United States
Environmental Protection
Agency
Office of Solid Waste and
Emergency Response
Washington, DC 20460
Office of Research and
Development
Washington DC 20460
Superfund
EPA/540/R-92/077 Nov. 1992
The Superfund
Innovative Technology
Evaluation Program:
Technology Profiles
Fifth Edition
SUPERFUND INNOVATIVE
TECHNOLOGY EVALUATION
-------
-------
EPA/540/R-92/077
November 1992
SUPERFUND INNOVATIVE
TECHNOLOGY EVALUATION
Technology Profiles
Fifth Edition
EPA
Risk Reduction Engineering Laboratory
Office of Research and Development
26 West Martin Luther King Drive
Cincinnati, Ohio 45268
Printed on Recycled Paper
-------
DISCLAIMER
The development of this document was funded by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA)
under Contract No. 68-CO-0047, Work Assignment No. 28, to PRC Environmental Management, Inc.
The document was subjected to the Agency's administrative and peer review and was approved for
publication as an EPA document. Mention of trade names or commercial products does not constitute
endorsement or recommendation for use at any particular hazardous waste site.
11
-------
FOREWORD
The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency's (EPA) Risk Reduction Engineering Laboratory (RREL) is
responsible for planning, implementing, and managing research, development, and demonstration
programs that provide the scientific and engineering basis for EPA policies, programs, and regulations
concerning drinking water, wastewater, pesticides, toxic substances, solid and hazardous wastes, and
Superfund-related activities. This Technology Profiles document is one product of that program. It
provides a vital communication link between the researcher and the user community. This document is
intended for environmental decision-makers and other individuals involved in hazardous waste site
cleanup.
The Superfund Innovative Technology Evaluation (SITE) Program, now in its seventh year, is an integral
part of EPA's research into alternative cleanup methods for hazardous waste sites around the nation.
Under the SITE Program, EPA enters into cooperative agreements with technology developers. These
developers refine their innovative technologies at bench- or pilot-scale and may demonstrate them, with
support from EPA, at hazardous waste sites. EPA collects and publishes engineering, performance, and
cost data to aid in future decision-making for hazardous waste site remediation.
The successful implementation of innovative technologies requires a team approach. SITE Program staff
work closely with EPA's regional offices, the states, technology developers, the Superfund Technology
Assistance Response Team (START), and the Office of Solid Waste and Emergency Response (OSWER)
to provide technology demonstrations and to disseminate information. The SITE Program also uses EPA
research facilities, such as the Test and Evaluation (T&E) Facility and the Center Hill Facility in
Cincinnati, Ohio, to evaluate innovative technologies.
This is the fifth edition of the Technology Profiles document. Distribution of the Technology Profiles
has increased steadily as the SITE Program has grown. About 1,000 copies of the first edition were
distributed in 1988; over 19,000 copies of the fourth edition, published in 1991, have been distributed.
This document profiles 156 demonstration, emerging, and monitoring and measurement technologies
being evaluated under the SITE Program. Each profile describes the technology; discusses its
applicability to various wastes; discusses its development or demonstration status and demonstration
results, if available; and provides demonstration and technology contacts.
E. Timothy Oppelt, Director
Risk Reduction Engineering Laboratory
in
-------
ABSTRACT
The Superfund Innovative Technology Evaluation (SITE) Program evaluates new and promising treatment
technologies for cleanup of hazardous waste sites. The program was created to encourage the
development and routine use of innovative treatment technologies. As a result, the SITE Program
provides environmental decision makers with data on new, viable treatment technologies that may have
performance or cost advantages compared to traditional treatment technologies.
This document, prepared between June 1992 and October 1992, is intended as a reference guide for those
interested in technologies under the SITE Demonstration, Emerging Technology, and Monitoring and
Measurement Technologies Programs. Reference tables for SITE Program participants precede the
individual profiles and contain EPA and developer contacts. Inquiries about a specific SITE technology
or the SITE Program should be directed to the EPA Project Manager; inquiries on the technology process
should be directed to the technology developer contacts. The two-page profiles are presented in
alphabetical order by developer name.
Each technology profile contains (1) a technology developer and process name, (2) a technology
description, (3) a discussion of waste applicability, (4) a project status report, (5) EPA Project Manager
and technology developer contacts, and (6) a schematic diagram or photograph of the process. The
profiles also include summaries of demonstration results if available.
New features of this document include the following:
• Table of Media Applicability (page xxiii)
The following media categories are included: air/gases, groundwater/liquids, leachate, sediment,
sludge, soil, solid debris, and wastewater. This table is located at the front of the document,
along with the Table of Waste Applicability.
• Index of Waste Applicability and Waste Media (page 355)
This index combines both waste and media applicability and is located at the back of the
document.
IV
-------
TABLE OF CONTENTS
TITLE
PAGE
DISCLAIMER ii
FOREWORD iii
ABSTRACT iv
TABLE OF CONTENTS v
LIST OF FIGURES x
LIST OF TABLES x
TABLE OF WASTE APPLICABILITY xi
TABLE OF MEDIA APPLICABILITY xxiii
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS xxix
SITE PROGRAM DESCRIPTION 1
SITE PROGRAM CONTACTS 11
DEMONSTRATION PROGRAM 13
Accutech Remedial Systems, Inc 24
Allied-Signal, Inc 26
American Combustion, Inc 28
Andco Environmental Processes, Inc 30
ASI Environmental Technologies, Inc./Dames & Moore 32
AWD Technologies, Inc 34
Babcock & Wilcox Co 36
Bergmann USA 38
Billings and Associates, Inc : 40
BioGenesis Enterprises, Inc 42
Bio-Recovery Systems, Inc 44
Bio-Rem, Inc 46
BioTrol, Inc. (Biological Aqueous Treatment System) 48
BioTrol, Inc. (Soil Washing System) 50
Brice Environmental Services Corporation 52
Canonie Environmental Services Corporation 54
GET Environmental Services-Sanivan Group 56
CF Systems Corporation 58
Chemfix Technologies, Inc 60
Chemical Waste Management, Inc. (DeChlor/KGME Process) 62
Chemical Waste Management, Inc. (PO*WW*ER™ Technology) 64
Chemical Waste,Management, Inc. (X*TRAX™ Thermal Desorption) 66
Colorado Department of Health 68
Dehydro-Tech Corporation 70
Dynaphore, Inc 72
E.I. DuPont de Nemours and Company, and
Oberlin Filter Company 74
ECOVA Corporation (Bioslurry Reactor) 76
ECOVA Corporation (In Situ Biological Treatment) 78
-------
TABLE OF CONTENTS (Continued)
TITLE
PAGE
ELI Eco Logic International, Inc 80
Ensotech, Inc 82
EPOC Water, Inc 84
Excalibur Enterprises, Inc 86
Exxon Chemical Company and
Rio Linda Chemical Company 88
Filter Flow Technology, Inc 90
Funderburk & Associates 92
GEOCHEM, A Division of Terra Vac 94
Geosafe Corporation 96
Gruppo Italimpresse 98
Hazardous Waste Control 100
Horsehead Resource Development Co., Inc 102
Hrubetz Environmental Services, Inc 104
Hughes Environmental Systems, Inc 106
Illinois Institute of Technology Research
Institute/Halliburton NUS 108
In-Situ Fixation Company 110
International Environmental Technology 112
International Waste Technologies/Geo-Con, Inc 114
MAECORP Incorporated 116
Magnum Water Technology 118
NOVATERRA, Inc 120
Ogden Environmental Services 122
Peroxidation Systems, Inc 124
Purus, Inc 126
Quad Environmental Technologies Corporation 128
Recycling Sciences International, Inc 130
Remediation Technologies, Inc. (High Temperature Thermal Processor) 132
Remediation Technologies, Inc. (Liquid and Solids Biological Treatment) 134
Resources Conservation Company 136
Retech, Inc 138
Risk Reduction Engineering Laboratory
(Base-Catalyzed Dechlorination Process) 140
Risk Reduction Engineering Laboratory (Bioventing) 142
Risk Reduction Engineering Laboratory (Volume Reduction Unit) 144
Risk Reduction Engineering Laboratory
and IT Corporation 146
Risk Reduction Engineering Laboratory
and USDA Forest Products Laboratory 148
Risk Reduction Engineering Laboratory and
the University of Cincinnati 150
VI
-------
TABLE OF CONTENTS (Continued)
TITLE
PAGE
Rochem Separation Systems, Inc 152
SBP Technologies, Inc , , 154
S.M.W. Seiko, Inc 156
Separation and Recovery Systems, Inc 158
Sevenson Extraction Technology, Inc . 160
Silicate Technology Corporation . 162
J.R. Simplot Company , . . . 164
SoilTech ATP Systems, Inc 166
Soliditech, Inc 168
Sonotech, Inc 170
TechTran Environmental, Inc . 172
Terra Vac, Inc I 174
Terrasys, Inc , 176
Texaco Syngas Inc 178
TEXAROME, Inc ; . . . 180
Toronto Harbor Commission , 182
Udell Technologies, Inc . , . . . 184
Ultrox Resources Conservation Co 186
United States Environmental Protection Agency 188
WASTECH, Inc 190
Western Research Institute 192
Roy F. Weston, Inc 194
Zenon Environmental Systems, Inc . . 196
Zimpro Passavant Environmental Systems, Inc , 198
EMERGING TECHNOLOGY PROGRAM 201
ABB Environmental Services, Inc 208
Allis Mineral Systems, Inc 210
Aluminum Company of America 212
Atomic Energy of Canada, Limited 214
Babcock & Wilcox Co 216
Battelle Memorial Institute 218
Bio-Recovery Systems, Inc '. 220
BioTrol, Inc 222
Center for Hazardous Materials Research
(Acid Extraction Treatment System) 224
Center for Hazardous Materials Research (Lead Smelting) 226
Center for Hazardous Materials Research
(Organics Destruction and Metals Stabilization) 228
COGNIS, Inc. (Biological/Chemical Treatment) , . 230
COGNIS, Inc. (Chemical Treatment) 232
vu
-------
TABLE OF CONTENTS (Continued)
TITLE
PAGE
Colorado School of Mines 234
Davy Research and Development, Limited 236
Electrokinetics, Inc 238
Electron Beam Research Facility, Florida
International University and University of Miami 240
Electro-Pure Systems, Inc 242
MX. ENERGIA, Inc 244
Energy and Environmental Engineering, Inc 246
Energy and Environmental Research Corporation 248
Enviro-Sciences, Inc. and ART International, Inc 250
Ferro Corporation 252
Groundwater Technology Government Services, Inc 254
Hazardous Substance Management Research Center
at New Jersey Institute of Technology 256
Institute of Gas Technology (Chemical and Biological Treatment) 258
Institute of Gas Technology (Fluid Extraction - Biological
Degradation Process) 260
Institute of Gas Technology (Fluidized-Bed Cyclonic
Agglomerating Incinerator) . . 262
IT Corporation (Batch Stream Distillation and Metal Extraction) 264
IT Corporation (Mixed Waste Treatment Process) 266
IT Corporation (Photolytic and Biological Soil Detoxification) 268
Membrane Technology and Research, Inc 270
Montana College of Mineral Science & Technology
(Air-Sparged Hydrocyclone) 272
Montana College of Mineral Science & Technology
(Campbell Centrifugal Jig) 274
New Jersey Institute of Technology 276
Nutech Environmental (TiO2 Photocatalytic Air Treatment) 278
Nutech Environmental (TiO2 Photocatalytic Water Treatment) 280
OHM Remediation Services Corporation 282
PSI Technology Company 284
Pulse Sciences, Inc 286
Purus, Inc 288
Remediation Technologies, Inc 290
J.R. Simplot Company 292
Trinity Environmental Technologies, Inc 294
University of Dayton Research Institute 296
University of South Carolina 298
University of Washington 300
Vortec Corporation 302
Warren Spring Laboratory 304
vm
-------
TABLE OF CONTENTS (Continued)
TITLE
PAGE
Wastewater Technology Centre 306
Western Product Recovery Group, Inc 308
Western Research Institute 310
Williams Environmental, Inc 312
MONITORING AND MEASUREMENT TECHNOLOGIES PROGRAM 315
Analytical and Remedial Technology, Inc 318
Binax Corporation, Antox Division 320
Bruker Instruments 322
Dexsil Corporation 324
Graseby Ionics, Ltd., and PCP, Inc 326
HNU Systems, Incorporated 328
MDA Scientific, Incorporated 330
Microsensor Systems, Incorporated 332
Microsensor Technology, Incorporated 334
Millipore Corporation 336
Photovac International, Incorporated 338
Sentex Sensing Technology, Incorporated 340
SRI Instruments 342
Xontech Incorporated 344
INFORMATION REQUEST FORM 347
DOCUMENT ORDER FORM 349
VIDEO ORDER FORM 353
INDEX 355
IX
-------
LIST OF FIGURES
TITLE
PAGE
Figure 1: Development of Innovative Technologies 2
Figure 2: Innovative Technologies in the Emerging Technology Program 3
Figure 3: Innovative Technologies in the Demonstration Program 3
LIST OF TABLES
TITLE PAGE
Table 1: Completed Treatment Technology Demonstrations as of October 1992 5
Table 2: SITE Demonstration Program Participants 14
Table 3: SITE Emerging Technology Program Participants 202
Table 4: SITE Monitoring and Measurement Technologies Program Participants 316
-------
TABLE OF WASTE APPLICABILITY
Arsenic
Demonstration
Bergmann USA 38
Chemfix Technologies, Inc 60
Silicate Technology
Corporation 162
Emerging
Battelle Memorial Institute 218
Center for Hazardous
Materials Research (Acid
Extraction Treatment
System) 224
Center for Hazardous
Materials Research
(Organics Destruction and
Metals Stabilization) 228
Davy Research and
Development, Limited 236
Vortec Corporation 302
Chlorinated Organics
Demonstration
Accutech Remedial Systems,
Inc 24
Allied-Signal, Inc 26
AWD Technologies, Inc 34
Babcock & Wilcox Co 36
Billings and Associates, Inc 40
BioGenesis Enterprises, Inc 42
Bio-Rem, Inc 46
BioTrol, Inc. (Biological
Aqueous Treatment
System) 48
BioTrol, Inc. (Soil Washing
System) 50
GET Environmental Services
- Sanivan Group 56
CF Systems Corporation 58
Chemical Waste Management,
Inc. (DeChlor/KGME
Process) 62
Dehydro-Tech Corporation 70
ECOVA Corporation (In Situ
Biological Treatment) ...:.... 78
ELI Eco Logic International,
Inc 80
Ensotech, Inc 82
Funderburk & Associates 92
Geosafe Corporation 96
Hrubetz Environmental
Services, Inc 104
Chlorinated Organics (Cont.)
Demonstration
Hughes Environmental
Systems, Inc
In-Situ Fixation Company . .
International Environmental
Technology
International Waste
Technologies/Geo-Con,
Inc
NOVATERRA, Inc
Ogden Environmental
Services
Peroxidation Systems, Inc. .
Remediation Technologies,
Inc. (High Temperature
Thermal Processor) . . .
Remediation Technologies,
Inc. (Liquid and Solids
Biological Treatment) . .
Resources Conservation
Company .
Retech, Inc
Risk Reduction Engineering
Laboratory
(Base-Catalyzed
Dechlorination Process)
Risk Reduction Engineering
Laboratory and IT
Corporation
Risk Reduction Engineering
Laboratory and USDA
Forest Products
Laboratory
SBP Technologies, Inc. . . .
Sevenson Extraction
Technology, Inc
SoilTech ATP Systems, Inc.
Terra Vac, Inc
Toronto Harbor Commission
Udell Technologies, Inc. . .
Ultrox Resources
Conservation Co
Western Research Institute .
Zimpro Passavant
Environmental Systems,
Inc
106
110
112
114
120
122
124
132
134
136
138
140
146
148
154
160
166
174
182
184
186
192
198
XI
-------
Chlorinated Organics (Cont.)
Emerging
ABB Environmental Services,
Ihc 208
Allis Mineral Systems, Ihc 210
Aluminum Company of
America 212
Babcock & Wilcox Co 216
BioTrol, Ihc 222
Center for Hazardous
Materials Research
(Organics Destruction and
Metals Stabilization) 228
Davy Research and
Development, Limited 236
Electron Beam Research
Facility, Florida
International University
and University of Miami 240
MX. ENERGIA 244
Energy and Environmental
Engineering, Ihc 246
Energy and Environmental
Research Corporation 248
Enviro-Sciences, Inc. and
ART International, Ihc 250
Groundwater Technology
Government Services,
Ihc 254
Institute of Gas Technology
(Chemical and Biological
Treatment) 258
Institute of Gas Technology
(Fluid
Extraction-Biological
Degradation Process) 260
IT Corporation (Photolytic
and Biological Soil
Detoxification) 268
Membrane Technology and
Research, Ihc 270
Nutech Environmental (TiO2
Photocatalytic Air
Treatment) 278
Nutech Environmental (TiO2
Photocatalytic Water
Treatment) 280
PSI Technology Company 284
Pulse Sciences, Inc 286
Purus, Ihc 288
Remediation Technologies,
Inc 290
Chlorinated Organics (Cont.)
Emerging
Trinity Environmental
Technologies, Ihc 294
University of Dayton
Research Institute 296
Vortec Corporation 302
Wastewater Technology
Centre 306
Western Research Institute 310
MMTP
HNU Systems, Incorporated 328
Photovac International, Inc 338
Cyanide
Demonstration
Bergmann USA 38
Chemical Waste Management,
Inc. (PO*WW*ER
Technology) 64
E.I. DuPont de Nemours and
Company, and Oberlin
Filter Company 74
Excalibur Enterprises, Ihc 86
Exxon Chemical Company
and Rio Linda Chemical
Company 88
Ogden Environmental
Services 122
Remediation Technologies,
Ihc. (High Temperature
Thermal Processor) 132
Silicate Technology
Corporation 162
Emerging
Battelle Memorial Institute 218
Davy Research and
Development, Limited 236
Nutech Environmental (TiO2
Photocatalytic Water
Treatment) 280
Vortec Corporation 302
Dioxins
Demonstration
BioGenesis Enterprises, Inc 42
BioTrol, Inc. (Soil Washing
System) 50
CF Systems Corporation 58
Excalibur Enterprises, Inc 86
In-Situ Fixation Company 110
Ogden Environmental
Services 122
xn
-------
Dioxins (Cont.)
Demonstration
Risk Reduction Engineering
Laboratory
(Base-Catalyzed
Dechlorination Process) .
Risk Reduction Engineering
Laboratory and USDA
Forest Products
Laboratory
Emerging
Enviro-Sciences, Inc. and
ART International, Inc. .
IT Corporation (Photolytic
and Biological Soil
Detoxification)
Nutech Environmental (TiO2
Photocatalytic Water
Treatment)
Trinity Environmental
Technologies, Inc
University of Dayton
Research Institute
Vortec Corporation '. .
Williams Environmental, Inc.
Heavy Metals
Demonstration
Andco Environmental
Processes, Inc
Babcock & Wilcox Co
Bergmann USA
Bio-Recovery Systems, Inc. .
BioTrol, Inc. (Soil Washing
System)
Brice Environmental Services
Corporation
Chemfix Technologies, Inc. .
Chemical Waste Management,
Inc. (PO*WW*ER
Technology)
Colorado Department of
Health
Dynaphore, Inc
E.I. DuPont de Nemours and
Company, and Oberlin
Filter Company
Ensotech, Inc
EPOC Water, Inc
Excalibur Enterprises, Inc. . .
Filter Flow Technology, Inc. .
Funderburk & Associates . . .
Geosafe Corporation
Hazardous Waste Control . . .
Heavy Metals (Cont.)
Demonstration
Horsehead Resource
Development Co., Inc 102
International Waste
140 Technologies/Geo-Con,
Inc 114
Ogden Environmental
Services 122
148 Retech, Inc 138
Risk Reduction Engineering
Laboratory and IT
250 Corporation 146
Rochem Separation Systems,
Inc 152
268 Separation and Recovery
Systems, Inc 158
Silicate Technology
280 Corporation 162
Soliditech, Inc 168
294 TechTran Environmental, Inc 172
Texaco Syngas, Inc 178
296 Toronto Harbor Commission 182
302 WASTECH, Inc 190
312 Emerging
Allis Mineral Systems, Inc 210
Atomic Energy of Canada,
Limited 214
Babcock & Wilcox Co 216
, 30 Battelle Memorial Institute 218
. 36 Bio-Recovery Systems, Ihc 220
. 38 Center for Hazardous
, 44 Materials Research (Acid
Extraction Treatment
. 50 System) 224
Center for Hazardous
. 52 Materials Research (Lead
. 60 Smelting) 226
Center for Hazardous
Materials Research
. 64 (Organics Destruction and
Metals Stabilization) 228
. 68 COGNIS, Inc.
. 72 (Biological/Chemical
Treatment) 230
COGNIS, Inc. (Chemical
. 74 Treatment) 232
. 82 Colorado School of Mines 234
. 84 Davy Research and
. 86 Development, Limited 236
. 90 Electrokinetics, Inc 238
. 92 Electro-Pure Systems, Inc 242
. 96 Ferro Corporation 252
. 100
xm
-------
Heavy Metals (Cont.)
Emerging
Institute of Gas Technology
(Fluidized-Bed Cyclonic
Agglomerating
Incinerator) 262
IT Corporation (Batch Steam
Distillation and Metal
Extraction) 264
IT Corporation (Mixed Waste
Treatment Process) 266
Montana College of Mineral
Science & Technology
(Air-Sparged
Hydrocyclone) 272
Montana College of Mineral
Science & Technology
(Campbell Centrifugal
Jig) 274
New Jersey Institute of
Technology 276
PSI Technology Company 284
University of South Carolina 298
University of Washington 300
Vortec Corporation 302
Warren Spring Laboratory 304
Western Product Recovery
Group, Inc 308
Nitroaromatics
Demonstration
J.R. Simplot Company 164
Emerging
J.R. Simplot Company 292
Other Halogenated Organics
Demonstration
Accutech Remedial Systems,
Lie 24
Allied-Signal, lac 26
AWD Technologies, Inc 34
Billings and Associates, lac 40
BioGenesis Enterprises, Inc 42
Bio-Rem, Inc 46
BioTrol, lac. (Biological
Aqueous Treatment
System) 48
BioTrol, Inc. (Soil Washing
System) 50
GET Environmental Services
- Sanivan Group 56
CF Systems Corporation 58
Dehydro-Tech Corporation 70
ECOVA Corporation (In Situ
Biological Treatment) 78
Other Halogenated Organics (Cont.)
Demonstration
Geosafe Corporation 96
Hrubetz Environmental
Services, Inc 104
In-Situ Fixation Company 110
International Environmental
Technology 112
NOVATERRA, Inc 120
Remediation Technologies,
Inc. (Liquid and Solids
Biological Treatment) 134
Retech, Inc 138
Risk Reduction Engineering
Laboratory and USDA
Forest Products
Laboratory 148
SBP Technologies, Inc 154
SoilTech ATP Systems, Inc 166
Terra Vac, Inc 174
Toronto Harbor Commission 182
Ultrox Resources
Conservation Co 186
Roy F. Weston, Inc 194
Zimpro Passavant
Environmental Systems,
Inc 198
Emerging
ABB Environmental Services,
Inc 208
Allis Mineral Systems, Inc 210
Aluminum Company of
America 212
BioTrol, Inc. 222
Electron Beam Research
Facility, Florida
International University
and University of Miami 240
Enviro-Sciences, Inc. and
ART International, Inc 250
Institute of Gas Technology
(Chemical and Biological
Treatment) 258
Institute of Gas Technology
(Fluid
Extraction-Biological
Degradation Process) 260
IT Corporation (Photolytic
and Biological Soil
Detoxification) 268
Membrane Technology and
Research, Inc 270
xiv
-------
Other Halogenated Organics (Cont.)
Emerging
Nutech Environmental (TiO2
Photocatalytic Water
Treatment) 280
Pulse Sciences, Inc 286
University of Dayton
Research Institute 296
Vortec Corporation 302
Wastewater Technology
Centre 306
MMTP
HNU Systems, Incorporated 328
Other Inorganics
Demonstration
Exxon Chemical Company
and Rio Linda Chemical
Company 88
Separation and Recovery
Systems, Inc 158
TEXAROME, Inc 180
Emerging
Center for Hazardous
Materials Research
(Organics Destruction and
Metal Stabilization) 228
Electro-Pure Systems, Inc 242
Institute of Gas Technology
(Fluidized-Bed Cyclonic
Agglomerating
Incinerator) 262
Nutech Environmental (TiO2
Photocatalytic Water
Treatment) 280
University of South Carolina 300
Other Metals
Demonstration
Andco Environmental
Processes 30
Chemfix Technologies, Inc 60
Chemical Waste Management,
Inc. (PO*WW*ER
Technology) 64
Chemical Waste Management,
Inc. (XTRAX Thermal
Desorption) 66
Colorado Department of
Health 68
E.I. DuPont de Nemours and
Company, and Oberlin
Filter Company 74
GEOCHEM 94
MAECORP Incorporated 116
Other Metals (Cont.)
Demonstration
Recycling Sciences
International, Inc
Remediation Technologies,
Inc. (High Temperature
Thermal Processor) . . .
Risk Reduction Engineering
Laboratory and IT
Corporation
S.M.W. Seiko, Inc
Silicate Technology
Corporation
TEXAROME, Inc
Emerging
COGNIS, Inc. (Chemical
Treatment)
Colorado School of Mines .
Davy Research and
Development, Limited. .
Other Organics
Demonstration
AWD Technologies, Inc. . . .
Chemical Waste Management,
Inc. (PO*WW*ER
Technology)
Chemical Waste Management,
Inc. (XTRAX Thermal
Desorption)
Dehydro-Tech Corporation . .
Dynaphore, Inc
ECOVA Corporation
(Bioslurry Reactor) . . . .
EPOC Water, Inc
Exxon Chemical Company
and Rio Linda Chemical
Company
Funderburk & Associates . . .
Gruppo Italimpresse
Hughes Environmental
Systems, Inc
In-Situ Fixation Company . . .
International Waste
Technologies/Geo-Con,
Inc
NOVATERRA, Inc
Ogden Environmental
Services
Recycling Sciences
International, Inc
Remediation Technologies,
Inc. (Liquid and Solids
Biological Treatment) . . .
130
132
146
156
162
180
232
234
236
34
64
66
70
72
76
84
88
92
98
106
110
114
120
122
130
134
xv
-------
Other Organics (Cont.)
Demonstration
Retech, Lie 138
Risk Reduction Engineering
Laboratory
(Base-Catalyzed
Dechlorination Process) 140
S.M.W. Seiko, Ihc 156
Separation and Recovery
Systems, Inc 158
TEXAROME, Inc 180
Udell Technologies, Ihc 184
Ultrox Resources
Conservation Co 186
Roy F. Weston, Inc 194
Emerging
Aluminum Company of
America 212
Babcock & Wilcox Co 216
Electron Beam Research
Facility, Florida
International University
and University of Miami 240
Energy and Environmental
Engineering, Ihc 246
Groundwater Technology
Government Services,
Ihc 254
Institute of Gas Technology
(Fluidized-Bed Cyclonic
Agglomerating
Incinerator) 262
IT Corporation (Mixed Waste
Treatment Process) 266
Membrane Technology and
Research, Inc 270
New Jersey Institute of
Technology 276
PSI Technology Company 284
Pulse Sciences, Ihc 286
J.R. Simplot Company 292
PAHs
Demonstration
Allied-Signal, Inc 26
American Combustion, Inc 28
Bergmann USA 38
BioGenesis Enterprises, Inc 42
BioTrol, Inc. (Biological
Aqueous Treatment
System) 48
BioTrol, Inc. (Soil Washing
System) 50
PAHs (Cont.)
Demonstration
GET Environmental Services
- Sanivan Group 56
Dehydro-Tech Corporation 70
ECOVA Corporation
(Bioslurry Reactor) . 76
ECOVA Corporation (In Situ
Biological Treatment) 78
ELI Eco Logic International,
Inc 80
Geosafe Corporation 96
Ih-Sita Fixation Company 110
International Environmental
Technology 112
NOVATERRA, Inc 120
Recycling Sciences
International, Inc . . . 130
Remediation Technologies,
Inc. (Liquid and Solids
Biological Treatment) 134
Resources Conservation
Company 136
Risk Reduction Engineering
Laboratory (Bioventing) 142
Risk Reduction Engineering
Laboratory (Volume
Reduction Unit) 144
Risk Reduction Engineering
Laboratory and USDA
Forest Products
Laboratory . . 148
SBP Technologies, Inc 154
S.M.W. Seiko, Inc 156
Toronto Harbor Commission 158
Roy F. Weston, Inc 194
Zimpro Passavant
Environmental Systems,
Inc 198
Emerging
Battelle Memorial Institute 218
COGNIS, Inc.
(Biological/Chemical
Treatment) . . . 230
Energy and Environmental
Engineering, Inc 246
Energy and Environmental
Research Corporation . 248
Enviro-Sciences, Inc. and
ART International, Inc 250
Institute of Gas Technology
(Chemical and Biological
Treatment) 258
xvi
-------
PAHs (Cont.)
Emerging
Institute of Gas Technology
(Fluid
Extraction-Biological
Degradation Process) 260
IT Corporation (Photolytic
and Biological Soil
Detoxification) 268
Nutech Environmental (TiO2
Photocatalytic Water
Treatment) 280
Pulse Sciences, Inc 286
University of Dayton
Research Institute 296
Vortec Corporation 302
Warren Spring Laboratory 304
Western Product Recovery
Group, Inc 308
PCBs
Demonstration
Bergmann USA 38
BioGenesis Enterprises, Inc 42
BioTrol, Inc. (Biological
Aqueous Treatment
System) 48
BioTrol, Inc. (Soil Washing
System) . . . 50
GET Environmental Services
- Sanivan Group 56
CF Systems Corporation 58
Chemical Waste Management
(Dechlor/KGME Process) 62
Chemical Waste Management,
Inc. (X*TRAX Thermal
Desorption) 66
Dehydfo-Tech Corporation 70
ELI Eco Logic International,
Inc. . . 80
Excalibur Enterprises, Inc 86
Funderburk & Associates 92
Geosafe Corporation 96
Gruppo Italimpresse 98
In-Situ Fixation Company 110
International Environmental
Technology 112
International Waste
Technologies/Geo-Con,
Lie 114
Ogden Environmental
Services 122
Peroxidation Systems, Inc 124
Recycling Sciences
International, Inc 130
PCBs (Cont.)
Demonstration
Remediation Technologies,
Inc. (High Temperature
Thermal Processor) ....
Resources Conservation
Company
Risk Reduction Engineering
Laboratory
(Base-Catalyzed
Dechlorination Process) .
Risk Reduction Engineering
Laboratory (Volume
Reduction Unit)
Risk Reduction Engineering
Laboratory and IT
Corporation
Risk Reduction Engineering
Laboratory and USDA
Forest Products
Laboratory
SBP Technologies, Inc
S.M.W. Seiko, Inc
Sevenson Extraction
Technology, Inc
SoilTech ATP Systems, Inc. .
TEXAROME, Inc
Ultrox Resources
Conservation Co
Emerging
Battelle Memorial Institute . .
Davy Research and
Development, Limited. . .
Energy and Environmental
Engineering, Inc
Enviro-Sciences, Inc. and
ART International, Inc. .
Institute of Gas Technology
(Chemical and Biological
Treatment)
Institute of Gas Technology
(Fluid
Extraction-Biological
Degradation Process) . . .
IT Corporation (Mixed Waste
Treatment Process) . . . .
IT Corporation (Photolytic
and Biological Soil
Detoxification)
New Jersey Institute of
Technology
Nutech Environmental (TiO2
Photocatalytic Water
Treatment)
Pulse Sciences, Inc
132
136
140
144
146
148
154
, 156
, 160
, 166
. 180
. 186
. 218
. 236
. 246
. 250
. 258
. 260
. 266
. 268
. 276
280
286
xvu
-------
PCBs (Cont.)
Emerging
Trinity Environmental
Technologies, Inc 294
University of Dayton
Research Institute 296
Vortec Corporation 302
Warren Spring Laboratory 304
Williams Environmental, Inc 312
MMTP
Bruker Instruments 322
Dexsil Corporation 324
Pesticides/Herbicides
Demonstration
ASI Environmental
Technologies,
Ihc./Dames & Moore 32
BioGenesis Enterprises, Inc 42
BioTrol, Inc. (Biological
Aqueous Treatment
System) 48
BioTrol, Inc. (Soil Washing
System) 50
Canonie Environmental
Services Corporation 54
GET Environmental Services
- Sanivan Group 56
Chemical Waste Management,
Inc. (PO*WW*ER
Technology) 64
ELI Eco Logic International,
Inc 80
EPOC Water, Inc 84
Excalibur Enterprises.Inc 86
Ogden Environmental
Services 122
Peroxidation Systems, Inc 124
Recycling Sciences
International, Inc 130
Remediation Technologies,
Inc. (Liquid and Solids
Biological Treatment) 134
Resources Conservation
Company 136
Risk Reduction Engineering
Laboratory and IT
Corporation 146
Risk Reduction Engineering
Laboratory and USDA
Forest Products
Laboratory 148
S.M.W. Seiko, Inc 156
Pesticides/Herbicides (Cont.)
Demonstration
Sevenson Extraction
Technology, Inc 160
SoilTech ATP Systems, Inc 166
TEXAROME, Inc 180
Toronto Harbor Commission 182
Ultrox Resources
Conservation Co 186
Western Research Institute 192
Zimpro Passavant
Environmental Systems,
Inc 198
Emerging
Davy Research and
Development, Limited 236
Electron Beam Research
Facility, Florida
International University
and University of Miami 240
Energy and Environmental
Engineering, Inc 246
Enviro-Sciences, Inc. and
ART International, Inc 250
Groundwater Technology
Government Services,
Inc 254
Pulse Sciences, Inc 286
J.R. Simplot Company 292
Trinity Environmental
Technologies, Inc 294
Vortec Corporation 302
Western Research Institute 310
Petroleum Hydrocarbons
Demonstration
Accutech Remedial Systems,
lac 24
Allied-Signal, Inc 26
American Combustion, Inc 28
Bergmann USA 38
Billings and Associates, Inc 40
BioGenesis Enterprises, Inc 42
Bio-Rem, Inc 46
BioTrol, Inc. (Biological
Aqueous Treatment
System) 48
BioTrol, Inc. (Soil Washing
System) 50
Brice Environmental Services
Corporation 52
xvm
-------
Petroleum Hydrocarbons (Cont.)
Demonstration
Canonie Environmental
Services Corporation 54
GET Environmental Services
- Sanivan Group 56
CF Systems Corporation 58
Chemical Waste Management,
Lie. (X*TRAX Thermal
Desorption) 66
Dehydro-Tech Corporation 70
ECOVA Corporation
(Bioslurry Reactor) 76
ECOVA Corporation (In Situ
Biological Treatment) 78
Ensotech, lac 82
EPOC Water, Inc 84
Geosafe Corporation 96
Hrubetz Environmental
Services, Inc 104
Hughes Environmental
Systems, Inc 106
In-Situ Fixation Company 110
International Environmental
Technology 112
International Waste
Technologies/Geo-Con,
Inc 114
NOVATERRA, Inc 120
Ogden Environmental
Services 122
Peroxidation Systems, lac 124
Purus Inc., (Vapor Treatment
Process) 126
Remediation Technologies,
Inc. (High Temperature
Thermal Processor) 132
Remediation Technologies,
Inc. (Liquid and Solids
Biological Treatment) 134
Resources Conservation
Company 136
Risk Reduction Engineering
Laboratory (Bioventing) 142
Risk Reduction Engineering
Laboratory and USDA
Forest Products
Laboratory 148
Rochem Separation Systems,
Inc 152
SBP Technologies, Inc 154
Separation and Recovery
Systems, Inc 158
Sevenson Extraction
Technology, Inc 160
Petroleum Hydrocarbons (Cont.)
Demonstration
Silicate Technology
Corporation
SoilTech ATP Systems, Inc. .
Soliditech, Inc
Sonotech, Inc
Terra Vac, Inc
Terrasys, Lie
Texaco Syngas, Inc
Toronto Harbor Commission .
Ultrox Resources
Conservation Co
WASTECH, Inc
Western Research Institute . .
Roy F. Weston, Inc
Zimpro Passavant
Environmental Systems,
Inc
Emerging
ABB Environmental Services,
Inc
Allis Mineral Systems, Inc. . .
. Aluminum Company of
America
Battelle Memorial Institute . .
Electro-Pure Systems, Inc. . .
Energy and Environmental
Research Corporation . . .
Enviro-Sciences, Inc. and
ART International, Inc.
Ferro Corporation
Groundwater Technology
Government Services,
Inc
Hazardous Substance
Management Research
Center at New Jersey
Institute of Technology . .
Institute of Gas Technology
(Chemical and Biological
Treatment)
Institute of Gas Technology
(Fluid
Extraction-Biological
Degradation Process) . . ,
IT Corporation (Photolytic
and Biological Soil
Detoxification) ,
New Jersey Institute of
Technology ,
Nutech Environmental (TiO2
Photocatalytic Water
Treatment)
162
166
168
170
174
176
178
182
186
190
192
194
198
208
210
212
214
242
248
250
252
254
256
258
260
268
276
280
xix
-------
Petroleum Hydrocarbons (Cont.)
Emerging
OHM Remediation Services
Corporation 282
Pulse Sciences, Ihc 286
Vortec Corporation 302
Warren Spring Laboratory 304
Wastewater Technology
Centre 306
Western Product Recovery
Group, Inc 308
Western Research Institute 310
Williams Environmental, Ihc 312
Radioactive Elements/Metals
Demonstration
Babcock & Wilcox Co 36
Bergmann USA 38
Bio-Recovery Systems, Ihc 44
Brice Environmental Services
Corporation 52
Chemfix Technologies, Ihc 60
E.I. DuPont de Nemours and
Company, and Oberlin
Filter Company 74
Filter Flow Technology, Inc 90
Geosafe Corporation 96
Retech, Ihc 138
TechTran Environmental, Ihc 172
WASTECH, Ihc 190
Emerging
Babcock & Wilcox Co 216
Bio-Recovery Systems, Inc 220
Electrokinetics, Inc 238
Electro-Pure Systems, Inc 242
Ferro Corporation 252
IT Corporation (Mixed Waste
Treatment Process) 266
University of Washington 300
Vortec Corporation 302
Warren Spring Laboratory 304
Western Product Recovery
Group, Inc 308
Volatile Organics
Demonstration
Accutech Remedial Systems,
Inc 24
Allied-Signal, Inc 26
American Combustion, Inc 28
AWD Technologies, Ihc 34
Babcock & Wilcox Co 36
Billings and Associates, lac 40
BioGenesis Enterprises, Inc 42
Volatile Organics (Cont.)
Demonstration
BioTrol, Inc. (Biological
Aqueous Treatment
System) '48
Canonie Environmental
Services Corporation 54
GET Environmental Services
- Sanivan Group 56
CF Systems Corporation 58
Chemfix Technologies, Inc 60
Chemical Waste Management,
lac. (PO*WW*ER
Technology) 64
Chemical Waste Management,
Inc. (XTRAX Thermal
Desorption) 66
Dehydro-Tech Corporation 70
ECOVA Corporation (La Situ
Biological Treatment) 78
ELI Eco Logic International,
Inc 80
Ensotech, Inc 82
Funderburk & Associates 92
Geosafe Corporation 96
Gruppo Italimpresse 98
Horsehead Resource
Development Co., Inc 102
Hrubetz Environmental
Services, Inc 104
Hughes Environmental
Systems, Inc. . . 106
Illinois Institute of
Technology Research
Institute/Halliburton NUS 108
La-Situ Fixation Company 110
International Environmental
Technology 112
International Waste
Technologies/Geo-Con,
Inc 114
Magnum Water Technology 118
NOVATERRA, Inc 120
Ogden Environmental
Services 122
Peroxidation Systems, Inc 124
Purus Inc 126
Quad Environmental
Technologies Corp 128
Recycling Sciences
International, Inc 130
Remediation Technologies,
Inc. (High Temperature
Thermal Processor) 132
xx
-------
Volatile Organics (Cont.)
Demonstration
Remediation Technologies,
Inc. (Liquid and Solids
Biological Treatment)
Resources Conservation
Company
Retech, Inc
Risk Reduction Engineering
Laboratory
(Base-Catalyzed
Dechlorination Process) . .
Risk Reduction Engineering
Laboratory (Bioventing) . .
Risk Reduction Engineering
Laboratory (Volume
Reduction Unit)
Risk Reduction Engineering
Laboratory and IT
Corporation
Risk Reduction Engineering
Laboratory and USDA
Forest Products
Laboratory
SBP Technologies, Inc
S.M.W. Seiko, Inc
Separation and Recovery
Systems, Inc
Sevenson Extraction
Technology, Inc
Silicate Technology
Corporation
SoilTech ATP Systems, Inc. .
Soliditech, Inc
Sonotech, Inc
Terra Vac, Inc
Texaco Syngas, Inc
TEXAROME, Inc
Toronto Harbor Commission .
Udell Technologies, Inc. . . .
Ultrox Resources
Conservation Co
United States Environmental
Protection Agency
WASTECH, Inc
Roy F. Weston, Inc
Zimpro Passavant
Environmental Systems,
Inc
Emerging
ABB Environmental Services,
Inc
Allis Mineral Systems, Inc. . .
Aluminum Company of
America
134
136
138
140
142
144
146
148
154
156
158
160
162
166
, 168
. 170
. 174
. 178
. 180
. 182
. 184
186
188
190
194
198
Volatile Organics (Cont.)
Emerging
Babcock & Wilcox Co 216
BioTrol, Inc 222
Center for Hazardous
Materials Research
(Organics Destruction and
Metals Stabilization) 228
COGNIS, Inc.
(Biological/Chemical
Treatment) 230
Electron Beam Research
Facility, Florida
International University
and University of Miami 240
M.L. ENERGIA 244
Energy and Environmental
Engineering, Inc 246
Energy and Environmental
Research Corporation 248
Ferro Corporation 252
Groundwater Technology
Government Services,
Inc 254
Hazardous Substance
Management Research
Center at New Jersey
Institute of Technology 256
Institute of Gas Technology
(Chemical and Biological
Treatment) 258
Institute of Gas Technology
(Fluid
Extraction-Biological
Degradation Process) 260
Institute of Gas Technology
(Fluidized-Bed Cyclonic
Agglomerating
Incinerator) 262
IT Corporation (Batch Steam
Distillation and Metal
Extraction) 264
IT Corporation (Mixed Waste
Treatment Process) 266
Membrane Technology and
Research, Inc 270
New Jersey Institute of
Technology 276
Nutech Environmental (TiO2
Photocatalytic Air
Treatment) 278
208
210
212
xxi
-------
Volatile Organics (Cont.)
Emerging
PSI Technology Company 284
Pulse Sciences, Inc 286
Purus, Inc 288
Vortec Corporation 302
Wastewater Technology
Centre 306
MMTP
HNU Systems, Incorporated 328
MDA Scientific, Incorporated 330
Microsensor Systems,
Incorporated 332
Microsensor Technology,
Incorporated 334
Photovac International, Inc 338
Sentex Sensing Technology,
Incorporated 340
SRI Instruments 342
xxu
-------
TABLE OF MEDIA APPLICABILITY
Air/Gases
Demonstration
Purus, Inc 126
Quad Environmental
Technologies
Corporation 128
Emerging
Aluminum Company of
America . 212
M.L. ENERGIA 244
Institute of Gas Technology
(Fluidized-Bed Cyclonic
Agglomerating
Incinerator) . 262
Membrane Technology and
Research, Inc 270
Nutech Environmental (TiO2
Photocatalytic Air
Treatment) 278
Remediation Technologies,
Inc 290
MMTP
HNU Systems, Incorporated 328
MDA Scientific, Incorporated 330
Microsensor Systems,
Incorporated 332
Microsensor Technology,
Incorporated 334
Photovac International,
Incorporated 338
Sentex Sensing Technology,
Incorporated 340
SRI Instruments 342
Groundwater/Liquids
Demonstration
Allied-Signal, Inc 26
Andco Environmental
Processes 30
AWD Technologies, Inc 34
Babcock & Wilcox Co 36
Billings and Associates, Inc 40
Bio-Recovery Systems, Inc 44
Bio-Rem, Inc 46
BioTrol, Lie. (Biological Aqueous
Treatment System) 48
Groundwater/Liquids (Cont.)
Demonstration
Chemical Waste Management,
Inc. (PO*WW*ER
Technology) .
Colorado Department of
Health
Dynaphore, Inc
E.I. DuPont de Nemours and
Company, and Oberlin
Filter Company
ECOVA Corporation (In Situ
Biological Treatment) . . .
EPOC Water, Inc. .
Exxon Chemical Company
and Rio Linda Chemical
Company
Filter Flow Technology, Inc. .
GEOCHEM, Inc
Hazardous Waste Control . . .
Hughes Environmental
Systems, Inc
Magnum Water Technology .
Peroxidation Systems, Inc. . .
Retech, Inc
Risk Reduction Engineering
Laboratory (Hydraulic
Fracturing)
SBP Technologies, Inc
TechTran Environmental, Inc.
Terra Vac, Inc
Udell Technologies, Inc. . . .
Ultrox Resources
Conservation Co
Zimpro Passavant
Environmental Systems,
Inc
Emerging
ABB Environmental Services,
Inc
Atomic Energy of Canada,
Limited
Babcock & Wilcox Co
Bio-Recovery Systems, Inc. .
BioTrol, Inc
64
68
72
74
78
84
88
90
94
100
106
118
124
138
150
154
172
174
184
186
198
208
214
216
220
222
xxin
-------
Groundwater/Liquids (Cont.)
Emerging
Electron Beam Research Facility,
Florida International University
and University of Miami 240
Electro-Pure Systems, Inc 242
M.L. ENERGIA. 244
Energy and Environmental
Engineering, Inc 248
Enviro-Sciences, Inc. and
ART International, Inc 250
Institute of Gas Technology
(Chemical and Biological
Treatment) 258
Nutech Environmental (TiO2
Photocatalytic Water
Treatment) 280
OHM Remediation Services
Corporation 282
Pulse Sciences, Inc 286
Purus, Inc 288
University of Washington 300
Wastewater Technology
Centre 306
Western Research Institute ....... 310
Leachate
Demonstration
BioTrol, lie. (Biological
Aqueous Treatment
System) 48
Chemical Waste Management,
Inc. (PO*WW*ER
Technology) 64
Colorado Department of
Health 68
ELI Eco Logic International,
Inc 80
Rochem Separation Systems,
Inc 152
SBP Technologies, Inc 154
Zimpro Passavant
Environmental Systems,
Inc 198
Emerging
Colorado School of Mines 234
Electro-Pure Systems, Inc 242
University of South Carolina 298
Wastewater Technology
Centre 306
Sediment
Demonstration
Babcock & Wilcox Co 36
Bergmann USA 38
Canonie Environmental
Services Corporation 54
Chemical Waste Management
(Dechlor/KGME Process) 62
Dehydro-Tech Corporation 70
ECOVA Corporation
(Bioslurry Reactor) 76
ECOVA Corporation (In Situ
Biological Treatment) 78
ELI Eco Logic International,
Inc 80
Funderburk & Associates 92
Gruppo Italimpresse 98
MAECORP Incorporated 116
Ogden Environmental
Services 122
Recycling Sciences
International, Inc 130
Remediation Technologies,
Inc. (High Temperature
Thermal Processor) 132
Remediation Technologies,
lac. (Liquid and Solids
Biological Treatment) 134
Retech, Inc 138
Risk Reduction Engineering
Laboratory
(Base-Catalyzed
Dechlorination Process) 140
J.R. Simplot Company 164
SoilTech ATP Systems, Inc 166
Texaco Syngas, Inc 178
TEXAROME, Inc 180
Emerging
Babcock & Wilcox Co 216
COGNIS, Inc. (Biological/
ChemicalTreatment) 230
COGNIS, Inc. (Chemical
Treatment) 232
Davy Research and
Development, Limited 236
Electron Beam Research
Facility, Florida
International University
and University of Miami 240
Enviro-Sciences, Inc. and
ART International, Inc 250
Ferro Corporation 252
xxiv
-------
Sediment (Cont.)
Emerging
Groundwater Technology
Government Services,
Inc
Institute of Gas Technology
(Fluid
Extraction-Biological
Degradation Process) . .
Montana College of Mineral
Science & Technology
(Air-Sparged
Hydrocyclone)
New Jersey Institute of
Technology
PSI Technology Company .
J.R. Simplot Company . . . .
Vortec Corporation
Warren Spring Laboratory .
Western Product Recovery
Group, Inc
Sludge
Demonstration
American Combustion, Inc.
Babcock & Wilcox Co. ...
Billings and Associates, Inc.
Canonie Environmental
Services Corporation . .
Chemfix Technologies, Inc.
Dehydro-Tech Corporation .
ECOVA Corporation (In Situ
Biological .Treatment) . .
EPOC Water, Inc
Funderburk & Associates . .
Geosafe Corporation
Hazardous Waste Control . .
Horsehead Resource
Development Co., Inc. .
International Waste
Technologies/Geo-Con,
Inc
MAECORP Incorporated . .
Ogden Environmental
Services
Recycling Sciences
International, Inc
Remediation Technologies,
Inc. (High Temperature
Thermal Processor) . . .
Sludge 4Cont.)
Demonstration
Remediation Technologies,
Inc. (Liquid and Solids
, 254 Biological Treatment) 134
Resources Conservation
Company 136
Retech, Inc 138
260 Separation and Recovery
Systems, Inc 158
Silicate Technology
Corporation 162
272 SoilTech ATP Systems, Inc 166
Soliditech, Inc 168
276 TechTran Environmental, Inc 172
284 Terrasys, Inc 176
292 Texaco Syngas, Inc 178
302 TEXAROME, Inc 180
304 WASTECH, Inc 190
Emerging
308 Allis Mineral Systems, Inc 210
Babock & Wilcox Co 216
COGNIS, Inc. (Chemical
Treatment) 232
28 Electron Beam Research
36 Facility, Florida
40 International University
and University of Miami 240
54 Energy and Environmental
60 Research Corporation 246
70 Enviro-Sciences, Inc. and
ART International, Inc 250
78 Ferro Corporation 252
84 Groundwater Technology
92 Government Services,
96 Inc 254
100 Institute of Gas Technology
(Chemical and Biological
102 Treatment) 258
Institute of Gas Technology
(Fluidized-Bed Cyclonic
114 Agglomerating
116 Incinerator) 262
New Jersey Institute of
122 Technology 276
PSI Technology Company 284
130 Trinity Environmental
Technologies, Inc 294
University of Dayton
132 Research Institute . 296
Vortec Corporation 302
xxv
-------
Sludge (Cont.)
Emerging
Warren Spring Laboratory 304
Western Product Recovery
Group, Inc 308
Soil
Demonstration
Accutech Remedial Systems,
Ihc 24
American Combustion, Inc 28
ASI Environmental
Technologies,
Ihc./Dames & Moore 32
AWD Technologies, Inc 34
Babcock & Wilcox Co 36
Bergmann USA 38
Billings and Associates, Inc 40
BioGenesis Enterprises, Ihc 42
Bio-Rem, Inc 46
BioTrol, Inc. (Soil Washing
System) 50
Brice Environmental Services
Corporation 52
Canonie Environmental
Services Corporation 54
GET Environmental Services
- Sanivan Group 56
Chemfix Technologies, Inc 60
Chemical Waste Management,
Inc. (DeChlor/KGME
Process) 62
Chemical Waste Management,
Inc. (X*TRAX Thermal
Desorption) 66
Dehydro-Tech Corporation 70
ECOVA Corporation
(Bioslurry Reactor) 76
ECOVA Corporation (In Situ
Biological Treatment) 78
Ensotech, Ihc 82
EPOC Water, Ihc 84
Funderburk & Associates 92
Geosafe Corporation 96
Gruppo Italimpresse 98
Hazardous Waste Control 100
Horsehead Resource
Development Co., Inc 102
Hrubetz Environmental
Services, Inc 104
Hughes Environmental
Systems, Inc 106
Soil (Cont.)
Demonstration
Illinois Institute of
Technology Research
Institute/Halliburton NUS .... 108
In-Situ Fixation Company 110
International Environmental
Technology 112
International Waste
Technologies/Geo-Con,
Ihc 114
MAECORP Incorporated 116
NOVATERRA, Inc 120
Ogden Environmental
Services 122
Recycling Sciences
International, Inc 130
Remediation Technologies,
Inc. (High Temperature
Thermal Processor) 132
Remediation Technologies, Inc. (Liquid
and Solids Biological Treatment) . 134
Resources Conservation
Company 136
Retech, Inc 138
Risk Reduction Engineering Laboratory
(Base-Catalyzed Dechlorination
Process) 140
Risk Reduction Engineering
Laboratory (Bioventing) 142
Risk Reduction Engineering
Laboratory (Volume
Reduction Unit) 144
Risk Reduction Engineering
Laboratory and USDA
Forest Products
Laboratory 148
Risk Reduction Engineering
Laboratory (Hydraulic
Fracturing) 150
S.M.W. Seiko, Inc 156
Separation and Recovery
Systems, Inc 158
Sevenson Extraction
Technology, Inc 160
Silicate Technology
Corporation 162
J.R. Simplot Company 164
SoilTech ATP Systems, Inc 166
Soliditech, Inc 168
Sonotech, Inc 170
TechTran Environmental, Inc 172
xxvi
-------
Soil (Cont.)
Demonstration
Terra Vac, Inc 174
Terrasys, Inc 176
Texaco Syngas, Inc 178
TEXAROME, Inc 180
Toronto Harbor Commission 182
Udell Technologies, Inc 184
United States Environmental
Protection Agency 188
WASTECH, Inc 190
Western Research Institute 192.
Roy F. Weston, Inc 194
Emerging
Allis Mineral Systems, Inc 210
Babcock & Wilcox Co 216
Battelle Memorial Institute 218
Center for Hazardous
Materials Research (Acid
Extraction Treatment
System) 224
Center for Hazardous
Materials Research
(Organics Destruction
and Metals Stabilization) 228
COGNIS, Inc. (Biological/
Chemical Treatment) 230
COGNIS, Inc. (Chemical
Treatment) 232
Davy Research and
Development, Limited 236
Electrokinetics, Inc 238
Energy and Environmental
Research Corporation 246
Enviro-Sciences, Inc. and
ART International, Inc 250
Ferro Corporation 252
Groundwater Technology
Government Services,
Inc 254
Hazardous Substance Management
Research Center at New Jersey
Institute of Technology ....... 256
Institute of Gas Technology
(Chemical and Biological
Treatment) 258
Institute of Gas Technology
(Fluid
Extraction-Biological
Degradation Process) 260
Soil (Cont.)
Emerging
Institute of Gas Technology
(Fluidized-Bed Cyclonic
Agglomerating
Incinerator)
IT Corporation (Batch Steam
Distillation and Metal
Extraction)
IT Corporation (Mixed Waste
Treatment Process) . . . .
IT Corporation (Photolytic
and Biological Soil
Detoxification)
Montana College of Mineral
Science & Technology
(Air-Sparged
Hydrocyclone)
Montana College of Mineral
Science & Technology
(Campbell Centrifugal
Jig)
New Jersey Institute of
Technology
PSI Technology Company . .
Pulse Sciences, Inc
Purus, Inc
J.R. Simplest Company
Trinity Environmental
Technologies, Inc
University of Dayton
Research Institute
Vortec Corporation
Warren Spring laboratory . .
Western Product Recovery
Group, Inc
Western Research Institute . .
Williams Enviromental, Inc. .
MMTP
Dexsil Corporation
. 262
. 264
. 266
, 268
, 272
, 274
276
284
286
288
292
294
296
302
304
308
310
312
324
Solid Debris
Demonstration
Risk Reduction Engineering
Laboratory and IT
Corporation
Emerging
Center for Hazardous
Materials Research (Lead
Smelting)
146
226
XXVll
-------
Wastewater
Demonstration
Allied-Signal, Ihc 26
BioTrol, Inc. (Biological
Aqueous Treatment
System) 48
Chemical Waste Management,
Inc. (PO*WW*ER
Technology) 64
Dehydro-Tech Corporation 70
Dynaphore, Inc 72
E.I. DuPont de Nemours and
Company, and Oberlin
Filter Company 74
Peroxidation Systems, Inc 124
SBP Technologies, Ihc 154
TechTran Envkonmental, Ihc 172
Zimpro Passavant
Environmental Systems,
Inc 198
Emerging
ABB Environmental Services,
Ihc 208
Atomic Energy of Canada,
Limited 214
Electron Beam Research
Facility, Florida
International University
and University of Miami 240
Energy and Environmental
Engineering, Ihc 248
Enviro-Sciences, Inc. and
ART International, Ihc 250
Ferro Corporation 252
Nutech Environmental (TiO2
Photocatalytic Water
Treatment) 280
Wastewater Technology
Centre 306
XXVlll
-------
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
Kim Lisa Kreiton of EPA's Risk Reduction Engineering Laboratory in Cincinnati, Ohio, is the Work
Assignment Manager responsible for the preparation of this document. This document was prepared
under the direction of Robert Olexsey, Director of the Superfund Technology Demonstration Division.
Key program area contributors for EPA include J. Lary Jack, Norma Lewis, John Martin, and Eric
Koglin. Special acknowledgement is given to the individual EPA SITE Project Managers and technology
developers who provided guidance and technical support.
Kelly Brogan-Enwright of PRC Environmental Management, Inc., is the project manager responsible for
the production of this document. Key PRC contributors to the development of this document are Jack
Brunner, Harry Ellis, Robert Foster, Michael Keefe, Jonathan Lewis, Deborah McKean, Lisa Scola, and
Tom Raptis. Special acknowledgement is given to Carol Adams, Kerry Carroll, Brad Hamilton, Karen
Kirby, Deidre Knodell, Cindy Loney, and Chris Rogers for their editorial, graphic, and production
assistance.
xxix
-------
-------
The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency's (EPA) Superfund Innovative Technology Evaluation (SITE)
Program, now in its seventh year, encourages the development and implementation of (1) mnovative
treatment technologies for hazardous waste site remediation and (2) monitoring and measurement
technologies for evaluating the nature and extent of hazardous waste site contamination.
The SITE Program was established by EPA's Office of Solid Waste and Emergency Response (OSWER)
and the Office of Research and Development (ORD) in response to the 1986 Superfund Amendments and
Reauthorization Act (SARA), which recognized a need for an "Alternative or Innovative Treatment
Technology Research and Demonstration Program." The SITE Program is administered by ORD's Risk
Reduction Engineering Laboratory, headquartered in Cincinnati, Ohio.
The SITE Program includes the following component programs:
• Demonstration Program - Conducts and evaluates demonstrations of promising innovative
technologies to provide reliable performance, cost, and applicability information for site cleanup
decision-making;
• Emerging Technology Program - Provides funding to developers to continue research efforts from
the bench- and pilot-scale levels to promote the development of innovative technologies;
• Monitoring and Measurement Technologies Program - Develops technologies that detect,
monitor, and measure hazardous and toxic substances to provide better, faster, and more
cost-effective methods for producing real-time data during site characterization and remediation;
• Technology Transfer Program - Disseminates technical information on innovative technologies
to remove impediments for using alternative technologies.
This Technology Profiles document, a product of the Technology Transfer Program, focuses on the
Demonstration, Emerging Technology, and Monitoring and Measurement Technologies Programs.
Figure 1 depicts the process of technology development from initial concept to commercial use, and
shows the interrelationship between the programs.
Page 1
-------
COMMERCIALIZATION
TECHNOLOGY
TRANSFER
TECHNOLOGY
DEMONSTRATED
Field-Scale Demonstration
TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPED
Pilot-Scale Testing
Bench-Scale Studies
CONCEPTUALIZATION
Figure 1: Development of Innovative Technologies
Under the Emerging Technology Program, EPA provides technical and financial support to developers
for bench- and pilot-scale testing and evaluation of innovative technologies that are at a minimum proven
on the conceptual and bench-scale level. The program compares the applicability of particular
technologies to Superfund site waste characteristics and supports promising technologies that may be
evaluated in the Demonstration Program. The technology's performance is documented in a final report,
project summary, and bulletin.
In the Demonstration Program, the technology is field-tested on hazardous waste materials. Engineering
and cost data are gathered on the innovative technology so that potential users can assess the technology's
applicability for a particular site cleanup. Data collected during the field demonstration are used to assess
the performance of the technology, the potential need for pre- and post-processing of the waste,
applicable types of wastes and waste matrices, potential operating problems, and approximate capital and
operating costs.
At the conclusion of the SITE demonstration, EPA prepares an Applications Analysis Report (AAR) to
evaluate all available information on the technology and analyze its overall applicability to other site
characteristics, waste types, and waste matrices. A second report, the Technology Evaluation Report
(TER), presents demonstration data such as testing procedures, performance and cost data collected, and
quality assurance and quality control standards.
Preparation of these reports, as well as videotapes, bulletins, and project summaries, is the responsibility
of the SITE Technology Transfer Program. This information is distributed to (1) provide reliable
technical data for environmental decision-making and (2) promote the technology's commercial use.
Page 2
-------
EPA has provided technical and financial support to 53 projects in the Emerging Technology Program.
Of these projects, 44 are currently active in the program. These technologies are divided into the
following categories: thermal destruction (8), physical/chemical treatment (26), solidification and
stabilization (2), biological degradation (13), and materials handling (4). Figure 2 displays the breakdown
of technologies in the Emerging Technology Program.
Thermal Destruction
8
Solidification/Stabilization
2
Biological
13
Physical/Chemical
26
Materials Handling
4
Figure 2: Innovative Technologies in the Emerging Technology Program
The Demonstration Program has 80 developers providing 93 demonstrations. The projects are divided
into the following categories: thermal destruction (9), biological degradation (17), physical/chemical
treatment (34), solidification and stabilization (11), radioactive waste treatment (2), thermal
desorption (16), materials handling (3), and other (1). Several technologies combine these treatment
categories. Figure 3 shows the breakdown of technologies in the Demonstration Program.
Thermal Desorption
16
Radioactive
2
Materials Handling
3
Solidification/Stabilization
11
Thermal Destruction
9
Physical/Chemical
34
Biological
17
Figure 3: Innovative Technologies in the Demonstration Program
Page 3
-------
The Monitoring and Measurement Technologies Program's (MMTP) goal is to assess innovative and
alternative monitoring, measurement, and site characterization technologies. During fiscal year 1992,
12 technologies were demonstrated. Additionally, the MMTP plans five demonstrations, each evaluating
one or more monitoring and measurement technologies, in fiscal year 1993.
To date, 58 technology demonstrations have been completed (41 in the Demonstration Program and 17
in the MMTP); several reports have been published and others are in various stages of production.
Table 1 lists completed treatment technology demonstrations for the Demonstration Program as of October
1992, in alphabetical order by developer's name, along with information on the technology transfer
products for the project. Table 4 lists completed demonstrations or evaluations for the MMTP.
In the Technology Transfer Program, technical information on innovative technologies in the
Demonstration, Emerging Technology, and Monitoring and Measurement Technologies Programs is
disseminated through various activities. These activities increase the awareness and promote the use of
innovative technologies for assessment and remediation at Superfund sites. The goal of technology
transfer activities is to promote communication among individuals requiring up-to-date technical
information.
The Technology Transfer Program reaches the environmental community through many media, including:
• Program-specific regional, state, and industry brochures
• On-site Visitor's Days and demonstration videotapes
• Project-specific fact sheets, AARs, and TERs
• The SITE Exhibit, displayed nationwide at conferences
• Networking through forums, associations, regions, and states
• Technical assistance to regions, states, and remediation cleanup contractors
SITE information is available through the following on-line information clearinghouses:
Alternative Treatment Technology Information Center (ATTIC)
System operator: 301-670-6294
Vendor Information System for Innovative Treatment Technologies (VISITT)
Hotline: 800-245-4505
Technical reports may be obtained by completing the document order form at the back of this book or
calling the Center for Environmental Research Information (CERI) in Cincinnati, Ohio at 513-569-7562.
Additional SITE documents become available throughout the year. To order more documents or to be
placed on the SITE mailing list, telephone or write to:
ORD Publications
26 West Martin Luther King Drive (G72)
Cincinnati, Ohio 45268
513-569-7562
Page 4
-------
TABLE 1
COMPLETED TREATMENT TECHNOLOGY DEMONSTRATIONS AS OF OCTOBER 1992
I
01
Developer
Technology
Site Location
Available
Documents
American Combustion, Inc.,
Norcross, GA
Demonstration Date:
November 1987 - January 1988
Babcock & Wilcox Co.
Alliance, OH
Demonstration Date:
November - 1991
May 1892
BioGenesis Enterprises, Inc.
Fairfax Station, VA
Demonstration Date:
May 1992
fitotrof, Inc., "•
Cfea$ka,ft.*8 * <• ' '; '-
BioTrol, Inc.,
Chaska, MN
Demonstration Date:
September - October 1989
fraotuftog: Extt aBtlon
artdcatalylte
Pyretron® Thermal
Destruction
fixtraetton anct
••Steam Vacuum
Cyclone Furnace
Washing
BioGenesis" Soil
Washing Process
Aqueous
Treatment System
Soil Washing
System
ftesjaonsibility Act {ECaSA) site in
EPA's Combustion Research Facility
in Jefferson, AK
Soil from Stringfellow Acid Pit
Superfund Site in Glen Avon, CA
Sso FaM40Ł
&aain Superfund Site «
Developer's Facility in
Alliance, OH
Ssgftiaw Bay Cortffnad Efepti&jf,
Santa Maria Health Care Services
(UST Site) in Santa Barbara, CA
MaeSlltis i& GfbbfcSuperfund Sit«'«
Br^tttort, MH ' ^
MacGillis & Gibbs Superfund Site in
New Brighton, MN
ifl Preparattatt ,.;
* ' ^ '
AAR - EPA/540/A5-89/008,
April 1989
TER - EPA/540/5-89/008,
April 1989
AAK -'j
In Preparation
In Preparation
189T
AAR - EPA/540/A5-91/003,
February 1991
Laurel Staley
EPA ORD
513-569-7863
EPA fiegion Si
Laurel Staley
EPA ORD
513-569-7863
Hut&ard:
Annette
Gatchett
EPA ORD
513-569-7697
Daryl Owens
EPA Region 5
312-886-7089
28
36
•38
42
50
-------
OJ
TABLE 1 (continued)
COMPLETED TREATMENT TECHNOLOGY DEMONSTRATIONS AS OF OCTOBER 1992
Developer
Technology.
Site Location
Available
Documents
AK "
• September i <*»•*;
Canonie Environmental Services
Corporation
Porter, IN
Demonstration Date:
September 1992
CP Systems Cotp0W«>tŁ ^ *
Chemfix Technologies, Inc.,
St. Rose, LA
Demonstration Date:
March 1989
IL
Chemical Waste Management, Inc.
Geneva, IL
Demonstration Date:
May 1992
Qamemtrati&n Łtet"" %
In Preparation
AAR - EPA/540/A5-89/011,
May 1991
TER - EPA/540/5-89/011 a,
September 1990
In Preparation
Dan Miller
Arizona Dept. of
Environmental
Quality
602-207-4220
John Sainsbury
EPA Region 10
206-553-0125
Lorenzo Thantu
EPA Region 1
617-223-5500
lauraf State?" ^
54
60
66
-------
TABLE 1 (continued)
COMPLETED TREATMENT TECHNOLOGY DEMONSTRATIONS AS OF OCTOBER 1992
Developer
Technology
Site Location
Available
Documents
fitter Co.,.,
"Jtewat fc, W aptf Wsukesba, W
Apr*-May 19&0
ECOVA Corporation
Golden, CO
Demonstration Date:
May - September 1991
5 -
May 1992 , x x~
Funderburk & Associates (formerly
Hazcon)
Fairfield, TX
Demonstration Date:
October 1987
.
««?» fnffsratf Systems, (ne»J,
Gruppo Italimpresse (developed by
Shirco Infrared Systems, Inc.),
Rome, Italy
Demonstration Date:
November 1987
Mareh 1881
Bioslurry Reactor
Precipitation,
Itratbn
Dawaierins *'
Dechlorination and
Immobilization
)nfra»d Thermal
Infrared Thermal
Destruction
l-almeirtan,
EPA Test and Evaluation Facility in
Cincinnati, OH
iron Mountain Supertumi
Douglassville Superfund Site,
Berks County, near Reading, PA
feak Ort Sopftrtuntf •Btte"fn
Ft, >
Rose Township Superfund Site in
Oakland County, Ml
AAR -
1 "
In Preparation
AAR - EPA/540/A5-89/001,
May 1989
TER - Vol. 1
EPA/540/5-89/001 a,
May 1989
AAR - EPA/540/A5-89/007,
June 1989
TER - EPA/540/5-89/007a,
Vol. 1, April 1989
AlBA 1992
Ron Lewis
EPA ORD
513-569-7856
Victor Janosik
EPA Region 3
215-597-8996
404-347-3831
Kevin Adler
EPA Region 5
312-886-7078
76
92
98
-------
?
00
TABLE 1 (continued)
COMPLETED TREATMENT TECHNOLOGY DEMONSTRATIONS AS OF OCTOBER 1992
Developer
Technolo
Site Location
ikn:, ttK? " ' ''
NOVATERRA, Inc., (formerly Toxic
Treatment USA, Inc.),
Torrance, CA
Demonstration Date:
September 1989
Oijdao Jnvhwtrnentaf Services^ J \
Houston, TX s*ark
8t>AJ»fi«>
Laurel Staley
EPA ORD
513-569-7863
tstao.rni Sarktey
120
124
138
H8
-------
TABLE 1 (continued)
COMPLETED TREATMENT TECHNOLOGY DEMONSTRATIONS AS OF OCTOBER 1992
co
Developer
rechnolo
S«e Location
Spp-T«ehR6jogte*,, tofe " - "
Stoa* Mountain, x |"^ ^'
Terra Vac, Inc.,
San Juan, Puerto Rico
Demonstration Date:
December 1987 - April 1988
Toronto Harbor CororaSBBfon,, %% ,, •>*,,!
••Toronto* Canada s % / % ' " ,
$- %*
Ultrox International, Inc.,
Santa Ana, CA
Demonstration Date:
March 1989
$femf**n*
Separation -and:
e«3fer«e ' , - i*
Outboard Marine Corporation Site in
Waukegan, IL
Irflfjenai Oil Company/Champion
Cfwmjoafe Swperfurd ^ft» m
Motganvife, tte
-1
Groveland Wells Superfund Site,
Valley Manufactured Product in
Groveland, MA
Toronto ffert,(rwt«stn>) Otetrtet m ., > 1
Toronto, Ontario ^ % ^^V;
11 \ \ •,
5
Lorentz Barrel and Drum Company in
San Jose, CA
in Preparation
*
Ł 5
In Preparation
inPmpfflttatt,"' ". "'"• ^-
•. f *••*
"• '%ix^ ^J
* ^ * 5,: '^ r
In Preparation
AAH - ŁPAj®4(W#c6jS9reoS^ V5
September 1S0S
tŁR - Vofc ) Łf*A^4^S^ij|008B>
;x vpj.aSw&^w&b I
AAR - EPA/540/A5-89/003,
July 1989
TER - EPA/540/5-89/003a,
April 1989
In'Pj'Bpar'atkm
4 ; s N ,P ^
s •: X %*•*•'*'•
s
AAR - EPA/540/A5-89/012,
September 1990
TER -EPA/540/5-89/01 2,
January 1990
Kte Lisa Kmtort
6ftft Oft&
813^99^328
Edward Bates
EPA ORD
513-569-7774
Hterttett Kfn$ ^%
81%, ftegjoo 1 '••
^2l2tZ64-+1 12!9 ^
| 4 ,1
Bill Bolen
EPA Region 5
312-353-6316
* twvor Anderson
emitegjotT2
Z12^2$4-&301
••
Robert Leger
EPA Region 1
617-573-5734
'?B« fficHartson
f t% ORO j
•Si *l iS'^5 60*'7S^'0 !•'**'
Joseph Healy
EPA Region 9
415-744-2231
s
1B4. ^
1 W*
1 62
- '
f I 5 %
1^6,
k \
^ % %""
166
* V '•.'
<
', ^&® s
•J
174
% % j^
x"v1$2 -
^ ""* ^- *•"'
••
'
186
-------
TABLE 1 (continued)
COMPLETED TREATMENT TECHNOLOGY DEMONSTRATIONS AS OF OCTOBER 1992
Developer / Technology/ Site Location
Available
Documents
Bemanstrattoii flaw,' '
f acftrdquss and
'
WASTECH, Inc.,
Oak Ridge, TN
Demonstration Date:
August 1991
Solidification and
Stabilization
West GhBMtar,.
f herraat Twatmer*
.
Kowerater -• Eteoerob^ 18^1 s
f PBltertan, CA
Robins AFB, Warner Robins, GA
In Preparation
Super? tmd: Sitfr in Adrian, JMt
Terry Lyons
EPA ORD
513-569-7589
190
Please see Table 4 for Monitoring and Measurement Technologies Program completed Demonstrations or Evaluations.
-------
The SITE Program is administered by EPA's Office of Research and Development (ORD), specifically
the Risk Reduction Engineering Laboratory (RREL). For further information on the SITE Program or
its component programs contact:
Bob Olexsey
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
26 West Martin Luther King Drive
Cincinnati, Ohio 45268
513-569-7861
SJTJE Demonstrator) and'
Evaluation Brand1*
John Martin
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
26 West Martin Luther King Drive
Cincinnati, Ohio 45268
513-569-7696
John Martin
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
26 West Martin Luther King Drive
Cincinnati, Ohio 45268
513-569-7696
Emerging Te»chRQt6gy Program
Norma Lewis
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
26 West Martin Luther King Drive
Cincinnati, Ohio 45268
513-569-7665
Mbnltortno. arid Measurement
J. Lary Jack
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
P.O. Box 93478
Las Vegas, Nevada 89193-3478
702-798-2373
Page 11
-------
-------
TIQN PROGRAM
The SITE Demonstration Program develops reliable engineering, performance, and cost data on innovative,
alternative technologies so that potential users can evaluate a technology's applicability for a specific waste
site. Demonstrations are conducted at hazardous waste sites, such as National Priorities List (NPL) sites,
non-NPL sites, and state sites, or under conditions that simulate actual hazardous wastes and site conditions.
Technologies are selected for the SITE Demonstration Program through annual requests for proposals (RFP).
EPA reviews proposals to determine the technologies with promise for use at hazardous waste sites. Several
technologies have entered the program from current Superfund projects, in which innovative techniques of
broad interest were identified for evaluation under the program. In addition, several Emerging Technology
projects have moved to the Demonstration Program. To date, seven solicitations have been completed —
SITE 001 in 1986 through SITE 007 in 1992. The RFP for SITE 008 will be issued in January 1993.
The SITE demonstration process typically consists of five steps: (1) matching an innovative technology with
an appropriate site; (2) preparing a Demonstration Plan including the test plan, sampling and analysis plan,
quality assurance project plan, and health and safety plan; (3) performing community relations activities;
(4) conducting the demonstration (ranging in length from days to months); and (5) documenting results in two
main reports - an Applications Analysis Report and a Technology Evaluation Report.
Cooperative agreements between EPA and the developer set forth responsibilities for conducting the
demonstration and evaluating the technology. Developers are responsible for operating their innovative
systems at a selected site, and are expected to pay the costs to transport equipment to the site, operate the
equipment on site during the demonstration, and remove the equipment from the site. EPA is responsible for
project planning, sampling and analysis, quality assurance and quality control, preparing reports, and
disseminating information.
Demonstration data are used to assess the technology's performance, the potential need for pre- and
post-processing of the waste, applicable types of wastes and media, potential operating problems, and the
approximate capital and operating costs. Demonstration data can also provide insight into long-term operating
and maintenance costs and long-term risks.
The Demonstration Program currently includes 80 developers and 93 projects. These projects are presented
in alphabetical order by project name in Table 2 and in the technology profiles that follow. One developer,
GIS/Solutions, Inc., is not profiled in this document.
Page 13
-------
TABLE 2
SITE Demonstration Program Participants
Developer
Accutech Remedial Systems,
Inc.,
Keyport.NJ (005)*
Allied-Signal, Inc.,
Morristown, NY (003)
American Combustion, Inc.,
Norcross, GA (001)
Andco Environmental
Processes, Inc.,
Amherst, NY (007)
ASI Environmental
Technologies, Inc. ,
/Dames & Moore,
Tampa, FL (005)
AWD Technologies, Inc.,
San Francisco, CA (004)
Babcock& Wilcox Co.,**
Alliance, OH (006)
Bergmann USA,
Gallatin.TN (007)
Billings and Associates, Inc.,
Albuquerque NM (007)
BioGenesis Enterprises, Inc.,
Des Plaines, IL (005)
Technology
Pneumatic Fracturing
Extraction and Catalytic
Oxidation
ICB Biotreatment System
PYRETRON* Thermal
Destruction
Electrochemical In Situ
Chromate Reduction and
Heavy Metal
Immobilization
Hydrolytic Terrestrial
Dissipation
Integrated Vapor
Extraction and Steam
Vacuum Stripping
Cyclone Furnace
Soil and Sediment
Washing Technology
Subsurface Volatilization
and Ventilation System
BioGenesis™ Soil
Washing Process
Technology
Contact
Harry Moscatello
908-739-6444
Ralph Nussbaum or
Timothy Love
201-455-3190
Gregory Gitman
404-564-4180
Michael Brewster
716-691-2100
Stoddard Pickrell
813-626-3811
David Bluestein
415-227-0822
Lawrence King
216-829-7576
Richard Traver
615-452-5500
Gale Billings
505-345-1116
Charles Wilde
703-250-3442
Mohsen Amiran
708-827-0024
EPA Project
Manager
Uwe Frank
908-321-6626
Ronald Lewis
513-569-7856
Laurel Staley
513-569-7863
Douglas Grosse
513-569-7844
Ronald Lewis
513-569-7856
Norma Lewis
513-569-7665
Gordon Evans
513-569-7684
Laurel Staley
513-569-7863
S. Jackson Hubbard
513-569-7507
Kim Lisa Kreiton
513-569-7328
Annette Gatchett
513-569-7697
Waste Media
Soil, Rock
Groundwater,
Wastewater
Soil, Sludge, Solid
Waste
Groundwater
Soil
Groundwater, Soil
Solids, Soil
Sediment, Soil
Soil, Sludges,
Groundwater
Soil
Applicable Waste
Inorganic
Not Applicable
Not Applicable
Not Applicable
Heavy Metals
Not Applicable
Not Applicable
Non-Specific, Low-level .
Radionuclides
Heavy Metals
Not Applicable
Not Applicable
Organic
Halogenated and
Nonhalogenated VOCs and
SVOCs
Readily Biodegradable
Organic Compounds
Non-Specific Organics
Not Applicable
Low Level Toxaphene and
Other Pesticides
VOCs
Non-Specific Organics
PCBs
BTEX
Volatile and Nonvolatile
Hydrocarbons, PCBs
s
* Solicitation Number
** From Emerging Technology Program
-------
TABLE 2 (continued)
SITE Demonstration Program Participants
Developer
Bio-Recovery Systems, Inc.,**
Las Graces, MM (005)/(E01)
Bio-Rem, Inc.,
Butler, IN (007)
BioTrol, Inc.,
Chaska, MN (003)
BioTrol, Inc.,
Chaska, MN (003)
Brice Environmental
Services Corporation
(BESCORP),
Fairbanks, AK (007)
Canonic Environmental Services
Corporation,
Porter, IN (007)
GET Environmental Services -
Sanivan Group,
Montreal, Canada (005)
CF Systems Corporation,
Woburn.MA (002)
Chemfix Technologies, Inc.,
St. Rose, LA (002)
Chemical Waste
Management, Inc.,
Geneva, IL (006)
Technology
Biological Sorption
Augmented In Situ
Subsurface
Bioremediation Process
Biological Aqueous
Treatment System
Soil Washing System
Soil Washing Plant
Low Temperature
Thermal Aeration
Soil Treatment With
Extraksol™
Solvent Extraction
Solidification and
Stabilization
Dechlor/KGME Process
Technology
Contact
Tom Powers
505-523-0405
800-697-2001
David Mann
219-868-5823
800-428-4626
Dennis Chilcote
612-448-2515
Dennis Chilcote
612-448-2515
Pamela Sheehan
609-951-0314
Craig Jones
907-452-2512
Chetan Trivedi or
Joseph Hutton
219-926-7169
Pierre Fauteux
514-645-1621
Chris Shallice
617-937-0800
Philip Baldwin or
Sam Pizzitola
504-461-0466
Arthur Friedman
708-513-4332
John North
708-513-4867
EPA Project
Manager
Naomi Barkley
513-569-7854
Reinaldo Matias
513-569-7149
Mary Stinson
908-321-6683
Mary Stinson
908-321-6683
Hugh Masters
908-321-6678
Paul dePercin
513-569-7797
Mark Meckes
513-569-7348
Laurel Staley
513-569-7863
Edwin Earth
513-569-7669
Reinaldo Matias
513-569-7149
Waste Media
Groundwater,
Electroplating
Rinsewater
Soil, Water
Liquid Waste,
Groundwater
Soil
Soil
Soil, Sediment,
Sludge
Soil
Soil, Sludge,
Wastewater
Soil, Sludge,
Solids, Waste,
Electroplating
Wastes
Waste Streams,
Soils
Applicable Waste
Inorganic
Heavy Metals
Not Applicable
Nitrates
Metals
Radioactive and Heavy Metals
Not Applicable
Not Applicable
Not Applicable
Heavy Metals
Not Applicable
Organic
Not Applicable
Hydrocarbons, Halogenated
Hydrocarbons, and
Chlorinated Compounds
Chlorinated and
Nonchlorinated
Hydrocarbons, Pesticides
High Molecular Weight
Organics, PAHs, PCP,
PCBs, Pesticides
Not Applicable
VOCs, SVOCs, OCPs,
OPPs, TPHs
SVOCs, PCBs, PCPs, PAHs
PCBs, VOCs, SVOCs,
Petroleum Wastes
High Molecular
Weight Organics
Halogenated Aromatic
Compounds
** From Emerging Technology Program
-------
TABLE 2 (continued)
SITE Demonstration Program Participants
Developer
Chemical Waste
Management, Inc.,
Geneva, IL (005)
Chemical Waste
Management, Inc.,
Geneva, IL (003)
Colorado Department of Health
(developed by Colorado
School of Mines),**
Denver, CO (005)/(E01)
Dehydro-Tech Corporation,
East Hanover, NJ (004)
Dynaphore, Inc. ,
Richmond, VA (006)
E.I. DuPont de Nemours and
Co. and Oberlin Filter Co.,
Newark, DE and
Waukesha.WI (003)
Ecova Corporation,
Golden, CO (006)
Ecova Corporation,
Redmond, WA (003)
ELI Eco Logic International,
Inc.,
Rockwood, Canada (006)
Ensotech, Inc.,
Sun Valley, CA (007)
Technology
PO*WW*ERM
Technology
X*TRA3C* Thermal
Desorption
Wetlands-Based
Treatment
Carver-Greenfield
Process* for Extraction
of Oily Waste
FORAGER* Sponge
Membrane Microfiltration
Bioslurry Reactor
In Situ Biological
Treatment
Thermal Gas Phase
Reduction Process
Chemical Oxidation/
Chemical Fixation
Technology
Contact
Eric Newman or
Matt Husain
708-513-4500
Carl Swanstrom
708-513-4578
Rick Brown
303-331-4404
Thomas Holcombe
201-887-2182
Norman Rainer
804-288-7109
Lou Reynolds
703-713-9000
Ernest Mayer
302-366-3652
William Mahaffey
303-273-7177
Linda Yost-Fetui
206-883-1900
Jim Nash
519-856-9591
Inderjit Sabherwal
818-767-2222
EPA Project
Manager
Randy Parker
513-569-7271
Paul dePercin
513-569-7797
Edward Bates
513-569-7774
Laurel Staley
513-569-7863
Carolyn Esposito
908-906-6895
John Martin
513-569-7758
Ronald Lewis
513-569-7856
Naomi Barkley
513-569-7854
Gordon Evans
513-569-7684
Naomi Barkley
513-569-7854
Waste Media
Wastewater,
Leachate, Ground
Water
Soil, Sludge,
Other Solids
Acid Mine
Drainage
Soil, Sludge
Industrial
Discharge,
Municipal Sewage
Process Streams,
Acid Mine
Drainage Wastes
Groundwater,
Leachate,
Wastewater,
Electroplating
Rinsewaters
Soil
Water, Soil,
Sludge, Sediment
Soil, Sludge,
Liquids, Gases
Soil
Applicable Waste
Inorganic
Metals, Volatile Inorganic
Compounds, Salts
Not Applicable
Metals
Not Applicable
Metals
Heavy Metals, Cyanide,
Uranium
Not Applicable
Not Applicable
Not Applicable
Heavy Metals
Organic
VOCs and Nonvolatile
Organic Compounds
VOCs, SVOCs, PCBs
Not Applicable
PCBs, Dioxins, Oil-Soluble
Organics
Aliphatic Organic Chlorides
and Bromides
Organic Participates
Creosote
Biodegradable Organics
PCBs, PAHs,
Chlorophenols, Pesticides
Hydrocarbons, Chlorinated
Organics
o>
** From Emerging Technology Program
-------
TABLE 2 (continued)
SITE Demonstration Program Participants
Developer
EPOC Water, Inc.,
Fresno, CA (004)
Excalibur Enterprises, Inc.,
Sosua, Dominican Republic
(004)
Exxon Chemical Company and
Rio Linda Chemical
Company,
Houston, TX (004)
Filter Flow Technology, Inc.,
League City, TX (006)
Funderburk & Associates
(formerly Hazcon, Inc.),
Fairfield, TX (001)
GEOCHEM, A Division of
Terra Vac,
Lakewood, CO (007)
Geosafe Corporation,
Richland.WA (002)
GIS/Solutions, Inc.,
Concord, CA (007)
Gruppo Italimpresse,
(developed by Shirco
Infrared Systems, Inc.),
Rome, Italy (001)
(2 Demonstrations)
Hazardous Waste Control,
Fairfield, CT (006)
Technology
Precipitation,
Microfiltration, and
Sludge Dewatering
Soil Washing and
Catalytic Ozone
Oxidation
Chemical Oxidation
Heavy Metals and
Radionuclide Sorption
Method
Dechlorination and
Immobilization
In Situ Remediation of
Chromium in
Groundwater
In Situ Vitrification
GIS/Key Evironmental
Data Management
Software
Infrared Thermal
Destruction
NOMIX* Technology
Technology
Contact
Ray Groves
209-291-8144
Lucas Boeve
809-571-3451
Brent Bourland
713-460-6822
Denny Grandle
713-460-6816
Tod Johnson
713-334-6080
Ray Funderburk
800-227-6543
Jim Rouse
303-988-8902
James Hansen
509-375-0710
Asad Al-Malazi
510-827-5400
Rome
011-39-06-
8802001
Padova
011-39-049-
773490
David Babcock
203-336-7020
EPA Project
Manager
S. Jackson Hubbard
513-569-7507
Norma Lewis
513-569-7665
Teri Richardson
513-569-7949
Annette Gatchett
513-569-7697
Paul dePercin
513-569-7797
Douglas Grosse
513-569-7844
Teri Richardson
513-569-7949
Dick Eilers
513-569-7809
Howard Wall
513-569-7691
Teri Richardson
513-569-7949
Waste Media
Sludge,
Wastewater,
Leachable Soil
Soil, Sludge,
Leachate,
Groundwater
Groundwater,
Wastewater,
Leachate
Groundwater,
Industrial
Wastewater
Soil, Sludge,
Sediments
Groundwater
Soil, Sludge
Not Applicable
Soil, Sediment
Drum Waste,
Waste Lagoons,
Spills
Applicable Waste
Inorganic
Heavy Metals
Cyanide
Cyanide, Sulfides
Heavy Metals, Radionuclides
Heavy Metals
Hexavalent Chromium,
Uranium, Selenium, Arsenic
Non-Specific Inorganics
Not Applicable
Not Applicable
Metals
Organic
Pesticides, Oil, Grease
SVOCs, Pesticides, PCBs,
PCP, Dioxin
Non-Specific Organics
Not Applicable
Non-Specific Organics
Not Applicable
Non-Specific Organics
Not Applicable
Non-Specific Organics
Not Applicable
** From Emerging Technology Program
-------
TABLE 2 (continued)
SITE Demonstration Program Participants
Developer
Horsehead Resource
Development Co. , Inc. ,
Monaca,PA (004)
Hrubetz Environmental
Services, Inc.,
Dallas, TX (007)
Hughes Environmental
Systems, Inc.,
Manhattan Beach, CA (005)
Illinois Institute of Technology
Research Institute/
Halliburton NUS,
Oak Ridge, TN (007)
In-Situ Fixation Company,
Chandler, AZ (005)
International Environmental
Technology,
Perrysburg, OH (005)
International Waste
Technologies/
Geo-Con, Inc.,
Wichita, KS and Monroeville,
PA (001)
(2 Demonstrations)
MAECORP Incorporated,
Chicago, IL (006)
Magnum Water Technology,
ElSegundo, CA (007)
Technology
Flame Reactor
HRUBOUT* Process
Steam Enhanced
Recovery Process
Radio Frequency Heating
Deep In Situ
Bioremediation Process
Geolock and Bio-Drain
Treatment Platform
In Situ Solidification and
Stabilization
MAECTITE™ Treatment
Process
CAV-OX® Process
Technology
Contact
Regis Zagrocki
412-773-2289
Michael Hrubetz or
Barbara Hrubetz
214-363-7833
Ron Van Sickle
310-536-6547
Clifton Blanchard
615-483-9900
Richard Murray
602-821-0409
Rebecca Sherman
419-856-2001
419-255-5100
Jeff Newton
316-269-2660
Chris Ryan
412-856-7700
Karl Yost or
Dhiraj Pal
312-372-3300
Dale Cox
310-322-4143
Jack Simser
310-640-7000
EPA Project
Manager
Donald Oberacker
513-569-7510
Marta Richards
513-569-7783
Reinaldo Matias
513-569-7149
Paul dePercin
513-569-7797
Laurel Staley
513-569-7863
Edward Opatken
513-569-7855
Randy Parker
513-569-7271
Mary Stinson
908-321-6683
S. Jackson Hubbard
513-569-7507
Dick Eilers
513-569-7809
Waste Media
Soil, Sludge,
Industrial Solid
Residues
Soil
Soil, Groundwater
Soil
Soil, Sludge
Soil
Soil, Sediment
Soil, Sludge, Lead
Battery Sites
Groundwater,
Wastewater
Applicable Waste
Inorganic
Metals
Not Applicable
Not Applicable
Not Applicable
Not Applicable
Not Applicable
Non-Specific Inorganics
Lead
Not Applicable
Organic
Not Applicable
Halogenated or
Nonhalogenated Volatiles or
Semivolatiles
VOCs and SVOCs
VOCS and SVOCs
Biodegradable Organics
Biodegradable Organics
PCBs, PCP, Other
Non-Specific Organics
Not Applicable
Non-Specific Organic
Compounds
00
** From Emerging Technology Program
-------
TABLE 2 (continued)
SITE Demonstration Program Participants
Developer
NOVATERRA, Inc.
(formerly Toxic Treatments
USA, Inc.),
Torrance, CA (003)
Ogden Environmental Services,
Houston, TX (001)
Peroxidation Systems, Inc.,
Tucson, AZ (006)
Purus, Inc.,**
San Jose, CA (006)
QUAD Environmental
Technologies Corp.,
Northbrook, IL (004).
