EPA/540/R-92/076
October 1992
THE SUPERFUND INNOVATIVE TECHNOLOGY
EVALUATION PROGRAM
PROGRESS AND ACCOMPLISHMENTS
FISCAL YEAR 1991
A Fifth Report to Congress
Office of Solid Waste and Emergency Response
Office of Research and Development
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
Washington, D.C. 20460
Printed on Recycled Paper
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NOTICE
This document has been reviewed in accordance with the U.S. Environmental
Protection Agency policy and approved for publication. Mention of trade names or
commercial products does not constitute endorsement or recommendation for use.
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PREFACE
The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) established the Superftind
Innovative Technology Evaluation (SITE) Program in 1986, following passage of the
Superfund Amendments and Reauthorization Act (SARA). The Program's progress
and accomplishments for Fiscal Year 1991 are presented in two sections in this Fifth
Report to Congress. Section 1 presents an overview of the SITE program including
the statutory authority and history of the program and the four program components
and goals. Section 2 discusses the SITE program's progress and accomplishments
over the past year and specific goals for the -coming year.
111
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TABLE OF CONTENTS
Notice ,11
Preface ^
Acronyms v/i
Abbreviations |x
Trade Names lx
Executive Summary x
Use of Innovative Alternative Technologies x
SITE Program Progress and Accomplishments xi
Section I SITE Program Overview 1
A. Statutory Authority 1
B. History or the SITE Program 1
C. Program Components 4
Section II Progress and Accomplishments 7
A. Demonstration Program 7
1, Soliciting New Technologies and Sites 8
2. FY 1991 Technology Demonstrations 10
3. SITE Documents and Publications 19
4. New Projects for FY 1991 20
5. Future Needs and Direction • • 27
B. Emerging Technology Program 28
1. Project Management 29
2. Emerging Technology Trends 30
3. 1991 Selected Emerging Technologies 31
4. Summary 38
5. High Interest Areas for Emerging Technology Program 38
C. Monitoring and Measurement Technologies Program 40
1. Technology Demonstration Activities 41
2. Future Activities 43
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D. Technology Information Services 44
1. SITE Reports, Brochures, Publications, and Videos 44
2. Public Participation and Visitors' Days 45
3. Conferences, Meetings, and Seminars 46
4. Electronic Information Systems 46
Appendices
Appendix A - Reports Available 49
Appendix B - Demonstration Program Participants 55
Appendix C - Emerging Technology Program Participants 65
VI
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ACRONYMS
AAR
API
AETS
ARAR
AREAL
ATTIC
BBS
BDAT
BTEX
CERCLA
CERI
CES
CLU-IN
COLIS
CROW
DCA
DOD
DOE
DQO
DSM
DWS
EMSL-LV
EPA
ESD
ETP
FTIR
FS
FY
GC/MS
HMCRI
HR-FT-IR
HSWA
IMS
IRF
IWT
JAWMA
KSU
LDR
MAH
MBS
MMTP
MMS
NETAC
NPL
Applications Analysis Report
American Petroleum Institute
Acid Extraction Treatment System
Applicable, or Relevant and Appropriate Requirements
Atmospheric Research and Exposure Assessment Laboratory
Alternative Treatment Technology Information Center
Bulletin Board System
Best Demonstrated and Available Technology
Benzene, Toluene, Ethylbenzene, and Xylene
Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation, and Liability Act
Center for Environmental Research Information
Chemfix Environmental Services
Clean Up Information Bulletin Board System (formerly OSWER Bulletin Board)
Computerized On-Line Information System
Contained Recovery of Oily Waste
Dichloroethane
Department of Defense
Department of Energy
Data Quality Objectives
Deep Soil Mixing
Debris Washing System
Environmental Monitoring Systems Laboratory - Las Vegas
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
Electroacoustic Soil Decontamination
Emerging Technologies Program
Fourier Transform Infrared
Feasibility Study
Fiscal Year
Gas Chromatograph/Mass Spectrophotometer
Hazardous Materials Control Research Institute
High Resolution Fourier Transform Infared
Hazardous and Solid Waste Amendments of 1984
Ion Mobility Spectrophotometer
Incinerator Research Facility
International Waste Technologies
Journal of the Air and Waste Management Association
Kansas State University
Land Disposal Restrictions
Monoaromatic Hydrocarbon
Methanotrophic Bioreactor System
Monitoring and Measurement Technologies Program
Mobile Mass Spectrophotometer
National Environmental Technology Applications Corporation
National Priorities List
vn
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ACRONYMS (Continued)
NTIS
OEETD
OMMSQA
ORD
OSC
OSWER
OTA
OTTERS
PAH
PCS
PCP
PRP
QA/QC
RCRA
R&D
RD&D
RFP
RI
ROD
RPM
RREL
RTP
SARA
SAB
SITE
SIS
START
STC
SVOC
T&E
TCA
TCE
TCLP
TEM
TER
TIO
TIX
TOC
UCS
UV
VISITT
VOC
National Technical Information System
Office of Environmental Engineering and Technology Demonstration
Office of Modeling, Monitoring Systems and Quality Assurance
Office of Research and Development
On-Scene Coordinator
Office of Solid Waste and Emergency Response
Office of Technology Assessment
Office of Technology Transfer and Regulatory Support
Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbon
Polychlorinated Biphenyl
Pentachlorophenol
Potentially Responsible Party
Quality Assurance/Quality Control
Resource Conservation and Recovery Act
Research and Development
Research, Development, and Demonstration
Request for Proposal
Remedial Investigation
Record of Decision
Remedial Project Manager
Risk Reduction Engineering Laboratory
Research Triangle Park
Superfund Amendments and Reauthorization Act of 1986
Science Advisory Board
Superfund Innovative Technology Evaluation
Solidification/Stabilization
Superfund Technical Assistance Reponse Teams
Silicate Technology Corporation
Semivolatile Organic Compounds
Test and Evaluation
Trichloroethane
Trichloroethene
Toxicity Characteristic Leaching Procedure
Transient Electromagnetic Method
Technology Evaluation Report
Technology Innovation Office
Technical Information Exchange
Total Organic Carbon
Unconfmed Compression Strength
Ultraviolet
Vendor Information System for Innovative Treatment Technologies
Volatile Organic Compound
VIII
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ABBREVIATIONS
cm
°F
kg
Ibs
mg
mg/1
mm
ppb
ppm
psi
sec
Centimeter
Degrees Fahrenheit
Kilogram
Pounds
Milligram
Milligram/Liter
Millimeter
Parts Per Billion
Parts Per Million
Pounds Per Square Inch
Second
TRADE NAMES
AlgaSORB®
BioGensis™
BioVersal™
Chemfix
CHEMSET®
Decompozon
PACT®
RHM 1000
Tyvek®
Urrichem
IX
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EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
"The Superfund Innovative Technology Evaluation (SITE) program is the
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency's (EPA) principal program to advance the
development, evaluation, and implementation of innovative alternative technologies for
the remediation of contaminated hazardous waste sites." This mission statement,
established by EPA's Risk Reduction Engineering Laboratory (RREL), is fully
compatible with the legislative mandate for the SITE program. The Superfund
Amendments and Reauthorization Act of 1986 (SARA) directs EPA "to carry out a
program of research, evaluation, testing, development, and demonstration of
alternative or innovative treatment technologies . . . which may be utilized in response
actions to achieve more permanent protection of human health and welfare and the
environment" [SARA Section 209(b), Section 311(b)(l) of CERCLA].
The SITE program was the first major program for demonstrating and
evaluating full-scale innovative treatment technologies at hazardous waste sites.
Having concluded its fifth year, the SITE program is recognized as a leading advocate
of innovative technology development and commercialization for hazardous waste
treatment and remediation. In addition, through the demonstration of innovative
monitoring and measurement technologies, EPA is promoting faster, more cost-
effective site characterization and post-cleanup monitoring methods for Superfund and
Resource Conservation and Recovery Act (RCRA) corrective action sites.
This fifth report to Congress documents the impact of the SITE program
through discussing the program's progress and accomplishments over the past year.
The report also sets goals for the coming years and makes specific recommendations
on achieving those goals.
Use of Innovative Alternative Technologies
The Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation, and Liability
Act (CERCLA), as amended by SARA, sets forth requirements for selecting remedies
for Superfund sites. Remedial actions must:
• Be protective of human health and the environment. °-
• Attain or waive applicable, or relevant and appropriate requirement's
(ARAR). ••=.-il
• Be cost-effective. •-•'<:«''
• Use permanent solutions and alternative hazardous waste treatmentc
technologies or resource recovery technologies to the maximum''extent
practicable. - •" ic
• Satisfy the preference for hazardous waste treatment that reduces:i';
toxicity, mobility, or volume.
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Alternative treatment technologies are essential to meeting these
requirements; however, sufficient information is often not available for a reliable
analysis of alternatives using these technologies. Innovative alternative technologies
may lack an established track record, have limited treatability and cost data and, as
"unproven," may suffer public, state, and private (potentially responsible party)
acceptance problems.
The SITE program is unique in its ability to generate appropriate and relevant
information on innovative alternative technologies needed by remedial project
managers, consultants, and other decisionmakers.. SITE program data are recognized
as reliable, high quality, and unbiased. The SITE testing and evaluation methods are
founded in EPA's research programs, and yet include practical field experience.
SITE Program Progress and Accomplishments
The SITE Program is currently administered by the Office of Research and
Development's (ORD) Risk Reduction Engineering Laboratory (RREL) in Cincinnati,
Ohio. RREL's founding partner of the program, the Office of Solid Waste and
Emergency Response (OSWER), established the Technology Innovation Office (TIO)
to further advocate and promote the development and use of innovative treatment
technologies in the public and private sectors. Likewise, RREL established its
Superfund Technical Assistance Response Teams (START), the members of which are
often SITE project managers as well, to aid the Regions on complex site remediation
problems. Together, these three programs - SITE, TIO, and START - working as
an integrated technical team, are a valuable source of information on the development
and use of innovative treatment technologies for hazardous waste site remediation and
corrective action.
Specifically, the SITE program integrates the following four components:
• Demonstration Program
• Emerging Technology Program
• Monitoring and Measurement Technologies Program (MMTP)
..,.;- • Technology Information Services
Over the past year, SITE has conducted. 11 field demonstrations of innovative
treatment and monitoring and measurement technologies. Through fiscal year 1991 a
total of 35 demonstrations have been completed or are ongoing at Superfund remedial
and removal sites, private party cleanup sites, state cleanup sites, and EPA and
developer test facilities. SITE developers have completed seven emerging
technologies projects; three of these developers have been invited to participate in the
demonstration program. In addition, 23 new technologies have been added to the
..demonstration program in 1991 and 13 to the emerging program. Currently, a total
of 76 technologies are at various stages of completion within the SITE Demonstration
program. •,. .
At the same time, EPA is attempting to attract additional technologies and
sites into the program. Initiatives started last year with the Departments of Energy
XI
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and Defense (DOE and DOD) have resulted in three potential field demonstrations and
an expanded emerging technologies program with co-funding from DOE.
Most important, studies by EPA and others show that the program is
achieving positive results. Developers report increased client interest in their
technologies, Superfund records of decision (RODs) are including the use of
innovative treatment technologies, and Federal, state, and private remedial
decisionmakers, as well as consultants, are relying on the SITE program for more cost
and performance data for promising technologies.
XII
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SECTION I
SITE PROGRAM OVERVIEW
This section provides an overview of the
SITE Program. The legislation mandating the
formation of the SITE Program is discussed
first, followed by a brief history of the program.
The four components of the SITE Program are
introduced in this section; a detailed discussion
of the progress and accomplishments of each
component is provided in Section II.
A. STATUTORY AUTHORITY
The Comprehensive Environmental
Response, Compensation, and Liability Act of
1980 (CERCLA) and the Resource Conservation
and Recovery Act of 1976 (RCRA) define the
national programs for managing hazardous waste
sites. The Superfund Amendments and
Reauthorization Act of 1986 (SARA) specifically
states a preference for remedial actions that
permanently and significantly reduce the
volume, toxicity, or mobility of hazardous
substances and contaminants. The U.S.
Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) is
required to "select a remedial action that is
protective of human health and the environment
. . . and that utilizes permanent solutions and
alternative treatment technologies or resource
recovery technologies to the maximum extent
practicable."
RCRA provides authority for EPA to
require corrective actions for past releases at
facilities receiving permits for treatment,
storage, or disposal of hazardous wastes. Thus,
an owner or operator of such a facility must
clean up contamination resulting from current or
past activities at the site. Also under RCRA,
land disposal restrictions (LDRs) require that
hazardous wastes be treated using "Best
Demonstrated Available Technology" (BDAT)
for a specific waste before it can be disposed of
in a land-based unit.
The Superfund Innovative Technology
Evaluation, or SITE, program was formally
established as a requirement of SARA. Section
311(lb) of CERCLA, as amended by SARA,
directs EPA to establish an "Alternative or
Innovative Treatment Technology Research and
Demonstration Program" including a field
demonstration program for testing innovative
treatment technologies at Superfund sites. In
fulfilling this legislative mandate, EPA's SITE
Program provides valuable information to
environmental decisionmakers responsible for
remediation of hazardous waste sites under both
CERCLA and RCRA.
As required by Section 311(e), this report
presents the program's accomplishments through
Fiscal Year (FY) 1991. This report is the fifth
annual report to Congress.
B. HISTORY OF THE SITE
PROGRAM
As it prepared to reauthorize CERCLA,
Congress required the Office of Technology
Assessment (OTA) to review the Superfund
program and to prepare a strategy for improving
the program. One of the three principal goals of
the review was "to understand future Superfund
needs and how permanent clean-ups can be
accomplished in a cost-effective manner for
diverse types of sites."1
' Superfund Strategy, U.S. Congress, Office of Technology
Assessment, OTA-ITE-252, April 1985. Washington, DC.
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The OTA study concluded that land disposal
approaches, although proven technologies for
their original applications in construction
engineering, were not effective over the long
term in containing hazardous wastes, nor were
their immediate costs indicative of the likely
long-term costs, including monitoring, operation
and maintenance, and the costs of future clean-
up actions, especially for cleaning up
contaminated groundwater. The OTA report
further concluded that not enough research,
development, and demonstration (RD&D) efforts
were devoted to innovative clean-up technologies
and that many innovations existed, but few could
overcome institutional and other barriers.
Considering the high cost of the Superfund
program, committing RD&D money for
innovative clean-up and site characterization
technologies could offer considerable economic
advantages in the long term.
The Science Advisory Board's (SAB)
Environmental Engineering Committee was
concerned that enormous expenditures were
being made under Superfund without an
adequate technological database to support
rehabilitation of hazardous waste disposal sites.
In a formal resolution, the SAB committee
expressed this concern to the EPA Administrator
and to members of Congress who were
considering amendments to CERCLA. The
resolution recommended a comprehensive
RD&D program to develop and demonstrate
effective, long-term solutions.
The reauthorized CERCLA established an
RD&D program for innovative alternative
technologies. In response to the legislation, and
after considering the reports and
recommendations discussed above, ORD and
OSWER developed a joint strategy for an
RD&D program called the Superfund Innovative
Technology Evaluation (SITE) program.
The following is a chronology of significant
events in the development of the SITE Program:
March 1986 EPA issues the first annual
request for proposals to the
SITE Demonstration Program
(RFP SITE 001). Twenty
technology developers
respond to the RFP, and 13
are accepted into the
program.
July 1987 First SITE field
demonstration is conducted.
The Shirco Electric Infrared
Incinerator is tested at the
Peak Oil Superfund Site in
Brandon, Florida.
July 1987 EPA initiates the SITE
Emerging Technology
Program as a feeder to the
demonstration program. Six
developers are accepted into
the program, each receiving
up to $150,000 per year for
two years to develop and test
their technologies at a
laboratory- or pilot-scale.
January 1988 The first SITE demonstration
; at an EPA test facility is
conducted. American
Combustion Technologies,
Inc.'s Pyretron Oxygen
Burner was demonstrated at
EPA's Incineration Research
Facility in Jefferson,
Arkansas.
October 1988 EPA co-sponsors the First
International Symposium on
Field Screening Methods for
Hazardous Wastes and Toxic
Chemicals.
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November 1988
June 1989
June 1989
August 1989
December 1989
March 1990
EPA presents SITE findings
at the Hazardous Materials
Control Research Institute
(HMCRI) Superfund '88
conference.
EPA completes A
Management Review of the
Superfund Program (90-Day
Study), which makes key
recommendations for the
SITE Program (see below).
OSWER and RREL sponsor
the first Forum on Innovative
Hazardous Waste Treatment
Technologies: Domestic and
International in Atlanta,
Georgia, to help introduce
promising international
technologies through
technical papers and poster
displays and to showcase
results of the SITE Program.
EPA conducts the first
demonstration under the
Monitoring and Measurement
Technologies Program. An
immunoassay field kit for
pentachlorophenol was
demonstrated at the McGillis
and Gibbs Superfund site, in
conjunction with the Biotrol
soil washing technology
demonstration.
RREL demonstrates its debris
washing system, developed
by PEI Associates for EPA,
at Superfund sites in
Hopkinsville, Kentucky, and
Lafayette, Georgia.
OSWER establishes the
Technology Innovation Office
(TIO) with key staff from the
SITE Program. TIO will be
May 1990
July 1990
August 1990
September 1990
Summer 1991
responsible for evaluating
potential applications of
innovative technologies and
other outreach activities to
promote their accelerated
commercial development and
use.
RREL commissions a SITE
Program Participant
Assessment in conjunction
with the Second Forum on
Innovative Hazardous Waste
Treatment Technologies:
Domestic and International.
RREL initiates the Superfund
Technical Assistance
Response Teams (START)
program to provide long-term
technical engineering support,
including treatability studies,
to assist EPA regional offices
dealing with complex sites;
START staff include SITE
technical project monitors,
enhancing RREL's outreach
efforts.
RREL completes its internal
Management Review of the
SITE Program, which
recommends program and
legislative changes.
RREL initiates changes
resulting from the
management review.
RREL initiates joint
SITE/START project at
Anderson Development site.,
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C. PROGRAM COMPONENTS
Currently, the SITE Program is administered
by the ORD RREL headquartered in Cincinnati,
Ohio. The SITE Program integrates the
following four component programs:
• Demonstration Program
• Emerging Technology Program
• Monitoring and Measurement Technologies
Program
• Technology Information Services
In the Demonstration Program, innovative
technologies are field-tested on hazardous waste
materials. Engineering and cost data are
gathered to assess whether the technology is
effective for site clean-up. An Applications
Analysis Report (AAR) is prepared to evaluate
all available information on the specific
technology and analyze its overall applicability
to other site characteristics, waste types, and
waste matrices. A second report, called the
Technology Evaluation Report (TER), presents
demonstration data such as testing procedures,
performance and cost data collected, and quality
assurance and quality control standards. Videos,
bulletins, and project summaries are also
prepared to further define and present
demonstration results. This information is
distributed to the user community to provide
reliable technical data for environmental
decisionmaking and to promote the technology's
commercial use.
The Demonstration Program currently has 63
developers providing 76 innovative technologies
for demonstrations. The projects are divided
into the following categories: thermal destruction
(8), biological degradation (15), physical and
chemical (24), solidification/stabilization (10),
physical/chemical - radioactive waste treatment
(2), physical/chemical - thermal desorption (13),
and materials handling (4). Several technologies
involve combinations of these treatment
categories. Figure 1 shows the breakdown of
technologies currently in the Demonstration
Program. In FY 1991., 10 technologies were
evaluated at Superfund remedial and removal
sites, private party clean-up sites, state clean-up
sites, and EPA and developer test facilities; 26
reports and bulletins have been published, and
others are in various stages of production.
Before a technology can be accepted into the
Emerging Technology Program (ETP),
sufficient data must be available to validate its
basic concepts. The developer then conducts
laboratory- and pilot-scale testing of the
technology under controlled conditions to
develop equipment and operating parameters.
The technology's performance is documented,
and a report is prepared. If bench and pilot test
results are encouraging, the developer may be
invited to participate in the Demonstration
Program.
Currently, 44 technologies are in the ETP.
These technologies can be divided into the
following categories: thermal destruction (7),
physical and chemical (21),
solidification/stabilization (2), biological
degradation (10), and materials handling (4).
These projects vary from electroacoustical
decontamination to laboratory- and pilot-scale
studies of a laser-stimulated photochemical
oxidation process. Figure 2 displays the
breakdown of technologies in the ETP.
The Monitoring and Measurement
Technologies Program (MMTP) explores new
and innovative technologies for assessing the
nature and extent of contamination and
evaluating clean-up levels at Superfund sites.
Effective measurement and monitoring
technologies are needed to accurately assess the
degree of contamination at a site; provide data to
determine impact to public health and the
environment; supply data to help select the most
appropriate remedial action; and monitor the
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P/C-Thermal Desorption
13
Materials Handling
4
Solidification/Stabilization
10
Thermal Destruction
8
P/C-Radioactive
2
Biological
15
(P/C) Physical/Chemical
24
Figure 1: Innovative technologies in the Demonstration Program
Thermal Destruction
7
Solidification/Stabilization
Biological
10
Physical/Chemical
21
Materials Handling
4
Figure 2: Innovative technologies in the Emerging Technology Program
5
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success or failure of a selected remedy. The
objectives of the MMTP are to:
• Identify existing technologies that can
enhance field monitoring and site
characterization.
