of off site.
Low Temperature Thermal Treatment (LT3®) System
Page 245
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Completed Project
WASTE APPLICABILITY:
This system treats soils and sludges contaminated
with volatile and semivolatile organic compounds
(VOC and SVOC). Bench-, pilot-, and full-scale
LT3® systems have treated soil contaminated with
the following wastes: coal tar, drill cuttings (oil-
based mud), No. 2 diesel fuel, JP-4 jet fuel, leaded
and unleaded gasoline, petroleum hydrocarbons,
halogenated and nonhalogenated solvents, VOCs,
SVOCs, polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons,
polychlorinated biphenyls, pesticides, herbicides,
dioxins, and furans.
STATUS:
The LT3® system was accepted into the SITE
Demonstration Program in September 1991. In
November and December 1991, the LT3® system
was demonstrated under the SITE Program as part
of a proof-of-process test for full-scale remediation
of the Anderson Development Company (ADC)
Superfund site in Adrian, Michigan. The system
was tested on lagoon sludge from the ADC site.
This sludge was contaminated with VOCs and
SVOCs, including 4 , 4-m e thy 1 ene
bis(2-chloroaniline) (MBOCA).
The Demonstration Bulletin (EPA/540/ MR-92/019)
and Applications Analysis Report
(EPA/540/AR-92/019) are available from EPA.
DEMONSTRATION RESULTS:
During the demonstration, the system throughput
was approximately 2.1 tons per hour. Six replicate
tests were conducted, each lasting approximately
6 hours. The SITE demonstration yielded the
following results:
• The LT3® system removed VOCs to below
method detection limits (less than 0.060
milligram per kilogram [mg/kg] for most
compounds).
• The LT3" system achieved MBOCA removal
efficiencies greater than 88 percent; MBOCA
concentrations in the treated sludge ranged from
3.0 to 9.6 mg/kg.
• The LT3® system decreased the concentrations
of all SVOCs in the sludge, with the exception
of phenol, which increased possibly due to
chlorobenzene .
• Dioxins and furans were formed in the
system, but the 2,3,7,8-tetra-chlorodibenzo-
p-dioxin isomer was not detected in treated
sludges.
• Stack emissions of nonmethane total
hydrocarbons increased from 6.7 to 11 parts per
million by volume during the demonstration; the
maximum emission rate was 0.2 pound per day
(ppd). The maximum particulates emission rate
was 0.02 ppd, and no chlorides were measured
in stack gases.
The economic analysis of the LT3® system's
performance compared the costs associated with
treating soils containing 20, 45, and 75 percent
moisture. The treatment costs per ton of material
were estimated to be $37, $537, and $725,
respectively.
FOR FURTHER INFORMATION:
EPA PROJECT MANAGER:
Paul dePercin
U.S. EPA
National Risk Management Research
Laboratory
26 West Martin Luther King Avenue
Cincinnati, OH 45268
513-569-7797
Fax: 513-569-7105
e-Mail: depercin.paul@epa.gov
TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPER CONTACT:
Mike Cosmos
Roy F. Weston, Inc.
1400 Weston Way
West Chester, PA 19380-1499
610-701-7423
Fax:610-701-5035
e-mail: cosmosm@mail.rfweston.com
The SITE Program assesses but does not
approve or endorse technologies.
Page 246
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Technology Protile
DEMONSTRATION PROGRAM
WHEELABRATOR CLEAN AIR SYSTEMS, INC.
(formerly Chemical Waste Management, Inc.)
(PO*WW*ER™ Technology)
TECHNOLOGY DESCRIPTION:
The PO*WW*ER™ technology is used to treat and
reduce complex industrial and hazardous
wastewaters containing mixtures of inorganic salts,
metals, volatile and nonvolatile organics, volatile
inorganics, and radionuclides. The proprietary
technology combines evaporation with catalytic
oxidation to concentrate and destroy contaminants,
producing a high-quality product condensate.
Wastewater is first pumped into an evaporator,
where most of the water and contaminants are
vaporized and removed, concentrating the
contaminants into a small volume for further
treatment or disposal. The contaminant vapors then
pass over a bed of proprietary robust catalyst, where
the pollutants are oxidized and destroyed.
Depending on the contaminant vapor composition,
effluent vapors from the oxidizer may be treated in a
scrubber. The vapors are then condensed to produce
water (condensate) that can be used as either boiler
or cooling tower makeup water, if appropriate.
Hazardous wastewater can thus be separated into a
small contaminant stream (brine) and a large clean
water stream without using expensive reagents or
increasing the volume of the total stream. The
photograph below illustrates a PO*WW*ER™ -
based wastewater treatment plant.
WASTE APPLICABILITY:
The PO*WW*ER™ technology can treat
wastewaters containing a mixture of the following
contaminants:
Orga nic
Inorganic Radioactive
Heavy metals
Nonmetallic to;
elements
Cyanides
Ammonia
Nitrates
Salts
Technetium
Thorium
Radium
Barium
PO*WW*ER™-Based Wastewater Treatment Plant
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May 2003
Completed Project
Suitable wastewaters for treatment by the
PO*WW*ER™ technology include landfill
leachates, contaminated groundwaters, process
wastewaters, and low-level radioactive mixed
wastes.
STATUS:
The technology was accepted into the SITE
Demonstration Program in 1991. The
demonstration took place in September 1992 at the
Chemical Waste Management, Inc., Lake Charles,
Louisiana, facility. Landfill leachate, an F039
hazardous waste, was treated in a pilot-scale unit.
The Applications Analysis Report
(EPA/540/AR-93/506) and Technology Evaluation
Report (EPA/540/R-93/506) are available from
EPA.
A commercial system with a capacity of 50 gallons
per minute is in operation at Ysing Yi Island, Hong
Kong. A pilot-scale unit, with a capacity of 1 to 1.5
gallons per minute, is available and can treat
radioactive, hazardous, and mixed waste streams.
DEMONSTRATION RESULTS:
The ability of the PO*WW*ER™ system to
concentrate aqueous wastes was evaluated by
measuring the volume reduction and concentration
ratio achieved. The volume of brine produced
during each 9-hour test period was about 5 percent
of the feed waste volume processed in the same
period. The concentration ratio, defined as the ratio
of total solids (TS) concentration in the brine to the
TS concentration in the feed waste, was about 32 to
1.
The feed waste contained concentrations of volatile
organic compounds (VOC) ranging from 320 to
110,000 micrograms per liter (jj,g/L); semivolatile
organic compounds (SVOC) ranging from 5,300 to
24,000 (ig/L; ammonia ranging from 140 to 160
milligrams per liter (mg/L); and cyanide ranging
from 24 to 36 mg/L. No VOCs, SVOCs, ammonia,
or cyanide were detected in the product condensate.
The PO*WW*ER™ system removed sources of
feed waste toxicity. The feed waste was acutely
toxic with median lethal concentrations (LC50)
consistently below 10 percent. The product
condensate was nontoxic with LC50 values
consistently greater than 100 percent, but only after
the product condensate was cooled and its pH,
dissolved oxygen level, and hardness or salinity
were increased.
FOR FURTHER INFORMATION:
EPA PROJECT MANAGER:
Randy Parker
U.S. EPA
National Risk Management Research
Laboratory
26 West Martin Luther King Drive
Cincinnati, OH 45268
513-569-7271
Fax: 513-569-7571
e-mail: parker.randy@epa.gov
TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPER CONTACT:
Myron Reicher
Wheelabrator Clean Air Systems, Inc.
1501 East Woodfield Road,
Suite 200 West
Schaumberg, IL 60173
847-706-6900
Fax: 847-706-6996
The SITE Program assesses but does not
approve or endorse technologies.
Page 248
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Technology Protile
DEMONSTRATION PROGRAM
WILDER CONSTRUCTION COMPANY
(MatCon™ Modified Asphalt Cap)
TECHNOLOGY DESCRIPTION:
MatCon™ is an asphalt mixture produced by using a
proprietary binder and a specified aggregate
gradation in a conventional hot mix asphalt plant. A
MatCon™ cover can be constructed within a few
days using conventional asphalt paving equipment.
Maintenance of the cover is relatively easy, using
conventional asphalt paving repair equipment and
materials. According to the manufacturer,
MatCon™ asphalt is much less permeable and
possesses superior flexural strength compared to
conventional asphalt. MatCon™ asphalt has a
permeability of 1.0 x 10"8 cm/sec or less, which far
exceeds the requirement of less than 1.0 x 10"5
cm/sec established for landfill covers that do not
have a geomembrane liner.
WASTE APPLICABILITY:
The MatCon™ technology is applicable as a final
cover at many hazardous waste sites. The potential
for hazardous waste site reuse is a major advantage
of this technology. Uses being planned for the
MatCon™ cover include the following: staging area
for heavy equipment and vehicles; light industrial
manufacturing; and sports facilities, such as tennis
courts and tracks.
STATUS:
Wilder Construction Company installed a pilot-scale
cover system at the Dover Air Force Base site in
April 1999 for purposes of evaluating the MatCon™
technology. The evaluation cover measures
approximately 126 by 220 feet and consists of three
sections: (1) 12-inch-thick MatCon™ asphalt with a
drainage layer (Section I), (2) 4-inch-thick
MatCon™ asphalt (Section II), and (3) 4-inch-thick
conventional asphalt (Section III). The drainage
layer in Section I was constructed as a 4-inch-thick
channel of open-graded asphalt between two 4-inch-
thick MatCon™ layers. The purpose of this
drainage layer was to collect and allow
measurement of the water that infiltrated through
the top 4 inches of the cover. The purpose of
constructing both conventional asphalt and
MatCon™ sections was to allow a direct comparison
of the physical properties of each type of asphalt
based on laboratory testing of cover samples. To
monitor surface runoff, a lined ditch was
constructed downgradient from the cover, and
berms were constructed to direct the runoff from
Section I of the cover into the drainage ditch.
Surface runoff was measured continuously with a
flowmeter, which recorded both instantaneous and
cumulative flow.
The two primary objectives of the SITE Program
evaluation of the MatCon™ technology were to: (1)
compare the in-field permeability of the MatCon™
cover to the RCRA requirement of less than
1.0 x 10 5 cm/sec, and (2) compare the permeability
and flexural properties of MatCon™ asphalt to those
of conventional hot mix asphalt. Secondary
objectives of the evaluation were to: (1) compare
various laboratory-measured physical characteristics
(including load apacity/deformation, shear strength,
joint permeability, and aging and degradation
characteristics) of MatCon™ asphalt with those of
conventional asphalt covers; (2) assess the field
performance of the MatCon™ cover under extreme
weather conditions and vehicle loads; (3) estimate a
cumulative hydrologic balance for the MatCon™
cover at the DAFB site; and (4) estimate the costs of
MatCon™ cover installation.
DEMONSTRATION RESULTS:
Preliminary laboratory testing results indicate that
the permeability of the MatCon™ cover at the
DAFB site is less than 1.0 x 10"8 cm/sec, whereas
the permeability of the adjacent conventional
asphalt cover is between 2.70 x 1Q"4 cm/sec and 1.0
x 10"5 cm/sec. Flexural tests of samples of the
MatCon™ and the conventional asphalt covers
indicate that the MatCon™ cover tolerates three
times more deflection without cracking compared to
the conventional asphalt cover. Field hydrologic
data obtained to date at the DAFB site indicates an
average field permeability of about 2.3 x 1Q"8
cm/sec, respectively. Complete data from the field
permeability testing are available in the EPA
Technology Evaluation Report.
Page 249
The SITE Program assesses but does not
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May 2003
Completed Project
FOR FURTHER
INFORMATION:
EPA PROJECT MANAGER
David Carson
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
ORD/NRMRL
5995 Center Hill Avenue
Cincinnati, OH 45224
513-569-7527
Fax:513-569-7879
e-mail: carson.david@epa.gov
TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPER CONTACT:
Karl Yost
Wilder Construction Company
1525 E. Marine View Drive
Everett, WA 98201
425-551-3100
Fax:425-551-3116
e-mail: karlvost@wilderconstruction.com
The SITE Program assesses but does not
approve or endorse technologies.
Page 250
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Technology Profile
DEMONSTRATION PROGRAM
ASC/EMR WPAFB
(U.S. Air Force)
(Phytoremediation of TCE in Groundwater)
TECHNOLOGY DESCRIPTION:
The phytoremediation system is a low-cost, low-
maintenance system that is consistent with a long-
term contaminant reduction strategy. Trees were
planted in trenches as a short rotation woody crop
employing standard techniques developed by the
U.S. Department of Energy (DOE). The
phytoremediation system was designed to intercept
and remediate a chlorinated ethene contaminant
plume. The system relies on two mechanisms to
achieve this goal: (1) hydraulic removal of
contaminated groundwater through tree transpiration
and (2) biologically mediated in situ reductive
dechlorination of the contaminant. The tree root
systems introduce organic matter to the aquifer
system, which drives the microbial communities in
the aquifer from aerobic to anaerobic communities
that support the reductive dechlorination.
WASTE APPLICABILITY:
This technology is suitable for any groundwater
contaminated with dense non-aqueous phase liquid
contaminants such as TCE.
STATUS:
The U.S. Air Force Plant 4 and adjacent Naval Air
Station, Fort Worth, Texas, has sustained
contamination in an alluvial aquifer through the use
of chlorinated solvents in the manufacture and
assembly of military aircraft. Dispersion and
transport of TCE and its degradation products have
occurred, creating a plume of contaminated
groundwater. Planting and cultivating of Eastern
Cottonwood (Populus deltoids) trees above the
dissolved TCE plume in a shallow (under 12 feet)
aerobic aquifer took place in spring 1996. The trees
Monitoring Well
Monitoring well
with Recorder
Nested Wells
Piezometer
Schematic Diagram of the Site Layout at Naval Air Station Ft. Worth
Page 251
The SITE Program assesses but does not
approve or endorse technologies.
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May 2003
Completed Project
were planted as a short rotation woody crop
employing standard techniques developed by the
DOE to grow biomass for energy and fiber. Data
are being collected to determine the ability of the
trees to perform as a natural pump-and-treat system.
DEMONSTRATION RESULTS:
The first three growing seasons resulted in a
remediation system that reduced the mass of
contaminants moving through the site. The
maximum observed reduction in the mass flux of
TCE across the downgradient end of the site during
the three-year demonstration period was 11 percent.
Increases in the hydraulic influence and reductive
dechlorination of the dissolved TCE plume are
expected in the future, and may significantly reduce
the mass of contaminants. Modeling results indicate
that hydraulic influence alone may reduce the
volume of contaminated groundwater that moves
off-site by up to 30 percent. The decrease in mass
flux that can be attributed to in situ reductive
dechlorination has yet to be quantified.
FOR FURTHER
INFORMATION:
EPA CONTACT:
Steve Rock
U.S. EPA National Risk Management
Research Laboratory
26 West Martin Luther King Drive
Cincinnati, OH 45268
513-569-7149
Fax: 513-569-7716
e-mail: rock.steven@epa.gov
TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPER CONTACT:
Greg Harvey
ASC/EMR WPAFB
1801 10th Street
Bldg 8 Suite 200
Area B
Wright Patterson Air Force Base, OH 45433
937-255-7716x302
Fax: 937-255-4155
e-mail: Gregory.Harvey@wpafb.mil
The SITE Program assesses but does not
approve or endorse technologies.
Page 252
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Technology Profile
DEMONSTRATION PROGRAM
X-19 BIOLOGICAL PRODUCTS
(Microbial Degradation of PCBs)
TECHNOLOGY DESCRIPTION:
X-19 Biological Products of Santa Clara, CA (X-
19), has developed and marketed a microbiological
polymer that was originally developed for use in the
agricultural and horticultural industry as a soil
conditioner. The product, which has the appearance
and consistency of fine-grained organic humus, has
been applied to soils to degrade pesticides and
herbicides. Fresh X-19 product may contain
upwards of a half billion colonies of bacteria per
gram.
The X-19 product is applied in a semidry state. It is
mixed with the contaminated soil at a 30% mix
ratio. During this mixing ("the primary processing
stage") a light application of moisture is added to
activate the microflora.
The X-19 treatment can be accomplished both in
situ and ex situ. Ex situ techniques using some type
of aboveground enclosure are faster and easier to
control. The product is also able to absorb moisture,
preventing the leaching or transporting of
contaminants to lower levels. The application of the
product is simple, requires few personnel, and a
single application is normally sufficient to meet any
site-specific remedial goals.
Soil moisture is the primary monitoring requirement
for the technology, and should be conducted on a
biweekly schedule. Should soil moisture levels drop
below 28%, more water should be added to the soil.
Depending upon a number of site-specific factors,
soil being treated in an aboveground enclosure
might have to be turned once near the middle of the
treatment period, but generally there is no need for
periodic tilling. The aboveground enclosures used
for treating the soil are simply covered with plastic
and are generally left undisturbed throughout the
treatment period.
According to X-19, the product is nontoxic to plants
and animals, and no permits are required to ship or
apply the product.
WASTE APPLICABILITY:
The product is successful in bioremediating soils
containing a large variety of chlorinated
hydrocarbon insecticides including toxaphene,
dieldrin, and others. X-19 has applied the product
to soils contaminated with petroleum hydrocarbons
(motor spirits, diesel fuels, oils) and has claimed
that the product facilitated the complete degradation
of semivolatile compounds such as polychlorinated
biphenyls (PCBs), pentachlorophenol (PCP), and
polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs). The
vendor has also claimed complete degradation of
trichloroethene (TCE), trichloroethane (TCA), and
other common volatile organic compounds (VOCs).
STATUS:
A demonstration of X-19's bioaugmentation process
was conducted at a Lower Colorado River Authority
(LCRA) electrical substation in Goldthwaite, Texas.
At this site PCB-contaminated soil was treated with
the X-19 product in an approximate 16ftx8ftx2
ft treatment cell. The overall goal of the study was
to reduce PCB concentrations in the soil to a level of
50 mg/kg or less, on a dry weight basis of the
original soil. The < 50 mg/kg threshold would
enable the LCRA to dispose of the soils in a less
costly in-state landfill.
DEMONSTRATION RESULTS:
The SITE Program conducted a multievent soil
sampling to evaluate the effectiveness of the X-19
technology for treating the PCBs in the soil. The
LCRA conducted periodic monitoring of the
amended soil mixture within the treatment cell. A
total of five sampling events were conducted. These
events included a baseline sampling (August 2000)
to establish pretreatment PCBs levels; three
intermediate sampling events for tracking treatment
progress (conducted in October and December of
2000, and in June of 2001); and a final
posttreatment sampling event conducted in October
2001. Preliminary results for the demonstration are
not yet available.
Page 253
The SITE Program assesses but does not
approve or endorse technologies.
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May 2003
Completed Project
FOR FURTHER INFORMATION:
EPA PROJECT MANAGER
Ronald Herrmann
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
National Risk Management Research
Laboratory
26 West Martin Luther King Drive
Cincinnati, OH 45268
513-569-7741
e-mail: herrmann.ronald@epa.gov
TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPER
Paul Gill - President
X-19 Biological Inc.
2005 Dela Cruz Blvd., Ste. 235
Santa Clara, CA 95050
408-970-9485
Fax: 408-970-9486
The SITE Program assesses but does not
approve or endorse technologies.
Page 254
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Technology Protile
DEMONSTRATION PROGRAM
XEROX CORPORATION
(2-PHASE™ EXTRACTION Process)
TECHNOLOGY DESCRIPTION:
The 2-PHASE™ EXTRACTION Process was
developed as an alternative to conventional pump-
and-treat technology, particularly in low
conductivity formations such as silts and clays that
are impacted by volatile organic compounds (VOC).
2-PHASE™ EXTRACTION uses a high-vacuum
source applied to an extraction tube within a water
well to increase groundwater removal rates
(consequently the dissolved phase of contamination)
and to volatilize and extract that portion of
contaminant from the sorbed or free product phases.
Vacuum lift of water is not a limiting factor in the
application of the technology. Since a mixed vapor-
liquid column is extracted from the well, the 2-
PHASE™ EXTRACTION technology allows a
single piece of equipment (a high vacuum source) to
remove contaminants in both the liquid and vapor
phases.
mercury) through a central extraction tube, which
extends down the well. Soil vapor drawn into the
well by the vacuum provides for a high velocity
vapor stream at the bottom tip of the extraction tube,
which entrains the contaminated groundwater and
lifts it to ground surface. As groundwater moves
through the extraction system, as much as 95
percent of the VOCs in the water phase are
transferred to the vapor phase. The vapor and water
phases are then separated at the surface in a
separator tank. The water phase requires only
carbon polishing prior to discharge, provided that
the compounds are adsorbable. With some
compounds the water carbon treatment can be
eliminated. The vapor phase is subjected to carbon
treatment, bioremediation, resin regeneration,
catalytic oxidation, or other vapor phase treatment
(based on contaminant characteristics, mass
loadings, and economics) prior to release to
atmosphere.
To extract both groundwater and soil vapor from a
single extraction well, the 2-PHASE™
EXTRACTION process uses a vacuum pump to
apply a high vacuum (generally 18 to 29 inches of
A kick-start system can induce flow and help
dewater the well. The flow of atmospheric air can
be regulated by adjustment of the gate valve to: (1)
optimize the air-to-water flow ratio to minimize
Contaminated
G ro u n dura te r
& Sail Vapor
Ground
Surface
2-PHASE™
EXTRACTION
Well
Vapor
Pump
. Vapor Phase
Treatment
Groundwater Phaae
-^- Treatment
Separator
Tank
Screened
Interval
Ground water
Pump
Static Water
Level
LEGEND
Groundwater
Phase
Ground water &
Soil Vapor
Vapor Phase
Schematic of the 2-PHASE™ EXTRACTION Process
Page 255
The SITE Program assesses but does not
approve or endorse technologies.
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May 2003
Completed Project
water "slug" production at startup (the term slug
refers to an irregular pulsation of water through the
extraction tube which indicates irregular water
flow); (2) maximize tube penetration into the
saturated zone; and (3) maximize the groundwater
flow rate by optimizing the applied vacuum to the
well's annular space.
Recent technology improvements include a well
design that allows for contaminant removal from
desired vertical zones within the subsurface. By
providing a means to manipulate preferential flow,
this innovative well design provides the ability to
focus contaminant extraction at shallow zones and
deep zones within the same well which results in a
thorough removal of contaminants from the
impacted area. Xerox and Licensee experience with
2-PHASE™ EXTRACTION typically has shown a
reduction in remediation time by 1 to 2 orders of
magnitude over conventional pump and treat/soil
vapor extraction.
WASTE APPLICABILITY:
2-PHASE™ EXTRACTION has been successfully
demonstrated for the removal of total petroleum
hydrocarbons and chlorinated hydrocarbons from
groundwater and soils.
The Xerox 2-PHASE™ EXTRACTION process was
accepted into the SITE Demonstration Program in
summer 1994. The demonstration began in August
1994 at a contaminated groundwater site at
McClellan Air Force Base in Sacramento,
California, and was completed in February 1995.
Reports of the demonstration are available from
EPA.
The Xerox 2-PHASE™ EXTRACTION received
eight patents from 1991-1998 and several patents
are pending. The technology is available under
license and is used extensively in the United States,
Canada, South America, Great Britain, and Europe.
DEMONSTRATION RESULTS:
Results from the demonstration are detailed below:
• The total contaminant (trichloroethene,
tetrachloroethene, Freon 133™) mass removal
during the 6-month demonstration was
estimated at 1,600 pounds, of which 99.7
percent was extracted from the vapor phase.
• The system extracted 1.4 million gallons of
groundwater and 24.4 million cubic feet of soil
vapor.
• The radius of capture in the groundwater
extended from 100 to 300 feet from the
extraction well. The radius of influence in the
vadose zone extended 200 feet from the
extraction well.
• The estimated cost of using the process was $28
per pound compared to an estimated $1370 per
pound for a conventional pump and treat
system.
EPA PROJECT MANAGER:
Paul dePercin, U.S. EPA
National Risk Management Research
Laboratory
26 West Martin Luther King Drive
Cincinnati, OH 45268
513-569-7797, Fax: 513-569-7105
E-mail: depercin.paul@.epa.gov
TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPER CONTACT:
Ron Hess, Xerox Corporation
800 Phillips Road
Building 304-13S
Webster, NY 14580
716-422-3694, Fax: 716-265-7088
e-mail: ronald hess@wb.xerox
Web Site: www.xerox.com/ehs/remed.html
TECHNOLOGY USER CONTACT:
Phil Mook, SM-ALC/EMR
5050 Dudley Boulevard, Suite 3
McClellan AFB, CA 95652-1389
916-643-5443, Fax: 916-643-0827
e-mail: mook.phil@smal .mcclellan.af.mil
The SITE Program assesses but does not
approve or endorse technologies.
Page 256
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Technology Profile
DEMONSTRATION PROGRAM
ZENON ENVIRONMENTAL INC.
(Cross-Flow Pervaporation System)
TECHNOLOGY DESCRIPTION:
The ZENON Environmental Inc. (ZENON), cross-
flow pervaporation technology is a membrane-based
process that removes volatile organic compounds
(VOC) from aqueous matrices. The technology uses
an organophilic membrane made of nonporous
silicone rubber, which is permeable to organic
compounds, and highly resistant to degradation.
In a typical field application, contaminated water is
pumped from an equalization tank through a
prefilter to remove debris and silt particles, and then
into a heat exchanger that raises the water
temperature to about 165°F (75°C). The heated
water then flows into a pervaporation module
containing the organophilic membranes. The
composition of the membranes causes organics in
solution to adsorb to them. A vacuum applied to the
system causes the organics to diffuse through the
membranes and move out of the pervaporation
module. This material is then passed through a
condenser generating a highly concentrated liquid
called permeate. Treated water exits the
pervaporation module and is discharged from the
system. The permeate separates into aqueous and
organic phases. Aqueous phase permeate is sent
back to the pervaporation module for further
treatment, while the organic phase permeate is
discharged to a receiving vessel.
Because emissions are vented from the system
downstream of the condenser, organics are kept in
solution, thus minimizing air releases. The
condensed organic materials represent only a small
fraction of the initial wastewater volume and may be
subsequently disposed of at significant cost savings.
This process may also treat industrial waste streams
and recover organics for later use.
WASTE APPLICABILITY:
Pervaporation can be applied to aqueous waste
streams such as groundwater, lagoons, leachate, and
rinse waters that are contaminated with VOCs such
as solvents, degreasers, and gasoline. The
technology is applicable to the types of aqueous
wastes treated by carbon adsorption, air stripping,
and steam stripping.
ZENON Cross-Flow Pervaporation System
Page 257
The SITE Program assesses but does not
approve or endorse technologies.
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May 2003
Completed Project
STATUS:
This technology was accepted into the SITE
Emerging Technology Program (ETP) in January
1989. The Emerging Technology Report
(EPA/540/F-93/503), which details results from the
ETP evaluation, is available from EPA. Based on
results from the ETP, ZENON was invited to
demonstrate the technology in the SITE
Demonstration Program. A pilot-scale
pervaporation system, built by ZENON for
Environment Canada's Emergencies Engineering
Division, was tested over a 2-year period (see
photograph on previous page). During the second
year, testing was carried out over several months at
a petroleum hydrocarbon-contaminated site in
Ontario, Canada.
A full-scale SITE demonstration took place in
February 1995 at a former waste disposal area at
Naval Air Station North Island in San Diego,
California. The demonstration was conducted as a
cooperative effort among EPA, ZENON, the Naval
Environmental Leadership Program, Environment
Canada, and the Ontario Ministry of Environment
and Energy.
Organics were the primary groundwater
contaminant at the site, and trichloroethene (TCE)
was selected as the contaminant of concern for the
demonstration. The Demonstration Bulletin
(EPA/540/MR- 95/511) and Demonstration Capsule
(EPA/540/R-95/51 la) are available from EPA.
DEMONSTRATION RESULTS:
Analysis of demonstration samples indicate that the
ZENON pervaporation system was about 98 percent
effective in removing TCE from groundwater. The
system achieved this removal efficiency with TCE
influent concentrations of up to 250 parts per
million at a flow rate of 10 gallons per minute
(gpm) or less. Treatment efficiency remained fairly
consistent throughout the demonstration; however,
the treatment efficiency decreased at various times
due to mineral scaling problems.
FOR FURTHER INFORMATION:
EPA PROJECT MANAGER:
Lee Vane
U.S. EPA
National Risk Management Research
Laboratory
26 West Martin Luther King Drive
Cincinnati, OH 45268
513-569-7799
Fax:513-569-7676
e-mail: vane.lee@epa.gov
TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPER CONTACT:
Chris Lipski
ZENON Environmental Inc.
845 Harrington Court
Burlington, Ontario, Canada
L7N 3P3
905-639-6320
Fax:905-639-1812
The SITE Program assesses but does not
approve or endorse technologies.
Page 258
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Technology Profile
DEMONSTRATION PROGRAM
ZENON ENVIRONMENTAL INC.
(ZenoGem™ Process)
TECHNOLOGY DESCRIPTION:
ZENON Environmental Inc.'s, ZenoGem™ Process
integrates biological treatment with membrane-
based ultrafiltration (see figure below). This
innovative system treats high strength wastes at long
sludge retention time but short hydraulic residence
time. As a result, the bioreactor's size is
significantly reduced. Membrane filtration reduces
the turbidity of the treated wastewater to less than 1
nephelometric turbidity unit.
In the ZenoGem™ Process, wastewater
contaminated with organic compounds first enters
the bioreactor, where contaminants are biologically
degraded. Next, the process pump circulates the
biomass through the ultrafiltration membrane
system, or ultrafilter. The ultrafilter separates
treated water from biological solids and soluble
materials with higher molecular weights, including
emulsified oil. The solids and soluble materials are
then recycled to the bioreactor.
The ZenoGem™ Process captures higher molecular
weight materials that would otherwise pass through
conventional clarifiers and filters. The ZenoGem™
Process pilot-scale system is mounted on a 48-foot
trailer and consists of the following six major
components:
• Polyethylene equalization/holding tank:
reduces the normal flow concentration
fluctuations in the system
• Polyethylene bioreactor tank: contains the
bacterial culture that degrades organic
contaminants
• Process and feed pumps: ensures proper flow
and pressure for optimum system performance
• Ultrafiltration module: contains rugged, clog-
free, tubular membranes that remove solids
from treated water.
• Clean-in-place tank: includes all the necessary
valves, instrumentation, and controls to clean
the membrane filters
• Control panel and computer: monitors system
performance
ZenoGem™ Process
Page 259
The SITE Program assesses but does not
approve or endorse technologies.
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May 2003
Completed Project
The treatment capacity of the pilot-scale, trailer-
mounted system is about 500 to 1,000 gallons of
wastewater per day; however, a full-scale system
can treat much larger quantities of wastewater. The
trailer is also equipped with a laboratory that
enables field personnel to conduct tests to evaluate
system performance. The system is computer-
controlled and equipped with alarms to notify the
operator of mechanical and operational problems.
WASTE APPLICABILITY:
The ZenoGem™ Process is designed to remove
biodegradable materials, including most organic
contaminants, from wastewater to produce a high
quality effluent. The process consistently nitrifies
organics and can denitrify organics with the addition
of an anoxic bioreactor. The process is limited to
aqueous media and may be used to treat high
strength leachates, contaminated groundwater, and
soil washing effluent.
STATUS:
The ZenoGem™ Process was accepted into the
SITE Demonstration Program in summer 1992. The
ZenoGem™ Process was demonstrated at the
Nascolite Superfund site in Millville, New Jersey,
from September through November 1994.
Groundwater at this 17.5-acre site is contaminated
with methyl methacrylate (MMA) and other volatile
organic compounds from manufacturing polymethyl
methacrylate plastic sheets, commonly known as
Plexiglas. The Demonstration Bulletin
(EPA/540/MR-95/503), and Technology Capsule
(EPA/540/R-95/503a), and Innovative Technology
Evaluation Report (EPA/540/R-95/503) are
available from EPA.
Since the development of the ZenoGem™
technology in 1987, ZEN ON has performed pilot
tests for government and private clients on several
different types of wastewater, including oily
wastewater, metal finishing wastes, cleaning
solutions containing detergents, alcohol-based
cleaning solutions, landfill leachate, aqueous paint-
stripping wastes, and deicing fluids. Information
about the two demonstrations conducted in Canada
and the United States is available from ZENON.
DEMONSTRATION RESULTS:
During the 3-month demonstration, sampling results
showed that the system achieved average removal
efficiencies of greater than 99.9 percent for MMA
and 97.9 percent for chemical oxygen demand.
MMA concentrations measured in the off-gas
emission stream indicated insignificant
volatilization. The ultrafiltration system effectively
dewatered the process sludge, which yielded a
smaller waste volume for off-site disposal. Sludge
dewatering resulted in an approximate volume
reduction of 60 percent and a solids increase from
1.6 to 3.6 percent. The process effluent was clear
and odorless, and accepted for discharge by the
local publicly owned treatment works. During the
demonstration, the system was left unattended at
night and on weekends, demonstrating that
computer control is practical for extended operating
periods.
FOR FURTHER INFORMATION:
EPA PROJECT MANAGER:
Daniel Sullivan
U.S. EPA
National Risk Management Research
Laboratory
2890 Woodbridge Avenue
Edison, NJ 08837-3679
908-321-6677
Fax: 908-321-6640
e-mail: sullivan.daniel@epa.gov
TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPER CONTACT:
Chris Lipski
ZENON Environmental Inc.
845 Harrington Court
Burlington, Ontario, Canada
L7N 3P3
905-639-6320
Fax: 905-639-1812
The SITE Program assesses but does not
approve or endorse technologies.
Page 260
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TABLE 2
Ongoing SITE Demonstration Program Projects as of September 2002
Developer
Earth-Tech
Roanoke, VA (HSA)
Electro-Petroleum, Inc.
Wayne, PA
Geokinetics International, Inc.
Palo Alto, CA
Harding ESE A MacTec Company
(formerly ABB Environmental
Services, Inc.)
Wakefield, MA.
Integrated Water Resources, Inc
Santa Barbara, CA.
Lewis Environmental Services, Inc./
Hickson Corporation
Etna, PA
Lockheed Martin Missiles and Space
Co., and Geokinetics
International, Inc.
Palo Alto, Ca
Matrix Photocatalytic Inc.,
London, Ontario, Canada
Process Technologies, Inc.
Boise, ID
Recycling Sciences International,
Inc.
Chicago, IL
RKK, Ltd.
Arlington, WA
Selentec Environmental
Technologies, Inc.
Atlanta, GA
S1VE Services
Dixon, CA
Technology
In-Situ Enhanced
Bioremediation of Groundwater
Electro-Kinetically Aided
Remediation (EKAR)
Electrokinetic Remediation
Process
Two-Zone, Plume Interception,
In Situ Treatment Strategy
Dynamic Underground
Stripping & Hydrous Pyrolysis
Oxidation
Chromated Copper Arsenate
Soil Leaching Process
Electrokinetic Remediation
Process
Photocatalytic Air Treatment
Photolytic Destruction ot
Vapor-Phase Halogens
Desorption and Vapor
Extraction System
CRYOCELL"
Selentec MAG* SEP5"1
Technology
Steam Injection and Vacuum
Extraction
Technology
Contact
Brian B. Looney
808-725-7673
Rosann Kryczkowski
540-362-7326
Dr. J. Kenneth Whittle
610-687-9070
Steven Schwartzkopf
415-424-3176
Willard Murray
781-245-6606
Roger Aines
925-423-7184
Robin Newmark
925-423-3644
Norman Brown
805-966-7757
Tom Lewis III
412-799-0959
Steven Schwartzkopf
415-424-3176
Bob Henderson
519-660-8669
Not Available
William Meenan
312-663-4269
Ronald Krieg
360-653-4844
Steve Weldon
770-640-7059
Douglas Dieter
707-678-8358
EPA Project
Manager
Vince Gallardo
513-569-7679
Randy A. Parker
513-569-7271
Thomas Holdsworth
513-569-7679
Randy Parker
513-569-7271
Thomas Holdsworth
513-569-7679
Randy Parker
513-569-7571
Tom Holdsworth
513-569-7679
Paul de Percm
513-569-7797
Paul dePercm
513-569-7797
Richard Eilers
513-569-7809
Steven Rock
513-569-7149
Randy Parker
513-569-7271
Michelle Simon
513-569-7469
Applicable
Media
Groundwater
Soil
Clay, Silly Clay,
Shale Beds, Gravel
Deposits, etc.
Groundwater, Soil
Groundwater, Soil
Leachate, liquid,
Soil, Wastewater
Soil, Sludges,
Sediment
Air
Air, Gases
Soil, Sediment,
Sludge
Soil
Water, Wastewater
Soil
Applicable Waste
Inorganic
Not Applicable
Various radionuclides,
arsenic, cadmium,
lead, nickel, mercury
Not Applicable
Inorganic Chloride
Not Applicable
Mteals, Nonspecific
Inorganics
Heavy Metals
Not Applicable
Not Applicable
Volatile Inorganics
Nonspecific
Inorganics
Heavy Metals,
Radionuclides
Not Applicable
Organic
VOCs
Acetone, BTEX,
PAHs, TCE
Feul Oil, Diesel,
Kerosene, PAHs, Coal
Tar, Hydraulic Fluid,
TCE
Chlorinated and
Nonchlorinated
Organic Compounds
Chlorinated solvents,
fuels, creosote
Nonspecific Organics
Polar Organics
VOCs, SVOCs
VOCs, CFCs, HCFCs
VOCs, SVOCs, PCBs,
PAHs, PCP, Pesticides
Nonspecific Organics
Not Applicable
VOCs, SVOCs
Solicitation Number
An additional demonstration is planned for this technology. Refer to the profile in the Demonstration Program section (completed projects) for more information.
From Emerging Technology Program
-------
TABLE 2 (Continued)
Ongoing SITE Demonstration Program Projects as of September 2002
Developer
Vortec Corporation***
Collegeville, PA
Western Research Institute
Laramie, WY
Wheelabrator Technologies Inc.
Hampton, NH
Technology
Vitrification Process
Contained Recovery of Oily
Wastes
WES-PHix* Stabilization
Process
Technology
Contact
James Hnat
610-489-2255
Lyle Johnson
307-721-2281
Mark Lyons
603-929-3403
EPA Project
Manager
Teri Richardson
513-569-7949
Eugene Harris
513-569-7862
Teri Richardson
513-569-7949
Applicable
Media
Soil, Sludge,
Sediment
Soil, Groundwater
Soil, Sludge
Applicable Waste
Inorganic
Metals, Other
Nonspecific
Inorganics
Not Applicable
Metals
Organic
Nonspecific Organics
Coal Tars, Petroleum
By-Products, PCP,
Chlorinated Solvents
Not Applicable
P
CTQ
ffi
Solicitation Number
An additional demonstration is planned for this technology. Refer to the profile in the Demonstration Program section (completed projects) for more information.
From Emerging Technology Program
-------
"echnology Profile
DEMONSTRATION PROGRAM
EARTH TECH, INC.
(formerly ITT Night Vision)
(In Situ Enhanced Bioremediation of Groundwater)
TECHNOLOGY DESCRIPTION:
ITT Night Vision is conducting in situ enhanced
aerobic bioremediation of contaminated
groundwater in fractured bedrock utilizing
technologies developed at the U.S. Department of
Energy Savannah River Site. The site
demonstration involved remediation of groundwater
in the vicinity of one contaminant source area as a
pilot-scale operation, with the possibility of
applying the technology elsewhere on site.
Contaminants of concern in on-site groundwater
included chlorinated solvents and their products,
plus acetone and isopropanol. To accelerate the
intrinsic (natural) biodegradation observed at the
site, the selected remedy involves the subsurface
injection of air, gaseous-phase nutrients (triethyl
phosphate and nitrous oxide), and methane. The
amendments were added to stimulate existing
microbial populations (particularly methanotrophs)
so that they could more aggressively break down the
contaminants of concern. Amendment delivery to
the surface was accomplished through an injection
well, and the injection zone of influence was
confirmed using surrounding groundwater
monitoring wells and soil vapor monitoring points.
The patented PHOSter™ process for injection of
triethyl phosphate in a gaseous phase was licensed
for use at this site as an integral element of the
enhanced bioremediation operation. This
technology maximizes the subsurface zone of
influence of nutrient injection as compared to
technologies injecting nutrients in liquid or slurry
form. Monitoring of contaminant (and breakdown
product) concentrations in groundwater and soil
vapor, measurement of microbiological population
density and diversity, and monitoring of nutrient
concentrations and groundwater geochemical
parameters provides feedback on system
effectiveness. This in turn allows adjustments to be
made in the sequencing and rate of delivery of air,
nutrients, and methane in response to changing
subsurface conditions.
WASTE APPLICABILITY:
The Enhanced In-Situ Bioremediation process is
applicable for creating volatile organic compounds
(VOCs) in groundwater that can be naturally
biodegraded, including some hard to degrade
chlorinated VOCs. The mixture of air and gaseous
phase nutrients that is injected into the subsurface
provides an aerobic environment for contaminant
degradation. Toxic products resulting from
anaerobic degradation of chlorinated solvents (e.g.,
vinyl chloride) may be broken down completely in
this aerobic environment. The in-situ process is
especially applicable for hydrogeologically complex
sites where injected nutrient flow patterns are
uncertain (i.e., in fractured bedrock gaseous phase
nutrient injection is more likely to affect a larger
area than liquid nutrient injection The process is
also applicable in situations where subsurface
utilities limit or preclude the use of technologies
requiring excavation.
The enhanced bioremediation system, currently
being used in the ongoing RCRA corrective action
interim measure at the ITT Night Vision facility,
was accepted into the SITE program in 1997, (the
demonstration was conducted March 1998 to
August 1999) with system start up occurring in
March of 1998. The technology had previously
been approved by EPA Region 3 as an Interim
Measure part of the facility's ongoing RCRA
Corrective Action program.
Due to the positive performance of the technology
during the SITE Demonstration project, the
remediation system was expanded to address the
entire contamination plume at the site.
Demonstration results are shown in Table 1.
Results were based on 28 baseline and 28 final
samples for the four critical analytes are presented
in Table 1. VOC concentrations were determined
by EPA SW-846 Method 8260. The results indicate
that the targeted 75 percent reduction was achieved
or exceeded for two fo the four critical compounds,
from baseline to final events.
Page 263
The SITE Program assesses but does not
approve or endorse technologies.
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February 2003
Ongoing Project
Target
Compound
CA
1,1-DCA
cis-l,2-DCE
VC
Contaminant
Concentration (^g/L)
Baseline
256
960
1,100
1,100
Final
210
190
90
45
Average
Percent
Reduction
36
80
97
96
Statistically
Significance
Present
Reduction
4
71
55
52
FOR FURTHER INFORMATION:
EPA PROJECT MANAGER:
Vince Gallardo
US EPA M.S. 481
National Risk Management Research
Laboratory
26 W. Martin Luther King Drive
Cincinnati, OH 45268
513-569-7176
Fax: 513-569-7620
e-mail: gallardo.vincente@epa.gov
ITT NIGHT VISION PROJECT MANAGER:
Rosann Kryczkowski
Manager, Environmental, Health & Safety
ITT Night Vision
7635 Plantation Road
Roanoke, VA 24019-3257
540-362-7356
Fax: 540-362-7370
TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPER CONTACT:
Brian B. Looney, Ph.D.
Westinghouse Savannah River Company
Savannah River Technology Center
Aiken, SC 29808
803-725-3692
Fax: 803-725-7673
TECHNOLOGY LICENSEE CONTACT
Greg Carter
Earth Tech Inc.
C/O ITT Night Vision
7635 Plantation Road
Roanoke, VA 24019
The SITE Program assesses but does not
approve or endorse technologies.
Page 264
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"echnology Profile
DEMONSTRATION PROGRAM
ELECTRO-PETROLEUM, INC.
(Electro-Kinetically Aided Remediation [EKAR])
TECHNOLOGY DESCRIPTION:
Electrokinetics is a general term describing a variety
of physical changes, electrochemical reactions and
coupled flows, which can occur when electrical
current flows through soils containing one or more
phases of fluids. Electrokinetically-Aided
Remediation (EKAR), which utilizes electric fields
to drive fluids and charged particles through a porus
medium, is being developed for in-situ soil
remediation. In this process, an electrical current or
potential difference is applied across electrodes
placed into soil in the treatment area. The applied
electrical current effectively enlarges the throat
diameter of soil pores, compared to Darcy flow, and
changes the capillary forces allowing NAPL to pass
through. Dissolved organic and non-aqueous phase
liquids (NAPLs) will also accompany the increased
electroosmotic water flux toward the cathode.
Hydrolyzed ionic species and charged colloidal
particles will drift toward the electrode of opposite
polarity.
A typical electrokinetic field deployment is set up as
follows:. A seven-spot pattern consisting of six
anode wells surrounding a central cathode extraction
well is used to remediate a volume of subsurface
material. NAPL concentrations are extracted at the
electrode wells for further treatment or disposal.
The mobility of the ions and pore fluids
decontaminates the soil mass. EKAR can
supplement or replace conventional pump and treat
technologies.
WASTE APPLICABILITY:
Electrokinetically aided remediation has particular
applicability to both organic and inorganic
contaminants in low permeability soils.
Electrokinetic mechanisms increase fluid flow
through fine grained porus media. This mechanism
increases the removal of mobile non-aqueous phase
liquid, its residual, and its aqueous phases. It is
equally effective with both LNAPL and DNAPL.
Because of the electrokinetically imposed electric
field's ability to drive charged particles through a
fluid, the technology can be used to increase
particulate contaminant flux through soil and
transport microbes to contaminated zones for
bioremediation. Electrochemical treatment may be
engineered to extract soluble species of cations and
anions without the need for water flushing and
secondary treatments.
Page 265
The SITE Program assesses but does not
approve or endorse technologies.
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February 2003
Ongoing Project
STATUS:
Bench laboratory studies investigating the metals,
organics, and radionuclides, have been completed.
Organics investigated included acetone, BTEX, and
PAHs. Metals removal investigations focused on
arsenic, cadmium, chromium, lead, nickel and
mercury.
Radionuclides investigated included cesium, cobalt,
technicium, strontium, and uranium. Bench scale
treatability tests have shown significant removal of
TCE from core samples.
The technology is scheduled to be demonstrated at
Offut Air Force Base, Nebraska in 2003, and
evaluated for its ability to remediate TCE
contaminated soils.
FOR FURTHER INFORMATION:
EPA PROJECT MANAGER:
Randy A. Parker
U.S. EPA
National Risk Management Research Laboratory
26 West Martin Luther King Blvd.
Cincinnati, OH 45268
513-569-7271
Fax: 513-569-7143
e-mail: parker.randy@epa.gov
TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPER CONTACT:
Dr. J. Kenneth Whittle, V.P.
Electro-Petroleum, Inc
996 Old Eagle School Rd.
Wayne, PA 19087
610-687-9070
Fax: 610-964-8570
The SITE Program assesses but does not
approve or endorse technologies.
Page 266
-------
"echnology Profile
DEMONSTRATION PROGRAM
GEOKINETICS INTERNATIONAL, INC.
(Electrokinetic Remediation Process)
TECHNOLOGY DESCRIPTION:
The Electrokinetic Remediation (ER) process
removes metals and organic contaminants from soil,
mud, sludge, and marine dredgings. ER uses
electrochemical and electrokinetic processes to
desorb and remove metals and polar organics. The
technology may be applied in situ or in the batch
mode.
The figure below is a flow diagram of the batch
reactor. Waste material is placed into the batch
reactor, between Ebonex® ceramic electrodes that
are divided into a cathode array and an anode array.
A direct current is then applied, causing ions and
water to move toward the electrodes. Metal ions,
ammonium ions, and positively charged organic
compounds move toward the cathode. Anions such
as chloride, cyanide, fluoride, nitrate, and negatively
charged organic compounds move toward the anode.
Two primary mechanisms transport contaminants
through the soil: electromigration and
electroosmosis. In electromigration, charged
particles are transported through the substrate. In
contrast, electroosmosis is the movement of a liquid
containing ions relative to a stationary charged
surface. Of the two, electromigration is much faster
and it is the principle mechanism for the ER
process.
The electrodes are positioned inside permeable
casings that are inserted into the waste material.
After the annulus of each casing is filled with water,
the current is turned on. The water passes from the
anode casing into the waste and toward the cathode.
This procedure (1) supports electrokinetic
movement of the contaminants through the soil; (2)
helps maintain soil moisture, thereby sustaining the
electric field; and (3) enables various chemicals that
enhance contaminant removal to be added as
required.
As the water accumulates in the annulus of the
cathode casing, it is pumped out for processing.
Processing involves removal of contaminants by
electrochemical means, producing a concentrated
contaminant brine that can be either further
processed or disposed of as hazardous waste. The
water is then returned to the annulus of the anode
casing.
Recovered
ontaminants
Solution
Purification
Cathode
Solution Permeable
Flow Electrode
/ Casing \
DC Power
Anode
Flow Diagram of the Electrokinetic Remediation Process
Page 267
The SITE Program assesses but does not
approve or endorse technologies.
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February 2003
Ongoing Project
WASTE APPLICABILITY:
ER is designed to remove heavy metals, anions, and
polar organics from soil, mud, sludge, and
dredgings. Treatable concentrations range from a
few parts per million (ppm) to tens of thousands
ppm. The batch technology is most appropriate for
sites with contaminated estuarine and river muds
and dredgings, sewage processing sludges, and
fines remaining after soil washing. The process can
be used with virtually any substrate. ER's
effectiveness is sharply reduced for wastes with a
moisture content of less than 10 percent.
STATUS:
This technology was accepted into the SITE
Demonstration Program in 1994. A demonstration
of the process will be conducted at the Alameda
Naval Air Station in California.
The ER process has been used successfully at
several European sites on soils contaminated with
metals.
FOR FURTHER INFORMATION:
EPA PROJECT MANAGER:
Tom Holdsworth
U.S. EPA
National Risk Management Research
Laboratory
26 West Martin Luther King Drive
Cincinnati, OH 45268
513-569-7679
Fax:513-569-7676
e-mail: holdsworth.thomas@epa.gov
TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPER CONTACT:
Steven Schwartzkopf
Lockheed Martin Missiles and Space Co.
Research and Development Divisions
3251 Hanover Street, ORG 93-50/B204
Palo Alto, CA 94304-1191
415-424-3176
Fax: 415-354-5795
The SITE Program assesses but does not
approve or endorse technologies.
Page 268
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"echnology Profile
DEMONSTRATION PROGRAM
HARDING ESE, A MACTEC COMPANY
(formerly ABB Environmental Services, Inc.)
(Two-Zone, Plume Interception, In Situ Treatment Strategy)
TECHNOLOGY DESCRIPTION:
The two-zone, plume interception, in situ treatment
strategy is designed to treat chlorinated and
nonchlorinated organic compounds in saturated soils
and groundwater using a sequence of anaerobic and
aerobic conditions (see figure below). The in situ
anaerobic and aerobic system constitutes a treatment
train that biodegrades a wide assortment of
chlorinated and nonchlorinated compounds.
When applying this technology, anaerobic and
aerobic conditions are produced in two distinct,
hydraulically controlled, saturated soil zones.
Groundwater passes through each zone as it is
recirculated through the treatment area. The first
zone, the anaerobic zone, is designed to partially
dechlorinate highly chlorinated solvents such as
tetrachloroethene (PCE), trichloroethene (TCE), and
1,1,1-trichloroethane with natural biological
processes. The second zone, the aerobic zone,
isdesigned to biologically oxidize the partially
dechlorinated products from the first zone, as well
as other compounds that were not susceptible to the
anaerobic treatment phase.
Anaerobic conditions are produced or enhanced in
the first treatment zone by introducing a primary
carbon source, such as lactic acid, and mineral
nutrients, such as nitrogen and phosphorus. When
proper anaerobic conditions are attained, the target
contaminants are reduced. For example, PCE is
dechlorinated to TCE, and TCE is dechlorinated to
dichloroethene (DCE) and vinyl chloride. Under
favorable conditions, this process can completely
dechlorinate the organics to ethene and ethane.
Aerobic conditions are produced or enhanced in the
second treatment zone by introducing oxygen,
mineral nutrients such as nitrogen and phosphorus,
and possibly an additional carbon source, such as
methane (if an insufficient supply of methane results
from the upstream, anaerobic zone). When proper
aerobic conditions are attained in this zone, partially
dechlorinated products and other target compounds
from the first zone are oxidized. For example, less-
chlorinated ethenes such as DCE and vinyl chloride
are cometabolized during the aerobic
microbiological degradation of methane.
CONTAMINANT
SOURCE
NUTRIENTS,
OXYGEN
(METHANE)
SATURATED \
ZONE 1
IMPERMEABLE
LAYER
GROUNDWATER FLOW
Two-Zone, Plume Interception, In Situ Treatment Strategy
Page 269
The SITE Program assesses but does not
approve or endorse technologies.
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February 2003
Ongoing Project
The treatment strategy is designed to biologically
remediate subsoils by enhancing indigenous
microorganism activity. If indigenous bacterial
populations do not provide the adequate anaerobic
or aerobic results, specially adapted cultures can be
introduced to the aquifer. These cultures are
introduced using media-filled trenches that can
support added microbial growth.
WASTE APPLICABILITY:
The two-zone, plume interception, in situ treatment
strategy is designed to treat groundwater and
saturated soils containing chlorinated and
nonchlorinated organic compounds.
STATUS:
The two-zone, plume interception, in situ treatment
strategy was accepted into the SITE Emerging
Technology Program in July 1989. Optimal
treatment parameters for field testing were
investigated in bench-scale soil aquifer simulators.
The objectives of bench-scale testing were to
(1) determine factors affecting the development of
each zone, (2) evaluate indigenous bacterial
communities, (3) demonstrate treatment of
chlorinated and nonchlorinated solvent mixtures,
and (4) develop a model for the field remediation
design. The Emerging Technology Bulletin
(EPA/540/F-95/510), which details the bench-scale
testing results, is available from EPA.
A pilot-scale field demonstration system was
installed at an industrial facility in Massachusetts.
Pilot-scale testing began in September 1996.
Results from this testing indicate the following:
• The reductive dechlorination of PCE and TCE
to DCE, VC, and ethene has been accomplished
primarily by sulfate-reducing bacteria.
• A time lag of about 4 months was required
before significant reductive dechlorination
occurred. This corresponded to the time and
lactic acid dosing required to reduce the redox
to about -100 throughout the treatment cell.
• Sequential anaerobic-aerobic (Two-Zone)
biodegradation of PCE and its degradation
products appear to be a viable and cost-effective
treatment technology for the enhancement of
natural reductive dechlorination processes.
FOR FURTHER INFORMATION:
EPA PROJECT MANAGER:
Randy Parker
U.S. EPA
National Risk Management Research
Laboratory
26 West Martin Luther King Drive
Cincinnati, OH 45268
513-569-7271
Fax:513-569-7143
e-mail: parker.randy@epa.gov
TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPER CONTACT:
Willard Murray
Harding Lawson Associates
107 Audubon Road, Suite 25
Wakefield, MA 01880
781-245-6606
Fax:781-246-5060
e-mail: wmurray@harding.com
The SITE Program assesses but does not
approve or endorse technologies.
Page 270
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"echnology Profile
DEMONSTRATION PROGRAM
INTEGRATED WATER RESOURCES, INC.
(Dynamic Underground Stripping & Hydrous Pyrolysis Oxidation)
TECHNOLOGY DESCRIPTION:
DynamicUnderground Stripping and Hydrous
Pyrolysis Oxidation are components of a toolbox of
remediation techniques that mobilize and remove as
well as destroy, in situ, a variety of organic
contaminants including chlorinated solvents (TCE
and PCE), fuels and creosote. Steam is injected
through stainless steel wells, creating a steam-front
that volatilizes the contaminants as it moves towards
groundwater and vapor extraction wells where
contaminants are brought to the surface for ex situ
treatment. When the site reaches the target
temperature, and for the period afterward while the
target zone remains hot, a portion of the
contaminants will be destroyed in situ by Hydrous
Pyrolysis/Oxidation, producing the byproducts
carbon dioxide, water and, for chlorinated
compounds, a chloride ion.
Toolbox Technologies Defined:
Dynamic Underground Stripping (PUS): Subsurface
heating by steam injection and/or electrical heating,
to volatilize and mobilize contaminants for removal
through vacuum extraction wells.
