EPA/540/R-93/526
November 1993
SUPERFUND INNOVATIVE
TECHNOLOGY EVALUATION
Technology Profiles
Sixth Edition
Risk Reduction Engineering Laboratory
Office of Research and Development
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
Cincinnati, Ohio 45268
Printed on Recycled Paper
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DISCLAIMER
The development of this document was funded by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA)
under Contract No. 68-CO-0047, Work Assignment No. 58, to PRC Environmental Management, Inc.
The document was subjected to the Agency's administrative and peer review and was approved for
publication as an EPA document. Mention of trade names or commercial products does not constitute
endorsement or recommendation for use at any particular hazardous waste site.
11
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FOREWORD
The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency's (EPA) Risk Reduction Engineering Laboratory (RREL) is
responsible for planning, implementing, and managing research, development, and demonstration
programs that provide the scientific and engineering basis for EPA policies, programs, and regulations
concerning drinking water, wastewater, pesticides, toxic substances, solid and hazardous wastes, and
Superfund-related activities.
The Superfund Innovative Technology Evaluation (SITE) Program, now in its eighth year, is an integral
part of EPA's research into alternative cleanup methods for hazardous waste sites around the nation.
Under the SITE Program, EPA enters into cooperative agreements with technology developers. These
developers refine their innovative technologies at bench- or pilot-scale and may demonstrate them, with
support from EPA, at hazardous waste sites. EPA collects and publishes engineering, performance, and
cost data to aid in future decision-making for hazardous waste site remediation.
The successful implementation of innovative technologies requires a team approach. SITE Program staff
work closely with EPA's regional offices, the states, technology developers, the Environmental
Monitoring Systems Laboratory (EMSL), the Superfund Technology Assistance Response Team
(START), and the Office of Solid Waste and Emergency Response (OSWER) to provide technology
demonstrations and to disseminate information. The SITE Program also uses EPA research facilities,
such as the Test and Evaluation (T&E) Facility and the Center Hill Facility in Cincinnati, Ohio, to
evaluate innovative technologies.
This Technology Profiles document is a product of the SITE Program. It provides a vital communication
link between the researcher and the user community and is intended for environmental decision-makers
and other individuals involved in hazardous waste site cleanup. This is the sixth edition of the
Technology Profiles document. Distribution of the Technology Profiles has increased steadily as the
SITE Program has grown. About 1,000 copies of the first edition were distributed in 1988; over 23,000
copies of the fifth edition, published in 1992, have been distributed.
This document profiles 170 demonstration, emerging, and monitoring and measurement technologies
being evaluated under the SITE Program. Each profile describes the technology; discusses its
applicability to various wastes; discusses its development or demonstration status and demonstration
results, if available; and provides demonstration and technology contacts.
E. Timothy Oppelt, Director
Risk Reduction Engineering Laboratory
m
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ABSTRACT
The Superfund Innovative Technology Evaluation (SITE) Program evaluates new and promising treatment
and monitoring and measurement technologies for cleanup of hazardous waste sites. The program wds
created to encourage the development and routine use of innovative treatment technologies. As a result,
the SITE Program provides environmental decision-makers with data on new, viable treatment
technologies that may have performance or cost advantages compared to traditional treatment
technologies.
This document, prepared between June 1993 and October 1993, is intended as a reference guide for those
interested in technologies under the SITE Demonstration, Emerging Technology, and Monitoring and
Measurement Technologies Programs. The two-page profiles are organized into two sections for each
program, completed and ongoing projects, and are presented in alphabetical order by developer name.
Reference tables for SITE Program participants precede the sections and contain EPA and developer
contacts. Inquiries about a specific SITE technology or the SITE Program should be directed to the EPA
project manager; inquiries on the technology process should be directed to the technology developer
contacts.
Each technology profile contains (1) a technology developer and process name, (2) a technology
description, including a schematic diagram or photograph of the process, (3) a discussion of waste
applicability, (4) a project status report, and (5) EPA project manager and technology developer contacts.
The profiles also include summaries of demonstration results if available. The technology description and
waste applicability sections are written by the developer. EPA prepares the status and demonstration
results sections.
IV
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TABLE OF CONTENTS
TITLE
PAGE
DISCLAIMER ii
FOREWORD iii
ABSTRACT iv
TABLE OF CONTENTS . v
LIST OF FIGURES xi
LIST OF TABLES xi
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS . . xii
SITE PROGRAM DESCRIPTION 1
SITE PROGRAM CONTACTS 5
DEMONSTRATION PROGRAM 7
COMPLETED PROJECTS
Accutech Remedial Systems, Inc. . . 18
American Combustion, Inc 20
AWD Technologies, Inc 22
Babcock & Wilcox Co 24
Bergmann USA • • • • 26
BioGenesis Enterprises, Inc 28
Bio-Rem, Inc 30
BioTrol, Inc. (Biological Aqueous Treatment System) 32
BioTrol, Inc. (Soil Washing System) . 34
Brice Environmental Services Corporation 36
Canonie Environmental Services Corporation 38
CeTech Resources, Inc 40
CF Systems Corporation 42
Chemical Waste Management, Inc. (PO*WW*ER™ Technology) 44
Chemical Waste Management, Inc. (X*TRAX™ Thermal Desorption) 46
Dehydro-Tech Corporation 48
E.I. DuPont de Nemours and Company, and
Oberlin Filter Company 50
ECOVA Corporation 52
ELI Eco Logic International, Inc. (Gas-Phase Chemical Reduction Process) 54
ELI Eco Logic International, Inc. (Thermal Desorption Unit) 56
EPOC Water, Inc. 58
Filter Flow Technology, Inc 60
Funderburk & Associates 62
General Atomics 64
GIS/Solutions, Inc 66
Gruppo Italimpresse ,. 68
Horsehead Resource Development Co., Inc 70
Hrubetz Environmental Services, Inc 72
Hughes Environmental Systems, Inc 74
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TABLE OF CONTENTS (Continued)
TITLE
PAGE
Illinois Institute of Technology Research
Institute/Halliburton NUS 76
International Waste Technologies/Geo-Con, Inc 78
Magnum Water Technology 80
NOVATERRA, Inc 82
Peroxidation Systems, Inc 84
Resources Conservation Company 86
Retech, Inc 88
Risk Reduction Engineering Laboratory
(Base-Catalyzed Dechlorination Process) 90
Risk Reduction Engineering Laboratory (Volume Reduction Unit) 92
Risk Reduction Engineering Laboratory
and IT Corporation (Debris Washing System) 94
Risk Reduction Engineering Laboratory
and the University of Cincinnati (Hydraulic Fracturing) 96
Risk Reduction Engineering Laboratory
and USDA Forest Products Laboratory (Fungal Treatment Technology) 98
SBP Technologies, Inc 100
Silicate Technology Corporation 102
J.R. Simplot Company (Biodegradation of Dinoseb) 104
J.R. Simplot Company (Biodegradation of Trinitrotoluene) 106
SoilTech ATP Systems, Inc 108
Soliditech, Inc 110
Terra Vac, Inc 112
Toronto Harbour Commission 114
Ultrox International 116
United States Environmental Protection Agency
(Excavation Techniques and Foam Suppression Methods) 118
WASTECH, Inc 120
Roy F. Weston, Inc. (Low Temperature Thermal Treatment [LT3®] System) 122
Roy F. Weston, Inc./IEG Technologies (UVB-Vacuum Vaporizing Well) 124
ONGOING PROJECTS
AlliedSignal, Inc 132
Andco Environmental Processes, Inc 134
Aprotek 136
ASI Environmental Technologies, Inc./Dames & Moore 138
Billings and Associates, Inc 140
Bio-Recovery Systems, Inc 142
Clean Berkshires, Inc 144
Colorado Department of Health 146
Dynaphore, Inc 148
VI
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TABLE OF CONTENTS (Continued)
TITLE
PAGE
Ensotech, Inc • • 15°
EnviroMetal Technologies, Inc 152
GEOCHEM I54
Geosafe Corporation • 156
GRACE Dearborn, Inc I58
High Voltage Environmental Applications, Inc 160
Hydrologies, Inc 162
In-Situ Fixation Company 164
International Environmental Technology 166
IT Corporation (In Situ Groundwater Treatment System) 168
North American Technologies Group, Inc. (BioTreat™ System) 170
North American Technologies Group, Inc.
(Oleophilic Amine-Coated Ceramic Chip Hydrocarbon Recovery) 172
Praxis Environmental Technologies, Inc • 174
Purus, Inc 176
Remediation Technologies, Inc. (Liquid and Solids Biological Treatment) . 178
Risk Reduction Engineering Laboratory (Bioventing) 180
Rochem Separation Systems, Inc .••••- *82
S.M.W. Seiko, Inc , 184
Separation and Recovery Systems, Inc 186
Sonotech, Inc 188
TechTran Environmental, Inc 190
Terra-Kleen Corporation 192
Texaco Syngas Inc 194
Udell Technologies, Inc 196
Western Research Institute 198
Wheelabrator Technologies Inc 200
Zenon Environmental Systems, Inc. (Cross-Flow Pervaporation System) .............. 202
Zenon Environmental Systems, Inc. (ZenoGem™ Process) 204
Zimpro Passavant Environmental Systems, Inc 206
EMERGING TECHNOLOGY PROGRAM - 209
COMPLETED PROJECTS
Aluminum Company of America 214
Atomic Energy of Canada, Limited (Chemical Treatment and Ultrafiltration) 216
Babcock & Wilcox Co • • • • 218
Battelle Memorial Institute 220
Bio-Recovery Systems, Inc 222
BioTrol, Inc. (Methanotrophic Bioreactor System) 224
Center for Hazardous Materials Research
(Acid Extraction Treatment System) 226
vn
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TABLE OF CONTENTS (Continued)
TITLE
PAGE
Colorado School of Mines 228
Electro-Pure Systems, Inc 230
Electrokinetics, Inc 232
Electron Beam Research Facility, Florida
International University and University of Miami 234
Energy and Environmental Engineering, Inc 236
Energy and Environmental Research Corporation (Hybrid Fluidized Bed System) 238
Ferro Corporation 240
Institute of Gas Technology (Chemical and Biological Treatment) 242
Institute of Gas Technology (Fluid Extraction-Biological
Degradation Process) 244
IT Corporation (Batch Stream Distillation and Metal Extraction) 246
IT Corporation (Photolytic and Biological Soil Detoxification) 248
Matrix Photocatalytic Inc. (TiO2 Photocatalytic Water Treatment) 250
Membrane Technology and Research, Inc 252
New Jersey Institute of Technology 254
PSI Technology Company 256
Purus, Inc 258
J.R. Simplot Company (Anaerobic Biological Process) 260
Trinity Environmental Technologies, Inc 262
University of Washington 264
Vortec Corporation 266
Wastewater Technology Centre 268
Western Research Institute 270
ONGOING PROJECTS
ABB Environmental Services, Inc 276
Allis Mineral Systems 278
Arizona State University/IT Corporation 280
ART International, Inc 282
Atomic Energy of Canada, Limited (Ultrasonic-Aided Leachate
Treatment for Mixed Wastes) 284
Center for Hazardous Materials Research
(Organics Destruction and Metals Stabilization) 286
Center for Hazardous Materials Research (Smelting Lead-Containing Waste) 288
COGNIS, Inc. (Biological/Chemical Treatment) 290
COGNIS, Inc. (Chemical Treatment) 292
Davy Research and Development, Limited 294
M.L. ENERGIA, Inc 296
Energy and Environmental Research Corporation
(Reactor/Filter System) 298
Environmental Biotechnologies, Inc./Michigan Biotechnology Institute 300
General Atomics, Nuclear Remediation Technologies Division 302
vin
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TABLE OF CONTENTS (Continued)
TITLE
PAGE
Groundwater Technology Government Services, Inc 304
Hazardous Substance Management Research Center
at New Jersey Institute of Technology 306
High Voltage Environmental Applications, Inc 308
Institute of Gas Technology (FMdized-Bed Cyclonic
Agglomerating Combustor) • 310
IT Corporation (Eimco Biolift™ Slurry Reactor) 312
IT Corporation (Mixed Waste Treatment Process) 314
Lewis Environmental Services, Inc./Hickson Corporation 316
Matrix Photocatalytic Inc. (TiO2 Photocatalytic Air Treatment) '. 318
Montana College of Mineral Science & Technology
(Air-Sparged Hydrocyclone) 320
Montana College of Mineral Science & Technology
(Campbell Centrifugal Jig) . . 322
OHM Remediation Services Corporation • 324
Pulse Sciences, Inc. (X-Ray Treatment of Aqueous Solutions) 326
Pulse Sciences, Inc. (X-Ray Treatment of Organically Contaminated Soils) 328
Remediation Technologies, Inc. (Methanotrophic Biofilm Reactor) 330
State University of New York at Oswego 332
University of Dayton Research Institute 334
University of South Carolina • 336
Warren Spring Laboratory 338
Western Product Recovery Group, Inc 340
Roy F. Weston, Inc. (Ambersorb® 563 Adsorbent) 342
MONITORING AND MEASUREMENT TECHNOLOGIES PROGRAM 345
Analytical and Remedial Technology, Inc 348
Binax Corporation • 350
Bruker Instruments 352
Dexsil Corporation 354
Graseby Ionics, Ltd., and PCP, Inc 356
HNU Systems, Incorporated 358
MDA Scientific, Incorporated • • • • 36°
Microsensor Systems, Incorporated 362
Millipore Corporation 364
MTI Analytical Instruments .., 366
Photovac International, Incorporated 368
Sentex Sensing Technology, Incorporated 370
SRI Instruments • 372
United States Environmental Protection Agency
(Field Analytical Screening Program PCB Method) 374
Xontech Incorporated • • • 376
IX
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TABLE OF CONTENTS (Continued)
TITLE
PAGE
INFORMATION REQUEST FORM 379
DOCUMENT ORDER FORM 381
VIDEO REQUEST FORM 387
INDEX 389
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LIST OF FIGURES
FIGURE
PAGE
1 Development of Innovative Technologies 2
2 Innovative Technologies in the Emerging Technology Program 3
3 Innovative Technologies in the Demonstration Program 3
LIST OF TABLES
TABLE PAGE
1 Completed SITE Demonstration Program Projects as of October 1993 8
2 Ongoing SITE Demonstration Program Projects as of October 1993 126
3 Completed SITE Emerging Technology Program Projects as of October 1993 210
4 Ongoing SITE Emerging Technology Program Projects as of October 1993 272
5 Completed SITE Monitoring and Measurement Technologies Program
Projects as of October 1993 346
XI
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
The EPA project manager responsible for the preparation of this document is Kim Lisa Kreiton of EPA's
Risk Reduction Engineering Laboratory in Cincinnati, Ohio. This document was prepared under the
direction of Robert Olexsey, Director of the Superfund Technology Demonstration Division. Key
program area contributors for EPA include J. Lary Jack, Norma Lewis, John Martin, and Eric Koglin.
Special acknowledgement is given to the individual EPA SITE project managers and technology
developers who provided guidance and technical support.
The contractor project manager responsible for the production of this document is Kelly L. Enwright of
PRC Environmental Management, Inc., (PRC). Key PRC contributors to the development of this
document are Robert Foster, Jonathan Lewis, and Tom Raptis. Special acknowledgement is given to
Carol Adams, Colleen Brogan, Kerry Carroll, John Humphrey, Karen Kirby, Deidre Knodell, Kevin
McGrory, and Chris Rogers for their editorial, graphic, and production assistance.
xn
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SITE PMOGfeAM
The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency's (EPA) Superfund Innovative Technology Evaluation (SITE)
Program, now in its eighth year, encourages the development and implementation of (1) .innovative
treatment technologies for hazardous waste site remediation and (2) monitoring and measurement
technologies for evaluating the nature and extent of hazardous waste site contamination.
The SITE Program was established by EPA's Office of Solid Waste and Emergency Response (OSWER)
and the Office of Research and Development (ORD) in response to the 1986 Superfund Amendments and
Reauthorization Act (SARA), which recognized a need for an "Alternative or Innovative Treatment
Technology Research and Demonstration Program." The SITE Program is administered by ORD's Risk
Reduction Engineering Laboratory (RREL), headquartered in Cincinnati, Ohio.
The SITE Program includes the following component programs:
• Demonstration Program - Conducts and evaluates demonstrations of promising innovative
technologies to provide reliable performance, cost, and applicability information for site cleanup
decision-making
• Emerging Technology Program - Provides funding to developers to continue research efforts from
the bench- and pilot-scale levels to promote the development of innovative technologies
• Monitoring and Measurement Technologies Program - Develops technologies that detect,
monitor, and measure hazardous and toxic substances to provide better, faster, and more
cost-effective methods for producing real-time data during site characterization and remediation
• Technology Transfer Program - Disseminates technical information on innovative technologies
to remove impediments for using alternative technologies
This Technology Profiles document, a product of the Technology Transfer Program, describes completed
and ongoing projects in the Demonstration, Emerging Technology, and Monitoring and Measurement
Technologies Programs. Figure 1 depicts the process of technology development from initial concept to
commercial use and shows the interrelationship between the programs.
Under the Emerging Technology Program, EPA provides technical and financial support to developers
for bench- and pilot-scale testing and evaluation of innovative technologies that are at a minimum proven
on the conceptual and bench-scale level. The program compares the applicability of particular
technologies to Superfund site waste characteristics and supports promising technologies that, within two
years, may be ready to be evaluated under in the Demonstration Program. The technology's performance
is documented in a final report, project summary, and bulletin.
Page 1
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COMMERCIALIZE TION
TECHNOLOGY
TRANSFER
TECHNOLOGY
DEMONSTRATION
Field-Scale Demonstration
TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPED
Pilot-Scale Testing
Bench-Scale Studies
CONCEPTUALIZA TION
Figure 1: Development of Innovative Technologies
In the Demonstration Program, the technology is field-tested on hazardous waste materials. Engineering
and cost data are gathered on the innovative technology so that potential users can assess the technology's
applicability to a particular site. Data collected during the field demonstration are used to assess the
performance of the technology, the potential need for pre- and post-processing of the waste, applicable
types of wastes and waste matrices, potential operating problems, and approximate capital and operating
costs.
In the past, EPA prepared an Applications Analysis Report (AAR) and a Technology Evaluation Report
(TER) at the conclusion of a SITE demonstration. To better meet the information needs of the
environmental community, EPA will begin to prepare an Innovative Technology Evaluation Report
(ITER) and Technology Capsule at the end of a demonstration. These reports will evaluate all available
information on the technology and analyze its overall applicability to other site characteristics, waste
types, and waste matrices. Testing procedures, performance and cost data, and quality assurance and
quality control standards will also be presented. Over tune, AARs and TERs will be phased out in favor
of ITERs and Technology Capsules.
ITERs, Technology Capsules, other demonstration documents, and videotapes are distributed to provide
reliable technical data for environmental decision-making and to promote the technology's commercial
use.
Page 2
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EPA has provided technical and financial support to 64 projects in the Emerging Technology Program.
Of these projects, 29 are completed, 34 are ongoing in the program, and one has exited the program.
These technologies are divided into the following categories: thermal destruction (9), physical/chemical
treatment (34), biological degradation (15), and materials handling (6). Figure 2 displays the breakdown
of technologies in the Emerging Technology Program.
Physical/Chemical
Treatment
34
Thermal Destruction
9
Materials Handling
6
Biological Degradation
15
Figure 2: Innovative Technologies in the Emerging Technology Program
The Demonstration Program currently has 87 developers providing 98 demonstrations. Of these projects,
57 have completed demonstrations and 41 are ongoing. The projects are divided into the following
categories: thermal destruction (10), biological degradation (19), physical/chemical treatment (37),
solidification and stabilization (9), radioactive waste treatment (2), thermal desorption (15), materials
handling (4), and other (2). Several technologies combine these treatment categories. Figure 3 shows
the breakdown of technologies in the Demonstration Program.
Biological Degradation
19
Physical/Chemical
Treatment
37
Solidification/Stabilization
9
Thermal Destruction
10
Other 2
Materials Handling
4
Thermal Desorption 15
Radioactive Waste Treatment
2
Figure 3: Innovative Technologies in the Demonstration Program
Page 3
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The Monitoring and Measurement Technologies Program's (MMTP) goal is to assess innovative and
alternative monitoring, measurement, and site characterization technologies. During fiscal year 1993,
six technologies were demonstrated. Additionally, the MMTP plans two demonstrations, each evaluating
one or more monitoring and measurement technologies, in fiscal year 1994.
To date, 79 technology demonstrations have been completed (57 in the Demonstration Program and 22
in the MMTP); many reports have been published, and others are in various stages of production.
In the Technology Transfer Program, technical information on innovative technologies in the
Demonstration, Emerging Technology, and Monitoring and Measurement Technologies Programs is
disseminated through various activities. These activities increase the awareness and promote the use of
innovative technologies for assessment and remediation at Superfund sites. The goal of technology
transfer activities is to promote communication among individuals requiring up-to-date technical
information.
The Technology Transfer Program reaches the environmental community through many media, including:
• Program-specific regional, state, and industry brochures
• On-site Visitors' Days
• Demonstration videotapes
• Project-specific fact sheets
• Innovative Technology Evaluation Reports
* The SITE Exhibit, displayed nationwide at conferences
• Networking through forums, associations, regions, and states
• Technical assistance to regions, states, and remediation cleanup contractors
SITE information is available through the folio whig on-line information clearinghouses:
Alternative Treatment Technology Information Center (ATTIC)
System operator: 301-670-6294 or 908-321-6677
Vendor Information System for Innovative Treatment Technologies (VISITT)
Hotline: 800-245-4505
Technical reports may be obtained by completing the document order form at the back of this document
or calling the Center for Environmental Research Information (CERI) in Cincinnati, Ohio
at 513-569-7562. Additional SITE documents become available throughout the year. To find out about
newly published documents or to be placed on the SITE mailing list, telephone or write to:
ORD Publications
26 West Martin Luther King Drive (G72)
Cincinnati, OH 45268
513-569-7562
Page 4-
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SITE FE0&E&M CONTACTS
The SITE Program is administered by EPA's Office of Research and Development (ORD), specifically
the Risk Reduction Engineering Laboratory (RREL). For further information on the SITE Program or
its component programs contact:
Bob Olexsey
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
26 West Martin Luther King Drive
Cincinnati, Ohio 45268
513-569-7696
Fax: 513-569-7620
«id
John Martin
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
26 West Martin Luther King Drive
Cincinnati, Ohio 45268
513-569-7696
Fax:513-569-7620
John Martin
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
26 West Martin Luther King Drive
Cincinnati, Ohio 45268
513-569-7758
Fax: 513-569-7620
Norma Lewis
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
26 West Martin Luther King Drive
Cincinnati, Ohio 45268
513-569-7665
Fax: 513-569-7620
>, Monitoring and Measurement,
:-'<'<* Technologies Pmpam,
••;- V ' ^ v < f~f ****
** **-.x- •••'•• f f
J. Lary Jack
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
P.O. Box93478
Las Vegas, Nevada 89193-3478
702-798-2373
Fax: 702-798-3228
Page 5
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BEMONSf MTION FEOGMM
The SITE Demonstration Program develops reliable engineering, performance, and cost data on innovative,
alternative technologies so that potential users can evaluate a technology's applicability for a specific waste
site. Demonstrations are conducted at hazardous waste sites, such as National Priorities List (NPL) sites,
non-NPL sites, and state sites, or under conditions that simulate actual hazardous wastes and site conditions.
Technologies are selected for the SITE Demonstration Program through annual requests for proposals (RFP).
EPA reviews proposals to determine the technologies with promise for use at hazardous waste sites. Several
technologies have entered the program from current Superfund projects, in which innovative techniques of
broad interest were identified for evaluation under the program. In addition, several Emerging Technology
projects have moved to the Demonstration Program. To date, eight solicitations have been completed — SITE
001 in 1986 through SITE 008 in 1993. The RFP for SITE 009 will be issued in January 1994.
The SITE demonstration process typically consists of five steps: (1) matching an innovative technology with
an appropriate site; (2) preparing a Demonstration Plan that includes the test plan, sampling and analysis plan,
quality assurance project plan, and health and safety plan; (3) performing community relations activities;
(4) conducting the demonstration (ranging in length from days to months); and (5) documenting results in an
Innovative Technology Evaluation Report, a Technology Capsule, other demonstration documents, and a
demonstration videotape.
Cooperative agreements between EPA and the developer set forth responsibilities for conducting the
demonstration and evaluating the technology. Developers are responsible for operating their innovative
systems at a selected site, and are expected to pay the costs to transport equipment to the site, operate the
equipment on site during the demonstration, and remove the equipment from the site. EPA is responsible for
project planning, waste collection and pretreatment (if needed), sampling and analysis, quality assurance and
quality control, preparing reports, and disseminating information.
Demonstration data are used to assess the technology's performance, the potential need for pre- and
post-processing of the waste, applicable types of wastes and media, potential operating problems, and the
approximate capital and operating costs. Demonstration data can also provide insight into long-term operating
and maintenance costs and long-term risks.
The Demonstration Program currently includes 87 developers and 98 projects. These projects are organized
into two sections, one for completed projects and one for ongoing projects. The completed projects are
presented in alphabetical order by developer name in Table 1 and in the profiles that follow; the ongoing
projects are presented in Table 2 and in the profiles that follow.
Page 7
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TABLE 1
Completed SITE Demonstration Program Projects as of October 1993
Developer
Accutech Remedial Systems, Inc.,
Keyport, NJ (005)'
Demonstration Date:
July - August 1992
American Combustion, Inc.,
Norcross, GA (001)
Demonstration Date:
November 1987 - January 1988
AWD Technologies, Inc.,
San Francisco, CA (004)
Demonstration Date:
September 1990
Babcock & Wilcox Co.,"
Alliance, OH (006)
Demonstration Date:
November 1991
Bergmann USA,
GaUatin, TN (007)
Demonstration Date:
May 1992
BioGenesis Enterprises, Inc.,
Des Plaines, IL (005)
Demonstration Date:
November 1992
Technology/
Demonstration Location
Pneumatic Fracturing Extraction
and Catalytic Oxidation/New
Jersey Environmental Cleanup
Responsibility Act (ECRA) site
in Hillsborough, NJ
PYRETRON® Thermal
Destruction/EPA's Incineration
Research Facility in Jefferson,
AK using soil from Stringfellow
Acid Pit Superfund Site in Glen
Avon, CA
Integrated Vapor Extraction and
Steam Vacuum Stripping/San
Fernando Valley Groundwater
Basin Superfund Site in
Burbank, CA
Cyclone Furnace/Developer's
Facility in Alliance, OH
Soil and Sediment Washing/
Saginaw Bay Confined Disposal
Facility in Saginaw, MI
BioGenesis5" Soil Washing
Process/Refinery site in
Minnesota
Technology
Contact
Harry Moscatello
908-739-6444
Gregory Gitman
404-564-4180
David Bluestein
415-227-0822
Lawrence King
216-829-7576
Richard Traver
615-230-2217
Charles Wilde
703-250-3442
Mohsen Amiran
708-827-0024
EPA Project
Manager
Uwe Frank
908-321-6626
Laurel Staley
513-569-7863
Gordon Evans
513-569-7684
Laurel Staley
513-569-7863
Jack Hubbard
513-569-7507
Annette Gatchett
513-569-7697
Waste Media
Soil, Rock
Soil, Sludge, Solid
Waste
Groundwater, Soil
Solids, Soil,
Sludges
Sediment, Soil
Soil
Applicable Waste
Inorganic
Not Applicable
Not Applicable
Not Applicable
Nonspecific, Low-
Level Radionuclides
Heavy Metals
Not Applicable
Organic
Halogenated and
Nonhalogenated
VOCs and SVOCs
Nonspecific Organics
VOCs
Nonspecific Organics
PCBs, Nonspecific
Organics
Volatile and
Nonvolatile
Hydrocarbons, PCBs
00
Solicitation Number
From Emerging Technology Program
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TABLE 1 (continued)
Completed SITE Demonstration Program Projects as of October 1993
lr===================
Developer
Bio-Rem, Inc.,
Butler, IN (007)
Demonstration Date:
May 1992 - June 1993
BioTrol, Inc.,
Eden Prairie, MN (003)
Demonstration Date:
July - September 1989
BioTrol, Inc.,
Eden Prairie, MN (003)
Demonstration Date:
September - October 1989
Brice Environmental
Services Corporation,
Fairbanks, AK (007)
Demonstration Date:
September 1992
Canonie Environmental Services
Corporation,
Porter, IN (007)
Demonstration Date:
September 1992
CeTech Resources, Inc.