• Support the development of monitoring
capabilities that current technologies cannot
cost-effectively address.
• Demonstrate technologies that emerge from
the screening and development phases of the
program.
• Prepare protocols, guidelines, and standard
operating procedures for new methods.
One monitoring technology was demonstrated
in FY 1991 — an automated system for the
sampling and analysis of water samples
containing volatile organic compounds. In late
FY 1991, planning began for the implementation
of two FY 1992 technology demonstrations - an
immunoassay field kit for the analysis of
benzene, toluene, and xylene (BTX) in water,
and seven air monitoring technologies at the
French Limited Superfund site.
In February 1991, EPA sponsored the Second
International Symposium on Field Screening
Methods for Hazardous Wastes and Toxic
Chemicals in Las Vegas, Nevada. The
Departments of Defense and Energy, the
National Institute for Occupational Safety and
Health, and others co-sponsored this important
technology transfer activity.
Technology Information Services includes
various technology transfer activities that support
the SITE Program. Data results and status
updates from the Demonstration and Emerging
Technology Programs are disseminated to
increase awareness of alternative technologies
available for use at Superfund sites. The goal
of these activities is to promote communication
among individuals requiring up-to-date technical
information, through various media, including:
• SITE brochures, publications, reports,
videos, and fact sheets
• Monthly articles in the Journal of the Air
and Waste Management Association
(JAWMA)
• Pre-proposal conferences on SITE
solicitations
• Public meetings and on-site Demonstration
Visitors' Days
• Seminar series with regions and states
• Support for the Third Forum on Innovative
Hazardous Waste Treatment Technologies:
Domestic and International (June 1991).
• Exhibits displayed at national environmental
conferences
• Networks established through associations,
centers of excellence, regions, and states
• Technical assistance to regions, states, and
clean-up contractors
• On-line information clearinghouses such as:
- OSWER CLU-IN [Help line: 301/589-
8368]
Alternative Treatment Technology
Information Center (ATTIC) [System
operator: 301/670-6294]
Technology Information
Exchange/Computer On-linelnformation
System (TIX-COLIS) [System Operator:
908/906-6851]
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SECTION II
PROGRESS AND ACCOMPLISHMENTS
This section discusses the progress and
accomplishments of the SITE Program over the
past year. The program's overall
accomplishments to foster incentives and
overcome barriers are discussed first. This is
followed by discussions of the progress of the
four major components of .the SITE Program:
(1) the Demonstration Program; (2) the
Emerging Technology Program; (3) the
Monitoring and Measurement Technologies
Program; and (4) Technology Information
Services.
A. DEMONSTRATION PROGRAM
The goal of the SITE Program is to ensure,
to the maximum extent possible, that innovative,
alternative technologies are developed,
demonstrated, and made commercially available
for the permanent cleanup of Superfund sites.
Through the program, EPA provides accurate
and reliable performance, engineering, and cost
data on the technologies for potential users.
Within this framework, the Demonstration
Program selects technologies for participation in
a rigorous evaluation that are either at the final
stage of field-scale development with hardware
available, or fully developed with all equipment
ready for use in the field. Emphasis is placed
on innovative, alternative technologies which
have been developed to the extent that a
demonstration will lead to the application and
commercialization of the process. The
technology demonstration provides performance
data and operating cost data, enabling potential
users to make decisions on the applicability of
the technology for a specific site and to compare
the technology to similar alternatives.
The scale of demonstrations is flexible to
accommodate the wide variety of technologies
expected to join the program. The criteria for
determining the scale are based on the priority to
provide data that are acceptable from both the
QA/QC and the user community perspectives.
The preference, however, is for field-scale
demonstrations at Superfund sites.
Technology demonstrations may be
conducted at federal or state Superfund sites
(remedial or removal action sites), federal
facilities, EPA Test and Evaluation (T&E)
facilities, private sites, or the developer's
facility. Generally, Superfund sites do not
require permits; however, if necessary, EPA
may assist a developer in acquiring necess'ary
permits, or in substantially meeting the
requirements of a permit, for demonstrations
conducted at Superfund sites or federal facilities.
All permits should be in place before selecting
any other facilities for a demonstration!
Proposals for a demonstration at a developer-
owned facility should show that permits are in
place prior to acceptance of the technology into
the SITE Program. The criteria for selecting a
site are established by the Office of Research
and Development (ORD) in conjunction with the
developer, the Office of Solid Waste,, and
Emergency Response (OSWER), and EPA's
regional offices.
In general, the developer is required to
operate the technology at the selected location.
EPA is primarily responsible for the
development of the demonstration plan and is
fully responsible for all sampling and analytical
activities as well as all reporting. The developer
and EPA must agree to the content of the
demonstration plan, which consists of four major
sections: an Operation Plan; a Sampling and
Analysis Plan; a QA/QC Plan; and a Health and
Safety Plan.
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By the end of FY 1991, the Demonstration
Program had completed six solicitations for new
technologies. Since 1986, a new Request for
Proposals (RFP) has been issued at the
beginning of each calendar year to notify
developers about the SITE Program and to
define the needs of the program. For 1991, the
solicitation emphasized:
1. Treatment of mixed, low level radioactive
waste in soils and ground water.
2. Combinations of unit operations to create
treatment trains for specific wastes and
waste site conditions.
3. Material handling techniques which
improve pre-treatment and post-treatment
operations.
4. Biological technologies for soil and sludge
capable of treating organic contaminants.
5. In situ treatment processes for soil.
6. On-site treatment for large volumes of soil
with relatively low contaminant
concentration levels.
7. Treatment of soil, sludge and sediment
containing organic and inorganic
constituents.
8. In situ groundwater remediation techniques,
including bioremediation for volatile
organic compounds, which provide
alternatives to long term pump and treat
approaches to remediation.
The 1991 RFP further noted that specific
pollutants identified by EPA's regional offices as
needing technologies for remediation include
lead, pentachlorophenol (PCP), polynuclear
aromatic (PNA) compounds, tars and dioxins in
soils and sediments. Petrochemical wastes with
high levels of volatiles also were noted posing
significant problems during construction,
excavation, and other material handling
activities.
Sites in which EPA expressed special
interest for cleanup included lead battery
recycling sites and wood preserving sites.
Developers having unit operations or complete
treatment systems oriented toward solving
remediation needs at these sites were encouraged
to submit proposals and to note on these
proposals a desire to tackle one of these problem
areas.
At the end of FY 1991, the Demonstration
Program included 76 technologies offered by 63
developers. Twenty-nine of these technologies
have been (or are currently being) demonstrated;
about 20 more are scheduled to be demonstrated
in FY 1992. A complete list of Demonstration
Program participants is presented in Appendix
B.
The Demonstration Program can best be
measured by (1) its ability to attract technologies
and sites into the program, (2) the success of
completed demonstrations in dealing with
hazardous wastes, (3) the circulation of
published program and technology information,
(4) and the quality and variety of new projects.
The following sections explain each criterion.
1. Soliciting New Technologies and Sites
As noted last fiscal year, and as
recommended by several reviewers of the
program, selection of technologies for FY 1991
was more flexible than in any past year. This
does not mean that selection for the program has
been made easy and less technically rigorous.
Rather, the program has been more selective in
evaluating proposals but more open to innovative
ideas. Of the 23 technologies accepted for the
program during FY 1991, a smaller number
came from the formal advertisement of the RFP;
a much larger number consisting of unsolicited
contacts by developers. The program has made
itself known through publications, symposia, and
-------
technology exhibitions, and interested developers
have responded with requests to join the
program. SITE personnel have also been
involved in a concerted effort to discuss the
needs of the SITE Program with the regions and
other federal agencies to obtain technology and
site nominations.
Even though some requests for acceptance
into the SITE Program may be outside the
timeframe for the annual formal solicitation, the
same acceptance criteria apply. Technologies
are selected based on their readiness and
suitability for field-scale demonstration, their
applicability to Superfund situations, and their
potential for commercialization. The following
outline lists the acceptance criteria:
I. Technology Factors
A. Description of the Technology
B. Description of the Equipment
1. Physical Appearance
2. Unit Size and Transportability
3. Treatment Capacity (throughput
range)
4. Availability
C. Waste Streams Treated
1. Contaminants
2. Media
3. Problem Wastes
4. Concentrations of Feed and
Product Streams
D. Material Handling Needs
1. Delivery and Removal Equipment
2. Pre- and Post-Treatment
Requirements
E. Types and Quantities of Waste Streams
or Residues Generated
1. Gases and Particulates
2. Liquids
3. Solids and Sludges
II. Performance Factors
A. History or Background of Process
Development
B. Pilot- or Field-Scale Test Data
C. Applicability to Superfund Sites
D. Advantages Over Similar Technologies
III. Developer Factors
A. Experience and Availability of Assigned
Key Personnel
B. Company Profile
1. Superfund-Related Experience
2. Internal Support
3. Anticipated Subcontracting Needs
C. Capability to Commercialize
1. Marketing Strategy
2. Projected Unit Cost of Treatment
Locations for demonstration projects still
depend in large part on nominations by EPA's
regional offices. This process is being
facilitated, however, through three SITE
Program activities. First, notices are sent to the
regions listing new technologies and highlighting
those needing sites. Second, regional contacts
within the SITE Program have been established
to assist in communication. One person is
assigned to each region to be the SITE focal
point for the Remedial Project Managers (RPM),
the Office of Technology Transfer and
Regulatory Support (OTTERS) liaison position,
and the Regional SITE Coordinator. Third, the
Program continues to work closely with the
Superfund Technical Assistant Response Team
(START) Program to keep abreast of current
problem sites and technical assistance needs.
Another resource for locating applicable
sites; has been federal facilities. Special
emphasis has been placed on coordinating the
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SITE Program with the needs of the
Departments of Defense (DOD) and Energy
(DOE). One demonstration in FY 1991 was
accomplished at an Air Force site, and FY 1992
plans are firmly set for three demonstrations at
DOE facilities, three at Air Force bases, and one
at a Navy facility.
Finally, several vendors entering the
program in FY 1991 came to EPA with
candidate sites in mind or with ongoing cleanup
contracts. As SITE personnel explain the
program and talk to interested parties, they
emphasize the fact that commercial jobs or
vendor-nominated sites may ease the burden of
site selection and speed the conduct of a
demonstration.
2. FY 1991 Technology Demonstrations
During FY 1991, ten technologies were
evaluated in the field. Of these ten, three
evaluations that began in FY 1991 will continue
into FY 1992. One of these, Hughes
Environmental, Inc., is a commercial application
that will last for several months. The second,
an evaluation of EPA's fungal degradation
process, will continue into the 1992 growing
season with a full scale evaluation based on
results of preliminary testing begun in summer
1991. The third, SBP Technologies, was
initiated in August of 1991, but technical
difficulties forced delay in completion. These
ten technologies are summarized below, along
with a brief discussion of the field performance.
Dehydro-Tech Corporation. East
Hanover, NJ. The Carver-Greenfield Process®
is designed to separate materials into their
constituent solid, oil (including oil-soluble
substances), and water phases. It is intended
mainly for soils and sludges contaminated with
oil-soluble hazardous compounds. The
technology uses a food-grade carrier oil to
extract the oil-soluble contaminants (see Figure
3). Pre-treatment is necessary to achieve
particle sizes of less than 1A inch.
The carrier oil, with a boiling point of 400
degrees Fahrenheit (°F), is typically mixed with
waste sludge or soil, and the mixture is placed in
an evaporation system to remove any water.
The oil serves to fluidize the mix and maintain
a low slurry viscosity to ensure efficient heat
transfer, allowing virtually all of the water to
evaporate. Oil-soluble contaminants are
extracted from the waste by the carrier oil.
Volatile compounds present in the waste are also
stripped in this step and condensed with the
carrier oil or water. After the water is
evaporated from the mixture, the resulting dried
slurry is sent to a centrifuging section that
removes most of the carrier oil and contaminants
from the solids. After centrifuging, residual
carrier oil is removed from the solids by a
process known as "hydroextraction." The
carrier oil is recovered by evaporation and steam
stripping. The hazardous constituents are
removed from the carrier oil by distillation.
This stream can be incinerated or reclaimed. In
some cases, heavy metals in the solids will be
complexed with hydrocarbons and will also be
extracted by the carrier oil.
The demonstration of this technology was
completed in August 1991 at EPA's facility in
Edison, New Jersey. Petroleum wastes (drilling
muds) from the PAB oil site in Abbeville,
Louisiana were used for the demonstration.
Preliminary results indicate a successful
separation of oily drilling muds into their
constituent oil, water, and solid phases.
ECOVA Corporation. Redmond, WA.
ECOVA's slurry-phase bioremediation
(bioslurry) technology (see Photograph 1) is
designed to biodegrade creosote contaminated
materials by employing aerobic bacteria that use
the contaminants as their carbon source. The
technology uses batch and continuous flow
bioreactors to process polycyclic aromatic
hydrocarbon (PAH) contaminated soils,
sediments, and sludges. Because site-specific
environments influence biological treatment, all
chemical, physical, and microbial factors are
10
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Figure 3: Dehydro-Tech Corporation's carver-greenfield process*
Photograph 1: ECOVA Corporation's slurry-phase bioremediation technology
11
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designed into the treatment process. The
ultimate goal is to convert organic wastes into
biomass, relatively harmless byproducts of
microbial metabolism, such as carbon dioxide,
methane, and inorganic salts.
ECOVA Corporation conducted bench- and
pilot-scale process development studies using a
slurry phase biotreatment design to evaluate
bioremediation of PAHs in creosote
contaminated soil collected from the Burlington
Northern Superfund site in Brainerd, Minnesota.
Bench-scale studies were performed prior to
pilot-scale evaluations to determine the optimal
treatment protocols. Data obtained from the
optimized pilot-scale program will be used to
establish treatment standards for K001 wastes as
part of the EPA's Best Demonstrated Available
Technology (BDAT) program.
Slurry-phase biological treatment was
shown to significantly improve biodegradation
rates of 4- to 6-ring PAHs. The bioreactors are
supplemented with oxygen, nutrients, and a
specific inocula of microorganisms to enhance
the degradation process. Biological reaction
rates are accelerated in a slurry system because
of the increased contact efficiency between
contaminants and microorganisms.
The technology was accepted into the SITE
Demonstration Program in spring 1991 and from
May through September 1991, EPA conducted
a SITE demonstration using six bioslurry
reactors at EPA's Test and Evaluation Facility in
Cincinnati, Ohio. The reactors processed
creosote-contaminated soil taken from the
Burlington Northern Superfund site in Brainerd.,
Minnesota. Results from the pilot-scale
bioreactor evaluation showed an initial reduction
of 89.3 percent of the total soil-bound PAHs in
the first two weeks. An overall reduction of
93.4 percent was seen over a 12-week treatment
period.
Horsehead Resource Development Co.,
Inc. Monaca, PA. The flame reactor process
(see Figure 4) is a patented,
hydrocarbon-fueled, flash smelting system that
treats residues and wastes containing metals.
The reactor processes wastes with a hot (greater
than 2,000 degrees Celsius [°C]) reducing gas
produced by the combustion of solid or gaseous
hydrocarbon fuels in oxygen-enriched air. In a
compact, low-capital cost reactor, the feed
materials react rapidly, allowing a high waste
throughput. The end products are a
nonleachable slag (a glass-like solid when
cooled), a recyclable, heavy metal-enriched
oxide, and a metal alloy. The achieved volume
reduction (of waste to slag plus oxide) depends
on the chemical and physical properties of the
waste. The volatile metals are fumed and
captured in a product dust collection system;
nonvolatile metals condense as a molten alloy.
The remaining trace levels of metals are
encapsulated in the slag. The elevated
temperature destroys organic compounds. In
general, the process requires that wastes be dry
enough (up to 5 percent total moisture) to be
pneumatically-fed, and fine enough (less than
200 mesh) to react rapidly. Larger particles (up
to 20 mesh) can be processed; however, the
efficiency of metals recovery is decreased.
The SITE demonstration was conducted
March 18-22, 1991 on secondary lead soda slag
from the National Smelting and Refining
Company Superfund site in Atlanta, Georgia.
The test was conducted at the Monaca facility
under a Resource Conservation and Recovery
Act (R.CRA) Research Development and
Demonstration permit that allows the treatment
of Superfund wastes containing high
concentrations of metals but only negligible
concentrations of organics. About 72 tons of
contaminated materials were processed from
48,200 to 61,700 mg/kg, but was reduced in the
slag to a range of 1,560 to 11,400 mg/kg. The
product oxide contained lead ranging from
159,000 to 180,000 mg/kg. All effluent slag
passed the toxicity characteristic leaching
procedure (TCLP) criteria.
12
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— Natural Gas
•Oxygen + Air
FLAME
REACTOR
Sol id-Waste Feed
Off Gas
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SEPARATOR
, Effluent Slag
Oxide Product
Figure 4: Horsehead Resource Development Company, Inc.'s flame reactor process•
c;
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E
HYDROCARBON
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VAPOR TREATMENT
WATER SUPPLY
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HYDROCARBON VAPOR
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RECOVERY
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SOIL CONTAMIN
HYDROCARBONS
YDROCARBONT
STEAM
INJECTION
WELL
LIQUID STEAM
AIR COMPRESSOR
AIR LIFT
PUMP
Figure 5: Hughes Environmental Systems, Inc.'s steam injection and vacuum extraction (SIVE) process
13
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Hughes Environmental Systems, Inc.
Manhattan Beach, CA. The steam injection and
vacuum extraction (SIVE) process (see Figure
5), developed by Hughes Environmental
Systems, removes most volatile organic
compounds (VOC) and semivolatile organic
compounds (SVOC) from contaminated soils in
situ, both above and below the water table. The
technology is applicable to in situ remediation of
contaminated soils well below ground surface
and can be used to treat below or around
permanent structures. It also accelerates
contaminant removal rates and can be effective
in all soil types. Steam is forced through the
soil by injection wells to thermally enhance the
vacuum process. The extraction wells have two
purposes: to pump and treat ground water, and
to transport steam and vaporized contaminants
under vacuum to the extraction well and then to
the surface. Recovered contaminants are either
condensed and processed with the contaminated
groundwater or trapped by gas-phase activated
carbon filters. The technology uses readily
available components, such as extraction and
monitoring wells, manifold piping, vapor and
liquid separators, vacuum pumps, and gas
emission control equipment.
The SITE demonstration, currently
underway at a site in Huntington Beach,
California, began in August 1991 and will be
completed in March 1992. The soil at the site
was contaminated by a 135,000-gallon diesel
fuel spill.
Re tech, Inc. Ukiah, CA. Plasma Arc
Vitrification occurs in a plasma centrifugal
furnace by a thermal treatment process where
heat from a transferred arc plasma creates a
molten bath that detoxifies the feed material (see
Photograph 2). Organic contaminants are
vaporized and react at temperatures of 2,000 to
2,500°F to form innocuous products. Solids
melt and are vitrified in the molten bath at 2,800
to 3,000°F. Metals are retained in this phase.
When cooled, this phase is a nonleachable,
glassy residue which meets the TCLP criteria.
Contaminated soils enter the sealed furnace
through the bulk feeder. The reactor well
rotates during waste processing. Centrifugal
force created by this rotation prevents material
from falling out of the bottom and helps to
evenly transfer heat and electrical energy
throughout the molten phase. Periodically, a
fraction of the molten slag is tapped, falling into
the slag chamber to solidify.
Off-gas travels through a secondary
combustion chamber where it remains at 2,000
to 2,500°F for more than 2 seconds. This
allows the complete destruction of any organics
, in the gas. After passing through the secondary
combustion chamber, the gases pass through a
series of air pollution control devices designed to
remove particulates and acid gases.
The SITE demonstration was conducted in
July 1991 at a DOE research facility in Butte,
Montana. During the demonstration, the furnace
processed approximately 4,000 pounds of waste.
All feed and effluent streams were sampled to
assess the performance of this technology.
Risk Reduction Engineering Laboratory,
U.S. EPA. Cincinnati, OH. The fungal
degradation system utilizes white rot fungi to
treat soils in situ. Because these organisms can
break down lignin in wood, they may also be
able to break down other recalcitrant
compounds. As a result, the white rot fungi
have been investigated over the past several
years in the laboratory and have been shown
capable of degrading certain organic
contaminants such,as pentachlorophenol (PCP).
To take advantage of this response, wood chips
and organic material inoculated with the fungi
are mechanically mixed into the contaminated
soil; the fungi break down the target
contaminants as they break down the wood.
Because this technology uses a living
organism (the fungi), the greatest success occurs
with optimal growing conditions. Additives
enhance growing conditions and may be required
14
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Photograph 2: Retech, Inc.'s plasma arc vitrification process
Photograph 3: SBP Technologies, Inc.'s membrane hyperflltration unit
15
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for successful waste treatment. Moisture control
is necessary; temperature control may also be
needed. Wood chips may be added to the
process to decrease the toxicity of the soil.
Nutrients, such as peat, may also be added to
provide a source of organic carbon.