Hydrous Pyrolysis/Oxidation (HPO): In situ
physical/chemical destruction process for organic
contaminants involving oxidation. Contaminants
are destroyed in the aquifer during pulsed steam
injection. HPO processes will continue after steam
injection is ceased.
Electrical Resistance Tomography (ERT): Provides
nearly real-time tomographic imaging of thermal
distribution within the subsurface during heating,
allowing modification and fine-tuning of steam
injection and vacuum extraction parameters for
process control and performance review.
In contrast to many existing remediation
technologies, DUS/HPO toolbox technologies work
quickly and efficiently, with site closure in months
to years as opposed to decades. In addition to free
product removal, the technology can provide
treatment of contaminated aquifers to drinking
water standards. DUS/HPO technology is also less
expensive than many traditional pump and treat
processes, in part due to the dramatically reduced
treatment time. Data from pilot and full scale
projects indicate that full treatment costs range
between $35 and $50 per cubic yard of
contaminated volume.
WASTE APPLICABILITY:
DUS/HPO technology is effective at sites
contaminated by chlorinated solvents (including
TCE, PCE and CC14), fuels, and creosote. Former
Energy Secretary Richardson stated that these
technologies are applicable to one quarter of the
nation's Superfund Sites.
Siea--n j
njectton 1
Tomography imfag«
Stearn zone cteaned areas
13 dry
Depth Rang©
It. hundim_te
of feel
[Wall to wall slripip ncj: appro
approxtmaraly i
Page 271
The SITE Program assesses but does not
approve or endorse technologies.
-------
February 2003
Ongoing Project
The technologies are well-suited to application in a
variety of geological environments, including
heterogeneous aquifers which are typically
problematic for pump-and-treat and related
techniques. DUS/HPO works above and below the
water table and has no practical depth constraint.
DUS/HPO toolbox technologies may have special
advantages in hydrogeological environments where
existing technologies are known to be inapplicable
or largely ineffectual.
At the project currently underway at Cape Canaveral
Launch Complex 34, in addition to remediation of
both sands and fine-grained silty clay layers, IWR's
system will remove TCE trapped in sediments
beneath a large building.
STATUS:
The technologies, developed at Lawrence Livermore
National Laboratory and UC-Berkeley, were
nationally licensed to IWR in 1998. Since that time,
several large-scale DUS/HPO projects have been
successfully realized, including one nearing
completion for the U.S. DOE at the Savannah River
Site in Aiken, South Carolina. Contaminants at this
former solvent storage tank site were removed from
as deep as 165' below ground surface, the deepest
deployment of this technology to date. Over 55,000
pounds of PCE and 2,000 pounds of TCE were
removed from the subsurface during eight months of
active operation, more than twice the maximum
estimated contaminant mass prior to DUS/HPO
deployment.
This technology was accepted into the Superfund
Innovative Technology Program (SITE) late 1999.
The Interagency DNAPL Consortium, combining
the interests of NASA, the Departments of Defense
and Energy, and the US EPA, selected IWR to
design a system for removal of TCE from a
contaminated aquifer at Cape Canaveral Launch
Complex 34. The design has since been approved
and construction is currently underway.
Commencement of active steaming began in July
2001.
FOR FURTHER INFORMATION:
EPA PROJECT MANAGER:
Tom Holdsworth
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
Office of Research and Development
26 West Martin Luther King Drive
Cincinnati, OH 45268
513-569-7675
Fax: 513-569-7676
E-mail: holdsworth.thomas@epa.gov
TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPER
CONTACT:
Roger Aines, Ph.D. or
Robin Newmark, Ph.D.
Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory
P.O. Box 808
Livermore, CA 94550
925-423-7184 (Aines)
Fax: 925-422-0208
E-mail:
aines@llnl.gov
925-423-3644 (Newmark)
Fax: 925-422-3925
E-mail:
newmarkl (Sjlml.gov
TECHNOLOGY LICENSEE CONTACT:
Norman N. Brown, Ph.D.
Vice President & Chief Science Officer
Integrated Water Resources, Inc.
18 Anacapa St., 2nd Floor
Santa Barbara, CA 93101
805-966-7757
Fax: 805-966-7887www.integratedwater.com
The SITE Program assesses but does not
approve or endorse technologies.
Page 272
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"echnology Profile
DEMONSTRATION PROGRAM
LEWIS ENVIRONMENTAL SERVICES, INC.
HICKSON CORPORATION
(Chromated Copper Arsenate Soil Leaching Process)
TECHNOLOGY DESCRIPTION:
Lewis Environmental Services, Inc. (Lewis), has
developed a soil leaching process to remediate soils
contaminated with inorganics and heavy metals
including chromium, copper, cadmium, mercury,
arsenic, and lead.
The soil leaching process consists of leaching
contaminated soil in a countercurrent stirred reactor
system (see figure below). A screw feeder delivers
the soil into the reactor, where it is leached with
sulfuric acid for 30 to 60 minutes. The sulfuric acid
solubilizes the inorganics and heavy metals into the
leaching solution. Any organic contaminants are
separated and decanted from the leaching solution,
using strong acid leachate, space separation, and
skimming. The processed soil is then washed with
water and air-dried.
The wash water is then treated with Lewis'
ENVIRO-CLEAN PROCESS, which consists of a
granulated activated carbon system followed by an
electrolytic recovery system. The
ENVIRO-CLEAN PROCESS recovers the heavy
metals from the leaching solution and wash water
and produces an effluent that meets EPA discharge
limits for heavy metals. The treated wash water can
then be reused in the soil washing step. The
leaching solution can be returned directly to the
stirred reactor system, depending on its metals
concentration.
Contaminated soil must be properly sized and
screened to facilitate leaching in the stirred reactor
system. Large pieces of debris such as rocks, wood,
and bricks must be removed before treatment.
Standard screening and classification equipment,
such as that used in municipal waste treatment
plants, is suitable for this purpose.
Soil Contaminated Leaching
with Heavy Metals Solution
i
V T
™ i
Processed
Countercurrent So'' ^
Keactor ^
Metal Loaded Leaching Solution Washe 1
Soil i—
^\ i
L/ \A ENVIRO-CLEAN •
r ^ PRnriFss '
Recycled/Reuse Activated
Extraction Carbon 1 '
Solution Process
Ip
4 '
Reprocessed Activate i
Carbon
1 _
1
Water Washing Unit
1 LowM
^Wash V
^m ^m *^m ^m m
Activated
Carbon
Process
„ >
W
^^^j
etal
^/ater
"PoTshed,
Wash '
Water |-^
^Reprocessed
Activated
Carbon
Electrolytic
Recovery
System
Treated
1
1
Leaching Solution
Iw.
Heavy^MetaT^
By-Producd
Chromated Copper Arsenate Soil Leaching Process
Page 273
The SITE Program assesses but does not
approve or endorse technologies.
-------
February 2003
Ongoing Project
The soil leaching process does not generate
appreciable quantities of treatment by-products or
waste streams containing heavy metals. The treated
soil meets toxicity characteristic leaching procedure
(TCLP) criteria and can be either returned to the site
or disposed of at a nonhazardous landfill. The
granular activated carbon requires disposal after
about 20 to 30 treatment cycles and should also
meet TCLP criteria. Heavy metals recovered by the
ENVIRO-CLEAN process can be reused by
industry.
WASTE APPLICABILITY:
The soil leaching process can treat wastes generated
by the wood preserving and metal plating industries,
battery waste sites, and urban lead sites.
STATUS:
The soil leaching process was accepted into the
Emerging Technology Program in 1993.
Laboratory-scale tests have shown that the process
successfully treats soil contaminated with
chromated copper arsenate (CCA). The evaluation
of the technology under the SITE Program was
completed in September 1996. Results from the
evaluation will be available in 1997.
In 1992, Lewis treated a 5-gallon sample of CCA-
contaminated soil from Hickson Corporation
(Hickson), a major CCA chemical manufacturer.
The treated soil met TCLP criteria, with chromium
and arsenic, the two main leaching solution
constituents, averaging 0.8 milligram per kilogram
(mg/kg) and 0.9 mg/kg, respectively.
Analysis also revealed 3,330 milligrams per liter
(mg/L) of chromium, 13,300 mg/L of copper, and
22,990 mg/L of iron in the leaching solution. In
addition, analysis indicated 41.4 mg/L of chromium,
94.8 mg/L of copper, and 3.0 mg/L of arsenic
present in the wash water. After treatment, the wash
water contained metals levels below 0.01 mg/L for
copper and chromium and 0.3 mg/L for arsenic.
Lewis plans further laboratory-scale testing at its
Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania facility, followed by
bench- or pilot-scale testing at Hickson's facility in
Conley, Georgia.
FOR FURTHER INFORMATION:
EPA PROJECT MANAGER:
Randy Parker
U.S. EPA
National Risk Management Research
Laboratory
26 West Martin Luther King Drive
Cincinnati, OH 45268
513-569-7271
Fax:513-569-7143
TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPER CONTACT:
Tom Lewis III
Lewis Environmental Services, Inc.
550 Butler Street
Etna, PA 15223
412-799-0959
Fax: 412-799-0958
The SITE Program assesses but does not
approve or endorse technologies.
Page 274
-------
"echnology Profile
DEMONSTRATION PROGRAM
LOCKHEED MARTIN MISSILES AND SPACE CO.
and GEOKINETICS INTERNATIONAL, INC.
(Electrokinetic Remediation Process)
TECHNOLOGY DESCRIPTION:
The Electrokinetic Remediation (ER) process
removes metals and organic contaminants from soil,
mud, sludge, and marine dredgings. ER uses
electrochemical and electrokinetic processes to
desorb and remove metals and polar organics. The
technology may be applied in situ or in the batch
mode.
The figure below is a flow diagram of the batch
reactor. Waste material is placed into the batch
reactor, between Ebonex® ceramic electrodes that
are divided into a cathode array and an anode array.
A direct current is then applied, causing ions and
water to move toward the electrodes. Metal ions,
ammonium ions, and positively charged organic
compounds move toward the cathode. Anions such
as chloride, cyanide, fluoride, nitrate, and negatively
charged organic compounds move toward the anode.
Two primary mechanisms transport contaminants
through the soil: electromigration and
electroosmosis. In electromigration, charged
particles are transported through the substrate.
Incontrast, electroosmosis is the movement of a
liquid containing ions relative to a stationary
charged surface. Of the two, electromigration is
much faster and it is the principle mechanism for the
ER process.
The electrodes are positioned inside permeable
casings that are inserted into the waste material.
After the annulus of each casing is filled with water,
the current is turned on. The water passes from the
anode casing into the waste and toward the cathode.
This procedure (1) supports electrokinetic
movement of the contaminants through the soil; (2)
helps maintain soil moisture, thereby sustaining the
electric field; and (3) enables various chemicals that
enhance contaminant removal to be added as
required.
As the water accumulates in the annulus of the
cathode casing, it is pumped out for processing.
Processing involves removal of contaminants by
electrochemical means, producing a concentrated
contaminant brine that can be either further
processed or disposed of as hazardous waste. The
water is then returned to the annulus of the anode
casing.
^ Recovered
ontaminants
Cathode
Solution
Flow
Permeable
Electrode
-- Casing \
Contaminated Soil
DC Power
Anode
Flow Diagram of the Electrokinetic Remediation Process
Page 275
The SITE Program assesses but does not
approve or endorse technologies.
-------
February 2003
Ongoing Project
WASTE APPLICABILITY:
ER is designed to remove heavy metals, anions, and
polar organics from soil, mud, sludge, and
dredgings. Treatable concentrations range from a
few parts per million (ppm) to tens of thousands
ppm. The batch technology is most appropriate for
sites with contaminated estuarine and river muds
and dredgings, sewage processing sludges, and
fines remaining after soil washing. The process can
be used with virtually any substrate. ER's
effectiveness is sharply reduced for wastes with a
moisture content of less than 10 percent.
STATUS:
This technology was accepted into the SITE
Demonstration Program in 1994. A demonstration
of the process will be conducted at the Alameda
Naval Air Station in California.
The ER process has been used successfully at
several European sites (see table below) on soils
contaminated with metals.
FOR FURTHER INFORMATION:
EPA PROJECT MANAGER:
Thomas Holdsworth
U.S. EPA
National Risk Management Research
Laboratory
26 West Martin Luther King Drive
Cincinnati, OH 45268
513-569-7679
Fax:513-569-7676
e-mail: holdsworth.thoms@ep.gov
TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPER CONTACT:
Steven Schwartzkopf
Lockheed Martin Missiles and Space Co.
Research and Development Divisions
3251 Hanover Street, ORG 93-50/B204
Palo Alto, CA 94304-1191
415-424-3176
Fax: 415-354-5795
The SITE Program assesses but does not
approve or endorse technologies.
Page 276
-------
"echnology Profile
DEMONSTRATION PROGRAM
MATRIX PHOTOCATALYTIC INC.
(Photocatalytic Air Treatment)
TECHNOLOGY DESCRIPTION:
Matrix Photocatalytic Inc. is developing a titanium
dioxide (TiO2) photocatalytic air treatment
technology that destroys volatile organic
compounds (VOC) and semivolatile organic
compounds in air streams. During treatment,
contaminated air at ambient temperatures flows
through a fixed TiO2 catalyst bed activated by
ultraviolet (UV) light. Typically, organic
contaminants are destroyed in fractions of a second.
Technology advantages include the following:
• Robust equipment
• No residual toxins
• No ignition source
• Unattended operation
• Low direct treatment cost
The technology has been tested on benzene, toluene,
ethylbenzene, and xylene; trichloroethene;
tetrachloroethane; isopropyl alcohol; acetone;
chloroform; methanol; and methyl ethyl ketone. A
field-scale system is shown in the photograph on the
next page.
WASTE APPLICABILITY:
The TiO2 photocatalytic air treatment technology
can effectively treat dry or moist air. The
technology has been demonstrated to purify
contaminant steam directly, thus eliminating the
need to condense. Systems of 100 cubic feet per
minute have been successfully tested on vapor
extraction operations, air stripper emissions, steam
from desorption processes, and VOC emissions
from manufacturing facilities. Other potential
applications include odor removal, stack gas
treatment, soil venting, and manufacturing ultra-
Page 277
The SITE Program assesses but does not
approve or endorse technologies.
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February 2003
Ongoing Project
pure air for residential, automotive, instrument, and
medical needs. Systems of up to about 1,000 cubic
feet per minute can be cost- competitive with
thermal destruction systems.
STATUS:
The TiO2 photocatalytic air treatment technology
was accepted into SITE Emerging Technology
Program (ETP) in October 1992; the evaluation was
completed in 1993. Based on results from the ETP,
this technology was invited to participate in the
SITE Demonstration Program. For further
information about the evaluation under the ETP,
refer to the journal article (EPA/600/A-93/282),
which is available from EPA. A suitable
demonstration site is being sought.
FOR FURTHER INFORMATION:
EPA PROJECT MANAGER:
Paul de Percin
U.S. EPA
National Risk Management Research
Laboratory
26 West Martin Luther King Drive
Cincinnati, OH 45268
513-569-7797
Fax: 513-569-7105
e-mail: depercin.paul@epa.gov
TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPER CONTACT:
Bob Henderson
Matrix Photocatalytic Inc.
22 Pegler Street
London, Ontario, Canada N5Z 2B5
519-660-8669
Fax: 519-660-8525
The SITE Program assesses but does not
approve or endorse technologies.
Page 278
-------
"echnology Profile
DEMONSTRATION PROGRAM
PROCESS TECHNOLOGIES INCORPORATED
(Photolytic Destruction of Vapor-Phase Halogens)
The proprietary, nonthermal technology developed
by Process Technologies Incorporated (PTI), is a
method of photochemically oxidizing gaseous
organic compounds within a reaction chamber.
PTI's Photolytic Destruction Technology (PDT)
uses low-pressure ultraviolet (UV) lamps, with UV
emissions primarily at wavelengths in the 185 to
254 nanometer range, located within the reaction
chamber. Photons emitted from these lamps break
apart the chemical bonds making up the volatile
organic compound (VOC) molecule. The process is
capable of destroying mixtures of chlorinated and
nonchlorinated VOCs.
The PDT system is designed and fabricated in 3- to
12-cubic-feet-per-minute (cfm) modules. The size
of the module applied is dependent on the gas flow
rate and VOC concentrations in the gas stream. PTI
implements a fluid bed concentrator to allow for the
treatment of high flow gas streams, or those with
rates greater than 1,000 cfm. Significant cost
savings can be realized if the gas flow can be
reduced, and concentration increased prior to
destruction.
PTI uses a proprietary reagent that forms a liner
within the process chamber. The reagent reacts
chemically with the gaseous degradation products
formed during the photolytic destruction of
halocarbon molecules to form solid, stable reaction
products.
Reagent lifetime depends on flow rate, influent
concentrations, and specific chemical composition
of destruction targets. PTI has performed tests on
spent reagent to determine whether the material
would be classified as a hazardous waste under
federal regulations. Those tests indicated that the
spent reagent is likely nontoxic. The spent reagent
is also not reactive, corrosive, or flammable, and
thus PTI is confident that it is not a hazardous waste
under federal law. PTI accordingly believes that the
spent reagent material can be disposed of as
ordinary solid waste or used as a feedstock for
cement manufacturing. The PTI process is simple
in design and easy to operate. The system is
designed to run continuously, 24-hours per day.
Cleaned Air
@ 1,000 cfm
Adsorber
Column
Concentrated VOC Vapor
Stream @ 6 cfm
Desorber
Column
VOC Off-Gas
@ 1,000 cfrrT
AiMTTater
Separator
Desorption air
@ 6 cfm
UV Reactor
°MO°MO °MO°
OUO!!OUOMOUO°
Treated Air &
HCI @ 6 cfm
Cleaned
Air
D
6 cfm Acid
Gas Scrubber
Simplified Process Flow Diagram
of Photolytic Destruction
Page 279
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WASTE APPLICABILITY:
The technology was developed to destroy a number
of groups of compounds, including chlorinated
solvents, chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs),
hydrochlorofluorocarbons (HCFCs), and halons.
Example sources of process off-gas that contains
chlorinated and nonchlorinated VOCs, CFCs, and
HCFCs include steam vapor extraction, tank vents,
air strippers, steam strippers, and building vent
systems.
The process is capable of destroying as high as
50,000 parts per million by volume VOC streams.
The system is capable of achieving greater than 90
percent on-line availability, inclusive of scheduled
maintenance activities.
STATUS:
The PTI technology was accepted into the SITE
Demonstration Program in summer 1994. The
demonstration began in September 1994 at
McClellan Air Force Base (AFB) in Sacramento,
California. The SITE demonstration was postponed
shortly thereafter. Activities under the SITE
Program were rescheduled in 1997. Additional tests
incorporating an improved design for treating soil
vapor extraction off-gas were successfully
completed at the AFB in January 1996.
PTI completed a four month demonstration of the
combined fluid bed concentrator and PDT system at
the U.S. Navy's North Island Site 9 in February,
1998. This demonstration was performed to
evaluate the effectiveness and cost to remove and
destroy VOC vapor from an existing SVE system.
The results of the demonstration at the Navy's North
Island Site 9 showed the PTI System was capable of
achieving greater than 95 percent destruction and
removal efficiency of VOCs in the soil vapor at a
250 standard cfm flow rate. Furthermore, the Navy
determined that the PTI System provided a 45
percent cost savings over activated carbon or
flameless thermal oxidation.
FOR FURTHER INFORMATION:
EPA PROJECT MANAGER:
Paul de Percin
U.S. EPA
National Risk Management Research
Laboratory
26 West Martin Luther King Drive
Cincinnati, OH 45268
513-569-7797
Fax: 513-569-7105
e-Mail: depercin.paul @epa.gov
TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPER CONTACT:
Mike Swan
Process Technologies Incorportated
P.O. Box 476
Boise, ID 83701-0476
TECHNOLOGY USER CONTACT:
Kevin Wong
SM-ALC/EMR
5050 Dudley Boulevard
Suite 3
McClellan AFB, CA 95652-1389
916-643-0830 ext. 327
Fax: 916-643-0827
The SITE Program assesses but does not
approve or endorse technologies.
Page 280
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"echnology Profile
DEMONSTRATION PROGRAM
RECYCLING SCIENCES INTERNATIONAL, INC.
(Desorption and Vapor Extraction System)
TECHNOLOGY DESCRIPTION:
The mobile desorption and vapor extraction system
(DAVES) uses a low-temperature fluidized bed to
remove organic and volatile inorganic compounds
from soils, sediments, and sludges. This system can
treat materials with 85 percent solids at a rate of
10.5 tons per hour.
Contaminated materials are fed into a co-current,
fluidized bed dryer, where they are mixed with hot
air (about 1,000 to 1,400°F) from a gas-fired heater.
Direct contact between the waste material and the
hot air forces water and contaminants from the
waste into the gas stream at a relatively low
fluidized-bed temperature (about 320°F). The
heated air, vaporized water and organics, and
entrained particles flow out of the dryer to a gas
treatment system.
The gas treatment system removes solid particles,
vaporized water, and organic vapors from the air
stream. A cyclone separator and baghouse remove
most of the particulates. Vapors from the cyclone
separator are cooled in a venturi scrubber,
countercurrent washer, and chiller section before
they are treated in a vapor-phase carbon adsorption
system. The liquid residues from the system are
centrifuged, filtered, and passed through two
activated carbon beds arranged in series (see
photograph below).
By-products from the DAVES include (1) treated,
dry solids representing about 96 to 98 percent of the
solid waste feed, (2) a small quantity of centrifuge
sludge containing organics, (3) a small quantity of
spent adsorbent carbon, (4) wastewater that may
need further treatment, and (5) small quantities of
baghouse and cyclone dust that are recycled through
the process.
Desorption and Vapor Extraction System (DAVES)
Page 281
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The centrifuge sludge can be bioremediated,
chemically degraded, or treated in another manner.
Recycling Sciences International, Inc., has patented
an electrochemical oxidation process (ECO) and is
developing this process as an adjunct to the
DAVES. The ECO is designed to detoxify
contaminants within the DAVES in a closed-loop
system.
This technology removes the following
contaminants from soil, sludge, and sediment:
volatile and semivolatile organics, including
polychlorinated biphenyls (PCB), polynuclear
aromatic hydrocarbons, pentachlorophenol, volatile
inorganics such as tetraethyl lead, and some
pesticides. In general, the process treats waste
containing less than 10 percent total organic
contaminants and 30 to 95 percent solids. The
presence of nonvolatile inorganic contaminants
(such as metals) in the waste feed does not inhibit
the process; however, these contaminants are not
treated.
STATUS:
This technology was accepted into the SITE
Program in April 1995. EPA is selecting a
demonstration site for this process. Preferred
demonstration wastes include harbor or river
sediments containing at least 50 percent solids
contaminated with PCBs and other volatile or
semivolatile organics. Soils with these
characteristics may also be acceptable. About 300
tons of waste is needed for a 2-week test. Major test
objectives are to evaluate feed handling,
decontamination of solids, and treatment of gases
generated by the process.
FOR FURTHER INFORMATION:
EPA PROJECT MANAGER:
Richard Eilers
U.S. EPA
National Risk Management Research
Laboratory
26 West Martin Luther King Drive
Cincinnati, OH 45268
513-569-7809
Fax: 513-569-7111
e-mail: eilers.richard@epa.gov
TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPER CONTACT:
William Meenan
Recycling Sciences International, Inc.
175 West Jackson Boulevard
Suite Al 934
Chicago, IL 60604-2601
312-663-4242
Fax: 312-663-4269
The SITE Program assesses but does not
approve or endorse technologies.
Page 282
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DEMONSTRATION PROGRAM
RKK, LTD.
(CRYOCELL®)
TECHNOLOGY DESCRIPTION:
CRYOCELL® is a barrier system which provides
real-time monitoring capability, earthquake
resiliency, and diffusion-free full enclosure
contaminant isolation. The system is repairable in
situ and removable upon completion of containment
needs.
CRYOCELL® design involves installing an array of
freeze pipes, using standard well-drilling equipment,
which surround the contaminated source or
groundwater plume much like the ribs of a canoe.
Once installed, the array of freeze pipes is
connected to freeze plants by a distributive manifold
and supplied with cooled brine at a design
temperature of -10°C to -40°C to freeze the volume
of soil between the pipes, resulting in a 12- to 16-
foot barrier.
The barrier's thickness and temperature may be
varied through design to match containment
requirements. If no subsurface confining
impervious layer is present, the array can be
installed using an angled or "V"-shaped
configuration beneath the contaminated zone,
completely enclosing the site. If additional barrier
thickness is a design requirement, a parallel array of
freeze pipes is installed in staggered spacing outside
the first array. This configuration allows the entire
inner volume of soil between the two arrays to be
frozen, thereby increasing barrier thickness per
design up to 75 feet. The depth of the containment
envelop can be in excess of 500 feet.
CRYOCELL® engineering is site-specific and
considers many cost-related factors, including waste
type, topography, soil conditions, thermal
conductivity, and groundwater movement. A
computer program incorporates all site
characteristics into a three-dimensional model that
engineers use to establish the most efficient design
and estimate the cost of CRYOCELL® for a specific
site.
A thick frozen soil barrier offers a number of
advantages for confining hazardous waste. The
barrier does not degrade or weaken over time and is
repairable in situ. If ground movement fractures the
barrier, the fissures can be filled and resealed
quickly. Maintenance costs are extremely low,
allowing continued use for extended periods. In
addition, the frozen barrier is environmentally
benign. When the site is decontaminated, the frozen
MANIFOLD, GALLEYWAY,
AND SURFACE INSULATION
(AS REQUIRED)
REFRIGERATION
PLANTS. TYP.
REFRIGERATION
PLANTS, TYP.
MANIFOLD, GALLEYWAY.
AND SURFACE INSULATION
(AS REQUIRED)
FORMER LANDFILL OR
PROCESS TRENCH
CRYOCELL®
FROZEN SOIL BARRIER
HAZARDOUS WASTE TANK
HAZARDOUS WASTE TANK
Schematic Diagram of CRYOCELL®
Page 283
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soil is allowed to melt and the pipes are removed.
The technique is an alternative to conventional
containment systems using steel, concrete, slurry
walls, or grout curtains. The figure on the previous
page illustrates two typical containment systems.
WASTE APPLICABILITY:
RKK, Ltd. (RKK), reports that CRYOCELL® can
provide subsurface containment for a variety of sites
and waste, including underground tanks; nuclear
waste sites; plume control; burial trenches, pits, and
ponds; in situ waste treatment areas; chemically-
contaminated sites; and spent fuel storage ponds.
CRYOCELL" is designed to contain all known
biological, chemical, or radioactive contaminants.
frozen soil barriers are adaptable to any geometry;
drilling technology presents the only constraint.
RKK reports that the technology can isolate
sensitive areas within large active operations (for
example, sites within chemical and nuclear
facilities), smaller raw material and waste
management units (for example, tank farms, burial
trenches, and waste treatment lagoons), and
operational chemically contaminated sites, such as
chemical plants, refineries, and substations. The
technology can also contain a site or contamination
during an in situ remediation project. It can also
provide a redundant barrier for cut-off
contamination processes, and reduces flow of
groundwater into a contaminated zone.
Contaminants are contained in situ, with frozen
native soils serving as the containment medium.
Frozen soil barriers are impervious to chemical
attack and are virtually impermeable at subzero
temperatures. In addition, frozen soil barriers have
great inertia, so they can remain frozen for as long
as two years without refrigeration.
CRYOCELL® is economically favorable for
intermediate- and long-term containment at large
sites, and maintenance costs are extremely low.
CRYOCELL® generates no waste streams or
residues.
STATUS:
This technology was accepted into the SITE
Demonstration Program in summer 1994. A
treatability study was completed at the Department
of Energy's (DOE) Oak Ridge National Laboratory
in 1995. Results from the study are documented in
a DOE Innovative Technology Summary Report,
titled Frozen Soil Barrier Technology, and,
Subsurface Contaminants Focus Area Technology
Summary, (DOE/EM-0296), August 1996.
The RKK technology is being considered by DOE
for use at other hazardous waste sites. RKK
receives academic, technical, and scientific support
through a cooperative and licensing agreement with
the University of Washington.
FOR FURTHER INFORMATION:
EPA PROJECT MANAGER:
Steven Rock
U.S. EPA
National Risk Management Research
Laboratory
26 West Martin Luther King Drive
Cincinnati, OH 45268
513-569-7149
Fax: 513-569-7105
e-mail: rock.steven@epa.gov
TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPER CONTACT:
Ronald Krieg
RKK, Ltd.
16404 Smokey Point Boulevard, Suite 303
Arlington, WA 98223
360-653-4844
Fax: 360-653-7456
e-mail: rkk@cryocell.com
Web Site: www.cryocell.com
The SITE Program assesses but does not
approve or endorse technologies.
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DEMONSTRATION PROGRAM
SELENTEC ENVIRONMENTAL TECHNOLOGIES, INC.
(Selentec MAG*SEPSM Technology)
TECHNOLOGY DESCRIPTION:
The MAG*SEPSM process uses the principles of
chemical adsorption and magnetism to selectively
bind and remove heavy metals or radionuclides
from aqueous solutions such as groundwater,
wastewater, and drinking water. Contaminants are
adsorbed on specially formulated particles which
have a core made from magnetic material; these
particles are then separated (along with the adsorbed
contaminants) from the solution using a magnetic
filter or magnetic collector. The magnetic core has
no interaction with the contaminant.
The proprietary adsorbing particles are made of a
composite of organic polymers and magnetite. The
particles can be manufactured in two forms: one
with an ion exchanger and/or chelating functional
group attached to the particle surface (amidoxime
functionalized resin), or one with inorganic
adsorbers bound to the surface of the particles
(clinoptilolite). These particles have high surface
areas and rapid adsorption kinetics.
A typical MAG*SEPSM
of:
treatment system consists
• a particle contact zone
• a particle handling system, including
particle injection components, a magnetic
separator, and particle reclaim components
• a particle regeneration system (where
applicable)
The process stream enters a contact zone (usually a
tank - other configurations are used for particular
applications) where MAG*SEPSM particles are
injected and mixed. The contact zone provides the
necessary solution flow characteristics and contact
time with the particles to ensure that the
contamination will be adsorbed onto the active
surface sites of the particles. The mixture then
flows through a magnetic collector, where the
contaminated particles are retained while the treated
process stream passes through (see figure below).
Particle
Injection
Tank
Particle
Regeneration
Mixing Magnetic
Zone Collector
Process
Stream
Schematic Diagram of the Mag*SEPSM Treatment System
Particle
Reclaim
Tank
Treated
water
Page 285
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Ongoing Project
Depending on the application, type of particle, and
contaminant concentration, the particles may be re-
injected into the flow stream, collected and disposed
of, or regenerated and reused. The regeneration
solution is processed to recover (concentrate and
remove) the contaminants and may be recycled.
The MAG*SEPSM process is able to selectively
remove (either ex situ or in situ) the following
contaminants from aqueous solutions: titanium,
copper, cadmium, arsenic, cobalt, molybdenum,
platinum, selenium, chromium, zinc, gold, iodine,
manganese, technetium, mercury, strontium, iron,
ruthenium, thallium, cesium, cobalt, palladium,
lead, radium, nickel, silver, bismuth, thallium,
antimony, zirconium, radium, cerium, and all
actinides. The process operates at flow rates up to
2,000 gallons per minute (gpm).
WASTE APPLICABILITY:
The MAG*SEPSM technology reduces heavy metal
and radionuclide contamination in water and
wastewater. The technology has specific
applications in environmental remediation and
restoration, treatment of acid mine drainage,
resource recovery, and treatment of commercial
industrial wastewater. MAG*SEPSM particles can
be produced to incorporate any known ion
exchanger or sorbing material. Therefore,
MAG*SEPSM can be applied in any situation where
conventional ion exchange is used.
STATUS:
The MAG*SEPSM technology was accepted into the
SITE Program in 1996 and is also one of 10
technologies participating in the White House's
Rapid Commercialization Initiative. In addition, in
1997 the MAG*SEPSM technology received a
Research and Development (R&D) 100 Award from
the R&D trade publication as one of the 100 Most
Technologically Significant New Products of 1997.
Selentec has completed a demonstration of the
MAG*SEPSM technology at the U.S. Department of
Energy's Savannah River Site. Heavy metal
concentrations in coal pile runoff water were
significantly reduced to below drinking water
standards. Another demonstration of the technology
is planned for Savannah River whereby radioactive
cesium will be removed streams. The technology is
also being used to remove mercury from heavy
water drums at Savannah River.
The first commercial unit of the MAG*SEPSM
technology was put into service on November 18,
1998, at a dairy in Ovruch, Ukraine. For this
application, the unit is removing radioactive cesium
from contaminated milk produced near the
Chernobyl Nuclear Reactor Plant.
FOR FURTHER INFORMATION:
EPA PROJECT MANAGER:
Randy Parker
U.S. EPA
National Risk Management Research
Laboratory
26 West Martin Luther King Drive
Cincinnati, OH 45268
513-569-7271
Fax:513-569-7143
e-mail: parker.randy@epa.gov
TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPER CONTACT:
Steve Weldon
Selentec Environmental Technologies, Inc.
8601 Dunwoody Place, Suite 302
Atlanta, GA 30350-2509
770-640-7059
Fax: 770-640-9305
E-Mail: info@selentec.com
The SITE Program assesses but does not
approve or endorse technologies.
Page 286
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"echnology Profile
DEMONSTRATION PROGRAM
SIVE SERVICES
(Steam Injection and Vacuum Extraction)
TECHNOLOGY DESCRIPTION:
Steam Injection and Vacuum Extraction (SIVE)
uses steam injection wells in conjunction with dual-
phase extraction wells for in situ treatment of
contaminated soil and groundwater. The injected
steam strips volatile and semivolatile organic
compounds as it permeates the contaminated zones.
The steam increases the subsurface temperature,
which increases mass transfer and phase exchange
rates, reduces liquid viscosities, and accelerates
desorption of contaminants from the matrix. The
moisture and warmth provided by the steam also
accelerates biodegradation of residual contaminants.
As a result, contaminants are extracted or degraded
at increased rates as compared to conventional
isothermal vapor and liquid extraction systems.
SIVE-LF (Linear Flow) is an enhanced SIVE
method designed for relatively shallow depths.
With the SIVE-LF process, as illustrated in the
figure below, steam is forced to flow horizontally
and uniformly from one trench, through the
contaminant zone, and into another trench, from
which the contaminants are extracted. The large
open area of the trench faces allow for high
injection and extraction rates, which promote low
treatment duration. The trenches also allow for
installation of an impermeable barrier, such as a
polyethylene liner, against one face of the open
trench before the trench is backfilled, thus reducing
the flow of injected or extracted fluid outside the
area of the targeted zones. A surface covering for
the treatment area prevents short-circuiting of the
flow of injected steam to the atmosphere, and
prevents atmospheric air from entering the
extraction trench.
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Ongoing Project
Surface equipment for SIVE includes conventional
steam generation and delivery systems, and the
vacuum extraction system. The vacuum extraction
system includes a vacuum blower, steam condenser,
other cooling components, and air emission control
devices. The condensate generated by the process
requires further treatment or off-site disposal. The
reliability of the equipment and automatic controls
allows SIVE to operate without constant direct
supervision.
WASTE APPLICABILITY:
SIVE may be applied to soil or groundwater
contaminated with fuels, industrial solvents, oils,
and other liquid toxics, and may be applied at any
depth. The SIVE-LF process is designed to treat to
depths of 30 feet. Because highly volatile
contaminants are readily air-stripped without the
added effects of steam, the steam-stripping effect
will be greatest on the heavier, less volatile
contaminants. SIVE also effectively removes
floating non aqueous-phase liquids from
groundwater.
STATUS:
This technology was accepted into the SITE
Demonstration Program in summer 1994. A suitable
site for the demonstration is being sought, although
at this time the project is considered inactive.
FOR FURTHER INFORMATION:
EPA PROJECT MANAGER:
Michelle Simon
U.S. EPA
National Risk Management Research
Laboratory
26 West Martin Luther King Drive
Cincinnati, OH 45268
513-569-7469
Fax: 513-569-7676
e-mail: simon.michelle@epa.gov
TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPER CONTACT:
Douglas Dieter
SIVE Services
555 Rossi Drive
Dixon, CA 95620
707-678-8358
Fax: 707-678-2202
The SITE Program assesses but does not
approve or endorse technologies.
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"echnology Profile
DEMONSTRATION PROGRAM
VORTEC CORPORATION
(Vitrification Process)
TECHNOLOGY DESCRIPTION:
Vortec Corporation (Vortec) has developed an
oxidation and vitrification process for remediating
soils, sediments, sludges, and mill tailings
contaminated with organics, inorganics, and heavy
metals. The process can vitrify materials introduced
as dry granulated materials or slurries.
The figure below illustrates the Vortec vitrification
process. Its basic elements include (1) a cyclone
melting system (CMS™1; (2) a material handling,
storage, and feeding subsystem; (4) an air preheater
(recuperator); (5) an air pollution control subsystem;
and (6) a vitrified product handling subsystem.
The Vortec CMS™ is the primary system and
consists of two major assemblies: a counterrotating
vortex (CRV) reactor and a cyclone melter. First,
slurried or dry-contaminated soil is introduced into
the CRV. The CRV (1) provides a high temperature
environment; (2) preheats the suspended waste
material along with any glass-forming additives
mixed with soil; and (3) destroys any organic
constituents in the soil. The average temperature of
materials leaving the CRV reactor chamber is
between 2,200 and 2,800°F, depending on the
melting characteristics of the processed soils.
The preheated solid materials exist the CRV and
enter the cyclone melter, where they are dispersed to
the chamber walls to form a molten glass product.
The vitrified, molten glass product and the exhaust
gases exist the cyclone melter through the tangential
exit channel and enter a glass- and gas-separation
chamber.
The exhaust gases then enter an air preheater to heat
the incoming air and are subsequently delivered to
the air pollution control subsystem for particulate
and acid gas removal. The molten glass product
exists the glass- and gas-separation chamber through
the tap and is delivered to a water quench assembly
for subsequent disposal.
WASTE
MATERIAL
ADDITIVES
MATERIAL HANDLING
STORAGE & FEEDING
SUBSYSTEM
FLUE GAS
CLEANUP
SUBSYSTEM
VITRIFIED PRODUCT
HANDLING SUBSYSTEM
Vortec Vitrification Process
Page 289
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February 2003
Ongoing Project
Unique features of the Vortec vitrification process
include the following:
• Processes solid waste contaminated with both
organic and heavy metal contaminants
• Handles waste quantities ranging from 5 or
more than 400 tons per day
• Recycles particulate residue collected in the air
pollution control subsystem into the CMS™.
These recycled materials are incorporated into
the glass product.
• Produces a vitrified product that is nontoxic
according the EPA toxicity characteristic
leaching procedure (TCLP) standards. The
product has long-term stability.
WASTE APPLICABILITY:
The Vortec vitrification process treats soils,
sediments, sludges, and mill tailings contained
organic, inorganic, and heavy metal contamination.
Organic materials included with the waste are
successfully destroyed by the high temperatures in
the CRV. The inorganic constituents in the waste
material determine the amount and type of glass-
forming additives required to produce a vitrified
product. This process can be modified to produce a
glass cullet that consistently meets TCLP
requirements.
STATUS:
The Vortec vitrification process was accepted into
the SITE Emerging Technology Program in May
1991. Research under the Emerging Technology
Program was completed in winter 1994, and Vortec
was invited to participate in the SITE
Demonstration Program.
Construction of a 1.5-ton-per-hour, transportable
system for treating contaminated soil at a
Department of Energy site in Paducah, Kentucky,
was initiated in October 1996. A SITE
demonstration was scheduled to occur in early 1999.
A 50-ton-per-day system has been purchased by
Ormet Aluminum Corporation of Wheeling, West
Virginia for recycling aluminum spend pot liners,
which are considered cyanide- and fluoride-
containing waste (K088). The recycling system
became operational in 1996. Vortec is offering
commercial systems and licenses for the CMS™
system.
FOR FURTHER INFORMATION:
EPA PROJECT MANAGER:
Teri Richardson
U.S. EPA
National Risk Management Research
Laboratory
26 West Martin Luther King Drive
Cincinnati, OH 45268
513-569-7949
Fax: 513-569-7105
e-mail: richardson.teri@epa.gov
TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPER CONTACT:
James Hnat
Vortec Corporation
3770 Ridge Pike
Collegeville, PA 19426-3158
610-489-2255
Fax: 610-489-3185
The SITE Program assesses but does not
approve or endorse technologies.
Page 290
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"echnology Profile
DEMONSTRATION PROGRAM
WESTERN RESEARCH INSTITUTE
(Contained Recovery of Oily Wastes)
TECHNOLOGY DESCRIPTION:
The contained recovery of oily wastes (CROW®)
process recovers oily wastes from the ground by
adapting a technology used for secondary petroleum
recovery and primary production of heavy oil and
tar sand bitumen. Steam or hot water displacement
moves accumulated oily wastes and water to
production wells for aboveground treatment.
Injection and production wells are first installed in
soil contaminated with oily wastes (see figure
below). If contamination has penetrated into or
below the aquifer, low-quality steam can be injected
below the organic liquids to dislodge and sweep
them upward into the more permeable aquifer soil
regions. Hot water is injected above the
impermeable regions to heat and mobilize the oily
waste accumulation. The mobilized wastes are then
recovered by hot water displacement.
When the organic wastes are displaced, organic
liquid saturation in the subsurface pore space
increases, forming a free-fluid bank. The hot water
injection displaces the free-fluid bank to the
production well. Behind the free-fluid bank, the
contaminant saturation is reduced to an immobile
residual saturation in the subsurface pore space.
The extracted contaminant and water are treated for
reuse or discharge.
During treatment, all mobilized organic liquids and
water-soluble contaminants are contained within the
original boundaries of waste accumulation.
Hazardous materials are contained laterally by
groundwater isolation and vertically by organic
liquid flotation. Excess water is treated in
compliance with discharge regulations.
Steam-Stripped
Water
Injection Well
Production Well
Steam
Injection
CROW® Subsurface Development
Page 291
The SITE Program assesses but does not
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February 2003
Ongoing Project
The CROW® process removes large portions of
contaminant accumulations; stops the downward
and lateral migration of organic contaminants;
immobilizes any remaining organic wastes as a
residual saturation; and reduces the volume,
mobility, and toxicity of the contaminants. The
process can be used for shallow and deep areas, and
can recover light and dense nonaqueous phase
liquids. The system uses readily available mobile
equipment. Contaminant removal can be increased
by adding small quantities of selected biodegradable
chemicals in the hot water injection.
In situ biological treatment may follow the
displacement, which continues until groundwater
contaminants are no longer detected in water
samples from the site.
WASTE APPLICABILITY:
The CROW® process can be applied to
manufactured gas plant sites, wood-treating sites,
petroleum-refining facilities, and other areas with
soils and aquifers containing light to dense organic
liquids such as coal tars, pentachlorophenol (PCP)
solutions, chlorinated solvents, creosote, and
petroleum by-products. Depth to the contamination
is not a limiting factor.
STATUS:
The CROW® process was tested in the laboratory
and at the pilot-scale level under the SITE Emerging
Technology Program (ETP). The process
demonstrated the effectiveness of hot water
displacement and the benefits of including
chemicals with the hot water. Based on results from
the ETP, the CROW® process was invited to
participate in the SITE Demonstration Program.
The process was demonstrated at the Pennsylvania
Power and Light (PP&L) Brodhead Creek
Superfund site at Stroudsburg, Pennsylvania. The
site contained an area with high concentrations of
by-products from past operations. The
demonstration began in July 1995; field work was
completed in June 1996. Closure of the site was
completed in late 1998.
The CROW" process was applied to a tar holder at a
former MGP site in Columbia, Pennsylvania. The
work was complete in 1998 and documentation for
site closure has been submitted to the EPA.
A pilot-scale demonstration was completed at an
active wood treatment site in Minnesota. Over 80
percent of nonaqueous-phase liquids were removed
in the pilot test, as predicted by treatability studies,
and PCP concentrations decreased 500%. The full-
scale, multiphase remediation is presently
underway. Results indicate that organic removal is
greater than twice that of pump-and-treat. The
project is operating within the constraints of an
active facility. Treatability studies, pilot testing,
and full-scale projects are planned.
FOR FURTHER INFORMATION:
EPA PROJECT MANAGER:
Eugene Harris
U.S. EPA
National Risk Management Research
Laboratory
26 West Martin Luther King Drive
Cincinnati, OH 45268
513-569-7862
Fax: 513-569-7676
e-mail: harris.eugene@epa.gov
TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPER CONTACT:
Lyle Johnson
Western Research Institute
365 North 9th
Laramie, WY 82070-3380
307-721-2281
Fax: 307-721-2233
The SITE Program assesses but does not
approve or endorse technologies.
Page 292
-------
"echnology Profile
DEMONSTRATION PROGRAM
WHEELABRATOR TECHNOLOGIES INC.
(WES-PHix® Stabilization Process)
TECHNOLOGY DESCRIPTION:
WES-PHix® is a patented stabilization process that
significantly reduces the solubility of certain heavy
metals in solid waste streams by altering the
chemical composition of the waste material. The
process does not produce a solidified mass, unlike
most other stabilization technologies.
The figure below illustrates the process. First, waste
is fed at a controlled rate into a mixing device, such
as a pug mill. The full-scale WES-PHix® process
uses a pug mill with a capacity of 40 to 200 tons per
hour. The stabilization reagent is then added to and
mixed with the waste for about 1 minute. Once
stabilized, the waste is removed by a conveyor from
the end of the mixer. For some wastes containing
cadmium, small amounts of lime must also be
added. The WES-PHix® Process uses a proprietary
form of soluble phosphate to form insoluble and
highly stable metal phosphate minerals. Reaction
kinetics are rapid; thus, no curing step is necessary.
As a result, metal concentrations in the treated waste
are less than toxicity characteristic leaching
procedure (TCLP) regulatory limits. In addition, the
use of small quantities of liquid phosphate reagent
creates only a minimal increase in the weight of the
stabilized waste.
Equipment requirements include a metering device
for feeding the waste stream to the mixer, and a
storage tank for the liquid reagent. Over-sized items
such as boulders or wood debris require crushing or
removal by screens before treatment. No
posttreatment is necessary with this process.
Treated residuals can be transported for final
disposal with dump trucks or roll-off container
vehicles.
WASTE APPLICABILITY:
This process was originally developed to treat
municipal waste combustion ash containing heavy
metals. The commercial-scale process has treated
over 7 million tons of ash. However, laboratory
treatability data indicate that the technology can also
treat contaminated soils, slags, sludges, foundry
sands, and baghouse dusts. Recent research
indicates that the process is particularly effective at
stabilizing lead, cadmium, copper, and zinc in a
variety of media, as measured by TCLP and other
laboratory leaching tests.
Heavy
Metal-Bearing
Waste
Storage Bin
Pump
Reagent
Storage
Mixer
Treated Waste
Discharge
WES-PHix® Stabilization Process
Page 293
The SITE Program assesses but does not
approve or endorse technologies.
-------
February 2003
Ongoing Project
STATUS:
The WES-PHix® process was accepted into the
SITE Demonstration Program in spring 1993. The
demonstration, which was scheduled to occur at the
Jack's Creek site in Maitland, Pennsylvania, has
been postponed.
FOR FURTHER INFORMATION:
EPA PROJECT MANAGER:
Teri Richardson
U.S. EPA
National Risk Management Research
Laboratory
26 West Martin Luther King Drive
Cincinnati, OH 45268
513-569-7949
Fax: 513-569-7105
e-mail: richardson.teri@epa.gov
TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPER CONTACT:
Mark Lyons
Wheelabrator Technologies Inc.
4 Liberty Lane West
Hampton, NH 03842
603-929-3403
Fax:603-929-3123
The SITE Program assesses but does not
approve or endorse technologies.