(A Subsidiary of Chemflx
Technologies, Inc.),
St. Rose, LA (002)
Demonstration Date:
March 1989
==============
Technology/
Demonstration Location
Augmented In Situ Subsurface
Bioremediation Process/
Williams AFB in Phoenix, AZ
Biological Aqueous Treatment
System/MacGillis and Gibbs
Superfund Site in New
Brighton, MN
Soil Washing System/MacGillis
and Gibbs Superfund Site in
New Brighton, MN
Soil Washing Plant/Alaskan
Battery Enterprises Superfund
Site in Fairbanks, AK
Low Temperature Thermal
Aeration (LTTA)/Pesticide Site
in Phoenix, AZ
Solidification and
Stabilization/Portable
Equipment Salvage Company
in Clackamas, OR
======
Technology
Contact
David O. Mann
219-868-5823
800-428-4626
Dennis Chilcote
612-942-8032
Dennis Chilcote
612-942-8032
Craig Jones
907-452-2512
Chetan Trivedi
219-926-7169
Sam Pizzitola
504-461-0466
=====
EPA Project
Manager
Cim Lisa Kreiton
513-569-7328
vlary Stinson
908-321-6683
Mary Stinson
908-321-6683
Hugh Masters
908-321-6678
Paul dePercin
513-569-7797
Edwin Earth
513-569-7669
=====
Waste Media
Soil, Water
Liquid Waste,
Groundwater
Soil
Soil
Soil, Sediment,
Sludge
Soil, Sludge,
Solids, Ash,
Electroplating
Wastes
Applicable Waste
Inorganic
Not Applicable
Nitrates
Metals
Radioactive and Heavy
Metals
Not Applicable
Heavy Metals
Organic
lydrocarbons,
Halogenated
lydrocarbons, and
Chlorinated
Compounds
Chlorinated and
Nonchlorinated
lydrocarbons,
^sticides
High Molecular
Weight Organics,
PAHs, PCP, PCBs,
Pesticides
Not Applicable
VOCs, SVOCs,
OCPs, OPPs, TPHs
High Molecular
Weight Organics
(O
-------
I
"TABLE 1 (continued)
Completed SITE Demonstration Program Projects as of October 1993
Developer
CF Systems Corporation,
Woburn, MA. (002)
Demonstration Date:
September 1988
Chemical Waste Management, Inc.,
Schauraburg, IL (005)
Demonstration Date:
September 1992
Chemical Waste Management, Inc.,
Anderson, SC (003)
Demonstration Date:
May 1992
Dehydro-Tech Corporation,
East Hanover, NJ (004)
Demonstration Date:
August 1991
Co. and Oberlin Filter Co.,
Newark, DE and Waukesha, WI
(003)
Demonstration Date:
April - May 1990
ECOVA Corporation,
Golden, CO (006)
Demonstration Date:
May - September 1991
ELI Eco Logic International, Inc.,
Rockwood, Ontario, Canada (006)
Demonstration Date:
October - November 1992
Technology/
Demonstration Location
Solvent Extraction/New Bedford
Harbor Superfund Site in New
Bedford, MA
PO*WW*ER™ Technology/
Developer's Facility in Lake
Charles, LA
XTRAX™ Thermal Desorption
Re-Solve, Inc., Superfund Site
in North Dartmouth, MA
Carver-Greenfield Process® for
Solvent Extraction of Oily
Waste/EPA Research Facility hi
Edison, NJ
Membrane Microfiltration/
Palmerton Zinc Superfund Site
in Palmerton, PA
Bioslurry Reactor/EPA Test and
Evaluation Facility in
Cincinnati, OH
Gas-Phase Chemical Reduction
'rocess/Middleground Landfill
in Bay City, MI
" L-UJi- a--.. 1,11—
Technology
Contact
Chris Shallice
617-937-0800
Annamarie Connolly
708-706-6900
Carl Palmer
803-646-2413
Theodore
Trowbridge
201-887-2182
Ernest Mayer
302-366-3652
William Mahaffey
303-273-7177
Jim Nash
519-856-9591
'"'" i in mi—- B5^™— •• — — i
EPA Project
Manager
Laurel Staley
513-569-7863
Randy Parker
513-569-7271
Paul dePercin
513-569-7797
Laurel Staley
513-569-7863
John Martin
513-569-7758
Jonald Lewis
513-569-7856
Gordon Evans
513-569-7684
•T "I, - sassus:
Waste Media
Soil, Sludge,
Wastewater
Wastewater,
Leachate,
Groundwater
Soil, Sludge,
Other Solids
Soil, Sludge,
Sediments
Groundwater,
Leachate,
Wastewater,
ilectroplating
Jinsewaters
Soil
Soil, Sludge,
Liquids, Gases
—- .... ~Bt — _—
Applicable Waste
Inorganic
Not Applicable
Metals, Volatile
Inorganic Compounds,
Salts, Radionuclides
Not Applicable
Not Applicable
Heavy" Metals,
Cyanide, Uranium
Not Applicable
Not Applicable
Organic
PCBs, VOCs,
SVOCs, Petroleum
Wastes
VOCs and
Nonvolatile Organic
Compounds
VOCs, SVOCs, PCBs
PCBs, Dioxins,
Oil-Soluble Organics
Organic Particulates,
Volatile Organics
Creosote and
'etroleum Wastes
PCBs, PAHs,
Chlorinated Dioxins
and Dibenzofurans,
Chlorinated Solvents
and Chlorophenols
-------
TABLE 1 (continued)
Completed SITE Demonstration Program Projects as of October 1993
Developer
ELI Eco Logic International, Inc.,
Rockwood, Ontario, Canada (006)
Demonstration Date:
October - November 1992
EPOC Water, Inc.,
Fresno, CA (004)
Demonstration Date:
May 1992
Filter Flow Technology, Inc.,
League City, TX (006)
Demonstration Date:
September 1993
Funderburk & Associates (formerly
HAZCON, Inc.),
Oakwood, TX (001)
Demonstration Date:
October 1987
General Atomics
(formerly Ogden Environmental
Services),
San Diego, CA (001)
Demonstration Date:
March 1989
GIS/Solutions, Inc.,
Concord, CA (007)
Demonstration Date:
August 1993
Technology/
Demonstration Location
Thermal Desorption Unit/
Middleground Landfill in Bay
City, MI
Precipitation, Microfiltration,
and Sludge Dewatering/Iron
Mountain Superfund Site in
Redding, CA
Heavy Metals and Radionuclide
Polishing Filter/Rocky Flats
Plant in Golden, CO
Dechlorination and
Immobilization/Former Oil
Processing Plant in
Douglassville, PA
Circulating Bed
Combustor/Ogden's Facility in
La Jolla, CA using waste from
McColl Superfund Site in
Fullerton, CA
CIS/Key™ Environmental Data
Management Software/San
Francisco, CA
Technology
Contact
Jim Nash
519-856-9591
Gary Bartman
209-291-8144
Tod Johnson
713-334-6080
Ray Funderburk
903-545-2004
Jeffrey Broido
619-455-4495
Asad Al-Malazi
510-827-5400
EPA Project
Manager
Gordon Evans
513-569-7684
Jack Hubbard
513-569-7507
Annette Gatchett
513-569-7697
Paul dePercin
513-569-7797
Douglas Grosse
513-569-7844
Dick Eilers
513-569-7809
Waste Media
Soil, Sludge,
Liquids, Gases
Sludge,
Wastewater,
Leachable Soil
Groundwater,
Industrial
Wastewater
Soil, Sludge,
Sediments
Soil, Sludge,
Slurry, Liquids
Not Applicable
Applicable Waste
Inorganic
Not Applicable
Heavy Metals
Heavy Metals,
Radionuclides
Heavy Metals
Metals, Cyanide
Not Applicable
Organic
PCBs, PAHs,
Chlorinated Dioxins
and Dibenzofurans,
Chlorinated Solvents
and Chlorophenols
Pesticides, Oil,
Grease
Not Applicable
Nonspecific Organics
Halogenated and
Nonhalogenated
Organic Compounds,
PCBs
Not Applicable
-------
TABLE 1 (continued)
Completed SITE Demonstration Program Projects as of October 1993
Developer
Gruppo Italimpresse (developed by
Shirco Infrared Systems, Inc.),
Rome, Italy (001)
(2 Demonstrations)
Demonstration Dates:
Florida: August 1987
Michigan: November 1987
Horsehead Resource Development
Co., Inc. (HRD),
Monaca, PA (004)
Demonstration Date:
March 1991
Hrubetz Environmental Services, Inc.,
Dallas, TX (007)
Demonstration Date:
January - February 1993
Hughes Environmental Systems, Inc.,
Manhattan Beach, CA (005)
Demonstration Date:
August 1991 - September 1993
Illinois Institute of Technology
Research Institute/Halliburton NUS,
Oak Ridge, TN (007)
Demonstration Date:
August 1993
International Waste Technologies/
Geo-Con, Inc.,
Wichita, KS and Monroeville, PA
(001)
(2 Demonstrations)
Demonstration Date:
April - May 1988
Technology/
Demonstration Location
Infrared Thermal
Destruction/Peak Oil Superfund
Site in Brandon, FL and Rose
Township Superfund Site in
Oakland County, MI
Flame Reactor/Developer's
Facility in Monaca, PA using
waste from National Smelting
and Refining Company
Superfund Site in Atlanta, GA
HRUBOUT® Process/Kelly Air
Force Base in San Antonio, TX
Steam Enhanced Recovery
Process/Fuel Spill Site in
Huntington Beach, CA
Radio Frequency Heating/Kelly
Air Force Base in San Antonio,
TX
In Situ Solidification and
Stabilization Process / General
Electric Service Shop in
Hialeah, FL
Technology
Contact
Rome
011-39-06-
8802001
Padova
011-39-049-
773490
Regis Zagrocki
412-773-2289
Michael Hrubetz or
Barbara Hrubetz
214-363-7833
Ron Van Sickle
310-616-6634
Paul Carpenter
904-283-6022
Clifton Blanchard
615-483-9900
Guggliam Sresty
312-567-4232
Jeff Newton
316-269-2660
Chris Ryan
412-856-7700
EPA Project
Manager
Laurel Staley
513-569-7863
Donald Oberacker
513-569-7510
Marta Richards
513-569-7783
Gordon Evans
513-569-7684
Paul dePercin
513-569-7797
Laurel Staley
513-569-7863
Mary Stinson
908-321-6683
Waste Media
Soil, Sediment
Soil, Sludge,
Industrial Solid
Residues
Soil
Soil, Groundwater
Soil
Soil, Sediment
Applicable Waste
Inorganic
Not Applicable
Metals
Not Applicable
Not Applicable
Not Applicable
Nonspecific Inorganics
Organic
Nonspecific Organics
Not Applicable
Halogenated or
Nonhalogenated
Volatiles or
Semivolatiles
VOCs and SVOCs
VOCS and SVOCs
PCBs, PCP, Other
Nonspecific Organics
N)
-------
TABLE 1 (continued)
Completed SITE Demonstration Program Projects as of October 1993
Developer
Magnum Water Technology,
El Segundo, CA (007)
Demonstration Date:
March 1993
NOVATERRA, Inc.
(formerly Toxic Treatments USA,
Inc.),
Torrance, CA (003)
Demonstration Date:
September 1989
Peroxidation Systems, Inc.,
Tucson, AZ (006)
Demonstration Date:
September 1992
Resources Conservation Company,
Ellicott City, MD (001)
Demonstration Date:
July 1992
Retech, Inc.,
Ukiah, CA (002)
Demonstration Date:
July 1991
Risk Reduction Engineering
Laboratory,
Cincinnati, OH (006)
Demonstration Date:
August 1993
Risk Reduction Engineering
Laboratory,
Cincinnati, OH (007)
Demonstration Date:
November 1992
Technology/
Demonstration Location
CAV-OX® Process/Edwards Air
Force Base, CA
In Situ Steam and Air
Stripping/Annex Terminal, San
Pedro, CA
perox-pure™ Advanced
Oxidation Technology /Lawrence
Livermore National Laboratory
in Altamont Hills, CA
B.E.S.T. Solvent Extraction
Technology/Grand Calumet
River in Gary, IN
Plasma Arc Vitrification/DOE
Component Development and
Integration Facility in Butte,
MT
Base-Catalyzed Dechlorination
Process/Koppers Company
Superfund Site in Morrisville,
NC
Volume Reduction Unit/
Escambia Wood Preserving Site
in Pensacola, FL
Technology
Contact
Dale Cox
310-322-4143
Jack Simser
310-640-7000
Philip LaMori
310-843-3190
Chris Giggy
602-790-8383
Lanny Weimer
301-596-6066
Ronald Womack or
Leroy Leland
707-462-6522
Charles Rogers
513-569-7626
Yei-Shong Shieh
215-832-0700
Richard Griffiths
908-321-6629
EPA Project
Manager
Dick Eilers
513-569-7809
Paul dePercin
513-569-7797
Norma Lewis
513-569-7665
Mark Meckes
513-569-7348
Laurel Staley
513-569-7863
Terrence Lyons
513-569-7589
Teri Richardson
513-569-7949
Waste Media
Ground water,
Wastewater
Soil
Groundwater,
Wastewater
Soil, Sludge,
Sediment
Soils, Sludge
Soils, Sediments
Soil
Applicable Waste
Inorganic
Not Applicable
Nonspecific
Inorganics, Heavy
Metals
Not Applicable
Not Applicable
Metals
Not Applicable
Metals
Organic
Nonspecific Organic
Compounds
VOCs, SVOCs,
Hydrocarbons
Fuel Hydrocarbons,
Chlorinated Solvents,
PCBs, VOCs, SVOCs
Oil, PCBs, PAHs,
Pesticides, Herbicides
Nonspecific Organics
PCBs, PCPs,
Halogenated
Compounds
Creosote, PCPs,
PAHs, VOCs,
SVOCs, Pesticides
CO
-------
TABLE 1 (continued)
Completed SITE Demonstration Program Projects as of October 1993
Developer
Risk Reduction
Engineering Laboratory and
IT Corporation,
Cincinnati, OH (004)
Demonstration Dates:
September 1988, December 1989,
and August 1990
Risk Reduction
Engineering Laboratory and
University of Cincinnati,
Cincinnati, OH (005)
Demonstration Date:
July 1991 - September 1992
Risk Reduction
Engineering Laboratory and USDA
Forest Products Laboratory,
Cincinnati, OH (006)
Demonstration Date:
September 1991 - November 1992
SBP Technologies, Inc.,
Stone Mountain, GA (005)
Demonstration Date:
October 1991
Silicate Technology Corporation,
Scottsdale, AZ (003)
Demonstration Date:
November 1990
J.R. Simplot Company,"
Pocatello, ID (007)
Demonstration Date:
July 1993
Technology/
Demonstration Location
Debris Washing System/
Superfund Sites in Detroit, MI;
Hopkinsville, KY; and Walker
County, GA
Hydraulic Fracturing/Feasibility
Studies conducted in Oakbrook,
JL and Dayton OH
Fungal Treatment Technology/
Brookhaven Wood Preserving in
Brookhaven, MS
Membrane Filtration and
Bioremediation/ American
Creosote Works in Pensacola,
PL
Chemical Fixation/Solidification
Treatment Technologies/Selma
Pressure Treating Site in Selma,
CA
Biodegradation of Dinoseb/
Bowers Field in Ellensburg,
WA
Technology
Contact
Michael Taylor or
Majid Dosani
513-782-4700
Larry Murdoch
513-556-2526
Richard Lamar
608-231-9469
John Glaser
513-569-7568
David Drahos
404-498-6666
Stephen Pelger or
Scott Larsen
602-948-7100
Dane Higdem
208-234-5367
EPA Project
Manager
Naomi Barkley
513-569-7854
Naomi Barkley
513-569-7854
Kim Lisa Kreiton
513-569-7328
Kim Lisa Kreiton
513-569-7328
Edward Bates
513-569-7774
Wendy Davis-Hoover
513-569-7206
Waste Media
Debris
Soil, Groundwater
Soil
Groundwater,
Soils, Sludges
Soil, Sludge,
Wastewater
Soil
Applicable Waste
Inorganic
Nonspecific Inorganics
Nonspecific Inorganics
Not Applicable
Not Applicable
Metals, Cyanide
Not Applicable
Organic
Nonspecific Organics,
PCBs, Pesticides
Nonspecific Organics
PCPs, PAHs,
Chlorinated Organics
Organic Compounds,
PAHs, PCBs, TCE,
PCP
High Molecular
Weight Organics
Nitroaromatics
From Emerging Technology Program
-------
TABLE 1 (continued)
Completed SITE Demonstration Program Projects as of October 1993
Developer
J.R. Simplot Company,"
Pocatello, ID (007)
Demonstration Date:
September 1993 - October 1993
SoilTech ATP Systems, Inc.,
Englewood, CO (005)
(2 Demonstrations)
Demonstration Date:
May 1991 (NY); June 1992 (IL)
Soliditech, Inc.,
Houston, TX (002)
Demonstration Date:
December 1988
Terra Vac, Inc.,
San Juan, PR (001)
Demonstration Date:
December 1987 - April 1988
Toronto Harbour Commission,
Toronto, Ontario, Canada (007)
Demonstration Date:
April - May 1992
Ultrox International,
Santa Ana, CA (003)
Demonstration Date:
March 1989
United States Environmental
Protection Agency,
San Francisco, CA (007)
Demonstration Date:
June - July 1990
Technology/
Demonstration Location
Biodegradation of
Trinitrotoluene/U.S.
Department of Defense site in
St. Louis, MO
Anaerobic Thermal Processor/
Wide Beach Superfund Site in
Brant, NY and Waukegan
Harbor Superfund Site in
Waukegan, IL
Solidification and Stabilization/
Imperial Oil Company/
Champion Chemical Company
Superfund Site in Morganville,
NJ
In Situ Vacuum Extraction/
Groveland Wells Superfund Site
in Groveland, MA
Soil Recycling/Toronto Port
Industrial District in Toronto,
Ontario
Ultraviolet Radiation and
Oxidation/Lorentz Barrel and
Drum Company in San Jose,
CA
Excavation Techniques and
Foam Suppression Methods/
McColl Superfund Site in
Fullerton, CA
Technology
Contact
Dane Higdem
208-234-5367
Roger Nielson
303-290-8336
Joseph Hutton
219-926-8651
Bill Stallworth
713-497-8558
James Malot
809-723-9171
Dennis Lang
416-863-2047
David Fletcher
714-545-5557
John Blevins
415-744-2241
EPA Project
Manager
Wendy Davis-Hoover
513-569-7206
Paul dePercin
513-569-7797
Jack Hubbard
513-569-7507
Mary Stinson
908-321-6683
Teri Richardson
513-569-7949
Norma Lewis
513-569-7665
Jack Hubbard
513-569-7507
Waste Media .
Soil
Soil, Sludge,
Refinery Wastes
Soil, Sludge
Soil
Soil
Groundwater,
Leachate,
Wastewater
Soil
Applicable Waste
Inorganic
Not Applicable
Not Applicable
Metals, Nonspecific
Inorganics
Not Applicable
Nonspecific Inorganics
Not Applicable
Volatile Inorganics
Organic
Nitroaromatics
PCBs, Chlorinated
Pesticides, VOCs
Nonspecific Organics
VOCs and SVOCs
Nonspecific Organics
Halogenated
Hydrocarbons,
VOCs, Pesticides,
PCBs
Volatile Organics
From Emerging Technology Program
-------
TABLE 1 (continued)
Completed SITE Demonstration Program Projects as of October 1993
Developer
WASTECH Inc.,
Oak Ridge, TN (004)
Demonstration Date:
August 1991
Roy F. Weston, Inc.,
West Chester, PA (006)
Demonstration Date:
November - December 1991
Roy F. Weston, Inc./IEG
Technologies,
Woodland Hills, CA (007)
Demonstration Date:
May - November 1993
Technology/
Demonstration Location
Solidification and Stabilization/
Robins AFB in Warner Robins,
GA
Low Temperature Thermal
Treatment (LT3*) System/
Anderson Development
Company Superfund Site in
Adrian, MI
UVB - Vacuum Vaporizing
Well/March Air Force Base,
CA
Technology
Contact
Benjamin Peacock
615-483-6515
Mike Cosmos
215-430-7423
Jeff Bannon or
Ron Chu
818-596-6900
Eric Klingel
704-357-6090
EPA Project
Manager
Terrence Lyons
513-569-7589
Paul dePercin
513-569-7797
Michelle Simon
513-569-7469
Waste Media
Soil, Sludge,
Liquid Waste
Soil, Sludge
Groundwater
Applicable Waste
Inorganic
Nonspecific
Radioactive Inorganics
Not Applicable
Not Applicable
Organic
Nonspecific Organics
VOCs, SVOCs,
Petroleum
Hydrocarbons, PAHs
VOCs
Oi
-------
-------
Technology Profile
DEMONSTRATION PROGRAM
ACCOTECH REMEDIAL SYSTEMS, INC.
(Pneumatic Fracturing Extraction and Catalytic Oxidation)
TECHNOLOGY DESCRIPTION:
An integrated treatment system incorporating
Pneumatic Fracturing Extraction(SM) (PFE(SM))
with hot gas injection (HGI) has been jointly
developed by Accutech Remedial Systems, Inc.
(Accutech), and the Hazardous Substance Man-
agement Research Center located at the New
Jersey Institute of Technology in Newark, New
Jersey. The system (see photograph below)
provides a cost-effective, accelerated remedial
approach to low-permeability formations con-
taminated with halogenated and nonhalogenated
volatile organic compounds (VOC) and semi-
volatile organic compounds (SVOC). The
system forces compressed gas into a formation
at pressures that exceed the natural in situ
stresses present, creating a fracture network.
These fractures allow subsurface air to circulate
faster and more efficiently through the forma-
tion, which can greatly improve the rates of con-
taminant mass removal. PFE(SM) also increases
the effective area that can be influenced from
each extraction well while intersecting new
pockets of contamination that were previously
trapped in the formation. Thus VOCs are
removed faster and from a larger section of the
formation.
This process can be combined with a catalytic
destruction unit equipped with special atalytes to
destroy halogenated organics. The heat thus
generated can be recycled to the formation,
significantly raising the vapor pressure of the
contaminants. Thus, the VOCs volatilize faster,
which makes cleanups more efficient.
Pneumatic Fracturing Extraction and Catalytic Oxidation
Page 18
The SITE Program assesses but does not
approve or endorse technologies.
-------
November 1993
Completed Project
ppjg(SM> can be coupled with HGI, an in situ
thermal process, to further enhance VOC remo-
val rates. HGI returns the energy generated
during catalytic oxidation of the VOCs to the
ground. The integrated treatment system of
ppgCSM) wjtn JJQJ is cost-effective for treating
soil and rock formations where conventional in
situ technologies have limited effectiveness
because of low-permeability geologic for-
mations. Activated carbon is used when con-
taminant concentrations decrease to levels where
catalytic oxidation is no longer cost-effective.
WASTE APPLICABILITY:
The system can remove halogenated and non-
halogenated VOCs and SVOCs from both the
vadose and saturated zones. The integrated
treatment system is cost-effective for treating
soils and rock when low-permeability geologic
formations limit the effectiveness of conventional
in situ technologies.
STATUS:
This technology was accepted into the SITE
Demonstration Program in December 1990.
Phase 1 of the demonstration was conducted in
summer 1992 at a New Jersey Department of
Environmental Protection and Energy
(NSDEPE) Environmental Cleanup Responsi-
bility Act (ECRA) site in Hillsborough, New
Jersey, where trichloroethene (TCE) and other
VOCs were removed from a siltstone formation.
Results of this demonstration were published in
the following documents available from CERI:
• Technology Evaluation Report
(EPA/540/R-93/509)
• Technology Demonstration Summary
(EPA/540/SR-93/509)
• Demonstration Bulletin
(EPA/540/MR-93/509)
• Applications Analysis Report
(EPA/540/AR-93/509)
DEMONSTRATION RESULTS:
The results indicate that the PFE(SM) technology
increased the effective vacuum radius of influ-
ence nearly threefold and increased the rate of
mass removal up to 25 times over the rates
measured using conventional extraction tech-
nology.
The PFE(SM)/HGI process is being demonstrated
in a two-phase approach. The incremental
benefit of each technology was evaluated in the
first phase. In the second phase, the tech-
nologies will be integrated with a groundwater
recovery process and the catalytic technology to
evaluate long-term cost benefits. A Phase 2
demonstration is planned for 1994.
FOR FURTHER INFORMATION:
EPA PROJECT MANAGER:
Uwe Frank
U.S. EPA
Building 10, MS-104
2890 Woodbridge Avenue
Edison, NJ 08837
908-321-6626
Fax: 908-906-6990
TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPER CONTACT:
Harry Moscatello
Accutech Remedial Systems, Inc.
Cass Street and Highway 35
Keyport, NJ 07735
908-739-6444
Fax: 908-739-0451
The SITE Program assesses but does not
approve or endorse technologies.
Page 19
-------
Technology Profile
DEMONSTRATION PROGRAM
AMERICAN COMBUSTION, INC.
(PYRETRON® Thermal Destruction)
TECHNOLOGY DESCRIPTION:
The PYRETRON® thermal destruction tech-
nology (see figure below) controls the heat input
into an incineration process by using the
PYRBTRON® oxygen-air-fuel burners and
controlling the level of excess oxygen available
for oxidation of hazardous waste. The
PYRETRON® combustor relies on a new tech-
nique for mixing auxiliary fuel, oxygen, and air
to (1) provide the flame envelope with enhanced
stability, luminosity, and flame core temperature
and (2) reduce the combustion volume per
million British thermal units (Btu) of heat re-
leased.
The technology is computer-controlled to auto-
matically adjust the temperatures of the primary
and secondary combustion chambers and the
amount of excess oxygen. The system adjusts
the amount of excess oxygen in response to
sudden changes in volatilization rate of con-
taminants from the waste.
The technology can be fitted onto any conven-
tional incineration unit to burn liquids, solids,
and sludges. Solids and sludges can also be
coincinerated when the burner is used with.a
rotary kiln or similar equipment.
WASTE APPLICABILITY:
The PYRETRON® technology treats high- and
low-Btu solid wastes contaminated with rapidly-
volatilized hazardous organics. In general, the
technology treats any waste that can be in-
cinerated. It is not suitable for processing
aqueous wastes, Resource Conservation and
Recovery Act (RCRA) heavy metal wastes, or
inorganic wastes.
STATUS:
A demonstration was conducted at EPA's In-
cineration Research Facility in Jefferson, Arkan-
sas, using a mixture of 40 percent contaminated
soil from the Stringfellow Acid Pit Superfund
Gas, air, and oxygen
flows to the burners
Charge
(.Evenly)
Ash Pit
PYRETRON® Thermal Destruction System
Page 20
The SITE Program assesses but does not
approve or endorse technologies.
-------
November 1993
Completed Project
site in California and 60 percent decanter tank
tar sludge (K087) from coking operations. The
demonstration began in November 1987 and was
completed at the end of January 1988.
Both the Technology Evaluation Report
(EPA/540/5-89/008) and Applications Analysis
Report (EPA/540/A5-89/008) have been pub-
lished.
DEMONSTRATION RESULTS:
Six polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH)
were selected as the principal organic hazardous
constituents (POHC) for the test program —
naphthalene, acenaphthylene, fluorene, phenan-
threne, anthracene, and fluoranthene.
The PYRETRON® technology achieved greater
than 99.99 percent destruction and removal
efficiencies (DRE) of all POHCs measured in all
test runs performed. Other results are listed
below:
• The PYRETRON® technology with
oxygen enhancement achieved double
the waste throughput possible with
conventional incineration.
• All particulate emission levels in the
scrubber system discharge were sig-
nificantly below the hazardous waste
incinerator performance standard of 180
milligrams per dry standard cubic meter
at 7 percent oxygen.
• Solid residues were contaminant-free.
• There were no significant differences in
transient carbon monoxide level emis-
sions between air-only incineration and
PYRETRON® oxygen-enhanced opera-
tion with doubled throughput rate.
• Cost savings can be achieved when
operating and fuel costs are high and
oxygen costs are relatively low.
• The system can double the capacity of a
conventional rotary kiln incinerator.
This increase is more significant for
wastes with low heating values.
FOR FURTHER INFORMATION:
EPA PROJECT MANAGER:
Laurel Staley
U.S. EPA
Risk Reduction Engineering Laboratory
26 West Martin Luther King Drive
Cincinnati, OH 45268
513-569-7863
Fax: 513-569-7620
TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPER CONTACT:
Gregory Gitman
American Combustion, Inc.
4476 Park Drive
Norcross, GA 30093
404-564-4180
Fax: 404-564-4192
The SITE Program assesses but does not
approve or endorse technologies.
Page 21
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Technology Profile
DEMONSTRATION PROGRAM
AWD TECHNOLOGIES, INC.
(Integrated Vapor Extraction and Steam Vacuum Stripping)
TECHNOLOGY DESCRIPTION:
The integrated AquaDetox/soil gas vapor
extraction/reinjection (SVE) system simul-
taneously treats groundwater and soil con-
taminated with volatile organic compounds
(VOC). The integrated system consists of (1) an
AquaDetox moderate vacuum stripping tower
that uses low-pressure steam to treat con-
taminated groundwater; and (2) an SVE process
to treat contaminated soil. The two processes
form a closed-loop system that simultaneously
remediates contaminated groundwater and soil in
situ with no air emissions.
AquaDetox is a high-efficiency, countercurrent
stripping technology developed by Dow
Chemical Company. A single-stage unit typical-
ly reduces up to 99.99 percent of VOCs in
water. The SVE system uses a vacuum to treat
VOC-contaminated soil, inducing a flow of air
through the soil and removing vapor phase
VOCs with the extracted soil gas. Carbon beds
remove additional VOCs from the soil gas,
which is then reinjected into the ground. The
AquaDetox and SVE systems share a granulated
activated carbon (GAC) unit that decontaminates
the combined vapors from both systems (see
photograph below). By-products of the system
are a free-phase recyclable product and treated
water. Mineral regenerable carbon will require
disposal after about 3 years.
A key element of the closed-loop system is the
vent header unit. This unit collects the noncon-
densable gases extracted from the groundwater
or air that may leak into the part of the process
operating below atmospheric pressure. Also, the
AquaDetox system condenses and treats the
steam used to regenerate the carbon beds.
Zero Air Emissions Integrated AquaDetox/SVE System
Page 22
The SITE Program assesses but does not
approve or endorse technologies.
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November 1993
Completed Project
WASTE APPLICABILITY:
This technology removes VOCs, including
chlorinated hydrocarbons, in groundwater and
soil. Sites with contaminated groundwater and
soils containing trichloroethene (TCE), tetra-
chloroethene (PCE), and other VOCs are suit-
able for this on-site treatment process.
STATUS:
The AWD AquaDetox/SVE system has been
treating groundwater and soil gas at the
Lockheed Aeronautical Systems Company in
Burbank, California for over 3 years. The
groundwater is contaminated with as much as
2,200 parts per billion (ppb) of TCE and 11,000
ppb PCE; the soil gas has a total VOC con-
centration of 6,000 parts per million. Con-
taminated groundwater is treated at a rate of up
to 1,200 gallons per minute (gpm), while soil
gas is removed and treated at a rate of 300 cubic
feet per minute. The system occupies about
4,000 square feet. It has been operational 95
percent of the time, with 5 percent downtime
due to scheduled or nonscheduled repairs.
In September 1990, a SITE demonstration was
conducted as part of ongoing remediation at the
San Fernando Valley Groundwater Basin
Superfund site in Burbank, California. The
Applications Analysis Report
(EPA/540/A5-91/002) was published in October
1991.
DEMONSTRATION RESULTS:
During testing at the San Fernando Valley
Superfund site, the AquaDetox/SVE system
achieved the following results:
• The AWD technology successfully
treated groundwater and soil gas con-
taminated with VOCs.
• Efficiencies were in the 99.92 to 99.99
percent range for removal of VOCs
from contaminated groundwater. VOC
removal efficiencies for soil gas ranged
from 98.0 to 99.9 percent when the
GAC beds were regenerated accor-
ding to the AWD-specified frequency
(8-hour shifts). VOC removal effi-
ciencies dropped to as low as 93.4
percent when the GAC beds were
regenerated less frequently.
• The AWD technology produced effluent
groundwater that complied with regula-
tory discharge requirements for TCE
and PCE (5 micrograms per liter for
each compound).
• The GAC beds effectively removed
VOCs from contaminated soil gas even
after 24 hours of continuous operation
without steam regeneration.
• The system's steam consumption
dropped with decreasing tower pres-
sures. During the demonstration, the
system was more efficient at lower
operating tower pressures.
• The AWD system is estimated to cost
approximately $3.2, $4.3, and $5.8
million for the 500-, 1,000-, and 3,000-
gpm systems, respectively. The total
annual operation and maintenance costs
are approximately $410,000, $630,000
and $1,500,000 for the 500-, 1,000-,
and 3,000-gpm systems, respectively.
FOR FURTHER INFORMATION:
EPA PROJECT MANAGER:
Gordon Evans
U.S. EPA
Risk Reduction Engineering Laboratory
26 West Martin Luther King Drive
Cincinnati, OH 45268
513-569-7684
Fax: 513-569-7620
TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPER CONTACT:
David Bluestein
AWD Technologies, Inc.
49 Stevenson Street, Suite 600
San Francisco, CA 94105
415-227-0822
The SITE Program assesses but does not
approve or endorse technologies.
Page 23
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Technology Profile
DEMONSTRATION PROGRAM
BABCOCK & WILCOX CO.
(Cyclone Furnace)
TECHNOLOGY DESCRIPTION:
The Babcock & Wilcox Co. (Babcock &
Wilcox) cyclone furnace is designed for the
combustion of high inorganic content (high-ash)
coal. The combination of high heat-release rates
(45,000 British thermal units [Btu] per cubic
foot of coal) and high turbulence hi cyclones
assures achievement of the high temperatures
required for melting the high-ash fuels. The
inert ash exits the cyclone furnace as a vitrified
slag.
The furnace is water-cooled and simulates the
geometry of Babcock & Wilcox's single-cyclone,
front-wall-fired cyclone boilers. The pilot-scale
cyclone furnace, shown below, is a scaled-down
version of a commercial coal-fired cyclone with
a restricted exit (throat). The furnace geometry
is a horizontal cylinder (barrel). Natural gas
and preheated combustion air (820 °F) enter
tangentially into the cyclone burner. For dry
soil processing, the soil matrix and natural gas
Combustion
air
enter tangentially along the cyclone furnace
barrel. For wet soil processing, an atomizer
uses compressed air to spray the soil paste
directly into the furnace. The soil is captured
and melted, and organics are destroyed in the
gas phase or in the molten slag layer formed and
retained on the furnace barrel wall by centrifugal
action. The soil melts, exits the cyclone furnace
from the tap at the cyclone throat, and is
dropped into a water-filled slag tank where it
solidifies. A small quantity of soil also exits as
fly ash with the flue gas from the furnace and is
collected in a baghouse. In principle, this fly
ash can be recycled to the furnace to increase
metal capture and to minimize the volume of the
potentially hazardous waste stream.
The energy requirements for vitrification are
15,000 Btu per pound of soil treated. Given the
much larger surface-to-volume ratio of the
relatively small pilot unit and its cool surface, a
full-scale unit can be expected to have propor-
tionally lower energy requirements. The
Natural gas
injectors
Natural gas
Soil injector
Inside
Slag tap
\
Cyclone
barrel
Slag
quenching
tank
Cyclone Furnace
Page 24
The SITE Program assesses but does not
approve or endorse technologies.
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November 1993
Completed Project
cyclone furnace can be operated with gas, oil, or
coal as the supplemental fuel. The waste may
also supply a significant portion of the required
heat input.
Particulates are controlled by a baghouse. To
maximize the capture of metals, a heat ex-
changer is used to cool the stack gases to ap-
proximately 200 °F before they enter the bag-
house.
WASTE APPLICABILITY:
The cyclone vitrification technology is applicable
to highly contaminated inorganic hazardous
wastes, sludges, and soils that contain heavy
metals and organic constituents. The wastes
may be in the form of solids, a soil slurry (wet
soil), or liquids. To be treated in the cyclone
furnace, the ash or solid matrix must melt (with
or without additives) and flow at cyclone furnace
temperatures (2,400 to 3,000 °F). Because the
technology captures heavy metals in the slag and
renders them nonleachable, an important ap-
plication is treatment of soils that contain lower-
volatility radionuclides such as strontium and
transuranics.
STATUS:
This technology was accepted into the SITE
Demonstration Program in August 1991. A
SITE demonstration occurred in November 1991
at the developer's facility. The process was
demonstrated using an EPA-supplied, wet,
synthetic soil matrix (SSM) spiked with heavy
metals (lead, cadmium, and chromium), organics
(anthracene and dimethylphthalate), and simu-
lated radionuclides (bismuth, strontium, and
zirconium). The SSM was processed at a feed
rate of 170 pounds per hour. Almost 3 tons of
SSM were processed during the demonstration.