The technology is typically used to treat soil
contaminated with chemicals found in the wood
preserving industry. Contaminants include
chlorinated organics and polycyclic aromatic
hydrocarbons. Different contaminants and
combinations of contaminants may have varied
degrees of success. In particular, the SITE
Demonstration Program is evaluating how well
white rot fungi degrade PCP. Field treatability
tests were undertaken in August and September
1991 to determine whether the Brookhaven
Wood Preserving site in Brookhaven,
Mississippi would be suitable for a
demonstration. The fungi have reduced PCP
levels in the soil at this site, and if detailed
analytical data and site characterization data
prove positive, a large scale demonstration is
expected to start in early spring 1992.
SBP Technologies, Inc. Stone Mountain,
GA. SBP Technologies, Inc. (SBP), has
developed a hazardous waste treatment system
consisting of (1) a filtration unit for extraction
and concentration of contaminants from
groundwater, surface water, or slurries and (2)
a bioremediation system for treating
concentrated groundwater and soil slurries.
These two systems are designed to treat a wide
range of waste materials separately or as part of
an integrated waste handling process.
The membrane hyperfiltration unit (see
photograph 3) can remove and concentrate
contaminants by filtering contaminated
groundwater through a specially developed
membrane. Depending on local requirements
and regulations, the filtered water can be
discharged to the sanitary sewer for further
treatment at a publicly owned treatment works
(POTW). The concentrated contaminants are
collected in a holding tank. The bioreactor,
using a proprietary microorganism mixture, can
biologically destroy concentrated contaminants
and can produce effluent with low to
nondetectable levels of contaminants.
Integrating the two units will allow many
contaminants to be removed and destroyed on
site.
The first demonstration, on the filtration
unit, occurred in September and October 1991
on creosote-contaminated groundwater. During
testing, PAH removal was sufficient to pass
local POTW discharge standards.
Silicate Technology Corporation.
Scottsdale, AZ. Silicate Technology
Corporation's (STC) technology (see Photograph
4) for treating hazardous waste utilizes silicate
compounds to solidify and stabilize organic and
inorganic constituents in contaminated soils,
sludges, and wastewater. STC's organic
chemical fixation/solidification technology
involves the bonding of organic contaminants
into the layers of an alumino silicate compound.
STC's inorganic chemical fixation/solidification
technology involves the formation of insoluble
chemical compounds, which reduces the overall
reagent addition compared to generic
cementitious processes. Pre-treatment of
contaminated soil includes separating coarse and
fine waste materials and crushing coarse
material, reducing it to the size required. The
screened waste is weighed, and a predetermined
amount of silicate reagent is added. The
material is conveyed to a pug mill mixer where
water is added and the mixture is blended.
Sludges are placed directly into the pug mill for
addition of reagents and mixing. The amount of
reagent required for solidification and
stabilization can be adjusted to the organic and
inorganic contaminant concentrations determined
during treatability testing. Treated material is
placed in confining pits for on-site curing or
cast into molds for transport and disposal offsite.
16
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Photograph 4: Silicate Technology Corporation's organic chemical fixation/solidification technology
(NON-
HUAROOUS)
OPTONM. OBKISH.
OR DESTRUCTION
Figure 6: Soiltech, Inc.'s anaerobic thermal processor
17
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The technology was demonstrated in
November 1990 at the Selma Pressure Treating
(SPT) wood preserving site in Selma, California.
The SPT site was contaminated with both
organics, mainly pentachlorophenol (PCP), and
inorganics, mainly arsenic, chromium and
copper. The demonstration indicated that STC's
technology can treat PCP and immobilize
arsenic, chromium and copper.
SoilTech, Inc. Englewood, CO. The
SoilTech anaerobic thermal processor (ATP) (see
Figure 6) is a thermal desorption process. It
heats and mixes contaminated soils, sludges, and
liquids in a special rotary kiln that uses indirect
heat for processing. The unit desorbs, collects,
and recondenses hydrocarbons from solids. The
unit also can be used with a dehalogenation
process to destroy halogenated hydrocarbons
through a thermal and chemical process.
When the ATP is used to dechlorinate
contaminants, the contaminated soils are sprayed
with an oil mixture containing an alkaline
reagent and polyethylene glycol, or other
reagents. The oil acts as a carrier for the
dehalogenation reagents. In the unit, the
reagents dehalogenate or chemically break down
chlorinated compounds, including
polychlorinated biphenyls (PCB).
The technology will be involved in two
SITE demonstrations. In May 1991, the first
demonstration used a full-scale unit on soils
contaminated with PCBs at the Wide Beach
Development Superfund site in Brant, New
York. The second demonstration, scheduled for
spring 1992, will use a full-scale unit at the
Outboard Marine Corporation site in Waukegan,
Illinois.
The preliminary SITE Demonstration test
results from Wide Beach indicated that:
• The SoilTech ATP unit removed over 99
percent of the PCBs in the contaminated
soil, resulting in PCB levels below the
desired cleanup concentration of 2 parts per
million (ppm).
• The SoilTech ATP does not appear to
create dioxins or furans.
• No volatile or semivolatile organic
degradation products were detected in the
treated soil. No leachable volatile organic
compounds (VOCs) or semivolatile organic
compounds (SVOCs) were detected in the
treated soil.
• No operational problems affecting the
ATP's ability to treat the contaminated soil
were observed.
WASTECH, Inc. Oak Ridge, TN. This
solidification and stabilization technology applies
proprietary bonding agents to soils, sludge, and
liquid v/astes with organic and inorganic
contaminants to treat the pollutants within the
wastes. The waste and reagent mixture is then
mixed with cementitious materials, which form
a stabilizing matrix. The specific reagents used
are selected based on the particular waste to be
treated. The resultant material is a nonlcaching,
high-strength monolith.
The process uses standard engineering and
construction equipment. Since the type and dose
of reagents depend on waste characteristics,
treatability studies and site investigations must
be conducted to determine the proper treatment
formula. The process begins with excavation of
the waste. Materials containing large pieces of
debris must be prescreened. The waste is then
placed into a high shear mixer (see photograph
5 ),, along with premeasured quantities of water
and Superset®, WASTECH's proprietary
reagent.
Next,, cementitious materials are added to
the waste-reagent mixture, stabilizing the waste
and completing the treatment process.
WASTECH's treatment technology does not
generate waste by-products. The process can
also be applied in situ.
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Photograph 5: WASTECH, Inc.'s solidification and stabilization technology
A field demonstration at Robins Air Force
Base in Macon, Georgia was completed in
August 1991. The WASTECH technology was
used to treat high level organic and inorganic
wastes at an industrial sludge pit; Preliminary
results indicate that the organics and inorganics
were immobilized by the technology, but the
materials did not harden as they should.
Additional applications will be necessary to
verify cementing ability of the process. The
technology is already being commercially
applied to treat hazardous wastes contaminated
with various organics, inorganics, and mixed
wastes.
3. SITE Documents and Publications
The final products of each demonstration
are generally two EPA reports; a Technology
Evaluation Report (TER) and an Applications
Analysis Report (AAR). The TER presents the
results of the technology performance. It
describes the technology and its purpose, and
presents the demonstration plan (including the
operational plan, sampling and analysis
procedures, QA/QC protocol, and health and
safety issues), test results (with associated
QA/QC data), and cost data. This lengthy and
detailed publication is prepared by EPA,
reviewed and approved by the developer, and
distributed through the National Technical
Information Service (NTIS). A project summary
of the same material is printed and distributed by
EPA to announce the report and to highlight the
demonstration results.
The AAR discusses the applicability of the
technology to other waste media, sites,
constituents, and concentrations; it also details
the capital and operating costs. EPA uses a
common format for presenting cost information
in all SITE reports. These costs include, but are
not limited to, the following items: operating
cost (including a list of requirements and the
cost of each); maintenance cost; waste pre-
19
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treatment and post-treatment costs, if applicable;
and the potential for cost recovery (ability to
recycle residues, or process streams, if
applicable). This report includes a section for
developer's comments, concerns, or additional
technology claims. This section appears
unedited in each AAR. Although EPA works
with the developer throughout the demonstration
process, including publication of the final
reports, EPA maintains editorial control over the
content of the reports, with the exception of the
developer claims section of the AAR. Further,
EPA conducts an independent evaluation of the
developer's claims and supports claims made
about the technology only to the extent that they
are clearly proven by demonstration data or by
other reliable and available data.
In addition to the above reports,
demonstration results are also presented at
technical conferences or published as technical
papers in journals and symposium proceedings.
These reports and papers provide EPA, the
States, and the public with performance data on
new commercial technologies with solutions to
waste site problems, and with specific cost data
useful for comparing and selecting on-site
cleanup technologies. Other technology transfer
items coming from a demonstration include the
widely-distributed, two-page demonstration
bulletin and a short videotape presentation of the
demonstration and its results. Endorsements,
approvals or certifications of any technology
cannot be provided by EPA.
To date, EPA has published 14 AARs, 12
TERs and project summaries, and 7
demonstration bulletins. Articles and
presentations of completed demonstrations also
appear regularly in the Journal of the Air and
Waste Management Association and at national
and international meetings such as the
Seventeenth Annual RREL Hazardous Waste
Symposium, the Fifteenth Annual Army
Environmental R & D Symposium, the First
Engineering and Technology Conference on
Waste Management, the Third Forum on
Innovative Hazardous Waste Treatment
Technologies, and annual meetings of the Air
and Waste Management Association and the
American Institute of Chemical Engineers.
Along with these technology-specific items, the
Demonstration Program also produces the
Annual Report to Congress, the Technology
Profiles (summarizing the entire SITE Program),
and a spring update of recent activities.
In an effort to continually improve the SITE
Program, internal studies have suggested that the
reporting process be streamlined as much as
possible to facilitate timely transfer of
information. To this end, the Demonstration
Program has established the following schedule
for producing reports following a field
demonstration, with the end of the demonstration
being day 0:
Product Days
Draft Demonstration
Bulletin 90
Draft AAR 135
Demonstration
Bulletin Published 155
Draft TER 165
Videotape Available 250
AAR Published 349
TER and Project
Summary Published 379
4. New Projects for FY 1991
During FY 1991, 23 new technologies were
added to the SITE Demonstration Program.
These were added through the annual Request
for Proposals (6), the Emerging Technology
Program (1), RREL - technologies (5),
nominations by EPA's regional offices and other
federal agencies (4), and unsolicited proposals
through telephone and conference contacts (7).
These new technologies are- briefly summarized
below.
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Accutech Remedial Systems, Inc.
Keyport, NJ. An integrated treatment system
incorporating Pneumatic Fracturing Extraction
(PFE) and Catalytic Oxidation has been jointly
developed by Accutech Remedial Systems Inc.,
and the Hazardous Substance Management
Research Center located at the New Jersey
Institute of Technology in Newark, New Jersey.
The system provides a cost-effective accelerated
remedial approach to sites with Dense
Non-Aqueous Phase Liquid (DNAPL)
contaminated aquifers. The patented PFE
process has been demonstrated both in the
laboratory and in the field to establish a uniform
subsurface airflow within low permeability
formations, such as clay and fractured rock.
The PFE process coupled with an in situ thermal
injection process recovers residual contamination
trapped in the vadose zone. A groundwater
recovery system is first implemented to suppress
the water table below the zone of highest
contamination. Recovered groundwater is
treated by an aeration process. DNAPL
contaminants removed from the groundwater are
combined with the PFE recovery process stream.
The combined DNAPL vapor stream is fed into
a catalytic oxidation unit for destruction. The
oxidation unit contains a catalyst that resists
process deactivation. Heat from the
catalytic/oxidation unit is utilized in the in situ
thermal injection component of the treatment
system. The treatment system can also use
activated carbon treatment technology when
contaminant concentrations decrease to levels
where catalytic technology is no longer
cost-effective.
Babcock and Wilcox Co. Alliance, OH.
This furnace technology decontaminates wastes
containing both organic and metal contaminants.
The cyclone furnace retains heavy metals in a
non-leachable slag and vaporizes and incinerates
the organic materials in the wastes. The treated
soils resemble natural obsidian (volcanic glass),
similar to the final product from vitrification.
The furnace is a horizontal cylinder and is
designed for heat release rates greater than
450,000 British thermal units (Btu) per cubic
foot (coal) and gas temperatures exceeding
3,000°F. Natural gas and preheated primary
combustion air (820°F) enter the furnace
tangentially. Secondary air (820°F), natural
gas, and the synthetic soil matrix (SSM) also
enter tangentially along the cyclone barrel. The
resulting swirling action efficiently mixes air and
fuel and increases combustion gas residence
time. Dry SSM has been tested at pilot-scale
feed rates of both 50 and 200 pounds per hour
(Ib/hr). The SSM is retained on the furnace
wall by centrifugal action; it melts and captures
a portion of the heavy metals. The organics are
destroyed in the molten slag layer. The slag
exits the cyclone furnace (slag temperature at
this location is 2,400°F) and is dropped into a
water-filled slag tank where it solidifies into a
nonleachable vitrified material. A small quantity
of the soil also exits as fly ash from the furnace
and is collected in a baghouse.
Chemical Waste Management, Inc.
Geneva, IL. The PO*WW*ER™ technology
treats wastewaters, such as leachates,
groundwaters, and process waters, containing
mixtures of salts, metals, and organic
compounds. The proprietary technology
combines evaporation and catalytic oxidation
processes. Wastewater is concentrated in an
evaporator by boiling off most of the water and
the volatile contaminants, both organic and
inorganic. Air or oxygen is added to the vapor,
and the stream is forced through a catalyst bed,
where the organic and inorganic compounds are
oxidized. This stream, composed of mainly
steam, passes through a scrubber, if necessary,
to remove any acid gases formed during
oxidation. The stream is then condensed or
vented to the atmosphere. The resulting brine
solution is either disposed of or treated further,
depending on the nature of the waste.
Dames and Moore. Tallahassee, FL.
Dames & Moore developed its Hydrolytic
Terrestrial Dissipation (HTD) process for use at
the Chemairspray site in Palm Beach County,
Florida. An estimated 11,500 cubic yards of
surface soils at the site are contaminated with
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toxaphene — a chlorinated pesticide — and
metal fungicides, primarily copper. HTD
involves excavating contaminated soils and
comminuting (mixing and cutting) soils so that
metal complexes and organic chemicals in the
soil are uniformly distributed. During the
mixing process, caustic addition raises the soil
pH to 8.0 or greater, although slower reactions
should still occur at lower pHs. Soil moisture
levels are maintained during mixing to prevent
adsorption and fugitive dust. Iron, copper, or
aluminum can be introduced to catalyze the
hydrolysis. The prepared mixture is then
distributed in a thin veneer (4 to 7 centimeters)
over a soil bed and exposed to heat and
ultraviolet light from the sun to facilitate
dissipation. Since lighter weight toxaphene
compounds are reported to be volatile, volatility
will enhance dissipation. Toxaphene's volatility
will increase as heavier compounds are
dehalogenated to lower molecular weights.
Ultraviolet light is also known to cause
toxaphene dechlorination, so toxaphene gases in
the atmosphere will slowly degrade to still lower
molecular weights while liberating chlorine.
Since lighter compounds have fewer chlorines in
their molecular structure, only minor amounts of
chlorine gas are emitted to the atmosphere.
Soils in the distribution bed are periodically
sampled to evaluate any residual contamination.
One staging unit can treat about 5,000 to 6,000
tons per year.
Dynaphore, Inc. Richmond, VA. The
FORAGER™ sponge is an open-celled cellulose
sponge incorporating an amine-containing
polymer with a selective affinity for heavy
metals in cationic and anionic states in aqueous
solution. The polymer prefers to form
complexes with ions of transition-group heavy
metals, providing ligand sites that surround the
metal and form a coordination complex. The
order of affinity of the polymer for metals is
influenced by solution parameters such as pH,
temperature, and total ionic content. The
removal efficiency for transition-group heavy
metals is about 90 percent at a flow rate of one
bed volume per minute. The highly porous
nature of the sponge speeds diffusional effects,
thereby promoting high rates of ion absorption.
The sponge can be used in columns, fishnet-type
enclosures, or rotating drums. In column
operations, flow rates of three bed volumes per
minute can be obtained at hydrostatic pressures
only 2 feet above the bed, without additional
pressurization. Therefore, sponge-packed
columns are suitable for unattended field use.
ECOVA Corporation. Redmond WA.
ECOVA Corporation's slurry-phase
bioremediation (bioslurry) technology is
described in the section for completed
demonstration projects.
ELI Eco Logic International, Inc.
Rockwood, Ontario, Canada. This patented
process is based on the gas-phase,
thermo-chemical reaction of hydrogen with
organic and chlorinated organic compounds at
elevated temperatures. At 850 degrees Celsius
(°C) or higher, hydrogen reacts with organic
compounds in a process known as reduction to
produce smaller, lighter hydrocarbons. This
reaction is enhanced by the presence of water,
which can. also act as a reducing agent. Because
hydrogen is used to produce a reducing
atmosphere devoid of free oxygen, the
possibility of dioxin or furan formation is
eliminated. The thermo-chemical reaction takes
place within a specially designed reactor. In the
process, a mixture of preheated waste and
hydrogen is injected through nozzles mounted
tangentially near the top of the reactor. The
mixture swirls around a central ceramic tube
past glo-bar heaters. By the time the mixture
passes through the ports at the bottom of the
ceramic tube, it has been heated to 850°C.
Particulate matter up to 5 millimeters in
diameter not entrained in the gas stream will
impact the hot refractory walls of the reactor.
Organic matter associated wkh the particulate is
volatilized, and the particulate exits out of the
reactor bottom to a quench tank, while finer
particulate entrained in the gas stream flows up
the ceramic tube into an exit elbow and through
a retention zone. The reduction reaction takes
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place from the bottom of the ceramic tube
onwards, and takes less than one second to
complete. Gases enter a scrubber where
hydrogen chloride fine particulates are removed.
The gases that exit the scrubber consist only of
excess hydrogen, methane, and a small amount
of water vapor. About 95 percent of this gas is
recirculated into the reactor. The remaining 5
percent is fed to a boiler where it is used as
supplementary fuel to preheat the waste.
Ensite, Inc. Tucker, GA. The SafeSoil™
Biotreatment System is a bioremediation
technology that involves excavation and power
screening of contaminated soil. The screened
soil is then transported to a paddle shaft mixer,
where it is mixed with a combination of
nutrients and surfactants. The mixed soil is then
placed in "curing" piles on site for the curing
portion of the treatment process, in which
biodegradation by naturally • occurring
microorganisms, utilizing biochemical pathways
mediated by enzymes, occurs. All required
nutrients are supplied during initial processing.
The unique air entrainment feature of the
treatment system provides an initial supply of
oxygen and provides for passive air diffusion, by
the generation of a honeycomb-like matrix. The
process relies solely on indigenous
microorganisms of the soil to biologically
degrade organic compounds; it does not use
laboratory adapted or genetically engineered
microorganisms (OEMs).
Hazardous Waste Control. Fairfield,
CT. The NOMIX® technology is a patented
solidification and stabilization process that can
be applied to contaminated media in situ,
without the need for mixing or equipment. The
technology combines specially formulated
cemetitious materials with waste media.
Because the material hardens faster than
conventional concrete, remediation time is
reduced. The NOMIX® solidification
compounds consist of specially formulated
cements, sands, aggregates, and various
combinations thereof. The dry components and
their reacting rates with the wet waste are
closely controlled, allowing rapid and efficient
solidification. The contaminated media may be
diluted with water, if necessary, to facilitate the
solidification process. If water is necessary, it
may be introduced into the waste media before
the preblended solidification compounds are
added create a homogenous solution of waste
and water. The solidification compounds are
then poured through the waste and water
solution in a consistent manner, allowing the
complete absorption of the waste solution and
the formation of a solid mass. The process
produces a relatively homogenous treated mass
compared to that produced by solidification
processes using mixing equipment.
Hughes Environmental Systems, Inc.
Manhattan Beach, CA. The steam injection
and vacuum extraction (SIVE) process,
developed by Hughes Environmental Systems, is
described in the section for completed
demonstration projects.
MAECORP, Inc. Chicago, IL.
MAECORP, Inc.'s MAECTITE process is a
chemical fixation treatment technology that
reduces leachable lead levels in soils. The
treatment process has several steps. First,the
soil material is screened so that oversized
particles larger than approximately 3 inches are
removed from the waste stream. The remaining
undersized particles are blended with a
trademarked material and then fed to a
shredder/grinder. This, material is then
conveyed to a pug-mill mixer where a liquid
solution is added. This mixture is then fed to a
pad and cured for 6 to 24 hours, after which
time it can be land disposed.
Peroxidation Systems, Inc. Tucson, AZ.
Tlie perox-pure™ technology destroys dissolved
organic contaminants in groundwater or
wastewater through an advanced chemical
oxidation process using ultraviolet (UV)
radiation and hydrogen peroxide. Hydrogen
peroxide is added to the contaminated water, and
the mixture is then fed into the treatment
system. The treatment system contains four or
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more compartments in the oxidation chamber.