Recycling Sciences
International, Inc.,
Chicago, IL (004)
Remediation Technologies, Inc. ,
Concord, MA (006)
Remediation Technologies, Inc. ,
Seattle, WA (002)
Resources Conservation Co.,
Ellicott City, MD (001)
Retech, Inc.,
Ukiah, CA (002)
Risk Reduction
Engineering Laboratory,
Cincinnati, OH (006)
Technology
In Situ Steam and
Air Stripping
Circulating Bed
Combustor
perox-pure™ Chemical
Oxidation Technology
Vapor Treatment Process
Chemtact™ Gaseous
Waste Treatment
Desorption and Vapor
Extraction System
High Temperature
Thermal Processor
Liquid and Solids
Biological Treatment
BEST Solvent Extraction
Plasma Arc Vitrification
Base-Catalyzed
Dechlorination Process
Technology
Contact
Philip LaMori
310-328-9433
Derrel Young
713-453-8571
Chris Giggy
602-790-8383
Paul Blystone
408-955-1000
Robert Rafson
708-564-5070
Mark Burchett
312-559-0122
Mark McCabe
508-371-1422
tferv Coover
206-624-9349
Lanny Weimer
301-596-6066
l.C. Eschenbach or
L.B. Leland
707-462-6522
Charles Rogers
513-569-7626
EPA Project
Manager
Paul dePercin
513-569-7797
Douglas Grosse
513-569-7844
Norma Lewis
513-569-7665
Norma Lewis
513-569-7665
Ronald Lewis
513-569-7856
Laurel Staley
513-569-7863
tonald Lewis
513-569-7856
lonald Lewis
513-569-7856
A ark Meckes
513-569-7348
-aurel Staley
513-569-7863
Laurel Staley
513-569-7863
Waste Media
Soil
Soil, Sludge,
Slurry, liquids
Groundwater,
Wastewater
Groundwater, Soil
Gaseous Waste
Streams
Soil, Sludge,
Sediment
Soils, Sediments,
Sludges
Soil, Sludge,
Sediments
Soil, Sludge,
Sediments
Soils, Sludge
Soils, Sediments
Applicable Waste
Inorganic
Not Applicable
Metals, Cyanide
Not Applicable
Not Applicable
Non-Specific Inorganics
Volatile Inorganics
Mercury
Mot Applicable
Mot Applicable
Metals
Mot Applicable
Organic
VOCs, SVOCs,
Hydrocarbons
Halogenated and
Nonhalogenated Organic
Compounds, PCBs
Fuel Hydrocarbons,
Chlorinated Solvents, PCBs,
VOCs, SVOCs
Fuel Hydrocarbons, VOCs,
SVOCs, Chlorinated Solvents
Volatile Organics
VOCs and SVOCs including
PCBs, PAHs, PCP, some
Pesticides
VOCs and SVOCs
Biodegradable Organics,
Pesticides
Oil, PCBs, PAHs
Mon-Specific Organics
PCBs, PCPs, Halogenated
Compounds
(o
From Emerging Technology Program
-------
K)
TABLE 2 (continued)
SITE Demonstration Program Participants
Developer
Risk Reduction
Engineering Laboratory,
Cincinnati, OH (006)
Risk Reduction Engineering
Laboratory,
Cincinnati, OH (007)
Risk Reduction
Engineering Laboratory and
IT Corporation,
Cincinnati, OH (004)
Risk Reduction
Engineering Laboratory and
USDA Forest
Products Laboratory,
Cincinnati, OH (006)
Risk Reduction
Engineering Laboratory and
University of Cincinnati,
Cincinnati, OH (005)
Rochem Separation
Systems, Inc.,
Torrance, CA (006)
SBP Technologies, Inc.,
Stone Mountain, GA (005)
(2 Demonstrations)
S.M.W. Seiko, Inc.,
Hayward, CA (004)
Separation and Recovery
Systems, Inc.,
Irvine, CA (002)
Technology
Bioventing
Volume Reduction Unit
Debris Washing System
Fungal Treatment
Technology
Hydraulic Fracturing
Rochem Disc Tube
Module System
Membrane Separation
and Bioremediation
In Situ Solidification and
Stabilization
SAREX Chemical
Fixation Process
Technology
Contact
Paul McCauley
513-569-7444
Patrick Augustin
908-906-6992
Michael Taylor or
Majid Dosani
513-782-4700
Richard Lamar
608-231-9469
Larry Murdoch
513-569-7897
David LaMonica
310-370-3160
Heather Ford
404-498-6666
David Yang
510-783-4105
Joseph DeFranco
714-261-8860
EPA Project
Manager
Reinaldo Matis
513-569-7149
Teri Richardson
513-569-7949
Naomi Barkley
513-569-7854
Kim Lisa Kreiton
513-569-7328
Naomi Barkley
513-569-7854
Douglas Grosse
513-569-7844
Kim Lisa Kreiton
513-569-7328
S. Jackson Hubbard
513-569-7507
S. Jackson Hubbard
513-569-7507
Waste Media
Soil
Soil
Debris
Soil
Soil, Groundwater
Liquids
Groundwater,
Soils, Sludges
Soil
Sludge, Soil
Applicable Waste
Inorganic
Not Applicable
Metals
Non-Specific Inorganics
Not Applicable
Non-specific Inorganics
Non-Specific Inorganics
Not Applicable
Metals
Low Level Metals
Organic
Biodegradable Organics
Creosote, PCPs, PAHs,
VOCs, SVOCs
Non-Specific Organics,
PCBs, Pesticides
PCPs, PAHs, Chlorinated
Organics
Non-specific Organics
Organic Solvents
Organic Compounds, PAHs,
PCBs, TCEs
SVOCs, PCBs, PAHs
Non-specific Organics
** From Emerging Technology Program
-------
TABLE 2 (continued)
SITE Demonstration Program Participants
Developer
Sevenson Extraction
Technology, Inc.,
(formerly Terra-Kleen
Corporation) ***
Oklahoma City, OK (006)
Silicate Technology Corp.,
Scottsdale, AZ (003)
J.R. Simplot Company,**
Pocatello.ID (007)
SoilTech ATP Systems, Inc.,
Englewood, CO (005)
(2 Demonstrations)
Soliditech, Inc.,
Houston, TX (002)
Sonotech, Inc. ,
Atlanta, GA (007)
TechTran Environmental, Inc.,
Houston, TX (005)
Terra Vac, Inc.,
San Juan, PR (001)
Terrasys, Inc.,
Camarillo, CA (007)
Texaco Syngas Inc.,
White Plains, NY (006)
TEXAROME, Inc.,
Leakey, TX (006)
Technology
Soil Restoration Unit
Solidification and
Stabilization Treatment
Technology
Biodegredation of
Dinoseb
Anaerobic Thermal
Processor
Solidification and
Stabilization
Frequency Tunable Pulse
Combustion System
Combined Chemical
Precipitation, Physical
Separation, and Binding
Process for Radionuclides
and Heavy Metals
In Situ Vacuum
Extraction
RENEU™ Extraction
Technology
Entrained-Bed
Gasification
Solid Waste Desorption
Technology
Contact
Alan Cash
405-728-0001
Stephen Pelger or
Scott Larsen
602-948-7100
Dane Higdem
208-234-5367
Roger Nielson
303-290-8336
Bill Stallworth
713-497-8558
Zin Plavnik
404-525-8530
E.B. (Ted) Daniels
713-688-2390
James Malot
809-723-9171
James Mier
805-389-6766
Richard Zang
914-253-4047
Gueric Boucard
512-232-6079
EPA Project
Manager
Mark Meckes
513-569-7348
Edward Bates
513-569-7774
Wendy Davis-Hoover
513-569-7206
Paul dePercin
513-569-7797
S. Jackson Hubbard
513-569-7507
Marta Richards
513-569-7783
Annette Gatchett
513-569-7697
Mary Stinson
908-321-6683
Michelle Simon
513-569-7469
Marta Richards
513-569-7783
John Martin
513-569-7758
Waste Media
Soil
Soil, Sludge,
Wastewater
Soil
Soil, Sludge,
Refinery Wastes
Soil, Sludge
Soil, Medical
Waste
Aqueous
Solutions, Sludge,
Soil
Soil
Soil, Clay
Soils, Sludges,
Sediments
Soils, Wood
Wastes, Mop-up
Materials
Applicable Waste
Inorganic
Not Applicable
Metals, Cyanide, Ammonia
Not Appicable
Not Applicable
Metals, Non-Sepcific
Inorganics
Non-Specific Inorganics
Heavy Metals, Radionuclides
Not Applicable
Not Applicable
Non-Specific Inorganics
Volatile Inorganics
Organic
PCBs, PCPs, Creosote,
Chlorinated Solvents,
Naphthaline, Diesel Oil,
Used Motor Oil, Jet Fuel,
Grease, Organic Pesticides
High Molecular Weight
Organics
Nitroaromatics
PCBs, Chlorinated
Pesticides, VOCs
Non-Specific Organics
Non-Specific Organics
Non-Specific Organics
VOCs and SVOCs
Gasoline, Jet Fuels, Diesel,
Waste Oils, Oil Processing
Sludges
Non-specific Organics
VOCs, SVOCs, PCBs,
PCPs, Creosote, Organic
Fungicides, Pesticides
From Emerging Technology Program
**•* As of October 1992, this technology is owned by Terra-Kleen Corporation.
-------
TABLE 2 (continued)
SITE Demonstration Program Participants
Developer
Toronto Harbor Commission,
Toronto, Canada (007)
Udell Technologies, Inc.,
Emeryville, CA (005)
Ultrox Division Resources
Conservation Co.,
Santa Ana, CA (003)
United States Environmental
Protection Agency
San Francisco, CA (007)
WASTECH Inc.,
Oak Ridge, TN (004)
Western Research Institute,**
Laramie, WY (005) (E01)
Roy F. Weston, Inc.,
West Chester, PA (006)
Zenon Environmental
Systems, Inc. ,
Burlington, Ontario, Canada
(007)
Zimpro Passavant
Environmental
Systems, Inc.,
Rothschild, WI (002)
Technology
Soil Recycling
In Situ Steam Enhanced
Extraction
Ultraviolet Radiation and
Oxidation
Excavation Techniques
and Foam Suppression
Methods
Solidification and
Stabilization
Contained Recovery of
Oily Wastes (CROW1)
Low Temperature
Thermal Treatment
(UP») System
ZenoGem™ Process
PACT* Wastewater
Treatment System
Technology
Contact
Dennis Lang
416-863-2047
Lloyd Steward
510-653-9477
David Fletcher
714-545-5557
Pam Wieman
415-744-2242
Steve Linder
415-744-2243
E. Benjamin Peacock
615-483-6515
Lyle Johnson
307-721-2281
Mike Cosmos
215-430-7423
Tony Tonelli
416-639-6320
William Copa
715-359-7211
EPA Project
Manager
Teri Richardson
513-569-7949
Paul dePercin
513-569-7797
Norma Lewis
513-569-7665
S. Jackson Hubbard
513-569-7507
Terry Lyons
513-569-7589
Eugene Harris
513-569-7862
Paul dePercin
513-569-7797
Daniel Sullivan
908-321-6677
John Martin
513-569-7758
Waste Media
Soil
Soils, Ground
Water
Groundwater,
Leachate,
Wastewater
Soil
Soil, Sludge,
Liquid Waste
Soil
Soil, Sludge
Groundwater
Groundwater,
Industrial
Wastewater,
Leachate
Applicable Waste
Inorganic
Non-Specific Inorganics
Not Applicable
Not Applicable
Volatile Inorganics
Non-Specific, Radioactive
Not Applicable
Not Applicable
Not Applicable
Not Applicable
Organic
Non-Specific Organics
VOCs and SVOCs,
Hydrocarbons, Solvents
Halogenated Hydrocarbons,
VOCs, Pesticides, PCBs
Volatile Organics
Non-Specific Organics
Coal Tar Derivatives,
Petroleum Byproducts
VOCs and SVOCs
Non-Specific Biodegradable
Organics
Biodegradeable VOCs and
SVOCs
From Emerging Technology Program
-------
-------
Technology Profile
DEMONSTRATION PROGRAM
ACCUTECH REMEDIAL SYSTEMS, INC.
(Pneumatic Fracturing Extraction and Catalytic Oxidation)
TECHNOLOGY DESCRIPTION:
An integrated treatment system incorporating
Pneumatic Fracturing Extraction (PFE) and Hot
Gas Injection (HGI) has been jointly developed
by Accutech Remedial Systems, Inc., and the
Hazardous Substance Management Research
Center located at the New Jersey Institute of
Technology in Newark, New Jersey. The
system provides a cost-effective accelerated
remedial approach to sites with dense non-
aqueous phase liquid (DNAPL)-contaminated
aquifers. The patented PFE process has been
demonstrated at several sites to increase and
make uniform subsurface airflow within low
permeability formations, such as clay and frac-
tured rock, and to enhance contaminant mass
removal. The PFE process (see figure below)
coupled with an in situ HGI process is designed
to recover residual contamination entrapped in
the geological formation. The PFE process
applies controlled bursts of high pressure air into
a well to create fracture channels. Once the
permeability of the formation is increased, hot
gas is injected under pressure to elevate the
temperature of fracture surfaces and volatilize
contaminants within the formation. The extract-
ed vapors are then treated either by activated
carbon or catalytic technology. Low con-
centration process streams are treated by acti-
vated carbon, while high concentration process
streams are treated by catalytic technology. An
innovative catalyst developed by Engelhard
Corporation, which resists deactivation when
Pneumatic Fracturing Extraction
and Catalytic Oxidation
Page 24
The SITE Program assesses but does not
approve or endorse technologies.
-------
November 1992
treating chlorinated process streams, will be
used during the second phase of the demonstr-
ation activities.
WASTE APPLICABILITY:
The system can remediate halogenated and
nonhalogenated volatile and semivolatile organic
compounds. The integrated treatment system is
cost-effective for treating soils and rock when
low permeability geologic formations limit the
effectiveness of conventional in situ tech-
nologies.
STATUS:
This technology was accepted into the SITE
Demonstration Program in December 1990. The
PFE/HGI process was demonstrated during July
and August 1992 at a New Jersey Environmental
Cleanup Responsibility Act (ECRA) site in
South Plainfield, New Jersey. Trichloroethylene
(TCE) was removed from the fractured Bruns-
wick Shale aquifer. The PFE/HGI process was
applied in the unsaturated zone to remove resi-
dual DNAPLs near the source. Preliminary
results indicated that the PFE/HGI process
significantly increased contaminant removal rates
over conventional vapor extraction. Demonstr-
ation results are being prepared and are expected
to be published in the spring of 1993.
The PFE/HGI process was demonstrated using
a two-phase approach. The incremental benefit
of each integrated technology was evaluated in
the first phase. In the second phase, the tech-
nologies will be integrated with a groundwater
recovery process and the catalytic technology to
evaluate long-term cost benefits. A Phase II
demonstration is planned for 1993.
FOR FURTHER INFORMATION:
EPA PROJECT MANAGER:
Uwe Frank
U.S. EPA, Building 10, MS-104
2890 Woodbridge Avenue
Edison, NJ 08837
908-321-6626
TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPER CONTACT:
Harry Moscatello
Accutech Remedial Systems, Inc.
Cass Street and Highway 35
Keyport, NJ 07735
908-739-6444
Fax: 908-739-0451
The SITE Program assesses but does not
approve or endorse technologies.
Page 25
-------
Technology Profile
DEMONSTRATION PROGRAM
ALLIED-SIGNAL, INC.
(ICB Biotreatment System)
TECHNOLOGY DESCRIPTION:
The immobilized cell bioreactor (ICB) is an
aerobic fixed-film biotreatment system designed
to remove organic contaminants (including
nitrogen-containing compounds and chlorinated
solvents) from process wastewater, contaminated
groundwater, and other aqueous streams. The
system offers improved treatment efficiency
through the use of (1) a unique, proprietary
reactor medium that maximizes the biological
activity present in the reactor and (2) a pro-
prietary reactor design that maximizes contact
between the biofilm and the contaminants.
These features result in quick, complete degrada-
tion of target contaminants to carbon dioxide,
water, and biomass. Additional advantages
include (1) high treatment capacity, (2) compact
system design, and (3) reduced operations and
maintenance costs resulting from simplified
operation and slow sludge production.
Basic system components include the bioreactor
and medium, nutrient mix tank and feed pump,
and a blower to provide air to the reactor. The
figure below is a schematic of the system.
Depending on the specifics of the influent
streams, some standard pretreatments, such as
pH adjustment or oil and water separation, may
be required. Effluent clarification is not re-
quired for the system to operate, but may be
required to meet specific discharge requirements.
WASTE APPLICABILITY:
The ICB biotreatment system has been suc-
cessfully applied to industrial wastewater and
groundwater containing a wide range of organic
contaminants, including polycyclic aromatic
hydrocarbons (PAH), phenols, gasoline, chlor-
inated solvents, diesel fuel, and chlorobenzene.
Industrial streams amenable to treatment include
wastewaters generated from chemical manu-
facturing, petroleum refining, wood treating, tar
and pitch manufacturing, food processing, and
textile fabricating. Allied-Signal, Inc. has
obtained organic chemical removal efficiencies
of greater than 99 percent. The ICB biotreat-
ment system, because of its proprietary medium,
is also very effective in remediating con-
taminated groundwater streams containing trace
organic contaminants. The ICB biotreatment
Ground water-
or
Process Water
Equalization
Nutrient
Addition
ICB
G—e—e—e—©
To
Dfscharge
Blower
Allied-Signal Immobilized Cell Bioreactor
Page 26
The SITE Program assesses but does not
approve or endorse technologies.
-------
November 1992
system can be provided as a complete custom-
ized facility for specialized treatment needs or as
a packaged modular unit. The technology can
also be used to retrofit existing bioreactors by
adding the necessary internal equipment and
proprietary media.
STATUS:
The G&H Landfill in Utica, Michigan, was
selected for the demonstration of the ICB bio-
treatment system. Treatability studies have
shown the system's ability to biodegrade all the
priority pollutants present to low part per billion
levels. The Demonstration Plan is being finaliz-
ed. Allied-Signal, Inc., has operated an an-
aerobic system to reduce the concentrations of
trichloroethylene and other chlorinated com-
pounds in contaminated groundwater.
FOR FURTHER INFORMATION:
EPA PROJECT MANAGER:
Ronald Lewis
U.S. EPA
Risk Reduction Engineering Laboratory
26 West Martin Luther King Drive
Cincinnati, OH 45268
513-569-7856
TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPER CONTACTS:
Ralph Nussbaum
or Timothy Love
Allied-Signal, Inc.
P.O. Box 1087
Morristown, NJ 07962
201-455-3190
Fax: 201-455-6840
The SITE Program assesses but does not
approve or endorse technologies.
Page 27
-------
Technology Profile
DEMONSTRATION PROGRAM
AMERICAN COMBUSTION, INC.
(PYRETRON® Thermal Destruction)
TECHNOLOGY DESCRIPTION:
The PYRETRON® thermal destruction tech-
nology (s'ee figure below) controls the heat input
into an incineration process by. using the
PYRETRON* oxygen-air-fuel burners and
controlling the level of excess oxygen available
for oxidation of hazardous waste. The
PYRETRON* combustor relies on a new tech-
nique for mixing auxiliary fuel, oxygen, and air
to (1) provide the flame envelope with enhanced
stability, luminosity, and flame core temperature
and (2) reduce the combustion volume per
million British thermal units (Btu) of heat re-
leased.
The technology is computer-controlled to auto-
matically adjust the temperatures of the primary
and secondary combustion chambers and the
amount of excess oxygen. The system adjusts
the amount of excess oxygen in response to
sudden changes hi volatilization rate of con-
taminants from the waste.
The technology can be fitted onto any conven-
tional incineration unit to burn liquids, solids,
and sludges. Solids and sludges can also be
coincinerated when the burner is used with a
rotary kiln or similar equipment.
WASTE APPLICABDLITY:
The PYRETRON® technology treats high- and
low-Btu solid wastes contaminated with rapidly-
volatilized hazardous organics. In general, the
technology treats any waste that can be in-
cinerated. It is not suitable for processing
aqueous wastes, Resource Conservation and
Recovery Act (RCRA) heavy metal wastes, or
inorganic wastes.
STATUS:
A demonstration was conducted at EPA's Com-
bustion Research Facility in Jefferson, Arkansas,
using a mixture of 40 percent contaminated soil
from the Stringfellow Acid Pit Superfund site in
Measured
process
parameters
1
and oxygen
the burners
Ash pit
PYRETRON® Thermal Destruction System
Page 28
The SITE Program assesses but does not
approve or endorse technologies.
-------
November 1992
California and 60 percent decanter tank tar
sludge (K087) from coking operations. The
demonstration began in November 1987 and was
completed at the end of January 1988.
Both the Technology Evaluation Report
(EPA/540/5-89/008) and Applications Analysis
Report (EPA/540/A5-89/008) have been publish-
ed.
DEMONSTRATION RESULTS:
Six polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons were
selected as the principal organic hazardous
constituents (POHC) for the test program —
naphthalene, acenaphthylene, fluorene, phen-
anthrene, anthracene, and fluoranthene.
The PYRETRON® technology achieved greater
than 99.99 percent destruction and removal
efficiencies (ORE) of all POHCs measured in all
test runs performed. Other results are listed
below:
• The PYRETRON® technology with
oxygen enhancement achieved double
the waste throughput possible with
conventional incineration.
• All particulate emission levels in the
scrubber system discharge were sign-
ificantly below the hazardous waste
incinerator performance standard of 180
milligrams per dry standard cubic meter
at 7 percent oxygen.
• Solid residues were contaminant-free.
• There were no significant differences in
transient carbon monoxide level emis-
sions between air-only incineration and
PYRETRON® oxygen-enhanced opera-
tion with doubled throughput rate.
• Cost savings can be achieved when
operating and fuel costs are high and
oxygen costs are relatively low.
• The system is capable of doubling the
capacity of a conventional rotary kiln
incinerator. This increase is more sign-
ificant for wastes with low heating
values.
FOR FURTHER INFORMATION:
EPA PROJECT MANAGER:
Laurel Staley
U.S. EPA
Risk Reduction Engineering Laboratory
26 West Martin Luther King Drive
Cincinnati, OH 45268
513-569-7863
TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPER CONTACT:
Gregory Gitman
American Combustion, Inc.
4476 Park Drive
Norcross, GA 30093
404-564-4180
Fax: 404-564-4192
The SITE Program assesses but does not
approve or endorse technologies.
Page 29
-------
Technology Profile
DEMONSTRATION PROGRAM
ANDCO ENVIRONMENTAL PROCESSES, INC.
(Electrochemical In Situ Chromate Reduction
and Heavy Metal Immobilization)
TECHNOLOGY DESCRIPTION:
The Electrochemical In Situ Chromate Reduction
and Heavy Metal Immobilization process uses
electrochemical reactions to generate ions for
removal of hexavalent chromium and other
metals from groundwater. As contaminated
water is pumped from an aquifer though the
treatment cell (see figure below), electrical
current passes from electrode to electrode though
the process water. The electrical exchange
induces the release of ferrous and hydroxyl ions
from opposite sides of each electrode. A small
gap size coupled with the electrode potentials of
hexavalent chromium and ferrous ion causes the
reduction of hexavalent chromium to occur
almost instantaneously. Depending on the pH,
various solids may form. They include chrom-
ium hydroxide, hydrous ferric oxide, and a
chromium-substituted hydrous kon complex.
For in situ chromate reduction to occur, a slight
excess of ferrous iron must be provided. This
concentration is based on the hexavalent chrom-
ium concentration in the groundwater, site-
specific hydraulics, and the desired rate of site
cleanup. Dilution is avoided by introducing
ferrous ions in situ and using the aquifer's water
to convey them. Following their injection,
soluble ferrous ions circulate until they contact
either chromate containing solids or chromate
ions. In conventional pump and treat schemes,
chromate dragout results in long treatment times.
Through in situ reduction of chromates adsorbed
on the soil matrix and contained in precipitates,
treatment times should be reduced by more than
50 percent.
If implemented properly under favorable pH
conditions, complete chromate reduction can be
achieved without the need for sludge handling.
As chromate reduction occurs, iron and chrom-
ium solids are filtered out and stabilized in the
soil. When precipitates are not formed due to
unfavorable pH, the system could easily be
applied to a pump and treat process and operated
until chromium removal goals are achieved.
Eliminating dragout shortens system life and
ANDCO
ELECTROCHEMICAL
PROCESS
GROUND
SURFACE
ENCONF1NED
. AQUIFIER
CONFINED
AQUIFIER
Electrochemical In Situ Chromate Reduction and Heavy Metal Immobilization Process
Page 30
The SITE Program assesses but does not
approve or endorse technologies.
-------
November 1992
minimizes sludge handling. Another option is to
combine a pump and treat scheme with in situ
chromate reduction to maximize the cleanup
rate, reduce aquifer contaminant loads, and
provide water for irrigation or industry.
Another benefit of this method is that hydrous
iron oxide adsorbs heavy metals. When iron
solids are immobilized in the soil, the con-
centrations of other contaminants in the ground-
water decrease significantly because of adsorp-
tion and coprecipitation.
WASTE APPLICABILITY:
The pilot plant is designed to treat groundwater
contaminated with hexavalent chromium in
concentrations of 1 to 50 parts per million (ppm)
and other heavy metals (2 to 10 ppm) including
zinc, copper, nickel, lead, and antimony. A
full-scale system can be engineered to handle
any flow rate as well as elevated contaminant
loads. Each system will be site-specific and
designed to achieve all remediation objectives.
STATUS:
This technology was accepted into the SITE
Demonstration Program in June 1992. The
process will be evaluated in early 1993 at a site
where Andco currently has an operating ground-
water treatment system. Although the process
can be used for remediation of both confined
and unconfmed aquifers, water from an uncon-
fmed source will be treated during the demons-
tration.
The Kerr McGee Chemical Corporation site is
contaminated with hexavalent chromium as a
result of using sodium dichromate in production
processes. Groundwater is being treated by the
electrochemical process at a rate of 50 to 120
gallons per minute. After treatment, clean water
is reinjected into the ground through an infiltra-
tion trench downgradient of the site.
FOR FURTHER INFORMATION:
EPA PROJECT MANAGER:
Douglas Grosse
U.S. EPA
Risk Reduction Engineering Laboratory
26 West Martin Luther King Drive
Cincinnati, Ohio 45268
513-569-7844
TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPER CONTACT:
Michael Brewster
Andco Environmental Processes, Inc.
595 Commerce Drive
Amherst, NY 14228-2380
716-691-2100
TECHNOLOGY VENDOR CONTACT:
Gary Peck
Andco Environmental Processes, Inc.
595 Commerce Drive
Amherst, NY 14228-2380
716-691-2100
The SITE Program assesses but does not
approve or endorse technologies.
Page 31
-------
Technology Profile
DEMONSTRATION PROGRAM
ASI ENVIRONMENTAL TECHNOLOGIES, INC./
DAMES & MOORE
(Hydrolytic Terrestrial Dissipation)
TECHNOLOGY DESCRIPTION:
The Hydrolytic Terrestrial Dissipation (HTD)
process was developed for use at the
Chemairspray site in Palm Beach County, Flori-
da. An estimated 11,500 cubic yards of surface
soils at the site are contaminated with toxaphene
(a chlorinated pesticide) and metal fungicides,
primarily copper.
After excavation, the HTD process comminutes
(mixes and cuts) soils to uniformly distribute
metal complexes and organic chemicals. During
mixing, caustics are added to raise the soil pH to
8.0 or greater, although slower reactions should
still occur at lower pHs. Soil moisture levels
are maintained during mixing to prevent adsorp-
tion and fugitive dust. Iron, copper, or other
metals can be introduced to catalyze the hydroly-
sis.
The prepared mixture is then distributed in a
thin veneer (4 to 7 centimeters) over a soil bed
and exposed to heat and ultraviolet light from
the sun to facilitate dissipation. Lighter weight
toxaphene compounds are reported to be vola-
tile. Under HTD conditions, the toxaphene's
volatility increases as heavier compounds are
dehalogenated to lower molecular weights.
Ultraviolet light also dechlorinates toxaphene, so
more volatile toxaphene moieties at the surface
will slowly degrade to still lower molecular
weights.
HTD uses the metal-catalyzed alkaline hydroly-
sis reactions to liberate chlorine ions that form
various metal salts, depending on the character-
istics of the contaminated media. Dehalogena-
tion reduces toxaphene to camphene (C10H16),
which ultimately degrades to water and carbon
oxides (COJ. The figure below illustrates the
process.
Soils in the distribution bed are periodically
sampled to evaluate any residual contamination.
Also, the quality of underlying groundwater is
ADDITIVES
SOIL EXCAVATION
STAGING
o
f=
w
S
W
5Ł*
i
g
O
UJ
ZD
(I—
0
V V V
COMMINUTION AND MIXING
HEAT AND
ULTRAVIOLET LIGHT
DISTRIBUTION BED
MAINTENANCE
ADDITIVE REPLACEMENT
BED STERILIZATION
HEAT AND
ULTRAVIOLET LIGHT
SAMPLING AND ANALYSIS
AGRICULTURAL PRODUCTION
Hydrolytic Terrestrial Dissipation
Page 32
The SITE Program assesses but does not
approve or endorse technologies.
-------
November 1992
monitored during operation. After treated soils
meet established criteria, the land may be re-
turned to beneficial use. One staging unit can
treat about 5,000 to 6,000 cubic yards per year.
WASTE APPLICABILITY:
HTD can treat large quantities of soil con-
taminated by small amounts of toxaphene or
other pesticides. Depending on the pesticide,
metal catalysts other than copper and iron may
be effective. The process involves a hydrolysis
reaction; however, flash points, vapor pressures,
and other physical properties can enhance dis-
sipation. Although it may have such application,
this method was not developed for highly con-
centrated soil contaminants.
STATUS:
This technology was accepted into the SITE
Demonstration Program in spring 1991. The
SITE demonstration will take place at the
Chemairspray facility after treatability studies
are complete. A simulation tank has been
constructed to evaluate hydrolysis under labora-
tory conditions. A quality control program will
validate laboratory results.
Treatability studies show that under simulated
conditions, HTD methods reduce organochlorine
pesticide concentrations in soils.
Soils at the Chemairspray site are highly organic
and tend to adsorb the insoluble, partitioning
toxaphene. Studies show that soil moisture may
play a major role in the release of toxaphene
from its bound state and allow degradation to
occur. Treatability studies are being conducted
with soil moisture of about 50 percent, soil pH
at 8.5, air temperature at 102 to 105 degrees
fahrenheit, and a UV wavelength of 356 nano-
meters.
FOR FURTHER INFORMATION:
EPA PROJECT MANAGER:
Ronald Lewis
U.S. EPA
Risk Reduction Engineering Laboratory
26 West Martin Luther King Drive
Cincinnati, OH 45268
513-569-7856
TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPER CONTACT:
Stoddard Pickrell
ASI Environmental Technologies, Inc.
3904 Corporex Park Drive
Tampa, FL 33619
813-626-3811
Fax: 813-626-6207
The SITE Program assesses but does not
approve or endorse technologies.
Page 33
-------
Technology Profile
DEMONSTRATION PROGRAM
AWD TECHNOLOGIES, INC.
(Integrated Vapor Extraction and Steam Vacuum Stripping)
TECHNOLOGY DESCRIPTION:
The integrated AquaDetox/soil gas vapor
extraction/reinjection (SVE) system sim-
ultaneously treats groundwater and soil con-
taminated with volatile organic compounds
(VOC). The integrated system consists of (1) an
AquaDetox moderate vacuum stripping tower
that uses low-pressure steam to treat con-
taminated groundwater; and (2) an SVE process
to treat contaminated soil. The two processes
form a closed-loop system that simultaneously
remediates contaminated groundwater and soil in
situ with no air emissions.
AquaDetox is a high-efficiency, countercurrent
stripping technology developed by Dow
Chemical Company. A, single-stage unit typical-
ly reduces up to 99.99 percent of VOCs in
water. The SVE system uses a vacuum to treat
VOC-contaminated soil, inducing a flow of air
through the soil and removing vapor phase
VOCs with the extracted soil gas. Carbon beds
remove additional VOCs from the soil gas,
which is then reinjected into the ground. The
AquaDetox and SVE systems share a granulated
activated carbon (GAC) unit that decontaminates
the combined vapors from both systems (see
figure below). By-products of the system are a
free-phase recyclable product and treated water.
Mineral regenerable carbon will require disposal
after about 3 years.
A key component of the closed-loop system is
the vent header unit. This unit collects the
noncondensable gases extracted from the ground-
water or air that may leak into the portion of the
process operating below atmospheric pressure.
Further, the AquaDetox system condenses and
treats the steam used to regenerate the carbon
beds.
WASTE APPLICABILITY:
This technology removes VOCs, including
chlorinated hydrocarbons, in groundwater and
soil. Sites with contaminated groundwater and
soils containing trichloroethylene (TCE), tetra-
Zero Air Emissions Integrated AquaDetox/SVE System
Page 34
The SITE Program assesses but does not
approve or endorse technologies.
-------
November 1992
chloroethylene (PCE), and other VOCs are
suitable for this on-site treatment process.
STATUS:
The AWD AquaDetox/SVE system is treating
groundwater and soil gas at the Lockheed
Aeronautical Systems Company in Burbank,
California. The groundwater is contaminated
with as much as 2,200 parts per billion (ppb) of
TCE and 11,000 ppb PCE; the soil gas has a
total VOC concentration of 6,000 parts per
million. Contaminated groundwater is treated at
a rate of up to 1,200 gallons per minute (gpm)
while soil gas is removed and treated at a rate of
300 cubic feet per minute. The system occupies
about 4,000 square feet.
In September 1990, a SITE demonstration was
conducted as part of ongoing remediation at the
San Fernando Valley Groundwater Basin
Superfund site in Burbank, California. The
Applications Analysis Report
(EPA/540/A5-91/002) was published in October
1991.
DEMONSTRATION RESULTS:
During testing at the San Fernando Valley
Superfund Site, the AquaDetox/SVE system
achieved the following results:
• The AWD technology successfully
treated groundwater and soil gas con-
taminated with VOCs.
• Efficiencies were in the 99.92 to 99.99
percent range for removal of VOCs
from contaminated groundwater. VOC
removal efficiencies for soil gas ranged
from 98.0 to 99.9 percent when the
GAC beds were regenerated according
to the SWD-specified frequency (8-hour
shifts). VOC removal efficiencies drop-
ped to as low as 93.4 percent when the
GAC beds were regenerated less fre-
quently.
• The AWD technology produced effluent
groundwater that complied with regula-
tory discharge requirements for TCE
and PCE (5 micrograms per liter for
each compound).
• The GAC beds effectively removed
VOCs from contaminated soil gas even
after 24 hours of continuous operation
without steam regeneration.
• The system's steam consumption
dropped with decreasing tower pres-
sures. During the demonstration, the
system was more efficient at lower
operating tower pressures.
• The system has been operating success-
fully for over 3 years at the Lockheed
site. The system has been operational
95 percent of the time, with 5 percent
down time due to scheduled or non-
scheduled repairs.
• The AWD system is estimated to cost
approximately $3.2, $4.3, and $5.8
million for the 500-, 1,000-, and 3,000-
gpm systems, respectively. The total
annual operation and maintenance costs
are approximately $410,000, $630,000
and $1,500,000 for the 500-, 1,000-,
and 3,000-gpm systems, respectively.
FOR FURTHER INFORMATION:
EPA PROJECT MANAGERS:
Norma Lewis and Gordon Evans
U.S. EPA
Risk Reduction Engineering Laboratory
26 West Martin Luther King Drive
Cincinnati, OH 45268
513-569-7665 and 513-569-7684
TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPER CONTACT:
David Bluestein
AWD Technologies, Inc.
49 Stevenson Street, Suite 600
San Francisco, CA 94105
415-227-0822
The SITE Program assesses but does not
approve or endorse technologies.
Page 35
-------
Technology Profile
DEMONSTRATION PROGRAM
BABCOCK & WILCOX CO.
(Cyclone Furnace)
TECHNOLOGY DESCRIPTION:
The Babcock & Wilcox Co. (Babcock &
Wilcox) cyclone furnace is designed for the
combustion of high inorganic content (high-ash)
coal. The combination of high heat-release rates
(450,00 British thermal units [Btu] per cubic
foot of coal) and high turbulence in cyclones
assures achievement of the high temperatures
required for melting the high-ash fuels. The
inert ash exits the cyclone furnace as a vitrified
slag.
The furnace is water-cooled and simulates the
geometry of Babcock & Wilcox's single-cyclone,
front-wall-fired cyclone boilers. The pilot
cyclone furnace, shown below, is a scaled-down
version of a commercial coal-fired cyclone with
a restricted exit (throat). The furnace geometry
is a horizontal cylinder (barrel). Natural gas
and preheated combustion air [heated to 820
degrees fahrenheit (°F)] enter tangentially into
the cyclone burner. For dry soil processing, the
soil matrix and natural gas enter tangentially
along the cyclone furnace barrel. For wet soil
processing, an atomizer uses compressed air to
spray the soil paste directly into the furnace.
The soil is captured and melted, and organics
are destroyed in the gas phase or in the molten
slag layer formed and retained on the furnace
barrel wall by centrifugal action. The soil
melts, exits the cyclone furnace from the tap at
the cyclone throat, and is dropped into a water-
filled slag tank where it solidifies. A small
quantity of soil also exits as fly ash with the flue
gas from the furnace and is collected in a bag-
house. In principle, this fly ash can be recycled
to the furnace to increase metal capture and to
minimize the volume of the potentially hazar-
dous waste stream.
The energy requirements for vitrification are
15,000 Btu/lb of soil treated. Given the much
larger surface-to-volume ratio of the relatively
small pilot unit and its cool surface, a full-scale
unit can be expected to have proportionally
Combustion
air
Natural gas
injectors
Natural gas
Soil injector
Slag tap
\
Cyclone
barrel
Slag
quenching
tank
Cyclone Furnace
Page 36
The SITE Program assesses but does not
approve or endorse technologies.
-------
November 1992
lower energy requirements. The cyclone fur-
nace can be operated with gas, oil, or coal as the
supplemental fuel. The waste may also supply
a significant portion of the required heat input.
Particulates are controlled by a baghouse. To
maximize the capture of metals, a heat ex-
changer is used to cool the stack gases to ap-
proximately 200°F before they enter the bag-
house.
WASTE APPLICABILITY:
The cyclone vitrification technology is applicable
to highly contaminated inorganic hazardous
wastes; sludges; and soils that contain heavy
metals and organic constituents. The wastes
may be in the form of solids, a soil slurry (wet
soil), or liquids. To be treated in the cyclone
furnace, the ash or solid matrix must melt (with
or without additives) and flow at cyclone furnace
temperatures (2,400 to 3,000°F). Because the
technology captures heavy metals in the slag and
renders them nonleachable, an important applica-
tion is treatment of soils that contain lower-
volatility radionuclides such as strontium and
transuranics.
STATUS:
This technology was accepted into the SITE
Demonstration Program in August 1991. A
SITE demonstration occurred in November 1991
at the developer's facility. The process was
demonstrated using an EPA-supplied, wet,
synthetic soil matrix (SSM) spiked with heavy
metals (lead, cadmium, and chromium), organics
(anthracene and dimethylphthalate), and simulat-
ed radionuclides (bismuth, strontium, and
zirconium). The SSM was processed at a feed
rate of 170 pounds per hour. Almost 3 tons of
SSM were processed during the demonstration.
The vitrified slag toxicity characteristic leaching
procedure (TCLP) leachabilities were 0.29
milligrams per liter (mg/1) for lead, 0.12 mg/1
for cadmium, and 0.30 mg/L for chromium (all
pass the EPA TCLP limits). Almost 95 percent
of the noncombustible SSM was incorporated
into the slag. Greater than 75 percent of the
chromium, greater than 88 percent of the stron-
tium, and greater than 97 percent of the zirco-
nium were captured in the slag. Volume reduc-
tion was 28 percent on a dry basis. Destruction
and removal efficiencies (DRE) for anthracene
and dimethylphthalate were greater than 99.997
percent and 99.998 percent, respectively. Stack
particulates were 0.001 grams per dry standard
cubic feet (gr/dscf) at 7 percent oxygen, which
is below the Resource Conservation Recovery
Act (RCRA) limit of 0.08 gr/dscf. Carbon
monoxide and total hydrocarbons in the flue gas
were 6.0 parts per million (ppm) and 8.3 ppm,
respectively. The simulated radionuclides were
immobilized in the vitrified slag as measured
using the American Nuclear Society 16.1 Meth-
od.
FOR FURTHER INFORMATION:
EPA PROJECT MANAGER:
Laurel Staley
U.S. EPA
Risk Reduction Engineering Laboratory
26 West Martin Luther King Drive
Cincinnati, OH 45268
513-569-7863
TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPER CONTACT:
Lawrence King
Babcock & Wilcox Co.
1562 Beeson Street
Alliance, OH 44601
216-829-7576
The SITE Program assesses but does not
approve or endorse technologies.
Page 37
-------
Technology Profile
DEMONSTRATION PROGRAM
BERGMANN USA
(Soil and Sediment Washing)
TECHNOLOGY DESCRIPTION:
The Bergmann USA Soil and Sediment Washing
technology separates contaminated particles by
density and grain size (see photograph below).
The technology operates on the hypothesis that
most contamination is concentrated in the fine
particle fraction (-63 micron fines), and that
contamination of larger particles is generally not
extensive.
In this technology, contaminated soil is screened
to remove coarse rock and debris. Water and
chemical additives (such as surfactants, acids,
bases, and chelants) are added to the soil to
produce a slurry feed. The slurry feed flows to
an attrition scrubbing machine. Rotary trommel
screws, dense media separators, and other
equipment create mechanical and fluid shear
stress, removing contaminated silts and clay
from granular soil particles. Different separa-
tion processes then create output streams consist-
ing of granular soil particles, silts and clays, and
wash water.
Upflow classification and separation, also known
as elutriation, is used to separate light con-
taminated specific gravity materials such as
contaminated leaves, twigs, roots, or wood
chips.
WASTE APPLICABILITY:
This technology is suitable for treating sediment
contaminated with polychlorinated biphenyls
(PCB). The technology has been applied to soils
Bergmann USA Soil and Sediment Washing
Page 38
The SITE Program assesses but does not
approve or endorse technologies.
-------
November 1992
and sediments contaminated with organics and
heavy metals, including cadmium, chromium,
lead, creosote, copper, cyanides, fuel residues,
mercury, heavy petroleum, lead, nickel, PCBs,
radionuclides, and zinc.
STATUS:
This technology was accepted into the SITE
Demonstration Program in winter 1991. It was
field evaluated in Toronto, Ontario, in April
1992 (see Toronto Harbor Commission), and
Saginaw, Michigan, in May 1992.
FOR FURTHER INFORMATION:
EPA PROJECT MANAGER:
S. Jackson Hubbard
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
Risk Reduction Engineering Laboratory
26 West Martin Luther King Drive
Cincinnati, Ohio 45268
513-569-7507
TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPER CONTACT:
Richard Traver
Bergmann USA
1550 Airport Road
Gallatin, TN 37066-3739
615-452-5500
The SITE Program assesses but does not
approve or endorse technologies.
Page 39
-------
Technology Profile
DEMONSTRATION PROGRAM
BILLINGS AND ASSOCIATES, INC.
[Subsurface Volatilization and Ventilation System (SVVS)]
TECHNOLOGY DESCRIPTION:
The SWS (patent pending), developed by
Billings and Associates, Inc. (BAI), and operated
by Halliburton NUS Corporation under a licens-
ing agreement, uses a network of injection and
extraction wells (collectively, a reactor nest) to
treat subsurface organic contamination via soil
vacuum extraction combined with in situ bio-
degradation. Each system is custom-designed to
meet site-specific conditions. A series of injec-
tion and extraction wells is installed at a site.
The number and spacing of the wells depend
upon the results of applying a design parameter
matrix and modeling, as well as site physical,
chemical, and biological characteristics. One or
more vacuum pumps create negative pressure to
extract contaminant vapors, while an air com-
pressor simultaneously creates positive pressure
across the site. Control is maintained at a Vapor
Control Unit that houses pumps, control valves,
gauges, and other control mechanisms. At most
underground storage tank (UST) sites, the
extraction wells are placed above the water table
and the injection wells are placed below the
groundwater. The exact depth of the injection
wells and screen interval are additional design
considerations.
To enhance vaporization, solar panels are oc-
casionally used to heat the injected air. Ad-
ditional valves for limiting or increasing air flow
Subsurface Volatilization and Ventilation System (SVVS)
Page 40
The SITE Program assesses but does not
approve or endorse technologies.
-------
November 1992
and pressure are placed on individual reactor
nest lines (radials) or, at some sites, on in-
dividual well points. Depending upon ground-
water depths and fluctuation, horizontal vacuum
screens, "stubbed screens," or multiple-depth
completions can be applied. The system is
dynamic: positive and negative air flow can be
shifted to different locations on site to place the
most remediation stress on the areas requiring it.
Negative pressure is maintained at a suitable
level to prevent escape of vapors.
Because it provides oxygen to the subsurface,
the SVVS can enhance in situ bioremediation at
a site. The technology, unlike most air sparging
systems, is designed and operated to enhance
bioremediation, so it can decrease project life
significantly. These processes are normally
monitored by checking dissolved oxygen levels
in the aquifer, recording carbon dioxide in lines
and at the emission point, and periodically
sampling microbial populations. If air quality
permits require it, volatile organic compound
emissions can be treated by a patent-pending
biological filter that uses indigenous microbes
from the site.
BAI is focusing on increasing the micro-
biological effectiveness of the system and com-
pleting the testing of a mobile unit. The mobile
unit will allow rapid field pilot tests to support
the design process. This unit will also permit
actual remediation of small sites and of small,
recalcitrant areas on large sites.
WASTE APPLICABILITY:
The SVVS is applicable to sites with leaks or
spills of gasoline, diesel fuels, and other hydro-
carbons, includinghalogenated compounds. The
system is very effective on benzene, toluene,
ethylbenzene, and xylene (BTEX) contamination.
It can also be used to contain contaminant plum-
es through its unique vacuum and air injection
techniques. The technology should be effective
in treating soils contaminated with
virtually any material that has some volatility or
is biodegradable. The technology can be applied
to contaminated soil, sludges, free-phase hydro-
carbon product, and groundwater. By changing
the injected gases to cause anaerobic conditions
and by properly supporting the microbial popula-
tion, the SVVS can be used to remove nitrate
from groundwater. The aerobic SVVS raises the
redox potential of groundwater, to precipitate
and remove heavy metals.
STATUS:
The SVVS has been implemented at 30 UST
sites in New Mexico and Texas. This tech-
nology was accepted into the SITE Demonstra-
tion Program in winter 1991. A site in Buch-
anan, Michigan, was selected for the demonstra-
tion, and initial drilling and construction began
on July 20, 1992. The SVVS will be used to
remediate BTEX, tetrachloroethylene (PCE),
trichloroethylene (TCE), and dichloroethylene
(DCE) at the site. It is expected that the de-
monstration will begin in October 1992 and will
require 24 months to complete. Intermediate
results will be available throughout the project.
FOR FURTHER INFORMATION:
EPA PROJECT MANAGER:
Kim Lisa Kreiton
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
Risk Reduction Engineering Laboratory
26 West Martin Luther King Drive
Cincinnati, OH 45268
513-569-7328
TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPER CONTACT:
Gale Billings
Billings and Associates, Inc.
3816 Academy Parkway North, N.E.
Albuquerque, New Mexico 87109
505-345-1116
Fax: 505-345-1756
The SITE Program assesses but does not
approve or endorse technologies.
Page 41
-------
Technoloav Profile
DEMONSTRATION PROGRAM
BIOGENESIS ENTERPRISES, INC.
(BioGenesis™ Soil Washing Process)
TECHNOLOGY DESCRIPTION:
The BioGenesis™ process uses a specialized
truck, a complex surfactant, and water to clean
soil contaminated with organics. Ancillary
equipment includes gravity oil and water separa-
tors, coalescing filters, and a bioreactor. All
equipment is mobile, and treatment normally
occurs on site. The cleaning rate for oil con-
tamination of 5,000 parts per million (ppm) is
25 to 35 tons per hour. A single wash removes
85 to 99 percent of hydrocarbon contamination,
up to 15,000 ppm. High concentrations require
additional washes.
The figure below shows the soil washing pro-
cedure. Up to 35 tons (22 cubic yards) of
contaminated soil are loaded into a washer unit
containing water and BioGenesis™ cleaner. The
BioGenesis"1 cleaner is a light alkaline mixture
of natural and organic materials containing no
hazardous or petrochemical ingredients. For 15
to 30 minutes, aeration equipment agitates the
mixture, washing the soil and encapsulating oil
with BioGenesis8" cleaner. After washing, the
extracted oil is reclaimed, wash water is re-
cycled or treated, and the soil is dumped from
the soil washer. Hazardous organics, such as
polychlorinatedbiphenyls (PCB), can be extract-
ed in the same manner and processed using
compound-specific treatment methods.
Advantages of BioGenesis8* include (1) treatment
of soils containing both volatile and nonvolatile
oils, (2) treatment of soil containing up to 50
percent clays, (3) high processing rates, (4) on-
site operation, (5) production of reusable oil,
treatable water, and soil suitable for on-site
backfill, (6) absence of air pollution, except
during excavation, (7) and accelerated bio-
degradation of oil residuals in the soil.
WASTE APPLICABILITY:
This technology extracts volatile and nonvolatile
oils, chlorinated hydrocarbons, pesticides, and
other organics from most types of soils,
including clays. Treatable contaminants include
Contaminated
Soil
Clean
Soil
35 tons/hour
Washer Unit
Oily
Water
Oil for
Reclamation
Oil for
Reclamation
Oil/Water
Separation
Oily
"Water
Recycle to Next Load
T
Coalescing Filters
and
Bioreactor
Clean
Water
Air
BioGenesis
Cleaner
Water
Soil Washing Process
BioGenesis Air
Degrader
Page 42
The SITE Program assesses but does not
approve or endorse technologies.
-------
November 1992
asphalteens, heating oils, diesel fuel, gasoline,
PCBs, and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons.
STATUS:
The BioGenesis8* technology, commercialized in
Europe during 1990, was accepted into the SITE
Demonstration Program in June 1990. The
process was demonstrated at Santa Maria, Cali-
fornia in May 1992, and a second demonstration
is scheduled for fall 1992 at March Air Force
Base in California. Full commercial operations
began in Wisconsin in September 1992. Expan-
sion to California and the northeast region is
scheduled during 1993.
Research continues to extend application of the
technology to acid extractables, base and neutral
extractables, pesticides, and acutely hazardous
materials.
FOR FURTHER INFORMATION:
EPA PROJECT MANAGER:
Annette Gatchett
U.S. EPA
Risk Reduction Engineering Laboratory
26 West Martin Luther King Drive
Cincinnati, OH 45268
513-569-7697
Fax: 513-569-7620
TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPER CONTACTS:
Charles Wilde
BioGenesis Enterprises, Inc.
10626 Beechnut Court
Fairfax Station, VA 22039-1926
703-250-3442
Fax: 703-250-3559
Mohsen Amiran
BioGenesis Enterprises, Inc.
330 South Mt. Prospect Road
Des Plaines, IL 60016
708-827-0024
Fax: 708-827-0025
The SITE Program assesses but does not
approve or endorse technologies.
Page 43
-------
Technology Profile
DEMONSTRATION PROGRAM
BIO-RECOVERY SYSTEMS, INC.
(Biological Sorption)
TECHNOLOGY DESCRIPTION:
The AlgaSORB® sorption process is designed to
remove heavy metal ions from aqueous solu-
tions. The process is based on the natural
affinity of algae cell walls for heavy metal ions.
In many applications, AlgaSORB® is highly
selective in capturing the metal of interest with-
out being saturated by large concentrations of
salts. AlgaSORB® seems particularly effective
in removing mercury and uranium from ground-
water.
The sorption medium comprises algal cells
immobilized in a silica gel polymer. This
immobilization serves two purposes: (1) it
protects the algal cells from decomposition by
other microorganisms, and (2) it produces a hard
material that can be packed into chromatographic
columns that, when pressurized, still exhibit
good flow characteristics.
The system functions as a biological ion-
exchange resin to bind both metallic cations
(positively charged ions, such as mercury, Hg+2)
and metallic oxoanions (large, complex, oxygen-
containing ions with a negative charge, such as
selenium oxide, SeO4"2). Anions such as chlo-
rides or sulfates are only weakly bound or not
bound at all.
Like ion-exchange resins, the algae-silica system
can be recycled. However, in contrast to cur-
rent ion-exchange technology, the components of
hard water (calcium, Ca+2, and magnesium,
Mg+2) or monovalent cations (sodium, Na+, and
potassium, K+) do not significantly interfere
with the binding of toxic heavy metal ions to the
algae-silica matrix.
After the media are saturated, the metals are
stripped from the algae using acids, bases, or
other suitable reagents. This produces a small
volume of very concentrated metal-containing
solutions that must be further treated.
The photograph below shows a 100 gallon per
minute (gpm) ion exchange system designed to
Ion Exchange System
Page 44-
The SITE Program assesses but does not
approve or endorse technologies.
-------
November 1992
operate with either AlgaSORB® or conventional
chemical resins. Smaller and larger systems
have been designed and manufactured.
WASTE APPLICABILITY:
This technology is useful for removing metal
ions from groundwater or surface leachates that
are "hard" or contain high levels of dissolved
solids. Rinse waters from electroplating, metal
finishing, and printed circuit board manu-
facturing industries can also be treated. Varia-
tions of the technology, some using other ad-
sorbents, may be used to recover spent acid
from metal pickling lines and maintain the purity
of chemical baths that use heavy metals.
The system can remove heavy metals such as
aluminum, cadmium, chromium, cobalt, copper,
gold, iron, lead, manganese, mercury, molyb-
denum, nickel, platinum, silver, uranium, vana-
dium, and zinc.
STATUS:
Under the Emerging Technology Program, the
AlgaSORB® sorption process was tested on
mercury-contaminated groundwater at a hazar-
dous waste site in Oakland, California, in fall
1989. The final report (EPA/540/5-90/005a) is
available. Based on the test results,
Bio-Recovery Systems, Inc. was invited to
participate in the Demonstration Program.
Further work, supported by the U.S.
Department of Energy (DOE) and Argonne
National Laboratory, was conducted on ground-
water containing mercury and uranium from the
Oak Ridge, Savannah River, and Hanford DOE
sites. The final report, "Remediation of
Groundwater containing Radionuclides, Heavy
Metals, Inorganic Ions, and/or Organics using
the AlgaSORB® Biosorbent System" has been
submitted to Argonne National Laboratory.
The process is being commercialized for ground-
water treatment and industrial point source
treatment.
FOR FURTHER INFORMATION:
EPA PROJECT MANAGER:
Naomi Barkley
U.S. EPA
Risk Reduction Engineering Laboratory
26 West Martin Luther King Drive
Cincinnati, OH 45268
513-569-7854
TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPER CONTACT:
Tom Powers
Bio-Recovery Systems, Inc.
2001 Copper Avenue
Las Cruces, NM 88005
505-523-0405
800-697-2001
Fax: 505-523-1638
The SITE Program assesses but does not
approve or endorse technologies.
Page 45
-------
Technology Profile
DEMONSTRATION PROGRAM
BIO-REM, INC.
(Augmented In Situ Subsurface Bioremediation Process)
TECHNOLOGY DESCRIPTION:
Bio-Rem, Inc.'s Augmented In Situ Subsurface
Bioremediation Process uses a proprietary blend
(H-10) of microaerophilic bacteria and micro-
nutrients for subsurface bioremediation of hydro-
carbon contamination in soil and water (see
figure below). The insertion methodology is
adaptable to site-specific situations. The bacteria
are hardy and can treat contaminants in a wide
temperature range. The process does not require
additional oxygen or oxygen-producing com-
pounds, such as hydrogen peroxide. Degrada-
tion products include carbon dioxide and water.
The bioremediation process consists of four
steps: (1) defining and characterizing the con-
tamination plume; (2) selecting a site-specific
application methodology; (3) initiating and
propagating the bacterial culture; and (4) cleanup
monitoring and reporting.
WASTE APPLICABILITY:
This technology treats soil and water con-
taminated with hydrocarbons, halogenated
hydrocarbons, and chlorinated compounds.
About 240 compounds have been identified
which can be successfully treated by this pro-
cess.
STATUS:
This technology was accepted into the SITE
Demonstration Program in winter 1991. The
technology is being demonstrated at Williams
Microaerophilic
Bacteria
1
Water
_l
H-10
Contaminated
Soil
Clean
Soil
Micronutrlents
Augmented In Situ Subsurface Bioremediation Process
Page 46
The SITE Program assesses but does not
approve or endorse technologies.
-------
November 1992
Air Force Base in Phoenix, AZ. The demons-
tration is expected to be completed by the end of
1992. Bio-Rem has remediated sites in Illinois
and Michigan and has completed additional work
in Indiana, Texas, Kentucky, Ohio, and Illinois.
FOR FURTHER INFORMATION:
EPA PROJECT MANAGER:
Reinaldo Matfas
U.S. EPA
Risk Reduction Engineering Laboratory
26 West Martin Luther King Drive
Cincinnati, OH 45268
513-569-7149
TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPER CONTACT:
David Mann
Bio-Rem, Inc.
P.O. Box 116
Butler, IN 46721
219-868-5823
800-428-4626
Fax: 219-868-5851
The SITE Program assesses but does not
approve or endorse technologies.
Page 47
-------
Technology Profile
DEMONSTRATION PROGRAM
BIOTROL, INC.
(Biological Aqueous Treatment System)
TECHNOLOGY DESCRIPTION:
The BioTrol Aqueous Treatment System (BATS)
is a patented biological treatment system that
effectively treats contaminated groundwater and
process water. The system uses naturally occur-
ring microbes; however, hi some instances a
specific microorganism may be added. This
technique, known as microbial amendment, is
important if a highly toxic or recalcitrant target
compound is present. The amended microbial
system removes both the target contaminant and
the background organic carbon.
The figure below is a schematic of the BATS.
Contaminated water enters a mix tank, where the
pH is adjusted and inorganic nutrients are added.
If necessary, the water is heated to an optimum
temperature, using both a heater and a heat
exchanger to minimize energy costs. The water
then flows to the bioreactor, where the con-
taminants are biodegraded.
The microorganisms that perform the degrada-
tion are immobilized in a multiple-cell, sub-
merged, fixed-film bioreactor. Each cell is
filled with a highly porous packing material to
which the microbes adhere. For aerobic con-
ditions, air is supplied by fine bubble membrane
diffusers mounted at the bottom of each cell.
The system may also run under anaerobic con-
ditions.
As the water flows through the bioreactor, the
contaminants are degraded to biological end-
products, predominantly carbon dioxide and
water. The resulting effluent may be discharged
to a publicly owned treatment works (POTW) or
may be reused on site. In some cases, discharge
with a National Pollutant Discharge Elimination
System (NPDES) permit may be possible.
WASTE APPLICABILITY:
This technology may be applied to a wide var-
iety of wastewaters, including groundwater,
lagoons, and process water. Contaminants
amenable to treatment include penta-
chlorophenol, creosote components, gasoline and
fuel oil components, chlorinated hydrocarbons,
Influent
Blowers
BioTrol Aqueous Treatment System (BATS)
Page 48
The SITE Program assesses but does not
approve or endorse technologies.
-------
November 1992
phenolics, and solvents. Other potential target
waste streams include coal tar residues and
organic pesticides. The technology may also be
effective for treating certain inorganic com-
pounds such as nitrates; however, this ap-
plication has not yet been demonstrated. The
system does not treat metals.
STATUS:
During 1986 and 1987, BioTrol, Inc., performed
a successful 9-month pilot field test of BATS at
a wood-preserving facility. Since that time, the
firm has installed more than 20 full-scale sys-
tems and has performed several pilot-scale
demonstrations. These systems have success-
fully treated gasoline, mineral spirit solvent,
phenol, and creosote-contaminated waters.
The SITE demonstration of the BATS tech-
nology took place from July 24 to September 1,
1989, at the MacGillis and Gibbs Superfund site
in New Brighton, Minnesota. The system was
operated continuously for 6 weeks at three
different flow rates. The Applications Analysis
Report (AAR) (EPA/540/A5-91/001) has been
published. The Technology Evaluation Report
(TER) is available from NTIS (Order No.
PB92-110048/AS).
DEMONSTRATION RESULTS:
The SITE demonstration yielded the following
results:
• Reduced pentachlorophenol con-
centrations from —45 to 1 ppm or less
in a single pass
• Achieved 96 to 99 percent removal of
PCP
• Produced minimal sludge and no air
emissions of pentachlorophenol
• Mineralized chlorinated phenolics
• Eliminated biotoxicity in the ground-
water
• Appeared to be unaffected by low con-
centrations of oil/grease (~ 50 ppm) and
heavy metals in groundwater
• Required minimal operator attention
FOR FURTHER INFORMATION:
EPA PROJECT MANAGER:
Mary Stinson
U.S. EPA
Risk Reduction Engineering Laboratory
2890 Woodbridge Avenue
Edison, NJ 08837
908-321-6683
TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPER CONTACT:
Dennis Chilcote
BioTrol, Inc.
11 Peavey Road
Chaska, MN 55318
612-448-2515
Fax: 612-448-6050
The SITE Program assesses but does not
approve or endorse technologies.
Page 49
-------
Technology Profile
DEMONSTRATION PROGRAM
BIOTROL, INC.
(Soil Washing System)
TECHNOLOGY DESCRIPTION:
The BioTrol Soil Washing System is a patented,
water-based, volume reduction process used to
treat excavated soil. The system may be applied
to contaminants concentrated in the fine-size
fraction of soil (silt, clay, and soil organic
matter) or to contamination associated with the
coarse (sand and gravel) soil fraction.
As a part of the process, debris is removed from
the soil, and the soil is mixed with water and
subjected to various unit operations common to
the mineral processing industry. These opera-
tions can include mixing trommels, pug mills,
vibrating screens, froth flotation cells, attrition
scrubbing machines, hydrocyclones, screw
classifiers, and various dewatering operations
(see figure below).
The core of the process is a multi-stage, counter-
current, intensive scrubbing circuit with inter-
stage classification. The scrubbing action dis-
integrates soil aggregates, freeing contaminated
fine particles from the coarser material. In
addition, surficial contamination is removed
from the coarse fraction by the abrasive scouring
action of the particles themselves. Contaminants
may also be solubilized, as dictated by solubility
characteristics or partition coefficients.
Residual products that are contaminated can be
treated by other methods. Process water is
normally recycled after biological or physical
treatment. Options for the contaminated fines
include off-site disposal, incineration, stabiliza-
tion, and biological treatment.
WASTE APPLICABILITY:
This technology was initially developed to clean
soils contaminated with wood preserving wastes,
such as polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH)
and pentachlorophenol (PCP). The technology
may also be applied to soils contaminated with
petroleum hydrocarbons, pesticides, poly-
chlorinated biphenyls (PCB), various industrial
chemicals, and metals.
Recycle
'
Contaminated
Silt/Clay
BioTrol Soil Washing System Process Diagram
Page 50
The SITE Program assesses but does not
approve or endorse technologies.
-------
November 1992
STATUS:
The SITE demonstration of the soil washing
technology took place from September 25 to
October 30, 1989, at the MacGillis and Gibbs
Superfund site in New Brighton, Minnesota. A
pilot-scale unit with a treatment capacity of 500
pounds per hour was operated 24 hours per day
during the demonstration. Feed for the first
phase of the demonstration (2 days) consisted of
soil contaminated with 130 parts per million
(ppm) PCP and 247 ppm total PAHs. During
the second phase (7 days), soil containing 680
ppm PCP and 404 ppm total PAHs was fed to
the system.
Contaminated process water from soil washing
was treated biologically in a fixed-film reactor
and was recycled. A portion of the con-
taminated fines generated during soil washing
was treated biologically in a three-stage, pilot-
scale EIMCO Biolift™ reactor system supplied
by the EIMCO Process Equipment Company.
The Applications Analysis Report (AAR)
(EPA/540/A5-91/003) has been published. The
Technology Evaluation Report (TER) is avail-
able from NTIS (Volume I Order No. PB92-115
310 VI, Volume II Order No. PB92-115 328-
V2-PtA and PB92-115 336-V2-PtB).
DEMONSTRATION RESULTS:
Key findings from the BioTrol demonstration are
summarized below:
• Feed soil (dry weight basis) was suc-
cessfully separated into 83 percent
washed soil, 10 percent woody residues,
and 7 percent fines. The washed soil
retained about 10 percent of the feed
soil contamination; while 90 percent of
the feed soil contamination was con-
tained within the woody residues, fines,
and process wastes.
• The soil washer removed up to 89 per-
cent of PCP and 88 percent of the total
PAHs, based on the difference between
ppm levels in the contaminated (wet)
feed soil and the washed soil.
• The system degraded up to 94 percent of
the PCPs in the process water from soil
washing. PAH removal could not be
determined because of low influent
concentrations.
• Cost of a commercial-scale soil washing
system, assuming use of all three tech-
nologies, was estimated to be $168 per
ton. Incineration of woody material
accounts for 76 percent of the cost.
FOR FURTHER INFORMATION:
EPA PROJECT MANAGER:
Mary Stinson
U.S. EPA
Risk Reduction Engineering Laboratory
2890 Woodbridge Avenue
Edison, NJ 08837
908-321-6683
TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPER CONTACTS:
Dennis Chilcote
BioTrol, Inc.
11 Peavey Road
Chaska, MN 55318
612-448-2515
Fax: 612-448-6050
Pamela Sheehan
BioTrol, Inc.
210 Carnegie Center, Suite 101
Princeton, NJ 08540
609-951-0314
Fax: 609-951-0316
The SITE Program assesses but does not
approve or endorse technologies.
Page 51
-------
Technology Profile
DEMONSTRATION PROGRAM
BRICE ENVIRONMENTAL SERVICES CORPORATION
(Soil Washing Plant)
TECHNOLOGY DESCRIPTION:
The Brice Environmental Services Corporation
(BESCOKP) soil washing plant is a highly
portable, cost-effective, aboveground process for
reducing the overall volume of contaminated soil
requiring treatment.
The demonstration plant is contained on an 8-by-
40-foot trailer and transported with a pickup
truck. The processing rate depends on the
percentage of soil fines in the feed material.
During the SITE demonstration, the BESCORP
system processed between 2.5 and 5 tons of
contaminated soil per hour; however, the unit
can operate at up to 20 tons per hour. The
system uses conventional mineral processing
equipment for deagglomeration, density separa-
tion, and material sizing, centered around a
patented process for effective fine particle sep-
aration. By use of high attrition and wash
water, soil contaminants are partitioned to fine
soil fractions. Oversized coarse soil fractions
are washed in clean water before exiting the
plant for redeposition on site. Process water is
containerized, recirculated, and treated to re-
move suspended and dissolved contaminants.
Fine contaminated soil fractions are con-
tainerized automatically during plant operation.
The BESCORP system can be up-scaled; a 150-
ton-per-hour plant, built in 1989 for mining
gold, processed 47,000 cubic yards (71,400
tons) of material. '
WASTE APPLICABILITY:
The BESCORP technology can be used to treat
soil contaminated with radioactive and heavy
BESCORP Soil Washing Plant
Page 52
The SITE Program assesses but does not
approve or endorse technologies.
-------
November 1992
metals. Metals concentration will not influence
system throughput. Currently BESCORP is
designing a plant that employs soil washing for
remediation of hydrocarbon-contaminated soil.
The BESCORP technology recirculates all
process water and containerizes the entire waste
stream; the only noncontainerized products
leaving the plant are washed, clean coarse soil
fractions. Its complete containment of the waste
stream makes the BESCORP system an environ-
mentally responsible approach to soil remedia-
tion.
STATUS:
The BESCORP soil washing plant was accepted
into the SITE Demonstration Program in winter
1991. Under the program, the BESCORP
system was demonstrated in late summer 1992
for the remediation of lead-contaminated soil at
the Alaskan Battery Enterprises (ABE)
Superfund site in Fairbanks, Alaska. Results of
the demonstration are scheduled for publication
during summer 1993.
The ABE site was added to the National
Priorities List because of high levels of lead
found in site soils and the potential for ground-
water contamination. The lead contamination
resulted from past manufacturing and recycling
of batteries at the site. EPA removed some
contaminated soil from the site in 1988 and
1989. Further site testing in 1990 revealed that
additional contaminated soil remained on site.
BESCORP was selected primarily because the
site soil is gravelly to sandy soil with a
minimum of clay and silt. These soil character-
istics make the site highly amenable to the
BESCORP soil washing system. Analysis of the
excavated soil revealed large quantities of metal-
lic lead and contaminated battery casings;
BESCORP quickly modified its process to
separate these additional contaminants.
Through the work at the ABE site, the
BESCORP project is establishing two new
precedents for the SITE program:
• Volume Processed
Over 100 yards of material was processed.
• Contaminant Recycling
BESCORP's unique approach for isolat-
ing and automatically containerizing
three lead contaminant types (co-
ntaminated soil fines, elemental lead,
and battery casings and chips) with an
in-line process recovers metallic lead
and enables washed battery casings to be
recycled.
FOR FURTHER INFORMATION:
EPA PROJECT MANAGER:
Hugh Masters
U.S. EPA
Risk Reduction Engineering Laboratory
2890 Woodbridge Avenue
Edison, NJ 08837
908-321-6678
TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPER CONTACT:
Craig Jones
BESCORP
P.O. Box 73520
Fairbanks, AK 99707
907-452-2512
The SITE Program assesses but does not
approve or endorse technologies.
Page 53
-------
Technology Profile
DEMONSTRATION PROGRAM
CANONIE ENVIRONMENTAL SERVICES CORPORATION
(Low Temperature Thermal Aeration - LTTA®)
TECHNOLOGY DESCRIPTION:
The Low Temperature Thermal Aeration
(LTTA*) technology (see figure below) is a low-
temperature desorption process. It removes
organic contaminants from contaminated soils
into a contained air stream, which is extensively
treated to either collect the contaminants or to
thermally destroy them.
A direct-fired rotary dryer is used to heat an air
stream which, by direct contact, desorbs water
and organic contaminants from the soil. Soil
can be heated up to 800 degrees Fahrenheit
(°F). The processed soil is quenched to cool it
and to mitigate dust problems. It is then dis-
charged into a stockpile. The hot air stream
containing vaporized water and organics is
treated by one of two air pollution control
systems. One treatment system removes the
organic contaminants from the air stream by
adsorption on granular activated carbon (GAC)
and includes the following units in a series:
(1) cyclones and baghouse for paniculate re-
moval; (2) wet scrubber for acid gas and some
organic vapor removal; (3) GAC adsorption beds
for organic removal.
The second air stream treatment system can treat
soils containing high concentrations of petroleum
hydrocarbons. It includes the following units in
a series: (1) cyclones for particle removal;
(2) thermal oxidizer/afterburner for destruction
of organics; (3) quench tower for cooling of air
stream; (4) baghouse for additional particle
removal; (5) wet scrubber for acid gas removal.
The treated soil, once verified to meet the
treatment criteria, can be backfilled on site
without restrictions. The LTTA* process gener-
COHTR'OL-
..TRAILER
',l; ,v
P>VENTURI
:.'. SCRUBBER.
'~''•-.'• >TEED'"HOPPE'R ••..••'•••
^:<Ł?m
<:<>>=:;Sli
-------
November 1992
ates no wastewater or waste soils. When the
GAC beds are used for air pollution control, the
spent GAC is regenerated or incinerated.
WASTE APPLICABILITY:
LTTA® can remove volatile organic compounds
(VOC), semivolatile organic compounds
(SVOC), organochlorine pesticides (OCP),
organophosphorous pesticides (OPP), and total
petroleum hydrocarbons (TPH) from soils,
sediments, and some sludges. LTTA® has been
used at full-scale to remove VOCs such as
benzene, toluene, tetrachloroethylene (PCE),
trichloroethylene (TCE), and dichloroethylene
(DCE); SVOCs such as acenaphthene, chrysene,
naphthalene, and pyrene; OCPs such as DDT
and its metabolites, and toxaphene; OPPs such
as ethyl parathion, methyl parathion, merphos,
mevinphos, and TPHs.
STATUS:
The LTTA® technology was accepted into the
SITE Demonstration Program in summer 1992.
A demonstration was performed on soils con-
taminated with OCPs at a pesticide site in Ari-
zona during September 1992. Results will be
published in an Applications Analysis Report
and Technology Evaluation Report.
The full-scale LTTA® system has remediated
contaminated soils at six sites including three
Superfund sites. More than 60,000 tons of soil
have been treated by the full-scale LTTA®
system.
FOR FURTHER INFORMATION:
EPA PROJECT MANAGER:
Paul dePercin
U.S. EPA
Risk Reduction Engineering Laboratory
26 West Martin Luther King Drive
Cincinnati, OH 45268
513-569-7797
TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPER CONTACTS:
Chetan Trivedi or Joseph Hutton
Canonie Environmental Services Corporation
800 Canonie Drive
Porter, IN 46304
219-926-7169
The SITE Program assesses but does not
approve or endorse technologies.
Page 55
-------
Technology Profile
DEMONSTRA TION PROGRAM
GET ENVIRONMENTAL SERVICES-SANIVAN GROUP
(SoU Treatment with Extraksol™)
TECHNOLOGY DESCRIPTION:
Extraksol™ is a solvent extraction technology on
a modular transportable system. This batch
process extracts organic contaminants from soil
using proprietary, nonchlorinated organic sol-
vents. The solvents are regenerated by distilla-
tion, and the contaminants are concentrated in
the distillation residues.
The three treatment steps — soil washing, soil
drying, and solvent regeneration — occur on a
flatbed trailer for the smaller unit and on a skid-
mounted rig for the larger unit. The smaller
unit can process 1 ton of soil per hour, and the
larger unit 3 to 6 tons per hour. The extraction
fluid (solvent) is circulated through the con-
taminated matrix within an extraction chamber
(see photograph below) to wash the soil. Con-
trolled temperature and pressure optimize the
washing procedure. Hot inert gas dries the soil.
The gas vaporizes the residual extract fluid and
carries it from the extraction chamber to a
condenser, where the solvent is separated from
the gas. The solvent-free gas is reheated and
reinjected into the soil, as required, for complete
drying. After the drying cycle, the decon-
taminated soil may be returned to its original
location.
Distillation of the contaminated solvent achieves
two major objectives: (1) it minimizes the
amount of solvent required to perform the
extraction by regenerating it in a closed loop,
and (2) it significantly reduces the volume of
contaminants requiring further treatment or off^
site disposal by concentrating them in the still
bottoms.
WASTE APPLICABILITY:
The process extracts organic contaminants from
solids, including poly chlorinated biphenyls
(PCB), pentachlorophenol (PCP), polycyclic
aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH), monocyclic
aromatic hydrocarbons (MAH), pesticides, oils,
Extraction Chamber
Page 56
The SITE Program assesses but does not
approve or endorse technologies.
-------
November 1992
and hydrocarbons. The process has the fol-
io whig soil restrictions:
• A maximum clay fraction of 40 percent
• A maximum water content of 30 percent
• A maximum particle diameter, if porous
material, of approximately 2 inches
(preferably 1/4 inch or smaller)
• A maximum particle diameter, if non-
porous material, of 1 to 2 feet, but
maximum size is not recommended
(particles with a diameter of 4 inches or
less are preferred)
The process can also extract volatile con-
taminants such as gasoline and solvents through
stripping and condensation.
STATUS:
This technology was accepted into the SITE
Demonstration Program in June 1990. The
process has been tested in several pilot projects
on a range of contaminants. The demonstration
scheduled in Washburn, Maine, was canceled by
the developer. This project is on temporary
hold.
FOR FURTHER INFORMATION:
EPA PROJECT MANAGER:
Mark Meckes
U.S. EPA
Risk Reduction-Engineering Laboratory
26 West Martin Luther King Drive
Cincinnati, OH 45268
513-569-7348
TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPER CONTACT:
Pierre Fauteux
CET'Environmental Services-Sanivan Group
1705 Third Avenue
P.A.T. Montreal, Qiiebec
HIB 5M9
Canada
514-645-1621
The SITE Program assesses but does not
approve or endorse technologies.
Page 57
-------
Technology Profile
DEMONSTRATION PROGRAM
CF SYSTEMS CORPORATION
(Solvent Extraction)
TECHNOLOGY DESCRIPTION:
The CF Systems Corporation technology uses
liquified gases as solvent to extract organics
from sludges, contaminated soils, and waste-
water. Propane is the solvent typically used for
sludges and contaminated soils, while carbon
dioxide is used for wastewater streams. The
system is available as either a continuous flow
unit for pumpable wastes or a batch system for
non-pumpable soils and sludges.
Contaminated solids, slurries, or wastewaters are
fed into the extractor (see figure below) along
with solvent. Typically, more than 99 percent
of the organics are extracted from the feed.
Following phase separation of the solvent and
organics, the mixture of solvent and organics
passes from the treated feed to the solvent
recovery system. Once hi the solvent recovery
system, the solvent is vaporized and recycled as
fresh solvent. The organics are drawn off and
either reused or disposed of. Treated feed is
discharged from the extractor as a slurry in
water.
The extractor design is different for con-
taminated wastewaters and semisolids. A tray
tower contactor is used for wastewaters, and a
series of extractor/decanters are used for solids
and semisolids.
WASTE APPLICABILITY:
This technology can be applied to soils and
sludges containing volatile and semivolatile
organic compounds and other higher boiling
complex organics, such as polyaromatic hydro-
carbons (PAH), poly chlorinated biphenyls
(PCB), dioxins, and pentachlorophenol (PCP).
This process can also treat refinery wastes and
organically contaminated wastewater.
STATUS:
Under the SITE Program, a mobile demonstra-
tion unit (MDU) was tested on PCB-laden
sediments from the New Bedford
(Massachusetts) Harbor Superfund site during
September 1988. PCB concentrations in the
harbor sediment ranged from 300 parts per
Recovered
Organics
Treated Cake
To Disposal
Solvent Extraction Remediation Process
Page 58
The SITE Program assesses but does not
approve or endorse technologies.
-------
November 1992
million (ppm) to 2,500 ppm. The Technology
Evaluation Report (EPA/540/5-90/002) and the
Applications Analysis Report
(EPA/540/A5-90/002) were published in August
1990.
CF Systems Corporation completed the first
commercial on-site treatment operation at Star
Enterprise, in Port Arthur, Texas. The propane-
based solvent extraction unit processed listed
refinery K- and F-wastes, producing treated
solids that met EPA land-ban requirements. The
unit operated continuously from March 1991 to
March 1992, with an on-line availability in
excess of 90 percent. Following fixation for
heavy metals, the treated solids were disposed of
in a Class I landfill.
During operation, 100 percent of the feed mat-
erial treated met land-ban specifications. Multi-
ple feeds, including API Separator solids, slop
oil emulsion solids, slop oils, and contaminated
soils, were treated.
The technology was selected by EPA Region 6
and the Texas Water Commission on a sole-
source basis for cleanup of the 80,000-cubic-
yard United Creosoting site in Conroe, Texas.
This Superfund site is heavily contaminated with
wood treatment wastes.
Other on-going demonstrations and applications
of this technology include an on-site pilot
demonstration at the O'Connor Superfund site in
Augusta, Maine for Central Maine Power. This
site is heavily contaminated with PCBs and has
a cleanup standard of 1 ppm.
DEMONSTRATION RESULTS:
This technology was demonstrated concurrently
with dredging studies managed by the U.S.
Army Corps of Engineers. Contaminated sedi-
ments were treated by the CF Systems Pit
Cleanup Unit, using a liquified propane and
butane mixture as the extraction solvent.
Extraction efficiencies were high, despite some
operating difficulties during the tests.
Development of full-scale commercial systems,
including batch extractors, eliminated problems
with the pilot plant at the New Bedford site.
The field evaluation yielded the following re-
sults:
• Extraction efficiencies of 90 to 98 percent
were achieved on sediments containing
PCBs between 360 and 2,575 ppm. PCB
concentrations were as low as 8 ppm in the
treated sediment.
• In the laboratory, extraction efficiencies of
99.9 percent have been obtained for vol-
atile and semivolatile organics in aqueous
and semisolid wastes.
• Operating problems included solids reten-
tion in the system hardware and foaming in
receiving tanks. Successful corrective
measures were implemented in the full-
scale commercial units.
• Projected costs for PCB cleanup are est-
imated at approximately $150 to $450 per
ton, including material handling and pre-
and post-treatment costs. These costs are
highly sensitive to the utilization factor and
job size, which may result in lower costs
for large cleanups.
FOR FURTHER INFORMATION:
EPA PROJECT MANAGER:
Laurel Staley
U.S. EPA
Risk Reduction Engineering Laboratory
26 West Martin Luther King Drive
Cincinnati, OH 45268
513-569-7863
TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPER CONTACT:
Chris Shallice
CF Systems Corporation
3D Gill Street
Woburn, MA 01801
617-937-0800
The SITE Program assesses but does not
approve or endorse technologies.
Page 59
-------
Technology Profile
DEMONSTRA TION PROGRAM
CHEMF1X TECHNOLOGIES, INC.
(Solidification and Stabilization)
TECHNOLOGY DESCRIPTION:
In this solidification and stabilization process,
pozzolanic materials react with polyvalent metal
ions and other waste components to produce a
chemically and physically stable solid material.
Optional accelerators and precipitators may
include soluble silicates, carbonates, phosphates,
and borates. The end product may be similar to
soil, depending upon the water added or con-
tained in the waste stream.
Typically, the waste is first blended hi a reaction
vessel with pozzolanic materials containing
calcium hydroxide, which is dispersed through-
out an aqueous phase (see figure below). The
reagents react with one another and with toxic
metal ions, forming both anionic and cationic
metal complexes. Pozzolanic accelerators and
metal precipitating agents can be added either
prior to the dry binder or after the binder is
initially mixed with the waste. When a water
soluble silicate reacts with the waste and the
pozzolanic binder system, colloidal silicate gel
strengths are increased within the binder/waste
matrix assisting in the fixation of polyvalent
metal cations. A large percentage of the heavy
metals become part of the calcium silicate and
aluminate colloidal structures formed by the
pozzolans and calcium hydroxide. Some of the
metals, such as lead, adsorb to the surface of the
pozzolanic structures. The entire pozzolanic
matrix, when physically cured, decreases toxic
metal mobility by reducing the incursion of
leaching liquids into and out of the stabilized
matrices.
The system shown below, with modifications,
may be applied to wastes containing solids
between 10 to 100 percent.
WASTE APPLICABILITY:
This technology is suitable for contaminated
soils, sludges, ashes, and other solid wastes.
The process is particularly applicable to wastes
REAGENT TRUCK\
UNLOADING /
REAGENT TRUCK \
UNLOADING /
WASTE INPUT
WATER SUPPLY)
REAGENT TRUCK\
UNLOADING /
LIQUID REAGENT #1
FEED PUMP
WATER
TANK
WATER
TANK
f
f
^
W
FEEC
^
LIQUID
REAGENT s
TANK
LIQUID REAGENT #2
FEED PUMP
•TO CONTAINMENT AREA
TRANSFER PUMP
Process Flow Diagram
Page 60
The SITE Program assesses but does not
approve or endorse technologies.
-------
November 1992
such as electroplating sludges, electric arc
furnace dust, heavy metal contaminated soils, oil
field drilling muds and cuttings, and municipal
sewage sludges. Heavy metals, such as anti-
mony, arsenic, lead, cadmium, hexavalent
chromium, mercury, copper, and zinc, are some
of the metals that can be treated using this
technology. In addition, when combined with
specialized binders and additives, this technology
can be used to stabilize low-level nuclear wastes.
STATUS:
The technology was demonstrated in March
1989 at the Portable Equipment Salvage Co. site
inClackamas, Oregon. The Technology Evalua-
tion Report (TER) was published in September
1990 (EPA/540/5-89/01 la). The Applications
Analysis Report (AAR) was completed in May
1991 (EPA/540/A5-89/011).
In addition, Chemfix Technologies, Inc., has
applied a high solids CHEMSET® reagent
protocol approach to the treatment of about
30,000 cubic yards of hexavalent
chromium-contaminated waste with a high solids
content. The average chromium level after
treatment was less than 0.15 milligrams per liter
(mg/L) and met Toxicity Characteristic Leaching
Procedure (TCLP) criteria. The final product
permeabilities were less than 1 x 10~4 centi-
meters per second (cm/sec).
DEMONSTRATION RESULTS:
• The technology effectively reduced
concentrations of copper and lead in the
wastes. The concentrations in the TCLP
extracts from the treated wastes were 94
to 99 percent less than those from the
untreated wastes. Total lead con-
centrations in the untreated waste ap-
proached 14 percent.
• The volume of the excavated waste
material increased between 20 to 50
percent.
• In the durability tests, the treated wastes
showed little or no weight loss after 12
cycles of wetting and drying or freezing
and thawing.
• The unconfined compressive strength
(UCS) of the wastes varied between 27
and 307 pounds per square inch after 28
days. Hydraulic conductivity of the
treated material ranged between
1 x 10"6 cm/sec and 6.4 x 10'7 cm/sec.
• Air monitoring data suggest there was
no significant volatilization of poly-
chlorinated biphenyls (PCB) during the
treatment process.
• The cost of the treatment process was
estimated at approximately $73 per ton
of raw waste treated, not including
excavation, pretreatment, and disposal.
FOR FURTHER INFORMATION:
EPA PROJECT MANAGER:
Edwin Earth
U.S. EPA
Center for Environmental Research
Information
26 West Martin Luther King Drive
Cincinnati, OH 45268
513-569-7669
TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPER CONTACTS:
Sam Pizzitola or Philip Baldwin
Chemfix Technologies, Inc.
National Technology Marketing Center
161 James Drive West
St. Rose, LA 70087
504-461-0466
The SITE Program assesses but does not
approve or endorse technologies.
Page 61
-------
Technology Profile
DEMONSTRATION PROGRAM
CHEMICAL WASTE MANAGEMENT, INC.
(DeChlor/KGME Process)
TECHNOLOGY DESCRIPTION:
The Chemical Waste Management, Inc. (CWM),
DeChlor/KGME process involves thedechlorina-
tion of liquid-phase halogenated compounds,
particularly polychlorinated biphenyls (PCB).
KGME, a CWM proprietary reagent, is the
active species in a nucleophilic substitution
reaction in which the chlorine atoms on the
halogenated compounds are replaced with frag-
ments of the reagent. The products of the
reaction are a substituted aromatic compound
(which is no longer a PCB aroclor), and an
inorganic chloride salt.
KGME is the potassium derivative of
2-methoxyethanol (glyme), and is generated in
situ by adding stoichiometric quantities of
potassium hydroxide (KOH) and glyme. The
KOH and glyme are added to a reactor vessel
along with the contaminated waste (see figure
below). The KGME is formed by slowly raising
the temperature of the reaction mixture to about
110 degrees Celsius (°C) [230° fahrenheit (F)],
although higher temperatures can be beneficial.
The nucleophilic substitution reaction that takes
place in the reactor vessel is summarized by the
following generalized equation:
Ph2Cln +
Ph2Cln
where:
m CH3OCH2CH2OK ~>
m(OCH2CH2OCH3)m + m KC1
Ph2Cln is a PCB (n = 1 to 10)
CH3OCH2CH2OK is the KGME reagent
m is the number of substitutions (1 to 10)
Ph2Cln.m(OCH2CH2OCH3)m is the product of
treatment process
KC1 is potassium chloride
A similar mechanism is involved in the KPEG
(or APEG) technology, in which the nucleophile
NITROGEN
QUENCH
& WASH
WATER
-—TO ATMOSPHERE
FURTHER
TREATMENT
»- -OR-
OFF-SITE
DISPOSAL
DeChlor/KGME Process Diagram
Page 62
The SITE Program assesses but does not
approve or endorse technologies.
-------
November 1992
is the anion formed by the removal of one
terminal hydrogen molecule from a molecule of
PEG 440 H(OCH2CH2)nO-.
The DeChlor/KGME technology is preferable to
the older sodium (Na) dispersion treatment
method because it is less expensive and because
the KGME reagent is much more tolerant of
water in the reaction mixture (water can cause a
fire or explosion in the presence of sodium
metal). One advantage of the DeChlor/KGME
process over the KPEG or APEG technology is
that only about one-quarter the weight of KPEG
is required for dehalogenation using KGME.
Also, considerably less waste is produced, and
no polymeric treatment residue, which is dif-
ficult to handle, is formed.
The reaction product mixture is a fairly viscous
solution containing reaction products and the
unreacted excess reagent. After this mixture has
cooled to about 93°C (200°F), water is added to
help quench the reaction, improve the handling
of the mixture, extract the inorganic salts from
the organic phase for disposal purposes, and
help clean out the reaction vessel for the next
batch of material to be treated. The two result-
ing phases, aqueous and organic, are separated,
analyzed, and transferred to separate storage
tanks, where they are held until disposal.
WASTE APPLICABILITY:
The DeChlor/KGME process is applicable to
liquid-phase halogenated aromatic compounds,
includingPCBs, chlorobenzenes, polychlorinated
dibenzodioxins (PCDD), and polychlorinated
dibenzofurans (PCDF). Waste streams con-
taining less than 1 part per million (ppm) PCBs
to 100 percent aroclors can be treated. Labora-
tory tests have shown destruction and removal
efficiencies (ORE) greater than 99.98 percent for
materials containing 220,000 ppm PCBs.
This process is also applicable to the liquid-
phase treatment of halogenated aliphatic com-
pounds and has been successfully used to treat
contaminated soils in the laboratory. Pilot-scale
equipment for the treatment of solid materials
using this process is being developed.
STATUS:
The DeChlor/KGME process was accepted into
the SITE Program in fall 1991. Numerous
bench-scale demonstrations have been conducted
on a variety of halogenated wastes, including
PCBs, dioxins, and PCDFs. PCBs have been
treated in both liquid and solid matrices, with
DREs of up to 99.99 percent. A number of
laboratory-scale and pilot-scale tests were suc-
cessfully completed at the Re-Solve, Inc., Super-
fund site in North Dartmouth, Massachusetts, in
May and June of 1992. A SITE demonstration
of this process at the Re-Solve site is scheduled
for late 1992.
FOR FURTHER INFORMATION:
EPA PROJECT MANAGER:
Reinaldo Matfas
U.S. EPA
Risk Reduction and Engineering Laboratory
26 West Martin Luther King Drive
Cincinnati, OH 45268
513-569-7149
TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPER CONTACTS:
Arthur Friedman
Chemical Waste Management, Inc.
Geneva Research Center
1950 South Batavia Avenue
Geneva, IL 60134-3310
708-513-4332
Fax: 708-513-0087
John North
Chemical Waste Management, Inc.
Geneva Research Center
1950 South Batavia Avenue
Geneva, IL 60134-3310
708-513-4867
Fax: 708-513-0087
The SITE Program assesses but does not
approve or endorse technologies.
Page 63
-------
Technology Profile
DEMONSTRA TION PROGRAM
CHEMICAL WASTE MANAGEMENT, INC.
(PO*WW*ER™ Technology)
TECHNOLOGY DESCRIPTION:
The PO*WW*ER™ technology is used for
treatment and volume reduction of complex
industrial and hazardous wastewaters containing
mixtures of inorganic salts, metals, volatile and
nonvolatile organics, volatile inorganics, and
radionuclides. The proprietary technology
combines evaporation with catalytic oxidation to
concentrate and destroy contaminants, producing
high quality water.
Wastewater is first taken into an evaporator
where most of the water and contaminants are
vaporized and removed, concentrating the con-
taminants into a very small volume for further
treatment or disposal. The contaminant vapors
then pass over a bed of proprietary robust
catalyst, where the pollutants are oxidized and
effectively destroyed. Depending upon the
composition, effluent vapors from the oxidizer
may be treated in a scrubber. The vapors are
then condensed to produce high quality water.
The hazardous wastewater is thus separated into
a small contaminant stream and a large clean
water stream without using expensive reagents
or increasing the volume of the total stream. The
figure below illustrates the basic PO*WW*ER™
process.
This technology offers the following advantages:
• Treats a wide spectrum of contaminants
• Produces high quality effluent
• Destroys volatile pollutants
• Achieves a high volume reduction
A PO*WW*ER™-based wastewater treatment
plant can be supplied as a single modular unit
with up to 50 gallons per minute (gpm) capacity
for easy installation in the field. Larger plants
Vent
Steam
Condonsato
X
J><^
-1
Mr
r—f7~\ Air
ns=!
1*1 C 1 *•
Fuel
Cooling
Water
-Feed
Make-up
Water
Product
Water
Evaporator
Oxidizer Scrubber
Basic PO*WW*ER™ Process
Condenser
_^_ Brine
Discharge
Preheater
Page 64
The SITE Program assesses but does not
approve or endorse technologies.
-------
November 1992
can be supplied as multiple modular units of up
to 50 gpm capacity or designed for a given
capacity as a single integrated plant.
WASTE APPLICABILITY:
The PO*WW*ER™ technology can treat waste-
waters containing a mixture of the following
contaminants:
Organic
• Halogenated volatiles
• Halogenated semivol-
atiles
• Non-halogenated vola-
tiles
• Non-halogenated semi-
volatiles
• Organic pesticides/herb-
icides
• Solvents
• BTEX
• Organic cyanides
• Nonvolatile organics
Inorganic
Heavy Metals
Non-metallic toxic
elements
Cyanides
Ammonia
Nitrates
Salts
Radioactive
Plutonium
Americium
Uranium
Technetium
Thorium
Radium
Barium
Suitable wastewaters include landfill leachates,
contaminated groundwaters, process waste-
waters, and low-level radioactive mixed wastes.
STATUS:
The technology was accepted into the SITE
Demonstration Program in 1991. It was tested
on landfill leachate in September 1992, at the
developer's pilot plant in Lake Charles, Louis-
iana (see photograph below). The Applications
Analysis Report will be available in 1993.
A commercial system (50 gpm capacity) is
nearing completion and will be in operation at
Ysing Yi Island, Hong Kong by the end of
1992.
FOR FURTHER INFORMATION:
EPA PROJECT MANAGER:
Randy Parker
U.S. EPA
Risk Reduction Engineering Laboratory
26 West Martin Luther King Drive
Cincinnati, OH 45268
513-569-7271
TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPER CONTACT:
Erick Neuman or Matt Husain
Chemical Waste Management, Inc.
Geneva Research Center
1950 South Batavia Avenue
Geneva, IL 60134-3300
708-513-4500
PO*WW*ER™ Pilot Plant at Chemical Waste Management's Lake Charles, Louisiana Facility
The SITE Program assesses but does not
approve or endorse technologies.
Page 65
-------
Technology Profile
DEMONSTRATION PROGRAM
CHEMICAL WASTE MANAGEMENT, INC.
(X*TRAX™ Thermal Desorption)
TECHNOLOGY DESCRIPTION:
The X*TRAX™ technology (see figure below) is
a thermal desorption process that removes
organic contaminants from soils, sludges, and
other solid media. It is not an incinerator or a
pyrolysis system. Chemical oxidation and
reactions are not encouraged, and no combustion
by-products are formed. The organic con-
taminants are removed as a condensed liquid,
characterized by a high heat rating, which may
then be either destroyed in a permitted in-
cinerator or used as a supplemental fuel. Be-
cause of low operating temperatures [200 to 900
degrees Fahrenheit (°F)] and gas flow rates, this
process is less expensive than incineration.
An externally-fired rotary dryer volatilizes the
water and organic contaminants into an inert
carrier gas stream. The processed solids are
then cooled with treated condensed water to
eliminate dusting. The solids can then be placed
and compacted in their original location.
An inert nitrogen carrier gas transports the
organic contaminants and water vapor out of the
dryer. The carrier gas flows through a duct to
the gas treatment system, where organic vapors,
water vapors, and dust particles are removed and
recovered. The gas first passes through a high-
energy scrubber, which removes dust particles
and 10 to 30 percent of the organic con-
taminants. It then passes through two con-
densers in series, where it is cooled to less than
40°F.
Most of the carrier gas is reheated and recycled
to the dryer. About 5 to 10 percent is passed
through a particulate filter and a carbon adsorp-
tion system and discharged. This discharge
helps maintain a small negative pressure within
the system and prevents potentially contaminated
Full-Scale X*TRAX™ System
Page 66
The SITE Program assesses but does not
approve or endorse technologies.
-------
November 1992
gases from leaking. The discharge also allows
makeup nitrogen to be added to the system, to
keep oxygen concentrations below 4 percent.
The volume of gas released from this process
vent is approximately 100 to 200 times less than
an equivalent capacity incinerator.
WASTE APPLICABILITY:
The process removes volatiles, semivolatiles,
and poly chlorinated biphenyls (PCB). It has
been demonstrated on a variety of soils ranging
from sand to very cohesive clays. In most
cases, volatile organics are reduced to below
1 part per million (ppm) and frequently to below
the laboratory detection level. Semivolatile
Organics are typically reduced to less than 10
ppm and frequently below 1 ppm. Soils con-
taining 120 to 6,000 ppm PCB have been reduc-
ed to 2 to 25 ppm. Removal efficiencies from
96 to over 99 percent have been demonstrated
for soils contaminated with various organic
pesticides. Mercury has been reduced from
5,100 ppm to 1.3 ppm.
Minimal feed pretreatment is required. The feed
material must be screened to a particle size of
less than 2 inches. For economic reasons, a
single location should have a minimum of 5,000
cubic yards of material. For most materials, the
system can process 120 to 180 tons per day at a
cost of $125 to $225 per ton.
STATUS:
This technology was accepted into the SITE
Demonstration Program in summer 1989. The
full-scale system is being used to remediate
35,000 tons of PCB-contaminated soil at the
Re-Solve, Inc., Superfund site in Massachusetts.
The unit has treated 158 tons of soil per day to
less than 2 ppm PCB; the site's treatment stan-
dard is 25 ppm. EPA conducted a SITE demon-
stration in May 1992, during this remediation.
The Applications Analysis Report will be pub-
lished in spring 1993.
Chemical Waste Management (CWM) currently
has laboratory-, pilot-, and full-scale X*TRAX™
systems. Two laboratory-scale systems are
available for treatability studies. One system is
operated at CWM's Clemson Technical Center
in South Carolina for mixed (Resource Con-
servation and Recovery Act [RCRA]/radioactive)
wastes; the other is operated by CWM's En-
gineering and Technology Department at its
facility in Geneva, Illinois, for RCRA and Toxic
Substance Control Act (TSCA) wastes. More
than 75 tests have been completed since January
1988.
A 7-ton per day, pilot-scale system was operated
at the CWM Kettleman Hills facility in Cali-
fornia. During 1989 and 1990, 10 different
PCB-contaminated soils were processed under a
TSCA Research and Development permit. The
system was then operated under EPA RCRA
permits to test three different wastes. The first
Model 200 full-scale X*TRAX™ system, shown
on the previous page, was completed in early
1990.
FOR FURTHER INFORMATION:
EPA PROJECT MANAGER:
Paul dePercin
U.S. EPA
Risk Reduction Engineering Laboratory
26 West Martin Luther King Drive
Cincinnati, OH 45268
513-569-7797
TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPER CONTACT:
Carl Swanstrom
Chemical Waste Management, Inc.
1950 S. Batavia
Geneva, IL 60134
708-513-4578
Fax: 708-513-6401
The SITE Program assesses but does not
approve or endorse technologies.
Page 67
-------
Technology Profile
DEMONSTRATION PROGRAM
COLORADO DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH
(Developed by COLORADO SCHOOL OF MINES)
(Wetlands-Based Treatment)
TECHNOLOGY DESCRIPTION:
The constructed wetlands-based treatment tech-
nology uses natural geochemical and biological
processes inherent in a man-made wetland
ecosystem (see figure below) to accumulate and
remove metals from influent waters. The treat-
ment system incorporates principal ecosystem
components found hi wetlands, including organic
soils, microbial fauna, algae, and vascular
plants.