DEMONSTRATION RESULTS:
The vitrified slag toxicity characteristic leaching
procedure (TCLP) leachabilities were 0.29
milligram per liter (mg/L) for lead, 0.12 mg/L
for cadmium, and 0.30 mg/L for chromium (all
pass the EPA TCLP limits). Almost 95 percent
of the noncombustible SSM was incorporated
into the slag. Greater than 75 percent of the
chromium, greater than 88 percent of the stron-
tium, and greater than 97 percent of the zir-
conium were captured in the slag. Volume was
reduced 28 percent on a dry weight basis. De-
struction and removal efficiencies (DRE) for
anthracene and dimethylphthalate were greater
than 99.997 percent and 99.998 percent, respec-
tively. Stack particulates were 0.001 grains per
dry standard cubic feet (gr/dscf) at 7 percent
oxygen, which is below the Resource Conserva-
tion Recovery Act (RCRA) limit of 0.08 gr/dscf.
Carbon monoxide and total hydrocarbons in the
flue gas were 6.0 parts per million (ppm) and
8.3 ppm, respectively. The simulated radio-
nuclides were immobilized in the vitrified slag as
measured using the American Nuclear Society
16.1 Method.
An independent cost analysis was performed as
part of the SITE demonstration. The cost to
remediate 20,000 tons of contaminated soil using
a 3.3-ton-per-hour unit is estimated at $465 per
ton if the unit is on-line 80 percent of the tune
or $529 per ton if the unit is on-line 60 percent
of the time.
FOR FURTHER INFORMATION:
EPA PROJECT MANAGER:
Laurel Staley
U.S. EPA
Risk Reduction Engineering Laboratory
26 West Martin Luther King Drive
Cincinnati, OH 45268
513-569-7863
Fax: 513-569-7620
TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPER CONTACT:
Lawrence King
Babcock & Wilcox Co.
1562 Beeson Street
Alliance, OH 44601
216-829-7576
The SITE Program assesses but does not
approve or endorse technologies.
Page 25
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Technology Profile
DEMONSTRA TION PROGRAM
BERGMANN USA
(Soil and Sediment Washing)
TECHNOLOGY DESCRIPTION:
The Bergmann USA Soil and Sediment Washing
technology separates contaminated particles by
density and grain size (see photograph below).
The technology operates on the hypothesis that
most contamination is concentrated in the fine
particle fraction (-63 micron fines), and that
contamination of larger particles is generally not
extensive.
In this technology, after contaminated soil is
screened to remove coarse rock and debris,
water and chemical additives (such as
surfactants, acids, bases, and chelants) are added
to the soil to produce a slurry feed. The slurry
feed flows to an attrition scrubbing machine.
Rotary trommel screen, dense media separators,
cyclone separators, and other equipment create
mechanical and fluid shear stress, removing
contaminated silts and clay from granular soil
particles. Different separation processes then
create output streams consisting of granular soil
particles, silts and clays, and wash water.
Upflow classification and separation, also known
as elutriation, is used to separate light con-
taminated specific gravity materials such as
contaminated leaves, twigs, roots, or wood
chips.
WASTE APPLICABILITY:
This technology is suitable for treating soils and
sediment contaminated with polychlorinated
biphenyls (PCB). The technology has been
applied to soils and sediments contaminated with
organics and heavy metals, including cadmium,
Bergmann USA Soil and Sediment Washing
Page 26
The SITE Program assesses but does not
approve or endorse technologies.
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November 1993
Completed Project
chromium, lead, creosote, copper, cyanides, fuel
residues, mercury, heavy petroleum, lead,
nickel, PCBs, radionuclides, and zinc.
STATUS:
This technology was accepted into the SITE
Demonstration Program in winter 1991. It was
field evaluated in Toronto, Ontario in April
1992 (see Toronto Harbour Commission profile
in this document), and Saginaw, Michigan in
May 1992. Twenty-three commercial systems,
ranging up to 350 tons per hour, have been
applied at contaminated waste sites. The Ap-
plications Analysis Report and Technology
Evaluation Report for the demonstration at
Saginaw, Michigan will be available in late
1993.
FOR FURTHER INFORMATION:
EPA PROJECT MANAGER:
Jack Hubbard
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
Risk Reduction Engineering Laboratory
26 West Martin Luther King Drive
Cincinnati, OH 45268
513-569-7507
Fax: 513-569-7620
TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPER CONTACT:
Richard Traver
Bergmann USA
1550 Airport Road
Gallatin, TN 37066-3739
615-230-2217
Fax: 615-452-5525
The SITE Program assesses but does not
approve or endorse technologies.
Page 27
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Technology Profile
DEMONSTRA TION PROGRAM
BIOGENESIS ENTERPRISES, INC.
(BioGenesisSM Soil Washing Process)
TECHNOLOGY DESCRIPTION:
The BioGenesis8* process uses a specialized
truck, a complex surfactant, and water to clean
soil contaminated with organics. Ancillary
equipment includes gravity oil and water separa-
tors, coalescing filters, and a bioreactor. All
equipment is mobile, and treatment normally
occurs on site. The cleaning rate for oil con-
tamination of 5,000 parts per million (ppm) is
25 to 35 tons per hour. A single wash removes
85 to 99 percent of hydrocarbon contamination,
up =to 15,000 ppm. High concentrations may
require additional washes depending on the
cleanup objective.
The figure below shows the soil washing proce-
dure. Up to 35 tons (22 cubic yards) of con-
taminated soil are loaded into a washer unit
containing water and BioGenesis8" cleaner. The
BioGenesis01 cleaner is a light alkaline mixture
of natural and organic materials containing no
hazardous or petrochemical ingredients. For 15
to 30 minutes, aeration equipment agitates the
mixture, washing the soil and encapsulating oil
with BioGenesis™ cleaner. After washing, the
extracted oil is reclaimed, wash water is re-
cycled or treated, and the soil is dumped from
the soil washer. Hazardous organics, such as
polychlorinated biphenyls (PCB), can be extract-
ed in the same manner and processed using
compound-specific treatment methods.
Advantages of BioGenesis8" include (1) treatment
of soils containing both volatile and nonvolatile
oils, (2) treatment of soil containing up to 50
percent clays, (3) high processing rates, (4) on-
site operation, (5) production of reusable oil,
treatable water, and soil suitable for on-site
backfill, (6) absence of air pollution, except
during excavation, (7) and accelerated biodegra-
dation of oil residuals in the soil.
WASTE APPLICABILITY:
This technology extracts volatile and nonvolatile
oils, chlorinated hydrocarbons, pesticides, and
other organics from most types of soils,
Ccrtarrireted
Scfl
Oeen
Sea
Waster UMt
Water
Cflfor
Ftedamaticn
GHfcr
Ftedarcfon
l-l Qiy
Water
Sspststion
Coalescing Filters
and
daan
BoGercss
Clearer
W*r
BoGeneas
Degafer
Soil Washing Process
Page 28
The SITE Program assesses but does not
approve or endorse technologies.
-------
November 1993
Completed Project
including clays. Treatable contaminants include
asphalteens, heating oils, diesel fuel, gasoline,
PCBs, and polynuclear aromatic Irydrocarbons.
STATUS:
The BioGenesis8" technology was accepted into
the SITE Demonstration Program in June 1990.
The process was demonstrated in November
1992 at a refinery site in Minnesota. Results
from the demonstration have been published in
the Innovative Technology Evaluation Report
(EPA/540/R-93/510) and the SITE Technology
Capsule (EPA/540/SR-93/510). The reports are
available from EPA. Treatability tests were
conducted in May 1992 at Santa Maria, Cali-
fornia. Full commercial operations began in
Wisconsin in October 1992. The technology
was modified in June 1993 to treat polynuclear
aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH) in harbor sedi-
ment, in conjunction with testing for Environ-
ment Canada in Wastewater Technology
Centre's Contaminated Sediment Treatment
Technology Program.
Research continues to extend application of the
technology to acid extractables, base and neutral
extractables, pesticides, and acutely hazardous
materials.
FOR FURTHER INFORMATION:
EPA PROJECT MANAGER:
Annette Gatchett
U.S. EPA
Risk Reduction Engineering Laboratory
26 West Martin Luther King Drive
Cincinnati, OH 45268
513-569-7697
Fax: 513-569-7697
TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPER CONTACTS:
Charles Wilde
BioGenesis Enterprises, Inc.
10626 Beechnut Court
Fairfax Station, VA 22039-1926
703-250-3442
Fax: 703-250-3559
Mohsen Amiran
BioGenesis Enterprises, Inc.
330 South Mt. Prospect Road
Des Plaines, IL 60016
708-827-0024
Fax: 708-827-0025
The SITE Program assesses but does not
approve or endorse technologies.
Page 29
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Technology Profile
DEMONSTRATION PROGRAM
BIO-REM, INC.
(Augmented In Situ Subsurface Bioremediation Process)
TECHNOLOGY DESCRIPTION:
Bio-Rem, Inc.'s Augmented In Situ Subsurface
Bioremediation Process uses a proprietary blend
(H-10) of microaerophilic bacteria and micro-
nutrients for subsurface bioremediation of hydro-
carbon contamination in soil and water (see
figure below). The insertion methodology is
adaptable to site-specific situations. The bacteria
are hardy and can treat contaminants in a wide
temperature range. The process does not require
additional oxygen or oxygen-producing com-
pounds, such as hydrogen peroxide. Degrada-
tion products include carbon dioxide and water.
The bioremediation process consists of four
steps: (1) defining and characterizing the con-
tamination plume; (2) selecting a site-specific
application methodology; (3) initiating and
propagating the bacterial culture; and (4) cleanup
monitoring and reporting.
WASTE APPLICABILITY:
This technology treats soil and water con-
taminated with hydrocarbons, halogenated
hydrocarbons, and chlorinated compounds.
About 240 compounds which can be successfully
treated by this process have been identified.
STATUS:
This technology was accepted into the SITE
Demonstration Program in winter 1991. The
technology was demonstrated at Williams Air
Force Base in Phoenix, Arizona from May 1992
through June 1993. SITE Program final reports
will be available after January 1, 1994.
Microaerophilic
Bacteria
Water
Contaminated
Soil
H-10
*•-
Clean
Soil
Micronutrients
Augmented In Situ Subsurface Bioremediation Process
Page 30
The SITE Program assesses but does not
approve or endorse technologies.
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November 1993
Completed Project
Bio-Rem has remediated sites in Illinois, Michi-
gan, Indiana, Texas, Kentucky, Ohio, Arizona,
Connecticut, Florida, Georgia, New Hampshire,
Vermont, Oklahoma, Virginia, Nevada, Cali-
fornia, Missouri, North Carolina, and Washing-
ton.
FOR FURTHER INFORMATION:
EPA PROJECT MANAGER:
Kim Lisa Kreiton
U.S. EPA
Risk Reduction Engineering Laboratory
26 West Martin Luther King Drive
Cincinnati, OH 45268
513-569-7328
Fax: 513-569-7620
TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPER CONTACT:
David O. Mann
Bio-Rem, Inc.
P.O. Box 116
Butler, IN 46721
219-868-5823
800-428-4626
Fax: 219-868-5851
The SITE Program assesses but does not
approve or endorse technologies.
Page 31
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Technology Profile
DEMONSTRA TION PROGRAM
BIOTROL, INC.
(Biological Aqueous Treatment System)
TECHNOLOGY DESCRIPTION:
TheBioTrol Aqueous Treatment System (BATS)
is a patented biological treatment system that
effectively treats contaminated groundwater and
process water. The system uses naturally occur-
ring microbes; however, ha some instances a
specific microorganism may be added. This
technique, known as microbial amendment, is
important if a highly toxic or recalcitrant target
compound is present. The amended microbial
system removes both the target contaminant and
the background organic carbon.
The figure below is a schematic of the BATS.
Contaminated water enters a mix tank, where the
pH is adjusted and inorganic nutrients are added.
If necessary, the water is heated to an optimum
temperature, using both a heater and a heat
exchanger to minimize energy costs. The water
then flows to the bioreactor, where the con-
taminants are biodegraded.
The microorganisms that perform the degrada-
tion are immobilized in a multiple-cell, sub-
merged, fixed-film bioreactor. Each cell is
filled with a highly porous packing material to
which the microbes adhere. For aerobic con-
ditions, air is supplied by fine bubble membrane
diffusers mounted at the bottom of each cell.
The system may also run under anaerobic con-
ditions.
As the water flows through the bioreactor, the
contaminants are degraded to biological end-
products, predominantly carbon dioxide and
water. The resulting effluent may be discharged
to a publicly owned treatment works (POTW) or
_ Influent
Heat
Exchanger.
Pump
BioTrol Aqueous Treatment System (BATS)
Page 32
The SITE Program assesses but does not
approve or endorse technologies.
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November 1993
Completed Project
may be reused on site. In some cases, discharge
with a National Pollutant Discharge Elimination
System permit may be possible.
WASTE APPLICABILITY:
This technology may be applied to a wide vari-
ety of wastewaters, including groundwater,
lagoons, and process water. Contaminants
amenable to treatment include penta-
chlorophenol, creosote components, gasoline and
fuel oil components, chlorinated hydrocarbons,
phenolics, and solvents. Other potential target
waste streams include coal tar residues and
organic pesticides. The technology may also be
effective for treating certain inorganic com-
pounds such as nitrates; however, this ap-
plication has not yet been demonstrated. The
system does not treat metals.
STATUS:
During 1986 and 1987, BioTrol, Inc., performed
a successful 9-month pilot field test of BATS at
a wood preserving facility. Since that time, the
firm has installed more than 20 full-scale sys-
tems and has performed several pilot-scale
demonstrations. These systems have successful-
ly treated gasoline, mineral spirit solvent, phe-
nol, and creosote-contaminated waters.
The SITE demonstration of the BATS tech-
nology took place from July 24 to September 1,
1989, at the MacGillis and Gibbs Superfund site
in New Brighton, Minnesota. The system was
operated continuously for 6 weeks at three
different flow rates. The Applications Analysis
Report (EPA/540/A5-91/001) has been
published. The Technology Evaluation Report
is available from NTIS (Order No.
PB92-110 048/AS).
DEMONSTRATION RESULTS:
The SITE demonstration yielded the following
results:
• Reduced pentachlorophenol con-
centrations from —45 to 1 ppm or less
in a single pass
• Achieved 96 to 99 percent removal of
PCP
• Produced minimal sludge and no air
emissions of pentachlorophenol
« Mineralized chlorinated phenolics
« Eliminated biotoxicity in the ground-
water
• Appeared to be unaffected by low con-
centrations of oil and grease ( ~ 50 ppm)
and heavy metals in groundwater
• Required minimal operator attention
• Operating costs of treatment given in dol-
lars per 1,000 gallons were $3.45 for a 5-
gallon-per-minute (gpm) unit (pilot scale
unit) and $2.43 for a 30-gpm unit.
FOR FURTHER INFORMATION:
EPA PROJECT MANAGER:
Mary Stinson
U.S. EPA
Risk Reduction Engineering Laboratory
2890 Woodbridge Avenue
Edison, NJ 08837
908-321-6683
Fax: 908-321-6640
TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPER CONTACT:
Dennis Chilcote
BioTrol, Inc.
10300 Valley View Road
Eden Prairie, MN 55344-3456
612-942-8032
Fax: 612-942-8526
The SITE Program assesses but does not
approve or endorse technologies.
Page33
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Technology Profile
DEMONSTRA TION PROGRAM
BIOTROL, INC.
(Soil Washing System)
TECHNOLOGY DESCRIPTION:
The BioTrol Soil Washing System is a patented,
water-based, volume reduction process used to
treat excavated soil. The system may be applied
to contaminants concentrated in the fine-size
fraction of soil (silt, clay, and soil organic
matter) or to contamination associated with the
coarse (sand and gravel) soil fraction.
As a part of the process, debris is removed from
the soil, and the soil is mixed with water and
subjected to various unit operations common to
the mineral processing industry. These opera-
tions can include mixing trommels, pug mills,
vibrating screens, froth flotation cells, attrition
scrubbing machines, hydrocyclones, screw
classifiers, and various dewatering operations
(see figure below).
The core of the process is a multistage, counter-
current, intensive scrubbing circuit with inter-
stage classification. The scrubbing action disin-
tegrates soil aggregates, freeing contaminated
fine particles from the coarser material. In
addition, surficial contamination is removed
from the coarse fraction by the abrasive scouring
action of the particles themselves. Contaminants
may also be solubilized, as dictated by solubility
characteristics or partition coefficients.
Residual products that are contaminated can be
treated by other methods. Process water is
normally recycled after biological or physical
treatment. Options for the contaminated fines
include off-site disposal, incineration, stabiliza-
tion, and biological treatment.
WASTE APPLICABILITY:
Tins technology was initially developed to clean
soils contaminated with wood preserving wastes,
such as polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons
(PAH) and pentachlorophenol (PCP). The
technology may also be applied to soils con-
taminated with petroleum hydrocarbons, pesti-
cides, polychlorinated biphenyls (PCB), various
industrial chemicals, and metals.
Recycle
Contaminated
Water
Contaminated
Silt/Clay
BioTrol Soil Washing System Process Diagram
Page 34
The SITE Program assesses but does not
approve or endorse technologies.
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November 1993
Completed Project
STATUS:
The SITE demonstration of the Soil Washing
System took place from September 25 to
October 30, 1989, at the MacGillis and Gibbs
Superfund site in New Brighton, Minnesota. A
pilot-scale unit with a treatment capacity of 500
pounds per hour was operated 24 hours per day
during the demonstration. Feed for the first
phase of the demonstration (2 days) consisted of
soil contaminated with 130 parts per million
(ppm) PCP and 247 ppm total PAHs. During
the second phase (7 days), soil containing 680
ppm PCP and 404 ppm total PAHs was fed to
the system.
Contaminated process water from soil washing
was treated biologically in a fixed-film reactor
and was recycled. A portion of the con-
taminated fines generated during soil washing
was treated biologically in a three-stage, pilot-
scale EIMCO Biolift™ reactor system supplied
by the EIMCO Process Equipment Company.
The Applications Analysis Report
(EPA/540/A5-91/003) has been published. The
Technology Evaluation Report is available from
NTIS (Volume I Order No. PB92-115 310 VI,
Volume II Order No. PB92-115 328-V2-PtA and
PB92-115 336-V2-PtB).
DEMONSTRATION RESULTS:
Key findings from the BioTrol demonstration are
summarized below:
• Feed soil (dry weight basis) was suc-
cessfully separated into 83 percent
washed soil, 10 percent woody residues,
and 7 percent fines. The washed soil
retained about 10 percent of the feed
soil contamination; while 90 percent of
the feed soil contamination was con-
tained within the woody residues, fines,
and process wastes.
• The soil washer removed up to 89 per-
cent of PCP and 88 percent of the total
PAHs, based on the difference between
ppm levels in the contaminated (wet)
feed soil and the washed soil.
« The system degraded up to 94 percent of
the PCP in the process water during soil
washing. PAH removal could not be
determined because of low influent
concentrations.
• Cost of a commercial-scale soil washing
system, assuming use of all three tech-
nologies, was estimated to be $168 per
ton. Incineration of woody material
accounts for 76 percent of the cost.
FOR FURTHER INFORMATION:
EPA PROJECT MANAGER:
Mary Stinson
U.S. EPA
Risk Reduction Engineering Laboratory
2890 Woodbridge Avenue
Edison, NJ 08837
908-321-6683
Fax: 908-321-6640
TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPER CONTACT:
Dennis Chilcote
BioTrol, Inc.
10300 Valley View Road
Eden Prairie, MN 55344-3456
612-942-8032
Fax: 612-942-8526
The SITE Program assesses but does not
approve or endorse technologies.
Page 35
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Technology Profile
DEMONSTRATION PROGRAM
BRICE ENVIRONMENTAL SERVICES CORPORATION
(Soil Washing Plant)
TECHNOLOGY DESCRIPTION:
The Brice Environmental Services Corporation
(BESCORP) soil washing plant is a highly
portable, cost-effective, aboveground process for
reducing the overall volume of contaminated soil
requiring treatment.
The demonstration plant is contained on an 8-by-
40-foot trailer and transported with a pickup
truck. The processing rate depends on the
percentage of soil fines hi the feed material.
During the SITE demonstration, the BESCORP
system processed between 2.5 and 5 tons of
contaminated soil per hour; however, the unit
can operate at up to 20 tons per hour. The
system uses conventional mineral processing
equipment for deagglomeration, density separa-
tion, and material sizing, centered around a
patented process for effective fine particle separ-
ation. By use of high attrition and wash water,
soil contaminants are partitioned to fine soil
fractions. Oversized coarse soil fractions are
washed in clean water before exiting the plant
for redeposition on site. Process water is con-
tainerized, recirculated, and treated to remove
suspended and dissolved contaminants. Fine
contaminated soil fractions are containerized
automatically during plant operation.
The BESCORP system can be upscaled; a 150-
ton-per-hour plant, built in 1989 for mining
gold, processed 47,000 cubic yards (71,400
tons) of material.
WASTE APPLICABILITY:
The BESCORP technology can be used to treat
soil contaminated with radioactive and heavy
metals. Metals concentration does not influence
BESCORP Soil Washing Plant
Page 36
The SITE Program assesses but does not
approve or endorse technologies.
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November 1993
Completed Project
system throughput. Currently BESCORP is
designing a soil washing plant for remediation of
hydrocarbon-contaminated soil.
The BESCORP technology recirculates all pro-
cess water and containerizes the entire waste
stream; the only noncontainerized products
leaving the plant are washed, clean coarse soil
fractions.
STATUS:
The BESCORP soil washing plant was accepted
into the SITE Demonstration Program in winter
1991. Under the program, the BESCORP
system was demonstrated in late summer 1992
using lead-contaminated soil at the Alaskan
Battery Enterprises (ABE) Superfund site in
Fairbanks, Alaska. Results of the demonstration
are scheduled for publication in la.te 1993.
The ABE site was added to the National Priori-
ties List because of high levels of lead found in
site soils and the potential for groundwater
contamination. The lead contamination resulted
from past manufacturing and recycling of bat-
teries at the site. EPA removed some con-
taminated soil from the site in 1988 and 1989.
Further site testing in 1990 revealed that addi-
tional contaminated soil remained on site.
BESCORP was selected primarily because the
site soil is gravelly to sandy soil with a mini-
mum of clay and silt. These soil characteristics
make the site highly amenable to the BESCORP
soil washing system. Analysis of the excavated
soil revealed large quantities of metallic lead and
contaminated battery casings; BESCORP quickly
modified its process to separate these additional
contaminants.
The demonstration at the ABE site established
two precedents for the SITE Program:
• Volume Processed
Over 100 cubic yards of material was
processed.
• Contaminant Recycling
BESCORP's unique approach for isolat-
ing and automatically containerizing
three lead contaminant types (contami-
nated soil fines, elemental lead, and
battery casings and chips) with an in-line
process recovered metallic lead and ena-
bled washed battery casings to be re-
cycled.
FOR FURTHER INFORMATION:
EPA PROJECT MANAGER:
Hugh Masters
U.S. EPA
Risk Reduction Engineering Laboratory
2890 Woodbridge Avenue
Edison, NJ 08837
908-321-6678
Fax: 908-321-6640
TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPER CONTACT:
Craig Jones
BESCORP
P.O. Box 73520
Fairbanks, AK 99707
907-452-2512
The SITE Program assesses but does not
approve or endorse technologies.
Page 37
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Technology Profile
DEMONSTRATION PROGRAM
CANONBE ENVIRONMENTAL SERVICES CORPORATION
(Low Temperature Thermal Aeration - LTTA®)
TECHNOLOGY DESCRIPTION:
The Low Temperature Thermal Aeration
(LTTA®) technology (see figure below) is a low-
temperature desorption process. It removes
organic contaminants from contaminated soils
into a contained air stream, which is extensively
treated to either collect the contaminants or to
thermally destroy them.
A direct-fired rotary dryer is used to heat an air
stream which, by direct contact, desorbs water
and organic contaminants from the soil. Soil
can be heated to up to 800 °F. The processed
soil is quenched to cool it and to mitigate dust
problems. It is then discharged into a stockpile.
The hot air stream containing vaporized water
and organics is treated by one of two air pollu-
tion control systems. One treatment system
removes the organic contaminants from the air
stream by adsorption on granular activated
carbon (GAC) and includes the following units
in a series: (1) cyclones and baghouse for
paniculate removal; (2) wet scrubber for acid
gas and some organic vapor removal; (3) GAC
adsorption beds for organic removal.
The second air stream treatment system can treat
soils containing high concentrations of petroleum
hydrocarbons. It includes the following units in
a series: (1) cyclones for particle removal;
(2) thermal oxidizer-afterburner for destruction
of organics; (3) quench tower for cooling of air
stream; (4) baghouse for additional particle
removal; (5) wet scrubber for acid gas removal.
The LTTA® process generates no wastewater or
waste soils. Cyclone fines and baghouse dust
are combined with treated soil and quenched
with treated scrubber water. The treated soil,
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TREATED
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•Ife '••.;•' XFEEQ HOPPER! ;:' '
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Low Temperature Thermal Aeration
Page 38
The SITE Program assesses but does not
approve or endorse technologies.
-------
November 1993
Completed Project
once verified to meet the treatment criteria, can
be backfilled on site without restrictions. GAC
beds used for air pollution control are regenera-
ted or incinerated when spent.
WASTE APPLICABILITY:
LTTA® can remove volatile organic compounds
(VOC), semivolatile organic compounds
(SVOC), organochlorine pesticides (OCP),
organophosphorus pesticides (OPP), and total
petroleum hydrocarbons (TPH) from soils,
sediments, and some sludges. LTTA® has been
used at full scale to remove VOCs such as
benzene, toluene, tetrachloroethene (PCE),
trichloroethene (TCE), and dichloroethene
(DCE); SVOCs such as acenaphthene, chrysene,
naphthalene, and pyrene; OCPs such as DDT
and its metabolites, and toxapherie; OPPs such
as ethyl parathion, methyl parathion, merphos,
mevinphos; and TPHs.
STATUS:
The LTTA® technology was accepted into the
SITE Demonstration Program in summer 1992.
A demonstration was performed on soils con-
taminated with OCPs at a pesticide site in Ari-
zona during September 1992, during full-scale
site remediation. Demonstration results show
that LTTA® removed toxaphene, DDT, DDD,
dieldrin, endosulfan I, and endrin with a mini-
mum efficiency of 99.9 percent. It removed
endrin aldehyde and DDE with a minimum
efficiency of 98 percent and 90 percent respec-
tively. These results will be published in an
Applications Analysis Report.
The full-scale LTTA® system has remediated
contaminated soils at six sites including three
Superfund sites. The system has treated more
than 100,000 tons of soil.
FOR FURTHER INFORMATION:
EPA PROJECT MANAGER:
Paul dePercin
U.S. EPA
Risk Reduction Engineering Laboratory
26 West Martin Luther King Drive
Cincinnati, OH 45268
513-569-7797
Fax: 513-569-7620
TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPER CONTACT:
Chetan Trivedi
Canonie Environmental Services Corporation
800 Canonie Drive
Porter, IN 46304
219-926-7169
The SITE Program assesses but does not
approve or endorse technologies.
Page 39
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Technology Profile
DEMONSTRA TION PROGRAM
CETECH RESOURCES, INC.
(A Subsidiary of CHEMFIX TECHNOLOGIES, INC.)
(Solidification and Stabilization)
TECHNOLOGY DESCRIPTION:
In this solidification and stabilization process,
pozzolanic materials react with polyvalent metal
ions and other waste components to produce a
chemically and physically stable solid material.
Optional accelerators and precipitators may
include soluble silicates, carbonates, phosphates,
and borates. The end product may be similar to
a clay-like soil, depending upon the characteris-
tics of the raw waste and the properties desired
in the end product.
Typically, the waste is first blended in a reaction
vessel with pozzolanic materials containing
calcium hydroxide, which is dispersed through-
out an aqueous phase. The reagents react with
one another and with toxic metal ions, forming
both anionic and cationic metal complexes.
Pozzolanic accelerators and metal precipitating
agents can be added either prior to the dry
binder or after the binder is initially mixed with
the waste. When a water soluble silicate reacts
with the waste and the pozzolanic binder system,
colloidal silicate gel strengths are increased
within the binder-waste matrix assisting in the
fixation of polyvalent metal cations. A large
percentage of the heavy metals become part of
the calcium silicate and aluminate colloidal
structures formed by the pozzolans and calcium
hydroxide. Some of the metals, such as lead,
adsorb to the surface of the pozzolanic struc-
tures. The entire pozzolanic matrix, when
physically cured, decreases toxic metal mobility
by reducing the incursion of leaching liquids into
and out of the stabilized matrices.
The system shown below, with modifications,
may be applied to wastes containing solids
between 10 to 100 percent.
WASTE APPLICABILITY:
This technology is suitable for contaminated
soils, sludges, ashes, and other solid wastes.
The process is particularly applicable to wastes
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Process Flow Diagram
Page 40
The SITE Program assesses but does not
approve or endorse technologies.
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November 1993
Completed Project
such as electroplating sludges, electric arc
furnace dust, heavy metal contaminated soils, oil
field drilling muds and cuttings, municipal
sewage sludges, and residuals from other treat-
ment processes. Heavy metals, such as an-
timony, arsenic, lead, cadmium, hexavalent
chromium, mercury, copper, and zinc, are
effectively treated using this technology. In
addition, when combined with specialized bind-
ers and additives, this technology can be used to
stabilize low-level nuclear wastes.
STATUS:
The technology was demonstrated in March
1989 at the Portable Equipment Salvage Co. site
in Clackamas, Oregon. The Technology Evalua-
tion Report was published in September 1990
(EPA/540/5-89/01 la). The Applications Analy-
sis Report was completed in May 1991
(EPA/540/A5-89/011).
In addition, Chemfix Technologies, Inc., has
applied a high solids CHEMSET® reagent
protocol approach to the treatment of about
30,000 cubic yards of hexavalent
chromium-contaminated waste with a high solids
content. The average chromium level after
treatment was less than 0.15 milligram per liter
(mg/L) and met toxicity characteristic leaching
procedure (TCLP) criteria. The final product
permeabilities were less than 1 x 10"4 cen-
timeters per second (cm/sec).
DEMONSTRATION RESULTS:
The demonstration yielded the following results:
• The technology effectively reduced
concentrations of copper and lead in the
wastes. The concentrations in the TCLP
extracts from the treated wastes were 94
to 99 percent less than those from the
untreated wastes. Total lead concen-
trations in the untreated waste ap-
proached 14 percent.
• The volume of the excavated waste
material increased between 20 to 50
percent.
• In the durability tests, the treated wastes
showed little or no weight loss after 12
cycles of wetting and drying or freezing
and thawing.
• The unconfined compressive strength
(UCS) of the wastes varied between 27
and 307 pounds per square inch after 28
days. Hydraulic conductivity of the
treated material ranged between
1 x 10'6 cm/sec and 6.4 x 10'7 cm/sec.
• Air monitoring data suggest there was
no significant volatilization of poly chlor-
inated biphenyls (PCB) during the treat-
ment process.
• The cost of the treatment process was
estimated at approximately $73 per ton
of raw waste treated, not including
excavation, pretreatment, and disposal.
FOR FURTHER INFORMATION:
EPA PROJECT MANAGER:
Edwin Earth
U.S. EPA
Center for Environmental Research
Information
26 West Martin Luther King Drive
Cincinnati, OH 45268
513-569-7669
Fax: 513-569-7585
TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPER CONTACT:
Sam Pizzitola
Chemfix Technologies, Inc.
CeTech Resources, Inc.
National Technology Marketing Center
161 James Drive West
St. Rose, LA 70087
504-461-0466
Fax: 504-466-9032
The SITE Program assesses but does not
approve or endorse technologies.
Page 41
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Technology Profile
DEMONSTRA TION PROGRAM
CF SYSTEMS CORPORATION
(Solvent Extraction)
TECHNOLOGY DESCRIPTION:
The CF Systems Corporation technology uses
liquified gases as solvent to extract organics
from sludges, contaminated soils, and waste-
water. Propane is the solvent typically used for
sludges and contaminated soils, while carbon
dioxide is used for wastewater streams. The
system is available as either a continuous flow
unit for pumpable wastes or a batch system for
nonpumpable soils and sludges. Typical costs
for contaminated soils treatment range from $80
to $250 per ton, excluding excavation and
disposal.
Contaminated solids, slurries, or wastewaters are
fed into the extraction system (see figure below)
along with solvent. Typically, more than 99
percent of the organics are extracted from the
feed. Following phase separation of the solvent
and organics from the treated feed, the mixture
of solvent and organics passes to the solvent
recovery system. Once hi the solvent recovery
system, the solvent is vaporized and recycled as
fresh solvent. The organics are drawn off and
either reused or disposed of. Treated feed is
discharged from the extraction system as a slurry
in water.
The extraction system design is different for
contaminated wastewaters and semisolids. A
tray tower contactor is used for wastewaters, and
a series of extractor/decanters is used for solids
and semisolids.