Each compartment contains one high intensity
UV lamp mounted in a quartz sleeve. The
contaminated water flows in the space between
the chamber wall and the quartz tube in which
each UV lamp is mounted. UV light catalyzes
the chemical oxidation of the organic
contaminants in water by its combined effect
upon the organics and its reaction with hydrogen
peroxide. First, many organic contaminants that
absorb UV light may undergo a change in their
chemical structure or may become more reactive
with chemical oxidants. Second, and more
importantly, UV light catalyzes the breakdown
of hydrogen peroxide to produce hydroxyl
radicals, which are powerful chemical oxidants.
Hydroxyl radicals react with organic
contaminants, destroying them and producing
harmless by-products, such as carbon dioxide,
halides, and water. The process produces no
hazardous by-products or air emissions.
Purus, Inc. San Jose, CA. This
technology destroys organic contaminants
dissolved in water through an advanced chemical
oxidation process using ultraviolet (UV)
radiation, hydrogen peroxide, and a proprietary
catalyst. Contaminated water is fed into the
system, and hydrogen peroxide and the
proprietary catalyst are added. The mixture is
then pumped to the treatment system, which
consists of six reactor tanks where the organic
contaminants are destroyed. Each reactor tank
houses a xenon UV lamp mounted in a quartz
sleeve. The water flows in the space between
the chamber wall and the quartz tube in which
each lamp is mounted. The UV lamps serve two
purposes. First, the combination of UV light
and hydrogen peroxide produces hydroxyl
radicals, which are powerful chemical oxidants.
The hydroxyl radicals oxidize organic
contaminants, producing harmless by-products,
such as carbon dioxide, salts, and water.
Second, the UV light can directly break the
molecular bonds of the contaminants, further
enhancing the oxidation process.
Remediation Technologies, Inc.
Pittsburgh, PA. Remediation Technologies,
Inc.'s (ReTeC), high temperature thermal
processor is a thermal desorption system that can
treat solids and sludges contaminated with
organic constituents. The system consists of
material feed equipment, a thermal processor, a
particulate removal system, an indirect
condensing system, and activated carbon beds.
Waste from the feed hopper is fed to the thermal
processor, which consists of a jacketed trough
that houses two intermeshing, counter-rotational
screw conveyors. The rotation of the screws
moves material through the processor. A molten
salt eutectic, consisting primarily of potassium
nitrate, serves as the heat transfer media. This
salt melt has heat transfer characteristics similar
to those of oils and allows maximum processing
temperatures of up to 850 °F. The salt melt is
noncombustible; it poses no risk of explosion;
and its potential vapors are nontoxic. The
heated transfer media continuously circulates
through the hollow flights and shafts of each
screw and circulates through the jacketed trough.
An electric or fuel oil/gas-fired heater maintains
the temperature of the transfer media. Treated
product is cooled to less than 150°F for safe
handling.
Risk Reduction Engineering Laboratory,
U.S. EPA. Cincinnati, OH. The
base-catalyzed dechlorination (BCD) process
was developed by the Risk Reduction
Engineering Laboratory (RREL) in Cincinnati,
Ohio. This process uses no polyethylene glycol
(PEG) and is a clean and inexpensive process for
remediating soils and sediments contaminated
with chlorinated organic compounds. The
process begins by mixing the chemicals with the
contaminated matrix, such as excavated soil or
sediment or liquids containing toxic compounds.
This mixture is heated at 340 degrees Celsius
(°C) for several hours. The off-gases are
treated before they are released into the
atmosphere. The treated remains are
nonhazardous and can be either disposed
according to standard methods or further
processed for separating components for reuse.
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Demonstration of the technology is planned in
conjunction with the Navy.
Risk Reduction Engineering Laboratory,
U.S. EPA, Cincinnati, OH. This biological
treatment system uses the injection of
atmospheric air to treat contaminated soil in situ.
This air provides a continuous oxygen source,
which enhances the growth of microorganisms
naturally present in the soil. The system uses a
low-pressure air pump attached to one of a
series of air injection probes. The air pump
operates at extremely low pressures, allowing
inflow of oxygen without volatilizing
contaminants that may be present in the soil.
The treatment capacity is limited by the number
of injection probes, the size of the air pump, and
site characteristics such as soil porosity. Aerobic
microbial growth in contaminated soil is often
limited by the lack of oxygen. Additional
additives, such as ozone or nutrients, also may
be required to stimulate microbial growth.
Risk Reduction Engineering Laboratory,
U.S. EPA. Cincinnati, OH. This technology
has been developed for EPA's Risk Reduction
Engineering Laboratory by the University of
Cincinnati (UC) at the Center Hill facility.
Hydraulic fracturing is a physical process that
creates fractures in soils to enhance fluid or
vapor flow in the subsurface. The technology
places fractures at discrete depths through
hydraulic pressurization at the base of a
borehole. These fractures are placed at specific
locations and depths to increase the effectiveness
of treatment technologies, such as soil vapor
extraction, in situ bioremediation, and
pump-and-treat systems. The technology is
designed to enhance remediation in low
permeability geologic formations.
The fracturing process begins with the
injection of a fluid (water) into a sealed borehole
until the pressure of the fluid exceeds a critical
value and a fracture is nucleated, forming a
starter notch. A proppant composed of a
granular material (sand) and a viscous fluid
(guar gum and water mixture) is then pumped
into the fracture as the fracture grows away
from the well. After pumping, the proppant
grains hold the fracture open while an enzyme
additive breaks down the viscous fluid. The
resulting fluid is pumped from the fracture,
forming a permeable subsurface channel suitable
for delivery or recovery of a vapor or liquid.
Risk Reduction Engineering Laboratory,
U.S. EPA. Cincinnati, OH. The fungal
degradation project is described in the section
for completed field demonstrations.
Rochem Separation Systems, Inc.
Torrance, CA. This technology uses membrane
separation systems to treat a range of aqueous
solutions from seawater to leachates containing
organic solvents. The system uses osmosis
through a semipermeable membrane to separate
pure water from contaminated liquids. The
application of osmotic theory implies that when
a saline solution is separated from pure water by
a semipermeable membrane, the higher osmotic
pressure of the salt solution (due to its higher
salt concentration) will cause the water (and
other compounds having high diffusion rates
through the selected membrane) to diffuse
through the membrane into the salt water.
Water will continue to permeate into the salt
solution until the osmotic pressure of the salt
solution equals the osmotic pressure of the pure
water. At this point, the salt concentrations of
the two solutions will be equal, after which no
driving force will remain for any additional mass
transfer across the membrane. However, if an
external pressure is exerted on the salt solution,
water will flow in the reverse direction from the
salt solution into the pure water. This
phenomenon, known as reverse osmosis (RO),
can be employed to separate pure water from
contaminated matrices, such as the treatment of
hazardous wastes via concentration of hazardous
chemical constituents in an aqueous brine, while
recovering pure water on the other side of the
membrane.
Ultrafiltration (UF) is a pressure-driven,
membrane filtration process that separates and
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concentrates macromolecules and colloids from
process streams, water and wastewaters. The
size of the particle rejected by ultrafiltration
depends on the inherent properties of the specific
membrane selected for separation and can range
from small participate matter to large molecules.
In general, a fluid is placed under pressure on
one side of a perforated membrane having a
measured pore size. All materials smaller than
the pore pass through membrane, leaving larger
contaminants concentrated on the feed side of
the process. Pass-through constituents can be
controlled by using a membrane with a limiting
pore size, or by installing a series of membranes
with successively smaller pores. Although
similar to RO, the UF process typically cannot
separate constituents from water to the purity
that RO can. Therefore, the two technologies
can be used in tandem, with UF removing most
of the relatively large constituents of a process
stream before RO application selectively
removes the water from the remaining mixture.
SoilTech, Inc. Englewood, CO.
SoilTech, Inc.'s Anaerobic Thermal Processor
is described in the section for completed
demonstration projects.
Terra-Kleen Corporation. Oklahoma
City, OK. The soil restoration unit is a mobile
solvent extraction remediation device for the
on-site removal of organic contaminants from
soil. Soil contaminants are extracted with a
mixture of organic solvents in a closed loop,
countercurrent process that recycles all solvents.
Terra-Kleen Corporation uses a combination of
up to 14 solvents, each of which can dissolve
specific contaminants in the soil and can mix
freely with water. None of the solvents is a
listed hazardous waste, and the most commonly
used solvents are approved by the Food and
Drug Administration as food additives for
human consumption. The solvents are typically
heated to efficiently strip the contaminants from
the soil. Contaminated soil is fed into a hopper
and transported into the soil and solvent slurry
modules. In the modules, the soil is continually
leached by clean solvent. The return leachate
from the modules is monitored for contaminants
so that the soil may be retained within the
system until any residual contaminants within the
soil are reduced to targeted levels. Terra-Kleen
Corporation offers "hotspot protection" in which
real-time monitoring of the contaminant levels
alleviates the problems of treating localized
higher contaminant areas of soil.
Texaco Syngas, Inc. White Plains, NY.
The Texaco entrained-bed gasification process is
a noncatalytic partial oxidation process in which
carbonaceous substances react at elevated
temperatures to produce a gas containing mainly
carbon monoxide and hydrogen. This product,
called synthesis gas, can be used (1) to produce
other chemicals or (2) to be burned as fuel. Ash
in the feed melts and is removed as a glass-like
slag. The treatment of hazardous waste
materials in a gasifier is an extension of
Texaco's conventional gasification technology,
which has been operated commercially for over
30 years using widely varying feedstocks, such
as natural gas, heavy oil, coal, and petroleum
coke. The process treats waste material at
pressures above 20 atmospheres and
temperatures between 2,200 and 2,800°F.
Texarome, Inc. Leakey, TX. This solid
waste desorption process uses superheated steam
(up to 900°F) as a continuous conveying and
stripping gas in a pneumatic system to treat
contaminated solids. The countercurrent flow of
the gas (steam) and the solid phase
(contaminated solids) provides a highly compact
and efficient mass transfer separation. While the
word pneumatic typically refers to air as a
carrier gas, the carrier gas in this case is
superheated steam, which is quite suitable for
pneumatic conveying. However, unlike air at
ambient temperatures, superheated steam as a
carrier gas vaporizes the volatile and
semivolatile substances present in the solids.
The system uses a proprietary piping
arrangement within the conveying system, which
allows for a true countercurrent flow and a
multistage dispersion and separation (desorption)
of the gases from the solids. This makes the
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efficient mass transfer task possible. After
desorption of virtually all volatile substances
from the solid substrate, the last stage of the
apparatus is used for quenching and as a reactor
loop to provide a final chemical breakdown of
the minute traces of volatiles left in the solid, if
necessary. Nonvolatile inorganic contaminants
(such as metals) are not separated but do not
inhibit the process.
Weston Services, Inc. West Chester, PA.
The basis of the LT3® technology is the thermal
processor, an indirect heat exchanger used to dry
and heat contaminated soils. The LT3® process
includes three main steps: soil treatment,
emissions control, and water treatment.
Excavated soil is processed through a shredder
to increase the surface area of the soil. (This
step may not be needed for sludges or similar
matrices.) The conveyor and surge hopper,
which are enclosed to reduce emissions, then
feed the soil into the thermal processor. The
thermal processor consists of two covered
troughs that house four intermeshed screw
conveyors. The covered troughs and screws are
hollow to allow circulation of hot oil, providing
indirect heating of the soils. Each screw moves
the soil through the processor and thoroughly
mixes the material. Heating of the soil to 400 to
500°F evaporates contaminants from the soil.
(Temperatures may vary depending on the
specific contaminants of concern.) The vapor
stream is then processed through a baghouse
dust collector, and two condensers in series. It
is then treated by carbon adsorption to remove
about 99 percent of the organic contaminants
and any particulate emissions. The remaining
exhaust gas is continuously monitored to ensure
that it contains total organic concentrations not
greater than 3 parts per million (ppm) by
volume.
5. Future Needs and Direction
Each January, EPA advertises a solicitation
for projects in the Commerce Business Daily to
identify new processes for the Demonstration
Program. EPA then evaluates developer
proposals in response to this solicitation for
selection into the SITE Demonstration Program
by early summer. This system has been in
effect for the life of the program and will
continue as a base for accepting technologies for
demonstration.
During FY 1991, however, more
technologies entered the program through
proposals outside the solicitation timeframe, or
from regional or RREL nominations, than
through the regular solicitation process. Several
excellent technologies were brought into the
program as a direct result of staff interaction.
The RFP will continue to be the cornerstone for
the program since it sets the guidelines for
proposal evaluation and technologies of interest^
but in the future, additional recruiting will be
done through the regional offices and technical
forums, as recommended in the ,1990
Management Study of the SITE Program.
Developers who have already arranged with an
EPA regional office or a private client for a
treatability study or field demonstration are good
candidates for acceptance into the Demonstration
Program since the site selection and preliminary
planning steps may be bypassed. Projects such
as this are usually referred to as fast-track
projects, and all attempts are made to fit a
technology demonstration into the schedule and
plan that has already been developed
independently.
The RFP planned for FY 1992 will
highlight technology needs in the following
areas:
1. Combinations of unit operations to create
treatment trains for specific wastes and
waste site conditions.
2. Treatment of mixed, low level radioactive
waste in soils and groundwater. Mixed
waste treatment technologies may be
demonstrated at DOE sites.
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3. Source control technologies for soil and
sludge capable of treating organic and
inorganic contaminants to keep them from
groundwater contact rather than treating
contaminated water.
4. Material handling techniques which
improve pre-treatment and post-treatment
operations.
5. In situ and on-site treatment processes for
large volumes of soil and sediment with
relatively low contaminant concentration
levels.
Methods for material handling noted in item
4 above may include shredding, crushing,
sorting, extracting or separating hazardous
materials. Technologies for on-site aqueous
treatment and gas treatment may also be
proposed, but are anticipated to be of lower
priority to the program. Specific soil pollutants
identified by EPA's regional offices as needing
technologies for remediation will include lead,
arsenic, PCP, polynuclear aromatic (PNA)
compounds, and dioxins.
The RFP will further attempt to guide
developers in proposal writing by defining two
or three representative sites of interest to the
SITE Program's clients. Military sites, chemical
manufacturing sites, and abandoned
impoundments are among the types of problem
areas that may be specifically noted.
Another major source of demonstration
projects that is just beginning to open up is the
Emerging Technology Program. As
technologies move through this two-year
program, it is hoped that they develop into field-
ready processes for demonstration and
evaluation. One emerging technology process
was invited to participate in a demonstration
during FY 1991, and it is anticipated that this
number will grow substantially in the future.
As the Program has matured over the past
six years, it has become apparent that a
tremendous amount of flexibility is necessary in
order to respond to the mandate of increasing
this country's base of viable cleanup
technologies. Encouraging fast-track projects,
combining demonstrations with ongoing
Superfund. remediation efforts (mainstreaming),
linking demonstrations with technical assistance
activities, and cooperating with other agencies
such as the Department of Defense and the
Department of Energy is helping to increase the
number and scope of demonstrations. These
efforts, along with a concerted drive to maintain
the reporting schedule outlined previously, will
significantly increase the impact of the SITE
Demonstration Program on Superfund cleanup
operations.
B. EMERGING TECHNOLOGY
PROGRAM
The Emerging Technology Program (ETP)
fosters the development of innovative treatment
technologies either at a bench-, pilot-, or field-
pilot scale level. The goal of the ET program is
to ensure that a steady stream of permanent, cost
effective hazardous waste treatment technologies
are available for field demonstration, thereby
increasing the number of viable treatment
technologies available for use at hazardous waste
sites.
Selection and Funding
Each year since 1987, between May and
June, EPA announces in the Commerce Business
Daily and trade journals the intent to issue a
Request for Preproposals (RFP). A preproposal
is a condensed proposal of 10 pages, which is
used for initial evaluation and screening.
Interested technology developers are invited to
request an RFP, which describes and specifies
how to submit the preproposal. The developer
must address basic evaluation criteria, called
selection factors. Selection factors for the recent
£05 (1991) solicitation are as follows:
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Technical Description of Treatment Technology;
Description of the Proposed Development
Project Plan; Summary of Data and Results to
Date; Estimated Resources (Funding) Needed for
the Proposed Project (including developer's
Share); Value of the Technology to Superfund;
Company and Personnel Background and
Experience; and Company Capability to
Commercialize the Technology.
In July, the RFP is sent to all parties who
responded to the announcement. The RFP is
intended to solicit innovative technologies from
the private sector, universities, and/or
government agencies for further testing and
development. These technologies must show
promise in solving the most pressing problems at
Superfund sites.
Preproposals are evaluated by a panel of
experts from both within and outside EPA.
Preproposals are initially scored based on
established selection factors. If the scores are
high and the technology shows promise in
meeting Superfund's needs, the developer will
be invited to submit a detailed Cooperative
Agreement Application for funding
consideration. The number of selected
technologies invited to submit a Cooperative
Agreement Application may be influenced by
available funding for that fiscal year. Based on
the technical quality of the application as
established by both internal and external
reviewers and the cost sharing proposed by the
applicant, EPA awards successful applicants up
to $150,000 a year for a maximum of two years,
subject to the funding restrictions in CERCLA
Section 311(b)(5)(J). Before approving second
year funding, EPA reviews the project to
determine that sufficient progress was made
during the first year to warrant additional
funding. The EPA envisions that preliminary
results will be available by the end of the first
year to assist in making this decision.
Time required for issuance of the RFP,
receipt of preproposals, technical review by
internal and external reviewers, evaluation and
selection of preproposals, and the invitation to
submit Cooperative Agreement Applications is
approximately 5 months. Receipt of the
Cooperative Agreement Application, technical
review and evaluation of the application, and
final award of financial assistance under the
Cooperative Agreement takes an additional 5 to
6 months.
1. Project Management
The EPA manages the projects through an
experienced project officer who provides
technical and administrative support and
guidance to the recipients and ensures that the
projects continue in a direction which will
provide reliable data and further progress. The
EPA project officer ensures that the project
conforms with the program goals and directs the
project through both verbal and written
instructions, and with direct contact via visits to
the recipient's research facility. At the
conclusion of the project, EPA will review the
final project report, and after required revisions,
publish project results. Promising technologies
may be invited to participate in the
Demonstration Program.
Innovative technologies selected for the
ETP are funded and managed as EPA
Cooperative Agreements. Rules and regulations
for Cooperative Agreements are described in 40
CFR Part 30., Particular points to note are
described below.
Recipients of awards under this program
must provide a portion of the costs for
conducting the projects. Although a specific
amount of 5 percent cost sharing is required,
generally, applicants offer to cost share in excess
of 30 percent. The EPA views cost sharing by
the applicant as an indication of the applicant's
commitment to and confidence in the proposed
technology. The applicant also usually provides
equipment, facilities, applicable wastes (spiked
simulated wastes), and disposal of residues. The
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Table 1 - Summary of Emerging Technology Program
Solicitations
Solicitation
E01
E02
E03
E04
EOS
Date
November 1987
July 1988
July 1989
July 1990
July 1991
Number of
Preproposals
Submitted
80
60
47
74
66
Number of
Proposals
Submitted
15
17
18
20
13
Number of
Projects
Selected
7
7
17
13
*
* EOS projects selection in March 1992
applicant is responsible for complying with all
federal, state, and local regulations
regardingprocurement, storage, testing and
disposal of hazardous or toxic wastes. The
applicant must also agree to comply with EPA
quality assurance/quality control (QA/QC)
requirements covering such items as sampling
methods, analytical techniques, spikes,
replicates, blanks and the preparation of a
Quality Assurance Project Plan for EPA review
and approval prior to starting the study. The
recipient must also provide EPA with Quarterly
Project reports (not published), an interim report
and an acceptable final report suitable for
publication in accordance with EPA guidelines.
2. Emerging Technology Trends
The ETP shows trends in the types of
technologies being developed, illustrating needs
and interest for future application. The program
began with funding for seven projects. Interest
in the ETP and dollars made available by the
Department of Energy, the Department of
Defense, and the Air Force, allowed growth in
1990 and 1991.
High interest in the program is
demonstrated by the number of preproposals
submitted each year. The ETP has averaged
annually a total of 65 preproposals from 1987
through the 1991 solicitation (Table I).
From these preproposals, technologies
selected in each category by year, are as
follows: 1987, Biological (2), Chemical (3),
Physical (2); 1988, Chemical (1), Physical (4),
Material Handling (1), Thermal (1); 1989,
Biological (5), Chemical (5), Material Handling
(2), Thermal (3), Physical (1),
Solidification/Stabilization (1); and 1990,
Biological (3), Physical (3), and Chemical (2),
Thermal (3), Solidification/ Stabilization (1),
Material Handling (1). 1991 Cooperative
Agreement Applications are currently being
reviewed. Current projects total 44 and break
down as follows: Solidification/Stabilization(2),
Material Handling' (4), Thermal (7), Biological
(10), Physical (10), and Chemical (11) (see
Figure 2).
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The majority of technologies are physical,
chemical or biological. Treatment usually
involves soils, sludges, and liquids with less
emphasis on air. However, destruction of
organics in the air phase is currently being
researched. Emphasis on soils, sediments and
sludges was initiated, in previous RFPs and
response has been favorable.
The EPA is primarily interested in those
technologies that can handle complex mixtures
of hazardous organic and inorganic contaminants
(including radioactive wastes) or provide
improved solids handling and/or pretreatment.