Page 294
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TRADE NAME INDEX
Company/Technology Name Volume
2-PHASE™ EXTRACTION Process VI
ABB Environmental Services, Inc. (see Harding ESE) V2
Accutech Remedial Systems, Inc. (see ARS Technologies) VI
Acid Extraction Treatment System V2
Acoustic Barrier Particulate Separator V2
Active Environmental Technologies, Inc VI
Active Environmental Technologies, Inc. (formerly EET, Inc.) V2
Adsorption-Integrated-Reaction Process V2
Adsorptive Filtration V2
Advanced Remediation Mixing, Inc.(formerly Chemfix Technologies, Inc.) VI
AEA Technology Environment (see United Kingdom Atomic Energy Authority) V2
AIR-II (Adsorption-Integrated-Reaction) Process VI
AIR-II (Adsorption-Integrated-Reaction) Process V2
Air-Sparged Hydrocyclone V2
AirSentry Fourier Transform Infrared Spectrometer V3
ALCOA Separation Technology, Inc. (see Media & Process Technology) V2
AlgaSORB6 Biological Sorption V2
Alternative Cover Assessment Program VI
Alternating Current Electrocoagulation Technology V2
Aluminum Company of America (see Media & Process Technology) V2
Ambersorb® 563 Adsorbent VI
Ambersorb® 563 Adsorbent V2
American Combustion, Inc VI
AMEC Earth and Environmental (formerly Geosafe Corporation) VI
AMS™ Dual-Tube Liner Soil Sampler V3
Anaerobic-Aerobic Sequential Bioremediation of PCE V2
Anaerobic Thermal Processor VI
Analytical and Remedial Technology, Inc V3
Anodic Stripping Voltammetry for Mercury in Soil V3
Argonne National Laboratory VI
AquaDetox®/SVE System VI
Aquatic Research Instruments V3
Arctic Foundations, Inc VI
Arizona State University/Zentox Corporation V2
ARS Technologies, Inc. (formerly Accutech Remedial Systems, Inc.) VI
ART International, Inc. (formerly Enviro-Sciences, Inc.) V2
Art's Manufacturing and Supply (AMS™ Dual-Tube Liner Soil Sampler) V3
Art's Manufacturing and Supply (Sediment Core Sampler) V3
ASC/EMR WPAFB (U.S. Air Force) VI
Atomic Energy of Canada, Limited (Chemical Treatment and Ultrafiltration) V2
Atomic Energy of Canada, Limited (Ultrasonic-Aided Leachate Treatment) V2
Augmented In Situ Subsurface Bioremediation Process VI
Automated Sampling and Analytical Platform V3
AWD Technologies, Inc VI
Babcock & Wilcox Co. (see BWX Technologies, Inc.) VI
Base-Catalyzed Decomposition Process VI
Batch Steam Distillation and Metal Extraction V2
Battelle Memorial Institute V2
Bergmann, A Division of Linatex, Inc VI
Berkeley Environmental Restoration Center VI
B.E.S.T. Solvent Extraction Technology VI
Billings and Associates, Inc VI
BiMelyze® Mercury Immunoassay V3
Binax Corporation, Antox Division (see Idetek, Inc.) V3
Page 295
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TRADE NAME INDEX (Continued)
Company/Technology Name Volume
Bioaugmentation Process VI
Bio-Recovery Systems, Inc. (see Resource Management & Recovery) V2
Bio-Rem, Inc VI
Biofilm Reactor for Chlorinated Gas Treatment V2
BioGenesis Enterprises, Inc VI
BioGenesisSM Soil and Sediment Washing Process VI
Biological Aqueous Treatment System VI
Biological/Chemical Treatment V2
Biological Denitrification Process VI
Biomineralization of Metals V2
Bionebraska, Inc V3
Bioscrubber V2
Bioslurry Reactor VI
Biotherm Process™ VI
Biotherm, LLC (formerly Dehydro-Tech Corporation) VI
BioTrol® (Biological Aqueous Treatment System) VI
BioTrol® (Soil Washing System) VI
BioTrol® (Methanotrophic Bioreactor System) V2
Bioventing VI
Brice Environmental Services Corporation VI
Bruker Analytical Systems, Inc V3
BWX Technologies, Inc VI
BWX Technologies, Inc V2
Calcium Sulfide and Calcium Polysulfide Technologies VI
Calgon Carbon Advanced Oxidation Technologies (formerly Vulcan Peroxidation Sytems, Inc.) .... VI
Campbell Centrifugal Jig (CCJ) V2
Canonic Environmental Services Corporation (see Smith Environmental Technologies
Corporation) VI
Carver-Greenfield Process® for Solvent Extraction of Wet, Oily Wastes (see Biotherm Process) .... VI
CAV-OX® Process VI
Cement-Lock Technology VI
Center for Hazardous Materials Research (Acid Extraction Treatment System) (see Concurrent
Technologies) V2
Center for Hazardous Materials Research (Organics Destruction and Metals Stabilization) (see
Concurrent Technologies) V2
Center for Hazardous Materials Research (Acid Extraction Treatment System) (see Concurrent
Technologies) V2
Center Pivot Spray Irrigation System VI
CF Systems Corporation VI
Chelation/Electrodeposition of Toxic Metals from Soils V2
CHEMetrics, Inc V3
Chemfix Technologies, Inc. (see Advanced Remediation Mixing, Inc.) VI
Chemical and Biological Treatment V2
Chemical Treatment V2
Chemical Treatment and Ultrafiltration V2
Chemical Waste Management, Inc. (see OHM Remediation Services Corp.) VI
Chemical Waste Management, Inc. (see Wheelabrator Clean Air Systems, Inc.) VI
Chromated Copper Arsenate Soil Leaching Process V2
Circulating Bed Combustor VI
Clay-Based Grouting Technology VI
Clean Berkshires, Inc. (see Maxymillian Technologies, Inc.) VI
Clements, Inc V3
Cognis, Inc. (TERRAMET® Soil Remediation System) VI
Page 296
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TRADE NAME INDEX (Continued)
Company/Technology Name Volume
Cognis, Inc. (TERRAMET® Soil Remediation System) V2
Cognis, Inc. (Biological/Chemical Treatment) V2
Cold Top Ex Situ Vitrification of Chromium-Contaminated Soils VI
Colloid Polishing Filter Method® (CPFM®) VI
Colorado School of Mines (see Colorado Department of Public Health and Environment) VI
Colorado Department of Public Health and Environment VI
Colorado Department of Public Health and Environment V2
Commodore Advanced Sciences, Inc VI
Compact Gas Chromatograph. V3
Concentrated Chloride Extraction and Recovery of Lead V2
Concurrent Technologies (formerly Center for Hazardous Materials Research) (Organic
Destruction and Metals Stabilization) V2
Concurrent Technologies (formerly Center for Hazardous Materials Research) (Acid Extraction
Treatment System) V2
Concurrent Technologies (formerly Center for Hazardous Materials Research) (Smelting Lead-
Containing Waste) V2
Constructed Wetlands-Based Treatment VI
Constructed Wetlands-Based Treatment V2
Contained Recovery of Oil Wastes (CROW™) VI
Contained Recovery of Oil Wastes (CROW™) V2
Coordinate, Chemical Bonding, and Adsorption Process V2
Core Barrel Soil Sampler V3
Cross-Flow Pervaporation System VI
Cross-Flow Pervaporation System V2
Cryogenic Barrier VI
CRYOCELL® VI
C-THRU Technologies Corporation (see Edax Portable Products Division) V3
CURE® - Electrocoagulation Wastewater Treatment System VI
CURE International, Inc.(see General Environmental, Inc.) VI
Current Environmental Solutions VI
Cyclone Furnace VI
DARAMEND™ Bioremediation Technology VI
Davy International Environmental Division (see Kvaerner Energy & Environment) V2
Debris Washing System VI
Dechlorination and Immobilization VI
Dehydro-Tech Corporation (see Biotherm, LLC) VI
Desorption and Vapor Extraction System (DAVES) VI
Dexsil Corporation (Emulsion Turbidimetry) V3
Dexsil Corporation (Environmental Test Kits) V3
DOW Environmental, Inc. (see Radian International LLC) VI
Duke Engineering and Services, Inc VI
E.I. Dupont de Nemours and Company, and Oberlin Filter Company VI
Dynamic Underground Stripping and Hydrous Pyrolysis Oxidation VI
Dynaphore, Inc VI
Earthsoft VI
Earth Tech., Inc VI
Earth Tech/Westinghouse Savannah River Co VI
Eberline Services, Inc. (formerly Thermo Nutech,Inc/TMA Thermo Analytical, Inc.) V2
EcoMat, Inc VI
Ecova Corporation VI
Ecova Europa (see Gruppo Italimpresse) VI
E&C Williams, Inc VI
Page 297
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TRADE NAME INDEX (Continued)
Company/Technology Name Volume
Edax Portable Products Division (formerly C-Thru Technologies Corporation) V3
Edenspace, Inc. (formerly Phytotech) VI
EET, Inc. (see Active Environmental Technologies, Inc.) V2
EG&G Environmental, Inc. (see Mactec-SBP Technologies Company, LLC) VI
Electro- Kinetically Aided Remediation (EKAR) VI
Electro-Petroleum, Inc VI
Electro-Pure Systems, Inc. (see RECRA Environmental, Inc.) V2
Electrochemical Peroxidation of PCB-Contaminated Sediments and Waters V2
Electrochemical Remediation Technologies [ECRTs] VI
Electroheat-EnhancedNonaqueous-Phase Liquids Removal VI
Electrokinetic Remediation Process VI
Electrokinetic Soil Processing V2
Electrokinetics for Lead Recovery V2
Electrokinetics, Inc. (Electrokinetic Soil Processing) VI
Electrokinetics, Inc. (Electrokinetic Soil Processing) V2
Electrokinetics, Inc. (In Situ Bioremediation by Electrokinetic Injection) V2
Electrokinetics for Lead Recovery VI
Electron Beam Research Facility, Florida International University and University of Miami (see
High Voltage Environmental Applications, Inc.) VI
ELI Eco Logic Inc VI
Emflux® Soil-Gas Survey System V3
EmTech Environmental Services (formerly Hazcon, Inc.) VI
Emulsion Turbidimetry V3
Energia, Inc. (Reductive Photo-Dechlorination Treatment) V2
Energia, Inc. (Reductive Thermal and Photo- Thermal Oxidation Processes for Enhance
Conversion of Chlorocarbons) V2
Energy and Environmental Engineering, Inc. (see UV Technologies Inc.) V2
Energy and Environmental Research Corporation (Hybrid Fluidized Bed System) V2
Energy and Environmental Research Corporation (Reactor Filter System) V2
Enhanced In Situ Bioremediation of Chlorinated Compounds in Groundwater VI
ENSR Consulting and Engineering (see New York State Department of Environmental
Conservation) VI
EnSys Penta Test System V3
EnSys Environmental Products, Inc. (see Strategic Diagnostics, Inc.) V3
Enviro-Sciences, Inc. (see ART International, Inc.) V2
Envirobond™ Solution VI
EnviroGard Corporation (see Strategic Diagnostics, Inc.) V3
EnviroGard™ PCB Immunoassay Test Kit V3
EnviroMetal Technologies, Inc. (In Situ and Ex Situ Metal-Enhanced Abiotic Degradation of
Dissolved Halogenated Organic Compounds in Groundwater) VI
EnviroMetal Technologies, Inc. (Reactive Barrier) VI
Environmental BioTechnologies, Inc V2
Environmental Systems Corporation V3
Environmental Technologies Group, Inc V3
Environmental Test Kits V3
EPOC Water, Inc VI
Equate® Immunoassay V3
EQuIS Software VI
Excavation Techniques and Foam Suppression Methods VI
Ex Situ Biovault VI
Ferro Corporation V2
Field Analytical Screening Program-PCB Method V3
Field Analytical Screening Program-PCP Method V3
Page 298
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TRADE NAME INDEX (Continued)
Company/Technology Name Volume
Field Portable X-Ray Fluorescence Analyzers V3
Filter Flow Technology, Inc VI
Flame Reactor VI
Fluid Extraction-Biological Degradation Process V2
Fluidized-Bed/Cyclonic Agglomerating Combustor V2
FORAGER® Sponge VI
Frequency-Tunable Pulse Combustion System VI
Fugro Geosciences, Inc. (formerly Loral Corporation) V3
Funderburk & Associates (see EmTech Environmental Services) VI
Fungal Degradation Process V2
Fungal Treatment Technology VI
Gas-Phase Chemical Reduction Process VI
Gas Technology Institute (Cement-Lock Technology) VI
Gas Technology Institute (Chemical and Biological Treatment) V2
Gas Technology Institute (Fluid Extraction-Biological Degradation Process) V2
Gas Technology Institute (Fluidized-Bed/Cyclonic Agglomerating Combustor) V2
Gas Technology Institute (Supercritical Extraction/Liquid Phase Oxidation) V2
General Atomics, Nuclear Remediation Technologies Division V2
General Atomics (formerly Ogden Environmental) VI
General Environmental, Inc. (formerly Hydrologies, Inc./Cure International, Inc.) VI
Geo-Con, Inc VI
Geo-Microbial Technologies, Inc V2
Geokinetics International, Inc. (Electroheat-EnhancedNonaqueous-Phase Liquids Removal) VI
Geokinetics International, Inc. (Electrokinetics for Lead Recovery) VI
Geokinetics International, Inc. (Electrokinetic Remediation Process) VI
GeoMelt Vitrification VI
Geoprobe Systems (Large Bore Soil Sampler) V3
Geoprobe Systems (Geoprobe Soil Conductivity Sensor) V3
Geosafe Corporation (see AMEC Earth and Environmental) VI
Geotech Development Corporation VI
GHEA Associates Process V2
GIS\KEY™ Environmental Data Management System VI
GIS\Solutions, Inc VI
Glass Furnace Technology for Dredged Sediments VI
W.L. Gore and Associates, Inc V3
GORE-SORBER® Screening Survey V3
Grace Bioremediation Technologies VI
Graseby Ionics, Ltd., and PCP, Inc V3
Groundwater Circulation Biological Treatment Process VI
Gruppo Italimpresse VI
Hanby Environmental Laboratory Procedures, Inc V3
Harding ESE, a Mactec Company (formerly ABB Environmental Services, Inc.) VI
Harding ESE, a Mactec Company (formerly ABB Environmental Services, Inc.) V2
Hazcon, Inc. (see Emtech Environmental Services) VI
Hewlett-Packard Company V3
High Voltage Environmental Applications, Inc. (formerly Electron Beam Research Facility,
Florida International University and University of Miami) (High-Energy Electron
Irradiation) VI
High Voltage Environmental Applications, Inc. (formerly Electron Beam Research Facility,
Florida International University and University of Miami) (High-Energy Electron Beam
Irradiation) V2
High-Energy Electron Beam Irradiation V2
High Energy Electron Irradiation VI
Page 299
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TRADE NAME INDEX (Continued)
Company/Technology Name Volume
HNU Systems Inc. (HNU Source Excited Flourescence Analyzer-Portable [SEFA-P] X-Ray
Fluorescence Analyzer) V3
HNU Systems Inc. (HNU GC 31 ID Portable Gas Chromatograph) V3
HNU Source Excited Fluorescence Analyser-Portable [SEFA-P] X-Ray Fluorescence Analyzer V3
HNU GC 31 ID Portable Gas Chromatograph V3
Horiba Instruments, Inc V3
Horsehead Resource Development Co., Inc VI
HRUBETZ Environmental Services, Inc VI
HRUBOUT® Process VI
Hughes Environmental Systems, Inc VI
Hybrid Fluidized Bed System V2
Hydraulic Fracturing VI
Hydrologies, Inc. (see General Environmental, Inc.) VI
Idetek, Inc. (formerly Binax Corporation, Antox Division) V3
IIT Research Institute VI
Immunoassay and Colorimetry V3
Infrared Analysis (Horiba Instruments, Inc.) V3
Infrared Analysis (Wilks Enterprise, Inc) V3
Infrared Thermal Destruction VI
In Situ and Ex Situ Metal-Enhanced Abiotic Degradation of Dissolved Halogenated Organic
Compounds in Groundwater VI
In Situ and Ex Situ Vacuum Extraction VI
In Situ Bioremediation by Electrokinetic Injection V2
In Situ Bioventing Treatment System VI
In Situ Electrokinetic Extraction System VI
In Situ Electroacoustic Soil Decontamination V2
In Situ Enhanced Bioremediation of Groundwater VI
In Situ and Ex Situ Vacuum Extraction VI
In Situ Mitigation of Acid Water V2
In Situ Reactive Barrier VI
In Situ Soil Treatment (Steam and Air Stripping) VI
In Situ Solidification and Stabilization Process VI
In Situ Steam Enhanced Extraction Process VI
In-Situ Thermal Destruction VI
In Situ Thermally Enhanced Extraction (TEE) Process VI
In Situ Vitrification VI
Institute of Gas Technology (see Gas Technology Institute) VI
Institute of Gas Technology (see Gas Technology Institute) V2
Integrated AquaDetox Steam Vacuum Stripping and Soil Vapor Extraction/Reinjection VI
Integrated Water Resources, Inc VI
International Waste Technologies VI
Ion Mobility Spectrometry V3
Ionics RCC VI
IT Corporation (Batch Steam Distillation and Metal Extraction) V2
IT Corporation (Chelation/Electrodeposition of Toxic Metals from Soils) V2
IT Corporation (Mixed Waste Treatment Process) V2
IT Corporation (Photolytic and Biological Soil Detoxification) V2
IT Corporation (KMnO4 [Potassium Permanganate] Oxidation of TCE) VI
IT Corporation (formerly OHM Remediation Services Corporation) (Oxygen Microbubble In
Situ Bioremediation) V2
IT Corporation (Tekno Associates Bioslurry Reactor) V2
IT Corporation (formerly OHM Remediation Services Corp., formerly Chemical Waste
Management, Inc.) (X*TRAX™ Thermal Desorption) VI
Page 300
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TRADE NAME INDEX (Continued)
Company/Technology Name Volume
ITT Night Vision (see Earth Tech, Inc.) VI
JMC Environmentalist's Subsoil Probe V3
KAI Technologies, Inc VI
KSE, Inc VI
KSE, Inc V2
Kvaerner Energy & Environment (formerly Davy International Environmental Division) V2
Large Bore Soil Sampler V3
Larsen Engineers (see New York State Department of Environmental Conservation) VI
Lasagna™ In Situ Soil Remediation VI
Lasagna™ In Situ Soil Remediation V2
Lewis Environmental Services, Inc./Hickson Corporation V2
Liquid and Soils Biological Treatment VI
Liquified Gas Solvent Extraction (LG-SX) Technology VI
Lockheed Martin Missiles and Space Co. and Geokinetics International, Inc VI
Loral Corporation (see Fugro Geosciences, Inc.) V3
Low Temperature Thermal Aeration (LTTA®) VI
Low Temperature Thermal Treatment System (LT3") VI
Low-Energy Extraction Process (LEEP®) V2
MAECTITE® Chemical Treatment Process VI
Mactec-SBP Technologies Company, L.L.C. (formerly EG&G Environmental, Inc.) VI
Mae Corp, Inc. (see Sevenson Environmental Services, Inc.) VI
Magnum Water Technology VI
MatCon™ Modified Asphalt Cap VI
Matrix Photocatalytic Inc. (Photocatalytic Aqueous Phase Organic Destruction) VI
Matrix Photocatalytic Inc. (Photocatalytic Aqueous Phase Organic Destruction) V2
Matrix Photocatalytic Inc. (Photocatalytic Air Treatment) VI
Matrix Photocatalytic Inc. (Photocatalytic Air Treatment) V2
Maxymillian Technologies, Inc. (formerly Clean Berkshires, Inc.) VI
Media & Process Technology (formerly Aluminum Company of America and Alcoa Separation
Technology, Inc.) V2
Membrane Filtration and Bioremediation VI
Membrane Microfiltration VI
Membrane Technology and Research, Inc V2
Metal Analysis Probe (MAP®) Portable Assayer (Edax Portable Products Division) V3
Metal Analysis Probe (MAP®) Spectrum Assayer V3
Metals Immobilization and Decontamination of Aggregate Solids (MelDAS) V2
Metals Release and Removal from Wastes V2
Methanotrophic Bioreactor System V2
Metorex, Inc V3
Metso Minerals Industries, Inc. (formerly Svedala Industries, Inc.) V2
Micro-Bac International, Inc VI
Microbial Composting Process V2
Microbial Degradation of PCBs VI
Microsensor Systems, Incorporated V3
Millipore Corporation V3
Minergy Corp VI
Mixed Waste Treatment Process V2
Mobile Environmental Monitor V3
Mobile Volume Reduction Unit VI
Molecular Bonding System" VI
Monsanto/DuPont (see Pharmacia Corporation) VI
Monsanto/DuPont (see Pharmacia Corporation) V2
Montana College of Mineral Science and Technology (Air-Sparged Hydrocyclone) V2
Page 301
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TRADE NAME INDEX (Continued)
Company/Technology Name Volume
Montana College of Mineral Science and Technology (Campbell Centrifugal Jig) V2
Morrison Knudsen Corporation/Spetstamponazhgeologia Enterprises VI
MoTech, Inc. (see Remediation Technologies, Inc.) VI
MSI-301A Vapor Monitor V3
MTI Analytical Instrument, Inc. (see Hewlett-Packard Company) V3
Multiple Innovative Passive Mine Drainage Technologies VI
National Risk Management Research Laboratory (Base-Catalyzed Decomposition Process) VI
National Risk Management Research Laboratory (Volume Reduction Unit) VI
National Risk Management Research Laboratory (Bioventing) VI
National Risk Management Research Laboratory and Intech 180 Corporation VI
National Risk Management Research Laboratory and IT Corporation VI
National Risk Management Research Laboratory, University of Cincinnati, and FRX, Inc VI
New Jersey Institute of Technology V2
New Jersey Institute of Technology hazardous Substances Managment Research Center
(formerly Hazardous Substance Management Research Center at New Jersey Institute of
Technology and Rutgers, the State University of New Jersey) V2
New York State Department of Environmental Conservation/ENSR Consulting and Engineering
and Larsen Engineers VI
New York State Department of Environmental Conservation/SBP Technologies, Inc VI
New York State Department of Environmental Conservation/R.E. Wright Environmental, Inc VI
New York State Department of Environmental Conservation/Science Applications International
Corporation VI
Niton Corporation V3
North American Technologies Group, Inc VI
Novaterra Associates (formerly Toxic Treatment, Inc.) VI
NoVOCs™ In-Well Stripping Technology VI
Ogden Environmental (see General Atomics) VI
OHM Remediation Services Corporation (see IT Corporation) VI
OHM Remediation Services Corporation (see IT Corporation) V2
Ohmicron Corporation (see Strategic Diagnostics, Inc.) V3
Oleophilic Amine-Coated Ceramic Chip VI
Organic Stabilization and Chemical Fixation/Solidification VI
Organics Destruction and Metals Stabilization V2
Oxygen Microbubble In Situ Bioremediation V2
Oxidation and Vitrification Process V2
PCB- and Organochlorine-Contaminated Soil Detoxification V2
PE Photovac International, Inc. (formerly Photovac International, Inc.) V3
PE Photovac Voyager Portable Gas Chromatograph V3
PENTA RISc Test System (see Ensys Penta Test System) V3
Precipitation, Micro filtration, and Sludge Dewatering VI
perox-pure™ Chemical Oxidation Technology VI
Pharmacia Corporation (formerly Monsanto/DuPont) VI
Pharmacia Corporation (formerly Monsanto/DuPont) V2
Photocatalytic Air Treatment V2
Photocatalytic Aqueous Phase Organic Destruction VI
Photocatalytic Aqueous Phase Organic Destruction V2
Photocatalytic Oxidation with Air Stripping V2
Photoelectrocatalytic Degradation and Removal V2
Photolytic and Biological Soil Detoxification V2
Photolytic Destruction of Vapor-Phase Halogens VI
Photolytic Oxidation Process V2
Photothermal Detoxification Unit V2
Photovac International, Inc. (see PE Photovac International, Inc.) V3
Page 302
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TRADE NAME INDEX (Continued)
Company/Technology Name Volume
Photovac Monitoring Instruments (see PE Photovac International, Inc) V3
Phytokinetics, Inc. (Phytoremediation Process) VI
Phytokinetics, Inc. (Phytoremediation of Contaminated Soils) V2
Phytoremediation of Contaminated Soils V2
Phytoremediation of TCE-Contaminated Shallow Groundwater VI
Phytoremediation of TCE in Groundwater VI
Phytoremediation (Argonne National Laboratory) VI
Phytoremediation Process VI
Phytoremediation Technology VI
Phytotech (see Edenspace, Inc.) VI
Pintail Systems, Inc. (Spent Ore Bioremediation Process) VI
Pintail Systems, Inc. (Biomineralization of Metals) V2
Plasma Arc Vitrification VI
Pneumatic Fracturing and Bioremediation Process V2
Pneumatic Fracturing Extraction™ and Catalytic Oxidation VI
PO*WW*ER™ Technology VI
Portable Gas Analyzer/HP Micro GC V3
KMnO4 (Potassium Permanganate) Oxidation of TCE VI
Praxis Environmental Technologies, Inc VI
Precipitation, Microfiltration, and Sludge Dewatering VI
Process Technologies Incorporated VI
PSI Technologies, A Division of Physical Sciences Inc V2
Pulse Sciences, Inc. (X-Ray Treatment of Aqueous Solutions) V2
Pulse Sciences, Inc. (X-Ray Treatment of Organically Contaminated Soils) V2
Purus, Inc. (see Thermatrix, Inc.) V2
PYRETRON® Thermal Destruction VI
Pyrokiln Thermal Encapsulation Process V2
Quadrel Services, Inc V3
Radian International LLC VI
Radio Frequency Heating (from ITT Research Institute/Brown and Root Environmental) VI
Radio Frequency Heating (fromKAI Technologies, Inc./Brown and Root Environmental) VI
Radiometer American V3
Rapid Optical Screening Tool V3
RaPID Assay8 V3
Reactive Barrier VI
Reactor Filter System V2
RECRA Environmental, Inc. (formerly Electro-Pure Systems, Inc.) V2
Recycling Sciences International, Inc VI
Reductive Photo-Dechlorination Treatment V2
Reductive Thermal and Photo-Thermal Oxidation Processes for Enhanced Conversion of
Chlorocarbons V2
Regenesis VI
Region 8 and State of Colorado VI
RemediAid™ (see Total Petroleum Hydrocarbon Field Soil Test Kit) V3
Remediation Technologies, Inc. (Biofilm Reactor for Chlorinated Gas Treatment) V2
Remediation Technologies, Inc. (formerly Motech, Inc.) (Liquid and Solids Biological
Treatment) VI
Resources Conservation Company VI
Resource Management & Recovery (formerly Bio-Recovery Systems, Inc.) V2
Retech M4 Environmental Management Inc VI
Reverse Osmosis: Disc Tube™ Module Technology VI
RKK, LTD VI
Rochem Disc Tube™ Module System VI
Page 303
-------
TRADE NAME INDEX (Continued)
Company/Technology Name Volume
Rochem Separation Systems, Inc VI
Rocky Mountain Remediation Services, LLC VI
The SABRE™ Process VI
Sandia National Laboratories VI
SBP Technologies, Inc. (Groundwater Circulation Biological Treatment Process) VI
SBP Technologies, Inc. (Membrane Filtration and Bioremediation) VI
SCAPS Cone Penetrometer V3
Science Applications International Corporation (In Situ Bioventing Treatment System) VI
Scentograph Plus II Portable Gas Chromatograph V3
SCITEC Corporation V3
Sediment Core Sampler (Art's Manufacturing and Supply) V3
Sediment Core Sampler (Aquatic Research Instruments) V3
SEFA-P (Source Excited Fluorescence Analyzer-Portable) V3
Segmented Gate System V2
Selentec Environmental Technologies, Inc VI
Selentec MAG*SEPSM Technology VI
Sentex Sensing Technology, Inc V3
Sevenson Environmental Services, Inc. (formerly Mae Corp, Inc.) VI
Shirco Infrared Systems, Inc. (see Gruppo Italimpresse) VI
Silicate Technology Corporation (see STC Remediation, Inc.) VI
J.R. Simplot Company (see U. Of Idaho Research Foundation) VI
Simulprobe® Technologies, Inc V3
Site Characterization and Analysis Penetrometer System (SCAPS) V3
Site-Lab Corporation V3
SIVE Services VI
Six-Phase Heating™ of TCE VI
Smelting Lead-Containing Waste V2
Smith Environmental Technologies Corporation (formerly Canonic Environmental Services
Corporation) VI
Soil and Sediment Washing VI
Soil Recycling VI
Soil Rescue Remediation Fluid VI
Soil Separation and Washing Process V2
Soiltech ATP Systems, Inc VI
Soil Washing Process VI
Soil Washing System VI
Solidification and Stabilization (from Advanced Remediation Mixing, Inc.) VI
Solidification and Stabilization (from Soliditech, Inc.) VI
Solidification and Stabilization (from Wastech, Inc.) VI
Soliditech, Inc VI
Solvated Electron Technology, SET™ Remediation System VI
Solvent Extraction Treatment System VI
SOLUCORP Industries VI
Sonotech, Inc VI
Space and Naval Warfare Systems Center V3
Spent Ore Bioremediation Process VI
SRI Instruments V3
Star Organics, LLC VI
State University of New York at Oswego, Environmental Research Center V2
Steam Enhanced Remediation (SER) (at Loring AFB) VI
Steam Enhanced Remediation (SER) (at Ridgefield, WA) VI
Steam Enhanced Recovery Process VI
Steam Injection and Vacuum Extraction VI
Page 304
-------
TRADE NAME INDEX (Continued)
Company/Technology Name Volume
SteamTech Environmental Services(Steam Enhanced Remediation (SER) at Loring AFB) VI
SteamTech Environmental Services(Steam Enhanced Remediation (SER) at Ridgefield, WA) VI
STC Remediation, Inc. (formerly Silicate Technology Corporation) VI
Steam Enhanced Recovery Process VI
Strategic Diagnostics, Inc. (Formerly EnSys Environmental Products, Inc.) (EnSys Penta Test
System) V3
Strategic Diagnostics, Inc. (EnviroGard™ PCB Immunoassay Test Kit) V3
Strategic Diagnostics, Inc. (Immunoassay and Colorimetry) V3
Strategic Diagnostics, Inc. (formerly Ohmicron Corporation) (RaPID Assay®) V3
Subsurface Volatilization and Ventilation System (SVVS®) VI
Supercritical Extraction/Liquid Phase Oxidation V2
Surfactant Enhanced Aquifer Remediation of Nonaqueous Phase Liquids VI
Svedala Industries, Inc. (see Metso Minerals Industries Inc.) V2
TechXtract® Decontamination Process VI
Tekno Associates Bioslurry Reactor V2
Terra-Kleen Response Group, Inc VI
TERRAMET® Soil Remediation System VI
TerraTherm, Inc VI
Terra Vac VI
Test Kits for Organic Contaminants in Soil and Water V3
Texaco Gasification Process VI
Texaco Inc VI
Thermal Desorption System VI
Thermal Desorption Unit VI
Thermal Desorption & Vapor Extraction System VI
Thermal Gas Phase Reduction Process and Thermal Desorption Unit VI
Thermatrix, Inc. (formerly Purus, Inc.) V2
THERM-0-DETOX® System VI
Thermo Noran V3
Thermo Nutech, Inc. (see Eberline Services, Inc.) V2
Time Release Electron Acceptors and Donors for Accelerated Natural Attenuation VI
TMA Thermo Analytical, Inc. (see Eberline Services.) V2
TN 9000 and TN Pb X-Ray Fluorescence Analyzers V3
TN Spectrace (see Thermo Noran) V3
Toronto Harbour Commission VI
Total Petroleum Hydrocarbon Field Soil Test Kit V3
Toxic Treatment, Inc. (see Novaterra Associates) VI
Tri-Services V3
Trinity Environmental Technologies, Inc V2
Two-Zone, Plume Interception, In Situ Treatment Strategy V2
Ultrasonic-Aided Leachate Treatment V2
Ultraviolet Fluorescence Spectrometer V3
Ultraviolet Radiation and Oxidation VI
Ultrox, A Division of Zimpro Environmental, Inc. (see U.S. Filter/WTS Ultrox) VI
United States Environmental Protection Agency (Excavation Techniques and Foam Suppression
Methods) VI
United Kingdom Atomic Energy Authority (formerly AEA Technology Environment) V2
United States Environmental Protection Agency (Field Analytical Screening Program-PCB
Method) V3
United States Environmental Protection Agency (Field Analytical Screening Program-PCP
Method) V3
University of Houston V2
University Of Idaho Research Foundation (formerly licensed to J.R. Simplot Company) VI
Page 305
-------
TRADE NAME INDEX (Continued)
Company/Technology Name Volume
University of Dayton Research Institute V2
University of Miami (see High Voltage Environmental Applications, Inc.) VI
University of Nebraska-Lincoln VI
University of South Carolina V2
University of Washington V2
University of Wisconsin-Madison V2
U.S. Air Force VI
U.S. EPA (Field Analytical Screening Program - PCB Method) V3
U.S. EPA NRMRL (Alternative Cover Assessment Program) VI
U.S. EPA NRMRL (Base-Catalyzed Decomposition Process) VI
U.S. EPA NRMRL (Bioventing) VI
U.S. EPA NRMRL (Mobile Volume Reduction Unit) VI
U.S. EPA NRMRL and IT Corporation VI
U.S. EPA NRMRL and Intech 180 Corporation VI
U.S. EPA NRMRL, U. of Cincinnati, and FRX, Inc VI
U.S. EPA Region 8 and State of Colorado VI
U.S. EPA Region 9 VI
U.S. Filter (formerly Ultrox International, Inc.) VI
U.S. Filter/Zimpro Inc. (see U.S. Filter) VI
UV Technologies, Inc. (formerly Energy and Environmental Engineering, Inc.) V2
UVB - Vacuum Vaporizing Well VI
UV CATOXJ Process V2
Vacuum-Vaporized Well System VI
VaporSep® Membrane Process V2
Vitrification Process VI
Volume Reduction Unit VI
Vortec Corporation VI
Vulcan Peroxidation Systems, Inc. (see Calgon Carbon Advanced Oxidation Technologies) VI
W.L. Gore and Associates, Inc V3
Waste Vitrification Through Electric Melting V2
Wastech, Inc VI
Weiss Associates VI
WES-PHix® Stabilization Process VI
Western Product Recovery Group, Inc V2
Western Research Institute VI
Western Research Institute V2
Roy F. Weston, Inc. (Low Temperature Thermal Treatment System) VI
Roy F. Weston, Inc. (Ambersorb® 563 Adsorbent) VI
Roy F. Weston, Inc. (Ambersorb® 563 Adsorbent) V2
Roy F. Weston, Inc./IEG Technologies VI
Wetlands-Based Treatment V2
Wilder Construction Company VI
Weiss Associates VI
Wilks Enterprise, Inc V3
Wheelabrator Clean Air Systems, Inc. (formerly Chemical Waste Management, Inc.) VI
Wheelabrator Technologies, Inc VI
X-19 Biological Products VI
Xerox Corporation VI
X-Ray Treatment of Aqueous Solutions V2
X-Ray Treatment of Organically Contaminated Soils V2
X*TRAX® Thermal Desorption VI
XL Spectrum Analyzer V3
Xontech Incorporated V3
Page 306
-------
TRADE NAME INDEX (Continued)
Company/Technology Name Volume
XonTech Sector Sampler V3
ZenoGem™ Process VI
Zenon Environmental Inc. (ZenoGem™ Process) VI
Zenon Environmental Inc. (Cross-flow Pervaporation System) VI
Zenon Environmental Inc. (Cross-flow Pervaporation System) V2
Page 307
-------
APPLICABILITY INDEX
Media
Air
Air (Cont.)
Contaminants
Aromatic VOCs
Aromatic VOCs
(Cont.)
Treatment Type
Biological
Degradation
Materials Handling
Physical/Chemical
Portable Gas
Chromatographs
Spectrometers
Thermal
Destruction
Technology
Vendor
Media & Process
Technology
Remediation
Technologies, Inc.
U.S. EPA
ARS Technologies
Inc.
ENERGIA, Inc.
KSE, Inc.
Matrix Photo catalytic
Inc.
Matrix Photo catalytic
Inc
Membrane
Technology and
Research, Inc.
Xerox Corporation
Bruker Analytical
Systems, Inc.
HNU Systems, Inc.
Microsensor Systems,
Inc.
Hewlett-Packard
Company
Photovac Monitoring
Instruments
Sentex Systems Inc.
SRI Instruments
Graseby Ionics, Ltd.
and PCP Inc.
XonTech, Inc.
Sonotech, Inc.
Technology
Bioscrubber
Biofilm Reactor for Chlorinated
Gas Treatment
Excavation Techniques and Foam
Suppression Methods
Pneumatic Fracturing Extraction
and Catalytic Oxidation
Reductive Thermal and Photo -
Thermal Oxidation for Enhanced
Conversion of Chlorocarbons
Adsorption-Integrated-Reaction
Process
Photocatalytic Aqueous Phase
Organic Destruction
Photocatalytic Air Treatment
VaporSep® Membrane Process
2-PHASE™ EXTRACTION Process
Mobile Environmental Monitor
HNU GC 31 ID Portable Gas
Chromatograph
MSI-301A Vapor Monitor
Portable Gas Analyzer
PE Photovac Voyager Portable Gas
Chromatograph
Scentograph Plus II Portable Gas
Chromatograph
Compact Gas Chromatograph
Ion Mobility Spectrometry
XonTech Sector Sampler
Frequency-Tunable Pulse
Combustion System
Volume
2
2
1
1
2
2
1/2
1/2
2
1
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
1
Page 308
-------
APPLICABILITY INDEX (CONTINUED)
Media
Air (Cont.)
Contaminants
Dioxins
Furans
Furans (Cont.)
Halogenated
VOCs
Treatment Type
Materials Handling
Physical/Chemical
Treatment
Portable Gas
Chromatographs
Spectrometers
Thermal
Destruction
Materials Handling
Physical/Chemical
Treatment
Portable Gas
Chromatographs
Spectrometers
Thermal
Destruction
Thermal
Destruction
Biological
Degradation
Materials Handling
Technology
Vendor
U. of Dayton
Research Institute
U.S. EPA
Matrix Photo catalytic
Inc.
Matrix Photo catalytic
Inc.
Bruker Analytical
Systems, Inc.
Graseby Ionics Ltd.,
and PCP, Inc.
Energy and
Environmental
Research Corp.
U. of Dayton
Research Institute
U.S. EPA
Matrix Photo catalytic
Inc.
Matrix Photocatalytic,
Inc.
Bruker Analytical
Systems, Inc.
Graseby Ionics, Ltd.,
and PCP, Inc.
Energy and
Environmental
Research Corp.
U. of Dayton
Research Institute
Remediation
Technologies, Inc.
U.S. EPA
Technology
Photothermal Detoxification Unit
Excavation Techniques and Foam
Suppression Methods
Photocatalytic Aqueous Phase
Organic Destruction
Photocatalytic Air Treatment
Mobile Environmental Monitor
Ion Mobility Spectrometry
Reactor Filter System
Photothermal Detoxification Unit
Excavation Techniques and Foam
Suppression Methods
Photocatalytic Aqueous Phase
Organic Destruction
Photocatalytic Air Treatment
Mobile Environmental Monitor
Ion Mobility Spectrometry
Reactor Filter System
Photothermal Detoxification Unit
Biofilm Reactor for Chlorinated
Gas Treatment
Excavation Techniques and Foam
Suppression Methods
Volume
2
1
1/2
1/2
3
3
2
2
1
1/2
1/2
3
3
2
2
2
1
Page 309
-------
APPLICABILITY INDEX (CONTINUED)
Media
Air (Cont.)
Contaminants
Halogenated
VOCs (Cont.)
Treatment Type
Physical/Chemical
Thermal
Desorption
Physical/Chemical
Treatment
Portable Gas
Chromatographs
Portable Gas
Chromatographs
Spectrometers
Thermal
Destruction
Technology
Vendor
Process/Technologies,
Inc.
ARS Technologies
Inc.
Arizona State U./
Zentox Corp.
ENERGIA, Inc.
ENERGIA, Inc.
KSE, Inc.
Matrix Photo catalytic
Inc.
Matrix Photo catalytic
Inc.
Membrane
Technology and
Research, Inc.
Thermatrix Inc.
Roy F. Weston, Inc.
Xerox Corp.
Bruker Analytical
Systems, Inc.
Photovac Monitoring
Instruments
Sentex Systems Inc.
SRI Instruments
Graseby Ionics, Ltd.,
and PCP, Inc.
XonTech, Inc.
U. of Dayton
Research Institute
Technology
Photolytic Destruction of Vapor-
Phase Halogens
Pneumatic Fracturing Extraction™
and Catalytic Oxidation
Photocatalytic Oxidation with Air
Stripping
Reductive Photo-Dechlorination
Treatment
Reductive Thermal and Photo -
Thermal Oxidation Processes for
Enhanced Conversion of
Chlorocarbons
Adsorption-Integrated-Reaction
Process
Photocatalytic Aqueous Phase
Organic Destruction
Photocatalytic Air Treatment
VaporSep* membrane Process
Photolytic Oxidation Process
Ambersorb® 563 Adsorbent
2-PHASE™ EXTRACTION Process
Mobile Environmental Monitor
PE Photovac Voyager Portable Gas
Chromatograph
Scentograph Plus II Portable Gas
Chromatograph
Compact Gas Chromatograph
Ion Mobility Spectrometry
XonTech Sector Sampler
Photothermal Detoxification Unit
Volume
l
l
2
2
2
2
1/2
1/2
2
2
2
1
3
3
3
3
3
3
2
Page 310
-------
APPLICABILITY INDEX (CONTINUED)
Media
Air (Cont.)
Contaminants
Herbicides
Metals
Metals (Cont.)
PAHs
PCBs
Treatment Type
Materials Handling
Physical/Chemical
Treatment
Portable Gas
Chromatographs
Spectrometers
Thermal
Destruction
Materials Handling
Physical/Chemical
Treatment
Portable Gas
Chromatographs
Thermal
Destruction
Thermal
Destruction (Cont.)
Portable Gas
Chromatographs
Materials Handling
Physical/Chemical
Treatment
Portable Gas
Chromatographs
Technology
Vendor
U.S. EPA
Matrix Photo catalytic
Inc.
Bruker Analytical
Systems, Inc.
Graseby Ionics, Ltd.,
and PCP, Inc.
U. of Dayton
Research Institute
U.S. EPA
General Atomics,
Nuclear Remediation
Technologies Division
Matrix Photo catalytic
Inc.
HNU Systems, Inc.
Microsensor Systems,
Inc.
Hewlett-Packard
Company
American
Combustion, Inc.
Energy and
Environmental
Research Corp.
Bruker Analytical
Systems, Inc.
SRI Instruments
U.S. EPA
Matrix Photo catalytic
Inc.
Bruker Analytical
Systems, Inc.
HNU Systems, Inc.
Technology
Excavation Techniques and Foam
Suppression Methods
Photocatalytic Aqueous Phase
Organic Destruction
Mobile Environmental Monitor
Ion Mobility Spectrometry
Photothermal Detoxification Unit
Excavation Techniques and Foam
Suppression Methods
Acoustic Barrier Particulate
Separator
Photocatalytic Aqueous Phase
Organic Destruction
HNU GC 31 ID Portable Gas
Chromatograph
MSI-301A Vapor Monitor
Portable Gas Analyzer
PYRETRON® Thermal Destruction
Reactor Filter Systems
Mobile Environmental Monitor
Compact Gas Chromatograph
Excavation Techniques and Foam
Suppression Methods
Photocatalytic Aqueous Phase
Organic Destruction
Mobile Environmental Monitor
HNU GC 31 ID Portable Gas
Chromatograph
Volume
l
1/2
3
3
2
1
2
1/2
3
3
3
1
2
3
3
1
1/2
3
3
Page 311
-------
APPLICABILITY INDEX (CONTINUED)
Media
Air (Cont.)
Contaminants
Pesticides
Pesticides
(Cont.)
Petroleum
Hydrocarbons
SVOCs
Treatment Type
Spectrometers
Thermal
Destruction
Materials Handling
Physical/Chemical
Treatment
Portable Gas
Chromatographs
Spectrometers
Thermal
Destruction
Portable Gas
Chromatographs
Materials Handling
Physical/Chemical
Thermal
Desorption
Physical/Chemical
Treatment
Technology
Vendor
Microsensor Systems,
Inc.
Hew lett-Packard
Company
Sentex Systems Inc.
SRI Instruments
Graseby Ionics, Ltd.,
and PCP Inc.
U. of Dayton
Research Institute
U.S. EPA
Matrix Photo catalytic
Inc.
Bruker Analytical
Systems, Inc.
Sentex Systems Inc.
SRI Instruments
Graseby Ionics, Ltd.,
and PCP, Inc.
U. of Dayton
Research Institute
SRI Instruments
U.S. EPA
Process Technologies,
Inc.
ARS Technologies
Inc.
ENERGIA, Inc.
Xerox Corp.
Technology
MSI-301A Vapor Monitor
Portable Gas Analyzer
Scentograph Plus II Portable Gas
Chromatograph
Compact Gas Chromatograph
Ion Mobility Spectrometry
Photothermal Detoxification Unit
Excavation Techniques and Foam
Suppression Methods
Photocatalytic Aqueous Phase
Organic Destruction
Mobile Environmental Monitor
Scentograph Plus II Portable Gas
Chromatograph
Compact Gas Chromatograph
Ion Mobility Spectrometry
Photothermal Detoxification Unit
Compact Gas Chromatographs
Excavation Techniques and Foam
Suppression Methods
Photolytic Destruction of Vapor-
Phase Halogens
Pneumatic Fracturing Extraction™
and Catalytic Oxidation
Reductive Thermal and Photo -
Thermal Oxidation Processes for
Enhanced Conversion of
Chlorocarbons
2-PHASE™ EXTRACTION Process
Volume
3
3
3
3
3
2
1
1/2
3
3
3
3
2
3
1
1
1
2
1
Page 312
-------
APPLICABILITY INDEX (CONTINUED)
Media
Air (Cont.)
Contaminants
VOCs
VOCs (Cont.)
Treatment Type
Portable Gas
Chromatographs
Spectrometers
Thermal
Destruction
Biological
Degradation
Materials Handling
Physical/Chemical
Thermal
Desorption
Physical/Chemical
Treatment
Physical/Chemical
Treatment (Cont.)
Technology
Vendor
Bruker Analytical
Systems, Inc.
Graseby Ionics, Ltd.,
and PCP, Inc.
XonTech, Inc.
Sonotech, Inc.
U. of Dayton
Research Institute
Media & Process
Technologies Inc.
U.S. EPA
Process Technologies,
Inc.
ARS Technologies,
Inc.
Arizona State U./
Zentox Corp.
ENERGIA, Inc.
ENERGIA, Inc.
KSE, Inc.
Matrix Photo catalytic
Inc.
Matrix Photo catalytic
Inc.
Membrane
Technology and
Research, Inc.
Thermatrix, hie.
Roy F. Weston, Inc.
Xerox Corp.
Technology
Mobile Environmental Monitor
Ion Mobility Spectrometry
XonTech Sector Sampler
Frequency-Turnable Pulse
Combustion System
Photothermal Detoxification Unit
Bioscrubber
Excavation Techniques and Foam
Suppression Methods
Photolytic Destruction of Vapor-
Phase Halogens
Pneumatic Fracturing Extraction™
and Catalytic Oxidation
Photocatalytic Oxidation with Air
Stripping
Reductive Photo -Dechlorination
Treatment
Reductive Thermal and Photo -
Thermal Oxidation Processes for
Enhanced Conversion of
Chlorocarbon
Adsorption-Integrated-Reaction
Process
Photocatalytic Aqueous Phase
Organic Destruction
Photocatalytic Air Treatment
VaporSep® Membrane Process
Photolytic Oxidation Process
Ambersorb® 563 Adsorbent
2-PHASE™ EXTRACTION Process
Volume
3
3
3
1
2
2
1
1
1
2
2
2
1
1/2
1/2
2
2
2
1
Page 313
-------
APPLICABILITY INDEX (CONTINUED)
Media
Air (Cont.)
Gas
Contaminants
VOCs
Aromatic VOCs
Treatment Type
Portable Gas
Chromatographs
Spectrometers
Thermal
Destruction
Biological
Degradation
Materials Handling
Physical/Chemical
Treatment
Technology
Vendor
Bruker Analytical
Systems, Inc.
HNU Systems, Inc.
Microsensor Systems,
Inc.
Hew lett-Packard
Company
Photovac Monitoring
Instruments
Sentex Systems, Inc.
SRI Instruments
Environmental
Technologies Group,
Inc.
Graseby Ionics, Ltd.,
and PCP, Inc.
XonTech, Inc.
Sonotech, Inc.
Media & Process
Technology
Remediation
Technologies, Inc.
U.S. EPA
ARS Technologies,
Inc.
ENERGIA, Inc.
KSE, Inc.
Matrix Photo catalytic
Inc.
Matrix Photo catalytic
Inc.
Technology
Mobile Environmental Monitor
HNU GC 31 ID Portable Gas
Chromatograph
MSI-301A Vapor Monitor
Portable Gas Analyzer
PE Photovac Voyager Portable Gas
Chromatograph
Scentograph Plus II Portable Gas
Chromatograph
Compact Gas Chromatograph
AirSentry Fourier Transform
Infrared Spectrometer
Ion Mobility Spectrometry
XonTech Sector Sampler
Frequency-Turnable Pulse
Combustion System
Bioscrubber
Biofilm Reactor for Chlorinated
Gas Treatment
Excavation Techniques and Foam
Suppression Methods
Pneumatic Fracturing Extraction™
and Catalytic Oxidation
Reductive Thermal and Photo -
Thermal Oxidation Processes for
Enhanced Conversion of
Chlorocarbons
Adsorption-Integrated-Reaction
process
Photocatalytic Aqueous Phase
Organic Destruction
Photocatalytic Air Treatment
Volume
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
1
2
2
1
1
2
2
1/2
1/2
Page 314
-------
APPLICABILITY INDEX (CONTINUED)
Media
Gas
(Cont.)
Contaminants
Aromatic VOCs
(Cont.)
Dioxins
Treatment Type
Portable Gas
Chromatographs
Portable Gas
Chromatographs
(Cont.)
Spectrometers
Thermal
Destruction
Materials Handling
Physical/Chemical
Treatment
Portable Gas
Chromatographs
Spectrometers
Thermal
Destruction
Technology
Vendor
Membrane
Technology and
Research, Inc.
Xerox Corp.
Bruker Analytical
Systems, Inc.
HNU Systems, Inc.
Microsensor Systems,
Inc.
Hewlett-Packard
Company
Photovac Monitoring
Instruments
Sentex Sensing
Technology, Inc.
SRI Instruments
Graseby Ionics, Ltd.
XonTech, Inc.
Sonotech, Inc.
U. of Dayton
Research Institute
U.S. EPA
Matrix Photo catalytic
Inc.
Matrix Photo catalytic
Inc.
Bruker Analytical
Systems, Inc.
Graseby Ionics, Ltd.,
andPCP, Inc.
Energy and
Environmental
Research Corp.
U. of Dayton
Research Institute
Technology
VaporSep® Membrane Process
2-PHASE™ EXTRACTION Process
Mobile Environmental Monitor
HNU GC 31 ID Portable Gas
Chromatograph
MSI-301A Vapor Monitor
Portable Gas Analyzer
PE Photovac Voyager Portable Gas
Chromatograph
Scentograph Plus II Portable Gas
Chromatograph
Compact Gas Chromatograph
Ion Mobility Spectrometry
XonTech Sector Sampler
Frequency-Turnable Pulse
Combustion System
Photothermal Detoxification Unit
Excavation Techniques and Foam
Suppression Methods
Photocatalytic Aqueous Phase
Organic Destruction
Photocatalytic Air Treatment
Mobile Environmental Monitor
Ion Mobility Spectrometry
Reactor Filter System
Photothermal Detoxification Unit
Volume
2
1
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
1
2
1
1/2
1/2
3
3
2
2
Page 315
-------
APPLICABILITY INDEX (CONTINUED)
Media
Gas
(Cont.)
Contaminants
Furans
Furans (Cont.)
Halogenated
VOCs
Treatment Type
Materials Handling
Physical/Chemical
Treatment
Portable Gas
Chromatographs
Spectrometers
Thermal
Destruction
Biological
Degradation
Materials Handling
Physical/Chemical
Thermal
Desorption
Physical/Chemical
Treatment
Technology
Vendor
U.S. EPA
Matrix Photo catalytic
Inc.
Matrix Photo catalytic
Inc.
Bruker Analytical
Systems, Inc.
Graseby Ionics, Ltd.,
and PCP, Inc.
Energy and
Environmental
Research Corp.
U. of Dayton
Research Institute
Remediation
Technologies, Inc.
U.S. EPA
Process Technologies,
Inc.
ARS Technologies,
Inc.
Arizona State U./
Zentox Corp.
ENERGIA, Inc.
ENERGIA, Inc.
KSE, Inc.
Matrix Photo catalytic
Inc.
Matrix Photo catalytic
Inc.
Technology
Excavation Techniques and Foam
Suppression Methods
Photocatalytic Aqueous Phase
Organic Destruction
Photocatalytic Air Treatment
Mobile Environmental Monitor
Ion Mobility Spectrometry
Reactor Filter System
Photothermal Detoxification Unit
Biofilm Reactor for Chlorinated
Gas Treatment
Excavation Techniques and Foam
Suppression Methods
Photolytic Destruction of Vapor-
Phase Halogens
Pneumatic Fracturing Extraction™
and Catalytic Oxidation
Photocatalytic Oxidation with Air
Stripping
Reductive Photo-Dechlorination
Treatment
Reductive Thermal and Photo-
Thermal Oxidation process for
Enhanced Conversion of
Chlorocarbons
Adsorption-Integrated-Reaction
Process
Photocatalytic Aqueous Phase
Organic Destruction
Photocatalytic Air Treatment
Volume
l
1/2
1/2
3
3
2
2
2
1
1
1
2
2
2
2
1/2
1/2
Page 316
-------
APPLICABILITY INDEX (CONTINUED)
Media
Gas
(Cont.)
Contaminants
Halogenated
VOCs (Cont.)
Heavy Metals
Herbicides
Metals
Treatment Type
Physical/Chemical
Treatment (Cont.)
Portable Gas
Chromatographs
Spectrometers
Thermal
Destruction
Portable Gas
Chromatographs
Materials Handling
Physical/Chemical
Treatment
Portable Gas
Chromatographs
Spectrometers
Thermal
Destruction
Materials Handling
Physical/Chemical
Treatment
Technology
Vendor
Membrane
Technology and
Research, Inc.
Thermatrix, Inc.
Roy F. Weston, Inc.
Xerox Corp.
Bruker Analytical
Systems, Inc.
Photovac Monitoring
Instruments
Sentex Systems, Inc.
SRI Instruments
Graseby Ionics, Ltd.,
andPCP, Inc.
XonTech, Inc.
U. of Dayton
Research Institute
Bruker Analytical
Systems, Inc.
U.S. EPA
Matrix Photo catalytic
Inc.
Bruker Analytical
Systems, Inc.
Graseby Ionics, Ltd.,
and PCP, Inc.
U. of Dayton
Research Institute
U.S. EPA
General Atomics,
Nuclear Remediation
Technologies Div.
Matrix Photo catalytic
Inc.
Technology
VaporSep® Membrane Process
Photolytic Oxidation Process
Ambersorb® 563 Adsorbent
2-PHASE™ EXTRACTION
Process
Mobile Environmental Monitor
PE Photovac Voyager Portable Gas
Chromatograph
Scentograph Plus II Portable Gas
Chromatograph
Compact Gas Chromatograph
Ion Mobility Spectrometry
XonTech Sector Sampler
Photothermal Detoxification Unit
Mobile Environmental Monitor
Excavation Techniques and Foam
Suppression Methods
Photocatalytic Aqueous Phase
Organic Destruction
Mobile Environmental Monitor
Ion Mobility Spectrometry
Photothermal Detoxification Unit
Excavation Techniques and Foam
Suppression Methods
Acoustic Barrier Particulate
Separator
Photocatalytic Aqueous Phase
Organic Destruction
Volume
2
2
2
1
3
3
3
3
3
3
2
3
1
1/2
3
3
2
1
2
1/2
Page 317
-------
APPLICABILITY INDEX (CONTINUED)
Media
Gas
(Cont.)
Gas
(Cont.)
Contaminants
Metals (Cont.)
PAHs
PCBs
Pesticides
Pesticides
(Cont.)
Treatment Type
Portable Gas
Chromatographs
Thermal
Destruction
Portable Gas
Chromatographs
Materials Handling
Physical/Chemical
Treatment
Portable Gas
Chromatographs
Spectrometers
Thermal
Destruction
Material Handling
Physical/Chemical
Treatment
Technology
Vendor
HNU Systems, Inc.
Microsensor Systems,
Inc.
Hew lett-Packard
Company
American
Combustion, Inc.
Energy and
Environmental
Research Corp.
Bruker Analytical
Systems, Inc.
SRI Instruments
U.S. EPA
Matrix Photocatalytic,
Inc.
Bruker Analytical
Systems, Inc.
HNU Systems, Inc.
Microsensor Systems,
Inc.
Hewlett-Packard
Company
Sentex Systems, Inc.
SRI Instruments
Graseby Ionics, Ltd.,
and PCP, Inc.
U. of Dayton
Research Institute
U.S. EPA
Matrix Photocatalytic,
Inc.
Technology
HNU GC 31 ID Portable Gas
Chromatograph
MSI-301A Vapor Monitor
Portable Gas Analyzer
PYRETRON® Thermal Destruction
Reactor Filter System
Mobile Environmental Monitor
Compact Gas Chromatograph
Excavation Techniques and Foam
Suppression Methods
Photocatalytic Aqueous Phase
Organic Destruction
Mobile Environmental Monitor
HNU GC 31 ID Portable Gas
Chromatograph
MSI-301A Vapor Monitor
Portable Gas Analyzer
Scentograph Plus II Portable Gas
Chromatograph
Compact Gas Chromatograph
Ion Mobility Spectrometry
Photothermal Detoxification Unit
Excavation Techniques and Foam
Suppression Methods
Photocatalytic Aqueous Phase
Organic Destruction
Volume
3
3
3
1
2
3
3
1
1/2
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
2
1
1/2
Page 318
-------
APPLICABILITY INDEX (CONTINUED)
Media
Gas
(Cont.)
Contaminants
Petroleum
Hydrocarbons
SVOCs
VOCs
Treatment Type
Portable Gas
Chromatographs
Spectrometers
Thermal
Destruction
Portable Gas
Chromatograph
Material Handling
Physical/Chemical
Thermal
Desorption
Physical/Chemical
Treatment
Portable Gas
Chromatographs
Spectrometers
Thermal
Destruction
Biological
Degradation
Materials Handling
Technology
Vendor
Bruker Analytical
Systems, Inc.
Sentex Systems, Inc.
SRI Instruments
Graseby Ionics, Ltd.,
and PCP, Inc.
U. of Dayton
Research Institute
SRI Instruments
U.S. EPA
Process Technologies,
Inc.
ARS Technologies,
Inc.
ENERGIA, Inc.
Xerox Corp.
Bruker Analytical
Systems, Inc.
Graseby Ionics, Ltd.,
and PCP, Inc.
XonTech, Inc.
Sonotech, Inc.
U. of Dayton
Research Institute
Media & Process
Technology
U.S. EPA
Technology
Mobile Environmental Monitor
Scentograph Plus II Portable Gas
Chromatograph
Compact Gas Chromatograph
Ion Mobility Spectrometry
Photothermal Detoxification Unit
Compact Gas Chromatograph
Excavation Techniques and Foam
Suppression Methods
Photolytic Destruction of Vapor-
Phase Halogens
Pneumatic Fracturing Extraction™
and Catalytic Oxidation
Reductive Thermal and Photo -
Thermal Oxidation Processes for
Enhanced Conversion of
Chlorocarbons
2-PHASE™ EXTRACTION
Process
Mobile Environmental Monitor
Ion Mobility Spectrometry
XonTech Sector Sampler
Frequency-Turnable Pulse
Combustion System
Photothermal Detoxification Unit
Bioscrubber
Excavation Techniques and Foam
Suppression Methods
Volume
3
3
3
3
2
3
1
1
2
2
1
3
3
3
1
2
2
1
Page 319
-------
APPLICABILITY INDEX (CONTINUED)
Media
Gas
(Cont.)
Contaminants
VOCs (Cont.)
Treatment Type
Physical/Chemical
Thermal
Desorption
Physical/Chemical
Treatment
Portable Gas
Chromatographs
Portable Gas
Chromatographs
(Cont.)
Technology
Vendor
Process Technologies,
Inc.
ARS Technologies,
inc.
Arizona State U/
Zentox Corp.
AWD Technologies,
Inc.
ENERGIA, Inc.
ENERGIA, Inc.
KSE, Inc.
Matrix Photo catalytic
Inc.
Matrix Photo catalytic
Inc.
Membrane
Technology and
Research, Inc.
Thermatrix, Inc.
Roy F. Weston, Inc.
Xerox Corp.
Bruker Analytical
Systems, Inc.
HNU Systems, Inc.,
Microsensor Systems,
Inc.
Hew lett-Packard
Company
Photovac Monitoring
Instruments
Sentex Systems, Inc.
Technology
Photolytic Destruction of Vapor-
Phase Halogens
Pneumatic Fracturing Extraction™
and Catalytic Oxidation
Photocatalytic Oxidation with Air
Stripping
Aqua Detox®/SVE System
Reductive Photo -Dechlorination
Treatment
Reductive Thermal and Photo -
Thermal Oxidation Processes for
Enhanced Conversion of
Chlorocarbons
Adsorption-Integrated-Reaction
Process
Photocatalytic Aqueous Phase
Organic Destruction
Photocatalytic Air Treatment
VaporSep® Membrane Process
Photolytic Oxidation Process
Ambersorb® 563 Adsorbent
2-PHASE™ EXTRACTION Process
Mobile Environmental Monitor
HNU GC 31 ID Portable Gas
Chromatograph
MSI-301A Vapor Monitor
Portable Gas Analyzer
PE Photovac Voyager Portable Gas
Chromatograph
Scentograph Plus II Portable Gas
Chromatograph
Volume
l
l
2
1
2
2
2
1/2
1/2
2
2
2
1
3
3
3
3
3
3
Page 320
-------
APPLICABILITY INDEX (CONTINUED)
Media
Ground
water
Ground
water
(Cont.)
Contaminants
Aromatic VOCs
Aromatic VOCs
(Cont.)
Treatment Type
Spectrometers
Thermal
Destruction
Biological
Degradation
Biological
Degradation
(Cont.)
Materials Handling
Physical/Chemical
Thermal
Desorption
Technology
Vendor
SRI Instruments
Environmental
Technologies Group,
Inc.
Graseby Ionics, Ltd.,
and PCP, Inc.
XonTech, Inc.
Sonotech, Inc.
Billings and
Associates, inc.
Bio-Rem, Inc.
BioTrol, Inc.
Electrokinetics, Inc.
New York State
Department of
Environmental
Conservation/R.E.
Wright Environmental
Inc.
Harding ESE, a
MacTech Co.
IT Corporation
ZENON
Environmental Inc.
National Risk
Management Research
Laboratory, U. of
Cincinnati, and FRX,
Inc.
Hughes
Environmental
Systems, Inc.
NOVATERRA,
Associates
Technology
Compact Gas Chromatograph
AirSentry Fourier Transform
Infrared Spectrometer
Ion Mobility Spectrometry
XonTech Sector Sampler
Frequency-Turnable Pulse
Combustion System
Subsurface Volatilization and
Ventilation Systems (SVVS®)
Augmented in Situ Subsurface
Bioremediation Process
Biological Aqueous Treatment
System
In Situ Bioremediation by
Electrokinetic Injection
In Situ Bioventing Treatment
System
Two-Zone, Plume Interception, Inc
Situ Treatment Technology
Oxygen Microbubbles In Situ
Bioremediation
ZenoGem™ Process
Hydraulic Fracturing
Steam Enhanced Recovery Process
In Situ Soil Treatments (Steam/Air
Stripping)
Volume
3
3
3
3
1
1
1
1
2
1
1/2
2
1
1
1
1
Page 321
-------
APPLICABILITY INDEX (CONTINUED)
Media
Ground
water
(Cont)
Contaminants
Aromatic VOCs
(Cont)
Treatment Type
Physical/Chemical
Treatment
Physical/Chemical
Treatment (Cont)
Portable Gas
Chromatographs
Technology
Vendor
Rochem Separation
Systems, Inc.