Influent waters, with high metal concentrations
and low pH, flow through the aerobic and
anaerobic zones of the wetland ecosystem.
Metals are removed by filtration, ion exchange,
adsorption, absorption, and precipitation through
geochemical and microbial oxidation and reduc-
tion. In filtration, metal flocculates and metals
that are adsorbed onto fine sediment particles
settle in quiescent ponds, or are filtered out as
the water percolates through the soil or the plant
canopy. Ion exchange occurs as metals in the
water contact humic or other organic substances
in the soil medium. Oxidation and reduction
reactions that occur in the aerobic and anaerobic
zones, respectively, play a major role in remo-
ving metals as hydroxides and sulfides.
WASTE APPLICABILITY:
The wetlands-based treatment process is suitable
for acid mine drainage from metal or coal
mining activities. These wastes typically contain
high metals concentrations and are acidic.
Wetlands treatment has been applied with some
success to wastewater in the eastern United
States. The process may have to be adjusted to
account for differences in geology, terrain, trace
metal composition, and climate in the metal
mining regions of the western United States.
STATUS:
Based on results from the SITE Emerging
Technology Program, this process has been
selected for the SITE Demonstration Program.
The project's final year under the Emerging
Technology Program was 1991. Results of a
Anaerobic-
Zone
--—L \~ *••,*-•'• ^---^^vZFfc*&if^&3
Typical Wetland Ecosystem
Page 68
The SITE Program assesses but does not
approve or endorse technologies.
-------
November 1992
study of drainage from the Big Five Tunnel near
Idaho Springs, Colorado showed that removal
efficiency of heavy metals can approach the
removal efficiency of chemical precipitation
treatment plants.
One final goal of the Emerging Technology
Program project was the development of a
manual that discusses design and operating
criteria for constructing a full-scale wetland to
treat acid mine discharges. The "Wetland
Designs for Mining Operations" manual will be
available from NTIS in 1993. A copy of an
earlier version of the manual can be purchased
from BiTech Publishing (604-277-4250).
The Demonstration Program will evaluate the
effectiveness of a full-scale wetland. The pro-
posed demonstration site is the Burleigh Tunnel
near Silver Plume, Colorado. The Burleigh
Tunnel is part of the Clear Creek/Central City
Superfund site in Colorado.
FOR FURTHER INFORMATION:
EPA PROJECT MANAGER:
Edward Bates
U.S. EPA
Risk Reduction Engineering Laboratory
26 West Martin Luther King Drive
Cincinnati, OH 45268
513-569-7774
TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPER CONTACT:
Rick Brown
Colorado Department of Health
4210 East llth Avenue, Room 252
Denver, CO 80220
303-331-4404
The SITE Program assesses but does not
approve or endorse technologies.
Page 69
-------
Technology Profile
DEMONSTRATION PROGRAM
DEHYDRO-TECH CORPORATION
(Carver-Greenfield Process® for Extraction of Oily Waste)
TECHNOLOGY DESCRIPTION:
The Carver-Greenfield Process® for Extraction
of Oily Waste (Carver-Greenfield Process®) is
designed to separate materials into their con-
stituent solid, oil (including oil-soluble sub-
stances), and water phases. The process is
intended mainly for soils and sludges con-
taminated with oil-solublehazardous compounds.
The technology uses a food-grade carrier oil to
extract the oil-soluble contaminants (see figure
below). Pretreatment is necessary to achieve
particle sizes of less than 0.25 inch.
The carrier oil, with a boiling point of 400
degrees Fahrenheit, is typically mixed with
waste sludge or soil. The mixture is then placed
in an evaporation system to remove water. The
oil fluidizes the mix and maintains a low slurry
viscosity to ensure efficient heat transfer, al-
lowing virtually all water to evaporate.
Oil-soluble contaminants are extracted from the
waste by the carrier oil. Volatile compounds
present in the waste are also stripped hi this step
and condensed with the carrier oil or water.
After the water is evaporated from the mixture,
the resulting dried slurry is sent to a centrifuging
section that removes most of the carrier oil and
contaminants from the solids.
After centrifuging, residual carrier oil is re-
moved from the solids by a process known as
"hydroextraction." The carrier oil is recovered
by evaporation and steam stripping. The haz-
ardous constituents are removed from the carrier
oil by distillation. This stream can be in-
cinerated or reclaimed. In some cases, heavy
Vent to
Treatment .
f f \Condenser
Feed L—n Sf^T
Sludge/SoH/ ., U H1
Waste v°cuum T
rump
Carrier Oil Vapor and Steam
Dry
Solids
Product
Oil
Makeup
Water
Light
Oil Soluble
Components
Extracted
-»-O Oil Soluble
Components
Carver-Greenfield Process® Schematic Diagram
Page 70
The SITE Program assesses but does not
approve or endorse technologies.
-------
November 1992
metals in the solids will be complexed with
hydrocarbons and will also be extracted by the
carrier oil.
WASTE APPLICABILITY:
The Carver-Greenfield Process® can be used to
treat sludges, soils, and other water-bearing
wastes containing oil-soluble hazardous com-
pounds, including poly chlorinated biphenyls
(PCS), polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons
(PAH), and dioxins. The process has been
commercially applied to municipal wastewater
sludge, paper mill sludge, rendering waste,
pharmaceutical plant sludge, and other wastes.
STATUS:
The SITE demonstration of this process tech-
nology was completed in August 1991 at EPA's
research facility in Edison, New Jersey. Spent
petroleum drilling fluids from the PAB oil site in
Abbeville, Louisiana, were used as process
feed. The Applications Analysis Report and
Technology Evaluation Report will be available
in 1993.
Based on SITE demonstration results, the fol-
lowing conclusions can be made about the
Carver-Greenfield Process®:
• The process successfully separates a
petroleum-oil contaminated sludge into
its solid, indigenous oil, and water
phases. No detectable levels of indigen-
ous total petroleum hydrocarbons (TPH)
are present in the final solid product.
• The final solid product is a dry powder
similar in character to bentonite. The
food-grade solvent comprises the bulk of
the residual oil content (about 1 percent)
in the solid.
• Values for all metals and organics are
well below the Resource Conservation
and Recovery Act (RCRA) Toxicity
Characteristic Leaching Procedure
(TCLP) limits for characteristic haz-
ardous wastes. The process does not
remove metals bound to the solid phase.
• The resulting water product requires treat-
ment due to the presence of small amounts
of light organics and solvent. In some
cases, the wastewater (for example, water
product) may be disposed of at a local
publicly owned treatment works (POTW).
• A full scale Carver-Greenfield Process®
can process drilling fluid wastes at
technology-specific costs of $100 to
$220 per ton of wet feed, exclusive of
disposal costs of the residuals. Site-
specific costs, which include the cost of
residual disposal, can range from mini-
mal amounts (less than $10 per ton) to
more than $300 per ton of feed and are
very dependent on site characteristics
and treatment objectives.
FOR FURTHER INFORMATION:
EPA PROJECT MANAGER:
Laurel Staley
U.S. EPA
Risk Reduction Engineering Laboratory
26 West Martin Luther King Drive
Cincinnati, OH 45268
513-569-7863
TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPER CONTACT:
Thomas Holcombe
Dehydro-Tech Corporation
6 Great Meadow Lane
East Hanover, NJ 07936
201-887-2182
The SITE Program assesses but does not
approve or endorse technologies.
Page 71
-------
Technology Profile
DEMONSTRATION PROGRAM
DYNAPHORE, INC.
(FORAGER® Sponge)
TECHNOLOGY DESCRIPTION:
The FORAGER® sponge is an open-celled
cellulose sponge incorporating an amine-con-
taining polymer that has a selective affinity for
aqueous heavy metals in both cationic and
anionic states. The polymer prefers to form
complexes with ions of transition-group heavy
metals, providing ligand sites that surround the
metal and form a coordination complex. The
polymer's order of affinity for metals is influ-
enced by solution parameters such as pH, temp-
erature, and total ionic content. In general, the
following affinity sequence for several re-
presentative ions is expected:
Zn+ +>Ni+ + >Co + + >Pb
SeO4-2 > AsCV3 > Hg+ + > Cr Ag+
Ca++>Mg++
Au(CN)2'
FORAGER® Sponge
Page 72
The SITE Program assesses but does not
approve or endorse technologies.
-------
November 1992
The removal efficiency for transition-group
heavy metals is about 90 percent at a flow rate
of one bed volume per minute. The highly
porous nature of the sponge speeds diffusional
effects, thereby promoting high rates of ion
absorption. The sponge can be used in columns,
fishnet-type enclosures, or rotating drums.
When using column operations, flow rates of
three bed volumes per minute can be obtained at
hydrostatic pressures only 2 feet above the bed
and without additional pressurization. There-
fore, sponge-packed columns are suitable for
unattended field use.
Absorbed ions can be eluted from the sponge
using techniques typically employed to re-
generate ion exchange resins and activated
carbons. Following elution, the sponge can be
used in the next absorption cycle. The number
of useful cycles depends on the nature of the
absorbed ions and the elution technique used.
Alternatively, the metal-saturated sponge can be
incinerated. In some instances, it may be pre-
ferable to compact the sponge by drying it to an
extremely small volume to facilitate disposal.
The photograph on the previous page depicts
water being treated in an unattended column
using the FORAGER® sponge.
WASTE APPLICABILITY:
The sponge can scavenge metals in concentration
levels of parts per million and parts per billion
from industrial discharges, municipal sewage
process streams, and acid mine drainage waters.
When remediating groundwater, elongated nets
that confine the sponge are placed in wells and
removed when saturated.
STATUS:
This technology was accepted into the SITE
Demonstration Program in June 1991. The
sponge has been found effective in removing
trace heavy metals from acid mine drainage
water at three locations in Colorado.
In bench-scale tests, mercury, lead, nickel,
cadmium, and chromium have been reduced to
below detectable levels at Superfund locations.
In a field-scale installation at a photoprocessing
operation that generates an aqueous effluent
having 6 pounds of chromate and 0.8 pounds of
silver per day, 75 percent reductions were
achieved at a cost of $1,100 per month.
The FORAGER® sponge will be demonstrated
either alone or as part of CH2O Company's
E-Process. The National Lead Industry site in
Pedricktown, NJ has been tentatively identified
for the demonstration site. Treatability tests are
currently being conducted at the site.
FOR FURTHER INFORMATION:
EPA PROJECT MANAGER:
Carolyn Esposito
U.S. EPA
Risk Reduction Engineering Laboratory
2890 Woodbridge Avenue (MS-106)
Edison, NJ 08837-3679
908-906-6895
TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPER CONTACTS:
Norman Rainer
Dynaphore, Inc.
2709 Willard Road
Richmond, VA 23294
804-288-7109
Lou Reynolds
AdTechs Corp
2411 Dulles Corner Park
Herndon, VA 22071
703-713-9000
The SITE Program assesses but does not
approve or endorse technologies.
Page 73
-------
Technology Profile
DEMONSTRATION PROGRAM
E.I. DUPONT DE NEMOURS AND COMPANY, and
OBERLIN FILTER COMPANY
(Membrane Microfiltration)
TECHNOLOGY DESCRIPTION:
This membrane microfiltration system is design-
ed to remove solid particles from liquid wastes,
forming filter cakes typically ranging from 40 to
60 percent solids. The system can be manu-
factured as an enclosed unit, requires little or no
attention during operation, is mobile, and can be
trailer-mounted.
The membrane microfiltration system (see figure
below) uses an automatic pressure filter
[developed by Oberlin Filter Company
(Oberlin)], combined with a special Tyvek filter
material (Tyvek T-980) made of spunbonded
olefin [invented by E.I. DuPont De Nemours
and Company (DuPont)]. The filter material is
a thin, durable plastic fabric with tiny openings
(about 1 ten-millionth of a meter hi diameter)
that allows water or other liquids, along with
solid particles smaller than the openings, to flow
through. Solids in the liquid stream that are too
large to pass through the openings accumulate
on the filter and can be easily collected for
disposal.
The automatic pressure filter has two chambers:
an upper chamber for feeding waste through the
filter and a lower chamber for collecting the
filtered liquid (filtrate). At the start of a filter
cycle, the upper chamber is lowered to form a
liquid-tight seal against the filter. The waste
feed is then pumped into the upper chamber and
through the filter. Filtered solids accumulate on
the Tyvek surface, forming a filter cake, while
filtrate is collected in the lower chamber.
Following filtration, air is fed into the upper
chamber at a pressure of about 45 pounds per
square inch. Air is used to remove any liquid
remaining in the upper chamber and to further
Air Cylinder
Pressurized
Air
Filter Cake
Waste
Feed
Used Tyvek
Filtrate Chamber-^
Air Bags
Waste Feed Chamber
Clean Tyvek
Filter Belt
Filtrate
Discharge
DuPont/Oberlin microfiltration system
Page 74
The SITE Program assesses but does not
approve or endorse technologies.
-------
November 1992
dry the cake. When the cake is dry, the upper
chamber is lifted, and the filter cake is auto-
matically discharged. Clean filter material is
then drawn from a roll into the system for the
next cycle. Both the filter cake and the filtrate
can be collected and treated further prior to
disposal, if necessary.
WASTE APPLICABILITY:
This treatment technology may be applied to
(1) hazardous waste suspensions, particularly
liquid heavy metal- and cyanide-bearing wastes
(such as electroplating rinsewaters),
(2) groundwater contaminated with heavy
metals, (3) constituents such as landfill leachate,
and (4) process wastewaters containing uranium.
The technology is best suited for treating wastes
with solid concentrations of less than 5,000 parts
per million; otherwise, the cake capacity and
handling become limiting factors. The system
can treat any type of solids, including inor-
ganics, organics, and oily wastes, with a wide
variety of particle sizes. Moreover, because the
unit is enclosed, the system is capable of treating
liquid wastes containing volatile organics.
STATUS:
This technology was demonstrated at the Palmer-
ton Zinc Superfund site in Palmerton, Penn-
sylvania. The shallow aquifer at the site, con-
taminated with dissolved heavy metals (such as
cadmium, lead, and zinc), was selected as the
feed waste for the demonstration. The system
treated waste at a rate of about 1 to 2 gallons
per minute.
The demonstration was conducted over a 4-week
period in April and May 1990. An Applications
Analysis Report (EPA/540/A5-90/007), a Tech-
nology Evaluation Report (EPA/540/5-90/007),
and a videotape of the demonstration have also
been completed.
Two commercial installations of the technology
began operation in 1991.
DEMONSTRATION RESULTS:
During the demonstration at the Palmerton Zinc
Superfund site, the DuPont/Oberlin micro-
filtration system achieved the following results:
• Removal efficiencies for zinc and total
suspended solids ranged from 99.75 to
99.99 percent (averaging 99.95 percent).
• Solids in the filter cake ranged from
30.5 to 47.1 percent.
• Dry filter cake in all test runs passed the
Resource Conservation and Recovery
Act (RCRA) paint filter liquids test.
• Filtrate met the applicable National
Pollutant Discharge Elimination System
standard for zinc.
• A composite filter cake sample passed
the extraction procedure (EP) toxicity
and Toxicity Characteristic Leaching
Procedure (TCLP) tests for metals.
FOR FURTHER INFORMATION:
EPA PROJECT MANAGER:
John Martin
U.S. EPA
Risk Reduction Engineering Laboratory
26 West Martin Luther King Drive
Cincinnati, OH 45268
513-569-7758
TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPER CONTACT:
Ernest Mayer
E.I. DuPont de Nemours and Company
Engineering Department LI359
P.O. Box 6090
Newark, DE 19714-6090
302-366-3652
Fax: 302-366-3220
The SITE Program assesses but does not
approve or endorse technologies.
Page 75
-------
Technology Profile
DEMONSTRATION PROGRAM
ECOVA CORPORATION
(Bioslurry Reactor)
TECHNOLOGY DESCRIPTION:
ECOVA Corporation's slurry-phase bio-
remediation (bioslurry) technology biodegrades
creosote-contaminated materials through aerobic
bacteria that use the contaminants as their carbon
source. The technology uses batch and con-
tinuous flow bioreactors to process polycyclic
aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH), contaminated
soils, sediments, and sludges. The bioreactors
are supplemented with oxygen, nutrients, and a
specific inocula of enriched indigenous micro-
organisms to enhance the degradation process.
Because site-specific environments influence
biological treatment, all chemical, physical, and
microbial factors are designed into the treatment
process. The ultimate goal is to convert organic
wastes into relatively harmless by-products of
microbial metabolism, such as carbon dioxide,
methane, and inorganic salts. Biological reac-
tion rates are accelerated in a slurry system
because of the increased contact efficiency
between contaminants and microorganisms. The
photograph below shows the Bioslurry Reactor.
WASTE APPLICABILITY:
Slurry-phase biological treatment can treat
highly contaminated creosote wastes. It can also
treat other concentrated contaminants that can be
aerobically biodegraded, such as petroleum
wastes. The bioslurry reactor system must be
engineered to maintain parameters such as pH,
temperature, and dissolved oxygen, within
ranges conducive to the desired microbial act-
ivity.
Bioslurry Reactor
Page 76
The SITE Program assesses but does not
approve or endorse technologies.
-------
November 1992
STATUS:
This technology was accepted into the SITE
Demonstration Program in spring 1991. From
May through September 1991, EPA conducted
a SITE demonstration using six bioslurry re-
actors at EPA's Test and Evaluation Facility in
Cincinnati, Ohio.
ECOVA Corporation conducted bench- and
pilot-scale studies to evaluate bioremediation of
PAHs in creosote-contaminated soil from the
Burlington Northern Superfund site in Brainerd,
Minnesota. Bench-scale studies were performed
prior to pilot-scale evaluations to determine
optimal treatment protocols. EIMCO Biolift
slurry reactors were used for the pilot-scale
processing. Data from the optimized pilot-scale
program will be used to establish treatment
standards for K001 wastes as part of EPA's Best
Demonstrated Available Technology (BDAT)
program.
DEMONSTRATION RESULTS:
Slurry-phase biological treatment significantly
improved biodegradation rates of carcinogenic 4-
to 6-ring PAHs. The pilot-scale bioreactor
reduced 82 + 15 percent of the total soil-bound
PAHs in the first week. After 14 days, total
PAHs had been biodegraded by 96 + 2 percent.
An overall reduction of 97 + 2 percent was seen
over a 12-week treatment period, indicating that
almost all biodegradation occurred within the
first two weeks of treatment. Carcinogenic
PAHs were biodegraded by 93 + 3.2 percent to
501 + 103 milligrams per kilogram (mg/Kg)
from levels of 5,081 ± 1530 mg/Kg.
FOR FURTHER INFORMATION:
EPA PROJECT MANAGER:
Ronald Lewis
U.S. EPA
Risk Reduction Engineering Laboratory
26 West Martin Luther King Drive
Cincinnati, OH 45268
513-569-7856
TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPER CONTACT:
William Mahaffey
ECOVA Corporation
Waste-Tech Services, Inc.
800 Jefferson County Parkway
Golden, CO 80401
303-273-7177
The SITE Program assesses but does not
approve or endorse technologies.
Page 77
-------
Technology Profile
DEMONSTRA TION PROGRAM
ECOVA CORPORATION
(In Situ Biological Treatment)
TECHNOLOGY DESCRIPTION:
ECOVA Corporation's bioremediation tech-
nology (see figure below) biodegrades chlor-
inated and nonchlorinated organic contaminants
by employing aerobic bacteria that use the
contaminants as their carbon source. This
proposed technology has two configurations: hi
situ biotreatment of soil and water and on-site
bioreactor treatment of contaminated ground-
water.
An advantage of in situ bioremediation is that
contaminants in subsurface soils and ground-
water can be treated without excavating over-
lying soil. The technology uses special strains
of cultured bacteria and naturally occurring
microorganisms hi on-site soils and ground-
water. Since treatment is aerobic, oxygen and
soluble forms of mineral nutrients must be
introduced throughout the saturated zone. End
products are carbon dioxide, water, and bacterial
biomass. Contaminated groundwater can also be
recovered and treated in an aboveground bio-
reactor. Nutrients and oxygen can then be
added to some or all of the treated water, and
the water can be recycled through the soils as
part of the in situ soil treatment.
Site-specific chemical, physical, and micro-
biological factors are designed into the treatment
system. Site subsurface soil and groundwater
samples are analyzed for baseline parameters,
such as volatile organics, metals, pH, total
organic carbon, types and quantities of micro-
organisms, and nutrients. A treatability study,
NUTRIENTS,
OXYGEN SOURCE
BIOLOGICAL
TREATMENT
BIOREACTOR
STATIC WATER
TABLE
MOUNDED
WATER TABLE
RECHARGE
TRENCH
RECOVERY
TRENCH/WELL
In Situ Biological Treatment
Page 78
The SITE Program assesses but does not
approve or endorse technologies.
-------
November 1992
which includes flask and column studies, deter-
mines the effects of process parameters on
system performance. The flask studies test
biodegradation under optimum conditions, and
the column studies test the three field ap-
plications: (1) soil flushing, (2) in situ biotreat-
ment, and (3) in situ biotreatment using ground-
water treated in a bioreactor.
WASTE APPLICABILITY:
This technology treats water, soil, sludge,
sediment, and other materials contaminated with
organic constituents. The system must be en-
gineered to maintain parameters such as pH,
temperature, and dissolved oxygen (if the pro-
cess is aerobic) within ranges conducive to the
desired microbial activity. The technology can
be applied to chlorinated solvents and non-
chlorinated organic compounds.
STATUS:
ECOVA Corporation's planned demonstration at
the Goose Farm Superfund site in Plumstead
Township, New Jersey, was canceled after the
completion of treatability studies in April 1990.
The technology may be demonstrated at another
hazardous waste site in the future.
FOR FURTHER INFORMATION:
EPA PROJECT MANAGER:
Naomi Barkley
U.S. EPA
Risk Reduction Engineering Laboratory
26 West Martin Luther King Drive
Cincinnati, OH 45268
513-569-7854
TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPER CONTACT:
Linda Yost-Fetui
ECOVA Corporation
18640 N.E. 67th Court
Redmond, WA 98052
206-883-1900
The SITE Program assesses but does not
approve or endorse technologies.
Page 79
-------
Technology Profile
DEMONSTRA TION PROGRAM
ELI ECO LOGIC INTERNATIONAL, INC.
(Thermal Gas Phase Reduction Process)
TECHNOLOGY DESCRIPTION:
This patented process (see photograph below) is
based on the gas phase, thermochemical reaction
of hydrogen with organic and chlorinated or-
ganic compounds at elevated temperatures. At
850 degrees Celsius (°C) or higher, hydrogen
reacts with organic compounds in a process
known as reduction to produce smaller, lighter
hydrocarbons. This reaction is enhanced by the
presence of water, which can also act as a
reducing agent. Hydrogen is used to produce an
atmosphere devoid of free oxygen, eliminating
dioxin or furan formation.
Reduction takes place within a specially designed
reactor. In the process, a mixture of preheated
waste and hydrogen is injected through nozzles
mounted tangentially near the top of the reactor.
The mixture swirls around a central ceramic
tube past glo-bar heaters. By the time the
mixture passes through the ports at the tube's
bottom, it has been heated to 850°C. Particulate
matter up to 5 millimeters in diameter not
entrained in the gas stream contacts the hot
refractory walls of the reactor. Organic matter
in the paniculate is volatilized, and the part-
iculate exits out of the reactor bottom to a
quench tank. Finer particulates entrained in the
gas stream flow up the ceramic tube into an exit
elbow and through a retention zone. Reduction
begins at the bottom of the ceramic tube and
takes less than one second to complete. Gases
enter a scrubber where hydrogen chloride fine
particulates are removed. The gases that exit the
scrubber consist only of excess hydrogen, meth-
ane, and a small amount of water vapor. About
95 percent of this gas is recirculated into the
Thermal Gas Phase Reduction Process
Page 80
The SITE Program assesses but does not
approve or endorse technologies.
-------
November 1992
reactor. The remaining 5 percent is fed to a
boiler where it is used as supplementary fuel to
preheat the waste.
Because this process is not incineration, the
reactor does not require a large volume for
combustion air. The small reactor size and the
capability to recirculate reaction gases make the
process equipment small enough to be mobile.
In addition, the process includes a sophisticated
on-line mass spectrometer as a part of the con-
trol system. The unit continuously measures
organics; increases in chlorobenzene or benzene
concentrations (signalling a decrease in destruc-
tion efficiency) halt the input of waste and alert
the operator.
WASTE APPLICABILITY:
The technology treats many types of waste
including polychlorinated biphenyls (PCB),
poly cyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH), chl-
orophenols, pesticides, landfill leachates, and
lagoon bottoms. The system can handle most
types of waste media, including soils, sludges,
liquids, and gases. Even wastes with a high
water content are easily handled by the tech-
nology.
ELI Eco Logic (Eco Logic) has designed and
built a front-end thermal desorption unit to
pretreat soils. This will increase the overall
throughput of the demonstration-scale mobile
field unit to 25 tons per day capacity. This unit
will be demonstrated in late 1992.
In the case of chlorinated organic compounds,
such as PCBs, reaction products include chlo-
ride, hydrogen, methane, and ethylene. Non-
chlorinated hazardous contaminants, such as
PAHs, are reduced to smaller, lighter hydro-
carbons, primarily methane and ethylene.
STATUS:
This technology was accepted into the SITE
Demonstration Program in July 1991. Eco
Logic completed testing in Hamilton Harbour,
Ontario on PAH- (coal tar) and PCB-con-
taminated harbor sediments in fall 1991. The
technology achieved a destruction removal
efficiency of 99.9999 percent PCBs in the coal
tar sediments.
A SITE demonstration will be completed by
December 1992. This demonstration is a co-
operative effort between U.S. EPA, Eco Logic,
Environment Canada, Ontario Ministry of the
Environment, Michigan Department of Natural
Resources, and the City of Bay City, Michigan.
The technology will be demonstrated at Middle-
ground Landfill on PCB- and trichloroethylene
(TCE)-contaminated leachates and soils. Con-
taminated soil [1,000 parts per million (ppm)
PCBs] and an oil/water matrix (40 percent PCBs
in TCE-contaminated groundwater) will be
followed by 72-hour performance runs. Eco
Logic plans to construct a 100-ton-per-day
mobile commercial unit following this
demonstration.
FOR FURTHER INFORMATION:
EPA PROJECT MANAGER:
Gordon Evans
U.S. EPA
Risk Reduction Engineering Laboratory
26 West Martin Luther King Drive
Cincinnati, OH 45268
513-569-7684
TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPER CONTACT:
Jim Nash
ELI Eco Logic International, Inc.
143 Dennis Street
Rockwood, Ontario
Canada NO B2 KO
519-856-9591
The SITE Program assesses but does not
approve or endorse technologies.
Page 81
-------
Technology Profile
DEMONSTRATION PROGRAM
ENSOTECH, INC.
(Mobile Environmental Treatment System)
TECHNOLOGY DESCRIPTION:
The Mobile Environmental Treatment System
(METS) is a multipurpose transportable treat-
ment unit that can continuously treat soils con-
taminated with organics, heavy metals, and
mixed wastes. The METS trailer-mounted unit
can process up to 35 tons of soil per hour (see
figure below). It is fitted with an ultraviolet
radiation source and a vacuum suction system
that uses granular activated carbon (GAC).
The technology uses a patented polysilicate
powder, LANDTREAT, as well as PETROXY,
a stabilized hydrogen peroxide product of
Ensotech, Inc (Ensotech). The large surface
area provided by LANDTREAT, which is added
to soil before it enters the reaction chamber,
adsorbs PETROXY and assists in destroying
hydrocarbon contaminants. Carbon dioxide and
water are treatment by-products. The system is
designed to ensure maximum dispersion of the
additives though the soil matrix. PETROXY is
sprayed directly onto the soil to ensure complete
mixing. The vapors are continuously removed
while oxidation is in progress; the vapors are
then passed though the GAC drums. The pro-
cess is completed in a few minutes.
For heavy metals treatment, the treatment pro-
cess involves chemical fixation. The PETROXY
solution is replaced by ENSOL, a chemical
fixing agent that combines with heavy metals to
form a highly unleachable residue in soil. The
reaction is rapid and is essentially irreversible
because of the low solubility and high stability
of the metal hydroxide silicate complex. This
complex is further solidified to produce a non-
leachable final product by the addition of
LANDTREAT. This additive retains the surplus
chelating agent to prevent metals from leaching
from the treated soil. The process does not
change the physical properties of the soil. This
process is designed to meet the criteria for the
CLEAN AIR
AIR SAMPLING POINT
L_
CARBON BED
AIR SAMPLING POINT
CARBON BED
VARIABLE SPEED
LANDTREAT FEEDER
VARIABLE SPEED
BELT CONVEYOR
AIR SAMPLING POINT
BLOWER
JV LAMP
MIXING AND REACTION CHAMBER
EQUIPPED WITH ROTARY AUGER
VARIABLE SPEED
PUMP
TREATED SOIL
DISCHARGE
Mobile Environmental Treatment System (METS)
Page 82
The SITE Program assesses but does not
approve or endorse technologies.
-------
November 1992
Soluble Threshold Limit Concentrations (STLC)
of the target metals. However, if the surface
area must be decreased, solidification/
stabilization agents such as portland cement, fly
ash, and limestone may be added.
For mixed wastes, treatment can be carried out
in two phases: chemical oxidation followed by
chemical fixation.
WASTE APPLICABILITY:
METS can treat soil contaminated with hydro-
carbons, chlorinated organics, heavy metals, and
mixed wastes.
STATUS:
This technology was accepted into the SITE
Demonstration Program in summer 1992. A site
for the demonstration has not yet been deter-
mined. Over 300 sites have been remediated
using this technology. These sites have included
gasoline stations; oil refineries; abandoned
hazardous waste dumps; chemical manufacturing
plants; plating shops; lead acid battery plants;
and radiator/transformer, circuit board, and
hardware manufacturing facilities. Ensotech
products have been successfully used to decon-
taminate lagoons, ponds, wastewater, and
groundwater.
FOR FURTHER INFORMATION:
EPA PROJECT MANAGER:
Naomi Barkley
U.S. EPA
Risk Reduction Engineering Laboratory
26 West Martin Luther King Drive
Cincinnati, OH 45268
513-569-7854
TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPER CONTACT:
Inderjit Sabherwal
Ensotech, Inc.
7949 Ajay Drive
Sun Valley, CA 91352
818-767-2222
Fax: 818-768-7510
The SITE Program assesses but does not
approve or endorse technologies.
Page 83
-------
Technology Profile
DEMONSTRATION PROGRAM
EPOC WATER, INC.
(Precipitation, Microfiltration, and Sludge Dewatering)
TECHNOLOGY DESCRIPTION:
The Precipitation, Microfiltration, and Sludge
Dewatering treatment process developed by
Epoc Water, Inc., uses a combination of proces-
ses to treat a variety of wastes. In the first step
of the process, heavy metals are chemically
precipitated. Precipitates and all particles larger
than 0.2 to 0.1 micron are filtered through a
unique fabric crossflow microfilter
(EXXFLOW). The concentrate stream is then
dewatered in an automatic tubular filter press of
the same fabric material (EXXPRESS).
EXXFLOW microfilter modules are fabricated
from a proprietary tubular woven polyester.
Wastes pumped into the polyester tubes form a
dynamic membrane, which produces a high
quality filtrate and removes all particle sizes
larger than 0.2 to 0.1 micron. The flow veloc-
ity continually cleans the membrane, maximizing
treatment efficiency.
Metals are removed via precipitation by adjust-
ing the pH in the EXXFLOW feed tank. Metal
hydroxides or oxides form a dynamic membrane
with any other suspended solids. The con-
centrate stream will contain up to 5 percent
solids. The EXXFLOW concentrate stream
enters the EXXPRESS modules with the dis-
charge valve closed. A semidry cake, up to
0.25 inch thick, is formed inside the tubular
filter. When the discharge valve is opened,
rollers on the outside of the tube move to form
a venturi within the tube. The venturi creates an
area of high velocity within the tubes, which
EXXFLOW/EXXPRESS Demonstration Unit
Page 84
The SITE Program assesses but does not
approve or endorse technologies.
-------
November 1992
aggressively cleans the cloth and discharges the
cake in chip form onto a wedge wire screen.
Discharge water is recycled to the feed tank.
EXXPRESS filter cakes are typically 40 to 60
percent solids by weight.
Other constituents can be removed using seeded
slurry methods in EXXFLOW. Hardness can be
removed by using lime. Oil and grease can be
removed by adding adsorbents. Nonvolatile
organics and solvents can be removed using
seeded, powdered, activated carbon or powdered
ion-exchange adsorbents.
If the raw feed contains a high percentage of
solids, EXXPRESS can be used first, with
EXXFLOW acting as a final polish for the
product water.
The EXXFLOW/EXPRESS demonstration unit
is transportable and is mounted on skids. The
unit is designed to process approximately 30
pounds of solids per hour and 10 gallons of
wastewater per minute.
WASTE APPLICABILITY:
This technology has treated water containing
heavy metals, pesticides, oil and grease,
bacteria, suspended solids, and constituents that
can be precipitated to particle sizes greater than
0.1 micron. The system can handle waste
streams containing up to 5 percent solids to
produce a semidry cake of 40 to 60 percent
solids by weight. Nonvolatile organics and
solvents can also be removed from the water by
adding powdered adsorbents.
Soils and sludge can be decontaminated through
acid leaching of the metals, followed by prec-
ipitation and microfiltration. Lime and alum
sludges from municipal, industrial, and power
plant clarifiers can also be treated using this
process.
STATUS:
This technology was accepted into the SITE
Demonstration Program in 1989. Bench-scale
tests were conducted in 1990, and the SITE
demonstration was conducted in May 1992 on
highly acidic mine drainage at the Iron Mountain
Superfund site at Redding, California. The
demonstration was successful in removing heavy
metals. In most cases, the system used sodium
hydroxide, lime, or magnesium oxide as the
precipitating chemicals to produce no detectable
concentrations of metals in the treated water
samples. The Applications Analysis Report and
Technology Evaluation Report will be published
in 1993.
Since 1988, this technology has been applied to
wastes at over 45 sites worldwide. System
capacities range from 1 gallon per minute to
over 2 million gallons per day. Applications
include the following: (1) industrial laundries,
(2) circuit board shops, (3) ceramics, (4) agri-
cultural chemicals, (5) oil produced water,
(6) oil field waste, (7) scrubber waste, (8) muni-
cipal waste, (9) water purification, (10) water
softening, (11) clarifier sludge dewatering,
(12) wine and juice filtration, (13) surface
finishing, and (14) vehicle wash water.
FOR FURTHER INFORMATION:
EPA PROJECT MANAGER:
S. Jackson Hubbard
U.S. EPA
Risk Reduction Engineering Laboratory
26 West Martin Luther King Drive
Cincinnati, OH 45268
513-569-7507
TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPER CONTACT:
Ray Groves
EPOC Water, Inc.
3065 Sunnyside, Suite 101
Fresno, CA 93727
209-291-8144
The SITE Program assesses but does not
approve or endorse technologies.
Page 85
-------
Technology Profile
DEMONSTRATION PROGRAM
EXCALIBUR ENTERPRISES, INC.
(Soil Washing and Catalytic Ozone Oxidation)
TECHNOLOGY DESCRIPTION:
The Excalibur technology is designed to treat
soils with organic and inorganic contaminants.
The technology is a two-stage process: the first
stage extracts the contaminants from the soil,
and the second stage oxidizes contaminants
present in the extract. The extraction is carried
out using ultrapure water and ultrasound.
Oxidation involves the use of ozone and ultra-
violet light. The treatment products of this
technology are decontaminated soil and inert
salts.
A flow schematic of the system is shown below.
After excavation, contaminated soil is passed
through a 1-inch screen. Soil particles retained
on the screen are crushed using a hammermill
and sent back to the screen. Soil particles
passing through the screen are sent to a soil
washer, where ultrapure water extracts the
contaminants from the screened soil. Ultrasound
acts as a catalyst to enhance soil washing.
Typically, 10 volumes of water are added per
volume of soil, generating a slurry of about
10-20 percent solids by weight. This slurry is
conveyed to a solid/liquid separator, such as a
centrifuge or cyclone, to separate the decon-
taminated soil from the contaminated water.
The decontaminated soil can be returned to its
original location or disposed of appropriately.
After the solid/liquid separation, any oil present
hi the contaminated water is recovered using an
oil/water separator. The contaminated water is
ozonated prior to oil/water separation to aid in
oil recovery. The water then flows through a
filter to remove any fine particles. After the
particles are filtered, the water flows through a
carbon filter and a deionizer to reduce the
contaminant load on the multichamber reactor.
In the multichamber reactor, ozone gas, ultra-
violet light, and ultrasound are applied to the
Decontaminated
Sol
Treated Water
(Recycled)
Excalibur Treatment System Flow Diagram
Page 86
The SITE Program assesses but does not
approve or endorse technologies.
-------
November 1992
contaminated water. Ultraviolet light and ultra-
sound catalyze the oxidation of contaminants by
ozone. The treated water (ultrapure water)
flows out of the reactor to a storage tank and is
reused to wash another batch of soil. If makeup
water is required, additional ultrapure water is
generated on-site by treating tap water with
ozone and ultrasound.
The treatment system is also equipped with a
carbon filter to treat the off-gas from the reac-
tor. The carbon filters are biologically activated
to regenerate the spent carbon in situ.
System capacities range from 1 cubic foot of
solids per hour, (water flow rate of 1 gallon per
minute), to 27 cubic yards of solids per hour,
(with a water flow rate of 50 gallons per min-
ute). The treatment units available for the SITE
demonstration can treat 1 to 5 cubic yards of
solids per hour.
WASTE APPLICABILITY:
This technology can be applied to soils, solids,
sludges, leachates, and groundwater containing
organics such as polychlorinated biphenyls
(PCBs), pentachlorophenol (PCP), pesticides and
herbicides, dioxins, and inorganics, including
cyanides. The technology could effectively treat
total contaminant concentrations ranging from 1
part per million (ppm) to 20,000 ppm. Soils
and solids greater than 1 inch in diameter must
be crushed prior to treatment.
STATUS:
The Excalibur technology was accepted into the
SITE Demonstration Program in July 1989. The
Coleman-Evans site in Jacksonville, Florida, has
been tentatively scheduled for a SITE demon-
stration. This project is currently on hold.
FOR FURTHER INFORMATION:
EPA PROJECT MANAGER:
Norma Lewis
U.S. EPA
Risk Reduction Engineering Laboratory
26 West Martin Luther King Drive
Cincinnati, OH 45268
513-569-7665
TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPER CONTACT:
Lucas Boeve
Excalibur Enterprises, Inc.
Calle Pedro Clisante, #12
Sosua, Dominican Republic
809-571-3451
Fax: 809-571-3453
The SITE Program assesses but does not
approve or endorse technologies.
Page 87
-------
Technology Profile
DEMONSTRA TION PROGRAM
EXXON CHEMICAL COMPANY AND
RIO LINDA CHEMICAL COMPANY
(Chemical Oxidation)
TECHNOLOGY DESCRIPTION:
This technology uses chlorine dioxide generated
on site by a patented process to oxidize con-
taminants in water or solid media. Chlorine
dioxide is an ideal oxidizing agent because it
chemically alters contaminants to salts and
nontoxic organic acids.
Chlorine dioxide gas is generated by reacting
sodium chlorite solution with chlorine gas or by
reacting sodium chlorite solution with sodium
hypochlorite and hydrochloric acid. Both pro-
cesses produce at least 95-percent-pure chlorine
dioxide.
In aqueous treatment systems (see figure below),
the chlorine dioxide gas is fed into the waste
stream through a venturi, which is the driving
force for the generation system. The amount of
chlorine dioxide required depends on the con-
taminant concentrations in the waste stream and
the concentrations of oxidizable compounds,
such as sulfides present.
In soil treatment applications, the chlorine
dioxide may be applied in situ through con-
ventional injection wells or surface flushing.
The concentration of chlorine dioxide used
depends on the levels of contaminants in the
soil.
Chlorine dioxide treatment systems have been
applied to (1) drinking water disinfection,
(2) food processing sanitation, and (3) waste
remediation. Chlorine dioxide has also been
used as a biocide in industrial process water.
Because chlorine dioxide reacts by direct oxida-
Contaminated
Waste Stream
or lit
Fresh Water
Treated Waste
Stream
or
Aqueous CIO2
to Point of
Treatment
Sodium Sod
Hypoeh*0$e Chi
' /f#
Typical Treatment Layout
Page 88
The SITE Program assesses but does not
approve or endorse technologies.
-------
November 1992
tion rather than by substitution (as does chlo-
rine), the process does not form undesirable
trihalomethanes.
WASTE APPLICABILITY:
This technology may be applied to aqueous
waste streams, liquid storage vessels, soils,
contaminated groundwater, or any leachable
solid media contaminated by a wide range of
waste materials. Cyanides, sulfides, organo-
sulfur compounds, phenols, aniline, and secon-
dary and tertiary amines are examples of con-
taminants that can be remediated with this
process.
STATUS:
The SITE Demonstration Program accepted a
proposal from Exxon Chemical Company and
Rio Linda Chemical Company to demonstrate
organics destruction with their technology in
summer 1990. The Pike Chemical site, located
in Nitro, West Virginia, is being considered as
a possible demonstration site.
FOR FURTHER INFORMATION:
EPA PROJECT MANAGER:
Teri Richardson
U.S. EPA
Risk Reduction Engineering Laboratory
26 West Martin Luther King Drive
Cincinnati, OH 45268
513-569-7949
TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPER CONTACTS:
Brent Bourland
Exxon Chemical Company
P.O. Box 4321
Houston, TX 77210-4321
713-460-6822
Fax: 713-460-6850
Denny Grandle
Exxon Chemical Company
P.O. Box 4321
Houston, TX 77210-4321
713-460-6816
Fax: 713-460-6850
The SITE Program assesses but does not
approve or endorse technologies.
Page 89
-------
Technology Profile
DEMONSTRATION PROGRAM
FILTER FLOW TECHNOLOGY, INC.
(Heavy Metals and Radionuclide Sorption Method)
TECHNOLOGY DESCRIPTION:
The colloid sorption method is a polishing filter
process that removes ionic colloidal, complexed,
and chelated heavy metal radionuclides from
groundwater, pond water, and industrial waste-
water. Pollutants are removed from the water
predominantly via surface sorption and chemical
complexing. The technology can be used to
remove trace inorganic, metallic, uranium,
transuranic, and low-level radioactive wastes to
meet strict Maximum Contaminant Level com-
pliance standards.
This technology involves pumping contaminated
water into a 200-gallon mixing vessel for pH
and chemical treatment. A specially designed
filtration apparatus, the Colloid Sorption Unit,
contains high-efficiency, inorganic, insoluble
filter bed particles and beads with compressed
air fluidics control. The technology can be used
for either batch or continuous-flow processing at
fixed installations or for mobile field operations.
Both skid- and trailer-mounted units have been
designed and tested for on-site remediation
applications.
WASTE APPLICABILITY:
The colloid sorption method efficiently removes
heavy metals and radionuclides from water. The
technology can also be combined with an oxida-
tion process for secondary treatment of soil and
water contaminated with metals, radionuclides,
hydrocarbons, hazardous organics, and radio-
active mixed pollutants.
The Mobile Colloid Filter Unit, Including Mixing Tanks, Pumps, Filter Apparatus, and Other Equipment
Page 90
The SITE Program assesses but does not
approve or endorse technologies.
-------
November 1992
STATUS:
This technology was accepted into the SITE
Demonstration Program in July 1990. EPA and
the Department of Energy (DOE) are co-
sponsoring the technology evaluation. Bench
tests have been conducted at the DOE Rocky
Flats facility in Golden, Colorado, using ground-
water contaminated with heavy metals and
radioactive materials.
FOR FURTHER INFORMATION:
EPA PROJECT MANAGER:
Annette Gatchett
U.S. EPA
Risk Reduction Engineering Laboratory
26 West Martin Luther King Drive
Cincinnati, OH 45268
513-569-7697
Fax: 513-569-7697
TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPER CONTACT:
Tod Johnson
Filter Flow Technology, Inc.
3027 Marina Bay Drive, Suite 110
League City, TX 77573
713-334-6080
Fax: 713-334-5993
The SITE Program assesses but does not
approve or endorse technologies.
Page 91
-------
Technology Profile
DEMONSTRA TION PROGRAM
FUNDERBURK & ASSOCIATES
(formerly HAZCON, INC.)
(Dechlorination and Immobilization)
TECHNOLOGY DESCRIPTION:
This technology mixes hazardous wastes with
cement (or flyash), water, and one of 18 patent-
ed reagents commonly known as "Chloranan" to
immobilize heavy metals. The developers also
claim that certain chlorinated organics are de-
chlorinated by the treatment reagents.
Soils, sludges, and sediments can be treated in
situ or excavated and treated ex situ. Sediments
can be treated underwater. Treatment occurs in
batches, with volumetric throughput rated at 120
tons per hour. In the finished product, metals
are fixed to a very low solubility point.
The treatment process (see figure below) begins
by adding Chloranan and water to the blending
unit. Waste is then added and mixed for 2
minutes. Cement or fly ash is added and mixed
for a similar time. After 12 hours, the treated
material hardens into a concrete-like mass that
exhibits unconfined compressive strengths (UCS)
hi the 1,000 to 3,000 pounds per square inch
(psi) range, with permeabilities in the 10"9
centimeters per second (cm/sec) range. The
hardened concrete-like mass is capable of with-
standing several hundred cycles of freeze and
thaw weathering.
WASTE APPLICABILITY:
The technology is applicable to wastes con-
taining heavy metals and organics. The develop-
ers claim that the technology has been refined
since the 1987 SITE demonstration and is now
capable of dechlorinating certain chlorinated
organics as well as immobilizing other wastes,
including those with high levels of metals. The
wastes with organic and inorganic contaminants
can be treated separately or together with no
impact on the chemistry of the process. The
process can treat contaminated material with
high concentrations (up to 25 percent) of oil.
CHLORANAN
POZZOLANIC
COMPOUND
WATER
FIELD BLENDING UNIT
TTASTE
FINISHED
PRODUCT
Dechlorination and Immobilization Treatment Process
Page 92
The SITE Program assesses but does not
approve or endorse technologies.
-------
November 7992
STATUS:
This technology was demonstrated in October
1987 at a former oil processing plant in
Douglassville, Pennsylvania. The site soil
contained high levels of oil and grease [250,000
parts per million (ppm)] and heavy metals
(22,000 ppm lead), and low levels (100 ppm) of
volatile organic compounds (VOC) and poly-
chlorinated biphenyls (PCS) at 75 ppm. An
Applications Analysis Report
(EPA/540/A5-89/001) and a Technology
Evaluation Report (EPA/540/5-89/001a) are
available. A report on long-term monitoring
may be obtained from EPA's Risk Reduction
Engineering Laboratory. The technology has
also been used to remediate a California
Superfund site with zinc contamination as high
as 220,000 ppm.
Since the demonstration in 1987, the technology
has been enhanced through the development of
17 additional reagent formulations that are
claimed to dechlorinate many chlorinated or-
ganics including PCBs, ethylene dichloride
(EDC), trichlorethylene (TCE), and penta-
chlorophenol.
DEMONSTRATION RESULTS:
Samples were taken after treatment at intervals
of 7 days, 28 days, 9 months, and 22 months.
Analytical results from these samples are gener-
ally favorable. The physical test results were
good, with UCS between 220 and 1,570 psi.
Very low permeabilities (in the range of 10"9
cm/sec) were recorded, and the porosity of the
treated wastes was moderate. Durability test
results showed no change in physical strength
after the wet and dry and freeze and thaw
cycles. The waste volume increased by about
120 percent. However, refinements of the
technology now restrict volumetric increases to
the 15 to 25 percent range. Using a smaller
volume of additives reduces physical strength,
but toxicity reduction is not affected. Data
obtained since the 1987 SITE demonstration
indicate that one or more of the reagents used in
immobilizing heavy metals may be capable of
dechlorinating certain hazardous organics such
as PCBs.
The results of the leaching tests were mixed.
The Toxicity Characteristic Leaching Procedure
(TCLP) results of the stabilized wastes were
very low; essentially, concentrations of metals,
VOCs, and semivolatile organic compounds
(SVOC) were below 1 ppm. Lead leachate
concentrations decreased by a factor of 200 to
below 100 parts per billion. VOC and SVOC
concentrations in the TCLP leachate were not
affected by treatment. Oil and grease con-
centrations were greater in the treated waste
TCLP leachate (4 ppm) than in the untreated
waste TCLP leachate (less than 2 ppm). The
physical properties of the treated waste include
high unconfined compressive strengths, low
permeabilities, and good weathering properties.
FOR FURTHER INFORMATION:
EPA PROJECT MANAGER:
Paul dePercin
U.S. EPA
Risk Reduction Engineering Laboratory
26 West Martin Luther King Drive
Cincinnati, OH 45268
513-569-7797
TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPER CONTACT:
Ray Funderburk
Funderburk & Associates
Route 2 Box 815
Fairfield, TX 75840
800-227-6543
Fax: 903-389-7521
Call before sending
The SITE Program assesses but does not
approve or endorse technologies.
Page 93
-------
Technology Profile
DEMONSTRATION PROGRAM
GEOCHEM, A Division of Terra Vac
(In Situ Remediation of Chromium in Groundwater)
TECHNOLOGY DESCRIPTION:
The GEOCHEM treatment process removes
chromium from contaminated groundwater using
a variation on traditional pump and treat meth-
ods. As part of GEOCHEM's approach, con-
taminated groundwater is brought to the surface
and treated using conventional treatment systems
(see figure below). Next, a reductant is added
to the treated water, which is reinjected around
the plume margin. Here it reacts with and
reduces residual levels of chromium, forming a
precipitate. Such reinjection achieves better
hydrodynamic control by building a "barrier" of
elevated water levels around the plume, thereby
enhancing the gradient and associated hydraulic
control. The reinjection also allows for in situ
reduction and subsequent fixation of residual
chromium.
Most aquifer solids naturally contain chromium
(primarily trivalent) at levels of 15 parts per
million (ppm) or more as a result of the natural
crustal abundance of chromium. The precipita-
tion of residual chromium from the water does
not materially add to the concentration of chrom-
ium in the aquifer solids, because most con-
taminated zones contain only a few milligrams
per liter (mg/L) of chromium; the precipitation
of such material onto the aquifer solids does not
change the overall aquifer concentration. A
proper evaluation of geochemical conditions will
be performed under the SITE Program to ensure
that the precipitated chromium does not become
remobilized. Data from two different soil
treatment approaches is shown on the next page,
indicating that using a reductant is the more
effective method.
WASTE APPLICABILITY:
The GEOCHEM process is capable of treating
dissolved hexavalent chromium in groundwater
at concentrations ranging from the detection
limit to several hundred mg/L. The technique is
applicable to sites involving wood preservation
REDUCTANTTREATED WATER
CONTAMINATED GROUND WATER
CONTAMINATION
—vSOURCE
TREATMENT
PLANT
WATER TABLE
WATER TABLE
IN-SITUCr+3
FIXATION
Cr+6
CONTAMINATED
GROUNDWATER
REDUCTANT
TREATED WATER
ADVANCING FRONT
EDUCTANT TREATED WATER
In Situ Remediation of Chromium in Groundwater
Page 94
The SITE Program assesses but does not
approve or endorse technologies.
-------
November 1992
and chromium chemicals manufacturing as well
as plating and other facilities using hexavalent
chromium. In addition, treatment of such
groundwater contaminants as uranium, selenium,
and arsenic is also possible.
STATUS:
GEOCHEM was accepted into the SITE
Demonstration Program in summer 1992.
Numerous sites were evaluated for demonstra-
tion of GEOCHEM's technology. The tech-
nology will be demonstrated at the Valley Wood
Treating site in Turlock, California. The
GEOCHEM technology, which was developed
for use at restoration of uranium in situ leach
facilities, also has an operational history at mine
sites.
FOR FURTHER INFORMATION:
EPA PROJECT MANAGER:
Douglas Grosse
U.S. EPA
Risk Reduction Engineering Laboratory
26 West Martin Luther King Drive
Cincinnati, OH 45268
513-569-7844
TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPER CONTACT:
Jim Rouse
GEOCHEM
12265 W. Bayaud, Suite 140
Lakewood, CO 80228
303-988-8902
[Chromium, mg/l
10000.00
1000.00
100.00
10.00
1.00
Chromium Cleanup
Standard 0.05 mg/l
I (JtlQp.
-- • Q_Ql
0
Chromium Reduction as a Function of Water Flush Method and Pore Volume Thoughput
The SITE Program assesses but does not
approve or endorse technologies.
Page 95
-------
Technology Profile
DEMONSTRATION PROGRAM
GEOSAFE CORPORATION
(In Situ Vitrification)
TECHNOLOGY DESCRIPTION:
In situ vitrification (ISV) uses an electric current
to melt soil or sludge at extremely high temper-
atures [1,600 to 2,000 degrees Celsius (°C)],
destroying organic pollutants by pyrolysis.
Inorganic pollutants are incorporated within the
vitrified glass and crystalline mass. Water vapor
and organic pyrolysis combustion products are
captured in a hood, which draws the con-
taminants into an off-gas treatment system that
removes particulates and other pollutants from
the gas.
The vitrification process begins by inserting an
array (usually square) of four large electrodes
slightly into contaminated zones containing
enough soil for melting to occur (see photograph
below). Because soil typically has low electrical
conductivity until molten, flaked graphite and
glass frit are placed on the soil surface between
the electrodes to provide a starter path for
electric current. The electric current passes
through the starter path and melts the soil at the
surface. As power is applied, the melt continues
downward at a rate of 1 to 2 inches per hour.
The electrode array is lowered progressively, as
the melt grows, to the desired treatment depth.
After cooling, a vitrified monolith results, with
a silicate glass and microcrystalline structure.
This monolith possesses high strength and is
resistant to freeze-thaw cycles. The large-scale
ISV system melts soil at a rate of 4 to 6 tons
per hour. !
Air flow through the hood is controlled to
maintain a negative pressure. Excess oxygen is
supplied for combustion of any organic pyrolysis
by-products. Off-gases are treated by
(1) quenching, (2) pH controlled scrubbing,
(3) dewatering (mist elimination), (4) heating
(for dew point control), (5) particulate filtration,
and (6) activated carbon adsorption.
Individual settings (each single placement of
electrodes) may encompass a total melt mass of
1,000 tons and a maximum width of 35 feet.
Single-setting depths as great as 25 feet below
In Situ Vitrification Process
Page 96
The SITE Program assesses but does not
approve or endorse technologies.
-------
November 1992
ground surface are considered possible. Large-
scale IS V equipment has achieved depths exceed-
ing 19 feet below ground surface. Adjacent
settings can be positioned to fuse to each other,
completely processing the desired volume at a
site. Settings to reach deep contamination are
also possible. The void volume in paniculate
materials (20 to 40 percent for typical soils) and
volatile materials are removed during process-
ing, reducing the waste volume.
The mobile ISV system is mounted on three
semitrailers. Electric power is usually obtained
from a utility distribution system at transmission
voltages of 12.5 or 13.8 kilovdlts. A diesel
generator may also provide power on site. The
electrical supply system has an isolated ground
circuit to provide safety.
WASTE APPLICABILITY:
The ISV process can destroy or remove organics
and immobilize most inorganics in contaminated
soils or sludges. In most saturated soils or
sludges, water is driven off at the 100°C iso-
therm moving in advance of the melt. Water
removal increases energy consumption and
associated costs. Also, sludges must contain
enough glass-forming material (nonvolatile,
nondestructible solids) to produce a molten mass
that will destroy or remove organic pollutants
and immobilize inorganic pollutants.
The effectiveness of the ISV process is limited
by (1) individual void volumes in excess of 150
cubic feet, (2) rubble exceeding 20 percent by
weight, and (3) combustible organics in the soil
or sludge exceeding 5 to 10 weight percent,
depending on the heating value.
STATUS:
The ISV process has been operated for test and
demonstration purposes at the pilot scale 22
times, and at large scale 10 times at the fol-
lowing sites: (1) Geosafe Corporation's test
site, (2) the U.S. Department of Energy's
(DOE) Hanford Nuclear Reservation, (3) DOE's
Oak Ridge National Laboratory, and (4) DOE's
Idaho National Engineering Laboratory. More
than 130 tests at various scales have been per-
formed on a broad range of waste types in soils
and sludges. The SITE demonstration will take
place at the Parsons/ETM site in Grand Ledge,
Michigan. The process is scheduled for use at
EPA Superfund, private, U.S. Department of
Defense (DOD), and other DOE sites. Geosafe
Corporation is further testing the technology
before beginning commercial field remediation
work in 1993.
FOR FURTHER INFORMATION:
EPA PROJECT MANAGER:
Teri Richardson
U.S. EPA
Risk Reduction Engineering Laboratory
26 West Martin Luther King Drive
Cincinnati, OH 45268
513-569-7949
TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPER CONTACT:
James Hansen
Geosafe Corporation
2950 George Washington Way
Richland, WA 99352
509-375-0710
Fax: 509-375-7721
The SITE Program assesses but does not
approve or endorse technologies.
Page 97
-------
Technology Profile
DEMONSTRATION PROGRAM
GRUPPO ITALIMPRESSE
(Developed by SHIRCO INFRARED SYSTEMS, INC.)
(Infrared Thermal Destruction)
TECHNOLOGY DESCRIPTION:
The infrared thermal destruction technology is a
mobile thermal processing system that uses
electrically-powered silicon carbide rods to heat
organic wastes to combustion temperatures.
Any remaining combustibles are incinerated in
an afterburner. One configuration for this
mobile system (see figure below) consists of four
components: (1) an electric-powered infrared
primary chamber, (2) a gas-fired secondary
combustion chamber, (3) an emissions control
system, and (4) a control center.
Waste is fed into the primary chamber and
exposed to infrared radiant heat (up to 1,850
degrees Fahrenheit) provided by silicon carbide
rods above the belt. A blower delivers air to
selected locations along the belt to control the
oxidation rate of the waste feed.
The ash material in the primary chamber is
quenched by using scrubber water effluent. The
ash is then conveyed to the ash hopper, where it
is removed to a holding area and analyzed for
organic contaminants, such as polychlorinated
biphenyl (PCB) content.
Volatile gases from the primary chamber flow
into the secondary chamber, which uses higher
temperatures, greater residence time, turbulence,
and supplemental energy (if required) to destroy
these gases. Gases from the secondary chamber
are ducted through the emissions control system.
In the emissions control system, the particulates
are removed in a venturi scrubber. Acid vapor
is neutralized in a packed tower scrubber. An
induced draft blower draws the cleaned gases
from the scrubber into the free-standing exhaust
stack. The scrubber liquid effluent flows into a
clarifier, where scrubber sludge settles out for
disposal. The liquid then flows through an
activated carbon filter for reuse or to a publicly
owned treatment works (POTW) for disposal.
WASTE APPLICABILITY:
This technology is suitable for soils or sediments
with organic contaminants. Liquid organic
wastes can be treated after mixing with sand or
soil. Optimal waste characteristics are as
follows:
• Particle size, 5 microns to 2 inches
• Moisture content, up to 50 percent by
weight
• Density, 30 to 130 pounds per cubic
foot
• Heating value, up to 10,000 British
thermal units per pound
• Chlorine content, up to 5 percent by
weight
• Sulfur content, up to 5 percent by
weight
• Phosphorus, 0 to 300 parts per million
(ppm)
• pH, 5 to 9
• Alkali metals, up to 1 percent by weight
Mobile Thermal Processing System
Page 98
The SITE Program assesses but does not
approve or endorse technologies.
-------
November 1992
STATUS:
EPA conducted two evaluations of the infrared
system. A full-scale unit was evaluated during
August 1987, at the Peak Oil site in Tampa,
Florida. The system treated nearly 7,000 cubic
yards of waste oil sludge containing PCBs and
lead. A second pilot-scale demonstration took
place at the Rose Township-Demode Road
Superfund site in Michigan, during Nov-
ember 1987. Organics, PCBs, and metals in soil
were the target waste compounds to be im-
mobilized. In addition, the technology has been
used to remediate PCB contamination at the
Florida Steel Corporation and the LaSalle Elec-
tric Superfund sites. Two Applications Analysis
Reports (EPA/540/A5-89/010 and EPA/A5-
89/007) and two Technology Evaluation Reports
(EPA/540/5-88/002a and EPA/540/5-89/007a)
are available from EPA.
DEMONSTRATION RESULTS:
The results from the two SITE demonstrations
are summarized below.
• PCBs were reduced to less than 1 ppm
in the ash, with a destruction removal
efficiency (DRE) for air emissions
greater than 99.99 percent (based on
detection limits).
• In the pilot-scale demonstration, the
Resource Conservation and Recovery
Act (RCRA) standard for paniculate
emissions (180 milligrams per dry stan-
dard cubic meter) was achieved. In the
full-scale demonstration, however, this
standard was not met in all runs because
of scrubber inefficiencies.
• Lead was not immobilized; however, it
remained in the ash, and significant
amounts were not transferred to the
scrubber water or emitted to the atmo-
sphere.
• The pilot test demonstrated satisfactory
performance with high feed rate and
reduced power consumption when fuel
oil was added to the waste feed and the1
primary chamber temperature was re-
duced.
Results from the two demonstrations, plus eight
other case studies, indicate the following:
• The process is capable of meeting both
RCRA and TSCA DRE requirements for
air emissions and paniculate emissions.
Restrictions in chloride levels in the feed
waste may be necessary. PCB remedia-
tion has consistently met the TSCA
guidance level of 2 ppm in ash.
• Economic analysis suggests an overall
waste remediation cost up to $800 per
ton.
FOR FURTHER INFORMATION:
EPA PROJECT MANAGER:
Howard Wall
U.S. EPA
Risk Reduction Engineering Laboratory
26 West Martin Luther King Drive
Cincinnati, OH 45268
513-569-7691
TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPER CONTACT:
Gruppo Italimpresse
Rome
011-39-06-8802001
Padova
011-39-049-773490
This technology is no longer available through
vendors in the United States.
The SITE Program assesses but does not
approve or endorse technologies.
Page 99
-------
Technology Profile
DEMONSTRATION PROGRAM
HAZARDOUS WASTE CONTROL
(NOMIX® Technology)
TECHNOLOGY DESCRIPTION:
The NOMIX* technology is a patented solid-
ification and stabilization process that can be
applied to contaminated media in situ, without
mixing equipment. The technology combines
specially formulated cementitious materials with
waste media. Because the material hardens
faster than conventional concrete, remediation
time is reduced.
The NOMIX® solidification compounds consist
of various combinations of specially formulated
cements, sands, and aggregates. The dry com-
ponents and their reacting rates with the wet
waste are closely controlled, allowing rapid and
efficient solidification. The contaminated media
may be diluted with water, if necessary, to
facilitate the solidification process. If the addi-
tion of water is necessary, it may be introduced
into the waste media before the addition of the
preblended solidification compounds. Water can
be added in various ways to create a homo-
genous solution of waste and water. The solid-
ification compounds are then poured through the
waste and water solution in a consistent manner,
allowing the complete absorption of the waste
solution and the formation of a solid mass. The
process produces a relatively homogenous mass
compared to solidification processes using
mixing equipment.
Applications of the technology require little
labor because mixing is accomplished simply by
pouring the solidification compounds into the
waste combination. This process can be used to
solidify greater quantities of waste than normal
concrete mixtures because the premixed dry
compounds are more absorbent than normal
concrete mixtures. Permeability of the treated
waste can be controlled by adjusting the
mixture's formula.
The process can be used to treat contaminated
waste contained in drums (or other containers),
a minor spill, or even a lagoon (see figures).
Each of these situations requires particular
installation procedures. After solidification,
treated waste units can be moved to storage or
left in place. For critical situations, the solid-
Chemical Storage:
Solidification of Drum Waste
Ponding Basin of Lagoon:
Solidification for Removal
Page 100
The SITE Program assesses but does not
approve or endorse technologies.
-------
November 1992
ified mass may be encased for extra protection
in non-shrink, structural concrete with a high
quality waterproof coating.
WASTE APPLICABILITY:
The NOMIX* technology is currently best suited
to the solidification and stabilization of aqueous
wastes in the following situations:
• Solidification of drum waste
• Solidification of minor spills hi situ to
minimize soil or facility contamination
• Solidification of waste lagoons for long-
term, in-place storage, or for solidifica-
tion in preparation for removal.
The technology has been applied to solutions of
arsenic- trioxide, barium bromide, cadmium
acetate, mercuric chloride, potassium chromate,
selenium dioxide, silver nitrate, and zinc sulfate,
among others. Hardened masses of each waste
were subjected to Toxicity Characteristic
Leaching Procedure (TCLP) analysis as well as
American Society for Testing and Materials
(ASTM) C-109 compressive tests. In all cases,
the technology significantly reduced the leach-
ability of each waste stream and achieved comp-
ressive strengths of a few hundred pounds per
square inch (psi).
As the technology is improved it will become
suitable for solidification of various wastes in
soils, including inorganic wastes.
STATUS:
The NOMIX® technology was accepted into the
SITE Demonstration Program in March 1991.
The date and place of the demonstration are
undetermined.
FOR FURTHER INFORMATION:
EPA PROJECT MANAGER:
Teri Richardson
U.S. EPA
Risk Reduction Engineering Laboratory
26 West Martin Luther King Drive
Cincinnati, OH 45268
513-569-7949
TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPER CONTACT:
David Babcock
Hazardous Waste Control, Inc.
403 Stillson Road
Fairfield, CT 06430
203-366-7020
Ponding Basin of Lagoon:
Solidification In Situ
Figures reprinted with permission of NOMIX Corporation/Hazardous Waste Control.
The SITE Program assesses but does not
approve or endorse technologies.
Page 101
-------
Technology Profile
DEMONSTRATION PROGRAM
HORSEHEAD RESOURCE DEVELOPMENT CO., INC. (HRD)
(Flame Reactor)
TECHNOLOGY DESCRIPTION:
The flame reactor system (see figure below) is a
patented, hydrocarbon-fueled, flash-smelting
system that treats residues and wastes containing
metals. The reactor processes wastes with a hot
[greater than 2,000 degrees Celsius (°C)] reduc-
ing gas produced by the combustion of solid or
gaseous hydrocarbon fuels in oxygen-enriched
air. In a compact, low-capital cost reactor, the
feed materials react rapidly, allowing a high
waste throughput. The end products are a
nonleachable slag (a glass-like solid when cool-
ed), a potentially recyclable, heavy metal-en-
riched oxide, and, hi some cases, a metal alloy.
The achieved volume reduction (of waste to slag
plus oxide) depends on the chemical and phy-
sical properties of the waste. The volatile metals
are fumed and captured in a product dust collec-
tion system; nonvolatile metals condense as a
molten alloy. The remaining trace levels of
metals are encapsulated in the slag. Organic
compounds are destroyed at the elevated temper-
ature of the flame reactor technology. In gener-
al, the system requires that wastes be dry en-
ough (up to 5 percent total moisture) to be
pneumatically-fed, and fine enough (less than
200 mesh) to react rapidly. Larger particles (up
to 20 mesh) can be processed; however, the
efficiency of metals recovery is decreased. The
current system has a capacity of up to 3 tons per
hour.
WASTE APPLICABILITY:
The flame reactor technology can be applied to
granular solids, soil, flue dusts, slags, and
sludges containing heavy metals. Electric arc
furnace dust, lead blast furnace slag, soil, iron
residues, zinc plant leach residues and purifica-
tion residues, and brass mill dusts and fumes
have been successfully treated.
Metal-bearing wastes containing zinc (up to 40
percent), lead (up to 10 percent), chromium (up
to 4 percent), cadmium (up to 3 percent), ar-
senic (up to 1 percent), copper, cobalt, and
nickel have been successfully treated.
• Natural Gas
•Oxygen + Air
FLAME
REACTOR
•Solid-Waste Feed
Off Gas
SEPARATOR
BAGHOUSE
1
Effluent Slag
Oxide Product
HRD Flame Reactor Process Flow
Page 102
The SITE Program assesses but does not
approve or endorse technologies.
-------
November 1992
The process can treat soils that are contaminated
with metals, with or without a variety of toxic
organics.
STATUS:
This technology was accepted into the SITE
Demonstration Program in summer 1990.
Currently, the prototype flame reactor tech-
nology system operates with a capacity of 1 to 3
tons/hour in a stationary mode at the developer's
facility in Monaca, Pennsylvania. EPA and the
developer believe that a mobile system can be
designed and constructed for on-site treatment at
hazardous waste sites.
The SITE demonstration test was conducted
from March 18 to 23, 1991, on secondary lead
smelter-soda slag from the National Smelting
and Refining (NSR) Company Superfund site in
Atlanta, Georgia. The test was conducted at the
Monaca facility under a Resource Conservation
and Recovery Act (RCRA) Research,
Development, and Demonstration permit that
allows the treatment of Superfund wastes con-
taining high concentrations of metals, but only
negligible concentrations of organics. The
major objectives of the SITE technology demon-
stration were to (1) investigate the reuse pot-
ential of the recovered metal oxides, (2) evaluate
the levels of contaminants in the residual slag
and their leaching potential, and (3) determine
the efficiency and economics of processing.
A follow-up test with feed containing organics is
tentatively planned for 1993.
A 30,000 standard tons per year commercial
flame reactor plant is being built near Beaumont,
Texas on the site of the North Star Steel Mine
Mill. The unit will process steel mill baghouse
dust (K061) exclusively. Plant startup is sched-
uled for June 1, 1993.
DEMONSTRATION RESULTS:
Approximately 72 wet tons of NSR waste mater-
ial were processed during the demonstration.
Partial test results are shown in the table below:
Metal Concentration Ranges in Influent and Effluent
Waste Effluent Product
Feed Slag Oxide
(mg/kg) (mg/kg) (rag/kg)
Arsenic
Cadmium
Copper
Iron
Lead
Zinc
428-1040
356-512
1,460-2,590
95,600-130,000
48,200-61,700
3,210-6,810
92.1-1340
<2.3-13.5
2,730-3,890
167,000-228,000
1,560-11,400
711-1,680
1,010-1,170
1,080-1,380
1,380-1,780
29,100-35,600
159,000-184,000
10,000-16,200
All effluent slag passed the Toxicity Character-
istic Leaching Procedure (TCLP)-limits criteria.
The Technology Evaluation Report
(EPA/540/5-91/005) and the Applications
Analysis Report (EP A/540/A5-91/005) are
available from EPA.
FOR FURTHER INFORMATION:
EPA PROJECT MANAGERS:
Donald Oberacker and Marta Richards
U.S. EPA
Risk Reduction Engineering Laboratory
26 West Martin Luther King Drive
Cincinnati, OH 45268
513-569-7510 and 513-569-7783
TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPER CONTACT:
Regis Zagrocki
Horsehead Resource Development Co., Inc.
300 Frankfort Road
Monaca, PA 15061
412-773-2289
FAX: 412-773-2273
The SITE Program assesses but does not
approve or endorse technologies.
Page 103
-------
Technology Profile
DEMONSTRATION PROGRAM
HRUBETZ ENVIRONMENTAL SERVICES, INC.
(HRTJBOUT® Process)
TECHNOLOGY DESCRIPTION:
The HRUBOUT* process is a thermal, in situ
treatment process that removes volatile organic
compounds (VOC) and semivolatile organic
compounds (SVOC) from contaminated soils.
As part of the process, heated air is injected into
the soil below the zone of contamination, evap-
orating the soil moisture, and removing volatile
and semivolatile hydrocarbons. As the water
evaporates, soil porosity and permeability is
increased, further facilitating the air flow at
higher temperatures. Involatiles are removed in
place by slow oxidation at the higher temper-
ature ranges.
As part of the process, injection wells are drilled
in predetermined distribution patterns to a depth
below the contamination. The wells are
equipped with steel casing, perforated at the
bottom, and cemented into the hole above the
perforations. This base is then cemented into
the hole. Heated, compressed air is introduced
at temperatures up to 1,200 degrees Fahrenheit
(°F), and the pressure is slowly increased to
force the soil water up uniformly. As the air
progresses upward through the soil, the moisture
is evaporated, taking with it the VOCs and
SVOCs. A surface collection system captures
the exhaust gases under negative pressure.
These gases are conducted to a thermal oxidizer
where the hydrocarbons are thermally destroyed
at 1,500°F.
The air is heated in a 2.9 million British thermal
unit per hour (MMBtu/hour) adiabatic burner.
The incinerator has a rating of 3.1 MMBtu/hour.
The air blower can deliver up to 8,500 pounds
per hour. The units employ a fully-modulating
fuel train that are fueled either by natural gas or
propane. All equipment is mounted on custom-
designed mobile units and operates 24 hours per
day.
WASTE APPLICABILITY:
The process is capable of treating soils in the
vadose zone that are contaminated with organic
TO ATMOSPHERE
HOT COMPRESSED AIR BURNER/BLOWER
(250° -1200°F)
INCINERATOR
VENT GAS VENT GAS
COLLECTION
CHANNELS
- HOT AIR INJECTION WELLS -
T = 250°-1200°F
pslg = 5-22
WATER TABLE
HRUBOUT® Process
Page 104
The SITE Program assesses but does not
approve or endorse technologies.
-------
November 1992
halogenated or nonhalogenated volatiles and
semivolatiles at a wide concentration range.
Gasoline, solvents, diesel oil, jet fuel, heating
oil, crude oil, lubricating oil, creosotes, and
hydraulic oils are the primary applicable hydro-
carbon compounds suitable for treatment.
There is no residual output from the treatment
site, thereby eliminating any potential future
liability.
STATUS:
This technology was accepted into the SITE
Demonstration Program in July 1992. The
demonstration date and location are tentatively
scheduled for late 1992 at Kelly Air Force Base
in San Antonio, Texas.
Pilot testing in a sandy clay loam indicates that
the process begins volatilizing gasoline in the
vadose zone in 14 to 16 days and diesel hi 17 to
19 days. The technology required 13 days to
vaporize the soil water. Since these tests were
conducted, equipment development has increased
heated air injection capability by 70 percent.
Additional research and development has shown
that excavated contaminated soils may be treated
by distributing the soils over a horizontal,
perforated piping grid. The process injects the
pressurized, heated air via the grid system,
collects the resultant vapors beneath an im-
permeable covering, and directs those vapors
into the thermal oxidizer. A containerized
version of the above process has also been
developed. Future containers may be large
enough to treat 40 cubic yards of contaminated
soil.
Additional patents for the broadened applications
of the HRUBOUT® process are pending. The
process was approved by the Texas Water
Commission in December 1991.
FOR FURTHER INFORMATION:
EPA PROJECT MANAGER:
Reinaldo Matfas
U.S. EPA
Risk Reduction Engineering Laboratory
26 West Martin Luther King Drive
Cincinnati, OH 45268
513-569-7149
TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPER CONTACTS:
Michael Hrubetz or Barbara Hrubetz
Hrubetz Environmental Services, Inc.
5949 Sherry Lane, Suite 800
Dallas, TX 75225
214-363-7833
Fax: 214-691-8545
The SITE Program assesses but does not
approve or endorse technologies.
Page 105
-------
Technology Profile
DEMONSTRATION PROGRAM
HUGHES ENVIRONMENTAL SYSTEMS, INC.
(Steam Enhanced Recovery Process)
TECHNOLOGY DESCRIPTION:
The Steam Enhanced Recovery Process (SERF)
removes most volatile organic compounds
(VOC) and semivolatile organic compounds
(SVOC) from contaminated soils in situ both
above and below the water table (see figure
below). The technology is applicable to the in
situ remediation of contaminated soils below
ground surface and can be used to treat below or
around permanent structures. The process
accelerates contaminant removal rates and can be
effective in all soil types. Steam is forced
'through the soil by injection wells to thermally
enhance the recovery process. Extraction wells
are used for two purposes: to pump and treat
groundwater and to transport steam and vaporiz-
ed contaminants to the surface. Recovered non-
aqueous liquids are separated by gravity separa-
tion. Hydrocarbons are collected for recycling,
and water is treated before being discharged to
a storm drain or sewer. Vapors can be con-
densed and treated by any of several vapor
treatment techniques (for example, thermal
oxidation and catalytic oxidation). The tech-
nology uses readily available components such
as extraction and monitoring wells, manifold
piping, vapor and liquid separators, vacuum
pumps, and gas emission control equipment.
WASTE APPLICABILITY:
The process can be used to extract VOCs and
SVOCs from contaminated soils and perched
groundwater. Compounds suitable for treatment
are hydrocarbons such as gasoline and diesel and
jet fuel; solvents such as trichloroethylene
(TCE), trichloroethane (TCA), and dichloro-
HYDROCARBON
LIQUID
LIQUIDS
(HYDROCARBONS/.
WATER) \
AIR COMPRESSOR
VAPOR TREATMENT
CONDENSER /\
CLEAN AIR
SOIL CONTAMINATED
BY HYDROCARBONS
AIR LIFT
PUMP
Steam Enhanced Recovery Process
Page 106
The SITE Program assesses but does not
approve or endorse technologies.
-------
November 1992
benzene (DCB); or a mixture of these com-
pounds. After application of the process, sub-
surface conditions are excellent for biodegrada-
tion of residual contaminants. The process
cannot be applied to contaminated soil very near
the ground surface unless a cap exists. Denser-
than-water compounds can be treated only in
low concentrations unless a geologic barrier
exists to prevent downward percolation.
STATUS:
The SITE demonstration of the technology
currently underway at a site in Huntington
Beach, California, began in August 1991 and
will be completed in early 1993. The soil at the
site was contaminated by a large diesel fuel
spill. For more information regarding this
technology, see the Udell Technologies, Inc.,
profile in the Demonstration Program section.
FOR FURTHER INFORMATION:
EPA PROJECT MANAGER:
Paul dePercin
U.S. EPA
Risk Reduction Engineering Laboratory
26 West Martin Luther King Drive
Cincinnati, OH 45268
513-569-7797
TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPER CONTACT:
Ron Van Sickle
Hughes Environmental Systems, Inc.
Building A20, MS 2N206
P.O. Box 10011
1240 Rosecrans Avenue
Manhattan Beach, CA 90266
310-536-6547
Trailer: 714-375-6445
The SITE Program assesses but does not
approve or endorse technologies.
Page 107
-------
Technology Profile
DEMONSTRATION PROGRAM
ILLINOIS INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY RESEARCH
INSTITUTE/HALLIBURTON NUS
(Radio Frequency Heating)
TECHNOLOGY DESCRIPTION:
Radio Frequency (RF) Heating is an in situ
process that uses electromagnetic energy to
volatilize organic contamination from soil in the
vadose zone. The technology heats con-
taminated soil to 150-200 degrees Celsius using
an array of electrodes embedded in the soil.
Organic contamination and native soil moisture
are volatilized and, thereby removed from the
vadose zone. Recovered organic vapors are
captured with a vapor barrier and are treated
using spray quenching, condensation, and flar-
ing.
WASTE APPLICABILITY:
RF Heating can be used to decontaminate vadose
zone soil contaminated with volatile and semi-
volatile organic chemicals.
On—site Vapor
Recovery and
Treatment
Vapor Containment Cover
;? ;'A':;.1! .<•••: v-.-^f-J •'
»*•? Contaminated ' Soil ''.
:•'' •*.',•.-" }'» ,"•!•••- '••*
.- .f, t\ f* .* . ^ .'... .• >. *.•
T '•.'.; A •"•'''••''',,';'{'•:: .'!.."-
Saturated Zone
Radio Frequency In Situ Heating Process
Page 108
The SITE Program assesses but does not
approve or endorse technologies.
-------
November 1992
STATUS:
This technology was accepted into the SITE
Demonstration Program in summer 1992. It
will be demonstrated in early 1993 at Kelly Air
Force Base.
FOR FURTHER INFORMATION:
EPA PROJECT MANAGER:
Laurel Staley
U.S. EPA
Risk Reduction Engineering Laboratory
26 West Martin Luther King Drive
Cincinnati, OH 45268
513-569-7863
TECHNOLOGY CONTACT:
Clifton Blanchard
Halliburton NUS
800 Oak Ridge Turnpike
Jackson Plaza C-200
Oak Ridge, TN 37830
615-483-9900
The SITE Program assesses but does not
approve or endorse technologies.
Page 109
-------
Technology Profile
DEMONSTRATION PROGRAM
IN-SITU FIXATION COMPANY
(Deep In Situ Bioremediation Process)
TECHNOLOGY DESCRIPTION:
This process increases the efficiency and rate of
biodegradation in deep contaminated soils. The
system injects site-specific microorganism mix-
ture(s) and the required nutrients into con-
taminated soil. The microorganism mixture(s),
nutrients, and soils are homogeneously mixed
without requiring any excavation. The injection
and mixing process effectively breaks down fluid
Dual Auger System
Page 110
The SITE Program assesses but does not
approve or endorse technologies.
-------
November 1992
and soil strata barriers and eliminates pockets of
contaminated soil that would otherwise remain
untreated.
The process uses a twin, 5-foot-diameter, dual
auger system (see photograph on the previous
page) powered and moved by a standard back-
hoe. The hollow shaft auger drills into con-
taminated soil, allowing the microorganism and
nutrient mixture(s) to be continually injected
through a controlled nozzle system. Oxygen,
water, nutrients, and natural bacteria, if neces-
sary, are added to the contaminated area. A
site-specific laboratory test program determines
what needs to be injected into the soil to reme-
diate it.
The distribution of the microorganisms and
nutrients occurs during the initial auger action.
The auger flights break the soil loose, allowing
mixing blades to thoroughly blend the micro-
organism and nutrient mixture with the soil.
Drilling occurs hi an overlapping manner to
ensure complete treatment of'all contaminated
soil. The mixing action is continued as the
augers are withdrawn. Treatment depth may
exceed 100 feet.
The development of site-specific microorganisms
is an integral part of the process. Laboratory
bench-scale tests are performed on contaminated
soil to determine the water, nutrients, and, if
necessary, bacteria required for successful
biodegradation. Although some contaminants
may volatilize during remediation, volatilization
can be minimized by adding a hood around the
auger assembly and treating the captured vapors
in a filter system.
The dual auger system was also developed for
the treatment of inorganic contaminated soils by
injecting reagent slurry into the soil to solidify
and stabilize contaminated waste.
Many sites require that an impermeable barrier
or containment wall be constructed to prevent
the continued migration of pollutants through
soil and water. This wall allows for greater
protection of the groundwater and surrounding
area.
WASTE APPLICABILITY:
The deep in situ bioremediation process may be
applied to all organic-contaminated soils.
Varying degrees of success may occur with
different contaminants. High concentrations of
heavy metals or nonbiodegradable toxic or-
ganics, and alkaline or acidic conditions could
interfere with the degradation process.
No residuals or wastes are generated in this
process because all treatment is performed
beneath the ground surface.
STATUS:
This technology was accepted into the SITE
Demonstration Program in June 1990. A
demonstration project is tentatively planned for
spring 1993 in conjunction with the U.S. Air
Force.
FOR FURTHER INFORMATION:
EPA PROJECT MANAGER:
Edward Opatken
U.S. EPA
Risk Reduction Engineering Laboratory
26 West Martin Luther King Drive
Cincinnati, OH 45268
513-569-7855
TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPER CONTACT:
Richard Murray
In-Situ Fixation Company
P.O. Box 516
Chandler, AZ 85244-0516
602-821-0409
The SITE Program assesses but does not
approve or endorse technologies.
Page 111
-------
Technology Profile
DEMONSTRATION PROGRAM
INTERNATIONAL ENVIRONMENTAL TECHNOLOGY
(Geolock and Bio-Drain Treatment Platform)
TECHNOLOGY DESCRIPTION:
The Geolock and Bio-Drain treatment platform
(see photograph below) is a bioremediation
system that treats soils hi situ. The technology
can be adapted to soil characteristics, con-
taminant concentrations, and area geologic
formations. The system consists of an in situ
tank, an application system, and a bottom water
recovery system.
The Geolock tank, an in situ structure, consists
of high density polyethylene (HDPE), sometimes
in conjunction with a slurry wall. An under-
lying permeable water-bearing zone helps create
inwardgradient water flow conditions. The tank
defines the treatment area, minimizes intrusion
of off-site clean water, minimizes release of
bacterial cultures to the aquifer, and maintains
contaminant concentration levels that facilitate
treatment. The inwardgradient conditions also
facilitate reverse leaching or soil washing.
The application system, called Bio-Drain, is
installed within the treatment area. Bio-Drain
aerates the soil column and any standing water.
This creates an aerobic environment in the air
pores of the soil. Other gas mixtures can also
be introduced to the soil column, such as
air/methane mixtures used to biodegrade chlor-
inated organics. Installation costs are low, and
the treatment platforms can be placed in very
dense configurations at competitive costs.
Existing or new wells make up the water re-
covery system, which removes water used to
wash contaminated soil. The system causes
reverse leaching or soil washing by controlling
the water levels within the tank. The design of
the in situ tank also controls the volume of clean
Geolock and Bio-Drain Treatment Platform
Page 112
The SITE Program assesses but does not
approve or endorse technologies.
-------
November 1992
off-site water entering the treatment system.
Inwardgradient conditions direct existing con-
taminants and bacterial degradation products to
migrate toward the surface instead of off site.
Until equilibrium conditions are established, the
only residual is the quantity of water withdrawn
from the system to create inwardgradient con-
ditions. After equilibrium conditions are estab-
lished, the water would be treated in situ to meet
National Pollutant Discharge Elimination System
(NPDES) or pre-treatment limits.
The same Geolock/Bio-Drain platform can be
used to remove floating or sinking contaminants
prior to biological or physical/chemical treat-
ment. The platform can perform air stripping
using both pressure and vacuum systems to
remove excess volatile organics from saturated
waste or soil.
Conventional biological treatment is limited by
the depth of soil aeration, the need for physical
stripping, and the need to relocate the con-
taminated media to an aboveground treatment
system. The Geolock/Bio-Drain treatment
platform surpasses these limitations, reducing the
health risks associated with excavation and air
releases from other treatment technologies.
WASTE APPLICABILITY:
This system can treat all types and con-
centrations of biodegradable contaminants.
Through direct degradation or co-metabolism,
microorganisms can degrade most organic
substances including some polychlorinated
biphenyls (PCB). Only a few compounds, such
as 1,4-dioxane, resist biodegradation. In these
cases, the material may be washed from the soil
using surfactants.
Extremely dense clays may be difficult to treat
with this technology. Rock shelves or boulders
may prevent installation.
STATUS:
The technology was accepted into the SITE
Demonstration Program in August 1990. Two
patents on the system were awarded in July and
October 1991. A demonstration site is currently
being selected.
FOR FURTHER INFORMATION:
EPA PROJECT MANAGER:
Randy Parker
U.S. EPA
Risk Reduction Engineering Laboratory
26 West Martin Luther King Drive
Cincinnati, OH 45268
513-569-7271
TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPER CONTACT:
Rebecca Sherman
International Environmental Technology
Box 797
Perrysburg, OH 43552
419-865-2001 or
419-255-5100
Fax: 419-389-9460
The SITE Program assesses but does not
approve or endorse technologies.
Page 113
-------
Technology Profile
DEMONSTRATION PROGRAM
INTERNATIONAL WASTE TECHNOLOGIES/GEO-CON, INC.
Oh Situ Solidification and Stabilization Process)
TECHNOLOGY DESCRIPTION:
This in situ solidification and stabilization tech-
nology immobilizes organic and inorganic com-
pounds in wet or dry soils, using reagents
(additives) to produce a cement-like mass. The
basic components of this technology are:
(1) Geo-Con's deep soil mixing system (DSM),
a system to deliver and mix the chemicals with
the soil in situ; and (2) a batch mixing plant to
supply the International Waste Technologies'
(IWT) proprietary additives (see figure below).
The proprietary additives generate a complex,
crystalline, connective network of inorganic
polymers in a two-phase reaction. In the first
phase, contaminants are complexed in a fast-
acting reaction. Li the second phase, the build-
ing of macromolecules continues over a long
period of tune hi a slow-acting reaction.
The DSM system involves mechanical mixing
and injection. The system consists of one set of
cutting blades and two sets of mixing blades
attached to a vertical drive auger, which rotates
at approximately 15 revolutions per minute
(rpm). Two conduits hi the auger inject the
additive slurry and supplemental water. Ad-
ditives are injected on the downstroke; further
mixing takes place upon auger withdrawal. The
treated soil columns are 36 inches in diameter
and are positioned in an overlapping pattern of
alternating primary and secondary soil columns.
WASTE APPLICABILITY:
The IWT technology treats soils, sediments, and
sludge-pond bottoms contaminated with organic
compounds and metals. The technology has
been laboratory-tested on soils containing poly-
chlorinated biphenyls (PCB), pentachlorophenol,
refinery wastes, and chlorinated and nitrated
hydrocarbons. Geo-Con's soil mixing tech-
nology can treat any waste for which a physical
or chemical reagent is applicable.
STATUS:
A SITE demonstration was conducted at a PCB-
contaminated site in Hialeah, Florida, in April
1988. Two 10- by 20-foot areas were treated -
one to a depth of 18 feet, and the other to a
depth of 14 feet. Ten months after the demon-
stration, long-term monitoring tests were per-
formed on the treated sectors. The Applications
Analysis Report (EPA/540/A5-89/004) and
Technology Evaluation Report
(EPA/540/5-89/004a) have been published.
Flow Una
Control the
Communication Una
Flow
Control
Box
In Situ Solidification Batch Mixing Plant Process Flow
Page 114
The SITE Program assesses but does not
approve or endorse technologies.
-------
November 1992
DEMONSTRATION RESULTS:
The SITE demonstration of the process yielded
the following results:
• Immobilization of PCBs appeared likely,
but could not be confirmed because of low
PCB concentrations in the untreated soil.
Leachate tests on treated and untreated soil
samples showed mostly undetectable PCB
levels. Leachate tests performed one year
later on treated soil samples showed no
increase in PCB concentrations, indicating
immobilization.
• Sufficient data were not available to evalu-
ate the performance of the system with
regard to metals or other organic com-
pounds.
• Each of the test samples showed high
unconfmed compressive strength, low
permeability, and low porosity. These
physical properties improved when retested
one year later, indicating the potential for
long-term durability.
• The bulk density of the soil increased 21
percent after treatment. This increased the
volume of treated soil by 8.5 percent and
caused a small ground rise of 1 inch per
treated foot of soil.
The unconfined compressive strength
(UCS) of treated soil was satisfactory, with
values up to 1,500 pounds per square inch
(psi).
The permeability of the treated soil was
satisfactory, decreasing four orders of
magnitude compared to the untreated soil,
or 10'6 and 10'7 compared to 10'2 centi-
meters per second.
The wet and dry weathering test on treated
soil was satisfactory. The freeze and dry
weathering test of treated soil was un-
satisfactory. Because the project took
place in Florida, freeze-thaw testing was
not considered as a design criterion.
• Microstructural analyses of the treated soils
indicated a potential for long-term dur-
ability. High UCS and low permeabilities
were recorded.
• Data provided by PATT indicate some
immobilization of volatile and semivolatile
organics. This may be due to organophilic
clays present in the IWT reagent. There
are insufficient data to confirm this im-
mobilization.
• Performance data are limited outside of the
SITE Program. The developer modifies
the binding agent for different wastes.
Treatability studies should be performed
for specific wastes.
• Cost of the process is $194 per ton for the
1-auger machine used in the demonstration
and $111 per ton for a commercial 4-auger
operation.
• The process was used to remediate the
PCB-contaminated site in Hialeah, Florida
during the winter and spring of 1990.
FOR FURTHER INFORMATION:
EPA PROJECT MANAGER:
Mary Stinson
U.S. EPA
Risk Reduction Engineering Laboratory
Woodbridge Avenue
Edison, NJ 08837
908-321-6683
TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPER CONTACTS:
Jeff Newton
International Waste Technologies
150 North Main Street, Suite 910
Wichita, KS 67202
316-269-2660
Chris Ryan
Geo-Con, Inc.
4075 Monroeville Boulevard
Corporate One, Building II
Monroeville, PA 14246
412-856-7700
Fax: 412-373-3357
The SITE Program assesses but does not
approve or endorse technologies.
Page 115
-------
Technology Profile
DEMONSTRATION PROGRAM
MAECORP INCORPORATED
(MAECTITE™ Treatment Process)
TECHNOLOGY DESCRIPTION:
The two-step MAECTITE™ Treatment Process
(see photograph below) converts leachable lead
into insoluble mineral crystals. The process
renders Resource Conservation and Recovery
Act (RCRA)-hazardous, lead-contaminated
wastes nonhazardous, making them acceptable
for landfilling as a special waste. Seven full-
scale projects have been completed to date.
The first step in the process involves blending a
proprietary powder with lead-contaminated
material. The second step consists of blending
a proprietary reagent solution into the mixture.
The curing time at normal temperature and
pressure is about 4 hours. Testing has shown
that the final end product passes (1) EPA's paint
filter test; (2) Toxicity Characteristic Leaching
Procedure (TCLP) criteria for lead; and, (3)
other EPA tests such as the Multiple Extraction
Procedure and the Acid-Leach Procedure. The
system can treat up to 100 tons of waste per
hour, depending on the project scope and size.
Since the MAECTITE™ Treatment Process is a
chemical treatment technology, specialty equip-
ment, instruments, and a mobile or field labor-
atory are required to (1) document the chemical
control process and optimize treatability trials
during full-scale remediation and (2) test treated
material to make sure that the end product
passes the regulatory criteria and meets treat-
ment objectives. MAECTITE processing equip-
ment for existing mobile processing may include
a grizzly-shredder conveyor; a weightbelt con-
veyor; mixers; powder silos and delivery sys-
tem; and MAEPRIC storage and dosing pumps
MAECTITE™ Treatment Process
Page 116
The SITE Program assesses but does not
approve or endorse technologies.
-------
November 1992
and water sprays. The project size and waste
matrix characteristics usually determine the
system configuration.
WASTE APPLICABILITY:
The mobile technology treats lead-contaminated
wastes and soils from manufacture and use of
storage batteries, pigments, leaded glass, fuel
additives such as tetraethyl lead, photographic
materials, primary and secondary lead smelting
operations, and batteries. The process can treat
lead-contaminated wastes from sites that vary in
composition from gravel and sandy soil, clay
soil, sediments, and sludge to battery casings,
baghouse dusts, and incinerator ash.
MAECORP has processed nearly 40,000 tons of
lead-contaminated soils, sludges, slurries, bag-
house dusts, and other materials that are RCRA-
hazardous due to leachable lead levels. Most
lead-contaminated waste materials and debris
that fail TCLP criteria for lead are suitable for
the MAECTITE™ Treatment Process.
The process produces a material typical of soil
in appearance and of reduced volume. No
by-products or sidestreams are generated because
the technology uses decontamination wastewaters
to dilute the proprietary reagent.
STATUS:
This technology was accepted into the SITE
Demonstration Program in fall 1991. In March
1992, the process was formally accepted into
EPA's Pre-Qualified Offerers Procurement
Strategy (PQOPS) program. It was successfully
applied at full scale in EPA's first PQDPS
competitively awarded contract site in Sioux
Falls, SD.
The MAECTITE™ Treatment Process has been
proven effective at the bench and pilot scale for
more than 30 types of waste materials, including
leadbird and backshot. The full-scale process is
cost-effective and has been demonstrated at six
other full-scale sites in Wisconsin, Michigan,
Indiana, Ohio, and Virginia.
FOR FURTHER INFORMATION:
EPA PROJECT MANAGER:
S. Jackson Hubbard
U.S. EPA
Risk Reduction Engineering Laboratory
26 West Martin Luther King Drive
Cincinnati, OH 45268
513-569-7507
TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPER CONTACTS:
Karl Yost or Dhiraj Pal
MAECORP Incorporated
155 North Wacker Drive, Suite 400
Chicago, IL 60606
312-372-3300
Fax: 312-853-4050
The SITE Program assesses but does not
approve or endorse technologies.