Some of the treatment technologies of particular
interest are 1) in situ treatment processes, 2)
combinations of unit operations to create
treatment trains, and 3) material handling
techniques which improve pre- and post-
treatment operations.
Some technologies and recipient
organizations in the ETP have received Agency
and other awards. To date, seven ET projects
have been completed; five have been invited into
the Demonstration Program. Additional
information is available in The Superfund
Innovative Technology Evaluation Program:
Technology Profiles Fourth Edition (EPA/540/5-
91/008).
A number of technologies in the ETP are at
the -pilot-scale level, with . several being
implemented as field research efforts.
Technologies accepted into the program
generally are further developed than the first
bench-scale stage, as it is more beneficial to the
Superfund program to assist developers with
technologies that have a greater promise of
moving into the Demonstration Program and
commercializing the technology for hazardous
waste site remediation.
The ETP 1) stimulates a greater interest
from the private sector for development of
innovative technologies, 2) attracts a variety of
innovative technologies not yet commercially
available, 3) supplies technologies to • the
Demonstration Program, and 4) provides
processes ready for field pilot-scale testing.
3. 1991 Selected Emerging Technologies
A brief summary of the 13 new
technologies accepted into the ET program from
the 1990 solicitation are described in the
following paragraphs. All six technology
categories are represented in these brief
summaries. Each technology is listed in
alphabetical order by the developer's company
and location, followed by the title of the project.
Center for Hazardous Materials
Research. Pittsburgh, PA. Secondary Lead
Smelters for the Recovery of Lead from
Waste Lead-Acid Battery Casings. The Center
for Hazardous Materials Research will use
secondary lead smelting technology to reclaim
lead from waste materials such as lead
contaminated rubber battery casings, slags, and
other wastes containing lower concentrations of
lead (in the range of 1 to 10%) as compared to
current feedstock which typically contains 30 to
65% lead. The net result will be the
detoxification of these materials, while providing
a viable product (i.e., reclaimed lead).
This technology involves the use of
furnaces which heat a mixture of lead and other
materials and remove the lead via a combination
of melting and reduction. The technology is
based on existing reverberatory furnace design
and basic,pyrometallurgy. Feed materials are
sized and screened to remove large debris.
Next, grinding and crushing equipment reduce
the size of the feed material, which is then
charged to the gas fired reverberatory furnace.
The reverberatory furnace essentially operates as
a melting furnace. The pure metallic lead
portion of the feedstock (as opposed to any
oxide content) is melted to produce molten lead
which accumulates and is removed periodically
from .the bottom of the furnace. The
reverberatory furnace's operating conditions
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(relatively lower temperatures, short detention
time, and oxidizing atmosphere as compared to
a blast furnace) cause any metal (lead) oxide
portion of the feedstock to report to the
furnace's slag waste stream, and is therefore not
recovered in the reverberatory furnace.
The high temperature, long detention time,
and reducing conditions of the blast furnace, on
the other hand, serve the function of 1) melting
of metallic lead, and 2) metallurgical reduction
of lead oxides to produce pure molten lead.
Slag waste from the reverberatory furnace, and
other waste streams which contain lead
(predominantly in the lead oxide form), are
charged into a natural gas fired blast furnace
along with coke, iron (a slag conditioner) and
lime. The furnace operates at 2200-2400°F.
Molten lead is removed from the furnace,
further purified and refined, and reclaimed for
reuse in the production of new lead-acid
batteries.
Davy Research and Development, Ltd.
Cleveland, England. Resin In-Pulp and
Carbon In-Pulp Technology for Contaminated
Land Treatment. The leach Resin-In-Pulp
(RIP) and Carbon-in-Pulp (CIP) technologies
developed by Davy Research & Development
Ltd., are based on the extraction, adsorption,
and removal of organics and inorganics from the
slurry phase of a soil-water extractant mixture.
Presently, the RIP/CIP technology is used
for the recovery of metals from ores. The RIP
technology is well established in the recovery of
uranium, where anion exchange resins are used
to adsorb the uranium which is leached as uranyl
anion. The CIP process is commonly used to
adsorb gold and silver which are leached as
cyanide complexes. Both RIP and CIP
technologies are carried out in multistage
continuous countercurrent contactors in
horizontal arrangement. The incoming
contaminated material is either passed to wet
screens or is subject to tramp (debris) removal
and crushing before reaching the wet screens.
Fine material passing the wet screen is sent to
the agitated leach tank where the contaminants
are extracted. The coarse material is sent to a
vat leach/washing stage or returned to the
crushing step. The leached fines and the vat
leach liquor are combined and treated with
cyclones to separate the sands from the clays.
When the material contamination exceeds
10,000-25,000 mg/kg soil, soil-liquid separation
is used before the cyclone stage with the liquid
passing directly to precipitation/disposal and the
fine solids being reslurried before passing to the
cyclone. The clays and leach liquor then pass to
the RIP or CIP contactor where the contaminants
are adsorbed onto ion exchange resins or
activated carbons. The thickened, treated solids
are collected from the thickener and the vat
leach/washing step for disposal or post-
treatment. The resin/carbons are regenerated
and recycled with the concentrated contaminants
being subjected to further treatment, disposal, or
recovery.
Groundwater Technology Government
Services, Inc. Concord, CA. Bioremediation
in In-Situ Reactors. Bioremediation is a
proven technique for the remediation of soils
containing a variety of organic compounds. The
Groundwater Technology Government Services
(GTGS) technology involves stimulating the
indigenous microbial population to degrade
cyclodiene insecticides, such as chlordane and
heptachlor. The goal of bioremediation is to
convert organic wastes into biomass and
harmless by-products of microbial metabolism
such as carbon dioxide, water, and inorganic
salts. The GTGS technology relies on aerobic
metabolism of microorganisms present at the
site.
In the GTGS technology, contaminated soils
are excavated and the site is lined with an
impermeable layer. The liner is used to protect
against any possible groundwater contamination
during operation of the bioremediation system.
A leachate collection system is installed to avoid
saturated conditions at the site. The excavated
soil is conditioned using shredding/sieving
equipment, and bulking agents are added to
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assist in supplying oxygen for aerobic
degradation. A negative pressure vacuum
extraction system will control and capture any
volatile organic compounds released during
operation.
Institute of Gas Technology (IGT).
Chicago, IL. Integrated Chemical and
Biological Treatment. IGT's Chemical-
Biological Treatment (CBT) process remediates
sludges and soils contaminated with
organopollutants. This process will not be
adversely affected by radionuclides or heavy
metals. The treatment system combines two
remedial techniques: 1) chemical oxidative pre-
treatment using a chemical reagent and 2)
biological treatment using aerobic and/or
anaerobic biosystems either in sequence or
alone, depending on the waste.
In the reagent reactions, metal salts and
hydrogen peroxide combine to produce the
hydroxyl radical, a powerful oxidizer. The
reaction of the hydroxyl radical with organic
contaminants causes chain reactions, resulting in
modification and degradation of organics to
biodegradable and/or environmentally benign
products. These products are later destroyed in
the biological step.
Wet oxidation and ozone (O3) are other
commonly used chemical oxidation techniques
which will be evaluated and compared to IGT's
chemical treatment; Wet oxidation is a thermal
treatment in which a slurry consisting of water
and a carbonaceous material is heated to
temperatures in the range of 250°F to 650°F
and under pressure of air or oxygen. If
sufficient oxygen is present the carbonaceous
material can be oxidized completely to CO2 and
water. Under a limited oxygen condition, the
organic compounds are oxidized or modified for
subsequent biodegradation. The CBT
technology will use wet oxidation with or
without chemical treatment or ozonation for
pretreatment of contaminated soils.
In the second stage of the CBT technology,
biological systems are used to degrade the
hazardous residual materials as well as the
partially oxidized material from the first stage.
Chemically treated wastes are subject to cycles
of aerobic and anaerobic degradation if aerobic
or anaerobic treatment alone is not sufficient.
International Technologies Corporation.
Knoxville, TN. Treatment of Mixed Waste
Contaminated Soil. The objective of this
mixed waste treatment technology is to
decontaminate soils and separate the hazardous
components from soils into distinct organic and
inorganic phases. The separated streams can
then be further minimized, recycled, destroyed
and/or disposed of at permitted disposal
facilities. The decontaminated soil can be safely
returned to the site and the clean wash water can
be reused or discharged.
The process utilizes thermal separation,
gravity separation, water treatment, and chelant
extraction to address the various elements in the
waste feed stream. Organics are removed intact
by thermal separation while radionuclides and
heavy metals are removed by physical/chemical
separation techniques. The process is expected
to run semi-continuously at the pilot scale.
The initial treatment step is to prepare the
bulk contaminated soil for processing by
physical separation and crushing/grinding.
Volatile and semivolatile organics are separated
as a distinct organic condensate phase by low
temperature thermal treatment. The
contaminated aqueous condensate is treated to
remove/destroy soluble organics and the aqueous
phase is returned for reuse.
After feed conditioning, the inorganically
contaminated soils are directed to gravity
concentrating devices for separation of clean
from contaminated soil. The contaminated wash
water stream from the gravity separation process
is treated using a potassium ferrate based
chemical formulation to remove the soluble and
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suspended radionuclides and heavy metals and
return the clean water for reuse.
Gravimetrically separated soils which are
still contaminated with the more difficult
chemically bonded radionuclides are further
treated with the chelant extraction process. The
majority of the chelant/radionuclide phase is
separated from the soil matrix and the solution
passes through ion exchange resin beds to isolate
the radioactivity and allow for recycle of the
chelant. The contaminants are collected as
concentrates from all waste process streams for
recovery of off-site disposal at commercial
hazardous waste and radiological waste facilities,
and the decontaminated soil is then returned to
the site as clean fill.
New Jersey Institute of Technology
(NJIT). Newark, NJ. Integrated Pneumatic
Fracturing Bioremediation. NJIT integrates
two innovative techniques, pneumatic fracturing
and bioremediation, to enhance in situ
remediation of soils contaminated with
petroleum hydrocarbon, benzene, toluene and
xylene.
The system will employ pneumatic
fracturing to enhance stacked aerobic,
denitrifying and methanogenic micrdbial
processes, in staggered spatial distribution for
maximum effectiveness. Aerobic processes will
dominate at the fracture interfaces and, to a
limited distance, into the soil away from the
fracture. Depletion of oxygen during aerobic
biodegradation allows the formation of a
denitrifying zone a short distance away from the
fracture. Nitrate is depleted by denitrifying at
greater distances away from the fractures.
Contaminant diffusion processes will be towards
the fracture, serving as substrate for various
microbial populations. This stacking
arrangement results in enhanced growth of the
aerobic population through reduction in substrate
concentrations in the denitrifying and
methanogenic zones.
The pneumatic fracturing process consists
of injecting high pressure air or other gas into
soil formations at controlled flow rates and
pressures. In low permeability soils, the process
creates conductive channels in the formation.
This increases the permeability and the exposed
surface area of the soil, thereby accelerating
removal and/or treatment of the contaminants.
In high permeability soils, the process provides
a means for rapidly aerating the soil formation.
Methanogenic degradation of organic
compounds is a microbial fermentation process
which depends on a consortia of three groups of
bacteria. The acidogens, non-methanogenic
chemoheterothrophs, oxidize complex organic
compounds to short chain volatile fatty acids.
Acetogenic bacteria reduce the fatty acids to
acetate, carbon dioxide, and hydrogen.
Methanogens can then reduce the carbon dioxide
to methane. The methanogens are also capable
of producing methane from acetates, formate,
methanol and methylated amines.
Nutech Environmental Co. London,
Ontario, Canada. Technology for Destruction
of Organics and Inorganics in Aqueous
Streams. The Nutech photocatalytic oxidation
process utilizes illuminated TiO2 in the presence
of ozone and/or hydrogen peroxide for
destruction of organic pollutants and
detoxification of inorganic pollutants in water
streams.
The illumination of TiO2 in water with light
of wavelength <400nm generates excess
electrons in the conduction band (e"CB) and
positive "holes" (h+VB) m the valence band. At
the surface, the holes either react with absorbed
water or surface OH" groups to form OH
radicals. The OH radicals degrade organic
molecules to carbon dioxide and water.
Inorganics, such as the cyanide ions and sulphite
ions, are oxidized to cyanate ions (OCN") and
sulphate ions, respectively.
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The Nutech Environmental system features
a photoreactor that consists of a jacket, a lamp
and a photocatalytic sleeve. The lamp emits UV
light in the 300-400 nm range and is coaxially
mounted within the jacket. Around the lamp is
a fiberglass mesh coated with TiO2 (anatase).
Contaminated water flows through the
photocatalytic sleeve. The mesh creates
turbulent mixing due to open pore configuration
and large surface area. At the TiO2 surface, the
pollutants are converted to carbon dioxide,
water, and halide ions (if the organic pollutant
contains halogen atoms). After passing through
the reactors, water, in the case of multi-pass
operations, returns to the reservoir. This
technology does not generate any residual
material that may need further treatment or
disposal; complete destruction takes place.
PSI Technology Company. Andover,
MA. Midas Process for Solids Contaminated
with Organics and Metals. PSI Technology
has developed a two-step process, Metals
Immobilization and Decontamination of
Aggregate Solids (MIDAS), which involves the
destruction of organics and immobilization of
metals. The first step is a modified thermal
process for the destruction of organics in
contaminated soils, sediments and sludges.
Solids are combined with sorbents and processed
via a heat treatment step, which destroys the
organics. As an alternate approach, soils are
incinerated first to destroy organics. The
resulting flash (containing the leachable metal
species) is mixed with the sorbent and then heat-
treated to produce a residue that is non-
leachable. The use of either strategy (or their
combination) for soils remediation will depend
on the type and level of organics and metals in
the contaminated matrix.
In the second step, complete immobilization
of heavy metal species in both treated soil and in
the flash component is accomplished with the
use of sorbents, pelletizing, and subsequent heat
treatment. The only solid residues exiting the
process are treated solids and treated flash
pellets, both of which are nonhazardous and
decontaminated.
Standard air pollution control devices are
used to clean the effluent gas stream. HCL
formed from. the oxidation of chlorinated
organics is cleaned by alkaline scrubbers.
Pulse Sciences, Inc. Agouora Hills, CA.
X-Ray Treatment for Organic Waste. The
Pulse Sciences technology utilizes an X-ray
processing concept for the destruction of organic
contaminants in soil and water. The X-rays
penetrate gases, liquids, and solids where they
deposit , energy primarily through ionizing
collisions. Such collisions generate a shower of
energetic secondary electrons within the material
which are effective in breaking up complex
molecules, and in forming chemically reactive
radicals which react with them. Electron beam
processing has been established as highly
effective for destruction of organic compounds.
The mechanism by which the contaminants
are removed is primarily dependent on the
substrate. In oxygenated water the primary
reactant is the OH radical. This kinetic
mechanism is expected to play an important role
in nonaqueous matrices as well, due to the
presence of moisture in the contaminated soils,
sludges and sediments. It is expected that
complete mineralization of contaminants will
occur and undesirable air emissions and waste
residuals will be entirely eliminated.
The Linear Induction Accelerator (LIA) is
a high power electron accelerator capable of
operating reliably at the high energy levels and
power levels required for waste treatment
applications. The operating principle of the LIA
is analogous to that of an electrical transformer.
A pulsed voltage is applied to a single conductor
turn placed around a ferrite core which is
contained within an induction cell. The electron
beam passes through a series of these cells
where it is accelerated in the gaps between the
cell electrodes to obtain a cell voltage equal to
the sum of the cell voltages. Because the
35
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induction cells are non-resonant structures, high
beam currents are readily achieved.
Once formed, the beam electrons pass into
an acceleration module where additional energy
(up to 840 keV) is added to the beam. Pulsed
magnetic solenoids are incorporated into the
beamline to guide the beam and insure stability.
Purus, Inc. San Jose, CA. Destruction of
Organics in Air Phase, UV/Oxidation. This
technology is based on photolytic oxidation for
the destruction of volatile organic compounds
(VOCs) in air and groundwater. The emerging
technology research is directed toward the use of
the process for the destruction of organics in the
air phase. The treatment system design
embodies the use of a pulsed plasma zenon
ultraviolet light (UV) source that emits short
wavelength light at very high intensities. Air
stripping or vacuum extraction are employed to
convert contaminants into the vapor phase,
where the treatment process transforms the
organics into less hazardous compounds. This
process can also treat VOCs in the aqueous
phase.
Direct photolysis does not involve the
formation of the hydroxyl radical as an
intermediate step, as does conventional advanced
oxidation processes. Direct photolysis occurs
when sufficient UV light energy is absorbed by
the organic contaminant, transforming atomic
elements to higher energy states and causing
molecular bonds to break. The quantity of light
absorbed depends on the ability of the UV light
source to emit wavelengths in the regions
absorbed by the contaminant. The feature of the
Purus technology is the ability to shift the
maximum of the UV spectral output to match the
absorption characteristics of the organics of
interest.
The Purus technology utilizes vacuum
extraction or air stripping to volatilize organic
compounds. VOCs enter the reactor where a
light source is generated by a high temperature
zenon plasma contained within a chamber of UV
transmissive quartz. The plasma is produced by
pulse discharge of electrical energy across two
electrodes contained in the quartz chamber.
Residence times are on the order of seconds
which allows for continuous flow in the
envelope. Temperature and average current are
regulated in the reactor where VOC destruction
occurs.
Vortec Corporation. Collegeville, PA.
Vitrification Technology. The Vortec
technology is an oxidation/vitrification process
for remediation of soils, sludges, and sediments
that have organic, inorganic, and heavy metal
contamination, including radioactive
components. The system can oxidize and vitrify
materials introduced as slurries, thus mixing
contaminated or waste oils with various
hazardous solids.
The Vortec system utilizes a cyclone reactor
and a Counter-Rotating Vortex (CRV)
combustion heater as key elements in the process
assembly. Waste oxidation is initiated in the
precombustor and is completed in the CRV
heater. Basic melting processes involve
feedstock suspension preheating/oxidation
followed by melting in the d-cyclone reactor.
High local flame temperatures (> 4000°F) can
be achieved in the process by the use of
preheated combustion air at approximately
1200°F. In spite of local flame temperatures,
NOX emissions have been demonstrated to be
less than 100-200 ppm. The resulting product is
expected to be nontoxic by the EPA Toxicity
Characteristic Leaching Procedure (TCLP)
standards.
The unique features of the Vortec process
include 1) the capability to process solid waste
with both organic and heavy metal contaminants;
2) multi-fuel capability which allows for the
selection of economical fuels and possibly the
use of waste fuels; 3) single unit capacities of 10
ton/day to greater than 300 tons/day, with the
capability of modularization to achieve large
volume processing; 4) oxidation of organic
contaminants in the materials vitrified, thus
36
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improving system efficiency; 5) toxic by
products of the flue gas cleanup recycled to
extinction; and 6) production of a product which
provides for long term immobilization of heavy
metals and toxic organics.
Warren Spring Laboratory. Herts,
England. Physical Process Techniques for
Treatment of Contaminated Soils. Warren
Spring Laboratory will investigate the
application of feed preparation and mineral
processing techniques for treatment of soil
contaminated with metals, petroleum
hydrocarbons, and polynuclear aromatic
hydrocarbons.
Feed preparation processes to be evaluated
include scrubbing, classifying, and cycloning.
Mineral processing techniques including
flotation, flocculation, high and low intensity
magnetic separation, and gravity techniques will
also be investigated. The processes will be
taken to pilot-scale culminating in an integrated
system for the treatment of contaminated soil.
Feed samples will be subjected to scrubbing
and attritioning procedures with associated size
fractionation and chemical analysis to evaluate
the deployment of metals/organics. After feed
preparation, samples will be subjected to
magnetic separation using high gradient and high
intensity methods for metals separation.
Flotation procedures for organics will
utilize a range of further types (alcohols,
polyglycols, and cresols) to be evaluated over a
range of pH values to maximize organics
recovery and increase selectivity with respect to
solids. Metals flotation will be based on the
comparison of different sulphydric collectors
including zanthates, thiophosphates,
thionocarboamates, and zanthogen formates.
The separation of organic and metal phases will
be examined using selective flocculation
techniques. Tailing samples will be subjected to
heavy liquid centrifuge techniques to assess the
presence of liberated metal phases and the
potential of subsequent gravity separation.
Western Product Recovery Group, Inc.
Houston, TX. Process for Sludge and Soils
Contaminated with Organics and Heavy
Metals. The coordinate, chemical bonding, and
adsorption (CCBA) process converts heavy
metals in soils, sediments, and sludges to non-
leaching silicates. The technology also has the
capability to oxidize organics in the waste
stream, converting the ash to a glass-like
ceramic. The consistency of the residual can
vary from a soil/sand density to a ceramic
aggregate form. The residual can be placed
back in its original location or used as a
substitute for conventional aggregate.
The technology utilizes specific clays as the
necessary structure with cation exchange
capacity to provide sites for physical/chemical
bonding of heavy metals to the clay. The
process will thermally destroy organics in the
waste processed. The residue from the
technology is an inert ceramic product, free of
organics, with metal silicates providing the
molecular bonding structure to preclude
leaching.