SoilTech ATP
Systems, Inc.
Western Research
Institute
ARS Technologies,
Inc.
CF Systems Corp.
Terra Therm Inc. age
Environmental
Applications, Inc.
High Voltage
Environmental
Applications, Inc.
KSE, Inc.
Matrix Photo catalytic
Inc.
Thermatrix, Inc.
SBP Technologies,
Inc.
Terra Vac, Inc.
U. of Nebraska -
Lincoln
Roy F. Weston,
Inc./IEG Technologies
Xerox Corp.
ZENON
Environmental Inc.
Analytical and
Remedial Technology,
Inc.
Bruker Analytical
Systems, Inc.
Technology
Rochem Disc Tube™ Module
System
Anaerobic Thermal Processor
Contained Recovery of Oily Wastes
(CROW™)
Pneumatic Fracturing Extraction™
and Catalytic Oxidation
Liquified Gas Solvent Extraction
(LG-SX) Technology
High Energy Electron Beam
Irradiation
High Energy Electron Irradiation
Adsorption-Integrated-Reaction
Process
Photocatalytic Aqueous Phase
Organic Destruction
X-ray Treatment of Aqueous
Solutions
Membrane Filtration and
Bioremediation
In Situ and Ex Situ Vacuum
Extraction
Center Pivot Spray Irrigation
System
UVB - Vacuum Vaporizing Well
2-PHASE™ EXTRACTION Process
Cross-Flow Pervaporation System
Automated Sampling and
Analytical Platform
Mobile Environmental Monitor
Volume
l
l
2
1
2
1/2
1/2
2
1/2
2
1
1
1
1
1
1
3
3
Page 322
-------
APPLICABILITY INDEX (CONTINUED)
Media
Ground
water
(Cont)
Contaminants
Aromatic VOCs
(Cont)
Cyanide
Diesel
Treatment Type
Solidification/
Stabilization
Spectrometers
Test Kits
Thermal
Destruction
Thermal
Destruction (Cont)
Biological
Degradation
Physical/Chemical
Treatment
Materials Handling
Physical/Chemical
Thermal
Desorption
Spectrometers
Technology
Vendor
HNU Systems, Inc.
Hewlett-Packard
Company
Photovac Monitoring
Instruments
Sentex Systems, Inc.
SRI Instruments
U.S. EPA
Wheelabrator Clean
Air Systems, Inc.
Graseby Ionics, Ltd.,
andPCP, Inc.
Hanby Environmental
Laboratory Procedure,
Inc.
Texaco Inc.
U. of Dayton
Research Institute
Pintail Systems, Inc.
E & C Williams, Inc.
National Risk
Management Research
Laboratory, U. of
Cincinnati, and FRX,
Inc.
Integrated Water
Resources, Inc.
Steam Tech
Environmental
Services
SiteLAB Corporation
Technology
HNU GC 31 ID Portable Gas
Chromatograph
Portable Gas Analyzer
PE Photovac Voyager Portable Gas
Chromatograph
Scentograph Plus II Portable Gas
Chromatograph
Compact Gas Chromatograph
Field Analytical Screening Program
PCB Method
PO*WW*ER™ Technology
Ion Mobility Spectrometry
Test Kits for Organic Contaminants
in Soil and Water
Texaco Gasification Process
Photothermal Detoxification Unit
Spent Ore Bioremediation Process
Calsium Sulfide and Calcium
Polysulfide Technologies
Hydraulic Fracturing
Dynamic Underground Stripping of
TCE
Steam Enhanced Remediation
Ultraviolet Fluorescence
Spectroscopy
Volume
3
3
3
3
3
3
1
3
3
1
2
1/2
3
1
1
1
3
Page 323
-------
APPLICABILITY INDEX (CONTINUED)
Media
Ground
water
(Cont)
Contaminants
Dioxins
Dioxins
Explosives
Furans
Treatment Type
Physical/Chemical
Thermal
Desorption
Physical/Chemical
Treatment
Physical/Chemical
Treatment (Cont)
Portable Gas
Chromatographs
Solidification/
Stabilization
Spectrometers
Test Kits
Thermal
Destruction
Physical/Chemical
Thermal
Desorption
Physical/Chemical
Treatment
Physical/Chemical
Thermal
Technology
Vendor
ELI Eco Logic
International Inc.
Integrated Water
Resources
SoilTech ATP
Systems, Inc.
SteamTech
Environmental
Services
CF Systems Corp.
High Voltage
Environmental
Applications, Inc.
IT Corporation
Matrix Photo catalytic
Inc.
SBP Technologies,
Inc.
Bruker Analytical
Systems, Inc.
Wheelabrator Clean
Air Systems, Inc.
Graseby Ionics, Ltd.,
and PCP, Inc.
Strategic Diagnostics
Inc.
BWX Technologies
Inc.
U. of Dayton
Research Institute
New Jersey Institute
of Technology
U.S. Filter/Zimpro
Inc.
ELI Eco Logic
International Inc.
Technology
GAS-Phase Chemical Reduction
Process
Dynamic Underground Stripping of
TCE
Anaerobic Thermal Processor
Steam Enhanced Remediation
Liquified Gas Solvent Extraction
(LG-SX) Technology
High-Energy Electron Irradiation
KMnO4 Oxidation of TCE
Photocatalytic Aqueous Phase
Organic Destruction
Membrane Filtration and
Bioremediation
Mobile Environmental Monitor
PO*WW*ER™ Technology
Ion Mobility Spectrometry
RaPID Assay®
Cyclone Furnace
Photothermal Detoxification Unit
GHEA Associates Process
Ultraviolet Radiation and Oxidation
Gas-Phase Chemical Reduction
Process
Volume
l
l
l
l
l
1/2
1
1/2
1
3
1
3
3
1/2
2
2
1
1
Page 324
-------
APPLICABILITY INDEX (CONTINUED)
Media
Ground
water
(Cont)
Contaminants
Furans (Cont)
Gasoline
Halogenated
VOCs
Treatment Type
Physical/Chemical
Treatment
Portable Gas
Chromatographs
Solidification/
Stabilization
Spectrometers
Test Kits
Thermal
Destruction
Materials Handling
Spectrometers
Biological
Degradation
Technology
Vendor
SoilTech ATP
Systems, Inc.
CF Systems Corp.
High Voltage
Environmental
Applications, Inc.
Matrix Photo catalytic
Inc.
SBP Technologies,
Inc.
Bruker Analytical
Systems, Inc.
Wheelabrator Clean
Air Systems, Inc.
Graseby Ionics, Ltd.,
and PCP, Inc.
Strategic Diagnostics,
Inc.
BWX Technologies
Inc.
U. of Dayton
Research Institute
Integrated Water
Resources Inc.
National Risk
Management Research
Laboratory, U. of
Cincinnati, and FRX,
Inc.
SteamTech
Environmental
Services
SiteLAB Corporation
ASC/EMR Wright-
Patterson AFB
Bio-Rem, Inc.
Technology
Anaerobic Thermal Processor
Liquified Gas Solvent Extraction
(LG-SX) Technology
High-Energy Electron Irradiation
Photocatalytic Aqueous Phase
Organic Destruction
Membrane Filtration and
Bioremediation
Mobile Environmental Monitor
PO*WW*ER™ Technology
Ion Mobility Spectrometry
RaPID Assay®
Cyclone Furnace
Photothermal Detoxification Unit
Dynamic Underground Stripping of
TCE
Hydraulic Fracturing
Steam Enhanced Remediation
Ultraviolet Fluorescence
Spectroscopy
Phytoremediation of TCE-
Contaminated Shallow
Groundwater
Augmented in Situ Subsurface
Bioremediation Process
Volume
l
l
1/2
1/2
1
3
3
3
3
1/2
2
1
1
1
3
2
1
Page 325
-------
APPLICABILITY INDEX (CONTINUED)
Media
Ground
water
(Cont)
Contaminants
Halogenated
VOCs (Cont)
Treatment Type
Materials Handling
Physical Chemical
Treatment -
Biological
Degradation
Physical/Chemical
Thermal
Desorption
Physical/Chemical
Treatment
Technology
Vendor
BioTrol, Inc.
Electrokinetics, Inc.
Harding ESE, a
MacTech Co.
New York State
Department of
Environmental
Conservation/Science
Applications
International Corp.
ZENON
Environmental Inc.
National Risk
Management Research
Laboratory, U. of
Cincinnati, and FRX,
Inc.
Pharmacia
Corporation
Hughes
Environmental
Systems, Inc.
KAI Technologies,
Inc. /Brown and Root
Environmental
New Jersey Institute
of Technology
NOVATERRA
Associates
SoilTech ATP
Systems, Inc.
Western Research
Institute
ARS Technologies,
Inc.
Arizona State U./
Zentox Corp.
CF Systems Corp.
Technology
Methanotrophic Bioreactor System
In Situ Bioremediation by
Electrokinetic Injection
Two -Zone, Plume Interception, In
Situ Treatment Technology
In Situ Bioventing Treatment
System
ZenoGem™ Process
Hydraulic Fracturing
Lasagna™ In Situ Soil Remediation
Steam Enhanced Recovery Process
Radio Frequency Heating
GHEA Associates Process
In Situ Soil Treatments (Steam/Air
Stripping)
Anaerobic Thermal Processor
Contained Recovery of Oily Wastes
(CROW™)
Pneumatic Fracturing Extraction™
and Catalytic Oxidation
Photocatalytic Oxidation with Air
Stripping
Liquified Gas Solvent Extraction
(LG-SX) Technology
Volume
l
2
1/2
1
1
1
1/2
1
1
2
1
1
2
1
2
1
Page 326
-------
APPLICABILITY INDEX (CONTINUED)
Media
Ground
Water
(Cont)
Contaminants
Halogenated
VOCs (Cont)
Treatment Type
Physical/Chemical
Treatment
Portable Gas
Chromatographs
Technology
Vendor
Enviro Metal
Technologies, Inc.
High Voltage
Environmental
Applications, Inc.
KSE, Inc.
Matrix Photo catalytic
Inc.
Pulse Sciences, Inc.
SBP Technologies,
Inc.
Terra Vac, Inc.
U.S. Filter/Zimpro
Inc.
U. of Nebraska -
Lincoln
UV Technologies, Inc.
Roy F. Weston, Inc.
Roy F. Weston,
Inc./IEG Technologies
Xerox Corp.
ZENON
Environmental Inc.
Analytical and
Remedial Technology,
Inc.
Bruker Analytical
Systems, Inc.
Photovac Monitoring
Instruments
Sentex Systems, Inc.
SRI Instruments
Technology
In Situ and Ex Situ Metal Enhanced
Abiotic Degradation of Dissolved
Halogenated Organic Compounds
in Groundwater
High Energy Electron Beam
Irradiation
Adsorption-Integrated-Reaction
Process
Photocatalytic Aqueous Phase
Organic Destruction
X-ray Treatment of Aqueous
Solutions
Membrane Filtration and
Bioremediation
In Situ and Ex Situ Vacuum
Extraction
Ultraviolet Radiation and Oxidation
Center Pivot Spray Irrigation
System
PhotoCAT™ Process
Ambersorb® 563 Adsorbent
UVB - Vacuum Vaporizing Well
2-PHASE™ EXTRACTION Process
Cross-Flow Pervaporation System
Automated Sampling and
Analytical Platform
Mobile Environmental Monitor
PE Photovac Voyager Portable Gas
Chromatograph
Scentograph Plus II Portable Gas
Chromatograph
Compact Gas Chromatograph
Volume
l
1/2
2
1/2
2
1
1
1
4
2
2
1
1
1
3
3
3
3
3
Page 327
-------
APPLICABILITY INDEX (CONTINUED)
Media
Ground
water
(Cont)
Contaminants
Halogenated
VOCs (Cont)
Heavy Metals
Herbicides
Treatment Type
Solidification/
Stabilization
Spectrometers
Test Kits
Thermal
Destruction
Portable Gas
Chromatographs
Thermal
Destruction
Biological
Degradation
Physical Chemical
Treatment -
Biological
Degradation
Physical/Chemical
Thermal
Desorption
Physical/Chemical
Treatment
Technology
Vendor
U.S. EPA
Wheelabrator Clean
Air Systems, Inc.
Graseby Ionics, Ltd.,
and PCP, Inc.
Strategic Diagnostics,
Inc.
Texaco Inc.
U. of Dayton
Research Institute
Bruker Analytical
Systems, Inc.
Terra Therm, Inc.
BioTrol, Inc.
Electrokinetics, Inc.
Phytokinetics, hie.
ZENON
Environmental Inc.
Pharmacia
Corporation
ELI Eco Logic
International Inc.
SoilTech ATP
Systems, Inc.
CF Systems Corp.
High Voltage
Environmental
Applications, Inc.
Matrix Photo catalytic
Inc.
Technology
Field Analytical Screening Program
PCB Method
PO*WW*ER™ Technology
Ion Mobility Spectrometry
RaPID Assay®
Texaco Gasification Process
Photothermal Detoxification Unit
Mobile Environmental Monitor
In-Situ Thermal Destruction
Biological Aqueous Treatment
System
In Situ Bioremediation by
Electrokinetic Injection
Phytoremediation of Contaminated
Soils
ZenoGem™ Process
Lasagna™ in Situ Soil Remediation
Gas-Phase Chemical Reduction
Process
Anaerobic Thermal Processor
Liquified Gas Solvent Extraction
(LG-SX) Technology
High Energy Electron Irradiation
Photocatalytic Aqueous Phase
Organic Destruction
Volume
3
1
3
3
1
2
3
1
1
1/2
2
1
1/2
1
1
1
1
1/2
Page 328
-------
APPLICABILITY INDEX (CONTINUED)
Media
Ground
water
(Cont)
Ground
water
rrnnti
Contaminants
Herbicides
(Cont)
Metals
Metals
Treatment Type
Physical/Chemical
Treatment (Cont)
Portable Gas
Chromatographs
Solidification/
Stabilization
Spectrometers
Test Kits
Thermal
Destruction
Biological
Degradation
Field Portable X-
ray Fluorescence
Physical Chemical
Treatment -
Biological
Degradation
Physical/Chemical
Radioactive Waste
Treatment
Physical/Chemical
Thermal
Desorption
Physical/Chemical
Treatment
Technology
Vendor
SBP Technologies,
Inc.
Bruker Analytical
Systems, Inc.
Wheelabrator Clean
Air Systems, Inc.
Graseby Ionics, Ltd.,
and PCP, Inc.
Strategic Diagnostics
Inc.
BWX Technologies
Inc.
U. of Dayton
Research Institute
Colorado Dept. of
Public Health and
Environment
Pintail Systems, Inc.
Pintail Systems, Inc.
Resource
Management &
Recovery
Metorex, Inc.
Pharmacia
Corporation
Filter Flow
Technology, Inc.
New Jersey Institute
of Technology
Rochem Separation
Systems, Inc.
Atomic Energy of
Canada, Ltd.
Technology
Membrane Filtration and
Bioremediation
Mobile Environmental Monitor
PO*WW*ER™ Technology
Ion Mobility Spectrometry
RaPID Assay®
Cyclone Furnace
Photothermal Detoxification Unit
Wetlands-Based Treatment
Biomineralization of Metals
Spent Ore Bioremediation Process
AlgaSORB6 Biological Sorption
Field Portable X-ray Fluorescence
Analysis
Lasagna™ In Situ Soil
Remediation
Colloid Polishing Filter Method®
GHEA Associates Process
Rochem Disc Tube™ Module
System
Chemical Treatment and
Ultrafiltration
Volume
l
3
1
3
1
1/2
2
2
1/2
1/2
2
3
1/2
1
2
1
2
Page 329
-------
APPLICABILITY INDEX (CONTINUED)
Media
Ground
water
(Cont)
Contaminants
Metals (Cont)
Treatment Type
Portable Gas
Chromatographs
Portable Gas
Chromatographs
(Cont)
Technology
Vendor
E.I. DuPont de
Nemours and Co. and
Oberlin Filter Co.
Dynaphore, Inc.
EPOC Water, Inc.
E & C Williams, Inc.
General
Environmental Corp.
Geokinetics
International, Inc.
Geokinetics,
International, Inc.
Lockheed Martin
Missiles and Space
Co. And Geokinetics
International, Inc.
Matrix Photo catalytic
Inc.
Morrison Knudsen
Corp./Spetstamponazh
geologia
Enterprises/STG
Technologies
RECRA
Environmental, Inc.
Selentec
Environmental
Technologies, Inc.
U. of Washington
U. of Wisconsin -
Madison
E&C Williams
HNU Systems, Inc.
Hewlett-Packard
Company
Technology
Membrane Microfiltration
FORAGER® Sponge
Precipitation, Microfiltration, and
Sludge Dewatering
Calsium Sulfide and Calcium
Polysulfide Technologies
CURE® Electrocoagulation
Wastewater Treatment System
Electrokinetics ForNSFO
Mobilization
Electrokinetic Remediation Process
Electrokinetic Remediation Process
Photocatalytic Aqueous Phase
Organic Destruction
Clay-Base Grouting Technology
Alternating Current
Electrocoagulation Technology
Selentec MAG*SEP Technology
Adsorptive Filtration
Photoelectrocatalytic Degradation
and Removal
Chemical Stabilization Of Mercury
Mining Wastes
HNU GC 31 ID Portable Gas
Chromatograph
Portable Gas Analyzer
Volume
l
l
l
3
1
1
1
1
1/2
1
2
1
2
2
1
2
3
Page 330
-------
APPLICABILITY INDEX (CONTINUED)
Media
Ground
water
(Cont)
Contaminants
Organic s
PAHs
PAHs (Cont)
PCBs
Treatment Type
Solidification/
Stabilization
Thermal
Destruction
Biological
Degradation
Physical/Chemical
Treatment
Thermal
Destruction
Physical/ Chemical
Treatment
Portable Gas
Chromatographs
Spectrometers
Biological
Degradation
Technology
Vendor
E&C Williams
Wheelabrator Clean
Air Systems, Inc.
BWX Technologies
Inc.
ASC/EMR Wright-
Patterson AFB
Harding ESE, a
MacTech Company
Regenesis
Current
Environmental
Solutions
IT Corporation
Geokinetics
International, Inc.
Pharmacia
Corporation
Current
Environmental
Solutions
Terra Therm, Inc
SBP Technologies,
Inc.
Bruker Analytical
Systems, Inc.
SRI Instruments
SiteLAB Corporation
Gas Technology
Institute
Phytokinetics, Inc.
Phytokinetics, Inc.
Technology
Chemical Stabilization of Mercury
Mining Wastes
PO*WW*ER™ Technology
Cyclone Furnace
Phytoremediation of TCE in
Shallow Groundwater
Two -Zone, Plume Interception, In
Situ Treatment Strategy
Time Released Electron Acceptors
& Donors for Accelerated Natural
Attenuation
Six -Phase Heating of TCE
KMnO4 (Potassium Permanganate)
Oxidation of TCE
Electrokinetics for NSFO
Mobilization
Lasagna™ In Situ Soil
Remediation
Six-Phase Heating of TCE
In Situ Thermal Destruction
Membrane Filtration and
Bioremediation
Mobile Environmental Monitor
Compact Gas Chromatograph
Ultraviolet Fluorescence
Spectroscopy
Chemical and Biological Treatment
Phytoremediation of Contaminated
Soils
Phytoremediation Process
Volume
l
l
1/2
1
1/2
1
1
1
1
1/2
1
1
1
3
3
3
2
2
1/2
Page 331
-------
APPLICABILITY INDEX (CONTINUED)
Media
Ground
water
(Cont)
Contaminants
PCBs (Cont)
Treatment Type
Field Portable
X-ray
Fluorescence
Physical/Chemical
Thermal
Desorption
Physical/Chemical
Treatment
Physical/Chemical
Treatment (Cont)
Portable Gas
Chromatographs
Technology
Vendor
ZENON
Environmental Inc.
Metorex, Inc.
ELI Eco Logic
International Inc.
KAI Technologies,
Inc. /Brown and Root
Environmental
New Jersey Institute
of Technology
SoilTech ATP
Systems, Inc.
Calgon Carbon
Oxidation
Technologies
CF Systems Corp.
High Voltage
Environmental
Applications, Inc.
High Voltage
Environmental
Applications, Inc.
Matrix Photo catalytic
Inc.
Morrison Knudsen
Corp./Spetstamponazh
geologia
Enterprises/STG
Technologies
SBP Technologies,
Inc.
U.S. Filter/Zimpro
Inc.
U. of Wisconsin -
Madison
Bruker Analytical
Systems, Inc.
Technology
ZenoGem™ Process
Field portable X-ray Fluorescence
Analysis
Gas-Phase Chemical Reduction
Process
Radio Frequency Heating
GHEA Associates Process
Anaerobic Thermal Processor
perox-pure™ Chemical Oxidation
Technology
Liquified Gas Solvent Extraction
(LG-SX) Technology
High Energy Electron Beam
Irradiation
High Energy Beam Irradiation
Photocatalytic Aqueous Phase
Organic Destruction
Clay-Base Grouting Technology
Membrane Filtration and
Bioremediation
Ultraviolet Radiation and
Oxidations
Photoelectrocatalytic Degradation
and Removal
Mobile Environmental Monitor
Volume
l
3
1
1
2
1
1
1
1/2
1/2
1/2
1
1
1
2
3
Page 332
-------
APPLICABILITY INDEX (CONTINUED)
Media
Ground
water
(Cont)
Contaminants
PCP
PCP (Cont)
Pesticides
Treatment Type
Solidification/
Stabilization
Spectrometers
Test Kits
Thermal
Destruction
Physical/Chemical
Treatment
Physical/Chemical
Treatment (Cont)
Test Kits
Biological
Degradation
Technology
Vendor
HNU Systems, Inc.
Hewlett-Packard
Company
Sentex Systems, Inc.
SRI Instruments
U.S. EPA
Wheelabrator Clean
Air Systems, Inc.
Graseby Ionics, Ltd.,
and PCP, Inc.
Hanby Environmental
Laboratory
Procedures, Inc.
BWX Technologies,
Inc.
U. of Dayton
Research Institute
SBP Technologies,
Inc.
U.S. Filter/Zimpro
Inc.
Strategic Diagnostics,
Inc.
Strategic Diagnostics
Inc.
BioTrol, Inc.
Electrokinetics, Inc.
Gas Technology
Institute
Phytokinetics, Inc.
Phytokinetics, Inc.
Technology
HNU GC 31 ID Portable Gas
Chromatograph
Portable Gas Analyzer
Scentograph Plus II Portable Gas
Chromatograph
Compact Gas Chromatograph
Field Analytical Screening Program
PCB Method
PO*WW*ER™ Technology
Ion Mobility Spectrometry
Test Kits for Organic Contaminants
in Soil and Water
Cyclone Furnace
Photothermal Detoxification Unit
Membrane Filtration and
Bioremediation
Ultraviolet Radiation and Oxidation
PENTA RISc Test System
RaPID Assay®
Biological Aqueous Treatment
System
In Situ Bioremediation by
Electrokinetic Injections
Chemical and Biological Treatment
Phytoremediation of Contaminated
Soils
Phytoremediation Process
Volume
3
3
3
3
3
1
3
3
1/2
2
1
1
3
3
1
2
2
3
1/2
Page 333
-------
APPLICABILITY INDEX (CONTINUED)
Media
Ground
water
(Cont)
Contaminants
Pesticides (Cont)
Treatment Type
Physical/Chemical
Thermal
Desorption
Physical/Chemical
Treatment
Physical/Chemical
Treatment (Cont)
Portable Gas
Chromatographs
Technology
Vendor
ZENON
Environmental Inc.
ELI Eco Logic
International Inc.
KAI Technologies,
Inc. /Brown and Root
Environmental
SoilTech ATP
Systems, Inc.
Calgon Carbon
Oxidation
Technologies
CF Systems Corp.
High Voltage
Environmental
Applications, Inc.
High Voltage
Environmental
Applications, Inc.
Matrix Photo catalytic
Inc.
Morrison Knudsen
Corp./Spetstamponazh
geologia
Enterprises/STG
Technologies
SBP Technologies,
Inc.
U.S. Filter/Zimpro
Inc.
U. of Wisconsin -
Madison
Bruker Analytical
Systems, Inc.
Sentex Sensing
Technology, Inc.
SRI Instruments
U.S. EPA
Technology
ZenoGem™ Process
Gas-Phase Chemical Reduction
Process
Radio Frequency heating
Anaerobic Thermal Process
perox-pure™ Chemical Oxidation
Technology
Liquified Gas Solvent Extraction
(LG-SX) Technology
High-Energy Electron Beam
Irradiation
High-Energy Electron Irradiation
Photocatalytic Aqueous Phase
Organic Destruction
Clay-Base Grouting Technology
Membrane Filtration and
Bioremediation
Ultraviolet Radiation and Oxidation
Photoelectrocatalytic Degradation
and Removal
Mobile Environmental Monitor
Scentograph Plus II Portable Gas
Chromatograph
Compact Gas Chromatograph
Field Analytical Screening Program
PCB Method
Volume
l
l
l
l
l
l
1/2
1/2
1/2
1
1
1
2
3
3
3
3
Page 334
-------
APPLICABILITY INDEX (CONTINUED)
Media
Ground
water
(Cont)
Contaminants
Petroleum
Hydrocarbons
Petroleum
Hydrocarbons
(Cont)
Radionuclides
Treatment Type
Solidification/
Stabilization
Spectrometers
Test Kits
Thermal
Destruction
Biological
Degradation
Materials Handling
Physical/Chemical
Thermal
Desorption
Physical/Chemical
Treatment
Portable Gas
Chromatographs
Spectrometers
Test Kits
Physical/Chemical
Radioactive Waste
Treatment
Technology
Vendor
Wheelabrator Clean
Air Systems, Inc.
Graseby Ionics, Ltd.,
and PCP, Inc.
Strategic Diagnostics,
Inc.
Hanby Environmental
Laboratory Procedure,
Inc.
BWX Technologies,
Inc.
U. of Dayton
Research Institute
Regenesis
National Risk
Management Research
Laboratory, U. of
Cincinnati, and FRX,
Inc.
New Jersey Institute
of Technology
Calgon Carbon
Oxidation
Technologies
SBP Technologies,
Inc.
SRI Instruments
Horiba Instruments,
Inc.
SiteLAB Corporation
Wilks Enterprise, Inc.
Idetek, Inc.
Filter Flow
Technology, Inc.
Technology
PO*WW*ER™ Technology
Ion Mobility Spectrometry
PENTA RISc Test System
Test Kits for Organic Contaminants
in Soil and Water
Cyclone Furnace
Photothermal Detoxification Unit
Time Released Electron Acceptors
& Donors for Accelerated Natural
Attenuation
Hydraulic Fracturing
GHEA Associates Process
perox-pure™ Chemical Oxidation
Technology
Membrane Filtration and
Bioremediation
Compact Gas Chromatograph
Infrared Analysis
Ultraviolet Fluorescence
Spectroscopy
Infrared Analysis
Equate® Immunoassay
Colloid Polishing Filter Method(R)
Volume
l
3
3
3
1/2
2
1
1
2
1
1/2
3
3
3
3
3
1
Page 335
-------
APPLICABILITY INDEX (CONTINUED)
Media
Ground
water
(Cont)
Contaminants
SVOCs
SVOCs (Cont)
Treatment Type
Physical/Chemical
Treatment
Thermal
Destruction
Biological
Degradation
Biological
Degradation
Physical/Chemical
Thermal
Desorption
Physical/Chemical
Treatment
Technology
Vendor
Atomic Energy of
Canada, Ltd.
Selentec
Environmental
Technologies, Inc.
BWX Technologies,
Inc.
Terra Therm, Inc.
BioTrol, hie.
Harding ESE, a
MacTech Company
Gas Technology
Institute
New York State Dept.
of Environmental/
Science Applications
International Corp.
ZENON
Environmental Inc.
ELI Eco Logic
International Inc.
KAI Technologies,
Inc. /Brown and Root
Environmental
New Jersey Institute
of Technology
NOVATERRA
Associates
SoilTech ATP
Systems, Inc.
Western Research
Institute
ARS Technologies
Inc.
Calgon Carbon
Oxidation
Technologies
Technology
Chemical Treatment and
Ultrafiltration
Selentec MAG* SEP Technology
Cyclone Furnace
In-Situ Thermal Destruction
Biological Aqueous Treatment
System
Two -Zone, Plume Interception, In
Situ Treatment Technology
Chemical and Biological Treatment
In Situ Bioventing Treatment
System
ZenoGem™ Process
Gas-Phase Chemical Reduction
Process
Radio Frequency Heating
GHEA Associates Process
In Situ Soil Treatments (Steam/Air
Stripping)
Anaerobic Thermal Processor
Contained Recovery of Oily Wastes
(CROW™)
Pneumatic Fracturing Extraction™
and Catalytic Oxidation
perox-pure™ Chemical Oxidation
Technology
Volume
2
1
1/2
1
1
1/2
2
1
1
1
1
2
1
1
2
1
1
Page 336
-------
APPLICABILITY INDEX (CONTINUED)
Media
Ground
water
(Cont)
Contaminants
SVOCs
Treatment Type
Physical/Chemical
Treatment (Cont)
Portable Gas
Chromatographs
Solidification/
Stabilization
Spectrometers
Test Kits
Thermal
Destruction
Technology
Vendor
CF Systems Corp.
High Voltage
Environmental
Applications, Inc.
High Voltage
Environmental
Applications, Inc.
Pulse Sciences, Inc.
SBP Technologies,
Inc.
Terra Vac, Inc.
U. of Wisconsin -
Madison
Roy F. Weston,
Inc./IEG Technologies
Xerox Corp.
Analytical and
Remedial Technology,
Inc.
Bruker Analytical
Systems, Inc.
U.S. EPA
Wheelabrator Clean
Air Systems, Inc.
Graseby Ionics, Ltd.,
and PCP, Inc.
Strategic Diagnostics,
Inc.
BWX Technologies
Inc.
Texaco Inc.
U. of Dayton
Research Institute
Technology
Liquified Gas Solvent Extraction
(LG-SX) Technology
High-Energy Electron Beam
Irradiation
High-Energy Electron Irradiation
X-ray Treatment of Aqueous
Solutions
Membrane Filtration and
Bioremediation
In Situ and Ex Situ Vacuum
Extraction
Photoelectrocatalytic Degradation
and Removal
UVB - Vacuum Vaporizing Well
2-PHASE™ EXTRACTION Process
Automated Sampling and
Analytical Platform
Mobile Environmental Monitor
Field Analytical Screening Program
PCB Method
PO*WW*ER™ Technology
Ion Mobility Spectrometry
RaPID Assay*
Cyclone Furnace
Texaco Gasification process
Photothermal Detoxification Unit
Volume
l
1/2
1
2
1
1
2
1
1
3
3
3
1
3
3
1/2
1
2
Page 337
-------
APPLICABILITY INDEX (CONTINUED)
Media
Ground
water
(Cont)
Contaminants
VOCs
VOCs (Cont)
Treatment Type
Other
Biological
Degradation
Biological
Degradation
(Cont)
Materials Handling
Technology
Vendor
Berkeley
Environmental
Restoration Center
Argonne National
Laboratory
ASC/EMR Wright-
Patterson AFB
Billings and
Associates, Inc.
Bio-Rem, Inc.
BioTrol, Inc.
Earth Tech/
Westinghouse
Savannah River
Company
Electrokinetics, Inc.
Earth Tech, Inc.
New York State Dept.
of Environmental/
Science Applications
International Corp.
New York State Dept.
of Environmental
Conservation/SB P
Technologies, Inc.
Phytokinetics, Inc.
Phytokinetics, Inc.
ZENON
Environmental Inc.
National Risk
Management Research
Laboratory, U. of
Cincinnati, and FRX,
Inc.
Technology
In Situ Steam Enhanced Extraction
Process
Development of Phytoremediation
Phytoremediation of TCE in
Shallow Groundwater
Subsurface Volatilization and
Ventilation System (SVVS®)
Augmented In Situ Subsurface
Bioremediation Process
Biological Aqueous Treatment
System
Enhanced In Situ Bioremediation of
Chlorinated Compounds in
Groundwater
In Situ Bioremediation by
Electrokinetic Injection
In Situ Enhanced Bioremediation of
Groundwater
In Situ Bioventing Treatment
System
Groundwater Circulation Biological
Treatment Process
Phytoremediation of Contaminated
Soils
Phytoremediation Process
ZenoGem™ Process
Hydraulic Fracturing
Volume
l
l
l
l
l
l
l
2
1
1
1
2
1/2
1
1
Page 338
-------
APPLICABILITY INDEX (CONTINUED)
Media
Ground
water
(Cont)
Contaminants
VOCs (Cont)
Treatment Type
Physical/Chemical
Thermal
Desorption
Physical/Chemical
Thermal
Desorption
Physical/Chemical
Treatment
Technology
Vendor
Hughes
Environmental
Systems, Inc.
KAI Technologies,
Inc. /Brown and Root
Environmental
New Jersey Institute
of Technology
NOVATERRA
Associates
Rochem Separation
Systems, Inc.
SoilTech ATP
Systems, Inc.
Western Research
Institute
ARS Technologies,
Inc.
Arizona State U./
Zentox Corp.
AWD Technologies,
Inc.
Calgon Carbon
Oxidation
Technologies
CF Systems Corp.
Radian International
LLC
Mactec-SBP
Technologies
Company, LLC
EnviroMetal
Technologies, Inc.
High Voltage
Environmental
Applications, Inc.
Technology
Steam Enhanced Recovery Process
Radio Frequency Heating
GHEA Associates Process
In Situ Soil Treatments (Steam/Air
Stripping)
Rochem Disc Tube™ Module
System
Anaerobic Thermal Processor
Contained Recovery of Oily Wastes
(CROW™)
Pneumatic Fracturing Extraction™
and Catalytic Oxidation
Photocatalytic Oxidation with Air
Stripping
Aqua Detox(R)/SVE Systems
perox-pure™ Chemical Oxidation
Technology
Liquified Gas Solvent Extraction
(LG-SX) Technology
Integrated AquaDetox Steam
Vacuum Stripping and Soil Vapor
Extraction/Reinjection
No VOCs™ In-Well Stripping
Technology
In Situ and Ex Situ Metal Enhanced
Abiotic Degradation of Dissolved
Halogenated Organic Compounds
in Groundwater
High Energy Electron Irradiation
Volume
l
l
2
1
1
1
2
1
2
1
1
1
1
1
1
1/2
Page 339
-------
APPLICABILITY INDEX (CONTINUED)
Media
Ground
water
(Cont)
Ground
water
(Cont)
Contaminants
VOCs (Cont)
VOCs (Cont)
Treatment Type
Physical/Chemical
Treatment
Portable Gas
Chromatographs
Portable Gas
Chromatographs
(Cont)
Technology
Vendor
IT Corporation
KSE, Inc.
Matrix Photo catalytic
Inc.
Morrison Knudsen
Corp./Spetstamponazh
geologia
Enterprises/STG
Technologies
Pulse Sciences, Inc.
SBP Technologies,
Inc.
Terra Vac, Inc.
U.S. Filter/Zimpro
Inc.
U. of Nebraska -
Lincoln
UV Technologies, Inc.
Roy F. Weston, Inc.
Roy F. Weston,
Inc./IEG Technologies
Xerox Corp.
ZENON
Environmental Inc.
Bruker Analytical
Systems, Inc.
HNU Systems, Inc.
Hewlett-Packard
Company
Photovac Monitoring
Instruments
Sentex Systems, Inc.
SRI Instruments
Technology
KMnO4 Oxidation of TCE
Adsorption-Integrated-Reaction
Process
Photocatalytic Aqueous Phase
Organic Destruction
Clay-Base Grouting Technology
X-ray Treatment of Aqueous
Solutions
Membrane Filtration and
Bioremediation
In Situ and Ex Situ Vacuum
Extraction
Ultraviolet Radiation and Oxidation
Center Pivot Spray Irrigation
System
PhotoCAT™ Process
Ambersorb® 563 Adsorbent
UVB - Vacuum Vaporizing Well
2-PHASE™ EXTRACTION Process
Cross-Flow Pervaporation System
Mobile Environmental Monitor
HNU GC 31 ID Portable Gas
Chromatograph
Portable Gas Analyzer
PE Photovac Voyager Portable Gas
Chromatograph
Scentograph Plus II Portable Gas
Chromatograph
Compact Gas Chromatograph
Volume
l
2
1/2
1
2
1
1
1
1
2
2
1
1
1
3
3
3
3
3
3
Page 340
-------
APPLICABILITY INDEX (CONTINUED)
Media
Leachate
Leachate
(Cont)
Contaminants
Not Applicable
Other
Aromatic VOCs
Aromatic VOCs
(Cont)
Treatment Type
Solidification/
Stabilization
Spectrometers
Test Kits
Thermal
Destruction
Capping/
Containment
Physical/Chemical
Treatment
Biological
Degradation
Physical/Chemical
Thermal
Desorption
Physical/Chemical
Treatment
Physical/Chemical
Treatment (Cont)
Technology
Vendor
U.S. EPA
Wheelabrator Clean
Air Systems, Inc.
Graseby Ionics, Ltd.,
and PCP, Inc.
Hanby Environmental
Laboratory Procedure,
Inc.
Strategic Diagnostics
Inc.
Texaco, Inc.
U.S.EPANRMRL
North American
Technologies Group,
Inc.
RECRA
Environmental, Inc.
BioTrol, Inc.
Electrokinetics, Inc.
ZENON
Environmental Inc.
NOVATERRA
Associates
Rochem Separation
Systems, Inc.
CF Systems, Corp.
High Voltage
Environmental
Applications, Inc.
High Voltage
Environmental
Applications, Inc.
Technology
Field Analytical Screening Program
PCB Method
PO*WW*ER™ Technology
Ion Mobility Spectrometry
Test Kits for Organic Contaminants
in Soil and Water
RaPID Assay®
Texaco Gasification Process
Alterative Cover Assessment
Program (ACAP)
Oleophilic Amine-Coated Ceramic
Chip
Alternating Electrocoagulation
Technology
Biological Aqueous Treatment
System
In Situ Bioremediation by
Electrokinetic Injection
ZenoGem™ Process
In Situ Soil Treatments (Steam/Air
Stripping)
Rochem Disc Tube™ Module
System
Liquified Gas Solvent Extraction
(LG-SX) Technology
High Energy Electron Beam
Irradiation
High Energy Electron Irradiation
Volume
3
1
3
3
3
1
1
1
2
1
2
1
1
1
1
1/2
1
Page 341
-------
APPLICABILITY INDEX (CONTINUED)
Media
Leachate
(Cont)
Contaminants
Cyanide
Diesel
Dioxins
Treatment Type
Portable Gas
Chromatographs
Solidification/
Stabilization
Spectrometers
Test Kits
Biological
Degradation
Spectrometers
Physical/Chemical
Thermal
Desorption
Physical/Chemical
Treatment
Technology
Vendor
Magnum Water
Technology
Matrix Photo catalytic
Inc.
Pulse Sciences, Inc.
SBP Technologies,
Inc.
ZENON
Environmental Inc.
Analytical and
Remedial Technology,
Inc.
Bruker Analytical
Systems, Inc.
HNU Systems, Inc.
Sentex Systems, Inc.
SRI Instruments
U.S. EPA
Wheelabrator Clean
Air Systems, Inc.
Graseby Ionics, Ltd.,
and PCP, Inc.
Hanby Environmental
Laboratory procedure,
Inc.
Pintail Systems, Inc.
SiteLAB Corporation
ELI Eco Logic
International Inc.
CF Systems Corp.
Technology
CA-OX® Process
Photocatalytic Aqueous Phase
Organic Destruction
X-ray Treatment of Aqueous
Solutions
Membrane Filtration and
Bioremediation
Cross-Flow Pervaporation System
Automated Sampling and
Analytical Platform
Mobile Environmental Monitor
HNU GC 31 ID Portable Gas
Chromatograph
Scentograph Plus II Portable Gas
Chromatograph
Compact Gas Chromatograph
Field Analytical Screening Program
PCB Methods
PO*WW*ER™ Technology
Ion Mobility Spectrometry
Test Kits for Organic Contaminants
in Soil and Water
Spent Ore Bioremediation Process
Ultraviolet Fluorescence
Spectroscopy
Gas-Phase Chemical Reduction
Process
Liquified Gas Solvent Extraction
(LG-SX) Technology
Volume
l
1/2
2
1
1
3
3
3
3
3
3
1
3
3
1/2
3
1
1
Page 342
-------
APPLICABILITY INDEX (CONTINUED)
Media
Leachate
(Cont)
Contaminants
Explosives
Furans
Furans (Cont)
Treatment Type
Portable Gas
Chromatographs
Solidification/
Stabilization
Spectrometers
Test Kits
Thermal
Destruction
Physical/Chemical
Thermal
Desorption
Physical/Chemical
Treatment
Physical/Chemical
Thermal
Desorption
Physical/Chemical
Treatment
Physical/Chemical
Treatment
Portable Gas
Chromatographs
Solidification/
Stabilization
Spectrometers
Technology
Vendor
High Voltage
Environmental
Applications, Inc.
Matrix Photo catalytic
Inc.
SBP Technologies,
Inc.
Bruker Analytical
Systems, Inc.
Wheelabrator Clean
Air Systems, Inc.
Graseby Ionics, Ltd.,
and PCP, Inc.
Strategic Diagnostics
Inc.
BWX Technologies
Inc.
New Jersey Institute
of Technology
U.S. Filter/Zimpro
Inc.
ELI Eco Logic
International Inc.
CF Systems Corp.
High Voltage
Environmental
Applications, Inc.
Matrix Photo catalytic
Inc.
SBP Technologies,
Inc.
Bruker Analytical
Systems, Inc.
Wheelabrator Clean
Air Systems, Inc.
Graseby Ionics, Ltd.,
and PCP, Inc.
Technology
High-Energy Electron Irradiation
Photocatalytic Aqueous Phase
Organic Destruction
Membrane Filtration and
Bioremediation
Mobile Environmental Monitor
PO*WW*ER™ Technology
Ion Mobility Spectrometry
RaPID Assay*
Cyclone Furnace
GHEA Associates Process
Ultraviolet Radiation and Oxidation
Gas-Phase Chemical Reduction
Process
Liquified Gas Solvent Extraction
(LG-SX) Technology
High-Energy Electron Irradiation
Photocatalytic Aqueous Phase
Organic Destruction
Membrane Filtration and
Bioremediation
Mobile Environmental Monitor
PO*WW*ER™ Technology
Ion Mobility Spectrometry
Volume
1/2
1/2
1
3
1
3
3
1/2
2
1
1
1
1/2
1/2
1
3
1
3
Page 343
-------
APPLICABILITY INDEX (CONTINUED)
Media
Leachate
(Cont)
Contaminants
Gasoline
Halogenated
VOCs
Halogenated
VOCs (Cont)
Treatment Type
Test Kits
Thermal
Destruction
Spectrometers
Biological
Degradation
Physical/Chemical
Thermal
Desorption
Physical/Chemical
Treatment
Physical/Chemical
Treatment (Cont)
Technology
Vendor
Strategic Diagnostics
Inc.
BWX Technologies
Inc.
SiteLAB Corporation
BioTrol, Inc.
ZENON
Environmental Inc.
New Jersey Institute
of Technology
NOVATERRA
Associates
CF Systems Corp.
EnviroMetal
Technologies Inc.
High Voltage
Environmental
Applications, Inc.
High Voltage
Environmental
Applications, Inc.
Magnum Water
Technology
Matrix Photo catalytic
Aqueous Phase
Organic Destruction
Pulse Sciences, hie.
SBP Technologies,
Inc.
U.S. Filter/Zimpro
Inc.
UV Technologies, Inc.
Roy F. Weston, Inc.
Technology
RaPID Assay®
Cyclone Furnace
Ultraviolet Fluorescence
Spectroscopy
Methanotrophic Bioreactor System
ZenoGem™ Process
GHEA Associates Process
In-Situ Soil Treatments (Steam/Air
Stripping)
Liquified Gas Solvent Extraction
(LG-SX) Technology
In Situ and Ex Situ Metal Enhanced
Abiotic Degradation of Dissolved
Halogenated Organic Compounds
in Groundwater
High Energy Electron Beam
Irradiation
High Energy Electron Irradiation
CAV-OX® Process
Photocatalytic Aqueous Phase
Organic Destruction
X-ray Treatment of Aqueous
Solutions
Membrane Filtration and
Bioremediation
Ultraviolet Radiation and Oxidation
PhotoCAT™ Process
Ambersorb® 563 Adsorbent
Volume
3
1/2
3
2
1
2
1
1
1
1/2
1/2
1
1/2
2
1
1
2
2
Page 344
-------
APPLICABILITY INDEX (CONTINUED)
Media
Leachate
(Cont)
Contaminants
Halogenated
VOCs (Cont)
Heavy Metals
Herbicides
Treatment Type
Portable Gas
Chromatographs
Solidification/
Stabilization
Spectrometers
Test Kits
Thermal
Destruction
Thermal
Destruction
Biological
Degradation
Physical/Chemical
Thermal
Desorption
Physical/Chemical
Treatment
Technology
Vendor
ZENON
Environmental Inc.
Analytical and
Remedial Technology,
Inc.
Bruker Analytical
Systems, Inc.
Sentex Systems, Inc
SRI Instruments
U.S. EPA
Wheelabrator Clean
Air Systems, Inc.
Graseby Ionics, Ltd.,
and PCP, Inc.
Strategic Diagnostics,
Inc.
Energy and
Environmental
Research Corp.
IGT
BioTrol, Inc.
Electrokinetics, Inc.
ZENON
Environmental Inc.
ELI Eco Logic
International Inc.
CF Systems Corp.
High Voltage
Environmental
Applications, Inc.
Magnum Water
Technology
Technology
Cross-Flow Pervaporation System
Automated Sampling and
Analytical Platform
Mobile Environmental Monitor
Scentograph Plus II Portable Gas
Chromatograph
Compact Gas Chromatograph
Field Analytical Screening Program
PCB Method
PO*WW*ER™ Technology
Ion Mobility Spectrometry
RaPID Assay®
Hybrid Fluidized Bed System
Thermal Sediment Reuse
Technologies
Biological Aqueous Treatment
System
In Situ Bioremediation by
Electrokinetic Injection
ZenoGem™ Process
Gas-Phase Chemical Reduction
Process
Liquified Gas Solvent Extraction
(LG-SX) Technology
High-Energy Electron Irradiation
CAV-OX® Process
Volume
l
3
3
3
3
3
1
3
3
2
1
1
2
1
1
1
1/2
1
Page 345
-------
APPLICABILITY INDEX (CONTINUED)
Media
Leachate
(Cont)
Contaminants
Inorganics
Metals
Treatment Type
Portable Gas
Chro matograp hs
Solidification/
Stabilization
Spectrometers
Test Kits
Thermal
Destruction
Thermal
Destruction
Biological
Degradation
Field Portable X-
ray Fluorescence
Physical/Chemical
Radioactive Waste
Treatment
Physical/Chemical
Thermal
Desorption
Physical/Chemical
Treatment
Technology
Vendor
Matrix Photo catalytic
Inc.
SBP Technologies,
Inc.
Bruker Analytical
Systems, Inc.
Wheelabrator Clean
Air Systems, Inc.
Graseby Ionics, Ltd.,
and PCP, Inc.
Strategic Diagnostics,
Inc.
BWX Technologies,
Inc.
IGT
Colorado Dept. Of
Public Health and
Environment
Pintail Systems, Inc.
Pintail Systems, Inc.
Metorex, Inc.
Filter Flow
Technology, Inc.
New Jersey Institute
of Technology
Rochem Separation
Systems, Inc.
Atomic Energy of
Canada, Ltd.
Atomic Energy of
Canada, Ltd.
E.I. DuPont de
Nemours and Co., and
Oberlin Filter Co.
Dynaphore, Inc.
Technology
Photocatalytic Water Treatment
Membrane Filtration and
Bioremediation
Mobile Environmental Monitor
PO*WW*ER™ Technology
Ion Mobility Spectrometry
RaPID Assay®
Cyclone Furnace
Thermal Sediment Reuse
Technology
Wetlands-Based Treatment
Biomineralization of Metals
Spent Ore Bioremediation Process
Field Portable X-ray Fluorescence
Analysis
Heavy Metals and Radionuclide
Polishing Filter
GHEA Associates Process
Rochem Disc Tube™ Module
System
Chemical Treatment and
Ultrafiltration
Ultrasonic-Aided Leachate
Treatment
Membrane Microfiltration
FORAGER® Sponge
Volume
l
l
3
1
3
3
1/2
1
1
2
1
3
1
2
1
2
2
1
1
Page 346
-------
APPLICABILITY INDEX (CONTINUED)
Media
Leachate
(Cont)
Contaminants
Metals (Cont)
Organic s
PAHs
Treatment Type
Physical/Chemical
Treatment (Cont)
Portable Gas
Chromatographs
Solidification/
Stabilization
Thermal
Destruction
Thermal
Destruction
Physical/Chemical
Treatment
Technology
Vendor
EPOC Water, Inc.
General
Environmental Corp.
Geo kinetics,
International, Inc.
Lewis Environmental
Services, Inc./
Hickson Corp.
Lockheed Martin
Missiles and Space
Co. and Geokinetics
International, Inc.
Matrix Photo catalytic
Inc.
Morrison Knudsen
Corp./Spetstamponazh
geologia Enterprises/
STG Technologies
RECRA
Environmental, Inc.
Region 8 and State of
Colorado
Selentec
Environmental
Technologies, Inc.
U. of Washington
HNU Systems, Inc.
Wheelabrator Clean
Air System, Inc.
BWX Technologies,
Inc.
Energy and
Environmental
Research Corp.
IGT
SBP Technologies,
Inc.
Technology
Precipitation, Microfiltration, and
Sludge Dewatering
CURE® Electrocoagulation
Wastewater Treatment System
Electrokinetic Remediation Process
Chromated Copper Arsenate Soil
Leaching Process
Electrokinetic Remediation Process
Photocatalytic Water Treatment
Clay-Base Grouting Technology
Alternating Current
Electrocoagulation Technology
Multiple Innovative Passive Mine
Drainage Technologies
Selentec MAG*SEP Technology
Adsorption Filtration
HNU GC 31 ID Portable Gas
Chromatograph
PO*WW*ER™ Technology
Cyclone Furnace
Hybrid Fluidized Bed System
Thermal Sediment Reuse
Technology
Membrane Filtration and
Bioremediation
Volume
l
l
l
2
1
1/2
1
2
1
1
2
3
1
1/2
2
1
1
Page 347
-------
APPLICABILITY INDEX (CONTINUED)
Media
Leachate
(Cont)
Contaminants
PAHs (Cont)
PCBs
Treatment Type
Portable Gas
Chromatographs
Spectrometers
Thermal
Destruction (Cont)
Biological
Degradation
Field Portable X-
ray Fluorescence
Physical/Chemical
Thermal
Desorption
Physical/Chemical
Treatment
Portable Gas
Chromatographs
Technology
Vendor
Bruker Analytical
Systems, Inc.
SRI Instruments
SiteLAB Corporation
IGT
ZENON
Environmental Inc.
Metorex, Inc.
ELI Eco Logic
International Inc.
Calgon Carbon
Oxidation
Technologies
CF Systems Corp.
High Voltage
Environmental
Applications, Inc.
High Voltage
Environmental
Applications, Inc.
Magnum Water
Technology
Matrix Photo catalytic
Inc.
Morrison Knudsen
Corp./Spetstamponazh
geologia Enterprises/
STG Technologies
SBP Technologies,
Inc.
U.S. Filter/Zimpro
Inc.
Bruker Analytical
Systems, Inc.
Technology
Mobile Environmental Monitor
Compact Gas Chromatograph
Ultraviolet Fluorescence
Spectroscopy
Thermal Sediment Reuse
Technology
ZenoGem™ Process
Field Portable X-ray Fluorescence
Analysis
Gas-Phase Chemical Reduction
Process
perox-pure™ Chemical Oxidation
Technology
Liquified Gas Solvent Extraction
(LG-SX) Technology
High-Energy Electron Irradiation
High-Energy Electron Irradiation
CAV-OX® Process
Photocatalytic Water Treatment
Clay-Base Grouting Technology
Membrane Filtration and
Bioremediation
Ultraviolet Radiation and Oxidation
Mobile Environmental Monitor
Volume
3
3
3
1
1
3
1
1
1
1/2
1/2
1
1/2
1
1
1
3
Page 348
-------
APPLICABILITY INDEX (CONTINUED)
Media
Leachate
(Conte)
Contaminants
PCBs (Cont)
PCP
Pesticides
Treatment Type
Portable Gas
Chromatographs
(Cont)
Solidification/
Stabilization
Spectrometers
Test Kits
Thermal
Destruction
Physical/Chemical
Treatment
Test Kits
Biological
Degradation
Physical/Chemical
Thermal
Desorption
Technology
Vendor
HNU Systems, Inc.
Sentex Sensing
Technology, Inc.
SRI Instruments
U.S. EPA
Wheelabrator Clean
Air Systems, Inc.
Graseby Ionics, Ltd.,
and PCP, Inc.
Strategic Diagnostics,
Inc.
Hanby Environmental
Laboratory Procedure,
Inc.
Energy and
Environmental
Research Corp.
IGT
SBP Technologies,
Inc.
U.S. Filter/Zimpro
Inc.
Strategic Diagnostics,
Inc.
Strategic Diagnostics,
Inc.
BioTrol, Inc.
Electrokinetics, Inc.
ZENON
Environmental Inc.
ELI Eco Logic
International Inc.
Technology
HNU GC 31 ID Portable Gas
Chromatograph
Scentograph Plus II Portable Gas
Chromatograph
Compact Gas Chromatograph
Field Analytical Screening Program
PCB Methods
PO*WW*ER™ Technology
Ion Mobility Spectrometry
PENTA RISc Test Systems
Test Kits for Organic Contaminants
in Soil and Water
Hybrid Fluidized Bed System
Thermal Sediment Reuse
Technology
Membrane Filtration and
Bioremediation
Ultraviolet Radiation and Oxidation
PENTA RISc Test System
RaPID Assay®
Biological Aqueous Treatment
System
In Situ Bioremediation by
Electrokinetic Injection
ZenoGem™ Process
Gas-Phase Chemical Reduction
Process
Volume
3
3
3
3
1
3
3
3
2
1
1
1
3
3
1
2
1
1
Page 349
-------
APPLICABILITY INDEX (CONTINUED)
Media
Leachate
(Cont)
Leachate
(Cont)
Contaminants
Pesticides (Cont)
Pesticides (Cont)
Treatment Type
Physical/Chemical
Treatment
Portable Gas
Chromatographs
Solidification/
Stabilization
Spectrometers
Test Kits
Test Kits (Cont)
Technology
Vendor
Calgon Carbon
Oxidation
Technologies
CF Systems Corp.
High Voltage
Environmental
Applications, Inc.
High Voltage
Environmental
Applications, Inc.
Magnum Water
Technology
Photocatalytic Air
Treatment
Photocatalytic hie.
Morrison Knudsen
Corp./Spetstamponazh
geologia Enterprises/
STG Technologies
SBP Technologies,
Inc.
U.S. Filter/Zimpro
Inc.
Bruker Analytical
Systems, Inc.
Sentex Sensing
Technology, Inc.
SRI Instruments
U.S. EPA
Wheelabrator Clean
Air Systems, Inc.
Graseby Ionics, Ltd.,
and PCP, Inc.
Strategic Diagnostics,
Inc.
Hanby Environmental
Laboratory Procedure,
Inc.