Page 117
-------
Technology Profile
DEMONSTRATION PROGRAM
MAGNUM WATER TECHNOLOGY
(CAV-OX® Process)
TECHNOLOGY DESCRIPTION:
The CAV-OX* process uses a synergistic com-
bination of hydrodynamic cavitation and ultra-
violet radiation to oxidize contaminants in water.
The process is designed to remove organic
contaminants from waste streams and ground-
water without releasing volatile gaseous organic
compounds. Treatment costs using the
CAV-OX* process are estimated by the de-
veloper to be about half the cost of advanced
ultraviolet (UV) oxidation systems and sub-
stantially less expensive than carbon absorption.
In addition, because the process equipment has
only one moving part, maintenance costs are
minimal. The process is designed to achieve
reduction levels necessary for meeting discharge
specifications for most aqueous contaminants.
The CAV-OX® process cannot handle free
product or highly turbid waste streams, because
these conditions tend to lower the efficiency of
the ultraviolet reactors; however, the CAV-OX®
cavitation chamber itself is unaffected in such
cases.
Free radicals are generated and maintained by
the system's combination of cavitation, UV
excitation, and, where necessary, the addition of
hydrogen peroxide and metal catalysts. Neither
the cavitation chamber nor the UV lamp or
hydrogen peroxide reaction generates toxic by-
products or air emissions. UV lamp output can
be varied from 60 watts to over 15,000 watts,
depending on the contaminant stream.
WASTE APPLICABILITY:
The process is designed to treat liquid waste,
specifically groundwater or wastewater con-
taminated with organic compounds. Organics
such as benzene can be treated to nondetectable
levels; others such as 1,1-dichloroethane are
GROUND WATER
HOLDING TANK
INFLUENT =
TO
DISCHARGE
OR
REUSE
CAV-OX® II
H.E. U.V. REACTOR
(OPTIONAL)
CAV-OX® I
LE. U.V. REACTOR
The CAV-OX® Process
Page 118
The SITE Program assesses but does not
approve or endorse technologies.
-------
November 1992
treated typically to 96 percent removal efficien-
cies. Living organisms such as salmonella and
E. Coli are also significantly reduced.
STATUS:
The CAV-OX® process has been tested at sever-
al private and public sites, including the San
Bernardino and Orange County California,
Water Departments. Recent tests at a Superfund
site treated leachate containing 15 different
contaminants. Pentachlorophenol, one of the
major contaminants, was reduced by 96 percent
in one test series. In other tests, the process has
successfully treated cyanide contamination.
This technology was accepted into the SITE
Demonstration Program in summer 1992. The
demonstration has been tentatively scheduled for
February 1993 at Edwards Air Force Base in
Edwards, California.
FOR FURTHER INFORMATION:
EPA PROJECT MANAGER:
Richard Eilers
U.S. EPA
Risk Reduction Engineering Laboratory
26 West Martin Luther King Drive
Cincinnati, OH 45268
513-569-7809
TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPER CONTACTS:
Dale Cox or Jack Simser
Magnum Water Technology
600 Lairport Street
El Segundo, CA 90245
310-322-4143 or 310-640-7000
Fax: 310-640-7005
The SITE Program assesses but does not
approve or endorse technologies.
Page 119
-------
Technology Profile
DEMONSTRA TION PROGRAM
NOVATERRA, INC.
(formerly Toxic TREATMENTS USA, INC.)
(In Situ Steam and Air Stripping)
TECHNOLOGY DESCRIPTION:
This technology uses a transportable treatment
unit called the Detoxifier™ for in situ steam and
air stripping of volatile organics from con-
taminated soil.
The two main components of the treatment unit
are the process tower and process train (see
figure below). The process tower contains two
counter-rotating hollow-stem drills, each with a
modified cutting bit 5 feet in diameter, capable
of operating to a 27-foot depth. Each drill
contains two concentric pipes. The inner pipe
conveys steam to the rotating cutting blades.
The steam is supplied by an oil-fired boiler at
450 degrees Fahrenheit (°F) and 450 pounds per
square inch gauge (psig). The outer pipe con-
veys air at about 300 °F and 250 psig to the
rotating blades. Steam is delivered to the top of
the drills and injected through the cutting blades.
The steam heats the soils, increasing the vapor
pressure of the volatile contaminants, and there-
by increasing the rate at which they can be
stripped. Both the air and steam convey these
contaminants to the surface. A metal box,
called a shroud, seals the process area above the
rotating cutter blades from the outside environ-
ment, collects the volatile contaminants, and
ducts them to the process train.
In the process train, the volatile contaminants
and the water vapor are removed from the off-
gas stream by condensation. The condensed
water is separated from the contaminants by
distillation, then filtered through activated car-
bon beds and subsequently used as make-up
water for a wet cooling tower. Steam is used to
regenerate the activated carbon beds and
provides heat for distilling the volatile con-
taminants from the condensed liquid stream.
The recovered concentrated organic liquid can
be recycled or used as a fuel in an incinerator.
The Detoxifier™ is also used to treat con-
taminated soil by injecting a wide range of
reactive chemicals. Chemical inj ection processes
include stabilization/solidification plus neutral-
Kelly
Shroi
ting
tdes
\
id-v
•"7
:
i i
\
f
V>
Steam
Generator
*"""^" *"*"*"•'
D
Return
Water to Mf
Cooling Tower
t
/
i
r k
?
Pnx
Tr
i
xss
ain
Condensed
Organics
Collection
Tank
a>s -*—^ \
. ^opera
Detoxifier™ Process Schematic
Page 120
The SITE Program assesses but does not
approve or endorse technologies.
-------
November 1992
ization, oxidation, and bioremediation. The dual
injection capabilities permit additional ver-
satility; each kelly bar can deliver two materials
to the augers for injection into the soil. The
injection systems replace the process train and
are mounted on the same chassis that supports
the Detoxifier™ drilling tower.
WASTE APPLICABILITY:
This technology can treat volatile organic com-
pounds (VOC), such as hydrocarbons and sol-
vents, with sufficient vapor pressure in the soil.
The technology is not limited by soil particle
size, initial porosity, chemical concentration, or
viscosity. The process can also significantly
reduce the concentration of semivolatile organic
compounds (SVOC) in soil. In regard to stabil-
ization and solidification, this technology also
treats inorganics, heavy metals, and mixed
wastes.
STATUS:
A SITE demonstration was performed the week
of September 18, 1989, at the Annex Terminal,
San Pedro, California. Twelve soil blocks were
treated for VOCs and SVOCs. Liquid samples
were collected from the process during opera-
tion, and the operating procedures were closely
monitored and recorded. Post-treatment soil
samples were analyzed by EPA methods 8240
and 8270. In January 1990, six blocks that had
been previously treated in the saturated zone
were analyzed by EPA methods 8240 and 8270.
The Applications Analysis Report
(EPA/540/A5-90/008) was published in June
1991.
DEMONSTRATION RESULTS:
The SITE technology demonstration yielded the
following results:
• More than 85 percent of the VOCs in
the soil were removed.
• Up to 55 percent of the SVOCs in the
soil were removed.
• Fugitive air emissions from the process
were very low.
• No downward migration of contaminants
resulted from the soil treatment.
• The process treated 3 cubic yards of soil
per hour.
FOR FURTHER INFORMATION:
EPA PROJECT MANAGER:
Paul dePercin
U.S. EPA
Risk Reduction Engineering Laboratory
26 West Martin Luther King Drive
Cincinnati, OH 45268
513-569-7797
TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPER CONTACT:
Phillip LaMori
NOVATERRA, Inc.
373 Van Ness Avenue, Suite 210
Torrance, CA 90501
310-328-9433
The SITE Program assesses but does not
approve or endorse technologies.
Page 121
-------
Technology Profile
DEMONSTRATION PROGRAM
OGDEN ENVIRONMENTAL SERVICES
(Circulating Bed Combustor)
TECHNOLOGY DESCRIPTION:
The Circulating Bed Combustor (CBC) uses high
velocity air to entrain circulating solids and
create a highly turbulent combustion zone that
destroys toxic hydrocarbons. The commercial-
size combustion chamber (36 inches in diameter)
can treat up to 150 tons of contaminated soil
daily, depending on the heating value of the feed
material.
The CBC operates at relatively low temperatures
(1,450 to 1,600 degrees Fahrenheit) reducing
operating costs and potential emissions such as
nitrogen oxides (NOJ and carbon monoxide.
Auxiliary fuel can be natural gas, fuel oil, or
diesel. No auxiliary fuel is needed for waste
streams with a net heating value greater than
2,900 British thermal units per pound.
The CBC's high turbulence produces a uniform
temperature around the combustion chamber and
hot cyclone. It also completely mixes the waste
material during combustion. The effective
mixing and relatively low combustion temp-
erature also reduce emissions of carbon mon-
oxide and nitrogen oxides.
As shown in the figure below, waste material
and limestone are fed into the combustion cham-
ber along with the recirculating bed material
from the hot cyclone. The limestone neutralizes
acid gases. A conveyor transports the treated
ash out of the system for proper disposal. Hot
gases produced during combustion pass through
a convective gas cooler and baghouse before
being released to the atmosphere.
WASTE APPLICABILITY:
The CBC process can treat liquids, slurries,
solids, and sludges contaminated with cor-
rosives, cyanides, dioxins/furans, inorganics,
metals, organics, oxidizers, pesticides, poly-
chlorinated biphenyls (PCB), phenols, and
volatiles. Applications include industrial wastes
from refineries, chemical plants, manufacturing
site cleanups, and contaminated military sites.
The CBC is permitted under the Toxic Substance
Control Act to burn PCBs in all 10 EPA re-
Circulating Bed Combustor (CBC)
Page 122
The SITE Program assesses but does not
approve or endorse technologies.
-------
November 1992
gions, having demonstrated a 99.9999 percent
destruction removal efficiency (DRE).
Waste feed for the CBC must be sized to less
than 1 inch. Metals in the waste do not inhibit
performance and become less leachable after
incineration. Treated residual ash can be re-
placed on site or stabilized for landfill disposal
if metals exceed regulatory limits.
STATUS:
The technology was accepted into the SITE
Demonstration Program in March 1989. Ogden
Environmental Services (Ogden) conducted a
treatability study and demonstration on wastes
from the McColl Superfund site in California,
under the guidance of the program, EPA Region
9, and the California Department of Health
Services. The pilot-scale demonstration was
conducted at Ogden's Research Facility in San
Diego, California, using the 16-inch-diameter
CBC.
DEMONSTRATION RESULTS:
The demonstration successfully achieved the
desired goals, as follows:
• Obtained DRE values of 99.99 percent
or greater for principal organic haz-
ardous constituents and minimized the
formation of products of incomplete
combustion;
• Met the Research Facility permit con-
ditions and California South Coast Basin
emission standards;
• Controlled sulfur oxide emissions by
adding limestone and showed that the
residual materials (fly ash and bed ash)
were nonhazardous. No significant
levels of hazardous organic compounds
left the system in the stack gas or re-
mained in the bed and fly ash. The
CBC minimized emissions of sulfur
oxide, nitrogen oxide, and participates.
Other regulated pollutants were control-
led to well below permit levels.
FOR FURTHER INFORMATION:
EPA PROJECT MANAGER:
Douglas Grosse
U.S. EPA
Risk Reduction Engineering Laboratory
26 West Martin Luther King Drive
Cincinnati, OH 45268
513-569-7844
TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPER CONTACT:
Derrel Young
Ogden Environmental Services
12755 Woodforest Blvd.
Houston, TX 77015
713-453-8571
Fax: 713-453-8573
The SITE Program assesses but does not
approve or endorse technologies.
Page 123
-------
Technology Profile
DEMONSTRATION PROGRAM
PEROXIDATION SYSTEMS, INC.
(perox-pure™ Chemical Oxidation Technology)
TECHNOLOGY DESCRIPTION:
The perox-pure™ technology is designed to
destroy dissolved organic contaminants in
groundwater or wastewater through an advanced
chemical oxidation process using ultraviolet
(UV) radiation and hydrogen peroxide. Hydro-
gen peroxide is added to the contaminated water,
and the mixture is then fed into the treatment
system (see figure below). The treatment sys-
tem contains four or more compartments in the
oxidation chamber. Each compartment contains
one high-intensity UV lamp mounted in a quartz
sleeve. The contaminated water flows in the
space between the chamber wall and the quartz
tube in which each UV lamp is mounted.
UV light catalyzes chemical oxidation of organic
contaminants in water by its combined effect
upon the organics and reaction with hydrogen
peroxide. First, many organic contaminants that
absorb UV light may undergo a change in their
Hii;ii,2SS^
,,;!!Ji:,ii!,,,!:il|l:i!11,1 T >'': ,:,!:,':!!!„ .'''l'!!", ''i1:!!""',,1:!"!1'.;!!!!!1!!!!!1:1:11:1,1!! I'W1,!:!!!!11!!,,1",:11, f! •!'',"
perox-pure™ Model SSB-30
Page 124
The SITE Program assesses but does not
approve or endorse technologies.
-------
November 1992
chemical structure or may become more reactive
with chemical oxidants. Second, and more
importantly, UV light catalyzes the breakdown
of hydrogen peroxide to produce hydroxyl
radicals, which are powerful chemical oxidants.
Hydroxyl radicals react with organic con-
taminants, destroying them and producing harm-
less by-products such as carbon dioxide, halides,
and water. The process produces no hazardous
by-products or air emissions.
WASTE APPLICABILITY:
This technology treats groundwater and waste-
water contaminated with chlorinated solvents,
pesticides, poly chlorinated biphenyls, phenolics,
fuel hydrocarbons, and other organic compounds
at concentrations ranging from a few thousand
milligrams per liter to one microgram per liter
or lower. In some cases, the process can be
combined with air stripping, steam stripping, or
biological treatment for optimal treatment re-
sults.
STATUS:
This technology was accepted into the SITE
Demonstration Program in April 1991. A
demonstration, using Model SSB-30 took place
in September 1992 at the Lawrence Livermore
National Laboratory Site 300 Superfund site.
The purpose of this demonstration was to mea-
sure how well the perox-pure™ technology
removes volatile organic compounds (VOC)
from contaminated groundwater at the site.
During the demonstration, the treatment system
was run under several different operating con-
ditions. Three reproducibility runs were per-
formed at the optimum operating conditions,
having been selected from the initial test runs.
The Model SSB-30 is equipped with circular
wipers attached to the quartz tubes. These
wipers periodically remove solids that may
accumulate on the tubes, a feature designed to
maintain treatment efficiency.
This technology has been successfully applied at
over 60 different sites throughout the United
States, Canada, and Europe. The units at these
sites have treated contaminated groundwater,
industrial wastewater, landfill leachates, potable
water, and industrial reuse streams.
FOR FURTHER INFORMATION:
EPA PROJECT MANAGER:
Norma Lewis
U.S. EPA
Risk Reduction Engineering Laboratory
26 West Martin Luther King Drive
Cincinnati, OH 45268
513-569-7665
TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPER CONTACT:
Chris Giggy
Peroxidation Systems, Inc.
5151 East Broadway, Suite 600
Tucson, AZ 85711
602-790-8383
The SITE Program assesses but does not
approve or endorse technologies.
Page 125
-------
Technology Profile
DEMONSTRATION PROGRAM
PURUS, INC.
(Vapor Treatment Process)
TECHNOLOGY DESCRIPTION:
The Purus, Inc. (Purus), PADRE™ vapor treat-
ment process purifies air streams, contaminated
with volatile organic compounds (VOC), directly
ftom soil extraction wells or from groundwater
(or wastewater) air strippers. The process traps
the contaminants using filter beds that contain a
proprietary resin. This regenerative adsorption
method involves one on-line treatment bed for
influent air while another bed undergoes a
desorption cycle (see figure below). An
on-board controller system automatically switch-
es between adsorption and desorption cycles.
The desorption cycle uses a combination of
temperature and pressure and an inert gas to
desorb organic contaminants trapped in the
adsorbent filter bed. The contaminants are
removed, condensed, and transferred as a liquid
to a storage tank. Thus, the recovered material
can be easily reclaimed.
Historically, activated carbon has been the
principal medium of separating organic com-
pounds from an air stream. However, because
the carbon beds are difficult to regenerate on
site, most treatment technologies use a passive
carbon system that requires hauling the spent
carbon off site for disposal or treatment. An-
other problem with activated carbon is decreased
treatment efficiency resulting from moisture in
the waste stream. Moisture in humid con-
taminated air dramatically reduces the carbon's
ability to adsorb organic contaminants; treatment
COMBINED SOIL AND WATER
VAPOR TREATMENT SYSTEM
CLEAN AIR
TO STACK
SOIL VAPOR GROUNDWATER
INLET INLET
TO
RECYCLE
NOTE: EXACT
SCHEMATIC
SUBJECT TO SITE
REQUIREMENTS
Vapor Treatment Process
Page 126
The SITE Program assesses but does not
approve or endorse technologies.
-------
November 1992
efficiency declines up to three times as the
relative humidity (RH) exceeds 75 percent.
Adsorbent beds used in the PADRE™ process
have been recycled more than 2,000 times with
no measurable loss of adsorption capacity. In
addition, the Purus resin has a relatively high
tolerance for water vapor, allowing efficient
treatment of air streams with an RH greater than
90 percent. These two capabilities make on-site
treatment of VOCs possible with substantially
lower operating costs.
WASTE APPLICABILITY:
PADRE™ treatment systems control VOC emis-
sions at site remediation projects, industrial
wastewater facilities, and industrial air process-
es. Site remediation usually involves vacuum
extraction of solvents or fuels from soils, as well
as the pumping and treatment of groundwater by
air stripping. PADRE™ units have also treated
industrial waste containing solvents using an
emission free, closed-loop air stripping process.
For the Demonstration Program, the PADRE™
regenerative adsorption system will simultan-
eously treat vapors from soil vacuum extraction
wells and a groundwater air stripper.
STATUS:
Purus has tested individual components in the
laboratory and the field. A combination soil and
groundwater treatment system is being as-
sembled at the Purus facility. Preliminary
testing to determine the best operating conditions
will begin in early 1993. A search is underway
to locate a site for the demonstration.
FOR FURTHER INFORMATION:
EPA PROJECT MANAGER:
Norma Lewis
U.S. EPA
Risk Reduction Engineering Laboratory
26 West Martin Luther King Drive
Cincinnati, OH 45268
513-569-7665
TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPER CONTACT:
Paul Blystone
Purus, Inc.
2713 North First St.
San Jose, CA 95134-2000
408-955-1000
Fax: 408-955-1010
The SITE Program assesses but does not
approve or endorse technologies.
Page 127
-------
Technology Profile
DEMONSTRATION PROGRAM
QUAD ENVIRONMENTAL TECHNOLOGIES CORPORATION
(Chemtact™ Gaseous Waste Treatment)
TECHNOLOGY DESCRIPTION:
The Chemtact™ system uses gas scrubber tech-
nology to remove organic and inorganic con-
taminants from gaseous waste streams. Atomiz-
ing nozzles within the scrubber chamber disperse
droplets of a controlled chemical solution. Very
small droplet sizes, less than 10 microns, and a
longer retention time than in traditional scrub-
bers result in a once-through system that gener-
ates low volumes of liquid residuals. These
residuals are then treated by conventional techni-
ques.
Gas scrubbing is a volume reduction technology
that transfers contaminants from the gas phase to
a liquid phase. The selection of absorbent liquid
is based on the chemical characteristics of the
contaminants.
Three mobile units are currently available: (1) a
one-stage, 2,500-cubic-feet per minute (cfm)
system (see photograph below); (2) a two-stage,
800-cfm system; and (3) a three-stage, 100-cfm
system. The equipment is trailer-mounted and
can be transported to waste sites.
Performance tests treating benzene, toluene,
xylene, and other hydrocarbons have shown
removal in the 85 to 100 percent range. Pure
streams are easier to adjust to obtain high re-
movals. In addition, phenol and formaldehyde
emission control tests indicate approximately 94
percent removals.
WASTE APPLICABILITY:
This technology can be used to treat gaseous
waste streams containing a wide variety of
organic or inorganic contaminants, but it is best
suited for volatile organic compounds (VOC).
The system can be used with source processes
that generate a contaminated gaseous exhaust,
such as air stripping of groundwater or leachate,
soil aeration, or exhaust emissions from dryers
or incinerators.
Mobile 2,500-cfm Pilot Scrubbing Unit
Page 128
The SITE Program assesses but does not
approve or endorse technologies.
-------
November 1992
STATUS:
This technology was accepted into the SITE
Demonstration Program in 1989. The developer
has several installations in operation for VOC
removal. The developer is also conducting
treatability studies and making appropriate
system modifications.
FOR FURTHER INFORMATION:
EPA PROJECT MANAGER:
Ronald Lewis
U.S. EPA
Risk Reduction Engineering Laboratory
26 West Martin Luther King Drive
Cincinnati, OH 45268
513-569-7856
TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPER CONTACT:
Robert Rafson
Quad Environmental Technologies Corporation
3605 Woodhead Drive, Suite #103
Northbrook, IL 60062
708-564-5070
The SITE Program assesses but does not
approve or endorse technologies.
Page 129
-------
Technology Profile
DEMONSTRATION PROGRAM
RECYCLING SCIENCES INTERNATIONAL, INC.
(Desorption and Vapor Extraction System)
TECHNOLOGY DESCRIPTION:
The mobile, high-capacity desorption and vapor
extraction system (DAVES) uses a low-temper-
ature fluidized bed to remove organic and vol-
atile inorganic compounds from soils, sediments,
and sludges. This system can treat materials
with 85 percent solids at a rate of 10.5 to 73
tons per hour.
Contaminated materials are fed into a co-current,
fluidized bed, where they are mixed with hot air
[about 1,000 to 1,400 degrees Fahrenheit (°F)]
from a gas-fired heater. Direct contact between
the waste material and the hot air forces water
and contaminants from the waste into the gas
stream at a relatively low fluidized-bed temper-
ature (about 320 °F). The heated air, vaporized
water and organics, and entrained particles flow
out of the dryer to a gas treatment system.
The gas treatment system removes solid part-
icles, vaporized water, and organic vapors from
the air stream. A cyclone separator and bag-
house remove most of the particulates in the gas
stream from the dryer. Vapors from the cyclone
separator are cooled in a venturi scrubber,
counter-current washer, and chiller section
before they are treated in a vapor-phase carbon
adsorption system. The liquid residues from the
system are centrifuged, filtered, and passed
through two activated carbon beds arranged in
series (see photograph below).
By-products from the DAVES include (1) treat-
ed, dry solid representing about 96 to 98 percent
Desorption and Vapor Extraction System (DAVES)
Page 130
The SITE Program assesses but does not
approve or endorse technologies.
-------
November 1992
of solid waste feed , (2) a small quantity of
centrifuge sludge containing organics, (3) a
small quantity of spent adsorbent carbon,
(4) wastewater that may need further treatment,
and (5) small quantities of baghouse and cyclone
dust that are recycled through the process.
The centrifuge sludge can be bioremediated,
chemically degraded, or treated in another
manner. Recycling Sciences International, Inc.,
is working with Argonne National Laboratory on
an adjunct electrochemical oxidation process
designed to completely destroy contaminants
within the DAVES process.
WASTE APPLICABILITY:
This technology removes volatile and semi-
volatile organics, including polychlorinated
biphenyls (PCB), polycyclic aromatic hydro-
carbons, pentachlorophenol, volatile inorganics
(such as tetraethyl lead), and some pesticides
from soil, sludge, and sediment. In general, the
process treats waste containing less than 10
percent total organic contaminants and 30 to 95
percent solids. The presence of nonvolatile
inorganic contaminants (such as metals) in the
waste feed does not inhibit the process; how-
ever, these contaminants are not treated.
STATUS:
EPA is selecting a demonstration site for this
process. Preferred demonstration wastes include
harbor or river sediments containing at least 50
percent solids and contaminated with PCBs and
other volatile or semivolatile organics. Soils
with these characteristics may also be accept-
able. About 300 tons of waste are needed for a
2-week test. Major test objectives are to evalu-
ate feed handling, decontamination of solids, and
treatment of gases generated by the process.
FOR FURTHER INFORMATION:
EPA PROJECT MANAGER:
Laurel Staley
U.S. EPA
Risk Reduction Engineering Laboratory
26 West Martin Luther King Drive
Cincinnati, OH 45268
513-569-7863
TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPER CONTACT:
Mark Burchett
Recycling Sciences International, Inc.
30 South Wacker Drive, Suite 1420
Chicago, IL 60606
312-559-0122
Fax: 312-559-1154
The SITE Program assesses but does not
approve or endorse technologies.
Page 131
-------
Technology Profile
DEMONSTRATION PROGRAM
REMEDIATION TECHNOLOGIES, INC.
(High Temperature Thermal Processor)
TECHNOLOGY DESCRIPTION:
Remediation Technologies, Inc.'s (ReTeC), high
temperature thermal processor is a thermal
desorption system that can treat solids and
sludges contaminated with organic constituents.
The system consists of material feed equipment,
a thermal processor, a particulate removal
system, an indirect condensing system, and
activated carbon beds. A flow diagram of the
system is shown below.
Waste from the feed hopper is fed to the thermal
processor, which consists of a jacketed trough
that houses two intermeshing, counter-rotational
screw conveyors. The rotation of the screws
moves the waste through the processor. A
molten salt eutectic, consisting primarily of
potassium nitrate, serves as the heat transfer
medium. This noncombustible salt melt has heat
transfer characteristics similar to those of oils
and allows maximum processing temperatures of
up to 850 degrees Fahrenheit (°F). Potential
vapors are nontoxic. The salt melt continuously
circulates through the hollow flights and shafts
of each screw and through the jacketed trough.
An electric or fuel oil/gas-fired heater maintains
the temperature of the salt melt. The treated
product is cooled to less than 150 °F for safe
handling.
A particulate removal system (such as a cyclone
or quench tower), an indirect condensing sys-
tem, and activated carbon beds control off-gases.
The processor operates under slight negative
pressure to exhaust the volatilized constituents
(moisture and organics) to the off-gas control
system. An inert atmosphere is maintained in
the headspace of the processor through (1) air
lock devices at the feed inlet and solids exit, and
(2) an inert carrier gas (such as nitrogen) to
maintain an oxygen concentration of less than 3
RECYCLED PURGE GAS
FEED
FROM HOPPER
HEAT
SOURCE
COOLING
WATER
MAKE-UP
• PURGE
GAS
OFF
GASES
THERMAL
DESORPTION
UNIT
COOLING UNIT
TREATED
PRODUCT
TO STACK/ATMOSPHERE
QUENCH
WATER
RECYCLE TO
PURGE GAS
STREAM
ACTIVATED
CARBON
BEDS
HXl—L-M-!
•WATER
High Temperature Thermal Processor
Page 132
The SITE Program assesses but does not
approve or endorse technologies.
-------
November 1992
percent. The oxygen and organic content of the
off-gas are continuously monitored as it exits the
processor.
Entrained paniculate matter is collected and
combined with the treated solids on a batch
basis. The volatilized moisture and organics are
subsequently condensed and decanted. A mist
eliminator minimizes carry-over of entrained
moisture and contaminants. Any remaining
noncondensable gases are passed through activat-
ed carbon beds to control volatile organic com-
pound emissions.
The system produces three process effluent
streams:
• Organic condensate
• Aqueous condensate
• Treated solids
The organic condensate is recovered for recycled
as a hazardous waste fuel. Aqueous condensates
are treated on site and recombined with the
treated solids for dust control. The treated
solids can generally be disposed of on site.
WASTE APPLICABILITY:
This system has treated soils, sediments, and
sludges contaminated with volatile and semi-
volatile organics, including polychlorinated
biphenyls. Work to date has focused primarily
on Resource Conservation and Recovery Act
wastes from the petroleum refining industry.
Testing indicates the system can treat
cyanide-contaminated materials from petroleum
refineries and manufactured gas plant (MGP)
sites. With the exception of mercury, the pro-
cess is not suitable for treating heavy metals.
Wastes must be screened to a particle size of
less than 1 inch before treatment.
STATUS:
This technology was accepted into the SITE
Demonstration Program in June 1991. ReTeC
is operating a commercial-scale system at a Gulf
Coast refinery and offers on-site testing using a
mobile pilot-scale system with a capacity of 0.5
tons per hour. The SITE demonstration has
been proposed for spring 1993 at the Niagara-
Mohawk Power Company, an MGP site, in
Harbour Point, New York.
FOR FURTHER INFORMATION:
EPA PROJECT MANAGER:
Ronald Lewis
U.S. EPA
Risk Reduction and Engineering Laboratory
26 West Martin Luther King Drive
Cincinnati, OH 45268
513-569-7856
TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPER CONTACT:
Mark McCabe
Remediation Technologies, Inc.
9 Pond Lane
Concord, MA 01742
508-371-1422
The SITE Program assesses but does not
approve or endorse technologies.
Page 133
-------
Technology Profile
DEMONSTRATION PROGRAM
REMEDIATION TECHNOLOGIES, INC.
(Liquid and Solids Biological Treatment)
TECHNOLOGY DESCRIPTION:
Liquid and solids biological treatment (LST) is
a process that remediates soils and sludges
contaminated with biodegradable organics (see
figure below). The process is similar to ac-
tivated sludge treatment of municipal and in-
dustrial wastewaters, but it occurs at substantial-
ly higher suspended solids concentrations (great-
er than 20 percent). First, an aqueous slurry of
the waste material is prepared, and environ-
mental conditions (nutrient concentrations,
temperature, and pH) are optimized for bio-
degradation. The slurry is then mixed and
aerated for a sufficient tune to degrade the target
waste constituents.
Several physical process configurations are
possible depending on site- and waste-specific
conditions. Batch or continuous treatment can
be conducted hi impoundment-based reactors.
This is sometimes the only practical option for
very large projects (greater than 10,000 cubic
yards). Alternatively, tank-based systems may
be constructed.
Constituent losses due to volatilization are often
a concern during LST operations. The potential
for emissions is greatest in batch treatment
systems and lowest in continuously stirred tank
reactor systems, particularly those with long
residence times. Technologies such as carbon
adsorption and biofiltration can be used to
control emissions.
LST may require pre- and post-treatment opera-
tions. However, in situ applications in which
treated sludge residues are to remain in place do
not require multiple unit operations.
Overall bioremediation in a hybrid system
consisting of LST and land treatment systems
can provide an alternative to landfilling treated
solids. This combination rapidly degrades
volatile constituents in a contained system,
rendering the waste suitable for landfilling.
Soil
Water
- -/ •
*f
^
^
IMUU i«nu>
Microbes
Dewater
Cleaned
Soil
Return Soils
to Site
Air
Liquid and Solids Biological Treatment
Page 134
The SITE Program assesses but does not
approve or endorse technologies.
-------
November 1992
Remediation Technologies, Inc., (ReTeC) has
constructed a mobile LST pilot system for field
demonstrations. The system consists of two
reactors, two 2,000-gallon holding tanks, and
associated process equipment. The reactors are
aerated using coarse bubble diffusers and mixed
using axial flow turbine mixers. The reactors
can be operated separately or as batch or con-
tinuous systems. Oxygen and pH are con-
tinuously monitored and recorded. Additional
features include antifoaming and temperature
control systems. Pre- and post-treatment equip-
ment depends on site-specific circumstances and
project requirements.
WASTE APPLICABILITY:
The technology treats sludges, sediments, and
soils containing biodegradable organic materials.
To date, the process has mainly treated sludges
containing petroleum and wood preservative
organics such as creosote and pentachlorophenol
(PCP). Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, PCP,
and a broad range of petroleum hydrocarbons
(such as fuels and oils) have been successfully
treated with LST in the laboratory and the field.
STATUS:
This technology was accepted into the SITE
Demonstration Program in 1987. ReTeC is
seeking a private party to cofund a 3- to
4-month demonstration of the LST technology.
ReTeC has applied the technology in the field
over a dozen times to treat wood preservative
sludges in impoundment-type LST systems. In
addition, the technology has treated petroleum
refinery impoundment sludges in two field-based
pilot demonstrations and several laboratory
treatability studies.
FOR FURTHER INFORMATION:
EPA PROJECT MANAGER:
Ronald Lewis
U.S. EPA
Risk Reduction Engineering Laboratory
26 West Martin Luther King Drive
Cincinnati, OH 45268
513-569-7856
TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPER CONTACT:
Merv Coover
Remediation Technologies, Inc.
1011 S.W. Klickitat Way, Suite 207
Seattle, WA 98134
206-624-9349
Fax: 206-624-2839
The SITE Program assesses but does not
approve or endorse technologies.
Page 135
-------
Technology Profile
DEMONSTRATION PROGRAM
RESOURCES CONSERVATION COMPANY
(BEST Solvent Extraction)
TECHNOLOGY DESCRIPTION:
Solvent extraction treats oily sludges and soils
contaminated with polychlorinated biphenyls
(PCS), polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons
(PAH), and pesticides by separating the sludges
into three fractions: oil, water, and solids. As
the fractions separate, contaminants are part-
itioned into each fraction. For example, PCBs
are concentrated hi the oil fraction, while metals
are separated into the solids fraction. The
volume and toxicity of the original waste is
thereby reduced, and the concentrated waste
streams can be efficiently treated for disposal.
The BEST process is a mobile solvent extraction
system that uses one or more secondary or
tertiary amines (usually triethylamine [TEA]) to
separate organics from soils and sludges. TEA
is hydrophobic above 20 degrees Celsius (°C)
and hydrophilic below 20 °C. This property
allows the process to extract both aqueous and
nonaqueous compounds by simply changing the
temperature.
Because TEA is flammable in the presence of
oxygen, the treatment system must be sealed
from the atmosphere and operated under a
PRIMARY EXTRACTION/ I SECONDARY EXTRACTION/
DEWATER1NG I SOUDS DRYING
nitrogen blanket. Before treatment, the pH of
the waste material must be raised to greater than
10, so that TEA will be conserved for recycling
through the process. The pH may be adjusted
by adding sodium hydroxide. Pretreatment also
includes screening the waste to remove large
particles.
The BEST process begins by mixing and agitat-
ing the cold solvent and waste in a cold extrac-
tion tank (see figure below). Solids from the
cold extraction tank are transferred to the ex-
tractor/dryer, a horizontal steam-jacketed vessel
with rotating paddles. Hydrocarbons and water
in the waste simultaneously solubilize with the
TEA, creating a homogeneous mixture. As the
solvent breaks the oil-water-solid emulsions in
the waste, the solids are released and allowed to
settle by gravity. The solvent mixture is decant-
ed and centrifuged to remove fine particles.
After extraction, the treated solids are kept moist
to prevent dusting.
The solvent mixture from the extractor/dryer is
heated. As the mixture's temperature increases,
the water separates from the organics and sol-
vent. The organics-solvent fraction is decanted
and sent to a stripping column, where the sol-
SOLVENT
RECOVERY
BEST Solvent Cleanup Unit
Page 136
The SITE Program assesses but does not
approve or endorse technologies.
-------
November 1992
vent is recycled. The organics are discharged
for recycling or disposal. The water is passed to
a second stripping column where residual solvent
is recovered for recycling. The water is typical-
ly discharged to a local wastewater treatment
plant.
The BEST technology is modular, allowing for
on-site treatment. Based on bench-scale treat-
ability tests, the process significantly reduces the
hydrocarbon concentration in the solids. It also
concentrates the contaminants into a smaller
volume, allowing for efficient final treatment
and disposal. Other advantages of the tech-
nology include the production of dry solids, and
the recovery and reuse of soil.
WASTE APPLICABILITY:
STATUS:
This technology was accepted into the SITE
Demonstration Program in 1987. The SITE
demonstration of the BEST process was complet-
ed in July 1992 at the Grand Calumet River.
The Applications Analysis Report will be avail-
able in 1993. The first full-scale BEST unit was
used at the General Refining Superfund site in
Garden City, Georgia. Solvent extraction is the
selected remedial action at the Pinnete's Salvage
Yard site in Maine, the Ewan Property site in
New Jersey, the Norwood PCBs site in Massa-
chusetts and the Alcoa site in Massena, New
York. It is also the preferred alternative at the
F. O'Connor site in Maine.
FOR FURTHER INFORMATION:
The BEST process can be used to remove most
hydrocarbons or oily contaminants in sediments,
sludges, or soils, including PCBs, PAHs and
pesticides (see table below). Performance can
be influenced by the presence of detergents and
emulsifiers, low pH materials, and reactivity of
the organics with the solvent.
SPECIFIC WASTES CAPABLE OF TREATMENT BY SOL-
VENT EXTRACTION
RCRA-Listed Hazardous Wastes
Creosote-Saturated Sludge
Dissolved Air Flotation (DAF) Float
Slop Oil Emulsion Solids
Heat Exchanger Bundle Cleaning Sludge
API Separator Sludge
Leaded Tank Bottoms
Non-Listed Hazardous Wastes
Primary Oil/Solids/Water Separation Sludges
Secondary Oil/Solids/Water Separation Sludges
Bio-Sludges
Cooling Tower Sludges
HF Alkylation Sludges
Waste FCC Catalyst
Spent Catalyst
Stretford Unit Solution
Tank Bottoms
Treated Clays
EPA PROJECT MANAGER:
Mark Meckes
U.S. EPA
Risk Reduction Engineering Laboratory
26 West Martin Luther King Drive
Cincinnati, OH 45268
513-569-7348
TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPER CONTACT:
Lanny Weimer
Resources Conservation Company
3630 Cornus Lane
Ellicott City, MD 21043
301-596-6066
Fax: 410-465-2887
The SITE Program assesses but does not
approve or endorse technologies.
Page 137
-------
Technology Profile
DEMONSTRATION PROGRAM
RETECH, INC.
(Plasma Arc Vitrification)
TECHNOLOGY DESCRIPTION:
Plasma arc vitrification occurs in a plasma
centrifugal furnace where heat from a trans-
ferred plasma arc torch creates a molten bath
that detoxifies the feed material. Solids melt and
are vitrified in the molten bath at 2,800 to 3,000
degrees Fahrenheit (°F). Metals are retained in
this phase. When cooled, the resulting product
is a nonleachable, glassy residue which meets
Toxicity Characteristic Leaching Procedure
(TCLP) criteria.
Waste material is fed into a sealed centrifuge
where it is heated to 1,800°F by the plasma
torch. Organic material is evaporated and
destroyed almost immediately. Off-gas travels
through a gas/slag separation chamber to a
secondary combustion chamber where the temp-
erature is maintained at over 2000 °F for more
than 2 seconds. The gas then flows through an
off-gas treatment system.
Inorganic material is reduced to a molten phase
that is uniformly heated and mixed by the centri-
fuge and the plasma arc. Material can be added
in-process to control slag quality. When the
centrifuge is slowed, the molten material is
discharged as a homogeneous, nonleachable,
glassy slag into a mold or drum in the slag
collection chamber.
The off-gas treatment system removes part-
iculates, organic vapors, and volatilized metals.
Off-gas monitoring verifies that all applicable
environmental regulations are met. The design
of the off-gas treatment system depends on the
waste material.
FEEDER
EXHAUST
STACK
PLASMA TORCH
GAS TREATMENT
D
SECONDARY
COMBUSTION
CHAMBER
SLAG
CHAMBER
Plasma Centrifugal Furnace
Page 138
The SITE Program assesses but does not
approve or endorse technologies.
-------
November 1992
The entire system is hermetically sealed and
operated below atmospheric pressure to prevent
leakage of process gases. Pressure relief valves
connected to a closed surge tank provide relief
if gas pressures in the furnace exceed safe
levels. Vented gas is held in the tank and
recycled into the furnace.
WASTE APPLICABILITY:
The technology can process organic and in-
organic wastes. It is most appropriate for mixed
waste, transuranic waste, chemical plant waste,
soil containing both heavy metals and organics,
incinerator ash, munitions, sludge, and hospital
waste.
Waste may be loose (shredded or flotation
process) or contained in 55-gallon or 200-liter
drums. It can be in almost any physical form:
liquids, sludges, metal, rock, or sand. Mercury
in the waste is recovered by the off-gas treat-
ment system.
The PCF-6 furnace was demonstrated under the
SITE program in July 1991 at the Component
Development and Integration Facility of the U.S.
Department of Energy in Butte, Montana.
During the demonstration, the furnace processed
about 4,000 pounds of waste. The waste con-
sisted of heavy metal bearing soil from Silver
Bow Creek Superfund site spiked with 28,000
parts per million (ppm) zinc oxide and 1,000
ppm hexachlorobenzene and mixed in a 90-to-10
weight ratio with No. 2 diesel oil. All feed and
effluent streams were sampled. The Ap-
plications Analysis Report (EPA/540/A5-917007)
has been published.
DEMONSTRATION RESULTS:
During testing at the Component Development
and Integration Facility, the PCF-6 furnace
achieved the following:
• Hexachlorobenzene was at or below
detection limits in all off-gas samples.
The minimum destruction removal ef-
ficiency (ORE) ranged from 99.9968
percent to 99.9999 percent.
• The treated material met TCLP stan-
dards for organic and inorganic con-
stituents.
• The treated material contained a high
percentage of the metals in the feed soil.
• Particulates in the off-gas exceeded the
regulatory standard. The off-gas treat-
ment system is being modified accord-
ingly. Particulate emissions from the
PCF-8 furnace in Muttenz were meas-
ured at l/200th of the U.S. regulatory
limit.
• Nitrous oxide (NO,.) levels met U.S.
requirements, but can meet stricter
standards. The NOX concentration in the
off-gas from the PCF-8 furnace in Mut-
tenz was reduced in a catalytic system to
19 ppm.
FOR FURTHER INFORMATION:
EPA PROJECT MANAGER:
Laurel Staley
U.S. EPA
Risk Reduction Engineering Laboratory
26 West Martin Luther King Drive
Cincinnati, OH 45268
513-569-7863
TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPER CONTACTS:
R.C. Eschenbach or L.B. Leland
Retech, Inc.
P.O. Box 997
100 Henry Station
Ukiah, CA 95482
707-462-6522
Fax: 707-462-4103
The SITE Program assesses but does not
approve or endorse technologies.
Page 139
-------
Technology Profile
DEMONSTRATION PROGRAM
RISK REDUCTION ENGINEERING LABORATORY
(Base-Catalyzed Dechlorination Process)
TECHNOLOGY DESCRIPTION:
Thebase-catalyzed dechlorination(BCD) process
was developed by the Risk Reduction
Engineering Laboratory (RREL) in Cincinnati,
Ohio. This process, which uses no polyethylene
glycol (PEG), is a clean and inexpensive way to
remediate soils and sediments contaminated with
chlorinated organic compounds.
The process (see figure below) begins by mixing
chemicals with the contaminated matrix, such as
excavated soil or sediment or liquids containing
toxic compounds. This mixture is heated at 340
degrees Celsius for 1 to 3 hours. Offrgases are
treated and released. The treated remains are
nonhazardous and can be either disposed of
using standard methods or further processed to
separate components for reuse.
WASTE APPLICABILITY:
This process can treat soils and sediments con-
taminated with the following chlorinated com-
pounds:
• Halogenated volatiles
• Halogenated semivolatiles
• Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCB)
• Pentachlorophenol
CHEMICALS
EXCAVATION
\
SCREENING
AND
GRINDING
\ /
CONTAMINATED SOIL
CLEAN SOIL
RETURNED TO SITE
Base-Catalyzed Dechlorination (BCD) Process
•— TREATMENT
Page 140
The SITE Program assesses but does not
approve or endorse technologies.
-------
November 1992
• Herbicides (halogenated)
• Pesticides (halogenated)
• Dioxins/furans
STATUS:
Under the SITE Demonstration Program, the
BCD process will treat PCB-contaminated soil at
a Navy site in Guam, near the Public Works
Center, beginning in October 1992.
Past and future uses of the BCD process include
the following:
• 40,000 cubic yards of PCB-contaminated
soil [100-600 parts per million (ppm)]
were treated at a Superfund site in
Brant, New York (1991-1992).
• PCB-contaminated sediments were
treated at Waukegan Harbor, Waukegan,
Illinois, by a 10-ton-per-hour (tph)
system achieving 99.9999 percent de-
struction (1992).
• Two liquid treatment systems (2,000
liters) will be placed into operation in
Australia (1992).
• The Navy's 1-tph system is scheduled to
treat 5,000 tons of PCB-contaminated
soil (25-6,500 ppm) starting in October
1992.
In cooperation with EPA Region 6, RREL has
demonstrated the destruction of several banned
herbicides (containing dioxin) in laboratory tests.
These tests were conducted in conjunction with
Wright State University in Dayton, Ohio. EPA
Region 6 and RREL will treat additional herb-
icides in the latter part of 1992.
The BCD technology has been licensed for
commercial use to treat contaminated soils in
foreign countries. Several U.S. companies have
shown strong interest in licensing the tech-
nology.
The Navy conducted an engineering and cost
analysis of processes considered for use in Guam
to destroy PCBs (25-6,500 ppm) in 5,000 tons
of soil. Study results were as follows:
Method
Secure landfill
Off-site incineration
On-site incineration
APEG treatment
BCD treatment
Cost per ton
$910
$2,000-3,320
$2,020
$270
$245
Factors such as high clay and moisture content
may raise BCD treatment costs slightly; how-
ever, costs remain lower than those for in-
cineration.
FOR FURTHER INFORMATION:
EPA PROJECT MANAGER:
Laurel Staley
U.S. EPA
Risk Reduction Engineering Laboratory
26 West Martin Luther King Drive
Cincinnati, OH 45268
513-569-7863
TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPER CONTACT:
Charles Rogers
U.S. EPA
Risk Reduction Engineering Laboratory
26 West Martin Luther King Drive
Cincinnati, OH 45268
513-569-7626
The SITE Program assesses but does not
approve or endorse technologies.
Page 141
-------
Technology, Profile
DEMONSTRATION PROGRAM
RISK REDUCTION ENGINEERING LABORATORY
(Bioventing)
TECHNOLOGY DESCRIPTION:
Lack of oxygen in contaminated soil often limits
aerobic microbial growth. This biological
treatment system treats contaminated'soil in situ
by injecting atmospheric air. This air provides
a continuous oxygen source, which enhances the
growth of microorganisms naturally present in
the soil. Additional additives, such as ozone or
nutrients, also may be required to stimulate
microbial growth.
This technology uses an air pump (see figure
below) attached to one of a series of air injection
probes. The air pump operates at extremely low
pressures, allowing inflow of oxygen without
significant volatilization of contaminants hi the
soil. The treatment capacity depends on the
number of injection probes, the size of the air
pump, and site characteristics such as soil poro-
sity.
WASTE APPLICABILITY:
This technology is typically used to treat soil
contaminated by industrial processes and can
treat any contamination subject to aerobic micro-
bial degradation. Different contaminants and
combinations of contaminants may result in
varied degrees of success. The SITE
Pressure
Air Pump
Row
Control
Rotometer
•Pressure gauge
3—way ball
'valve
jOS
Sampling
Port
Ground Surface
-Bentonite Seal
-Stainless Steel Probe
1 cm ID
2 cm OD
Screened
"Section
Bioventing System
Page 142
The SITE Program assesses but does not
approve or endorse technologies.
-------
November 1992
Demonstration Program plans to test the ef-
fectiveness of bioventing in degrading poly cyclic
aromatic hydrocarbons.
STATUS:
This technology was accepted into the SITE
Demonstration Program in July 1991. A SITE
demonstration of this process is scheduled for
late 1992 at the Reilly Tar site in St. Louis
Park, Minnesota.
FOR FURTHER INFORMATION:
EPA PROJECT MANAGER:
Reinaldo Matfas
U.S. EPA
Risk Reduction Engineering Laboratory
26 West Martin Luther King Drive
Cincinnati, OH 45268
513-569-7149
TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPER CONTACT:
Paul McCauley
U.S. EPA
Risk Reduction Engineering Laboratory
26 West Martin Luther King Drive
Cincinnati, OH 45268
513-569-7444
The SITE Program assesses but does not
approve or endorse technologies.
Page 143
-------
Technology Profile
DEMONSTRATION PROGRAM
RISK REDUCTION ENGINEERING LABORATORY
(Volume Reduction Unit)
TECHNOLOGY DESCRIPTION:
The Volume Reduction Unit (VRU) is a pilot-
scale, mobile soil washing system designed to
remove organic contaminants from soil through
particle size separation and solubilization. The
VRU can process 100 pounds of soil (dry
weight) per hour.
The process subsystems include soil handling
and conveying, soil washing and coarse screen-
ing, fine particle separation, floccula-
tion/clarification, water treatment, and utilities.
The VRU is controlled and monitored with
conventional industrial process instrumentation
and hardware.
WASTE APPLICABILITY:
The VRU can treat soils that contain organics
such as creosote, pentachlorophenol, pesticides,
polyaromatic hydrocarbons, volatile organic
compounds, semi-volatile organic compounds,
and metals.
Storag* Wal<"
Makeup Water Tai
Office/Lab
Decon Trailer
Electric Generator Floe-Clarlller
Rter Package
Grizzly
Screened Soil Fractions
Typical VRU Operational Setup
Page 144
The SITE Program assesses but does not
approve or endorse technologies.
-------
November 1992
STATUS:
This technology was accepted into the SITE
Demonstration Program in summer 1992. The
demonstration is scheduled for November 1992
at a wood preserving site in Pensacola, Florida.
FOR FURTHER INFORMATION:
EPA PROJECT MANAGER:
Teri Richardson
U.S. EPA
Risk Reduction Engineering Laboratory
26 West Martin Luther King Drive
Cincinnati, OH 45268
513-569-7949
TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPER CONTACT:
Patrick Augustin
U.S. EPA
Risk Reduction Engineering Laboratory
2890 Woodbridge Avenue
Edison, NJ 08837
908-906-6992
The SITE Program assesses but does not
approve or endorse technologies.
Page 145
-------
Technology Profile
DEMONSTRATION PROGRAM
RISK REDUCTION ENGINEERING LABORATORY
and IT CORPORATION
(Debris Washing System)
TECHNOLOGY DESCRIPTION:
This technology was developed by EPA's Risk
Reduction Engineering Laboratory (RREL) staff
and IT Corporation to decontaminate debris at
Superfund sites. The pilot-scale debris washing
system (DWS) includes 300-gallon spray and
wash tanks, surfactant and rinse water holding
tanks, and an oil-water separator (see figure
below). The DWS uses a diatomaceous earth
filter, an activated carbon column, and an ion
exchange column to treat the decontamination
solution. Other equipment includes pumps, a
stirrer motor, a tank heater, a metal debris
basket, and particulate filters.
The DWS unit is transported on a 48-foot semi-
trailer. At the treatment site, the unit is as-
sembled on a 25- by 24-foot concrete pad and
enclosed in a temporary shelter.
A basket of debris is placed in the spray tank
with a forklift, where it is sprayed with an
aqueous detergent solution. High-pressure water
jets then blast contaminants and dirt from the
debris. Detergent solution is continually cleaned
and recycled through a filter system.
The spray and wash tanks are supplied with
water at 140 degrees Fahrenheit, at a pressure of
60 pounds per square inch gauge. The detergent
Step 1—Spray Cycle
Step 2-Wash Cycle
Step 3-Rlnse Cycle
DE Filter
Water Treatment Step
Pump
Activated Carbon
Pilot-Scale Debris Washing System
Page 146
The SITE Program assesses but does not
approve or endorse technologies.
-------
November 1992
solution and rinse water are treated to allowable
discharge levels. The process water is treated
by oil-water separation, particulate filtration,
activated carbon adsorption, and ion exchange.
About 1,000 gallons of liquid are used during
the decontamination process.
WASTE APPLICABILITY:
The DWS can be applied on site to various types
of debris (metallics, masonry, or other solid
debris) contaminated with hazardous chemicals,
such as pesticides, poly chlorinated biphenyls
(PCB), lead, and other metals.
STATUS:
The first pilot-scale test was performed at the
Carter Industrial Superfund site in Detroit,
Michigan (EPA Region 5). PCB reductions
averaged 58 percent in batch 1 and 81 percent in
batch 2. Design changes were made and tested
on the unit before additional field testing.
An upgraded pilot-scale DWS was tested at a
PCB-contaminated Superfund site in
Hopkinsville, Kentucky (EPA Region 4), in
December 1989. PCB levels on the surfaces of
metallic transformer casings were reduced to less
than or equal to 10 micrograms PCB per 100
square centimeters (/*g/cm2). All 75 con-
taminated transformer casings on site were
decontaminated to EPA cleanup criteria and sold
to a scrap metal dealer.
The DWS was also field tested at another
Superfund site in EPA Region 4, the Shaver's
Farm site in Walker County, Georgia. The
contaminants of concern were benzonitrile and
dicamba. After being cut into sections, 55-
gallon drums were placed in the DWS and
carried through the decontamination process.
Benzonitrile and dicamba levels on the drum
surfaces were reduced from the average pretreat-
ment concentrations of 4,556 and 23 jKg/100 cm2
to average concentrations of 10 and 1 /ig/100
cm2, respectively.
Results have been published in a Technology
Evaluation Report (EPA/540/5-9 l/006a) entitled
"Design and Development of a Pilot-Scale
Debris Decontamination System."
A full-scale version of the DWS has been de-
signed and is being assembled at EPA's Test and
Evaluation Facility in Cincinnati, Ohio. This
system is similar to the pilot-scale system;
however, the equipment, which will be mounted
on two 48-foot semi-trailers, has been scaled up
to permit processing of 10 to 20 tons of debris
per day. A SITE demonstration of the full-scale
system is planned.
FOR FURTHER INFORMATION:
EPA PROJECT MANAGER:
Naomi Barkley
U.S. EPA
Risk Reduction Engineering Laboratory
26 West Martin Luther King Drive
Cincinnati, OH 45268
513-569-7854
TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPER CONTACTS:
Michael Taylor or Majid Dosani
IT Corporation
11499 Chester Road
Cincinnati, OH 45246
513-782-4700
The SITE Program assesses but does not
approve or endorse technologies.
Page 147
-------
Technology Profile
DEMONSTRATION PROGRAM
RISK REDUCTION ENGINEERING LABORATORY
and USDA FOREST PRODUCTS LABORATORY
(Fungal Treatment Technology)
TECHNOLOGY DESCRIPTION:
This biological treatment system uses white rot
fungi to treat soils in situ. These lignin-de-
grading fiingi bioremediate certain organic
contaminants.
Organic materials inoculated with the fungi are
mechanically mixed into the contaminated soil.
Using enzymes normally produced for wood
degradation, the fungi also break down con-
taminants in the soil.
Because this technology uses a living organism
(the fungi), the greatest degree of success occurs
with optimal growing conditions. Additives that
enhance growing conditions may be required for
successful treatment. Moisture control is neces-
sary, and temperature control may be utilized.
Nutrients, such as peat, may be added to soils
deficient hi organic carbon.
WASTE APPLICABILITY:
This technology was initially developed to treat
soil contaminated with chemicals found in the
wood preserving industry. Contaminants include
chlorinated organics and polycyclic aromatic
hydrocarbons (PAH). Different contaminants
and combinations of contaminants may have
varied degrees of success. In particular, the
SITE Demonstration Program is evaluating how
well white rot fungi degrades pentachlorophenol.
STATUS:
This technology was accepted into the SITE
Demonstration Program in April 1991. In
V&r^».o}»;
In Situ White Rot Fungal Treatment of Contaminated Soil
Page 148
The SITE Program assesses but does not
approve or endorse technologies.
-------
November 1992
September 1991, a treatability study was con-
ducted at the Brookhaven Wood Preserving site
in Brookhaven, MS. Study results showed an
89 percent removal of PCP and a 70 percent
removal of total PAHs, during a 2-month per-
iod, by one lignin-degrading fungus.
A full-scale demonstration using this fungus is
underway to obtain economic data. The full-
scale project involves a 1/4-acre plot of con-
taminated soil and two, smaller, control plots.
Inoculation with Phanaerochaetes sordida, a
species of white rot fungus, occurred during
mid-June. No woodchips or other bulking
agents were added to the prepared soil.
Field activities include tilling and watering all
plots. No nutrient addition is being undertaken.
The treatment is optimized for PCP-degradation
but it is expected that PAHs will also be degrad-
ed.
Air emissions data has shown no significant
hazards to field technicians due to soil tilling
activities. Contaminated soil,* underlying sand,
and leachate are being sampled for the con-
taminants. The project is expected to reach
completion in November 1992. Initial reports
should be available by March 1993.
FOR FURTHER INFORMATION:
EPA PROJECT MANAGER:
Kim Lisa Kreiton
U.S. EPA
Risk Reduction Engineering Laboratory
26 West Martin Luther King Drive
Cincinnati, OH 45268
513-569-7328
TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPER CONTACT:
Richard Lamar
USDA Forest Products Laboratory
One Gifford Pinchot Drive
Madison, WI 53705
608-231-9469
The SITE Program assesses but does not
approve or endorse technologies.
Page 149
-------
Technology Profile
DEMONSTRA TION PROGRAM
RISK REDUCTION ENGINEERING LABORATORY and
THE UNIVERSITY OF CINCINNATI
(Hydraulic Fracturing)
TECHNOLOGY DESCRIPTION:
Hydraulic fracturing is a physical process that
creates fractures in soils to enhance fluid or
vapor flow in the subsurface. The technology
places fractures at discreet depths through
hydraulic pressurization at the base of a bore-
hole. These fractures are placed at specific
locations and depths to increase the effectiveness
of treatment technologies such as soil vapor
extraction, in situ bioremediation, and pump-
and-treat systems. The technology is designed
to enhance remediation in low-permeability
geologic formations.
The fracturing process (see photograph below)
begins with the injection of water into a sealed
borehole until the pressure of the water exceeds
a critical value and a fracture is nucleated. A
slurry composed of a coarse-grained sand and
guar gum gel is then injected as the fracture
grows away from the well. After pumping, the
sand grains hold the fracture open while an
enzyme additive breaks down the viscous fluid.
The thinned fluid is pumped from the fracture,
forming a permeable subsurface channel suitable
for delivery or recovery of a vapor or liquid.
These fractures function as pathways for vapor
extraction or fluid introduction, potentially
increasing the effective area available for re-
mediation.
The hydraulic fracturing process can be used in
conjunction with soil vapor extraction tech-
nology to enhance the recovery of contaminated
soil vapors. Hydraulically-induced fractures are
used to place fluids and nutrients during in situ
bioremediation. The technology has the pot-
ential to deliver solids useful in bioremediation
Hydraulic Fracturing Process (Well is at Center of Photograph)
Page 150
The SITE Program assesses but does not
approve or endorse technologies.
-------
November 1992
to the subsurface. Solid nutrients or oxygen-
releasing compounds can be injected as granules
into the fractures.
Techniques for measuring deformation of the
ground surface in real time have been developed
to monitor the position of the fractures in the
subsurface.
WASTE APPLICABILITY:
Hydraulic fracturing is appropriate for enhancing
remediation of soil and groundwater. The
technology can be applied to contaminants or
wastes associated with remediation by soil vapor
extraction, bioremediation, or pump and treat
systems.
STATUS:
The hydraulic fracturing technology entered the
SITE Demonstration Program in July 1991.
Pilot-scale feasibility studies have been con-
ducted in Oak Brook, Illinois, and Dayton,
Ohio. The hydraulic fracturing process has been
integrated with soil vapor extraction at the
Illinois site and with in situ bioremediation at the
Ohio site. Preliminary data from those sites
indicates that hydraulic fractures have sign-
ificantly improved remediation rates. Additional
feasibility studies will be conducted in Col-
umbus, Ohio, where vapor extraction and bio-
venting will be used, and in southern Michigan,
where hydraulic fracturing will be used with
vapor extraction.
FOR FURTHER INFORMATION:
EPA PROJECT MANAGER:
Naomi Barkley
U.S. EPA
Risk Reduction Engineering Laboratory
26 West Martin Luther King Drive
Cincinnati, OH 45268
513-569-7854
TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPER CONTACT:
Larry Murdoch
University of Cincinnati
Center Hill Facility
5995 Center Hill Road
Cincinnati, OH 45224
513-569-7897
The SITE Program assesses but does not
approve or endorse technologies.
Page 151
-------
Technology Profile
DEMONSTRATION PROGRAM
ROCHEM SEPARATION SYSTEMS, INC.
(Rochem Disc Tube Module System)
TECHNOLOGY DESCRIPTION:
This technology uses membrane separation
systems to treat a range of aqueous solutions,
from seawater to leachates containing organic
solvents. The system uses osmosis through a
semipermeable membrane to separate pure water
from contaminated liquids (see figure below).
The application of osmotic theory implies that
when a saline solution is separated from pure
water by a semipermeable membrane, the higher
osmotic pressure of the salt solution (because of
its higher salt concentration) will cause the water
(and other compounds having high diffusion
rates through the selected membrane) to diffuse
through the membrane into the salt water.
Water will continue to permeate into the salt
solution until the osmotic pressure of the salt
solution equals the osmotic pressure of the pure
water. However, if an external pressure is
exerted on the salt solution, water will flow in
the reverse direction from die salt solution into
the pure water. This phenomenon, known as
reverse osmosis (RO), can be employed to
separate pure water from contaminated matrices,
such as the treatment of hazardous wastes
through concentration of hazardous chemical
constituents in an aqueous brine, while pure
water can be recovered on the other side of the
membrane.
Ultrafiltration (UF) is a pressure-driven, mem-
brane filtration process that can be used to
separate and concentrate macromolecules and
colloids from process streams, water, and waste-
waters. UF is used in conjunction with RO in
the Rochem Disc Tube Module System. The
size of the particle rejected by ultrafiltration
depends on the inherent properties of the specific
membrane selected for separation and can range
from small paniculate matter to large molecules.
In general, a fluid is placed under pressure on
one side of a perforated membrane having a
measured pore size. All materials smaller than
the pore pass through the membrane, leaving
larger contaminants concentrated on the feed
RO AND UF MODULES ARE
OPERATED INDIVIDUALLY.
DIAGRAM SHOWS PARALLEL
CONNECTION FOR ILLUSTRATION
PURPOSES ONLY.
TT
Rochem Disc Tube Module System
TANK D
PERMEATE
STORAGE
Page 152
The SITE Program assesses but does not
approve or endorse technologies.
-------
November 1992
side of the process. Control of pass-through
constituents can be achieved by using a mem-
brane with a limiting pore size, or by installing
a series of membranes with successively smaller
pores. Although similar to RO, the UF process
typically cannot separate constituents from water
to the level of purity that RO can achieve.
However, the two technologies can be used in
tandem, with UF removing most of the relative-
ly large constituents of a process stream before
RO application selectively removes the water
from the remaining mixture.
The fluid dynamics and construction of the
system result in an open-channel, fully-turbulent
feed and water-flow system. This configuration
prevents the accumulation of suspended solids on
the separation membranes, thereby ensuring high
efficiency filtration of water and contaminants.
Also, the design of the disc tubes allows for
easy cleaning of the filtration medium, providing
a long service life for the membrane components
of the system.
Waste feed, process permeate, and rinse water
are potential feed materials to the RO or UF
modules, which are skid-mounted and consist of
a tank and a high-pressure feed system. The
high pressure feed system consists of a centri-
fugal feed pump, a prefilter cartridge housing,
and a triplex plunger pump to feed the RO/UF
modules. The processing units themselves are
self-contained and need only electrical and
interconnection process piping to be installed
prior to operation.
WASTE APPLICABILITY:
Numerous types of waste material can be treated
using this system, including sanitary landfill
leachate containing both organic and inorganic
chemical species, water-soluble oil wastes used
in metal fabricating and manufacturing in-
dustries, and solvent-water and oil-water mix-
tures generated during washing operations at
metal fabricating facilities.
STATUS:
This technology was accepted into the SITE
Demonstration Program in July 1991. A de-
monstration is planned for fall 1992 at Casmalia
Resources in Santa Barbara County, California.
This site involves the cleanup of landfill leachate
from a hazardous waste landfill. During the
demonstration, approximately 1 to 2 gallons per
minute of contaminated water will be processed
over a 2- to 3-week period. All feed and resi-
dual effluent streams will be sampled to evaluate
the performance of this technology.
FOR FURTHER INFORMATION:
EPA PROJECT MANAGER:
Douglas Grosse
U.S. EPA
Risk Reduction Engineering Laboratory
26 West Martin Luther King Drive
Cincinnati, OH 45268
513-569-7844
TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPER CONTACT:
David LaMonica
Rochem Separation Systems, Inc.
3904 Del Amo Boulevard, Suite 801
Torrance, CA 90503
310-370-3160
Fax: 310-370-4988
The SITE Program assesses but does not
approve or endorse technologies.
Page 153
-------
Technology Profile
DEMONSTRATION PROGRAM
SBP TECHNOLOGIES, INC.
(Membrane Separation and Bioremediation)
TECHNOLOGY DESCRIPTION:
SBP Technologies, Inc. (SBP), has developed a
hazardous waste treatment system consisting of
(1) a hyperfiltration unit that extracts and con-
centrates contaminants from groundwater, sur-
face water, wash water, or slurries, and (2) a
bioremediation system that treats concentrated
ground water, wash water, and soil slurries (see
photograph below). These two systems treat a
wide range of waste materials separately or as a
part of an integrated waste handling system.
The hyperfiltration unit removes and con-
centrates contaminants by pumping contaminated
liquids through porous stainless steel tubes
coated with specifically formulated membranes.
Contaminants are collected inside the tube
membrane, while "clean" water permeates the
membrane and tubes. Depending on local
requirements and regulations, the clean permeate
can be discharged to the sanitary sewer for
further treatment at a publicly owned treatment
works (POTW). The concentrated contaminants
are collected in a holding tank.
Contaminated water or slurry can also be fed
directly into the bioreactor and then polished
with the hyperfiltration unit. The bioreactor, or
series of bioreactors, are inoculated with pro-
prietary (specially selected, usually indigenous)
microorganisms to produce effluent with low to
nondetectable levels of contaminants. Integrat-
ing the two units allows many contaminants to
be removed and destroyed on site.
WASTE APPLICABILITY:
The hyperfiltration system concentrates con-
taminants and reduces the volume of con-
Membrane Separation and Biological Treatment
Page 154
The SITE Program assesses but does not
approve or endorse technologies.
-------
November 1992
taminated materials from a number of waste
streams, including contaminated ground water,
surface water, storm water, landfill leachates,
and industrial process wastewater.
The bioremediation system can treat a wide
range of organic contamination, especially wood
preserving wastes and solvent contamination.
The system, with modifications, can also treat
polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH) (such
as creosote and coal tar); pentachlorophenol
(PCP); petroleum hydrocarbons; and chlorinated
aliphatics, such as trichloroethylene (TCE).
The two technologies can be used separately or
together, depending on site characteristics and
waste treatment needs. For example, on waste-
waters or slurries contaminated with inorganics
or materials not easily bioremediated, the hyper-
filtration unit can separate the material for
treatment by another process. Both the hyper-
filtration system and the bioremediation system
can be used as part of a soil cleaning system to
handle residuals and contaminated liquids.
SBP is marketing its bioremediation and hyper-
filtration systems to industrial and governmental
clients for on-site treatment of contaminated soil,
sludge, and water.
STATUS:
The membrane filtration system was demonstrat-
ed under the SITE Program during October 1991
at the American Creosote Works in Pensacola,
Florida. Results confirmed that this membrane
system removed 95 percent of the PAH con-
centrations and 25 to 30 percent of smaller
phenolic compounds resulting in overall 80
percent reduction of creosote constituents from
the contaminated feed. PAH removal was
sufficient to pass local POTW discharge stan-
dards . Demonstration of the bioremediation unit
through the SITE Program was postponed.
FOR FURTHER INFORMATION:
EPA PROJECT MANAGER:
Kim Lisa Kreiton
U.S. EPA
Risk Reduction Engineering Laboratory
26 West Martin Luther King Drive
Cincinnati, OH 45268
513-569-7328
TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPER CONTACT:
Heather Ford
SBP Technologies, Inc.
2155-D West Park Court
Stone Mountain, GA 30087
404-498-6666
Fax: 404-498-8711
The SITE Program assesses but does not
approve or endorse technologies.
Page 155
-------
Technology Profile
DEMONSTRATION PROGRAM
S.M.W. SEIKO, INC.
(In Situ Solidification and Stabilization)
TECHNOLOGY DESCRIPTION:
The soil-cement mixing wall (SMW) technology
developed by S.M.W. Seiko, Inc. (Seiko),
involves the in situ fixation, solidification, and
stabilization of contaminated soils. The tech-
nology has been used for more than 18 years to
mix soil, cement, and chemical gjrout for various
construction applications including cutoff walls
and soil stabilization. Multi-axis overlapping
hollow-stem augers (see figure below) are used
to inject solidification and stabilization (S/S)
agents into contaminated soils hi situ. The S/S
agents are then blended into the soils. The
augers are mounted on a crawler-type base
machine. A batch mixing plant and raw mater-
ials storage tanks are also used. This system can
treat 90 to 140 cubic yards of soil in 8 hours at
depths of up to 100 feet below ground surface.
The SMW technology produces a monolithic
block that extends down to the treatment depth.
The volume increase ranges from 10 to 30
percent, depending on the nature of the soil
matrix and the amount of S/S reagents and water
required for treatment.
WASTE APPLICABILITY:
This technology can be applied to soils con-
taminated with metals and semivolatile organic
compounds such as pesticides, polychlorinated
WATER TANK
SILO
SMW REAGENT
MIXING AND
CONTROL PLANT
FIXED MASS
PERIMETER CUTOFF
WALL (OPTIONAL)
BEHM
SMW In Situ Fixation of Contaminated Soil
Page 156
The SITE Program assesses but does not
approve or endorse technologies.
-------
November 1992
biphenyls, phenols, and polycyclic aromatic
hydrocarbons.
STATUS:
This technology was accepted into the SITE
Demonstration Program in June 1989. Site
selection is underway.
FOR FURTHER INFORMATION:
EPA PROJECT MANAGER:
S. Jackson Hubbard
U.S. EPA
Risk Reduction Engineering Laboratory
26 West Martin Luther King Drive
Cincinnati, OH 45268
513-569-7507
TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPER CONTACT:
David Yang
S.M.W. Seiko, Inc.
2215 Dunn Road
Hayward, CA 94545
510-783-4105
Fax: 510-783-4323
The SITE Program assesses but does not
approve or endorse technologies.
Page 157
-------
Technology Profile
DEMONSTRATION PROGRAM
SEPARATION AND RECOVERY SYSTEMS, INC.
(SAKEX Chemical Fixation Process)
TECHNOLOGY DESCRIPTION:
The SAKEX chemical fixation process (CFP)
(see figure below) developed by Separation and
Recovery Systems, Inc. (SRS), is a thermal and
chemical reactive (fixation) process that removes
volatile organic compounds (VOC) and semi-
volatile organic compounds (SVOC), and the
remaining constituents of organic and inorganic
sludge materials in a stable matrix. SAREX
CFP uses specially-prepared lime and pro-
prietary, nontoxic chemicals (a reagent blend)
mixed proportionally to catalyze and control the
reactions. The treated product displays chemical
properties which conform to EPA standards for
resource recovery and site restoration. The
product also exhibits high structural integrity,
with a fine, granular, soil-like consistency, of
limited solubility. It is free flowing until com-
pacted (50 to 80 pounds per square inch), isolat-
ing the remaining constituents from environ-
mental influences.
Depending on the characteristics of the waste
material, it may be covered with a liquid neu-
tralizing reagent that initiates the chemical
reactions and helps prevent vapor emissions. If
required, the waste material may be moved to
the neutralization (blending) tank where a
lfmake-up" reagent slurry is added, depending on
material characteristics. The waste is placed on
the feed hopper. The reagent is measured and
placed on the transfer conveyor so that the
reagent and waste mixture would advance to the
single-screw homogenizer, where it is thorough-
ly blended to a uniform consistency. The rea-
gent blend reacts exothermally with the haz-
ardous constituents to initiate the removal of the
VOCs and SVOCs. The process, now about 70
percent complete, continues in the multi-screw,
EXCAVATOR
WASTE
PIT
TREATED
PRODUCT
CONTAINER
NEUTRALIZATION TANK
1/4" PLATE 16' DIA. X 8' INSETS
NOTES:
1. EXCAVATION/NEUTRALIZATION/VAPOR CONTROL
2. PRE-PROCESS BLENDING/NEUTRALZATION
3. WASTE FEED TO PROCESSOR
4. HOMOGENIZING
5. PROCESSING
6. DISCHARGE CONVEYOR
7. VAPOR RECOVERY SYSTEM (VRS)
SAREX Chemical Fixation Process
Page 158
The SITE Program assesses but does not
approve or endorse technologies.
-------
November 1992
jacketed, noncontacting processor for curing (a
predetermined curing time allows reactions to
occur within a controlled environment). In the
processor, the mixture can be thermally proces-
sed at a high temperature to complete the pro-
cess. The processed material exits the processor
onto a conveyor for discharge into SRS-designed
sealed transport containers.
Contaminant loss into the air (mobility) during
processing is eliminated by use of a specially
designed SAREX vapor recovery system. Dust
particles are removed in a baghouse, and the
vapors are routed through a series of water
scrubbers, which cool the vapors [below 120
degrees Fahrenheit (°F)] and remove any con-
densates. The vapors then pass through two
demisters and a positive displacement blower to
remove additional condensates. A freon chilling
unit (37°F or 0°F) cools the remaining vapors,
which are sent to a storage tank. The final
vapor stream is polished in two charcoal vapor
packs before being emitted into the air.
WASTE APPLICABILITY:
The SAREX CFP may be applied to a wide
variety of organic and inorganic materials.
These include sludges that contain high con-
centrations of hazardous constituents, with no
upper limit of oil or organic content. No con-
stituents interfere with the fixation reactions, and
water content is not an obstacle, although there
may be steaming caused by the exothermic
reactions. The following material types can be
processed by the SAREX CFP:
Large crude oil spills
Refinery sludges
Hydrocarbon-contaminated soils
Lube oil acid sludges
Tars
In addition, metals are captured within the
treated matrix and will pass the Toxicity Char-
acteristic Leaching Procedure. This is ad-
vantageous because most on-site cleanup pro-
grams focus on sludge ponds or impoundments
that have received many different types of
compounds and debris over several years.
STATUS:
During the development of the SAREX CFP
technology, data has been gathered from labor-
atory analysis, process demonstrations, and on-
site projects. Samples of sludges from two
ponds were analyzed for surface and bottom
characteristics. After treatment of the Samples,
the products were analyzed in powder and
molded pellet form. x-
During field demonstration in 1987 at a midwest
refinery, approximately 400 cubic yards of lube
oil acid sludges were treated. Two projects
each were completed in the midwest, California,
and Australia.
SRS expects to conduct a SITE demonstration
during 1993. EPA is seeking a suitable site for
the demonstration.
FOR FURTHER INFORMATION:
EPA PROJECT MANAGER:
S. Jackson Hubbard
U.S. EPA
Risk Reduction Engineering Laboratory
26 West Martin Luther King Drive
Cincinnati, OH 45268
513-569-7507
TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPER CONTACT:
Joseph DeFranco
Separation and Recovery Systems, Inc.
1762 McGaw Avenue
Irvine, CA 92714
714-261-8860
Fax: 714-261-6010
The SITE Program assesses but does not
approve or endorse technologies.
Page 159
-------
Technology Profile
DEMONSTRATION PROGRAM
SEVENSON EXTRACTION TECHNOLOGY, INC.
(A Subsidiary of SEVENSON ENVIRONMENTAL SERVICES, INC.;
formerly TERRA-EILEEN CORPORATION)
(Soil Restoration Unit)
TECHNOLOGY DESCRIPTION:
The soil restoration unit is a mobile solvent
extraction device designed to remove organic
contaminants from soil (see figure below).
Extraction of soil contaminants is performed
with a mixture of organic solvents in a closed
loop, counter-current process that recycles all
solvents. Sevenson Extraction Technology, Inc.
(SET), uses a combination of up to 14 solvents,
each of which dissolves specific contaminants in
the soil and mixes freely with water. None of
the solvents is a listed hazardous waste, and the
most commonly used solvents are approved by
the Food and Drug Administration as food
additives for human consumption. The solvents
are typically heated to efficiently strip con-
taminants from soil.
Contaminated soil is first fed into a hopper, then
mixed with solvent to form a slurry. Soil in the
slurry is continually cleaned by new solvent.
The return solvent from the modules is monitor-
ed for contaminants so that the soil may be
retained within the system until any residual
contaminants within the soil are reduced to
targeted levels. The soil restoration unit offers
"hot spot protection," in which real-time moni-
toring of contaminant levels alleviates problems
associated with treating localized areas of higher
contamination.
Used solvent from slurry modules is stripped of
contaminants by fractional distillation. Materials
extracted from the soil remain in distillation
residuals, and are periodically flushed from the
system into 55-gallon drums for off-site dis-
Contaminated Soil
Soil and Solvent Slurry Modules
7
°m A/
Control Room
/ V
Hotspot Protection / /
Real Time / /
Contaminant / /
Monitoring / /
Secondary
Containment
System
Clean Son Exit
Soil Restoration Unit
Page 160
The SITE Program assesses but does not
approve or endorse technologies.
-------
November 1992
posal. Distillate from the columns is fractionally
separated to remove the lower boiling point
contaminants from the solvent. Clean solvent is
then reused in the system, completing the closed
solvent loop.
Treated soil and solvent slurry is then sent to a
closed-loop dryer system that removes the
solvent from the soil. Solvent vapors in the
dryer are monitored with an organic vapor
monitor that indicates when treatment is com-
plete.
WASTE APPLICABILITY:
SET's technology can remove polychlorinated
biphenyls, pentachlorophenol, creosote, chlor-
inated solvents, naphthalene, diesel oil, used
motor oil, jet fuel, grease, organic pesticides,
and other organic contaminants in soil. It has
not been tested using contaminated sediments
and sludges as feed stock.
STATUS:
The soil restoration unit has been used for full-
scale remediation of the Treband and Pinette's
Salvage Yard Superfund sites.
Demonstration of the full-scale unit under the
SITE Demonstration Program is scheduled
during remediation activities at Pinette's Salvage
Yard in Washburn, Maine.
FOR FURTHER INFORMATION:
EPA PROJECT MANAGER:
Mark Meckes
U.S. EPA
Risk Reduction Engineering Laboratory
26 West Martin Luther King Drive
Cincinnati, OH 45268
513-569-7348
TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPER CONTACT:
Alan Cash
Terra-Kleen Corporation
7321 North Hammond Avenue
Oklahoma City, OK 73132
405-728-0001
Fax: 405-728-0016
Note: As of October 1992, this technology is
owned by Terra-Kleen Corporation.
The SITE Program assesses but does not
approve or endorse technologies.
Page 161
-------
Technology Profile
DEMONSTRATION PROGRAM
SILICATE TECHNOLOGY CORPORATION
(Solidification and Stabilization Treatment Technology)
TECHNOLOGY DESCRIPTION:
Silicate Technology Corporation's (STC) tech-
nology for treating hazardous waste uses silicate
compounds to solidify and stabilize organic and
inorganic constituents hi contaminated soils,
sludges, and wastewater.
STC's organic chemical fixation/solidification
technology involves bonding organic con-
taminants into the layers of an alumino silicate
compound. STC's inorganic chemical fixation/
solidification technology involves the formation
of insoluble chemical compounds, which reduces
overall reagent addition compared to generic
cementicious processes.
Pretreatment of contaminated soil (see photo-
graph below) includes separating coarse and fine
waste materials and crushing coarse material,
reducing it to the required size. The screened
waste is weighed, and a predetermined amount
of silicate reagent is added. The material is
conveyed to a pug mill mixer where water is
added and the mixture is blended.
Sludges are placed directly into the pug mill for
addition of reagents and mixing. The amount of
reagent can be adjusted according to organic and
inorganic contaminant concentrations determined
during treatability testing. Treated material is
placed in confining pits for on-site curing or cast
into molds for transport and disposal off site.
STC's technology has been successfully im-
plemented on inorganic and organic con-
taminated hazardous remediation projects, inor-
ganic and organic industrial wastewater treat-
Pretreatment of Contaminated Soil
Page 162
The SITE Program assesses but does not
approve or endorse technologies.
-------
November 1992
ment systems, industrial in-process treatment,
and Resource Conservation and Recovery Act
land ban treatment of F006 and K061 wastes.
WASTE APPLICABILITY:
STC's technology can treat a wide variety of
hazardous soils, sludges, and wastewaters in-
cluding the following:
• Soils and sludges contaminated with
inorganics, including most metals, cyan-
ides, fluorides, arsenates, chromates,
and selenium
• Soils and sludges contaminated with
organics, including halogenated aroma-
tics, poly cyclic aromatic hydrocarbons,
and aliphatic compounds
• Wastewaters contaminated with heavy
metals and emulsified and dissolved
organic compounds, excluding low-
molecular-weight organic contaminants
such as alcohols, ketones, and glycols
STATUS:
Under the SITE Demonstration Program, the
technology was demonstrated in November 1990
at the Selma Pressure Treating (SPT) wood
preserving site in Selma, California. The SPT
site was contaminated with both organics, main-
ly pentachlorophenoi (PCP), and inorganics,
mainly arsenic, chromium and copper. The
Applications Analysis Report and Technology
Evaluation Report will be published in early
1993.
DEMONSTRATION RESULTS:
• STC's technology can treat PCP.
Extract and leachate concentrations of
PCP were reduced up to 97 percent.
• The technology can immobilize arsenic.
Toxicity Characteristic Leaching Pro-
cedure (TCLP) and TCLP-distilled water
leachate concentrations were reduced up
to 92 and 98 percent, respectively.
• The technology can immobilize chrom-
ium and copper. Initially low TCLP
and TCLP-distilled water leachate con-
centrations of chromium (0.07 to 0.27
ppm) were reduced up to 54 percent.
Initial TCLP and TCLP-distilled water
leachate concentrations of copper (0.4
and 9.4 ppm) were reduced up to 99 and
90 percent, respectively.
• Treatment of the wastes resulted in
volume increases of 59 to 75 percent (68
percent average).
• After a 28-day curing period, the treated
wastes exhibited moderately high uncon-
fined compressive strengths of 260 to
350 pounds per square inch.
• Permeability of the treated waste was
low (less than 1.7 x 10"7 centimeters
per second). The relative cumulative
weight loss after 12 wet and dry and 12
freeze and thaw cycles was negligible
(less than 1 percent).
• STC's technology is expected to cost
approximately $200 per cubic yard when
used to treat large amounts (15,000
cubic yards) of waste similar to that
found at the SPT demonstration site.
FOR FURTHER INFORMATION:
EPA PROIECT MANAGER:
Edward Bates
U.S. EPA
Risk Reduction Engineering Laboratory
26 West Martin Luther King Drive
Cincinnati, OH 45268
513-569-7774
TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPER CONTACTS:
Stephen Pelger or Scott Larsen
Silicate Technology Corporation
7655 East Gelding Drive, Suite B-2
Scottsdale, AZ 85260
602-948-7100
Fax: 602-991-3173
The SITE Program assesses but does not
approve or endorse technologies.
Page 163
-------
Technology Profile
DEMONSTRATION PROGRAM
J.R. SIMPLOT COMPANY
(Biodegradation of Dinoseb)
TECHNOLOGY DESCRIPTION:
This technology bioremediates soils con-
taminated with the pesticide dinoseb. Pilot-scale
treatment units (see figure) consist of simple
plastic or fiberglass vessels that contain static
soil flurries (50 percent soil and 50 percent
water). The units are scaled in steps up to about
50 cubic meters of soil. The biodegradation
process involves adding starch to flooded soils
and sludges. Anaerobic, starch-degrading
bacteria may also be introduced. After an-
aerobic conditions are established [at Eh equal to
-200 millivolts (mV)], an anaerobic microbial
consortium is injected to destroy the nitro-
aromatics. In some soils, inoculations are not
necessary, because native consortia develop
quickly.
•
Anaerobic microbial mixtures have been de-
veloped for both dinoseb (2-sec-butyl-4,6-di-
nitrophenol) and trinitrotoluene. These mixtures
completely degrade their target molecules to
simple nonaromatic products within a few days
forming reduced intermediates (such as
aminonitrotoluenes) and hydroxylated inter-
mediates (such as methylphlorglucinol and
p-cresol). The microbial consortia function at
Eh's of -200 mV or more.
WASTE APPLICABILITY:
This technology treats soils contaminated with
nitroaromatic pollutants. Anaerobic microbial
mixtures for dinoseb can reduce this pollutant to
less than 1 part per million in most soils.
STATUS:
Based on bench- and pilot-scale results from the
Emerging Technology Program, this technology
was accepted into the SITE Demonstration
Program in winter 1992.
Inject carbon source and
anaerobic consortium, if necessary
Buffered
water.
Oxygen sink layer
Amended soil
Storage tank
or lined pit
Pilot-Scale Treatment Unit
Page 164
The SITE Program assesses but does not
approve or endorse technologies.
-------
November 1992
FOR FURTHER INFORMATION:
EPA PROJECT MANAGER:
Wendy Davis-Hoover
U.S. EPA
Risk Reduction Engineering Laboratory
26 West Martin Luther King Drive
Cincinnati, OH 45268
513-569-7206
TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPER CONTACT:
Dane Higdem
J.R. Simplot Company
P.O. Box 912
Pocatello, ID 83715
208-234-5367
Fax: 208-234-5339
The SITE Program assesses but does not
approve or endorse technologies.
Page 165
-------
Technology Profile
DEMONSTRATION PROGRAM
SOILTECH ATP SYSTEMS, INC.
(Anaerobic Thermal Processor)
TECHNOLOGY DESCRIPTION:
The SoilTech ATP Systems, Inc. (SoilTech),
anaerobic thermal processor (ATP) is a thermal
desorption process (see figure below). Con-
taminated soils, sludges, and liquids are heated
and mixed in a special, indirectly-fired rotary
kiln. The unit desorbs, collects, and re-
condenses hydrocarbons and other pollutants
found in contaminated material. The unit also
can be used in conjunction with a dehalogenation
process to destroy halogenated hydrocarbons
through a thermal and chemical process.
The proprietary kiln contains four separate
internal thermal zones: preheat, retort, combus-
tion, and cooling. In the preheat zone, water
and volatile organic compounds (VOC) are
vaporized. The vaporized VOCs and water are
removed under a slight vacuum to a vapor
cooling system for condensation. As condensa-
tion occurs, light hydrocarbon vapors separate
into liquid, oil, and noncondensable gas phases.
From the preheat zone, the hot solids and heavy
hydrocarbons pass through a proprietary sand
CLEAN
STACK GAS
DISCHARGE TO
ATMOSPHERE
seal to the retort zone. The sand seal allows the
passage of solids and inhibits the passage of
gases, including contaminants, from one zone to
the other. Concurrently, hot treated soil from
the combustion zone enters the retort zone
through a second sand seal. This hot treated soil
provides the thermal energy necessary to desorb
the heavy contaminants. Heavy oils vaporize in
the retort zone, and thermal cracking of hydro-
carbons forms coke and low molecular weight
gases. The vaporized contaminants are removed
under slight vacuum to the gas handling system.
After cyclones remove dust from the gases, the
gases are, cooled, and condensed oil and water
are separated into their various fractions.
The coked soil passes through a third sand seal
from the retort zone to the combustion zone,
where coke is burned along with auxiliary fuel.
Some of the hot treated soil is recycled to the
retort zone through the second sand seal as
previously described. The remainder of the soil
enters the cooling zone.
As the hot combusted soil enters the cooling
zone, it is cooled in the annular space between
FEED*
OPTIONAL DISPOSAL
OR DESTRUCTION
Anaerobic Thermal Processor (ATP)
Page 166
The SITE Program assesses but does not
approve or endorse technologies.
-------
November 1992
the outside of the preheat zone and the shell of
the kiln. Here, the heat from the combusted
soils is transferred indirectly to the soils in the
retort and preheat zones. The cooled, treated
soil exiting the cooling zone is quenched with
water and conveyed to a storage pile.
Flue gases from the combustion zone pass
through the cooling zone to an emission control
system. The system consists of a cyclone and
baghouse to remove particulates, a wet scrubber
to remove acid gases, and a carbon adsorption
bed to remove trace organic compounds.
When the ATP system is used to dechlorinate
contaminants, the contaminated soils are com-
bined with an oil mixture containing alkaline
dehalogenation reagents. The reagents
dehalogenate or chemically break down
chlorinated compounds, including
polychlorinated biphenyls (PCB), in the ATP
system.
WASTE APPLICABILITY:
The technology was originally developed to
recover oil from tar sands and shales. It is now
also used to dechlorinate PCBs and chlorinated
pesticides in soils and sludges; to separate oils
and water from refinery wastes and spills; and,
in general, to remove hazardous VOCs from
soils and sludges.
STATUS:
This technology was accepted into the SITE
Demonstration Program in March 1991. The
technology has been shown at two SITE de-
monstrations. At the first demonstration, in
May 1991, a full-scale unit dechlorinated soils
contaminated with PCBs at the Wide Beach
Development Superfund site in Brant, New
York. At the second demonstration, completed
in June 1992, a full-scale unit remediated soils
at the Outboard Marine Corporation site in
Waukegan, Illinois.
DEMONSTRATION RESULTS:
Preliminary test results from both SITE de-
monstrations indicate that:
• The SoilTech ATP system removed over
99 percent of the PCBs in the contaminated
soil, resulting in PCB levels below the
desired cleanup concentration of 2 parts
per million (ppm).
• The SoilTech ATP system does not appear
to create dioxins or furans.
• No volatile or semivolatile organic de-
gradation products were detected hi the
treated soil. Also, no teachable VOCs or
semivolatile organic compounds were
detected in the treated soil.
• No operational problems affecting the ATP
system's ability to treat contaminated soil
at either site were observed.
FOR FURTHER INFORMATION:
EPA PROJECT MANAGER:
Paul dePercin
U.S. EPA
Risk Reduction Engineering Laboratory
26 West Martin Luther King Drive
Cincinnati, OH 45268
513-569-7797
TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPER CONTACT:
Roger Nielson
SoilTech ATP Systems, Inc.
6300 South Syracuse Way, Suite 300
Englewood, CO 80111
303-290-8336
Fax: 303-290-8013
The SITE Program assesses but does not
approve or endorse technologies.
Page 167
-------
Technology Profile
DEMONSTRATION PROGRAM
SOLIDITECH, INC.
(Solidification and Stabilization)
TECHNOLOGY DESCRIPTION:
This solidification and stabilization process
immobilizes contaminants in soils and sludges by
binding them in a concrete-like, leach-resistant
matrix.
Contaminated waste materials are collected,
screened to remove oversized material, and
introduced to the batch mixer (see figure below).
The waste material is then mixed with (1) water,
(2) Urrichem — a proprietary chemical reagent,
(3) proprietary additives, and (4) pozzolanic
material (fly ash), kiln dust, or cement. After it
is thoroughly mixed, the treated waste is dis-
charged from the mixer. Treated waste is a
solidified mass with significant unconfined
compressive strength, high stability, and a rigid
texture similar to that of concrete.
WASTE APPLICABILITY:
This technology treats soils and sludges con-
taminated with organic compounds, metals,
inorganic compounds, and oil and grease. Batch
POZZOLAN STORAGE
mixers of various capacities are available to treat
different volumes of waste.
STATUS:
The process was demonstrated in December
1988 at the Imperial Oil Company/Champion
Chemical Company Superfund site in Morgan-
ville, New Jersey. This location formerly
contained both chemical processing and oil
reclamation facilities. Wastes treated during the
demonstration were soils, filter cake, and oily
wastes from an old storage tank. These wastes
were contaminated with petroleum hydro-
carbons, polychlorinated biphenyls (PCB), other
organic chemicals, and heavy metals.
DEMONSTRATION RESULTS:
Key findings from the Soliditech demonstration
are summarized below:
• Chemical analyses of extracts and leach-
ates showed that heavy metals in the
untreated waste were immobilized.
INTERNAL VIEW OF MIXER
FRONT END LOADER
(LOADING CONTAMINATED SOIL) I
••»*^-'Si5ST:r- PROPRIETARY/
TREATED WASTE
Soliditech Processing Equipment
Page 168
The SITE Program assesses but does not
approve or endorse technologies.
-------
November 1992
The process solidified both solid and
liquid wastes with high organic content
(up to 17 percent), as well as oil and
grease.
Volatile organic compounds in the orig-
inal waste were not detected in the
treated waste.
Physical test results of the solidified
waste showed (1) unconfined compres-
sive strengths ranging from 390 to 860
pounds per square inch (psi), (2) very
little weight loss after 12 cycles of wet
and dry and freeze and thaw durability
tests, (3) low permeability of the treated
waste, and (4) increased density after
treatment.
The solidified waste increased in volume
by an average of 22 percent. Because
of solidification, the bulk density of the
waste material increased by about 35
percent.
Semivolatile organic compounds
(phenols) were detected in the treated
waste and the Toxicity Characteristic
Leaching Procedure (TCLP) extracts
from the treated waste, but not in the
untreated waste or its TCLP extracts.
The presence of these compounds is
believed to result from chemical reac-
tions in the waste treatment mixture.
Oil and grease content of the untreated
waste ranged from 2.8 to 17.3 percent
[28,000 to 173,000 parts per million
(ppm)]. Oil and grease content of the
TCLP extracts of the solidified waste
ranged from 2.4 to 12 ppm.
• The pH of the solidified waste ranged
from 11.7 to 12.0. The pH of the
untreated waste ranged from 3.4 to 7.9.
• PCBs were not detected in any extracts
or leachates of the treated waste.
• Visual observation of solidified waste
revealed dark inclusions about 1 milli-
meter in diameter. Ongoing micro-
structural studies are expected to con-
firm that these inclusions are en-
capsulated wastes.
A Technology Evaluation Report was published
in February 1990 in two volumes. Volume I
(EPA/540/5-89/005) is the report; Volume H
(EPA/540/5-89/005) contains supplemental data.
An Applications Analysis Report was published
in September 1990 (EPA/4540/A5-89/005).
FOR FURTHER INFORMATION:
EPA PROJECT MANAGER:
S. Jackson Hubbard
U.S. EPA
Risk Reduction Engineering Laboratory
26 West Martin Luther King Drive
Cincinnati, OH 45268
513-569-7507
TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPER CONTACT:
Bill Stallworth
Soliditech, Inc.
1325 S. Dairy Ashford, Suite 130
Houston, TX 77077
713-497-8558
The SITE Program assesses but does not
approve or endorse technologies.
Page 169
-------
Technology Profile
DEMONSTRATION PROGRAM
SONOTECH, INC.
(Frequency Tunable Pulse Combustion System)
TECHNOLOGY DESCRIPTION:
Interest in pulse combustion has increased in
recent years because of its potential to improve
the performance of various incineration and
energy intensive processes. The frequency
tunable pulse combustion system (FTPC) sign-
ificantly improves batch and continuous mode
incinerator performance by creating large-ampli-
tude, resonant pulsations inside the incinerator.
This technology can be applied to new or exist-
ing systems. The technology is proven and used
in fossil fuel combustion devices, residential
natural gas furnaces, and industrial combustion
systems. It should prove to be similarly bene-
ficial to hazardous waste incineration/soil re-
mediation applications.
The FTPC consists of an air inlet, a combustion
section, and/or a tailpipe, a control panel, and a
safety system. The FTPC improves an in-
cinerator's performance by increasing mixing
rates between the fuel and air and between
reactive gas pockets and ignition sources (for
example, flamelets, hot gases) and by increased
rates of heat and mass transfer between the gas
and the burning waste. These effects reduce the
amount of excess air required to completely burn
the waste, increase destruction and removal
efficiencies of principal organic hazardous
constituents, minimize the formation of products
of incomplete combustion, and eliminate or
minimize detrimental emissions or "puffs."