The technology is designed for continuous
flow of the entering and outgoing contaminant
streams. The input stream is carefully rationed
with the clay following an intense mixing
process. Densification of the mixture is
performed to produce a green pellet form
necessary for the desired end product. Direct
firing of the pellet in the kiln slowly brings the
pellet temperature to 2000°F. As the
temperature in the kiln rises, organics on the
surface of the pellet are oxidized and organics
inside the pellet are pyrolyzed. The ceramic
pellet reaches . a temperature at which the
available silica forms the final product
containing metal silicates. The off-gas from the
kiln is processed in a wet scrub operation before
release to the atmosphere.
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4. Summary
The SITE Emerging Technology Program
has stimulated broad interest from the private
sector since its inception in 1987, as indicated
by more than 320 applicants to the program.
Emerging technologies are becoming more
sophisticated and are advancing into pilot-scale
operations. This illustrates their capability to
develop into commercially available
technologies. Further development of programs
like the ETP will provide quality data and the
potential to commercialize technologies with
credibility.
5. High Interest Areas for Emerging
Technology Program
Various developing technologies in the
Emerging Technology Program have drawn high
interest from the general public and potential
users. Each technology presents a unique
process and has been developed at different
levels by the researcher or developer. In
addition, several developers are expanding
awareness of their technologies to the user
community. This is being done in various ways:
through demonstration of an emerging process to
the public, presenting papers on their research
and development, forming conferences focusing
on the specific technology, applying the
technology in a pilot-field demonstration to gain
additional data, and using the research effort to
treat and destroy hazardous waste material while
in the ETP.
Each technology in the ETP has features
that deserve highlighting; however, the
following mentions only the major areas that
have been outstanding during 1991.
Nutech Environmental, an advanced
oxidation technology uses titanium dioxide
(TiO^, in combination with ultraviolet radiation
producing highly reactive hydroxyl radicals.
The novel aspect of the Nutech technology is the
incorporation of a TiO2 semiconductor material
imbedded in a fiberglass mesh which lines the
photolytic reactor. This developer is forming an
international conference to take place in the fall
of 1992 in London, Ontario, Canada. The
conference is on TiO2 Photocatalytic Purification
and Treatment of Water and Air. This
technology is progressing extremely well with
excellent data and has demonstrated high public
interest.
Bio-Recovery Systems, Inc. (BRS) has
successfully completed the ETP. The process
has the ability to immobilize algae to adsorb
mercury from contaminated ground water. The
developer has been invited to participate in the
SITE Demonstration Program to field-
demonstrate the technology. As a result of
BRS's participation in the ETP, the company
was hired by the Department of Energy (DOE)
to perform bench-scale treatability studies to
establish treatment protocols and to optimize an
AlgaSORB/ion exchange technology system to
remove and recover toxic metal ions from
contaminated groundwaters collected from three
DOE sites (Savannah River, Hanford, and Oak
Ridge). The metals of interest were mercury,
chromium, and uranium.
Babcock and Wilcox's Cyclone Furnace
technology was studied from October 1989 to
June 1991 under the ETP. The Cyclone
Furnace is a vitrification technology which is
potentially useful in the treatment of soil
contaminated with both organic chemicals and
metals. During the study funded by the ETP, the
ability of the Cyclone Furnace to vitrify metal
contaminated soil was studied by treating EPA's
Synthetic Soil Matrix (SSM) contaminated with
7000 ppm lead, 1000 ppm cadmium and 1500
ppm chromium. As a result, a SITE
demonstration of the Cyclone Furnace was
conducted in November 1991 in which the feed
material (again SSM) contained non-radioactive
surrogates as well as organic and heavy metal
contaminants. The objective of these tests was
to determine how well the Cyclone Furnace
could treat mixed waste. Because of the
preliminary studies completed under the ETP,
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Babcock and Wilcox was able to ready the
Cyclone Furnace for a SITE demonstration in
less than 5 months. Because Babcock and
Wilcox had the opportunity to optimize the
Cyclone Furnace for the treatment of SSM
during the Emerging Technology study, the
successful demonstration was completed without
significant operational problems.
Electrokinetics, Inc.'s investigation into the
removal of heavy metals precipitates and
radionuclides was completed in July 1991.
Uranium removal tests at 100 pCi/g of activity
demonstrated that the process removed uranium
from Georgia kaolinite. The process removed
85 to 95% of the loaded uranium in regions
close to the anode. In addition, the removal of
lead, chromium, and cadmium ranged from 75
to 95%. The developer has presented test
results at the American Chemical Society's
Industrial and Engineering Chemistry Special
Symposium in Atlanta, Georgia in October
1991, and the International NATO Exposition in
Washington DC in November 1991.
Colorado School of Mines, Constructed
Wetlands Treatment for Toxic Metal
Contaminated Waters technology uses natural
geochemical and biological 'processes inherent in
a manmade wetland ecosystem to accumulate
and remove metals from influent waters. The
treatment system incorporates principal
ecosystem components found in wetlands,
including organic soils, microbial fauna, algae,
and vascular plants. This project has
successfully completed development under the
ET program and has been invited for
participation in the SITE Demonstration
Program. In 1990, the pilot-scale constructed
wetlands system won a national honor award in
the Engineering Excellence Award Competition
of the American Consulting Engineers Council.
The final year of funding for the project under
the ETP was completed in 1991. As a result of
this technology's success in the ETP, it has been
included in the Records of Decision (ROD) for
the Clear Creek site in Colorado and the
Buckeye Landfill site in eastern Ohio. The full
scale constructed wetlands employed to
remediate the discharge of the Burleigh Tunnel
on me Clear Creek/Central City Superfund Site
near Silver Plume, Colorado will be evaluated as
a SITE demonstration project with the State of
Colorado. Another goal of this project is the
development of a manual that discusses design
and operating criteria for construction of a full-
scale wetland for treating acid mine discharges.
This manual will be available in early 1992.
The Center for Hazardous Materials
Research (CHMR) technology uses secondary
lead smelters to recover lead from waste lead-
acid battery rubber casings removed from
abandoned waste sites. This project, which
began in the fall of 1991, has attracted
significant interest from various Superfund sites
around the country as well as interest from the
Bureau of Mines and the Agency for Housing
and Urban Development (HUD). Several
Superfund Remedial Project Managers (RPMs)
have offered material at their sites for use in this
project, and HUD (Montgomery County,
Pennsylvania) has offered to pay to send waste
material containing lead based paint chips.
Region 3, for the Tonnoli Site in Pennsylvania,
requested that Exide perform a treatability study
in early September 1991 as a part of the
Remedial Investigation and Feasibility Study
(RI/FS) work for that site. CHMR and Exide
performed the treatability study as part of the
ETP, processing 120 tons of material. Data
indicated a successful study, and other sources
are inquiring about using the process for
remediation action.
Piirus Technology is an advanced oxidation
process that is using a xenon pulsed-plasma
flashlamp that emits short wavelength ultraviolet
(UV) light at very high intensities. The process
strips the contaminants into the vapor phase,
where the UV treatment converts the volatile
organic compounds (VOCs) into nonhazardous
compounds. Direct photolysis does not involve
the formation of the hydroxyl radical. Thus,
direct photolysis occurs when sufficient UV light
energy is absorbed by the organic contaminant,
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transforming electrons to higher energy states
and causing molecular bonds to break. Various
papers have been given by the developer to
discuss results to date. Because of the high
visibility of the process in the field, a Visitors'
Day was held to demonstrate this process in the
air phase at Lawrence Livermore National
Laboratories (LLNL) in January 1992. This is
the result of research supported by the ETP.
Remediation efforts at LLNL using this
technology will be implemented in 1992. This
process is also applicable to aqueous media.
C. MONITORING AND
MEASUREMENT
TECHNOLOGIES PROGRAM
Monitoring, measurement, and other site
characterization technologies are an integral part
of and required in several phases of the
Superfund remedial process. The costs to
characterize a Superfund site are substantial. As
much as 80 percent of the costs of the remedial
investigation/feasibility study process are
attributable to site characterization. These costs
are a direct result of sampling, analysis, and the
associated quality assurance activities.
Therefore, the capabilities of field screening and
field analytical methods to yield immediate or
quick-turnaround environmental data will (1)
result in major savings in both cost and time for
Superfund remediation, (2) will decrease the
human and ecological risks associated with
contaminants at Superfund sites, and (3) will
enhance EPA's ability to manage such risks. In
addition to the obvious advantages offered by
field methodologies (i.e., generation of real-time
data, higher sampling density, and effective
detection of hot spots), they also improve the
pace of clean-up at a reduced cost and instill a
higher degree of confidence in the clean-up.
The two categories of technologies included
in the SITE Program are (1) treatment
technologies; which may serve as alternatives to
land disposal of hazardous wastes, and (2)
monitoring and measurement technologies for
contaminants occurring at hazardous waste sites.
The Monitoring and Measurement Technologies
Program (MMTP) is a much smaller component
of SITE which addresses the very critical needs
of field screening. It is administered by the
Environmental Monitoring Systems Laboratory
in Las Vegas, Nevada (EMSL-LV).
Historically, EMSL-LV, and the other Office of
Modeling, Monitoring Systems and Quality
Assurance (OMMSQA) laboratories, have been
supporting the development and demonstration
of innovative monitoring and measurement
techniques as part of OMMSQA's mission. The
MMTP allows synergism to occur in identifying
and demonstrating relevant technologies that
exist within and outside the federal government
and which may provide less expensive, better,
faster, and/or safer means to characterize
contamination at hazardous waste sites.
Products from the various research,
development, and demonstration activities
conducted under MMTP enhance EPA's ability
to perform statistically valid sampling and field
analytical programs that yield effective site
characterization coupled with immediate or
quick-turnaround environmental data acquisition.
The MMTP has focused on emerging
technologies as well as those that are ready for
field demonstration. The following sections
discuss the FY 1991 technology demonstration
activities and the plans for FY 1992 and beyond.
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1. Technology Demonstration Activities
In FY 1991 one innovative monitoring
technology demonstration was conducted under
the MMTP. The Analytical and Remedial
Technology, Inc. (A+RT), Volatile Organic
Analysis System (AVOAS) (see photograph 6)
was demonstrated at the Wells G&H Superfund
site in Woburn, MA (EPA Region 1). The
AVOAS consists of a manifold which permits
sampling from multiple locations; an injector
which extracts the volatile organic compounds
(VOCs) from aqueous samples by a proprietary
process similar to purge and trap and injects
them into a gas chromatograph; and software
that provides system control and storage of data.
The advantages of the AVOAS are that it
eliminates the steps typically associated with
collection and analysis of water samples and
provides real-time results.
The purpose of this demonstration was to
evaluate the performance of the technology at a
site where groundwater is contaminated with
volatile chlorinated hydrocarbons. The
demonstration was designed to detect sources of
variability between the field and conventional
laboratory techniques. On the basis of results
from the study, it was concluded that the
AVOAS is capable of providing the benefits of
automated sampling and analysis, as proposed.
AVOAS recoveries for samples spiked with
known concentrations of VOCs were higher than
those of standard EPA Method 502.2, and were
close to 100 percent for most analytes.
Precision was within limits acceptable for VOC
analyses (within 30 percent relative standard
deviation). The Project Report describing the
demonstration, the results, recommendations,
and conclusions will be available in FY 1992.
Photograph 6: Analytical and Remedial Technology, Inc.'s volatile organic analysis system (AVOAS)
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The research, development, and
demonstration of air monitoring technologies is
another important facet of the MMTP. In FY
1991, planning was initiated for a demonstration
of four technology categories at the French
Limited Superfund site located near Crosby,
Texas. The demonstration will include seven
commercially-availablegas chromatographs, four
whole-air canister sector samplers, a long-path
length Fourier transform infrared spectrometer,
and bioaerosol samplers. This demonstration
will be conducted in conjunction with the pilot
testing of a large-scale bioremediation. The
demonstration is expected to occur in the second
quarter of FY 1992.
FY 1991 was the first full year of work on
a new transient electromagnetic (TEM)
geophysical method. The TEM SITE Program
activity is designed to evaluate the effectiveness
of new three-D interpretation methods and
promote their acceptance if merited. This
project will:
• Provide insights to develop procedure and
policies that encourage informed selection
and use of TEM measurements
• Lead to the identification of constraints and
limitations on the use of TEM
measurements during the RI/FS process
• Demonstrate the application of 3-D
modeling techniques for the interpretation
of electromagnetic data
In FY 1991, the MMTP demonstration
program objective was to acquire a suitable
TEM data set over a selected test site and to
evaluate the data set for use in three-D
interpretations. An appropriate site was
identified in Colorado near the Rocky Mountain
Arsenal. The site was considered characteristic
of a typical hazardous waste site in that it has a
certain degree of electromagnetic noise due to
the close proximity of human activities. A
necessary part of environmental geophysics must
be to salvage interpretable data sets from noisy
areas. Data were collected during two field
excursions, in February and September 1991.
Preliminary interpretation of the data revealed
that seasonal variations and cultural interferences
introduce some degree of error in the data set
which can impact data reduction using the multi-
dimensional modeling approach. Solutions to
these problems are part of the FY 1992
activities.
Other Activities
In February 1991, the Second International
Symposium on Field Screening Methods for
Hazardous Wastes and Toxic Chemicals was
held in Las Vegas, Nevada. The agency was the
primary sponsor. The Departments of Defense
and Energy, the National Institutes for
Occupational Safety and Health, and others were
cosponsors of this important technology transfer
activity.
The focus of the symposium was to bring
an international view to the problems involved
with characterizing and monitoring hazardous
waste sites using field screening techniques and
methods and for showcasing promising
alternative technologies and methods.
Tremendous advances have been made in
portable and transportable field technologies that
can generate real-time data. The symposium
brought together technology users from industry,
state and federal government agencies, and
international agencies with instrument developers
and vendors, academia, and venture capitalists.
The symposium successfully transferred
technology among interested users.
The symposium proceedings was produced
and distributed in FY 1991. The proceedings is
a collection of 60 oral presentations, 60 poster
presentations, and session discussions between
authors and the audience.
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In addition to the proceedings, four other
reports were completed:
1. Poziomek, E.J. et al., 1991. SITE Program
Laboratory Demonstration: Ion Mobility
Spectrometry. EPA Report EPA/600/X-
91/133.
2. Poziomek, E.J. and E.N. Koglin, 1991.
Assessment of Available and Emerging
Technologies for Field Screening and
Analysis of Contaminants at Superfund
Sites. EPA Report EPA/600/X-91/138.
3. Chaloud, D. et al., 1991. Demonstration of
the Brunker Mobile Environmental
Monitor. EPA Report EPA /600/X-91/079.
4. McClenny, W.A. et al., 1991. Superfund
Innovative Technology Evaluation: The
Delaware SITE Study, 1989. EPA Report
EPA/600/3-91/071.
2. Future Activities
A number of exciting demonstrations and
research and development (emerging
technologies) opportunities are in progress or
under consideration:
• As mentioned previously, multiple
technologies will be demonstrated at the
French Limited Superfund site in the
second quarter of FY 1992. The
demonstration will include seven
commercially-availablegaschromatographs,
whole air canister sector samplers, a long-
pathlength Fourier transform infrared
spectrometer, and bioaerosol samplers.
This demonstration will be conducted in
conjunction with the pilot testing of a large-
scale bioremediation. This demonstration is
being coordinated by the Atmospheric
Research and Exposure Assessment
Laboratory in Research Triangle Park, NC.
• In FY 1990, an immunoassay field kit for
measuring benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene,
and xylene (BTEX) in water was identified
as an excellent candidate for a SITE
demonstration. During FY 1991, the field
kit was evaluated in the laboratory to
determine whether it was ready to go into
the field. The laboratory demonstration
was successful. A field demonstration will
be conducted in the second and third
quarters of FY 1992 in the Las Vegas,
Nevada area. This demonstration is being
coordinated'by EMSL-LV.
• In FY 1991, a number of field screening
methods for measuring polychlorinated
biphenyls (PCB) in soils were identified as
excellent candidates for a SITE
demonstration. These methods include two
immunoassay field kits, an analytical
method for using a portable gas
chromatograph, and an electrochemical
technique. This demonstration will be
conducted in conjunction with a cleanup at
the Department of Energy's Kansas City
plant in the fourth quarter of FY 1992.
This demonstration is being coordinated by
EMSL-LV.
• Demonstration preparation is continuing on
the transient electromagnetic geophysical
method. In FY 1992, it is expected that the
technology will be demonstrated in the field
and that the modified data interpretation
algorithm will be applied.
• Preparations are under way for the Third
International Symposium on Field Screening
Methods for Hazardous Wastes and Toxic
Chemicals. The symposium, sponsored by
the Air & Waste Management Association
and EPA, is planned for February 1993 in
Las Vegas, Nevada. A proceedings
document will be produced following the
symposium.
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D. TECHNOLOGY INFORMATION
SERVICES
Technology Information Services is an
integral part of the SITE Program, involving
public participation, information dissemination,
and technical assistance to other parts of the
SITE Program. The purpose of these
technology transfer activities is to develop a
framework for exchanging information about
existing innovative treatment technologies, to
help environmental decisionmakers evaluate
hazardous waste clean-up options. This
information discusses the benefits and
shortcomings of specific technologies. Initially,
the SITE Program's primary audience for such
information was regional and state managers of
Superfund clean-up activities. The audience has
grown to include regional and state managers of
RCRA corrective action clean-up activities, other
federal and state agencies involved in hazardous
waste mitigation and clean-up, potentially
responsible parties (PRPs), the engineering
community, the pollution control industry, and
the public, including affected communities,
public interest groups, and local officials.
Several of the developers involved in the FY
1991 SITE Program have indicated to EPA that
information generated by program activities has
greatly helped potential users/buyers familiarize
themselves with innovative technologies and
their capabilities.
The major accomplishments of Technology
Information Services during FY 1991 include the
following:
• EPA hosted an international forum on
innovative hazardous waste treatment
technologies that was attended by
approximately 800 representatives from the
U.S. and several foreign countries. The
purpose of the conference was to introduce
promising international technologies
through technical papers and poster
displays, and to discuss the status of the
technologies tested under the SITE
Program.
• Numerous publications were prepared and
distributed, including three additional
Technology Evaluation Reports, five
Applications Analysis Reports, eight SITE
videos, two program status brochures, and
numerous project fact sheets, technical
project update bulletins, technical papers
and posters.
• Visitors' Days for six demonstrations,
including on-site briefings, were held to
introduce the public to the technology and
to observe field activities. Attendance
ranged from 25 to 130 visitors.
1. SITE Reports, Brochures, Publications,
and Videos
SITE reports, including Technology
Evaluation Reports (TER) and Applications
Analysis Reports (AAR), are prepared following
demonstration and analysis of laboratory
findings. The TER documents the performance
data resulting from the demonstration. This
report includes a description of the process and
site characteristics, the objectives of the
demonstration, sampling and analysis
procedures, performance data, and information
about the QA/QC program. The TER also
evaluates how and whether the objectives of the
demonstration were met.
The AAR evaluates available information on
the technology and presents the applicability of
each technology to other site and waste
characteristics. The scenarios presented in the
AAR can be applied to both Superfund and
RCRA corrective action clean-up activities.
Limited copies and summaries of these reports
are distributed by EPA, and additional copies
are available through the National Technical
Information Service for a fee. A list of
publications, including information on obtaining
the documents, is provided in Appendix A.
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SITE Program status brochures contain
brief descriptions of the SITE Program,
technologies currently being tested, and the
progress and accomplishments of the program to
date. Additionally, the brochure discusses how
an interested party can obtain information about
the SITE Program, who should apply, how to
apply, what transpires under the program, and
when the next solicitation for new participants
will occur. The brochures are prepared annually
for the RREL Symposium and the Superfund
Conference and exhibition. Each year about
500 to 900 participants attend the RREL
Symposium and 3,000 participants attend the
Superfund Conference. The brochures enable
potential SITE Program participants to
familiarize themselves with the program's
objectives and requirements and prepare their
technologies for potential inclusion in the
program. About 15,000 copies of each of these
brochures were printed and distributed in FY
1991.
Monthly articles concerning the SITE
Program are published in the Journal of the Air
and Waste Management Association. The
articles present the SITE Program and its
progress and accomplishments to a variety of
audiences.
Each year, EPA updates the Superfund
Innovative Technology Evaluation Program.:
Technology Profiles, originally published in
1988. The document includes an overview of
the SITE Program, a list of the program
participants, and profiles on each technology,
including a description of the technology, a
discussion on waste applicability, the status of
the demonstration, and an EPA and technology
developer contact for further information. The
Technology Profiles provide environmental
decisionmakers and other interested individuals
with a ready reference on technologies
participating in the SITE Demonstration and
Emerging Technology Programs. Developers
indicated to EPA that the technology profiles
were a very useful and primary source for
inquiries about their technologies.
As part of each technology demonstration,
a videotape is prepared documenting
demonstration activities and discussing the
results of the demonstration. The videotape
gives regional and state site remediation
managers and other interested parties a brief (10-
12 minute) synopsis of the SITE Program, the
technology being tested, demonstration goals and
objectives, and the results of the demonstration.