Technology
perox-pure™ Chemical Oxidation
Technology
Liquified Gas Solvent Extraction
(LG-SX) Technology
High-Energy Electron Beam
Irradiation
High-Energy Electron Irradiation
CAV-OX® Process
Photocatalytic Water Treatment
Clay-Base Grouting Technology
Membrane Filtration and
Bioremediation
Ultraviolet Radiation and Oxidation
Mobile Environmental Monitor
Scentograph Plus II Portable Gas
Chromatograph
Compact Gas Chromatograph
Field Analytical Screening Program
PCB Method
PO*WW*ER™ Technology
Ion Mobility Spectrometry
PENTA RISc Test System
Test Kits for Organic Contaminants
in Soil and Water
Volume
l
l
1/2
1/2
1
1
1
1
1
3
3
3
3
1
3
3
3
Page 350
-------
APPLICABILITY INDEX (CONTINUED)
Media
Leachate
(Cont)
Contaminants
Petroleum
Hydrocarbons
Radionuclides
SVOCs
Treatment Type
Thermal
Destruction
Physical/Chemical
Thermal
Desorption
Physical/Chemical
Treatments
Portable Gas
Chromatographs
Spectrometers
Physical/Chemical
Radioactive Waste
Treatment
Physical/Chemical
Treatment
Thermal
Destruction
Biological
Degradation
Technology
Vendor
Strategic Diagnostics,
Inc.
BWX Technologies,
Inc.
Energy and
Environmental
Research Corp.
New Jersey Institute
of Technology
Calgon Carbon
Oxidation
Technologies
SBP Technologies,
Inc.
SRI Instruments
Horiba Instruments,
Inc.
SiteLAB Corporation
Filter Flow
Technology, Inc.
Atomic Energy of
Canada, Ltd.
Atomic Energy of
Canada, Ltd.
Selentec
Environmental
Technologies, Inc.
BWX Technologies,
Inc.
Terra Therm
BioTrol, Inc.
ZENON
Environmental Inc.
Technology
RaPID Assay®
Cyclone Furnace
Hybrid Fluidized Bed System
GHEA Associates Process
perox-pure™ Chemical Oxidation
Technology
Membrane Filtration and
Bioremediation
Compact Gas Chromatograph
Infrared Analysis
Ultraviolet Fluorescence
Spectroscopy
Heavy Metals and Radionuclide
Polishing Filter
Chemical Treatment and
Ultrafiltration
Ultrasonic-Aided Leachate
Treatment and Ultrafiltration
Selentec MAG*SEP Technology
Cyclone Furnace
In Situ Thermal Destruction
Biological Aqueous Treatment
System
ZenoGem™ Process
Volume
3
1/2
2
2
1
1
3
3
3
1
2
3
1
1/2
1
1
1
Page 351
-------
APPLICABILITY INDEX (CONTINUED)
Media
Leachate
(Cont)
Contaminants
SVOCs (Cont)
VOCs
Treatment Type
Physical/Chemical
Thermal
Desorption
Physical/Chemical
Treatment
Portable Gas
Chromatographs
Solidification/
Stabilization
Spectrometers
Test Kits
Thermal
Destruction
Biological
Degradation
Technology
Vendor
ELI Eco Logic
International Inc.
New Jersey Institute
of Technology
Novaterra Associates
Calgon Carbon
Oxidation
Technologies
CF Systems Corp.
High Voltage
Environmental
Applications, Inc.
High Voltage
Environmental
Applications, Inc.
Pulse Sciences, Inc.
SBP Technologies,
Inc.
Analytical and
Remedial Technology,
Inc.
Bruker Analytical
Systems, Inc.
U.S. EPA
Wheelabrator Clean
Air Systems, Inc.
Graseby Ionics, Ltd.,
and PCP, Inc.
Strategic Diagnostics,
Inc.
BWX Technologies,
Inc.
BioTrol, Inc.
Technology
Gas-Phase Chemical Reduction
Process
GHEA Associates Process
In Situ Soil Treatments (Steam/Air
Stripping)
perox-pure™ Chemical Oxidation
Technology
Liquified Gas Solvent Extraction
(LG-SX) Technology
High-Energy Electron Irradiation
High-Energy Electron Irradiation
X-ray Treatment of Aqueous
Solutions
Membrane Filtration and
Bioremediation
Automated Sampling and
Analytical Platform
Mobile Environmental Monitor
Field Analytical Screening Program
PCB Method
PO*WW*ER™ Technology
Ion Mobility Spectrometry
RaPID Assay®
Cyclone Furnace
Biological Aqueous Treatment
System
Volume
l
2
1
1
1
1/2
1
2
1
3
3
3
1
3
3
1/2
1
Page 352
-------
APPLICABILITY INDEX (CONTINUED)
Media
Leachate
(Cont)
Contaminants
VOCs (Cont)
Treatment Type
Physical/Chemical
Thermal
Desorption
Physical/Chemical
Treatment
Physical/Chemical
Treatment (Cont)
Portable Gas
Chromatographs
Technology
Vendor
Electrokinetics, Inc.
ZENON
Environmental Inc.
New Jersey Institute
of Technology
Novaterra Associates
Rochem Separation
Systems, Inc.
Calgon Carbon
Oxidation
Technologies
CF Systems Corp.
Enviro Metal
Technologies Inc.
High Voltage
Environmental
Applications, Inc.
Matrix Photo catalytic
Inc.
Morrison Knudsen
Corp./Spetstamponazh
geologia Enterprises/
STG Technologies
Pulse Sciences, Inc.
SBP Technologies,
Inc.
U.S. Filter/Zimpro
Inc.
UV Technologies, Inc.
Roy F. Weston, Inc.
ZENON
Environmental, Inc.
Bruker Analytical
Systems, Inc.
Technology
In Situ Bioremediation by
Electrokinetic Injection
ZenoGem™ Process
GHEA Associates Process
In Situ Soil Treatment (Steam/Air
Stripping)
Rochem Disc Tube™ Module
System
perox-pure™ Chemical Oxidation
Technology
Liquified Gas Solvent Extraction
(LG-SX) Technology
In Situ and Ex Situ Metal Enhanced
Abiotic Degradation of Dissolved
Halogenated Organic Compounds
in Groundwater
High-Energy Electron Irradiation
Photocatalytic Water Treatment
Clay-Base Grouting Technology
X-ray Treatment of Aqueous
Solutions
Membrane Filtration and
Bioremediation
Ultraviolet Radiation and Oxidation
PhotoCAT™ Process
Ambersorb® 563 Adsorbent
Cross-Flow Pervaporation System
Mobile Environmental Monitor
Volume
2
1
2
1
1
1
1
1
1/2
1/2
1
2
1
1
2
2
1
3
Page 353
-------
APPLICABILITY INDEX (CONTINUED)
Media
Leachate
(Cont)
Liquid
Contaminants
Not Applicable
Other
Other (Cont)
Aromatic VOCs
Treatment Type
Solidification/
Stabilization
Spectrometers
Test Kits
Thermal
Destruction
Capping/
Containment
Physical/Chemical
Treatment
Physical/Chemical
Treatment (Cont)
Biological
Degradation
Technology
Vendor
HNU Systems, Inc.
Sentex Sensing
Technology, Inc.
SRI Instruments
U.S. EPA
Wheelabrator Clean
Air Systems, Inc.
Graseby Ionics, Ltd.,
and PCP, Inc.
Hanby Environmental
Laboratory Procedure,
Inc.
Strategic Diagnostics,
Inc.
Energy and
Environmental
Research Corp.
Wilder Construction
Co.
North American
Technologies Group,
Inc.
RECRA
Environmental, Inc.
Billings and
Associates, Inc.
Bio-Rem, Inc.
BioTrol, Inc.
Electrokinetics, Inc.
Harding ESE, a
Mactec Co.
Technology
HNU GC 31 ID Portable Gas
Chromatograph
Scentograph Plus II Portable Gas
Chromatograph
Compact Gas Chromatograph
Field Analytical Screening Program
PCB Method
PO*WW*ER™ Technology
Ion Mobility Spectrometry
Test Kits for Organic Contaminants
in Soil and Water
RaPID Assay®
Hybrid Fluidized Bed System
Matcon Modified Asphalt Cap
Oleophilic Amine-Coated Ceramic
Chip
Alternating Current
Electrocoagulation Technology
Subsurface Volatilization and
Ventilation System (SVVS® )
Augmented In Situ Subsurface
Bioremediation Process
Biological Aqueous Treatment
System
In Situ Bioremediation by
Electrokinetic Injection
Two -Zone Plume Interception, In
Situ Treatment Technology
Volume
3
3
3
3
1
3
3
3
2
1
1
2
1
1
1
2
1/2
Page 354
-------
APPLICABILITY INDEX (CONTINUED)
Media
Liquid
(Cont)
Contaminants
Aromatic VOCs
(Cont)
Treatment Type
Materials Handling
Physical/Chemical
Thermal
Desorption
Physical/Chemical
Treatment
Physical/Chemical
Treatment (Cont)
Technology
Vendor
New York State Dept.
Of Environmental
Conservation/R.E.
Wright
Environmental, Inc.
IT Corporation
ZENON
Environmental Inc.
National Risk
Management Research
Laboratory, U. of
Cincinnati, and FRX,
Inc.
Hughes
Environmental
Systems, Inc.
Rochem Separation
Systems, Inc.
SoilTech ATP
Systems, Inc.
Western Research
Institute
ARS Technologies,
Inc.
CF Systems Corp.
High Voltage
Environmental
Applications, Inc.
High Voltage
Environmental
Applications, Inc.
KSE, Inc.
Matrix Photo catalytic
Inc.
Pulse Sciences, Inc.
SBP Technologies,
Inc.
Technology
In Situ Bioventing Treatment
System
Oxygen Microbubble In Situ
Bioremediation
ZenoGem™ Process
Hydraulic Fracturing
Steam Enhanced Recovery Process
Rochem Disc Tube™ Module
System
Anaerobic Thermal Processor
Contained Recovery of Oil Wastes
(CROW™)
Pneumatic Fracturing Extraction™
and Catalytic Oxidation
Liquified Gas Solvent Extraction
(LG-SX) Technology
High Energy Electron Beam
Irradiation
High Energy Electron Irradiation
Adsorption-Integrated-Reaction
Process
Photocatalytic Water Treatment
X-ray Treatment of Aqueous
Solutions
Membrane Filtration and
Bioremediation
Volume
l
2
1
1
1
1
1
2
1
1
1/2
1/2
2
1/2
2
1
Page 355
-------
APPLICABILITY INDEX (CONTINUED)
Media
Liquid
(Cont)
Contaminants
Aromatic VOCs
(Cont)
Cyanide
Treatment Type
Portable Gas
Chromatographs
Portable Gas
Chromatographs
(Cont)
Solidification/
Stabilization
Spectrometers
Test Kits
Thermal
Destruction
Biological
Degradation
Technology
Vendor
Terra Vac, Inc.
U. of Nebraska -
Lincoln
Roy F. Weston,
Inc./IEG Technologies
Xerox Corp.
ZENON
Environmental Inc.
Analytical and
Remedial Technology,
Inc.
Bruker Analytical
Systems, Inc.
HNU Systems, Inc.
Photovac Monitoring
Instruments
Sentex Sensing
Technology, Inc.
SRI Instruments
U.S. EPA
Wheelabrator Clean
Air Systems, Inc.
Graseby Ionics, Ltd.,
andPCP, Inc.
Hanby Environmental
Laboratory Procedure,
Inc.
Texaco Inc.
U. of Dayton
Research Institute
Pintail Systems, Inc.
Technology
In Situ and Ex Situ Vacuum
Extraction
Center Pivot Spray Irrigation
System
UVB - Vacuum Vaporizing Well
2-PHASE™ EXTRACTION Process
Cross-Flow Pervaporation System
Automated Sampling and
Analytical Platform
Mobile Environmental Monitor
HNU GC 31 ID Portable Gas
Chromatograph
PE Photovac Voyager Portable Gas
Chromatograph
Scentograph Plus II Portable Gas
Chromatograph
Compact Gas Chromatograph
Field Analytical Screening Program
PCB Method
PO*WW*ER™ Technology
Ion Mobility Spectrometry
Test Kits for Organic Contaminants
in Soil and Water
Texaco Gasification Process
Photothermal Detoxification Unit
Spent Ore Bioremediation Process
Volume
l
l
l
l
l
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
1
3
3
1
2
1
Page 356
-------
APPLICABILITY INDEX (CONTINUED)
Media
Liquid
(Cont)
Contaminants
Diesel
Dioxins
Dioxins (Cont)
Explosives
Furans
Treatment Type
Materials Handling
Spectrometer
Physical/Chemical
Thermal
Desorption
Physical/Chemical
Treatment
Portable Gas
Chromatographs
Solidification/
Stabilization
Spectrometers
Test Kits
Thermal
Destruction
Physical/Chemical
Thermal
Desorption
Physical/Chemical
Treatment
Physical/Chemical
Thermal
Desorption
Technology
Vendor
National Risk
Management Research
Laboratory, U. of
Cincinnati, and FRX,
Inc.
SiteLAB Corporation
ELI Eco Logic
International, Inc.
SoilTech ATP
Systems, Inc.
CF Systems Corp.
High Voltage
Environmental
Applications, Inc.
Matrix Photo catalytic
Inc.
SBP Technologies,
Inc.
Bruker Analytical
Systems, Inc.
Wheelabrator Clean
Air Systems, Inc.
Graseby Ionics, Ltd.,
and PCP, Inc.
Strategic Diagnostics,
Inc.
BWX Technologies,
Inc.
U. of Dayton
Research Institute
New Jersey Institute
of Technology
U.S. Filter/Zimpro
Inc.
ELI Eco Logic
International Inc.
Technology
Hydraulic Fracturing
Ultraviolet Fluorescence
Spectroscopy
Gas-Phase Chemical Reduction
Process
Anaerobic Thermal Processor
Liquified Gas Solvent Extraction
(LG-SX) Technology
High Energy Electron Irradiation
Photocatalytic Water Treatment
Membrane Filtration and
Bioremediation
Mobile Environmental Monitor
PO*WW*ER™ Technology
Ion Mobility Spectrometry
RaPID Assay®
Cyclone Furnace
Photothermal Detoxification Unit
GHEA Associates Process
Ultraviolet Radiation and Oxidation
Gas-Phase Chemical Reduction
Process
Volume
l
3
1
1
1
1/2
1/2
1
3
1
3
3
1/2
2
2
1
1
Page 357
-------
APPLICABILITY INDEX (CONTINUED)
Media
Liquid
(Cont)
Contaminants
Furans (Cont)
Gasoline
Halogenated
VOCs
Treatment Type
Physical/Chemical
Treatment
Portable Gas
Chromatographs
Solidification/
Stabilization
Spectrometers
Test Kits
Thermal
Destruction
Materials Handling
Spectrometer
Biological
Degradation
Technology
Vendor
SoilTech ATP
Systems, Inc.
CF Systems Corp.
High Voltage
Environmental
Applications, Inc.
Matrix Photo catalytic
Inc.
SBP Technologies,
Inc.
Bruker Analytical
Systems, Inc.
Wheelabrator Clean
Air Systems, Inc.
Graseby Ionics, Ltd.,
and PCP, Inc.
Strategic Diagnostics,
Inc.
BWX Technologies,
Inc.
U. of Dayton
Research Institute
National Risk
Management Research
Laboratory, U. of
Cincinnati, and FRX,
Inc.
SiteLAB Corporation
AS C/EMR Wright-
Patterson AFB
Harding ESE, a
Mactec Co.
Bio-Rem, Inc.
BioTrol, Inc.
Technology
Anaerobic Thermal Processor
Liquified Gas Solvent Extraction
(LG-SX) Technology
High Energy Electron Irradiation
Photocatalytic Water Treatment
Membrane Filtration and
Bioremediation
Mobile Environmental Monitor
PO*WW*ER™ Technology
Ion Mobility Spectrometry
RaPID Assay®
Cyclone Furnace
Photothermal Detoxification Unit
Hydraulic Fracturing
Ultraviolet Fluorescence
Spectroscopy
Phytoremediation of TCE-
Contaminated Shallow
Ground water
Two -Zone Plume Interception, In
Situ Treatment Technology
Augmented In Situ Subsurface
Bioremediation Process
Methanotrophic Bioreactor System
Volume
l
l
1/2
1/2
1
3
1
3
3
1/2
2
1
3
1
1/2
1
2
Page 358
-------
APPLICABILITY INDEX (CONTINUED)
Media
Liquid
(Cont)
Contaminants
Halogenated
VOCs (Cont)
Treatment Type
Materials Handling
Physical Chemical
Treatment -
Biological
Degradation
Physical/Chemical
Thermal
Desorption
Physical/Chemical
Treatment
Technology
Vendor
New York State Dept.
Of Environmental
Conservation/R.E.
Wright
Environmental, Inc.
IT Corporation
ZENON
Environmental Inc.
National Risk
Management Research
Laboratory, U. of
Cincinnati, and FRX,
Inc.
Pharmacia
Corporation
Hughes
Environmental
Systems, Inc.
KAI Technologies,
Inc. /Brown and Root
Environmental
New Jersey Institute
of Technology
SoilTech ATP
Systems, Inc.
Western Research
Institute
ARS Technologies,
Inc.
Arizona State
U/Zentox Corp.
CF Systems Corp.
High Voltage
Environmental
Applications, Inc.
High Voltage
Environmental
Applications, Inc.
Technology
In Situ Bioventing Treatment
System
Oxygen Microbubble In Situ
Bioremediation
ZenoGem™ Process
Hydraulic Fracturing
Lasagna™ In Situ Soil Remediation
Steam Enhanced Recovery Process
Radio Frequency Heating
GHEA Associates Process
Anaerobic Thermal Process
Contained Recovery of Oily Wastes
(CROW™)
Pneumatic Fracturing Extraction™
and Catalytic Oxidation
Photocatalytic Oxidation with Air
Stripping
Liquified Gas Solvent Extraction
(LG-SX) Technology
High Energy Electron Beam
Irradiation
High Energy Electron Irradiation
Volume
l
2
1
1
1/2
1
1
2
1
2
1
2
1
1/2
1/2
Page 359
-------
APPLICABILITY INDEX (CONTINUED)
Media
Liquid
(Cont)
Contaminants
Halogenated
VOCs (Cont)
Treatment Type
Physical/Chemical
Treatment (Cont)
Portable Gas
Chromatographs
Solidification/
Stabilization
Spectrometers
Technology
Vendor
KSE, Inc.
Matrix Photo catalytic
Inc.
Pulse Sciences, Inc.
SBP Technologies,
Inc.
Terra Vac, Inc.
U.S. Filter/Zimpro
Inc.
U. of Nebraska -
Lincoln
UV Technologies, Inc.
Roy F. Weston,
Inc./IEG Technologies
Roy F. Weston,
Inc./IEG Technologies
Xerox Corp.
ZENON
Environmental Inc.
Analytical and
Remedial Technology,
Inc.
Bruker Analytical
Systems, Inc.
Photovac Monitoring
Instruments
Sentex Sensing
Technology, Inc.
SRI Instruments
U.S. EPA
Wheelabrator Clean
Air Systems, Inc.
Graseby Ionics, Ltd.,
and PCP, Inc.
Technology
Adsorption-Integrated-Reaction
Process
Photocatalytic Water Treatment
X-ray Treatment of Aqueous
Solutions
Membrane Filtration and
Bioremediation
In Situ and Ex Situ Vacuum
Extraction
Ultraviolet Radiation and Oxidation
Center Pivot Spray Irrigation
System
PhotoCAT™ Process
Ambersorb 563 Adsorbent
UVB - Vacuum Vaporizing Well
2-PHASE™ EXTRACTION Process
Cross-Flow Pervaporation System
Automated Sampling and
Analytical Platform
Mobile Environmental Monitor
PE Photovac Voyager Portable Gas
Chromatograph
Scentograph Plus II Portable Gas
Chromatograph
Compact Gas Chromatograph
Field Analytical Screening Program
PCB Method
PO*WW*ER™ Technology
Ion Mobility Spectrometry
Volume
2
1/2
2
1
1
1
1
2
2
1
1
1
3
3
3
3
3
3
1
3
Page 360
-------
APPLICABILITY INDEX (CONTINUED)
Media
Liquid
(Cont)
Contaminants
Halogenated
VOCs (Cont)
Heavy Metals
Herbicides
Treatment Type
Test Kits
Thermal
Destruction
Thermal
Destruction (Cont)
Chemical
Treatment
Field Portable X-
ray Fluorescence
Solidification/
Stabilization
Thermal
Destruction
Biological
Degradation
Physical Chemical
Treatment -
Biological
Degradation
Physical/Chemical
Thermal
Desorption
Physical/Chemical
Treatment
Technology
Vendor
Strategic Diagnostics,
Inc.
Texaco Inc.
U. of Dayton
Research Institute
Concurrent
Technologies
HNU Systems, Inc.
Gas Technology
Institute
Gas Technology
Institute
BioTrol, Inc.
Electrokinetics, Inc.
ZENON
Environmental Inc.
Pharmacia
Corporation
ELI Eco Logic
International Inc.
SoilTech ATP
Systems, Inc.
CF Systems Corp.
High Voltage
Environmental
Applications, Inc.
Matrix Photo catalytic
Inc.
SBP Technologies,
Inc.
Technology
RaPID Assay®
Texaco Gasification Process
Photothermal Detoxification Unit
Organics Destruction and Metals
Stabilization
HNU Source Excited Fluorescence
Analyzer-Portable (SEFA-P) X-ray
Fluorescence Analyzer
Cement-Lock Technology
Cement-Lock Technology
Biological Aqueous Treatment
System
In Situ Bioremediation by
Electrokinetic Injection
ZenoGem™ Process
Lasagna™ In Situ Soil Remediation
Gas-Phase Chemical Reduction
Process
Anaerobic Thermal Processor
Liquified Gas Solvent Extraction
(LG-SX) Technology
High Energy Electron Irradiation
Photocatalytic Water Treatment
Membrane Filtration and
Bioremediation
Volume
3
1
2
2
3
1
1
1
2
1
1/2
1
1
4
1/2
1/2
1
Page 361
-------
APPLICABILITY INDEX (CONTINUED)
Media
Liquid
(Cont)
Contaminants
Herbicides
(Cont)
Inorganics
Metals
Treatment Type
Portable Gas
Chromatographs
Solidification/
Stabilization
Spectrometers
Test Kits
Thermal
Destruction
Chemical
Treatment
Field Portable X-
ray Fluorescence
Solidification/
Stabilization
Thermal
Destruction
Biological
Degradation
Field Portable X-
ray Fluorescence
Physical/Chemical
Treatment -
Biological
Degradation
Technology
Vendor
Bruker Analytical
Systems, Inc.
Wheelabrator Clean
Air Systems, Inc.
Graseby Ionics, Ltd.,
and PCP, Inc.
Strategic Diagnostics,
Inc.
BWX Technologies,
Inc.
U. of Dayton
Research Institute
Kvaerner Energy &
Environment
HNU Systems, Inc.
Gas Technology
Institute
Gas Technology
Institute
Colorado Dept. of
Public Health and
Environment
Pintail Systems, Inc.
Pintail Systems, Inc.
Resource
Management &
Recovery
HNU Systems, Inc.
Metorex, Inc.
Pharmacia
Corporation
Technology
Mobile Environmental Monitor
PO*WW*ER™ Technology
Ion Mobility Spectrometry
RaPID Assay®
Cyclone Furnace
Photothermal Detoxification Unit
Chemical Treatment
HNU Source Excited Fluorescence
Analyzer-Portable (SEFA-P) X-ray
Fluorescence Analyzer
Cement-Lock Technology
Cement-Lock Technology
Wetlands-Based Treatment
Biomineralization of Metals
Spent ore Bioremediation Process
AlgaSORB6 Biological Sorption
HNU Source Excited Fluorescence
Analyzer-Portable (SEFA-P) X-ray
Fluorescence Analyzer
Field Portable X-ray Fluorescence
Analysis
Lasagna™ In Situ Soil
Remediation
Volume
3
1
3
3
1/2
2
2
3
1
1
2
2
1
2
3
3
1/2
Page 362
-------
APPLICABILITY INDEX (CONTINUED)
Media
Liquid
(Cont)
Liquid
(Cont)
Contaminants
Metals (Cont)
Metals (Cont)
Treatment Type
Physical/Chemical
Radioactive Waste
Treatment
Physical/Chemical
Thermal
Desorption
Physical/Chemical
Treatment
Physical/Chemical
Treatment (Cont)
Technology
Vendor
Filter Flow
Technology, Inc.
New Jersey Institute
of Technology
Rochem Separation
Systems, Inc.
Atomic Energy of
Canada, Ltd.
E.I. DuPont de
Nemours and Co. and
Oberlin Filter Co.
Dynaphore, Inc.
EPOC Water, Inc.
General
Environmental Corp.
Geo kinetics,
International, Inc.
Lewis Environmental
Services, Inc./
Hickson Corp.
Lockheed Martin
Missiles and Space
Co. and Geokinetics
International, Inc.
Matrix Photo catalytic
Inc.
Morrison Knudsen
Corp./Spetstamponazh
geologia
Enterprises/STG
Technologies
RECRA
Environmental, Inc.
Selentec
Environmental
Technologies, hie.
U. of Washington
U. of Wisconsin -
Madison
Technology
Heavy Metals and Radionuclide
Polishing Filter
GHEA Associates Process
Rochem Disc TUBE™ Module
System
Chemical Treatment and
Ultrafiltration
Membrane Microfiltration
FORAGER® Sponge
Precipitation, Microfiltration, and
Sludge Dewatering
CURE® Electrocoagulation
Wastewater Treatment System
Electrokinetic Remediation Process
Chromated Copper Arsenate Soil
Leaching Process
Electrokinetic Remediation process
Photocatalytic Water Treatment
Clay-Base Grouting Technology
Alternating Current
Electrocoagulation Technology
Selentec MAG*SEP Technology
Adsorptive Filtration
Photoelectrocatalytic Degradation
and Removal
Volume
l
2
1
2
1
1
1
1
1
2
2
1/2
1
2
1
2
2
Page 363
-------
APPLICABILITY INDEX (CONTINUED)
Media
Liquid
(Cont)
Contaminants
Organics
PAHs
PCBs
PCBs (Cont)
Treatment Type
Portable Gas
Chromatographs
Solidification/
Stabilization
Thermal
Destruction
Chemical
Treatment
Solidification/
Stabilization
Thermal
Destruction
Physical/Chemical
Treatment
Portable Gas
Chromatograph
Spectrometer
Biological
Degradation
Field Portable X-
ray Fluorescence
Physical/Chemical
Thermal
Desorption
Physical/Chemical
Thermal
Desorption (Cont)
Technology
Vendor
HUN Systems, Inc.
Gas Technology
Institute
Wheelabrator Clean
Air Systems, Inc.
BWX Technologies,
Inc.
Gas Technology
Institute
Concurrent
Technologies
Kvaerner Energy &
Environment
Gas Technology
Institute
Gas Technology
Institute
SBP Technologies,
Inc.
Bruker Analytical
Systems, Inc.
SRI Instruments
SiteLAB Corporation
ZENON
Environmental Inc.
Metorex, Inc.
ELI Eco Logic
International Inc.
KAI Technologies,
Inc. /Brown and Root
Environmental
New Jersey Institute
of Technology
SoilTech ATP
Systems, Inc.
Technology
HNU GC 31 ID Portable Gas
Chromatograph
Cement-Lock Technology
PO*WW*ER™ Technology
Cyclone Furnace
Cement-Lock Technology
Organics Destruction and Metals
Stabilization
Chemical Treatment
Cement-Lock Technology
Cement-Lock Technology
Membrane Filtration and
Bioremediation
Mobile Environmental Monitor
Compact Gas Chromatograph
Ultraviolet Fluorescence
Spectroscopy
ZenoGem™ Process
Field Portable X-ray Fluorescence
Analysis
Gas-Phase Chemical Reduction
Process
Radio Frequency Heating
GHEA Associates Process
Anaerobic Thermal Processor
Volume
3
1
1
1/2
1
2
2
1
1
1
3
3
3
1
3
1
1
2
1
Page 364
-------
APPLICABILITY INDEX (CONTINUED)
Media
Liquid
(Cont)
Contaminants
PCBs (Cont)
Treatment Type
Physical/Chemical
Treatment
Portable Gas
Chromatographs
Portable Gas
Chromatographs
(Cont)
Solidification/
Stabilization
Spectrometers
Technology
Vendor
Calgon Carbon
Oxidation
Technologies
CF Systems Corp.
High Voltage
Environmental
Applications, Inc.
High Voltage
Environmental
Applications, Inc.
Matrix Photo catalytic
Inc.
Morrison Knudsen
Corp./Spetstamponazh
geologia
Enterprises/STG
Technologies
SBP Technologies,
Inc.
U.S. Filter/Zimpro
Inc.
U. of Wisconsin -
Madison
Bruker Analytical
Systems, Inc.
HNU Systems, Inc.
Sentex Sensing
Technology, inc.
SRI Instruments
U.S. EPA
Gas Technology
Institute
Wheelabrator Clean
Air Systems, Inc.
Graseby Ionics, Ltd.,
and PCP, Inc.
Technology
perox-pure™ Chemical Oxidation
Technology
Liquified Gas Solvent Extraction
(LG-SX) Technology
High Energy Electron Beam
Irradiation
High Energy Beam Irradiation
Photocatalytic Water Treatment
Clay-Base Grouting Technology
Membrane Filtration and
Bioremediation
Ultraviolet Radiation and
Oxidations
Photoelectrocatalytic Degradation
and Removal
Mobile Environmental Monitor
HNU GC 31 ID Portable Gas
Chromatograph
Scentograph Plus II Portable Gas
Chromatograph
Compact Gas Chromatograph
Field Analytical Screening Program
PCB Method
Cement-Lock Technology
PO*WW*ER™ Technology
Ion Mobility Spectrometry
Volume
l
l
1/2
1/2
1/2
1
1
1
2
3
3
3
3
3
1
1
3
Page 365
-------
APPLICABILITY INDEX (CONTINUED)
Media
Liquid
(Cont)
Contaminants
PCP
Pesticides
Pesticides (Cont)
Treatment Type
Test Kits
Thermal
Destruction
Physical/Chemical
Treatment
Test Kits
Biological
Degradation
Physical/Chemical
Thermal
Desorption
Physical/Chemical
Treatment
Technology
Vendor
Strategic Diagnostics,
Inc.
Hanby Environmental
Laboratory
Procedures, Inc.
BWX Technologies,
Inc.
Gas Technology
Institute
U. of Dayton
Research Institute
SBP Technologies,
Inc.
U.S. Filter/Zimpro
Inc.
Strategic Diagnostics,
Inc.
Strategic Diagnostics,
Inc.
BioTrol, Inc.
Electrokinetics, Inc.
ZENON
Environmental Inc.
ELI Eco Logic
International Inc.
KAI Technologies,
Inc. /Brown and Root
Environmental
SoilTech ATP
Systems, Inc.
Calgon Carbon
Oxidation
Technologies
CF Systems Corp.
High Voltage
Environmental
Applications, Inc.
Technology
PENTA RISc Test System
Test Kits for Organic Contaminants
in Soil and Water
Cyclone Furnace
Cement-Lock Technology
Photothermal Detoxification Unit
Membrane Filtration and
Bioremediation
Ultraviolet Radiation and Oxidation
PENTA RISc Test System
RaPID Assay®
Biological Aqueous Treatment
System
In Situ Bioremediation by
Electrokinetic Injections
ZenoGem™ Process
Gas-Phase Chemical Reduction
Process
Radio Frequency heating
Anaerobic Thermal Process
perox-pure™ Chemical Oxidation
Technology
Liquified Gas Solvent Extraction
(LG-SX) Technology
High-Energy Electron Beam
Irradiation
Volume
3
3
1/2
1
2
1
1
3
3
1
3
1
1
1
1
1
1
1/2
Page 366
-------
APPLICABILITY INDEX (CONTINUED)
Media
Liquid
(Cont)
Contaminants
Pesticides (Cont)
Treatment Type
Portable Gas
Chromatographs
Portable Gas
Chromatographs
(Cont)
Solidification/
Stabilization
Spectrometers
Test Kits
Thermal
Destruction
Technology
Vendor
High Voltage
Environmental
Applications, Inc.
Matrix Photo catalytic
Inc.
Morrison Knudsen
Corp./Spetstamponazh
geologia
Enterprises/STG
Technologies
SBP Technologies,
Inc.
U.S. Filter/Zimpro
Inc.
U. of Wisconsin -
Madison
Bruker Analytical
Systems, Inc.
Sentex Sensing
Technology, Inc.
SRI Instruments
U.S. EPA
Wheelabrator Clean
Air Systems, Inc.
Graseby Ionics, Ltd.,
and PCP, Inc.
Strategic Diagnostics,
Inc.
Hanby Environmental
Laboratory Procedure,
Inc.
Strategic Diagnostics,
Inc.
BWX Technologies,
Inc.
U. of Dayton
Research Institute
Technology
High-Energy Electron Irradiation
Photocatalytic Water Treatment
Clay-Base Grouting Technology
Membrane Filtration and
Bioremediation
Ultraviolet Radiation and Oxidation
Photoelectrocatalytic Degradation
and Removal
Mobile Environmental Monitor
Scentograph Plus II Portable Gas
Chromatograph
Compact Gas Chromatograph
Field Analytical Screening Program
PCB Method
PO*WW*ER™ Technology
Ion Mobility Spectrometry
PENTA RISc Test System
Test Kits for Organic Contaminants
in Soil and Water
RaPID Assay*
Cyclone Furnace
Photothermal Detoxification Unit
Volume
1/2
1/2
1
1
1
2
3
3
3
3
1
3
3
3
3
1/2
2
Page 367
-------
APPLICABILITY INDEX (CONTINUED)
Media
Liquid
(Cont)
Contaminants
Petroleum
Hydrocarbons
Radionuclides
SVOCs
Treatment Type
Materials Handling
Physical/Chemical
Thermal
Desorption
Physical/Chemical
Treatment
Portable Gas
Chromatographs
Spectrometers
Physical/Chemical
Radioactive Waste
Treatment
Physical/Chemical
Treatment
Thermal
Destruction
Biological
Degradation
Technology
Vendor
National Risk
Management Research
Laboratory, U. of
Cincinnati, and FRX,
Inc.
New Jersey Institute
of Technology
Calgon Carbon
Oxidation
Technologies
SBP Technologies,
Inc.
SRI Instruments
Horiba Instruments,
Inc.
SiteLAB Corporation
Filter Flow
Technology, Inc.
Atomic Energy of
Canada, Ltd.
Selentec
Environmental
Technologies, Inc.
BWX Technologies,
Inc.
BioTrol, Inc.
Harding ESE, a
Mactec Co.
New York State Dept.
Of Environmental
Conservation/R.E.
Wright Environmental
Inc.
IT Corporation
ZENON
Environmental Inc.
Technology
Hydraulic Fracturing
GHEA Associates Process
perox-pure™ Chemical Oxidation
Technology
Membrane Filtration and
Bioremediation
Compact Gas Chromatograph
Infrared Analysis
Ultraviolet Fluorescence
Spectroscopy
Heavy Metals and Radionuclide
Polishing Filter
Chemical Treatment and
Ultrafiltration
Selentec MAG*SEP Technology
Cyclone Furnace
Biological Aqueous Treatment
System
Two -Zone, Plume Interception, In
Situ Treatment Technology
In Situ Bioventing Treatment
System
Oxygen Microbubble In Situ
Bioremediation
ZenoGem™ Process
Volume
l
2
1
1
3
3
3
1
2
1
1/2
1
1/2
1
2
1
Page 368
-------
APPLICABILITY INDEX (CONTINUED)
Media
Liquid
(Cont)
Contaminants
SVOCs (Cont)
Treatment Type
Physical/Chemical
Thermal
Desorption
Physical/Chemical
Treatment
Physical/Chemical
Treatment (Cont)
Portable Gas
Chromatographs
Technology
Vendor
ELI Eco Logic
International Inc.
KAI Technologies,
Inc. /Brown and Root
Environmental
New Jersey Institute
of Technology
SoilTech ATP
Systems, Inc.
Western Research
Institute
ARS Technologies,
Inc.
Calgon Carbon
Oxidation
Technologies
CF Systems Corp.
High Voltage
Environmental
Applications, Inc.
High Voltage
Environmental
Applications, Inc.
Pulse Sciences, Inc.
SBP Technologies,
Inc.
Terra Vac, Inc.
U. of Wisconsin -
Madison
Roy F. Weston,
Inc./IEG Technologies
Xerox Corp.
Analytical and
Remedial Technology,
Inc.
Technology
Gas-Phase Chemical Reduction
Process
Radio Frequency Heating
GHEA Associates Process
Anaerobic Thermal Processor
Contained Recovery of Oily Wastes
(CROW™)
Pneumatic Fracturing Extraction™
and Catalytic Oxidation
perox-pure™ Chemical Oxidation
Technology
Liquified Gas Solvent Extraction
(LG-SX) Technology
High-Energy Electron Beam
Irradiation
High-Energy Electron Irradiation
X-ray Treatment of Aqueous
Solutions
Membrane Filtration and
Bioremediation
In Situ and Ex Situ Vacuum
Extraction
Photoelectrocatalytic Degradation
and Removal
UVB - Vacuum Vaporizing Well
2-PHASE™ EXTRACTION Process
Automated Sampling and
Analytical Platform
Volume
l
l
2
1
2
1
1
1
1/2
1/2
2
1
1
2
1
1
3
Page 369
-------
APPLICABILITY INDEX (CONTINUED)
Media
Liquid
(Cont)
Contaminants
SVOCs (Cont)
VOCs
Treatment Type
Solidification/
Stabilization
Spectrometers
Test Kits
Thermal
Destruction
Other
Biological
Degradation
Technology
Vendor
Bruker Analytical
Systems, Inc.
U.S. EPA
Wheelabrator Clean
Air Systems, Inc.
Graseby Ionics, Ltd.,
and PCP, Inc.
Strategic Diagnostics,
Inc.
BWX Technologies,
Inc.
Texaco Inc.
U. of Dayton
Research Institute
Berkeley
Environmental
Restoration Center
ASC/EMR Wright-
Patterson AFB
Billings and
Associates, Inc.
Bio-Rem, Inc.
BioTrol, Inc.
Electrokinetics, Inc.
New York State Dept.
of Environmental
Conservation/R.E.
Wright
Environmental, Inc.
IT Corporation
ZENON
Environmental Inc.
Technology
Mobile Environmental Monitor
Field Analytical Screening Program
PCB Method
PO*WW*ER™ Technology
Ion Mobility Spectrometry
RaPID Assay®
Cyclone Furnace
Texaco Gasification process
Photothermal Detoxification Unit
In Situ Steam Enhanced Extraction
Process
Phytoremediation of TCE-
Contaminated Shallow
Groundwater
Subsurface Volatilization and
Ventilation System (SVVS®)
Augmented In Situ Subsurface
Bioremediation Process
Biological Aqueous Treatment
System
In Situ Bioremediation by
Electrokinetic Injection
In Situ Bioventing Treatment
System
Oxygen Microbubble In Situ
Bioremediation
ZenoGem™ Process
Volume
3
3
1
3
3
1/2
1
2
1
1
1
1
1
2
1
2
1
Page 370
-------
APPLICABILITY INDEX (CONTINUED)
Media
Liquid
(Cont)
Contaminants
VOCs (Cont)
Treatment Type
Materials Handling
Physical/Chemical
Thermal
Desorption
Physical/Chemical
Thermal
Desorption (Cont)
Physical/Chemical
Treatment
Technology
Vendor
National Risk
Management Research
Laboratory, U. of
Cincinnati, and FRX,
Inc.
Hughes
Environmental
Systems, Inc.
KAI Technologies,
Inc. /Brown and Root
Environmental
New Jersey Institute
of Technology
Rochem Separation
Systems, Inc.
SoilTech ATP
Systems, Inc.
Western Research
Institute
ARS Technologies,
Inc.
Arizona State U./
Zentox Corp.
Calgon Carbon
Oxidation
Technologies
CF Systems Corp.
Radian International
LLC
High Voltage
Environmental
Applications, Inc.
KSE, Inc.
Matrix Photo catalytic
Inc.
Technology
Hydraulic Fracturing
Steam Enhanced Recovery Process
Radio Frequency Heating
GHEA Associates Process
Rochem Disc Tube™ Module
System
Anaerobic Thermal Processor
Contained Recovery of Oily Wastes
(CROW™)
Pneumatic Fracturing Extraction™
and Catalytic Oxidation
Photocatalytic Oxidation with Air
Stripping
perox-pure™ Chemical Oxidation
Technology
Liquified Gas Solvent Extraction
(LG-SX) Technology
Integrated AquaDetox Steam
Vacuum Stripping and Soil Vapor
Extraction/Reinjection
High Energy Electron Irradiation
Adsorption-Integrated-Reaction
Process
Photocatalytic Water Treatment
Volume
l
l
l
2
1
1
2
1
2
1
1
1
1/2
2
1/2
Page 371
-------
APPLICABILITY INDEX (CONTINUED)
Media
Liquid
(Cont)
Contaminants
VOCs (Cont)
Treatment Type
Physical/Chemical
Treatment (Cont)
Portable Gas
Chromatographs
Solidification/
Stabilization
Spectrometers
Technology
Vendor
Morrison Knudsen
Corp./Spetstamponazh
geologia
Enterprises/STG
Technologies
Pulse Sciences, Inc.
SBP Technologies,
Inc.
Terra Vac, Inc.
U.S. Filter/Zimpro
Inc.
U. of Nebraska -
Lincoln
UV Technologies, Inc.
Roy F. Weston, Inc.
Roy F. Weston,
Inc./IEG Technologies
Xerox Corp.
ZENON
Environmental Inc.
Bruker Analytical
Systems, Inc.
HNU Systems, Inc.
Photovac Monitoring
Instruments
Sentex Sensing
Technology, Inc.
SRI Instruments
U.S. EPA
Wheelabrator Clean
Air Systems, Inc.
Graseby Ionics, Ltd.,
and PCP, Inc.
Technology
Clay-Base Grouting Technology
X-ray Treatment of Aqueous
Solutions
Membrane Filtration and
Bioremediation
In Situ and Ex Situ Vacuum
Extraction
Ultraviolet Radiation and Oxidation
Center Pivot Spray Irrigation
System
PhotoCAT™ Process
Ambersorb® 563 Adsorbent
UVB - Vacuum Vaporizing Well
2-PHASE™ EXTRACTION Process
Cross-Flow Pervaporation System
Mobile Environmental Monitor
HNU GC 31 ID Portable Gas
Chromatograph
PE Photovac Voyager Portable Gas
Chromatograph
Scentograph Plus II Portable Gas
Chromatograph
Compact Gas Chromatograph
Field Analytical Screening Program
PCB Method
PO*WW*ER™ Technology
Ion Mobility Spectrometry
Volume
l
2
1
1
1
1
2
2
1
1
1
3
3
3
3
3
3
1
3
Page 372
-------
APPLICABILITY INDEX (CONTINUED)
Media
Liquid
(Cont)
Mine
Tailings
Sediment
Contaminants
VOCs (Cont)
Other
Heavy Metals
Metals
Organics
Radionuclides
Aromatic VOCs
Treatment Type
Test Kits
Thermal
Destruction
Other
Physical/Chemical
Treatment
Thermal
Destruction
Materials Handling
Thermal
Destruction
Thermal
Destruction
Biological
Degradation
Technology
Vendor
Hanby Environmental
Laboratory Procedure,
Inc.
Strategic Diagnostics,
Inc.
Texaco Inc.
Berkeley
Environmental
Restoration Center
North American
Technologies Group,
Inc.
RECRA
Environmental, Inc.
Terra Therm, Inc
U. of South Carolina
Terra Therm, Inc
Terra Therm, Inc
Bio-Rem Inc.
Electrokinetics, Inc.
Grace Bioremediation
Technologies
Gas Technology
Institute
New York State Dept.
Of Environmental
Conservation/ENSR
Consulting and Larsen
Engineers
New York State Dept.
Of Environmental
Conservation/R.E.
Wright
Environmental, Inc.
Technology
Test Kits for Organic Contaminants
in Soil and Water
RaPID Assay®
Texaco Gasification Process
In Situ Steam Enhanced Extraction
Process
Oleophilic Amine-Coated Ceramic
Chip
Alternating Electrocoagulation
Technology
In-Situ Thermal Destruction
In Situ Mitigation of Acid Water
In-Situ Thermal Destruction
In-Situ Thermal Destruction
Augmented In Situ Subsurface
Bioremediation Process
In Situ Bioremediation by
Electrokinetic Injection
DARAMEND™ Bioremediation
Technology
Fluid Extraction - Biological
Degradation Process
Ex Situ Biovault
In Situ Bioventing Treatment
System
Volume
3
3
1
1
1
2
1
2
1
1
1
2
1
2
1
1
Page 373
-------
APPLICABILITY INDEX (CONTINUED)
Media
Sediment
(Cont)
Sediment
(Cont)
Contaminants
Aromatic VOCs
(Cont)
Aromatic VOCs
(Cont)
Treatment Type
Materials Handling
Physical/Chemical
Thermal
Desorption
Physical/Chemical
Treatment
Portable Gas
Chromatographs
Solidification/
Stabilization
Technology
Vendor
IT Corporation
U.S. EPA
Biotherm, LLC
Maxym illian
Technologies, Inc.
Novaterra Associates
Recycling Sciences
International, Inc.
Roy F. Weston, Inc.
Bergmann, A Division
of Linatex, Inc.
CF Systems Corp.
Electrokinetics, Inc.
High Voltage
Environmental
Applications, Inc.
High Voltage
Environmental
Applications, Inc.
Gas Technology
Institute
Ionics/Resources
Conservation Co.
IT Corp.
Terra Vac, Inc.
Bruker Analytical
Systems, Inc.
U.S. EPA
Geo-Con, Inc.
Technology
Oxygen Microbubble In Situ
Bioremediation
Excavation Techniques and Foam
Suppression Methods
Carver-Greenfield Process® for
Solvent Extraction of Wet, Oily
Wastes
Thermal Desorption System
In-Situ Soil Treatments (Steam/Air
Stripping)
Desorption and Vapor Extraction
System
Low Temperature Thermal
Treatment (LT3®) System
Soil and Sediment Washing
Liquified Gas Solvent Extraction
(LG-SX) Technology
Electrokinetic Soil Processing
High Energy Electron Beam
Irradiation
High Energy Electron Irradiation
Supercritical Extraction/Liquid
Phase Oxidation
B.E.S.T. Solvent Extraction
Technology
Mixed Waste Treatment Process
In Situ and Ex Situ Vacuum
Extraction
Mobile Environmental Monitor
Field Analytical Screening Program
PCB Method
In Situ Solidification and
Stabilization Process
Volume
2
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1/2
1/2
2
1
2
1
3
3
1
Page 374
-------
APPLICABILITY INDEX (CONTINUED)
Media
Sediment
(Cont)
Contaminants
Cyanide
Diesel
Dioxins
Dioxins (Cont)
Treatment Type
Spectrometers
Thermal
Destruction
Biological
Degradation
Physical/Chemical
Treatment
Physical/Chemical
Thermal
Desorption
Biological
Degradation
Chemical Thermal
Desorption
Materials Handling
Physical/Chemical
Thermal
Desorption
Physical/Chemical
Treatment
Technology
Vendor
WASTECH, Inc.
Western Product
Recovery Group, Inc.
Graseby Ionics, Ltd.,
andPCP, Inc.
Sonotech, Inc.
Texaco Inc.
U. of Dayton
Research Institute
Vortec Corp.
Pintail Systems, Inc.
E & C Williams, Inc.
Integrated Water
Resources, Inc.
BioTrol, Inc.
Biotherm, LLC
Gas Technology
Institute
U.S. EPA
ELI Eco Logic
International Inc.
ELI Eco Logic
International Inc.
Recycling Sciences
International, Inc.
Roy F. Weston, Inc.
ART International,
Inc.
CF Systems Corp.
Technology
Solidification and Stabilization
Coordinate, Chemical Bonding, and
Adsorption Treatment
Ion Mobility Spectrometry
Frequency-Turnable Pulse
Combustion System
Texaco Gasification Process
Photothermal Detoxification Unit
Oxidation and Vitrification Process
Spent Ore Bioremediation Process
Calsium Sulfide and Calcium
Polysulfide Technologies
Dynamic Underground Stripping of
TCE
Soil Washing System
Biotherm Process™
Fluid Extraction - Biological
Degradation Process
Excavation Techniques and Foam
Suppression Methods
Gas-Phase Chemical Reduction
Process
Thermal Desorption Unit
Desorption and Vapor Extraction
System
Low Temperature Thermal
Treatment (LT3®) System
Low -Energy Extraction Process
(LEEP)
Liquified Gas Solvent Extraction
(LG-SX) Technology
Volume
l
2
3
1
1
2
1
1
3
1
1
1
2
1
1
1
1
1
2
1
Page 375
-------
APPLICABILITY INDEX (CONTINUED)
Media
Sediment
(Cont)
Contaminants
Dioxins (ContO
Treatment Type
Portable Gas
Chromatographs
Solidification/
Stabilization
Spectrometers
Test Kits
Thermal
Desorption
Thermal
Desorption (Cont)
Thermal
Destruction
Technology
Vendor
High Voltage
Environmental
Applications, Inc.
Ionics/Resources
Conservation Co.
IT Corp.
National Risk
Management Research
Laboratory and IT
Corp.
National Risk
Management Research
Laboratory and IT
Corp.
Terra-Kleen Response
Group
Trinity Environmental
Technologies, Inc.
Bruker Analytical
Systems, Inc.
Geosafe Corp.
WASTECH, Inc.
Graseby Ionics, Ltd.,
andPCP, Inc.
Strategic Diagnostics,
Inc.
BWX Technologies,
Inc.
Energy and
Environmental
Research Corp.
Gas Technology
Institute
U. of Dayton
Research Institute
Vortec Corp.
Terra Therm, Inc.
Technology
High Energy Electron Irradiation
B.E.S.T. Solvent Extraction
Technology
Mixed Waste Treatment Process
Base-Catalyzed Decomposition
Process
Debris Washing System
Solvent Extraction Treatment
System
PCB- and Organochlorine-
Contaminated Soil Detoxification
Mobile Environmental Monitor
In Situ Vitrification
Solidification and Stabilization
Ion Mobility Spectrometry
RaPID Assay®
Cyclone Furnace
Reactor Filter system
Fluidized- Bed/Cyclonic
Agglomerating Combustor
Photothermal Detoxification Unit
Oxidation and Vitrification Process
In-Situ Thermal Destruction
Volume
1/2
1
2
1
1
1
2
3
1
1
3
3
1/2
2
2
2
1
1
Page 376
-------
APPLICABILITY INDEX (CONTINUED)
Media
Sediment
(Cont)
Contaminants
Explosives
Furans
Furans (Cont)
Treatment Type
Biological
Degradation
Physical/Chemical
Thermal
Desorption
Biological
Degradation
Materials Handling
Physical/Chemical
Thermal
Desorption
Physical/Chemical
Treatment
Physical/Chemical
Treatment (Cont)
Technology
Vendor
U. of Idaho Research
Foundation
New Jersey Institute
of Technology
BioTrol, Inc.
Gas Technology
Institute
U.S. EPA
ELI Eco Logic
International Inc.
ELI Eco Logic
International Inc.
Recycling Sciences
International, Inc.
Roy F. Weston, Inc.
ART International,
Inc.
CF Systems Corp.
High Voltage
Environmental
Applications, Inc.
Ionics/Resources
Conservation Co.
IT Corp.
National Risk
Management Research
Laboratory and IT
Corp.
National Risk
Management Research
Laboratory and IT
Corp.
Terra-Kleen Response
Group
Technology
The SABRE™ Process
GHEA Associates Process
Soil Washing System
Fluid Extraction - Biological
Degradation Process
Excavation Techniques and Foam
Suppression Methods
Gas-Phase Chemical Reduction
Process
Thermal Desorption Unit
Desorption and Vapor Extraction
System
Low Temperature Thermal
Treatment (LT3®) System
Low -Energy Extraction Process
(LEEP)
Liquified Gas Solvent Extraction
(LG-SX) Technology
High Energy Electron Irradiation
B.E.S.T. Solvent Extraction
Technology
Mixed Waste Treatment Process
Base-Catalyzed Decomposition
Process
Debris Washing System
Solvent Extraction Treatment
System
Volume
l
2
1
2
1
1
1
1
1
2
1
1/2
1
2
1
1
1
Page 377
-------
APPLICABILITY INDEX (CONTINUED)
Media
Sediment
(Cont)
Contaminants
Gasoline
Halogenated
VOCs
Halogenated
VOCs (Cont)
Treatment Type
Portable Gas
Chromatographs
Solidification/
Stabilization
Spectrometers
Test Kits
Thermal
Desorption
Physical/Chemical
Thermal
Desorption
Biological
Degradation
Biological
Degradation
(Cont)
Materials Handling
Technology
Vendor
Trinity Environmental
Technologies, Inc.
Bruker Analytical
Systems, Inc.
Geosafe Corp.
WASTECH, Inc.
Graseby Ionics, Ltd.,
and PCP, Inc.
Strategic Diagnostics,
Inc.
BWX Technologies,
Inc.
Energy and
Environmental
Research Corp.
Gas Technology
Institute
U. of Dayton
Research Institute
Vortec Corp.
Integrated Water
Resources Inc.
BioTrol, Inc.
Electrokinetics, Inc.
Grace Bioremediation
Technologies
Gas Technology
Institute
U. of Idaho Research
Foundation
U.S. EPA
Technology
PCB- and Organochlorine-
Contaminated Soil Detoxification
Mobile Environmental Monitor
In Situ Vitrification
Solidification and Stabilization
Ion Mobility Spectrometry
RaPID Assay®
Cyclone Furnace
Reactor Filter system
Fluidized- Bed/Cyc Ionic
Agglomerating Combustor
Photothermal Detoxification Unit
Oxidation and Vitrification Process
Dynamic Underground Stripping of
TCE
Soil Washing System
In Situ Bioremediation by
Electrokinetic Injection
DARAMEND™ Bioremediation
Technology
Fluid Extraction - Biological
Degradation Process
The SABRE™ Process
Excavation Techniques and Foam
Suppression Methods
Volume
2
3
1
1
3
3
1/2
2
2
2
1
1
1
2
1
2
1
1
Page 378
-------
APPLICABILITY INDEX (CONTINUED)
Media
Sediment
(Cont)
Contaminants
Halogenated
VOCs (Cont)
Treatment Type
Physical Chemical
Treatment -
Biological
Degradation
Physical/Chemical
Thermal
Desorption
Physical/Chemical
Treatment
Physical/Chemical
Treatment (Cont)
Portable Gas
Chromatographs
Solidification/
Stabilization
Technology
Vendor
Pharmacia
Corporation
ELI Eco Logic
International Inc.
ELI Eco Logic
International Inc.
Maxym illian
Technologies, Inc.
IT Corporation
Recycling Sciences
International, Inc.
Smith Environmental
Technologies Corp.
Roy F. Weston, Inc.
ART International,
Inc.
Bergmann, A Division
of Linatex, Inc.
CF Systems Corp.
High Voltage
Environmental
Applications, Inc.
Ionics/Resources
Conservation Co.
IT Corp.
National Risk
Management Research
Laboratory
National Risk
Management Research
Laboratory and IT
Corp.
Bruker Analytical
Systems, Inc.
Chemfix
Technologies, Inc.
Technology
Lasagna™ In Situ Soil
Remediation
Gas-Phase Chemical Reduction
Process
Thermal Desorption Unit
Thermal Desorption System
X*TRAX™ Thermal Desorption
Desorption and Vapor Extraction
System
Low Temperature Thermal
Aeration (LTTA®)
Low Temperature Thermal
Treatment (LT3®) System
Low -Energy Extraction Process
(LEEP)
Soil and Sediment Washing
Liquified Gas Solvent Extraction
(LG-SX) Technology
High Energy Electron Irradiation
B.E.S.T. Solvent Extraction
Technology
Mixed Waste Treatment Process
Base-Catalyzed Decomposition
Process
Debris Washing System
Mobile Environmental Monitor
Solidification and Stabilization
Volume
1/2
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
2
1
1
1/2
1
2
1
1
3
1
Page 379
-------
APPLICABILITY INDEX (CONTINUED)
Media
Sediment
(Cont)
Contaminants
Heavy Metals
Inorganic
Mercury
Metals
Treatment Type
Spectrometers
Test Kits
Thermal
Destruction
Physical/Chemical
Treatment
Solidification/
Stabilization
Thermal
Destruction
Physical/Chemical
Treatment
Solidification/
Stabilization
Thermal
Destruction
Physical/Chemical
Treatment
Biological
Degradation
Technology
Vendor
WASTECH, Inc.