When the process occurs in an industrial en-
closure, the FTPC can excite axial, transverse,
or three-dimensional acoustic mode oscillations
within the enclosure. Amplitudes as high as 170
decibels and frequencies of 50 to 500 Hertz have
been achieved. The high frequencies and veloci-
ties of these gas oscillations promote mixing of
the gases in the chamber and reduce or eliminate
stratification effects.
The FTPC can function alone or as a supple-
mental retrofit to an existing combustion system.
Frequency Tunable Pulse Combustion System Installed
at EPA Incinerator Research Facility
Page 170
The SITE Program assesses but does not
approve or endorse technologies.
-------
November 1992
In the latter application, the FTPC can supply
between 2 to 10 percent of energy requirements.
After retrofitting, the total fuel supplied to the
main burner and the FTPC is generally less than
the amount of fuel supplied to the main burner
before retrofitting.
WASTE APPLICABILITY:
This technology can be used with any material
that can be treated in a conventional incinerator.
The technology has improved the incineration of
hazardous and solid wastes in an EPA small-
scale rotary kiln incinerator in Research Triangle
Park, North Carolina. The developer believes
that it is ready for use in the incineration of
contaminated soils and medical waste.
STATUS:
This technology was accepted into the SITE
Demonstration Program in summer 1992. The
demonstration will test whether the technology
can improve the performance of larger scale,
continuously fed, incineration systems. To meet
this goal, a pulse combustor retrofit system for
EPA's Incinerator Research Facility (IRF) in
Jefferson, Arkansas will be developed and
tested. The IRF pilot-scale rotary kiln in-
cinerator is approximately 4 times the size of the
small-scale EPA unit that was previously tested.
The retrofitted incinerator will then be used to
destroy a variety of wastes, such as con-
taminated soil traditionally incinerated with
conventional, non-pulse technology using air or
oxygen enrichment. The system's performance
will be compared with that of other tech-
nologies.
FOR FURTHER INFORMATION:
EPA PROJECT MANAGER:
Marta Richards
U.S. EPA
Risk Reduction Engineering Laboratory
26 West Martin Luther King Drive
Cincinnati, OH 45268
513-569-7783
TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPER CONTACT:
Zin Plavnik
Sonotech Inc.
575 Travis St., NW
Atlanta, GA 30318
404-525-8530
The SITE Program assesses but does not
approve or endorse technologies.
Page 171
-------
Technology Profile
DEMONSTRATION PROGRAM
TECHTRAN ENVIRONMENTAL, INC.
(Combined Chemical Precipitation, Physical Separation, and Binding Process for
Radionuclides and Heavy Metals)
TECHNOLOGY DESCRIPTION:
This technology removes heavy metals and
radionuclides from contaminated waters. The
process combines the proprietary RHM-1000
powder, as well as a complex mixture of oxides,
silicates, and other reactive binding agents, with
a contaminated water stream. Selectively en-
hanced complexing and sorption processes form
flocculants and colloids, which are removed
through precipitation and physical filtration.
The pH, mixing dynamics, processing rates, and
powder constituents are optimized through
chemical modeling studies and laboratory tests.
The contaminants are concentrated in a stabilized
filter and precipitate sludge, which is then
dewatered. The dewatered sludge meets Toxic-
ity Characteristic Leaching Procedure criteria
and may, depending on the contaminant, be
classified as nonhazardous.
The figure below illustrates the skid-mounted
field pilot unit which consists of four mam
components: (1) pump unit, (2) feed and educ-
tor unit, (3) mixing tank, and (4) clarifier tank.
The centrifugal pump unit can deliver up to 50
gallons per minute (gpm) to the system. Water
from the pump passes through a restrictor nozzle
in the feed and eductor unit, reducing the air
pressure at the outlet of an attached hopper unit.
RHM-1000 powder is placed in the upper hop-
per, which is powered by compressed air. The
upper hopper delivers a controlled and very low
volume of RHM-1000 to the lower hopper.
Reduced air pressure draws it into the water
stream. The water passes through a two-stage
mixing process and is then sent to the mixing
tank. A diaphragm pump, driven by compressed
air, draws water from the tank's base and re-
injects it through a jet nozzle which also draws
surrounding water through holes in its base.
The mixed water and RHM-1000 powder pass
over a weir into the clarifier tank and through a
block of inclined coalescing tubes. Precipitates
collect in the tank's base and are drained off.
Additional conventional filters can be added to
TECHTRAN RHM-1000 PILOT UNIT
CLARIFIER TANK
6" doan Water Oulltt <
TechTran RHM-1000 Pilot Plant
Page 172
The SITE Program assesses but does not
approve or endorse technologies.
-------
November 1992
the system outflow as required. The process is
designed for continuous operation and can be
expanded from 25 to 1,500 gpm.
This process removes heavy metals and radio-
nuclides to drinking water standards. It can also
treat trace levels of naturally occurring radio-
active materials (NORM) and low-level radio-
active wastes, as well as more heavily con-
taminated waters.
WASTE APPLICABILITY:
This technology can be used to (1) remediate
water, sludges and soils contaminated with
radionuclides and heavy metals, (2) restore
groundwater from mining operations, (3) treat
NORM in water or scale from petroleum opera-
tions, and (4) remediate manmade radionuclides
stored in tanks, pits, barrels, or other containers.
STATUS:
The process was accepted into the SITE
Demonstration Program in July 1990 and will be
demonstrated in late 1992 at a uranium mine hi
Texas.
FOR FURTHER INFORMATION:
EPA PROJECT MANAGER:
Annette Gatchett
U.S. EPA
Risk Reduction Engineering Laboratory
26 West Martin Luther King Drive
Cincinnati, OH 45628
513-569-7697
Fax: 513-569-7620
TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPER CONTACT:
E.B. (Ted) Daniels
TechTran Environmental, Inc.
9800 Northwest Freeway, Suite 302
Houston, TX 77092
713-688-2390
Fax: 713-683-9144
The SITE Program assesses but does not
approve or endorse technologies.
Page 173
-------
Technology Profile
DEMONSTRATION PROGRAM
TERRA VAC, INC.
(In Situ Vacuum Extraction)
TECHNOLOGY DESCRIPTION:
In situ vacuum extraction is the process of
removing and treating volatile organic com-
pounds (VOC) from the vadose or unsaturated
zone of soils. These compounds can often be
removed from the vadose zone before they
contaminate groundwater. This process is
patented and licensed to Terra Vac, Inc. (Terra
Vac), and others.
The technology uses readily available equipment,
such as extraction and monitoring wells, mani-
fold piping, a vapor and liquid separator, a
vacuum pump, and an emission control device
(such as an activated carbon adsorption filter).
After the contaminated area is completely defin-
ed, extraction wells are installed and connected
by piping to the vacuum extraction and treatment
system.
A vacuum pump draws the subsurface con-
taminants from the extraction wells to the
liquid/gas separator. The contaminants are then
treated using an activated carbon adsorption
filter or a catalytic oxidizer before the gases are
discharged to the atmosphere. Subsurface
vacuum and soil vapor concentrations are mon-
itored using vadose zone monitoring wells.
The technology is effective in virtually all
hydrogeological settings and can reduce soil
contaminant levels from saturated conditions to
nondetectable. The process works in low perm-
eability soils (clays) with sufficient porosity.
Dual vacuum extraction of groundwater and
vapor quickly restores groundwater quality to
drinking water standards. In addition, the
technology is less expensive than other methods
of remediation, such as incineration. The figure
below illustrates the process.
Typical contaminant recovery rates range from
20 to 2,500 pounds per day, depending on the
degree of contamination at the site.
WASTE APPLICABILITY:
Vacuum extraction technology effectively treats
soils containing virtually any VOC and has
VAPOR PHASE
CARBON CANISTERS
TO ATMOSPHERE
SEPARATOR
x-
1
r
WATER
TABLE
PRIMARY SECONDARY
CARBON CARBON VE UNIT
GROUNDWATER AND
LIQUIDS DISPOSAL
(TREATMENT BY OTHERS)
DUAL VACUUM
EXTRACTION WELLS
In Situ Vacuum Extraction Process
Page 774
The SITE Program assesses but does not
approve or endorse technologies.
-------
November 1992
successfully removed over 40 types of chemicals
from soils, including gasoline- and diesel-range
hydrocarbons.
STATUS:
The vacuum extraction process was first demon-
strated at a Superfund site in Puerto Rico, and
Terra Vac has since applied the technology at
nine additional Superfund sites and at more man
400 other waste sites throughout the United
States, Europe, and Japan.
The process was demonstrated under the SITE
Demonstration Program at the Groveland Wells
Superfund site in Groveland, Massachusetts from
December 1987 through April 1988. The tech-
nology successfully remediated soils con-
taminated by trichloroethylene (TCE). The
Technology Evaluation Report
(EPA/540/5-89/003a) and Applications Analysis
Report (EPA/540/A5-89/003) have been publish-
ed.
DEMONSTRATION RESULTS:
The Groveland Wells demonstration used four
extraction wells to pump contaminants to the
process system. During a 56-day operational
period, 1,300 pounds of VOCs, mainly TCE,
were extracted from both highly permeable strata
and low permeability clays. The process
achieved nondetectable levels of VOCs at some
locations and reduced the VOC concentration in
soil gas by 95 percent. Average reductions were
92 percent for sandy soils and 90 percent for
clays. Field evaluations have yielded the follow-
ing conclusions:
• VOCs can be reduced to nondetectable
levels.
• Major considerations in applying this
technology are volatility of the con-
taminants and site soils. Ideal measured
permeabilities are 10~4 to
10"8 centimeters per second.
• Pilot demonstrations are necessary at
sites with complex geology or con-
taminant distributions.
• Treatment costs are typically $40 per
ton but can range from $10 to $150 per
ton, depending on requirements for gas
effluent or wastewater treatment.
• Contaminants should have a Henry's
constant of 0.001 or higher.
FOR FURTHER INFORMATION:
EPA PROJECT MANAGER:
Mary Stinson
U.S. EPA
Risk Reduction Engineering Laboratory
2890 Woodbridge Avenue
Edison, NJ 08837
908-321-6683
TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPER CONTACT:
James Malot
Terra Vac, Inc.
356 Fortaleza Street
P.O. Box 1591
San Juan, PR 00903
809-723-9171
The SITE Program assesses but does not
approve or endorse technologies.
Page 175
-------
Technology Profile
DEMONSTRATION PROGRAM
TERRASYS, INC.
(RENEU™ Extraction Technology)
TECHNOLOGY DESCRIPTION:
The Terrasys Application System is a mobile
soil remediation process that uses the RENEU™
Extraction Technology to remove organic com-
pounds from soil. Concentrations can be re-
duced from as high as 325,000 parts per million
to nondetectable, depending on the soil and
contaminants. The system can handle sand,
clay, and soil aggregates up to 3 inches in
diameter. Processing treatment rates range from
5 to over 45 tons per hour. The figure below
illustrates the system components.
The RENEU™ Extraction Technology uses a
proprietary, azeotropic fluid that works in both
the liquid and gas phase. The RENEU™ fluid
physically breaks the adsorption bond between
the contaminant and the soil under ambient
conditions. Upon contact with the RENEU™
fluid, contaminants are released from the solid
surface and form a colloidal suspension. The
RENEU™ fluid/organic contaminant emulsion is
centrifuged. The contaminants are then extract-
ed from the RENEU™ fluid through a
liquefaction/distillation process. The RENEU™
fluid can be formulated to have a boiling point
from 80 to 120 degrees Fahrenheit. All
RENEU™ fluid and contaminant vapors are
collected and routed to the liquefaction/
distillation unit. The extracted RENEU™ fluid
can be reused.
The Terrasys Application System does not
require significant pretreatment or processing
water. Application equipment consists of a
Transportable Treatment Unit (TTU), a centri-
fuge, and a Gas Liquefaction and Distillation
Unit (GLDU). The TTU consists of the hopper
and auger processor coupled with the RENEU™
storage and delivery system and is mounted on
one trailer. The second trailer carries the centri-
fuge, GLDU, and, when needed, a generator to
power both. The centrifuge spins the dampened
soil. The GLDU collects the liquid and gaseous
contaminants captured in the RENEU™ fluid,
RENEU (Factory-Direct)
Storage Tanks (3)
Centrifuge (4)
RENEU (Distilled)
Storage Tanks (3)
d
Soli
RENEU
Vapor
Liquid
Extract
Distilled RENEU
Gas Liquefaction
Distillation Unit (5)
Waste Container
Terrasys Application System
Page 176
The SITE Program assesses but does not
approve or endorse technologies.
-------
November 1992
then separates the RENEU™ fluid from the
contaminants by distillation.
A skip loader transports the contaminated soil
into the hopper of the TTU, which feeds the soil
directly into the treatment chamber. Con-
taminated soil is screened and broken up in the
hopper before it proceeds to the auger.
In the treatment chamber, several pressure spray
heads apply the RENEU™ fluid directly onto the
contaminated soil. Residence time is varied by
the feed rate, which depends on contaminant and
soil conditions.
Four vacuum hoses on top of the auger housing
create a slight negative pressure. Volatilized
material is captured and liquefied in the GLDU.
The treated soil is conveyed from the auger
outlet into the centrifuge, where it receives an
optional final rinse of RENEU™ fluid. After
centrifuging, the soil is routed to a holding area
prior to sampling and backfilling.
WASTE APPLICABILITY:
The Terrasys Application System extracts or-
ganic compounds including gasoline, diesel, jet
fuels, waste oils, oil processing sludges, and
various other hydrocarbon-based contaminants in
most types of soils, including clays. Additional
applications are being investigated.
STATUS:
The Terrasys Application System was accepted
into the SITE Demonstration Program in June
1992. A demonstration site is being selected;
the demonstration is tentatively planned for fall
1992.
The technology is ready for field testing.
FOR FURTHER INFORMATION:
EPA PROJECT MANAGER:
Michelle Simon
U.S. EPA
Risk Reduction Engineering Laboratory
26 West Martin Luther King
Cincinnati, OH 45268
513-569-7469
Fax: 513-569-7676
TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPER CONTACT:
James Mier
Terrasys, Inc.
912-D Pancho Road
Camarillo, CA 93012
805-389-6766
Fax: 805-389-6770
The SITE Program assesses but does not
approve or endorse technologies.
Page 177
-------
Technology Profile
DEMONSTRATION PROGRAM
TEXACO SYNGAS INC.
(Entrained-Bed Gasification)
TECHNOLOGY DESCRIPTION:
The Texaco entrained-bed gasification process
(see figure below) is a noncatalytic, partial
oxidation process in which carbonaceous sub-
stances react at elevated temperatures and pres-
sures, producing a gas containing mainly carbon
monoxide and hydrogen. This product, called
synthesis gas, can be used to produce other
chemicals or be burned as fuel. Ash in the feed
melts and is removed as a glass-like slag. This
technology is an extension of Texaco's conven-
tional gasification technology, which has been
operated commercially for over 30 years using
feedstocks such as natural gas, heavy oil, coal,
and petroleum coke.
The process treats waste material at pressures
above 20 atmospheres and temperatures between
2,200 and 2,800 degrees Fahrenheit.
Wastes are pumped in slurry form to a specially
designed burner mounted at the top of a re-
fractory-lined pressure vessel. The waste feed,
along with oxygen and an auxiliary fuel such as
coal, flow downward through the gasifier to a
quench chamber that collects the slag for re-
moval through a lock hopper. A scrubber
further cools the synthesis gas. Fine particulate
matter removed by the scrubber may be recycled
to the gasifier; a sulfur recovery system may
also be added.
The cooled, water-scrubbed product gas, mainly
consisting of hydrogen and carbon monoxide,
should contain no hydrocarbons heavier than
methane. Metals and other ash constituents
become part of the inert slag.
The system can treat about 12 to 24 tons per day
of hazardous waste, based on a wet synthesis gas
Oxldant
Water
Feed
Recycle
Burner
Texaco
Gasifier
Quenched
Synthesis Gas
Solids-^Free
^Synthesis Gas
\Scrubber
Slag to
Disposal
Water
Slag
Separator
Clarifier
Purge Water
to Treatment
or Recycle
Solids to Disposal
or Recycle
Entrained-Bed Gasification Process
Page 178
The SITE Program assesses but does not
approve or endorse technologies.
-------
November 1992
production rate of 3 million standard cubic feet
per day, depending on the heat content and
proximate analysis.
WASTE APPLICABILITY:
This process can treat contaminated soils, sludg-
es, and sediments containing both organic and
inorganic constituents, such as used motor oils
and lubricants, chemical wastes, and petroleum
residues. Solids in the feed must be ground and
pumped in a slurry containing 40 to 70 percent
solids by weight and 30 to 60 percent liquid,
usually water.
STATUS:
This technology was accepted into the SITE
Demonstration Program in July 1991. A de-
monstration with Superfund waste is planned for
1993 at Texaco's Montebello Research Labor-
atory. In December 1988, under a grant from
the California Department of Health Services,
Texaco demonstrated a coal-fired gasifier during
a 40-hour pilot run. Low-heating-value petro-
leum tank bottoms were used as a supplemental
feed to a coal-fired gasifier.
Carbon conversion in the waste stream was over
99 percent, and solid residues from the process
were nonhazardous based on California As-
sessment Manual limits for total and leachable
materials. Both wastewater and solid residue
were free of trace organics and EPA priority
pollutants.
FOR FURTHER INFORMATION:
EPA PROJECT MANAGER:
Marta Richards
U.S. EPA
Risk Reduction Engineering Laboratory
26 West Martin Luther King Drive
Cincinnati, OH 45268
513-569-7783
TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPER CONTACT:
Richard Zang
Texaco Syngas Inc.
2000 Westchester Avenue
White Plains, NY 10650
914-253-4047
The SITE Program assesses but does not
approve or endorse technologies.
Page 179
-------
Technology Profile
DEMONSTRA TION PROGRAM
TEXAROME, INC.
(Solid Waste Desorption)
TECHNOLOGY DESCRIPTION:
Hie solid waste desorption process uses super-
heated steam (up to 900 degrees Fahrenheit) as
a continuous conveying and stripping gas in a
pneumatic system to treat contaminated solids.
The counter-current flow of the gas (steam) and
the solid phase (contaminated solids) provides a
highly compact and efficient mass transfer
separation. While "pneumatic" typically refers
to air as a carrier gas, the carrier gas in this case
is superheated steam. Unlike air at ambient
temperatures, superheated steam as a carrier gas
vaporizes the volatile and semivolatile substances
present in the solids. The system (see figure
below) uses a proprietary piping arrangement
within the conveying system. This arrangement
allows for a true counter-current flow and a
multi-stage dispersion and separation (desorp-
tion) of gases and solids, making efficient mass
transfer possible.
After desorption of virtually all volatile substan-
ces from the solid substrate, the last stage of the
apparatus is used for quenching and as a reactor
loop to provide a final chemical breakdown of
the minute traces of volatiles left in the solid, if
necessary. Nonvolatile inorganic contaminants
(such as metals) are not separated but do not
inhibit the process. In certain instances, they
may be treated by adding stabilization agents or
reactants during the stripping stages or in the
reactor loop.
The portable desorption plant consists of four
trailer- or skid-mounted units. Up to four
additional units, such as debris sifters and
crushers, may be required to precondition con-
taminated solids. The final feed consistency
required by this desorption process depends on
the type of solid material to be processed. The
material may have to be reduced to a particle
size of 20 mesh or under. The feed is stored in
Jo Boiler
Burner
1 Uttering Hopper 10
2 Plug Feeder/Airlock 11
3 Stage 1 12
4 Automatic 5 Micron Filter 13
5 Filer Airlock 14
e Stag* 2 15
7 Discharge Airlock 16
8 Continuous Mixer 17
9 Discharge Screw 18
Steam Superheater
Steam Separators
P—Regulator/Desuperheater
Pulee Steam
Partial Air Condenser
Total Water Condenser
Expansion Tank
Cooling Pump
Coalescing Phase Separator
19 Active Charcoal Vent
20 Condensate Return Tank
21 Boiler Feedpumps
22 Boiler Chemical Feeder
23 Blow Down Line
24 Blow Down Separator
25 Blow Down Condenser
26 Quenching Water Pump
27 Overflow Line
Solid Waste Desorption Process
Page 180
The SITE Program assesses but does not
approve or endorse technologies.
-------
November 1992
a bin with a capacity equal to 2/3 of the daily
throughput, thus allowing the material to be
retrieved at a constant flow rate around the
clock. During system discharge, clean solids are
separated from the gas by cyclonic action and
subsequent 1- to 5-micron filtration. The dust-
free gas consists of a mixture of superheated
steam and volatile organic compound (VOC)
vapors. The gas exits and passes through a heat
exchanger for complete condensation and re-
covery of the liquid product. VOCs, most of
which are lipophylic and not miscible with
water, are removed continuously in a coalescing
decanter and packaged in drums (or used as
boiler fuel). The water phase is treated to
remove any remaining traces of VOCs or re-
cycled in a closed loop as boiler feedwater.
WASTE APPLICABILITY:
The process can separate and recover organic
volatiles, semivolatiles, polychlorinated bi-
phenyls, pentachlorophenol, creosote, volatile
inorganics, and organic fungicides and pesticides
from inorganic solids (such as soils) and organic
solids (such as wood wastes). Sludges and
sediments can be preconditioned (for dry flow
characteristics) to accommodate the feed con-
sistency requirements. Treatable concentrations
of light and heavy VOCs in the solid wastes can
range from traces to near (dripping) saturation.
STATUS:
This technology was accepted into the SITE
Demonstration Program in June 1991. Although
no mobile field unit is ready for the SITE
demonstration, the process has been privately
proven on a pilot- and small commercial-scale
(12 tons per day). During these tests, the tech-
nology was used to strip heavy essential oils and
rosins from cedar wood chips.
A 1-ton-per-hour portable demonstration unit is
scheduled to be built in 1993 for SITE demon-
stration tests on soils, sludges, and biomass
(treated woods) contaminated with volatiles and
semivolatiles.
FOR FURTHER INFORMATION:
EPA PROJECT MANAGER:
John Martin
U.S. EPA
Risk Reduction Engineering Laboratory
26 West Martin Luther King Drive
Cincinnati, OH 45268
513-569-7758
TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPER CONTACT:
Gueric Boucard
TEXAROME, Inc.
P.O. Box 157
Leakey, TX 78873
512-232-6079
Fax: 512-232-5716
The SITE Program assesses but does not
approve or endorse technologies.
Page 181
-------
Technology Profile
DEMONSTRATION PROGRAM
TORONTO HARBOR COMMISSION
(Sou* Recycling)
TECHNOLOGY DESCRIPTION:
The Toronto Harbor Commission's soil
recycling process involves three technologies
operating in series. The process removes in-
organic and organic contaminants hi soil to
produce a reusable fill material. The first
technology involves a soil washing process that
reduces the volume of material to be treated by
concentrating contaminants hi a fine slurry
mixture. The second technology removes heavy
metals from the slurry through a process of
metal dissolution. Using acidification and
selective chelation, the metal dissolution process
recovers all metals in their pure form. The third
technology, chemical hydrolysis accompanied by
a biodegradation process, destroys organic
contaminants concentrated in the slurry. The
three integrated technologies are capable of
cleaning contaminated soil for reuse on industrial
sites.
WASTE APPLICABILITY:
This technology is applicable to soil con-
taminated with inorganics and organics.
STATUS:
Toronto Harbor Commission's soil recycling
process was accepted into the SITE
Demonstration Program in 1991.
The soil recycling process was demonstrated at
a site within the Toronto Port Industrial District
that had been used for metals finishing and
refinery and petroleum storage. Demonstration
sampling took place in April and May 1992.
The objective of the SITE demonstration was to
evaluate the ability of the process to achieve the
modified Ontario Ministry of the Environment
(MOE) criteria for commercial and industrial
sites.
Soil Washing Plant (Metal Extraction Screwtubes in Foreground
and Bioslurry Process Reactors in Background)
Page 182
The SITE Program assesses but does not
approve or endorse technologies.
-------
November 1992
DEMONSTRATION RESULTS:
The demonstration results showed that soil
washing effectively produced clean coarse soil
fractions and concentrated the contaminants in
the fine slurry (see Table 1).
,, - Tafete?
"':
-------
Technology Profile
DEMONSTRATION PROGRAM
UDELL TECHNOLOGIES, INC.
(In Situ Steam Enhanced Extraction)
TECHNOLOGY DESCRIPTION:
The in situ steam enhanced extraction (ISEE)
process (see figure below), developed by Udell
Technologies, Inc., removes volatile organic
compounds (VOC) and semivolatile organic
compounds (SVOC) from contaminated soils
both above and below the water table. Steam is
forced through the soil by injection wells to
thermally enhance the vapor and liquid extrac-
tion processes. The extraction wells have two
purposes: to pump and treat groundwater and to
transport steam and vaporized contaminants
under vacuum to the surface. Recovered con-
taminants are either condensed and processed
with the contaminated groundwater or trapped
by gas-phase activated carbon filters. The
technology uses readily available components
such as injection, extraction and monitoring
wells; manifold piping; vapor and liquid separa-
tors; vacuum pumps; and gas emission control
equipment.
WASTE APPLICABILITY:
The ISEE process is used to extract VOCs and
SVOCs from contaminated soils and ground-
water. The primary compounds suitable for
treatment are hydrocarbons such as gasoline,
diesel, and jet fuel; solvents such as trichloro-
ethylene, trichloroethane, and dichlorobenzene;
or a mixture of these compounds. The process
may be applied to contaminants below the water
table. After application of this process, sub-
surface conditions are excellent for bio-
degradation of residual contaminants, if neces-
sary. The process cannot be applied to con-
taminated soil very near the surface unless a cap
exists. Denser-than-water compounds may be
treated only in low concentrations unless a
Water
Supply
Vapors From
Extraction Wells
Liquid
Trap
Steam to
Injection Wells
\
Cooling
Tower
Cooling Tower Pump
o
o
Vacuum Pump
Condensate Pump
Liquids from
Extraction Wells
n
Separation
Equipment
•Make—up Water
-Air
• Contaminant
-Water
Air
•
Contaminant •
1
Water
In Situ Steam Enhanced Extraction Process
Page 184
The SITE Program assesses but does not
approve or endorse technologies.
-------
November 1992
barrier exists or can be created to prevent down-
ward percolation of a separate phase.
STATUS:
In August 1988, a successful pilot-scale demon-
stration of the ISEE process was completed at a
site contaminated by a mixture of solvents.
Contaminants amounting to 764 pounds were
removed from the 10-foot-diameter, 12-foot-deep
test region.
The technology is scheduled to be demonstrated
under the SITE Demonstration Program at a site
contaminated by a mixture of VOCs in the
capillary fringe and saturated zone at McClellan
Air Force Base in Sacramento, California. An
interagency agreement between the Naval Civil
Engineering Laboratory in Port Hueneme,
California, and the Risk Reduction Engineering
Laboratory in Cincinnati, Ohio, will allow a
second demonstration of this process at Lemoore
Naval Air Station in Lemoore, California. The
process will be applied to free product jet fuel
(JP-5) spilled from a buried pipeline.
Also, a case study will be performed to re-
mediate a gasoline spill both above and below
the water table to depths of 137 feet at the
Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory in
Livermore, California.
For more information regarding this technology,
see the Hughes Environmental Systems, Inc.,
profile in the Demonstration Program section.
FOR FURTHER INFORMATION:
EPA PROJECT MANAGER:
Paul dePercin
U.S. EPA
Risk Reduction Engineering Laboratory
26 West Martin Luther King Drive
Cincinnati, OH 45268
513-569-7797
TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPER CONTACT:
Lloyd Stewart
Udell Technologies, Inc.
4701 Doyle Street, Suite 5
Emeryville, CA 94608
510-653-9477
Fax: 510-653-9479
The SITE Program assesses but does not
approve or endorse technologies.
Page 185
-------
Technology Profile
DEMONSTRA TION PROGRAM
ULTROX RESOURCES CONSERVATION CO.
(Ultraviolet Radiation and Oxidation)
TECHNOLOGY DESCRIPTION:
This ultraviolet (UV) radiation and oxidation
process uses UV radiation, ozone (O3), and
hydrogen peroxide (R2O^) to destroy toxic
organic compounds, particularly chlorinated
hydrocarbons, hi water. The process oxidizes
compounds that are toxic or refractory (resistant
to biological oxidation) hi concentrations of parts
per million or parts per billion.
The system (see figure below) consists of a
treatment tank module, an air compressor and
ozone generator module, and a hydrogen per-
oxide feed system. It is skid-mounted and
portable, and permits on-site treatment of a wide
variety of liquid wastes, such as industrial
wastewater, groundwater, and leachate. The
treatment tank size is determined by the expected
wastewater flow rate and the necessary hydraulic
retention time needed to treat the contaminated
water. The approximate UV intensity, and
ozone and hydrogen peroxide doses, are deter-
mined by pilot-scale studies.
Influent to the treatment tank (see figure below)
is simultaneously exposed to UV radiation,
ozone, and hydrogen peroxide to oxidize the
organic compounds. Off-gas from the treatment
tank passes through an ozone destruction
(decompozon) unit, which reduces ozone levels
before air venting. The decompozon unit also
destroys volatile organic compounds (VOC)
stripped off in the treatment tank. Effluent from
the treatment tank is tested and analyzed before
disposal.
Treated Off Gas
Catalytic Ozone
Decomposer
Reactor
Off Gas
Ozone
Generator
Compressed
Air
Treated
' Effluent
ULTROX®
UV/Oxldatlon Reactor
Hydrogen Peroxide
from Feed Tank
Dryer
Ultrox System (Isometric View)
Page 186
The SITE Program assesses but does not
approve or endorse technologies.
-------
November 1992
WASTE APPLICABILITY:
Contaminated groundwater, industrial waste-
waters, and leachates containing halogenated
solvents, phenol, pentachlorophenol, pesticides,
polychlorinated biphenyls; explosives; benzene,
toluene, ethylbenzene, xylene; methyl tertiary
butyl ether; and other organic compounds are
suitable for this treatment process.
STATUS:
A field-scale demonstration was completed in
March 1989 at a hazardous waste site in San
Jose, California. The test program was designed
to evaluate the performance of the Ultrox system
at several combinations of five operating para-
meters: (1) influent pH, (2) retention time,
(3) ozone dose, (4) hydrogen peroxide dose, and
(5) UV radiation intensity. The Technology
Evaluation Report was published in January
1990 (EPA/540/5-89/012). The Applications
Analysis Report was published in September
1990 (EPA/540/A5-89/012).
DEMONSTRATION RESULTS:
Contaminated groundwater treated by the Ultrox
system met regulatory standards at the ap-
propriate parameter levels. Out of 44 VOCs in
the wastewater, trichloroethylene; 1,1-dichloro-
ethane; and 1,1,1-trichloroethane were chosen as
indicator parameters. All three are relatively
refractory to conventional oxidation.
The decompozon unit reduced ozone to less than
0.1 ppm, with efficiencies greater then 99.99
percent. VOCs present in the air within the
treatment system were not detected after passing
through the decompozon unit. The Ultrox
system produced no harmful air emissions.
Very low total organic carbon removal was
found, implying partial oxidation of organics
without complete conversion to carbon dioxide
and water.
The technology is fully commercial, with over
25 systems installed. Flow rates ranging from
5.0 gallons per minute (gpm) to 1,050 gpm are
being used in various industries and site cleanup
activities, including aerospace, U.S. Department
of Energy (DOE), petroleum, pharmaceutical,
automotive, woodtreating, and municipal facili-
ties.
UV oxidation technology has been included in
Records of Decision for several Superfund sites
where groundwater pump and treat remediation
methods are to be used.
FOR FURTHER INFORMATION:
EPA PROJECT MANAGER:
Norma Lewis
U.S. EPA
Risk Reduction Engineering Laboratory
26 West Martin Luther King Drive
Cincinnati, OH 45268
513-569-7665
TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPER CONTACT:
David Fletcher
Ultrox Resources Conservation Co.
2435 South Anne Street
Santa Ana, CA 92704
714-545-5557
The SITE Program assesses but does not
approve or endorse technologies.
Page 187
-------
Technology Profile
DEMONSTRA TION PROGRAM
UNITED STATES ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY
(Excavation Techniques and Foam Suppression Methods)
TECHNOLOGY DESCRIPTION:
This technology was developed through a joint
EPA effort involving the Risk Reduction
Engineering Laboratory (Cincinnati, Ohio), Air
and Energy Engineering Research Laboratory
(Research Triangle Park, North Carolina), and
EPA Region 9 to evaluate control technologies
during excavation operations.
In general, excavating soil contaminated with
volatile organic compounds (VOC) results in
fugitive air emissions. The area to be excavated
was surrounded by a temporary enclosure (see
figure below). Air from the enclosure was
vented through an emission control system
before being released to the atmosphere. For
example, in the case of hydrocarbon and sulfur
dioxide emissions, a scrubber and a carbon
adsorption unit would be used to treat emissions.
As an additional emission control method, a
vapor suppressant foam was applied to the soil
before and after excavation.
WASTE APPLICABILITY:
This technology is suitable for controlling VOC
emissions during excavation of contaminated
soil.
STATUS:
This technique was observed at the McColl
Superfund site in Fullerton, California, in June
and July 1990. Results of its application are
being prepared and will be available hi 1992.
DEMONSTRATION RESULTS:
An enclosure 60 feet wide, 160 feet long, and
26 feet high was erected over an area con-
taminated with VOCs and sulfur dioxide.
Removal of the overburden and excavation of
underlying waste were performed with a back-
hoe. Three distinct types of waste were en-
countered during excavation: oily mud, tar, and
hard, coal-like char. During excavation, the
Excavation Area Enclosure
Page 188
The SITE Program assesses but does not
approve or endorse technologies.
-------
November 1992
5-minute average air concentrations within the
enclosed area were up to 1,000 parts per million
(ppm) for sulfur dioxide and up to 492 ppm for
total hydrocarbons (THC). The air pollution
control system removed up to 99 percent of the
sulfur dioxide and up to 70 percent of the
THCs.
The concentrations of contaminants in the air
inside the enclosure were higher than expected.
This was due in part to the vapor suppressant
foam's inability to form an impermeable mem-
brane over the exposed wastes. The foams
reacted with the highly acidic waste, causing
degradation of the foam. Furthermore, purge
water from foaming activities made surfaces
slippery for workers and equipment.
A total of 101 cubic yards of overburden and
137 cubic yards of contaminated waste was
excavated. The tar waste was solidified and
stabilized by mixing it with fly ash, cement, and
water in a pug mill. The char wastes did not
require further processing.
FOR FURTHER INFORMATION:
EPA PROJECT MANAGERS:
S. Jackson Hubbard
U.S. EPA
Risk Reduction Engineering Laboratory
26 West Martin Luther King Drive
Cincinnati, OH 45268
513-569-7507
Pam Wieman
U.S. EPA, Region 9
Mail Code H-6-1
75 Hawthorne Avenue
San Francisco, CA 94105
415-744-2242
Steve Linder
U.S. EPA, Region 9
Mail Code H-6-1
San Francisco, CA 94105
415-744-2243
The SITE Program assesses but does not
approve or endorse technologies.
Page 189
-------
Technology Profile
DEMONSTRATION PROGRAM
WASTECH, INC.
(Solidification and Stabilization)
TECHNOLOGY DESCRIPTION:
This solidification and stabilization technology
applies proprietary bonding agents to soils,
sludge, and liquid wastes contaminated with
organic and inorganic contaminants. The tech-
nology uses a reagent to chemically immobilize
contaminants in wastes. The waste and reagent
mixture is then mixed with pozzolanic, cement-
itious materials, which combine to form a stabil-
ized matrix. Reagents are selected based on the
characteristics of the waste to be treated.
Treated material is a nonleaching, high-strength,
stabilized end-product.
The process uses standard engineering and
construction equipment. Because the type and
dose of reagents depend on waste characteristics,
treatability studies and site investigations must
be conducted to determine the proper treatment
formula.
Treatment usually begins with excavation of
waste. Waste containing large pieces of debris
must be pre-screened to remove the debris from
the waste. The waste is then placed into a high
shear mixer (see figure below), along with
premeasured quantities of water and SuperSer*,
WASTECH, Inc.'s (WASTECH) proprietary
reagent.
Next, pozzolanic, cementitious materials are
added to the waste-reagent mixture, stabilizing
the waste and completing the treatment process.
WASTECH's treatment technology does not
generate by-products. The process may also be
applied in situ.
WASTE APPLICABILITY:
WASTECH's technology can treat a wide var-
iety of waste streams consisting of soils, sludg-
es, and raw organic streams, such as lubricating
oil, aromatic solvents, evaporator bottoms,
chelating agents, and ion exchange resins, with
contaminant concentrations ranging from parts
per million levels to 40 percent by volume. The
technology can also treat wastes generated by the
petroleum, chemical, pesticide, and wood-pre-
serving industries, as well as wastes generated
PUMP PROCESSED
MATERIAL TO
EXCAVATION
PROCESSD
MATERIALS PLACED
TO SPECIFICATIONS
WASTECH Solidification and Stabilization Process
Page 190
The SITE Program assesses but does not
approve or endorse technologies.
-------
November 1992
by many other chemical manufacturing and
industrial processes. WASTECH's technology
can also be applied to mixed wastes containing
organic, inorganic, and radioactive con-
taminants.
STATUS:
The technology was accepted into the SITE
Demonstration Program in spring 1989. A
bench-scale evaluation of the process has been
completed. A field demonstration at Robins Air
Force Base in Warner Robins, Georgia, was
completed in August 1991, where the WAS-
TECH technology was used to treat high level
organic and inorganic wastes at an industrial
sludge pit. WASTECH is now conducting an
abbreviated demonstration with a detailed mass
balance evaluation, which should be completed
in fall 1992. The technology is being com-
mercially applied to treat hazardous wastes
contaminated with various organics, inorganics,
and mixed wastes.
FOR FURTHER INFORMATION:
EPA PROJECT MANAGER:
Terry Lyons
U.S. EPA
Risk Reduction Laboratory
26 West Martin Luther King Drive
Cincinnati, OH 45268
513-569-7589
TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPER CONTACT:
E. Benjamin Peacock
WASTECH, Inc.
P.O. Box 4638
114TulsaRoad
Oak Ridge, TN 37830
615-483-6515
Fax: 615-483-4239
The SITE Program assesses but does not
approve or endorse technologies.
Page 191
-------
Technology Profile
DEMONSTRATION PROGRAM
WESTERN RESEARCH INSTITUTE
[Contained Recovery of Oily Wastes (CROW™)]
TECHNOLOGY DESCRIPTION:
The contained recovery of oily wastes (CROW1*)
process recovers oily wastes from the ground by
adapting a technology presently used for second-
ary petroleum recovery and for primary produc-
tion of heavy oil and tar sand bitumen. Steam
and hot-water displacement are used to move
accumulated oily wastes and water to production
wells for aboveground treatment.
Injection and production wells are first installed
in soil contaminated with oily wastes (see figure
below). Low-quality steam is then injected
below the deepest penetration of organic liquids.
The steam condenses, causing rising hot water to
dislodge and sweep buoyant organic liquids
upward into the more permeable soil regions.
Hot water is injected above the impermeable soil
regions to heat and mobilize the oil waste ac-
cumulations. The mobilized wastes are then
recovered by hot water displacement.
When the oily wastes are displaced, the organic
liquid saturations hi the subsurface pore space
increase, forming an oil bank. The hot water
injection displaces the oil bank to the production
well. Behind the oil bank, the oil saturation is
reduced to an immobile residual saturation in the
subsurface pore space. The oil and water pro-
duced are treated for reuse or discharge.
In situ biological treatment may follow the
displacement and is continued until groundwater
contaminants are no longer detected in any water
samples from the site. During treatment, all
mobilized organic liquids and water-soluble
contaminants are contained within the original
boundaries of oily waste accumulations.
Hazardous materials are contained laterally by
Injection Well
Production Well
Steam-Stripped
Water
Low-Quality
Steam '•
Residual Oil' • l__|
" Saturation.' '. ." .'
Hot-Water
Reinjection
Absorption Layer
Oil and Water
Production
'.' .' .' Hot-Water' • '
Flotation • '
Steam
Injection
CROW™ Subsurface Development
Page 192
The SITE Program assesses but does not
approve or endorse technologies.
-------
November 1992
groundwater isolation, and vertically by organic
liquid flotation. Excess water is treated in
compliance with discharge regulations.
The process removes large portions of oily waste
accumulations; stops the downward and lateral
migration of organic contaminants; immobilizes
any residual saturation of oily wastes; and
reduces the volume, mobility, and toxicity of
oily wastes. It can be used for shallow and deep
contaminated areas and uses readily available
mobile equipment.
WASTE APPLICABILITY:
This technology can be applied to manufactured
gas plants, wood-treating sites, petroleum-refin-
ing facilities, and other areas with soils con-
taining light to dense organic liquids, such as
coal tars, pentachlorophenol solutions, creosote,
and petroleum by-products.
STATUS:
This technology was tested both in the labor-
atory and at pilot scale under the SITE Emerg-
ing Technology Program. The program showed
the effectiveness of hot-water displacement and
displayed the benefits of inclusion of chemicals
with hot water. The final report for the Emerg-
ing Technology Program was submitted to EPA.
Based on results of this project in the Emerging
Technology Program, this technology was
invited to participate in the SITE Demonstration
Program. The technology will be demonstrated
at the Pennsylvania Power and Light (PP&L)
Brodhead Creek Superfund site in Stroudsburg,
Pennsylvania. The site contains an area having
high concentrations of by-products from a
former operation. All documents and site plans
are being prepared. The demonstration is sched-
uled for early 1993.
Sponsors for this program, in addition to EPA
and PP&L, are the Gas Research Institute, the
Electric Power Institute, and the U.S.
Department of Energy. Remediation
Technologies, Inc., will assist Western Research
Institute in operation of the technology for
demonstration, with emphasis on the treatment
of the produced fluids for disposal.
This technology has also been demonstrated on
a pilot-scale at a wood-treatment site in
Minnesota. Removal of nonaqueous phase
liquids in the pilot test was the same as that
predicted by treatability studies. Full-scale
remediation of this site is planned for mid-1993.
FOR FURTHER INFORMATION:
EPA PROJECT MANAGER:
Eugene Harris
U.S. EPA
Risk Reduction Engineering Laboratory
26 West Martin Luther King Drive
Cincinnati, OH 45268
513-569-7862
TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPER CONTACT:
Lyle Johnson
Western Research Institute
P.O. Box 3395
Laramie, WY 82071-3395
307-721-2281
The SITE Program assesses but does not
approve or endorse technologies.
Page 193
-------
Technology Profile
DEMONSTRATION PROGRAM
ROY F. WESTON, INC.
[Low Temperature Thermal Treatment (LT3®) System]
TECHNOLOGY DESCRIPTION:
The Roy F. Western, Inc. (Weston), low temper-
ature thermal treatment (LT3*) system thermally
desorbs organic compounds from contaminated
soil without heating the soil to combustion
temperatures. The transportable system is
assembled on three flat-bed trailers and requires
an area of about 5,000 square feet, including
ancillary and support equipment. The LT3*
system (shown below) consists of three seg-
ments: soil treatment, emissions control, and
water treatment.
The LT3* thermal processor consists of two
jacketed troughs, one above the other. Each
trough houses four intermeshed screw con-
veyors. A front-end loader feeds soil (or slu-
dge) onto a conveyor that discharges into a surge
hopper above the thermal processor. Circulating
hot oil is used to heat the soil to 400-500 de-
grees Fahrenheit, removing contaminants. Soil
is discharged from the thermal processor into a
conditioner where a water spray cools the soil
and minimizes dust emissions.
A fan draws desorbed organics from the thermal
processor through a fabric filter baghouse.
Depending on contaminant characteristics, dust
collected on the fabric filter may be retreated,
combined with treated material, or drummed
separately for off-site disposal. Exhaust gas
from the fabric filter is drawn into an air-cooled
condenser to remove most of the water vapor
and organics. It is then passed through a se-
cond, refrigerated condenser and treated by
carbon adsorption.
Condensate streams are typically treated hi a
three-phase oil-water separator to remove light
Low Temperature Thermal Treatment System
Page 194
The SITE Program assesses but does not
approve or endorse technologies.
-------
November 1992
and heavy organic phases from the water phase,
which is then treated in the carbon adsorption
system to remove residual organic contaminants.
Treated condensate is often used for soil con-
ditioning, and only the organic phases are dis-
posed of off site.
WASTE APPLICABILITY:
This technology treats soils contaminated with
volatile and semivolatile organic compounds
(VOC and SVOC). Bench-, pilot-, or full-scale
LT3® systems have treated soil contaminated
with the following wastes: coal tar, drill cut-
tings (oil-based mud), No. 2 diesel fuel, JP4 jet
fuel, leaded and unleaded gasoline, petroleum
hydrocarbons, halogenated and nonhalogenated
solvents, VOCs, SVOCs, and polynuclear aro-
matic hydrocarbons.
STATUS:
This technology was accepted into the SITE
Demonstration Program in September 1991. In
November and December 1991, the LT3* system
was demonstrated under the SITE Program as
part of a proof-of-process test for full-scale
remediation of the Anderson Development
Company (ADC) Superfund site in Adrian, MI.
The system was tested on lagoon sludge from
the ADC site. This sludge was contaminated
with VOCs, SVOCs, and 4,4-methylene
bis(2-chloroaniline) (MBOCA).
DEMONSTRATION RESULTS:
The SITE demonstration yielded the following
preliminary results:
• The LT3* system removed VOCs to
below method detection limits (less than
0.060 milligrams per kilogram [mg/kg]
for most compounds).
• The LT3* system achieved MBOCA
removal efficiencies greater than 88
percent; concentrations in the treated
sludge ranged from 3.0 to 9.6 mg/kg.
• The LT3* system decreased the con-
centrations of all SVOCs in the sludge,
with the exceptions of phenol and chry-
sene.
• Stack emissions of non-methane total
hydrocarbons increased from 6.7 to 11
parts per million by volume during the
demonstration; the maximum emission
rate was 0.2 pounds per day (ppd). The
maximum particulates emission rate was
0.02 ppd, and no chlorides were meas-
ured in stack gases.
The final Technology Evaluation Report and
Applications Analysis Report will be available hi
late 1992 or early 1993.
FOR FURTHER INFORMATION:
EPA PROJECT MANAGER:
Paul dePercin
U.S. EPA
Risk Reduction Engineering Laboratory
26 West Martin Luther King Avenue
Cincinnati, OH 45268
513-569-7797
TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPER CONTACT:
Mike Cosmos
Roy F. Weston, Inc.
1 Weston Way
West Chester, PA 19380
215-430-7423
The SITE Program assesses but does not
approve or endorse technologies.
Page 195
-------
Technology Profile
DEMONSTRATION PROGRAM
ZENON ENVIRONMENTAL SYSTEMS, INC.
(ZenoGem™ Process)
TECHNOLOGY DESCRIPTION:
The ZenoGem1* Process, developed by Zenon
Environmental Systems, Inc. (Zenon), consists
of a bioreactor combined with an ultrafiltration
membrane system (see below). Combining these
technologies results hi a system that can treat
wastes with high concentrations of biochemical
oxygen demand (BOD) and chemical oxygen
demand (COD) at long sludge retention tune but
very short hydraulic residence tune. Therefore,
the size of the bioreactor is significantly reduc-
ed.
In the ZenoGem™ Process, wastewater con-
taminated with organic compounds enters the
ZenoGem™ Process
Page 196
The SITE Program assesses but does not
approve or endorse technologies.
-------
November 1992
bioreactor, from which the process pump cir-
culates the biomass through the ultrafiltration
membrane system, or ultrafilter. The ultrafilter
separates treated water from biological solids
and soluble materials with higher molecular
weights, including emulsified oil, which are
recycled back to the bioreactor. This system
captures higher molecular weight materials that
would otherwise pass through conventional
clarifiers and filters and be lost in the effluent.
The mobile version of the ZenoGem™ Process
unit is mounted on a 48-foot trailer and consists
of seven major components. The first com-
ponent, the pretreatment system, reduces con-
taminants to the limits required for optimum
performance of the ultrafilters. The second
component, the polyethylene equalization tank,
reduces the normal fluctuations of flow and
waste concentrations in the system. The third
component, the polyethylene bioreactor tank,
contains the bacterial culture used to break down
organic contaminants in the waste. A unique in-
line aerator feeds oxygen into the bioreactor, to
support bacterial growth. The fourth com-
ponent,, the process pump, is sized to ensure
proper flow and pressure for optimum system
performance. The ultrafiltration system, the
fifth component, contains rugged, clog-free,
tubular membrane modules. The sixth com-
ponent, the clean-in-place tank, includes all the
necessary valves, instrumentation, and controls
to clean the membrane filters. Finally, the
system has a control panel and a computer for
remote and local data and alarm monitoring and
reporting.
The system's capacity is about 500 gallons of
wastewater per day. Volume is dependent on
the flux rate of the ultrafilters and the required
hydraulic retention time for the bioreactor.
WASTE APPLICABILITY:
The ZenoGem™ Process is designed to remove
biodegradable materials, including most organic
contaminants. The system is limited to aqueous
media and may be used to treat groundwater.
Soils can be treated indirectly by treating liquid
effluents from a soil washing process.
STATUS:
Zenon's technology was accepted into the SITE
Demonstration Program in summer 1992. The
date and place of the demonstration have not yet
been determined.
FOR FURTHER INFORMATION:
EPA PROJECT MANAGER:
Daniel Sullivan
U.S. EPA
Risk Reduction Engineering Laboratory
2890 Woodbridge Avenue
Edison, NJ 08837
908-321-6677
TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPER CONTACT:
F.A. (Tony) Tonelli
Zenon Environmental Systems, Inc.
845 Harrington Court
Burlington, Ontario
Canada, L7N 3P3
416-639-6320
Fax: 416-639-1812
The SITE Program assesses but does not
approve or endorse technologies.
Page 197
-------
Technology Profile
DEMONSTRATION PROGRAM
ZIMPRO PASSAVANT ENVIRONMENTAL SYSTEMS, INC.
(PACT® Wastewater Treatment System)
TECHNOLOGY DESCRIPTION:
Zimpro Passavant Environmental Systems, Inc.,
(Zimpro) has adapted the PACT® wastewater
treatment system to contaminated groundwaters
that are encountered at many Superfund sites.
The system combines biological treatment and
powdered activated carbon (PAC) adsorption to
achieve treatment standards that are not readily
attainable using conventional technologies. The
system can be mounted on a trailer and function
as a mobile unit, having a treatment capacity
range of 2,500 to 10,000 gallons of wastewater
per day. Larger stationary systems, treating up
to 53 million gallons per day, are already in
operation. This technology removes organic
contaminants from the wastewater through
biodegradation and adsorp-tion on the PAC.
Living microorganisms (biomass) and PAC
contact the wastewater in the aeration basin.
The biomass removes biodegradable organic
contaminants. PAC enhances the adsorption of
toxic organic compounds. A flow diagram of a
single-stage PACT® wastewater treatment system
is shown in the figure below.
The degree of removal achieved by the system
depends on the influent waste characteristics and
the system's operating parameters. Important
characteristics include biodegradability, adsorb-
ability, and concentrations of toxic inorganic
compounds, such as heavy metals.
The technology is adjusted to the specific waste
stream by controlling the flow rate of the influ-
ent waste, recycle streams, and air. This is
VIRGIN
CARBON
STORAGE
DPOLYELECTROLYTE
STORAGE
FILTRATION
(OPTIONAL)
EFFLUENT
TO REGENERATION
OR DISPOSAL
PACT® Wastewater Treatment System
Page 198
The SITE Program assesses but does not
approve or endorse technologies.
-------
November 1992
done by varying the concentration of PAC in the
system, adjusting the retention time of the mixed
liquid, and by adjusting the waste to biomass
ratio. If necessary, the temperature and pH of
incoming waste can be adjusted and nutrients
can be added.
After completion of the aeration cycle, solids
(PAC with adsorbed organics, biomass, and
inert solids) are removed in the settling tank.
The removed solids are partially returned to the
aeration tank with the excess quantity diverted to
the thickener where the solids are concentrated.
Overflow from the thickener is returned to the
aeration tank, and the concentrated solids are
removed. Dewatered solids may be regenerated
to recover PAC.
A two-stage PACT® system can be applied
where environmental regulations require the
virtual elimination of organic priority pollutants
or toxicity in the treated effluent. In the first
stage aeration basin, a high concentration of
biomass and PAC is used to achieve the removal
of most of the contaminants. The second-stage
aeration basin is used to polish the first-stage
effluent. The virgin PAC added just ahead of
the second-stage and the counter-flow of solids
to the first-stage increases process efficiency.
The excess solids from the first-stage are
removed and treated as described in the single-
stage PACT® system.
Zimpro has also developed anaerobic and multi-
staged anaerobic-aerobic PACT® systems.
WASTE APPLICABILITY:
This technology can be applied to municipal and
industrial wastewaters, as well as groundwater
and leachates containing hazardous organic
pollutants. It has successfully treated various
industrial wastewaters, including chemical plant
wastewaters, dye production wastewaters,
pharmaceutical wastewaters, refinery waste-
waters, and synthetic fuel wastewaters, in addi-
tion to contaminated groundwater and mixed
industrial and municipal wastewater.
In general, the system can treat liquid wastes
with a chemical oxygen demand of up to 60,000
parts per million (ppm), including toxic volatile
organic compounds up to 1,000 ppm. The
developer's treatability studies have shown that
the system can reduce the organics in con-
taminated groundwater from several hundred
ppm to below detection limits (parts per billion
range).
STATUS:
Contaminated groundwater from several sites
have been tested and found suitable for treat-
ment. A treatability study report has been
prepared. Site-specific conditions have prevent-
ed demonstration testing, however, and ad-
ditional sites are now being evaluated for full
demonstration of the PACT® system.
FOR FURTHER INFORMATION:
EPA PROJECT MANAGER:
John Martin
U.S. EPA
Risk Reduction Engineering Laboratory
26 West Martin Luther King Drive
Cincinnati, OH 45268
513-569-7758
TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPER CONTACT:
William Copa
Zimpro Passavant Environmental Systems, Inc.
301 West Military Road
Rothschild, WI 54474
715-359-7211
The SITE Program assesses but does not
approve or endorse technologies.
Page 199
-------
-------
The Emerging Technology Program provides a framework to encourage bench-and pilot-scale testing and
evaluation of technologies that are at a minimum proven on the conceptual and bench-scale stage. The
goal is to promote the development of alternative technologies for Superfund site remediations.
Technologies are solicited yearly for the Emerging Technology Program through Requests for Pre-
Proposals. After a technical review of the pre-proposals, selected candidates are invited to submit a
cooperative agreement application and detailed project proposal that undergoes another full technical
review. The cooperative agreement between EPA and the technology developer requires cost sharing.
Projects are considered for either a 1- or 2-year developmental effort, providing awards of up to
$150,000 per year, with a maximum of $300,000 over 2 years. Second-year funding depends on
achieving significant progress during the first year. After the second year or significant progress,
emerging technologies may be considered for the SITE Demonstration Program.
To enable EPA to accept additional technologies into the Emerging Technology Program, interagency
agreements have been made between EPA and the Department of Energy (DOE) and the United States
Air Force (USAF). DOE has helped fund 14 projects, and USAF has helped fund eight projects.
Six solicitations have been issued: November 1987 (E01), July 1988 (E02), July 1989 (EOS), July 1990
(E04), July 1991 (EOS), and July 1992 (E06).
Twelve Emerging Technology projects have been completed, and several more will be completed in 1993.
One technology, Babcock & Wilcox Co.'s Cyclone Furnace, has been demonstrated under the SITE
Demonstration Program, and six more are participating in the Demonstration Program.
Both completed and ongoing Emerging Technology Program participants are presented in alphabetical
order in Table 3 and in the technology profiles that follow.
Page 201
-------
I
TABLE 3
SITE Emerging Technology Program Participants
Developer
ABB Environmental
Services, Inc.,
Wakefield.MA (E03)*
Allis Mineral Systems, Inc.
(formerly Boliden Allis, Inc.),
Oak Creek, WI (Ł03)
Aluminum Company of America
(formerly Alcoa Separations
Technology, Inc.),
Pittsburgh, PA (EOS)
Atomic Energy of Canada,
Limited,
Chalk River, Ontario (E01)
Babcock & Wilcox Co.,
Alliance, OH (E02)
Battelle Memorial Institute,
Columbus, OH (E01)
Bio-Recovery Systems, Inc.,
Las Graces, NM (E01)
BioTrol, Inc.,
Chaska,MN (EOS)
Center for Hazardous Materials
Research,
Pittsburgh, PA (EOS)
Center for Hazardous Materials
Research,
Pittsburgh, PA (E04)
Center for Hazardous Materials
Research,
Pittsburgh, PA (EOS)
Technology
Two-Zone Plume
Interception In Situ
Treatment Strategy
Pvrokiln Thermal
Encapsulation Process
Bioscrubber
Chemical Treatment
and Ultrafiltration
Cyclone Furnace
In Situ Electroacoustic
Soil Decontamination
Biological Sorption
Methanotrophic
Bioreactor System
Acid Extraction
Treatment System
Lead Smelting
Organics Destruction
and Metals
Stabilization
Technology Contact
Sam Fogel
617-245-6606
John Lees
414-475-3862
Glenn Heian
414-762-1190
Paul Liu
412-826-3711
Leo Buckley
613-584-3311
Lawrence King
216-829-7576
Satya Chauhan
614-424-4812
Tom Powers
505-523-0405
Durell Dobbins
612-448-2515
Stephen Paff
412-826-5320
Steven Paff
412-826-5320
A. Bruce King
412-826-5320
EPA Project
Manager
Ronald Lewis
513-569-7856
Marta Richards
513-569-7783
Naomi Barkley
513-569-7854
John Martin
513-569-7758
Laurel Staley
513-569-7863
Jonathan Herrmann
513-569-7839
Naomi Barkley
513-569-7854
David Smith
303-293-1475
Kim Lisa Kreiton
513-569-7328
Patrick Augustin
908-906-6992
Randy Parker
513-569-7271
Waste Media
Solids, Liquids
Soil, Sludge
Soil, Water, Air
Groundwater,
Leachate,
Wastewater
Solids, Soil,
Liquids
Soil
Groundwater,
Leachate,
Wastewater
Water
Soil
Battery Waste
Soil, Sediment
Applicable Waste
Inorganic
Not Applicable
Most Metallic Compounds
Not Applicable
Heavy Metals
Non-Specific Inorganics
Heavy Metals
Heavy Metals
Not Applicable
Heavy Metals
Lead
Heavy Metals
Organic
Chlorinated and
Nonchlorinated Solvents
Most Organics
Most Organics
Not Applicable
Non-Specific Organics
Not Applicable
Not Applicable
Halogenated Hydrocarbons
Not Applicable
Not Applicable
Non-Specific Organics
Solicitation Number
-------
TABLE 3 (Continued)
SITE Emerging Technology Program Participants
Developer
COGNIS, Inc.,
Santa Rosa, CA (EOS)
COGNIS, Inc.,
Santa Rosa, CA (EOS)
Colorado School of Mines,
Golden, CO (E01)
Davy Research and
Development, Limited,
Cleveland, England (E04)
Electrokinetics, Inc.,
Baton Rouge, LA (Ł03)
Electron Beam Research Facility,
Florida International University
and University of Miami,
Miami, FL (E03)
Electro-Pure Systems, Inc.,
Amherst, NY (E02)
M.L. ENERGIA, Inc.,
Princeton, NJ (EOS)
Energy and Environmental
Engineering, Inc.,
East Cambridge, MA (E01)
Energy and Environmental
Research Corporation,
Irvine, CA (E03)
Enviro-Sciences, Inc., and
ART International, Inc.,
Denville, NJ (E03)
Ferro Corporation,
Independence, OH (E03)
Technology
Biological/Chemical
Treatment
Chemical Treatment
Wetlands-Based
Treatment
Chemical Treatment
Electrokinetic
Remediation
High-Energy Electron
Irradiation
Alternating Current
Electrocoagulation
Technology
Reductive Photo-
Dechlorination
Treatment
Laser-Induced
Photochemical
Oxidative Destruction
Hybrid Fluidized Bed
System
Low-Energy Solvent
Extraction Process
Waste Vitrification
Through Electric
Melting
Technology Contact
Jonathan Mielenz
707-576-6223
Jonathan Mielenz
707-576-6223
Thomas Wildeman
303-273-3642
Graham Wightman
01-44-642-607108
Yalcin Acar
504-388-3992
William Cooper
305-348-3049
Thomas Stanczyk
716-691-2610
Moshe Lavid
609-799-7970
James Porter
617-666-5500
D. Gene Taylor
714-859-8851
Werner Steiner
201-627-7601
Emilio Spinosa
216-641-8580
EPA Project
Manager
Naomi Berkley
513-569-7854
Michael Royer
908-321-6633
Edward Bates
513-569-7774
Kim Lisa Kreiton
513-569-7328
Randy Parker
513-569-7271
Franklin Alvarez
513-569-7631
Naomi Barkley
513-569-7854
Michelle Simon
513-569-7469
Ronald Lewis
513-569-7856
Teri Richardson
513-569-7949
S. Jackson Hubbard
513-569-7507
Randy Parker
513-569-7271
Waste Media
Soil
Soil, Sediment,
Sludge
Acid Mine
Drainage
Soils, Sediments
Soil
Aqueous Solutions
and Sludges
Groundwater,
Wastewater,
Leachate
Liquid, Gas
Groundwater,
Wastewater
Solids, Sludges
Soils, Sediments,
Sludges
Soils, Sediments,
Sludges
Applicable Waste
Inorganic
Heavy Metals
Heavy Metals
Metals
Heavy Metals, Cyanides
Heavy Metals and Other
Organics
Not Applicable
Heavy Metals
Not Applicable
Not Applicable
Volatile Metals
Most Inorganics
Non-Specific Inorganics
Organic
PAHs, Petroleum
Hydrocarbons
Not Applicable
Not Applicable
Chlorinated phenols,
Chlorinated solvents,
Pesticides, PCBs
Not Applicable
Most Organics
Petroleum Byproducts,
Coal-Tar Derivitaves
Volatile Chlorinated Wastes
Non-Specific Organics
Most Organics
PCBs, Petroleum
Hydrocarbons
Non-Specific Organics
s
-------
TABLE 3 (Continued)
SITE Emerging Technology Program Participants
Developer
Groundwater Technology
Government Services, Inc.,
Concord, CA (E04)
Hazardous Substance
Management Research Center
at New Jersey Institute of
Technology,
Newark, NJ (E04)
Institute of Gas Technology,
Chicago, EL (E04)
Institute of Gas Technology,
Chicago, IL (Ł03)
Institute of Gas Technology,
Chicago, IL (Ł03)
IT Corporation,
Knoxville.TN (E02)
IT Corporation,
Knoxville.TN (E04)
IT Corporation,
Knoxville.TN (E02)
Membrane Technology and
Research, Inc.,
MenloPark, CA (E02)
Montana College of Mineral
Science & Technology,
Butte, MT (E03)
Technology
Below-Grade
Bioremediation Cell
Pneumatic Fracturing/
Bioremediation
Chemical and
Biological Treatment
Fluid Extraction-
Biological Degradation
Process
Fluidized-Bed
Cyclonic
Agglomerating
Incinerator
Batch Steam
Distillation and Metal
Extraction
Mixed Waste
Treatment Process
Photolytic and
Biological Soil
Detoxification
VaporSep Membrane
Process
Air-Sparged
Hydrocyclone
Technology Contact
Ronald Hicks
510-671-2387
John Schuring
201-596-5849
Robert Kelley
312-567-3?U>.>
Robert Kelley
312-567-3809
Amir Rehraat
312-567-5899
Robert Fox
615-690-3211
Ed Alperin
615-690-3211
Robert Fox
615-690-3211
Hans Wijmans or
Vicki Simmons
415-328-2228
Theodore Jordan
406-496-4112
EPA Project
Manager
Ronald Lewis
513-569-7856
Uwe Frank
908-321-6626
Naomi Barkley
513-569-7854
Annette Gatchett
513-569-7697
Teri Richardson
513-569-7949
Ronald Lewis
513-569-7856
Douglas Grosse
513-569-7844
Randy Parker
513-569-7271
Paul dePercin
513-569-7797
Eugene Harris
513-569-7862
Waste Media
Soil, Sludge,
Sediments _
Soil
Soil, Sludge,
Groundwater,
Surface water
Soil
Solid, Liquid, Gas
Soil, Sludge
Soil
Soil
Gaseous Waste
Streams
Aqueous Solutions
Applicable Waste
Inorganic
Not Applicable
Not Applicable
Not Applicable
Not Applicable
Not Applicable
Heavy Metals
Non-Specific Inorganics
Not Applicable
Not Applicable
Low-Concentration Metals
Organic
Biodegradable Organic
Compounds
Biodegradable Organics
Most Organics
Most Organics
Most Organics
Non-Specific Organics
Non-Specific Organics
PCBs, Other Non-Specific
Organics
Halogenated and
Nonhalogenated
Compounds
Not Applicable
I
Solicitation Number
-------
TABLE 3 (Continued)
SITE Emerging Technology Program Participants
Developer
Montana College of Mineral
Science & Technology,
Butte.MT (EOS)
New Jersey Institute of
Technology,
Newark, NJ (Ł03)
Nutech Environmental,
London, Ontario (EOS)
Nutech Environmental,
London, Ontario (E04)
OHM Remediation Services
Corporation,
Findlay, OH (EOS)
PSI Technology Company,
Andover.MA (E04)
Pulse Sciences, Inc.,
San Leandro, CA (E04)
Purus, Inc.,
San Jose, CA (E04)
Remediation Technologies, Inc.,
Seattle, WA (EOS)
J.R. Simplot Company,
Pocatello.ID (EOS)
Trinity Environmental
Technologies, Inc.,
Mound Valley, KS (EOS)
University of Dayton Research
Institute,
Dayton, OH (EOS)
Technology
Campbell Centrifugal
Jig
GHEA Associates
Process
TiO2 Photocatalytic Air
TiO2 Photocatalytic
Water Treatment
Oxygen Microbubble
In Situ Bioremediation
Metals Immobilization
and Decontamination
X-Ray Treatment
Photolytic Oxidation
Process
Methanotrophic
Biofilm Reactor
Anaerobic Biological
Ultrasonically Assisted
Detoxification of
Photothermal
Detoxification Unit
(PDU)
Technology Contact
Theodore Jordan
406-496-4112
Itzhak Gotlieb
201-596-5862
Brian Butters
519-457-2963
Brian Butters
519-457-2963
Douglas Jerger
419-424-4932
Donald Michelson
703-231-5157
Srivats Srinivasachar
508-689-0003
Randy Curry
510-632-5100
Paul Blystone
408-453-7804
Hans Stroo
206-624-9349
Dane Higdem
208-234-5367
Duane Koszalka
316-328-3222
Barry Dellinger
513-229-2846
EPA Project
Manager
S. Jackson Hubbard
513-569-7507
Annette Gatchett
513-569-7697
John Ireland
513-569-7413
John Ireland
513-569-7413
Ronald Lewis
513-569-7856
Mark Meckes
513-569-7348
Esperanza Renard
908-321-4355
Norma Lewis •
513-569-7665
Kim Lisa Kreiton
513-569-7328
Wendy Davis-Hoover
513-569-7206
Kim Lisa Kreiton
513-569-7328
Chien Chen .
908-906-6985
Waste Media
Soil, Mine
Tailings
Mixtures
Air
Wastewater,
Groundwater,
Process Water
Groundwater
Soils, Sediments,
Sludges
Soil/Water
Soil, Groundwater
Gas
Soil, Sludge
Solids
Soil, Sludge,
Aqueous Streams
Applicable Waste
Inorganic
Heavy Metals
Most Inorganics
Not Applicable
Cyanide, Sulphite, Nitrite
Ions
Not Applicable
Heavy Metals, Volatile
Metals
Not Applicable
Not Applicable
Not Applicable
Not Applicable
Not Applicable
Not Applicable
Organic
Not Applicable
Most Organics
VOCs
PCBs, PCDDs, PCDFs,
Chlorinated Alkenes,
Chlorinated Phenols,
Petroleum Hydrocarbons,
Organic Solvents,
Creosote,
Pentachlorophenol
Most Organics
PCBs, TCE, TCA,
Benzene
VOCs
Chlorinated Volatile
Hydrocarbons
Nitroaromatics
PCBs and Other
Chlorinated Hydrocarbon
Compounds
PCBs, PCDDs, PCDFs,
Aromatic and Aliphatic
Ketones, Aromatic and
Chlorinated Solvents
N>
-------
I
8
TABLE 3 (Continued)
SITE Emerging Technology Program Participants
Developer
University of South Carolina,
Columbia, SC (EOS)
University of Washington,
Seattle, WA (E02)
Vortec Corporation,
ColIegeville,PA (E04)
Warren Spring Laboratory,
Hertsfordshire, United Kingdom
(E04)
Wastewater Technology Centre,
Burlington, Ontario (Ł02)
Western Product Recovery,
Group, Inc.,
Houston, TX (Ł04)
Western Research Institute,
Laramie, WY (Ł01)
Williams Environmental
Services, Inc. (formerly
Harmon Environmental
Services, Inc.),
Stone Mountain, GA (Ł01)
Technology
In Situ Mitigation of
Acid Water
Adsorptive Filtration
Oxidation and
Vitrification Process
Physical and Chemical
Treatment
Cross-Flow
Pervaporation System
CCBA Physical and
Chemical Treatment
Contained Recovery of
Oily Wastes
Soil Washing
Technology Contact
Frank Caruccio
803-777-4512
Mark Benjamin
206-543-7645
James Hnat
215-489-2255
Peter Wood
01-44-438-741122
Rob Booth
416-336-4689
Chris Lipski
416-639-6320
Donald Kelly
713-493-9321
James Speight
307-721-2011
Brett Burgess
404-879-4000
EPA Project
Manager
Roger Wilmoth
513-569-7509
Norma Lewis
513-569-7665
Teri Richardson
513-569-7949
Mary Stinson
908-321-6683
John Martin
513-569-7758
Joseph Farrell
513-569-7645
Eugene Harris
513-569-7862
S. Jackson Hubbard
513-569-7507
Waste Media
Acid Drainage
Groundwater,
Leachate,
Wastewater
Soil, Sediments,
Mill Tailings
Soil
Groundwater,
Leachate,
Wastewater
Wastewater,
Sludges,
Sediments, Soil
Soil
Soil
Applicable Waste
Inorganic
Most Metals
Metals
Metals
Metals
Not Applicable
Heavy Metals
Not Applicable
Not Applicable
Organic
Not Applicable
Not Applicable
Most Organics
Petroleum Hydrocarbons,
PAHs
VOCs, Solvents, Petroleum
Hydrocarbons
Most Organics
Coal Tar Derivatives,
Petroleum Byproducts
Heavy Organic Compounds
Solicitation Number
-------
-------
Technology Profile
EMERGING TECHNOLOGY PROGRAM
ABB ENVIRONMENTAL SERVICES, INC.
(Two-Zone Plume Interception In Situ Treatment Strategy)
TECHNOLOGY DESCRIPTION:
The two-zone plume interception in situ treat-
ment strategy treats a mixture of chlorinated and
nonchlorinated organic solvents in saturated soils
and groundwater. The first zone is anaerobic
and partially dechlorinates highly chlorinated
solvents, such as tetrachloroethylene (PCE).
Immediately downgradient is the second zone,
where special aerobic conditions encourage the
biological oxidation of the partially dechlorinated
products from the first zone, as well as other
compounds (see figure below). This technology
uses dechlorinating bacteria that are specially
adapted to high concentrations of chlorinated
solvents, such as PCE.
The first step of the treatment strategy is to
encourage growth of anaerobic, methanogenic
bacteria in the saturated soil. This is ac-
complished by providing the bacteria with a
primary carbon source, such as glucose, and
with mineral nutrients, such as ammonia and
phosphate.
If groundwater beneath the site contains chlor-
inated chemicals, any indigenous methanogenic
bacteria present may exhibit dechlorinating
activity. The presence of ethylene or elevated
levels of vinyl chloride (VC) indicate that bac-
teria have dechlorinating capabilities. In this
case, the number of bacteria can be increased by
adding appropriate nutrients.
If the indigenous methanogenic bacteria do not
dechlorinate organics, a specially adapted culture
of methanogens can be introduced using trenches
in which methanogens are sorbed to specific
NUTRIENTS,
CONTAMINANT
SOURCE
VADOSE
ZONE
IMPERMEABLE
LAYER
Two-Zone Plume Interception In Situ Treatment Strategy
Page 208
The SITE Program assesses but does not
approve or endorse technologies.
-------
November 1992
media. Essential nutrients would be added to
the trench, as well as gas control equipment.
Once methanogenic bacteria convert the more
highly chlorinated ethenes and ethanes (trichloro-
ethylene, and trichloroethane) to less chlorinated
forms [dichloroethylene (DCE), VC, and di-
chloroethane (DCA)], a second treatment step
occurs. In the second step, oxygen is re-
introduced into the groundwater at a point
downgradient from the first zone. Methano-
trophic bacteria, growing on methane and oxy-
gen, oxidize the DCE, VC, and DCA, as well as
nonhalogenated solvents, to carbon dioxide,
biomass, and chloride ion.
WASTE APPLICABILITY:
This in situ treatment technology treats ground-
water and industrial wastewater containing
' chlorinated and nonchlorinated solvents. Resi-
duals include carbon dioxide, biomass, and
inorganic chloride.
STATUS:
The technology was accepted into the SITE
Emerging Technology Program in July 1989.
Optimal treatment parameters for field testing
are being determined using bench-scale soil
aquifer simulators. Objectives of the bench-
scale tests are to (1) determine factors affecting
the development of each zone, (2) adapt de-
chlorinating bacterial cultures, (3) demonstrate
treatment of chlorinated and nonchlorinated
solvent mixtures, and (4) develop a model for
the design of field remediations. Bench-scale
testing is 75 percent complete as of September
1992.
FOR FURTHER INFORMATION:
EPA PROJECT MANAGER:
Ronald Lewis
U.S. EPA
Risk Reduction Engineering Laboratory
26 West Martin Luther King Drive
Cincinnati, OH 45268
513-569-7856
TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPER CONTACT:
Sam Fogel
ABB Environmental Services, Inc.
Corporate Place 128
107 Audubon Road
Wakefield, MA 01880
617-245-6606
Fax: 617-246-5060
The SITE Program assesses but does not
approve or endorse technologies.
Page 209
-------
Technology Profile
EMERGING TECHNOLOGY PROGRAM
ALLIS MINERAL SYSTEMS, INC.
(formerly BOLIDEN ALLIS, INC.)
fPYROKTLN THERMAL ENCAPSULATION Process)
TECHNOLOGY DESCRIPTION:
This technology seeks to improve conventional
rotary kiln hazardous waste incineration by
introducing inorganic additives (fluxing agents)
with the waste to promote incipient slagging or
"thermal encapsulating" reactions near the kiln
discharge end. The thermal encapsulation is
augmented using other additives in either the
kiln or in the air pollution control baghouse to
stabilize the metals in the fly ash.
The process thermally treats soils and sludges
contaminated with both organics and metals.
The advantages of this process include
(1) immobilizing the metals remaining hi the
ash; (2) producing an easily handled nodular
form of ash; and (3) stabilizing metals hi the fly
ash, while avoiding the problems normally
experienced with higher temperature "slagging
kiln" operations (see figure below).
The heart of this process is thermal encap-
sulation. It traps metals in a controlled melting
process operating in the temperature range
between slagging and non-slagging modes,
producing nodules of ash that are 0.25- to 0.75-
inch in diameter.
Wastes containing organic and metallic con-
taminants are incinerated in a rotary kiln.
Metals (in particular, those with high melting
points) are trapped in the bottom ash from the
kiln by adding fluxing agents that promote
agglomeration via "controlled nodulizing." As
proved by Extraction Procedure Toxicity Char-
acteristic and Toxicity Characteristic Leaching
Procedure tests, this PYROKILN THERMAL
ENCAPSULATION Process can reduce metals
leaching to levels below EPA limits. Metals
with low melting and vaporization temperatures,
such as arsenic, lead, and zinc, are expected to
partition between the bottom ash and the fly ash.
Those that are concentrated in the fly ash are
stabilized, if necessary, by adding reagents to
the kiln and to the air pollution control system to
reduce metals leaching to below EPA limits.
Another advantage of this process is that it
Clean Gas
to Stack
Contaminated
Bulk Materials
Secondary
Combustion
Chamber
Fuel
Rotary Kiln
PYROKILN Thermal Encapsulation Process
Decontaminated
Materials
Page 210
The SITE Program assesses but does not
approve or endorse technologies.
-------
November 1992
reduces both the total dust load to the air pol-
lution control system as well as the amount of
particulate emissions from the stack.
The use of fluxing reagents is a key element in
this technology. These will be introduced into
the kiln in the proper amount and type to lower
the softening temperature of the ash. Proper
kiln design is required to allow the outlet of the
kiln to function as an ash agglomerator. Good
temperature control is required to keep the
agglomerates at the correct particle size, yielding
the desired 0.25- to 0.75-inch size nodules. The
production of nodules, rather than a molten slag,
can prevent operating problems such as ash
quenching, overheating, and premature failure of
refractory. It also simplifies cooling, handling,
and conveying of the ash.
The controlled nodulizing process should im-
mobilize metals with high boiling points. Lead,
zinc, and other metals with lower vaporization
temperatures tend to leave the kiln as a fine
fume and can be removed in the air pollution
control system. Reagents can be injected into
the kiln, the air pollution control devices, or a
final solids mixer for stabilizing fines collected
from the gas stream.
WASTE APPLICABILITY:
The technology is applicable to soils and sludg-
es. The process is expected to destroy a broad
range of organic species, including halogenated
and nonhalogenated organics and petroleum
products. Metallic compounds that may be
encapsulated or stabilized include antimony,
arsenic, barium, beryllium, cadmium, chro-
mium, copper, lead, nickel, selenium, silver,
thallium, and zinc.
STATUS:
This technology was accepted into the SITE
Emerging Technology Program in March 1990.
The process has been investigated hi batch tests
during 1991 and 1992 at Allis Mineral Systems'
Process Research and Test Center in Oak Creek,
Wisconsin. This project is on temporary hold.
FOR FURTHER INFORMATION:
EPA PROJECT MANAGER:
Marta Richards
U.S. EPA
Risk Reduction Engineering Laboratory
26 West Martin Luther King Drive
Cincinnati, OH 45268
513-569-7783
TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPER CONTACTS:
John Lees
Allis Mineral Systems, Inc.
1126 South 70th Street
Milwaukee, WI 53214
414-475-3862
Glenn Heian
Allis Mineral Systems, Inc.
Process Research and Test Center
(PRTC)
9180 Fifth Avenue
Oak Creek, WI 53154
414-762-1190
The SITE Program assesses but does not
approve or endorse technologies.
Page 211
-------
m m=s
Technology Profile
EMERGING TECHNOLOGY PROGRAM
ALUMINUM COMPANY OF AMERICA
(formerly ALCOA SEPARATIONS TECHNOLOGY, INC.)
(Bioscrubber)
TECHNOLOGY DESCRIPTION:
This bioscrubber technology digests hazardous
organic emissions from soil, water,' and air
decontamination processes. The bioscrubber
contains Aluminum Company of America's
(Alcoa) activated carbon medium to support
microbial growth. This unique medium, with
increased microbial population and enhanced
bioactivity, converts diluted organics into carbon
dioxide, water, and other nonhazardous com-
pounds (see figure below).
The bioscrubber is designed for large volumes of
air streams containing trace volatile organics.
Almost complete removal of hazardous organics
was demonstrated during a laboratory-scale
feasibility study.
The bioscrubber efficiency results from tailoring
the carbon medium to balance macro- and
microporosity. The macroporous volume pro-
vides sufficient surface area for microbial gro-
wth. The microporous surface provides suf-
ficient adsorption sites on which to concentrate
o
Hydrocarbon
Filter
House Air
1
T
i
\
\
?
Mass Flow
Controllers
XX.
/ X
1
f
3
1
1
T
4
5
i
1
T
6
Mass Flow
Controllers
, XX
/ X
1
T
7
1
1
T
8
A
w
s
Water
Saturators
T
Bio
Columns
A
w
s
Hydrocarbon
Saturators
i
w
s
I
Strip Chart
Recorder
Sample
Exit
Bench-Scale Unit Showing Four Bioscrabbers in Parallel Operation
Page 212
The SITE Program assesses but does not
approve or endorse technologies.
-------
November 1992
the dilute organic vapor for effective biological
digestion.
WASTE APPLICABILITY:
The bioscrubber technology removes organic
emissions from soil, water, or air decon-
tamination processes. The process is especially
suited for treatment of streams containing trace
aromatic solvents, such as benzene, toluene, and
xylene. Alcoa may adapt this technology to
treat,, halogenated hydrocarbons and other con-
taminants.
STATUS:
This technology was accepted into the SITE
Emerging Technology Program in July 1990.
Bench-scale bioscrubbers have operated con-
tinuously for 7 months to treat an air stream
with trace concentrations of toluene (about 10
parts per million). The bioscrubbers effectively
removed the contaminant to below the detection
limit (less than 100 parts per billion) throughout
this period. A portable pilot-scale unit will be
tested in November and December 1992 to
demonstrate its efficiency in treating benzene,
toluene, ethylbenzene, and xylene at an oil
refinery site. The developer is seeking ad-
ditional sites for pilot tests and a full-scale
demonstration in 1993.
FOR FURTHER INFORMATION:
EPA PROJECT MANAGER:
Naomi Barkley
U.S. EPA
Risk Reduction Engineering Laboratory
26 West Martin Luther King Drive
Cincinnati, OH 45268
513-569-7854
TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPER CONTACT:
Paul Liu
Aluminum Company of America
1135 WJlliam Pitt Way
Pittsburgh, PA 15238
412-826-3711
The SITE Program assesses but does not
approve or endorse technologies.
Page 213
-------
Technology Profile
EMERGING TECHNOLOGY PROGRAM
ATOMIC ENERGY OF CANADA, LIMITED
(Chemical Treatment and Ultrafiltration)
TECHNOLOGY DESCRIPTION:
The Atomic Energy of Canada, Limited (AECL)
process uses chemical pretreatment and ultra-
filtration to remove trace concentrations of
dissolved metals from wastewater, contaminated
groundwater, and leachate. The process select-
ively removes metal contaminants and produces
a volume-reduced water stream for further
treatment and disposal.
The installed unit's overall dimensions are 5 feet
wide by 7 feet long by 6 feet high. The skid-
mounted unit consists of (1) a bank of 5-micron
cartridge prefilters, (2) a feed conditioning
system with polyelectrolytes and chemicals for
pH adjustment, (3) two banks of hollow-fiber
ultrafilters, (4) a backflush system for cleaning
the membrane unit, and (5) associated tanks and
instrumentation. The two banks of filters pro-
vide a total membrane surface area of 390
square feet and a permeate rate of about 8
gallons per minute (gpm). The wastewater
enters the prefilter through the feed tank, where
suspended particles from the feed are removed.
The filtered wastewater is then routed to con-
ditioning tanks where the solution pH is adjusted
and water-soluble macromolecular compounds
are added to the wastewater to form complexes
with heavy metal ions. Next, a relatively high
molecular weight polymer, generally a com-
mercially available polyelectrolyte, is added to
the wastewater to form selective metal-polymer
complexes at the desired pH and temperature
conditions. The polyelectrolyte quantities need-
ed to achieve the desired metal complex size
enlargement depend on the concentration of
metal ions. Therefore, separated metal ions
should generally be in the parts per million
(ppm) range.
The treated wastewater then passes through a
cross-flow Ultrafiltration membrane system
through a recirculation loop. The membranes
retain the metal complexes (concentrate), while
allowing uncomplexed ions to pass through the
membrane with the filtered water. The filtered
water, which can be discharged, is continuously
Withdrawn, while the concentrate stream, con-
sisting of most of the contaminants, is recycled
CIRCULATION LOOP
FEED
HOLDING
TANK
pH CHEMICAL
ADDITION
1
pH
ADJUSTMENT
PREF1LTRATION
POLYELECTROLYTE
ADDITION
1
1
METAL
COMPLEXATION
REACTION
TANK
~100 to 150 L/min
CIRCULATION
PUMP
~20 L/min
_TlFEED
I [PUMP
ULTRAFILTRATION
SYSTEM
(265 sq ft Bank)
~20 L/mln
PERMRATE
Single-Stage Chemical Treatment and Ultrafiltration Process
-0.2 to 1.0 L/mln
BLEED/
CONCENTRATE
Page 214
The SITE Program assesses but does not
approve or endorse technologies.
-------
November 1992
through the recirculation loop until it meets the
target concentration. After reaching the target
concentration, the concentrate stream is with-
drawn for further treatment, such as solid-
ification. It can then be safely disposed of.
WASTE APPLICABILITY:
The process treats groundwater, leachate, and
surface runoff water contaminated with trace
levels of toxic heavy metals. The process also
treats effluents from (1) industrial processes,
(2) production and processing of base metals,
(3) smelters, (4) electrolysis operations, and
(5) battery manufacturing. Potential applications
include removal of metals such as cadmium,
lead, mercury, uranium, manganese, nickel,
chromium, and silver.
The process can treat influent with dissolved
metal concentrations from several ppm up to
about 100 ppm. In addition, the process re-
moves other inorganic and organic materials
present as suspended or colloidal solids. The
sole residue is the ultrafiltration concentrate,
which generally constitutes 5 to 20 percent of
the feed volume.
STATUS:
During initial bench-scale and pilot-scale tests,
the system successfully removed cadmium, lead,
and mercury. These results were used to design
and construct the mobile unit.
The mobile unit has undergone initial testing at
the Chalk River Laboratories and at a uranium
mine tailings site in Ontario. The field demon-
stration indicated that process water character-
istics needed further study; pretreatment schemes
are being evaluated. The mobile unit, which is
capable of treating influent flows ranging from
1,000 to 5,000 gallons per day, is available for
treatability tests and on-site applications.
FOR FURTHER INFORMATION:
EPA PROJECT MANAGER:
John Martin
U.S. EPA
Risk Reduction Engineering Laboratory
26 West Martin Luther King Drive
Cincinnati, OH 45268
513-569-7758
TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPER CONTACT:
Leo Buckley
Atomic Energy of Canada, Limited
Waste Management Systems
Chalk River Laboratories
Chalk River, Ontario KOJ JJO, Canada
613-584-3311
Fax: 613-584-1438
The SITE Program assesses but does not
approve or endorse technologies.
Page 215
-------
Technology Profile
EMERGING TECHNOLOGY PROGRAM
BABCOCK & WILCOX CO.
(Cyclone Furnace)
TECHNOLOGY DESCRIPTION:
The Babcock & Wilcox Co. (Babcock & Wil-
cox) cyclone furnace is designed for the combus-
tion of high inorganic content (high-ash) coal.
The combination of high heat-release rates
[45,000 British thermal units per cubic foot
(Btu/ft3) of coal] and high turbulence in cyclones
assures achievement of the high temperatures
required for melting the high-ash fuels. The
inert ash exits the cyclone furnace as a vitrified
slag.
The furnace is water-cooled and simulates the
geometry of Babcock & Wilcox's single-cyclone,
front-wall-fired cyclone boilers. The pilot
cyclone furnace, shown below, is a scaled-down
version of a commercial coal-fired cyclone with
a restricted exit (throat). The furnace geometry
is a horizontal cylinder (barrel). Natural gas
and preheated combustion air [heated to 820
degrees Fahrenheit (°F)] enter tangentially into
the cyclone burner. For dry soil processing, the
soil matrix and natural gas enter tangentially
Combustion
air
along the cyclone furnace barrel. For wet soil
processing, an atomizer uses compressed air to
spray the soil paste directly into the furnace.
The soil is captured and melted, and organics
are destroyed in the gas phase or in the molten
slag layer formed and retained on the furnace
barrel wall by centrifugal action. The soil
melts, exits the cyclone furnace from the tap at
the cyclone throat, and is dropped into a water-
filled slag tank where it solidifies. A small
quantity of soil also exits as fly ash with the flue
gas from the furnace and is collected in a bag-
house. In principle, this fly ash can be recycled
to the furnace to increase the capture of metals,
and to minimize the volume of the potentially
hazardous waste stream.
The energy requirements for vitrification are
15,000 Btu/pound (Ib) of soil treated. Given the
much larger surface-to-volume ratio of the
relatively small pilot unit and its cool surface, a
full-scale unit can be expected to have propor-
tionally lower energy requirements. The cy-
clone furnace can be operated with gas, oil, or
Natural gas
injectors
Natural gas
Soil injector
Slag tap
Slag
quenching
tank
Cyclone Furnace
Page 216
The SITE Program assesses but does not
approve or endorse technologies.
-------
November 1992
coal as the supplemental fuel. The waste may
also supply a significant portion of the required
heat input.
Particulates are controlled by a baghouse. To
maximize the capture of metals, a heat ex-
changer is used to cool the stack gases to ap-
proximately 200 °F before they enter the bag-
house.
WASTE APPLICABILITY:
The cyclone vitrification technology is applicable
to highly contaminated inorganic hazardous
wastes; sludges; and soils that contain heavy
metals and organic constituents. The wastes
may be in the form of solids, a soil slurry (wet
soil), or liquids. To be treated in the cyclone
furnace, the ash or solid matrix must melt (with
or without additives) and flow at cyclone furnace
temperatures (2,400 to 3,000°F). Because of
the technology's ability to capture heavy metals
in the slag and render these nonleachable, an
important application of the technology is to
treat contaminated soils that contain lower-
volatility radionuclides such as strontium and
transuranics.
STATUS:
The 6-million-Btu/hour (hr) cyclone furnace was
successfully used in a 2-year SITE Emerging
Technology Program project to melt and vitrify
an EPA-supplied synthetic soil matrix (SSM)
spiked with 7,000 parts per million (ppm) lead;
1,000 ppm cadmium; and 1,500 ppm chromium.
An advantage of vitrification over other thermal
treatment technologies is that in addition to
destruction of organic wastes, the resulting
vitrified product captures and does not leach
heavy metals. When operated at 50 to 150
pounds per hour (Ib/hr) of dry SSM feed, and at
100 to 300 Ib/hr of wet SSM feed, the cyclone
furnace produced a nonleachable product (as
measured by Toxicity Characteristic Leaching
Procedure) for lead, cadmium, and chromium
from the hazardous soil.
From 95 to 97 percent of the dry SSM input was
incorporated within the slag. Stable cyclone
operation was achieved during the two projects,
which processed over 6 tons of clean, unspiked
SSM, and 5 tons of spiked SSM. During the
thermal vitrification process, the heavy metals
partitioned between the vitrified slag and the
stack fly ash. The percentage of each metal
retained in the vitrified slag for wet soil fed at
200 Ib/hr were 12 to 23 percent for cadmium,
38 to 54 percent for lead, and 78 to 95 percent
for chromium. The capture of heavy metals in
the slag was found to increase with feed rate,
and to decrease with metal volatility.
These results suggest that the cyclone vitri-
fication process will show a high capture rate for
very low volatility contaminants such as many
radionuclides (for example, uranium and tho-
rium). The treatment of the SSM resulted in a
volume reduction of 25 to 35 percent on a dry
basis. Vitrification results in an easily-crushed,
glassy product.
FOR FURTHER INFORMATION:
EPA PROJECT MANAGER:
Laurel Staley
U.S. EPA
Risk Reduction Engineering Laboratory
26 West Martin Luther King Drive
Cincinnati, OH 45268
513-569-7863
TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPER CONTACT:
Lawrence King
Babcock & Wilcox Co.
1562 Beeson Street
Alliance, OH 44601
216-829-7576
The SITE Program assesses but does not
approve or endorse technologies.
Page 217
-------
Technology Profile
EMERGING TECHNOLOGY PROGRAM
BATTELLE MEMORIAL INSTITUTE
(In Situ Electroacoustic Soil Decontamination)
TECHNOLOGY DESCRIPTION:
This patented technology is used for in situ
decontamination of soils containing hazardous
organics by applying electrical (direct current)
and acoustic fields. The direct current facilitates
the transport of liquids through soils. The
process consists of electrodes (an anode and a
cathode) and an acoustic source (see figure
below).
The double-layer boundary theory is important
when an electric potential is applied to soils.
For soil particles, the double layer consists of a
fixed layer of negative ions that are firmly held
to the solid phase and a diffuse layer of cations
and anions that are more loosely held. Applying
an electric potential to the double layer displaces
the loosely held ions to their respective elec-
trodes. The cations drag water along with them
as they move toward the cathode.
Besides the transport of water through wet soils,
the direct current produces other effects, such as
ion transfer; development of pH gradients;
electrolysis; oxidation and reduction; and heat
generation. The heavy metals present in con-
taminated soils can be leached or precipitated out
of solution by electrolysis, oxidation and reduc-
tion reactions, or ionic migration. The con-
taminants in the soil may be (1) cations, such as
cadmium, chromium, and lead; and (2) anions,
such as cyanide, chromate, and dichromate.
The existence of these ions in their respective
oxidation states depends on the pH and con-
centration gradients in the soil. The electric
field is expected to increase the leaching rate and
precipitate the heavy metals out of solution by
establishing appropriate pH and osmotic grad-
ients.
When properly applied in conjunction with an
electric field and water flow, an acoustic field
can enhance the dewatering or leaching of
wastes such as sludges. This phenomenon is not
fully understood. Another possible application
involves unclogging of recovery wells. Since
contaminated particles are driven to the recovery
Water
+
Contaminants
Optional
Anolite Treatment
Ground
Surface
'
•• : - .' -^ -fff tB.-*«'--"^.w''*TWfBitl"-*iJ'«l1Jii.T-.
; •,; '•'^•Z&iMSfSy&
'*^®i*mi*i^
;:«• Ijxi'".* t. "-. ' - 3 Sll
Cathode
Contaminants
Water (Optional)
In Situ Electroacoustic Soil Decontamination (ESD) Process
Page 218
The SITE Program assesses but does not
approve or endorse technologies.
-------
November 1992
well, the pores and interstitial spaces in the soil
can become plugged. This technology could be
used to clear these clogged spaces.
WASTE APPLICABILITY:
Fine-grained clay soils are ideal. The tech-
nology's potential for improving nonaqueous
phase liquid contaminant recovery and in situ
removal of heavy metals needs to be tested on a
pilot scale using clay soils.
STATUS:
Phase I results indicate that electroacoustic soil
decontamination (ESD) is technically feasible for
removal of inorganic species, such as zinc and
cadmium, from clay soils, and only marginally
effective for hydrocarbon removal. For more
effective hydrocarbon removal, a modified ESD
process has been developed but not tested. An
EPA report (EPA/540/5-90/004) for the 1-year
investigation is available for purchase through
the NTIS (703-487-4650).The NTIS order
number is PB 90-204 728/AS.
FOR FURTHER INFORMATION:
EPA PROJECT MANAGER:
Jonathan Herrmann
U.S. EPA
Risk Reduction Engineering Laboratory
26 West Martin Luther King Drive
Cincinnati, OH 45268
513-569-7839
TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPER CONTACT:
Satya Chauhan
Battelle Memorial Institute
505 King Avenue
Columbus, OH 43201
614-424-4812
The SITE Program assesses but does not
approve or endorse technologies.
Page 219
-------
Technology Profile
EMERGING TECHNOLOGY PROGRAM
BIO-RECOVERY SYSTEMS, INC.
(Biological Sorption)
TECHNOLOGY DESCRIPTION:
The AlgaSORB™ sorption process uses algae to
remove heavy metal ions from aqueous solu-
tions. The process takes advantage of the al-
gae's natural affinity for heavy metal ions.
The photograph below shows a prototype port-
able effluent treatment equipment (PETE) unit,
consisting of two columns operating in series.