Each videotape includes actual footage of the
treatment system in operation at the
demonstration site and uses computer animation
to further characterize the components of and
processes within the system. Final videotapes of
each completed demonstration are distributed to
each of the regions, so that interested
remediation managers can initially familiarize
themselves with a particular technology that may
be suitable as part of the clean-up remedy for
their sites. See Appendix A for information on
obtaining available videotapes.
2. Public Participation and Visitors' Days
Public participation is an integral part of the
SITE Program. Public participation allows the
program the opportunity to disseminate
information widely and encourage interaction
about innovative technologies to a variety of
interested individuals and groups. Prior to the
final selection of a demonstration site, a public
notice and public comment period about the
proposed demonstration are initiated. Public
notices announcing the public comment period
are usually presented in local newspapers and in
fact sheets distributed to individuals on the
mailing list for the site and to other potentially
interested parties. Public Notice fact sheets have
been sent to up to 3,200 persons for a particular
demonstration. Following the public comment
period, a responsiveness summary addressing
any public concerns is developed.
During the demonstration, a Visitors' Day
is sponsored by EPA to provide first-hand
observation of the technology during field use
and discussions with the SITE Program
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Managers, developers and technical personnel.
During the past six months, Visitors' Days were
conducted for two demonstrations and were
attended by federal, state, and local agency
personnel, PRPs, individuals from the
engineering and pollution control industry,
technology competitors, the media, public
interest groups, and citizens from the affected
communities. The Visitors Days were attended
by up to 110 persons, with many other
individuals expressing interest but unable to
attend. EPA provides a Visitors' Day packet to
all individuals expressing interest in the
technology demonstration. This community
outreach tool is rather comprehensive, providing
descriptions of the technology, the site, the
waste, the goals and objectives of the
demonstration, the sampling and the analysis
parameters of the site, diagrams of the
technology, and a list of contacts.
3. Conferences, Meetings, and Seminars
On June 11-13, 1991, EPA hosted the
Third Forum on Innovative Hazardous Waste
Treatment Technologies: Domestic and
International in Dallas, Texas. The conference
was attended by approximately 800
representatives from the U.S. and several
foreign countries. During the conference,
scientists and engineers representing government
agencies, industry, and academia, attended 37
presentations describing successful case studies
of physical/chemical, biological, thermal, and
stabilization treatment methods. In addition,
case studies of applied technologies were
presented by EPA's Superfund contractors.
Domestic and international scientists and vendors
presented over 70 posters explaining their
treatment methods and results.
EPA planned and coordinated the Second
International Symposium on Field Screening
Methods for Hazardous Wastes and Toxic
Chemicals, which occurred February 12-14,
1991 in Las Vegas, Nevada. The purpose of the
symposium was to bring an international view to
the problems and potential solutions involved
with the characterization and monitoring of
hazardous wastes and toxic chemicals. EPA
received about 150 abstracts. The symposium
had one plenary session, ten technical sessions,
60 poster presenters, and 70 technology
exhibitors. About 800 delegates attended the
conference, representing various federal and
state agencies, technology developers,
academicians, and venture capitalists.
Last year, in an effort to speed up the site
selection process, EPA initiated Regional SITE
Coordinator's Meetings, to identify potential
site demonstration sites for new technologies
recently accepted into the program. These
meetings continued in FY 1991, with one taking
place in Cincinnati, Ohio, following the receipt
of proposals from the SITE-006 solicitation.
The objective of these meetings was expanded in
FY 1991 to include obtaining information from
the regions about the kind of alternative
technologies they most need to remedy regional
hazardous waste clean-up operations. To
accomplish this objective, RREL designated
members of its staff to serve as Regional
Coordinators.
Preproposal Conferences on SITE
Solicitations are held annually. These
conferences present the SITE program to
developers in an effort to attract new participants
to the program.
4. Electronic Information Systems
In order to facilitate the transfer of
information on alternative technologies, several
electronic databases have been developed by
EPA. The following paragraphs describes these
databases.
Alternative Treatment Technology
Information Center (ATTIC) is a
comprehensive, automated information retrieval
system that integrates data on hazardous waste
treatment technologies into a centralized,
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searchable source. Initiated in November 1987,
a prototype version became operational in May
1989. ATTIC's four major components include
a hotline, an electronic bulletin board, a
reference library, and a computerized
information network. Additionally, hard copies
of information are provided upon request. The
purpose of ATTIC is to provide users with
technical information on alternative methods of
hazardous waste treatment. The user community
consists of EPA headquarters and regional staff,
participating state environmental agencies, and
numerous remediation contractors. ATTIC is
available through any modem-equipped IBM
compatible PC using standard communications
software. Users can employ the system
independently or use an ATTIC system operator
to assist them.
ATTIC contains data obtained from the
SITE Program and other federal and state
agencies, including abstracts and executive
summaries from over 900 documents and
reports, which are the core of the ATTIC
Database. Contributors to the ATTIC Database
are the SITE Program, states, industry, North
Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO),
DOD/DOE, Records of Decisions (RODs), and
treatability studies. In addition to the ATTIC
Database, the ATTIC system contains resident
databases already developed, as well as an online
commercial database. ATTIC resident databases
include RREL (Water) Treatability Database;
Robert S. Kerr Environmental Research
Laboratory (RSKERL) Soil Transport and Fate
Database; EPA Library Hazardous Waste
Collection Database; Cost of Remedial Action
Model; and Geophysics Advisor Expert System.
messages, files, computer programs, databases,
and information on conferences.
EPA's Technical Information Exchange
(TIX) Computerized On-Line Information
System (COLIS) provides technical information
involving hazardous waste technologies and
assists users in locating materials from other
sources. The system contains the complete text
of each published SITE Program AAR.
EPA most recently developed the Vendor
Information System for Innovative Treatment
Technologies (VISITT). This database contains
information on 155 technologies offered by 97
developers. Of the 97, several are current and
former SITE Program participants. Contact the
VISITT hotline (1-800-245-4504) to request
diskettes and a user manual.
The OSWER CLU-IN was set up to
facilitate communication and technology transfer
among EPA staff in regional offices,
headquarters, state and local government
personnel, EPA contractors, and research
laboratories. The CLU-IN offers up-to-date
information about the status of each SITE
technology demonstration, as well as providing
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APPENDIX A
REPORTS AVAILABLE
49
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EPA
DOCUMENTS AVAILABLE FROM THE
U.S. EPA RISK REDUCTION ENGINEERING LABORATORY
SUPERFUND TECHNOLOGY DEMONSTRATION DIVISION
General Publications
Technology Profiles (EPA/540/5-91/008}
Report to Congress (EPA/540/5-91/004)
Demonstration Project Results
American Combustion - Oxygen Enhanced Incineration
Q Technology Evaluation (EPA/540/5-89/008)
d Applications Analysis (EPA/540/A5-89/008)
A WD Techno/ogles - Vapor Extraction/Vacuum Stripping
Q Applications Analysis (EPA/540/A5-91/002)
BioTrol - Biological Aqueous Treatment
Q Applications Analysis (EPA/540/A5-917001)
CF Systems Corp. - Solvent Extraction
d Technology Evaluation (EPA/540/5-90/002)
Q Applications Analysis (EPA/540/A5-90/002)
Chemfix Technologies, Inc. - Chemical Fixation/Stabilization
d Technology Evaluation (EPA/540/5-89/011 a)
Q Applications Analysis (EPA/540/A5-89/011)
DuPont/Oberlin - Membrane Microfiltration
d Applications Analysis (EPA/540/A5-9.0/007)
Hazcon - Solidification
Q Technology Evaluation (EPA/540/5-89/001 a)
Q Applications Analysis (EPA/540/A5-89/001)
IWT In-Situ Stabilization
Q Technology Evaluation (EPA/540/5-89/004a)
d Applications Analysis (EPA/540/A5-89/004)
Shirco-lnfrared Incineration
Q Technology Evaluation - Peake Oil
(EPA/540/5-88/002a)
Q Technology Evaluation - Rose Township
(EPA/540/5-89/007a)
D Applications Analysis (EPA/540/A5-89/010)
Soliditech, Inc. - Solidification
Q Technology Evaluation (EPA/540/5-89/005a)
Q Applications Analysis (EPA/540/A5-89/005)
Toxic Treatments - In Situ Steam/Hot-Air Stripping
O Applications Analysis (EPA/540/A5-90/008)
Terra Vac - Vacuum Extraction
Q Technology Evaluation (EPA/540/5-89/003a)
Q Applications Analysis (EPA/540/A5-89/003)
Ultrox International - UV Ozone Treatment for Liquids
D Technology Evaluation (EPA/540/5-89/012)
Q Applications Analysis (EPA/540/A5-89/012)
Emerging Program Reports
Bio-Recovery Systems Removal and Recovery of Metal Ions
from Groundwater
CH EPA/540/5-90/005a
Development of Electro-Acoustic Soil Decontamination
(ESD) Process for In Situ Applications
D EPA/540/S5-90/004
n Check here if you would like your name placed on the SITE mailing list
Your Name, Mailing Address, and Phone (please print)
MAIL THIS FORM TO:
ORD Publications
26 W. Martin Luther King Dr. (G72)
Cincinnati, Ohio 45268
Documents ordered through ORD Publications are free of charge.
51
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FOSTER WHEELER ENVIRESPONSE, INC.
VIDEOTAPE REQUEST FORM
., 1992
Foster Wheeler Enviresponse, Inc.
Attn: Ms. Marilyn Avery
8 Peach Tree Hill Road
Livingston, NJ 07039
Dear Ms. Avery,
Please send us the following USEPA-produced videotapes. I have completed the address
information below and enclosed a check in the amount of $ made payable to
"Foster Wheeler Enviresponse" [$35.00 per tape, plus $10.00 additional per tape for
international shipments].
Copies
Number
Videotape Title
S1
S2
S3
R1
SUPERFUND INNOVATIVE TECHNOLOGY EVALUATION (SITE) PROGRAM
(6 technology demonstrations)
SUPERFUND INNQVATIIVE TECHNOLOGY EVALUATION (SITE) PROGRAM
(4 technology demonstrations)
SUPERFUND INNOVATIVE TECHNOLOGY EVALUATION (SITE) PROGRAM
(4 technology demonstrations)
RREL/RCB RESEARCH PROGRAM (5 programs)
(Contents of each tape are listed on the reverse side of this sheet.)
(Signed)
Title
Tapes should be sent to the following (Please Print):
NAME:
COMPANY:
ADDRESS:
CITY:
STATE
ZIP
(NO REQUESTS WILL BE HONORED WITHOUT PREPAYMENT BY PERSONAL OR COMPANY
CHECK.)
53
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UNITED STATES ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY
SUPERFUND TECHNOLOGY DEMONSTRATION DIVISION
RREL VIDEOTAPE ORDER FORM
Videotapes documenting US EPA Risk Reduction Engineering Laboratory (RREL) projects have been combined in
1/2" VHS (NTSC format) composite tapes. Each tape is available at the cost of $30.00 plus $5.00
shipping/handling fee (per copy).
To order one or more tapes please complete the form on the reverse side of this sheet and mail it with your
check made out to the order of "Foster Wheeler Enviresponse, Inc." A check for prepayment of the total
amount must accompany the order. FWEI will require 2-3 weeks to fulfill your request.
CONTENTS OF COMPOSITE TAPES
SITE Tape S1
SITE Tape S2
SITE Tape S3
RGB Research Tape R1
ECOVA (SHIRCO)
INFRARED
INCINERATION
SYSTEM
Brandon, FL - 8/87
ULTROX
ULTRAVIOLET
RADIATION AND
OXIDATION
San Jose, CA, 3/89
SOLIDITECH
SOLIDIFICATION AND
STABILIZATION
Morganville, NJ - 12/88
SYNTHETIC SOILS
MATRIX (SSM) PROGRAM
ECOVA (SHIRCO)
INFARED
INCINERATION
SYSTEM
RoseTwp., Ml- 11/87
BIOTROL
BIOLOGICAL
AQUEOUS
TREATMENT
New Brighton, MN - 9/89
CHEMFIX
SOLIDIFICATION AND
STABILIZATION
Clackamas, OR - 3/89
DIOXIN AND THE MOBILE
INCINERATION SYSTEM
EMTECH (HAZCON)
SOLIDIFICATION
PROCESS
Douglasville, PA. - 10/87
BIOTROL
SOIL WASHING
SYSTEM
New Brighton, MN - 9/89
NOVATERRA (TTUSA)
IN SITU STEAM AND
AIR STRIPPING
San Pedro, CA - 9/89
MOBIL CARBON
REGENERATION SYSTEM
IWT/GEO-CON
IN SITU
STABILIZATION/
SOLIDIFICATION
Hialeah, FL - 4/88
IT/RREL
DEBRIS WASHING
SYSTEM
Hopkinsville, KY - 12/89
AWD TECHNOLOGIES
INTEGRATED VAPOR
EXTRACTION/STEAM
VACUUM STRIPPING
Burbank, CA - 9/90
MOBILE SOILS WASHING
SYSTEM
TERRA VAC
VACUUM
EXTRACTION SYSTEM
Groveland, MA - 1 /88
MOBILE IN SITU
CONTAINMENT/
TREATMENT
CF SYSTEMS
SOLVENT
EXTRACTION UNIT
New Bedford, MA - 3/89
54
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APPENDIX B
DEMONSTRATION PROGRAM PARTICIPANTS
55
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-------
SITE Demonstration Program Participants
Developer
AccuTech Remedial Systems,
Inc.,
Keyport, NJ (005)*
Allied-Signal Corporation,
Morristown, NY (003)
American Combustion, Inc. ,
Norcross, GA (001)
AWD Technologies, Inc.,
San Francisco, CA (004)
Babcock & Wilcox Co.,
Alliance, OH (006)
Bio-Recovery Systems, Inc.1,
LasCruces, NM (005)/(E01)
BioTrol, Inc.,
Chaska,MN (003)
BioTrol, Inc.,
Chaska,MN (003)
Technology
Pneumatic Fracturing
Extraction and
Catalytic Oxidation
ICB Biotreatment
System
PYRETRON* Oxygen
Burner
Integrated Vapor
Extraction and Steam
Vacuum Stripping
Cyclone Furnace
Biological Sorption
Biological Aqueous
Treatment System
Soil Washing System
Technology
Contact
Harry Moscatello
908-739-6444
Ralph Nussbaum/
Tim Love
201-455-3190
Gregory Gitman
404-564-4180
David Bluestein
415-227-0822
Lawrence King
216-829-7576
Godfrey Crane
505-523-0405
Dennis Chilcote/
Pamela Sheehan
612-448-25 15/
609-951-0314
Dennis Chilcote/
Pamela Sheehan
612-448-25 IS/
609-951-0314
EPA Project
Manager
Uwe Frank
908-321-6626
Ronald Lewis
513-569-7856
Laurel Staley
513-569-7863
Norma Lewis/
Gordon Evans
513-569-7665/
513-569-7684
Laurel Staley
513-569-7863
Naomi Barkley
513-569-7854
Mary Stinson
908-321-6683
Mary Stinson
908-321-6683
Waste Media
Soil, Rock
Groundwater,
Wastewater
Soil, Sludge, Solid
Waste
Groundwater, Soil
Solids, Soil
Groundwater,
Electroplating
Rinsewater
Liquid Waste,
Groundwater
Soil
Applicable Waste
Inorganic
Not Applicable
Not Applicable
Not Applicable
Not Applicable
Non-Specific
Heavy Metals
Nitrates
Metals
Organic
Halogenated and
Nonhalogenated VOCs and
SVOCs
Readily Biodegradable
Organic Compounds
Non-Specific Organics
VOCs
Non-Specific Organics
Not Applicable
Chlorinated and
Nonchlorinated
Hydrocarbons, Pesticides
High Molecular Weight
Organics, PAHs, PCP,
PCBs, Pesticides
* Solicitation number
1 Graduate of Emerging Technology Program
-------
SITE Demonstration Program Participants
BioVersal USA, Inc.,
DCS Plaincs, IL (005)
GET Environmental Services -
Sanivan Group,
Montreal, Canada (005)
CF Systems Corporation,
Waltham, MA (002)
Chemfix Technologies, Inc.,
Metairie, LA (002)
Chemical Waste
Management, Inc.,
Geneva, IL (006)
Chemical Waste
Management, Inc.,
Geneva, IL (005)
Chemical Waste
Management, Inc. ,
Geneva, IL (003)
Colorado Department of
Health2
[developed by Colorado School
of Mines],
Denver, CO (005) (E01)
Dames & Moore,
Tallahassee, FL (005)
Technology
BioGenesis"" Soil
Cleaning Process
Soil Treatment With
Extraksol™
Solvent Extraction
Solidification and
Stabilization
Dechlor/KGME
PO*WW*ER™
Evaporation and
Catalytic Oxidation of
Wastewater
X*TRAX™ Thermal
Desorptionremediation
Wetlands-Based
Treatment
Hydrolytic Terrestrial
Dissipation
Technology
Contact
Mohsen Amiran/ •
Charles Wilde
708-827-0024
703-250-3442
Jean Paquin
514-353-9170
Chris Shallicc
617-937-0800
Philip Baldwin
504-831-3600
John North
708-513-4867
Erick Newman
708-513-4500
Carl Swanstrom
708-513-4578
Rick Brown
303-331-4404
Stoddard Pickrell
904-942-5615
EPA Project
Manager
Annette Gatchcu
513-569-7697
Mark Meckes
513-569-7348
Laurel Staley
513-569-7863
Edwin Earth
513-569-7669
Paul dePercin
513-569-7797
Randy Parker
513-569-7271
Paul dePercin
513-569-7797
Edward Bates
513-569-7774
Ronald Lewis
513-569-7865
Waste Media
Soil
Soil
Soil, Sludge,
Wastewater
Soil, Sludge,
Solids, Waste,
Electroplating
Wastes
Waste Streams,
Soils
Wastewater,
Leachate, Ground
Water
Soil, Sludge,
Other Solids
Acid Mine
Drainage
Soil
Applicable Waste
Inorganic
Not Applicable
Not Applicable
Not Applicable
Heavy Metals
Not Applicable
Metals, Volatile
Inorganic
Compounds, Salts
Not Applicable
Metals
Not Applicable
Organic
Volatile and Nonvolatile
Hydrocarbons, PCBs
SVOCs, PCBs, PCPs,
PAHs
PCBs, VOCs, SVOCs,
Petroleum Wastes
High Molecular
Weight Organics
Halogenated Aromatic
Compounds, PBCs
VOCs and Nonvolatile
Organic Compounds
VOVs, SVOCs, PCBs
Not Applicable
Low Level Toxaphene and
Other Pesticides
2 Graduate of Emerging Technology Program
Developer
-------
SITE Demonstration Program Participants
Developer
Dehydro-Tech Corporation,
East Hanover, NJ (004)
E.I. DuPont de Nemours and
Co. and Oberlin Filter Co.,
Newark, DE, and Waukesha,
WI (003)
Dynaphore, Inc./H2O Company,
Richmond, VA/Knoxville, TN
(006)
Ecova Corporation,
Redmond, WA (006)
Ecova Corporation,
Redmond, WA (003)
Ecova Corporation,
[developed by Shirco Infrared
Systems, Inc.],
Redmond, WA (001)
[2 Demonstrations]
ELI Eco Logic International,
Inc.,
Rockwood, Ontario
Canada (006)
EmTech Environmental Services
[formerly Hazcon, Inc.],
Fort Worth, TX (001)
ENSITE, Inc.,
Tucker, GA (006)
Technology
Carver-Greenfield
Process for Extraction
of Oily Waste
Membrane
Microfiltration
Use of FORAGER™
Sponge To Remove
Dissolved Metals
Bioslurry Reactor
In Situ Biological
Treatment
Infrared Thermal
Destruction
Thermal Gas Phase
Reduction Process
Chemical Treatment
and Immobilization
Safesoil™ Biotreatment
Process
Technology
Contact
Thomas Holcombe
201-887-2182
Ernest Mayer
302-366-3652
Norman Rainer
804-288-7109
William Mahaffey
206-883-1900
Michael Nelson
206-883-1900
John Cioffi
206-883-1900
Jim Nash
519-856-9591
Ray Funderburk
800-227-6543
Andrew Autry
404-934-1180
EPA Project
Manager
Laurel Staley
513-569-7863
John Martin
513-569-7758
Carolyn Esposito
908-906-6895
Ronald Lewis
513-569-7856
Naomi Barkley
513-569-7854
Howard Wall
513-569-7691
Gordon Evans
513-569-7684
Paul dePercin
513-569-7797
Doug Grosse
513-569-7844
Waste Media
Soil, Sludge
Groundwater,
Leachate,
Wastewater,
Electroplating
Rinsewaters
Industrial
Discharge,
Municipal Sewage
Process Streams,
Acid Mine
Drainage Wastes
Soil
Water, Soil,
Sludge, Sediment
Soil, Sediment
Soil, Sludge,
Liquids, Gases
Soil, Sludge,
Sediments
Soil
Applicable Waste
Inorganic
Not Applicable
Heavy Metals,
Cyanide, Uranium
Metals
Not Applicable
Not Applicable
Not Applicable
Not Applicable
Heavy Metals
Not Applicable
Organic
PCBs, Dioxin, Oil-Soluble
Organics
Organic Particulates
Aliphatic Organic
Chlorides and Bromides
Creosote
Biodegradable Organics
Non-Specific Organics
PCBs, PAHs,
Chlorophenols, Pesticides
Non-Specific Organics
Petroleum Hydrocarbons,
TCE, Aliphatic Solvents,
PAHs
-------
SITE Demonstration Program Participants
Developer
EPOC Water, Inc.,
Fresno, CA (004)
Excalibur Enterprises, Inc.,
New York, NY (004)
Exxon Chemicals, Inc. and
Rio Linda Chemical Co.,
Long Beach, CA (004)
[2 Demonstrations]
Filter Flow Technologies, Inc.,
League City, TX (006)
GeoSafe Corporation,
Kirkland.WA (002)
Hazardous Waste Control,
Fairfield, CT (006)
Horsehead Resources
Development Co., Inc.,
Monaca, PA (004)
Hughes Environmental
Systems, Inc.,
Manhattan Beach, CA (005)
In-Situ Fixation Co.,
Chandler, AZ (005)
International Environmental
Technology,
Perrysburg, OH (005)
(2 Demonstrations)
Technology
Precipitation and
Microfiltration, and
Sludge Dcwatcring
Soil Washing and
Catalytic Ozone
Oxidation
Chemical Oxidation
and Cyanide
Destruction
Heavy Metals and
Radionuclide Filtration
In Situ Vitrification
NOMIX* Technology
Flame Reactor
Steam Injection and
Vacuum Extraction
Deep In Situ
Bioremediation
Geolock/Bio-drain
Treatment
Technology
Contact
Ray Groves
209-291-8144
Lucas Boeve/
Gordon Downey
809-57 1-345 I/
303-752-4363
Denny Grandle
713-406-6816
Tod Johnson
713-334-2522
James Hansen
206-822-4000
David Babcock
203-336-7955
Regis Zagrocki
412-773-2289
John Dablow
213-536-6548
Richard Murray
602-821-0409
Lynn Sherman
419-856-2001
EPA Project
Manager
S. Jackson
Hubbard
513-569-7507
Norma Lewis
513-569-7665
Teri Shearer
513-569-7949
Annette Gatchett
513-569-7697
Teri Shearer
513-569-7949
Teri Shearer
513-569-7949
Donald
Oberacker/ Marta
Richards
5 13-569-75 10/
513-569-7783
Paul dePercin
513-569-7797
Edward Opatken
513-569-7855
Randy Parker
513-569-7271
Waste Media
Sludge,
Wastewater,
Leachable Soil
Soil, Sludge,
Leachate,
Groundwater
Groundwater,
Wastewater,
Leachate,
Groundwater,
Industrial
Wastewater
Soil, Sludge
Drum Waste,
Waste Lagoons,
Spills
Soil, Sludge,
Industrial Solid
Residues
Soil, Groundwater
Soil, Sludge
Soil
Applicable Waste
Inorganic
Heavy Metals
Cyanide
Cyanide
Heavy Metals,
Radionuclides
Non-Specific
Inorganics
Metals
Metals
Not Applicable
Not Applicable
Not Applicable
Organic
Pesticides, Oil, Grease
SVOCs, Pesticides, PCBs,
PCP, Dioxin
Non-Specific Organics
Not Applicable
Non-Specific Organics
Not Applicable
Not Applicable
VOCs and SVOCs
Biodegradable Organics
Biodegradable Organics
-------
SITE Demonstration Program Participants
Developer
International Waste
Technologies and
Geo-Con, Inc.,
Wichita, KS (001)
Maecorp,3
Chicago, IL (006)
NOVATERRA, Inc.