Graseby Ionics, Ltd.,
andPCP, Inc.
Strategic Diagnostics,
Inc.
BWX Technologies,
Inc.
Retech, M4
Environmental
Management, Inc.
U. of Dayton
Research Institute
Vortec Corp.
Geokinetics
International, Inc.
Institute of Gas
Technology
Institute of Gas
Technology
Institute of Gas
Technology
Weiss Associates
Institute of Gas
Technology
Gas Technology
Institute
Gas Technology
Institute
Weiss Associates
Geo-Microbial
Technologies, Inc.
Edenspace, Inc.
Pintail Systems, Inc.
Pintail Systems, Inc.
Technology
Solidification and Stabilization
Ion Mobility Spectrometry
RaPID Assay®
Cyclone Furnace
Plasma Arc Vitrification
Photothermal Detoxification Unit
Oxidation and Vitrification Process
Electrokinetics for Lead Recovery
Cement-Lock Technology
Cement-Lock Technology
Thermal Sediment Reuse
Technology
Electro Chemical Remediation
Technologies
Cement-Lock Technology
Cement-Lock Technology
Thermal Sediment Reuse
Technology
Electro Chemical Remediation
Technologies
Metals Release and Removal from
Wastes
Phytoremediation Technology
Biomineralization of Metals
Spent ore Bioremediation Process
Volume
l
3
3
1/2
1
2
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
2
1
Page 380
-------
APPLICABILITY INDEX (CONTINUED)
Media
Sediment
(Cont)
Contaminants
Metals (Cont)
Treatment Type
Field Portable X-
ray Fluorescence
Materials Handling
Physical Chemical
Treatment -
Biological
Degradation
Physical/Chemical
Thermal
Desorption
Physical/Chemical
Treatment
Technology
Vendor
NITON Corp.
Ed ax Portable
Products Division
Corp.
Thermo Measure Tech
AEA Technology,
PLC, National
Environmental
Technology Centre
Montana College of
Mineral Science and
Technology
U.S. EPA
U. of South Carolina
Pharmacia
Corporation
New Jersey Institute
of Technology
Bergmann, A Division
of Linatex, Inc.
BioGenesis
Enterprises, Inc.
COGNIS, Inc.
Concurrent
Technologies
Dynaphore, Inc.
Electrokinetics, Inc.
E & C Williams, Inc.
Geokinetics
International, Inc.
Technology
XL Spectrum Analyzer
Metal Analysis Probe (MAP®)
Portable Assayer
9000 X-Ray Fluorescence Analyzer
and Lead X-Ray Fluorescence
Analyzer
Soil Separation and Washing
Process
Campbell Centrifugal Jig
Excavation Techniques and Foam
Suppression Methods
In Situ Mitigation of Acid Water
Lasagna™ In Situ Soil
Remediation
GHEA Associates Process
Soil and Sediment Washing
BioGenesis™ Soil and Sediment
Washing
Chemical Treatment
Acid Extraction Treatment System
FORAGER® Sponge
Electrokinetic Soil Processing
Calsium Sulfide and Calcium
Polysulfide Technologies
Electrokinetic Remediation Process
Volume
3
3
3
2
2
1
2
1/2
2
1
1
1
2
1
1
3
1
Page 381
-------
APPLICABILITY INDEX (CONTINUED)
Media
Sediment
(Cont)
Contaminants
Metals (Cont)
Treatment Type
Physical/Chemical
Treatment (Cont)
Solidification/
Stabilization
Technology
Vendor
General Atomics,
Nuclear Remediation
Technologies Div.
IT Corp.
IT Corp.
IT Corp.
Lockheed Martin
Missiles and Space
Co. And Geokinetics
International, Inc.
National Risk
Management Research
Laboratory and IT
Corp.
Selentec
Environmental
Technologies, Inc.
Toronto Harbor
Commission
Chemfix
Technologies, Inc.
Ferro Corp.
EmTech
Environmental
Services
Geo-Con, Inc.
Geosafe Corp.
Institute of Gas
Technology
Sevenson
Environmental
Services, Inc.
Soliditech, Inc.
SOLUCORP
Industries
Technology
Acoustic Barrier Particulate
Separator
Batch Steam Distillation and Metal
Extraction
Chelation/Electrodeposition of
Toxic Metals from Soils
Mixed Waste Treatment Process
Electrokinetic Remediation Process
Debris Washing System
Selentec MAG*SEP Technology
Soil Recycling
Solidification and Stabilization
Waste Vitrification Through
Electric Melting
Dechlorination and Immobilization
In Situ Solidification and
Stabilization Process
In Situ Vitrification
Cement-Lock Technology
MAECTITE® Chemical Treatment
Process
Solidification and Stabilization
Molecular Bonding System
Volume
2
2
2
2
1
1
1
1
1
2
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
Page 382
-------
APPLICABILITY INDEX (CONTINUED)
Media
Sediment
(Cont)
Contaminants
Metals (Cont)
Organic s
PAHs
Treatment Type
Thermal
Destruction
Thermal
Destruction (Cont)
Physical/Chemical
Treatment
Thermal
Destruction
Thermal
Destruction
Biological
Degradation
Technology
Vendor
STC Remediation, A
Division of Omega
Environmental, Inc.
WASTECH, Inc.
Western Product
Recovery Group, Inc.
Wheelabrator
Technologies Inc.
BWX Technologies,
Inc.
Energy and
Environmental
Research Corp.
Energy and
Environmental
Research Corp.
Gas Technology
Institute
Gas Technology
Institute
Horsehead Resource
Development Co., Inc.
Minergy Corp.
Retech, M4
Environmental
Management, Inc.
Vortec Corp.
Weiss Associates
Gas Technology
Institute
Terra Therm, Inc.
Gruppo Italimpresse
Ecova Corp.
Gas Technology
Institute
Technology
Organic Stabilization and Chemical
Fixation/ Solidification
Solidification and Stabilization
Coordinate, Chemical Bonding, and
Adsorption Treatment
WES-PHix® Stabilization Process
Cyclone Furnace
Hybrid Fluidized Bed System
Reactor Filter System
Cement-Lock Technology
Fluidized- Bed/Cyclonic
Agglomerating Combustor
Flame Reactor
Glass Furnace Technology for
Dredged Sediments
Plasma Arc Vitrification Combustor
Oxidation and Vitrification Process
Electro Chemical Remediation
Technologies
Thermal Sediment Reuse
Technology
In-Situ Thermal Destruction
Infrared Thermal Destruction
Bioslurry Reactor
Fluid Extraction - Biological
Degradation Process
Volume
l
l
2
1
1/2
2
2
1
2
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
2
Page 383
-------
APPLICABILITY INDEX (CONTINUED)
Media
Sediment
(Cont)
Contaminants
PAHs (Cont)
PCBs
Treatment Type
Chemical Thermal
Desorption
Physical/Chemical
Thermal
Desorption
Physical/Chemical
Treatment
Physical/Chemical
Treatment (Cont)
Portable Gas
Chromatographs
Thermal
Destruction
Biological
Degradation
Chemical Thermal
Desorption
Materials Handling
Physical/Chemical
Thermal
Desorption
Technology
Vendor
Remediation
Technologies, Inc.
Biotherm, LLC
Maxymillian
Technologies, Inc.
Recycling Sciences
International, Inc.
Bergmann, a Division
of Linatex, Inc.
BioGenesis
Enterprises, Inc.
Bruker Analytical
Systems, Inc.
Gas Technology
Institute
Terra Therm, Inc.
Gas Technology
Institute
Gas Technology
Institute
Integrated Water
Resources, Inc.
Phytokinetics, Inc.
Biotherm, LLC
U.S. EPA
Biotherm, LLC
ELI Eco Logic
International Inc.
ELI Eco Logic
International Inc.
KAI Technologies,
Inc./ Brown and Root
Environmental
Technology
Liquid and Solids Biological
Treatment
Biothrem Process™
Thermal Desorption and Vapor
Extraction System
Desorption and Vapor Extraction
System
Soil and Sediment Washing
BioGenesis™ Soil and Sediment
Washing Process
Mobile Environmental Monitor
Thermal Sediment Reuse
Technology
In-Situ Thermal Destruction
Chemical and Biological Treatment
Fluid Extraction - Biological
Degradation Process
Dynamic Underground Stripping of
TCE
Phytoremediation Process
Biothrem Process™
Excavation Techniques and Foam
Suppression Methods
Carver-Greenfield Process® for
Solvent Extraction of Wet, Oily
Wastes
Gas-Phase Chemical Reduction
Process
Thermal Desorption Unit
Radio Frequency Heating
Volume
l
l
l
l
l
l
3
1
1
2
2
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
Page 384
-------
APPLICABILITY INDEX (CONTINUED)
Media
Sediment
(Cont)
Contaminants
PCBs (Cont)
Treatment Type
Physical/Chemical
Treatment
Technology
Vendor
New Jersey Institute
of Technology
IT Corporation
Recycling Sciences
International, Inc.
Roy F. Weston, Inc.
ART International,
Inc.
Bergmann, A Division
of Linatex, Inc.
BioGenesis
Enterprises, Inc.
CF Systems Corp.
Commodore
Environmental
Services, Inc.
General Atomics
High Voltage
Environmental
Applications, Inc.
High Voltage
Environmental
Applications, Inc.
Ionics/Resources
Conservation Co.
IT Corp.
National Risk
Management Research
Laboratory
National Risk
Management Research
Laboratory and IT
Corp.
State U. of New York
at Oswego,
Environmental
Research Center
Technology
GHEA Associates Process
X*TRAX™ Thermal Desorption
Desorption and Vapor Extraction
System
Low Temperature Thermal
Treatment (LT3®) System
Low -Energy Extraction Process
(LEEP)
Soil and Sediment Washing
BioGenesis™ Soil and Sediment
Washing Process
Liquified Gas Solvent Extraction
(LG-SX) Technology
Solvated Electron Remediation
System
Circulating Bed Combustor
High Energy Electron Beam
Irradiation
High Energy Electron Irradiation
B.E.S.T. Solvent Extraction
Technology
Mixed Waste Treatment Process
Base-Catalyzed Decomposition
Process
Debris Washing System
Photocatalytic Degradation of PCB-
Contaminated Sediments and
Waters
Volume
2
1
1
1
2
1
1
1
1
1
1/2
1/2
1
2
1
1
2
Page 385
-------
APPLICABILITY INDEX (CONTINUED)
Media
Sediment
(Cont)
Contaminants
PCBs (Cont)
Treatment Type
Portable Gas
Chromatographs
Solidification/
Stabilization
Spectrometers
Test Kits
Thermal
Destruction
Technology
Vendor
Terra-Kleen Response
Group, Inc.
Trinity Environmental
Technologies, Inc.
Bruker Analytical
Systems, Inc.
U.S. EPA
Chemfix
Technologies, Inc.
EmTech
Environmental
Services
Gas Technology
Institute
Geo-Con, Inc.
Geosafe Corp.
Minergy
Soliditech, Inc.
WASTECH, Inc.
Graseby Ionics, Ltd.,
and PCP, Inc.
Millipore Corporation
Strategic Diagnostics,
Inc.
Strategic Diagnostics
Inc.
BWX Technologies,
Inc.
Energy and
Environmental
Research Corp.
Gas Technology
Institute
Technology
Solvent Extraction Treatment
System
PCB- and Organochlorine-
Contaminated Soil Detoxification
Mobile Environmental Monitor
Field Analytical Screening Program
PCB Method
Solidification and Stabilization
Dechlorination and Immobilization
Cement-Lock Technology
In Situ Solidification and
Stabilization Process
In Situ Vitrification
Thermal Sediment Reuse
Technology
Solidification and Stabilization
Solidification and Stabilization
Ion Mobility Spectrometry
EnviroGard™ PCP Immunoassay
Test Kit
EnSys Penta Test System
EnviroGard(TM) PCB
Immunoassay Test Kit
Cyclone Furnace
Hybrid Fluidized Bed System
Cement-Lock Technology
Volume
l
2
3
3
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
3
3
3
3
1/2
2
1
Page 386
-------
APPLICABILITY INDEX (CONTINUED)
Media
Sediment
(Cont)
Sediment
(Cont)
Contaminants
PCBs (Cont)
PCP
Pesticides
Pesticides (Cont)
Treatment Type
Thermal
Destruction (Cont)
Biological
Degradation
Physical/Chemical
Thermal
Desorption
Physical/Chemical
Treatment
Test Kits
Biological
Degradation
Biological
Degradation
(Cont)
Materials Handling
Technology
Vendor
Gas Technology
Institute
Gas Technology
Institute
Minergy Corp.
Retech, M4
Environmental
Management, Inc.
Terra Therm, Inc.
U. of Dayton
Research Institute
Vortec Corp.
Remediation
Technologies, Inc.
Recycling Sciences
International, Inc.
Trinity Environmental
Technologies, Inc.
Strategic Diagnostics,
Inc.
Strategic Diagnostics,
Inc.
BioTrol, Inc.
Electrokinetics, Inc.
Gas Technology
Institute
Gas Technology
Institute
Grace Bioremediation
Technologies
Phytokinetics, Inc.
U.S. EPA
Technology
Fluidized- Bed/Cyclonic
Agglomerating Combustor
Thermal Sediment Reuse
Technology
Glass Furnace Technology for
Dredged Sediments
Plasma Arc Vitrification
In-Situ Thermal Destruction
Photothermal Detoxification Unit
Oxidation and Vitrification Process
Liquid and Solids Biological
Treatment
Desorption and Vapor Extraction
System
PCB- and Organochlorine-
Contaminated Soil Detoxification
ENSYS Penta Test System
RaPID Assay®
Soil Washing System
In Situ Bioremediation by
Electrokinetic Injection
Chemical and Biological Treatment
Fluid Extraction - Biological
Degradation Process
DARAMEND™ Bioremediation
Technology
Phytoremediation Process
Excavation Techniques and Foam
Suppression Methods
Volume
2
1
1
1
1
2
2
1
1
2
3
3
1
2
2
2
1
1
1
Page 387
-------
APPLICABILITY INDEX (CONTINUED)
Media
Sediment
(Cont)
Contaminants
Pesticides (Cont)
Treatment Type
Physical/Chemical
Thermal
Desorption
Physical/Chemical
Treatment
Physical/Chemical
Treatment (Cont)
Technology
Vendor
Biotherm, LLC
ELI Eco Logic
International Inc.
ELI Eco Logic
International Inc.
KAI Technologies,
Inc./ Brown and Root
Environmental
IT Corporation
Recycling Sciences
International, Inc.
Smith Environmental
Technologies Corp.
Roy F. Weston, Inc.
ART International,
Inc.
Bergmann, A Division
of Linatex, Inc.
CF Systems Corp.
Commodore
Environmental
Services, Inc.
Electrokinetics, Inc.
General Atomics
High Voltage
Environmental
Applications, Inc.
High Voltage
Environmental
Applications, Inc.
Ionics/Resources
Conservation Co.
IT Corp.
Technology
Carver-Greenfield Process® for
Solvent Extraction of Wet, Oily
Wastes
Gas-Phase Chemical Reduction
Process
Thermal Desorption Unit
Radio Frequency Heating
X*TRAX™ Thermal Desorption
Desorption and Vapor Extraction
System
Low Temperature Thermal
Aeration (LTTA®)
Low Temperature Thermal
Treatment (LT3®) System
Low -Energy Extraction Process
(LEEP)
Soil and Sediment Washing
Liquified Gas Solvent Extraction
(LG-SX) Technology
Solvated Electron Remediation
System
Electrokinetic Soil Processing
Circulating Bed Combustor
High Energy Electron Beam
Irradiation
High Energy Electron Irradiation
B.E.S.T. Solvent Extraction
Technology
Mixed Waste Treatment Process
Volume
l
l
l
l
l
l
l
l
2
2
1
1
1
1
1/2
1/2
1
2
Page 388
-------
APPLICABILITY INDEX (CONTINUED)
Media
Sediment
(Cont)
Contaminants
Pesticides (Cont)
Treatment Type
Portable Gas
Chromatographs
Solidification/
Stabilization
Spectrometers
Test Kits
Thermal
Destruction
Technology
Vendor
National Risk
Management Research
Laboratory
National Risk
Management Research
Laboratory and IT
Corp.
State U. of New York
at Oswego,
Environmental
Research Center
Terra-Kleen Response
Group, Inc.
Trinity Environmental
Technologies, Inc.
Bruker Analytical
Systems, Inc.
U.S. EPA
Chemfix
Technologies, Inc.
EmTech
Environmental
Services
Geo-Con, Inc.
Geosafe Corp.
Soliditech, hie.
WASTECH, Inc.
Graseby Ionics, Ltd.,
and PCP, Inc.
Strategic Diagnostics,
Inc.
Strategic Diagnostics,
Inc.
BWX Technologies,
Inc.
Energy and
Environmental
Research Corp.
Technology
Base-Catalyzed Decomposition
Process
Debris Washing System
Photocatalytic Degradation of PCB-
Contaminated Sediments and
Waters
Solvent Extraction Treatment
System
PCB- and Organochlorine-
Contaminated Soil Detoxification
Mobile Environmental Monitor
Field Analytical Screening Program
PCB Method
Solidification and Stabilization
Dechlorination and Immobilization
In Situ Solidification and
Stabilization Process
In Situ Vitrification
Solidification and Stabilization
Solidification and Stabilization
Ion Mobility Spectrometry
EnSys Penta Test System
RaPID Assay®
Cyclone Furnace
Hybrid Fluidized Bed System
Volume
l
l
2
1
2
3
2
1
1
1
1
1
1
3
3
3
1/2
2
Page 389
-------
APPLICABILITY INDEX (CONTINUED)
Media
Sediment
(Cont)
Contaminants
Petroleum
Hydrocarbons
Radionuclides
Radionuclides
(Cont)
SVOCs
Treatment Type
Biological
Degradation
Physical/Chemical
Thermal
Desorption
Thermal
Destruction
Solidification/
Stabilization
Materials Handling
Physical/Chemical
Treatment
Physical/Chemical
Treatment (Cont)
Solidification/
Stabilization
Thermal
Destruction
Biological
Degradation
Technology
Vendor
Gas Technology
Institute
Retech, M4
Environmental
Management, Inc.
Terra Therm, Inc.
U. of Dayton
Research Institute
Vortec Corp.
Ecova Corp.
Remediation
Technologies, Inc.
New Jersey Institute
of Technology
Smith Environmental
Technologies Corp.
Terra Therm, Inc.
Soliditech, Inc.
Eberline Services
Bergmann, A Division
of Linatex, Inc.
IT Corp.
Selentec
Environmental
Technologies, Inc.
Sevenson
Environmental
Services, Inc.
WASTECH, Inc.
BWX Technologies,
Inc.
BioTrol, Inc.
Ecova Corp.
Technology
Fluidized- Bed/Cyclonic
Agglomerating Combustor
Plasma Arc Vitrification
In-Situ Thermal Destruction
Photothermal Detoxification Unit
Oxidation and Vitrification Process
Bioslurry Reactor
Liquid and Solids Biological
Treatment
GHEA Association process
Low Temperature Thermal
Aeration (LTTA®)
In-Situ Thermal Destruction
Solidification and Stabilization
Segmented Gate System
Soil and Sediment Washing
Mixed Waste Treatment Process
Selentec MAG*SEP Technology
MAECTITE® Chemical Treatment
Process
Solidification and Stabilization
Cyclone Furnace
Soil Washing System
Bioslurry Reactor
Volume
2
1
1
2
1
1
1
2
1
1
1
2
1
2
1
1
1
1/2
1
1
Page 390
-------
APPLICABILITY INDEX (CONTINUED)
Media
Sediment
(Cont)
Contaminants
SVOCs (Cont)
Treatment Type
Materials Handling
Physical/Chemical
Thermal
Desorption
Technology
Vendor
Gas Technology
Institute
Gas Technology
Institute
Grace Bioremediation
Technologies
IT Corp.
New York State Dept.
Of Environmental
Conservation/ENSR
Consulting and Larsen
Engineers
New York State Dept.
Of Environmental
Conservation/R.E.
Wright
Environmental, Inc.
IT Corporation
Remediation
Technologies, Inc.
U.S. EPA
Biotherm, LLC
ELI Eco Logic
International Inc.
ELI Eco Logic
International Inc.
KAI Technologies,
Inc. /Brown and Root
Environmental
Maxymillian
Technologies, Inc.
New Jersey Institute
of Technology
NOVATERRA
Associates
IT Corporation
Technology
Chemical and Biological Treatment
Fluid Extraction - Biological
Degradation Process
DARAMEND™ Bioremediation
Technology
Tekno Associates Bioslurry Reactor
Ex Situ Biovault
In Situ Bioventing Treatment
System
Oxygen Microbubble In Situ
Bioremediation
Liquid and Solids Biological
Treatment
Excavation Techniques and Foam
Suppression methods
Carver-Greenfield Process* for
Solvent Extraction of Wet, Oily
Wastes
Gas-Phase Chemical Reduction
Process
Thermal Desorption Unit
Radio Frequency Heating
Thermal Desorption System
GHEA Association process
In-Situ Soil Treatments (Steam/Air
Stripping)
X*TRAX™ Thermal Desorption
Volume
2
2
1
2
1
1
2
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
2
1
1
Page 391
-------
APPLICABILITY INDEX (CONTINUED)
Media
Sediment
(Cont)
Contaminants
SVOCs (Cont)
Treatment Type
Physical/Chemical
Treatment
Physical/Chemical
Treatment (Cont)
Portable Gas
Chromatographs
Solidification/
Stabilization
Technology
Vendor
Recycling Sciences
International, Inc.
Smith Environmental
Technologies Corp.
Roy F. Weston, Inc.
Bergmann, A Division
of Linatex, Inc.
CF Systems Corp.
Electrokinetics, Inc.
High Voltage
Environmental
Applications, Inc.
High Voltage
Environmental
Applications, Inc.
Ionics/Resources
Conservation Co.
IT Corp.
National Risk
Management Research
Laboratory
National Risk
Management Research
Laboratory and IT
Corp.
Terra-Kleen Response
Group, Inc.
Terra Vac, Inc.
Toronto Harbor
Commission
Bruker Analytical
Systems, Inc.
U.S. EPA
Chemfix
Technologies, Inc.
Technology
Desorption and Vapor Extraction
System
Low Temperature Thermal
Aeration (LTTA®)
Low Temperature Thermal
Treatment (LT3®) System
Soil and Sediment Washing
Liquified Gas Solvent Extraction
(LG-SX) Technology
Electrokinetic Soil Processing
High Energy Electron Beam
Irradiation
High Energy Electron Irradiation
B.E.S.T. Solvent Extraction
Technology
Mixed Waste Treatment Process
Base-Catalyzed Decomposition
Process
Debris Washing System
Solvent Extraction Treatment
System
In Situ and Ex Situ Vacuum
Extraction
Soil Recycling.
Mobile Environmental Monitor
Field Analytical Screening Program
PCB Method
Solidification and Stabilization
Volume
l
l
l
l
l
l
1/2
1/2
1
2
1
1
1
1
1
3
3
1
Page 392
-------
APPLICABILITY INDEX (CONTINUED)
Media
Sediment
(Cont)
Contaminants
SVOCs (Cont)
VOCs
Treatment Type
Spectrometers
Test Kits
Thermal
Destruction
Thermal
Destruction (Cont)
Biological
Degradation
Technology
Vendor
Geo-Con, Inc.
STC Remediation, a
Division of Omega
Environmental, Inc.
WASTECH, Inc.
Western Product
Recovery Group, Inc.
Graseby Ionics, Ltd.,
and PCP, Inc.
Strategic Diagnostics,
Inc.
BWX Technologies,
Inc.
Gas Technology
Institute
Sonotech, Inc.
Terra Therm, Inc.
Texaco Inc.
U. of Dayton
Research Institute
Vortec Corp.
Bio-Rem, Inc.
Ecova Corp.
Electrokinetics, Inc.
New York State Dept.
Of Environmental
Conservation/ENSR
Consulting and Larsen
Engineers
New York State Dept.
Of Environmental
Conservation/R.E.
Wright
Environmental, Inc.
Technology
In Situ Solidification and
Stabilization Process
Organic Stabilization and Chemical
Fixation/ Solidification
Solidification and Stabilization
Coordinate, Chemical Bonding, and
Adsorption Treatment
Ion Mobility Spectrometry
RaPID Assay®
Cyclone Furnace
Fluidized- Bed/Cyclonic
Agglomerating Combustor
Frequency-Tunable Pulse
Combustion System
In-Situ Thermal Destruction
Texaco Gasification Process
Photothermal Detoxification Unit
Oxidation and Vitrification Process
Augmented In Situ Subsurface
Bioremediation Process
Bioslurry Reactor
In Situ Bioremediation by
Electrokinetic Injection
Ex Situ Biovault
In Situ Bioventing Treatment
System
Volume
l
l
l
2
3
3
1/2
2
1
1
1
2
1
1
1
2
1
1
Page 393
-------
APPLICABILITY INDEX (CONTINUED)
Media
Sediment
(Cont)
Contaminants
VOCs (Cont)
Treatment Type
Materials Handling
Physical/Chemical
Thermal
Desorption
Physical/Chemical
Thermal
Desorption (Cont)
Physical/Chemical
Treatment
Technology
Vendor
IT Corporation
Phytokinetics, Inc.
AEA Technology,
PLC, National
Environmental
Technology Centre
U.S. EPA
Biotherm, LLC
KAI Technologies,
Inc. /Brown and Root
Environmental
Maxymillian
Technologies, Inc.
New Jersey Institute
of Technology
NOVATERRA
Associates
Recycling Sciences
International, Inc.
Smith Environmental
Technologies Corp.
Roy F. Weston, Inc.
CF Systems Corp.
High Voltage
Environmental
Applications, Inc.
Gas Technology
Institute
Ionics/Resources
Conservation Co.
IT Corp.
IT Corp.
Technology
Oxygen Microbubble In Situ
Bioremediation
Phytoremediation Process
Soil Separation and Washing
Process
Excavation Techniques and Foam
Suppression methods
Carver-Greenfield Process® for
Solvent Extraction of Wet, Oily
Wastes
Radio Frequency Heating
Thermal Desorption System
GHEA Association process
In-Situ Soil Treatments (Steam/Air
Stripping)
Desorption and Vapor Extraction
System
Low Temperature Thermal
Aeration (LTTA®)
Low Temperature Thermal
Treatment (LT3®) System
Liquified Gas Solvent Extraction
(LG-SX) Technology
High Energy Electron Irradiation
Supercritical Extraction/Liquid
Phase Oxidation
B.E.S.T. Solvent Extraction
Technology
Batch Steam Distillation and Metal
Extraction
Mixed Waste Treatment Process
Volume
2
2
2
1
1
1
1
2
1
1
1
1
1
1/2
2
1
2
2
Page 394
-------
APPLICABILITY INDEX (CONTINUED)
Media
Sediment
(Cont)
Contaminants
VOCs (Cont)
Other
Not Applicable
Treatment Type
Portable Gas
Chromatographs
Solidification/
Stabilization
Solidification/
Stabilization
(Cont)
Spectrometers
Test Kits
Thermal
Destruction
Samp lers
Solidification/
Stabilization
Sampler
Technology
Vendor
Terra-Kleen Response
Group, Inc.
Terra Vac, Inc.
Bruker Analytical
Systems, Inc.
U.S. EPA
Geo-Con, Inc.
WASTECH, Inc.
Western Product
Recovery Group, Inc.
Graseby Ionics, Ltd.,
and PCP, Inc.
Strategic Diagnostics,
Inc.
Energy and
Environmental
Research Corp.
Gas Technology
Institute
Retech, M4
Environmental
Management, Inc.
Sonotech, Inc.
Texaco Inc.
Vortec Corp.
Aquatic Research
Instruments
STC Remediation, A
Division of Omega
Environmental, Inc.
U.S.EPANRMRL
Art" s Manufacturing
and Supply
Technology
Solvent Extraction Treatment
System
In Situ and Ex Situ Vacuum
Extraction
Mobile Environmental Monitor
Field Analytical Screening Program
PCB Method
In Situ Solidification and
Stabilization Process
Solidification and Stabilization
Coordinate, Chemical Bonding, and
Adsorption Treatment
Ion Mobility Spectrometry
RaPID Assay*
Hybrid Fluidized Bed System
Fluidized- Bed/Cyclonic
Agglomerating Combustor
Plasma Arc Vitrification
Frequency-Tunable Pulse
Combustion System
Texaco Gasification Process
Oxidation and Vitrification Process
Sediment Core Sampler
Organic Stabilization and Chemical
Fixation/Solidification
Alternative Cover Assessment
Program
Sediment Core Sampler
Volume
l
l
3
3
1
1
2
3
3
2
2
1
1
1
1
3
1
1
3
Page 395
-------
APPLICABILITY INDEX (CONTINUED)
Media
Sludge
Sludge
(Cont)
Contaminants
Aromatic VOCs
Aromatic VOCs
(Cont)
Treatment Type
Biological
Degradation
Biological
Degradation
(Cont)
Materials Handling
Physical/Chemical
Thermal
Desorption
Physical/Chemical
Treatment
Technology
Vendor
Bio-Rem, Inc.
Electrokinetics, Inc.
Grace Bioremediation
Technologies
Gas Technology
Institute
New York State of
Dept. of
Environmental
Conservation/ENSR
Consulting and Larsen
Engineers
New York State Dept.
of Environmental
Conservation/R.E.
Wright
Environmental, Inc.
IT Corp.
United States
Environmental
Protection Agency
Biotherm, LLC
Maxymillian
Technologies, Inc.
Novaterra Associates
Recycling Sciences
International, Inc.
Smith Environmental
Technologies Corp.
CF Systems Corp.
Electrokinetics, Inc.
High Voltage
Environmental
Applications, Inc.
Technology
Augmented In Situ Subsurface
Bioremediation Process
In Situ Bioremediation By
Electrokinetic Injection
DARAMEND™ Bioremediation
Technology
Fluid Extraction - Biological
Degradation Process
Ex Situ Biovault
In Situ Bioventing Treatment
System
Oxygen Microbubble In Situ
Bioremediation
Excavation Techniques and Foam
Suppression Methods
Biotherm Process™
Thermal Desorption System
In-Situ Soil Treatments (Steam/Air
Stripping)
Desorption and Vapor Extraction
System
Low Temperature Thermal
Aeration (LTTA®)
Liquified Gas Solvent Extraction
(LG-SX) Technology
Electrokinetic Soil Processing
High-Energy Electron Beam
Irradiation
Volume
l
2
1
2
1
1
2
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
Page 396
-------
APPLICABILITY INDEX (CONTINUED)
Media
Sludge
(Cont)
Contaminants
Aromatic VOCs
(Cont)
Cyanide
Dioxins
Treatment Type
Physical/Chemical
Treatment (Cont)
Portable Gas
Chromatographs
Solidification/
Stabilization
Spectrometers
Thermal
Destruction
Biological
Degradation
Biological
Degradation
Chemical Thermal
Desorption
Materials Handling
Technology
Vendor
High Voltage
Environmental
Applications, Inc.
Gas Technology
Institute
Ionics RCC
IT Corp.
Terra Vac, Inc.
Bruker Analytical
Systems, Inc.
United States
Environmental
Protection Agency
Geo-Con, Inc.
WASTECH, Inc.
Western Product
Recovery Group, Inc.
Graseby Ionics, Ltd.,
and PCP, Inc.
Sonotech, Inc.
Texaco, Inc.
U. of Dayton
Research Institute
Vortec Corp.
Pintail Systems, Inc.
Gas Technology
Institute
Biotherm, LLC
U.S. EPA
Technology
High-Energy Electron Irradiation
Supercritical Extraction/Liquid
Phase Oxidation
B.E.S.T. Solvent Extraction
Technology
Mixed Waste Treatment Process
In Situ and Ex Situ Vacuum
Extraction
Mobile Environmental Monitor
Field Analytical Screening Program
- PCB Method
In Situ Solidification and
Stabilization Process
Solidification/Stabilization
Coordinate, Chemical Bonding, and
Absorption Treatment
Ion Mobility Spectrometry
Frequency-Tunable Pulse
Combustion System
Texaco Gasification Process
Photothermal Detoxification Unit
Vitrification Process
Spent Ore Bioremediation Process
Fluid Extraction - Biological
Degradation Process
Biotherm Process™
Excavation Techniques and Foam
Suppression Methods
Volume
l
2
1
2
1
3
3
1
1
2
3
1
1
2
1
1
2
1
1
Page 397
-------
APPLICABILITY INDEX (CONTINUED)
Media
Sludge
(Cont)
Contaminants
Dioxins (Cont)
Treatment Type
Physical/Chemical
Thermal
Desorption
Physical/Chemical
Thermal
Desorption (Cont)
Physical/Chemical
Treatment
Portable Gas
Chromatographs
Solidification/
Stabilization
Thermal
Destruction
Technology
Vendor
ELI Eco Logic Inc.
ELI Eco Logic
International Inc.
Recycling Sciences
International, Inc.
Roy F. Weston, Inc.
ART International,
Inc.
CF Systems Corp.
High Voltage
Environmental
Applications, Inc.
Ionics RCC
IT Corp.
National Risk
Management Research
Laboratory
National Risk
Management Research
Laboratory
Terra-Kleen Response
Group, Inc.
Trinity Environmental
Technologies, Inc.
Bruker Analytical
Systems, Inc.
Geosafe Corp.
WASTECH, Inc.
BWX Technologies,
Inc.
Energy and
Environmental
Research Corp.
Technology
Gas-Phase Chemical Reduction
Process
Thermal Desorption Unit
Desorption and Vapor Extraction
System
Low Temperature Thermal
Treatment (LT3®) Systems
Low -Energy Extraction Process
(LEEP)
Liquified Gas Solvent Extraction
(LG-SX) Technology
High-Energy Electron Irradiation
B.E.S.T. Solvent Extraction
Technology
Mixed Waste Treatment Process
Base-Catalyzed Decomposition
Process
Debris Washing System
Solvent Extraction Treatment
System
PCB- and Organochlorine-
Contaminated Soil Detoxification
Mobile Environmental Monitor
GeoMelt Vitrification
Solidification/Stabilization
Cyclone Furnace
Reactor Filter System
Volume
l
l
l
l
2
1
1
1
2
1
1
1
2
3
1
1
1/2
2
Page 398
-------
APPLICABILITY INDEX (CONTINUED)
Media
Sludge
(Cont)
Contaminants
Dioxins (Cont)
Explosives
Halogenated
VOCs
Treatment Type
Thermal
Destruction (Cont)
Biological
Degradation
Physical/Chemical
Thermal
Desorption
Solidification/
Stabilization
Thermal
Desorption
Biological
Degradation
Materials Handling
Technology
Vendor
Gas Technology
Institute
U. of Dayton
Research Institute
Vortec Corp.
U. of Idaho Research
Foundation
New Jersey Institute
of Technology
Retech, Inc.
BWX Technologies,
Inc.
Energy and
Environmental
Research Corp.
Gas Technology
Institute
U. of Dayton
Research Institute
Vortec Corp.
Bio-Rem, Inc.
New York State Dept.
of Environmental
Conservation/ENSR
Consulting and Larsen
Engineers
New York State Dept.
of Environmental
Conservation/R.E.
Wright
Environmental, Inc.
IT Corp.
United States
Environmental
Protection Agency
Technology
Fluidized- Bed/Cyclonic
Agglomerating Combustor
Photothermal Detoxification Unit
Vitrification Process
The SABRE™ Process
GHEA Associates Process
Plasma Heat
Cyclone Furnace
Reactor Filter System
Fluidized- Bed/Cyc Ionic
Agglomerating Combustor
Photothermal Detoxification Unit
Vitrification Process
Augmented In Situ Subsurface
Bioremediation Process
Ex Situ Biovault
In Situ Bioventing Treatment
System
Oxygen Microbubble In Situ
Bioremediation
Excavation Techniques and Foam
Suppression Methods
Volume
2
2
1
1
2
1
1/2
2
2
2
1
1
1
1
2
1
Page 399
-------
APPLICABILITY INDEX (CONTINUED)
Media
Sludge
(Cont)
Sludge
(Cont)
Contaminants
Halogenated
VOCs (Cont)
Halogenated
VOCs (Cont)
Treatment Type
Physical/Chemical
Treatment -
Biological
Degradation
Physical/Chemical
Thermal
Desorption
Physical/Chemical
Treatment
Physical/Chemical
Treatment (Cont)
Portable Gas
Chromatographs
Technology
Vendor
Lasagna™ Public-
Private Partnership
KAI Technologies,
Inc. /Brown and Root
Environmental
New Jersey Institute
of Technology
NOVATERRA
Associates
IT Corporation
Recycling Sciences
International, Inc.
Roy F. Weston, Inc.
CF Systems Corp.
Commodore
Environmental
Services, Inc.
Electrokinetics, Inc.
High Voltage
Environmental
Applications, Inc.
High Voltage
Environmental
Applications, Inc.
Gas Technology
Institute
Ionics RCC
IT Corp.
Terra Vac, Inc.
Trinity Environmental
Technologies, Inc.
Bruker Analytical
Systems, Inc.
Technology
Lasagna™ In Situ Soil Remediation
Radio Frequency Heating
GHEA Associates Process
In-Situ Soil Treatments (Steam/Air
Stripping)
X*TRAX™ Thermal Desorption
Desorption and Vapor Extraction
System
Low Temperature Thermal
Treatment (LT3®) System
Liquified Gas Solvent Extraction
(LG-SX) Technology
Solvated Electron Remediation
System
Electrokinetic Soil Processing
High-Energy Electron Beam
Irradiation
High-Energy Electron Irradiation
Supercritical Extraction/Liquid
Phase Oxidation
B.E.S.T. Solvent Extraction
Technology
Mixed Waste Treatment Process
In Situ and Ex Situ Vacuum
Extraction
PCB- and Organochlorine-
Contaminated Soil Detoxification
Mobile Environmental Monitor
Volume
l
l
2
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
2
1
2
1
2
1
2
3
Page 400
-------
APPLICABILITY INDEX (CONTINUED)
Media
Sludge
(Cont)
Contaminants
Heavy Metals
Heavy Minerals
Herbicides
Treatment Type
Solidification/
Stabilization
Spectrometers
Thermal
Destruction
Field Portable X-
Ray Fluorescence
Chemical
Treatment
Physical/Chemical
Treatment
Solidification/
Stabilization
Thermal
Destruction
Materials Handling
Solidification/
Stabilization
Biological
Degradation
Technology
Vendor
United States
Environmental
Protection Agency
Geo-Con, Inc.
WASTECH, Inc.
Graseby Ionics, Ltd.,
and PCP, Inc.
Energy and
Environmental
Research Corp.
Texaco, Inc.
U. of Dayton
Research Institute
Vortec Corp.
HNU Systems, Inc.
Concurrent
Technologies
Active Environmental,
Inc.
Gas Technology
Institute
Gas Technology
Institute
Montana College of
Mineral Science and
Technology
Retech, Inc.
Electrokinetics, Inc.
Grace Bioremediation
Technologies
Gas Technology
Institute
U. of Idaho Research
Foundation
Technology
Field Analytical Screening Program
- PCB Method
In Situ Solidification and
Stabilization Process
Solidification/Stabilization
Ion Mobility Spectrometry
Hybrid Fluidized Bed System
Texaco Gasification Process
Photothermal Detoxification Unit
Vitrification Process
HNU Source Excited Fluorescence
Analyzer-Portable (SEFA-P) X-Ray
Fluorescence Analyzer
Organic Destruction and Metal
Stabilization
TechXtract® Decontamination
Process
Cement-Lock Technology
Cement-Lock Technology
Campbell Centrifugal Jig
Plasma Heat
In Situ Bioremediation by
Electrokinetic Injection
DARAMEND™ Bioremediation
Technology
Fluid Extraction - Biological
Degradation Process
The SABRE™ Process
Volume
3
1
1
3
2
1
2
1
3
1
1
1
1
2
1
2
1
2
1
Page 401
-------
APPLICABILITY INDEX (CONTINUED)
Media
Sludge
(Cont)
Contaminants
Herbicides
(Cont)
Treatment Type
Materials Handling
Physical Chemical
Treatment -
Biological
Degradation
Physical/Chemical
Thermal
Desorption
Physical/Chemical
Treatment
Physical/Chemical
Treatment (Cont)
Portable Gas
Chromatographs
Solidification/
Stabilization
Technology
Vendor
U.S. EPA
Lasagna™ Public -
Private Partnership
ELI Eco Logic Inc.
ELI Eco Logic Inc.
Maxymillian
Technologies, Inc.
IT Corporation
Recycling Sciences
International, Inc.
Smith Environmental
Technologies Corp.
Roy F. Weston, Inc.
ART International,
Inc.
CF Systems Corp.
High Voltage
Environmental
Applications, Inc.
Ionics RCC
IT Corp.
National Risk
Management Research
Laboratory
National Risk
Management Research
Laboratory and IT
Corp.
Bruker Analytical
Systems, Inc.
Chemfix
Technologies, Inc.
Technology
Excavation Techniques and Foam
Suppression Methods
Lasagna™ In Situ Soil Remediation
Gas-Phase Chemical Reduction
Process
Thermal Desorption Unit
Thermal Desorption System
X*TRAX™ Thermal Desorption
Desorption and Vapor Extraction
System
Low Temperature Thermal
Aeration (LTTA3)
Low Temperature Thermal
Treatment (LT3®)
Low -Energy Extraction Process
(LEEP)
Liquified Gas Solvent Extraction
(LG-SC) Technology
High-Energy Electron Irradiation
B.E.S.T. Solvent Extraction
Technology
Mixed Waste Treatment Process
Base-Catalyzed Decomposition
Process
Debris Washing System
Mobile Environmental Monitor
Solidification and Stabilization
Volume
l
l
l
l
l
l
l
l
l
2
1
1
1
2
1
1
3
1
Page 402
-------
APPLICABILITY INDEX (CONTINUED)
Media
Sludge
(Cont)
Contaminants
Inorganics
Mercury
Metals
Treatment Type
Test Kits
Thermal
Destruction
Field Portable X-
Ray Fluorescence
Solidification/
Stabilization
Thermal
Destruction
Physical/Chemical
Treatment
Solidification/
Stabilization
Biological
Degradation
Field Portable X-
Ray Fluorescence
Materials Handling
Technology
Vendor
WASTECH, Inc.
Strategic Diagnostics,
Inc. Corp
BWX Technologies,
Inc.
U. of Dayton
Research Institute
Vortec Corp.
HNU Systems, Inc.
Gas Technology
Institute
Retech, Inc.
Gas Technology
Institute
Active Environmental
Inc.
Geokinetics
Retech, Inc.
Geo-Microbial
Technologies, Inc.
Phytotech
Pintail Systems, Inc.
Pintail Systems, Inc.
HNU Systems, Inc.
NITON Corp.
TN Spectrace
AEA Technology
Environment
Technology
Solidification and Stabilization
RaPID Assay®
Cyclone Furnace
Photothermal Detoxification Unit
Vitrification Process
HNU Source Excited Fluorescence
Analyzer-Portable (SEFA-P)
Cement-Lock Technology
Plasma Heat
Cement-Lock Technology
TechXtract® Decontamination
Process
Electrokinetics for NSFO
Mobilization
Plasma Heat
Metals Release & Removal from
Waste
Phytoremediation Technology
Biomineralization of Metals
Spent Ore Bioremediation Process
HNU Source Excited Fluorescence
Analyzer-Portable (SEFA-P) X-Ray
Fluorescence Analyzer
XL Spectrum Analyzer
9000 X-Ray Fluorescence Analyzer
and Lead X-Ray Fluorescence
Analyzer
Soil Separation and Washing
Process
Volume
l
3
1/2
2
1
3
1
1
1
1
1
1
2
1
2
1
3
3
3
2
Page 403
-------
APPLICABILITY INDEX (CONTINUED)
Media
Sludge
(Cont)
Contaminants
Metals (Cont)
Treatment Type
Physical Chemical
Treatment -
Biological
Degradation
Physical/Chemical
Thermal
Desorption
Physical/Chemical
Treatment
Physical/Chemical
Treatment (Cont)
Technology
Vendor
Montana College of
Mineral Science and
Technology
United States
Environmental
Protection Agency
U. of South Carolina
Lasagna™ Public-
Private Partnership
New Jersey Institute
of Technology
BioGenesis
Enterprises, Inc.
Center for Hazardous
Materials Research
COGNIS, Inc.
Dynaphore, Inc.
Electrokinetics, Inc.
General Atomics,
Nuclear Remediation
Technologies Division
IT Corp.
IT Corp.
IT Corp.
National Risk
Management Research
Laboratory and IT
Corp.
Selentec
Environmental
Technologies, Inc.
Toronto Harbor
Commission
Technology
Campbell Centrifugal Jig
Excavation Techniques and Foam
Suppression Methods
In Situ Mitigation of Acid Water
Lasagna™ In Situ Soil Remediation
GHEA Associates Process
BioGenesisSM Soil & Sediment
Washing Process
Acid Extraction Treatment System
TERRAMET Soil Remediation
System
FORAGER® Sponge
Electrokinetic Soil Processing
Acoustic Barrier Particulate
Separator
Batch Steam Distillation and Metal
Extraction
Chelation/Electrodeposition of
Toxic Metals from Soils
Mixed Waste Treatment Process
Debris Washing System
Selentec MAG*SEP Technology
Soil Recycling
Volume
2
1
2
1
2
1
2
1
1
1
2
2
2
2
1
1
1
Page 404
-------
APPLICABILITY INDEX (CONTINUED)
Media
Sludge
(Cont)
Contaminants
Metals (Cont)
Treatment Type
Solidification/
Stabilization
Solidification/
Stabilization
(Cont)
Thermal
Destruction
Technology
Vendor
Chemfix
Technologies, Inc.
Ferro Corp.
Funderburk &
Associates
Geo-Con, Inc.
Gas Technology
Institute
Geosafe Corp.
Metso Minerals
Industries, Inc.
Rocky Mountain
Remediation Services,
LLC
Sevenson
Environmental
Services, Inc.
Soliditech, Inc.
Star Organics, LLC
STC Remediation, A
Division of Omega
Environmental, Inc.
WASTECH, Inc.
Western Product
Recovery Group, Inc.
BWX Technologies,
Inc.
Energy and
Environmental
Research Corp.
Energy and
Environmental
Research Corp.
Gas Technology
Institute
Gas Technology
Institute
Technology
Solidification and Stabilization
Waste Vitrification through Electric
Melting
Dechlorination and Immobilization
In Situ Solidification and
Stabilization Process
Cement-Lock Technology
GeoMelt Vitrification
Pyrkiln Thermal Encapsulation
Process
Envirobond Solution
MAECTITE® Chemical Treatment
Process
Solidification and Stabilization
Soil Rescue Remediation Fluid
Organic Stabilization and Chemical
Fixation/ Solidification
Solidification and Stabilization
Coordinate, Chemical Bonding, and
Absorption Treatment
Cyclone Furnace
Hybrid Fluidized Bed System
Reactor Filter System
Cement-Lock Technology
Fluidized- Bed/Cyc Ionic
Agglomerating Combustor
Volume
l
2
1
1
1
1
2
1
1
1
1
1
1
2
1/2
2
2
1
2
Page 405
-------
APPLICABILITY INDEX (CONTINUED)
Media
Sludge
(Cont)
Contaminants
Organic s
Organic s (ContO
PAHs
PCBs
Treatment Type
Chemical
Treatment
Physical/Chemical
Treatment
Solidification/
Stabilization
Solidification/
Stabilization
(Cont)
Thermal
Destruction
Biological
Degradation
Chemical
Treatment
Desorption
Physical/Chemical
Thermal
Desorption
Physical/Chemical
Treatment
Portable Gas
Chromatographs
Biological
Degradation
Technology
Vendor
Horsehead Resource
Development Co., Inc.
PSI Technologies, A
Division of Physical
Sciences Inc.
Vortec Corp.
Concurrent
Technologies
Geokintetics
Gas Technology
Institute
Retech, Inc.
Gas Technology
Institute
Ecova Corp.
Gas Technology
Institute
Remediation
Technologies, Inc.
Biotherm, LLC
Maxym illian
Technologies, Inc.
Recycling Sciences
International, Inc.
BioGenesis
Enterprises, Inc.
Bruker Analytical
Systems, Inc.
Gas Technology
Institute
Gas Technology
Institute
Technology
Flame Reactor
Metals Immobilization and
Decontamination of Aggregate
Solids
Vitrification Process
Organic Destruction & Metals
Stabilization
Electrokinetics for NSFO
Mobilization
Cement-Lock Technology
Plasma Heat
Cement-Lock Technology
Bioslurry Reactor
Fluid Extraction - Biological
Degradation process
Liquid and Solids Biological
Treatment
Biotherm Process™
Thermal Desorption System
Desorption and Vapor Extraction
System
BioGenesisSM Soil & Sediment
Washing Process
Mobile Environmental Monitor
Chemical and Biological Treatment
Fluid Extraction - Biological
Degradation Process
Volume
l
2
1
2
1
1
1
1
1
2
1
1
1
1
1
3
2
2
Page 406
-------
APPLICABILITY INDEX (CONTINUED)
Media
Sludge
(Cont)
Contaminants
PCBs (Cont)
Treatment Type
Chemical Thermal
Desorption
Materials Handling
Physical/Chemical
Thermal
Desorption
Physical/Chemical
Thermal
Desorption (Cont)
Physical/Chemical
Treatment
Technology
Vendor
Biotherm, LLC
United States
Environmental
Protection Agency
Biotherm, LLC
ELI Eco Logic Inc.
ELI Eco Logic, Inc.
KAI Technologies,
Inc. /Brown and Root
Environmental
New Jersey Institute
of Technology
IT Corporation
Remediation Services
Corp.
Recycling Sciences
International, Inc.
Roy F. Weston, Inc.
ART International,
Inc.
BioGenesis
Enterprises, Inc.
CF Systems Corp.
Commodore
Environmental
Service, Inc.
General Atomics
High Voltage
Environmental
Applications, Inc.
High Voltage
Environmental
Applications, Inc.
Ionics RCC
Technology
Biotherm Process™
Excavation Techniques and Foam
Suppression Methods
Biotherm Process™
Gas-Phase Chemical Reduction
Process
Thermal Desorption Unit
Radio Frequency Heating
GHEA Associates Process
X*TRAX™ Thermal Desorption
Desorption and Vapor Extraction
System
Low Temperature Thermal
Treatment (LT3®) System
Low -Energy Extraction Process
(LEEP)
BioGenesisSM Soil & Sediment
Washing Process
Liquified Gas Solvent Extraction
(LG-SX) Technology
Solvated Electron Remediation
System
Circulating Bed Combustor
High Energy Electron Beam
Irradiation
High-Energy Electron Irradiation
B.E.S.T. Solvent Extraction
Technology
Volume
l
l
l
l
l
l
2
1
1
1
2
1
1
1
1
2
1
1
Page 407
-------
APPLICABILITY INDEX (CONTINUED)
Media
Sludge
(Cont)
Contaminants
PCBs (Cont)
Treatment Type
Physical/Chemical
Treatment (Cont)
Portable Gas
Chromatographs
Solidification/
Stabilization
Spectrometers
Test Kits
Thermal
Destruction
Technology
Vendor
IT Corp.
National Risk
Management Research
Laboratory
National Risk
Management Research
Laboratory and IT
Corp.
State U. of New York
at Oswego,
Environmental
Research Center
Terra-Kleen Response
Group, Inc.
Trinity Environmental
Technologies, Inc.
Bruker Analytical
Systems, Inc.
United States
Environmental
Protection Agency
Chemfix
Technologies, Inc.
Funderburk &
Associates
Gas Technology
Institute
Geo-Con Inc.
Geosafe Corp.
Soliditech, Inc.
WASTECH, Inc.
Graseby Ionics, Ltd.,
and PCP, Inc.
Strategic Diagnostics,
Inc.
BWX Technologies,
Inc.
Technology
Mixed Waste Treatment Process
Base-Catalyzed Decomposition
Process
Debris Washing System
Electrochemical Peroxidation of
PCB-Contaminated Sediments and
Waters
Solvent Extraction Treatment
System
PCB- and Organochlorine-
Contaminated Soil Detoxification
Mobile Environmental Monitor
Field Analytical Screening Program
- PCB Method
Solidification and Stabilization
Dechlorination and Immobilization
Cement-Lock Technology
In Situ Solidification and
Stabilization Process
GeoMelt Vitrification
Solidification and Stabilization
Solidification and Stabilization
Ion Mobility Spectrometry
Ensys Penta Test System
Cyclone Furnace
Volume
2
1
1
2
1
2
3
3
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
3
3
1/2
Page 408
-------
APPLICABILITY INDEX (CONTINUED)
Media
Sludge
(Cont)
Sludge
(Cont)
Contaminants
PCBs (Cont)
PCP
Pesticides
Pesticides (Cont)
Treatment Type
Thermal
Destruction (Cont)
Biological
Degradation
Physical/Chemical
Thermal
Desorption
Physical/Chemical
Treatment
Test Kits
Biological
Degradation
Materials Handling
Physical/Chemical
Thermal
Desorption
Physical/Chemical
Thermal
Desorption (Cont)
Technology
Vendor
Energy and
Environmental
Research Corp.
Gas Technology
Institute
Gas Technology
Institute
U. of Dayton
Research Institute
Vortec Corp.
Remediation
Technology, Inc.
Recycling Sciences
International Inc.
Trinity Environmental
Technologies, Inc.
Strategic Diagnostics,
Inc.
Strategic Diagnostics,
Inc.
Electrokinetics, Inc.
Gas Technology
Institute
Gas Technology
Institute
Grace Bioremediation
Technologies
United States
Environmental
Protection Agency
Biotherm, LLC
ELI Eco Logic Inc.
ELI Eco Logic Inc.
Technology
Hybrid Fluidized Bed System
Cement Lock Technology
Fluidized- Bed/Cyclonic
Agglomerating Combustor
Photothermal Detoxification Unit
Vitrification Process
Liquid and Solids Biological
Treatment
Desorption and Vapor Extraction
System
PCB- and Organochlorine-
Contaminated Soil Detoxification
Ensys Penta Test System
RaPID Assay®
In Situ Bioremediation By
Electrokinetic Injection
Chemical and Biological Treatment
Fluid Extraction - Biological
Degradation Process
DARAMEND™ Bioremediation
Technology
Excavation Techniques and Foam
Suppression Methods
Biotherm Process™
Gas-Phase Chemical Reduction
Process
Thermal Desorption Unit
Volume
2
1
2
2
1
1
1
2
3
3
2
2
2
1
1
1
1
1
Page 409
-------
APPLICABILITY INDEX (CONTINUED)
Media
Sludge
(Cont)
Contaminants
Pesticides (Cont)
Treatment Type
Physical/Chemical
Treatment
Physical/Chemical
Treatment (Cont)
Technology
Vendor
KAI Technologies,
Inc. /Brown and Root
Environmental
IT Corporation
Recycling Sciences
International, Inc.
Smith Environmental
Technologies Corp.
Roy F. Weston, Inc.
ART International,
Inc.
CF Systems Corp.
Commodore
Environmental
Services, Inc.
Electrokinetics, Inc.
General Atomics
High Voltage
Environmental
Applications, Inc.
High Voltage
Environmental
Applications, Inc.
Ionics RCC
IT Corp.
National Risk
Management Research
Laboratory
National Risk
Management Research
Laboratory and IT
Corp.
State U. of New York
at Oswego,
Environmental
Research Center
Technology
Radio Frequency Heating
X*TRAX™ Thermal Desorption
Desorption and Vapor Extraction
System
Low Temperature Thermal
Aeration (LTTA®)
Low Temperature Thermal
Treatment (LT3®) System
Low -Energy Extraction Process
(LEEP)
Liquefied Gas Solvent Extraction
(LG-SX) Technology
Solvated Electron Remediation
System
Electrokinetic Soil Processing
Circulating Bed Combustor
High Energy Electron Beam
Irradiation
High Energy Electron Irradiation
B.E.S.T. Solvent Extraction
Technology
Mixed Waste Treatment Process
Base-Catalyzed Decomposition
Process
Debris Washing System
Electrochemical Peroxidation of
PCB-Contaminated Sediments and
Waters
Volume
l
l
l
l
l
2
1
1
1
1
2
1
1
2
1
1
2
Page 410
-------
APPLICABILITY INDEX (CONTINUED)
Media
Sludge
(Cont)
Contaminants
Pesticides (Cont)
PCP
Treatment Type
Portable Gas
Chromatographs
Solidification/
Stabilization
Spectrometers
Test Kits
Thermal
Destruction
Thermal
Destruction (Cont)
Biological
Degradation
Physical/Chemical
Thermal
Desorption
Technology
Vendor
Terra-Kleen Response
Group, Inc.