Each column contains 0.25-cubic-foot of
AlgaSORB™, the treatment matrix. The PETE
unit is capable of treating flows of ap-
proximately 1 gallon per minute (gpm). Larger
systems have been designed and manufactured to
treat flow rates greater than 100 gpm.
The AlgaSORB™ medium is comprised of algal
cells immobilized in a silica gel polymer. This
immobilization serves two purposes: (1) it
protects the algal cells from decomposition by
other microorganisms, and (2) it produces a hard
material that can be packed into chromatographic
columns that, when pressurized, still exhibit
good flow characteristics.
The system functions as a biological ion-ex-
change resin to bind both metallic cations (pos-
Portable Effluent Treatment Equipment (PETE) Unit
Page 220
The SITE Program assesses but does not
approve or endorse technologies.
-------
November 1992
itively charged ions, such as mercury, Hg+2) and
metallic oxoanions (negatively charged, large,
complex, oxygen-containing ions, such as sele-
nium oxide, SeO4"2). Anions such as chlorides
or sulfates are only weakly bound or not bound
at all.
Like ion-exchange resins, the algae-silica system
can be recycled. However, in contrast to cur-
rent ion-exchange technology, divalent cations
typical of hard water, such as calcium (Ca+2)
and magnesium (Mg+2), or monovalent cations,
such as sodium (Na+) and potassium (K+), do
not significantly interfere with the binding of
toxic heavy metal ions to the algae-silica matrix.
After the matrix are saturated, the metals are
stripped from the algae with acids, bases, or
other suitable reagents. This stripping process
generates a small volume of solution containing
highly concentrated metals that must undergo
treatment.
WASTE APPLICABILITY:
This technology can remove metal ions from
groundwater or surface leachates that are "hard"
or contain high levels of dissolved solids. The
process can also treat rinse waters from electro-
plating, metal finishing, and printed circuit
board manufacturing industries.
The system can remove heavy metals, such as
aluminum, cadmium, chromium, cobalt, copper,
gold, iron, lead, manganese, mercury,
molybdenum, nickel, platinum, silver, uranium,
vanadium, and zinc.
STATUS:
Under the Emerging Technology Program, the
AlgaSORB™ sorption process was tested on
mercury-contaminated groundwater at a haz-
ardous waste site in Oakland, California, in fall
1989. Testing was designed to determine opti-
mum flow rates, binding capacities, and the
efficiency of stripping agents. The final report
(EPA/540/5-90/005a) is available. Based on
results from the Emerging Technology Program,
Bio-Recovery Systems, Inc., was invited to
participate in the SITE Demonstration Program.
The process is being commercialized for ground-
water treatment and industrial point source
treatment.
FOR FURTHER INFORMATION:
EPA PROJECT MANAGER:
Naomi Barkley
U.S. EPA
Risk Reduction Engineering Laboratory
26 West Martin Luther King Drive
Cincinnati, OH 45268
513-569-7854
TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPER CONTACT:
Tom Powers
Bio-Recovery Systems, Inc.
2001 Copper Avenue
Las Cruces, NM 88005
505-523-0405
Fax: 505-523-1638
The SITE Program assesses but does not
approve or endorse technologies.
Page 221
-------
Technology Profile
EMERGING TECHNOLOGY PROGRAM
BIOTROL, INC.
(Methanotrophic Bioreactor System)
TECHNOLOGY DESCRIPTION:
The methanotrophic bioreactor system is an
aboveground remedial technology for water
contaminated with halogenated hydrocarbons.
Trichloroethylene (TCE) and related compounds
pose a new and difficult challenge to biological
treatment. Unlike aromatic hydrocarbons, for
example, TCE cannot be used as a primary
substrate for growth by bacteria. Degradation
depends on the process of cometabolism (see
figure below), which is attributed to the broad
substrate specificity of certain bacterial enzyme
systems. Although many aerobic enzyme sys-
tems are reported to cooxidize TCE and related
compounds, BioTrol, Inc. (BioTrol) claims that
the methane monooxygenase (MMO) of methan-
otrophic bacteria is the most promising.
Methanotrophs are bacteria that can use methane
as a sole source of carbon and energy. Al-
though it has been known that certain methan-
otrophs can express MMO in either a soluble
form or a particulate (membrane-bound) form,
BioTrol-sponsored research results have led to a
patent pending discovery that the soluble form is
responsible for extremely rapid rates of TCE
degradation. BioTrol also has a patent pending
on a colorimetric assay it uses to verify the
presence of the desired enzyme in the bioreactor
culture. Results from experiments with Methylo-
sinus trichosporium OB3b indicate that the
maximum specific TCE degradation rate is 1.3
grams of TCE per gram of cells (dry weight) per
hour, which is 100 to 1,000 times faster than the
rates for other systems.
WASTE APPLICABILITY:
The technology is applicable to water con-
taminated with halogenated aliphatic hydro-
carbons, including TCE, dichloroethylene is-
Carbon Dioxide
Water
Carbon Dioxide, Chloride
Methane
Methanotroph
Oxygen
Trichloroethylene
Cometabolism of TCE
Page 222
The SITE Program assesses but does not
approve or endorse technologies.
-------
November 1992
omers, vinyl chloride, dichloroethane isomers,
chloroform, dichloromethane (methylene chlo-
ride), and others. In the case of groundwater
treatment, bioreactor effluent can either (1) be
reinjected or (2) discharged to a sanitary sewer
or a National Pollutant Discharge Elimination
System receiving water.
STATUS:
This technology was accepted into the SITE
Emerging Technology Program in July 1990.
Bench-scale experiments were conducted during
its first year in the program on a continuous-
flow, dispersed-growth system. Typical results
obtained are shown below. Pilot-scale testing is
complete and has demonstrated the full-scale
feasibility of the bioreactor technology. The
final report is being compiled and will be sub-
mitted to EPA in January 1993.
FOR FURTHER INFORMATION:
EPA PROJECT MANAGER:
David Smith
U.S. EPA
Region 8
999 18th Street
Denver, CO 80202
303-293-1475
TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPER CONTACT:
Durell Dobbins
BioTroi, Inc.
11 Peavey Road
Chaska, MN 55318
612-448-2515
Fax: 612-448-6050
Q.
Q.
§
1
8
UJ
OUU-
500-
400-
300-
200-
100-
n-
•
n n n
a u n
4 5
Time, hr
Influent a Effluent
Typical Laboratory Continuous-Flow Results
The SITE Program assesses but does not
approve or endorse technologies.
Page 223
-------
Technology Profile
EMERGING TECHNOLOGY PROGRAM
CENTER FOR HAZARDOUS MATERIALS RESEARCH
(Acid Extraction Treatment System)
TECHNOLOGY DESCRIPTION:
The acid extraction treatment system (AETS) is
a soil washing process that uses hydrochloric
acid to extract contaminants from soils. Fol-
lowing treatment, soil may be disposed of or
used as fill material (see figure below).
The first step in the AETS is to separate large
particles and grave} from soil. The sand and
clay-silt fractions (less than 4 millimeters) are
retained for treatment. Hydrochloric acid is
slowly added to a water and soil slurry to ach-
ieve and maintain a pH of 2. Precautions are
taken to avoid lowering the pH below 2 and
disrupting the soil matrix.
When extraction is complete, the soil is rinsed,
neutralized, and dewatered. The extraction
solution and rinse water are regenerated. The
regeneration process removes entrained soil,
organics, and heavy metals from the extraction
fluid. Heavy metals are concentrated in a form
potentially suitable for recovery. Recovered
acid is recycled to the extraction unit.
WASTE APPLICABILITY:
Although the AETS will extract organic con-
taminants from soil, its main application is to
remove heavy metals such as arsenic, cadmium,
chromium, copper, lead, nickel, and zinc. The
projected treatment capacity of the AETS is 30
tons per hour.
STATUS:
This technology has been tested in the laboratory
on a limited, bench-scale basis. Similar extrac-
tion techniques have been applied to soils con-
taminated with organics. The developer has
constructed a pilot-scale plant to test AETS on
heavy-metal-contaminated soils and anticipates
completing tests by November 1992. Pre-
liminary results from the pilot-plant extractions
show that the process can treat a wide range of
Coarse Soil Particles
Regenerated Acid Slowdown
HEAVY METALS
TREATED SOILS
Acid Extraction Treatment System (AETS) Process
Page 224
The SITE Program assesses but does not
approve or endorse technologies.
-------
November 1992
soils. Current plans include using the AETS on
samples of contaminated soil from Superfimd
sites. Further experiments will be performed to
establish optimal operating parameters for the
extraction unit and to refine the regeneration and
recovery process.
FOR FURTHER INFORMATION:
EPA PROJECT MANAGER:
Kim Lisa Kreiton
U.S. EPA
Risk Reduction Engineering Laboratory
26 West Martin Luther King Drive
Cincinnati, OH 45268
513-569-7328
TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPER CONTACT:
Stephen Paff
Center for Hazardous Materials Research
320 William Pitt Way
Pittsburgh, PA 15238
412-826-5320
FAX: 412-826-5552
The SITE Program assesses but does not
approve or endorse technologies.
Page 225
-------
Technology Profile
EMERGING TECHNOLOGY PROGRAM
CENTER FOR HAZARDOUS MATERIALS RESEARCH
(Lead Smelting)
TECHNOLOGY DESCRIPTION:
Secondary lead smelting is a proven technology
capable of reclaiming lead from materials con-
taining above 40 percent lead, particularly
lead-acid batteries. The technology uses re-
verberatory and blast furnaces, which heat a
contaminated mixture to remove lead by a
combination of melting and reduction.
The Center for Hazardous Materials Research
(CHMR) and Exide/General Battery Corporation
(Exide) are demonstrating the use of secondary
lead smelting to reclaim usable lead from waste
materials with concentrations between 1 and 50
percent by weight. Materials tested to date
include lead-containing waste, battery cases,
slags, lead dross, lead paint chips in demolition
material, and other lead-containing materials.
The technology is based on existing lead smelt-
ing process design and basic pyrometallurgy. A
general process schematic for processing bat-
teries at Exide's secondary lead smelter in
Reading, Pennsylvania, is provided in the figure
below.
Spent batteries received at the Reading smelter
are first crushed and shredded. The sulfuric
acid released during the crushing process is
collected, and treated in the on-site wastewater
treatment facility. Lead and polypropylene
battery cases are further processed and separated
for recycling.
The two reverberatory furnaces at Reading treat
lead from batteries as well as other
lead-containing material. The furnaces are
fueled with natural gas and oxygen and use a
batteries I
opi icurp
waste feed ,
(5-25wt%)
. ,
Iron »•
ATOR ^to recycle
^ odd to
exhaust qas
REVERBERATORY ?°5
FURNACE product
waste feed I
(10-40wt%) I
coke ^
slag (70% Pb)
«xhauat gas
BLAST "" a9ents
FURNACE "" .other
2200 F ^
lead product 1
(soft & hard)"
ige UME
' SCRUBBER
^ lime
1
1 slag (~1% Pb)
| t"
-------
November 1992
conveyor system to feed contaminated material
into the treatment process. The furnaces are
tapped to remove slag, which typically contains
60 to 70 percent lead, and a soft, pure lead
product.
The two blast furnaces treat slag generated from
the reverberatory furnaces, as well as other
lead-bear ing materials. The furnaces are fueled
by coke, coal, air, and oxygen and are con-
tinuously tapped to remove lead and intermit-
tently tapped to remove slag. The slag contains
primarily silica and iron oxides and is transport-
ed to an off-site landfill for disposal.
Lead produced in the blast furnaces is pumped
to the refining process, where additional metals
are added to make specific lead alloys. Lead is
then pumped into the casting operations, where
it is molded into "pigs." Pigs of iron are trans-
ported to Exide's battery manufacturing facilities
for use in the manufacture of lead-acid batteries.
Lead-containing materials from Superfund sites
or other facilities are typically mixed with other
lead-containing feedstocks and fed directly into
the reverberatory or blast furnaces. The furn-
aces reclaim lead in the waste with greater than
99 percent efficiency.
WASTE APPLICABILITY:
This process has been demonstrated to reclaim
lead from the following solid materials: battery
case materials, lead dross, slags, and demolition
materials from housing. CHMR and Exide plan
to test the process on paint wastes, additional
lead dross, and lead glass. Process residuals
include slags containing less than 1 percent lead
and reclaimed lead product.
STATUS:
This technology was accepted into the SITE
Emerging Technology Program in July 1991.
Field work has been completed for a variety of
materials, including battery case materials,
dross, slags, and demolition materials from
houses. Final reports summarizing the results of
the field studies for each of these materials are
anticipated to be completed by October 1992.
These reports will be available from the tech-
nology developer. In general, the results con-
clude that the cost of reclaiming the lead in a
secondary lead smelter are approximately one-
third to one-half those associated with alter-
natives such as stabilization and disposal.
Additional studies to further define the ap-
plicability and economics of the technology are
anticipated for the second year of the study.
Results from these studies are anticipated to be
available in mid-1993.
FOR FURTHER INFORMATION:
EPA PROJECT MANAGER:
Patrick Augustin
U.S. EPA
Risk Reduction Engineering Laboratory
2890 Woodbridge Avenue
Edison, NJ 08837
908-906-6992
TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPER CONTACT:
Stephen Paff
Center for Hazardous Materials Research
320 William Pitt Way
Pittsburgh, PA 15238
412-826-5320
Fax: 412-826-5552
The SITE Program assesses but does not
approve or endorse technologies.
Page 227
-------
Technology Profile
EMERGING TECHNOLOGY PROGRAM
CENTER FOR HAZARDOUS MATERIALS RESEARCH
(Organics Destruction and Metals Stabilization)
TECHNOLOGY DESCRIPTION:
This technology is designed to destroy hazardous
organics while simultaneously stabilizing metals
and metal ions in contaminated soils. The
technology uses elemental sulfur, which reacts
with the carbon in organic materials at moder-
ately elevated temperatures to form an insoluble,
inert, carbon-sulfur amorphous solid (see figure
below). The process is carried out in an en-
closed unit that traps condensable by-products
and recovers other effluents, thus preventing
their discharge into the environment.
This technology's mam process components
include the following:
• A prereaction mixer where the solid and
reagent are mixed
• A reactor to heat and cool the mixture
• An off-gas handling system, which collects
and treats condensable by-products and
scrubs acid gases from the effluent vapors
• A treated solids processing unit that re-
covers excess reagent and prepares the
treated product to comply with on-site
disposal requirements
Initial pilot-scale testing of the technology has
demonstrated that organic contaminants can be
destroyed in the vapor phase by reaction with
elemental sulfur. Among the organic com-
pounds destroyed are tetrachloroethylene, tri-
Vent
Feed
On-slte
Disposal
Sulfur
Organics Destruction and Metals Stabilization
Page 228
The SITE Program assesses but does not
approve or endorse technologies.
-------
November 1992
chlofoethylene, and polychlorinated biphenyls
(PCB). After this testing, screening tests
showed that representative heavy metals in soil
such as lead, arsenic, and chromium can be
immobilized to less than Toxicity Characteristic
Leaching Procedure levels.
WASTE APPLICABILITY:
The technology is applicable for treatment of
soils and sediments contaminated with both
organics and heavy metals.
STATUS:
This technology was accepted into the SITE
Emerging Technology Program in April 1992.
Bench-scale testing is planned for fall 1992.
FOR FURTHER INFORMATION:
EPA PROJECT MANAGER:
Randy Parker
U.S. EPA
Risk Reduction Engineering Laboratory
26 West Martin Luther King Drive
Cincinnati, OH 45268
513-569-7271
TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPER CONTACT:
A. Bruce King
Center for Hazardous Materials Research
320 William Pitt Way
Pittsburgh, PA 15238
412-826-5320
Fax: 412-826-5552
The SITE Program assesses but does not
approve or endorse technologies.
Page 229
-------
Technology Profile
EMERGING TECHNOLOGY PROGRAM
COGNIS, INC.
(Biological/Chemical Treatment)
TECHNOLOGY DESCRIPTION:
The COGNIS, Inc. (COGNIS), technology is a
two-stage process to treat contaminated soils,
sediments, and other media containing both
metals and organics. Metals are first removed
from the contaminated matrix by a chemical
leaching process. The organics are then re-
moved by bioremediation. Although the initial
stage is often metals removal, high levels of
organic contamination may favor completion of
bioremediation first. The soil handling re-
quirements for both stages are similar, so the
unit operations are fully reversible. The final
treatment products are a recovered metal or
metal salt, biodegraded organic compounds, and
clean soil. Bench-scale tests show that a variety
of heavy metals and organic pollutants can be
remediated by this process. The combined
process will be less expensive than separate
metal removal and organic remediation.
The incoming soil is first exposed to a leachant
solution and classified by particle size (see figure
below). This allows oversized rock, gravel, and
sand to be quickly cleaned and separated from
the sediment fines (silt, clay, and humus), which
require longer leaching tunes to remove the
metals bound tightly to these substrates. Or-
ganic pollutants also typically reside in these
fines. After dissolution of the metal compounds,
the metal ions (for example, Zn+2, Pb+2, Cd+2)
are removed from the aqueous leachate by one
of several metals recovery systems such as liquid
ion exchange, resin ion exchange, or reduction.
The aqueous leaching solution is thereby freed
of metals and can be reused to leach additional
metal from the contaminated soil. If an extrac-
tion agent is used, it is later stripped of the
bound metal under conditions in which the agent
is fully regenerated and recycled. The heavy
metals are recovered in a saleable, concentrated
form as solid metal or a metal salt. The method
of metals recovery depends on the metals present
and their concentrations.
After metals extraction is complete, the "mud"
slurry is allowed to settle and is neutralized.
Liquids are returned to the classifier, and the
soil is transferred to a slurry bioreactor, a
Leachant
Contaminated
Soil
Wet
Classification
with
Leachant
Metal
Clean
Soil
clay/humus
leachant slurry
Leachant recycle
Extraction
'oversize"""
(rock, gravel, sand)
clay/humus
>• Metal
Bioremediation
water recycle
T
water
Bioaugment
.fertilizer
pH adjust
Carbon dioxide
Metal Leaching and Bioremediation Process
Page 230
The SITE Program assesses but does not
approve or endorse technologies.
-------
November 1992
slurry-phase treatment lagoon, or a closed land
treatment cell for bioremediation. The metal-
extracted matrix (for example, soil) and residual
leachate solution are treated to maximize bio-
degradation of the contaminants. With the
addition of micronutrients to support microbial
growth, the residual leaching solution com-
ponents and most readily biodegradable organic
compounds are aerobically degraded. The
residual leachant from the metals extraction
process can be the primary source of nutrients
for aerobic or anaerobic microbial growth.
WASTE APPLICABILITY:
This remediation process can treat combined-
waste soils contaminated by heavy metals and
organic pollutants. Specific contaminants in-
clude lead, cadmium, zinc, and copper as well
as petroleum hydrocarbons and polyaromatic
hydrocarbons that are subject to aerobic micro-
bial degradation. The combined process can
also be modified to extract other metals such as
mercury from soils, and to degrade more re-
calcitrant halogenated hydrocarbons.
STATUS:
This technology was accepted into the SITE
Emerging Technology Program in August 1992.
Bench- and pilot-scale testing of the metals
extraction and bioremediation process are being
conducted. Experiments with the combined
pilot-scale process are scheduled to begin in
early 1993.
FOR FURTHER INFORMATION:
EPA PROJECT MANAGER:
Naomi Barldey
U.S. EPA
Risk Reduction Engineering Laboratory
26 West Martin Luther King Drive
Cincinnati, OH 45268
513-569-7854
TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPER CONTACT:
Jonathan Mielenz
COGNIS, Inc.
2330 Circadian Way
Santa Rosa, CA 95407
707-576-6223
Fax: 707-575-7833
The SITE Program assesses but does not
approve or endorse technologies.
Page 231
-------
Technology Profile
EMERGING TECHNOLOGY PROGRAM
COGNIS, INC.
(Chemical Treatment)
TECHNOLOGY DESCRIPTION:
The COGNIS, Inc. (COGNIS), TerraMet™ soil
remediation system leaches and recovers metals,
specifically lead, from contaminated soil, dust,
sludge, or sediment. The process uses a pro-
prietary aqueous leachant which is optimized
through treatability tests for the soil and the
contaminant present. The TerraMet™ system
can treat most types of lead contamination,
including metallic lead, soluble ions, and in-
soluble lead oxides and salts. These are often
tightly bound by fine soil constituents such as
clay, manganese and iron oxides, and humus.
The first processing stage involves dry screening
to remove oversized material. Leaching typical-
ly begins in the second stage, wet particle size
classification. If the contamination resides in the
soil fines (silt, clay, and humus), gravel and
sand are quickly cleaned and separated from the
fines which require longer leaching times to
remove the metals. When the contamination is
distributed throughout the soil fractions, the
whole soil can be leached.
After dissolution of the lead contaminants, the
lead ions are recovered from the aqueous leach-
ate by a metals recovery process such as liquid
ion exchange, resin ion exchange, or reduction.
The aqueous leaching solution can then be
reused. If a liquid or resin ion exchange agent
is used, it is stripped of the bound lead, fully
regenerated, and recycled. The lead is recover-
ed hi concentrated form as solid metal or a metal
salt suitable for recycling. The lead recovery
method depends on the lead concentration and
other metals present.
Residual leachate in the treated soil is nontoxic
and biodegradable by both aerobic and anaerobic
organisms.
Important characteristics of the leachant and
extractant combination are as follows:
« The leachant is tailored to the substrate
and the contaminant.
« The leachant and extractant are fully
reusable.
• Leachant materials are readily available.
Leachant
Soil
Clean Soil
TerraMet™ Lead Removal Process
Recovered Metal
Page 232
The SITE Program assesses but does not
approve or endorse technologies.
-------
November 1992
• The process uses commercially proven
metals recovery techniques.
WASTE APPLICABILITY:
The COGNIS TerraMet™ metals leaching pro-
cess can treat soil, sediment, and sludge con-
taminated by heavy metals or metal mixtures in
addition to lead. Appropriate sites include
contaminated battery recycling centers, scrap-
yards, metal plating shops, and chemical manu-
facturing facilities. The technology can treat
metallic lead as well as soluble and insoluble
salts and oxides. Certain lead compounds, such
as lead sulfide, are not amenable to treatment.
The process can be modified to leach and re-
cover other metals, such as cadmium, zinc,
copper, and mercury, from soils. End products
include clean soil and recycled metal or metal
salts. No wastewater streams are generated.
STATUS:
This technology was accepted into the SITE
Emerging Technology Program in August 1992.
COGNIS conducted bench-scale testing to enter
the SITE program, and pilot-scale equipment
(250 kilograms of soil per batch) is being as-
sembled. To date, lead-contaminated soil samp-
les, with 17,000 parts per million (ppm) lead,
have been treated to less than 300 ppm residual
lead. Metals removal to below background
concentrations has also been achieved, (for
example, less than 8 ppm lead starting from
greater than 400 ppm lead). Bench-scale leach-
ing has been conducted with several samples
from state Superfund sites.
FOR FURTHER INFORMATION:
EPA PROJECT MANAGER:
Michael Royer
U.S. EPA
Risk Reduction Engineering Laboratory
2890 Woodbridge Avenue
Building #10, MS-104
Edison, NJ 08837
908-321-6633
Fax: 908-321-6640
TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPER CONTACT:
Jonathan Mielenz
COGNIS, Inc.
2330 Orcadian Way
Santa Rosa, CA 95407
707-576-6223
Fax: 707-575-7833
The SITE Program assesses but does not
approve or endorse technologies.
Page 233
-------
Technology Profile
EMERGING TECHNOLOGY PROGRAM
COLORADO SCHOOL OF MINES
(Wetlands-Based Treatment)
TECHNOLOGY DESCRIPTION:
The constructed wetlands-based treatment tech-
nology uses natural geochemical and biological
processes inherent hi a man-made wetland
ecosystem (see figure below) to accumulate and
remove metals from influent waters. Although
treatment systems incorporate principal eco-
system components found in wetlands (including
organic soils, microbial fauna, algae, and vas-
cular plants), microbial activity is responsible
for most of the remediation.
Influent waters, with high metal concentrations
and low pH, flow through the aerobic and
anaerobic zones of the wetland ecosystem.
Metals are removed by filtration, ion exchange,
adsorption, absorption, and precipitation through
geochemical and microbial oxidation and reduc-
tion. In filtration, metal flocculates and metals
that are adsorbed onto fine sediment particles
settle in quiescent ponds, or are filtered out as
the water percolates through the soil or the plant
canopy. Ion exchange occurs as metals in the
water contact humic or other organic substances
in the soil medium. Oxidation and reduction
reactions catalyzed by bacteria that occur in the
aerobic and anaerobic zones, respectively, play
a major role in removing metals as hydroxides
and sulfides.
WASTE APPLICABILITY:
The wetlands-based treatment process has been
developed for acid mine drainage from metal or
coal mining activities. These wastes typically
contain high metals concentrations and are
acidic. Wetlands treatment has been applied
with some success to wastewater in the eastern
United States. The process has been adjusted to
account for differences in geology, terrain, trace
metal composition, and climate in the metal
mining regions of the western United States.
STATUS:
The final year of funding for the project under
the Emerging Technology Program was com-
pleted in 1991. The funding was used to build,
operate, monitor, and assess the effectiveness of
Anaerobic
Zone
•Aerobic
Zone
Typical Wetland Ecosystem
Page 234
The SITE Program assesses but does not
approve or endorse technologies.
-------
November 1992
a constructed wetlands in treating a portion of
acid mine drainage from the Big Five Tunnel
near Idaho Springs, Colorado. Study results
have shown that removal efficiency of heavy
metals can approach the removal efficiency of
chemical precipitation treatment plants. An
example of the optimum results from the 3 years
of operation are given below.
• pH was raised from 2.9 to 6.5.
• Dissolved aluminum, cadmium, chrom-
ium, copper, zinc concentrations were
reduced by 99 percent or more.
• Iron was reduced by 99 percent.
• Lead was reduced by 94 percent or
more.
• Nickel was reduced by 84 percent or
more.
• Manganese removal was relatively low,
with reduction between 9 and 44 per-
cent.
• Biotoxicity to fathead minnows and
Ceriodaphnia was reduced by factors of
4 to 20.
Because wetland removal processes are primarily
microbial, the technology can be developed by
traditional process engineering approaches.
Laboratory studies can indicate whether remedia-
tion is possible, while bench-scale experiments
can determine the proper loading and reactor
design. Using this approach, three successful
demonstration reactors have been built to re-
move heavy metals from different types of
water.
One final goal of this project was to develop a
manual that discusses design and operating
criteria for constructing a full-scale wetland to
treat acid mine discharges. The "Wetland
Designs for Mining Operations" manual will be
available from NTIS in 1993. A copy of a
preliminary version of the manual can be pur-
chased from BiTech Publishing (604-277-4250).
As a result of the success of this technology in
the SITE Emerging Technology Program, it has
been selected for the Demonstration Program.
The SITE demonstration will evaluate the ef-
fectiveness of a full-scale wetland. The propos-
ed remediation site is the Burleigh Tunnel near
Silver Plume, Colorado. The Burleigh Tunnel
is part of the Clear Creek/Central City Super-
fund site hi Colorado.
FOR FURTHER INFORMATION:
EPA PROJECT MANAGER:
Edward Bates
U.S. EPA
Risk Reduction Engineering Laboratory
26 West Martin Luther King Drive
Cincinnati, OH 45268
513-569-7774
TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPER CONTACT:
Thomas Wildeman
Department of Chemistry and Geochemistry
Colorado School of Mines
Golden, CO 80401
303-273-3642
Fax: 303-273-3629
The SITE Program assesses but does not
approve or endorse technologies.
Page 235
-------
Technology Profile
EMERGING TECHNOLOGY PROGRAM
DAVY RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT, LIMITED
(Chemical Treatment)
TECHNOLOGY DESCRIPTION:
This treatment employs resin-in-pulp (RIP) or
carbon-in-pulp (CIP) technologies to treat soils,
sediments, dredgings, and solid residues con-
taminated with organic and inorganic material.
These technologies are based on resin ion ex-
change and resin or carbon adsorption of con-
taminants from a leached soil-slurry mixture.
RIP and CIP processes are used on a commer-
cial scale to recover metals from ores. The RIP
process is well established hi the recovery of
uranium and uses anion exchange resins to
adsorb uranium ions leached from ore. The CIP
process is commonly used to recover precious
metals. In this process, activated carbon adsorbs
gold and silver leached as cyanide complexes.
The figure below illustrates the process for
metals and other inorganically contaminated
soils. Incoming material is screened, and over-
sized material is crushed. The two fractions are
then combined and leached in an agitated tank,
where the contaminants are extracted. The
leached solids are then passed to cyclones that
separate coarse and fine material. The coarse
material is washed free of contaminants, and the
wash liquors containing contaminants are passed
to the contaminant recovery section. The leach-
ed fine fraction passes to the RIP or CIP con-
tactor, where ion exchange resins or activated
carbon remove the contaminants. The difficult
fines washing step is thereby eliminated. The
resins and carbons are eluted and recycled in the
extraction step, and the concentrated con-
taminants hi the eluate pass to the recovery
section. In the recovery section, precipitation is
used to recover contaminants from the wash and
elute solutions. A concentrated solid material is
produced from the precipitate and can be dis-
posed of or treated to recover metals or other
materials. The liquid effluent from the recovery
section can be recycled to the process.
Contaminated
Soil
Wash
Water
Leach
Reagent
[fecontaminated Fines Fraction
Chemical Treatment Process
Page 236
The SITE Program assesses but does not
approve or endorse technologies.
-------
November 1992
For organically contaminated feeds, the in-pulp
or slurry process is used to treat the whole
leached solid. Organic contaminants eluted from
the resin or carbon should be treated ap-
propriately.
Both the RIP and CIP commercial scale process-
es operate in multi-stage, continuous, counter-
current contactors arranged horizontally.
WASTE APPLICABILITY:
This technology treats soils and other materials
contaminated with inorganic and organic wastes.
Inorganics include heavy metals such as copper,
chromium, zinc, mercury, and arsenic. Po-
tential applications include treatment of materials
containing organics such as chlorinated solvents,
pesticides, and polychlorinated biphenyls by
selecting appropriate extractant reagents and
sorbent materials.
STATUS:
This technology was accepted into the SITE
Emerging Technology Program in July 1991.
Laboratory studies have been underway since
January 1991. Bench-scale tests have success-
fully met targets for removal of several heavy
metal contaminants. Process data for treating
soils containing both metals and organics is
being developed. A small pilot plant capable of
treating about 2 tons per day is expected to be in
operation soon.
A suitable location for pilot-scale tests under the
SITE program will be chosen in 1993.
Davy has developed proprietary RIP and CIP
processes which are more compact and easier to
use than conventional equipment; the size of a
plant can be reduced about 80 percent.
FOR FURTHER INFORMATION:
EPA PROJECT MANAGER:
Kim Lisa Kreiton
U.S. EPA
Risk Reduction Engineering Laboratory
26 W. Martin Luther King Dr.
Cincinnati, OH 45268
513-569-7328
TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPER CONTACT:
Graham Wightman
Davy Research and Development, Limited
P.O. Box 37 Bowesfield Lane
Stockton-on-Tees
Cleveland TS18 3HA
United Kingdom
01-44-642-607108
The SITE Program assesses but does not
approve or endorse technologies.
Page 237
-------
Technology Profile
EMERGING TECHNOLOGY PROGRAM
ELECTROKINETICS, INC.
(Electrokinetic Remediation)
TECHNOLOGY DESCRIPTION:
Electrokinetic remediation is an in situ separa-
tion and removal technique used to extf act heavy
metals and organic contaminants from soils.
The technology uses direct currents across
electrodes and conditioning pore fluids cir-
culating at the electrodes to remove the con-
taminants.
The figure below illustrates the field processing
scheme, as well as the flow of ions to respective
boreholes (or trenches). A conditioning pore
fluid may be circulated at the electrodes. This
pore fluid conditions the reactions at the elec-
trodes based on remediation goals and specific
contaminants. The contaminants are either
deposited at the electrode or removed from the
conditioning fluid by a purification process.
Studies indicate that an acid front is generated at
the anode. This acid front eventually migrates
from the anode to the cathode. The phenomena
responsible for desorption of contaminants from
the soil are advance of the acid front and advec-
tion due to electro-osmosis coupled with migra-
tion due to electrical gradients. The concurrent
mobility of the ions and pore fluid decon-
taminates the soil mass. These phenomena
provide an added advantage over conventional
pumping techniques.
Bench-scale data indicate that the process may
treat both saturated and partially saturated soils.
The pore fluid supplied at the anode flushes
across the soil and saturates the deposit under
electrical currents, leading to temporary acid-
ification of the treated soil. However, equili-
brium conditions will be rapidly reestablished by
W \
Contaminated (Cu2+- ^"~^
Electrokinetic Remediation Process
Page 238
The SITE Program assesses but does not
approve or endorse technologies.
-------
November 1992
diffusion when the electrical potential is re-
moved. Metallic electrodes may dissolve as a
result of electrolysis, introducing corrosion
products into the soil mass. However, carbon or
graphite electrodes will not introduce residue
into the treated soil.
WASTE APPLICABILITY:
This technique extracts heavy metals, radio-
nuclides, and other inorganic contaminants
below their solubility limit. The technique may
also be used ex situ. Bench-scale tests have
shown removal of arsenic, benzene, cadmium,
chromium, copper, ethylbenzene, lead, nickel,
phenol, trichloroethylene, toluene, xylene, and
zinc from soils. Bench-scale studies under the
SITE Program demonstrated the feasibility of
removing uranium and thorium from kaolinite.
Limited pilot-scale field tests resulted in zinc and
arsenic removal from both clays and saturated
and unsaturated sandy clay deposits. Lead and
copper were also removed from dredged sedi-
ments. Treatment efficiency depended on the
specific chemicals, their concentrations, and the
buffering capacity of the soil. The technique
proved 85 to 95 percent efficient when removing
phenol at concentrations of 500 parts per million
(ppm). In addition, the removal efficiency for
lead, chromium, cadmium, and uranium, at
levels up to 2,000 micrograms per gram
ranged between 75 and 95 percent.
STATUS:
Bench-scale laboratory studies investigating the
removal of heavy metals, radionuclides, and
organic contaminants are complete, and radio-
nuclide removal studies are complete under the
SITE Emerging Technology Program. A
pilot-scale laboratory study investigating removal
of 2,000 /tg/g lead loaded onto kaolinite will be
complete by March 1993. A field study is also
in progress at a site with lead concentrations in
soil up to 75,000 /ig/g. Bench-scale treatability
studies and process enhancement schemes using
conditioning fluids are hi progress. The tech-
nology will be available for full-scale im-
plementation in 1993.
FOR FURTHER INFORMATION:
EPA PROJECT MANAGER:
Randy Parker
U.S. EPA
Risk Reduction Engineering Laboratory
26 West Martin Luther King Drive
Cincinnati, OH 45268
513-569-7271
TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPER CONTACT:
Yalcin Acar
Electrokinetics, Inc.
Louisiana Business and Technology Center
Louisiana State University
South Stadium Drive
Baton Rouge, LA 70803
504-388-3992
Fax: 504-388-3928
The SITE Program assesses but does not
approve or endorse technologies.
Page 239
-------
Technology Profile
EMERGING TECHNOLOGY PROGRAM
ELECTRON BEAM RESEARCH FACILITY,
FLORIDA INTERNATIONAL UNIVERSITY and
UNIVERSITY OF MIAMI
(High-Energy Electron Irradiation)
TECHNOLOGY DESCRIPTION:
High-energy electron irradiation of water solu-
tions and sludges produces a large number of
very reactive chemical species, including hydro-
gen peroxide. The reactive species that are
formed are the aqueous electron (e'^), the
hydrogen radical (H •), and the hydroxyl radical
(OH*). These short-lived intermediates react
with organic contaminants, transforming them to
nontoxic by-products. The principal reaction
that e"aq undergoes is electron transfer to halo-
gen-containing compounds, which breaks the
halogen-carbon bond and liberates the halogen
anion [for example, chlorine (Cl") or bromine
(Br~)]. The hydroxyl radical can undergo ad-
dition or hydrogen abstraction reactions, produc-
ing organic free radicals that decompose in the
presence of other hydroxyl radicals and water.
In most cases, organics are converted to carbon
dioxide, water, and salts. Lower molecular
weight aldehydes and carboxylic acids are
fprmed at very low concentrations in some
cases. These compounds are biodegradable end
products.
In the electron beam treatment process, electric-
ity is used to generate a high voltage [1.5 mega-
volts (MeV)] and electrons. The electrons are
accelerated by the voltage to approximately 95
percent of the speed of light. They are then
directed into a thin stream of water or sludge as
it falls through the beam. All reactions are
complete in less than 0.1 seconds.
The electron beam and waste flow are adjusted
to deliver the necessary dose of electrons.
Although this is a form of ionizing radiation,
there is no residual radioactivity. A full-scale
facility in Miami, Florida, can treat more than
170,000 gallons per day. The facility is equip-
ped to handle tank trucks carrying up to 6,000
Vault Exhaust Fan
Window
Exhaust Fan
Vault Exhaust Duct
Influent Line
Electron Beam Research Facility
Page 240
The SITE Program assesses but does not
approve or endorse technologies.
-------
November 1992
gallons of waste. The figure on the previous
page is a schematic of the Electron Beam Re-
search Facility in Miami, Florida.
WASTE APPLICABILITY:
This system has been found to effectively treat
a large number of common organic chemicals.
These include (1) trihalomethanes (such as
chloroform), which are found hi chlorinated
drinking water; (2) chlorinated solvents, includ-
ing carbon tetrachloride, trichloroethane, tetra-
chloroethene (PCE), trichloroethylene (TCE),
tetrachloroethylene, ethylene dibromide, di-
bromochloropropane, hexachlorobutadiene, and
hexachloroethane; (3) aromatics found in gaso-
line, including benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene,
and xylene; (4) chlorobenzene and dichloro-
benzenes; (5) phenol; and (6) dieldrin, a per-
sistent pesticide.
The technology is considered appropriate for
removing various hazardous organic compounds
from aqueous waste streams and sludges with up
to 8 percent solids.
STATUS:
This technology was accepted into the SITE
Emerging Technology Program in June 1990.
Studies have now been completed for six organic
compounds: TCE, PCE, chloroform, benzene,
toluene, and phenol. Removal efficiencies have
been determined at three solute concentrations
and three pHs (representing varying carbonate/
bicarbonate concentrations) and hi the presence
and absence of 3 percent clay. The reaction by-
products have been determined for all six com-
pounds. It appears, for the most part, that these
compounds are converted. Trace quantities
(several micrograms per liter) of formaldehyde
and other low molecular weight aldehydes have
been detected. Formic acid has also been de-
tected at low concentrations; however, these
compounds are not toxic at these concentrations.
Papers are being prepared summarizing the
results of these studies.
Additional studies are underway to determine
destruction efficiencies and to characterize
reaction by-products of carbon tetrachloride and
methylene chloride.
Potential demonstration sites are being sought.
It is anticipated that this technology will be
demonstrated at one or more sites in 1992 or
1993.
FOR FURTHER INFORMATION:
EPA PROJECT MANAGER:
Franklin Alvarez
U.S. EPA
Risk Reduction Engineering Laboratory
26 West Martin Luther King Drive
Cincinnati, OH 45268
513-569-7631
TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPER CONTACTS:
William Cooper
Drinking Water Research Center
Florida International University
Miami, FL 33199
305-348-3049
The SITE Program assesses but does not
approve or endorse technologies.
Page 241
-------
Technology Profile
EMERGING TECHNOLOGY PROGRAM
ELECTRO-PURE SYSTEMS, INC.
(Alternating Current Electrocoagulation Technology)
TECHNOLOGY DESCRIPTION:
The alternating current electrocoagulation (ACE)
technology offers an alternative to metal salts or
polymer and polyelectrolyte addition for break-
ing stable emulsions and suspensions. The
technology also removes certain metals and other
soluble pollutants in the polishing step of ef-
fluent treatment.
Electrocoagulation introduces highly charged
polyhydroxide aluminum species that prompt the
flocculation of colloidal particles and de-
stabilization of oil-in-water emulsions. The
resulting sludges, achieving liquid/liquid, and
solid/liquid phase separations, can be filtered
and dewatered more readily than those formed
by adding chemical flocculents. ACE can break
stable aqueous suspensions containing sub-
micron-sized particles of up to 10 percent total
solids and stable aqueous emulsions containing
up to 5 percent oil.
The figure below depicts the basic ACE tech-
nology process. Electrocoagulation occurs in
either a batch or continuous (one-pass) mode in
an ACE Separator™ apparatus of one of two
designs: 1) cylindrical chambers containing
fluidized beds of aluminum alloy pellets
entrained between a series of noble metal elec-
trodes, 2) or an upright box containing alum-
inum plate electrodes spaced at 0.5- to 2-inch
intervals. The working volume of the parallel
plate unit is 70 liters and that of the fluidized
bed cell, excluding the external plumbing, is 1.5
liters. They have no moving parts and can be
easily integrated into a process treatment train
for effluent, pretreatment, or polishing.
Coagulation and flocculation occur simultaneous-
ly within the ACE Separator™ as a result of
exposure of the effluent to the electric field and
dissolution of aluminum from the electrodes.
This activity usually occurs within 30 seconds
for most aqueous suspensions. After charge
neutralization and the onset of coagulation, the
suspension and emulsion may be transferred by
gravity flow to the product separation step.
Product separation occurs in conventional grav-
ity-separation, decant vessels or through pressure
or vacuum filtration. Coagulation and floc-
Vent or
Treat Gas
Aqueous
Supenslon^
or Emulsion
t
A.C.
COAGULATOR
Solid
Product
Separation
Air for
Trubulence
Alternating Current Electrocoagulation (ACE)
Page 242
The SITE Program assesses but does not
approve or endorse technologies.
-------
November 1992
culation continue until complete phase separation
is achieved. Each phase (oil, water, and solid)
is removed for reuse, recycling, further treat-
ment, or disposal. Waste is removed by using
surface skimming, bottom scraping, and decant-
ing.
The technology can be used with conventional
water treatment systems, including those relying
on metal precipitation, membrane separation
technologies, mobile dewatering and incineration
units, and soil extraction systems. A typical
decontamination application, for example, would
produce a water phase that could be discharged
directly to a stream or local wastewater treat-
ment plant for further treatment. The solid
phase would be shipped off site for disposal, and
the dewatering filtrate would be recycled. Any
floatable material would be reclaimed, refined,
or disposed of.
WASTE APPLICABILITY:
The ACE technology treats aqueous-based
suspensions and emulsions such as contaminated
groundwater, surface runoff, landfill leachate,
truck wash, scrubber solutions, treated effluents,
and extract solutions. The suspensions include
solids such as inorganic and organic pigments,
clays, metallic powders, metal ores, and natural
colloidal matter. The emulsions include a
variety of organic solid and liquid contaminants,
including petroleum-based by-products.
The technology has reduced the loadings of
aqueous clay, latex, and titanium dioxide suspen-
sions over 90 percent. Reductions exceeding 80
percent in the chemical oxygen demand and total
organic carbon contents of diesel fuel-spiked
slurries have been achieved. The technology has
also removed up to 56 percent lead, 96 percent
copper, 91 percent zinc, 97 percent phosphate,
and 56 percent fluoride.
ACE technology has been used to recover fine-
grained products (latex, titanium dioxide, and
edible oil solids) from industrial process streams
that would otherwise have been discharged to the
sewer system.
STATUS:
This technology was accepted into the SITE
Emerging Technology Program in July 1988.
The second year of laboratory-scale testing and
development is complete. The final report has
been submitted to EPA. Experiments on end-
member metals and complex synthetic soil
slurries have defined major operating parameters
for broad classes of effluents. The technology
has been modified to both minimize electric
power consumption and maximize effluent
throughput rates. Results indicate that electro-
coagulation produces aqueous and solid separa-
tions comparable to those produced by chemical
flocculent addition, but with reduced filtration
times and sludge volumes.
FOR FURTHER INFORMATION:
EPA PROJECT MANAGER:
Naomi Barkley
U.S. EPA
Risk Reduction Engineering Laboratory
26 West Martin Luther King Drive
Cincinnati, OH 45268
513-569-7854
TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPER CONTACT:
Thomas Stanczyk
Electro-Pure Systems, Inc.
10 Hazelwood Drive, Suite 106
Amherst, NY 14228-2298
Office: 716-691-2610
Laboratory: 716-691-2613
Fax: 716-691-3011
The SITE Program assesses but does not
approve or endorse technologies.
Page 243
-------
Technology Profile
EMERGING TECHNOLOGY PROGRAM
M. L. ENERGIA, INC.
(Reductive Photo-Dechlorbiation Treatment)
TECHNOLOGY DESCRIFnON:
The Reductive Photo-Dechlorination (RPD)
treatment uses ultraviolet (UV) light in a reduc-
ing atmosphere to remove chlorine atoms from
organochlorine-contaminated wastes at temper-
atures below 500 degrees Celsius (°C). Because
chlorinated organics are destroyed hi a reducing
environment, process by-products include hydro-
carbons and hydrogen chloride (HC1).
All reactions central to the process occur in the
thermal treatment chamber (see figure below).
Saturated, olefinic, or aromatic chlorocarbons
with one or more carbon-chloride bonds are
exposed to UV light; heat; and a reducing
atmosphere, such as hydrogen gas or methane
(natural gas). Carbon-chlorine bonds are brok-
en, resulting in chain-propagating hydrocarbon
reactions. Chlorine atoms are eventually stabil-
ized as HC1. Hydrocarbons may either hold
their original structure, rearrange, cleave, coup-
le, or go through additional hydrogenation.
Hydrocarbons produced from the dechlorination
of wastes include ethane, ethylene, and methane.
These hydrocarbons can be recycled as industrial
intermediates, or as fuel.
Chlorinated wastes may be introduced into the
process in one of three ways: (1) as a liquid,
(2) as a vapor, or (3) bound with an adsorbent,
such as carbon. Liquids are fed into a vapor-
izer, mixed with a reducing gas, and passed into
the photothermal chamber. If treating a con-
taminated vapor, the stream first passes through
a separator, which removes chlorinated materials
as a liquid. If the wastes are adsorbed onto
carbon, they are mildly heated and purged with
reducing gas to induce volatilization. The
chlorinated vapors are then fed to the treatment
chamber and mixed with the reducing gases. In
the treatment chamber, the mixture is heated to
a temperature that will sustain radical chain
reactions. Radicals are created using UV light
that breaks carbon-chlorine bonds. After a
suitable residence time, HC1 is scrubbed from
Air Stream,
Saturated With
Volatile
Chlorocarbons
H2/CH4/ Irradiate
Natural Gas
Air
Reductive Photo-Dechlorination (RPD) Treatment
Page 244
The SITE Program assesses but does not
approve or endorse technologies.
-------
November 1992
the mixture. Hydrocarbons can be recycled as
an energy source to heat the thermal chamber.
WASTE APPLICABILITY:
The RPD process is designed specifically to treat
volatile chlorinated wastes in the liquid or
gaseous state. Field applications include treat-
ment of organic wastes produced from soil
venting operations and those adsorbed on act-
ivated carbon. The process can also be used to
pretreat gas streams entering catalytic oxidation
systems, reducing chlorine content and thereby
protecting the catalyst against poisoning.
STATUS:
The RPD technology, developed under the EPA
Small Business Innovation Research program,
was accepted into the SITE Emerging Tech-
nology Program in summer 1992. The principal
objective under the SITE Program is to design,
construct, and test the effectiveness of a pilot-
scale RPD apparatus in treating waste streams
containing chlorocarbons such as 1,1,1-trichloro-
ethane, trichloroethene, and/or dichloromethane.
FOR FURTHER INFORMATION:
EPA PROJECT MANAGER:
Michelle Simon
U.S. EPA
Risk Reduction Engineering Laboratory
26 West Martin Luther King Drive
Cincinnati, OH 45268
513-569-7469
Fax: 513-569-7676
TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPER CONTACT:
Moshe Lavid
M. L. ENERGIA, Inc.
P.O. Box 1468
Princeton, NJ 08542
609-799-7970
Fax: 609-799-0312
The SITE Program assesses but does not
approve or endorse technologies.
Page 245
-------
Technology Profile
EMERGING TECHNOLOGY PROGRAM
ENERGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING, INC.
(Laser-Induced Photochemical Oxidative Destruction)
TECHNOLOGY DESCRIPTION:
This technology photochemically oxidizes or-
ganic compounds in wastewater using a chemical
oxidant and ultraviolet (UV) radiation from an
Excimer laser. The photochemical reaction can
reduce saturated concentrations of organics in
water to nondetectable levels. The beam energy
is predominantly absorbed by the organic com-
pound and the oxidant, making both species
reactive. The process can be used as a final
treatment step to reduce organic contamination
in groundwater and industrial wastewaters to
acceptable discharge limits.
The existing system can treat a solution con-
taining 32 parts per million of total organic
carbon at a rate of 1 gallon per minute. The
system consists of a photochemical reactor,
where oxidation occurs, and an effluent storage
tank to contain reaction products. The design of
the portable, skid-mounted system depends on
the chemical composition of the groundwater or
wastewater being treated.
Typically, contaminated groundwater is pumped
through a filter unit to remove suspended part-
icles. Next, the filtrate is fed to the photo-
chemical reactor and irradiated. Hydrogen
peroxide (H2O2), is then added to provide hydro-
xyl radicals required for oxidation. The overall
reaction is as follows:
CaHbX + [2a + 0.5(6 -
aCO2 + [2a+(b-iy\H2O
where CaHbX = a halogenated contaminant in
the aqueous phase. Reaction products are
carbon dioxide, water, and the appropriate
halogen acid.
The reactor effluent is directed to a vented
storage tank, where the carbon dioxide (COz)
oxidation product is vented. An appropriate
base [such as calcium carbonate (CaCO3)] may
be added to the storage tank to neutralize any
halogenated acids.
The reaction kinetics depend on (1) contaminant
concentration, (2) peroxide concentration,
(3) irradiation dose, and (4) irradiation fre-
quency.
The table below presents typical reaction times
for specific levels of destruction for several
toxicants.
DESTRUCTION OF TOXIC ORGANICS BY
LASER-INDUCED PHOTOCHEMICAL OXIDATION
Compound
Benzene
Benzidine
Chlorobenzene
Chlorophenol
Dichloroethene
Phenol
Reaction Time
(hrs)
96
288
114
72
624
72
Destruction Removal
Efficiency Achieved
(percent)
91
88
98
100
88
100
WASTE APPLICABILITY:
This technology treats groundwater and in-
dustrial wastewater containing organics. Greater
than 95 percent destruction removal efficiency
has been obtained for chlorobenzene, chloro-
phenol, and phenol.
The table on the next page lists compounds
destroyed by UV ozonation processes that can
Page 246
The SITE Program assesses but does not
approve or endorse technologies.
-------
November 1992
also be treated by laser-induced photochemical
oxidative destruction.
COMPOUNDS TREATED WITH UV/OXIDATION
Ethers
Aromatic Amines
Toluene
Xylene
Complexed Cyanides
Trichloroethane
Polycyclic Aromatics
Dichloroethane
Perchloroethylene
Hydrazine
Cresols
Polynitrophenols
1,4-dioxane
Pentachlorophenol
Ethylenediaminetetraacetic
Acid
Pesticides
Benzene
Ethylbenzene
Citric Acid
Phenol
Trinitrotoluene
Trichloroethylene
Dioxins
Methylene Chloride
Diohloroethylene
Cyclonite
Polychlorinated
Biphenyls
Ketones
Vinyl Chloride
FOR FURTHER INFORMATION:
EPA PROJECT MANAGER:
Ronald Lewis
U.S. EPA
26 West Martin Luther King Drive
Risk Reduction Engineering Laboratory
Cincinnati, OH 45268
513-569-7856
TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPER CONTACT:
James Porter
Energy and Environmental Engineering, Inc.
P.O. Box 215
East Cambridge, MA 02141
617-666-5500
STATUS:
This technology was accepted into the SITE
Emerging Technology Program in 1987. The
process has been invited to participate in the
SITE Demonstration Program. The developer
will conduct treatability studies for prospective
clients and is seeking funding for a full-scale
pilot system. The technology is cost-competitive
with other UV/oxidation processes and carbon
adsorption.
The SITE Program assesses but does not
approve or endorse technologies.
Page 247
-------
Technology Profile
EMERGING TECHNOLOGY PROGRAM
ENERGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH CORPORATION
(Hybrid Fluidized Bed System)
TECHNOLOGY DESCRIPTION:
The Hybrid Fluidized Bed, (HFB) system treats
contaminated solids and sludges by
(1) incinerating organic compounds and (2) ex-
tracting and detoxifying volatile metals. The
system consists of three stages: a spouted bed,
a fluidized afterburner, and a high temperature
particulate soil extraction system.
First, the spouted bed rapidly heats solids and
sludges to extract volatile organic and inorganic
compounds. The bed retains larger soil clumps
until they are reduced in size but allows fine
material to quickly pass through. This segrega-
tion process is beneficial because organic con-
taminants in fine particles vaporize very rapidly.
The decontamination tune for large particles is
longer due to heat and mass transfer limitations.
The central spouting region is operated with an
inlet gas velocity of greater than 150 feet per
second (ft/sec). This creates an abrasion and
grinding action, rapidly reducing the size of the
feed materials through attrition. The spouted
bed operates between 1,500 degrees Fahrenheit
(°F) and 1,700°F, under oxidizing conditions.
Organic vapors, volatile metals, and fine soil
particles are carried from the spouted bed
through an open-hole type distributor, which
forms the bottom of the second stage, the fluid-
ized bed afterburner. This stage provides
sufficient retention time and mixing to incinerate
the organic compounds that escape the spouted
bed, resulting in a destruction and removal
efficiency greater than 99.999 percent. In
addition, this stage contains bed materials that
absorb metal vapors, capture fine particles, and
promote the formation of insoluble metal silicat-
es. A slightly sticky bed is advantageous be-
cause of its particle retention properties.
In the third stage, the high temperature par-
ticulate soil extraction system, clean processed
soil is removed from the effluent gas stream
with one or two hot cyclones. The clean soil is
extracted hot to prevent unreacted volatile metal
species from forming. Off-gases are then
quenched and passed through a conventional
baghouse to capture the condensed metal vapors.
Generally, material handling problems create
major operational difficulties for soil cleanup
devices. The HFB uses a specially designed
auger feed system. Solids and sludges are
dropped through a lock hopper system into an
auger shredder, which is a rugged, low revolu-
tions per minute (rpm) feeding/grinding device.
Standard augers are simple and reliable, but they
are susceptible to clogging due to compression
of the feed in the auger. In this design, the
auger shredder is close-coupled to the spouted
bed to reduce compression and clump formation
Page 248
The SITE Program assesses but does not
approve or endorse technologies.
-------
November 1992
during feeding. The close couple arrangement
locates the tip of the auger screw several inches
from the internal surface of the spouted bed,
preventing the formation of soil plugs.
WASTE APPLICABILITY:
This technology is applicable to soils and sludg-
es contaminated with organic and volatile inor-
ganic contaminants. Non-volatile inorganics are
not affected.
STATUS:
This technology was accepted into the SITE
Emerging Technology Program in January 1990.
Design and construction of the commercial
prototype Spouted Bed Incinerator is complete.
FOR FURTHER INFORMATION:
EPA PROJECT MANAGER:
Teri Richardson
U.S. EPA
Risk Reduction Engineering Laboratory
26 West Martin Luther King Drive
Cincinnati, OH 45268
513-569-7949
TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPER CONTACT:
D. Gene Taylor
Energy and Environmental Research
Corporation
18 Mason Street
Irvine, CA 92718
714-859-8851
The SITE Program assesses but does not
approve or endorse technologies.
Page 249
-------
Technology Profile
EMERGING TECHNOLOGY PROGRAM
ENVIRO-SCIENCES, INC., and
ART INTERNATIONAL, INC.
(Low-Energy Solvent Extraction Process)
TECHNOLOGY DESCRIPTION:
The Low-Energy Solvent Extraction Process
(LEEF") uses common organic solvents to
extract and concentrate organic pollutants from
soils, sediments, and sludges (see figure below).
The contaminants are leached from the solids
with a hydrophilic (water-miscible) leaching
solvent using a counter-current contactor. The
contaminants are then concentrated in a hydro-
phobic (water-immiscible) stripping solvent.
While the leaching solvent is recycled internally,
the hydrophobic stripping solvent containing all
of the contaminants is removed from the process
for off-site disposal. Decontaminated solids are
then returned to the environment.
The selected solvents are readily available and
inexpensive, and are applicable to almost every
type of organic contaminant. Most organic
contaminants of interest exhibit a high solubility
in the solvents. Particles of earth materials,
such as soils and sediments, have fast settling
rates in the selected solvents. The hydrophilic
solvent is able to remove the otherwise imperm-
eable water film surrounding the solid particles.
These characteristics allow high leaching ef-
ficiencies at high leaching rates. Because of the
favorable physical properties of the leaching
solvent, the solvent can be recycled at a low
energy cost.
The LEEP* technology is capable of operating
at ambient conditions and involves simple-to-use,
heavy-duty equipment. The LEEPSM design
generally allows for a wide range of processing
conditions, enabling the process to achieve
required cleanup levels for virtually every
organic contaminant.
The projected system capacity of the LEEP9M is
10 to 15 tons per hour. The number of treat-
ment stages required depends on operating
conditions, which can be adjusted to match site-
specific parameters. The required cleanup levels
can thus be achieved without multiple passes of
(Contaminateo\
I Solids J
Leaching
Unit
Solids/
Residual Solvent
Contaminated
Solvent
Residual
Solvent
Removal
Clean
Solids
Clean
. Solvent
/ConcentratedV
|contaminantsT
Liquid-Liquid
Extraction
Extractant
Solvent
Recovery
Low Energy Solvent Extraction Process (LEEPSM)
Page 250
The SITE Program assesses but does not
approve or endorse technologies.
-------
November 1992
the same material. Also, the design of the
leaching unit allows the simultaneous use of
different leaching solvents.
WASTE APPLICABILITY:
The process was originally designed to remove
polychlorinated biphenyls (PCB) from sedi-
ments. However, it has been shown to have
much broader application, including petroleum
hydrocarbon, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon,
pesticide, wood preserving chlorophenol form-
ulation, and tar removal capacity.
LEEP8M has been used in bench-scale treatability
studies to successfully decontaminate the fol-
lowing wastes:
• PCB-contaminated solids, including
- Sediments from the Hudson River and
Waukegan Harbor contaminated with
PCBs (Aroclors 1242 and 1254) and
mineral oil
- Topsoil contaminated with PCBs
(Aroclor 1260)
- Surface cover from an electric utility
containing PCBs (Aroclor 1260)
- Subsoil consisting of silt and clay
contaminated with PCBs (Aroclor
1260)
• Refinery sludges, including
- Rain water impoundment sludge
- Slop oil emulsion solids
• Oil contaminated solids, including
- Subsoil contaminated with cutting oil
used in metal machining
- Fill material contaminated with fuel
oil No. 6
• Manufactured gas plant soil, including
soil contaminated with tar
Pilot-plant treatability studies using LEEP8* have
been successfully completed on soil con-
taminated with tar from gas plant sites.
STATUS:
The process concept was developed in 1987
under a EPA research grant. The technology
was accepted into the SITE Emerging Tech-
nology Program in July 1989. A bench-scale
process has been developed and bench-scale
treatability studies for field application are
on-going. A LEEPH pilot plant has been
designed and constructed. This pilot plant is
continuously tested with third party waste mater-
ial.
FOR FURTHER INFORMATION:
EPA PROJECT MANAGER:
S. Jackson Hubbard
U.S. EPA
Risk Reduction Engineering Laboratory
26 West Martin Luther King Drive
Cincinnati, OH 45268
513-569-7507
TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPER CONTACT:
Werner Steiner
ART International, Inc.
100 Ford Road
Denville, NJ 07834
201-627-7601
Fax: 201-627-6524
The SITE Program assesses but does not
approve or endorse technologies.
Page 251
-------
Technology Profile
EMERGING TECHNOLOGY PROGRAM
FERRO CORPORATION
(Waste Vitrification Through Electric Melting)
TECHNOLOGY DESCRIPTION:
Vitrification technology converts contaminated
soils, sediments, and sludges into oxide glasses,
rendering them nontoxic and suitable for land-
filling as a nonhazardous material. The tech-
nology chemically bonds inorganic and toxic
species into an oxide glass, changing them
chemically to a nontoxic form.
Successful vitrification of soils, sediments, and
sludges requires: (1) the development of glass
compositions tailored to the waste being treated,
and (2) a glass melting technology that can
convert the waste and additives into a stable
glass without producing toxic emissions.
Because of its low toxic emission rate, an elec-
tric melter may be more beneficial than a fossil
fuel melter for vitrifying toxic wastes.
In an electric melter, glass — an ionic conductor
of relatively high electrical resistivity — can be
kept molten through joule heating. Such melters
process waste under a relatively thick blanket of
feed material, which forms a counter-flow
scrubber which limits volatile emissions (see
figure below). In contrast, fossil fuel melters
have large, exposed molten glass surface areas
from which hazardous constituents can volatilize.
Commercial electric melters have significantly
reduced the loss of inorganic volatile con-
stituents such as boric anhydride (B2O3) or lead
oxide (PbO). Because of its low emission rate
and small volume of exhaust gases, electric
GLASS-MAKING
MATERIALS
Electrode
FRIT, MARBLES, etc.
STABLE
GLASS
MBL>
Steel
DISPOSAL
Electric Furnace Vitrification
Page 252
The SITE Program assesses but does not
approve or endorse technologies.
-------
November 1992
melting is a promising technology for incorp-
orating waste into a stable glass.
WASTE APPLICABILITY:
Vitrification stabilizes inorganic components
found in hazardous waste. In addition, the high
temperature involved in glass production [about
1,500 degrees Celsius (°C)] decomposes organic
material in the waste to relatively harmless
components, which can be removed easily from
the low volume of melter off-gas.
STATUS:
Several glass compositions suitable for process-
ing synthetic soil matrix IV (SSM-IV) have been
developed and subjected to TCLP testing. Ten
independent replicates of the preferred com-
position produced the following results:
Metal
As
Cd
Gr
Cu
Pb
Ni
Zn
TCLP analyte concentration, ppm
Remediation
Limit
5
1
5
5
5
5
5
Mean of Glass
Replicates
<0.100
<0.010
0.019
0.355
0.130
<0.010
0.293
The mean analyte concentrations were less than
10 percent of the remediation limit at a statistical
confidence of 95 percent.
SSM-IV and additives (sand, soda ash, and other
minerals) required to convert it to the preferred
glass composition have been processed in a
laboratory scale electric melter. Three separate
campaigns have produced glass at 17 pounds per
hour at a fill of 67 percent SSM-IV and 33
percent glass-making additives. Ferro's ex-
perience indicates that an equivalent rate would
be 1 ton per hour in an electric melter used to
treat wastes at a Superfund site.
The final phase of the existing program will test
a pilot-scale electric melter. Its output rate is
expected to be about 150 to 200 pounds per
hour, about 10 percent that of the full-size
melter. Emission testing will be part of this
phase.
FOR FURTHER INFORMATION:
EPA PROJECT MANAGER:
Randy Parker
U.S. EPA
Risk Reduction Engineering Laboratory
26 West Martin Luther King Drive
Cincinnati, OH 45268
513-569-7271
TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPER CONTACT:
Emilio Spinosa
Ferro Corporation
Corporate Research
7500 East Pleasant Valley Road
Independence, OH 44131
216-641-8580
The SITE Program assesses but does not
approve or endorse technologies.
Page 253
-------
Technology Profile
EMERGING TECHNOLOGY PROGRAM
GROXJNDWATER TECHNOLOGY GOVERNMENT SERVICES, INC.
(Below-Grade Bioremediation Cell)
TECHNOLOGY DESCRIFnON:
This technology utilizes bioremediation to treat
soils contaminated with cyclodiene insecticides,
such as chlordane and heptachlor.
Bioremediation is a proven technique for the
remediation of soils containing a variety of
organic compounds. The process involves
stimulating the indigenous microbial population
to degrade organic wastes into biomass and
harmless by-products of microbial metabolism
such as carbon dioxide, water, and inorganic
salts. The process relies on aerobic metabolism
of microorganisms present at the site.
In this process, contaminated soils are ex-
cavated, and the site is lined with an imperm-
eable layer. The liner is used to protect against
possible groundwater contamination during
operation of the bioremediation system. A
leachate collection system is installed to avoid
saturated conditions at the site. The excavated
soil is conditioned using shredding and sieving
equipment, and bulking agents are added to
assist in increasing air permeability. Soil
amendments such as inorganic nutrients and
micronutrients are added. The soil is placed hi
the excavated and lined pit, and a
negative-pressure vacuum extraction system is
installed. The vacuum system controls and
captures any volatile organic compounds releas-
ed during operation and provides oxygen for
aerobic degradation of the contaminant. Upon
completion of the project, soils may be left in
place or disposed of. The figure below is a
schematic diagram of the technology.
WASTE APPLICABILITY:
Applicable waste media include soil, sludge, and
sediment. This technology is being developed
specifically for cyclodiene insecticides; however,
the process is applicable to all biodegradable
Treated Contaminated Soils
Aeration and Vapor Abatement System
Surface Grade
Excavated and Lined Reactor Cell
Below-Grade Bioremediation Cell
Page 254
The SITE Program assesses but does not
approve or endorse technologies.
-------
November 1992
organic compounds. Residuals expected after
treatment include carbon dioxide, water, and
inorganic chloride salts.
STATUS:
This technology was accepted into the SITE
Emerging Technology Program in summer 1991.
Initial treatability studies were concluded hi
spring 1992. The results of these studies in-
dicate that degradation of chlordane and hepta-
chlor can be accelerated by the process, and that
treatment times vary between 3 months and 2
years, depending on the initial contaminant
concentration.
Additional laboratory testing is being conducted
to quantify additional treatment options, such as
use of white rot fungi or chemical oxidation
during the soil conditioning phase of the project.
Field trials are scheduled to begin in spring
1993. Approximately 500 cubic yards of con-
taminated soil will be treated by the process.
FOR FURTHER INFORMATION:
EPA PROJECT MANAGER:
Ronald Lewis
U.S. EPA
Risk Reduction Engineering Laboratory
26 West Martin Luther King Drive
Cincinnati, OH 45268
513-569-7856
TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPER CONTACT:
Ronald Hicks
Groundwater Technology Government
Services, Inc.
4057 Port Chicago Highway
Concord, CA 94520
510-671-2387
Fax: 510-685-9148
The SITE Program assesses but does not
approve or endorse technologies.
Page 255
-------
Technology Profile
EMERGING TECHNOLOGY PROGRAM
HAZARDOUS SUBSTANCE MANAGEMENT RESEARCH CENTER
at NEW JERSEY INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY
(Pneumatic Fracturing/Bioremediation)
TECHNOLOGY DESCRIPTION:
This technology integrates two innovative tech-
niques — pneumatic fracturing and bioremedia-
tion — to enhance in situ remediation of soils
contaminated with petroleum contaminants.
The pneumatic fracturing process consists of
injecting high-pressure air or other gas into soil
formations at controlled flow rates and pres-
sures. In low permeability soils, the process
creates conductive channels in the formation.
These channels increase the permeability and
exposed surface area of the soil, accelerating
removal and treatment of the contaminants. In
high permeability soils, the process provides a
means for rapidly aerating the soil formation.
The technology uses pneumatic fracturing to
enhance microbial processes, in staggered spatial
distribution for maximum effectiveness (see
figures). Aerobic processes dominate at the
fracture interfaces and, to a limited distance,
into the soil away from the fracture. Depletion
of oxygen during aerobic biodegradation allows
methanogenic and denitrifying populations to
form at greater distances from the fractures.
Contaminant diffusion processes are toward the
ifracture, serving as a substrate for various
microbial populations. This stacking arrange-
In jection
(nutrients, air, etc.)
r Supplemental
A Nutrients
Vadose Zone
-Detail "A"
Aquifer
Vadose Zone Biodegradation With Fracturing and Vapor Stripping
Page 256
The SITE Program assesses but does not
approve or endorse technologies.
-------
November 1992
ment enhances the growth of aerobic microbial
populations by reducing substrate concentrations
in the denitrifying and methanogenic zones.
WASTE APPLICABILITY:
This technology remediates soil contaminated
with petroleum hydrocarbons, benzene, toluene,
and xylene.
STATUS:
This technology was accepted into the SITE
Emerging Technology Program in July 1991. A
site at Marcus Hook, Pennsylvania has been
selected to demonstrate this technology. Site
characterization is complete and studies are
underway to develop data needed for optimal
design of the pilot-scale testing apparatus and
testing protocols. Field pilot-scale testing is
scheduled for fall 1992.
FOR FURTHER INFORMATION:
EPA PROJECT MANAGER:
Uwe Frank
U.S. EPA
Risk Reduction Engineering Laboratory
2890 Woodbridge Avenue
Edison, NJ 08837
908-321-6626
TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPER CONTACT:
John Schuring
Hazardous Substance Management Research
Center at New Jersey Institute of Tech-
nology
138 Warren Street
Newark, NJ 07102
201-596-5849
Bulk
Convection"
Nutrients
Contaminant
Nitrate
Oxygen
X=0
Denitrifying
Methanogenic
Contaminant, Oxygen, Nutrient, and Reaction Product Fluxes
The SITE Program assesses but does not
approve or endorse technologies.
Page 257
-------
Technology Profile
EMERGING TECHNOLOGY PROGRAM
INSTITUTE OF GAS TECHNOLOGY
(Chemical and Biological Treatment)
TECHNOLOGY DESCRIPTION:
The Institute of Gas Technology's (IGT) Chem-
ical and Biological Treatment (CBT) process
remediates sludges and soils contaminated with
organic compounds. The treatment system
combines two remedial techniques: (1) chemical
oxidation as pretreatment, and (2) biological
treatment using aerobic and anaerobic bio-
systems either in sequence or alone, depending
on the waste. The CBT process uses mild
chemical treatment to produce intermediates that
are biologically degraded, reducing both the cost
and risk associated with a more severe chemical
treatment process.
In chemical treatment and oxidation, metal salts
and hydrogen peroxide are used to produce the
hydroxyl radical, a powerful oxidizer. The
reaction of the hydroxyl radical with organic
contaminants causes chain reactions, resulting in
modification and degradation of organics to
biodegradable and environmentally benign
products. These products are later destroyed in
the biological treatment step.
Wet oxidation and ozone (O3) are other com-
monly used chemical oxidation techniques that
will be evaluated and compared with Fenton's
reagent. Wet oxidation is a thermal treatment
process in which slurry consisting of water and
carbonaceous material is heated to temperatures
ranging from 250 to 650 degrees Fahrenheit
under air or oxygen pressure. Depending on the
temperature, residence time, and the type of
compounds being oxidized, carbonaceous mater-
ial is either oxidized to carbon dioxide and
water, or modified for subsequent biodegrada-
tion. The CBT process will be compared with
wet oxidation or ozonation with and without
CO2
For TCE, PAHs
CH4 , CO2
AEROBIC
ANAEROBIC
Clean^
r
Product
Contaminated
soil/sludge
CHEMICAL
OXIDATION
For RGBs
ANAEROBIC
t
CH4 , CO2
t
f
AEROBIC
t
C02
Clean^
f
Product
Chemical and Biological Treatment (CBT) Process
Page 258
The SITE Program assesses but does not
approve or endorse technologies.
-------
November 1992
chemical treatment. Special pressure vessels,
which can withstand high temperatures and
pressures, are used in these studies.
The figure below shows some of the options
available for application. The contaminated
material is treated with a chemical reagent that
degrades the organopollutants to carbon dioxide,
water, and more biodegradable,
partially-oxidized intermediates. Additional
treatment with O3 and mild wet oxidation may
increase the efficiency of thepretreatment oxida-
tion process. In the second stage of the CBT
process, biological systems are used to degrade
the hazardous residual materials and the
partially-oxidized material from the first stage.
Chemically-treated wastes are subject to cycles
of aerobic and anaerobic degradation if aerobic
or anaerobic treatment alone is not sufficient.
WASTE APPLICABILITY:
The CBT process can be applied to soils con-
taining high and low waste concentrations in
sediments and sludges that would typically
inhibit bioremediation. The process is not
adversely affected by radionuclides or heavy
metals. Depending on the types of heavy metals
present, these metals will either bioaccumulate in
the biomass, complex with organic or inorganic
material in the soil slurries, or solubilize in the
recycled water. The CBT process can be ap-
plied to a wide range of organic pollutants,
including alkenes, chlorinated alkenes, aro-
matics, substituted aromatics, and complex
aromatics. Applicable matrices include soil,
sludge, groundwater, and surface water.
STATUS:
This technology was accepted into the SITE
Emerging Technology Program in January 1991.
IGT has completed the first year of testing the
CBT process. This testing included laboratory-
scale evaluation of important operational para-
meters for applying the technology to soils
contaminated with polychlorinated biphenyls
(PCB). Results indicate that this technology can
treat PCBs, with some modifications to the
original treatment protocol.
IGT's CBT technology continues to be suc-
cessfully applied to polycyclic aromation hydro-
carbon (PAH)-contaminated soils. Two field
tests are planned under other non-EPA supported
programs. Both land-treatment-based and bio-
slurry field tests have been planned. The CBT
process consistently outperforms conventional
bioremediation, especially with multi-ring (4-6)
PAH compounds, The CBT process increases
both the rate and extent of removal of con-
tamination from various types of soils.
FOR FURTHER INFORMATION:
EPA PROJECT MANAGER:
Naomi Barkley
U.S. EPA
Risk Reduction Engineering Laboratory
26 West Martin Luther King Drive
Cincinnati, OH 45268
513-569-7854
TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPER CONTACT:
Robert Kelley
Institute of Gas Technology
3424 South State Street
Chicago, IL 60616-3896
312-567-3809
Fax: 312-567-5209
The SITE Program assesses but does not
approve or endorse technologies.
Page 259
-------
Technology Profile
EMERGING TECHNOLOGY PROGRAM
INSTITUTE OF GAS TECHNOLOGY
(Fluid Extraction-Biological Degradation Process)
TECHNOLOGY DESCRIPTION:
The fluid extraction-biological degradation
(FEED) process is a three-step process that
remediates organic contaminants hi soil (see
figure below). It combines three distinct tech-
nologies: (1) fluid extraction, which removes
the organics from contaminated solids; (2) sep-
aration, which transfers the pollutants from the
extract to a biologically-compatible solvent; and
(3) biological treatment, which degrades the
pollutants to innocuous end-products.
In the fluid extraction step, excavated soils are
placed in a pressure vessel and extracted with a
recirculated stream of supercritical or near-
supercritical carbon dioxide. An extraction co-
solvent increases removal of many contaminants.
Following extraction, organic contaminants are
transferred to a biologically-compatible separa-
tion solvent such as water or a water/methanol
mixture. The separation solvent is sent to the
final stage of the process, where bacteria
degrade the waste to carbon dioxide and water.
Clean extraction solvent is recycled to the ex-
traction stage.
Biodegradation occurs in aboveground aerobic
bioreactors, using mixtures of bacterial cultures
capable of degrading the contaminants. Selec-
tion of cultures is based on site characteristics.
For example, if a site is contaminated mainly
with polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH),
cultures able to metabolize or co-metabolize
•these hydrocarbons are used.
WASTE APPLICABILITY:
This technology removes organic compounds
from contaminated solids. It is more effective
on some classes of organics, such as hydro-
carbons (for example, gasoline and fuel oils),
than on others, such as halogenated solvents and
Pressure
Reducing
Valve
Contaminated
Sediments
Separation
Solvent
Extraction Solvent
with contaminants
Stage 1
EXTRACTION
Decontaminated
Sediments
Stage 2
SEPARATION
Extraction
Solvent
Recycled
or Cleaned
Extraction
Solvent
Compressor
Make-up
Extraction
Solvent
Separation Solvent
with Contaminants
Stage 3
BIOLOGICAL
DEGRADATION
Water, carbon
dioxide, and
biomass
Fluid Extraction-Biodegradation Process
Page 260
The SITE Program assesses but does not
approve or endorse technologies.
-------
November 1992
polychlorinated biphenyls. The process has also
been effective in treating nonhalogenated alipha-
tic hydrocarbons and PAHs.
STATUS:
This technology was accepted into the SITE
Emerging Technology Program in June 1990.
The developer has evaluated all three stages of
the technology with a soil from a Superfund site
that was contaminated with 2- to 6-ring PAH
compounds. Tests have also been conducted
with two former town gas site soils. These
compounds were successfully extracted and
degraded. The developer is preparing the final
report, which will be available late 1992.
FOR FURTHER INFORMATION:
EPA PROJECT MANAGER:
Annette Gatchett
U.S. EPA
Risk Reduction Engineering Laboratory
26 West Martin Luther King Drive
Cincinnati, OH 45268
513-569-7697
Fax: 513-569-7620
TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPER CONTACT:
Robert Kelley
Institute of Gas Technology
3424 South State Street
Chicago, IL 60616
312-567-3809
Fax: 312-567-5209
The SITE Program assesses but does not
approve or endorse technologies.
Page 261
-------
Technology Profile
EMERGING TECHNOLOGY PROGRAM
INSTITUTE OF GAS TECHNOLOGY
(Fluidized-Bed Cyclonic Agglomerating Incinerator)
TECHNOLOGY DESCRIPTION:
The Institute of Gas Technology (IGT) has
developed a two-stage, fluidized-bed cyclonic
agglomerating incinerator (see figure below)
based on a combination of technologies develop-
ed at IGT over many years. In the combined
system, solid, liquid, and gaseous organic wastes
can be efficiently destroyed, while solid, non-
volatile, inorganic contaminants are combined
within a glassy matrix consisting of discrete
pebble-sized agglomerates that are suitable for
disposal in a landfill.
The first stage of the incinerator is an ag-
glomerating fluidized-bed reactor, which can
operate either under substoichiometric conditions
or with excess air. The system can operate from
low temperature (desorption) to high temperature
(agglomeration). The gasification of materials
with high calorific values (for example, munici-
pal solid wastes) is also possible. With a unique
distribution of fuel and air, the bulk of the
fluidized-bed is maintained at 1,500 to 2,000
degrees Fahrenheit (°F), while the central spout
CYCLONIC
COMBUSTOR/
SEPARATOR
ieOCr-2200'F
OXIDANT, FUEL
AND COFIRED
GASEOUS
WASTE
SOLID,
SLUDGE
AND LIQUID
WASTE
FLUIDIZED-BED
INCINERATOR
1500'-2000'F
OXIDANT
AGGLOMERATED
RESIDUE
temperature can be varied between 2,000 and
3,000°F.
When the contaminated soils and sludges are fed
into the fluidized-bed, the combustible fraction
of the waste undergoes a rapid gasification and
combustion. The solid fraction, containing
inorganic and metallic contaminants, undergoes
a chemical transformation in the hot zone and is
agglomerated into glassy pellets that are essen-
tially nonleachable under the conditions of the
Toxicity Characteristic Leaching Procedure
(TCLP). The product gas from the fluidized-bed
may contain unburned hydrocarbons, furans,
dioxins, and carbon monoxide as well as the
products of complete combustion — carbon
dioxide and water.
The product gas from the fluidized-bed is fed
into the second stage of the incinerator where it
is further combusted at a temperature of 1,600
to 2,200°F. The second stage is a cyclonic
combustor and separator that provides sufficient
residence time (2.5 seconds) to oxidize carbon
monoxide and organic compounds to carbon
FLUE GAS
TO HEAT
RECOVERY OR
TREATMENT
FINES
RECIRCULATION
HOT ZONE
2000"-3000'F
OXIDANT
| OXIDANT + FUEL
Two-Stage Fluidized-Bed/Cyclonic Agglomerating Incinerator
Page 262
The SITE Program assesses but does not
approve or endorse technologies.
-------
November 1992
dioxide and water vapor. This stage has a
combined destruction removal efficiency greater
than 99.99 percent. Volatilized metals are
collected downstream in the flue gas scrubber
condensate.
IGT's two-stage fluidized-bed and cyclonic
agglomerating incinerator is not an entirely new
concept, but an improved system based on
experience with other fluidized-bed and cyclonic
combustion systems. The patented sloped-grid
design and ash discharge port in this process
were initially developed for IGT's U-GAS coal
gasification process. The cyclonic combustor
and separator is a modification of IGT's low
emissions combustor.
WASTE APPLICABILITY:
This two-stage incinerator can destroy organic
contaminants in gaseous, liquid, and solid
wastes, including soils and sludges. Gaseous
wastes can be fired directly into the cyclonic
combustor. Liquid, sludge, and solid wastes can
be co-fired directly into the fluidized-bed stage.
The particle size of the solids must be suitable
(less than 6 millimeters) to support fluidized-bed
operation; therefore, certain wastes may require
grinding or pulverization prior to incineration.
Because the solid components in the waste are
heated above their fusion temperature during the
agglomeration process, metals and other inor-
ganic materials, such as arsenic, are encap-
sulated and immobilized within the glassy
matrix.
STATUS:
This technology was accepted into the SITE
Emerging Technology Program in July 1990.
Since then, tests conducted in the batch 6-inch
diameter fluidized-bed unit to date have demon-
strated that agglomerates can be formed from the
soil. The agglomerates, produced at several
different operating conditions, exhibit low
teachability; however, the TCLP test results are
inconclusive at this tune. Additional testing is
required to demonstrate the operation of the
bench-scale unit with the elutriated fines recycl-
ed to the hot zone.
The design of a pilot-plant incinerator with a
capacity of 6 tons per day has been completed.
Construction of the pilot plant began in June
1992. Shakedown and acceptance testing of the
pilot plant is expected to be conducted during
November and December 1992.
FOR FURTHER INFORMATION:
EPA PROJECT MANAGER:
Teri Richardson
U.S. EPA
Risk Reduction Engineering Laboratory
26 West Martin Luther King Drive
Cincinnati, OH 45268
513-569-7949
TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPER CONTACT:
Amir Rehmat
Institute of Gas Technology
3424 South State Street
Chicago, IL 60616-3896
312-567-5899
The SITE Program assesses but does not
approve or endorse technologies.
Page 263
-------
Technology Profile
EMERGING TECHNOLOGY PROGRAM
IT CORPORATION
(Batch Steam Distillation and Metal Extraction)
TECHNOLOGY DESCRIPTION:
The batch steam distillation and metal extraction
treatment process is a two-stage system that
treats soils contaminated with organics and
inorganics. This technology uses conventional,
readily available process equipment and does not
produce hazardous combustion products. Haz-
ardous materials are separated from soils as
concentrates, which can then be disposed of or
recycled. Treatment effectively decontaminates
the soil, allowing it to be returned to the site.
During treatment, waste soil is slurried in water
and heated to 100 degrees Celsius (°C). This
will vaporize volatile organic compounds (VOC)
and an amount of steam equal to 5 to 10 percent
of the slurry volume (see figure below). Result-
ing vapors are condensed and decanted to sep-
arate organic contaminants from the aqueous
phase. Condensed water from the step can be
recycled through the system after further treat-
ment to remove soluble organics. The soil is
then transferred as a slurry to the metals extrac-
tion step.
After VOCs are removed, the soil slurry is
washed with hydrochloric acid to remove heavy
metals. Subsequent countercurrent batch wash-
ing with water removes residual acid from the
soil. The solids are then separated from the
final wash solution by gravimetric sedimenta-
tion. Most heavy metals are converted to chlo-
ride salts in this step. The acid extract stream is
then routed to a batch distillation system, where
excess hydrochloric acid is recovered. Bottoms
from the still, which contain heavy metals, are
precipitated as hydroxide salts and drawn off as
ia sludge for off-site disposal or recovery.
As a batch process, this treatment technology is
targeted for sites with less than 5,000 tons of
soil requiring treatment. Processing depends on
the size of equipment used and batch cycle
Recycle water from
extraction step
Off site disposal
Soil slurry to
metal extraction
or dewatering vessel
Batch distillation vessel
Batch Steam Distillation Step
Page 264
The SITE Program assesses but does not
approve or endorse technologies.
-------
November 1992
times. Estimated treatment costs per ton, inclu-
ding capital recovery, for the two steps of this
treatment are as follows:
Batch Steam Distillation
500-ton site
2,500-ton site
Metal Extraction
(including Acid Recovery)
500-ton site
2,500-ton site
$299-393/ton
$266-350/ton
$447-619/ton
$396-545/ton
WASTE APPLICABILITY:
This process may be applied to soils con-
taminated with organics, inorganics, and heavy
metals.
STATUS:
This technology was accepted into the SITE
Emerging Technology Program in January 1988.
Under the program, three pilot-scale tests have
been completed on three soils, for a total of nine
tests. Removal of benzene, toluene, ethyl-
benzene, and xylene was greater than 99 per-
cent. Removal rates for chlorinated solvents
ranged from 97 percent to 99 percent. One acid
extraction and two water washes resulted in a 95
percent removal rate for heavy metals. Toxicity
Characteristic Leaching Procedure (TCLP) tests
on the treated soils showed that soils from eight
of the nine tests met leachate criteria. Data was
also collected on the recovery rate for excess
acid and the removal rate for precipitation of
heavy metals into a concentrate.
FOR FURTHER INFORMATION:
EPA PROJECT MANAGER:
Ronald Lewis
U.S. EPA
Risk Reduction Engineering Laboratory
26 West Martin Luther King Drive
Cincinnati, OH 45268
513-569-7856
TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPER CONTACT:
Robert Fox
IT Corporation
312 Directors Drive
Knoxville, TN 37923
615-690-3211
Fax: 615-690-3626
The SITE Program assesses but does not
approve or endorse technologies.
Page 265
-------
Technology Profile
EMERGING TECHNOLOGY PROGRAM
IT CORPORATION
(Mixed Waste Treatment Process)
TECHNOLOGY DESCRIPTION:
The mixed waste treatment process treats soils
contaminated with both hazardous and radio-
active constituents. The process separates these
contaminants into distinct organic and inorganic
phases. The separated streams can then be
further minimized, recycled, or destroyed at
commercial disposal facilities, and the decon-
taminated soil can be returned to the site.
This process combines thermal desorption,
gravity separation, water treatment, and chelant
extraction. Each of these technologies has been
individually demonstrated on selected con-
taminated materials. The process flow diagram
below shows how the technologies have been
integrated to address the problems of treating
mixed waste streams.
The initial treatment step prepares the bulk
contaminated soil for processing by crushing and
grinding oversized material.
Volatile and semivolatile organics are removed
from the soil by thermal treatment. Indirect
heating of the soil in a rotating chamber volatil-
izes organic contaminants along with any mois-
ture in the soil. The soil passes through the
chamber and is collected as a dry solid. The
volatilized organics and water are condensed into
separate liquid phases. The organic phase is
•decanted and removed for disposal. The con-
taminated aqueous phase is passed through
activated carbon, removing soluble organics
before combining with the thermally treated soil.
Inorganic contaminants are removed by three
physical and chemical separation techniques:
Organic Phase
Water and
Conditioning
Agents
Heavy
Radionuclide
Particles
Radiomuclides
on Resin
Mixed Waste Treatment Process
Page 266
The SITE Program assesses but does not
approve or endorse technologies.
-------
November 1992
(1) gravity separation of high density particles,
(2) chemical precipitation of soluble metals, and
(3) chelant extraction of chemically bound
metals.
Gravity separation is used to separate higher
density particles from common soil. Radio-
nuclide contaminants are typically found hi this
fraction. Selection of the gravity separation
device (shaker table, jig, cone, or spiral) de-
pends on the distribution of contaminants and
physical properties of the thermally treated soil.
Many radionuclides and other heavy metals are
hi a form that makes them soluble or suspended
in the aqueous media used for separation. These
contaminants are separated from the soils and
are precipitated. A potassium ferrate form-
ulation is used to precipitate radionuclides. The
resulting microcrystalline precipitant is removed,
allowing recycling of the aqueous stream.
Some insoluble radionuclides remain with the
soil through the gravity separation process.
These radionuclides are removed via chelant
extraction. The chelant solution then passes
through an ion exchange resin to remove the
radionuclides and is recycled to the soil extrac-
tion step.
The contaminants are collected as concentrates
from all waste process streams for recovery or
off-site disposal at commercial hazardous waste
or radiological waste facilities. The decon-
taminated soil is then returned to the site as
clean fill.
WASTE APPLICABILITY:
This process treats soils contaminated with
organic, inorganic, and radioactive material.
STATUS:
The mixed waste treatment process was selected
for the SITE Emerging Technology Program in
October 1991. Pilot-scale testing under the
program is planned for late 1992. Individual
components of the treatment process have been
demonstrated on various wastes from U.S.
Department of Energy (DOE), U.S. Department
of Defense (DOD), and commercial sites.
Thermal separation has been used to remove and
recover PCBs from soils contaminated with
uranium and technetium. These soils were from
two separate DOE gaseous diffusion plants.
Gravity separation of radionuclides has been
demonstrated at the pilot-scale at Johnston Atoll
in the South Pacific. Gravity separation success-
fully removed plutonium from native coral soils.
Water treatment using the potassium ferrate
formulations has been demonstrated at several
DOE facilities in laboratory and full-scale tests.
This treatment reduced cadmium, copper, lead,
nickel, plutonium, silver, uranium, and zinc to
dischargeable levels. Chelant extraction has
successfully treated surface contamination in the
nuclear industry for more than 20 years. Simi-
lar results are expected for subsurface con-
tamination.
FOR FURTHER INFORMATION:
EPA PROJECT MANAGER:
Douglas Grosse
U.S. EPA
Risk Reduction Engineering Laboratory
26 West Martin Luther King Drive
Cincinnati, OH 45268
513-569-7844
TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPER CONTACT:
Ed Alperin
IT Corporation
304 Directors Drive
Knoxville, TN 37923
615-690-3211
Fax: 615-694-9573
The SITE Program assesses but does not
approve or endorse technologies.
Page 267
-------
Technology Profile
EMERGING TECHNOLOGY PROGRAM
IT CORPORATION
(Photolytic and Biological Soil Detoxification)
TECHNOLOGY DESCRIPTION:
This technology is a two-stage, hi situ photolytic
and biological detoxification process for shallow
soil contamination. The first step hi the process
is to degrade the organic contaminants by using
ultraviolet (UV) radiation. The rate of photo-
lytic degradation is several tunes faster with
artificial UV light than with natural sunlight.
The first step of degradation is enhanced by
adding detergent-like chemicals (surfactants) to
mobilize the contaminants. Photolysis of the
contaminants is expected to convert them to
more easily degraded compounds. Biological
degradation, the second step, is then used to
further destroy organic contaminants and de-
toxify the soil.
When sunlight is used for shallow soil con-
tamination, the soil is first tilled with a power
tiller and sprayed with surfactant. Tilling and
spraying are repeated frequently to expose new
surfaces. Water may also be added to maintain
soil moisture. When UV lights are used, para-
bolic reflectors suspended over the soil enhance
the amount of UV irradiation (see figure below).
After photolysis is complete, biodegradation is
enhanced by adding microorganisms and nutri-
ents and by further tilling of the soil.
When these techniques are applied to soils with
deep contamination, excavated soil is treated in
a specially constructed shallow treatment basin,
which meets the requirements of the Resource
Conservation and Recovery Act (RCRA).
The only residue generated from this com-
bination of technologies is soil contaminated
with surfactants and the end metabolites of the
biodegradation processes. The end metabolites
Photolytic Degradation Process Using UV Lights
Page 268
The SITE Program assesses but does not
approve or endorse technologies.
-------
November 1992
depend on the original contaminants. The
surfactants are common materials used in agri-
cultural formulations.
WASTE APPLICABILITY:
This technology destroys organics, particularly
dioxins such as tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin
(TCDD), polychlorinatedbiphenyls (PCB), other
polychlorinated aromatics, and polynuclear
aromatic hydrocarbons.
STATUS:
Bench-scale tests to optimize processing con-
ditions have been completed. Data are being
evaluated to select optimum conditions for pilot
testing. Bench-scale tests were conducted on
soils contaminated with either PCBs or dioxin.
Test results have shown that the effectiveness of
surface irradiation to destroy TCDDs or PCBs is
strongly influenced by the type of soil. Early
tests on soils with a sandy character had shown
greater than 90 percent removals for both
TCDDs and PCBs. Soil contaminated with
TCDDs in the bench-scale tests had a high
humic content, which decreased the effectiveness
of the UV photolysis. Soil contaminated with
PCBs in the bench-scale tests had a high clay
content. The highest removal rate for these soils
was 30 percent, measured over a 16 hour ir-
radiation time.
The bench-scale tests used a medium-pressure
mercury UV lamp; sunlight was ineffective. No
significant improvement in PCB destruction was
achieved using a pulsed UV lamp. Additional
bench-scale testing is underway to improve the
photolytic destruction of PCBs.
Isolation and enrichment techniques have made
it possible to isolate microorganisms capable of
biodegrading PCBs in contaminated soil.
The PCB pilot-scale test has received a Toxic
Substances Control Act permit for soil brought
to FT Corporation's Environmental Technology
Development Center hi Oak Ridge, Tennessee.
A RCRA Research Development and De-
monstration permit is currently being applied for
to conduct a pilot test on soil contaminated with
TCDD.
FOR FURTHER INFORMATION:
EPA PROJECT MANAGER:
Randy Parker
U.S. EPA
Risk Reduction Engineering Laboratory
26 West Martin Luther King Drive
Cincinnati, OH 45268
513-569-7271
TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPER CONTACT:
Robert Fox
IT Corporation
312 Directors Drive
Knoxville, TN 37923
615-690-3211
Fax: 615-690-3626
The SITE Program assesses but does not
approve or endorse technologies.
Page 269
-------
Technology Profile
EMERGING TECHNOLOGY PROGRAM
MEMBRANE TECHNOLOGY AND RESEARCH, INC.
(VaporSep Membrane Process)
TECHNOLOGY DESCRIPTION:
This technology uses synthetic polymer mem-
branes to remove organic contaminants from
gaseous waste streams, generating a clean air
stream and a pure liquid product stream that can
be reused or incinerated.
Solvent-contaminated air at atmospheric pressure
contacts one side of a membrane that is perm-
eable to the organic material but impermeable to
the remaining air (see figure below). A partial
vacuum on the other side of the membrane
draws the organic vapor through the membrane.
The organic vapor is then cooled and condensed.
The small volume of air that permeates the
membrane is recycled through the system.
The treated air stream may be vented, recycled,
or further treated. For more dilute waste
streams, a two-stage process is used: the org-
anic vapor is concentrated tenfold in the first
stage and another tenfold in the second stage.
The system is mobile and is significantly smaller
than carbon adsorption systems of similar ca-
pacity.
More than 20 VaporSep systems have been built
or are under construction. These systems range
in capacity from 1 to 100 standard cubic feet per
minute. The technology has been tested on air
streams contaminated with a wide range of
organics, at concentrations of 100 to over
100,000 parts per million.
WASTE APPLICABILITY:
Membrane systems can treat most air streams
containing halogenated and nonhalogenated
contaminants. Typical applications are (1) treat-
ment of air stripper exhaust before discharge to
the atmosphere, (2) reduction of process vent
„-_ ™ ) .
One-Stage Solvent Vapor Separation and Recovery Process
Page 270
The SITE Program assesses but does not
approve or endorse technologies.
-------
November 1992
emissions such as those regulated by EPA's
source performance standards for the synthetic
organic chemical manufacturing industry, and
(3) recovery of chlorofluorocarbons (CFC) and
hydrochlorofluorocarbons. Effectiveness
depends on the class of organic compound.
STATUS:
This technology was accepted into the SITE
Emerging Technology Program hi January 1990.
The process has been used at both the bench and
pilot scale, and has achieved removal efficiencies
of greater than 99.5 percent for selected or-
ganics. EPA is reviewing the final report.