(formerly Toxic Treatments
USA, Inc.),
Torrance, CA (003)
Ogden Environmental Services,
San Diego, CA (001)
Peroxidation Systems, Inc.,
Tucson, AZ (006)
Purus, Inc.,
San Jose, CA (006)
.QUAD Environmental
Technologies Corp.,
Northbrook, IL (004)
Recycling Sciences
International, Inc.,
Chicago, IL (004)
Remediation Technologies, Inc.,
Pittsburgh, PA (006)
Remediation Technologies, Inc.,
Seattle, WA (002)
Technology
In Situ Solidification
and Stabilization
MAECTITE
Treatment Process
In Situ Steam and
Air Stripping
Circulating Bed
Combustor
perox-pure™
Photolytic Oxidation
Process
Chemtact" Gaseous
Waste Treatment
Desorption and Vapor
Extraction System
High Temperature
Thermal Processor
Liquid and Solids
Biological Treatment
Technology
Contact
Jeff Newton/
Brian Jasperse
316-269-2660/
412-856-7700
Karl Yost
213-372-3300
Philip LaMori
310-328-9433
Sherin Sexton
619-455-4622
Chris Giggy
602-790-8383
Paul Blystone
408-453-7804
Robert Rafson
312-564-5070
Mark Burchett
312-559-0122
David Nakles
412-826-3340
Merv Cooper
206-624-9349
EPA Project
Manager
Mary Stinson
908-321-6683
S. Jackson
Hubbard
513-569-7507
Paul dePercin
513-569-7797
Douglas Grosse
919-541-7844
Norma Lewis
513-569-7665
Norma Lewis
513-569-7665
Ronald Lewis
513-569-7856
Laurel Staley
513-569-7863
Ronald Lewis
513-569-7856
Ronald Lewis
513-569-7856
Waste Media
Soil, Sediment
Soil, Sludge, Lead
Battery Sites
Soil
Soil, Sludge,
Slurry, liquids
Groundwater,
Wastewater
Groundwater
Gaseous Waste
Streams
Soil, Sludge,
Sediment
Soils, Sediments,
Sludges
Soil, Sludge,
Applicable Waste
Inorganic
Non-Specific
Inorganics
Metals
Not Applicable
Not Applicable
Not Applicable
Not Applicable
Non-Specific
Inorganics
Volatile Inorganics
Mercury
Not Applicable
Organic
PCBs, PCP, Other
Non-Specific Organics
Non-specific Organics
VOCs, SVOCs,
Hydrocarbons
Halogenated and
Nonhalogenated Organic
Compounds, PCBs
Fuel Hydrocarbons,
Chlorinated Solvents,
PCBs
Fuel Hydrocarbons
Volatile Organics
VOCs and SVOCs
including PCBs.-PAHs,
PCP, some Pesticides
VOCs and SVOCs
Biodegradable Organics,
Pesticides
3 This technology is not profiled in the Demonstration section.
-------
SITE Demonstration Program Participants
Developer
Resources Conservation Co.,
Ellfcott City, MD (001)
Retech, Inc.,
Ukiah, CA (002)
Risk Reduction Engineering
Laboratory,
Cincinnati, OH (006)
Risk Reduction Engineering
Laboratory,
Cincinnati, OH (006)
Risk Reduction Engineering
Laboratory and IT Corporation
Cincinnati, OH (004)
Risk Reduction Engineering
Laboratory and University of
Cincinnati,
Cincinnati, OH (005)
Risk Reduction Engineering
Laboratory and USDA Forest
Products Laboratory,
Cincinnati, OH (006)
Rochem Separation Systems,
Inc.,
Torrance, CA (006)
SBP Technologies, Inc. ,
Stone Mountain, GA (005)
S.M.W. Seiko, Inc.,
Redwood City, CA (004)
Technology
Solvent Extraction
Plasma Arc
Vitrification
Base-Catalyzed
Dechlorination Process
Bioventing
Debris Washing
System
Hydraulic Fracturing
Fungal Treatment
Technology
Rochem Disc Tube
Module System
Membrane Separation
arid Bioremediation
In Situ Solidification
and Stabilization
Technology
Contact
Lanny Weimer
301-596-6066
R. C. Eschenbach
707-462-6522
Chris Rogers
513-569-7626
Paul McCauley
513-569-7444
Michael Taylor
513-782-4700
Larry Murdoch
513-569-7897
Richard Lamar
608-231-9469
David LaMonica
213-370-3160
Heather Ford
404-498-6666
David Yang/
Osamu Taki
415-591-9646
EPA Project
Manager
Mark Mcckes
513-569-7348
Laurel Staley
513-569-7863
Laurel Staley
513-569-7863
Mary Gaughan
513-569-7341
Naomi Barkley
513-569-7854
Naomi Barkley
513-569-7854
Kim Lisa Kreiton
513-569-7328
Douglas Grosse
513-569-7844
Kim Lisa Kreiton
513-569-7328
S. Jackson
Hubbard
513-569-7507
Waste Media
Soil, Sludge
Soils, Sludge
Soils, Sediments
Soil
Debris
Soil
Soil
Liquids
Groundwater,
Soils, Sludges
Soil
Applicable Waste
Inorganic
Not Applicable
Metals
Not Applicable
Not Applicable
Non-Specific
Inorganics
Non-specific
Inorganics
Not Applicable
Non-Specific
Inorganics
Not Applicable
Metals
Organic
Oil, PCBs, PAHs
Non-Specific Organics
PCBs, PCPs
Biodegradable Organics
Non-Specific Organics,
PCBs, Pesticides
Non-specific Organics
PCPs, PAHs, Chlorinated
Organics
Organic Solvents
Organic Compounds,
PAHs, PCBs, TCEs
SVOCs, PCBs, PAHs
-------
SITE Demonstration Program Participants
Developer
Separation and Recovery
Systems, Inc.,
Irvine, CA (002)
Silicate Technology Corp.,
Scottsdale, AZ (003)
SoilTech, Inc.,
Englewood, CO (005)
(2 Demonstrations)
Soliditech, Inc.,
Houston, XX (002)
: TechTran, Inc.,
Houston, TX (005)
Terra-Kleen Corporation,
Oklahoma City, OK (006)
Terra Vac, Inc.,
San Juan, PR (001)
Texaco Syngas, Inc.,
White Plains, NY (006)
TEXAROME, Inc.,
Leakey, TX (006)
Udell Technologies, Inc.,
Emeryville, CA (005)
Technology
SAREX Chemical
Fixation Process
Solidification and
Stabilization Treatment
Technology
Anaerobic Thermal
Processor
Solidification and
Stabilization
Chemical Binding,
Precipitation and
Physical Separation
Soil Restoration Unit
In Situ Vacuum
Extraction
Entrained-Bed
Gasification
Mobile Solid Waste
Desorption
In Situ Steam
Enhanced Extraction
Technology
Contact
Joseph DeFranco
714-261-8860
Steve Pelger/
Scott Larsen
602-948-7100
Martin Vorum
303-790-1747
Bill Stallworth
713-497-8558
Charles Miller/
C. P. Yang
713-896-4343
Alan Cash
405-728-0001
James Malot
809-723-9171
Richard Zang
914-253-4047
Gueric Boucard
512-232-6079
Lloyd Steward
510-653-9477
EPA Project
Manager
S. Jackson
Hubbard
513-569-7507
Edward Bates
513-569-7774
Paul dePercin
513-569-7797
S. Jackson
Hubbard
513-569-7507
Annette Gatchett
513-569-7697
Mark Meckes
513-569-7348
Mary Stinson
908-321-6683
Marta Richards
513-569-7783
Mary Gaughan
513-569-7341
Paul dePercin
513-569-7797
Waste Media
Sludge, Soil
Soil, Sludge,
Wastewater
Soil, Sludge,
Refinery Wastes
Soil, Sludge
Aqueous Solutions
Soil
Soil
Soils, Sludges,
Sediments
Soils, Wood
Wastes, Mop-up
Materials
Soils, Ground
Water
Applicable Waste
Inorganic
Low Level Metals
Metals, Cyanide,
Ammonia
Not Applicable
Metals
Heavy Metals,
Radionuclides
Not Applicable
Not Applicable
Not Applicable
Volatile Inorganics
Not Applicable
Organic
Non-specific Organics
High Molecular Weight
Organics
PCBs, Chlorinated
Pesticides, VOCs
Non-Specific Organics
Non-Specific
PCBs, PCPs, Creosote,
Chlorinated Solvents,
Naphthaline, Diesel Oil,
Used Motor Oil, Jet Fuel,
Grease, Organic Pesticides
VOCs and SVOCs
Non-specific Organics
VOCs, SVOCs, PCBs,
PCPs, Creosote, Organic
Fungicides, Pesticides
VOCs and SVOCs,
Hydrocarbons, Solvents
o\
-------
SITE Demonstration Program Participants
Developer
Ultrox International, Inc.,
Santa Ana, CA (003)
U.S. Environmental Protection
Agency
Wastech Inc.,
Oak Ridge, TN (004)
Western Research Institute4,
Laramie.WY (005) (E01)
Weston Services, Inc.,
West Chester, PA (006)
Zimpro/Passavant,
Environmental Systems, Inc.,
Rothschild, WI (002)
Technology
Ultraviolet Radiation
and Oxidation
Excavation Techniques
and Foam Suppression
Methods
Solidification and
Stabilization
Contained Recovery of
Oily Wastes
Low Temperature
Thermal Treatment
(LT3»)
PACT* Wastewater
Treatment System
Technology
Contact
Jerome Barich
714_545_S557
Dick Gerstle
513-782-4700
E. Benjamin
Peacock
615-483-6515
James Speight
307-721-2011
Mike Cosmos
215-430-7423
William Copa
715-359-7211
EPA Project
Manager
Norma Lewis
513-569-7665
S. Jackson
Hubbard
513-569-7507
Edward Bates
513-569-7774
Eugene Harris
513-569-7862
Paul dePercin
513-569-7797
John Martin
513-569-7758
Waste Media
Groundwater,
Lcachatc,
Wastewater
Soil
Soil, Sludge,
Liquid Waste
Soil
Soil
Groundwater,
Industrial
Wastewater,
Leachate
Applicable Waste
Inorganic
Not Applicable
Volatile Inorganics
Non-Specific,
Radioactive
Not Applicable
Not Applicable
Not Applicable
Organic
Halogcnatcd
Hydrocarbons, VOCs,
Pesticides, PCBs
Volatile Organics
Non-Specific Organics
Coal Tar Derivatives,
Petroleum Byproducts
VOCs and SVOCs
Biodegradeable VOCs and
SVOCs
a\
4 Graduate of Emerging Technology Program
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APPENDIX C
EMERGING TECHNOLOGY
PROGRAM PARTICIPANTS
65
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1 J.
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SITE Emerging Technology Program Participants
-=========
Developer
ABB Environmental
Services, Inc.,
Wakefield.MA (E03)**"*
Alcoa Separations,
Warrendale, PA (E03)
Allis Mineral Systems, Inc.,
[formerly Boliden Allis, Inc.,]
Milwaukee, WI (EOS)
Atomic Energy of Canada, Ltd.,
Chalk River, Ontario (E01)
Babcock&WilcoxCo.,
Alliance, OH (E02)
Battelle Memorial Institute,
Columbus, OH (E01)
[Project completed]
BioTrol, Inc.,
Chaska, MN (£03)
Bio-Recovery Systems, Inc.1,
Las Cruces, NM (E01)
[Project completed]
Center for Hazardous Materials
Research,
Pittsburgh, PA (EOS)
-
Technology
Two-Zone Plume
Interception In Situ
Treatment Strategy
Bioscrubber
Pyrokiln Thermal
Encapsulation Process
Chemical Treatment
and Ultrafiltration
Cyclone Furnace
In Situ
Eiectfoaeoustic
Decontamination
Methanotrophic
Bioreactor System
Biological Sorption
Acid Extraction
Treatment System
——
Technology
Contact
Sam Fogel
617-245-6606
Paul Liu
412-772-1332
John Lees
414-475-3862
Leo Buckley
613-584-3311
Lawrence King
216-829-7576
Satya Chauhan
614-424-4812
Jeffery Petola
612-448-2515
Dennis Darnall
505-646-5018
Stephen Paff
412-826-5320
=^^==^=
EPA Project
Manager
Ronald Lewis
513-569-7856
Naomi Barkley
513-569-7854
Marta Richards
513-569-7783
John Martin
513-569-7758
Laurel Staley
513-569-7863
Jonathan
Herrman
513-569-7839
David Smith
513-569-7856
Naomi Barkley
513-569-7854
Kim Lisa
Kreiton
513-569-7328
==^=r==^=
Waste
Media
Solids, Liquids
Soil, Water, Air
Soil, Sludge
Groundwater
Solids, Soil
Soil
Water
Groundwater,
Leachate,
Wastewater
Soil
-
Applicable Waste
Inorganic
Not Applicable
Not Applicable
Most Metallic
Compounds
Heavy Metals
Non-Specific
Inorganics
Heavy Metals
Not Applicable
Heavy Metals
Heavy Metals
Organic
Chlorinated and
Nonchlorinated Solvents
Most Organics
Most Organics
Not Applicable
Non-Specific Organics
Not Applicable
Halogenated
Hydrocarbons
Not Applicable
Not Applicable
***** Solicitation number
1 Graduate of Emerging Technology Program
-------
SITE Emerging Technology Program Participants
Developer
New Jersey Institute of Technology,
Newark, NJ (EOS)
Nutech Environmental,
London, Ontario (E04)
PSI Technology Company,
Andover, MA (E04)
Pulse Sciences, Inc.,
Agouora Hills, CA (E04)
Purus, Inc.,
San Jose, CA (E04)
J.R. Simplot Company,
Boise, ID (E03)
Trinity Environmental Technologies,
Inc.,
Mound Valley, KS (£03)
University of South Carolina,
Columbia, SC (E03)
"UniversjitfQfWksh'ihgtpn, i
-Seattle,- WA' (E02) "
Vortec Corporation,
Collegeville, PA (E04)
Technology
Ghea Associates
Process
Photo catalytic
Oxidation
Metals
Immobilization and
Decontamination of
Aggregate Solids
X-Ray Treatment
Photolytic Oxidation
Process
Anaerobic Biological
Process
Ultrasonically
Assisted
Detoxification of
Hazardous Materials
In Situ Mitigation of
Acid Water
"Adsorptive Filtration ,
Oxidation and
Vitrification Process
Technology
Contact
Itzhak Gotlicb
201-596-5862
Brian Butters
519-457-1676
Srivats
Srinvasachar
508-689-0003
John Bayless/
Randy Curry
818-707-0095/
415-632-5100
Paul Blystone
408-453-7804
Douglas Sell
208-389-7265
Duane Koszalka
316-328-3222
Frank Caruccio
803-777-4512
'Mark Benjamin
" '206-543-7645
James Hnat
215-489-2255
EPA Project
Manager
Annette Gatchett
513-569-7697
John Ireland
513-569-7413
Mark Meckes
513-569-7384
Esperanza
Renard
513-569-7328
Norma Lewis
513-569-7665
Wendy
Davis-Hoover
513-569-7206
Kim Lisa
Kreiton
513-569-7328
Roger Wilmoth
513-569-7509
Norma Lewis
513-569-7665
Teri Shearer
513-569-7949
Waste
Media
Mixtures
Wastewater,
Groundwater,
Air-streams
Soils, Sediments,
Sludges
Soil, Water
Soil, Groundwater
Soil, Sludge
Solids
Acid Drainage
Groundwater, -
Leachate,
Wastewater
Soil, Sediments,
Mill Tailings
Applicable Waste
Inorganic
Most Inorganics
Cyanide, Sulphite,
Nitrite Ions
Heavy Metals
Not Applicable.
Not Applicable
Not Applicable
Not Applicable
Most Metals
Metals
Metals
Organic
Most Organics
PCBs, PCDDs, PCDFs,
Chlorinated alkenes,
Chlorinated phenols,
Most Organics
PCBs, TCE, TCA,
Benzene
VOCs
Nitroaromatics
PCBs and Other
Chlorinated Compounds
Not Applicable
Not Applicable
Most Organics
-------
SITE Emerging Technology Program Participants
Developer
i'.Warreri Spring Laboratory,
!!Hefts:; inglano- -'^Ewf ::; ! '
if-
Wastewater Technical Centre,
Burlington Ontario (E02)
Western Product Recovery, Group,
Inc.
Houston, TX (E04)
Western Research Institute,3
Laratnie, WY (E01)
[Project Completed]
Technology
:Physical and
1 \ */:vi. ,,'if-»_- i ^"("f.'^.,!"
| CK em ical Treatment
Cross-Flow
Pervaporation System
CCBA Physical and
Chemical Treatment
Contained Recovery
of Oily Wastes
Technology
Contact
;D. Neil Collins
;0 1-44-438-7411
'•22 ext. 752
Rob Booth/
Pierre Cote
416-336-4689/
416-639-6320
Donald Kelly
713-493-9321
James Speight
307-721-2011
EPA Project
Manager
Mary Stinson
•908-321-6683
John Martin
513-569-7758
Joseph Farrell
513-569-7645
Eugene Harris
513-569-7862
Waste
Media
Soil
Groundwater,
Leachate,
Wastewater
Wastewater,
Sludges,
Sediments, Soil
Soil
Applicable Waste
Inorganic
Metals
Not Applicable
Heavy Metals
Not Applicable
Organic
Petroleum
Hydrocarbons, PAHs
VOCs, Solvents,
Petroleum Hydrocarbons
Most Organics
Coal Tar Derivatives,
Petroleum Byproducts
-4,
3 Graduate of Emerging Technology Program
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