Trinity Environmental
Technologies, Inc.
Bruker Analytical
Systems, Inc.
United States
Environmental
Protection Agency
Chemfix
Technologies, Inc.
Funderburk &
Associates
Geo-Con, Inc.
Geosafe Corp.
Soliditech, Inc.
WASTECH, Inc.
Graseby Ionics, Ltd.
and PCP, Inc.
Strategic Diagnostics,
Inc.
BWX Technologies,
Inc.
Energy and
Environmental
Research Corp.
Gas Technology
Institute
U. of Dayton
Research Institute
Vortec Corp.
Remediation
Technologies, Inc.
Recycling Sciences
International Inc.
Technology
Solvent Extraction Treatment
System
PCB- and Organochlorine-
Contaminated Soil Detoxification
Mobile Environmental Monitor
Field Analytical Screening Program
- PCB Method
Solidification and Stabilization
Dechlorination and Immobilization
In Situ Solidification and
Stabilization Process
GeoMelt Vitrification
Solidification and Stabilization
Solidification and Stabilization
Ion Mobility Spectrometry
Ensys Penta Test System
Cyclone Furnace
Hybrid Fluidized Bed System
Fluidized- Bed/Cyc Ionic
Agglomerating Combustor
Photothermal Detoxification Unit
Vitrification Process
Liquid and Solids Biological
Treatment
Desorption and Vapor Extraction
System
Volume
l
2
3
3
1
1
1
1
1
1
3
3
1/2
2
2
2
1
1
1
Page 411
-------
APPLICABILITY INDEX (CONTINUED)
Media
Sludge
(Cont)
Contaminants
Pesticides
Pesticides (Cont)
Treatment Type
Physical/Chemical
Treatment
Test Kits
Biological
Degradation
Materials Handling
Physical/Chemical
Thermal
Desorption
Physical/Chemical
Thermal
Desorption (Cont)
Physical/Chemical
Treatment
Technology
Vendor
Trinity Environmental
Technologies, Inc.
Strategic Diagnostics,
Inc.
Strategic Diagnostics,
Inc. Corp.
Electrokinetics, Inc.
Gas Technology
Institute
Gas Technology
Institute
Grace Bioremediation
Technologies
United States
Environmental
Protection Agency
Biotherm, LLC
ELI Eco Logic Inc.
ELI Eco Logic, Inc.
Inc.
KAI Technology,
Inc. /Brown and Root
Environmental
IT Corporation
Recycling Sciences
International, Inc.
Smith Environmental
Technologies Corp.
Roy F. Weston, Inc.
ART International,
Inc.
CF Systems Corp.
Technology
PCB- and Organochlorine-
Contaminated Soil Detoxification
Ensys Penta Test System
RaPID Assay®
In Situ Bioremediation By
Electrokinetic Injection
Chemical and Biological Treatment
Fluid Extraction - Biological
Degradation Process
DARAMEND™ Bioremediation
Technology
Excavation Techniques and Foam
Suppression Methods
Biotherm Process™
Gas-Phase Chemical Reduction
Process
Thermal Desorption Unit
Radio Frequency Heating
X*TRAX™ Thermal Desorption
Desorption and Vapor Extraction
System
Low Temperature Thermal
Aeration (LTTA®)
Low Temperature Thermal
Treatment (LT3®) System
Low -Energy Extraction Process
(LEEP)
Liquified Gas Solvent Extraction
(LG-SX) Technology
Volume
2
3
3
2
2
2
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
2
1
Page 412
-------
APPLICABILITY INDEX (CONTINUED)
Media
Sludge
(Cont)
Contaminants
Pesticides (Cont)
Treatment Type
Physical/Chemical
Treatment (Cont)
Portable Gas
Chromatographs
Solidification/
Stabilization
Technology
Vendor
Commodore
Environmental
Services, Inc.
Electrokinetics, Inc.
General Atomics
High Voltage
Environmental
Applications, Inc.
High Voltage
Environmental
Applications, Inc.
Ionics RCC
IT Corp.
National Risk
Management Research
Laboratory
National Risk
Management Research
Laboratory and IT
Corp.
State U. of New York
at Oswego,
Environmental
Research Center
Terra-Kleen Response
Group, Inc.
Trinity Environmental
Technologies, Inc.
Bruker Analytical
Systems, Inc.
United States
Environmental
Protection Agency
Chemfix
Technologies, Inc.
Funderburk &
Associates
Geo-Con Inc.
Technology
Solvated Electron Remediation
System
Electrokinetic Soil Processing
Circulating Bed Combustor
High Energy Electron Beam
Irradiation
High Energy Electron Irradiation
B.E.S.T. Solvent Extraction
Technology
Mixed Waste Treatment Process
Base-Catalyzed Decomposition
Process
Debris Washing System
Electrochemical Peroxidation of
PCB-Contaminated Sediments and
Waters
Solvent Extraction Treatment
System
PCB- and Organochlorine-
Contaminated Soil Detoxification
Mobile Environmental Monitor
Field Analytical Screening Program
- PCB Method
Solidification and Stabilization
Dechlorination and Immobilization
In Situ Solidification and
Stabilization Process
Volume
l
l
l
2
1
1
2
1
1
2
1
2
3
3
1
1
1
Page 413
-------
APPLICABILITY INDEX (CONTINUED)
Media
Sludge
(Cont)
Contaminants
Petroleum
Hydrocarbons
Radio Nuclides
Treatment Type
Spectrometers
Test Kits
Thermal
Destruction
Biological
Degradation
Physical/Chemical
Thermal
Desorption
Solidification/
Stabilization
Materials Handling
Physical/Chemical
Treatment
Technology
Vendor
Geosafe Corp.
Soliditech, Inc.
WASTECH, Inc.
Graseby Ionics, Ltd.,
and PCP, Inc.
Strategic Diagnostics,
Inc.
Strategic Diagnostics,
Inc. Corp.
BWX Technologies,
Inc.
Energy &
Environmental
Research Corp.
Gas Technology
Institute
U. of Dayton
Research Institute
Vortec Corp.
Ecova Corp.
Remediation
Technologies, Inc.
New Jersey Institute
of Technology
Smith Environmental
Technologies Corp.
Soliditech, Inc.
Thermo Nutech, Inc.
Active Environmental
Technologies, Inc.
IT Corp.
Selentec
Environmental
Technologies, Inc.
Technology
GeoMelt Vitrification
Solidification and Stabilization
Solidification and Stabilization
Ion Mobility Spectrometry
Ensys Penta Test System
RaPID Assay®
Cyclone Furnace
Hybrid Fluidized Bed System
Fluidized- Bed/Cyclonic
Agglomerating Combustor
Photothermal Detoxification Unit
Vitrification Process
Bioslurry Reactor
Liquid and Solids Biological
Treatment
GHEA Associates Process
Low Temperature Thermal
Aeration (LTTA®)
Solidification and Stabilization
Segmented Gate System
Tech Xtract® Decontamination
Process
Mixed Waste Treatment Process
Selentec MAG*SEP Technology
Volume
l
l
l
3
3
3
1/2
2
2
2
1
1
1
2
1
1
2
1
2
1
Page 414
-------
APPLICABILITY INDEX (CONTINUED)
Media
Sludge
(Cont)
Contaminants
SVOCs
SVOCs (Cont)
Treatment Type
Solidification/
Stabilization
Thermal
Destruction
Biological
Degradation
Biological
Degradation
(Cont)
Materials Handling
Physical/Chemical
Thermal
Desorption
Technology
Vendor
Sevenson
Environmental
Services, Inc.
WASTECH, Inc.
BWX Technologies,
Inc.
Ecova Corp.
Gas Technology
Institute
Gas Technology
Institute
Grace Bioremediation
Technologies
IT Corp.
New York State Dept.
of Environmental
Conservation/ENSR
Consulting and Larsen
Engineers
New York State Dept.
of Environmental
Co nserv ation/R. E .
Wright
Environmental, Inc.
IT Corp.
Remediation
Technologies, Inc.
Untied States
Environmental
Protection Agency
Biotherm, LLC
ELI Eco Logic Inc.
ELI Eco Logic, Inc.
KAI Technologies,
Inc. /Brown and Root
Environmental
Technology
MAECTITE® Chemical Treatment
Process
Solidification and Stabilization
Cyclone Furnace
Bioslurry Reactor
Chemical and Biological Treatment
Fluid Extraction - Biological
Degradation Process
DARAMEND™ Bioremediation
Technology
Tekno Associates Bioslurry Reactor
Ex Situ Biovault
In Situ Bioventing Treatment
System
Oxygen Microbubble In Situ
Bioremediation
Liquid and Solids Biological
Treatment
Excavation Techniques and Foam
Suppression Methods
Biotherm Process™
Gas-Phase Chemical Reduction
Process
Thermal Desorption Unit
Radio Frequency Heating
Volume
l
l
1/2
1
2
2
1
2
1
1
2
1
1
1
1
1
1
Page 415
-------
APPLICABILITY INDEX (CONTINUED)
Media
Sludge
(Cont)
Contaminants
SVOCs (Cont)
Treatment Type
Physical/Chemical
Thermal
Desorption (Cont)
Physical/Chemical
Treatment
Technology
Vendor
Maxymillian
Technologies, Inc.
New Jersey Institute
of Technology
NOVATERRA
Associates
IT Corporation
Recycling Sciences
International, Inc.
Smith Environmental
Technologies Corp.
Roy F. Weston, Inc.
CF Systems Corp.
Electrokinetics, Inc.
High Voltage
Environmental
Applications, Inc.
High Voltage
Environmental
Applications, Inc.
Ionics RCC
IT Corp.
National Risk
Management Research
Laboratory
National Risk
Management Research
Laboratory and IT
Corp.
Terra-Kleen Response
Group, Inc.
Terra Vac, Inc.
Toronto Harbor
Commission
Technology
Thermal Desorption System
GHEA Associates Process
In Situ Soil Treatments (Stream/Air
Stripping)
X*TRAX™ Thermal Desorption
Desorption and Vapor Extraction
System
Low Temperature Thermal
Aeration (LTTA®)
Low Temperature Thermal
Treatment (LT3®) System
Liquified Gas Solvent Extraction
(LG-SX) Technology
Electrokinetic Soil Processing
High Energy Electron Beam
Irradiation
High-Energy Electron Irradiation
B.E.S.T. Solvent Extraction
Technology
Mixed Waste Treatment Process
Base-Catalyzed Decomposition
Process
Debris Washing System
Solvent Extraction Treatment
System
In Situ and Ex Situ Vacuum
Extraction
Soil Recycling
Volume
l
l
l
l
l
l
l
l
l
2
1
1
2
1
1
1
1
1
Page 416
-------
APPLICABILITY INDEX (CONTINUED)
Media
Sludge
(Cont)
Contaminants
SVOCs (Cont)
VOCs
Treatment Type
Portable Gas
Chromatographs
Solidification/
Stabilization
Solidification/
Stabilization
(Cont)
Spectrometers
Test Kits
Thermal
Desorption
Biological
Degradation
Technology
Vendor
Bruker Analytical
Systems, Inc.
United States
Environmental
Protection Agency
Chemfix
Technologies, Inc.
Geo-Con, Inc.
STC Remediation, a
Division of Omega
Environmental, Inc.
WASTECH, Inc.
Western Product
Recovery Group, Inc.
Graseby Ionics, Ltd.,
and PCP, Inc.
Strategic Diagnostics,
Inc. Corp.
BWX Technologies,
Inc.
Gas Technology
Institute
Sonotech, Inc.
Texaco, Inc.
U. of Dayton
Research Institute
Vortec Corp.
Bio-Rem, Inc.
Ecova Corp.
Electrokinetics, Inc.
New York State Dept.
of Environmental
Conservation/ENSR
Consulting and Larsen
Engineering
Technology
Mobile Environmental Monitor
Field Analytical Screening Program
- PCB Method
Solidification and Stabilization
In Situ Solidification and
Stabilization Process
Organic Stabilization and Chemical
Fixation/Solidification
Solidification and Stabilization
Coordinate, Chemical Bonding, and
Absorption Treatment
Ion Mobility Spectrometry
RaPID Assay®
Cyclone Furnace
Fluidized- Bed/Cyc Ionic
Agglomerating Combustor
Frequency-Tunable Pulse
Combustion System
Texaco Gasification Process
Photothermal Detoxification Unit
Vitrification Process
Augmented In Situ Subsurface
Bioremediation Process
Bioslurry Reactor
In Situ Bioremediation by
Electrokinetic Injection
Ex Situ Biovault
Volume
3
3
1
1
1
1
2
3
3
1/2
2
1
1
2
1
1
1
2
1
Page 417
-------
APPLICABILITY INDEX (CONTINUED)
Media
Sludge
(Cont)
Contaminants
VOCs (Cont)
Treatment Type
Biological
Degradation
(Cont)
Materials Handling
Physical/Chemical
Thermal
Desorption
Physical/Chemical
Treatment
Technology
Vendor
New York State Dept.
of Environmental
Conservation/R.E.
Wright
Environmental, Inc.
IT Corp.
AEA Technology
Environment
United States
Environmental
Protection Agency
Biotherm, LLC
KAI Technologies,
Inc. /Brown and Root
Environmental
Maxymillian
Technologies, Inc.
New Jersey Institute
of Technology
NOVATERRA
Associates
Recycling Sciences
International, Inc.
Smith Environmental
Technologies Corp.
Roy F. Weston, Inc.
CF Systems Corp.
Gas Technology
Institute
High Voltage
Environmental
Applications, Inc.
Ionics RCC
IT Corp.
Technology
In Situ Bioventing Treatment
System
Oxygen Microbubble In Situ
Bioremediation
Soil Separation and Washing
Process
Excavation Techniques and Foam
Suppression Methods
Biotherm Process™
Radio Frequency Heating
Thermal Desorption System
GHEA Associates Process
In-Situ Soil Treatments (Steam/Air
Stripping)
Desorption and Vapor Extraction
System
Low Temperature Thermal
Aeration (LTTA®)
Low Temperature Thermal
Treatment (LT3®) System
Liquified Gas Solvent Extraction
(LG-SX) Technology
Supercritical Extraction/Liquid
Phase Oxidation
High-Energy Electron Irradiation
B.E.S.T. Solvent Extraction
Technology
Batch Steam Distillation and Metal
Extraction
Volume
l
2
2
1
1
1
1
2
1
1
1
1
1
2
1
1
2
Page 418
-------
APPLICABILITY INDEX (CONTINUED)
Media
Sludge
(Cont)
Soil
Soil (Cont)
Contaminants
VOCs (Cont)
Other
Aromatic VOCs
Aromatic VOCs
(Cont)
Treatment Type
Physical/Chemical
Treatment (Cont)
Portable Gas
Chromatographs
Solidification/
Stabilization
Spectrometers
Test Kits
Thermal
Destruction
Solidification/
Stabilization
Biological
Degradation
Biological
Degradation
(Cont)
Technology
Vendor
IT Corp.
Terra-Kleen Response
Group, Inc.
Terra Vac, Inc.
Bruker Analytical
Systems, Inc.
United States
Environmental
Protection Agency
Geo-Con, Inc.
WASTECH, Inc.
Western Product
Recovery Group, Inc.
Graseby Ionics, Ltd.,
and PCP, Inc.
Strategic Diagnostics
Inc.
Energy and
Environmental
Research Corp.
Gas Technology
Institute
Sonotech, Inc.
Texaco, Inc.
Vortec Corp.
STC Remediation, A
Division of Omega
Environmental, Inc.
Billings and
Associates, Inc.
Bio-Rem, Inc.
Electrokinetics, Inc.
Technology
Mixed Waste Treatment Process
Solvent Extraction Treatment
System
In Situ and Ex Situ Vacuum
Extraction
Mobile Environmental Monitor
Field Analytical Screening Program
- PCB Method
In Situ Solidification and
Stabilization Process
Solidification and Stabilization
Coordinate, Chemical Bonding, and
Adsorption Treatment
Ion Mobility Spectrometry
RaPID Assay*
Hybrid Fluidized Bed System
Fluidized- Bed/Cyc Ionic
Agglomerating Combustor
Frequency-Tunable Pulse
Combustion System
Texaco Gasification Process
Vitrification Process
Organic Stabilization and Chemical
Fixation/ Solidification
Subsurface Volatilization and
Ventilation System (SVVS)
Augmented In Situ Subsurface
Bioremediation Process
In Situ Bioremediation by
Electrokinetic Injection
Volume
2
1
1
3
3
1
1
2
3
3
2
2
1
1
1
1
1
1
2
Page 419
-------
APPLICABILITY INDEX (CONTINUED)
Media
Soil (Cont)
Contaminants
Aromatic VOCs
(Cont)
Treatment Type
Contaminant
Survey Systems
Materials Handling
Materials Handling
(Cont)
Physical/Chemical
Thermal
Desorption
Technology
Vendor
Gas Technology
Institute
Grace Bioremediation
Technologies
Harding Lawson
Associates
Hazardous Substance
Management Research
Center at New Jersey
Institute of
Technology, and
Rutgers, the State U.
of New Jersey
Micro-Bac
International Inc.
National Risk
Management Research
Laboratory
New York State Dept.
of Environment
Conservation/ENSR
Consulting and Larson
Engineers
New York State Dept.
of Environmental
Conservation/R.E.
Wright
Environmental, Inc.
IT Corp.
W.L. Gore and
Associates, Inc.
National Risk
Management Research
Laboratory, the U of
Cincinnati and FRX,
Inc.
U.S. EPA
Biotherm, LLC
Hughes
Environmental
Systems, Inc.
Technology
Fluid Extraction - Biological
Degradation Process
DARAMEND™ Bioremediation
Technology
Two Zone, Plume Interception. In
Situ Treatment Technology
Pneumatic Fracturing and
Bioremediation Process
Microbial Degradation PCBs
Bioventing
Ex Situ Biovault
In Situ Bioventing Treatment
System
Oxygen Microbubble In Situ
Bioremediation
GORE-SORB ER Screening Survey
Hydraulic Fracturing
Excavation Techniques and Foam
Suppression Methods
Biotherm Process™
Steam Enhanced Recovery Process
Volume
2
1
2
2
1
1
1
1
2
2
1
1
1
1
Page 420
-------
APPLICABILITY INDEX (CONTINUED)
Media
Soil (Cont)
Contaminants
Aromatic VOCs
(Cont)
Treatment Type
Physical/Chemical
Treatment
Physical/Chemical
Treatment (Cont)
Technology
Vendor
Maxymillian
Technologies, Inc.
NOVATERRA
Associates
Recycling Sciences
International, Inc.
SoilTech ATP
Systems, Inc.
Roy F. Weston, Inc.
Arctic Foundations,
Inc.
ARS Technologies,
Inc.
Bergmann, a Division
of Linatex, Inc.
CF Systems Corp.
Electrokinetics, Inc.
Energia, Inc.
Gas Technology
Institute
High Voltage
Environmental
Application, Inc.
Ionics RCC
IT Corp.
KSE, Inc.
Pulse Sciences, Inc.
Terra Vac, Inc.
Roy F. Weston,
Inc./JEG
Technologies
Technology
Thermal Desorption System
In-Situ Soil Treatments, (Steam/Air
Stripping)
Desorption and Vapor Extraction
System
Anaerobic Thermal Processor
Low Temperature Thermal
Treatment (LT3™) System
Cryogenic Barrier
Pneumatic Fracturing Extraction™
and Catalytic Oxidation
Soil and Sediment Washing
Liquified Gas Solvent Extraction
(LG-SX) Technology
Electrokinetic Soil Processing
Reductive Thermal and Photo -
Thermal Oxidation for Enhanced
Conversion of Chlorocarbons
Supercritical Extraction/Liquid
Phase Oxidation
High-Energy Electron Irradiation
B.E.S.T. Solvent Extraction
Technology
Mixed Waste Treatment Process
Adsorption-Integrated-Reaction
Process
X-Ray Treatment of Organically
Contaminated Soils
In Situ and Ex Situ Vacuum
Extraction
UVB - Vacuum Vaporizing Well
Volume
l
l
l
l
l
l
l
l
l
l
2
2
1
1
2
1/2
2
1
1
Page 421
-------
APPLICABILITY INDEX (CONTINUED)
Media
Soil (Cont)
Contaminants
Aromatic VOCs
(Cont)
Cyanide
Treatment Type
Portable Gas
Chromatographs
Samplers
Sensors
Solidification/
Stabilization
Spectrometers
Test Kits
Thermal
Destruction
Thermal
Destruction (Cont)
Biological
Degradation
Physical/Chemical
Treatment
Technology
Vendor
Xerox Corp.
Bruker Analytical
Systems, Inc.
HNU Systems, Inc.
Photovac Monitoring
Instruments
SRI Instruments
U.S. EPA
Geoprobe Systems
Fugro Geosciences,
Inc.
Geo Con, Inc.
WASTECH, Inc.
Western Product
Recovery Group, Inc.
Graseby Ionics, Ltd.,
and PCP, Inc.
Hanby Environmental
Laboratory
Procedures, Inc.
Sonotech, Inc.
Texaco, Inc.
U. of Dayton
Research Institute
Vortec Corp.
Pintail Systems, Inc.
Arctic Foundations,
Inc.
E&C Williams, Inc.
Technology
2-PHASE™ EXTRACTION Process
Mobile Environmental Monitor
HNU GC 31 ID Portable Gas
Chromatograph
PE Photovac Voyager Portable Gas
Chromatograph
Compact Gas Chromatograph
Field Analytical Screening Program
- PCB Method
Large Bore Soil Sampler
Rapid Optical Screening Tool
In Situ Solidification and
Stabilization Process
Solidification and Stabilization
Coordinate, Chemical Bonding, and
Adsorption Treatment
Ion Mobility Spectrometry
Test Kits for Organic Contaminants
in Soil and Water
Frequency Tunable Pulse
Combustion System
Texaco Gasification Process
Photothermal Detoxification Unit
Vitrification Process
Spent Ore Bioremediation Process
Cryogenic Barrier
Calcium Sulfide & Calcium
Polysulfide Technologies
Volume
l
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
1
1
2
3
3
1
1
2
1
1
1
1
Page 422
-------
APPLICABILITY INDEX (CONTINUED)
Media
Soil (Cont)
Contaminants
Diesel
Dioxins
Dioxins (Cont)
Treatment Type
Materials Handling
Physical/Chemical
Treatment
Spectrometer
Biological
Degradation
Chemical Thermal
Desorption
Materials Handling
Physical/Chemical
Thermal
Desorption
Physical/Chemical
Thermal
Desorption (Cont)
Physical/Chemical
Treatment
Technology
Vendor
National Risk
Management Research
Laboratory, U. of
Cincinnati, and FRX
Inc.
Arctic Foundations,
Inc.
Geokinetics
International, Inc.
SIVE Services
SiteLAB Corporation
Biotrol®
Gas Technology
Institute
Biotherm, LLC
U.S. EPA
ELI Eco Logic Inc.
ELI Eco Logic, Inc.
Recycling Sciences
International, Inc.
SoilTech ATP
Systems, Inc.
Roy F. Weston, Inc.
Arctic Foundations,
Inc.
ART International,
Inc.
CF Systems Corp.
High Voltage
Environmental
Applications, Inc.
Technology
Hydraulic Fracturing
Cryogenic Barrier
Electroheat-Enhanced Nonaqueous-
Phase Liquids Removal
Steam Injection and Vacuum
Extraction
Ultraviolet Fluorescence
Spectroscopy
Soil Washing System
Fluid Extraction - Biological
Degradation Process
Biotherm Process™
Excavation Techniques and Foam
Suppression Methods
Gas-Phase Chemical Reduction
Process
Thermal Desorption Unit
Desorption and Vapor Extraction
System
Anaerobic Thermal Processor
Low Temperature Thermal
Treatment (LT3™) System
Cryogenic Barrier
Low -Energy Extraction Process
(LEEP)
Liquified Gas Solvent Extraction
(LG-SX) Technology
High-Energy Electron Irradiation
Volume
l
l
l
l
3
1
2
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
2
1
1
Page 423
-------
APPLICABILITY INDEX (CONTINUED)
Media
Soil (Cont)
Contaminants
Dioxins (Cont)
Explosives
Treatment Type
Portable Gas
Chromatographs
Samp lers
Solidification/
Stabilization
Spectrometers
Thermal
Destruction
Thermal
Destruction (Cont)
Biological
Degradation
Contaminant
Survey Systems
Physical/Chemical
Thermal
Desorption
Technology
Vendor
Ionics RCC
IT Corp.
National Risk
Management Research
Laboratory
Terra-Kleen Response
Group, Inc.
Trinity Environmental
Technologies, Inc.
Bruker Analytical
Systems, Inc.
Geoprobe Systems
Geosafe Corp.
WASTECH, Inc.
Graseby Ionics, Ltd.,
andPCP, Inc.
BWX Technologies,
Inc.
Energy and
Environmental
Research Corp.
Gas Technology
Institute
Terra Therm, Inc.
U. of Dayton
Research Institute
Vortec Corp.
U. of Idaho Research
Foundation
Quadrel Services, Inc.
W.L. Gore and
Associates, Inc.
New Jersey Institute
of Technology
Technology
B.E.S.T. Solvent Extraction
Technology
Mixed Waste Treatment Process
Base-Catalyzed Decomposition
Process
Solvent Extraction Treatment
System
PCB- and Organochlorine-
Contaminated Soil Detoxification
Mobile Environmental Monitor
Large Bore Soil Sampler
GeoMelt Vitrification
Solidification and Stabilization
Ion Mobility Spectrometry
Cyclone Furnace
Reactor Filter System
Fluidized- Bed/Cyc Ionic
Agglomerating Combustor
In-Situ Thermal Destruction
Photothermal Detoxification Unit
Oxidation and Verification Process
The SABRE™ Process
Emflux Soil-Gas Survey System
GORE-SORBER Screening Survey
GHEA Associates Process
Volume
l
2
1
1
2
3
3
1
1
3
1/2
2
2
1
2
1
1
3
3
2
Page 424
-------
APPLICABILITY INDEX (CONTINUED)
Media
Soil (Cont)
Contaminants
Furans
Furans (Cont)
Treatment Type
Thermal
Destruction
Biological
Degradation
Materials Handling
Physical/Chemical
Thermal
Desorption
Physical/Chemical
Treatment
Physical/Chemical
Treatment (Cont)
Portable Gas
Chromatographs
Samplers
Technology
Vendor
Terra Therm, Inc.
Biotrol®
Gas Technology
Institute
U.S. EPA
ELI Eco Logic Inc.
ELI Eco Logic, Inc.
Recycling Sciences
International, Inc.
SoilTech ATP
Systems, Inc.
Roy F. Weston, Inc.
Arctic Foundations,
Inc.
ART International,
Inc.
CF Systems Corp.
High Voltage
Environmental
Applications, Inc.
Ionics RCC
IT Corp.
National Risk
Management Research
Laboratory
Terra-Kleen Response
Group, Inc.
Trinity Environmental
Technologies, hie.
Bruker Analytical
Systems, Inc.
Geoprobe Systems
Technology
In-Situ Thermal Destruction
Soil Washing System
Fluid Extraction - Biological
Degradation Process
Field Analytical Screening Program
- PCB Method
Gas-Phase Chemical Reduction
Process
Thermal Desorption Unit
Desorption and Vapor Extraction
System
Anaerobic Thermal Processors
Low Temperature Thermal
Treatment (LT3™) System
Cryogenic Barrier
Low -Energy Extraction Process
(LEEP)
Liquified Gas Solvent Extraction
(LG-SX) Technology
High-Energy Electron Irradiation
B.E.S.T. Solvent Extraction
Technology
Mixed Waste Treatment Process
Base, Catalyzed Decomposition
Process
Solvent Extraction Treatment
System
PCB- and Organochlorine-
Contaminated Soil Detoxification
Mobile Environmental Monitor
Large Bore Soil Sampler
Volume
l
l
2
3
1
1
1
1
1
1
2
1
1
1
2
1
1
2
3
3
Page 425
-------
APPLICABILITY INDEX (CONTINUED)
Media
Soil (Cont)
Contaminants
Gasoline
Halogenated
VOCs
Treatment Type
Solidification/
Stabilization
Spectrometers
Thermal
Destruction
Contaminant
Survey Systems
Materials Handling
Physical/Chemical
Thermal
Desorption
Physical/Chemical
Treatment
Samp lers
Spectrometer
Biological
Degradation
Technology
Vendor
Geosafe Corp.
WASTECH, Inc.
Graseby Ionics, Ltd.,
andPCP, Inc.
BWX Technologies,
Inc.
Energy and
Environmental
Research Corp.
Gas Technology
Institute
U. of Dayton
Research Institute
Vortec Corp.
W.L. Gore and
Associates, hie.
National Risk
Management Research
Laboratory, U. of
Cincinnati and FRX,
Inc.
SIVE Services
Arctic Foundations,
Inc.
Geoprobe Systems
SiteLAB Corporation
Harding Lawson
Associates
Bio-Rem, Inc.
New York State Dept.
of Environmental
Conservation/R.E.
Wright
Environmental, Inc.
U.S. EPA
Technology
GeoMelt Vitrification
Solidification and Stabilization
Ion Mobility Spectrometry
Cyclone Furnace
Reactor Filter System
Fluidized- Bed/Cyclonic
Agglomerating Combustor
Photothermal Detoxification Unit
Vitrification Process
GORE-SORBER Screening Survey
Hydraulic Fracturing
Steam Injection and Vacuum
Extraction
Cryogenic Barrier
Large Bore Soil Sampler
Ultraviolet Fluorescence
Spectroscopy
Two Zone, Plume Interception. In
Situ Treatment Technology
Augmented In Situ Subsurface
Bioremediation Process
In Situ Bioventing Treatment
System
Excavation Techniques and Foam
Suppression Methods
Volume
l
l
3
1/2
2
2
2
1
3
1
1
1
3
3
2
1
1
1
Page 426
-------
APPLICABILITY INDEX (CONTINUED)
Media
Soil (Cont)
Contaminants
Halogenated
VOCs (Cont)
Treatment Type
Physical/Chemical
Treatment -
Biological
Degradation
Physical/Chemical
Thermal
Desorption
Physical/Chemical
Thermal
Desorption (Cont)
Physical/Chemical
Treatment
Portable Gas
Chromatographs
Samplers
Solidification/
Stabilization
Spectrometers
Technology
Vendor
Lasagna™ Public
Private Partnership
Hughes
Environmental
Systems, Inc.
KAI Technologies,
Inc. /Brown and Root
Environmental
New Jersey Institute
of Technology
NOVATERRA
Associates
IT Corporation
Recycling Sciences
International, Inc.
SoilTech ATP
Systems, Inc.
Roy F. Weston, Inc.
Xerox Corp.
Arctic Foundations,
Inc.
Bruker Analytical
Systems, Inc.
Photovac Monitoring
Instruments
SRI Instruments
U.S. EPA
Geoprobe Systems
Geo Con, Inc.
Geosafe Corp.
WASTECH, Inc.
Graseby Ionics, Ltd.,
and PCP, Inc.
Technology
Lasagna™ In Situ Soil Remediation
Steam Enhanced Recovery Process
Radio Frequency Heating
GHEA Associates Process
In Situ Soil Treatments, (Steam/Air
Stripping)
X*TAX* Thermal Desorption
Desorption and Vapor Extraction
System
Anaerobic Thermal Processor
Low Temperature Thermal
Treatment (LT3™) System
2-PHASE™ EXTRACTION Process
Cryogenic Barrier
Mobile Environmental Monitor
PE Photovac Voyager Portable Gas
Chromatograph
Compact Gas Chromatograph
Field Analytical Screening Program
- PCB Method
Large Bore Soil Sampler
In Situ Solidification and
Stabilization Process
GeoMelt Vitrification
Solidification and Stabilization
Ion Mobility Spectrometry
Volume
l
l
l
2
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
3
3
3
3
3
1
1
1
3
Page 427
-------
APPLICABILITY INDEX (CONTINUED)
Media
Soil (Cont)
Contaminants
Halogenated
VOCs (Cont)
Heavy Metals
Heavy Minerals
Herbicides
Treatment Type
Test Kits
Thermal
Destruction
Thermal
Destruction (Cont)
Chemical
Treatment
Field Portable X-
Ray Fluorescence
Physical/Chemical
Thermal
Desorption
Physical/Chemical
Treatment
Solidification/
Stabilization
Materials Handling
Samplers
Solidification/
Stabilization
Thermal
Destruction
Biological
Degradation
Technology
Vendor
Dexsil Corporation
Energy and
Environmental
Research Corp.
Svedala Industries,
Inc.
Texaco, Inc.
U. of Dayton
Research Institute
Vortec Corp.
Concurrent
Technologies
Ed ax Portable
Products Division
Electrokinetics, Inc.
Geokinetics
International, Inc.
Rocky Mountain
Remediation Services,
LLC
Star Organics, LLC
Montana College of
Mineral Science and
Technology
Art's Manufacturing
and Supply
Simulprobe
Technologies, Inc.
Gas Technology
Institute
Gas Technology
Institute
Biotrol®
Electrokinetics, Inc.
Technology
Environmental Test Kits
Hybrid Fluidized Bed System
Pyrokiln Thermal Encapsulation
Process
Texaco Gasification Process
Photothermal Detoxification Unit
Vitrification Process
Organics Destruction Metals
Stabilization
Metal Analysis Probe (MAP®)
Portable Assays
Electrokinetic Extraction
Electrokinetics for Lead Recovery
Envirobond Solution
Soil Rescue Remediation Fluid
Campbell Centrifugal Jig
AMS™ Dual-Tube Liner Soil
Sampler
Core Barrel Soil Sampler
Cement-Lock Technology
Cement-Lock Technology
Soil Washing System
In Situ Bioremediation by
Electrokinetic Injection
Volume
3
2
2
1
2
1
2
3
1
1
1
1
2
3
3
1
1
1
2
Page 428
-------
APPLICABILITY INDEX (CONTINUED)
Media
Soil (Cont)
Contaminants
Herbicides
(Cont)
Treatment Type
Biological
Degradation
(Cont)
Materials Handling
Physical Chemical
Treatment -
Biological
Degradation
Physical/Chemical
Thermal
Desorption
Physical/Chemical
Treatment
Technology
Vendor
Gas Technology
Institute
Grace Bioremediation
Technologies
Phytokinetics, Inc.
U. of Idaho Research
Foundation
U.S. EPA
Pharmacia
Corporation
ELI Eco Logic, Inc.
ELI Eco Logic, Inc.
Maxymillion
Technologies, Inc.
IT Corporation
Recycling Sciences
International, Inc.
Smith Environmental
Technologies Corp.
SoilTech ATP
Systems, Inc.
Roy F. Weston, Inc.
Arctic Foundations,
Inc.
ART International,
Inc.
Bergmann, a Division
of Linatex, Inc.
Center for Hazardous
Materials Research
CF Systems Corp.
Technology
Fluid Extraction - Biological
Degradation Process
DARAMEND™ Bioremediation
Technology
Phytoremediation of Contaminated
Soils
The SABRE™ Process
Excavation Techniques and Foam
Suppression Methods
Lasagna™ In Situ Soil Remediation
Gas-Phase Chemical Reduction
Process
Thermal Desorption Unit
Thermal Desorption System
X*TAX™ Thermal Desorption
Desorption and Vapor Extraction
System
Low Temperature Thermal
Aeration (LTTA®)
Anaerobic Thermal Processors
Low Temperature Thermal
Treatment (LT3™) System
Cryogenic Barrier
Low -Energy Extraction Process
(LEEP)
Soil and Sediment Washing
Organics Destruction and Metals
Stabilization
Liquified Gas Solvent Extraction
(LG-SX) Technology
Volume
2
1
2
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
2
1
2
1
Page 429
-------
APPLICABILITY INDEX (CONTINUED)
Media
Soil (Cont)
Soil (Cont)
Contaminants
Herbicides
(Cont)
Inorganics
Mercury
Mercury (Cont)
Treatment Type
Physical/Chemical
Treatment (Cont)
Portable Gas
Chromatographs
Samplers
Solidification/
Stabilization
Spectrometers
Test Kits
Thermal
Destruction
Chemical
Treatment
Physical/Chemical
Treatment
Solidification/
Stabilization
Thermal
Destruction
Contaminant
Survey Systems
Contaminant
Survey Systems
(Cont)
Technology
Vendor
High Voltage
Environmental
Applications, Inc.
Ionics RCC
IT Corp.
National Risk
Management Research
Laboratory
Bruker Analytical
Systems, Inc.
Geoprobe Systems
Chemfix
Technologies, Inc.
WASTECH, Inc.
Graseby Ionics, Ltd.,
and PCP, Inc.
Strategic Diagnostics,
Inc., Corp.
BWX Technologies,
Inc.
U. of Dayton
Research Institute
Vortex Corp.
Kvaerner Energy &
Environmental
Electrokinetics, Inc.
Electro- Petroleum,
Inc.
Gas Technology
Institute
Gas Technology
Institute
Quadrel Services, Inc.
Radiometer Analytical
Group
Technology
High-Energy Electron Irradiation
B.E.S.T. Solvent Extraction
Technology
Mixed Waste Treatment Process
Base-Catalyzed Decomposition
Process
Mobile Environmental Monitor
Large Bore Soil Samplers
Solidification and Stabilization
Solidification and Stabilization
Ion Mobility Spectrometry
RaPID Assay®
Cyclone Furnace
Photothermal Detoxification Unit
Vitrification Process
Chemical Treatment
Electrokinetic Extraction
Electro-Kinetically Aided
Remediation
Cement-Lock Technology
Cement-Lock Technology
Emflux Soil-Gas Survey System
Anodic Voltammetry of Mercury in
Soil
Volume
l
l
2
1
3
3
1
1
3
3
1/2
2
1
2
1
1
1
1
3
3
Page 430
-------
APPLICABILITY INDEX (CONTINUED)
Media
Soil (Cont)
Contaminants
Metals
Metals (Cont)
Treatment Type
Physical/Chemical
Treatment
Biological
Degradation
Contaminant
Survey Systems
Field Portable
X-Ray
Fluorescence
Materials Handling
Physical Chemical
Treatment -
Biological
Degradation
Physical/Chemical
Thermal
Desorption
Physical/Chemical
Thermal
Desorption (Cont)
Physical/Chemical
Treatment
Technology
Vendor
Bionebraska, Inc.
COGNIS, Inc.
Geo-Microbial
Technologies, Inc.
Phytotech
Pintail Systems, Inc.
Pintail Systems, Inc.
W.L. Gore and
Associates, Inc.
Metorex, Inc.
TN Spectrace
AEA Technology
Environment
Montana College of
Mineral Science and
Technology
Montana College of
Mineral Science and
Technology
U.S. EPA
U. of South Carolina
Pharmacia
Corporation
New Jersey Institute
of Technology
Geotech Development
Corp.
Arctic Foundations,
Inc.
Technology
BiMelyze® Mercury Immunoassay
Biological/Chemical Treatment
Metals Release and Removal of
Wastes
Phytoremediation Technology
Biomineralization of Metals
Spend Ore Bioremediation Process
GORE-SORBER Screening Survey
Field Portable X-Ray Fluorescence
Analysis
9000 X-Ray Fluorescence Analyzer
and Lead X-Ray Fluorescence
Analyzer
Soil Separation and Washing
Process
Air-Sparged Hydrocyclone
Campbell Centrifugal Jig
Excavation Techniques and Foam
Suppression Methods
In Situ Mitigation of Acid Water
Lasagna™ In Situ Soil Remediation
GHEA Associates Process
Cold Top Ex Situ Verification of
Chromium -Contaminated Soils
Cryogenic Barrier
Volume
3
1
2
1
2
1
3
3
3
2
2
2
1
2
1
2
1
1
Page 431
-------
APPLICABILITY INDEX (CONTINUED)
Media
Soil (Cont)
Contaminants
Metals (Cont)
Treatment Type
Physical/Chemical
Treatment (Cont)
Technology
Vendor
Battelle Memorial
Institute
Bergmann, a Division
of Linatex, Inc.
BioGenesis
Enterprises, Inc.
Brice Environmental
Services, Corp.
Center for Hazardous
Materials Research
COGNIS, Inc.
E&C Williams, Inc.
Electrokinetics, Inc.
General Atomics,
Nuclear Remediation
Technologies Division
Geokinetics
International, Inc.
IT Corp.
IT Corp.
IT Corp.
Lewis Environmental
Services, Inc./
Hickson Corp.
Morrison Knudsen
Corp./Spetstamponazh
geologia
Enterprises/STG
Technologies
National Risk
Management Research
Laboratory
Sandia National
Laboratory
Toronto Harbor
Commission
Technology
In Situ Electroacoustic Soil
Decontamination
Soil and Sediment Washing
BioGenesisSM Soil & Sediment
Washing Process
Soil Washing Process
Acid Extraction Treatment System
TERRAMET Soil Remediation
System
Calcium Sulfide & Calcium
Polysulfide Technology
Electrokinetic Soil Processing
Acoustic Barrier Particulate
Separator
Electrokinetics for NSFO
Mobilization
Batch Steam Distillation Metal
Extraction
Chelation/Electrodeposition of
Toxic Metals from Soils
Mixed Treatment Process
Chromated Copper Arsenate Soil
Leaching Process
Clay-Base Grouting Technology
Volume Reduction Unit
In Situ Electrokinetic Extraction
System
Soil Recycling
Volume
2
1
1
1
2
1
1
1
2
1
2
2
2
2
1
1
1
1
Page 432
-------
APPLICABILITY INDEX (CONTINUED)
Media
Soil (Cont)
Contaminants
Metals (Cont)
Treatment Type
Portable Gas
Chromatographs
Samplers
Solidification/
Stabilization
Solidification/
Stabilization
(Cont)
Technology
Vendor
U. of Houston
HNU Systems, Inc.
Art's Manufacturing
and Supply
Geoprobe Systems
Simulprobe
Technologies, Inc.
Chemfix
Technologies, Inc.
E&C Williams, Inc.
Ferro Corp.
Funderburk &
Associates
Gas Technology
Institute
Geo-Con, Inc.
Geosafe Corp.
Metso Minerals
Industries, Inc.
Minergy
Rocky Mountain
Remediation Services,
LLC
Sevenson
Environmental
Services, Inc.
Soliditech, Inc.
Star Organics, LLC
STC Remediation a
Division of Omega
Environmental, Inc.
WASTECH, Inc.
Technology
Concentrated Chlorine Extraction
and Recovery of Lead
HNU GC 31 ID Portable Gas
Chromatograph
AMS™ Dual-Tube Liner Soil
Sampler
Large Bore Soil Sampler
Core Barrel Soil Sampler
Solidification and Stabilization
Chemical Stabilization of Mercury
Mining Wastes
Waste Vitrification Through
Electric Melting
Dechlorination and Immobilization
Cement-Lock Technology
In Situ Solidification and
Stabilization Process
GeoMelt Vitrification
Phyrokiln Thermal Encapsulation
Process
Thermal Sediment Reuse
Technology
Envirobond Solution
MAECTITE® Chemical Treatment
Process
Solidification and Stabilization
Soil Rescue Remediation Fluid
Organic Stabilization and Chemical
Fixation/ Solidification
Solidification and Stabilization
Volume
2
3
3
3
3
1
1
2
1
1
1
1
2
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
Page 433
-------
APPLICABILITY INDEX (CONTINUED)
Media
Soil (Cont)
Contaminants
Metals (Cont)
Organic s
Treatment Type
Thermal
Destruction
Thermal
Destruction (Cont)
Biological
Degradation
Chemical
Treatment
Physical/Chemical
Treatment
Technology
Vendor
Western Product
Recovery Group, Inc.
American Combusion,
Inc.
BWX Technologies,
Inc.
Concurrent
Technologies
Energy and
Environmental
Research Corp.
Energy and
Environmental
Research Corp.
Horsehead Resource
Development Co., Inc.
Gas Technology
Institute
Gas Technology
Institute
Minergy Corporation
PSI Technologies, A
Division of Physical
Sciences Inc.
Svedala Industries,
Inc.
Vortec Corp.
Harding ESE, a
MacTech Co.
Micro-Bac
International, Inc.
Concurrent
Technologies
Kaverner Energy &
Environment
Arctic Foundations,
Inc.
Technology
Coordinate, Chemical Bonding, and
Adsorption Treatment
PYRETRON® Thermal Destruction
Cyclone Furnace
Smelting Lead-Containing Wastes
Hybrid Fluidized Bed System
Reactor Filter System
Flame Reactor
Cement-Lock Technology
Fluidized- Bed/Cyc Ionic
Agglomerating Combustor
Glass Furnace Technology for
Dredged Sediments
Metals Immobilization and
Decontamination of Aggregate
Solids
Pyrokiln Thermal Encapsulation
Process
Vitrification Process
Two -Zone, Plume Interception. In
Situ Treatment Strategy
Microbial Degradation of PCBs
Organic Destruction & Metals
Stabilization
Chemical Treatment
Cryogenic Barrier
Volume
2
1
1/2
2
2
2
1
1
2
1
2
2
1
1/2
1
2
1
1
Page 434
-------
APPLICABILITY INDEX (CONTINUED)
Media
Soil (Cont)
Contaminants
Organic s (Cont)
PAHs
Treatment Type
Sensors
Solidification/
Stabilization
Thermal
Destruction
Thermal
Destruction (Cont)
Biological
Degradation
Chemical Thermal
Desorption
Cone
Penetrometers
Technology
Vendor
Current
Environmental
Solutions
Electro-Petroleum,
Inc.
IT Corporation
Pharmacia
Corporation
Geoprobe Systems
Gas Technology
Institute
RKK, Ltd.
Current
Environmental
Solutions
Gas Technology
Institute
Gruppo Italimpresse
Terra Therm, Inc.
X-19 Biological
Products
COGNIS, Inc.
Ecova Corp.
Environmental
BioTechnologies, Inc.
Gas Technology
Institute
Micro-Bac®
International, Inc.
Remediation
Technology, Inc.
Biotherm, L.C.C.
Space and Naval
Warfare Systems
Center
Technology
Six-Phase Heating of TCE
Electro-Kinetically Aided
Remediation
KMnO4 (Potassium Permanganate
Oxidation of TCE)
Lasagna™ In Situ Soil Remediation
Geoprobe Conductivity System
Cement-Lock Technology
CRYOCELL®
Six-Phase Heating of TCE
Cement-Lock Technology
Infrared Thermal Destruction
In Situ Thermal Destruction
Microbial Degradation of PCBs
Biological/Chemical Treatment
Bioslurry Reactor
Fungal Degradation Process
Fluid Extraction Biological
Degradation Process
Bioaugmentation Process
Liquid and Solids Biological
Treatment
Biotherm Process™
SCAPS Cone Penetrometer
Volume
l
l
l
l
3
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
2
1
2
2
1
1
1
3
Page 435
-------
APPLICABILITY INDEX (CONTINUED)
Media
Soil (Cont)
Contaminants
PAHs (Cont)
PCBs
Treatment Type
Contaminant
Survey
Contaminant
Survey Systems
Physical/Chemical
Thermal
Desorption
Physical/Chemical
Treatment
Physical/Chemical
Treatment (Cont)
Portable Gas
Chromatograph
Samplers
Sensors
Spectrometer
Biological
Degradation
Field Portable X-
Ray Fluorescence
Technology
Vendor
Fugro Geosciences,
Inc.
W.L. Gore and
Associates, Inc.
Geokinetics
International, Inc.
Maxymillian
Technologies, Inc.
Recycling Sciences
International, Inc.
Arctic Foundations,
Inc.
Bergmann. A
Division of Linatex,
Inc.
BioGenesis
Enterprises, Inc.
Bruker Analytical
Systems, Inc.
Clements, Inc.
Fugro Geosciences,
Inc.
SiteLAB Corporation
X-19 Biological
Products
Gas Technology
Institute
Gas Technology
Institute
Micro-Bac®
International, Inc.
Phytokinetics, Inc.
Phytokinetics, Inc.
Metorex, Inc.
Technology
Rapid Optical Screening Tools
GORE-SORB ER Screening Survey
Electroheat-Enhanced Nonaqueous
Phase Liquids Removal
Thermal Desorption System
Desorption and Vapor Extraction
System
Cryogenic Barrier
Soil and Sediment Washing
BioGenesis™ Soil & Sediment
Washing Process
Mobile Environmental Monitor
JMC Environmental Subsoil Probe
Rapid Optical Screening Tool
Ultraviolet Fluorescence
Spectroscopy
Microbial Degradation of PCBs
Chemical and Biological Treatment
Fluid Extraction - Biological
Degradation Process
Bioaugmentation Process
Phytoremediation of Contaminated
Soils
Phytoremediation Process
Fluid Portable X-Ray Fluorescence
Analysis
Volume
3
3
1
1
1
1
1
1
3
3
3
3
1
2
2
1
2
1
3
Page 436
-------
APPLICABILITY INDEX (CONTINUED)
Media
Soil (Cont)
Contaminants
PCBs (Cont)
Treatment Type
Materials Handling
Physical/Chemical
Thermal
Desorption
Physical/Chemical
Thermal
Desorption (Cont)
Physical/Chemical
Treatment
Technology
Vendor
U.S. EPA
Biotherm, LLC
ELI Eco Logic Inc.
ELI Eco Logic, Inc.
KAI Technologies,
Inc. /Brown and Root
Environmental
New Jersey Institute
of Technology
IT Corporation
Recycling Sciences
International, Inc.
SoilTech ATP
Systems, Inc.
Roy F. Weston, Inc.
Arctic Foundations,
Inc.
ART International,
Inc.
Bergmann, a Division
of Linatex, Inc.
BioGenesis
Enterprises, Inc.
Center for Hazardous
Materials Research
CF Systems Corp.
Commodore
Environmental
Services, Inc.
General Atomics
High Voltage
Environmental
Applications, Inc.
Technology
Excavation Techniques and Foam
Suppression Methods
Biotherm Process™
Gas-Phase Chemical Reduction
Process
Thermal Desorption Unit
Radio Frequency Heating
GHEA Associates Process
X*TAX™ Thermal Desorption
Desorption and Vapor Extraction
System
Anaerobic Thermal Processors
Low Temperature Thermal
Treatment (LT3™) System
Cryogenic Barrier
Low -Energy Extraction Process
(LEEP)
Soil and Sediment Washing
BioGenesisSM Soil & Sediment
Washing Process
Organics Destruction and Metals
Stabilization
Liquified Gas Solvent Extraction
(LG-SX) Technology
Solvated Electron Remediation
System
Circulating Bed Combustor
High-Energy Electron Irradiation
Volume
l
l
l
l
l
2
1
1
1
1
1
2
1
1
2
1
1
1
1
Page 437
-------
APPLICABILITY INDEX (CONTINUED)
Media
Soil (Cont)
Contaminants
PCBs (Cont)
Treatment Type
Physical/Chemical
Treatment (Cont)
Portable Gas
Chromatographs
Samplers
Solidification/
Stabilization
Technology
Vendor
Ionics RCC
IT Corp.
IT Corp.
Morrison Knudsen
Corp./Spetstamponazh
geologia
Enterprises/STG
Technologies
National Risk
Management Research
Laboratory
State U. of New York
at Oswego,
Environmental
Research Center
Terra-Kleen Response
Group, Inc.
Trinity Environmental
Technology, Inc.
Bruker Analytical
Systems, Inc.
HNU Systems, Inc.
SRI Instruments
U.S. EPA
Clements, Inc.
Geoprobe Systems
Chemfix
Technologies, Inc.
Funderburk &
Associates
Gas Technology
Institute
Geo-Con, Inc.
Geosafe Corp.
Technology
B.E.S.T. Solvent Extraction
Technology
Mixed Waste Treatment Process
Photolytic and Biological Soil
Detoxification
Clay-Base Grouting Technology
Base-Catalyzed Decomposition
Process
Electrochemical Peroxidation of
PCB -Contaminated Sediments and
Waters
Solvent Extraction Treatment
System
PCB- and Organochlorine-
Contaminated Soil Detoxification
Mobile Environmental Monitor
HNU GC 31 ID Portable Gas
Chromatograph
Compact Gas Chromatograph
Field Analytical Screening Program
- PCB Method
JMC Environmental Subsoil Probe
Large Bore Soil Sampler
Solidification and Stabilization
Dechlorination and Immobilization
Cement-Lock Technology
In Situ Solidification and
Stabilization Process
GeoMelt Vitrification
Volume
l
2
2
1
1
2
1
2
3
3
3
3
3
3
1
1
1
1
1
Page 438
-------
APPLICABILITY INDEX (CONTINUED)
Media
Soil (Cont)
Contaminants
PCBs (Cont)
PCP
Treatment Type
Test Kits
Test Kits (Cont)
Thermal
Destruction
Biological
Degradation
Physical/Chemical
Treatment
Portable Gas
Chromatographs
Physical/Chemical
Thermal
Desorption
Technology
Vendor
Minergy
Soliditech, Inc.
WASTECH, Inc.
Dexsil Corporation
Hanby Environmental
Laboratory Procedure,
Inc.
Millipore Corporation
Strategic Diagnostics,
Inc.
BWX Technologies,
Inc.
Energy and
Environmental
Research Corp.
Gas Technology
Institute
Gas Technology
Institute
Minergy Corp.
Terra Therm, Inc.
U. of Dayton
Research Institute
Vortec Corp.
X-19 Biological
Products
Remediation
Technology, Inc.
Arctic Foundations,
Inc.
U.S. EPA
Recycling Sciences
International, Inc.
Technology
Thermal Sediment Reuse
Technology
Solidification and Stabilization
Solidification and Stabilization
Environmental Test Kits
Test Kits for Organic Contaminants
in Soil and Water
EnviroGard™ PCP Immunoassay
Test Kit
EnviroGard™ PCB Immunoassay
Test Kit
Cyclone Furnace
Hybrid Fluidized Bed System
Cement-Lock Technology
Fluidized- Bed/Cyc Ionic
Agglomerating Combustor
Glass Furnace Technology for
Dredged Sediments
In-Situ Thermal Destruction
Photothermal Detoxification Unit
Vitrification Process
Microbial Degradation of PCBs
Liquid and Solids Biological
Treatment
Cryogenic Barrier
Field Analytical Screening Program
- PCP Method
Desorption and Vapor Extraction
System
Volume
l
l
l
3
3
3
3
1/2
2
1
2
1
1
2
1
1
1
1
3
1
Page 439
-------
APPLICABILITY INDEX (CONTINUED)
Media
Soil (Cont)
Contaminants
PCP (Cont)
Pesticides
Treatment Type
Physical/Chemical
Treatment
Physical/Chemical
Treatment (Cont)
Test Kits
Biological
Degradation
Contaminant
Survey Systems
Materials Handling
Physical/Chemical
Thermal
Desorption
Technology
Vendor
National Risk
Management Research
Laboratory
Trinity Environmental
Technologies, Inc.
Strategic Diagnostics,
Inc.
Strategic Diagnostics,
Inc.
Strategic Diagnostics,
Inc.
X-19 Biological
Products
Biotrol®
Electrokinetics, Inc.
Gas Technology
Institute
Gas Technology
Institute
Grace Bioremediation
Technologies
Phytokinetics, Inc.
Phytokinetics, Inc.
W.L. Gore and
Associates, Inc.
U.S. EPA
Biotherm, LLC
ELI Eco Logic Inc.
ELI Eco Logic, Inc.
KAI Technologies,
Inc. /Brown and Root
Environmental
OHM Remediation
Services, Corp.