Ten systems have been successfully installed in
numerous industrial processes, including CFC
and halocarbon recovery from process vents and
transfer operations, CFC recovery from re-
frigeration systems, and vinyl chloride monomer
recovery from polyvinyl chloride manufacturing
operations. A VaporSep system to treat an air
stream from a soil vacuum extraction operation
is being evaluated.
FOR FURTHER INFORMATION:
EPA PROJECT MANAGER:
Paul dePercin
U.S. EPA
Risk Reduction Engineering Laboratory
26 West Martin Luther King Drive
Cincinnati, OH 45268
513-569-7797
TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPER CONTACTS:
Hans Wijmans or Vicki Simmons
Membrane Technology and Research, Inc.
1360 Willow Road
Menlo Park, CA 94025
415-328-2228
Fax: 415-328-6580
The SITE Program assesses but does not
approve or endorse technologies.
Page 271
-------
Technology Profile
EMERGING TECHNOLOGY PROGRAM
MONTANA COLLEGE OF MINERAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY
(Air-Sparged Hydrocyclone)
TECHNOLOGY DESCRIPTION:
The air-sparged hydrocyclone (ASH) was deve-
loped at the University of Utah during the early
1980s to achieve fast flotation of fine particles in
a centrifugal field. The ASH (see figure below)
consists of two concentric right-vertical tubes
with a conventional cyclone header at the top
and a froth pedestal at the bottom. The inner
tube is a porous tube through which air is sparg-
ed. The outer tube serves as an air jacket to
evenly distribute air through the porous inner
tube.
The slurry is fed tangentially through the con-
ventional cyclone header to develop a swirl flow
of a certain thickness in the radial direction (the
swirl-layer thickness) and is discharged through
an annular opening between the insides of the
porous tube wall and the froth pedestal. Air is
sparged through the jacketed inner porous tube
wall and is sheared into small bubbles that are
radially transported, together with attached
hydrophobic particles into a froth phase that
forms on the cyclone axis. The froth phase is
Overflow
Vortex Finder.
stabilized and constrained by the froth pedestal
at the underflow, moved toward the vortex
finder of the cyclone header, and is discharged
as an overflow product. Hydrophilic particles
(water wetted) generally remain in the slurry
phase and are discharged as an underflow pro-
duct through the annulus created by the froth
pedestal.
During the past decade, large mechanical flota-
tion cells (aeration-stirred tank reactors) have
been designed, installed, and operated for min-
eral processing. In addition, considerable effort
has been made to develop column flotation
technology in the United States and elsewhere,
leading to a number of industrial installations.
Nevertheless, for both mechanical and column
cells, the specific flotation capacity is generally
limited to 1 to 2 tons per day (tpd) per cubic
foot of cell volume.
In contrast with conventional flotation equip-
ment, this ASH will have a specific flotation
capacity of at least 100 tpd per cubic foot of cell
volume.
Overflow Froth
Cylinder
Jacket
Cylinder
Jacket
Air
Nipple
Porous
Cylinder
Underflow
Air-Sparged Hydrocyclone
Page 272
The SITE Program assesses but does not
approve or endorse technologies.
-------
November 1992
Standard flotation techniques used in industrial
mineral processing are effective ways of con-
centrating materials. However, metal value
recovery using standard flotation is never com-
plete. The valuable material escaping the mill-
ing process is frequently concentrated in the
very fine particle fraction.
WASTE APPLICABILITY:
This technology may be applied to removing fine
mineral particles that are amenable to the froth
flotation process. These are generally sulfide
minerals, such as galena (lead sulfide), sphalerite
(zinc sulfide) and chalcopyrite
(copper-iron-sulfide). Finely-divided mining
wastes containing these minerals oxidize and
release the metallic elements as dissolved sul-
fates into the groundwater. Particularly ap-
plicable are tailings from older operations con-
ducted before the development of froth flotation.
Earlier operations recovered minerals through
gravity concentration methods, which did not
effectively capture fine particles and left tailings
containing relatively large concentrations of fine
sulfide minerals.
STATUS:
This technology was accepted into the SITE
Emerging Technology Program in June 1990. A
pilot plant has been in operation for the past 2
years. The most recent pilot plant trials on
tailings generated by gravity concentration have
confirmed both the device's ability to recover
sulfide minerals and the high throughput cap-
acity claimed by proponents of the ASH. The
developers would like to test ASH's ability to
treat other sulfide bearing soils and are in search
of sites at which the ASH technology could be
used for remediation. The investigators are
seeking permission from the potentially respons-
ible party to test the ASH on a different tailing
produced by gravity concentration.
FOR FURTHER INFORMATION:
EPA PROJECT MANAGER:
Eugene Harris
U.S. EPA
Risk Reduction Engineering Laboratory
26 West Martin Luther King Drive
Cincinnati, OH 45268
513-569-7862
TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPER CONTACT:
Theodore Jordan
Montana College of Mineral Science &
Technology
West Park Street
Butte, MT 57901
406-496-4112
The SITE Program assesses but does not
approve or endorse technologies.
Page 273
-------
Technology Profile
EMERGING TECHNOLOGY PROGRAM
MONTANA COLLEGE OF MINERAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY
(Campbell Centrifugal Jig)
TECHNOLOGY DESCRIPTION:
The Campbell Centrifugal Jig (CCJ) separates
very fine heavy metal particles from waste
material. The CCJ combines two widely used
methods of heavy particle separation: jigging
and centrifuging. Standard jigs have been used
to separate solids of different specific gravities
in a fluid medium through gravity-induced
differential settling. Standard jigs have the
advantage of high capacity and continuous
material flow. However, under gravity forces
alone, separation is relatively ineffective for
particles smaller than about 150 microns.
Because the motion of these particles is govern-
ed more by hydrodynamics than gravity, they
tend to remain fluidized and pass through the jig
bed and screen.
Centrifuges are very effective in separating
solids from liquids but do not effectively sep-
arate solids of different specific gravities in a
slurry.
The CCJ, shown in the figure below, combines
the continuous flow and pulsating bed of the
standard jig with the high acceleration forces of
a centrifuge to segregate and concentrate part-
icles from 150 microns to as small as 1 micron
if their specific gravities are at least 20 percent
higher than that of the waste. No additional
chemicals are required. Appropriately sized
slurried material (-50 mesh) is fed into the CCJ
through a hollow shaft at the top. This material
impinges on a diffuser plate, which has vanes to
distribute the material radially to the screen
under the influence of gravity. The material is
Slurry Inlet
Pulse Water Inlet
Cone Shroud
Bull Wheel
Pulse Block
Hutch Area
Pulso Water Outlet
C—u X il__^w_V
Access Doors
Screen
Discharge Port-
Tails Outlet
Con Outlet
Campbell Centrifugal Jig (CCJ)
Page 274
The SITE Program assesses but does not
approve or endorse technologies.
-------
November 1992
also centrifuged by the rotating screen. Pulsing
causes the heavier particles to migrate through
the jig bed and screen to become concentrates.
Particles with lower specific gravity are flushed
downward across the jig bed and become the
tailings.
The CCJ process results hi heavy metals con-
centrate which, depending on the waste material,
may be further processed for extraction and sale.
The remediated material can be returned to the
environment.
WASTE APPLICABILITY:
The CCJ can separate and concentrate a wide
variety of materials, ranging from standard
28 x 100 mesh material in fine coal cleaning to
1-micron particles in gold recovery. Ap-
plications of the CCJ include remediation of
heavy metal contaminated soil, removal of
pyritic sulfur and ash from cleanup of mine
tailings, and treatment of sand blasting grit.
STATUS:
The CCJ was accepted into the SITE Emerging
Technology Program in May 1992. Evaluation
will take place at the Montana College of Min-
eral Science & Technology (Montana Tech).
Montana Tech has equipped a pilot plant which
is suitable to evaluate the Series 12 CCJ
(capacity 3 to 5 tons per hour). EPA and the
developer are seeking sites with appropriate
demonstration wastes. Test are currently under-
way in the Montana Tech facilities using clean
soil spiked with bismuth as a surrogate for
plutonium and uranium.
FOR FURTHER INFORMATION:
EPA PROJECT MANAGER:
S. Jackson Hubbard
U.S. EPA
Risk Reduction Engineering Laboratory
26 West Martin Luther King Drive
Cincinnati, OH 45268
513-569-7507
TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPER CONTACT:
Theodore Jordan
Montana College of Mineral Science &
Technology
West Park Street
Butte, MT 57901
406-496-4112
The SITE Program assesses but does not
approve or endorse technologies.
Page 275
-------
Technology Profile
EMERGING TECHNOLOGY PROGRAM
NEW JERSEY INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY
(GHEA Associates Process)
TECHNOLOGY DESCRIPTION:
The GHEA Associates process applies surfac-
tants and additives to soil washing and waste-
water treatment to make organic and metal
contaminants soluble. In soil washing, soil is
excavated, washed, and rinsed to produce clean
soil. Wash and rinse liquids are combined and
treated to separate surfactants and contaminants
from the water. Contaminants are separated
from the surfactants by desorption and are
isolated as a concentrate. Desorption re-
generates the surfactants for repeated use hi the
process. The liquid treatment consists of a
sequence of steps involving phase separation,
ultrafiltration, and air flotation. The treated
water meets all National Pollutant Discharge
Elimination System groundwater discharge
criteria, allowing it to be (1) discharged without
further treatment, and to be (2) reused hi the
process itself or reused as a source of high
quality water for other users.
In wastewater treatment applications, surfactants
added to the wastewater adsorb contaminants.
The mixture is then treated in the same manner
as described above for (1) water purification,
(2) separation of the contaminants, and (3) re-
covery of the surfactants. The process results in
clean soil, clean water, and a highly con-
centrated fraction of contaminants. No other
residues, effluents, or emissions are produced.
The figure below shows a schematic diagram of
the GHEA process.
WASTE APPLICABILITY:
This technology can be applied to soil, sludges,
sediments, slurries, groundwater, surface water,
end-of-pipe industrial effluents, and in situ soil
Contaminated
Clean
Water
Process for Soil Washing
Page 276
The SITE Program assesses but does not
approve or endorse technologies.
-------
November 1992
flushing. The scope of contaminants that can be
treated includes both organics and heavy metals,
nonvolatile and volatile compounds, and highly
toxic refractory compounds.
STATUS:
The technology was accepted into the SITE
Emerging Technology Program in June 1990.
Treatability tests were conducted on various
matrices, including soils with high clay contents,
industrial oily sludges, industrial wastewater
effluents, and contaminated groundwater (see
table below). In situ soil flushing tests have
shown a 20-fold enhancement of contaminant
removal rates. Tests using a 25-gallon pilot-
plant are being conducted. The final report is in
preparation and will be available in June 1993.
FOR FURTHER INFORMATION:
EPA PROJECT MANAGER:
Annette Gatchett
U.S. EPA
Risk Reduction Engineering Laboratory
26 West Martin Luther King Drive
Cincinnati, OH 45268
513-569-7697
Fax: 513-569-7620
TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPER CONTACT:
Itzhak Gotiieb
New Jersey Institute of Technology Depart-
ment of Chemical Engineering
Newark, NJ 07102
201-596-5862
Fax: 201-802-1946
SUMMARY Of TftEATAfclLtTY TEST RESULTS
MATRIX
Volatile Organic Compounds (VOC):
TCE; 1,2 DCE; Benzene; Toluene
Soil, ppm
Water, ppb
Total Petroleum Hydrocarbons (TPH):
Soil, ppm
Polychlorinated Biphenyls (PCB):
Soil, ppm
Water, ppb
Trinitrotoluene in Water, ppm
Coal Tar Contaminated Soil (ppm):
Benzo [a] pyrene
Benzo [k] fluoranthene
Chrysene
Benzanthracene
Pyrene
Anthracene
Phenanthrene
Flourene
Dibenzofuran
1 -Methylnaphthalene
2-Methyl naphthalene
Heavy Metals In Soil:
Chromium, ppm
Iron (III) in Water, ppm:
UNTREATED
SAMPLE
20.13
109.0
13,600
380.00
6,000.0
180.0
28.8
24.1
48.6
37.6
124.2
83.6
207.8
92.7
58.3
88.3
147.3
21,000
30.8
TREATED SAMPLE
0.05
2.5
80
0.57
<0.1
<.08
<0.1
4.4
<0.1
<0.1
<0.1
<0.1
<0.1
<0.1
<0.1
1.3
<0.1
640
0.3
PERCENT
REMOVAL
99.7%
97.8%
99.4%
99.8%
>99.9%
>99.5%
>99.7%
81.2%
>99.8%
>99.7%
>99.9%
>99.8%
>99.9%
>99.9%
>99.8%
98.5%
>99.9%
96.8%
99.O%
The SITE Program assesses but does not
approve or endorse technologies.
Page 277
-------
Technology Profile
EMERGING TECHNOLOGY PROGRAM
NUTECH ENVIRONMENTAL
(TiO2 Photocatalytic Air Treatment)
TECHNOLOGY DESCRIPTION:
Nutech Environmental (Nutech) is developing
the TiO2 photocatalytic air treatment technology
to remove and destroy volatile organic com-
pounds (VOC) and semivolatile organic com-
pounds in air. The technology is an ambient
temperature solid-state process in which con-
taminated air flows through a fixed TiO2 cat-
alyst bed activated by ultraviolet-A light.
Major technology advantages include the fol-
lowing:
• No residual toxins
• No ignition source
• Potential for unattended operation without a
control system
• Low direct treatment cost
Typically, destruction of organic contaminants
occurs within 3 seconds. Testing has included
benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene, and xylene;
ttichloroethene; tetrachlorethane; isopropyl
alcohol; acetone; chloroform; methanol; and
ethyl methyl ketone. A diagram of the full-scale
and field-scale systems are shown in Figure 1
and Figure 2.
WASTE APPLICABILITY:
The TiO2 photocatalytic air treatment technology
can effectively treat dry or moist air. Nutech
also anticipates that the technology can purify
steam directly, thus eliminating the need to
condense.
Figure 1: Full-Scale System
Page 278
The SITE Program assesses but does not
approve or endorse technologies.
-------
November 1992
Applications include air from vapor extraction
operations, emissions from air strippers, steam
from desorption processes, stack emissions, and
VOC emissions from manufacturing facilities
and landfill operations. Other potential appli-
cations include odor removal and the manu-
facture of ultrapure air for residential, auto-
motive, instrument, and medical needs.
STATUS:
The TiO2 photocatalytic air technology was
accepted into the SITE Emerging Technology
Program in October 1992.
FOR FURTHER INFORMATION:
EPA PROJECT MANAGER:
John Ireland
U.S. EPA
Risk Reduction Engineering Laboratory
26 West Martin Luther King Drive
Cincinnati, OH 45268
513-569-7413
TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPER CONTACT:
Brian Butters
Nutech Environmental
511 McCormick Boulevard
London, Ontario Canada NSW 4C8
519-457-2963
Fax: 519-457-1676
Figure 2: Field-Scale System
The SITE Program assesses but does not
approve or endorse technologies.
Page 279
-------
Technology Profile
EMERGING TECHNOLOGY PROGRAM
NUTECH ENVIRONMENTAL
(T1O2 Photocatalytic Water Treatment)
TECHNOLOGY DESCRIPTION:
The Nutech Environmental (Nutech) photo-
catalytic oxidation system, Nulite™ as shown
below, efficiently removes and destroys dis-
solved organic contaminants from water in a
solid state, continuous flow process at the am-
bient temperature. The TiO2 semiconductor
catalyst is excited by a ultraviolet-A light to
generate hydroxyl radicals which break the
carbon bonds of hazardous organic compounds.
The system, when given sufficient tune, converts
most organics such as polychlorinated biphenyls
0?CB), phenols, benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene,
and xylene (BTEX), and others to carbon di-
oxide and water. Typically, efficient destruction
occurs between 30 seconds and 2 minutes. Total
organic carbon removal takes somewhat longer,
as it is highly dependent on other organic mole-
cules present and their molecular weights.
For high concentrations of organics or more
refractive contaminants, additives such as hydro-
gen peroxide, oxygen, ammonium persulphate,
potassium peroxymonosulphate, and potassium
bromate can be added in small quantities (about
0.0003 mole per liter) to accelerate reactions.
These additives inhibit the hole-electron recom-
bination process, increasing the processing rate
by 3 to 6 times.
WASTE APPLICABILITY:
Nutech's Nulite™ technology was initially de-
signed to destroy organic pollutants or to remove
TOC in drinking water, groundwater, and plant
process water. Organic pollutants such as
Liquid Phase Test Photoreactor
Page 280
The SITE Program assesses but does not
approve or endorse technologies.
-------
November 1992
PCBs, polychlorinated dibenzodioxins, poly-
chlorinated dibenzofurans, chlorinated alkenes,
chlorinated phenols, chlorinated benzenes,
alcohols, ketones, aldehydes, and amines can be
destroyed by this technology. Inorganic pol-
lutants such as, but not limited to, cyanide,
sulphite, and nitrite ions can be oxidized to
cyanate ion (OCN~), sulphate ion (SO42), and
nitrate ions (NO2~) respectively.
The technology can treat a wide range of con-
centrations of organic pollutants in industrial
wastewater. It can be applied to the ultrapure
water industry and the drinking water industry.
It can also be used for groundwater remediation.
STATUS:
This technology was accepted into the SITE
Emerging Technology Program in May 1991.
Technology advances since that time include the
following:
• The technology demonstration treated
contaminated effluents as high as 1,000
parts per million and achieved effluent
qualities below 5 parts per billion.
• Electrical power consumption has been
decreased by 40 percent.
• Eight mini pilot-scale field trials lasting 1
to 2 days have been conducted on raw
effluent contaminated with a variety of
organics, mainly BTEX, trichloroethylene,
and methyl tertiary butyl ether. Average
treatment time was 60 seconds at a direct
operating cost of $1-2 per 1,000 gallons
treated (without chemical additives).
• Modular systems are being developed for
high flow rates with capacity increments of
5 gallons per minute (gpm). Capital cost,
operating cost, and maintenance data is
being developed.
• Several extended 5-gpm field trials will be
conducted and completed by mid-1993.
FOR FURTHER INFORMATION:
EPA PROJECT MANAGER:
John Ireland
U.S. EPA
Risk Reduction Engineering Laboratory
26 West Martin Luther King Drive
Cincinnati, OH 45268
513-569-7413
TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPER CONTACT:
Brian Butters
Nutech Environmental
511 McCormick Boulevard
London, Ontario Canada NSW 4C8
519-457-2963
Fax: 519-457-1676
The SITE Program assesses but does not
approve or endorse technologies.
Page 281
-------
Technology Profile
EMERGING TECHNOLOGY PROGRAM
OHM REMEDIATION SERVICES CORPORATION
(Oxygen Microbubble In Situ Bioremediation)
TECHNOLOGY DESCRIPTION:
This process uses in situ bioremediation to
remediate contaminated groundwater in the
saturated zone. The difficulty with bio-
remediation lies in the delivery of oxygen,
nutrients, and microorganisms to the treatment
zone. Generation of oxygen microbubbles can
be achieved on a continuous basis by mixing a
concentrated surfactant steam with clean water
under pressure to produce a 125- to 150-parts-
per-million solution. This solution is then mixed
with a continuous supply of oxygen under
pressure. After passing though the generator,
the resulting 65 percent dispersion of bubbles in
the size range of 45 ± 40 microns can be de-
livered and injected into a saturated soil matrix
under pressure. The microbubble dispersion is
pumped through a slotted, porous well delivery
section into a laminated coarse sand or clay
layer treatment zone. The oxygen microbubbles
tend to flow into areas with high permeability,
such as the more coarse zones. Contaminated
groundwater flows through the treatment zone
and bioremediation occurs with the available
oxygen. Indigenous microorganisms and nutri-
ents already in place or introduced as part of the
dispersion mixture provide the environment for
in situ degradation of contaminants in ground-
water or soil.
WASTE APPLICABILITY:
0HM Remediation Services Corporation has
successfully treated a number of organic con-
taminants, including petroleum hydrocarbons,
organic solvents, creosote, and penta-
chlorophenol.
SEPARATE OXYGEN
MICROBUBBLE INJECTORS
(HORIZONTAL)
(VERTICAL)
WATER TABLE
INJECTORS-TUBING
WITH FINE SCREENED
HOLES
Oxygen Microbubble In Situ Bioremediation of Groundwater
Page 282
The SITE Program assesses but does not
approve or endorse technologies.
-------
November 1992
STATUS:
This technology was accepted into the SITE
Demonstration Program in summer 1992.
FOR FURTHER INFORMATION:
EPA PROJECT MANAGER:
Ronald Lewis
U.S. EPA
Risk Reduction Engineering Laboratory
26 West Martin Luther King Drive
Cincinnati, Ohio 45268
513-569-7856
TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPER CONTACTS:
Douglas Jerger
OHM Remediation Services Corporation
16406 U.S. Route 224 East
Findlay, OH 45840
419-424-4932
The SITE Program assesses but does not
approve or endorse technologies.
Page 283
-------
Technology Profile
EMERGING TECHNOLOGY PROGRAM
PSI TECHNOLOGY COMPANY
(Metals Immobilization and Decontamination of Aggregate Solids)
TECHNOLOGY DESCRIPTION:
PSI Technology Company has developed a
metals immobilization and decontamination of
aggregate solids (MelDAS) treatment process
(see figure below). The technology involves a
modified incineration process in which high
temperatures destroy organic contaminants and
concentrate metals into fly ash. The bulk of the
soil ends up as bottom ash and is rendered
nonleachable. The fly ash is then treated with a
sorbent to immobilize the metals (as determined
by the toxicity characteristic leaching proc-
edure). A sorbent fraction of less than 5 percent
by weight of the soil is needed for the MelDAS
process.
Standard air pollution control devices are used to
clean the effluent gas stream. Hydrogen chlo-
ride and sulfur dioxide, which may be formed
from the oxidation of chlorinated organics and
sulfur compounds in the waste, are cleaned by
alkaline scrubbers. Fly ash is captured by a
particulate removal device, such as an electro-
static precipitator or baghouse. The only solid
residues exiting the process are treated soils,
which no longer contain organics and will not
leach toxic metals.
WASTE APPLICABILITY:
The MelDAS process treats organics and heavy
metals in soils, sediments and sludges. The
process has been effective in treating arsenic,
cadmium, chromium, lead, nickel, and zinc.
This technology is particularly applicable to
wastes contaminated with volatile metals in
combination with a complex mixture of organics
of low volatility. Possible applications of the
'1) PARTICULATE REMOVAL
'2) ACID-GAS SCRUBBER
BURNER
AIR POLLUTION
CONTROL EQUIPMENT
CONTAMINATED
SOIL
SORBENTS |
SOIL/FLYASH
PROCESSOR
TREATED
SOIL/FLYASH
DISCHARGE
MelDAS Process
Page 284
The SITE Program assesses but does not
approve or endorse technologies.
-------
November 1992
MelDAS process include battery waste sites and
urban sites containing lead paint or leaded
gasoline, or a site with organometallics from
disposal practices at chemical or pesticide manu
factoring facilities.
STATUS:
This technology was accepted into the SITE
Emerging Technology Program in July 1991.
Initial testing, conducted under an EPA Small
Business Innovative Research program, has
demonstrated the feasibility of treating wastes
containing arsenic, cadmium, lead, and zinc.
Bench-scale testing under the SITE program was
completed in July 1992. This study de-
monstrated that organic, lead, and arsenic wastes
could be successfully treated with less sorbent (1
to 10 percent of the soil by weight) than pre-
viously anticipated. Pilot-scale testing is sched-
uled for October 1992 and will be completed by
July 1993.
FOR FURTHER INFORMATION:
EPA PROJECT MANAGER:
Mark Meckes
U.S. EPA
Risk Reduction Engineering Laboratory
26 West Martin Luther King Drive
Cincinnati, OH 45268
513-569-7348
TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPER CONTACT:
Srivats Srinivasachar
PSI Technology Company
20 New England Business Center
Andover, MA 01810
508-689-0003
Fax: 508-689-3232
The SITE Program assesses but does not
approve or endorse technologies.
Page 285
-------
Technology Profile
EMERGING TECHNOLOGY PROGRAM
PULSE SCIENCES, INC.
(X-Ray Treatment)
TECHNOLOGY DESCRIPTION:
X-ray treatment of organically contaminated soil
and water products is based on the in-depth
deposition of ionizing radiation. The collision of
energetic photons with matter generates a
shower of energetic secondary electrons within
the contaminated waste material. The electrons
break up the complex molecules and form
radicals that react with contaminant materials to
form compounds such as water, carbon dioxide,
and oxygen. Direct electron beam processing
has been established as a highly effective means
for the destruction of organic compounds in
aqueous solutions, with residual organic con-
taminant levels in the micrograms per liter (/xg/1)
range. However, the electrons do not penetrate
deeply and, thus, material handling can be a
problem. X-ray treatment solves this problem.
The physical mechanism by which volatile
organic compounds (VOC) and semivolatile
organic compound (SVOC) contaminants are
removed is primarily dependent on the substrate.
For example, in oxygenated water, the primary
reactant is the hydroxyl radical. This kinetic
mechanism is also expected to play an important
role in nonaqueous matrices because of the
presence of moisture in contaminated soil,
sludge, and sediments. It is expected that the
complete conversion of contaminants at suf-
ficiently high dose levels can be achieved with-
out undesirable air emissions and waste resid-
uals.
A linear induction accelerator (LIA) is used, as
shown on the figure below, to generate the
X-rays used in the treatment process. The LIA
can accelerate electron beams to energies of 1 to
5 million electron volts (MeV). [A prototype
1.2 MeV, 0.7 kilo-ampere (kA) accelerator will
be used for the proposed tests.] A pulse of
electrons, 55 nanoseconds in duration, is direct-
ed onto a converter to generate X-rays. The
X-rays penetrate the waste material. The pene-
tration depth of the X-rays is tens of centimeters
long. Large volumes can, therefore, be easily
treated, and standard container walls will not
absorb a significant fraction of the ionizing
radiation. Either flowing waste or waste con-
Waste
Treatmen
Area
Pump or
Conveyor
Waste
Storage
LIA
1-10 MeV
Electron
Beam
X-Ray
Converter
(Ta)
XPi-IV/0
-Disposal
X-Ray Treatment Process
Page 286
The SITE Program assesses but does not
approve or endorse technologies.
-------
November 1992
tained in disposal barrels can be treated. No
additives are required for the process; therefore,
sealed containers can also be accommodated. In
situ treatment of contaminated soil may also be
feasible. Moreover, electron accelerators offer
a high level of safety; the X-ray (or gamma)
output of the LIA is easily turned off by discon-
necting the electrical power. The cost of X-ray
processing is estimated to be competitive with
alternative processes.
WASTE APPLICABILITY:
X-ray processing is uniquely capable of treating
a large number of contaminants without expen-
sive extraction or preparation of the waste.
Organic wastes that may be treated include
(1) benzene, (2) trichloroethane, (3) trichloro-
ethylene (TCE), (4) carbon tetrachioride and
(5) polychlorinated biphenyls. The penetration
depth of the X-rays combined with the high flux
of the X-rays generated by the LIA, allow waste
to be treated in disposable containers, flowing
systems or in situ.
STATUS:
This technology was accepted into the SITE
Emerging Technology Program hi May 1991.
Experiments are being conducted to irradiate
TCE, tetrachloroethylene, carbon tetrachioride,
and benzene samples in an aqueous matrix.
Preliminary results indicate that concentrations
of 1,600-2,100 parts per billion (ppb) TCE and
160-240 ppb benzene were completely mineral-
ized at an X-ray dose of less than 20 and 6-9
Kilorads, respectively. Carbon tetrachioride
appears to require substantially higher irradiation
doses than TCE or benzene. Other doses are
being investigated.
One objective of this testing is to determine the
X-ray dose required to reduce organic con-
tamination in solid and liquid wastes to accept-
able levels. From these tests a database will be
generated to provide the basis for construction of
a 5-MeV pilot-plant. Operational costs, as well
as the throughput capability of the plant, will
also be estimated. Conceptual X-ray treatment
plant designs based on this analysis will be
submitted to EPA for review.
FOR FURTHER INFORMATION:
EPA PROJECT MANAGER:
Esperanza Piano Renard
U.S. EPA
Risk Reduction Engineering Laboratory
2890 Woodbridge Avenue
Edison, NJ 08837
908-321-4355
TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPER CONTACT:
Randy Curry
Pulse Sciences, Inc.
600 McCormick Street
San Leandro, CA 94577
510-632-5100
The SITE Program assesses but does not
approve or endorse technologies.
Page 287
-------
Technology Profile
EMERGING TECHNOLOGY PROGRAM
PURUS, INC.
(Photolytic Oxidation Process)
TECHNOLOGY DESCRIPTION:
This process uses photolytic oxidation to destroy
volatile organic compounds (VOC) in soil and
groundwater. The system uses a xenon pulsed-
plasma flashlamp that emits short wavelength
ultraviolet (UV) light at very high intensities.
The process strips the contaminants into the
vapor phase, where the UV treatment converts
the VOCs into less hazardous compounds.
Direct photolysis does not form hydroxyl
radicals. Direct photolysis occurs when the
contaminants absorb sufficient UV light energy,
transforming electrons to higher energy states
and breaking molecular bonds (see figure
below). The process requires the UV light
source to emit wavelengths in the regions ab-
sorbed by the contaminant. An innovative
feature of this technology is the ability to shift
the UV spectral output to optimize the photo-
lysis.
The process uses vacuum extraction or air
stripping to volatilize VOCs from soils or
groundwater, respectively. VOCs then enter the
photolysis reactor, where a xenon flashlamp
generates UV light. The plasma is produced by
pulse discharge of electrical energy across two
electrodes in the lamp. Ninety-nine percent
destruction occurs within seconds, allowing
continuous operation. Because organics are
destroyed in the vapor phase, the process uses
less energy than a system treating dissolved
organics.
WASTE APPLICABILITY:
The Purus, Inc. (Purus), photolytic oxidation
process is designed to destroy VOCs, including
dichloroethylene (DCE), tetrachloroethylene
;(PCE), trichloroethylene (TCE), and vinyl
chloride volatilized from soil or groundwater.
Other VOCs, such as benzene, carbon tetra-
chloride, and 1,1,1-trichloroethane, are being
investigated.
STATUS:
This technology was accepted into the SITE
Emerging Technology Program in March 1991.
'Field testing of a full-scale prototype began in
October 1991. The test was conducted at the
Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory Super-
fund site in Livermore, California (EPA Region
9). The site contains soil zones highly con-
taminated with TCE. A vacuum extraction
system delivered contaminated air to the Purus
unit at air flows of up to 500 cubic feet per
minute (cfm). Initial concentrations of TCE in
+ UV
cr H
TCE
C02 + HCI
Purus Advanced UV Photolysis
Page 288
The SITE Program assesses but does not
approve or endorse technologies.
-------
November 1992
the air were approximately 250 parts per million
by volume. The contaminant removal goal for
the treatment was 99 percent. Vapor phase
carbon filters were placed downstream of the
Purus, unit to satisfy California Air Quality
emission control during the field test. Test
results are shown in the table below.
The low-wavelength UV emissions allowed
direct photolysis of many VOCs, particularly
chlorinated compounds and freons, that would
not have been possible with commercial mercury
lamps. Very rapid and efficient destruction was
observed for TCE, PCE, and DCE. Never-
theless, some VOCs would require either photo-
sensitization or an even lower-wavelength light
source for rapid photolysis.
TCE removal resulted in undesirable inter-
mediates. The main product (greater than 85
percent) from the chain photo-oxidation of TCE
is dichloroacetyl chloride (DCAC). Further
oxidation of DCAC is about 100 times slower
than the photolysis of TCE and forms dichloro-
carbonyl (DCC) in about 20 percent yield. At
this level of treatment, the DCC concentration
may be excessive, requiring additional treatment.
Further studies should focus on the effectiveness
of dry or wet scrubbers for removing acidic
photo-oxidation products, developing thermal or
other methods for post-treatment of products,
such as DCAC, and examining the use of
shorter-wavelength UV lamps or catalysts, to
treat a broader range of VOCs. Purus, will
examine several of these issues with Argonne
National Laboratory in continued demonstrations
at the Department of Energy Savannah River
site.
FOR FURTHER INFORMATION:
EPA PROJECT MANAGER:
Norma Lewis
U.S EPA
Risk Reduction Engineering Laboratory
26 West Martin Luther King Drive
Cincinnati, OH 45268
513-569-7665
TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPER CONTACT:
Paul Blystone
Purus, Inc.
2150 Paragon Drive
San Jose, CA 95131
408-453-7804
Fax: 408-453-7988
TCE PHOTOLYSIS FIELD TEST RESULTS
Freq. No. of
(Hz) chambers
30
30
30
30
15
15
5
5
1
1
4
4
4
2
4
2
4
2
4
2
Flow
(oftn)
103
97
95
106
97
103
95
103
106
103
Res.
time
(sec)
9.6
10.1
10.4
4.6
10.1
4.8
10.4
4.8
9.3
4.8
TCE
input
(ppmv)
78.4
108.5
98.3
91.7
106.8
101.3
104.9
101.4
101.7
98.5
TCE
output
(ppmv)
dl
dl
dl
0.07
dl
dl
dl
dl
0.85
13.23
TCE
destruction
(%)
S*99.99
>99.99
3*99.99
99.92
;>99.99
S-99.99
Ł99.99
>99.9
99.16
86.57
DCC
yield
(ppmv)
nd
21.3
25.6
15.9
22.8
12.6
8.7
9.4
12.5
6.8
DCAC
yield
(ppmv)
20.2
26.5
34
49.2
nd
65.3
75.7
76.3
83.2
84.9
Chlorine
balance
(Mole%)
78.8
106.2
114.5
91.1
nd
86.2
90.0
88.8
90.3
93.3
The SITE Program assesses but does not
approve or endorse technologies.
Page 289
-------
Technology Profile
EMERGING TECHNOLOGY PROGRAM
REMEDIATION TECHNOLOGIES, INC.
(Methanotrophic Bicfilm Reactor)
TECHNOLOGY DESCRIFnON:
The Remediation Technologies, Inc., biological
treatment technology uses methanotrophic organ-
isms in fixed-film biological reactors to treat
chlorinated volatile organic compounds (VOC).
Treatment occurs while the VOCs are in a gas
phase. Gases enter the bottom of the reactor
and flow up through a medium that has a high
surface area and favorable porosity for gas
distribution (see figure below).
Methane must be supplied to the biofilm reactor
to maximize biomass. In the reactor, the metha-
notrophic organisms oxidize the methane as an
energy source. Volatile chlorinated hydro-
carbons are co-metabolized into various acids
and chlorides that are subsequently degraded to
Carbon dioxide and chloride by other heter-
otrophic bacteria.
The following three bioreactor designs are being
investigated:
• A compost biofilter that uses a medium
with some adsorption capacity, high
surface area, and small particle size to
improve gas flow distribution
• A fluidized bed biofilter that uses small-
size light-weight medium (polyurethane
foam or polystyrene) to provide a sus-
pended or fluidized flow pattern
. Packed
Compost
Bed
CI-VOCs
and
CH,
2. Fluidized
Bed of
Foam Pieces
3. GAG Bed
CH4 or VOCs
CH4 or VOCs
CH4 or VOCs
Biological Treatment
Page 290
The SITE Program assesses but does not
approve or endorse technologies.
-------
November 1992
• A staged activated carbon biofilter that
adsorbs VOCs to minimize the effect of
variable contaminant loadings
WASTE APPLICABILITY:
This technology can treat chlorinated volatile
hydrocarbons in gaseous streams, such as those
produced from air stripping or hi situ vacuum
extraction operations.
STATUS:
This technology was accepted into the SITE
Emerging Technology Program in summer 1992.
Laboratory data shows this approach has con-
siderable potential. Larger bioreactors are being
developed.
FOR FURTHER INFORMATION:
EPA PROJECT MANAGER:
Kim Lisa Kreiton
U.S. EPA
Risk Reduction Engineering Laboratory
26 West Martin Luther King Drive
Cincinnati, OH 45268
513-569-7328
TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPER CONTACT:
Hans Stroo
Remediation Technologies, Inc.
1011 S.W. Klickitat Way, Suite 207
Seattle, WA 98134
206-624-9349
Fax: 206-624-2839
The SITE Program assesses but does not
approve or endorse technologies.
Page 291
-------
Technology Profile
EMERGING TECHNOLOGY PROGRAM
J.R. SIMPLOT COMPANY
(Anaerobic Biological Process)
TECHNOLOGY DESCRIPTION:
This technology bioremediates soils and sludges
contaminated with nitroaromatics. Nitro-
aromatics have become serious environmental
contaminants at military locations nationwide.
Examples of nitroaromatics include nitro-
toluenes, used as explosives, and pesticides.
Pilot-scale treatment units (see figure) consist of
simple plastic or fiberglass vessels that contain
static soil slurries (50 percent soil and 50 per-
cent water). The units are scaled in steps up to
about 50 cubic meters of soil. The bio-
degradation process involves adding starch to
flooded soils and sludges. Anaerobic, starch-
degrading bacteria may also be introduced.
After anaerobic conditions are established [at Eh
equal to -200 millivolts (mV)], an anaerobic
microbial consortium is injected to destroy the
nitroaromatics. In some soils, inoculations are
riot necessary, because native consortia develop
quickly.
Recently, it was discovered that anaerobic
microbial mixtures can completely destroy many
chemicals, such as chloroform, benzene, and
chlorophenols, that had been considered non-
Biodegradable under such conditions. Research
indicates that these systems can completely
mineralize nitroaromatic pollutants.
Anaerobic microbial mixtures have been de-
veloped for both the pesticide dinoseb (2-sec-
butyl-4,6-dinitrophenol) and trinitrotoluene
(TNT). These mixtures completely degrade
their target molecules to simple nonaromatic
products within a few days forming reduced
intermediates (such as aminonitrotoluenes) and
hydroxylated intermediates (such as methyl-
phlorglucinol and p-cresol). The microbial
consortia function at Eh's of -200 mV or more.
Buffered
Inject carbon source and
anaerobic consortium, if necessary
Oxygen sink layer
/
\7
Amended soil
Storage tank
or lined pit
Pilot Treatment Unit
Page 292
The SITE Program assesses but does not
approve or endorse technologies.
-------
November 1992
WASTE APPLICABILITY:
This technology is designed to treat soils con-
taminated with nitroaromatic pollutants.
Anaerobic microbial mixtures have been de-
veloped for the pesticide dinoseb and for TNT.
These pollutants can be reduced to less than 1
part per million in most soils.
STATUS:
This technology was accepted into the SITE
Emerging Technology Program in January 1990.
Bench-scale processes have been developed for
both dinoseb and TNT under the SITE Emerging
Technology Program.
A pilot-scale system treated dinoseb-con-
taminated soils from a site in Idaho, with the
largest reactors holding 4 cubic meters (m3) of
soil. With three replicates per treatment, up to
12 m3 of soil were treated at one time. The
procedure's efficacy was confirmed at a small
scale (50 kilograms), using dinoseb-contaminated
soil from a spill site in Washington state.
During bench-scale tests, soil contaminated with
2 percent TNT was treated to below detectable
limits. Degradation intermediates were ident-
ified using gas chromatograph/mass spectograph
techniques.
Based on these results, this technology was
accepted into the SITE Demonstration Program
in winter 1992.
FOR FURTHER INFORMATION:
EPA PROJECT MANAGER:
Wendy Davis-Hoover
U.S. EPA
Risk Reduction Engineering Laboratory
26 West Martin Luther King Drive
Cincinnati, OH 45268
513-569-7206
TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPER CONTACT:
Dane Higdem
J.R. Simplot Company
P.O. Box 912
Pocatello, ID 83715
208-234-5367
Fax: 208-234-5339
The SITE Program assesses but does not
approve or endorse technologies.
Page 293
-------
Technology Profile
EMERGING TECHNOLOGY PROGRAM
TRINITY ENTORONMENTAL TECHNOLOGIES, INC.
(Ultrasonically Assisted Detoxification of Hazardous Materials)
TECHNOLOGY DESCRIPTION:
This technology is an ultrasonically assisted
chemical destruction process for PCB-con-
taminated soils. The process uses an aprotic
solvent and other reagents with ultrasonic ir-
radiation to dehalogenate PCBs into inert bi-
phenyls and chloride. Gas chromatography/mass
spectrometry analysis of processed PCB mater-
ials shows that the process has no toxic or
hazardous by-products. The commercial process
is expected to be less costly than incineration but
more costly than land disposal. No stack emis-
sions are produced.
The process (see figure below) begins by sizing
the solid material to allow better contact between
the solvents and the PCBs. Alkaline reagent and
a solvent are added to the soil. The mixture is
placed in a continuous, heated reactor where the
PCBs are destroyed, after which solvent is
removed. The extraction solvent is not an
aqueous solution. Therefore, the process avoids
separation problems typically associated with
water and clayey soils. The solvent is removed
from the soil during the detoxification reaction.
Solvent residue is not expected to pose an en-
vironmental problem. The solvent has a high
boiling point and is recyclable.
Treated soil is cooled by the addition of acidic
water. The water also serves to neutralize
unreacted agents.
WASTE APPLICABILITY:
To date, only PCB aroclors and specific PCB
cogeners have been treated using this process.
However, other chlorinated hydrocarbons such
as pesticides, herbicides, pentachlorophenol,
polychlorinated dibenzodioxins, and poly-
chlorinated dibenzofurans can also be treated by
this technology. The process will be capable of
treating many different solids and sludge mater-
Ultrasonically Assisted Detoxification of Hazardous Materials
Page 294
The SITE Program assesses but does not
approve or endorse technologies.
-------
November 1992
ials, provided that they are compatible with the
solvent.
STATUS:
This technology was accepted into the SITE
Emerging Technology Program hi July 1990.
The current system was developed by research-
ers hi early 1991, after the original, aqueous,
caustic-based system proved ineffective in de-
stroying PCBs.
In bench-scale studies, synthetically con-
taminated samples containing from 25 to 1,700
parts per million (ppm) PCB were treated by this
technology. Initial results show more than a 99
percent destruction efficiency. Further labor-
atory experimentation is being conducted to
isolate the reaction mechanism and enhance the
destruction of PCBs. Through additional ex-
perimentation, the developer expects to reduce
the reaction time and operating temperature.
The SITE project terminated in 1992. The
developer is investigating further improvements
to the technology. Due to cost limitations, no
commercialization of the investigated process is
expected. A final report is anticipated by
December 1992.
FOR FURTHER INFORMATION:
EPA PROJECT MANAGER:
Kim Lisa Kreiton
U.S. EPA
Risk Reduction Engineering Laboratory
26 West Martin Luther King Drive
Cincinnati, OH 45268
513-569-7328
TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPER CONTACT:
Duane Koszalka
Trinity Environmental Technologies, Inc.
62 East First Street
Mound Valley, KS 67354
316-328-3222
The SITE Program assesses but does not
approve or endorse technologies.
Page 295
-------
Technology Profile
EMERGING TECHNOLOGY PROGRAM
UNIVERSITY OF DAYTON RESEARCH INSTITUTE
[Photothermal Detoxification Unit (PDU)]
TECHNOLOGY DESCRIPTION:
Photolytic reactions (reactions induced by ex-
posure to light) can destroy certain.hazardous
organic wastes at relatively low temperatures
(room temperature). Unfortunately, attempts to
exploit these reactions for large-scale hazardous
waste remediation have experienced only limited
success, largely due to capacity (small through-
put rates) and an inability to completely mineral-
ize the targeted wastes. For aqueous waste
streams, these problems have been partially
addressed by using indirect photochemical
reactions involving a highly-reactive, photolytic
initiator such as hydrogen peroxide or hetero-
geneous catalysts. Recently, the University of
Dayton Research Institute has developed a
photolytic detoxification process that is extreme-
ly clean and efficient while offering the speed
and general applicability of a combustion pro-
cess.
Thephotothermal detoxification unit (PDU) uses
photothermal reactions conducted at temper-
atures (200 to 500 degrees Celsius higher than
those used in conventional photolytic processes,
but lower than combustion temperatures. At
these elevated temperatures, photothermal reac-
tions are energetic enough to destroy wastes
quickly and efficiently without producing com-
plex and potentially hazardous by-products.
The PDU is a relatively simple device consisting
of an insulated reactor vessel illuminated with
high-intensity ultraviolet (UV) lamps. As shown
in the figure below, the lamps are mounted
externally for easy maintenance and inspection.
Site remediation technologies that generate high-
temperature gas streams (for example, thermal
desorption and in situ steam stripping) can
incorporate the PDU with only slight modifica-
tions to their equipment. Provisions have also
been made for a preheater to allow the PDU to
be used with low-temperature extraction tech-
nologies. Furthermore, the PDU can be equip-
ped with conventional air pollution control
devices for removal of acid and suspended
particulate emissions. The PDU shown in the
Thermally Insulated
Reaction Vessel
Mounting
Flange,,
External Lamp
-Assembly (3)
Gas Inlet
ICD!
1
Exhaust
\
Support/Transportation
Palette
Sampling Ports (4)
Photothermal Detoxification Unit (PDU)
Page 296
The SITE Program assesses but does not
approve or endorse technologies.
-------
November 1992
figure on the previous page is also equipped
with built-in sampling ports for quality assurance
and quality control monitoring.
WASTE APPLICABILITY:
The PDU has proven extremely effective in
destroying polychlorinated biphenyls, poly-
chlorinated dibenzodioxin, polychlorinated
dibenzofuran, aromatic and aliphatic ketones,
aromatic and chlorinated solvents, as well as
brominated and nitrous wastes found in soil,
sludges, and aqueous streams. The PDU can be
incorporated with most existing and proposed
remediation processes for clean, efficient, on-site
waste destruction operation. Specifically, high-
temperature processes can incorporate the PDU
directly; low-temperature vapor extraction
technologies can use the PDU fitted with a
preheater; and groundwater remediation process-
es can use the PDU in conjunction with an air
stripping operation.
STATUS:
The technology was accepted into the Emerging
Technology Program in August 1992. The
process has been thoroughly investigated using
relatively long-wavelength UV light (that is,
concentrated sunlight with wavelengths greater
than 300 nanometers). Limited data have also
been generated at shorter wavelengths (higher
energy) using available industrial UV il-
lumination systems. During the first year of the
Emerging Technology Program, the PDU pro-
cess will be refined and demonstrated using
typical wastes found at remediation sites. The
resulting information will be used during the
second year of the program to develop a general
PDU reactor model and a detailed prototype
design.
FOR FURTHER INFORMATION:
EPA PROJECT MANAGER:
Chien Chen
U.S. EPA
Risk Reduction Engineering Laboratory
2890 Woodbridge Avenue
Edison, NJ 08837-3679
908-906-6985
Fax: 908-321-6640
TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPER CONTACT:
Barry Dellinger
Environmental Sciences Group
University of Dayton Research Institute
Dayton, OH 45469-0132
513-229-2846
Fax: 513-229-3433
The SITE Program assesses but does not
approve or endorse technologies.
Page 297
-------
Technology Profile
EMERGING TECHNOLOGY PROGRAM
UNIVERSITY OF SOUTH CAROLINA
(In Situ Mitigation of Acid Water)
TECHNOLOGY DESCRIPTION:
This technology addresses the acid drainage
problem associated with exposed sulfide-bearing
minerals (such as mine waste rock and aban-
doned metallic mines). Acid drainage forms
under natural conditions when iron disulfides
(such as fool's gold) are exposed to the atmos-
phere and water, spontaneously oxidizing to
produce a complex of highly soluble iron sul-
fates. These salts hydrolyze to produce an
acid-, iron-, and sulfate-enriched drainage that
adversely affects the environment.
The in situ mitigation strategy modifies the
hydrology and geochemical conditions of the site
through land surface reconstruction and selective
placement of limestone.
Limestone is used as the alkaline source material
because it has long-term availability, is generally
inexpensive, and is safe to handle. For the
chemical balances to be effective, the site must
receive enough rainfall to produce seeps or
drainages that continually contact the limestone.
Rainfall, therefore, helps to remediate the site,
rather than increasing the acid drainage.
During mine construction, surface depressions
are installed to collect surface runoff and funnel
it into the waste rock dump through chimneys
constructed of the limestone. Acidic material is
capped with impermeable material to divert
water from the acid cores. Through this design,
the net acid load will be lower than the alkaline
load, resulting in benign, nonacid drainage.
WASTE APPLICABILITY:
The technology migrates acid drainage from
abandoned waste dumps and mines. It can be
applied to any site in a humid area where limes-
tone is available.
STATUS:
This technology was accepted into the SITE
Emerging Technology Program in March 1990.
Six large-scale lysimeters (12 feet wide, 8 feet
high, and 16 feet deep) have been constructed
i
• ,t
Overview of Site Lysimeters
Page 298
The SITE Program assesses but does not
approve or endorse technologies.
-------
November 1992
and lined with 20-mil polyvinyl chloride plastic.
The lysimeters are drained through an outlet
pipe into 55-gallon collection barrels. Piezo-
meters hi the lysimeter floor monitor the hydro-
logy and chemistry of the completed lysimeter.
During June 1991, 50 tons of acid-producing
mine waste rock were packed into each lysi-
meter.
The effluent from each lysimeter has been
monitored for one year to establish a quality
baseline. In the second phase of the study,
selected lysimeters will be topically treated,
maintaining two lysimeters as controls to com-
pare the efficacy of the acid abatement strategy.
In addition, a rain gauge has been installed at
the site for mass balance measurements. An
ancillary study correlating laboratory and field
results is complete.
FOR FURTHER INFORMATION:
EPA PROJECT MANAGER:
Roger Wilmoth
U.S. EPA
Risk Reduction Engineering Laboratory
26 West Martin Luther King Drive
Cincinnati, OH 45268
513-569-7509
TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPER CONTACT:
Frank Caruccio
Department of Geological Sciences
University of South Carolina
Columbia, SC 29208
803-777-4512
Fax: 803-777-6610
The SITE Program assesses but does not
approve or endorse technologies.
Page 299
-------
Technology Profile
EMERGING TECHNOLOGY PROGRAM
UNIVERSITY OF WASHINGTON
(Adsorptive Filtration)
TECHNOLOGY DESCRIPTION:
This technology uses adsorptive filtration to
remove inorganic contaminants (metals) from the
liquid phase. An adsorbent ferrihydrite is
applied to the surface of an inert substrate, such
as sand, which is then placed hi a vertical
column (see figure below). A metal-containing
solution is adjusted to a pH of 9 to 10 and
passed through the column, where the iron-
coated sand grams act simultaneously as a filter
and adsorbent. When the filtration capacity is
reached (which is indicated by paniculate break-
through or attainment of maximum allowable
headloss), the column is backwashed. When the
adsorptive capacity of the column is reached
(which is indicated by breakthrough of soluble
metals), the metals are removed and con-
centrated for subsequent recovery using a pH-
induced desorption process.
Sand can be coated using a few different pro-
cedures. All involve using an iron nitrate or
iron chloride salt, (as the source of the iron),
sand, heat, and, in some cases, base (sodium
hydroxide). The resulting ferrihydrite-coated
sand is insoluble at pH above about 1, thus
acidic solutions can be used in the regeneration
s;tep to ensure complete metal recovery. There
has been no apparent loss of treatment efficiency
after numerous regeneration cycles. Anionic
metals (such as arsenate, chromate, and selenite)
can be removed from the solution by treating it
at a pH near 4 and regenerating it at a high pH.
The advantages this technology has over conven-
tional treatment technologies are that it (1) acts
as a filter to remove both dissolved and sus-
pended contaminant from the waste stream,
(2) removes a variety of complex metals,
(3) works in the presence of high concentrations
Qf background ions, and (4) removes anions.
WASTE APPLICABILITY:
This process removes inorganic contaminants,
mainly metals, from aqueous waste streams. It
can be applied to aqueous waste streams with a
Effluent to Discharge
or Rocycle
influent
pH Ad^jstment
pH Controller
09 1-
VALVE
PUMP
To Metal Recovery
Adsorptive Filtration Treatment System
Page 300
The SITE Program assesses but does not
approve or endorse technologies.
-------
November 1992
wide range of contaminant concentrations and
pH values.
STATUS:
This technology was accepted into the SITE
Emerging Technology Program in January 1988.
Synthetic solutions containing cadmium, copper,
or lead at concentrations of 0.5 parts per million
(ppm) have been treated in packed columns
using 2-minute retention times. After ap-
proximately 5,000 bed volumes were treated,
effluent concentrations were about 0.025 ppm
for each metal, indicating a 95 percent removal
efficiency. The tests were stopped, although the
metals were still being removed. In other
experiments, the capacity of the media to adsorb
copper was about 7,000 milligrams per liter
(mg/L).
The first batch of regenerant solutions contained
cadmium and lead at concentrations of about 500
ppm. With initial concentrations of 0.5 ppm,
this represents a concentration factor of about
1,000 to 1. Data for the removal of copper
have not been analyzed yet. At a flow rate
yielding a 2-minute retention time, it would have
taken about 7 days of continuous flow operation
to treat 5,000 bed volumes. Regeneration took
about 2 hours.
The system has also been tested for treatment of
rinse waters from a copper-etching process at a
printed circuit board shop. The coated sand was
effective in removing mixtures of soluble,
complexed copper and paniculate copper, as
well as zinc and lead, from these waters. When
two columns were used in series, the treatment
system was able to handle fluctuations in influent
copper concentration from less than 10 mg/L up
to several hundred mg/L.
Groundwater from Western Processing, a Super-
fund site near Seattle, Washington was treated
successfully to remove both soluble and part-
iculate zinc.
The final report and project summary have been
accepted by EPA and will be available in the
near future.
FOR FURTHER INFORMATION:
EPA PROJECT MANAGER:
Norma Lewis
U.S. EPA
Risk Reduction Engineering Laboratory
26 West Martin Luther King Drive
Cincinnati, OH 45268
513-569-7665
TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPER CONTACT:
Mark Benjamin
University of Washington
Department of Civil Engineering
Seattle, WA 98195
206-543-7645
The SITE Program assesses but does not
approve or endorse technologies.
Page 301
-------
Technology Profile
EMERGING TECHNOLOGY PROGRAM
VORTEC CORPORATION
(Oxidation and Vitrification Process)
TECHNOLOGY DESCRIPTION:
Vortec Corporation (Vortec) has created an
oxidation and vitrification process for remedia-
tion of soils, sediments, sludges, and mill tail-
ings that have organic, inorganic, and heavy
metal contamination. The system has the ability
to oxidize and vitrify materials introduced as
slurries, thus providing the capability of mixing
waste oils with hazardous soils.
The figure below is a diagram of the Vortec
oxidation and vitrification process. The basic
elements of this system include (1) a combustion
and melting system (CMS); (2) an upstream
material handling, processing, storage, and feed
subsystem; (3) a vitrified product separation and
reservoir assembly; (4) a waste heat recovery air
preheater (recuperator); (5) a gas cleanup sub-
system; and (6) a vitrified product handling
system.
The Vortec CMS, which is the primary thermal
processing system, consists of three major
assemblies: (1) a precombustor, (2) an in-flight
suspension preheater, and (3) a cyclone melter
chamber. As the first step in the process,
contaminated soil (hi slurry or dry form) is
introduced into the precombustor where heating
and oxidation of the waste materials are initiat-
ed. The precombustor is a vertical vortex
combustor designed to provide sufficient re-
sidence time to vaporize water and to initiate
oxidation of organics in the waste materials
before the materials melt. The suspension
preheater is a counter-rotating vortex (CRV)
combustor. The CRV provides suspension
preheating of the materials, secondary combus-
tion of volatiles emitting from the precombustor,
and combustion of auxiliary fuel introduced
directly into the CRV combustor. The average
temperature of materials leaving the CRV com-
bustion chamber is between 2,200 and 2,700
degrees Fahrenheit.
The preheated solid materials exiting the CRV
combustor enter the cyclone melter, where they
are separated to the chamber walls to form a
molten glass product. The vitrified, molten
glass product and the exhaust gases exit the
FUEL
ELECTROSTATIC
PRECIPITATOR
CYCLONE
MELTER
, GLASS
Vortec Oxidation and Vitrification Process
Page 302
The SITE Program assesses but does not
approve or endorse technologies.
-------
November 1992
cyclone melter through a tangential exit channel
and enter a glass and gas separation chamber.
The exhaust gases then enter an ah* preheater for
waste heat recovery and are subsequently de-
livered to an air pollution control subsystem for
particulate and acid gas removal. The molten
glass product exits the glass and gas separation
chamber through a slag tap and is delivered to a
water quench assembly for subsequent disposal.
Some of the unique features of the Vortec oxida-
tion and vitrification process include the fol-
lowing:
• Processes solid waste contaminated with
both organic and heavy metal con-
taminants
• Uses various fuels, including economical
fuels and, possibly, waste fuels
• Handles waste quantities ranging from 5
tons per day to more than 400 tons per
day
• Recycles toxic materials collected in the
air pollution control system
• Produces a vitrified product that is
nontoxic according to EPA's Toxicity
Characteristic Leaching Procedure
(TCLP) standards, immobilizes heavy
metals, and has long-term stability '
WASTE APPLICABILITY:
The Vortec oxidation and vitrification system
treats soils, sediments, sludges, and mill tailings
containing organic, inorganic, and heavy metal
contamination. Organic materials included with
the waste are successfully oxidized by the high
temperatures in the combustor. The organic
constituents in the waste material will determine
the amount and type of glass-forming additives
required to produce a vitrified product. The
process can be modified to produce a glass cullet
that consistently passes TCLP requirements.
STATUS:
The Vortec technology was accepted into the
SITE Emerging Technology Program in May
1991. The technology has been under the
development of the U.S. Department of Energy
and others since 1985. A 20-ton-per-day pilot-
scale test facility has been processing non-
hazardous industrial waste material since 1988
on an experimental and developmental basis.
The vitrified product generated in these tests
have passed TCLP standards. Preliminary
system designs for a treatment rate of up to 400
tons per day have been developed. A surrogate
soil was prepared and spiked with heavy metal
compounds of arsenic, cadmium, chromium,
copper, lead, nickel, and zinc. The first test,
using a dry, granulated feed stream, was com-
pleted in June 1992, and the glass product
successfully passed TCLP tests. Additional tests
are scheduled in 1992. Vortec is offering com-
mercial systems and licenses for the CMS tech-
nology.
FOR FURTHER INFORMATION:
EPA PROJECT MANAGER:
Teri Richardson
U.S. EPA
Risk Reduction Engineering Laboratory
26 West Martin Luther King Drive
Cincinnati, OH 45268
513-569-7949
TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPER CONTACT:
James Hnat
Vortec Corporation
3770 Ridge Pike
Collegeville, PA 19426
215-489-2255
Fax: 215-489-3185
The SITE Program assesses but does not
approve or endorse technologies.
Page 303
-------
Technology Profile
EMERGING TECHNOLOGY PROGRAM
WARREN SPRING LABORATORY
(Physical and Chemical Treatment)
TECHNOLOGY DESCRIPTION:
Warren Spring Laboratory is investigating the
application of feed preparation and. mineral
processing techniques for treatment of soil
contaminated with metals, petroleum hydro-
carbons, and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons
(PAH).
Feed preparation processes being evaluated
include scrubbing, classifying, and cycloning.
Mineral processing techniques, including flota-
tion, flocculation, high- and low-intensity mag-
netic separation, and gravity techniques, are also
being investigated. The processes will be tested
at pilot scale, to produce an integrated system
that treats contaminated soil.
A typical flow chart of the physical treatment of
contaminated soil is shown below. Feed pre-
paration samples will undergo scrubbing, at-
tritioning, sizefractioning, and chemical analysis
procedures. After feed preparation, samples will
undergo magnetic separation using high-gradient
and high-intensity matrices for metals separation.
Flotation procedures for selected removal of
organics will use a range of frother types (such
as alcohols, polyglycols, and cresols), which
will be evaluated over pH values ranging from
5 to 10 to maximize organics recovery and
increase selectivity with respect to solids.
Metals flotation will be based on the comparison
of different sulfydric collectors including xan-
thates, thiophosphates, thiocarbonates, and
xanthogen formates. The separation of organic
and metal phases will be examined using se-
lective flocculation techniques.
Pilot plant investigations will process a sample
of up to 50 tons and have a throughput of 1 to 2
tons per hour. However, capacities for a mil-
scale operating plant using these procedures are
expected to be from 20 to 60 tons per hour.
Coarse
Screening
Cleaned
Coarse
Material
Decontaminated
Product
Contamin anted
Soil Feed
Contaminant
Concentrate
Decontaminated
Product
Spiral
Concentrator
Decontaminated
Products
Contaminant
Concentrate
Decontaminated
Product
Physical Treatment of Soil
Page 304
The SITE Program assesses but does not
approve or endorse technologies.
-------
November 1992
WASTE APPLICABILITY:
The pilot-scale treatment system will treat con-
taminated soils to remove metals, petroleum
hydrocarbons, and PAHs. Sediments and certain
industrial wastes such as sludges may also be
candidates for treatment.
The industrial origins of these types of con-
taminated soils include gas works, petrochemical
plants, pickling plants, industrial chemical
plants, coke manufactures, scrap yards, ship
repair yards, and foundries.
The principal objective of the techniques under
development is to separate components of the
soil that are contaminated from components that
are not. The separated contaminated com-
ponents then form a concentrate that needs
further treatment or safe disposal. Because the
treatment method is essentially a wet process
which treats the soil as a slurry, a proportion of
the contamination may be transferred to the
liquid phase, which also requires further treat-
ment.
STATUS:
This technology was accepted into the SITE
Emerging Technology Program in July 1991.
Initial testing focused on identifying and collect-
ing suitable feed materials for the main research
program. This testing will be followed by more
detailed process investigations designed to
optimize the individual processes used for the
final pilot-scale run.
FOR FURTHER INFORMATION:
EPA PROJECT MANAGER:
Mary Stinson
U.S. EPA
Risk Reduction Engineering Laboratory
MS-104, Building 10
2890 Woodbridge Avenue
Edison, NJ 08837
908-321-6683
TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPER CONTACT:
Peter Wood
Warren Spring Laboratory
Gunnels Wood Road
Hertsfordshire
SGI 2BX
United Kingdom
01-44-438-741122
Fax: 01-44-438-360858
The SITE Program assesses but does not
approve or endorse technologies.
Page 305
-------
Technology Profile
EMERGING TECHNOLOGY PROGRAM
WASTEWATER TECHNOLOGY CENTRE
(Cross-Flow Pervaporation System)
TECHNOLOGY DESCRIPTION:
Pervaporation is a process for removing volatile
organic compounds (VOC) from contaminated
water. Permeable membranes that preferentially
adsorb VOCs are used to partition VOCs from
the contaminated water. The VOCs diffuse from
the membrane-water interface through the mem-
brane and are drawn under vacuum. Upstream
of the vacuum pump, a condenser traps and
contains the permeating vapors, condensing all
the vapor to avoid fugitive emissions. The
condensed organic vapors represent only a
fraction of the initial wastewater volume and
may be subsequently disposed of at significant
cost savings. Industrial waste streams may also
be treated with this process, and solvents may be
recovered for reuse.
A pilot pervaporation system has been developed
that is skid-mounted, compact, and rated for
Class I, Division I, Group D environments. The
membrane modules used hi this system consist
of beds of hollow fibers (much like a carbon
bed) with well-defined alignment that results hi
minimal pressure drop and operating costs per
1,000 gallons of treated wastewater. The unit,
shown below, can reduce VOCs by 99 percent.
Removal has been demonstrated to less than 5
parts per billion (ppb). For flow rates of less
than 1 gallon per minute this unit can achieve
99.999 percent removal of VOCs. This high
removal capacity plus containment of fugitive
emissions are the primary advantages of this
technology as compared with air stripping
followed by gas-phase carbon adsorption.
WASTE APPLICABILITY:
Pervaporation can be applied to aqueous waste
streams (in groundwater, lagoons, leachate, and
rinse water) contaminated with VOCs such as
solvents, degreasers, and gasoline. The tech-
nology is applicable to the types of wastes
currently treated by carbon adsorption, air
stripping, and steam stripping.
Module(s)
Contaminated
Water
Condenser
Treated
Water
Vacuum
Pump
VOC rich
Condensate
Cross-Flow Pervaporation System
Page 306
The SITE Program assesses but does not
approve or endorse technologies.
-------
November 1992
STATUS:
This technology was accepted into the SITE
Emerging Technology Program in January 1989.
A cost comparison, generated by Wastewater
Technology Centre, showed that pervaporation
can be competitive with air stripping and act-
ivated carbon to treat low concentrations of
VOCs.
A pilot plant with a removal efficiency of 99
percent has been evaluated in-house with model
compounds and will be field tested in late 1992.
FOR FURTHER INFORMATION:
EPA PROJECT MANAGER:
John Martin
U.S. EPA
Risk Reduction Engineering Laboratory
26 West Martin Luther King Drive
Cincinnati, OH 45268
513-569-7758
TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPER CONTACTS:
Rob Booth
Wastewater Technology Centre
867 Lakeshore Road, Box 5068
Burlington, Ontario L7R 4L7
Canada
416-336-4689
Chris Lipski
Zenon Environmental, Inc.
845 Harrington Court
Burlington, Ontario L7N 3P3
Canada
416-639-6320
The SITE Program assesses but does not
approve or endorse technologies.
Page 307
-------
Technology Profile
EMERGING TECHNOLOGY PROGRAM
WESTERN PRODUCT RECOVERY GROUP, INC.
(CCBA Physical and Chemical Treatment)
TECHNOLOGY DESCRIPTION:
The coordinate, chemical bonding and adsorp-
tion (CCBA) process converts heavy metals in
soils, sediments, and sludges to nonleaching
silicates. The process (see figure below) can
also oxidize organics hi the waste stream and
incorporate the ash into the ceramic pellet ma-
trix. The consistency of the solid residual varies
from a soil and sand density and size distribution
to a controlled size distribution ceramic ag-
gregate form. The residue can be (1) placed
back in its original location or (2) used as a
substitute for conventional aggregate.
The technology uses specific clays with cation
exchange capacity as sites for physical and
chemical bonding of heavy metals to the clay.
The process is designed for continuous flow.
The input sludge and soil stream is carefully
ratioed with specific clays and then mixed in a
high intensity mechanical mixer. The mixture is
then densified and formed into green or unfired
pellets of a desired size. The green pellets are
then direct fired in a rotary kiln for approx-
imately 30 minutes. The pellet temperature
slowly rises to 2,000 degrees Fahrenheit (°F)
creating the ceramic nature of the fired pellet.
Organics on the surface of the pellet are oxid-
ized, and organics inside the pellet are pyroly-
zed, as the pellet temperature rises. As the
pellets reach 2,000 °F the available silica sites in
the clay chemically react with the heavy metals
in the soil and sludge to form the final metal
silicate product.
The residue from the process is an inert ceramic
product, free of organics, with metal silicates
providing the molecular bonding structure to
preclude leaching. The off-gas from the kiln is
processed in an afterburner and wet scrub sys-
T o S.t a c k
Recycle Scrub
Cl ay
So I I s/
SI udges/-
Sediments
So I :U i i on
Residual
Product
CCBA Process
Page 308
The SITE Program assesses but does not
approve or endorse technologies.
-------
November 1992
tern before release to the atmosphere. Excess
scrub solution is recycled to the front-end mix-
ing process.
WASTE APPLICABILITY:
The CCBA process has been demonstrated
commercially on metal hydroxide sludges at a
throughput of 70 wet tons per month, based on
an 8-hour day, at 25 percent by weight solids.
This process can treat wastewater sludges,
sediments, and soils contaminated with mixed
organic and heavy metal wastes.
STATUS:
This technology was accepted into the SITE
Emerging Technology Program hi January 1991.
Under this program, the CCBA technology will
be modified to include soils contaminated with
both heavy metals and organics. The initial
SITE studies will be done at a pilot facility with
a capacity of 10 pounds per hour; the resulting
data will then be used to design a transportable
production unit. This project is temporarily on
hold.
FOR FURTHER INFORMATION:
EPA PROJECT MANAGER:
Joseph Farrell
U.S. EPA
Risk Reduction Engineering Laboratory
26 West Martin Luther King Drive
Cincinnati, OH 45268
513-569-7645
TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPER CONTACT:
Donald Kelly
Western Product Recovery Group, Inc.
P.O. Box 79728
Houston, TX 77279
713-493-9321
Fax: 713-493-9434
The SITE Program assesses but does not
approve or endorse technologies.
Page 309
-------
Technology Profile
EMERGING TECHNOLOGY PROGRAM
WESTERN RESEARCH INSTITUTE
[Contained Recovery of Oily Wastes (CROW™)]
TECHNOLOGY DESCRIPTION:
The Contained Recovery of Oily Wastes
(CROW™) process recovers oily wastes from the
ground by adapting a technology used for secon-
dary petroleum recovery and primary production
of heavy oil and tar sand bitumen. Steam and
hot-water displacement move accumulated oily
wastes and water to production wells for above-
ground treatment.
Injection and production wells are first installed
in soil contaminated with oily wastes (see figure
below). Low-quality steam is then injected
below the waste. The steam condenses, causing
rising hot water to dislodge the waste upward
into the more permeable soil regions. Hot water
is injected above the impermeable soil regions to
heat and mobilize the oil waste accumulations,
which are recovered by hot-water displacement.
The displaced oily wastes form an oil bank
which the hot water injection displaces to the
production well. Behind the oil bank, the oil
saturation becomes immobile in the subsurface
pore space. The oil and water are treated for
reuse or discharge.
In situ biological treatment may follow the
displacement and is continued until groundwater
contaminants are no longer detected. During
treatment, all mobilized organic liquids and
water-soluble contaminants are contained within
the original boundaries of the oily waste. Haz-
ardous materials are contained laterally by
groundwater isolation and vertically by organic
liquid flotation. Excess water is treated in
compliance with discharge regulations.
The process (1) removes large portions of oily
waste, (2) stops the downward migration of
Injection Well
Production Well
Steam-Stripped
Water
Low-Quality
Steam •
Residual Oil' • I
* Saturation.'
Hot-Water
Reinjection
Absorption Layer
Oil and Water
Production
Hot-Water
Flotation •
Steam
Injection
CROW™ Subsurface Development
Page 310
The SITE Program assesses but does not
approve or endorse technologies.
-------
November 1992
organic contaminants, (3) immobilizes residual
oily waste, (4) and reduces the volume, mobil-
ity, and toxicity of oily waste. It can be used
for shallow and deep contaminated areas.
The process uses mobile equipment.
WASTE APPLICABILITY:
This technology can treat manufactured gas plant
sites, wood-treating sites, and other sites with
soils containing light to dense organic liquids,
such as coal tars, pentachlorophenol solutions,
creosote, and petroleum by-products.
STATUS:
This technology was tested both at the laboratory
and pilot-scale under the SITE Emerging Tech-
nology Program. These tests showed the effec-
tiveness of the hot-water displacement and dis-
played the benefits of including chemicals with
the hot water. Evaluation under the Emerging
Technology Program is complete, and the final
report has been submitted to EPA.
Based on the results of the Emerging Tech-
nology Program, this technology was invited to
participate in the SITE Demonstration Program.
The technology will be demonstrated at the
Pennsylvania Power and Light (PP&L) Brodhead
Creek site in Stroudsburg, Pennsylvania. The
project is now hi the planning and negotiation
stage.
Remediation Technologies, Inc., is participating
in the project. Other sponsors, in addition to
EPA and PP&L, are the Gas Research Institute,
the Electric Power Research Institute, and the
U.S. Department of Energy.
This technology has been demonstrated at the
pilot scale at a wood-treatment site in Minnesota
outside of the SITE Program. The developer is
conducting screening studies for additional sites
and is investigating the use of chemicals with the
hot-water displacement. Nonaqueous phase
liquid removal rates of 60 to over 80 percent
have been achieved with hot water injection.
Chemical addition significantly increased re-
covery.
FOR FURTHER INFORMATION:
EPA PROJECT MANAGER:
Eugene Harris
U.S. EPA
Risk Reduction Engineering Laboratory
26 West Martin Luther King Drive
Cincinnati, OH 45268
513-569-7862
TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPER CONTACT:
James Speight
Western Research Institute
P.O. Box 3395
University Station
Laramie, WY 82071
307-721-2011
The SITE Program assesses but does not
approve or endorse technologies.
Page 311
-------
Technology Profile
EMERGING TECHNOLOGY PROGRAM
WILLIAMS ENVIRONMENTAL SERVICES, INC.
(formerly Harmon Environmental Services, Inc.)
(Soil Washing)
TECHNOLOGY DESCRIPTION:
Solvent washing is a method of cleaning soils
contaminated with heavy organic compounds,
such as polychlorinated biphenyls (PCS) and
chlorodibenzodioxins (dioxins). This method is
based on a patented solvent blend that has suc-
cessfully reduced PCS concentrations in soil to
less than 2 parts per million, the level at which
soil can be placed at the site without contain-
ment. The solvent used is critical to the success
of the system. It should be immiscible with
water (so that the water naturally found on the
soil will be displaced) and be able to break up
soil clods without grinding or shredding. De-
pending on the solvent used, this technology can
be tailored to remove most organic constituents
from solid matrices.
A soil/solvent contactor is used to mix con-
taminated solids with a solvent (see figure
below). The mixture is agitated for an ap-
propriate length of time (usually one hour), then
me solvent with the dissolved organic con-
taminant is drawn off. A fraction of the solvent
remains mixed with the solids. The solvent is
typically removed by subsequent washes until
the solid is sufficiently decontaminated.
The solvent from each wash is delivered to a
reclamation system, where it is distilled. The
contaminant is concentrated as a still bottom.
The still bottom, a small volume of the original
soil, and a liquid residue can be further treated
off or onsite depending on economics and other
considerations.
Once the desired level of decontamination is
achieved, residual solvent is removed from the
soil by steam stripping. To facilitate this re-
moval, a solvent with a high vapor pressure
should be used.
Aqueous discharges of this process include
noncontact cooling water and water initially
present in the soil. The latter is a very clean,
Soli/Solvent Contractor
Clean, Solvent
Storage
Solvent
Recovery
PCB to
Disposal
Water Separator
Soil Washing Process
Water
Page 312
The SITE Program assesses but does not
approve or endorse technologies.
-------
November 1992
low-volume material that typically does not
require additional treatment prior to discharge.
Unlike high-temperature processes such as
incineration, this process leaves the soil matrix
unchanged. The technology produces clean soil
suitable for sustaining vegetation. Process
equipment is mobile, operates at low temper-
atures, is totally enclosed (thereby producing
virtually no air emissions) and generates very
few residual wastes.
WASTE APPLICABILITY:
This technology has been shown to successfully
clean metal foil, paper and sand, clay soils,
high-organic soils, and soils mixed with organic
matter (such as leaves). It can be applied to soil
contaminated with high molecular weight or-
ganic compounds, including PCBs and dioxins.
Although work to date has emphasized PCB
decontamination, tests show that the technology
can also remove chlorodibenzofurans and most
types of petroleum products and oils.
STATUS:
The developer completed the first year of re-
search and then elected to leave the Emerging
Technology Program. A project summary will
be published in early 1993.
FOR FURTHER INFORMATION:
EPA PROJECT MANAGER:
S. Jackson Hubbard
U.S. EPA
Risk Reduction Engineering Laboratory
26 West Martin Luther King Drive
Cincinnati, OH 45268
513-569-7507
TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPER CONTACT:
Brett Burgess
Williams Environmental Services, Inc.
2076 West Park Place
Stove Mountain, GA 30087
404-879*4000
Fax: 404-498-2020
The SITE Program assesses but does not
approve or endorse technologies.
Page 313
-------
-------
The purpose of the Monitoring and Measurement Technologies Program (MMTP) is to accelerate the
development, demonstration, and use of innovative monitoring, measurement, and characterization
technologies at Superfund sites. These technologies are used to assess the nature and extent of
contamination and evaluate the progress and effectiveness of remedial actions. The MMTP places high
priority on technologies that provide cost-effective, faster, and safer methods than conventional
technologies for producing real-time or near-real-time data.
The MMTP is interested in new or modified technologies that can detect, monitor, and measure hazardous
and toxic substances in the subsurface (saturated and vadose zones), air, biological tissues, wastes, and
surface waters, as well as technologies that characterize the physical properties of sites. Technologies
of interest include chemical sensors for in situ measurements; groundwater sampling devices; soil and
core sampling devices; soil gas sampling devices; fluid sampling devices for the vadose zone; in situ and
field-portable analytical methods; and expert systems that support field sampling or data acquisition and
analysis.
The identification of candidate technologies is ongoing; therefore, technology developers are encouraged
to submit new and updated information at any time. This information is reviewed, cataloged, and
incorporated into a technology matrix, from which EPA makes a preliminary determination of possible
candidates for participation.
Evaluations or demonstrations have been completed for 17 projects in the MMTP. These technologies
are presented in alphabetical order in Table 4, and most are included in the technology profiles that
follow.
Page 315
-------
TABLE 4
SITE Monitoring and Measurement Technologies Program Participants
Developer
Analytical and Remedial
Technology, Inc.,
Menlo Park, CA
Binax Corporation,
Antox Division,
South Portland, ME
Bruker Instruments,
Billerica, MA
Dexsil Corporation,
Hamden, CT
(2 Demonstrations)
EnSys, Inc. (developed by
Westinghouse Bio-Analytical
Systems),
Research Triangle Park, NC
Graseby Ionics, Ltd.,
Watford, Herts, England and
PCP, Inc.,
West Palm Beach, PL
(2 Demonstrations)
HNU Systems, Incorporated,
Newtown, MA
MDA Scientific, Incorporated,
Norcross, GA
Microsensor Systems,
Incorporated,
Springfield, IL
Microsensor Technology,
Incorporated,
Fremont, CA
Technology
Automated Volatile
Organic Analytical
System
Equate9 Immunoassay
Bruker Mobile
Environmental Monitor
Environmental Test
Kits
Immunoassay for PCP
Ion Mobility
Spectrometry
Portable Gas
Chromatograph
Fourier Transform
Infrared Spectrometer
Portable Gas
Chromatograph
Portable Gas
Chromatograph
Technology
Contact
D. MacKay
415-324-2259
Roger Piasio
207-772-3544
John Wronka
506-667-9580
Steve Finch
203-288-3509
Stephen Friedman
914-941-5509
John Brokenshire
011-44-
923-816166
Martin Cohen
407-683-0507
Clayton Wood
617-964-6690
Orman Simpson
404-242-0977
N. L. Jarvis
703-642-6919
Kent Hammarstrand
510-490-0900
EPA Project
Manager
J. Lary Jack or
Stephen Billets
702-798-2373
Jeanette Van Emon
702-798-2154
J. Lary Jack or
Stephen Billets
702-798-2373
J. Lary Jack
702-798-2373
Jeanette Van Emon
702-798-2154
J. Lary Jack
702-798-2373
Richard Berkley
919-541-2439
William McClenny
919-541-3158
Richard Berkley
919-541-2439
Richard Berkley
919-541-2439
Waste
Media
Water, Air
Streams
Water
Air Streams,
Water, Soil,
Sludge, Sediment
Soil
Groundwater
Air Streams,
Vapor, Soil,
Water
Air Streams
Air Streams
Air Streams
Air Streams
Applicable Waste
Inorganic
Not Applicable
Not Applicable
Not Applicable
Not Applicable
Not Applicable
Not Applicable
Not Applicable
Non-Specific
Inorganics
Not Applicable
Non-Specific
Inorganics
Organic
VOCs
BTX (benzene, toluene,
xylene)
VOCs, SVOCs, and PCBs
PCBs
PCP
VOCs
VOCs, Aromatic
Compounds, Halocarbons
Non-Specific Organics
VOCs
Non-Specific Organics
CO
«4
0)
-------
•8
CO
«*
SI
TABLE 4 (continued)
SITE Monitoring and Measurement Technologies Program Participants
Developer
Millipore Corporation,
Bedford, MA
Photovac International,
Incorporated,
Deer Park, NY
Sentex Sensing Technology,
Incorporated,
Ridgefield, NJ
SRI Instruments,
Torrance, CA
XonTech, Incorporated,
Van Nuys, CA
Technology
EnviroGard™ PCB
Immunoassay Test Kit
Photovac 10S PLUS
Portable Gas
Chromatograph
Gas Chromatograph
XonTech Sector
Sampler
Technology
Contact
Alan Weiss
617-275-9200
Mark Collins
516-254-4199
Amos Linenberg
201-945-3694
Dave Quinn
310-214-5092
Matt Young
818-787-7380
EPA Project
Manager
Jeanette Van Emon
702-798-2154
Richard Berkley
919-541-2439
Richard Berkley
919-541-2439
Richard Berkley
919-541-2439
Joachim Pleil
919_541_4680
Waste
Media
Soil
Air Streams
Air Streams,
Water, Soil
Air Streams
Air Streams
Applicable Waste
Inorganic
Not Applicable
Not Applicable
Not Applicable
Not Applicable
Not Applicable
Organic
PCBs
VOCs
VOCs
VOCs
VOCs
-------
Technology Profile
MONITORING AND MEASUREMENT
TECHNOLOGIES PROGRAM
ANALYTICAL AND REMEDIAL TECHNOLOGY, INC.
(Automated Volatile Organic Analytical System)
TECHNOLOGY DESCRIPTION:
The automated volatile organic analytical system
(AVOAS) permits the continuous monitoring of
a water stream. The instrument (see photograph
below) consists of a sampling manifold that
automatically samples at predetermined collec-
tion points within the process under study. The
samples are then shunted directly into a chamber
where a conventional purge-and-trap procedure
is carried out. The analytes are collected on a
sorbent trap, which is then thermally desorbed.
The sample is then automatically injected into a
gas chromatograph, where individual com-
ponents are separated. The gas chromatograph
can be equipped with a variety of detectors that
offer high sensitivity or specificity depending on
the application or data requirements. The entire
system, including report preparation, is under
computer control; therefore, the operator is not
directly involved in sample collection, transport,
or analysis. The instrument was designed to
meet the requirements of standard EPA
purge-and-trap methods.
WASTE APPLICABILITY:
The system is designed for the automated de-
termination of volatile organic compounds in
aqueous samples, as may be obtained from a
treatment or process stream. Because the system
contains a thermal desorption chamber, air
samples collected on TENAX or charcoal tubes
may also be analyzed. The instrument can
Automated Volatile Organic Analytical System (AVOAS)
Page 318
The SITE Program assesses but does not
approve or endorse technologies.
-------
November 1992
provide real-time analytical data during the
remediation and long-term monitoring phases at
a Superiund site.
STATUS:
A demonstration was conducted in May 1991 at
the Wells G and H Superfund site in EPA
Region 1. The demonstration was conducted as
part of a pilot-scale pump and treat engineering
study. For purposes of this demonstration, EPA
Method 502.2 was evaluated. The system was
installed to collect samples at six points in the
treatment train. Duplicate samples were col-
lected and shipped to a conventional laboratory
for confirmatory analysis. A preliminary evalu-
ation of the results indicates a strong correlation
between the laboratory and field data. A full
report on this demonstration was prepared in
December 1991. A presentation of results was
made at the 1992 Pittsburgh Conference and
Exposition on Analytical Chemistry and Applied
Spectroscopy. Additional studies will be con-
ducted to expand the scope of application and to
prepare detailed protocols based on the conclu-
sions and recommendations in the final report.
FOR FURTHER INFORMATION:
EPA PROJECT MANAGERS:
J. Lary Jack or Stephen Billets
U.S. EPA
Environmental Monitoring Systems
Laboratory-Las Vegas
P.O. Box 93478
Las Vegas, NV 89193
702-798-2373
TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPER CONTACT:
D. MacKay
Analytical and Remedial Technology, Inc.
206 West O'Conner Street
Menlo Park, CA 94025
415-324-2259
The SITE Program assesses but does not
approve or endorse technologies.
Page 319
-------
Technology Profile
MONITORING AND MEASUREMENT
TECHNOLOGIES PROGRAM
BINAX CORPORATION
Antox Division
(Equate® Immuiaoassay)
TECHNOLOGY DESCRIFnON:
The Equate* immunoassay uses an anti-benzene,
toluene, and xylene (BTX) polyclonal antibody
to facilitate analysis of BTX in water. A
hapten-enzyme conjugate mimics free BTX
hydrocarbons and competes for binding to the
polyclonal antibody immobilized on a test tube.
After washing to remove unbound conjugate, a
substrate chromogen mixture is added and a
colorized enzymatic reaction product is formed.
The enzymatic reaction is stopped by the ad-
dition of a few drops of sulfuric acid, which
changes the color to yellow. As with other
competitive enzyme-linked immunosorbent
assays, the color intensity of the enzymatic
product is inversely proportional to the sample
analyte concentration. Each sample is run with
a reference sample of deionized water. The
optical density of the colored enzymatic product
is read on a portable digital colorimeter equip-
ped with a filter that passes light at a peak
Wavelength of 450 nanometers. The ratio of the
sample to the reference optical density values is
used to estimate the aromatic hydrocarbon level
in the low parts per million (ppm) range. The
test is sensitive to about 1 ppm and requires 5 to
10 minutes per analysis.
WASTE APPLICABILITY:
The immunoassay is designed to measure vol-
ktile polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in water.
STATUS:
The Environmental Monitoring System Labor-
atory - Las Vegas evaluated several successfully
developed versions of the immunoassay. The
evaluation focused on cross-reactivity and
HW4*
w%>&>&Ł'
Equate® Immunoassay Kit
Page 320
The SITE Program assesses but does not
approve or endorse technologies.
-------
November 1992
interference testing and on analysis of benzene,
toluene, ethylbenzene, and xylene (BTEX) and
gasoline standard curves.
As a preliminary field evaluation, five well
samples and a creek sample were analyzed in
duplicate, both in the field and the laboratory,
by the immunoassay. For confirmation, samples
were also analyzed by purge-and-trap gas
chromatography with an electron capture de-
tector, in parallel with a photoionization de-
tector.
A SITE demonstration of the Equate® im-
munoassay was conducted in 1992.
FOR FURTHER INFORMATION:
EPA PROJECT MANAGER:
Jeanette Van Emon
U.S. EPA
Environmental Monitoring Systems
Laboratory-Las Vegas
P.O. Box 93478
Las Vegas, NV 89193-3478
702-798-2154
TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPER CONTACT:
Roger Piasio
Binax Corporation, Antox Division
95 Darling Avenue
South Portland, ME 04106
207-772-3544
Fax: 207-761-2074
The SITE Program assesses but does not
approve or endorse technologies.
Page 321
-------
Technology Profile
MONITORING AND MEASUREMENT
TECHNOLOGIES PROGRAM
BRUKER INSTRUMENTS
(Bruker Mobile Environitnental Monitor)
TECHNOLOGY DESCRIPTION:
This mobile environmental monitor (see photo-
graph below) is a field transportable mass spec-
trometer designed to identify and measure
organic pollutants in various environmental
media. The spectrometer uses a quadruple mass
analyzer similar to most conventional instru-
ments. Like conventional mass spectrometers,
this instrument can be used to identify and
quantify organic compounds on the basis of their
retention time, molecular weight, and character-
istic fragment pattern. The design and elec-
tronics of the Bruker instrument have been
specially modified for field use.
The instrument is designed to operate by battery
power and can be used in various environmental
situations with minimum support requirements.
The integrated gas chromatograph allows for the
introduction of complex extracts for separation
into individual components and subsequent
analysis in the mass spectrometer.
The instrument was originally designed for the
military to detect and monitor chemical warfare
agents. Environmental samples may be intro-
duced to the mass spectrometer through the
direct air sampler or the gas chromatograph.
Results are collected and stored in a computer,
where data reduction and analysis are carried
out. The computer provides reports within
minutes of final data acquisition.
WASTE APPLICABILITY:
This instrument is designed to detect the full
range of volatile and semivolatile organic com-
pounds directly in air and in extracts of water,
soil, sediment, sludge, and hazardous waste.
For purposes of this demonstration, the instru-
ment was used to determine the presence and
concentration of polychlorinated biphenyls in
soil, polynuclear aromatics (PNA) in soil, and
the full range of Superfund targeted volatile
organic compounds (VOC) in water. This
demonstration was conducted using samples
Bruker Mobile Environmental Monitor
Page 322
The SITE Program assesses but does not
approve or endorse technologies.
-------
November 1992
collected and analyzed at the Re-solve and
Westborough Superfund sites in EPA Region 1.
The Bruker mobile environmental monitor can
be used to provide in-field, real-time support
during the characterization and remediation
phases of cleanup at a hazardous waste site.
The demonstration was conducted at Superfund
sites known to contain the target compounds of
interest. The intent of the study was to validate
the technology using a variety of quality control
and environmental samples. The experimental
design required that all of the samples analyzed
in the field be shipped to a laboratory and
analyzed by using standard Superfund analytical
methods, as would be obtained under the Con-
tract Laboratory Program.
STATUS:
The SITE demonstration was completed in
September 1990, and a project report was pro-
vided to the Superfund Program Office. Pre-
sentations on the results of this study were made
at the American Society for Mass Spectrometry
(ASMS) Conference (May 1991) and at the
Superfund Hazardous Waste Conference (July
1991). A recent survey of regional laboratories
identified additional testing of this technology as
a priority need.
Environmental Monitoring Systems Laboratory
- Las Vegas purchased a field portable gas
chromatograph/mass spectrometer system in
fiscal year 1992 to pursue other applications and
to expand the scope of this project.
FOR FURTHER INFORMATION:
EPA PROJECT MANAGERS:
J. Lary Jack or Stephen Billets
U.S. EPA
Environmental Monitoring Systems
Laboratory-Las Vegas
P.O. Box 93478
Las Vegas, NV 89193
702-798-2373
TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPER CONTACT:
John Wronka
Bruker Instruments
Manning Park
19 Fortune Drive
Billerica, MA 01821
506-667-9580
The SITE Program assesses but does not
approve or endorse technologies.
Page 323
-------
Technology Profile
MONITORING AND MEASUREMENT
TECHNOLOGIES PROGRAM
DEXSIL CORPORATION
(Environmental Test Kits)
TECHNOLOGY DESCRIPTION:
The Dexsil Corporation (Dexsil) produces two
test kits that detect polychlorinated biphenyls
(PCS) in soil: the Dexsil Clor-N-Soil PCB
Screening Kit and the Dexsil L200 PCB/
Chloride Analyzer. The Dexsil Clor-N-Soil
PCB Screening Kit extracts PCBs from soil and
dissociates the PCBs with a sodium reagent,
freeing chloride ions (Cl"). These ions are then
exposed to mercuric ions to form a mercury
chloride compound. The extract is then treated
with diphenyl carbazone, which reacts with free
mercury ions forming a purple color. The less
purple the color, the greater the concentration of
PCBs in the extract. The Dexsil L2000 PCB/
Chloride Analyzer also extracts PCBs from soil
and dissociates the PCBs with a sodium reagent,
freeing Cl". The extract is then analyzed with a
calibrated chloride-specific electrode.
WASTE APPLICABILITY:
These technologies produce analytical results at
different data quality levels. The Clor-N-Soil
technology identifies samples above or below a
single concentration, which is generally tied to
regulatory action levels. The Dexsil L2000
PCB/Chloride Analyzer quantitates specific
concentrations of PCBs in a sample. The ap-
plicability of these methods depends on the data
quality needs of a specific project. Both tech-
nologies can be used on site for site character-
ization or removal action.
STATUS:
\
\
These test kits were demonstrated at a facility
implementing corrective measures for PCB
contamination in EPA Region 7. About 200 soil
samples were collected and analyzed on site
Dexsil Clor-N-Soil Test Kit
Page 324
The SITE Program assesses but does not
approve or endorse technologies.
-------
November 1992
using the Dexsil test kits. Soil samples were not
dried prior to analysis. Split samples were
submitted to the Contract Laboratory Program
(CLP) for confirmatory analysis by SW-846
Method 8080. Demonstration data will be used
to evaluate the accuracy and precision of the test
kits, relative to internal quality control samples
and to CLP data. These data will also be used
to determine operating costs.
The sampling and field analyses for this tech-
nology demonstration were completed in August
1992. The Technology Evaluation Report is
scheduled for completion in February 1993,
pending the final data package from the CLP.
FOR FURTHER INFORMATION:
EPA PROJECT MANAGER:
J. Lary Jack
U.S. EPA
Environmental Monitoring Systems
Laboratory-Las Vegas
P.O. Box 93478
Las Vegas, NV 89193
702-789-2373
TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPER CONTACT:
Steve Finch
Dexsil Corporation
One Hamden Park Drive
Hamden, CT 06517
203-288-3509
Dexsil L2000 PCB/Chloride Analyzer
The SITE Program assesses but does not
approve or endorse technologies.
Page 325
-------
Technology Profile
MONITORING AND MEASUREMENT
TECHNOLOGIES PROGRAM
GRASEBY IONICS, LTD., and PCP, INC.
(Ion Mobility Spectrometry)
TECHNOLOGY DESCRIPTION:
Ion mobility spectrometry (IMS) is a technique
used to detect and characterize organic vapors in
air. The principles of IMS involve the ioniza-
tion of molecules and their subsequent temporal
drift through an electric field. Analysis and
characterization are based on analyte separations
resulting from ionic mobilities rather than mass-
es; this distinguishes IMS from mass spectro-
metry. IMS is operated at atmospheric pressure,
a characteristic that has practical advantages,
including smaller size, less power, less weight,
and simplicity.
WASTE APPLICABILITY:
The IMS units, which are intended to be used in
a preprogrammed fashion, can monitor one of
several chemicals, such as chlororform, ethyl-
benzene, and other volatile organic compounds
(yOC), in a defined situation. They can be used
to analyze air, vapor, soil, and water samples.
However, for analysis of solid materials, the
contaminants must be introduced to the instru-
ment in the gas phase, requiring some sample
preparation.
STATUS:
Two technology developers participated in a
laboratory demonstration in summer and fall
1990. One developer, Graseby Ionics, Ltd.,
used a commercially available, self-contained
instrument that weighs about 2 kilograms (Kg)
(See figure below). The other developer, PCP,
Inc., used a larger (12 Kg) transportable IMS.
This laboratory demonstration was the first
opportunity for these developers to test their
instruments using environmental samples.
Though the potential of IMS is known, the
results of the laboratory demonstration high-
NOZZLE
RETAINING
STRAP
^
\
\
\
ENVIRONMENTAL CAP
Airborne Vapor Monitor
NOZZLE PROTECTIVE CAP-
(Posltlon when A.V.M. Is In use)
Page 326
The SITE Program assesses but does not
approve or endorse technologies.
-------
November 1992
lighted, for the first time, the technology's
limitations. Two main needs must be met before
IMS will be ready for field applications:
• Additional development of sampling or
sample preparation strategies for soil and
water analysis
• Improvements in the design and per-
formance of IMS inlets in conjunction with
the development of sampling and presenta-
tion procedures
A Technology Evaluation Report on the IMS
laboratory demonstration is being prepared.
FOR FURTHER INFORMATION:
EPA PROJECT MANAGER:
J. Lary Jack
U.S. EPA
Environmental Monitoring Systems
Laboratory-Las Vegas
P.O. Box 93478
Las Vegas, NV 89193-3478
702-798-2373
TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPER CONTACTS:
John Brokenshire
Graseby Ionics, Ltd.
Analytical Division
Park Avenue, Bushey
Watford, Herts, WD2 2BW
England
011-44-923-816166
Martin Cohen
PCP, Inc.
2155 Indian Road
West Palm Beach, FL 33409-3287
407-683-0507
The SITE Program assesses but does not
approve or endorse technologies.