WASTE APPLICABILITY:
This technology can be applied to soils and
sludges containing volatile and semivolatile
organic compounds and other higher boiling
complex organics, such as polynuclear aromatic
hydrocarbons (PAH), polychlorinated biphenyls
(PCB), dioxins, and pentachlorophenol (PCP).
This process can also treat refinery wastes and
wastewater contaminated with organics.
STATUS:
Under the SITE Program, a mobile demonstra-
tion unit was tested on PCB-laden sediments
from the New Bedford (Massachusetts) Harbor
Superfund site during September 1988. PCB
RECOVERED
ORGANICS
TREATED CAKE
TO DISPOSAL
Solvent Extraction Remediation Process
Page 42
The SITE Program assesses but does not
approve or endorse technologies.
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November 1993
Completed Project
concentrations in the harbor sediment ranged
from 300 parts per million (ppm) to 2,500 ppm.
The Technology Evaluation Report
(EPA/540/5-90/002) and the Applications Analy-
sis Report (EPA/540/A5-90/002) were published
in August 1990.
CF Systems Corporation completed the first
commercial on-site treatment operation at Star
Enterprise, in Port Arthur, Texas. The propane-
based solvent extraction unit processed listed
refinery K- and F-wastes, producing treated
solids that met EPA land-ban requirements. The
unit operated continuously from March 1991 to
March 1992 and was on-line more than 90
percent of the time. Following fixation for
heavy metals, the treated solids were disposed of
in a Class I landfill.
During operation, 100 percent of the feed mate-
rial treated met land-ban specifications. Mul:
tiple feeds, including API separator solids, slop
oil emulsion solids, slop oils, and contaminated
soils, were treated.
The technology has been selected by EPA Re-
gion 6 and the Texas Water Commission on a
sole-source basis for cleanup of the 80,000-
cubic-yard United Creosoting site in Conroe,
Texas. This Superfund site is heavily con-
taminated with wood treatment wastes. Detailed
design is scheduled to begin in late 1993.
Other ongoing demonstrations and applications
of this technology include on-site pilot
demonstrations and new a SITE Program dem-
onstration with process improvements.
DEMONSTRATION RESULTS:
This technology was demonstrated concurrently
with dredging studies managed by the U.S.
Army Corps of Engineers. Contaminated sedi-
ments were treated by the CF Systems Pit
Cleanup Unit, using a liquified propane and
butane mixture as the extraction solvent. Ex-
traction efficiencies were high, despite some
operating difficulties during the tests.
The demonstration at the New Bedford site
yielded the following results:
• Extraction efficiencies of 90 to 98 per-
cent were achieved on sediments con-
taining PCBs between 360 and 2,575
ppm. PCB concentrations were as low
as 8 ppm in the treated sediment.
• In the laboratory, extraction efficiencies
of 99.9 percent were obtained for vola-
tile and semivolatile organics in aqueous
and semisolid wastes.
• Operating problems included solids
retention in the system hardware and
foaming in receiving tanks. The prob-
lems were corrected in the full-scale
commercial units.
• Projected costs for PCB cleanup are
estimated at approximately $150 to $450
per ton, including material handling and
pre- and posttreatment costs. These
costs are highly dependent on the utiliza-
tion factor and job size, which may
result in lower costs for large cleanups.
FOR FURTHER INFORMATION:
EPA PROJECT MANAGER:
Laurel Staley
U.S. EPA
Risk Reduction Engineering Laboratory
26 West Martin Luther King Drive
Cincinnati, OH 45268
513-569-7863
Fax: 513-569-7620
TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPER CONTACT:
Chris Shallice
CF Systems Corporation
3D Gill Street
Woburn, MA 01801
617-937-0800 ext. 103
The SITE Program assesses but does not
approve or endorse technologies.
Page 43
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Technology Profile
DEMONSTRATION PROGRAM
CHEMICAL WASTE MANAGEMENT, INC.
(PO*WW*ER™ Technology)
TECHNOLOGY DESCRIPTION:
The PO*WW*ER™ technology is used for
treatment and volume reduction of complex
industrial and hazardous wastewaters containing
mixtures of inorganic salts, metals, volatile and
nonvolatile organics, volatile inorganics, and
radionuclides. The proprietary technology
combines evaporation with catalytic oxidation to
concentrate and destroy contaminants, producing
nontoxic product condensate.
Wastewater is first taken into an evaporator
where most of the water and contaminants are
vaporized and removed, concentrating the con-
taminants into a small volume for further treat-
ment or disposal. The contaminant vapors then
pass over a bed of proprietary robust catalyst,
where the pollutants are oxidized and destroyed.
Depending upon the composition, effluent vap-
ors from the oxidizer may be treated in a scrub-
ber. The vapors are then condensed to produce
water that can be used as either boiler or cooling
tower make-up water, if appropriate. The
hazardous wastewater is thus separated into a
small contaminant stream and a large clean
water stream without using expensive reagents
or increasing the volume of the total stream. The
photograph below illustrates a PO*WW*ER™-
based wastewater treatment plant.
WASTE APPLICABILITY:
The PO*WW*ER™ technology can treat waste-
waters containing a mixture of the following
contaminants:
Organic
• Halogenated volatites
• Halogenated semivol-
atiles
• Nonhalogenated volatiles
• Nonhalogenated semi-
volatiles
• Organic pesticides/herb-
icides
• Solvents
• BTEX
• Organic cyanides
• Nonvolatile organics
Inorganic ;
Heavy metals
Nonmetallic toxic
elements
Cyanides
Ammonia
Nitrates
Salts
Radioactive
Plutonium
Americium
Uranium
Technetium
Thorium
Radium
Barium
PO*WW*ER™-Based Wastewater Treatment Plant
Page 44
The SITE Program assesses but does not
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November 1993
Completed Project
Suitable wastewaters include landfill leachates,
contaminated groundwaters, process waste-
waters, and low-level radioactive mixed wastes.
STATUS:
The technology was accepted into the SITE
Demonstration Program in 1991. It was tested
on landfill leachate in September 1992, at the
developer's pilot plant in Lake Charles,
Louisiana (see photograph below). The
Applications Analysis Report
(EPA/540/AR-93/506) and the Technology
Evaluation Report (EPA/540/R-93/506) are
available from EPA.
A commercial system (50-gpm capacity) is in
operation at Ysing Yi Island, Hong Kong. A
pilot-scale unit (1 to 1.5 gallons per hour)
available at Clemson Technical Center can treat
both radioactive, hazardous, and mixed waste
streams.
FOR FURTHER INFORMATION:
EPA PROJECT MANAGER:
Randy Parker
U.S. EPA
Risk Reduction Engineering Laboratory
26 West Martin Luther King Drive
Cincinnati, OH 45268
513-569-7271
Fax: 513-569-7620
TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPER CONTACT:
Annamarie Connolly
ARI Technologies, Inc.
1501 E. Woodfield Road.
Suite 200 West
Schaumberg, IL 60173
708-706-6900
Fax: 708-706-6996
NOTE: This technology has been purchased by ARI
Technologies, Inc.
PO*WW*ER™ Pilot Plant at Chemical Waste Management's Lake Charles, Louisiana Facility
The SITE Program assesses but does not
approve or endorse technologies.
Page 45
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Technology Profile
DEMONSTRATION PROGRAM
CHEMICAL WASTE MANAGEMENT, INC.
(X*TRAX™ Thermal Desorption)
TECHNOLOGY DESCRIPTION:
The X*TRAX™ technology (see photograph
below) is a thermal desorption process that
removes organic contaminants from soils, slud-
ges, and other solid media. It is not an inciner-
ator or a pyrolysis system. Chemical oxidation
and reactions are not encouraged, and no com-
bustion by-products are formed. The organic
contaminants are removed as a condensed liquid,
characterized by a high heat rating, which may
then be either destroyed in a permitted in-
cinerator or used as a supplemental fuel. Be-
cause of low operating temperatures (200 to
900 °F) and gas flow rates, this process is less
expensive than incineration.
An externally-fired rotary dryer volatilizes the
water and organic contaminants into an inert
carrier gas stream. The processed solids are
then cooled with treated condensed water to
eliminate dusting. The solids can then be placed
and compacted in their original location.
An inert nitrogen carrier gas transports the
organic contaminants and water vapor out of the
dryer. The carrier gas flows through a duct to
the gas treatment system, where organic vapors,
water vapors, and dust particles are removed and
recovered. The gas first passes through a high-
energy scrubber, which removes dust particles
and 10 to 30 percent of the organic con-
taminants. It then passes through two con-
densers in series, where it is cooled to less than
40 °F.
Most of the carrier gas is reheated and recycled
to the dryer. About 5 to 10 percent is passed
through a particulate filter and a carbon ad-
sorption system and discharged. This discharge
helps maintain a small negative pressure within
the system and prevents potentially contaminated
3"!
Full-Scale X*TRAX™ System
Page 46
The SITE Program assesses but does not
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November 1993
Completed Project
gases from leaking. The discharge also allows
make-up nitrogen to be added to the system, to
keep oxygen concentrations below 4 percent.
The volume of gas released from this process
vent is approximately 100 to 200 times less than
an equivalent capacity incinerator.
WASTE APPLICABILITY:
The process removes volatiles, semivolatiles,
and polychlorinated biphenyls (PCB). It has
been demonstrated on a variety of soils ranging
from sand to very cohesive clays. In most
cases, volatile organics are reduced to below
1 part per million (ppm) and frequently to below
the laboratory detection level. Semivolatile
organics are typically reduced to less than 10
ppm and frequently below 1 ppm. Soils con-
taining 120 to 6,000 ppm PCB have been re-
duced to 2 to 25 ppm. Removal efficiencies
from 96 to over 99 percent have been demon-
strated for soils contaminated with various
organic pesticides. Mercury has been reduced
from 5,100 ppm to 1.3 ppm.
Minimal feed pretreatment is required. The feed
material must be screened to a particle size of
less than 2 inches. For economic reasons, a
single location should have a minimum of 5,000
cubic yards of material. For most materials, the
system can process 120 to 180 tons per day at a
cost of $125 to $225 per ton.
This technology was accepted into the SITE
Demonstration Program in summer 1989. The
full-scale system is being used to remediate
35,000 tons of PCB-contaminated soil at the
Re-Solve, Inc., Superfund site in Massachusetts.
The unit has treated 240 tons of soil per day to
less than 2 ppm PCB; the site's treatment stan-
dard is 25 ppm. EPA conducted a SITE demon-
stration in May 1992, during this remediation.
The Applications Analysis Report will be pub-
lished in early 1994.
Rust Remedial Services (RRS) currently has
laboratory-, pilot-, and full-scale X*TRAX™
systems. Two laboratory-scale systems are
available for treatability studies. Both systems
are operated at RRS's Clemson Technical Center
in South Carolina: one treats mixed (Resource
Conservation and Recovery Act [RCRA]/radio-
active) wastes; the other treats RCRA and Toxic
Substances Control Act (TSCA) wastes. More
than 94 tests have been completed since January
1988.
A 7-ton per day, pilot-scale system was operated
at the CWM Kettleman Hills facility in
California. During 1989 and 1990, 10 different
PCB-contaminated soils were processed under a
TSCA research and development permit. The
system was then operated under EPA RCRA
permits to test three different wastes. The first
Model 200 full-scale X*TRAX™ system, shown
on the previous page, was completed in early
1990.
FOR FURTHER INFORMATION:
EPA PROJECT MANAGER:
Paul dePercin
U.S. EPA
Risk Reduction Engineering Laboratory
26 West Martin Luther King Drive
Cincinnati, OH 45268
513-569-7797
Fax: 513-569-7620
TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPER CONTACT:
Carl Palmer
Rust-Clemson Technical Center
Clemson Research Park
100 Technology Drive
Anderson, SC 29625
803-646-2413
Fax: 803-646-5311
The SITE Program assesses but does not
approve or endorse technologies.
Page 47
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Technology Profile
DEMONSTRA TION PROGRAM
DEHYDRO-TECH CORPORATION
(Carver-Greenfield Process® for Solvent Extraction of Oily Waste)
TECHNOLOGY DESCRIPTION:
The Carver-Greenfield Process® (C-G Process®)
for solvent extraction of oily waste is designed
to separate materials into their constituent solid,
oil (including hydrocarbon-soluble substances),
and water phases. The process is intended
mainly for soils and sludges contaminated with
hydrocarbon-soluble hazardous compounds. The
technology uses a food-grade hydrocarbon
solvent or carrier oil to extract the hydrocarbon-
soluble contaminants (see figure below). Pre-
treatment is necessary for particle sizes greater
than 0.25 inch.
The solvent, with a boiling point of 400 °F, is
mixed with waste sludge or soil; the mixture is
men introduced to an evaporation system to
remove water. The solvent fluidizes the mix
and maintains a low slurry viscosity to ensure
efficient heat transfer, allowing virtually all
water to evaporate.
Hydrocarbon-soluble contaminants are extracted
from the waste by the solvent. Volatile
compounds present in the waste are also stripped
in this step and condensed with the solvent and
water. After the water is evaporated from the
mixture, the resulting dried slurry is sent to a
centrifuging section that removes most of the
solvent and contaminants from the solids. This
step is repeated as necessary to completely
extract contaminants from the solids.
After final centrifuging, residual solvent is
removed from the solids by a process known as
"hydroextraction" which includes evaporation
and steam stripping. The hazardous constituents
Vent to
Trsatinant
Carver-Greenfield Process® Schematic Diagram
Extracted
O Oil Soluble
Components
Page 48
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Completed Project
are removed from the recovered solvent by
distillation. The contaminants can be incinerated
or reclaimed.
WASTE APPLICABILITY:
The C-G Process® can be used to treat sludges,
soils, sediments, and other water-bearing wastes
containing hydrocarbon-soluble hazardous com-
pounds, including polychlorinated biphenyls
(PCB), polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons
(PAH), and dioxins. The process has been
commercially applied to municipal wastewater
sludge, paper mill sludge, rendering waste,
pharmaceutical plant sludge, and other wastes.
STATUS:
The C-G Process® was accepted into the SITE
program in 1990. The SITE demonstration of
this process technology on a pilot scale was
completed in August 1991 at EPA's research
facility in Edison, New Jersey. Spent petroleum
drilling fluids from the PAB oil site in Abbe-
ville, Louisiana were used as process feed. The
Applications Analysis Report (EPA/540/AR-
92/002), Technology Demonstration Summary
(EPA/540/SR-92/002) and Technology Evalua-
tion Report were issued in 1992.
DEMONSTRATION RESULTS:
Based on SITE demonstration results, the fol-
lowing conclusions can be made about the C-G
Process®:
• The process successfully separates a
petroleum-oil contaminated sludge into
its solid, indigenous oil, and water
phases. No detectable levels of indige-
nous total petroleum hydrocarbons
(TPH) are present in the final solid
product.
• The final solid product is a dry powder
similar in character to bentonite. The
food-grade solvent comprises the bulk of
the residual hydrocarbon content (about
1 percent) in the solid.
• Values for all metals and organics are
well below the Resource Conservation
and Recovery Act (RCRA) Toxicity
Characteristic Leaching Procedure
(TCLP) limits for characteristic hazard-
ous wastes. The process does not re-
move metals bound to the solid phase.
• The resulting water product requires
treatment due to the presence of small
amounts of light organics and solvent.
In some cases, the wastewater product
may be disposed of at a local publicly
owned treatment works (POTW).
• A full scale C-G Process® can process
drilling fluid wastes at technology-
specific costs of $100 to $220 per ton of
wet feed, exclusive of disposal costs of
the residuals. Site-specific costs, which
include the cost of residual disposal, can
range from minimal amounts (less than
$10 per ton) to more than $300 per ton
of feed and are very dependent on site
characteristics and treatment objectives.
FOR FURTHER INFORMATION:
EPA PROJECT MANAGER:
Laurel Staley
U.S. EPA
Risk Reduction Engineering Laboratory
26 West Martin Luther King Drive
Cincinnati, OH 45268
513-569-7863
Fax: 513-569-7620
TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPER CONTACT:
Theodore Trowbridge
Dehydro-Tech Corporation
6 Great Meadow Lane
East Hanover, NJ 07936
201-887-2182
Fax: 201-887-2548
The SITE Program assesses but does not
approve or endorse technologies.
Page 49
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Technology Profile
DEMONSTRATION PROGRAM
E.I. DUPONT DE NEMOURS AND COMPANY, and
OBERLIN FILTER COMPANY
(Membrane Microfiltration)
TECHNOLOGY DESCRIPTION:
This membrane microfiltration system is de-
signed to remove solid particles from liquid
wastes, forming filter cakes typically ranging
from 40 to 60 percent solids. The system can
be manufactured as an enclosed unit, requires
little or no attention during operation, is mobile,
and can be trailer-mounted.
The membrane microfiltration system (see figure
below) uses an automatic pressure filter
(developed by Oberlin Filter Company), com-
bined with a special Tyvek filter material (Tyvek
T-980) made of spunbonded olefin (invented by
E.I. DuPont De Nemours and Company). The
filter material is a thin, durable plastic fabric
with tiny openings (about 1 ten-millionth of a
meter in diameter) that allows water or other
liquids, along with solid particles smaller than
Air Cylinder
Filter Cake
Used Tyvek®
the openings, to flow through. Solids in the
liquid stream that are too large to pass through
the openings accumulate on the filter and can be
easily collected for disposal.
The automatic pressure filter has two chambers:
an upper chamber for feeding waste through the
filter and a lower chamber for collecting the
filtered liquid (filtrate). At the start of a filter
cycle, the upper chamber is lowered to form a
liquid-tight seal against the filter. The waste
feed is then pumped into the upper chamber and
through the filter. Filtered solids accumulate on
the Tyvek surface, forming a filter cake, while
filtrate is collected in the lower chamber.
Following filtration, air is fed into the upper
chamber at a pressure of about 45 pounds per
square inch. Air is used to remove any liquid
remaining in the upper chamber and to further
dry the cake. When the cake is dry, the upper
Pressurized
— Air
Waste
feed
Air Bags
Waste Feed Chamber
Clean Tyvek®
Filter Belt
Filtrate Chamber
Filtrate
Discharge
DuPont/Oberlin Microfiltration System
Page 50
The SITE Program assesses but does not
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November 1993
Completed Project
chamber is lifted, and the filter cake is automat-
ically discharged. Clean filter material is then
drawn from a roll into the system for the next
cycle. Both the filter cake and the filtrate can be
collected and treated further prior to disposal, if
necessary.
WASTE APPLICABILITY:
This treatment technology may be applied to
(1) hazardous waste suspensions, particularly
liquid heavy metal- and cyanide-bearing wastes
(such as electroplating rinsewaters),
(2) groundwater contaminated with heavy met-
als, (3) constituents such as landfill leachate, and
(4) process wastewaters containing uranium.
The technology is best suited for treating wastes
with solid concentrations of less than 5,000 parts
per million; otherwise, the cake capacity and
handling become limiting factors. The system
can treat any type of solids, including inor-
ganics, organics, and oily wastes, with a wide
variety of particle sizes. Moreover, because the
unit is enclosed, the system is capable of treating
liquid wastes containing volatile organics.
STATUS:
This technology was demonstrated at the Palmer-
ton Zinc Superfund site in Palmerton, Pennsyl-
vania. Groundwater from the shallow aquifer at
the site, contaminated with dissolved heavy
metals (such as cadmium, lead, and zinc), was
selected as the feed waste for the demonstration.
The system treated waste at a rate of about 1 to
2 gallons per minute.
The demonstration was conducted over a 4-week
period in April and May 1990. An Applications
Analysis Report (EPA/540/A5-90/007), a Tech-
nology Evaluation Report (EPA/540/5-90/007),
and a videotape of the demonstration have also
been completed.
Two commercial installations of the technology
began operation in 1991.
DEMONSTRATION RESULTS:
During the demonstration at the Palmerton Zinc
Superfund site, the DuPont/Oberlin microfiltra-
tion system achieved the following results:
• Removal efficiencies for zinc and total
suspended solids ranged from 99.75 to
99.99 percent (averaging 99.95 percent).
• Solids in the filter cake ranged from
30.5 to 47.1 percent.
• Dry filter cake in all test runs passed the
Resource Conservation and Recovery
Act (RCRA) paint filter liquids test.
• Filtrate met the applicable National
Pollutant Discharge Elimination System
standard for zinc.
• A composite filter cake sample passed
the extraction procedure toxicity (EPtox)
and toxicity characteristic leaching
procedure (TCLP) tests for metals.
FOR FURTHER INFORMATION:
EPA PROJECT MANAGER:
John Martin
U.S. EPA
Risk Reduction Engineering Laboratory
26 West Martin Luther King Drive
Cincinnati, OH 45268
513-569-7758
Fax: 513-569-7620
TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPER CONTACT:
Ernest Mayer
E.I. DuPont de Nemours and Company
Engineering Department L1359
P.O. Box 6090
Newark, DE 19714-6090
302-366-3652
Fax: 302-366-3220
The SITE Program assesses but does not
approve or endorse technologies.
Page 51
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Technology Profile
DEMONSTRATION PROGRAM
ECOVA CORPORATION
(Bioslurry Reactor)
TECHNOLOGY DESCRIPTION:
ECOVA Corporation's slurry-phase bioremedia-
tion (bioslurry) technology biodegrades creosote-
contaminated materials through aerobic degrada-
tion. The technology uses batch and continuous
flow bioreactors to process polynuclear aromatic
hydrocarbon (PAH)-contaminated soils, sedi-
ments, and sludges. The bioreactors are sup-
plemented with oxygen, nutrients, and a specific
inocula of enriched indigenous microorganisms
to enhance the degradation process. Because
site-specific environments influence biological
treatment, all chemical, physical, and microbial
factors are designed into the treatment process.
The ultimate goal is to convert organic wastes
into relatively harmless by-products of microbial
metabolism, such as carbon dioxide, methane,
and inorganic salts. Biological reaction rates are
accelerated in a slurry system because of the
increased contact efficiency between con-
taminants and microorganisms. The photograph
below shows the bioslurry reactor.
WASTE APPLICABILITY:
Slurry-phase biological treatment can treat
highly contaminated creosote wastes. It can also
treat other concentrated contaminants that can be
aerobically biodegraded, such as petroleum
wastes. The bioslurry reactor system must be
engineered to maintain parameters such as pH,
temperature, and dissolved oxygen, within
ranges conducive to the desired microbial ac-
tivity.
STATUS:
This technology was accepted into the SITE
Demonstration Program in spring 1991. From
Bioslurry Reactor
Page 52
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November 1993
Completed Project
May through September 1991, EPA conduc-
ted a SITE demonstration using six bioslurry
reactors at EPA's Test and Evaluation Facility in
Cincinnati, Ohio.
ECOVA Corporation conducted bench- and
pilot-scale studies to evaluate bioremediation of
PAHs in creosote-contaminated soil from the
Burlington Northern Superfund site in Brainerd,
Minnesota. Bench-scale studies were performed
prior to pilot-scale evaluations to determine
optimal treatment protocols. EIMCO Biolift
slurry reactors were used for the pilot-scale
processing. Data from the optimized pilot-scale
program will be used to establish treatment
standards for K001 wastes as part of EPA's Best
Demonstrated Available Technology (BOAT)
program.
DEMONSTRATION RESULTS:
Slurry-phase biological treatment significantly
improved biodegradation rates of carcinogenic 4-
to 6-ring PAHs. The pilot-scale bioslurry
reactor reduced 82 + 15 percent of the total
soil-bound PAHs in the first week. After 14
days, total PAHs had been biodegraded by
96 ± 2 percent. An overall reduction of
97 + 2 percent was seen over a 12-week treat-
ment period, indicating that almost all bio-
degradation occurred within the first 2 weeks of
treatment. Carcinogenic PAHs were bio-
degraded by 93 ± 3.2 percent to 501 ± 103
milligrams per kilogram (mg/kg) from levels of
5,081 + 1,530 mg/kg.
FOR FURTHER INFORMATION:
EPA PROJECT MANAGER:
Ronald Lewis
U.S. EPA
Risk Reduction Engineering Laboratory
26 West Martin Luther King Drive
Cincinnati, OH 45268
513-569-7856
Fax: 513-569-7620
TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPER CONTACT:
William Mahaffey
ECOVA Corporation
Waste-Tech Services, Inc.
800 Jefferson County Parkway
Golden, CO 80401
303-273-7177
The SITE Program assesses but does not
approve or endorse technologies.
Page 53
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Technology Profile
DEMONSTRATION PROGRAM
ELI ECO LOGIC INTERNATIONAL INC.
(Gas-Phase Chemical Reduction Process)
TECHNOLOGY DESCRIPTION:
The patented ELI Eco Logic International, Inc.
(Eco Logic) process (see photograph below) uses
a gas-phase reduction reaction of hydrogen with
organic and chlorinated organic compounds at
elevated temperatures to convert aqueous and
oily hazardous contaminants into a hydrocarbon-
rich gas product. After passing through a
scrubber, the gas product's primary components
are hydrogen, nitrogen, methane, carbon monox-
ide, water vapor, and other light hydrocarbons.
The gas-phase reduction reaction takes place
within a specially-designed reactor. Nozzles
inject a mixture of atomized waste, steam, and
hydrogen into the reactor. As the mixture swirls
down between the outer reactor wall and a
central ceramic tube, it passes a series of electric
glo-bar heaters, raising the temperature to
850 °C. The reduction reaction takes place as
the gases enter the ceramic tube and travel up
toward the scrubber. The scrubber removes
hydrogen chloride, heat, water, and particulate
matter.
When processing waste with a low organic
content, approximately 95 percent of the hydro-
gen-rich gas recirculates to the reactor; the
remaining 5 percent can be used as a supplemen-
tary fuel for a propane fired boiler that produces
steam. Processing waste with a high organic
content produces excess gas product, which can
be compressed and stored for later analysis and
disposal.
Gas-Phase Chemical Reduction Process
Page 54
The SITE Program assesses but does not
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November 1993
Completed Project
The unit is mounted on two standard, drop-deck,
highway trailers. A computerized process
control system allows the operator to monitor
process variables such as temperature, pressure,
hydrogen content, and oxygen levels. In ad-
dition, an on-line mass spectrometer is used to
monitor selected organic compounds.
WASTE APPLICABILITY:
The Eco Logic Process is designed to treat
aqueous and oily waste streams contaminated
with polychlorinated biphenyls (PCB), poly-
nuclear aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH), chlor-
inated dioxins and dibenzofurans, chlorinated
solvents, chlorobenzenes, and chlorophenols.
Wastes with high water content can be easily
handled by the Eco Logic process since water is
a good source of hydrogen.
STATUS:
In October and November 1992, a SITE demon-
stration of the Eco Logic Process was conducted
at the Middleground Landfill in Bay City,
Michigan under a Toxic Substances Control Act
(TSCA) research and development permit. The
test program was conducted in cooperation with
Environment Canada and the Ontario Ministry of
the Environment. Testing was performed using
two waste feeds:
• Wastewater with an average PCB con-
centration of 4,600 ppm
• A waste oil containing an average of 24.5
percent PCBs
Both feeds were tested in triplicate. In addition,
a 72-hour engineering performance test was
conducted.
DEMONSTRATION RESULTS:
During testing in Bay City, Michigan, the Eco
Logic Process achieved the following results:
• At least 99.9999 percent destruction and
removal efficiency (DRE) for PCBs during
all test runs
• A 99.99 percent destruction efficiency for
tetrachloroethene, a tracer compound,
during all test runs
• Net destruction of trace feedstock dioxin
and furan compounds during all test runs
• Throughput rates as follows, in tons per
day:
.. V
Waste oil
Wastewater
NttWbttiwt
4
10
flats
2.3
7.0
FOR FURTHER INFORMATION:
EPA PROJECT MANAGER:
Gordon M. Evans
U.S. EPA
Risk Reduction Engineering Laboratory
26 West Martin Luther King Drive
Cincinnati, OH 45268
513-569-7684
Fax: 513-569-7620
TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPER CONTACT:
Jim Nash
ELI Eco Logic International, Inc.
143 Dennis Street
Rockwood, Ontario NOB 2KO
519-856-9591
The SITE Program assesses but does not
approve or endorse technologies.
Page 55
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Technology Profile
DEMONSTRATION PROGRAM
ELI ECO LOGIC INTERNATIONAL, INC.
(Thermal Desorption Unit)
TECHNOLOGY DESCRIPTION:
ELI Eco Logic International, Inc.'s (Eco Logic)
thermal desorption unit (TDU) is specially
designed for use with Eco Logic's gas-phase
chemical reduction process.
The TDU consists of an externally-heated bath
of molten tin metal, blanketed in a hydrogen gas
atmosphere. Tin is used for several reasons: tin
and hydrogen are nonreactive; tin's density
allows soils to float on the molten bath; molten
tin is a good fluid for heat transfer; tin is non-
toxic in soil; and tin is used as a bath medium in
the manufacture of plate glass.
Contaminated soil is conveyed into the TDU
feed hopper, where an auger feeds the soil into
the TDU. A screw feeder provides a gas seal
between the outside air and the hydrogen at-
mosphere inside the TDU. The auger's variable
speed drive provides feed rate control. Soil
inside the TDU floats on top of the molten tin
and is heated to 600 °C, vaporizing the water
and organic material. Decontaminated soil is
removed from the tin bath into a water-filled
quench tank. The water in the quench tank
provides a gas seal between the TDU's hydrogen
atmosphere and the outside air. A scraper
mechanism removes desorbed soil from the
quench tank into drums.
3TC
90(13
H2 <
n
DESORBED GAS
MOfilEN BATH
TREATED SOILS
QUENCH
TANK
TDU
RECIRC. GAS
850'C,
REACTOR
850 °C
as'c
SLUDGE AND DECANT
WATER SLOWDOWN
CLEAN STEAM
Ol
n
BOILER
")lU< - '
HYDROCARBON
GAS (5%)
REACTOR SYSTEM
Thermal Desorption Unit Schematic
Page 56
The SITE Program assesses but does not
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November 1993
Completed Project
After desorption from the soil, the organic
contaminants are carried from the TDU to Eco
Logic's proprietary gas-phase reduction reactor.
In the reactor, the organic contaminants undergo
gas-phase chemical reduction reactions with
hydrogen at elevated temperatures. This re-
action converts organic and chlorinated organic
contaminants into a hydrocarbon-rich gas pro-
duct. After passing through a scrubber, the gas
product's primary components are hydrogen,
nitrogen, methane, carbon monoxide, water
vapor, and other lighter hydrocarbons. Most of
this gas product recirculates into the process,
while excess gas can be used as supplemental
fuel or compressed for later analysis and dispos-
al. Refer to the profile of the Eco Logic gas-
phase reduction process for a more complete
description.
WASTE APPLICABILITY:
The Eco Logic TDU, when used with the gas-
phase chemical reduction reactor, is designed to
treat soils and sludges contaminated with poly-
chlorinated biphenyls (PCS), polynuclear aro-
matic hydrocarbons (PAH), chlorinated dioxins
and dibenzofurans, chlorinated solvents, chloro-
benzenes, and chlorophenols. The combined
technologies can easily handle wastes with high
water content since water is a good source of
hydrogen.
STATUS:
In October and November 1992, a SITE demon-
stration of the Eco Logic Process, including the
TDU, was conducted at the Middleground
Landfill in Bay City, Michigan under a Toxic
Substances Control Act (TSCA) research and
development permit. The formal test program
consisted of processing soil containing an aver-
age 627 ppm PCBs. The test plan called for
three analytical test runs. Shakedown and
material handling problems in run 1 caused Eco
Logic to make significant adjustments prior to
run 2. Feed throughput was reduced for run 2
to increase soil residence time on the tin bath, so
that clumps of soil that formed in the system
could be adequately heated. Run 3 was can-
celled because of TSCA permit time constraints.
DEMONSTRATION RESULTS:
During testing in Bay City, Michigan, the Eco
Logic TDU achieved the following:
• Desorption efficiencies for PCBs from the
soil of 93.5 percent in run 1 and 98.8
percent in run 2
• Desorption efficiencies for hexachloroben-
zene (a tracer compound) from the soil of
72.13 percent in run 1 and 99.998 percent
in run 2
• PCB destruction and removal efficiencies
(ORE) for the combined TDU and reduc-
tion reactor system of 99.9999 percent for
run 1 and 99.997 percent for run 2. PCB
throughput for run 2 was below the target
value, so a ORE of 99.9999 percent could
not be achieved.
FOR FURTHER INFORMATION:
EPA PROJECT MANAGER:
Gordon Evans
U.S. EPA
Risk Reduction Engineering Laboratory
26 West Martin Luther King Drive
Cincinnati, OH 45268
513-569-7684
Fax: 513-569-7620
TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPER CONTACT:
Jim Nash
ELI Eco Logic International, Inc.
143 Dennis Street
Rockwood, Ontario NOB 2KO
519-856-9591
The SITE Program assesses but does not
approve or endorse technologies.
Page 57
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Technology Profile
DEMONSTRATION PROGRAM
EPOC WATER, INC.