Technology
Volume Reduction Unit
PCB- and Organochlorine-
Contaminated Soil Detoxification
Ensys Penta Test System
EnviroGard™ PCB Immunoassay
Test Kit
(RaPID Assay®)
Microbial Degradation of PCBs
Soil Washing System
In Situ Bioremediation by
Electrokinetic Injection
Chemical and Biological Treatment
Fluid Extraction - Biological
Degradation Process
DARAMEND™ Bioremediation
Technology
Phytoremediation of Contaminated
Soils
Phytoremediation Process
GORE-SORBER Screening Survey
Excavation Techniques and Foam
Suppression Methods
Biotherm Process™
Gas-Phase Chemical Reduction
Process
Thermal Desorption Unit
Radio Frequency Heating
X*TAX™ Thermal Desorption
Volume
l
2
3
3
3
1
1
2
2
2
1
2
1
3
1
1
1
1
1
1
Page 440
-------
APPLICABILITY INDEX (CONTINUED)
Media
Soil (Cont)
Soil (Cont)
Contaminants
Pesticides (Cont)
Pesticides (Cont)
Treatment Type
Physical/Chemical
Thermal
Desorption (Cont)
Physical/Chemical
Treatment
Physical/Chemical
Treatment (Cont)
Technology
Vendor
Recycling Sciences
International, Inc.
Smith Environmental
Technologies Corp.
SoilTech ATP
Systems, Inc.
Roy F. Weston, Inc.
Arctic Foundations,
Inc.
ART International,
Inc.
Bergmann, a Division
of Linatex, Inc.
Center for Hazardous
Materials Research
CF Systems Corp.
Commodore
Environmental
Services, Inc.
Electrokinetics, Inc.
General Atomics
High Voltage
Environmental
Applications, Inc.
Ionics RCC
IT Corp.
IT Corp.
Morrison Knudsen
Corp./Spetstamponazh
geologia
Enterprises/STG
Technologies
National Risk
Management Research
Laboratory
Technology
Desorption and Vapor Extraction
System
Low Temperature Thermal
Aeration (LTTA)
Anaerobic Thermal Processors
Low Temperature Thermal
Treatment (LT3™) System
Cryogenic Barrier
Low -Energy Extraction Process
(LEEP)
Soil and Sediment Washing
Organics Destruction and Metals
Stabilization
Liquified Gas Solvent Extraction
(LG-SX) Technology
Solvated Electron Remediation
System
Electrokinetic Soil Processing
Circulating Bed Combustor
High-Energy Electron Irradiation
B.E.S.T. Solvent Extraction
Technology
Mixed Waste Treatment Process
Photolytic and Biological Soil
Detoxification
Clay-Base Grouting Technology
Base-Catalyzed Decomposition
Process
Volume
l
l
l
l
l
2
1
2
1
1
1
1
1
1
2
2
1
1
Page 441
-------
APPLICABILITY INDEX (CONTINUED)
Media
Soil (Cont)
Contaminants
Pesticides (Cont)
Treatment Type
Portable Gas
Chromatographs
Samp lers
Solidification/
Stabilization
Spectrometers
Test Kits
Test Kits (Cont)
Technology
Vendor
State U. of New York
at Oswego,
Environmental
Research Center
Terra-Kleen Response
Group, Inc.
Trinity Environmental
Technologies, Inc.
Bruker Analytical
Systems, Inc.
SRI Instruments
U.S. EPA
Art's Manufacturing
and Supply
Clements, Inc.
Geoprobe Systems
Simulprobe
Technologies, Inc.
Chemfix
Technologies, Inc.
Funderburk &
Associates
Geo-Con, Inc.
Soliditech, Inc.
WASTECH, Inc
Graseby Ionics, Ltd.,
and PCP, Inc.
Dexsil Corporation
Strategic Diagnostics,
Inc.
Hanby Environmental
Laboratory Procedure,
Inc.
Strategic Diagnostics,
Inc.
Technology
Electrochemical Peroxidation of
PCB-Contaminated Sediments and
Waters
Solvent Extraction Treatment
System
PCB- and Organochlorine-
contaminated Soil Detoxification
Mobile Environmental Monitor
Compact Gas Chromatograph
Field Analytical Screening Program
- PCB Method
AMS™ Dual-Tube Liner Soil
Sampler
JMC Environmental Subsoil Probe
Large Bore Soil Sampler
Core Barrel Soil Sampler
Solidification and Stabilization
Dechlorination and Immobilization
In Situ Solidification and
Stabilization Process
Solidification and Stabilization
Solidification and Stabilization
Ion Mobility Spectrometry
Environmental Test Kits
Ensys Penta Test System
Test Kits for Organic Contaminants
in Soil and Water
RaPID Assay®
Volume
2
1
2
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
1
1
1
1
1
3
3
3
3
3
Page 442
-------
APPLICABILITY INDEX (CONTINUED)
Media
Soil (Cont)
Contaminants
Petroleum
Hydrocarbons
Petroleum
Hydrocarbons
(Cont)
Treatment Type
Thermal
Destruction
Biological
Degradation
Cone
Penetrometers
Contaminant
Survey Systems
Materials Handling
Physical/Chemical
Thermal
Technology
Vendor
BWX Technologies,
Inc.
Energy and
Environmental
Research Corp.
Gas Technology
Institute
Terra Therm, Inc.
U. of Dayton
Research Institute
VORTEC Corp.
X-19 Biological
Product
COGNIS, Inc.
Ecova Corp.
Hazardous Substance
Management Research
Center at New Jersey
Institute of
Technology, and
Rutgers, the State U.
of New Jersey
Micro-Bac®
International, Inc.
Remediation
Technologies, Inc.
Space and Naval
Warfare Systems
Center
Tri-Services
W.L. Gore and
Associates, Inc.
National Risk
Management Research
Laboratory. U. of
Cincinnati and FRX,
Inc.
New Jersey Institute
of Technology
Technology
Cyclone Furnace
Hybrid Fluidized Bed System
Fluidized- Bed/Cyclonic
Agglomerating Combustor
In-Situ Thermal Destruction
Photothermal Detoxification Unit
Vitrification Process
Microbial Degradation of PCBs
Biological/Chemical Treatment
Bioslurry Reactor
Pneumatic Fracturing and
Bioremediation Process
Bioaugmentation Process
Liquid and Solids Biological
Treatment
SCAPS Cone Penetrometer
Site Characterization Analysis
Penetrometer System (SCAPS)
GORE-SORBER Screening Survey
Hydraulic Fracturing
GHEA Associates Process
Volume
1/2
2
2
1
2
1
1
2
1
2
1
1
3
3
3
1
2
Page 443
-------
APPLICABILITY INDEX (CONTINUED)
Media
Soil (Cont)
Contaminants
Radionuclides
Radionuclides
(Cont)
SVOCs
Treatment Type
Physical/Chemical
Treatment
Portable Gas
Chromatographs
Spectrometer
Solidification/
Stabilization
Test Kits
Materials Handling
Physical/Chemical
Treatment
Physical/Chemical
Treatment (Cont)
Solidification/
Stabilization
Thermal
Destruction
Biological
Degradation
Technology
Vendor
SIVE Services
Smith Environmental
Technologies, Corp.
Arctic Foundations,
Inc.
SRI Instruments
Environmental
Systems Corporation
SiteLAB Corporation
Strategic Diagnostics,
Inc.
Wilks Enterprise, Inc.
Soliditech, Inc.
CHEMetrics Inc. and
AZUR Environmental
Ltd.
Thermo Nutech, Inc.
Arctic Foundations,
Inc.
Bergmann, a Division
of Linatex, Inc.
Electrokinetics, Inc.
IT Corp.
Sevenson
Environmental
Services, Inc.
WASTECH, Inc.
BWX Technologies,
Inc.
Terra Therm, Inc.
Harding Lawson
Associates
Technology
Steam Injection and Vacuum
Extraction
Low, Temperature Thermal
Aeration (LTTA®)
Cryogenic Barrier
Compact Gas Chromatograph
Ultraviolet Fluorescence
Spectroscopy
Ultraviolet Fluorescence
Spectroscopy
Immunoassay and Colorrimetry
Infrared Analysis
Solidification and Stabilization
Friedel-Crafts Alkylation Reaction
& Colorimetry
Segmented Gate System
Cryogenic Barrier
Soil and Sediment Washing
Electrokinetic Extraction
Mixed Waste Treatment Process
MAECTITE® Chemical Treatment
Process
Solidification and Stabilization
Cyclone Furnace
In-Situ Thermal Destruction
Two Zone, Plume Interception, In
Situ Treatment Technology
Volume
l
l
l
3
3
3
2
3
1
3
2
1
1
1
2
1
1
1/2
1
2
Page 444
-------
APPLICABILITY INDEX (CONTINUED)
Media
Soil (Cont)
Contaminants
SVOCs (Cont)
Treatment Type
Biological
Degradation
(Cont)
Contaminant
Survey Systems
Materials Handling
Physical/Chemical
Thermal
Desorption
Technology
Vendor
Biotrol®
Ecova Corp.
Gas Technology
Institute
Gas Technology
Institute
Grace Bioremediation
Technologies
National Risk
Management Research
Laboratory
National Risk
Management Research
Laboratory and
INTECH 180 Corp.
New York State Dept.
of Environment
Conservation/ENSR
Consulting and Larson
Engineers
New Yew State Dept.
of Environmental
Conservation/R.E.
Wright
Environmental, Inc.
IT Corp.
Remediation
Technologies, Inc.
Quadrel Services, Inc.
W.L. Gore and
Associates, Inc.
U.S. EPA
Biotherm, LLC
ELI Eco Logic, Inc.
ELI Eco Logic, Inc.
Technology
Soil Washing System
Bioslurry Reactor
Chemical and Biological Treatment
Fluid Extraction - Biological
Degradation Process
DARAMEND™ Bioremediation
Technology
Bio venting
Fungal Treatment Technology
Ex Situ Biovault
In Situ Bioventing Treatment
System
Oxygen Microbubble In Situ
Bioremediation
Liquid and Solids Biological
Treatment
Emflux Soil-Gs Survey System
GORE-SORB ER Screening Survey
Excavation Techniques and Foam
Suppression Methods
Biotherm Process™
Gas-Phase Chemical Reduction
Process
Thermal Desorption Unit
Volume
l
l
2
2
1
1
1
1
1
2
1
3
3
1
1
1
1
Page 445
-------
APPLICABILITY INDEX (CONTINUED)
Media
Soil (Cont)
Contaminants
SVOCs (Cont)
Treatment Type
Physical/Chemical
Thermal
Desorption (Cont)
Physical/Chemical
Treatment
Technology
Vendor
IIT Research
Institute/Brown and
Root Environmental
KAI Technologies,
Inc. /Brown and Root
Environmental
Maxymillian
Technologies, Inc.
New Jersey Institute
of Technology
NOVATERRA
Associates
IT Corporation
Recycling Sciences
International, Inc.
SIVE Services
Smith Environmental
Technologies Corp.
SoilTech ATP
Systems, Inc.
Roy F. Weston, Inc.
Arctic Foundations,
Inc.
ARS Technologies,
Inc.
Bergmann, a Division
of Linatex, Inc.
Center for Hazardous
Materials Research
CF Systems Corp.
Electrokinetics, Inc.
Energia, Inc.
Technology
Radio Frequency Heating
Radio Frequency Heating
Thermal Desorption System
GHEA Associates Process
In-Situ Soil Treatments, (Steam/Air
Stripping)
X*TAX™ Thermal Desorption
Desorption and Vapor Extraction
System
Steam Injection and Vacuum
Extraction
Low Temperature Thermal
Aeration(LTTA®)
Anaerobic Thermal Processors
Low Temperature Thermal
Treatment (LT3™) System
Cryogenic Barrier
Pneumatic Fracturing Extraction™
and Catalytic Oxidation
Soil and Sediment Washing
Organics Destruction and Metals
Stabilization
Liquified Gas Solvent Extraction
(LG-SX) Technology
Electrokinetic Soil Processing
Reductive Thermal and Photo -
Thermal Oxidation Processes for
Enhanced Conversation of
Chlorocarbons
Volume
l
l
l
2
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
2
1
1
2
Page 446
-------
APPLICABILITY INDEX (CONTINUED)
Media
Soil (Cont)
Contaminants
SVOCs (Cont)
Treatment Type
Physical/Chemical
Treatment (Cont)
Portable Gas
Chromatographs
Samplers
Solidification/
Stabilization
Technology
Vendor
High Voltage
Environmental
Applications, Inc.
Hrubetz
Environmental
Services, Inc.
Ionics RCC
IT Corp.
National Risk
Management Research
Laboratory
National Risk
Management Research
Laboratory
Terra-Kleen Response
Group, Inc.
Terra Vac, Inc.
Toronto Harbor
Commission
Roy F. Weston,
Inc./IEG Technologies
Xerox Corp.
Bruker Analytical
Systems, Inc.
U.S. EPA
Art's Manufacturing
and Supply
Geo probe Systems
Simulprobe
Technologies, Inc.
Chemfix
Technologies, Inc.
Geo-Con, Inc.
Technology
High-Energy Electron Irradiation
HRUBOUT® Process
B.E.S.T. Solvent Extraction
Technology
Mixed Waste Treatment Process
Base-Catalyzed Decomposition
Process
Volume Reduction Unit
Solvent Extraction Treatment
System
In Situ and Ex Situ Vacuum
Extraction
Soil Recycling
UVB - Vacuum Vaporizing Well
2-PHASE™ Extraction Process
Mobile Environmental Monitor
Field Analytical Screening Program
- PCB Method
AMS™ Dual-Tube Liner Soil
Sampler
Large Bore Soil Sampler
Core Barrel Soil Sampler
Solidification and Stabilization
In Situ Solidification and
Stabilization Process
Volume
l
l
l
2
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
3
3
3
3
3
1
1
Page 447
-------
APPLICABILITY INDEX (CONTINUED)
Media
Soil (Cont)
Contaminants
SVOCs (Cont)
VOCs
Treatment Type
Spectrometers
Test Kits
Thermal
Destruction
Thermal
Destruction (Cont)
Other
Biological
Degradation
Technology
Vendor
STC Remediation. A
Division of Omega
Environmental, Inc.
WASTECH, Inc.
Western Product
Recovery Group, Inc.
Graseby Ionics, Ltd.,
and PCP, Inc.
Strategic Diagnostics,
Inc. Corp.
BWX Technologies,
Inc.
Gas Technology
Institute
Sonotech, Inc.
Svedala Industries,
Inc.
Terra Therm, Inc.
Texaco, Inc.
U. of Dayton
Research Institute
Vortec Corp.
Berkeley
Environmental
Restoration Center
X-19 Biological
Products
Billings and
Associates, Inc.
Bio-Rem, Inc.
Ecova Corp.
Electrokinetics, Inc.
IT Corp.
Technology
Organic Stabilization and Chemical
Fixation/ Solidification
Solidification and Stabilization
Coordinate, Chemical Bonding, and
Adsorption Treatment
Ion Mobility Spectrometry
RaPID Assay®
Cyclone Furnace
Fluidized- Bed/Cyclonic
Agglomerating Combustor
Frequency-Tunable Pulse
Combustion System
Pyrokiln Thermal Encapsulation
Process
In-Situ Thermal Destruction
Texaco Gasification Process
Photothermal Detoxification Unit
Vitrification Process
In Situ Stream Enhanced Extraction
Process
Microbial Degradation of PCBs
Subsurface Volatilization and
Ventilation System (SVVS®)
Augmented In Situ Subsurface
Bioremediation Process
Bioslurry Reactor
In situ Bioremediation by
Electrokinetic Injection
Oxygen Microbubble in Situ
Bioremediation
Volume
l
l
2
3
3
1/2
2
1
2
1
2
1
1
1
1
1
1
2
2
Page 448
-------
APPLICABILITY INDEX (CONTINUED)
Media
Soil (Cont)
Contaminants
VOCs (Cont)
Treatment Type
Biological
Degradation
(Cont)
Contaminant
Survey Systems
Materials Handling
Physical/Chemical
Thermal
Desorption
Technology
Vendor
National Risk
Management Research
Laboratory
New York State Dept.
of Environment
Conservation/ENSR
Consulting and Larson
Engineers
New York State Dept.
of Environmental
Conservation/R.E.
Wright
Environmental, Inc.
New York State Dept.
of Environmental
Conservation/SBP
Technologies, Inc.
New York State Dept.
of Environmental
Conservation/SBP
Technologies, Inc.
Phytokinetics, Inc.
Phytokinetics, Inc.
Quadrel Services, Inc.
W.L. Gore and
Associates, Inc.
AEA Technology
Environment
National Risk
Management Research
Laboratory. U. of
Cincinnati and FREX,
Inc.
U.S. EPA
Biotherm, LLC
Current
Environmental
Solutions
Geokinetics
International, Inc.
Technology
Bioventing
Ex Situ Biovault
In Situ Bioventing Treatment
System
Groundwater Circulation Biological
Treatment Process
Vacuum -Vaporized Well System
Phytoremediation of Contaminated
Soils
Phytoremediation Process
Emflux Soil-Gas Survey System
GORE-SORB ER Screening Survey
Soil Separation and Washing
Process
Hydraulic Fracturing
Excavation Techniques and Foam
Suppression Methods
Biotherm Process™
Six Phase Heating at TCE
Electroheat-Enhanced Nonaqueous
Phase Liquids Removal
Volume
l
l
l
l
l
2
1
3
3
2
1
1
1
1
1
Page 449
-------
APPLICABILITY INDEX (CONTINUED)
Media
Soil (Cont)
Contaminants
VOCs (Cont)
Treatment Type
Physical/Chemical
Thermal
Desorption (Cont)
Physical/Chemical
Treatment
Technology
Vendor
Hughes
Environmental
Systems, Inc.
IIT Research
Institute/Brown and
Root Environmental
Kai Technologies,
Inc. /Brown and Root
Environmental
Maxym illian
Technologies, Inc.
New Jersey Institute
of Technology
NOVATERRA
Associates
Praxis Environmental
Technologies, Inc.
Recycling Sciences
International, Inc.
SIVE Services
Smith Environmental
Technologies Corp.
SoilTech ATP
Systems, Inc.
Roy F. Weston, Inc.
Arctic Foundations,
Inc.
ARS Technologies,
Inc.
Arizona State U./
Zentox Corp.
AWD Technologies,
Inc.
Berkeley
Environmental
Restoration Center
CF Systems Corp.
Technology
Steam Enhanced Recovery Process
Radio Frequency Heating
Radio Frequency Heating
Thermal Desorption System
GHEA Associates Process
In-Situ Soil Treatments, (Steam/Air
Stripping)
In Situ Thermally Enhanced
Extraction (TEE) Process
Desorption and Vapor Extraction
System
Steam Injection and Vacuum
Extraction
Low Temperature Thermal
Aeration (LTTA®)
Anaerobic Thermal Processor
Low Temperature Thermal
Treatment (LT3®) System
Cryogenic Barrier
Pneumatic Fracturing Extraction™
and Catalytic Oxidation
Photocatalytic Oxidation with Air
Stripping
Aqua Detox®/SVE System
In Situ Stream Enhanced Extraction
Process
Liquified Gas Solvent Extraction
(LG-SX) Technology
Volume
l
l
l
l
2
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
2
1
1
1
Page 450
-------
APPLICABILITY INDEX (CONTINUED)
Media
Soil (Cont)
Contaminants
VOCs (Cont)
Treatment Type
Physical/Chemical
Treatment (Cont)
Technology
Vendor
Energia, Inc.
Energia, Inc.
Gas Technology
Institute
High Voltage
Environmental
Applications, Inc.
Hrubetz
Environmental
Services, Inc.
Ionics RCC
IT Corp.
IT Corp.
IT Corp.
KSE, Inc.
Morrison Knudsen
Corp ./Sptstamponazh
geologia
Enterprises/STG
Technologies
National Risk
Management Research
Laboratory
Pulse Sciences, Inc.
Radian International
LLC
Terra-Kleen Response
Group, Inc.
Terra Vac, Inc.
Technology
Reductive Photo-Dechlorination
Treatment
Reductive Thermal and Photo -
Thermal Oxidation Processes for
Enhanced Conversion of
Chlorocarbons
Supercritical Extraction/Liquid
Phase Oxidation
High-Energy Electron Irradiation
HRUBOUT® Process
B.E.S.T. Solvent Extraction
Technology
Batch Steam Distillation and Metals
Extraction
(KMnO4 (Potassium Permanganate)
Oxidation of TCE)
Mixed Waste Treatment Process
Adsorption-Integrated-Reaction
Process
Clay-Base Grouting Technology
Volume Reduction Unit
X-Ray Treatment of Organically
Contaminated Soils
Integrated Vapor Extraction and
Steam Vacuum Stripping and Soil
Vapor Extraction/ Reinjection
Solvent Extraction Treatment
System
In Situ and Ex Situ Vacuum
Extraction
Volume
2
2
2
1
1
1
2
1
2
1/2
1
1
2
1
1
1
Page 451
-------
APPLICABILITY INDEX (CONTINUED)
Media
Soil (Cont)
Soil (Cont)
Contaminants
VOCs (Cont)
VOCs (Cont)
Treatment Type
Physical/Chemical
Treatment (Cont)
Portable Gas
Chromatographs
Samplers
Sensors
Solidification/
Stabilization
Spectrometers
Test Kits
Thermal
Destruction
Thermal
Destruction (Cont)
Technology
Vendor
Roy F. Weston,
Inc./IEG Technologies
Xerox Corp.
Bruker Analytical
Systems, Inc.
HNU Systems, Inc.
Photovac Monitoring
Instruments
SRI Instruments
U.S. EPA
Clements, Inc.
Simulprobe
Technologies, Inc.
Dexsil Corporation
Fugro Geosciences,
Inc.
Geoprobe Systems
Geo-Con, Inc.
WASTECH, Inc.
Western Product
Recovery Group, Inc.
Graseby Ionics, Ltd.,
and PCP, Inc.
Hanby Environmental
Laboratory Procedure,
Inc.
Energy and
Environmental
Research Corp.
Gas Technology
Institute
Sonotech, Inc.
Technology
UVB - Vacuum Vaporizing Well
2-PHASE™ EXTRACTION Process
Mobile Environmental Monitor
HNU GC 31 ID Portable Gas
Chromatograph
PE Photovac Voyager Portable Gas
Chromatograph
Compact Gas Chromatograph
Field Analytical Screening Program
- PCB Method
JMC Environmentalist's Subsoil
Probe
Core Barrel Soil Sampler
Emulsion Turbidimetry
Rapid Optical Screening Tool
Geoprobe Conductivity System
In Situ Solidification and
Stabilization Process
Solidification and Stabilization
Coordinate, Chemical Bonding, and
Absorption Treatment
Ion Mobility Spectrometry
Test Kits for Organic Contaminants
in Soil and Water
Hybrid Fluidized Bed System
Fluidized- Bed/Cyclonic
Agglomerating Combustor
Frequency-Tunable Pulse
Combustion System
Volume
l
l
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
1
1
2
3
3
2
2
1
Page 452
-------
APPLICABILITY INDEX (CONTINUED)
Media
Solids
Solids
(Cont)
Contaminants
Other
Dioxins
Furans
Heavy Metals
Inorganics
Metals
Mercury
Organics
Treatment Type
Cone
Penetrometers
Samplers
Solidification/
Stabilization
Physical/Chemical
Treatment
Physical/Chemical
s Treatment
Physical/Chemical
Treatment
Solidification/
Stabilization
Thermal
Destruction
Solidification/
Stabilization
Thermal
Destruction
Physical/Chemical
Treatment
Solidification/
Stabilization
Thermal
Destruction
Physical/Chemical
Treatment
Solidification/
Stabilization
Thermal
Destruction
Technology
Vendor
Svedala Industries,
Inc.
Texaco, Inc.
Vortec Corp.
Tri-Services
ART's Manufacturing
and Supply
STC Remediation, a
Division of Omega
Environmental, Inc.
Active Environmental
Technologies, Inc.
Active Environmental
Technologies, hie.
Active Environmental
Technologies, Inc.
Gas Technology
Institute
Gas Technology
Institute
Gas Technology
Institute
Gas Technology
Institute
Active Environmental
Technologies, hie.
Gas Technology
Institute
Gas Technology
Institute
Bionebraska, Inc.
Gas Technology
Institute
Gas Technology
Institute
Technology
Pyrokiln Thermal Encapsulation
Process
Texaco Gasification Process
Vitrification Process
Site Characterization Analysis
Penetrometer System (SCAPS)
Sediment Core Sampler
Organic Stabilization and Chemical
Fixation/ Solidification
TechXtract™ Process
TechXtract™ Process
TechXtract™ Process
Cement-Lock Technology
Cement-Lock Technology
Cement-Lock Technology
Cement-Lock Technology
TechXtract™ Process
Cement-Lock Technology
Cement-Lock Technology
BiMelyze® Mercury Immunoassay
Cement-Lock Technology
Cement-Lock Technology
Volume
2
1
1
3
3
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
3
1
1
Page 453
-------
APPLICABILITY INDEX (CONTINUED)
Media
Waste
Water
Waste
water
(Cont)
Contaminants
PCBs
Pesticides
Radionuclides
Other
Aromatic VOCs
Aromatic VOCs
(Cont)
Treatment Type
Physical/Chemical
Treatment
Solidification/
Stabilization
Thermal
Destruction
Physical/Chemical
Treatment
Physical/Chemical
Treatment
Solidification/
Stabilization
Biological
Degradation
Physical/Chemical
Thermal
Desorption
Physical/Chemical
Treatment
Physical/Chemical
Treatment (Cont)
Technology
Vendor
Active Environmental
Technologies, Inc.
Active Environmental
Technologies, Inc.
Gas Technology
Institute
Gas Technology
Institute
Active Environmental,
Inc.
Active Environmental
Technologies, Inc.
U.S.EPANRMRL
Biotrol®
Electrokinetics, Inc.
ZENON
Environmental, Inc.
Rochem Separation
Systems, Inc.
CF Systems Corp.
High Voltage
Environmental
Applications, Inc.
High Voltage
Environmental
Applications, Inc.
Magnum Water
Technology
Matrix Photo catalytic
Inc.
Pulse Sciences, Inc.
SBP Technologies,
Inc.
Technology
TechXtract™ Process
TechXtract™ Process
Cement-Lock Technology
Cement-Lock Technology
TechXtract™ Process
Tech Xtract Decontamination
Process
Alternative Cover Assessment
Program
Biological Aqueous Treatment
System
In Situ Bioremediarion by
Electrokinetic Injection
ZenoGem™ Process
Rochem Disc Tube™ Module
System
Liquified Gas Solvent Extraction
(LG-SX) Technology
High Energy Electron Beam
Irradiation
High Energy Electron Irradiation
CAV-OX® Process
Photocatalytic Water Treatment
X-Ray Treatment of Aqueous
Solutions
Membrane Filtration and
Bioremediation
Volume
l
l
l
l
l
l
l
l
2
1
1
1
2
1
1
1/2
2
1
Page 454
-------
APPLICABILITY INDEX (CONTINUED)
Media
Waste
water
(Cont)
Contaminants
Cyanide
Diesel
Dioxins
Dioxins (Cont)
Treatment Type
Portable Gas
Chromatographs
Solidification/
Stabilization
Spectrometers
Test Kits
Biological
Degradation
Spectrometer
Physical/Chemical
Thermal
Desorption
Physical/Chemical
Treatment
Portable Gas
Chromatographs
Technology
Vendor
ZENON
Environmental Inc.
Analytical and
Remedial Technology,
Inc.
Bruker Analytical
Systems, Inc.
HNU Systems, Inc.
Sentex Sensing
Technology, Inc.
SRI Instruments
U.S. EPA
Wheelabrator Clean
Air Systems, Inc.
Graseby Ionics, Ltd.,
andPCP, Inc.
Hanby Environmental
Laboratory Procedure,
Inc.
Pintail Systems, Inc.
SiteLAB Corporation
ELI Eco Logic Inc.
CF Systems Corp.
High Voltage
Environmental
Applications, Inc.
Matrix Photo catalytic
Inc.
SBP Technologies,
Inc.
Bruker Analytical
Systems, Inc.
Technology
Cross Flow Pervaporation System
Automated Sampling and
Analytical Platform
Mobile Environmental Monitor
HNU GC 31 ID Portable Gas
Chromatograph
Scentograph Plus II Portable Gas
Chromatograph
Compact Gas Chromatograph
Field Analytical Screening Program
- PCB Method
PO*WW*ER™ Technology
Ion Mobility Spectrometry
Test Kits for Organic Contaminants
in Soil and Water
Spent Ore Bioremediation Process
Ultraviolet Fluorescence
Spectroscopy
Gas-Phase Chemical Reduction
Process
Liquified Gas Solvent Extraction
(LG-SX) Technology
High Energy Electron Irradiation
Photocatalytic Water Treatment
Membrane Filtration and
Bioremediation
Mobile Environmental Monitor
Volume
l
3
3
3
3
3
3
1
3
3
1
3
1
1
1
1/2
1
3
Page 455
-------
APPLICABILITY INDEX (CONTINUED)
Media
Waste
water
(Cont)
Contaminants
Explosives
Furans
Furans (Cont)
Gasoline
Halogenated
VOCs
Treatment Type
Solidification/
Stabilization
Spectrometers
Thermal
Destruction
Physical/Chemical
Thermal
Desorption
Physical/Chemical
Treatment
Solidification/
Stabilization
Physical/Chemical
Thermal
Desorption
Physical/Chemical
Treatment
Portable Gas
Chromatographs
Solidification/
Stabilization
Spectrometers
Thermal
Destruction
Spectrometer
Biological
Degradation
Technology
Vendor
Wheelabrator Clean
Air Systems, Inc.
Graseby Ionics, Ltd.,
and PCP, Inc.
BWX Technologies,
Inc.
New Jersey Institute
of Technology
U.S.Filter/WTS
ULtrox
Retech, Inc.
ELI Eco Logic Inc.
CF Systems Corp.
High Voltage
Environmental
Applications, Inc.
Matrix Photo catalytic
SBP Technologies,
Inc.
Bruker Analytical
Systems, Inc.
Wheelabrator Clean
Air Systems, Inc.
Graseby Ionics, Ltd.,
and PCP, Inc.
BWX Technologies,
Inc.
SiteLAB Corporation
Biotrol®
ZENON
Environmental, Inc.
Technology
PO*WW*ER™ Technology
Ion Mobility Spectrometry
Cyclone Furnace
GHEA Associates Process
Ultraviolet Radiation and Oxidation
Plasma Heat
Gas-Phase Chemical Reduction
Process
Liquified Gas Solvent Extraction
(LG-SX) Technology
High Energy Electron Irradiation
Photocatalytic Water Treatment
Membrane Filtration and
Bioremediation
Mobile Environmental Monitor
PO*WW*ER™ Technology
Ion Mobility Spectrometry
Cyclone Furnace
Ultraviolet Fluorescence
Spectroscopy
Biological Aqueous Treatment
System
ZenoGem™ Process
Volume
l
3
1/2
2
1
1
1
1
1
1/2
1
3
1
3
1/2
3
1
1
Page 456
-------
APPLICABILITY INDEX (CONTINUED)
Media
Waste
water
(Cont)
Contaminants
Halogenated
VOCs (Cont)
Treatment Type
Physical/Chemical
Thermal
Desorption
Physical/Chemical
Treatment
Physical/Chemical
Treatment (Cont)
Portable Gas
Chromatographs
Technology
Vendor
New Jersey Institute
of Technology
CF Systems Corp.
EnviroMetal
Technologies, Inc.
High Voltage
Environmental
Applications, Inc.
High Voltage
Environmental
Applications, Inc.
Magnum Water
Technology
Matrix Photo catalytic
Inc.
Pulse Sciences, Inc.
SBP Technologies,
Inc.
U.S.Filter/WTS
Ultrox
UV Technologies, Inc.
Roy F. Weston, Inc.
ZENON
Environmental Inc.
Analytical and
Remedial Technology,
Inc.
Bruker Analytical
Systems, Inc.
Sentex Sensing
Technology, Inc.
SRI Instruments
U.S. EPA
Technology
GHEA Associates Process
Liquified Gas Solvent Extraction
(LG-SX) Technology
In Situ and Ex Situ Metal Enhanced
Abiotic Degradation of Dissolved
Halogenated Organic Compounds
in Groundwater
High Energy Electron Beam
Irradiation
High Energy Electron Irradiation
CAV-OX® Process
Photocatalytic Water Treatment
X-Ray Treatment of Aqueous
Solutions
Membrane Filtration and
Bioremediation
Ultraviolet Radiation and Oxidation
PhotoCAT™ Process
Ambersorb™ 563 Absorbent
Cross Flow Pervaporation System
Automated Sampling and
Analytical Platform
Mobile Environmental Monitor
Scentograph Plus II Portable Gas
Chromatograph
Compact Gas Chromatograph
Field Analytical Screening Program
- PCB Method
Volume
2
1
1
2
1
1
1/2
2
1
1
2
2
1
3
3
3
3
3
Page 457
-------
APPLICABILITY INDEX (CONTINUED)
Media
Waste
water
(Cont)
Contaminants
Heavy Metals
Heavy Minerals
Herbicides
Herbicides
(Cont)
Treatment Type
Solidification/
Stabilization
Spectrometers
Thermal
Destruction
Field Portable X-
Ray Fluorescence
Portable Gas
Chromatograph
Solidification/
Stabilization
Biological
Degradation
Biological
Degradation
(Cont)
Physical/Chemical
Thermal
Desorption
Physical/Chemical
Treatment
Portable Gas
Chromatographs
Technology
Vendor
Wheelabrator Clean
Air Systems, Inc.
Graseby Ionics, Ltd.,
and PCP, Inc.
Energy and
Environmental
Research Corp.
HNU Systems, Inc.
Bruker Analytical
Systems, Inc.
Retech, hie.
Biotrol®
Electrokinetics, Inc.
ZENON
Environmental, Inc.
ELI ECO Logic Inc.
CF Systems Corp.
Geokinetics
International, Inc.
High Voltage
Environmental
Applications, Inc.
Magnum Water
Technology
Matrix Photo catalytic
Inc.
SBP Technologies,
Inc.
Bruker Analytical
Systems, Inc.
Technology
PO*WW*ER™ Technology
Ion Mobility Spectrometry
Hybrid Fluidized Bed System
HNU Source Excited Fluorescence
analyzer-Portable (SEFA-P) X-Ray
Fluorescence Analyzer
Mobile Environmental Monitor
Plasma Heat
Biological Aqueous Treatment
System
In Situ Bioremediation by
Electrokinetic Injection
ZenoGem™ Process
Gas-Phase Chemical Reduction
Process
Liquified Gas Solvent Extraction
(LG-SX) Technology
Electrokinetics for NSFO
Mobilization
High Energy Electron Irradiation
CAV-OX® Process
Photocatalytic Water Treatment
Membrane Filtration and
Bioremediation
Mobile Environmental Monitor
Volume
l
3
2
3
3
1
1
2
1
1
1
1
1
1
1/2
1
3
Page 458
-------
APPLICABILITY INDEX (CONTINUED)
Media
Waste
water
(Cont)
Contaminants
Inorganics
Mercury
Metals
Treatment Type
Solidification/
Stabilization
Spectrometers
Test Kits
Thermal
Destruction
Field Portable X-
Ray Fluorescence
Solidification/
Stabilization
Solidification/
Stabilization
Biological
Degradation
Field Portable X-
Ray Fluorescence
Physical/Chemical
Radioactive Waste
Treatment
Physical/Chemical
Thermal
Desorption
Physical/Chemical
Treatment
Technology
Vendor
Wheelabrator Clean
Air Systems, Inc.
Graseby Ionics, Ltd.,
and PCP, Inc.
Strategic Diagnostics,
Inc.
BWX Technologies,
Inc.
HNU Systems, Inc.
Retech, Inc.
Retech, Inc.
Colorado Dept. of
Public Health and
Environmental
Pintail Systems, Inc.
Pintail Systems, Inc.
HNU Systems, Inc.
Metorex, Inc.
Filter Flow
Technology, Inc.
New Jersey Institute
of Technology
Rochem Separation
Systems, Inc.
Atomic Energy of
Canada, Limited
Atomic Energy of
Canada, Limited
E.I. DuPont De
Nemours and
Company, and
Oberlin Filter Co.
Technology
PO*WW*ER™ Technology
Ion Mobility Spectrometry
RaPID Assay®
Cyclone Furnace
HNU Source Excited Fluorescence
Analyzer-Portable (SEFA-P) X-Ray
Fluorescence Analyzer
Plasma Heat
Plasma Heat
Constructed Wetlands-Based
Treatment
Biomineralization of Metals
Spent Ore Bioremediation Process
HNU Source Excited Fluorescence
Analyzer-Portable (SEFA-P) X-Ray
Fluorescence Analyzer
Field Portable X-Ray Fluorescence
Analysis
Colloid Polishing Filter Method
GHEA Associates Process
Rochem Disc Tube™ Module
System
Chemical Treatment and
Ultrafiltration
Ultrasonic-Aided Leachate
Treatment
Membrane Microfiltration
Volume
l
3
3
1/2
3
1
1
1
2
1
3
3
1
2
1
2
2
1
Page 459
-------
APPLICABILITY INDEX (CONTINUED)
Media
Waste
water
(Cont)
Contaminants
Metals (Cont)
Organic
PAHs
Treatment Type
Physical/Chemical
Treatment (Cont)
Portable Gas
Chromatographs
Solidification/
Stabilization
Thermal
Destruction
Physical/Chemical
Treatment
Solidification/
Stabilization
Physical/Chemical
Treatment
Technology
Vendor
Dynaphore, Inc.
Enviro Metal
Technologies, Inc.
EPOC Water, Inc.
General
Environmental
Corporation
Lewis Environmental
Services, Inc./
Hickson Corp.
Matrix Photo catalytic
Inc.
Morrison Knudsen
Corporation/Spetstam
ponazhgeologia
Enterprises/STG
Technologies
RECRA
Environmental, Inc.
Region 8 and State of
Colorado
Selentec
Environmental, Inc.
U. of Washington
HNU Systems, Inc.
Wheelabrator Clean
Air Systems, Inc.
BWX Technologies,
Inc.
Energy and
Environmental
Research Corp.
Geokinetics
International, Inc.
Retech, Inc.
SBP Technologies,
Inc.
Technology
FORAGER® Sponge
Reactive Barrier
Precipitation Microfiltration, and
Sludge Dewatering
CURE® Electrocoagulation
Wastewater Treatment System
Chromated Copper Arsenic Soil
Leaching Process
Photocatalytic Water Treatment
Clay-Base Grouting Technology
Alternating Current
Electrocoagulation Technology
Multiple Innovative Passive Mine
Drainage Technologies
Selentec MAG*SEP Technology
Adsorptive Filtration
HNU GC 31 ID Portable Gas
Chromatograph
PO*WW*ER™ Technology
Cyclone Furnace
Hybrid Fluidized Bed System
Electrokinetics for NSFO
Mobilization
Plasma Heat
Membrane Filtration and
Bioremediation
Volume
l
l
l
l
2
1/2
1
2
1
1
2
3
1
1/2
2
1
1
1
Page 460
-------
APPLICABILITY INDEX (CONTINUED)
Media
Waste
water
(Cont)
Contaminants
PCBs
PCBs (Cont)
Treatment Type
Portable Gas
Chromatographs
Spectrometer
Biological
Degradation
Field Portable X-
Ray Fluorescence
Physical/Chemical
Thermal
Desorption
Physical/Chemical
Treatment
Portable Gas
Chromatographs
Technology
Vendor
Bruker Analytical
Systems, Inc.
SRI Instruments
SiteLAB Corporation
ZENON
Environmental, Inc.
Metorex, Inc.
ELI Eco Logic Inc.
New Jersey Institute
of Technology
Calgon Carbon
Oxidation
Technologies
CF Systems Corp.
High Voltage
Environmental
Applications, Inc.
High Voltage
Environmental
Applications, Inc.
Magnum Water
Technology
Matrix Photo catalytic
Inc.
Morrison Knudsen
Corporation/Spetstam
ponazhgeologia
Enterprises/STG
Technologies
SBP Technologies,
Inc.
U.S.Filter/WTS
Ultrox
Bruker Analytical
Systems, Inc.
Technology
Mobile Environmental Monitor
Compact Gas Chromatograph
Ultraviolet Fluorescence
Spectroscopy
ZenoGem™ Process
Field Portable X-Ray Fluorescence
Analysis
Gas-Phase Chemical Reduction
Process
GHEA Associates Process
perox-pure™ Chemical Oxidation
Technology
Liquified Gas Solvent Extraction
(LG-SX) Technology
High Energy Electron Beam
Irradiation
High Energy Electron Irradiation
CAV-OX® Process
Photocatalytic Water Treatment
Clay-Base Grouting Technology
Membrane Filtration and
Bioremediation
Ultraviolet Radiation and Oxidation
Mobile Environmental Monitor
Volume
3
3
3
1
3
1
2
1
1
2
1
1
1/2
1
1
1
3
Page 461
-------
APPLICABILITY INDEX (CONTINUED)
Media
Waste
water
(Cont)
Contaminants
PCBs (Cont)
PCP
Pesticides
Treatment Type
Portable Gas
Chromatographs
(Cont)
Solidification/
Stabilization
Spectrometers
Test Kits
Thermal
Destruction
Physical/Chemical
Treatment
Test Kits
Biological
Degradation
Technology
Vendor
HNU Systems, Inc.
Sentex Sensing
Technology, Inc.
SRI Instruments
U.S. EPA
Wheelabrator Clean
Air Systems, Inc.
Graseby Ionics, ltd.,
and PCP, Inc.
Strategic Diagnostics,
Inc.
Hanby Environmental
Laboratory Procedure,
Inc.
BWX Technologies,
Inc.
Energy and
Environmental
Research corp.
SBP Technologies,
Inc.
U.S.Filter/WTS
Ultrox
Strategic Diagnostics,
Inc.
Strategic Diagnostics,
Inc.
Strategic Diagnostics,
Inc.
Biotrol®
Electrokinetics, Inc.
ZENON
Environmental, Inc.
Technology
HNU Source Excited Fluorescence
Analyzer-Portable (SEFA-P) X-Ray
Fluorescence Analyzer
Scentograph Plus II Portable Gas
Chromatograph
Compact Gas Chromatograph
Field Analytical Screening Program
- PCB Method
PO*WW*ER™ Technology
Ion Mobility Spectrometry
Ensys Penta Test System
Test Kits for Organic Contaminants
in Soil and Water
Cyclone Furnace
Hybrid Fluidized Bed System
Membrane Filtration and
Bioremediation
Ultraviolet Radiation and Oxidation
Ensys Penta Test System
EnviroGard™ PCP Immunoassay
Test Kit
RaPID Assay®
Biological Aqueous Treatment
System
In Situ Bioremediation by
Electrokinetic Injection
ZenoGem™ Process
Volume
3
3
3
3
1
3
3
3
1/2
2
1
1
3
3
3
1
2
1
Page 462
-------
APPLICABILITY INDEX (CONTINUED)
Media
Waste
water
(Cont)
Waste
water
(Cont)
Contaminants
Pesticides (Cont)
Pesticides (Cont)
Treatment Type
Physical/Chemical
Thermal
Desorption
Physical/Chemical
Treatment
Portable Gas
Chromatographs
Solidification/
Stabilization
Spectrometers
Test Kits
Technology
Vendor
ELI Eco Logic Inc.
Calgon Carbon
Oxidation
Technologies
CF Systems Corp.
High Voltage
Environmental
Applications, Inc.
High Voltage
Environmental
Applications, Inc.
Magnum Water
Technology
Matrix Photo catalytic
Inc.
Morrison Knudsen
Corporation/Spetstam
ponazhgeolo
Enterprises/STG
Technologies
SBP Technologies,
Inc.
U.S.Filter/WTS
Ultrox
Bruker Analytical
Systems, Inc.
Sentex Sensing
Technology, Inc.
SRI Instruments
U.S. EPA
Wheelabrator Clean
Air Systems, Inc.
Graseby Ionics, Ltd.,
and PCP, Inc.
Hanby Environmental
Laboratory Procedure,
Inc.
Technology
Gas-Phase Chemical Reduction
Process
perox-pure™ Chemical Oxidation
Technology
Liquified Gas Solvent Extraction
(LG-SX) Technology
High Energy Electron Beam
Irradiation
High Energy Electron Irradiation
CAV-OX® Process
Photocatalytic Water Treatment
Clay-Base Grouting Technology
Membrane Filtration and
Bioremediation
Ultraviolet Radiation and Oxidation
Mobile Environmental Monitor
Scentograph Plus II Portable Gas
Chromatograph
Compact Gas Chromatograph
Field Analytical Screening
Program-PCB Method
PO*WW*ER™ Technology
Ion Mobility Spectrometry
Test Kits for Organic Contaminants
in Soil and Water
Volume
l
l
l
2
1
1
1/2
1
1
1
3
3
3
3
1
3
3
Page 463
-------
APPLICABILITY INDEX (CONTINUED)
Media
Waste
water
(Cont)
Contaminants
Petroleum
Hydrocarbons
Radionuclides
Radionuclides
(Cont)
SVOCs
Treatment Type
Thermal
Destruction
Physical/Chemical
Thermal
Desorption
Physical/Chemical
Treatment
Portable Gas
Chromatographs
Spectrometer
Test Kits
Physical/Chemical
Radioactive Waste
Treatments
Physical/Chemical
Treatment
Physical/Chemical
Treatment (Cont)
Thermal
Destruction
Biological
Degradation
Technology
Vendor
Strategic Diagnostics,
Inc.
Strategic Diagnostics,
Inc. Corp.
BWX Technologies,
Inc.
Energy and
Environmental
Research Corp.
New Jersey institute
of Technology
Calgon Carbon
Oxidation
Technologies
SBP Technologies,
Inc.
SRI Instruments
Horiba Instruments,
Inc.
SiteLAB Corporation
Wilks Enterprise, Inc.
Idetek, Inc.
Filter Flow
Technology, Inc.
Atomic Energy of
Canada, Limited
Atomic Energy of
Canada, Limited
Selentec
Environmental, Inc.
BWX Technologies,
Inc.
Biotrol®
Technology
Ensys Penta Test System
RaPID Assay®
Cyclone Furnace
Hybrid Fluidized Bed System
GHEA Associates Process
perox-pure™ Chemical Oxidation
Technology
Membrane Filtration and
Bioremediation
Compact Gas Chromatograph
Infrared Analysis
Ultraviolet Fluorescence
Spectroscopy
Infrared Analysis
Equate® Immunoassay
Colloid Polishing Filter Method
Chemical Treatment and
Ultrafiltration
Ultrasonic-Aided Leachate
Treatment
Selentec MAG*SEP Technology
Cyclone Furnace
Biological Aqueous Treatment
System
Volume
3
3
1/2
2
2
1
1
3
3
3
3
3
1
2
2
1
1/2
1
Page 464
-------
APPLICABILITY INDEX (CONTINUED)
Media
Waste
water
(Cont)
Contaminants
Radionuclides
Radionuclides
(Cont)
SVOCs
Treatment Type
Physical/Chemical
Thermal
Desorption
Physical/Chemical
Treatment
Portable Gas
Chromatographs
Spectrometer
Test Kits
Physical/Chemical
Radioactive Waste
Treatments
Physical/Chemical
Treatment
Thermal
Destruction
Biological
Degradation
Physical/Chemical
Thermal
Desorption
Technology
Vendor
ZENON
Environmental, Inc.
ELI Eco Logic Inc.
New Jersey Institute
of Technology
Calgon Carbon
Oxidation
Technologies
SBP Technologies,
Inc.
SRI Instruments
Horiba Instruments,
Inc.
SiteLAB Corporation
Wilks Enterprise, Inc.
Idetek, Inc.
Filter Flow
Technology, Inc.
Atomic Energy of
Canada, Limited
Atomic Energy of
Canada, Limited
Selentec
Environmental, Inc.
BWX Technologies,
Inc.
Biotrol®
ZENON
Environmental, Inc.
ELI Eco Logic Inc.
New Jersey Institute
of Technology
Technology
ZenoGem™ Process
Gas-Phase Chemical Reduction
Process
GHEA Associates Process
perox-pure™ Chemical Oxidation
Technology
Membrane Filtration and
Bioremediation
Compact Gas Chromatograph
Infrared Analysis
Ultraviolet Fluorescence
Spectroscopy
Infrared Analysis
Equate® Immunoassay
Colloid Polishing Filter Method
Chemical Treatment and
Ultrafiltration
Ultrasonic-Aided Leachate
Treatment
Selentec MAG*SEP Technology
Cyclone Furnace
Biological Aqueous Treatment
System
ZenoGem™ Process
Gas-Phase Chemical Reduction
Process
GHEA Associates Process
Volume
l
l
2
1
1
3
3
3
3
3
1
2
2
1
1/2
1
1
1
2
Page 465
-------
APPLICABILITY INDEX (CONTINUED)
Media
Waste
water
(Cont)
Contaminants
SVOCs (Cont)
VOCs
Treatment Type
Physical/Chemical
Treatment
Portable Gas
Chromatographs
Solidification/
Stabilization
Test Kits
Thermal
Destruction
Biological
Degradation
Physical/Chemical
Thermal
Desorption
Technology
Vendor
Calgon Carbon
Oxidation
Technologies
CF Systems Corp.
High Voltage
Environmental
Applications, Inc.
High Voltage
Environmental
Applications, Inc.
Pulse Sciences, Inc.
SBP Technologies,
Inc.
Analytical and
Remedial Technology,
Inc.
Bruker Analytical
Systems, Inc.
U.S. EPA
Wheelaborator Clean
Air Systems, Inc.
Strategic Diagnostics,
Inc., Corp.
BWX Technologies,
Inc.
Biotrol®
Electrokinetics, Inc.
ZENON
Environmental, Inc.
New Jersey Institute
of Technology
Rochem Separation
Systems, Inc.
Technology
perox-pure™ Chemical Oxidation
Technology
Liquified Gas Solvent Extraction
(LG-SX) Technology
High Energy Electron Beam
Irradiation
High Energy Electron Irradiation
X-Ray Treatment of Aqueous
Solutions
Membrane Filtration and
Bioremediation
Automated Sampling and
Analytical Platform
Mobile Environmental Monitor
Field Analytical Screening Program
- PCB Method
PO*WW*ER Technology
RaPID Assay®
Cyclone Furnace
Biological Aqueous Treatment
System
In Situ Bioremediation by
Electrokinetic Injection
ZenoGem™ Process
GHEA Associates Process
Rochem Disc Tube™ Module
System
Volume
l
l
2
1
2
1
3
3
3
1
3
1
1
2
1
2
1
Page 466
-------
APPLICABILITY INDEX (CONTINUED)
Media
Waste
water
(Cont)
Contaminants
VOCs (Cont)
Treatment Type
Physical/Chemical
Treatment
Portable Gas
Chromatograph
Solidification/
Stabilization
Spectrometers
Technology
Vendor
Calgon Carbon
Oxidation
Technologies
CF Systems Corp.
EnviroMetal
Technologies, Inc.
EnviroMetal
Technologies, Inc.
High Voltage
Environmental
Applications, Inc.
Pulse Sciences, Inc.
SBP Technologies,
Inc.
U.S.Filter/WTS
Ultrox
UV Technologies, Inc.
Roy F. Weston,, Inc.
ZENON
Environmental Inc.
Bruker Analytical
Systems, Inc.
HNU Systems, Inc.
Sentex Sensing
Technology, Inc.
SRI Instruments
U.S. EPA
Wheelabrator Clean
Air Systems, Inc.
Graseby Ionics, Ltd.,
and PCP, Inc.
Technology
perox-pure™ Chemical Oxidation
Technology
Liquified Gas Solvent Extraction
(LG-SX) Technology
In Situ and Ex Situ metal Enhanced
Abiotic Degradation of Dissolved
Halogenated Organic Compounds
in Groundwater
Reactive Barrier
High Energy Electron Irradiation
X-Ray Treatment of Aqueous
Solutions
Membrane Filtration and
Bioremediation
Ultraviolet Radiation and Oxidation
PhotoCAT™ Process
Ambersorb™ 563 Absorbent
Cross Flow Pervaporation System
Mobile Environmental Monitor
HNU Source Excited Fluorescence
Analyzer-Portable (SEFA-P) X-Ray
Fluorescence Analyzer
Scentograph Plus II Portable Gas
Chromatograph
Compact Gas Chromatograph
Field Analytical Screening Program
- PCB Method
PO*WW*ER Technology
Ion Mobility Spectrometry
Volume
l
l
l
l
l
2
1
1
2
2
1
3
3
3
3
3
1
3
Page 467
-------
APPLICABILITY INDEX (CONTINUED)
Media
Other
Other
(Cont)
Contaminants
Other
Aromatic VOCs
Dioxins
Furans
Furans (Cont)
Halogenated
VOCs
Metals
Treatment Type
Test Kits
Thermal
Destruction
Biological
Degradation
Physical/Chemical
Treatment
Solidification/
Stabilization
Physical/Chemical
Treatment
Solidification/
Stabilization
Physical/Chemical
Treatment
Solidification/
Stabilization
Physical/Chemical
Treatment
Solidification/
Stabilization
Field Portable
X-Ray
Fluorescence
Materials Handling
Solidification/
Stabilization
Thermal
Destruction
Technology
Vendor
Hanby Environmental
Laboratory Procedure,
Inc.
Energy and
Environmental
Research Corp.
EcoMat, Inc.
North American
Technologies, Group,
Inc.
RECRA
Environmental, Inc.
Western Product
Recovery Group, Inc.
Terra-Kleen Response
Group, Inc.
Geosafe Corp.
Terra-Kleen Response
Group, Inc.
Geosafe Corp.
Process Technologies,
Inc.
Geosafe Corp.
NITON Corp.
TN Spectrace
AEA Technology
Environment
Geosafe Corp.
Western Product
Recovery Group, Inc.
Concurrent
Technologies
Technology
Test Kits for Organic Contaminants
in Soil and Water
Hybrid Fluidized Bed System
Biological Denitrificaiton Process
Oleophilic Amine-Coated Ceramic
Chip
Alternating Current
Electrocoagulation Technology
Coordinate, Chemical Bonding, and
Adsorption Treatment
Solvent Extraction Treatment
System
GeoMelt Vitrification
Solvent Extraction Treatment
System
GeoMelt Vitrification
Photolytic Destruction of Vapor-
phase Halogens
GeoMelt Vitrification
XL Spectrum Analyzer
9000 X-Ray Fluorescence Analyzer
and Lead X-Ray Fluorescence
Analyzer
Soil Separation and Washing
Process
GeoMelt Vitrification
Coordinate, Chemical bonding, and
Adsorption Treatment
Smelting Lead-Containing Wastes
Volume
3
2
1
2
2
1
1
1
1
1
1
3
3
2
1
2
2
Page 468
-------
APPLICABILITY INDEX (CONTINUED)
Media
Other
(Cont)
Contaminants
PCBs
Pesticides
SVOCs
VOCs
VOCs (Cont)
Not Applicable
Treatment Type
Physical/Chemical
Treatment
Solidification/
Stabilization
Physical/Chemical
Treatment
Solidification/
Stabilization
Physical/Chemical
Thermal
Desorption
Physical/Chemical
Treatment
Solidification/
Stabilization
Materials Handling
Physical/Chemical
Thermal
Desorption
Physical/Chemical
Treatment
Solidification/
Stabilization
Capping/
Containment
Containment
Survey Systems
Data Management
Systems
Technology
Vendor
Terra-Kleen Response
Group, Inc.
Geosafe Corp.
Terra-Kleen Response
Group, Inc.
Geosafe Corp.
Process Technologies,
Inc.
Terra-Kleen Response
Group, Inc.
Western Product
Recovery Group, Inc.
AEA Technology
Environment
Process Technologies,
Inc.
Terra-Kleen Response
Group, Inc.
Western Product
Recovery Group, Inc.
Wilder Construction
Co.
Earthsoft
Earthsoft
GIS/Solutions, Inc.
Technology
Solvent Extraction Treatment
System
GeoMelt Vitrification
Solvent Extraction Treatment
System
GeoMelt Vitrification
Photolytic Destruction of Vapor-
Phase Halogens
Solvent Extraction Treatment
System
Coordinate, Chemical Bonding, and
Adsorption Treatment
Soil Separation and Washing
Process
Photolytic Destruction of Vapor-
Phase Halogens
Solvent Extraction Treatment
System
Coordinate, Chemical Bonding, and
Adsorption Treatment
Matcon Modified Asphalt Cap.
Equis Environmental Data
Management System
Equis Environmental Data
Management System
GI A/Key™ Environmental Data
Management System
Volume
l
l
l
l
l
l
2
2
1
1
2
1
1
1
1
Page 469
------- |