Page 327
-------
Technology Profile
MONITORING AND MEASUREMENT
TECHNOLOGIES PROGRAM
HNU SYSTEMS, INCORPORATED
(Portable Gas Chromatograph)
TECHNOLOGY DESCRIPTION:
The HNU GC 311 portable gas chromatograph
(see figure below) is specially designed to be
field-deployable. It has an internal carrier gas
supply, operates on 110-volt line power, and is
microprocessor-controlled. Chromatograms are
plotted, and data are printed on an internal
printer plotter. Data can also be reported to an
external computer, which is connected through
an RS-232 outlet. Either photoionization or
electron-capture detectors can be used. Capil-
lary columns of all sizes can be installed. The
unit is capable of autosampling.
IWASTE APPLICABILITY:
The HNU GC 311 can be used to monitor
volatile organic compound emissions from
hazardous waste sites and other emissions sourc-
es before and during remediation. It is poten-
tially applicable to a wide variety of vapor phase
pollutants, but its field performance is still under
evaluation. The photoionization detector is
sensitive to compounds that ionize below 10.4
electron volts, such as aromatic compounds and
unsaturated halocarbons. The electron-capture
detector is sensitive to material with a high
affinity for electrons, such as halocarbons.
oaaa
a a a aaaaa
ana aaaaa
HNU GC 3.11
Page 328
The SITE Program assesses but does not
approve or endorse technologies.
-------
November 1992
STATUS:
Field evaluation at a Superfund site under re-
mediation was conducted during January 1992.
Laboratory evaluation of the HNU GC 311 will
be reported during 1993.
FOR FURTHER INFORMATION:
EPA PROJECT MANAGER:
Richard Berkley
U.S. EPA
Atmospheric Research and Exposure
Assessment Laboratory
MD-44
Research Triangle Park, NC 27711
919-541-2439
TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPER CONTACT:
Clayton Wood
HNU Systems, Incorporated
160 Charlemont Street
Newtown, MA 02161-9987
617-964-6690
The SITE Program assesses but does not
approve or endorse technologies.
Page 329
-------
Technology Profile
MONITORING AND MEASUREMENT
TECHNOLOGIES PROGRAM
MDA SCIENTIFIC, INCORPORATED
(Fourier Transform Infraired Spectrometer)
TECHNOLOGY DESCRIPTION:
This long-path monitoring system (see photo-
graph below) is a field-deployable long-path
Fourier transform infrared spectrometer that
measures infrared absorption by infrared-active
molecules. An infrared beam is transmitted
along a path to a retroflector that returns it to
the detector. The total path can be up to 1
kilometer long. The system does not need
calibration in the field. Analysis is performed
by using a reference spectrum of known con-
centration and classical least squares fitting
routines. It does not require the acquisition of
a sample, thereby ensuring sample integrity. A
measurement requires only a few minutes, which
allows determination of temporal profiles for
pollutant gas concentrations.
WASTE APPLICABILITY:
The long-path monitor can measure various
airborne vapors, including both organic and
inorganic compounds, especially those that are
too volatile to be collected by preconcentration
methods. It can be used to monitor emissions
from hazardous waste sites during remediation.
Under proper conditions, it may be possible to
estimate emission rates of vapors from the site.
STATUS:
I
The long-path monitor has been evaluated in
several field studies and has been proven capable
of detecting various significant airborne atmo-
spheric vapors. Software that identifies and
quantifies compounds in the presence of back-
ground interference is under development. Field
operating procedures and quality control pro-
cedures are being established. A field evaluation
of this instrument was conducted at a Superfund
site in January 1992. Results from this field
evaluation are published in an EPA report
entitled "Superfund Innovative Technology
Evaluation, The Delaware SITE Study, 1989"
(EPA/600/A3-91/071).
Fourier Transform Infraired Spectrometer
Page 330
The SITE Program assesses but does not
approve or endorse technologies.
-------
November 1992
FOR FURTHER INFORMATION:
EPA PROJECT MANAGER:
William McClenny
U.S. EPA
Atmospheric Research and Exposure
Assessment Laboratory
MD-44
Research Triangle Park, NC 27711
919-541-3158
TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPER CONTACT:
Orman Simpson
MDA Scientific, Incorporated
3000 Northwoods Parkway
Norcross, GA 30071
404-242-0977
The SITE Program assesses but does not
approve or endorse technologies.
Page 331
-------
Technology Profile
MONITORING AND MEASUREMENT
TECHNOLOGIES PROGRAM
MICROSENSOR SYSTEMS, INCORPORATED
(Portable Gas Chromatograph)
TECHNOLOGY DESCRIPTION:
The MSI-301A vapor monitor (see figure below)
is a portable, temperature-controlled gas chrom-
atograph with a highly selective surface acoustic
wave detector and an on-board computer. It
preconcentrates samples and uses scrubbed
ambient air as a carrier gas. It analyzes a
limited group of preselected compounds (for
example, benzene, toluene, and xylenes) at part-
per-billion levels. It is battery-powered and
includes an RS-232 interface. It can be operated
automatically as a stationary sampler or manual-
ly as a mobile unit.
WASTE APPLICABILITY:
The MSI-301A vapor monitor can be used to
monitor volatile organic compound emissions
from hazardous waste sites and other sources
before and during remediation. It can be applied
to many kinds of vapor phase pollutants, but its
performance characteristics in the field have not
been evaluated.
STATUS:
In January 1992, the MSI-301 A vapor monitor
was evaluated in the field at a Superfund site.
MSI-301A Vapor Monitor
Page 332
The SITE Program assesses but does not
approve or endorse technologies.
-------
November 1992
Laboratory evaluation will be conducted during
the fall of 1993.
FOR FURTHER INFORMATION:
EPA PROJECT MANAGER:
Richard Berkley
U.S. EPA
Atmospheric Research and Exposure
Assessment Laboratory
MD-44
Research Triangle Park, NC 27711
919-541-2439
TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPER CONTACT:
N. L. Jarvis
Microsensor Systems, Incorporated
6800 Versar Center
Springfield, IL 22151
703-642-6919
The SITE Program assesses but does not
approve or endorse technologies.
Page 333
-------
Technology Profile
MONITORING AND MEASUREMENT
TECHNOLOGIES PROGRAM
MICROSENSOR TECHNOLOGY, INCORPORATED
(Portable Gas Chromatograph)
TECHNOLOGY DESCRIPTION:
The Microsensor Technology M200 gas analyzer
(see figure below) is a dual-channel portable gas
chromatograph. The Met system and thermal
conductivity detector are micromachined on a
silicon wafer and connected by a short length of
microbore column. Samples are drawn through
a loop, which is then placed in line with the
carrier stream. Concentrations as low as 1 part
per million can be detected from a wide variety
of volatile organic compounds (VOC) without
preconcentration. Chromatograms are com-
pleted in less than 5 minutes.
WASTE APPLICABILITY:
The Microsensor Technology M200 can po-
tentially be used to monitor VOC emissions
from hazardous waste sites before and during
remediation. Analysis of concentrations below
1 part per million requires the use of a precon-
centrator. Because of the universal sensitivity of
its thermal conductivity detector, it is potentially
applicable to all kinds of vapor phase com-
pounds, both organic and inorganic. However,
its performance characteristics in field operation
have not been evaluated because a suitable
preconcentrator is not available.
M200 Gas Analyzer
Page 334
The SITE Program assesses but does not
approve or endorse technologies.
-------
November 1992
STATUS:
Laboratory evaluation of this instrument was
conducted during 1990 through 1992. The
instrument's sensitivity was inadequate for field
operation without preconcentration.
FOR FURTHER INFORMATION:
EPA PROJECT MANAGER:
Richard Berkley
U.S. EPA
Atmospheric Research and Exposure
Assessment Laboratory
MD-44
Research Triangle Park, NC 27711
919-541-2439
TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPER CONTACT:
Kent Hammarstrand
Microsensor Technology, Incorporated
41762 Christy Street
Fremont, CA 94538
510-490-0900
The SITE Program assesses but does not
approve or endorse technologies.
Page 335
-------
Technology Profile
MONITORING AND MEASUREMENT
TECHNOLOGIES PROGRAM
MILLIPORE CORPORATION
(EnviroGard™ PCB Lnmuiioassay Test Kit)
TECHNOLOGY DESCRIPTION:
The EnviroGard™ polychlorinated biphenyl
(PCB) immunoassay test kit performs rapid
analysis of PCBs in soils. The test kit procedure
is shown below. Soil sample extracts are added
to test tubes coated with antibodies that bind
PCB molecules. The soil extracts are washed
away after incubation, and a PCB conjugate
(horse radish peroxidase enzyme), which mimics
free PCB molecules, is added to the tubes.
Unoccupied antibody binding sites bind the PCB
conjugate. Excess PCB conjugate is washed
away. An enzyme substrate and a coloring
agent are added to the test tube. The color
Incubation 1:
Dilution of sample or
calibrator is incubated in
tube containing
Immobilized antibodies.
Washl:
Non-PCB material is
washed away, leaving only
PCBs bound to antibodies.
Incubation 2:
PCB-HRP binds to free
anti-PCB sites on
immobilized antibodies.
Wash 2:
Unbound PCB-HRP is
washed away, leaving an
amount of enzyme
inversely proportional to
the PCB concentration in
incubation 1.
Incubation 3:
Colorless substrate and
chromogen become blue in
proportion to amount of
bound enzyme. Lass color
means more PCB Stop
solution inactivates the HRP,
changes color to yellow, and
stabilizes color.
intensity is measured at 405 nanometers using a
small, portable spectrophotometer. The color
intensity is inversely proportional to PCB con-
centration in the soil sample. The results obtain-
ed from the soil samples are compared against
three calibrators of 5, 10, and 50 parts per
million (ppm). This type of test is called a
competitive enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay
(ELISA).
PCB concentrations can be semiquantitatively
classified as below 5 ppm, between 5 and 10
pjjm, between 10 and 50 ppm, and greater than
50 ppm. Up to six sample analyses (in dupli-
cate) can be performed in about 15 to 20 min-
* - PCB
* - Non-PCB Material in Filtrate
or Calibrator
- PCB Antibody
HRP (Horse Radish
Peroxidase Enzyme)
Blue
S - Substrate
C = Chromogen
Test Kit Procedure
Page 336
The SITE Program assesses but does not
approve or endorse technologies.
-------
November 1992
utes. The developer can provide optional pro-
tocols to perform more detailed quantitative
analysis.
WASTE APPLICABILITY:
The PCB immunoassay measures PCBs in soil.
The test is equally sensitive to Arochlors 1016,
1232, 1242, 1248, 1254, and 1260, with moder-
ate sensitivity to Arochlor 1221. Test detection
limits are reported to be 0.1 parts per billion in
water and 0.1 ppm in soils. Millipore has also
developed ELISA kits under the EnviroGard™
trademark for triazine, aldicarb, 2,4-dichloro-
phenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D), carbofuran, cyclo-
dienes, alachlor, and benomyl. These kits have
been used to test for contaminants in food,
water, soil, and contaminated surfaces and are
available for commercial distribution.
STATUS:
The EnviroGard™ test kit has been used for
screening and quantifying PCB contamination in
soils at a SITE demonstration of a solvent
extraction system in Washburn, Maine. The kit
was also demonstrated at a U.S. Department of
Energy (DOE) site in Kansas City, Kansas.
Contaminated soil above of 50 ppm PCB was
required to implement the demonstration tests at
the Washburn, Maine site. Calibrators at the 5
and 50 ppm level were used to evaluate the kit's
potential for segregating soils. Additional tests
were performed on dilutions of the soil extracts
to evaluate quantitative performance. Highly
contaminated soils were easily identified, and
quantitative tests provided correlation to actual
contaminant levels. Test results were confirmed
by off-site analysis using EPA Method 8080.
Soils contaminated with Arochlor 1248 in ranges
from 0 to greater than 1,000 ppm were analyzed
with the test kit at the DOE facility. Over 200
assays of environmental samples and calibrators
were performed to evaluate correlation with both
on-site and off-site gas chromatograph data.
Final evaluation of the data will be presented in
the Technology Evaluation Report (TER).
Draft methods for the PCB test in soil were
submitted for review by the Office of Solid
Waste (OSW) methods panel in summer 1992.
Preliminary drafts of these methods will be
available through the OSW Methods Information
Service in late 1992.
FOR FURTHER INFORMATION:
EPA PROJECT MANAGER:
Jeanette Van Emon
U.S. EPA
Environmental Monitoring Systems
Laboratory-Las Vegas
P.O. Box 93478
Las Vegas, NV 89193-3478
702-798-2154
TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPER CONTACT:
Alan Weiss
Analytical Division
Millipore Corporation
80 Asby Road
Bedford, MA 01730
617-275-9200, ext. 2968
The SITE Program assesses but does not
approve or endorse technologies.
Page 337
-------
Technology Profile
MONITORING AND MEASUREMENT
TECHNOLOGIES PROGRAM
PHOTOVAC INTERNATIONAL, INCORPORATED
(Photovac 10S PLUS)
TECHNOLOGY DESCRIPTION:
The Photovac 10S PLUS (see figure below) is a
redesigned version of the Photovac 10S70. The
Photovac 10S70, a battery-powered portable gas
chromatograph, has been evaluated. Many of its
design problems have been addressed. The 10S
PLUS includes the following characteristics:
significantly reduce
and carryover con-
All-steel valves
memory effect
lamination.
Autoranging permits operation at high
gain.
An on-board computer controls the unit
and manages data.
The 10.6 electron volt (eV) photoioniza-
tion detector is limited to low temper-
ature operation.
For a limited number of compounds that
ionize below 10.6 eV and are volatile
enough to elute at 50° Celsius or
below, it is highly selective and more
sensitive than any other detector.
• This unit is capable of detecting ben-
zene, toluene, xylenes, and chlorinated
ethylenes in samples that are small
enough to be chromatographed, without
1 preconcentration, at concentrations well
below 1 part per billion.
WASTE APPLICABILITY:
The Photovac 10S PLUS can potentially be used
to monitor volatile organic compound (VOC)
emissions from hazardous waste sites and other
emission sources before and during remediation.
Its predecessor, the 10S70, has been shown to
be an effective — though somewhat tem-
peramental — monitor for volatile aromatic and
chlorinated olefin compounds at ambient back-
ground levels.
BBBBBBlBBBBBBB
B BBBBBBBBBBBBBBB
BBBBBBBBBBBBB&
'
Photovac 10S PLUS
Page 338
The SITE Program assesses but does not
approve or endorse technologies.
-------
November 1992
STATUS:
Field evaluation at a Superfund site under re-
mediation was conducted in January 1992.
Laboratory evaluation will be reported during
1993. The evaluations will determine the extent
to which problems with the 10S70 have been
solved.
FOR FURTHER INFORMATION:
EPA PROJECT MANAGER:
Richard Berkley
U.S. EPA
Atmospheric Research and Exposure
Assessment Laboratory
MD-44
Research Triangle Park, NC 27711
919-541-2439
TECHNOLOGY CONTACT:
Mark Collins
Photovac International, Incorporated
25B Jefryn Boulevard West
Deer Park, NY 11729
516-254-4199
The SITE Program assesses but does not
approve or endorse technologies.
Page 339
-------
Technology Profile
MONITORING AND MEASUREMENT
TECHNOLOGIES PROGRAM
SENTEX SENSING TECHNOLOGY, INCORPORATED
(Portable Gas Chromatograph)
TECHNOLOGY DESCRIPTION:
The scentograph portable gas chromatograph
(see figure below) can operate for several hours
on internal batteries and has internal carrier gas
and calibrant tanks. It can be fitted with a
megabore capillary column or a packed column.
The instrument can be operated isothermally at
elevated temperatures or ballistically temper-
ature-programmed. Autosampling is performed
by drawing air through a sorbent bed, followed
by rapid thermal desorption into the carrier
stream. The detector may be operated in either
ajrgon ionization or electron-capture modes. The
11.7 electron volt (eV) ionization energy makes
the detector unit nearly universal with a detec-
tion limit of about 1 part per billion. The
instrument is controlled through an attached IBM
PC/XT compatible laptop computer.
WASTE APPLICABILITY:
i
i
The scentograph portable gas chromatograph can
be used to monitor volatile organic compound
(VOC) emissions from hazardous waste sites and
other emission sources before and during reme-
Portable Gas Chromatograph
Page 340
The SITE Program assesses; but does not
approve or endorse technologies.
-------
November 1992
diation. It has been used for several years in
water and soil analyses and can analyze all kinds
of vapor phase pollutants.
STATUS:
Field evaluation at a Superiund site under reme-
diation was conducted in January 1992. Labor-
atory evaluation will occur during 1993.
FOR FURTHER INFORMATION:
EPA PROJECT MANAGER:
Richard Berkley
U.S. EPA
Atmospheric Research and Exposure
Assessment Laboratory
MD-44
Research Triangle Park, NC 27711
919-541-2439
TECHNOLOGY CONTACT:
Amos Linenberg
Sentex Sensing Technology, Incorporated
553 Broad Avenue
Ridgefield, NJ 07657
201-945-3694
The SITE Program assesses but does not
approve or endorse technologies.
Page 341
-------
Technology Profile
MONITORING AND MEASUREMENT
TECHNOLOGIES PROGRAM
SRI INSTRUMENTS
(Gas Chromatograph)
TECHNOLOGY DESCRIPTION:
The SRI 8610 gas chromatograph (see figure
below) is a small low-cost laboratory instrument
that is field-deployable. It is temperature-
programmable and features a built-in purge-and-
trap system. Thermal conductivity, flame
ionization, nitrogen-phosphorus, thermionic
ionization, photoionization, electron capture,
Hall, and flame photometric detectors can be
used. Up to three detectors may be simultan-
ebusly mounted in series.
APPLICABILITY:
The SRI 8610 gas chromatograph can be used to
monitor airborne emissions from hazardous
waste sites and other emission sources before
and during remediation. It can be applied to
volatile organic compounds (VOC), but its
ffffffffffffffffffffffffSOOffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffff
ffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffOffffffOffffffffffffffffffffffffffffff
ffOffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffff
offnaaaooooaaaaeaaoooffiiaooouaaaaaffoaoa
O
o
o
8610 Gas Chromatograph
Page 342
The SITE Program assessei; but does not
approve or endorse technologies.
-------
November 1992
performance characteristics in the field have not
been evaluated.
STATUS:
Field evaluation of the SRI 8610 gas chromato-
graph at a Superfund site under remediation was
conducted in January 1992. Laboratory evalua-
tion will be reported during 1993.
FOR FURTHER INFORMATION:
EPA PROJECT MANAGER:
Richard Berkley
U.S. EPA
Atmospheric Research and Exposure
Assessment Laboratory
MD-44
Research Triangle Park, NC 27711
919-541-2439
TECHNOLOGY CONTACT:
Dave Quinn
SRI Instruments
3870 Del Amo Boulevard, Suite 506
Torrance, CA 90503
310-214-5092
The SITE Program assesses but does not
approve or endorse technologies.
Page 343
-------
Technology Profile
MONITORING AND MEASUREMENT
TECHNOLOGIES PROGRAM
XONTECH INCORPORATED
(XonTech Sector Sampler)
TECHNOLOGY DESCRIPTION:
The XonTech sector sampler (see figure below)
collects time-integrated whole air samples hi
Summa-polished canisters. The territory sur-
rounding the sampler is divided into two sectors,
an "hi" sector which lies hi the general direction
of a suspected pollutant-emitting "target" and the
"out" sector which encompasses all territory
which is not part of the "hi" territory. When
wind velocity exceeds 0.37 meters per second
(m/s) from the direction of the target, the first
canister is filled. When the wind velocity
exceeds 0.37 m/s from any other direction, the
other canister is filled. When the wind velocity
falls below 0.37 m/s either canister or neither
canister may be selected to receive the sample.
Over an extended period of time, a target sample
and a background sample are produced.
WASTE APPLICABILITY:
The XonTech sector sampler can potentially be
used to monitor volatile organic compound
(VOC) emissions from hazardous waste sites and
other emission sources before and during reme-
diation. Short-term sampling can determine
which high concentration compounds are emitted
_. J
Sector Sampler
Page 344
The SITE Program assesses but does not
approve or endorse technologies.
-------
November 1992
from a site. Long-term monitoring can be used
to assess effects of an emission source on the
local population.
STATUS:
This method has been shown to be useful in two
short-term field demonstration studies. Math-
ematical methods for processing data have been
developed and shown to be appropriate. Re-
maining issues include (1) wind field consistency
between source and receptor site, (2) treatment
of data taken during stagnant conditions, and
(3) applicability to a wider variety of com-
pounds, including polar and odorous com-
pounds.
FOR FURTHER INFORMATION:
EPA PROJECT MANAGER:
Joachim Pleil
U.S. EPA
Atmospheric Research and Exposure
Assessment Laboratory
MD-44
Research Triangle Park, NC 27711
919-541-4680
TECHNOLOGY CONTACT:
Matt Young
XonTech Incorporated
6862 Hayvenhurst Avenue
Van Nuys, CA 91406
818-787-7380
The SITE Program assesses but does not
approve or endorse technologies.
Page 345
-------
-------
INFORMATION REQUEST FORM
The EPA's Risk Reduction Engineering Laboratory is responsible for testing and evaluating technologies
used at Superfund site cleanups. To receive publications about these activities, indicate your area of
interest by checking the appropriate box(es) below and mail the top half of this sheet to the following
address:
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
Center for Environmental Research Information
26 West Martin Luther King Drive
Cincinnati, Ohio 45268
Attention: ORD Publications Unit (MS-G72)
(A9) Q Superfund
(A8) Q Superfund Innovative Technology Evaluation (SITE) Program
Name —
Firm —
Address
City, State, Zip Code
EPA plans to issue two requests for proposals during the coming year; one in January 1993 for the
Demonstration Program (SITE 008), and the other in July 1993 for the Emerging Technology Program
(E07). To receive these RFPs, indicate your area of interest by checking the appropriate box(es) below
and mail the bottom half of this sheet to the following address:
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
Risk Reduction Engineering Laboratory
26 West Martin Luther King Drive
Cincinnati, Ohio 45268
Attention: RFPs (MS-215)
(008) Q Demonstration Program RFP
(E07) Q Emerging Technology Program RFP
Name —
Firm —
Address
City, State, Zip Code
Page 347
-------
-------
&EPA
Documents Available from the
U.S. EPA Risk Reduction Engineering Laboratory
Superfund Technology Demonstration Division*
General Publications
Q Technology Profiles, Fourth Edition (EPA/540/5-91/008)
Q SITE Program—FY90, Report to Congress (EPA/540/5-91/004)
Q SITE Program—Spring Update to the Technology Profiles Fourth Edition
(EPA/540/R-92/012)
Q Survey of Materials Handling Technologies Used at Hazardous Waste
Sites (EPA/540/2-91/010)
Demonstration Project Results
American Combustion—
Oxygen Enhanced Incineration
Q Technology Evaluation (EPA/540/5-89/008)
Q Applications Analysis (EPA/540/A5-89/008)
Q Technology Demo. Summary (EPA/540/S5-89/008)
Q Demonstration Bulletin (EPA/540/M5-89/008)
AWD Technologies, Inc.—
Integrated Vapor Extraction and Steam Vacuum Stripping
Q Applications Analysis (EPA/540/A5-91/002)
Q Demonstration Bulletin (EPA/540/M5-91/002)
Babcock and WUcox—Cyclone Furnace Vitrification
Q Technology Evaluation Vol. I (No EPA# yet)
Q Technology Evaluation Vol. n (No EPA# yet)
Q Applications Analysis (EPA/540/AR-92/017)
Q Technology Demo. Summary (No EPA# yet)
Q Demonstration Bulletin (EPA/540/MR-92/011)
Biotrol—Biotreatment of Groundwater
Q Technology Evaluation (EPA/540/5-91/001)
PB92-110048**
Q Applications Analysis (EPA/540/A5-91/001)
Q Technology Demo. Summary (EPA/540/S5-91/001)
Q Demonstration Bulletin (EPA/540/M5-91/001)
Biotrol—Soil Washing System
. Q Technology Evaluation Vol. I (EPA/540/5-91/003a)
PB92-115310
Q Technology Evaluation Vol. II Part A
(EPA/540/5-91/003b)
PB92-115328
Q Technology Evaluation Vol. n Part B
(EPA/540/591/003c)
PB92-115336
Q Applications Analysis (EPA/540/A5-91/003)
PB92-115245
Q Technology Demo. Summary (EPA/540/S5-91/003)
Q Demonstration Bulletin (EPA/540/M5-91/003)
CF Systems Corp.—Solvent Extraction
Q Technology Evaluation Vol. I (EPA/540/5-90/002)
Q Technology Evaluation Vol. H (EPA/540/5-90/002a)
PB90-186503
Q Applications Analysis (EPA/540/A5-90/002)
Q Technology Demo. Summary (EPA/540/S5-90/002)
Q Demonstration Bulletin (EPA/540/M5-90/002)
Chemflx Technologies, Inc.—
Chemical Fixation/Stabilization
Q Technology Evaluation Vol. I (EPA/540/5-89/011 a)
Q Technology Evaluation Vol. H (EPA/540/5-89/01 Ib)
Q Applications Analysis (EPA/540/A5-89/011)
Q Technology Demo. Summary (EPA/540/S5-89/011)
Q Demonstration Bulletin (EPA/540/M5-89/011)
Dehydro-Tech—Carver-Greenfield
Q Technology Evaluation (EPA/540/R-92/002)
Q Applications Analysis (EPA/540/AR-92/002)
Q Technology Demo. Summary (EPA/540/SR-92/002)
Q Demonstration Bulletin (EPA/540/MR-92/002)
PB92-217462
Order documents free of charge by calling EPA's
Center for Environmental Research Information
(CERI) at 513-569-7562.
** Documents with a PB number must be ordered by that number at
cost from
National Technical Information Service
5285 Port Royal Road
Springfield VA 22161
Telephone 703^87-4650.
Page 349
-------
Demonstration Project Results (continued)
DupontlOberlin—Microfiltration System
Q Technology Evaluation (EPA/540/5-90/007)
PB92-153410
Q Applications Analysis (EPA/540/A5-90/007)
Q Technology Demo. Summary (EPA/540/S5-90/007)
Q Demonstration BuUetin (EPA/540/M5-90/007)
EPA—Design and Development of a Pilot-Scale Debris
Decontamination System
Q Technical Evaluation (EPA/540/5-91/006a)
Q Technical Evaluation Vol. H (EPA/540/5-91/006b)
PB91-231464
Q Technology Demo. Summary (EPA/540/S5-91/006)
Hazcon—Solidification
Q Technology Evaluation Vol. I (EPA/540/5-89/001 a)
Q Technology Evaluation Vol. H EPA/540/5-89/001b)
PB89-158828
Q Applications Analysis (EPA/540/A5-89/001)
Q Technology Demo. Summary (EPA/540/S5-89/001)
Q Demonstration Bulletin (EPA/540/M5-89/001)
Horsehead Resource Development
Q Technology Evaluation Vol I (EPA/540/5-91/005)
PB92-205855
Q Applications Analysis (EPA/540/A5-91/005)
Q Technology Demo. Summary (EPA/540/S5-91/005)
Q Demonstration Bulletin (EPA/540/M5-91/005)
IWT/GeoCon In-Situ Stabilization
Q Technology Evaluation Vol. I (EPA/540/5-89/004a)
Q Technology Evaluation Vol. H (EPA/540/5-89/004b)
Q Technology Evaluation Vol. IE (EPA/540/5-89/004c)
PB90-269069
Q Technology Evaluation Vol. IV (EPA/540/5-89/004d)
PB90-269077
Q Applications Analysis (EPA/540/A5-89/004)
Q Technology Demo. Summary (EPA/540/S5-89/004)
Q Technology Demo. Summary., Update Report
(EPA/540/S5-89/004a)
Q Demonstration Bulletin (EPA/540/M5-89/004)
McCott Super/and Site—Demonstration of a Trial Excavation
Q Technology Evaluation (EPA/540/R-92/015)
! PB92-226448
Q Applications Analysis (EPA/540/AR-92/015)
Q Technology Demo. Summary (EPA/540/SR-92/015)
Ogden Circulating Bed Combustor—McCott Superfund Site
Q Technology Evaluation (EPA/540/R-92/001)
1 Q Demonstration BuUetin (EPA/540/MR-92/001)
Retech Plasma Centrifugal Furnace
i Q Technology Evaluation Vol. I (EPA/540/R-91/007a)
PB 92-216035
Q Technology Evaluation Vol. H (EPA/540/R-91/007b)
PB92-216043
, Q Applications Analysis (EPA/540/A5-91/007)
; Q Technology Demo. Summary (EPA/540/S5-91/007)
Q Demonstration Bulletin (EPA/540/M5-91/007)
Roy F. Weston, Inc.—Low Temperature Thermal Treatment
(LT3) System
Q Demonstration BuUetin (EPA/540/MR-92/019)
SBP Technologies—Membrane Filtration
' Q Demonstration BuUetin (EPA/540/MR-92/014)
Shirco—Infrared Incineration
Q Technology Evaluation—Peake Oil
(EPA/540/5-88/002a)
j Q Technology Evaluation—Rose Township
(EPA/540/5-89/007a)
Q Technology Evaluation—Rose Township Vol. n
; (EPA/540/5-89/007b)
PB89-167910
; Q Applications Analysis (EPA/540/A5-89/007)
'• Q Technology Demo. Summary (EPA/540/S5-89/007)
Q Demonstration BuUetin (EPA/540/M5-88/002)
t
Silicate Technology Corporation—Solidification/Stabilization of
Organic/Inorganic Contaminants
Q Demonstration BuUetin (EPA/540/MR-92/010)
* Order documents free of charge by calling EPA's
Center for Environmental Research Information
(CERI) at 513-569-7562.
** i Documents with a PB number must be ordered by that number at
'cost from
I National Technical Information Service
5285 Port Royal Road
Springfield VA 22161
Telephone 703-4874650.
Page 350
-------
Demonstration Project Results (continued)
Soiltech ATP Systems—Aostra-Soil-Tech Anaerobic Thermal
Process
Q Demonstration BuUetin (EPA/540/MR-92/008)
Toxic Treatments (USA)—In-Situ Steam/Hot Air Stripping
Q Applications Analysis (EPA/540/A5-90/008)
Q Demonstration Bulletin (EPA/540/M5-90/003)
Soliditech, Inc.—Solidification
Q Technology Evaluation Vol. I (EPA/540/5-89/005a)
Q Technology Evaluation Vol. H (EPA/540/5-89/005b)
PB90-191768
Q Applications Analysis (EPA/540/A5-89/005)
Q Technology Demo. Summary (EPA/540/S5-89/005)
Q Demonstration BuUetin (EPA/540/M5-89/005)
Ultrox International—UV Ozone Treatment for Liquids
Q Technology Evaluation (EPA/540/5-89/012)
Q Applications Analysis (EPA/540/A5-89/012)
Q Technology Demo. Summary (EPA/540/S5-89/012)
Q Demonstration Bulletin (EPA/540/M5-90/012)
Terra Vac—Vacuum Extraction
Q Technology Evaluation Vol. I (EPA/540/5-89/003a)
Q Technology Evaluation Vol. H (EPA/540/5-89/003b)
PB89-192033
Q Applications Analysis (EPA/540/A5-89/003)
Q Technology Demo. Summary (EPA/540/S5-89/003)
Q Demonstration Bulletin (EPA/540/M5-89/003)
Order documents free of charge by calling EPA's
Center for Environmental Research Information
(CERI) at 513-569-7562.
** Documents with a PB number must be ordered by that number at
cost from
National Technical Information Service
5285 Port Royal Road
Springfield VA 22161
Telephone 703-487-4650.
Page 351
-------
Emerging Technologies Program Reports
Atomic Energy of Canada Limited—Chemical Treatment and
VltrafiUration
Q Emerging Tech. Bulletin (EPA/540/F-92/002)
Colorado School of Mines—Constructed Wetlands Treatment for
Toxic Metal Contaminated Waters
- Q Emerging Tech. Bulletin (EPA/540/F-92/001)
Babcock and WUcox—Cyclone Furnace Soil Vitrification
Q Emerging Tech. Bulletin (EPA/540/F-92/010)
Electro-Pure Systems—Alternating Current Electrocoagulation
\ Q Emerging Tech. Bulletin (EPA/540/F-92/011)
Battelle Memorial Institute—Development of Electro-Acoustic
Soil Decontamination (ESD) Process for In Situ Applications
Q Emerging Technology (EPA/540/5-90/004)
PB90-204728
Q Emerging Tech. Summary (EPA/540/S5-90/004)
Bio-Recovery Systems—Removal and Recovery of Metal Ions
from Groundwater
Q Emerging Technology (EPA/540/5-90/005a)
Q Emerging Tech.—Appendices (EPA/540/5-90/005b)
PB90-252602
Q Emerging Tech. Summary (EPA/540/S5-90/005)
Q Emerging Tech. Bulletin (EPA/540/F-92/003)
Energy and Environmental Engineering—Laser-Induced
Photochemical Oxidative Destruction
Q Emerging Tech. Bulletin (EPA/540/F-92/004)
Florida International University—Electron Beam Treatment for
the Trichloretechylene and Tetrachloroethylene from Aqueous
Stream
\ Q Emerging Tech. Bulletin (EPA/540/MR-92/009)
University of Washington—Metals Treatment at Superfund Sites
by Adsorptive Filtration
' Q Emerging Tech. Bulletin (EPA/540/F-92/008)
* Order documents free of charge by calling EPA's
Center for Environmental Research Information
(CERI) at 513-569-7562.
Page 352
** Documents with a PB number must be ordered by that number at
' cost from
National Technical Information Service
5285 Port Royal Road
; Springfield VA 22161
Telephone 703^87^650.
-------
Foster Wheeler Envi response, Inc.
Videotape Request Form
_, 199
Foster Wheeler Enviresponse, Inc.
Attn: Ms. Marilyn Avery
8 Peack Tree Hill Road
Livingston, NJ 07039
Dear Ms. Avery,
Please send us the following USEPA-produced videotapes. I have completed the address information below and enclosed a
check in the amount of $ made payable to "Foster Wheeler Enviresponse" [$35.00 per tape plus $10.00 additional
per tape for international shipments].
Copies Number Videotape Title
S1 SUPERFUND INNOVATIVE TECHNOLOGY EVALUATION (SITE) PROGRAM
(6 technology demonstrations)
S2 SUPERFUND INNOVATIVE TECHNOLOGY EVALUATION (SITE) PROGRAM
(4 technology demonstrations)
S3 SUPERFUND INNOVATIVE TECHNOLOGY EVALUATION (SITE) PROGRAM
(4 technology demonstrations)
Rl RREL/RCB RESEARCH PROGRAM (5 programs)
(Contents of each tape are listed on the reverse side of this sheet)
(Signed).
Title
Tapes should be sent to the following (please print):
NAME:
COMPANY:.
ADDRESS:_
CITY:
STATE
ZIP
(NO REQUESTS WELL BE HONORED WITHOUT PREPAYMENT BY PERSONAL OR COMPANY CHECK.)
Page 353
-------
United States Environmental Protection Agency
Superfund Technology Demonstration Division
RREL/RCB Videotape Library
Order Form
Videotapes documenting 14 USEPA Risk Reduction Engineering Laboratory (RREL) projects have been combined into three
1/2" VHS (NTSC format) tapes. Each tape is available at the cost of $30.00 plus $5.00 shipping/handling fee (per copy).
Contents of SITE Videotape SI
Ecova (Shirco) Infrared Incineration System
Peak Oil, Brandon, FL, August 1987
Ecova (Shirco) Infrared Incineration System
Demode Road Site, Rose Twp., MI, November 1987
EmTech (Hazcon) Solidification Process
Douglassville, PA, October 1987
IWT/GEO-CON In Situ StabiUzation/Solidification
Hialeah,FL, April 1988
Terra Vac Vacuum Extraction System
Groveland, MA, January 1988
CF Systems Solvent Extraction Unit
New Bedford, MA, March 1989
Contents of SITE Videotape S2
Ultrox Ultraviolet Radiation and Oxidation
San Jose, CA, March 1989
Biotrol Biological Aqueous Treatment
New Brighton, MN, September 1989
Biotrol Soil Washing System
New Brighton, MN, September 1989
IT/REEL DebrisWashing System
Hopkinsville, KY, December 1989
Contents of SITE Videotape S3
Soliditech Solidification and Stabilization
, Morganville, NJ, December 1988
Chemfix Solidification and Stabilization
Clackamas, OR, March 1989
Novaterra (TTUSA) In Situ Steam and Air Stripping
San Pedro, CA, September 1989
AWD Technologies Integrated Vapor Extraction/Steam
Vacuum Stripping
Burbank, CA, September 1990
Contents of Research Tape Rl
Synthetic Soils Matrix (SSM) Program
Dioxin and the Mobile Incineration System
Mobile Carbon Regeneration System
Mobile Soils Washing System
Mobile In Situ Containment/Treatment Unit
Page 354
-------
INDEX
Air/Gases
Chlorinated Organics
Emerging
Aluminum Company of America 212
MX. ENERGIA, Inc 244
Membrane Technology and Research, Inc 270
Nutech Environmental (TiO2 Photocatalytic Air
Treatment) 278
Remediation Technologies, Inc. (Methanotrophic
Biofilm Reactor) 290
MMTP
HNU Systems, Incorporated 328
Photovac International, Incorporated 338
Heavy Metals
Emerging
Institute of Gas Technology (Fluidized-Bed
Cyclonic Agglomerating Incinerator) 262
Other Halogenated Organics
Emerging
Aluminum Company of America 212
Membrane Technology and Research, Inc 270
MMTP
HNU Systems, Incorporated 328
Other Inorganics
Emerging
Institute of Gas Technology (Fluidized-Bed
Cyclonic Agglomerating Incinerator) 262
Other Organics
Emerging
Aluminum Company of America 212
Institute of Gas Technology (Fluidized-Bed
Cyclonic Agglomerating Incinerator) 262
Membrane Technology and Research, Inc 270
Petroleum Hydrocarbons
Demonstration
Purus, Inc 126
Emerging
Aluminum Company of America 212
Volatile Organics
Demonstration
Purus, Inc 126
Quad Environmental Technologies Corporation 128
Emerging
Aluminum Company of America 212
Institute of Gas Technology (Fluidized-Bed
Cyclonic Agglomerating Incinerator) 262
M.L. ENERGIA, Inc 244
Membrane Technology and Research, Inc 270
Nutech Environmental (TiO2 Photocatalytic Air
Treatment) 278
Page 355
-------
Air/Gases (Cont.)
Volatile Organics
MMTP
HNU Systems, Incorporated 328
MDA Scientific, Incorporated 330
Microsensor Systems, Incorporated 332
Microsensor Technology, Incorporated 334
Photovac International, Incorporated 338
Sentex Sensing Technology, Incorporated 340
SRI Instruments I 342
Groundwater/Liquids
Chlorinated Organics
Demonstration
Allied-Signal, Inc 26
AWD Technologies, Inc 34
Babcock & Wilcox Co 36
Billings and Associates, Inc. 40
Bio-Rem, Inc 46
BioTrol, Inc. (Biological Aqueous Treatment
System) 48
ECOVA Corporation (In Situ Biological Treatment) 78
Hughes Environmental Systems, Inc 106
Peroxidation Systems, Inc ! 124
Retech, Inc 138
SBP Technologies, Inc I54
Terra Vac, Inc I74
Udell Technologies, Inc I84
Ultrox Resources Conservation Co. 186
Zimpro Passavant Environmental Systems, Inc 198
Emerging
ABB Environmental Services, Inc. 208
Babcock & Wilcox Co 216
BioTrol, Inc. (Methanotrophic Bioireactor System) 222
Electron Beam Research Facility, Florida
International University and University of
Miami 240
M.L. ENERGIA, Inc 244
Energy and Environmental Engineering, Inc 246
Institute of Gas Technology (Chemical and
Biological Treatment) 258
Nutech Environmental (TiO2 Photqcatalytic Water
Treatment) 280
Pulse Sciences, Inc 286
Purus, Inc 288
Wastewater Technology Centre . 306
Western Research Institute . . . .; 310
Cyanide
Demonstration
Chemical Waste Management, Inc. (PO*WW*ER™
Technology) 64
E.I. DuPont de Nemours and Company, and
Oberlin Filter Company 74
Exxon Chemical Company and Rio Linda Chemical
Company 88
Page 356
-------
Groundwater/Liquids (Cont.)
Emerging
Nutech Environmental (TiO2 Photocatalytic Water
Treatment) , 280
Dioxins
Emerging
Nutech Environmental (TiO2 Photocatalytic Water
Treatment) 280
Heavy Metals
Demonstration
Andco Environmental Processes 30
Babcock & Wilcox Co 36
Bio-Recovery Systems, Inc 44
Chemical Waste Management, Inc. (PO*WW*ER™
Technology) .64
Colorado Department of Health 68
Dynaphore, Inc 72
E.I. DuPont de Nemours and Company, and
Oberlin Filter Company 74
Filter Flow Technology, Inc 90
Hazardous Waste Control 100
Retech, Inc 138
TechTran Environmental, Inc 172
Emerging
Atomic Energy of Canada, Limited 214
Babcock & Wilcox Co 216
Bio-Recovery Systems, Inc 220
Electro-Pure Systems, Inc 242
Institute of Gas Technology (Fluidized-Bed
Cyclonic Agglomerating Incinerator) 262
University of Washington 300
Other Halogenated Organics
Demonstration
Allied-Signal, Inc 26
AWD Technologies, Inc 34
Billings and Associates, Inc 40
Bio-Rem, Inc 46
BioTrol, Inc. (Biological Aqueous Treatment
System) 48
ECOVA Corporation (In Situ Biological Treatment) 78
Retech, Inc 138
SBP Technologies, Inc 154
Terra Vac, Inc 174
Ultrox Resources Conservation Co 186
Zimpro Passavant Environmental Systems, Inc 198
Emerging
ABB Environmental Services, Inc 208
BioTrol, Inc. (Methanotrophic Bioreactor System) 220
Electron Beam Research Facility, Florida
International University and University of
Miami 240
Enviro-Sciences, Inc. and ART International, Inc 250
Page 357
-------
Groundwater/Liquids (Cont.)
Other Halopenated Organics
Emerging \
Institute of Gas Technology (Chemical and
Biological Treatment) 258
Nutech Environmental (TiO2 Photocatalytic Water
Treatment) 280
Pulse Sciences, Inc 286
Wastewater Technology Centre 306
Other Inorganics
Demonstration
Exxon Chemical Company and Rio Linda Chemical
Company 88
Emerging
Electro-Pure Systems, Inc 242
Institute of Gas Technology (Fluidis'-ed-Bed
Cyclonic Agglomerating Incinerator) 262
Nutech Environmental (TiO2 Photocatalytic Water
Treatment) 280
Other Metals
Demonstration
Andco Environmental Processes . 30
Chemical Waste Management, Inc. (PO*WW*ER™
Technology) i 64
Colorado Department of Health . ; 68
E.I. DuPont de Nemours and Company, and
Oberlin Filter Company . 74
GEOCHEM 94
Other Organics
Demonstration
AWD Technologies, Inc L 34
Chemical Waste Management, Inc. (PO*WW*ER™
Technology) i 64
Dynaphore, Inc 72
Exxon Chemical Company and Rio Linda Chemical
Company :f 88
Hughes Environmental Systems, Inc 106
Retech, Inc '. 138
Udell Technologies, Inc 184
Ultrox Resources Conservation Co 186
Emerging ;
Electron Beam Research Facility, Fjlorida
International University and University of
Miami I 240
Energy and Environmental Engineering, Lie 246
Institute of Gas Technology (Fluidiked-Bed
Cyclonic Agglomerating Incinerator) 262
Pulse Sciences, Inc L 286
PAHs
Demonstration
Allied-Signal, Inc |. 26
BioTrol, Inc. (Biological Aqueous Treatment
System) 48
ECOVA Corporation (m Situ Biological Treatment) 78
Page 358
-------
Groundwater/Liquids (Cont.)
PAHs
Demonstration
SBP Technologies, Inc 154
Zimpro Passavant Environmental Systems, Inc 198
Emerging
Energy and Environmental Engineering, lac 246
Institute of Gas Technology (Chemical and
Biological Treatment) 258
Nutech Environmental (TiO2 Photocatalytic Water
Treatment) 280
Pulse Sciencs, Inc 286
PCBs
Demonstration
BioTrol, Inc. (Biological Aqueous Treatment
System) 48
Peroxidation Systems, Inc 124
SBP Technologies, Inc 154
Ultrox Resources Conservation Co 186
Emerging
Energy and Environmental Engineering, Inc 246
Institute of Gas Technology (Chemical and
Biological Treatment) 258
Nutech Environmental (TiO2 Photocatalytic Water
Treatment) 280
Pulse Sciences, Inc 286
Pesticides/Herbicides
Demonstration
BioTrol, Inc. (Biological Aqueous Treatment
System) 48
Chemical Waste Management, Inc. (PO*WW*ER™
Technology) 64
Peroxidation Systems, Inc 124
Ultrox Resources Conservation Co 186
Zimpro Passavant Environmental Systems, Inc 198
Emerging
Electron Beam Research Facility, Florida
International University and University of
Miami 240
Energy and Environmental Engineering, Inc 246
Pulse Sciences, Inc 286
Western Research Institute 310
Petroleum Hydrocarbons
Demonstration
Allied-Signal, Inc 26
Billings and Associates, Inc 40
Bio-Rem, Inc 46
BioTrol, Inc. (Biological Aqueous Treatment
System) 48
ECOVA Corporation (In Situ Biological Treatment) 78
Hughes Environmental Systems, Inc 106
Peroxidation Systems, Inc 124
SBP Technologies, Inc 154
Terra Vac, Inc 174
Page 359
-------
Groundwater/Liquids (Cont.)
Petroleum Hydrocarbons
Demonstration
Ultrox Resources Conservation Co: 186
Zimpro Passavant Environmental Systems, Inc 198
Emerging
ABB Environmental Services, Inc. , 208
Electro-Pure Systems, Inc 242
Institute of Gas Technology (Chemical and
Biological Treatment) . 258
Nutech Environmental (TiO2 Photocatalytic Water
Treatment) 280
OHM Remediation Services Corporation 282
Pulse Sciences, Inc 286
Wastewater Technology Centre . 306
Western Research Institute . . . . , 310
Radioactive Elements/Metals
Demonstration
Babcock & Wilcox Co , 36
Bio-Recovery Systems, Inc | 44
E.I. DuPont de Nemours and Company, and
Oberlin Filter Company 74
Filter Flow Technology, Inc 90
Retech, Inc ........ 138
TechTran Environmental, Inc. . 172
Emerging
Babcock & Wilcox Co 216
Bio-Recovery Systems, Inc 220
Electro-Pure Systems, Inc 242
University of Washington \ 300
Volatile Organics ;
Demonstration ;
Allied-Signal, Inc 26
AWD Technologies, Inc 34
Babcock & Wilcox Co 36
Billings and Associates, Inc. . . . j . 40
BioTrol, Inc. (Biological Aqueous Treatment
System) 48
Chemical Waste Management, Inc. (PO*WW*ER™
Technology) 64
ECOVA Corporation (In Situ Biological Treatment) 78
Hughes Environmental Systems, Ink 1Q6
Magnum Water Technology , . . . 118
Peroxidation Systems, Inc 124
Retech, Me 138
SBP Technologies, Inc 154
Terra Vac, Inc 174
Udell Technologies, Inc I 184
Ultrox Resources Conservation Co. 186
Zimpro Passavant Environmental Systems, Inc 198
Emerging
ABB Environmental Services, Inc. ; 208
Babcock & Wilcox Co , . . . . 216
BioTrol, Inc. (Methanotrophic Biorpactor System) 222
Page 360
-------
Groundwater/Liquids (Cont.)
Volatile Organics
Emerging
Electron Beam Research Facility, Florida
International University and University of
Miami 240
M.L. ENERGIA, Inc 244
Energy and Environmental Engineering, Inc 246
Institute of Gas Technology (Chemical and
Biological Treatment) 258
Institute of Gas Technology (Fluidized-Bed
Cyclonic Agglomerating Incinerator) 262
Pulse Sciences, Inc 286
Puras, Inc 288
Wastewater Technology Centre 306
Leachate
Chlorinated Organics
Demonstration
BioTrol, Inc. (Biological Aqueous Treatment
System) 48
ELI Eco Logic International, Inc. 80
SBP Technologies, Inc 154
Zimpro Passavant Environmental Systems, Lie 198
Emerging
Wastewater Technology Centre 306
Cyanide
Demonstration
Chemical Waste Management, Inc. (PO*WW*ER™
Technology) 64
Heavy Metals
Demonstration
Chemical Waste Management, Inc. (PO*WW*ER™
Technology) 64
Colorado Department of Health 68
Rochem Separation Systems, Inc 152
Emerging
Colorado School of Mines 234
Electro-Pure Systems, Inc 242
University of South Carolina 298
Other Halogenated Organics
Demonstration
BioTrol, Inc. (Biological Aqueous Treatment
System) 48
SBP Technologies, Inc 154
Zimpro Passavant Environmental Systems, Inc 198
Emerging
Wastewater Technology Centre 306
Other Inorganics
Emerging
Electro-Pure Systems, Inc 242
University of South Carolina 298
Page 361
-------
Leachate (Cont.)
Other Metals
Demonstration
Chemical Waste Management, Lie. (PO*WW*ER™
Technology) 64
Colorado Department of Health 68
Emerging
Colorado School of Mines 234
Other Organics
Demonstration
Chemical Waste Management, Lie. i(PO*WW*ER™
Technology) 64
PAHs
Demonstration
BioTrol, IDC. (Biological Aqueous Treatment
System) 48
ELI Eco Logic International, Lie 80
SBP Technologies, Lie 154
Zimpro Passavant Environmental Systems, Lie 198
PCBs ';
Demonstration
BioTrol, lac. (Biological Aqueous Treatment
System) 48
ELI Eco Logic International, Inc. 80
SBP Technologies, Lie 154
Pesticides
Demonstration
ELI Eco Logic International, Inc. 80
Pesticides/Herbicides
Demonstration
BioTrol, Lie. (Biological Aqueous Treatment
System) 48
Chemical Waste Management, Inc. | (PO*WW*ER™
Technology) 64
Zimpro Passavant Environmental Systems, Lie 198
Petroleum Hydrocarbons j
Demonstration
BioTrol, Inc. (Biological Aqueous Treatment
System) ; 48
Rochem Separation Systems, Inc. 152
SBP Technologies, Lie 154
Zimpro Passavant Environmental Systems, Lie 198
Emerging
Electro-Pure Systems, Lie 242
Radioactive Elements/Metals
Emerging
Electro-Pure Systems, Lie 242
Volatile Organics
Demonstration '•
BioTrol, Inc. (Biological Aqueous Treatment
System) 48
Chemical Waste Management, Inc. (PO*WW*ER™
Technology) 64
ELI Eco Logic International, Inc. 80
Page 362
-------
Leachate (Cont.)
Volatile Organics
Demonstration
SBP Technologies, Inc 154
Zimpro Passavant Environmental Systems, Inc 198
Sediment
Arsenic
Demonstration
Bergmann USA 38
Emerging
Davy Research and Development, Limited 236
Arsenic
Emerging
Vortec Corporation 302
Chlorinated Organics
Demonstration
Babcock & Wilcox Co 36
Chemical Waste Management (DeChlor/KGME
Process) 62
Dehydro-Tech Corporation 70
ECOVA Corporation (In Situ Biological Treatment) 78
ELI Eco Logic International, Inc 80
Funderburk & Associates 92
Ogden Environmental Services 122
Remediation Technologies, Inc. (High Temperature
Thermal Processor) 132
Remediation Technologies, Inc. (Liquid and Solids
Biological Treatment) 134
Retech, Inc 138
Risk Reduction Engineering Laboratory
(Base-Catalyzed Dechlorination Process) 140
SoilTech ATP Systems, Inc 166
Emerging
Babcock & Wilcox Co 216
Davy Research and Development, Limited 236
Enviro-Sciences, Inc. and ART International, Inc 250
Groundwater Technology Government Services,
Inc 254
Institute of Gas Technology (Fluid
Extraction-Biological Degradation Process) 260
PSI Technology Company 284
Vortec Corporation 302
Cyanide
Demonstration
Bergmann USA 38
Ogden Environmental Services ; 122
Remediation Technologies, Inc. (High Temperature
Thermal Processor) 132
Emerging
Davy Research and Development, Limited 236
Vortec Corporation 302
Page 363
-------
Sediment (Cont.)
Dioxins
Demonstration
Ogden Environmental Services 122
Risk Reduction Engineering Laboratory
(Base-Catalyzed Dechlorination Process) 140
Emerging \
Enviro-Sciences, Inc. and ART International, Ihc 250
Vbrtec Corporation » 302
Heavy Metals
Demonstration
Babcock & Wilcox Co ; 36
Bergmann USA \ 38
Funderburk & Associates i 92
Ogden Environmental Services . . ; 122
Retech, Inc i 138
Texaco Syngas, Inc , 178
Emerging
Babcock & Wilcox Co \ 216
COGNIS, Inc. (Biological/Chemical Treatment) 230
COGNIS, Inc. (Chemical Treatment) 232
Davy Research and Development, Limited 236
Ferro Corporation , 252
Montana College of Mineral Science & Technology
(Air-Sparged Hydrocyclone) 272
New Jersey Institute of Technology 276
PSI Technology Company 284
Vortec Corporation i 302
Warren Spring Laboratory . . . . \ 304
Western Product Recovery Group, Inc 308
Nitroaromatics :
Demonstration :
J.R. Simplot Company , ' 164
Other Halogenated Organics
Demonstration
Dehydro-Tech Corporation 70
ECOVA Corporation (In Situ Biological Treatment) 78
Remediation Technologies, Inc. (Liquid and Solids
Biological Treatment) 134
Retech, Inc \ 138
SoilTech ATP Systems, Inc. . . . I 166
Emerging
Institute of Gas Technology (Fluid I
Extraction-Biological Degradation Process) 260
Vortec Corporation 302
Other Inorganics
Demonstration
TEXAROME, Inc j 180
Other Metals :
Demonstration
MAECORP Incorporated 116
Recycling Sciences International, Inc 130
Page 364
-------
Sediment (Cont.)
Other Metals
Demonstration
Remediation Technologies, Inc. (High Temperature
Thermal Processor) 132
TEXAROME, Inc 180
Emerging
COGNIS, Inc. (Chemical Treatment) 232
Davy Research and Development, Limited 236
Other Organics
Demonstration
Dehydro-Tech Corporation 70
ECOVA Corporation (Bioslurry Reactor) 76
Funderburk & Associates 92
Gruppo Italimpresse 98
Ogden Environmental Services 122
Recycling Sciences International, Inc 130
Remediation Technologies, Inc. (Liquid and Solids
Biological Treatment) 134
Retech, Inc 138
Risk Reduction Engineering Laboratory
(Base-Catalyzed Dechlorination Process) 140
TEXAROME, Inc 180
Emerging
Electron Beam Research Facility, Florida
International University and University of
Miami 240
Groundwater Technology Government Services,
Inc 254
New Jersey Institute of Technology 276
PSI Technology Company 284
J.R. Simplot Company 292
PAHs
Demonstration
Bergmann USA 38
Dehydro-Tech Corporation 70
ECOVA Corporation (Bioslurry Reactor) 76
ECOVA Corporation (In Situ Biological Treatment) 78
ELI Eco Logic International, Inc 80
Recycling Sciences International, Inc 130
Remediation Technologies, Inc. (Liquid and Solids
Biological Treatment) 134
Emerging
COGNIS, Inc. (Biological/Chemical Treatment) 230
Enviro-Sciences, Inc. and ART International, Inc 250
Institute of Gas Technology (Fluid
Extraction-Biological Degradation Process) 260
Vortec Corporation 302
Warren Spring Laboratory 304
Western Product Recovery Group, Inc 308
Page 365
-------
Sediment (Cont.)
Demonstration
Bergmann USA 38
Chemical Waste Management (DeChlor/KGME
Process) 62
Dehydro-Tech Corporation 70
ELI Eco Logic International, Inc. 80
Funderburk & Associates ; 92
Gruppo Italimpresse 98
Ogden Environmental Services 122
Recycling Sciences International, Ihc 130
Remediation Technologies, Inc. (High Temperature
Thermal Processor) 132
Risk Reduction Engineering Laboratory
(Base-Catalyzed Dechlorination Process) 140
SoilTech ATP Systems, Inc 166
TEXAROME, Inc 180
Emerging
Davy Research and Development, Limited 236
Enviro-Sciences, Inc. and ART International, Inc 250
Institute of Gas Technology (Fluid
Extraction-Biological Degradation Process) 260
New Jersey Institute of Technology 276
Vbrtec Corporation 302
Warren Spring Laboratory 304
Pesticides
Demonstration
ELI Eco Logic International, Inc. 80
Pesticides/Herbicides
Demonstration
Canonie Environmental Services Corporation 54
Ogden Environmental Services . . . 122
Recycling Sciences International, Inc 130
Remediation Technologies, Inc. (Liquid and Solids
Biological Treatment) 134
SoilTech ATP Systems, Inc 166
TEXAROME, Inc 180
Emerging
Enviro-Sciences, Lie. and ART International, Inc 250
Groundwater Technology Government Services,
Inc 254
J.R. Simplot Company 292
Vortec Corporation ! 302
Petroleum Hydrocarbons
Demonstration
Bergmann USA .>...: 38
Canonie Environmental Services Corporation 54
Dehydro-Tech Corporation 70
ECOVA Corporation (Bioslurry Reactor) 76
ECOVA Corporation (In Situ Biological Treatment) 78
Ogden Environmental Services . . . f 122
Remediation Technologies, Inc. (High Temperature
Thermal Processor) . . . . ^ 132
Page 366
-------
Sediment (Cont.)
Petroleum Hydrocarbons
Demonstration
Remediation Technologies, Inc. (Liquid and Solids
Biological Treatment) 134
SoilTech ATP Systems, Inc 166
Texaco Syngas, Inc *78
Emerging
Enviro-Sciences, Inc. and ART International, Inc
Ferro Corporation
Groundwater Technology Government Services,
Inc 2*4
Institute of Gas Technology (Fluid
Extraction-Biological Degradation Process) 260
New Jersey Institute of Technology 276
-------
Sediment (Cont.)
Volatile Organics
Emerging
Groundwater Technology Government Services,
Inc 254
Institute of Gas Technology (Fluid
Extraction-Biological Degratlation Process) 260
New Jersey Institute of Technology 276
PSI Technology Company 284
Vortec Corporation [ 302
Sludge
Arsenic
Demonstration
Chemfix Technologies, Lie , 60
Silicate Technology Corporation . . [ 162
Emerging \
Vortec Corporation 300
Chlorinated Organics
Demonstration
Babcock & Wilcox Co L 36
Billings and Associates, Inc 1 40
Dehydro-Tech Corporation ; 70
ECOVA Corporation (In Situ Biological Treatment) 78
Funderburk & Associates | 92
Geosafe Corporation I 96
International Waste Technologies/Geo-Con, Inc 114
Ogden Environmental Services . . . i 122
Remediation Technologies, Inc. (High Temperature
Thermal Processor) . . . . '. 132
Remediation Technologies, Inc. (Liquid and Solids
Biological Treatment) . . . ; 134
Resources Conservation Company . 136
Retech, Inc i 13g
SoilTech ATP Systems, Inc J 166
Emerging
Allis Mineral Systems, Inc 210
Babcock & Wilcox Co j 216
Electron Beam Research Facility, Florida
International University and University of
Miami J 240
Energy and Environmental Research Corporation 248
Enviro-Sciences, Inc. and ART International, Inc 250
Groundwater Technology Government Services,
Inc 254
Institute of Gas Technology (Chemical and
Biological Treatment) 258
PSI Technology Company 284
Trinity Environmental Technologies, me 294
University of Dayton Research Institute 296
Vortec Corporation 302
Page 368
-------
Sludge (Cont.)
Cyanide
Demonstration
Ogden Environmental Services 122
Remediation Technologies, Inc. (High Temperature
Thermal Processor) 132
Silicate Technology Corporation 162
Emerging
Vortec Corporation 302
Dioxins
Demonstration
Ogden Environmental Services 122
Emerging
Enviro-Sciences, Inc. and ART International, Inc 250
Trinity Environmental Technologies, Inc 294
University of Dayton Research Institute 296
Vortec Corporation _• • • • 302
Heavy Metals
Demonstration
Babcock & Wilcox Co 36
Chemfix Technologies, Inc 60
EPOC Water, Inc 84
Funderburk & Associates 92
Geosafe Corporation 96
Hazardous Waste Control 100
Horsehead Resource Development Co., Inc 102
International Waste Technologies/Geo-Con, Inc 114
Ogden Environmental Services 122
Retech, Inc 138
Separation and Recovery Systems, Inc 158
Silicate Technology Corporation 162
Soliditech, Inc 168
TechTran Environmental, Inc 172
Texaco Syngas, Inc , 178
WASTECH, Inc. . 190
Emerging
Allis Mineral Systems, Inc •• 210
Babcock & Wilcox Co 216
COGNIS, Inc. (Chemical Treatment) 232
Ferro Corporation 252
Institute of Gas Technology (Fluidized-Bed
Cyclonic Agglomerating Incinerator) 262
New Jersey Institute of Technology 276
PSI Technology Company 284
Vortec Corporation 302
Warren Spring Laboratory 304
Western Product Recovery Group, Inc 308
Other Halogenated Organics
Demonstration
Billings and Associates, Inc 40
Dehydro-Tech Corporation 70
ECOVA Corporation (In Situ Biological Treatment) 78
Geosafe Corporation 96
Page 369
-------
Sludge (Cont.)
Other Halogenated Organics
Demonstration
Remediation Technologies, Inc. (Liquid and Solids
Biological Treatment) 134
Retech, lac 138
SoilTech ATP Systems, Inc 166
Emerging
Allis Mineral Systems, Inc 210
Electron Beam Research Facility Florida
International University and University of
Miami 240
Enviro-Sciences, Inc. and ART International, Inc 250
Institute of Gas Technology (Chemical and
Biological Treatment) 258
University of Dayton Research Institute 296
Vortec Corporation r 302
Other Inorganics \
Demonstration
Separation and Recovery Systems, Inc 158
TEXAROME, Inc 1 180
Emerging \
Institute of Gas Technology (Fluidized-Bed
Cyclonic Agglomerating Incinerator) 262
Other Metals
Demonstration
Chemfix Technologies, Inc 60
MAECORP Incorporated 116
Recycling Sciences International, Inc 130
Remediation Technologies, Inc. (High Temperature
Thermal Processor) 132
Silicate Technology Corporation . 162
TEXAROME, Inc 180
Emerging
COGNIS, Inc. (Chemical Treatment) 232
Other Organics
Demonstration
Dehydro-Tech Corporation ; 70
EPOC Water, Inc 84
Funderburk & Associates 92
International Waste Technologies/Geo-Con, Inc 114
Ogden Environmental Services . . 122
Recycling Sciences International, Inc 130
Remediation Technologies, Inc. (Liquid and Solids
Biological Treatment) . . 134
Retech, Inc 138
Separation and Recovery Systems, Inc 158
TEXAROME, Inc 180
Emerging
Electron Beam Research Facility, Florida
International University and University of
Miami 240
Page 370
-------
Sludge (Cont.)
Other Organics
Emerging
Groundwater Technology Government Services,
Inc 254
Institute of Gas Technology (Fluidized-Bed
Cyclonic Agglomerating Incinerator) 262
New Jersey Institute of Technology 276
PSI Technology Company 284
PAHs
Demonstration
American Combustion, Inc 28
Dehydro-Tech Corporation 70
ECOVA Corporation (In Situ Biological Treatment) 78
Geosafe Corporation 96
Recycling Sciences International, Inc 130
Remediation Technologies, Inc. (Liquid and Solids
Biological Treatment) 134
Resources Conservation Company 136
Emerging
Energy and Environmental Research Corporation 248
Enviro-Sciences, Inc. and ART International, Inc 250
Institute of Gas Technology (Chemical and
Biological Treatment) 258
University of Dayton Research Institute 296
Vortec Corporation 302
Warren Spring Laboratory 304
Western Product Recovery Group, Inc 308
PCBs
Demonstration
Dehydro-Tech Corporation 70
Funderburk & Associates 92
Geosafe Corporation 96
International Waste Technologies/Geo-Con, Inc 114
Ogden Environmental Services 122
Recycling Sciences International, Inc 130
Remediation Technologies, Inc. (High Temperature
Thermal Processor) 132
Resources Conservation Company 136
SoilTech ATP Systems, Inc 166
TEXAROME, Inc 180
Emerging
Enviro-Sciences, Inc. and ART International, Inc 250
Institute of Gas Technology (Chemical and
Biological Treatment) 258
New Jersey Institute of Technology 276
Trinity Environmental Technologies, Inc. . 294
University of Dayton Research Institute 296
Vortec Corporation 302
Warren Spring Laboratory 304
Page 371
-------
Sludge (Cont.)
Pesticides
Demonstration
EPOC Water, Inc \ 84
Pesticides/Herbicides
Demonstration
Canonic Environmental Services Corporation 54
Ogden Environmental Services 122
Recycling Sciences International, Inc 130
Remediation Technologies, Inc. (Liquid and Solids
Biological Treatment) 134
Resources Conservation Company 136
SoilTech ATP Systems, Inc 166
TEXAROME, Lie 180
Emerging
Electron Beam Research Facility, Florida
International University and University of
Miami 240
Enviro-Sciences, Inc. and ART International, Inc 250
Groundwater Technology Government Services,
Inc : 254
Trinity Environmental Technologies,; Inc 294
Vortec Corporation 302
Petroleum Hydrocarbons
Demonstration
American Combustion, Inc 28
Billings and Associates, Inc 40
Canonie Environmental Services Corporation 54
Dehydro-Tech Corporation 70
ECOVA Corporation (In Situ Biological Treatment) 78
EPOC Water, Inc 84
Geosafe Corporation 96
International Waste Technologies/Geo-Con, Inc 114
Ogden Environmental Services . . 122
Remediation Technologies, Inc. (High Temperature
Thermal Processor) . . . 132
Remediation Technologies, Inc. (Liquid and Solids
Biological Treatment) . . 134
Resources Conservation Company 136
Separation and Recovery Systems, Inc 158
Silicate Technology Corporation . . ; 162
SoilTech ATP Systems, Inc 166
Soliditech, Inc j 168
Terrasys, Inc 176
Texaco Syngas, Inc 178
WASTECH, Inc 190
Emerging
Allis Mineral Systems, Inc 210
Energy and Environmental Research Corporation 248
Enviro-Sciences, Inc. and ART International, Inc 250
Ferro Corporation 252
Page 372
-------
254
Sludge (Cont.)
Petroleum Hydrocarbons
Emerging
Groundwater Technology Government Services,
Inc
Institute of Gas Technology (Chemical and
Biological Treatment) 258
New Jersey Institute of Technology 276
Vortec Corporation 302
Warren Spring Laboratory 304
Western Product Recovery Group, Ihc 308
Radioactive Elements/Metals
Demonstration
Babcock & Wilcox Co 36
Chemfix Technologies, Ihc 60
Geosafe Corporation 98
Retech, Inc 138
TechTran Environmental, Inc 172
WASTECH, Inc 19°
Emerging
Babcock & Wilcox Co 216
Ferro Corporation 252
Vortec Corporation 302
Warren Spring Laboratory 304
Western Product Recovery Group, Inc 308
Volatile Organics
Demonstration
American Combustion, Inc 28
Babcock & Wilcox Co 36
Billings and Associates, Inc 40
Canonie Environmental Services Corporation 54
Chemfix Technologies, Inc 60
Dehydro-Tech Corporation 70
ECOVA Corporation (In Situ Biological Treatment) 78
Funderburk & Associates 92
Geosafe Corporation 96
Horsehead Resource Development Co., Inc 102
International Waste Technologies/Geo-Con, Inc 114
Ogden Environmental Services 122
Recycling Sciences International, Inc 130
Remediation Technologies, Inc. (High Temperature
Thermal Processor) 132
Remediation Technologies, Inc. (Liquid and Solids
Biological Treatment) 134
Resources Conservation Company 136
Retech, Inc. I38
Separation and Recovery Systems, Inc 158
Silicate Technology Corporation 162
SoilTech ATP Systems, Inc I66
Soliditech, Inc I68
Texaco Syngas, Inc 178
TEXAROME, Inc I80
WASTECH, Inc 190
Page 373
-------
Sludge (Cont.)
Volatile Organics j
Emerging [
Allis Mineral Systems, Inc 210
Babcock & Wilcox Co 216
Electron Beam Research Facility, Florida
International University and University of
Miami 240
Energy and Environmental Research. Corporation 248
Ferro Corporation 252
Groundwater Technology Government Services,
Lie 254
Institute of Gas Technology (Chemical and
Biological Treatment) 258
Institute of Gas Technology (Fluidized-Bed
Cyclonic Agglomerating Incinerator) 262
New Jersey Institute of Technology i 276
PSI Technology Company 284
Vortec Corporation 302
Soil
Arsenic
Demonstration
Bergmann USA 38
Chemfix Technologies, Inc : 60
Silicate Technology Corporation . 162
Emerging \
Battelle Memorial Institute 218
Center for Hazardous Materials Research (Acid
Extraction Treatment Systein) 224
Center for Hazardous Materials Research (Organics
Destruction and Metals Stabilization) 228
Davy Research and Development, Limited 236
Vortec Corporation ' 302
Chlorinated Organics
Demonstration
AWD Technologies, Inc 34
Babcock & Wilcox Co 36
Billings and Associates, Inc j 40
BioGenesis Enterprises, Inc 42
Bio-Rem, Inc 46
BioTrol, Inc. (Soil Washing System) 50
GET Environmental Services-Sanivan Group 56
Chemical Waste Management (DeChlor/KGME
Process) 62
Dehydro-Tech Corporation 70
ECOVA Corporation (In Situ Biological Treatment) 78
Ensotech, Inc ' 82
Funderburk & Associates 92
Geosafe Corporation 96
Hrubetz Environmental Services, Inc 104
Hughes Environmental Systems, Inc;. 106
In-Situ Fixation Company ; 110
International Environmental Technology 112
International Waste Technologies/Geo-Con, Inc 114
Page 374
-------
Soil (Cont.)
Chlorinated Organics
Demonstration
NOVATERRA, Inc 120
Ogden Environmental Services 122
Remediation Technologies, Inc. (High Temperature
Thermal Processor) 132
Remediation Technologies, Inc. (Liquid and Solids
Biological Treatment) 134
Resources Conservation Company 136
Retech, Inc 138
Risk Reduction Engineering Laboratory
(Base-Catalyzed Dechlorination Process) 140
Risk Reduction Engineering Laboratory and USDA
Forest Products Laboratory 148
Sevenson Extraction Technology, Inc 160
SoilTech ATP Systems, Inc 166
Terra Vac, Inc 174
Toronto Harbor Commission 182
Udell Technologies, Inc 184
Western Research Institute 192
Emerging
Allis Mineral Systems, Inc. 210
Babcock & Wilcox Co 216
Center for Hazardous Materials Research (Organics
Destruction and Metals Stabilization) 228
Davy Research and Development, Limited 236
Energy and Environmental Research Corporation 248
Enviro-Sciences, Inc. and ART International, Inc 250
Groundwater Technology Government Services,
Inc 254
Institute of Gas Technology (Chemical and
Biological Treatment) 258
Institute of Gas Technology (Fluid
Extraction-Biological Degradation Process) 260
IT Corporation (Photolytic and Biological Soil
Detoxification) 268
PSI Technology Company 284
Pulse Sciences, Inc 286
Purus, Inc 288
Trinity Environmental Technologies, Inc 294
University of Dayton Research Institute 296
Vortec Corporation 302
Western Research Institute 310
Cyanide
Demonstration
Bergmann USA 38
Ogden Environmental Services 122
Remediation Technologies, Inc. (High Temperature
Thermal Processor) 132
Silicate Technology Corporation 162
Emerging
Battelle Memorial Institute 218
Davy Research and Development, Limited 236
Page 375
-------
Soil (Cont.)
Emerging :
Vortec Corporation , 302
Dioxins
Demonstration
BioGenesis Enterprises, Inc '. 42
BioTrol, Inc. (Soil Washing System)! 50
In-Situ Fixation Company 110
Ogden Environmental Services . . 122
Risk Reduction Engineering Laboratory
(Base-Catalyzed Dechlorination Process) 140
Risk Reduction Engineering Laboratory and USDA
Forest Products Laboratory , 148
Emerging
Enviro-Sciences, Inc. and ART International, Inc 250
IT Corporation (Photolytic and Biological Soil
Detoxification) , 268
Trinity Environmental Technologies, Inc 294
University of Dayton Research Institute 296
Vortec Corporation ( 302
Williams Environmental, Inc 312
Heavy Metals
Demonstration
Babcock & Wilcox Co , 36
Bergmann USA , 38
BioTrol, Inc. (Soil Washing System) 50
Brice Environmental Services Corporation 52
Chemfix Technologies, Inc ', 60
Ensotech, Inc 82
EPOC Water, Inc I 84
Funderburk & Associates ', 92
Geosafe Corporation , 96
Hazardous Waste Control i 100
Horsehead Resource Development Co., Inc 102
International Waste Technologies/Geo-Con, Inc 114
Ogden Environmental Services . . . '. 122
Retech, Inc 138
Separation and Recovery Systems, Inc 158
Silicate Technology Corporation 162
Soliditech, Inc \ 168
TechTran Environmental, Inc. 172
Texaco Syngas, Inc 178
Toronto Harbor Commission 182
WASTECH, Inc 190
Emerging
Allis Mineral Systems, Inc i 210
Babcock & Wilcox Co 216
Battelle Memorial Institute 218
Center for Hazardous Materials Research (Acid
Extraction Treatment System) 224
Center for Hazardous Materials Research (Organics
Destruction and Metals Stabilization) 228
COGNIS, Inc. (Biological/Chemical Treatment) 230
Page 376
-------
Soil (Cont.)
Heavy Metals
Emerging
COGNIS, Inc. (Chemical Treatment) 232
Davy Research and Development, Limited 236
Electrokinetics, Inc 238
Ferro Corporation 252
Institute of Gas Technology (Fluidized-Bed
Cyclonic Agglomerating Incinerator) 262
IT Corporation (Batch Steam Distillation and Metal
Extraction) 264
IT Corporation (Mixed Waste Treatment Process) 266
Montana College of Mineral Science & Technology
(Air-Sparged Hydrocyclone) 272
Montana College of Mineral Science & Technology
(Campbell Centrifugal Jig) 274
New Jersey Institute of Technology 276
PSI Technology Company 284
Vortec Corporation 302
Warren Spring Laboratory 304
Western Product Recovery Group, Inc 308
Nitroaromatic
Demonstration
J.R. Simplot Company 164
Other Halogenated Organics
Demonstration
Accutech Remedial Systems, Inc 24
AWD Technologies, Inc 34
Billings and Associates, Inc 38
BioGenesis Enterprises, Inc 42
Bio-Rem, Inc 46
BioTrol, Inc. (Soil Washing System) 50
GET Environmental Services-Sanivan Group 56
Dehydro-Tech Corporation 70
ECOVA Corporation (In Situ Biological Treatment) 78
Geosafe Corporation 96
Hrubetz Environmental Services, Inc 104
In-Situ Fixation Company 110
International Environmental Technology 114
NOVATERRA, Inc 120
Remediation Technologies, Inc. (Liquid and Solids
Biological Treatment) 134
Retech, Inc 138
Risk Reduction Engineering Laboratory and USDA
Forest Products Laboratory 148
SoilTech ATP Systems, Inc 166
Terra Vac, Inc 174
Toronto Harbor Commission 182
Roy F. Weston, Inc 194
Emerging
Allis Mineral Systems, Inc 210
Institute of Gas Technology (Chemical and
Biological Treatment) 258
Page 377
-------
Soil (Cont.)
Other Halogenated Organics
Emerging
Institute of Gas Technology (Fluid
Extraction-Biological Degradation Process) , 260
IT Corporation (Photolytic and Biological Soil
Detoxification) 268
Pulse Sciences, Inc 286
University of Dayton Research Institute 296
Vortec Corporation ; 302
Other Inorganics
Demonstration
Separation and Recovery Systems, Die 158
TEXAROME, Ihc 180
Emerging
Center for Hazardous Materials Research (Organics
Destruction and Metals Stabilization) 228
Institute of Gas Technology (Fluidized-Bed
Cyclonic Agglomerating Incinerator) 262
Other Metals \
Demonstration
Chemfix Technologies, Ihc ; 60
Chemical Waste Management, Inc. (X*TRAX™
Thermal Desorption) 66
MAECORP Incorporated ' 116
Recycling Sciences International, Inc 130
Remediation Technologies, Inc. (High Temperature
Thermal Processor) . . . 132
S.M.W. Seiko, Inc 154
Silicate Technology Corporation . . 162
TEXAROME, Ihc ; 180
Emerging
COGNIS, Inc. (Chemical Treatment) 232
Davy Research and Development, Limited 236
Other Organics
Demonstration
AWD Technologies, Inc i 34
Chemical Waste Management, Inc. (X*TRAX™
Thermal Desorption) . . . 66
Dehydro-Tech Corporation ; 70
ECOVA Corporation (Bioslurry Realtor) 76
EPOC Water, Inc 84
Funderburk & Associates 92
Gruppo Italimpresse ! 98
Hughes Environmental Systems, Inc. 106
In-Situ Fixation Company 110
International Waste Technologies and Geo-Con,
Inc 114
NOVATERRA, Inc [ 120
Ogden Environmental Services 122
Recycling Sciences International, Inc. 130
Remediation Technologies, Inc. (Liquid and Solids
Biological Treatment) . . . . 134
Retech, Inc ', 138
Page 378
-------
Soil (Cont.)
Other Orgam'cs
Demonstration
Risk Reduction Engineering Laboratory
(Base-Catalyzed Dechlorination Process) 140
S.M.W. Seiko, Inc 156
Separation and Recovery Systems, Inc 158
TEXAROME, Inc 180
Udell Technologies, Inc 184
Roy F. Weston, Inc 194
Emerging
Babcock & Wilcox Co 216
Groundwater Technology Government Services,
Inc 254
Institute of Gas Technology (Fluidized-Bed
Cyclonic Agglomerating Incinerator) 262
IT Corporation (Mixed Waste Treatment Process) 266
New Jersey Institute of Technology 276
PSI Technology Company 284
Pulse Sciences, Inc 286
J.R. Simplot Company 292
Demonstration
American Combustion, Inc 28
Bergmann USA 38
BioGenesis Enterprises, Inc 42
BioTrol, Inc. (Soil Washing System) 50
GET Environmental Services-Sanivan Group 56
Dehydro-Tech Corporation 70
ECOVA Corporation (Bioslurry Reactor) 76
ECOVA Corporation (In Situ Biological Treatment) 78
Geosafe Corporation 96
In-Situ Fixation Company 110
International Environmental Technology 112
NOVATERRA, Inc 120
Recycling Sciences International, Inc 130
Remediation Technologies, Inc. (Liquid and Solids
Biological Treatment) 134
Resources Conservation Company 136
Risk Reduction Engineering Laboratory
(Bioventing) 142
Risk Reduction Engineering Laboratory (Volume
Reduction Unit) 144
Risk Reduction Engineering Laboratory and USDA
Forest Products Laboratory 148
S.M.W. Seiko, Inc 156
Toronto Harbor Commission 182
Roy F. Weston, Inc 194
Emerging
Battelle Memorial Institute 218
COGNIS, Inc. (Biological/Chemical Treatment) 230
Energy and Environmental Research Corporation 248
Enviro-Sciences, Inc. and ART International, Inc 250
Page 379
-------
Soil (Cont.)
PAHs
Emerging :
Institute of Gas Technology (Chemical and
Biological Treatment) . . > 258
Institute of Gas Technology (Fluid
Extraction-Biological Degradation Process) 260
IT Corporation (Photolytic and Biological Soil
Detoxification) , 268
Pulse Sciences, Inc , 286
University of Dayton Research Institute 296
Vortec Corporation '. 302
Warren Spring Laboratory 304
Western Product Recovery Group, Inc 308
PCBs
Demonstration
Bergmann USA , 38
BioGenesis Enterprises, Inc. 42
BioTrol, Inc. (Soil Washing System) 50
GET Environmental Services-Sanivan Group 56
Chemical Waste Management, Inc.
(DeChlor/KGME Process)! 62
Chemical Waste Management, Inc. (XTRAX™
Thermal Desorption) 66
Dehydro-Tech Corporation 70
Funderburk & Associates ; 92
Geosafe Corporation ; 96
Gruppo Italimpresse 98
In-Situ Fixation Company 4 110
International Environmental Technology 112
International Waste Technologies/Geo-Con, Inc 114
Ogden Environmental Services 122
Recycling Sciences International, Inc 130
Remediation Technologies, Inc. (High Temperature
Thermal Processor) . . . J 132
Resources Conservation Company 136
Risk Reduction Engineering Laboratory
(Base-Catalyzed Dechlorination Process) 140
Risk Reduction Engineering Laboratory (Volume
Reduction Unit) 144
Risk Reduction Engineering Laboratory and USDA
Forest Products Laboratory 148
S.M.W. Seiko, Inc : 156
Sevenson Extraction Technology, Inc 160
SoilTech ATP Systems, Inc 166
TEXAROME, Inc 180
Emerging
Battelle Memorial Institute 218
Davy Research and Development, Limited 236
Enviro-Sciences, Inc. and ART International, Inc 250
Institute of Gas Technology (Chemical and
Biological Treatment) 258
Institute of Gas Technology (Fluid
Extraction-Biological Degradation Process) 260
Page 380
-------
Soil (Cont.)
Emerging
IT Corporation (Mixed Waste Treatment Process) 266
IT Corporation (Photolytic and Biological Soil
Detoxification) 268
New Jersey Institute of Technology 276
Pulse Sciences, Inc 286
Trinity Environmental Technologies, Inc 294
University of Dayton Research Institute 296
Vortec Corporation 302
Warren Spring Laboratory 304
Williams Environmental, Inc 312
MMTP
Dexsil Corporation 324
Pesticides/Herbicides
Demonstration
ASI Environmental Technologies, Inc./Dames &
Moore 32
BioGenesis Enterprises, Inc 42
BioTrol, Inc. (Soil Washing System) 50
Canonie Environmental Services Corporation 54
GET Environmental Services-Sanivan Group 56
EPOC Water, Inc 84
Ogden Environmental Services 122
Recycling Sciences International, Inc 130
Remediation Technologies, Inc. (Liquid and Solids
Biological Treatment) 134
Resources Conservation Company 136
S.M.W. Seiko, Inc 156
Sevenson Extraction Technology, Inc 160
J.R. Simplot Company 164
SoilTech ATP Systems, Inc 166
TEXAROME, Inc 180
Toronto Harbor Commission 182
Western Research Institute 192
Emerging
Enviro-Sciences, Inc. and ART International, Inc 250
Groundwater Technology Government Services,
Inc 254
Pulse Sciences, Inc 286
J.R. Simplot Company 292
Trinity Environmental Technologies, Inc 294
Vortec Corporation 302
Western Research Institute 310
Williams Environmental, Inc 312
Petroleum Hydrocarbons
Demonstration
American Combustion, Inc 28
Bergmann USA 38
Billings and Associates, Inc 40
BioGenesis Enterprises, Inc 42
Bio-Rem, Inc 46
BioTrol, Inc. (Soil Washing System) 50
Page 381
-------
Soil (Cont.)
Petroleum Hydrocarbons
Demonstration
Brice Environmental Services Corporation 52
Canonic Environmental Services Corporation 54
GET Environmental Services-Sanivan Group 56
Chemical Waste Management, Inc. (XTRAX™
Thermal Desorption) . . 66
Dehydro-Tech Corporation . . . . 70
ECOVA Corporation (Bioslurry Reactor) 76
ECOVA Corporation (In Situ Biological Treatment) 78
Ensotech, Lie 82
EPOC Water, Ihc 84
Geosafe Corporation 96
Hrubetz Environmental Services, Lie 104
Hughes Environmental Systems, Lie 106
In-Situ Fixation Company 110
International Environmental Technology 112
International Waste Technologies/Geo-Con, Lie 114
NOVATERRA, Lie 120
Ogden Environmental Services . . •. 122
Remediation Technologies, Inc. (High Temperature
Thermal Processor) 132
Remediation Technologies, Inc. (Liquid and Solids
Biological Treatment) 134
Resources Conservation Company . 136
Risk Reduction Engineering Laboratory
(Bioventing) 142
Risk Reduction Engineering Laboratory and USDA
Forest Products Laboratory 148
Separation and Recovery Systems, Inc 158
Sevenson Extraction Technology, Lie 160
Silicate Technology Corporation . » 162
SoilTech ATP Systems, Lie 166
Soliditech, Lie 168
Sonotech, Lie 170
Terra Vac, Ihc 174
Terrasys, Lie 176
Texaco Syngas, Ihc '•, 178
Toronto Harbor Commission 182
WASTECH, Lie , 190
Western Research Institute 192
Roy F. Weston, Lie 194
Emerging
Allis Mineral Systems, Inc \ 210
Battelle Memorial Institute 218
Energy and Environmental Research Corporation 248
Enviro-Sciences, Inc. and ART International, Lie 250
Ferro Corporation i 252
Groundwater Technology Government Services,
Lie 254
Hazardous Substance Management Research Center
at New Jersey Institute of Technology 256
Page 382
-------
Soil (Cont.)
Petroleum Hydrocarbons
Emerging
Institute of Gas Technology (Chemical and
Biological Treatment) 258
Institute of Gas Technology (Fluid
Extraction-Biological Degradation Process) 260
IT Corporation (Photolytic and Biological Soil
Detoxification) 268
New Jersey Institute of Technology 276
Pulse Sciences, Inc 286
Vortec Corporation 302
Warren Spring Laboratory 304
Western Product Recovery Group, Inc 308
Western Research Institute 310
Radioactive Elements/Metals
Demonstration
Babcock & Wilcox Co 36
Bergmann USA 38
Brice Environmental Services Corporation 52
Chemfix Technologies, Inc 60
Geosafe Corporation 96
Retech, Inc 138
TechTran Environmental, Inc 172
WASTECH, Inc 190
Emerging
Babcock &.Wilcox Co 218
Electrokinetics, Inc 238
Ferro Corporation 252
IT Corporation (Mixed Waste Treatment Process) 266
Vortec Corporation 302
Warren Spring Laboratory 304
Western Product Recovery Group, Inc. . 308
Volatile Organics
Demonstration
American Combustion, Inc 28
AWD Technologies, Inc 34
Babcock & Wilcox Co 36
Billings and Associates, Inc 40
BioGenesis Enterprises, Inc 42
Canonie Environmental Services Corporation 54
GET Environmental Services-Sanivan Group 56
Chemfix Technologies, Inc 60
Chemical Waste Management, Inc. (XTRAX™
Thermal Desorption) 66
Dehydro-Tech Corporation 70
ECOVA Corporation (In Situ Biological Treatment) 78
Ensotech, Inc 82
Funderburk & Associates 92
Geosafe Corporation 96
Gruppo Italimpresse 98
Horsehead Resource Development Co., Inc 102
Hrubetz Environmental Services, Inc 104
Hughes Environmental Systems, Inc 106
Page 383
-------
Soil (Cont.)
Volatile Organics
Demonstration
Illinois Institute of Technology Research
Institute/Halliburton NUS . 108
Ih-Situ Fixation Company 110
International Environmental Technology 112
International Waste Technologies/Geo-Con, Inc 114
NOVATERRA, Inc 120
Ogden Environmental Services . . 122
Recycling Sciences International, Inc 130
Remediation Technologies, Inc. (High Temperature
Thermal Processor) . . . 132
Remediation Technologies, Inc. (Liquid and Solids
Biological Treatment) . 134
Resources Conservation Company 136
Retech, lac. 138
Risk Reduction Engineering Laboratory
(Base-Catalyzed Dechlorination Process) 140
Risk Reduction Engineering Laboratory
(Bioventing) 142
Risk Reduction Engineering Laboratory (Volume
Reduction Unit) 144
Risk Reduction Engineering Laboratory and USDA
Forest Products Laboratory 148
S.M.W. Seiko, Inc 156
Separation and Recovery Systems, Inc 158
Sevenson Extraction Technology, Inc 160
Silicate Technology Corporation . ]t 162
SoilTech ATP Systems, Inc. . . . 166
Soliditech, Inc '. 168
Sonotech, Inc 170
Terra Vac, Inc '. 174
Texaco Syngas, Inc ;, 178
TEXAROME, Inc > 180
Toronto Harbor Commission . . . ', 182
Udell Technologies, Inc •, 184
United States Environmental Protection Agency 188
WASTECH, Inc ', 190
Roy F. Weston, Inc ; 194
Emerging
Allis Mineral Systems, Inc 210
Babcock & Wilcox Co ; 216
Center for Hazardous Materials Research (Organics
Destruction and Metals Stabilization) 228
COGNIS, lac. (Biological/Chemical Treatment) 230
Energy and Environmental Research Corporation 248
Ferro Corporation } 252
Groundwater Technology Government Services,
Inc , 254
Hazardous Substance Management Research Center
at New Jersey Institute of Technology 256
Institute of Gas Technology (Chemical and
Biological Treatment) 258
Page 384
-------
Soil (Cont.)
Volatile Organics
Emerging
Institute of Gas Technology (Fluid
Extraction-Biological Degradation Process) 260
Institute of Gas Technology (Fluidized-Bed
Cyclonic Agglomerating Incinerator) 262
IT Corporation (Batch Steam Distillation and Metal
Extraction) 264
IT Corporation (Mixed Waste Treatment Process) 268
New Jersey Institute of Technology 276
PSI Technology Company 284
Pulse Sciences, Inc 286
Purus, Ihc 288
Vortec Corporation 302
Solid Debris
Heavy Metals
Demonstration
Risk Reduction Engineering Laboratory and IT
Corporation 146
Emerging
Center for Hazardous Materials Research (Lead
Smelting) 226
Other Metals
Demonstration
Risk Reduction Engineering Laboratory and IT
Corporation 146
PCBs
Demonstration
Risk Reduction Engineering Laboratory and IT
Corporation 146
Pesticides
Demonstration
Risk Reduction Engineering Laboratory and IT
Corporation 146
Volatile Organics
Demonstration
Risk Reduction Engineering Laboratory and IT
Corporation 146
Wastewater
Chlorinated Organics
Demonstration
Allied-Signal, Inc 26
BioTrol, Inc. (Biological Aqueous Treatment
System) 48
Dehydro-Tech Corporation 70
Peroxidation Systems, Inc 124
SBP Technologies, Inc 154
Zimpro Passavant Environmental Systems, Inc 198
Emerging
ABB Environmental Services, Ihc 208
Page 385
-------
Wastewater (Cont.)
Chlorinated Organics '
Emerging
Electron Beam Research Facility, Florida
International University and University of
Miami , 240
Energy and Environmental Engineering, Inc 246
Nutech Environmental (TiO2 Photocatalytic Water
Treatment) ; 280
Wastewater Technology Centre 306
Demonstration
Chemical Waste Management, Inc. j(PO*WW*ERT"
Technology) 64
E.I. DuPont de Nemours and Company, and
Oberlin Filter Company . i 74
Emerging
Nutech Environmental (TiO2 Photocatalytic Water
Treatment) I 280
Emerging j
Nutech Environmental (TiO2 Photocatalytic Water
Treatment) . . . f 1 280
Heavy Metals
Demonstration
Chemical Waste Management, Inc. (PO*WW*ERW
Technology) . . 64
Dynaphore, Inc , 72
E.I. DuPont de Nemours and Company, and
Oberlin Filter Company . ; 74
TechTran Environmental, Inc. 172
Emerging -
Atomic Energy of Canada, Limited 214
Other Halogenated Organics
Demonstration ;
Allied-Signal, Inc 26
BioTrol, Inc. (Biological Aqueous Treatment
System) > 48
Dehydro-Tech Corporation 70
SBP Technologies, Inc i 152
Zimpro Passavant Environmental Systems, Lie 198
Emerging
ABB Environmental Services, Inc. 208
Electron Beam Research Facility, Florida
International University and University of
Miami 240
Enviro-Sciences, Inc. and ART International, Inc 250
Nutech Environmental (TiOz Photocatalytic Water
Treatment) i 280
Wastewater Technology Centre . . ', 306
Other Inorganics ,
Emerging (
Nutech Environmental (TiO2 Photocatalytic Water
Treatment) I 280
Page 386
-------
Wastewater (Cont.)
Other Metals
Demonstration
Chemical Waste Management," Inc. (PO*WW*ER™
Technology) 64
E.I. DuPont de Nemours and Company, and
Oberlin Filter Company 74
Other Organics
Demonstration
Chemical Waste Management, Inc. (PO*WW*ERBl
Technology) 64
Dehydro-Tech Corporation 70
Dynaphore, Lac 72
Emerging
Energy and Environmental Engineering, Inc 246
PAHs
Demonstration
Allied-Signal, Ihc 26
BioTrol, Inc. (Biological Aqueous Treatment
System) 48
Dehydro-Tech Corporation 70
SBP Technologies, Inc 152
Zimpro Passavant Environmental Systems, Inc 198
Emerging
Energy and Environmental Engineering, Inc 246
Nutech Environmental (TiO2 Photocatalytic Water
Treatment) 280
PCBs
Demonstration
BioTrol, Inc. (Biological Aqueous Treatment
System) 48
Dehydro-Tech Corporation 70
Peroxidation Systems, Inc 124
SBP Technologies, Ihc 154
Emerging
Energy and Environmental Engineering, Inc 246
Nutech Environmental (TiO2 Photocatalytic Water
Treatment) 280
Pesticides/Herbicides
Demonstration
BioTrol, Inc. (Biological Aqueous Treatment
System) 48
Chemical Waste Management, Inc. (PO*WW*ER™
Technology) 64
Peroxidation Systems, Ihc 124
Zimpro Passavant Environmental Systems, Inc 198
Emerging
Electron Beam Research Facility, Florida
International University and University of
Miami 240
Energy and Environmental Engineering, Inc 246
Petroleum Hydrocarbons
Demonstration
Allied-Signal, Inc 26
Page 387
-------
Wastewater (Cont.)
Petroleum Hydrocarbons
Demonstration
BioTrol, Inc. (Biological Aqueous Treatment
System) 48
Dehydro-Tech Corporation 70
Peroxidation Systems, lac , 124
SBP Technologies, Ihc ; '. 154
Zimpro Passavant Environmental Systems, Inc 198
Emerging
ABB Environmental Services, Inc. 208
Nutech Environmental (TiO2 Photocatalytic Water
Treatment) 280
Wastewater Technology Centre 306
Radioactive Elements/Metals
Demonstration ;
E.I. DuPont de Nemours and Company, and
Oberlin Filter Company . 74
TechTran Environmental, Inc. 172
Volatile Organics
Demonstration
Allied-Signal, Ihc ', 26
BioTrol, Inc. (Biological Aqueous Treatment
System) ; ; 48
Chemical Waste Management, Inc. (PO*WW*ER™
Technology) 64
Dehydro-Tech Corporation . . . . I 70
Peroxidation Systems, Lie : 124
SBP Technologies, Inc '. 152
Zimpro Passavant Environmental Systems, Lie 198
Emerging
ABB Environmental Services, Inc. 208
Electron Beam Research Facility, Florida
International University and University of
Miami 1 240
Energy and Environmental Engineering, Inc 246
Ferro Corporation 252
Wastewater Technology Centre . . J 306
Page 388
•fr us. GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE: 1992—7 5o~o.02'60iiif
-------
-------
United States
Environmental Protection Agency
Center for Environmental Research Information
Cincinnati, OH 45268
Official Business
Penalty for Private Use
$300
EPA/540/R-92/077
Please make all necessary changes on the below label,
detach or copy, and return to the address hi the upper
left-hand comer.
If you do not wish to receive these reports CHECK HERE D;
detach, or copy this cover, and return to the address In the
upper left-hand comer.
------- |