(Precipitation, Microfiltration, and Sludge Dewatering)
TECHNOLOGY DESCRIPTION:
The Precipitation, Microfiltration, and Sludge
Dewatering treatment process developed by
EPOC Water, Inc., uses a combination of pro-
cesses to treat a variety of wastes. In the first
step of the process, heavy metals are chemically
precipitated. Precipitates and all particles larger
than 0.2 to 0.1 micron are filtered through a
unique tubular fabric crossflow microfilter
(EXXFLOW). The concentrate stream is then
dewatered in an automatic tubular filter press of
the same material (EXXPRESS).
EXXFLOW microfilter modules are fabricated
from a proprietary tubular woven polyester.
Wastes pumped into the polyester tubes form a
dynamic membrane, which produces a high
quality filtrate and removes all particle sizes
larger than 0.2 to 0.1 micron. The flow velo-
city continually maintains the membrane, maxi-
mizing treatment efficiency.
Metals are removed via precipitation by adjust-
ing the pH in the EXXFLOW feed tank. Metal
hydroxides or oxides form a dynamic membrane
with any other suspended solids. The
EXXFLOW concentrate stream, which contains
up to 50 percent solids, enters the EXXPRESS
modules with the discharge valve closed. A
semidry cake, up to 0.25 inch thick, is formed
inside the tubular filter. When the discharge
valve is opened, rollers on the outside of the
tubes move to form a venturi within the tubes.
The venturi creates an area of high velocity
within the tubes, which aggressively cleans the
EXXFLOW/EXXPRESS Demonstration Unit
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The SITE Program assesses but does not
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November 1993
Completed Project
cloth and discharges the cake in chip form onto
a wedge wire screen. Discharge water is re-
cycled to the feed tank. EXXPRESS filter calces
are typically 40 to 60 percent solids by weight.
Other constituents can be removed using seeded
slurry methods in EXXFLOW. Hardness can be
removed by using lime. Oil and grease can be
removed by adding adsorbents. Nonvolatile
organics and solvents can be removed using
activated carbon or powdered ion-exchange
adsorbents.
If the raw feed contains a high percentage of
solids, EXXPRESS can be used first, with
EXXFLOW acting as a final polish for the
product water.
The EXXFLOW/EXPRESS demonstration unit
is transportable and is mounted on skids. The
unit is designed to process approximately 30
pounds of solids per hour and 10 gallons of
wastewater per minute.
WASTE APPLICABILITY:
The EXXFLOW and EXXPRESS technologies
have treated water containing heavy metals,
pesticides, oil and grease, bacteria, suspended
solids, and constituents that can be precipitated
to particle sizes greater than 0.1 micron. The
system can handle waste streams containing up
to 5 percent solids to produce a semidry cake of
40 to 60 percent solids by weight. Nonvolatile
organics and solvents can also be removed from
the water by adding powdered adsorbents.
Soils and sludge can be decontaminated through
acid leaching of the metals, followed by precipi-
tation and microfiltration. Lime and alum
sludges from municipal, industrial, and power
plant clarifiers can also be treated using this
process.
STATUS:
This technology was accepted into the SITE
Demonstration Program in 1989. Bench-scale
tests were conducted in 1990, and the SITE
demonstration was conducted in May 1992 on
highly acidic mine drainage at the Iron Mountain
Superfund site in Redding, California. The
system was successful in removing heavy met-
als. In most cases, the system used sodium
hydroxide, lime, or magnesium oxide as the
precipitating chemicals to produce no detectable
concentrations of metals in the treated water
samples. The Applications Analysis Report and
Technology Evaluation Report will be published
in late 1993.
This technology was commercialized in 1988.
Treatment systems have since been installed at
over 45 sites worldwide. System capacities
range from 1 gallon per minute to over 2 million
gallons per day. Applications include the fol-
lowing: industrial laundries, circuit board
shops, ceramics, agricultural chemicals, oil
produced water, oil field waste, scrubber waste,
municipal waste, water purification, Water
softening, clarifier sludge dewatering, wine and
juice filtration, surface finishing, and vehicle
wash water.
FOR FURTHER INFORMATION:
EPA PROJECT MANAGER:
Jack Hubbard
U.S. EPA
Risk Reduction Engineering Laboratory
26 West Martin Luther King Drive
Cincinnati, OH 45268
513-569-7507
Fax: 513-569-7620
TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPER CONTACT:
Gary Bartman
EPOC Water, Inc.
3065 North Sunnyside
Fresno, CA 93727
209-291-8144
Fax: 209-291-4926
The SITE Program assesses but does not
approve or endorse technologies.
Page 59
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Technology Profile
DEMONSTRA TION PROGRAM
FILTER FLOW TECHNOLOGY, INC.
(Heayy Metals and Radionuclide Polishing Filter)
TECHNOLOGY DESCRIPTION:
The Colloid Polishing Filter Method (CPFM) is
a sorption and chemical complexing phenomena
based filtration methodology that removes col-
loidal (and ionic) heavy metals and nontritium
radionuclides from water. The CPFM cost
effectively removes inorganic metallic pollutants
in groundwater, wastewater, or in soil washing
secondary wastewater following primary treat-
ment for organics destruction, bulk solids, or
soil washing. The methodology uses a polishing
filter to remove heavy metals, naturally occur-
ring radioactive materials, and manmade uran-
ium, transuranic, and low-level radionuclides.
The technology involves pumping and treating
the contaminated water and performing specific,
prechemical conditioning and pH adjustment in
mixing tanks. Prefiltration is used to remove
total suspended solids (TSS) to prolong bed life
prior to removing metallic pollutants using
multiple sorption beds. A specially designed
filtration apparatus contains the inorganic,
insoluble sorption bed material (Filter Flow-
1000) and provides fluid control. Optional
single-use, disposable and reusable bed material
designs have been developed, with emphasis on
easy, safe handling and removal of the spent bed
material. Both batch (50- to 1,000-gallon-per-
cycle) and continuous (5- to 500-gallon-per-
Mobile Colloid Filter Unit, Including Mixing Tanks,
Pumps, Filter Apparatus, and Other Equipment
Page 60
The SITE Program assesses but does not
approve or endorse technologies.
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November 1993
Completed Project
minute) treatment systems have been designed
for application in both mobile field equipment
and fixed installations.
WASTE APPLICABILITY:
The CPFM efficiently removes heavy metals and
nontritium radionuclides from water to parts per
million or parts per billion levels. The system
can also achieve maximum contaminant level
compliance standards for water use or environ-
mental water discharge. This simple methodolo-
gy can be used separately to treat low-TSS water
or in a treatment train downstream from other
technologies such as soil washing, organic
oxidation, or conventional wastewater treatment
using flocculation and solids removal. Major
advantages of the CPFM include high perfor-
mance and low cost to treat a wide range of
inorganic metallic pollutants in water including
mono- and divalent forms, multivalent and high
valence forms existing as colloids, and ionic,
chelated, and complexed forms. The same
equipment can be used to treat water at different
sites, but the preconditioning chemistry and pH
must be optimized for each site using bench and
field testing.
STATUS:
This technology was accepted into the SITE
Demonstration Program in July 1991. EPA and
Department of Energy (DOE) are cosponsoring
the technology evaluation. Bench tests were
conducted at the DOE Rocky Flats Plant, Gol-
den, Colorado removing uranium-234, uranium-
238, plutonium-239, and americium-241 from
interceptor trench pump house (ITPH) ground-
water collected from a french drain surrounding
solar evaporative ponds at the Rocky Flats Plant.
The SITE demonstration was carried out at the
Rocky Flats Plant in early September 1993
under a cooperative memorandum of under-
standing between EPA and DOE. ITPH water
was tested for the removal of uranium, radium,
and gross alpha. Despite the successful removal
of plutonium-239 and americium-241 from the
ITPH water in the bench tests, these isotopes
could not be analyzed in the demonstration due
to low activity.
FOR FURTHER INFORMATION:
EPA PROJECT MANAGER:
Annette Gatchett
U.S. EPA
Risk Reduction Engineering Laboratory
26 West Martin Luther King Drive
Cincinnati, OH 45268
513-569-7697
Fax: 513-569-7697
TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPER CONTACT:
Tod Johnson
Filter Flow Technology, Inc.
3027 Marina Bay Drive, Suite 110
League City, TX 77573
713-334-6080
Fax: 713-334-5993
The SITE Program assesses but does not
approve or endorse technologies.
Page 61
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Technology Profile
DEMONSTRA TIQN PROGRAM
FUNDERBURK & ASSOCIATES
(formerly HAZCON, INC.)
(Dechlorination and Immobilization)
TECHNOLOGY DESCRIPTION:
This technology mixes hazardous wastes with
cement (or fly ash), water, and one of 18 patent-
ed reagents commonly known as "Chloranan" to
immobilize heavy metals. The developers also
claim that certain chlorinated organics are de-
chlorinated by the treatment reagents.
Soils, sludges, and sediments can be treated in
situ or excavated and treated ex situ. Sediments
can be treated underwater. Treatment occurs in
batches, with volumetric throughput rated at 120
tons per hour. In the finished product, metals
are fixed to a very low solubility point.
The treatment process (see figure below) begins
by adding Chloranan and water to the blending
unit. Waste is then added and mixed for 2
minutes. Cement or fly ash is added and mixed
for a similar tune. After 12 hours, the treated
material hardens into a concrete-like mass that
exhibits unconfined compressive strengths (UCS)
ranging from 1,000 to 3,000 pounds per square
inch (psi), with permeabilities of 10"9 centimeters
per second (cm/sec). The hardened
concrete-like mass can withstand several hundred
freeze and thaw cycles.
WASTE APPLICABILITY:
The technology is applicable to wastes con-
taining heavy metals and organics. The develop-
ers claim that the technology has been refined
since the 1987 SITE demonstration and is can
now dechlorinate certain chlorinated organics as
well as immobilize other wastes, including those
with high levels of metals. The wastes with
organic and inorganic contaminants can be
treated separately or together with no impact on
the chemistry of the process. The process can
treat contaminated material with high concen-
trations (up to 25 percent) of oil.
STATUS:
This technology was demonstrated in October
1987 at a former oil processing plant in
Douglassville, Pennsylvania. The site soil
contained high levels of oil and grease (250,000
CHLORANAN
D
I
POZZOLANIC
COMPOUND
WATER
FIELD BLENDING UNIT
WASTE
FINISHED
PRODUCT
Dechlorination and Immobilization Treatment Process
Page 62
The SITE Program assesses but does not
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November 1993
Completed Project
parts per million [ppm]) and heavy metals
(22,000 ppm lead), and low levels of volatile
organic compounds (VOC) (100 ppm) and
polychlorinated biphenyls (PCB) at 75 ppm. An
Applications Analysis Report
(EPA/540/A5-89/001) and a Technology Evalu-
ation Report (EPA/540/5-89/001a) are available.
A report on long-term monitoring may be ob-
tained from EPA's Risk Reduction Engineering
Laboratory. The technology has also been used
to remediate a California Superfund site with
zinc contamination as high as 220,000 ppm.
Since the demonstration in 1987, the technology
has been enhanced through the development of
17 additional reagent formulations that are
claimed to dechlorinate many chlorinated or-
ganics including PCBs, ethylene dichloride
(EDC), trichlorethene (TCE), and pen-
tachlorophenol.
DEMONSTRATION RESULTS:
Samples were taken after treatment at intervals
of 7 days, 28 days, 9 months, and 22 months.
Analytical results from these samples were
generally favorable. The physical test results
were good, with UCS between 220 and 1,570
psi. Very low permeabilities (10~9 cm/sec) were
recorded, and the porosity of the treated wastes
was moderate. Durability test results showed no
change in physical strength after the wet and dry
and freeze and thaw cycles. The waste volume
increased by about 120 percent. However,
refinements of the technology now restrict
volumetric increases to the 15 to 25 percent
range. Using a smaller volume of additives
reduces physical strength, but toxicity reduction
is not affected. Data obtained since the 1987
SITE demonstration indicate that one or more of
the reagents used in immobilizing heavy metals
may be able to dechlorinate certain hazardous
organics such as PCBs.
The results of the leaching tests were mixed.
The toxicity characteristic leaching procedure
(TCLP) results of the stabilized wastes were
very low; essentially, concentrations of metals,
VOCs, and semivolatile organic compounds
(SVOC) were below 1 ppm. Lead leachate
concentrations decreased by a factor of 200 to
below 100 parts per billion. VOC and SVOC
concentrations in the TCLP leachate were not
affected by treatment. Oil and grease con-
centrations were greater in the treated waste
TCLP leachate (4 ppm) than in the untreated
waste TCLP leachate (less than 2 ppm). The
physical properties of the treated waste include
high UCS, low permeabilities, and good
weathering properties.
FOR FURTHER INFORMATION:
EPA PROJECT MANAGER:
Paul dePercin
U.S. EPA
Risk Reduction Engineering Laboratory
26 West Martin Luther King Drive
Cincinnati, OH 45268
513-569-7797
Fax: 513-569-7620
TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPER CONTACT:
Ray Funderburk
Funderburk & Associates
Route 1 Box 250
Oakwood, TX 75855
903-545-2004
Fax: 903-545-2002
The SITE Program assesses but does not
approve or endorse technologies.
Page 63
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Technology Profile
DEMONSTRA TION PROGRAM
GENERAL ATOMICS
(formerly OGDEN ENVIRONMENTAL SERVICES)
(Circulating Bed Combustor)
TECHNOLOGY DESCRIPTION:
The Circulating Bed Combustor (CBC) uses high
velocity air to entrain circulating solids and
create a highly turbulent combustion zone that
destroys toxic hydrocarbons. The commercial-
size combustion chamber (36 inches in diameter)
can treat up to 150 tons of contaminated soil
daily, depending on the heating value of the feed
material.
The CBC operates at relatively low temperatures
(1,450 to 1,600 °F), reducing operating costs
and potential emissions such as nitrogen oxides
(NOx) and carbon monoxide. Auxiliary fuel can
be natural gas, fuel oil, or diesel. No auxiliary
fuel is needed for waste streams with a net
heating value greater than 2,900 British thermal
units per pound.
The CBC's high turbulence produces a uniform
temperature around the combustion chamber and
hot cyclone. It also completely mixes the waste
material during combustion. The effective
mixing and relatively low combustion tempera-
ture also reduce emissions of carbon monoxide
and nitrogen oxides.
As shown in the figure below, waste material
and limestone are fed into the combustion cham-
ber along with the recirculating bed material
from the hot cyclone. The limestone neutralizes
acid gases. A conveyor transports the treated
ash out of the system for proper disposal. Hot
gases produced during combustion pass through
a convective gas cooler and baghouse before
being released to the atmosphere.
WASTE APPLICABILITY:
The CBC process can treat liquids, slurries,
solids, and sludges contaminated with cor-
rosives, cyanides, dioxus and furans, inor-
ganics, metals, orgaruV ,, oxidizers, pesticides,
polychlorinated biphe /Is (PCB), phenols, and
volatiles. Applicatic , include industrial wastes
from refineries, munition and chemical
plants, manufacturing site cleanups, and con-
DMBUSTION
CHAMBER
SOLID
FEED
LIMESTONE
FEED
(8)
FLUE GAS
(DUST)
t FILTER
a.
STACK
FD
FAN
COOLING
WATER
(6)
ASH CONVEYOR
SYSTEM
Circulating Bed Combustor (CBC)
Page 64
The SITE Program assesses but does not
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November 1993
Completed Project
laminated military sites. The CBC is permitted
under the Toxic Substance Control Act to burn
PCBs in all 10 EPA regions, having demon-
strated a 99.9999 percent destruction removal
efficiency (DRE).
Waste feed for the CBC must be sized to less
than 1 inch. Metals in the waste do not inhibit
performance and become less leachable after
incineration. Treated residual ash can be re-
placed on site or "stabilized for landfill disposal
if metals exceed regulatory limits.
STATUS:
The technology (formerly owned by Ogden
Environmental Services) was accepted into the
SITE Demonstration Program in March 1989.
A treatability study and demonstration on wastes
from the McColl Superfund site in California
was conducted under the guidance of the pro-
gram, EPA Region 9, and the California Depart-
ment of Health Services. The pilot-scale demon-
stration was conducted at General Atomies'
Research Facility in San Diego, California,
using the 16-inch-diameter CBC.
DEMONSTRATION RESULTS:
The demonstration successfully achieved the
desired goals, as follows:
• Obtained DRE values of 99.99 percent
or greater for principal organic hazard-
ous constituents and minimized the
formation of products of incomplete
combustion;
• Met the Research Facility permit con-
ditions and California South Coast Basin
emission standards;
• Controlled sulfur oxide emissions by
adding limestone and showed that the
residual materials (fly ash and bed ash)
were nonhazardous. No significant
levels of hazardous organic compounds
left the system in the stack gas or re-
mained in the bed and fly ash. The
CBC minimized emissions of sulfur
oxide, nitrogen oxide, and particulates.
Other regulated pollutants were con-
trolled to well below permit levels.
FOR FURTHER INFORMATION:
EPA PROJECT MANAGER:
Douglas Grosse
U.S. EPA
Risk Reduction Engineering Laboratory
26 West Martin Luther King Drive
Cincinnati, OH 45268
513-569-7844
Fax: 513-569-7676
TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPER CONTACT:
Jeffrey Broido
General Atomics
3550 General Atomics Court
San Diego, CA 92121-1194
619-455-4495
Fax: 619-455-4111
The SITE Program assesses but does not
approve or endorse technologies.
Page 65
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Technology Profile
DEMONSTRATION PROGRAM
GIS/SOLUTIONS, INC.
(Environmental Data Management System)
TECHNOLOGY DESCRIPTION:
GIS/Key™ is a comprehensive environmental
database management system that integrates site
data and graphics, enabling the user to create
geologic cross-sections, boring logs, potentio-
metric maps, isopleth maps, structure maps,
summary tables, hydrographs, chemical time
series graphs, and numerous other maps and line
graphs. The software is menu-driven, making it
relatively simple to use. All system outputs
meet Resource Conservation and Recovery Act
(RCRA) and Comprehensive Environmental
Response, Compensation and Liability Act
(CERCLA) reporting requirements and are
consistent with current industry practices.
GIS/Key™ can be a cost-effective tool to help
manage hazardous waste site environmental data
more effectively and accurately. GIS/Key™
allows project managers to focus on problem
solving, because less time is required to enter,
evaluate and report the supporting site data. It
also provides project managers access to envi-
ronmental databases traditionally available only
to computer specialists.
WASTE APPLICABILITY:
The GIS/Key™ software can be used at any
Superfund site to facilitate the collection, report-
ing, and analysis of site data. The software is
designed with numerous checks to assure the
quality of the data, including comprehensive
quality assurance/quality control protocols.
System outputs, listed in the table below, are
presentation-quality and meet RCRA and
CERCLA reporting requirements.
STATUS:
The GIS/Key™ software is in use at two
Superfund sites: the Crazyhorse site near Sali-
nas, California and the Moffett Field site near
San Jose, California.
This technology was accepted into the SITE
Demonstration Program in summer 1992. The
demonstration was held in August 1993 in San
Francisco, California. The Demonstration
Bulletin and Applications Analysis Report will
be published in early 1994.
Isoploth maps of soil or water quality
plan or section view
Chemical concentration time series graphs
Chemical versus chemical graphs inter-
arid infra-well
Trlltnesr PIpor diagrams
Chemical concentration versus distance
graphs
User alerts
- When OA/QC results fall outside data
quality objectives
- When sample results fall outside histo-
rical ranges
- Whan sample results exceed applicable
regulatory standards
Graphical summary of statistics
Presentation-quality data tables
Boring logs with company logos
Geologic cross-section maps
Isopach maps
Structure maps
Modflow integration
Density-corrected water level contour maps
Floating product contour maps
Hydraulic conductivity contour maps
Water elevation versus time graphs
Floating product thickness versus time
graphs
Extraction well graphs
Flow verus time
Concentration versus time
Chemical flux versus time
Modflow integration
Page 66
The SITE Program assesses but does not
approve or endorse technologies.
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November 1993
Completed Project
FOR FURTHER INFORMATION:
EPA PROJECT MANAGER:
Richard G. Eilers
U.S. EPA
Risk Reduction Engineering Laboratory
26 W. Martin Luther King Drive
Cincinnati, OH 45268
513-569-7809
TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPER CONTACT:
Asad Al-Malazi
GIS/Solutions, Inc.
1800 Sutler Street
Suite 830
Concord, CA 94520
510-827-5400
The SITE Program assesses but does not
approve or endorse technologies.
Page 67
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Technology Profile
DEMONSTRA TION PROGRAM
GRUPPO ITALIMPRESSE
(Developed by SHIRCO INFRARED SYSTEMS, INC.)
(Infrared Thermal Destruction)
TECHNOLOGY DESCRIPTION:
The infrared thermal destruction technology is a
mobile thermal processing system that uses
electrically-powered silicon carbide rods to heat
organic wastes to combustion temperatures.
Any remaining combustibles are incinerated in
an afterburner. One configuration for this
mobile system (see figure below) consists of four
components: (1) an electric-powered infrared
primary chamber, (2) a gas-fired secondary
combustion chamber, (3) an emissions control
system, and (4) a control center.
Waste is fed into the primary chamber and
exposed to infrared radiant heat (up to 1,850 °F)
provided by silicon carbide rods above the belt.
A blower delivers air to selected locations along
the belt to control the oxidation rate of the waste
feed.
The ash material in the primary chamber is
quenched by using scrubber water effluent. The
ash is then conveyed to the ash hopper, where it
is removed to a holding area and analyzed for
organic contaminants, such as polychlorinated
biphenyls (PCB).
Volatile gases from the primary chamber flow
into the secondary chamber, which uses higher
temperatures, greater residence time, turbulence,
and supplemental energy (if required) to destroy
these gases. Gases from the secondary chamber
are ducted through the emissions control system.
In the emissions control system, the particulates
are removed in a venturi scrubber. Acid vapor
is neutralized in a packed tower scrubber. An
induced draft blower draws the cleaned gases
from the scrubber into the free-standing exhaust
stack. The scrubber liquid effluent flows into a
clarifier, where scrubber sludge settles out for
disposal. The liquid then flows through an
activated carbon filter for reuse or to a publicly
owned treatment works (POTW) for disposal.
WASTE APPLICABILITY:
This technology is suitable for soils or sediments
with organic contaminants. Liquid organic
wastes can be treated after mixing with sand or
soil. Optimal waste characteristics are as
follows:
• Particle size, 5 microns to 2 inches
• Moisture content, up to 50 percent by
weight
• Density, 30 to 130 pounds per cubic
foot
• Heating value, up to 10,000 British
thermal units per pound
• Chlorine content, up to 5 percent by
weight
• Sulfur content, up to 5 percent by
weight
• Phosphorus, 0 to 300 parts per million
(ppm)
• pH, 5 to 9
• Alkali metals, up to 1 percent by weight
Mobile Thermal Processing System
Page 68
The SITE Program assesses but does not
approve or endorse technologies.
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November 1993
Completed Project
STATUS:
EPA conducted two evaluations of the infrared
system. A full-scale unit was evaluated during
August 1987, at the Peak Oil site in Brandon,
Florida. The system treated nearly 7,000 cubic
yards of waste oil sludge containing PCBs and
lead. A second pilot-scale demonstration took
place at the Rose Township-Demode Road
Superfund site in Michigan, during Novem-
ber 1987. Organics, PCBs, and metals in soil
were the target waste compounds to be im-
mobilized. In addition, the technology has been
used to remediate PCB contamination at the
Florida Steel Corporation and the LaSalle Elec-
tric Superfund sites. Two Applications Analysis
Reports (EPA/540/A5-89/010 and EPA/A5-
89/007) and two Technology Evaluation Reports
(EPA/540/5-88/002a and EPA/540/5-89/007a)
are available from EPA.
DEMONSTRATION RESULTS:
The results from the two SITE demonstrations
are summarized below.
• PCBs were reduced to less than 1 ppm
in the ash, with a destruction removal
efficiency (DRE) for air emissions
greater than 99.99 percent (based on
detection limits).
• In the pilot-scale demonstration, the
Resource Conservation and Recovery
Act (RCRA) standard for particulate
emissions (180 milligrams per dry stan-
dard cubic meter) was achieved. In the
full-scale demonstration, however, this
standard was not met in all runs because
of scrubber inefficiencies.
• Lead was not immobilized; however, it
remained in the ash, and significant
amounts were not transferred to the
scrubber water or emitted to the at-
mosphere.
» The pilot test demonstrated satisfactory
performance with high feed rate and
reduced power consumption when fuel
oil was added to the waste feed and the
primary chamber temperature was re-
duced.
Results from the two demonstrations, plus eight
other case studies, indicate the following:
• The process is capable of meeting both
RCRA and TSCA DRE requirements for
air emissions and particulate emissions.
Restrictions in chloride levels in the feed
waste may be necessary. PCB remedia-
tion has consistently met the TSCA
guidance level of 2 ppm in ash.
• Economic analysis suggests an overall
waste remediation cost up to $800 per
ton.
FOR FURTHER INFORMATION:
EPA PROJECT MANAGER:
Laurel Staley
U.S. EPA
Risk Reduction Engineering Laboratory
26 West Martin Luther King Drive
Cincinnati, OH 45268
513-569-7863
Fax: 513-569-7620
TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPER CONTACT:
Gruppo Italimpresse
Rome
011-39-06-8802001
Padova
011-39-049-773490
This technology is no longer available through
vendors in the United States.
The SITE Program assesses but does not
approve or endorse technologies.
Page 69
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Technology Profile
DEMONSTRATION PROGRAM
HORSEHEAD RESOURCE DEVELOPMENT CO., INC.
(Flame Reactor)
TECHNOLOGY DESCRIPTION:
The flame reactor system (see figure below) is a
patented, hydrocarbon-fueled, flash-smelting
system that treats residues and wastes containing
metals. The reactor processes wastes with a hot
(greater than 2,000 °C) reducing gas produced
by the combustion of solid or gaseous hydro-
carbon fuels in oxygen-enriched air. In a com-
pact, low-capital cost reactor, the feed materials
react rapidly, allowing a high waste throughput.
The end products are a nonleachable slag (a
glass-like solid when cooled), a potentially
recyclable, heavy metal-enriched oxide, and, in
some cases, a metal alloy. The achieved volume
reduction (of waste to slag plus oxide) depends
on the chemical and physical properties of the
waste. The volatile metals are fumed and cap-
tured in a product dust collection system; non-
volatile metals report to the slag or may be
separated as a molten alloy. The remaining
trace levels of metals are encapsulated in the
slag. Organic compounds are destroyed at the
elevated temperature of the flame reactor tech-
nology. In general, the system requires that
wastes be dry enough (up to 5 percent total
moisture) to be pneumatically-fed and fine
enough (less than 200 mesh) to react rapidly.
Larger particles (up to 20 mesh) can be pro-
cessed; however, the efficiency of metals re-
covery is decreased. The current system has a
capacity of up to 3 tons per hour. Individual
units can be scaled to a capacity of 7 tons per
hour.
WASTE APPLICABILITY:
The flame reactor technology can be applied to
granular solids, soil, flue dusts, slags, and
sludges containing heavy metals. Electric arc
furnace dust, lead blast furnace slag, soil, iron
residues, primarily copper flue dust, lead smelter
nickel matte, zinc plant leach residues and
purification residues, and brass mill dusts and
fumes have been successfully treated.
Metal-bearing wastes containing zinc (up to 40
percent), lead (up to 10 percent), chromium (up
Flame
Reactor
Natural Gas
Oxygen + Air
Solid-Waste Feed
Off-Gas
t
SEPARATOR
i^
BAG HOUSE
i
Effluent Slag
(separate metal alloy, optional)
Oxide Product
HRD Flame Reactor Process Flow
Page 70
The SITE Program assesses but does not
approve or endorse technologies.
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November 1993
Completed Project
to 4 percent), cadmium (up to 3 percent), ar-
senic (up to 1 percent), copper, cobalt, and
nickel have been successfully treated.
The process can treat soils that are contaminated
with metals, with or without a variety of toxic
organics.
STATUS:
This technology was accepted into the SITE
Demonstration Program in summer 1990.
Currently, the prototype flame reactor tech-
nology system operates with a capacity of 1 to 3
tons per hour in a stationary mode at the devel-
oper's facility in Monaca, Pennsylvania. EPA
and the developer believe that a mobile version
of the system could be designed and constructed
for on-site treatment at hazardous waste sites.
The SITE demonstration was conducted from
March 18 to 23, 1991, on secondary lead
smelter-soda slag from the National Smelting
and Refining (NSR) Company Superfund site in
Atlanta, Georgia. The test was conducted at the
Monaca facility under a Resource Conservation
and Recovery Act (RCRA) research, develop-
ment, and demonstration permit that allows the
treatment of Superfund wastes containing high
concentrations of metals, but only negligible
concentrations of organics. The major objec-
tives of the SITE technology demonstration were
to (1) investigate the reuse potential of the
recovered metal oxides, (2) evaluate the levels of
contaminants in the residual slag and their
leaching potential, and (3) determine the ef-
ficiency and economics of processing.
An additional SITE demonstration with feed
containing organics is tentatively planned for the
near future.
A 30,000-standard-tons-per-year commercial
flame reactor plant processes steel mill baghouse
dust (K061) exclusively at the North Star Steel
Mini Mill near Beaumont, Texas. The plant
became active June 1, 1993 and is successfully
operating at design capacity.
DEMONSTRATION RESULTS:
Approximately 72 tons of NSR waste material
was processed during the demonstration. Partial
test results are shown in the table below:
Metal Concentration Ranges in Influent and Effluent
Waste Effluent Oxide
Feed Slag . Product
(mg/kg) (mg/kg) (mg/kg)
Arsenic 428-1040 92.1-1340 1,010-1,170
Cadmium 356-512 <2.3-13.5 1,080-1,380
Copper 1,460-2,590 2,730-3,890 1,380-1,780
Iron 95,600-130,000 167,000-228,000 29,100-35,600
Lead 48,200-61,700 1,560-11,400 159,000-184,000
Zinc 3,210-6,810 711-1,680 10,000-16,200
All effluent slag passed toxicity characteristic
leaching procedure (TCLP) criteria. Study of
the reuse potential of the oxide product is on-
going. The Technology Evaluation Report
(EPA/540/5-91/005) and the Applications Analy-
sis Report (EPA/540/A5-91/005) are available
from EPA.
FOR FURTHER INFORMATION:
EPA PROJECT MANAGERS:
Donald Oberacker and Marta Richards
U.S. EPA
Risk Reduction Engineering Laboratory
26 West Martin Luther King Drive
Cincinnati, OH 45268
513-569-7510 and 513-569-7783
Fax: 513-569-7549
TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPER CONTACT:
Regis Zagrocki
Horsehead Resource Development Co., Inc.
300 Frankfort Road
Monaca, PA 15061
412-773-2289
Fax: 412-773-2273
The SITE Program assesses but does not
approve or endorse technologies.
Page 71
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Technology Profile
DEMONSTRATION PROGRAM
HRUBETZ ENVIRONMENTAL SERVICES, INC.
(HRUBOUT® Process)
TECHNOLOGY DESCRIPTION:
The HRUBOUT® process is a thermal, in situ
treatment process designed to remove volatile
organic compounds (VOC) and semivolatile
organic compounds (SVOC) from contaminated
soils. As part of the process, heated air is
injected into the soil below the zone of con-
tamination, evaporating the soil moisture, and
removing volatile and semivolatile hydrocarbons.
As the water evaporates, soil porosity and
permeability is increased, further facilitating the
air flow at higher temperatures. Nonvolatiles
are removed in place by slow oxidation at the
higher temperature ranges.
As part of the process, injection wells are drilled
in predetermined distribution patterns to a depth
below the contamination. The wells are
equipped with steel casing, perforated at the
bottom, and cemented into the hole above the
perforations. This base is then cemented into
the hole. Heated, compressed air is introduced
at temperatures up to 1,200 °F, and the pressure
is slowly increased to force the soil water up
uniformly. As the air progresses upward
through the soil, the moisture is evaporated,
taking with it the VOCs and SVOCs. A surface
collection system captures the exhaust gases
under negative pressure. These gases are trans-
ferred to a thermal oxidizer where the hydro-
carbons are thermally destroyed at 1,500 °F.
The air is heated in a 2.9-million-Btu/hour
adiabatic burner. The incinerator has a rating of
3.1 MMBru/hour. The air blower can deliver
up to 8,500 pounds per hour. The units employ
a fully-modulating fuel train that is fueled either
TO ATMOSPHERE
HOT COMPRESSED AIR BURNER/BLOWER
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HRUBOUT® Process
Page 72
The SITE Program assesses but does not
approve or endorse technologies.
-------
November 1993
Completed Project
by natural gas or propane. All equipment is
mounted on custom-designed mobile units and
operates 24 hours per day.
WASTE APPLICABILITY:
According to the developer, the process is
capable of treating soils in the vadose zone that
are contaminated with organic halogenated or
nonhalogenated volatiles and semivolatiles at a
wide concentration range. Gasoline, solvents,
diesel oil, jet fuel, heating oil, crude oil, lubri-
cating oil, creosotes, and hydraulic oils are the
primary applicable hydrocarbon compounds
suitable for treatment.
There is no residual output from the treatment
site, thereby eliminating any potential future
liability.
STATUS:
The technology was accepted into the SITE
Demonstration Program in July 1992 and was
demonstrated at Kelly Air Force Base, San
Antonio, Texas. Preliminary results from the
demonstration have been published in a demons-
tration bulletin (EPA/540/MR-93/524). This
document is available from EPA. In 1988,
approximately 80,000 gallons of jet fuel (JP-4)
spilled from a ruptured, high-pressure fuel
pipeline on Kelly Air Force Base. The fuel
spilled into the alluvial clay sediment at the site,
where infiltration occurred.
A 30-by-40-foot area of the spill site was chosen
as the treatment area. Six heated air injection
wells, spaced on a 3-by-2 grid 10 feet apart,
were drilled to a depth of approximately 20 feet.
The demonstration began on January 15, 1993
and ended February 6, 1993, which was the
maximum time period that the Air Force allowed
operations to be conducted.
Additional research and development conducted
by Hrubetz has shown that excavated con-
taminated soils may be treated by distributing
the soils over a horizontal, perforated piping
grid. The process injects the pressurized, heated
air via the grid system, collects the resultant
vapors beneath an impermeable covering, and
directs those vapors into the thermal oxidizer.
A containerized version of the above process has
also been developed. Future containers may be
large enough to treat 40 cubic yards of con-
taminated soil.
Additional patents for the broadened applications
of the HRUBOUT® process are pending. The
process was approved by the Texas Water
Commission in December 1991.
FOR FURTHER INFORMATION:
EPA PROJECT MANAGER:
Gordon M. Evans
U.S. EPA
Risk Reduction Engineering Laboratory
26 West Martin Luther King Drive
Cincinnati, OH 45268
513-569-7684
Fax: 513-569-7620
TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPER CONTACTS:
Michael Hrubetz or Barbara Hrubetz
Hrubetz Environmental Services, Inc.
5949 Sherry Lane, Suite 525
Dallas, TX 75225
214-363-7833
Fax: 214-691-8545
The SITE Program assesses but does not
approve or endorse technologies.
Page 73
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Technology Profile
DEMONSTRA TION PROGRAM
HUGHES ENVIRONMENTAL SYSTEMS, INC.
(Steam Enhanced Recovery Process)
TECHNOLOGY DESCRIPTION:
The Steam Enhanced Recovery Process (SERF)
removes most volatile organic compounds
(VOC) and semivolatile organic compounds
(SVOC) from contaminated soils in situ both
above and below the water table (see figure
below). The technology is applicable to the in
situ remediation of contaminated soils below
ground surface and can be used to treat below or
around permanent structures. The process
accelerates contaminant removal rates and can be
effective in all soil types. Steam is forced
through the soil by injection wells to thermally
enhance the recovery process. Extraction wells
are used for two purposes: to pump and treat
groundwater and to transport steam and vapor-
ized contaminants to the surface. Recovered
nonaqueous liquids are separated by gravity
separation. Hydrocarbons are collected for
recycling, and water is treated before being
discharged to a storm drain or sewer. Vapors
can be condensed and treated by any of several
vapor treatment techniques (for example, ther-
mal oxidation and catalytic oxidation). The
technology uses readily available components
such as extraction and monitoring wells, mani-
fold piping, vapor and liquid separators, vacuum
pumps, and gas emission control equipment.
WASTE APPLICABILITY:
The process can be used to extract VOCs and
SVOCs from contaminated soils and perched
groundwater. Compounds suitable for treatment
are hydrocarbons such as gasoline and diesel and
jet fuel; solvents such as trichloroethene (TCE),
trichloroethane (TCA), and dichlorobenzene
HYDROCARBON
LIQUID
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(HYDROCARBONS/
WATER)
\
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"\7SPOR
STEAM
HYCfoOGARBON
LIQUID SfEAM
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SOIL CONTAMINATED
BY HYDROCARBONS
Steam Enhanced Recovery Process
Page 74
The SITE Program assesses but does not
approve or endorse technologies.
-------
November 1993
Completed Project
(DCB); or a mixture of these compounds. After
application of the process, subsurface conditions
are excellent for biodegradation of residual
contaminants. The process cannot be applied to
contaminated soil very near the ground surface
unless a cap exists. Denser-than-water com-
pounds can be treated only in low concentrations
unless a geologic barrier exists to prevent down-
ward percolation.
STATUS:
The SITE demonstration of this technology at a
site in Huntington Beach, California began in
August 1991 and was completed in September
1993. Soil at the site was contaminated by a
large diesel fuel spill.
For more information regarding this technology,
see the Udell Technologies, Inc., profile in the
Demonstration Program (active projects) section.
FOR FURTHER INFORMATION:
EPA PROJECT MANAGER:
Paul dePercin
U.S. EPA
Risk Reduction Engineering Laboratory
26 West Martin Luther King Drive
Cincinnati, OH 45268 *
513-569-7797
Fax: 513-569-7620
TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPER CONTACT:
Ron Van Sickle
Hughes Environmental Systems, Inc.
Building A20, MS 2E268
P.O. Box 10011
1240 Rosecrans Avenue
Manhattan Beach, CA 90266
310-616-6634
Fax: 310-536-5434
Trailer: 714-375-6445
The SITE Program assesses but does not
approve or endorse technologies.
Page 75
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Technology Profile
DEMONSTRATION PROGRAM
ILLINOIS INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY RESEARCH
INSTITUTE/HALLIBURTON NUS
(Radio Frequency Heating)
TECHNOLOGY DESCRIPTION:
Radio frequency (RF) heating is an in situ
process that uses electromagnetic energy to heat
soil to enhance the removal of volatile and
semivolatile contaminants. The technology
developed by Illinois Institute of Technology
Research Institute (IITRI) can heat soil to tem-
peratures up to 600 °C using an array of elec-
trodes embedded in the soil. Volatilization and
mobility of organic contamination and native soil
moisture are enhanced. Contaminants are
removed by conventional soil vapor extraction
methods. Extracted vapor can then be treated by
a variety of existing technologies, such as granu-
lar activated carbon or incineration.
WASTE APPLICABILITY:
RF heating can be used with soil vapor extrac-
tion to remove petroleum hydrocarbons, volatile
and semivolatile prganics, and pesticides from
On-Site Vapor
Recovery and
Treatment
Vapor Containment Cover.
Saturated Zone
Radio Frequency In Situ Heating Process
Page 76
The SITE Program assesses but does not
approve or endorse technologies.
-------
November 1993
Completed Project
soils. The technology is most efficient in sub-
surface areas with low groundwater recharge.
The technology, in theory, should be applicable
to any volatile or semivolatile hydrocarbon
compound.
STATUS:
This technology was accepted into the SITE
Demonstration Program in summer 1992. The
demonstration occurred during the summer of
1993 at Kelly Air Force Base, Texas, as part of
a joint project with the U.S. Air Force. Results
will be available in 1994.
FOR FURTHER INFORMATION:
EPA PROJECT MANAGER:
Laurel Staley
U.S. EPA
Risk Reduction Engineering Laboratory
26 West Martin Luther King Drive
Cincinnati, OH 45268 .
513-569-7863
Fax: 513-569-7620
TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPER CONTACTS:
Paul Carpenter
Site Remediation R&D Division
AL/EQW
139 Barnes Drive
Tyndall AFB, PL 32043-5319
904-283-6022
Fax: 904-283-6090
Clifton Blanchard
Halliburton NUS
800 Oak Ridge Turnpike
A-600
Oak Ridge, TN 37830
615-483-9900
Fax: 615-483-2014
Guggliam Sresty
IIT Research Institute
10 West 35th Street
Chicago, IL 60616-3799
312-567-4232
The SITE Program assesses but does not
approve or endorse technologies.
Page 77
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Technology Profile
DEMONSTRA TION PROGRAM
INTERNATIONAL WASTE TECHNOLOGIES/GEO-CON, INC.
(In Situ Solidification and Stabilization Process)
TECHNOLOGY DESCRIPTION:
This in situ solidification and stabilization tech-
nology immobilizes organic and inorganic com-
pounds in wet or dry soils, using reagents
(additives) to produce a cement-like mass. The
basic components of this technology are
(1) Geo-Con Inc.'s (GEO-CON) deep soil
mixing system (DSM), a system to deliver and
mix the chemicals with the soil in situ; and (2) a
batch mixing plant to supply the International
Waste Technologies' (IWT) proprietary additives
(see figure below).
The proprietary additives generate a complex,
crystalline, connective network of inorganic
polymers hi a two-phase reaction. In the first
phase, contaminants are complexed hi a fast-
acting reaction. In the second phase, the build-
ing of macromolecules continues over a long
period of time in a slow-acting reaction.
The DSM system involves mechanical mixing
and injection. The system consists of one set of
cutting blades and two sets of mixing blades
attached to a vertical drive auger, which rotates
at approximately 15 revolutions per minute
(rpm). Two conduits in the auger inject the
additive slurry and supplemental water. Ad-
ditives are injected on the downstroke; further
mixing takes place upon auger withdrawal. The
treated soil columns are 36 inches hi diameter
and are positioned in an overlapping pattern of
alternating primary and secondary soil columns.
WASTE APPLICABILITY:
The IWT technology treats soils, sediments, and
sludge-pond bottoms contaminated with organic
compounds and metals. The technology has
been laboratory-tested on soils containing poly-
chlorinated biphenyls (PCB), pentachlorophenol,
refinery wastes, and chlorinated and nitrated
hydrocarbons. Geo-Con's soil mixing tech-
nology can treat any waste for which a physical
or chemical reagent is applicable.
STATUS:
A SITE demonstration was conducted at a PCB-
contaminated site in Hialeah, Florida in April
1988. Two 10-by-20-foot areas were treated -
one to a depth of 18 feet, and the other to a
depth of 14 feet. Ten months after the demon-
stration, long-term monitoring tests were per-
formed on the treated sectors. The Applications
Analysis Report (EPA/540/A5-89/004) and
Technology Evaluation Report
(EPA/540/5-89/004a) have been published. The
process was used to remediate the PCB-con-
taminated site in Hialeah, Florida during the
whiter and spring of 1990.
Geo-Con has completed over 12 in situ
stabilization projects using soil mixing. The
equipment has been scaled up to diameters as
large as 12 feet. Typical production costs are
$40 per cubic yard plus the cost of reagents,
which may be lower than the cost estimated in
In Situ Solidification Batch Mixing Plant Process Flow
Page 78
The SITE Program assesses but does not
approve or endorse technologies.
-------
November 1993
Completed Project
the SITE demonstration. To date, over 250,000
cubic yards of contaminated soils and sludges
has been treated using Geo-Con's process.
DEMONSTRATION RESULTS:
The SITE demonstration of the process yielded
the following results:
• Immobilization of PCBs appeared likely
but could not be confirmed because of low
PCB concentrations in the untreated soil.
Leachate tests on treated and untreated soil
samples showed mostly undetectable PCB
levels. Leachate tests performed 1 year
later on treated soil samples showed no
increase in PCB concentrations, indicating
immobilization.
• Sufficient data were not available to evalu-
ate the performance of the system with
regard to metals or other organic com-
pounds.
• Each of the test samples showed high
unconfined compressive strength (UCS),
low permeability, and low porosity. These
physical properties improved when retested
one year later, indicating the potential for
long-term durability.
• The bulk density of the soil increased 21
percent after treatment. This increased the
volume of treated soil by 8.5 percent and
caused a small ground rise of 1 inch per
treated foot of soil.
• The UCS of treated soil was satisfactory,
with values up to 1,500 pounds per square
inch (psi).
• The permeability of the treated soil was
satisfactory, decreasing four orders of
magnitude compared to the untreated soil,
or 10'6 and 10'7 compared to 10"2 centi-
meters per second.
• The wet and dry weathering test on treated
soil was satisfactory. The freeze and dry
weathering test of treated soil was unsatis-
factory. Because the project took place in
Florida, freeze-thaw testing was not consi-
dered as a design criterion.
• Data provided by IWT indicate some
immobilization of volatile and semivolatile
organics. This may be due to organophilic
clays present in the IWT reagent. Data are
insufficient to confirm this immobilization.
• Performance data are limited outside of the
SITE Program. The developer modifies
the binding agent for different wastes.
Treatability studies should be performed
for specific wastes.
• Cost of the process is $194 per ton for the
1-auger machine used in the demonstration
and $111 per ton for a commercial 4-auger
operation. More recent experience with
larger scale equipment has reduced process
costs to about $140 per cubic yard.
FOR FURTHER INFORMATION:
EPA PROJECT MANAGER:
Mary Stinson
U.S. EPA
Risk Reduction Engineering Laboratory
Woodbridge Avenue
Edison, NJ 08837
908-321-6683
Fax: 908-321-6640
TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPER CONTACTS:
Jeff Newton
International Waste Technologies
150 North Main Street, Suite 910
Wichita, KS 67202
316-269-2660
Chris Ryan
Geo-Con, Inc.
4075 Monroeville Boulevard
Corporate One, Building II, Suite 400
Monroeville, PA 15146
412-856-7700
Fax: 412-373-3357
The SITE Program assesses but does not
approve or endorse technologies.
Page 79
-------
Technology Profile
DEMONSTRA T/O/V PROGRAM
MAGNUM WATER TECHNOLOGY
(CAV-OX® Process)
TECHNOLOGY DESCRIPTION:
The CAV-OX® process uses a synergistic com-
bination of hydrodynamic cavitation and ultra-
violet (UV) radiation to oxidize contaminants hi
water. The process is designed to remove
organic contaminants from waste streams and
groundwater without releasing volatile gaseous
organic compounds. Aqueous contaminants can
be reduced to levels meeting most discharge
specifications. The CAV-OX® process cannot
handle free product or highly turbid waste
streams, because these conditions tend to lower
the efficiency of the UV reactors; however, the
CAV-OX® cavitation chamber itself is unaffected
in such cases.
Free radicals are generated and maintained by
the system's combination of cavitation, UV
excitation, and, where necessary, the addition of
hydrogen peroxide and metal catalysts. Neither
the cavitation chamber nor the UV lamp or
hydrogen peroxide reaction generates toxic by-
products or air emissions. UV lamp output can
be varied from 360 watts to over 20,000 watts,
depending on the contaminant stream.
Magnum Water Technology estimates the cost of
using the CAV-OX® process to be about half the
cost of advanced UV oxidation systems and
substantially less expensive than carbon ad-
sorption. In addition, because the process
equipment has only one moving part, main-
tenance costs are minimal. Quartz tube scaling,
common with other UV equipment, has not
occurred hi CAV-OX® systems. Langelier's
Index of Scaling is shifted negative by the CAV-
OX® process.
WASTE APPLICABILITY:
The process is designed to treat liquid waste,
specifically groundwater or wastewater con-
taminated with organic compounds. Con-
taminants such as halogenated solvents; phenol;
pentachlorophenol; pesticides; poly chlorinated
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Page 80
The SITE Program assesses but does not
approve or endorse technologies.
-------
November 1993
Completed Project
biphenyls; explosives; benzene, toluene, ethyl-
benzene, and xylenes; methyl tertiary butyl
ether, cyanide and other organic compounds are
suitable for this treatment process. Con-
centrations can range from a few thousand
milligrams per liter to one microgram per liter
or lower. Organics such as benzene can be
treated to nondetectable levels; others such as
1,1-dichloroethane are typically reduced by 96
percent. Living organisms such as Salmonella
and E. Coli are also significantly reduced.
STATUS:
The CAV-OX® process has been tested at sev-
eral private and public sites, including the San
Bernardino and Orange County California,
Water Departments. Tests at a Superfund site
treated leachate containing 15 different con-
taminants. Pentachlorophenol, one of the major
contaminants, was reduced by 96 percent in one
test series. In other tests, the process has suc-
cessfully treated cyanide contamination. The
process has also been used to remediate a former
gasoline station site over a 2-year period. A
second gasoline station site is currently being
decontaminated.
This technology was accepted into the SITE
Demonstration Program in summer 1992, and
was demonstrated hi March 1993 at Edwards Air
Force Base in Edwards, California. The
Demonstration Bulletin (EPA/540/MR-93/524)
has been published and is available from EPA.
The Applications Analysis Report and the Tech-
nology Evaluation Report will be published in
late 1993.
FOR FURTHER INFORMATION:
EPA PROJECT MANAGER:
Richard G. Eilers
U.S. EPA
Risk Reduction Engineering Laboratory
26 West Martin Luther King Drive
Cincinnati, OH 45268
513-569-7809
Fax: 513-569-7620
TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPER CONTACTS:
Dale Cox or Jack Simser
Magnum Water Technology
600 Lairport Street
El Segundo, CA 90245
310-322-4143 or 310-640-7000
Fax: 310-640-7005
The SITE Program assesses but does not
approve or endorse technologies.
Page 81
-------
Technology Profile
DEMONSTRATION PROGRAM
NOVATERRA, INC.
(formerly Toxic TREATMENTS USA, INC.)
(In Situ Steam and Air Stripping)
TECHNOLOGY DESCRIPTION:
This technology uses a transportable treatment
unit called the Detoxifier™ for in situ steam and
air stripping of volatile organics from con-
taminated soil.
The two main components of the treatment unit
are the process tower and process train (see
figure below). The process tower contains two
counter-rotating hollow-stem drills, each with a
modified cutting bit 5 feet in diameter, capable
of operating to a 27-foot depth. Each drill
contains two concentric pipes. The inner pipe
conveys steam to the rotating cutting blades.
The steam is supplied by an oil-fired boiler at
450 °F and 450 pounds per square inch gauge
(psig). The outer pipe conveys air at about
300 °F and 250 psig to the rotating blades.
Steam is delivered to the top of the drills and
injected through the cutting blades. The steam
heats the soils, increasing the vapor pressure of
the volatile contaminants, and thereby increasing
the rate at which they can be stripped. Both the
air and steam convey these contaminants to the
surface. A metal box, called a shroud, seals the
process area above the rotating cutter blades
from the outside environment, collects the
volatile contaminants, and ducts them to the
process train.
In the process train, the volatile contaminants
and the water vapor are removed from the off-
gas stream by condensation. The condensed
water is separated from the contaminants by
distillation, then filtered through activated car-
bon beds and subsequently used as make-up
water for a wet cooling tower. Steam is used to
regenerate the activated carbon beds and pro-
vides heat for distilling the volatile contaminants
from the condensed liquid stream. The recov-
ered concentrated organic liquid can be recycled
or used as a fuel in an incinerator.
The Detoxifier™ is also used to treat con-
taminated soil by injecting a wide range of
reactive chemicals. Chemical inj ection processes
include stabilization/solidification plus
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Page 82
The SITE Program assesses but does not
approve or endorse technologies.
-------
November 1993
Completed Project
neutralization, oxidation, and bioremediation.
The dual injection capabilities permit additional
versatility; each kelly bar can deliver two
materials to the augers for injection into the soil.
The injection systems replace the process train
and are mounted on the same chassis that sup-
ports the Detoxifier™ drilling tower.
WASTE APPLICABILITY:
This technology can treat volatile organic com-
pounds (VOC), such as hydrocarbons and sol-
vents, with sufficient vapor pressure in the soil.
The technology is not limited by soil particle
size, initial porosity, chemical concentration, or
viscosity. The process can also significantly
reduce the concentration of semivolatile organic
compounds (SVOC) in soil. In regard to stabili-
zation and solidification, this technology also
treats inorganics, heavy metals, and mixed
wastes.
STATUS:
A SITE demonstration was performed, in
September 1989 at the Annex Terminal, San
Pedro, California. Twelve soil blocks were
treated for VOCs and SVOCs. Liquid samples
were collected from the process during opera-
tion, and the operating procedures were closely
monitored and recorded. Posttreatment soil
samples were analyzed by EPA methods 8240
and 8270. In January 1990, six blocks that had
been previously treated in the saturated zone
were analyzed by EPA methods 8240 and 8270.
The Applications Analysis Report
(EPA/540/A5-90/008) was published in June
1991.
DEMONSTRATION RESULTS:
The SITE technology demonstration yielded the
following results:
• More than 85 percent of the VOCs hi
the soil were removed.
» Up to 55 percent of the SVOCs in the
soil were removed. '
• Fugitive air emissions from the process
were very low.
• No downward migration of contaminants
resulted from the soil treatment.
• The process treated 3 cubic yards of soil
per hour.
FOR FURTHER INFORMATION:
EPA PROJECT MANAGER:
Paul dePercin
U.S. EPA
Risk Reduction Engineering Laboratory
26 West Martin Luther King Drive
Cincinnati, OH 45268
513-569-7797
Fax: 513-569-7620
TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPER CONTACT:
Phillip LaMori
NOVATERRA, Inc.
373 Van Ness Avenue, Suite 210
Torrance, CA 90501
310-843-3190
Fax: 310-843-3195
The SITE Program assesses but does not
approve or endorse technologies.
Page 83
-------
Technology Profile
DEMONSTRATION PROGRAM
PEROXIDATION SYSTEMS, INC.
(perox-pure™ Advanced Oxidation Technology)
TECHNOLOGY DESCRIPTION:
The perox-pure™ technology is designed to
destroy dissolved organic contaminants in
groundwater or wastewater through an advanced
chemical oxidation process using ultraviolet
(UV) radiation and hydrogen peroxide. Hydro-
gen peroxide is added to the contaminated water,
and the mixture is then fed into the treatment
system. The treatment system contains one or
more compartments hi the oxidation chamber.
Each compartment contains one high-intensity
UV lamp mounted in a quartz tube. The con-
taminated water flows in the space between the
chamber wall and the quartz tube in which each
UV lamp is mounted.
UV light catalyzes chemical oxidation of organic
contaminants in water by its combined effect
upon the organics and reaction with hydrogen
peroxide. First, many organic contaminants that
absorb UV light may undergo a change in their
perox-pure™ Model SSB-30
Page 84
The SITE Program assesses but does not
approve or endorse technologies.
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November 1993
Completed Project
chemical structure or may become more reactive
with chemical oxidants. Second, and more
importantly, UV light catalyzes the breakdown
of hydrogen peroxide to produce hydroxyl
radicals, which are powerful chemical oxidants.
Hydroxyl radicals react with organic con-
taminants, destroying them and producing harm-
less by-products such as carbon dioxide, halides,
and water. The process produces no hazardous
by-products or air emissions.
The perox-pure™ equipment includes circular
wipers attached to the quartz tubes. These
wipers periodically remove solids that may
accumulate on the tubes, a feature designed to
maintain treatment efficiency.
WASTE APPLICABILITY:
This technology treats groundwater and waste-
water contaminated with chlorinated solvents,
pesticides, polychlorinatedbiphenyls, phenolics,
fuel hydrocarbons, and other organic compounds
at concentrations ranging from a few thousand
milligrams per liter to one microgram per liter
or lower. In some cases, the process can be
combined with air stripping, steam stripping, or
biological treatment for optimal treatment re-
sults.
STATUS:
This technology was accepted into the SITE
Demonstration Program in April 1991. A
Model SSB-30 was demonstrated in September
1992 at the Lawrence Livermore National Labo-
ratory Site 300 Superfund site. The purpose of
this demonstration was to measure how well the
perox-pure™ technology removes volatile or-
ganic compounds (VOC) from contaminated
groundwater at the site.
This technology has been successfully applied at
over 80 sites throughout the United States,
Canada, and Europe. The units at these sites
have treated contaminated groundwater, indus-
trial wastewater, landfill leachates, potable
water, and industrial reuse streams. Equipment
capacities range up to several thousand gallons
per minute.
DEMONSTRATION RESULTS:
During the demonstration, the treatment system
was operated at a variety of operating condi-
tions. Three reproducibility tests were per-
formed at the optimum operating conditions,
having been selected from the initial test runs.
The perox-pure™ technology reduced trichloro-
ethene and tetrachloroethene to below analytical
detection limits. For each organic contaminant,
the perox-pure™ technology achieved compli-
ance with California action levels and federal
drinking water contaminant levels at the 95
percent confidence level. The quartz tube
wipers were effective in keeping the tubes clean
and eliminating the interference caused by tube
scaling. The Applications Analysis Report
(EPA/540/AR-93/501), the Technology Evalua-
tion Report (EPA/540/R-93/501) and the Tech-
nology Demonstration Summary (EPA/540/SR-
93/501) are available from EPA.
FOR FURTHER INFORMATION:
EPA PROJECT MANAGER:
Norma Lewis
U.S. EPA
Risk Reduction Engineering Laboratory
26 West Martin Luther King Drive
Cincinnati, OH 45268
513-569-7665
Fax: 513-569-7620
TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPER CONTACT:
Chris Giggy
Peroxidation Systems, Inc.
5151 East Broadway, Suite 600
Tucson, AZ 85711
602-790-8383
Fax: 602-790-8008
The SITE Program assesses but does not
approve or endorse technologies.
Page 85
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Technology Profile
DEMONSTRA TION PROGRAM
RESOURCES CONSERVATION COMPANY
(B.E.S.T. Solvent Extraction Technology)
TECHNOLOGY DESCRIPTION:
Solvent extraction treats sludges, sediments, and
soils contaminated with a wide range of hazard-
ous contaminants including polychlorinated
biphenyls (PCB), polynuclear aromatic hydrocar-
bons (PAH), pesticides, and herbicides by
separating the waste matrix into three fractions:
oil, water, and solids. As the fractions separate,
organic contaminants are concentrated in the oil
fraction. For example, PCBs are concentrated
in the oil fraction, while metals are separated
into the solids fraction. The volume and toxicity
of the original waste is thereby reduced leaving
the solid and water fractions virtually free of
contaminants.
The B.E.S.T. technology is a mobile solvent
extraction system that uses amines (usually
triethylamine) to separate organics from soils
and sludges. Triethylamine is hydrophobic
above 20 °C and hydrophilic below 20 °C.
This property allows the process to extract both
aqueous and nonaqueous compounds by simply
changing the temperature of the solvent, result-
ing in a contaminant free, distilled aqueous
phase as a product stream.
Because triethylamine is flammable in the pres-
ence of oxygen, the treatment system must be
sealed from the atmosphere and operated under
a nitrogen blanket. Before treatment, the pH of
the waste material must be raised to greater than
10, so that triethylamine will be conserved for
recycling through the process. The pH may be
adjusted by adding sodium hydroxide. Pretreat-
ment also includes screening the waste to re-
move oversize particles (larger than 1 inch in
diameter).
The B.E.S.T. process begins by mixing and
agitating the cold solvent and waste in a cold
extraction tank (see figure below). Hydrocar-
bons and water in the waste simultaneously
solubilize with the triethylamine, creating a
homogeneous mixture. As the solvent breaks
the oil-water-solid emulsions in the waste, the
solids are released and allowed to settle by
gravity. The solvent mixture is decanted from
the solids and centrifuged to remove fine par-
B.E.S.T. Solvent Extraction Technology
Page 86
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November 1993
Completed Project
tides. Solids from the cold extraction tank are
then transferred to the extractory dryer vessel.
The solvent-oil-water mixture is then heated. As
the mixture's temperature increases, the water
separates from the organics and solvent. The
organics-solvent fraction is decanted and sent to
a solvent evaporator, where the solvent is re-
cycled. The organics are discharged for recycl-
ing or disposal. The water is passed to a steam
stripping column where residual solvent is
recovered for recycling. The water is typically
discharged to a local wastewater treatment plant
and the solids fraction can be used as backfill for
the site.
The B.E.S.T. technology is modular, allowing
for on-site treatment. The process significantly
reduces the hydrocarbon concentration in the
solids. It also concentrates the contaminants into
a smaller volume, allowing for efficient final
treatment and disposal.
WASTE APPLICABILITY:
The B.E.S.T. technology can be used to remove
most hydrocarbon contaminants in sediments,
sludges, or soils, including PCBs, PAHs, pes-
ticides and herbicides. Performance can be
influenced by the presence of detergents and
emulsifiers, low pH materials, and reactivity of
the organics with the solvent.
STATUS:
This technology was accepted into the SITE
Demonstration Program in 1987. The SITE
demonstration was completed in July 1992 at the
Grand Calumet River in Gary, Indiana. The
following reports are available from EPA:
• Applications Analysis Report
(EPA/540/AR-92/079)
• Technology Evaluation Report - Vol I
(EPA/540/R-92/079a)
• Technology Evaluation Report - Vol II,
Part 1 (EPA/540/R-92/079b)
• Technology Evaluation Report - Vol II,
Part 2 (EPA/540/R-92/079c)
« Technology Evaluation Report - Vol II,
Part 3 (EPA/540/R-92/079d)
» Technology Demonstration Summary
(EPA/540/SR-92/079)
The first full-scale B.E.S.T. unit was used at the
General Refining Superfund site in Garden City,
Georgia. Solvent extraction is the selected
remedial action at the Ewan Property site in
New Jersey, the Norwood PCBs site in Massa-
chusetts and the Alcoa site in Massena, New
York. It is also the preferred alternative at the
F. O'Connor site in Maine.
DEMONSTRATION RESULTS:
The demonstration showed that the B.E.S.T.
process could remove greater than 99 percent of
the PCBs (treated solids contained less than 2
mg/kg PCBs) found in river sediments without
the use of mechanical dewatering equipment.
Comparable removal efficiencies were noted for
PAHs.
FOR FURTHER INFORMATION:
EPA PROJECT MANAGER:
Mark Meckes
U.S. EPA
Risk Reduction Engineering Laboratory
26 West Martin Luther King Drive
Cincinnati, OH 45268
513-569-7348
Fax: 513-569-7676
TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPER CONTACT:
Lanny Weimer
Resources Conservation Company
3630 Cornus Lane
Ellicott City, MD 21042
301-596-6066
Fax: 301-465-2887
The SITE Program assesses but does not
approve or endorse technologies.
Page 87
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Technology Profile
DEMONSTRATION PROGRAM
RETECH, INC.
(Plasma Arc Vitrification)
TECHNOLOGY DESCRIPTION:
Plasma arc treatment vitrification occurs in a
plasma arc centrifugal treatment (PACT) furnace
where heat from a transferred plasma arc torch
creates a molten bath that detoxifies the feed
material. Solids melt and are vitrified in the
molten bath at 2,800 to 3,000 °F. Metals are
retained in this phase. When cooled, the result-
ing product is a nonleachable, glassy residue
which meets toxicity characteristic leaching
procedure (TCLP) criteria.
Waste material is fed into a sealed centrifuge
where it is heated to 1,800 °F by the plasma
torch. Organic material is evaporated and
destroyed. Off-gas travels through a gas-slag
separation chamber to a secondary combustion
chamber where the temperature is maintained at
over 2,000 °F for more than 2 seconds. .The
gas then flows through an off-gas treatment
system.
Inorganic material is reduced to a molten phase
that is uniformly heated and mixed by the centri-
fuge and the plasma arc. Material can be added
in-process to control slag quality. When the
centrifuge is slowed, the molten material is
discharged as a homogeneous, nonleachable,
glassy slag into a mold or drum in the slag
collection chamber.
The off-gas treatment system removes par-
ticulates, organic vapors, and volatilized metals.
Off-gas monitoring verifies that all applicable
environmental regulations are met. The design
of the off-gas treatment system depends on the
waste material.
FEEDER
EXHAUST
STACK
PLASMA TORCH
GAS TREATMENT
SECONDARY
COMBUSTION
CHAMBER
SLAG
CHAMBER
Plasma Arc Centrifugal Treatment (PACT) Furnace
Page 88
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November 1993
Completed Project
The entire system is hermetically sealed and
operated below atmospheric pressure to prevent
leakage of process gases. Pressure relief valves
connected to a closed surge tank provide relief
if gas pressures in the furnace exceed safe
levels. Vented gas is held in the tank and
recycled into the furnace.
WASTE APPLICABILITY:
The technology can process organic and inor-
ganic wastes. It is most appropriate for mixed
waste, transuranic waste, chemical plant waste,
soil containing both heavy metals and organics,
incinerator ash, munitions, sludge, and hospital
waste.
Waste may be loose (shredded or flotation
process) or contained in 55-gallon or 200-liter
drums. It can be in almost any physical form:
liquids, sludges, metal, rock, or sand. Mercury
in the waste is recovered by the off-gas treat-
ment system.
STATUS:
The PACT-6 furnace, formerly PCF-6, was
demonstrated under the SITE Program in July
1991 at the Component Development and In-
tegration Facility of the U.S. Department of
Energy in Butte, Montana. During the demon-
stration, the furnace processed about 4,000
pounds of waste. The waste consisted of heavy
metal bearing soil from Silver Bow Creek Super-
fund site spiked with 28,000 parts per million
(ppm) zinc oxide and 1,000 ppm hexachloro-
benzene and mixed in a 90-to-10 weight ratio
with No. 2 diesel oil. All feed and effluent
streams were sampled. The Applications Analy-
sis Report (EPA/540/A5-91/007) has been
published.
DEMONSTRATION RESULTS:
During testing at the Component Development
and Integration Facility, the PACT-6 furnace
achieved the following:
• Hexachlorobenzene was at or below
detection limits in all off-gas samples.
The minimum destruction removal
efficiency (DRE) ranged from 99.9968
percent to 99.9999 percent.
• The treated material met TCLP stan-
dards for organic and inorganic constitu-
ents.
• The treated material contained a high
percentage of the metals in the feed soil.
9 Particulates in the off-gas exceeded the
regulatory standard. The off-gas treat-
ment system is being modified accor-
dingly. Particulate emissions from the
PACT-8 furnace in Muttenz were
measured at 1/200th of the U.S. regula-
tory limit.
« Nitrous oxide (NOJ levels met U.S.
requirements, but can meet stricter
standards. The NOX concentration in the
off-gas from the PACT-8 furnace in
Muttenz was reduced in a catalytic
system to 19 ppm.
FOR FURTHER INFORMATION:
EPA PROJECT MANAGER:
Laurel Staley
U.S. EPA
Risk Reduction Engineering Laboratory
26 West Martin Luther King Drive
Cincinnati, OH 45268
513-569-7863
Fax: 513-569-7620
TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPER CONTACTS:
Ronald K. Womack or Leroy B. Leland
Retech, Inc.
P.O. Box 997
100 Henry Station Rd.
Ukiah, CA 95482
707-462-6522
Fax: 707-462-4103
The SITE Program assesses but does not
approve or endorse technologies.
Page 89
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Technology Profile
DEMONSTRA TION PROGRAM
RISK REDUCTION ENGINEERING LABORATORY
(Base-Catalyzed Dechlorination Process)
TECHNOLOGY DESCRIPTION:
Thebase-catalyzeddechlorination(BCD) process
was developed by the Risk Reduction
Engineering Laboratory (RREL) in Cincinnati,
Ohio. This process, which does not use poly-
ethylene glycol (PEG), is a clean and inexpen-
sive way to remediate soils and sediments con-
taminated with chlorinated organic compounds,
including polychlorinated biphenyls (PCB). The
process strips off chlorine from PCB or other
halogenated material, to produce a nonhalogen-
ated organic and sodium chloride.
ETG Environmental, Inc., and Separation and
Recovery Systems (SRS) developed the
THERM-O-DETOX system to treat contami-
nated soils, based on the BCD process chemis-
try. The combined process (see figure below)
begins by mixing chemicals with contaminated
soil or sediment. This mixture is heated at 300
to 340 °C for 1 to 3 hours. Off-gases are
treated and released. The treated residuals are
nonhazardous and can be either disposed of
using standard methods or further processed to
separate components for reuse.
WASTE APPLICABILITY:
This process can treat soils and sediments con-
taminated with the following chlorinated com-
pounds:
Halogenated VOCs
Halogenated SVOCs,
cides and pesticides
including herbi-
VAPOR RECOVERY SYSTEM
OONTAMINATED
MATERIALS
OR SCREENED SOILS
VAPOR DISCHARGES
FEED
HOPPER
DECHLORINATION
REAGENTS
LOW OR MEDIUM
TEMPERATURE THERMAL
DESORPTION UNIT
TO
ATMOSPHERE
OIL WATER
SCRUBBERS SCRUBBERS
CARBON
POLISHER
CONDENSER
UNIT
ON-SITE BACKFILL
OR
OFF-SITE DISPOSAL
DECHLORINATION
REAGENTS
COOLING SCREW
CONVEYOR
DECONTAMINATED SQLIDS
CONTAINER
3
OR
t>
d
^^
TREATED
OIL/HC
Base-Catalyzed Dechlorination (BCD) Process
Page 90
The SITE Program assesses but does not
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November 1993
Completed Project
• Polychlorinated biphehyls (PCB)
• Pentachlorophenol (PCP)
• Dioxins and furans
STATUS:
The BCD technology was demonstrated at the
Koppers Company Superfimd Site in Morris-
ville, North Carolina during August 1993. The
technology was demonstrated in conjunction with
the SAREX® THERM-O-DETOX™ System
developed by ETG Environmental, Inc., and
Separation and Recovery Systems, Inc. (SRS).
For information on the SAREX® THERM-O-
DETOX™ system, see the SRS profile in this
document.
The purpose of this demonstration was to deter-
mine how effectively the technology removed
PCP and dioxins from the soil at the site.
Results will be published in 1994.
FOR FURTHER INFORMATION:
EPA PROJECT MANAGER:
Terrence Lyons
U.S. EPA
Risk Reduction Engineering Laboratory
26 West Martin Luther King Drive
Cincinnati, OH 45268
513-569-7589
Fax: 513-569-7676
TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPER CONTACTS:
Charles Rogers
U.S. EPA
Risk Reduction Engineering Laboratory
26 West Martin Luther King Drive
Cincinnati, OH 45268
513-569-7626
Fax: 513-569-7787
Yei-Shong Shieh
ETG Environmental, Inc.
660 Sentry Parkway
Blue Bell, PA 19422
215-832-0700
The SITE Program assesses but does not
approve or endorse technologies.
Page 91
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Technology Profile
DEMONSTRA TION PROGRAM
RISK REDUCTION ENGINEERING LABORATORY
(Volume Reduction Unit)
TECHNOLOGY DESCRIPTION:
The Volume Reduction Unit (VRU) is a pilot-
scale, mobile soil washing system designed to
remove organic contaminants from soil through
particle size separation and solubilization. The
VRU can process 100 pounds of soil (dry
weight) per hour.
The process subsystems include soil handling
and conveying, soil washing and coarse screen-
ing, fine particle separation, floc-
culation/clarification, water treatment, and
utilities. The VRU is controlled and monitored
with conventional industrial process instrumen-
tation and hardware.
WASTE APPLICABILITY:
The VRU can treat soils that contain organics
such as creosote, pentachlorophenol (PCP),
pesticides, polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons
(PAH), volatile organic compounds, semivolatile
organic compounds, and metals.
Storage Water Healer,
Makeup Water Tank
Etodrtc Generator Ftoc-ClKlder
Filter Pccfeaga
Typical VRU Operational Setup
Page 92
The SITE Program assesses but does not
approve or endorse technologies.
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November 1993
Completed Project
STATUS:
This technology was accepted into the SITE
Demonstration Program in summer 1992. The
demonstration was conducted in November 1992
at the former Escambia Treating Company in
Pensacola, Florida. The facility used penta-
chlorophenol (PCP) and creosote (polynuclear
aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH) to treat wood
products from 1943 to 1982. The Applications
Analysis Report (EPA/540/AR-93 7508) is avail-
able from EPA.
DEMONSTRATION RESULTS:
During the demonstration the VRU operated at
a feed rate of approximately 100 pounds per
hour and a wash-water-to-feed ratio of about 6
to 1. The physical condition of the wash water
was modified by varying the surfactant, pH, and
temperature: Condition 1 (no surfactant, no pH
adjustment, no temperature adjustment), Con-
dition 2 (surfactant addition, no pH adjustment,
no temperature adjustment), and Condition 3
(surfactant addition, pH adjustment, and temper-
ature adjustment). The table below summarizes
the preliminary data.
FOR FURTHER INFORMATION:
EPA PROJECT MANAGER:
Teri Richardson
U.S. EPA
Risk Reduction Engineering Laboratory
26 West Martin Luther King Drive
Cincinnati, OH 45268
513-569-7949
Fax: 513-569-7620
TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPER CONTACT:
Richard Griffiths
U.S. EPA
Risk Reduction Engineering Laboratory
2890 Woodbridge Avenue
Edison, NJ 08837
908-321-6629
Fax: 908-321-6640
Average PCP Removal
Average PAH Removal
Feed soil returned as washed soil
Mass Balance of total mass
Mass balance of PCPs
Mass balance of PAHs
Condition (%)
1
80
79
96
104
108
87
2
93
84
96
113
60
60
3
97
81
98
24
17
The SITE Program assesses but does not
approve or endorse technologies.
Page 93
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Technology Profile
DEMONSTRA TION PROGRAM
RISK REDUCTION ENGINEERING LABORATORY
AND IT CORPORATION
(Debris Washing System)
TECHNOLOGY DESCRIPTION:
This technology was developed by EPA's Risk
Reduction Engineering Laboratory (RREL) and
IT Corporation (IT) for on-site decontamination
of metallic and masonry debris at CERCLA
sites. The full-scale debris washing system
(DWS) consists of dual 4,000-gallon spray-wash
chambers that are connected to a detergent
solution holding tank and rinse water holding
tank. Debris is paced into one of two 1,200-
pound baskets, which in turn is placed into one
of the spray-wash chambers using a 5-ton crane
integral to the DWS. If debris pieces are large
enough, the crane places the debris directly into
the chamber. Process water is heated to 160 °F
using a diesel-fired, 2,000,000-British-thermal-
unit-per-hour (Btu/hr) water heater and is con-
tinuously reconditioned using particulate filters,
an oil/water separator, and other devices such as
charcoal columns or ion exchange columns.
About 8,000 to 10,000 gallons of water is
required for the decontamination process. The
system is controlled by an operator stationed in
a trailer-mounted control room. The entire
system is mounted on two 48-foot flatbed semi-
trailers and can be readily transported from site
to site.
WASTE APPLICABILITY:
The DWS can be applied on site to various types
of debris (scrap metal, masonry, or other solid
debris such as stones) contaminated with hazard-
ous chemicals such as pesticides, dioxins, poly-
chlorinated biphenyls (PCB), or hazardous
metals.
STATUS:
The first pilot-scale tests were performed in
September 1988 at the Carter Industrial
Superfund site in Detroit, Michigan (EPA
Region 5). PCB reductions averaged 58 percent
Basket
Basket
Contaminated
Debris
Debris Loading
"" Step 1 - Wash Cycje
— Step 2 - Spray Cy^le
Step 3 - Rinse Cyple
Water Treatment Step
Pilot-Scale Debris Washing System
Page 94
The SITE Program assesses but does not
approve or endorse technologies.
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November 1993
Completed Project
in batch 1 and 81 percent in batch 2. Design
changes based on these tests were made to the
DWS before additional field testing.
An upgraded pilot-scale DWS was tested at a
PCB-contaminated Superfund site in Hop-
kinsville, Kentucky (EPA Region 4), in Decem-
ber 1989. PCB levels on the surfaces of metal-
lic transformer casings were reduced to less than
or equal to 10 micrograms PCB per 100 square
centimeters Og/cm2). All 75 contaminated
transformer casings on site were decontaminated
to EPA cleanup criteria and sold to a scrap
metal dealer.
The DWS was also field tested in August 1990
at the Shaver's Farm Superfund site in Walker
County, Georgia (EPA Region 4). The contami-
nants of concern were benzonitrile and Dicamba.
After being cut into sections, 55-gallon drums
were decontaminated in the DWS. Benzonitrile
and Dicamba levels on the drum surfaces were
reduced from the average pretreatment concen-
trations of 4,556 and 23 /xg/100 cm2 to average
concentrations of 10 and 1 /*g/100 cm2, respec-
tively.
Results have been published in a Technology
EvaluationReport (EPA/540/5-9 l/006a), entitled
"Design and Development of a Pilot-Scale
Debris Decontamination System."
A manual version of the full-scale DWS was
used to treat PCB-contaminated scrap metal at
the Summit Scrap Yard in Akron, Ohio (EPA
RegionS).
During the 4-month site remediation, 3,000 tons
of PCB-contaminated scrap metal (motors, cast
iron blocks) were cleaned on site. The target
level of 7.7 ^g/100 cm2 or less was met in most
cases, after a single treatment with the DWS.
The cleaned scrap was purchased by a scrap
smelter for $52/ton. The net costs for the on-
site debris decontamination ranged from $50 to
$75 per ton.
The automated, trailer-mounted DWS is ready
for deployment to a CERCLA site for an initial
demonstration of the new system. RREL and IT
estimate that the system can decontaminate 50 to
120 tons of typical debris per day.
FOR FURTHER INFORMATION:
EPA PROJECT MANAGER:
Naomi Barkley
U.S. EPA
Risk Reduction Engineering Laboratory
26 West Martin Luther King Drive
Cincinnati, OH 45268
513-569-7854
Fax: 513-569-7620
TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPER CONTACTS:
Michael Taylor or Majid Dosani
IT Corporation
11499 Chester Road
Cincinnati, OH 45246
513-782-4700
The SITE Program assesses but does not
approve or endorse technologies.
Page 95
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Technology Profile
DEMONSTRA TION PROGRAM
RISK REDUCTION ENGINEERING LABORATORY and
THE UNIVERSITY OF CINCINNATI
(Hydraulic Fracturing)
TECHNOLOGY DESCRIPTION:
Hydraulic fracturing is a physical process that
creates fractures in soils to enhance fluid or
vapor flow in the subsurface. The technology
places fractures at discreet depths through
hydraulic pressurization at the base of a bore-
hole. These fractures are placed at specific
locations and depths to increase the effectiveness
of treatment technologies such as soil vapor
extraction, in situ bioremediation, and pump-
and-treat systems. The technology is designed
to enhance remediation in low-permeability
geologic formations.
The fracturing process (see photograph below)
begins with the injection of water into a sealed
borehole until the pressure of the water exceeds
a critical value and a fracture is nucleated. A
slurry composed of a coarse-grained sand and
guar gum gel is then injected as the fracture
grows away from the well. After pumping, the
sand grains hold the fracture open while an
enzyme additive breaks down the viscous fluid.
The thinned fluid is pumped from the fracture,
forming a permeable subsurface channel suitable
for delivery or recovery of a vapor or liquid.
These fractures function as pathways for vapor
extraction or fluid introduction, potentially
increasing the effective area available for reme-
diation.
The hydraulic fracturing process can be used in
conjunction with soil vapor extraction tech-
nology to enhance the recovery of contaminated
soil vapors. Hydraulically-induced fractures are
used to place fluids and nutrients during in situ
bioremediation. The technology has the poten-
tial to deliver solids useful in bioremediation to
Hydraulic Fracturing Process (Well is at Center of Photograph)
Page 96
The SITE Program assesses but does not
approve or endorse technologies.
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November 1993
Completed Project
the subsurface. Solid nutrients or oxygen-releas-
ing compounds can be injected as granules into
the fractures.
Techniques for measuring deformation of the
ground surface in real time have been developed
to monitor the position of the fractures in the
subsurface.
WASTE APPLICABILITY:
Hydraulic fracturing is appropriate for enhancing
remediation of soil and groundwater. The
technology can be applied to contaminants or
wastes associated with remediation by soil vapor
extraction, bioremediation, or pump and treat
systems.
STATUS:
The hydraulic fracturing technology entered the
SITE Demonstration Program in July 1991.
Pilot-scale feasibility studies have been con-
ducted in Oak Brook, Illinois, and Dayton,
Ohio. The hydraulic fracturing process has been
integrated with soil vapor extraction at the
Illinois site and with in situ bioremediation at the
Ohio site. The project was completed in Sep-
tember 1992. The Technology Evaluation and
Applications Analysis reports have been pub-
lished under one cover (EPA/540/R-93/505).
The Technology Demonstration Summary
(EPA/540/SR-93/505) is also available.
FOR FURTHER INFORMATION:
EPA PROJECT MANAGER:
Naomi Barkley
U.S. EPA
Risk Reduction Engineering Laboratory
26 West Martin Luther King Drive
Cincinnati, OH 45268
513-569-7854
Fax: 513-569-7620
TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPER CONTACT:
Larry Murdoch
Center for Geo-Environmental
Science & Technology
Engineering Research Division, ML-3901
1275 Section Road
Cincinnati, OH 45237-2615
513-556-2526
The SITE Program assesses but does not
approve or endorse technologies.
Page 97
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Technology Profile
DEMONSTRA TION PROGRAM
RISK REDUCTION ENGINEERING LABORATORY
and USDA FOREST PRODUCTS LABORATORY
(Fungal Treatment Technology)
TECHNOLOGY DESCRIPTION:
This biological treatment system uses white rot
fungi to treat soils in situ. These lignin-degrad-
ing fungi bioremediate certain organic con-
taminants.
Organic materials inoculated with the fungi are
mechanically mixed into the contaminated soil.
Using enzymes normally produced for wood
degradation and other unknown enzyme systems,
the fungi also break down contaminants in the
soil.
Because this technology uses a living organism
(fungi), the greatest degree of success occurs
with optimal growing conditions. Moisture
control is necessary, and temperature control
may be utilized. Organic nutrients, such as
peat, may be added to soils deficient in organic
carbon.
WASTE APPLICABILITY:
This technology was initially developed to treat
soil contaminated with chemicals found in the
wood preserving industry. Contaminants include
chlorinated organics and polynuclear aromatic
hydrocarbons (PAH). Different contaminants
and combinations of contaminants may have
varied degrees of success. In particular, the
SITE Demonstration Program is evaluating how
well white rot fungi degrades pentachlorophenol.
STATUS:
This technology was accepted into the SITE
Demonstration Program in April 1991. In
September 1991, a treatability study was con-
ducted at the Brookhaven Wood Preserving site
in Brookhaven, Mississippi. Site soils were con-
taminated with 700 parts per million (ppm) PCP
and 4,000 ppm PAH. Study results showed an
89 percent removal of PCP and a 70 percent
removal of total PAHs during a 2-month period,
by one lignin-degrading fungus.
A full-scale demonstration using this fungus was
recently completed to obtain economic data.
The full-scale project involved a 1/4-acre plot of
contaminated soil and two smaller, control plots.
The soil was inoculated with Phanaerochaete
sordida, a species of white rot fungus during
mid-June 1993. No woodchips or other bulking
agents were added to the prepared soil.
Field activities included tilling and watering all
plots. No nutrient addition was undertaken.
Air emissions data have shown no significant
hazards to field technicians due to soil tilling
activities. Contaminated soil, underlying sand,
In Situ White Rot Fungal Treatment of Contaminated Soil
Page 98
The SITE Program assesses but does not
approve or endorse technologies.
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November 1993
Completed Project
and leachate are being sampled for the con-
taminants and for toxicity responses.
Initial results showed a 70 percent reduction in
contaminants, both in the plot containing the
fungal treatment and in the plot containing a
nonfungal, organic amendment. Unidentified,
indigenous fungal species may have significantly
reduced contaminants in the nonfungal plot.
About 13 percent of contamination was removed
from the nonamended (soil-only) control plot.
The project was completed in November 1992.
Initial reports will be available in late 1993.
FOR FURTHER INFORMATION:
EPA PROJECT MANAGER:
Kim Lisa Kreiton
U.S. EPA
Risk Reduction Engineering Laboratory
26 West Martin Luther King Drive
Cincinnati, OH 45268
513-569-7328
'Fax: 513-569-7620
TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPER CONTACTS:
Richard Lamar
USDA Forest Products Laboratory
One Gifford Pinchot Drive
Madison, WI 53705
608-231-9469
Fax: 608-231-9262
John Glaser
U.S. EPA
Risk Reduction Engineering Laboratory
26 West Martin Luther King Drive
Cincinnati, OH 45268
513-569-7568
Fax: 513-569-7787
The SITE Program assesses but does not
approve or endorse technologies.
Page 99
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Technology Profile
DEMONSTRATION PROGRAM
SBP TECHNOLOGIES, INC.
(Membrane Filtration and Bioremediation)
TECHNOLOGY DESCRIPTION:
SBP Technologies, Inc. (SBP), has developed a
hazardous waste treatment system consisting of
(1) a membrane filtration unit that extracts and
concentrates contaminants from groundwater,
surface water, wash water, or slurries, and (2) a
bioremediation system that treats concentrated
groundwater, wash water, and soil slurries (see
photograph below). These two systems treat a
wide range of waste materials separately or as a
part of an integrated waste handling system.
The membrane filtration unit removes and con-
centrates contaminants by pumping contaminated
liquids through porous stainless-steel tubes
coated with specifically formulated membranes.
Contaminants are collected inside the tube
membrane, while "clean" water permeates the
membrane and tubes. Depending on local
requirements and regulations, the clean permeate
can be discharged to the sanitary sewer for
further treatment at a publicly owned treatment
works (POTW). The concentrated contaminants
are collected in a holding tank.
Contaminated water or slurry can also be fed
directly into the bioreactor and then polished
with the membrane filtration unit. The bioreac-
tor, or series of bioreactors, are inoculated with
proprietary (specially selected, usually indige-
nous) microorganisms to produce effluent with
low to nondetectable levels of contaminants. In-
tegrating the two units allows many con-
taminants to be removed and destroyed on site.
Membrane Filtration and Bioremediation
Page 100
The SITE Program assesses but does not
approve or endorse technologies.
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November 1993
Completed Project
WASTE APPLICABILITY:
The membrane filtration system concentrates
contaminants and reduces the volume of con-
taminated materials from a number of waste
streams, including contaminated groundwater,
surface water, storm water, landfill leachates,
and industrial process wastewater.
The bioremediation system can treat a wide
range of organic contamination, especially wood
preserving wastes and solvent contamination.
The system, with modifications, can also treat
polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH) (such
as creosote and coal tar); pentachlorophenol
(PCP); petroleum hydrocarbons; and chlorinated
aliphatics, such as trichloroethene (TCE).
The two technologies can be used separately or
together, depending on site characteristics and
waste treatment needs. For example, on waste-
waters or slurries contaminated with inorganics
or materials not easily bioremediated, the mem-
brane filtration unit can separate the material for
treatment by another process. Both the mem-
brane filtration system and the bioremediation
system can be used as part of a soil cleaning
system to handle residuals and contaminated
liquids.
SBP is marketing its bioremediation and mem-
brane filtration systems to industrial and govern-
mental clients for on-site treatment of con-
taminated soil, sludge, and water.
STATUS:
The membrane filtration system was demon-
strated under the SITE Program during October
1991 at the American Creosote Works in
Pensacola, Florida. Results confirmed that this
membrane system removed 95 percent of the
PAH concentrations and 25 to 30 percent of
smaller phenolic compounds, reducing creosote
constituents in the contaminated feed by 80
percent overall. PAH removal was sufficient to
pass local POTW discharge standards. Full-
scale demonstration of the bioremediation system
through the SITE Program was cancelled.
However, a smaller-scale field study was per-
formed at the site. Results are available through
the developer. A final report describing the
membrane filtration performance is also avail-
able (EPA/540/AR-92/014).
FOR FURTHER INFORMATION:
EPA PROJECT MANAGER:
Kim Lisa Kreiton
U.S. EPA
Risk Reduction Engineering Laboratory
26 West Martin Luther King Drive
Cincinnati, OH 45268
513-569-7328
Fax: 513-569-7620
TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPER CONTACT:
David Drahos
SBP Technologies, Inc.
2155-D West Park Court
Stone Mountain, GA 30087
404-498-6666
Fax: 404-498-8711
The SITE Program assesses but does not
approve or endorse technologies.
Page 101
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Technology Profile
DEMONSTRATION PROGRAM
SILICATE TECHNOLOGY CORPORATION
(Chemical Fixation/Solidification Treatment Technologies)
TECHNOLOGY DESCRIPTION:
Silicate Technology Corporation (STC) has
developed both chemical organic destruct and
chemical fixation/solidification technologies for
the treatment of inorganic and organic solid
hazardous wastes.
STC's chemical organic destruct technology
oxidizes or dechlorinates selected organic com-
pounds to reduce total contaminant con-
centrations by more than 95 percent. Leachable
organic contaminant concentrations are also
reduced to well below regulatory limits. STC's
inorganic contaminant chemical
fixation/solidification technology involves the
formation of insoluble chemical compounds,
reducing leachable contaminant concentrations of
inorganic contaminated soils and sludges. STC's
inorganic treatment technologies are more ef-
ficient and often less costly than generic cemen-
titious processes.
STC's technology has been successfully imple-
mented on numerous full-scale hazardous waste
remediation projects involving up to 100,000
cubic yards of waste. These sites include Super-
fund sites as well as industrial sites across the
United States and in Italy.
STC has evaluated various materials handling
and mixing systems for use on full-scale remedi-
ation projects. Materials handling processes
include pretreatment processes for screening and
crushing contaminated soils as well as placement
and conveying systems for handling treated
material. Mixing systems include various batch-
ing plants, pug mills and high-shear batch mix-
Pretreatment of Contaminated Soil
Page 102
The SITE Program assesses but does not
approve or endorse technologies.
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November 1993
Completed Project
ing systems for proper metering and mixing of
reagents with contaminated soils. STC provides
full on-site technical support to ensure proper
application of the treatment technologies, docu-
mentation, and quality assurance/quality control
procedures to assure the effectiveness of the
treatment process.
WASTE APPLICABILITY:
STC's technology can treat a wide variety of
hazardous soils, sludges, and wastewaters in-
cluding the following:
• Soils and sludges contaminated with
inorganics, including most metals, cyan-
ides, fluorides, arsenates, chromates,
and selenium
• Soils and sludges contaminated with
organics, including halogenated aromat-
ics, polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons
(PAH), and aliphatic compounds
• Wastewaters contaminated with heavy
metals and emulsified and dissolved
organic compounds, excluding low-
molecular-weight organic contaminants
such as alcohols, ketones, and glycols
STATUS:
STC's demonstration project was completed in
November 1990 at the Selma Pressure Treating
(SPT) Superrand site in Selma, California. STC
was subsequently selected for the full-scale
remediation of the SPT site. The SPT site is
contaminated with both organics, mainly pen-
tachlorophenol (PCP), and inorganics, mainly
arsenic, chromium, and copper. The Applica-
tions Analysis Report (EPA/540/AR-92/010) and
a demonstration videotape are available.
DEMONSTRATION RESULTS:
The demonstration had the following results:
• The STC chemical destruct process
reduced total PCP concentrations up to
97 percent. The STC chemical fixation
process stabilized the residual PCP
concentrations to very low leachable
levels (less than 0.3 milligrams per liter)
• STC's technology immobilized arsenic
as well as chromium and copper.
• Unconfined compressive strength testing
of the treated wastes after 28 days was
moderately high, averaging 260 to 360
pounds per square inch.
• Permeability of the treated waste was
low (less than 1.7 x 10"7 centimeters per
second). The relative cumulative weight
loss after 12 wet/dry and 12 freeze/thaw
cycles was negligible (less than 1 per-
cent).
• The costs of treatment using STC's
technologies depends on the specific
waste characteristics.
FOR FURTHER INFORMATION:
EPA PROJECT MANAGER:
Edward Bates
U.S. EPA
Risk Reduction Engineering Laboratory
26 West Martin Luther King Drive
Cincinnati, OH 45268
513-569-7774
Fax: 513-569-7676
TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPER CONTACTS:
Stephen Pelger or Scott Larsen
Silicate Technology Corporation
7655 East Gelding Drive, Suite B-2
Scottsdale, AZ 85260
602-948-7100
Fax: 602-991-3173
The SITE Program assesses but does not
approve or endorse technologies.
Page 103
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Technology Profile
DEMONSTRATION PROGRAM
J.R. SIMPLOT COMPANY
(Biodegradation of Dinoseb)
TECHNOLOGY DESCRIPTION:
Anaerobic microbial mixtures have been dis-
covered which degrade both dinoseb (2-sec-
butyl-4,6-dinitrophenol) and trinitrotoluene
(TNT). These mixtures completely degrade
their target molecules to simple nonaromatic
products within a few days forming reduced
intermediates (such as aminonitrotoluenes) and
hydroxylated intermediates (such as methylphlor-
glucinol and p-cresol). The microbial consortia
function at Eh's of -200 mV or more.
This technology bioremediates soils con-
taminated with the pesticide dinoseb. Treatment
units (see figure) consist of simple vessels that
contain static soil slurries (50 percent soil and 50
percent water). The units contain about 50
cubic meters of soil. The biodegradation pro-
cess involves adding starch to flooded soils and
sludges. Anaerobic, starch-degrading bacteria
may also be introduced. After anaerobic con-
ditions are established (at Eh equal to
-200 millivolts [mV]), an anaerobic microbial
consortium is inoculated which degrade the
nitroaromatics. In some soils, inoculations are
not necessary because native consortia are able
to degrade the dinoseb.
This technology treats soils contaminated with
nitroaromatic pollutants. Anaerobic microbial
mixtures for dinoseb can reduce this pollutant to
less than its detection limit. This technology has
achieved removal rates of greater than 99.88
percent.
Contaminated
Soil —
Screening
(0.25 inch reject)
Fines
Nutrients -
Starch
Mixture'
Mixing
Wash
Water
1
Reject
Washing
Clean
->• Rejects
Water
Homogenized
Soils
Reactor
Clean
->• Soils
Make-up
Water -
Pilot-Scale Treatment Unit
Page 104
The SITE Program assesses but does not
approve or endorse technologies.
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November 1993
Completed Project
STATUS:
This technology was accepted into the SITE
Emerging Technology Program in January 1990.
Bench-scale processes have been developed for
both dinoseb and TNT under the SITE Emerging
Technology Program.
A pilot-scale system treated dinoseb-con-
taminated soils from a site in Idaho, with the
largest reactors holding 4 cubic meters (m3) of
soil. With three replicates per treatment, up to
12 m3 of soil were treated at one time. The
procedure's efficacy was confirmed at a small
scale (50 kilograms), using dinoseb-contaminated
soil from a spill site in Washington state.
During bench-scale tests, soil contaminated with
2 percent TNT was treated to below detectable
limits. Degradation intermediates were iden-
tified using gas chromatography/mass spectro-
metry techniques.
Based on bench- and pilot-scale results from the
Emerging Technology Program, this technology
was accepted into the SITE Demonstration
Program in winter 1992.
The dinoseb demonstration occurred at Bowers
Field in Ellensburg, Washington and was comp-
leted in July 1993. The results are being anal-
yzed. In the field, dinoseb was reduced from 28
parts per million to below the detection limit (a
greater than 99.88 percent removal). Other
pesticides were also degraded in this process.
The process took less than 22 days under condi-
tions that were less than optimum (18 °C instead
of 35 to 37 °C).
FOR FURTHER INFORMATION:
EPA PROJECT MANAGER:
Wendy Davis-Hoover
U.S. EPA
Risk Reduction Engineering Laboratory
26 West Martin Luther King Drive
Cincinnati, OH 45268
513-569-7206
Fax: 513-569-7879
TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPER CONTACT:
Dane Higdem
J.R. Simplot Company
P.O. Box 912
Pocatello, ID 83715
208-234-5367
Fax: 208-234-5339
The SITE Program assesses but does not
approve or endorse technologies.
Page 105
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Technology Profile
DEMONSTRA TION PROGRAM
J.R. SIMPLOT COMPANY
(Biodegradation of Trinitrotoluene)
TECHNOLOGY DESCRIPTION:
This technology bioremediates soils and sludges
contaminated with nitroaromatics. Nitroaro-
matics have become serious environmental
contaminants at military locations nationwide.
Examples of nitroaromatics include nitrotolu-
enes, used as explosives, and pesticides.
Anaerobic microbial mixtures have been dis-
covered, that degrade both the pesticide dinoseb
(2-sec-butyl-4,6-dinitrophenol) and trinitro-
toluene (TNT). These mixtures completely
degrade their target molecules to simple nonaro-
matic products within a few days forming re-
duced intermediates (such as aminonitrotoluenes)
and hydroxylated intermediates (such as methyl-
phlorglucinol and p-cresol). The microbial
consortia function at Eh values of-200 millivolts
(mV) or more.
Treatment units (see figure) consist of simple
vessels that contain static soil slurries (50 per-
cent soil and 50 percent water). The units hold
about 50 cubic meters of soil. The biodegrada-
tion process involves adding starch to flooded
soils and sludges. Anaerobic, starch-degrading
bacteria may also be introduced. After anaero-
bic conditions are established (at Eh values equal
to -200 mV), an anaerobic microbial consortium
is inoculated which degrades the nitroaromatics.
In some soils, inoculations are not necessary,
because native consortia are able to degrade the
TNT.
WASTE APPLICABILITY:
This technology is designed to treat soils con-
taminated with nitroaromatic pollutants.
Anaerobic microbial mixtures have been devel-
oped for the pesticide dinoseb and for TNT.
Contaminated
Soil —
Screening
(0.25 inch reject)
Fines
Wash
Water
1
Reject
Washing
Clean
->• Rejects
Water'
Nutrients
Starch
Mixture
Mixing
Homogenized
Soils
Reactor
Clean
Soils
Make-up
Water -
Pilot-Scale Treatment Unit
Page 106
The SITE Program assesses but does not
approve or endorse technologies.
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November 1993
Completed Project
These pollutants can be reduced to less than
their detection limit.
STATUS:
"This technology was accepted into the SITE
Emerging Technology Program in January 1990.
Bench-scale processes have been developed for
both dinoseb and TNT under the SITE Emerging
Technology Program.
A pilot-scale system treated dinoseb-con-
taminated soils from a site in Idaho, with the
largest reactors holding 4 cubic meters (m3) of
soil. With three replicates per treatment, up to
12 m3 of soil was treated at one time. The
procedure's efficacy was confirmed at a small
scale (50 kilograms), using dinoseb-contaminated
soil from a spill site in Washington state.
During bench-scale tests, soil contaminated with
2 percent TNT was treated to below detectable
limits. Degradation intermediates were iden-
tified using gas chromatograph/mass spectro-
graph techniques.
Based on these results, this technology was
accepted into the SITE Demonstration Program
in winter 1992.
The TNT demonstration occurred from
September 1993 through October 1993 at a U.S.
Department of Defense (DOD) site in St. Louis.
The process was tested on soils with clay and a
high concentration of contaminant. The
concentration of dinoseb was reduced to less
than its analytical detection limit in 22 days in
18 °C (optimum would have been 35 to 37 °C).
Percent removal was greater than 99.8 percent.
The samples are currently being analyzed.
These results will be discussed at a Visitors'
Day scheduled for November 1993.
FOR FURTHER INFORMATION:
EPA PROJECT MANAGER:
Wendy Davis-Hoover
U.S. EPA
Risk Reduction Engineering Laboratory
26 West Martin Luther King Drive
Cincinnati, OH 45268
513-569-7206
Fax: 513-569-7879
TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPER CONTACT:
Dane Higdem
J.R. Simplot Company
P.O. Box 912
Pocatello, ID 83201
208-234-5367
Fax: 208-234-5339
The SITE Program assesses but does not
approve or endorse technologies.
Page 107
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Technology Profile
DEMONSTRATION PROGRAM
SOILTECH ATP SYSTEMS, INC.
(Anaerobic Thermal Processor)
TECHNOLOGY DESCRIPTION:
The SoilTech ATP Systems, Inc. (SoilTech),
anaerobic thermal processor (ATP) is a thermal
desorption process. A rotary kiln unit desorbs,
collects, and recondenses contaminants from the
fed material. The unit also can be used in con-
junction with a dehalogenation process to des-
troy halogenated hydrocarbons through a chem-
ical process conducted at elevated temperatures.
The proprietary kiln contains four separate
internal thermal zones: preheat, retort, combus-
tion, and cooling. In the preheat zone, water
and volatile organic compounds (VOC) are
vaporized. The hot solids and heavy hydrocar-
bons then pass through a proprietary sand seal to
the retort zone. The sand seal allows the pas-
sage of solids and inhibits the passage of gases,
including contaminants, from one zone to the
other. Concurrently, hot treated soil from the
combustion zone enters the retort zone through
a second sand seal. This hot treated soil pro-
vides the thermal energy necessary to desorb the
heavy contaminants. The vaporized contamin-
ants are removed under slight vacuum to the gas
handling system. After cyclones remove dust
from the gases, the gases are cooled, and con-
densed oil and water are separated into their
various fractions.
The coked soil passes through a third sand seal
from the retort zone to the combustion zone.
Some of the hot treated soil is recycled to the
retort zone through the second sand seal as
previously described. The remainder of the soil
enters the cooling zone.
As the hot combusted soil enters the cooling
zone, it is cooled in the annular space between
the outside of the preheat zone and the shell of
the kiln. Here, the heat from the combusted
soils is transferred indirectly to the soils in the
preheat zone. The cooled, treated soil exiting
the cooling zone is quenched with water and
conveyed to a storage pile.
CLEAN
STACK GAS
DISCHARGE TO
ATMOSPHERE
CLEAN SOIL TO
BACKRLL OR OFF-SITE
LANDFILL
Fluo
Gas
FEED
CONDENSATION,
SEPARATION
(NON-HAZARDOUS)
OFF-SITE
TREATMENT
OR
DISPOSAL
MAKEUP
NaOH+Peg
DISTILLED
VAPORS
Anaerobic Thermal Processor (ATP)
Page 108
The SITE Program assesses but does not
approve or endorse technologies.
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November 1993
Completed Project
Flue gases from the combustion zone pass
through the cooling zone to an emission control
system. The system consists of a cyclone and
baghouse to remove particulates, a wet scrubber
to remove acid gases, and a carbon adsorption
bed to remove trace organic compounds.
When the ATP system is used to dechlorinate
contaminants, an oil mixture containing alkaline
dehalogenation reagents is sprayed on the con-
taminated soil as it enters the preheat zone. The
reagents dehalogenate or chemically break down
chlorinated compounds, including
polychlorinated biphenyls (PCB), hi the ATP
system.
WASTE APPLICABILITY:
The technology was originally developed to
recover oil from tar sands and shales. It is now
also used to dechlorinate PCBs and chlorinated
pesticides in soils and sludges; to separate oils
and water from refinery wastes and spills; and,
in general, to remove hazardous VOCs from
soils and sludges. The ATP technology has also
been selected to remediate contaminated soil at
two Superfund sites contaminated with polynu-
clear aromatic hydrocarbons, pesticides, dioxins,
and furans.
STATUS:
The technology has been demonstrated at two
sites. At the first demonstration, in May 1991,
a full-scale unit dechlorinated soils contaminated
with PCBs at the Wide Beach Development
Superfund site in Brant, New York. At the
second demonstration, completed in June 1992,
a full-scale unit remediated soils and sediments
at the Waukegan Harbor Superfund site in
Waukegan, Illinois.
DEMONSTRATION RESULTS:
Test results from both SITE demonstrations
indicate the following:
• The SoilTech ATP system removed over
99 percent of the PCBs in the contaminated
soil, resulting in PCB levels below 0.1
parts per million (ppm) at the Wide Beach
Development site and averaging 2 ppm at
the Waukegan Harbor Superfund site.
• Dioxin and furan stack gas emissions were
below the site-specific standards.
• No volatile or semivolatile organic degrad-
ation products were detected in the treated
soil. Also, no leachable metals, VOCs, or
semivolatile organic compounds were
detected in the treated soil.
• For the Wide Beach Development and
Waukegan Harbor remediation projects,
soil treatment costs were approximately
$265 and $155 per ton, respectively. The
regulatory support, mobilization, startup,
and demobilization costs totalled about
$1,400,000 for each site.
FOR FURTHER INFORMATION:
EPA PROJECT MANAGER:
Paul dePercin
U.S. EPA
Risk Reduction Engineering Laboratory
26 West Martin. Luther King Drive
Cincinnati, OH 45268
513-569-7797
Fax: 513-569-7620
TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPER CONTACTS:
Roger Nielsen
SoilTech ATP Systems, Inc.
6300 South Syracuse Way, Suite 300
Englewood, CO 80111
303-290-8336
Fax: 303-290-8013
Joseph Button
SoilTech ATP Systems, Inc.
800 Canonie Dr.
Porter, IN 46304
219-926-8651
Fax: 219-926-7169
The SITE.Program assesses but does not
approve or endorse technologies.
Page 109
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Technology Profile
DEMONSTRA TION PROGRAM
SpLIDITECH, INC.
(Solidification and Stabilization)
TECHNOLOGY DESCRIPTION:
This solidification and stabilization process
immobilizes contaminants in soils and sludges by
binding them in a concrete-like, leach-resistant
matrix.
Contaminated waste materials are collected,
screened to remove oversized material, and
introduced to the batch mixer (see figure below).
The waste material is then mixed with (1) water,
(2) Urrichem a proprietary chemical rea-
gent, (3) proprietary additives, and (4) pozzo-
lanic material (fly ash), kiln dust, or cement.
After it is thoroughly mixed, the treated waste is
discharged from the mixer. Treated waste is a
solidified mass with significant unconfined
compressive strength (UCS), high stability, and
a rigid texture similar to that of concrete.
WASTE APPLICABILITY:
This technology treats soils and sludges con-
taminated with organic compounds, metals,
inorganic compounds, and oil and grease. Batch
mixers of various capacities are available to treat
different volumes of waste.
STATUS:
The process was demonstrated in December
1988 at the Imperial Oil Company/Champion
Chemical Company Superfund site in Morgan-
ville, New Jersey. This location formerly
contained both chemical processing and oil
reclamation facilities. Soils, filter cake, and oily
wastes from an old storage tank were treated
during the demonstration. These wastes were
contaminated with petroleum hydrocarbons,
INTERNAL VIEW OF MIXER
FRONT END LOADER
(LOADING CONTAMINATED SOIL)
TREATED WASTE
Soliditech Processing Equipment
Page 7 JO
The SITE Program assesses but does not
approve or endorse technologies.
-------
November 1993
Completed Project
polychlorinated biphenyls (PCB), other organic
chemicals, and heavy metals.
DEMONSTRATION RESULTS:
Key findings from the Soliditech demonstration
are summarized below:
@^F@>"F>"T nalyses of
extracts and
leachates
showed that
heavy metals in
the untreated
waste were
immobilized.
• The process solidified both solid and
liquid wastes with high organic content
(up to 17 percent), as well as oil and
grease.
• Volatile organic compounds in the origi-
nal waste were not detected in the treat-
ed waste.
• Physical test results of the solidified
waste showed (1) UCS ranging from
390 to 860 pounds per square inch (psi),
(2) very little weight loss after 12 cycles
of wet and dry and freeze and thaw
durability tests, (3) low permeability of
the treated waste, and (4) increased
density after treatment.
• The solidified waste increased in volume
by an average of 22 percent. Because
of solidification, the bulk density of the
waste material increased by about 35
percent.
• Semivolatile organic compounds
(phenols) were detected in the treated
waste and the toxicity characteristic
leaching procedure (TCLP) extracts
from the treated waste, but not in the
untreated waste or its TCLP extracts.
The presence of these compounds is
believed to result from chemical reac-
tions in the waste treatment mixture.
• Oil and grease content of the untreated
waste ranged from 2.8 to 17.3 percent
[28,000 to 173,000 parts per million
(ppm)]. Oil and grease content of the
TCLP extracts of the solidified waste
ranged from 2.4 to 12 ppm.
• The pH of the solidified waste ranged
from 11.7 to 12.0. The pH of the
untreated waste ranged from 3.4 to 7.9.
• PCBs were not detected in any extracts
or leachates of the treated waste.
• Visual observation of solidified waste
revealed dark inclusions about 1 mil-
limeter in diameter. Ongoing micro-
structural studies are expected to con-
firm that these inclusions are encap-
sulated wastes.
A Technology Evaluation Report was published
in February 1990 in two volumes. Volume I
(EPA/540/5-89/005) is the report; Volume II
(EPA/540/5-89/005) contains supplemental data.
An Applications Analysis Report was published
in September 1990 (EPA/4540/A5-89/005).
FOR FURTHER INFORMATION:
EPA PROJECT MANAGER:
Jack Hubbard
U.S. EPA
Risk Reduction Engineering Laboratory
26 West Martin Luther King Drive
Cincinnati, OH 45268
513-569-7507
Fax: 513-569-7620
TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPER CONTACT:
Bill Stallworth
Soliditech, Inc.
1325 S. Dairy Ashford, Suite 130
Houston, TX 77077
713-497-8558
The SITE Program assesses but does not
approve or endorse technologies.
Page 111
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Technology Profile
DEMONSTRA T/OJV PROGRAM
TERRA VAC, INC.
(In Situ Vacuum Extraction)
TECHNOLOGY DESCRIPTION:
In situ vacuum extraction is the process of
removing and treating volatile organic com-
pounds (VOC) from the vadose or unsaturated
zone of soils. These compounds can often be
removed from the vadose zone before they
contaminate groundwater. This process is
patented and licensed to Terra Vac, Inc. (Terra
Vac), and others.
The technology uses readily available equipment,
such as extraction and monitoring wells, mani-
fold piping, a vapor and liquid separator, a
vacuum pump, and an emission control device
(such as an activated carbon adsorption filter).
After the contaminated area is completely de-
fined, extraction wells are installed and con-
nected by piping to the vacuum extraction and
treatment system.
A vacuum pump draws the subsurface con-
taminants from the extraction wells to the
liquid/gas separator. The contaminants are then
treated using an activated carbon adsorption
filter or a catalytic oxidizer before the gases are
discharged to the atmosphere. Subsurface
vacuum and soil vapor concentrations are moni-
tored using vadose zone monitoring wells.
The technology is effective in virtually all
hydrogeological settings and can reduce soil
contaminant levels from saturated conditions to
nondetectable. The process works in low per-
meability soils (clays) with sufficient porosity.
Dual vacuum extraction of groundwater and
vapor quickly restores groundwater quality to
drinking water standards. In addition, the
technology is less expensive than other methods
of remediation, such as incineration. The figure
below illustrates the process.
Typical contaminant recovery rates range from
20 to 2,500 pounds per day, depending on the
degree of contamination at the site.
WASTE APPLICABILITY:
Vacuum extraction technology effectively treats
soils containing virtually any VOC and has
VAPOR PHASE
CARBON CANSITERS
TO
ATMOSPHERE
PRIMARY SECONDARY
CARBON CARBON
VEUNIT
GROUNDWATER AND
LIQUID DISPOSAL
(TREATMENT BY OTHERS)
DUAL VACUUM
EXTRACTION WELLS
In Situ Vacuum Extraction Process
Page 772
The SITE Program assesses but does not
approve or endorse technologies.
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November 1993
Completed Project
successfully removed over 40 types of chemicals
from soils, including gasoline- and diesel-range
hydrocarbons.
STATUS:
The vacuum extraction process was first demon-
strated at a Superfund site in Puerto Rico. Terra
Vac has since applied the technology at nine
additional Superfund sites and at more than 400
other waste sites throughout the United States,
Europe, and Japan.
The process was demonstrated under the SITE
Demonstration Program at the Groveland Wells
Superfund site in Groveland, Massachusetts from
December 1987 through April 1988. The tech-
nology successfully remediated soils con-
taminated by trichloroethene (TCE). The Tech-
nology Evaluation Report (EPA/540/5-89/003a)
and Applications Analysis Report
(EPA/540/A5-89/003) have been published.
DEMONSTRATION RESULTS:
The Groveland Wells demonstration used four
extraction wells to pump contaminants to the
process system. During a 56-day operational
period, 1,300 pounds of VOCs, mainly TCE,
were extracted from both highly permeable strata
and low permeability clays. The process
achieved nondetectable levels of VOCs at some
locations and reduced the VOC concentration in
soil gas by 95 percent. Average reductions were
92 percent for sandy soils and 90 percent for
clays. Field evaluations have yielded the fol-
lowing conclusions:
t
• VOCs can be reduced to nondetectable
levels; however, some residual con-
centrations of VOCs in the treated soils
usually remained.
• Major considerations in applying this
technology are volatility of the con-
taminants and site soils. Ideal measured
permeabilities are 10"4 to
10"8 centimeters per second.
• Pilot demonstrations are necessary at
sites with complex geology or con-
taminant distributions.
• Treatment costs are typically $40 per
ton but can range from $10 to $150 per
ton, depending on requirements for gas
effluent or wastewater treatment.
• Contaminants should have a Henry's
constant of 0.001 or higher.
FOR FURTHER INFORMATION:
EPA PROJECT MANAGER:
Mary Stinson
U.S. EPA
Risk Reduction Engineering Laboratory
2890 Woodbridge Avenue
Edison, NJ 08837
908-321-6683
Fax: 908-321-6640
TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPER CONTACT:
James Malot
Terra Vac, Inc.
356 Fortaleza Street
P.O. Box 1591
San Juan, PR 00903
809-723-9171
The SITE Program assesses but does not
approve or endorse technologies.
Page 113
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Technology Profile
DEMONSTRA TION PROGRAM
TORONTO HARBOUR COMMISSION
(Soil Recycling)
TECHNOLOGY DESCRIPTION:
The Toronto Harbour Commission's soil recycl-
ing process involves three technologies operating
in series. The process removes inorganic and
organic contaminants in soil to produce a reus-
able fill material. The first technology involves
a soil washing process that reduces the volume
of material to be treated by concentrating con-
taminants hi a fine slurry mixture. The second
technology removes heavy metals from the
slurry through a process of metal dissolution.
Using acidification and selective chelation, the
metal dissolution process recovers all metals in
their pure form. The third technology, chemical
hydrolysis accompanied by bioslurry reactors,
destroys organic contaminants concentrated in
the slurry. The three integrated technologies are
capable of cleaning contaminated soil for reuse
on industrial sites. The following reports are
available from EPA:
• Applications Analysis Report
(EPA/540/AR-93/517)
• Technology Evaluation Report
(EPA/540/R-93/517)
• Technology Demonstration Summary
(EPA/540/SR-93/517)
WASTE APPLICABILITY:
This technology is applicable to soil con-
taminated with inorganics and organics.
Soil Washing Plant (Metal Extraction Screwtubes in Foreground
and Bioslurry Reactors in Background)
Page 114
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November 1993
Completed Project
STATUS:
Toronto Harbour Commission's soil recycling
process was accepted into the SITE Demonstra-
tion Program in 1991.
The soil recycling process was demonstrated at
a site within the Toronto Port Industrial District
that had been used for metals finishing and
refinery and petroleum storage. Demonstration
sampling took place in April and May 1992.
The objective of the SITE demonstration was to
evaluate the ability of the process to achieve the
modified Ontario Ministry of the Environment
(MOE) criteria for commercial and industrial
sites.
DEMONSTRATION RESULTS:
The demonstration results showed that soil
washing effectively produced clean coarse soil
fractions and concentrated the contaminants in
the fine slurry (see Table 1).
"Table- "1 - Soft Washing Process j
•.>, '' ' f
Oil & Grease
Naphthalene
Benzo(a)pyrene
,,fM
.8 mg/kg
11 mg/kg
2 mg/kg
Ctewsacri \
.2 mg/kg
2 mg/kg
.5 mg/kg
Contaminated
- |%#$ffiwy -
4 mg/kg
52 mg/kg
1 0 mg/kg
The heavy metals process effectively treated
samples of contaminated soil from the Port
Industrial Area, lead-contaminated soil from a
lead smelter site, contaminated harbour sedi-
ments, municipal sewage sludge, and municipal
sewage incinerator ash (see Table 2).
The heavy metals process has been licensed to
Metanetix Corporation for worldwide ap-
plication. It is being applied commercially to
selective mine metals from acid mine drainage
from the Anaconda copper mine in Butte, Mon-
tana.
The chemical treatment process and bioslurry
reactors achieved a 90 percent reduction in
simple polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbon com-
pounds such as naphthalene, but slightly ex-
ceeded the MOE criteria for benzo(a)pyrene (see
Table 3).
Tab&$-«}ieni?fi£t a&d Bterei^Wtoft Fftrf&SS - -
- --,
Naphthalene
Benzo(a)pyrene
eontamfaated
fine Slurry
52 mg/kg
10mg/kg
*• "Xw
Tieested fines Starry
<5 mg/kg
2.6 mg/kg
FOR FURTHER INFORMATION:
EPA PROJECT MANAGER:
Teri Richardson
U.S. EPA
Risk Reduction Engineering Laboratory
26 West Martin Luther King Drive
Cincinnati, OH 45268
513-569-7949
Fax: 513-569-7620
TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPER CONTACT:
Dennis Lang
Toronto Harbour Commission
60 Harbour Street
Toronto, Canada M5J 1B7
416-863-2047
Fax: 416-863-4830
Table- A » Heavy Metals ftrooeas-
flfttfal
Sample #1623 -Lead
Sample #1631 -Lead
lead; SteeKw
$«$ jf%10$ Ittpllt
2949 mg/kg
612 mg/kg
treated firae*..
Output
877 mg/kg
183 mg/kg
The SITE Program assesses but does not
approve or endorse technologies.
Page 115
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Technology Profile
DEMONSTRATION PROGRAM
ULTROX INTERNATIONAL
(Ultraviolet Radiation and Oxidation)
TECHNOLOGY DESCRIPTION:
This ultraviolet (UV) radiation and oxidation
process uses UV radiation, ozone (O3), and
hydrogen peroxide (E^O^ to destroy toxic
organic compounds, particularly chlorinated
hydrocarbons, in water. The process oxidizes
compounds that are toxic or refractory (resistant
to biological oxidation) in concentrations of parts
per million or parts per billion.
The system (see figure below) consists of a
treatment tank module, an air compressor and
ozone generator module, and a hydrogen perox-
ide feed system. It is skid-mounted and por-
table, and permits on-site treatment of a wide
variety of liquid wastes, such as industrial
wastewater, groundwater, and leachate. The
treatment tank size is determined by the expected
wastewater flow rate and the necessary hydraulic
retention time needed to treat the contaminated
water. The approximate UV intensity, and
ozone and hydrogen peroxide doses, are deter-
mined by pilot-scale studies.
Influent to the treatment tank (see figure below)
is simultaneously exposed to UV radiation,
ozone, and hydrogen peroxide to oxidize the
organic compounds. Off-gas from the treatment
tank passes through an ozone destruction
(decompozon) unit, which reduces ozone levels
before air venting. The decompozon unit also
destroys volatile organic compounds (VOC)
stripped off in the treatment tank. Effluent from
the treatment tank is tested and analyzed before
disposal.
Treated Off-Gas
Catalytic Ozone
Decomposer
Ozone
Generator
Compress
Mr
Treated
Effluent
ULTROX®
UV/Oxidation Reactor
Dryer
Ground
Water
Hydrogen Peroxide
from Feed Tank
Ultrox System (Isometric View)
Page 116
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November 1993
Completed Project
WASTE APPLICABILITY:
Contaminated groundwater, industrial waste-
waters, and leachates containing halogenated
solvents, phenol, pentachlorophenol, pesticides;
polychlorinated biphenyls; explosives; benzene,
toluene, ethylbenzene, and xylene; methyl
tertiary butyl ether; and other organic com-
pounds are suitable for this treatment process.
STATUS:
A field-scale demonstration was completed in
March 1989 at a hazardous waste site in San
Jose, California. The test program was designed
to evaluate the performance of the Ultrox system
at several combinations of five operating para-
meters: (1) influent pH, (2) retention time,
(3) ozone dose, (4) hydrogen peroxide dose, and
(5) UV radiation intensity. The Technology
Evaluation Report was published in January
1990 (EPA/540/5-89/012). The Applications
Analysis Report was published in September
1990 (EPA/540/A5-89/012).
The technology is fully commercial, with over
25 systems installed. Flow rates ranging from
5 gallons per minute (gpm) to 1,050 gpm are
being used in various industries and site cleanup
activities, including aerospace, U.S. Department
of Energy (DOE), petroleum, pharmaceutical,
automotive, woodtreating, and municipal facili-
ties.
UV oxidation technology has been, included in
Records of Decision for several Superfund sites
.where groundwater pump-and-treat remediation
methods are to be used.
DEMONSTRATION RESULTS:
Contaminated groundwater treated by the Ultrox
system met regulatory standards at the ap-
propriate parameter levels. Out of 44 VOCs in
the wastewater, trichloroethene; 1,1-dichloro-
ethane; and 1,1,1-trichloroethane were chosen as
indicator parameters. All three are relatively
refractory to conventional oxidation.
The decompozon unit reduced ozone to less than
0.1 part per million, with efficiencies greater
then 99.99 percent. VOCs present in the air
within the treatment system were not detected
after passing through the decompozon unit. The
Ultrox system produced no harmful air emis-
sions.
Very low total organic carbon removal was
found, implying partial oxidation of organics
without complete conversion to carbon dioxide
and water.
FOR FURTHER INFORMATION:
EPA PROJECT MANAGER:
Norma Lewis
U.S. EPA
Risk Reduction Engineering Laboratory
26 West Martin Luther King Drive
Cincinnati, OH 45268
513-569-7665
Fax: 513-569-7620
TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPER CONTACT:
David Fletcher
Ultrox International
2435 South Anne Street
Santa Ana, CA 92704
714-545-5557
Fax:714-557-5396
The SITE Program assesses but does not
approve or endorse technologies.
Page 117
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Technology Profile
DEMONSTRA TION PROGRAM
UNITED STATES ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY
(Excavation Techniques and Foam Suppression Methods)
TECHNOLOGY DESCRIPTION:
This technology was developed through a joint
EPA effort involving the Risk Reduction
Engineering Laboratory (Cincinnati, Ohio), Air
and Energy Engineering Research Laboratory
(Research Triangle Park, North Carolina), and
EPA Region 9 to evaluate control technologies
during excavation operations.
In general, excavating soil contaminated with
volatile organic compounds (VOC) results in
fugitive air emissions. The area to be excavated
is surrounded by a temporary enclosure (see
photograph below). Air from the enclosure is
vented through an emission control system
before being released'to the atmosphere. For
example, in the case of hydrocarbon and sulfur
dioxide emissions, a scrubber and a carbon
adsorption unit would be used to treat emissions.
As an additional emission control method, a
vapor suppressant foam can be applied to the
soil before and after excavation.
WASTE APPLICABILITY:
This technology is suitable for controlling VOC
emissions during excavation of contaminated
soil.
STATUS:
This technology was demonstrated at the McColl
Superfund site in Fullerton, California, in June
and July 1990. An enclosure 60 feet wide, 160
feet long, and 26 feet high was erected over an
area contaminated with VOCs and sulfur di-
oxide. A backhoe was used to remove of the
Excavation Area Enclosure
Page 118
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approve or endorse technologies.
-------
November 1993
Completed Project
overburden and excavate underlying waste.
Three distinct types of waste were encountered
during excavation: oily mud, tar, and hard,
coal-like char.
The following documents contain results of the
demonstration and are available from CERI:
• Applications Analysis Report
(EPA/540/AR-92/015)
• Technology Evaluation Report
(EPA/540/R-93/015)
• Demonstration Summary
(EPA/540/SR-92/015)
DEMONSTRATION RESULTS:
During excavation, the 5-minute average air
concentrations within the enclosed area were up
to 1,000 parts per million (ppm) for sulfur
dioxide and up to 492 ppm for total hydro-
carbons (THC). The air pollution control sys-
tem removed up to 99 percent of the sulfur
dioxide and up to 70 percent of the THCs.
The concentrations of contaminants in the air
inside the enclosure were higher than expected.
This was due in part to the vapor suppressant
foam's inability to form an impermeable mem-
brane over the exposed wastes. The foam
reacted with the highly acidic waste, causing the
foam to degrade. Furthermore, purge water
from foaming activities made surfaces slippery
for workers and equipment.
A total of 101 cubic yards of overburden and
137 cubic yards of contaminated waste was
excavated. The tar waste was solidified and
stabilized by mixing it with fly ash, cement, and
water in a pug mill. The char wastes did not
require further processing.
FOR FURTHER INFORMATION:
EPA PROJECT MANAGER:
Jack Hubbard
U.S. EPA
Risk Reduction Engineering Laboratory
26 West Martin Luther King Drive
Cincinnati, OH 45268
513-569-7507
Fax: 513-569-7620
TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPER CONTACT:
John Blevins
U.S. EPA, Region 9
Mail Code H-6-1
75 Hawthorne Avenue
San Francisco, CA 94105
415-744-2241
The SITE Program assesses but does not
approve or endorse technologies.
Page 119
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Technology Profile
DEMONSTRATION PROGRAM
WASTECH, INC.
(Solidification and Stabilization)
TECHNOLOGY DESCRIPTION:
This solidification and stabilization technology
applies proprietary bonding agents to soils,
sludge, and liquid wastes contaminated with
organic and inorganic contaminants. The tech-
nology uses a reagent to chemically bond with
contaminants in wastes. The waste and reagent
mixture is then mixed with pozzolanic, cemen-
titious materials, which combine to form a
stabilized matrix. Reagents are selected based
on the characteristics of the waste to be treated.
Treated material is a nonleaching, high-strength,
stabilized end-product.
The process uses standard engineering and
construction equipment. Because the type and
dose of reagents depend on waste characteristics,
treatability studies and site investigations must
be conducted to determine the proper treatment
formula.
Treatment usually begins with excavation of
waste. Waste containing large pieces of debris
must be pre-screened to remove the debris from
the waste. The waste is then placed into a high
shear mixer (see figure below), along with
premeasured quantities of water and SuperSet®,
WASTECH, Inc.'s (WASTECH) proprietary
reagent.
Next, pozzolanic, cementitious materials are
added to the waste-reagent mixture, stabilizing
the waste and completing the treatment process.
WASTECH's treatment technology does not
generate by-products. The process may also be
applied in situ.
WASTE APPLICABILITY:
WASTECH's technology can treat a wide vari-
ety of waste streams consisting of soils, sludges,
and raw organic streams, such as lubricating oil,
aromatic solvents, evaporator bottoms, chelating
agents, and ion exchange resins, with con-
taminant concentrations ranging from parts per
million levels to 40 percent by volume. The
technology can also treat wastes generated by the
petroleum, chemical, pesticide, and wood-pre-
serving industries, as well as wastes generated
WATER
WASTE MATERIAL SIZING
WASTE
STOCKPILE
CEMENT
ED PROCESSED
EXCAVATION BSSfB
SPECIFICATIONS
POZZOLANS
WASTECH Solidification and Stabilization Process
Page 120
The SITE Program assesses but does not
approve or endorse technologies.
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November 1993
Completed Project
by many other chemical manufacturing and
industrial processes. WASTECH's technology
can also be applied to mixed wastes containing
organic, inorganic, and radioactive con-
taminants.
STATUS:
The technology was accepted into the SITE
Demonstration Program in spring 1989. A
bench-scale evaluation of the process has been
completed. A field demonstration at Robins Air
Force Base in Warner Robins, Georgia was
completed in August 1991, where the
WASTECH technology was used to treat high
level organic and inorganic wastes at an in-
dustrial sludge pit. WASTECH conducted an
abbreviated demonstration with a detailed mass
balance evaluation in fall 1992. The technology
is being commercially applied to treat hazardous
wastes contaminated with various organics,
inorganics, and mixed wastes.
FOR FURTHER INFORMATION:
EPA PROJECT MANAGER:
Terrence Lyons
U.S. EPA
Risk Reduction Laboratory
26 West Martin Luther King Drive
Cincinnati, OH 45268
513-569-7589
Fax: 513-569-7676
TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPER CONTACT:
E. Benjamin Peacock
WASTECH, Inc.
P.O. Box 4638
114TulsaRoad
Oak Ridge, TN 37830
615-483-6515
Fax: 615-483-4239
The SITE Program assesses but does not
approve or endorse technologies.
Page 727
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Technology Profile
DEMONSTRA TION PROGRAM
ROY F. WESTON, INC.
(Low Temperature Thermal Treatment [LT3®J System)
TECHNOLOGY DESCRIPTION:
The Roy F. Weston, Inc. (Weston), low temper-
ature thermal treatment (LT3®) system thermally
desorbs organic compounds from contaminated
soil without heating the soil to combustion
temperatures. The transportable system is
assembled on three flat-bed trailers and requires
an area of about 5,000 square feet, including
ancillary and support equipment. The LT3®
system (shown below) consists of three seg-
ments: soil treatment, emissions control, and
water treatment.
The LT3® thermal processor consists of two
jacketed troughs, one above the other. Each
trough houses four intermeshed screw con-
veyors. A front-end loader feeds soil (or
sludge) onto a conveyor that discharges into a
surge hopper above the thermal processor.
Circulating hot oil is used to heat the soil to
400-500 °F, removing contaminants. Soil is
discharged from the thermal processor into a
conditioner where a water spray cools the soil
and minimizes dust emissions.
A fan draws desorbed organics from the thermal
processor through a fabric filter baghouse.
Depending on contaminant characteristics, dust
collected on the fabric filter may be retreated,
combined with treated material, or drummed
separately for off-site disposal. Exhaust gas
from the fabric filter is drawn into an air-cooled
condenser to remove most of the water vapor
and organics. It is then passed through a sec-
ond, refrigerated condenser and treated by
carbon adsorption.
Condensate streams are typically treated in a
three-phase oil-water separator to remove light
Low Temperature Thermal Treatment System
Page 122
The SITE Program assesses but does not
approve or endorse technologies.
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November 1993
Completed Project
and heavy organic phases from the water phase,
which is then treated in the carbon adsorption
system to remove residual organic contaminants.
Treated condensate is often used for soil con-
ditioning, and only the organic phases are dis-
posed of off site.
WASTE APPLICABILITY:
This technology treats soils contaminated with
volatile and semivolatile organic compounds
(VOC and SVOC). Bench-, pilot-, or full-scale
LT3® systems have treated soil contaminated
with the following wastes: coal tar, drill cut-
tings (oil-based mud), No. 2 diesel fuel, JP4 jet
fuel, leaded and unleaded gasoline, petroleum
hydrocarbons, halogenated and nonhalogenated
solvents, VOCs, SVOCs, and polynuclear aro-
matic hydrocarbons.
STATUS:
This technology was accepted into the SITE
Demonstration Program in September 1991. In
November and December 1991, the LT3® system
was demonstrated under the SITE program as
part of a proof-of-process test for full-scale
remediation of the Anderson Development
Company (ADC) Superfund site in Adrian, MI.
The system was tested on lagoon sludge from
the ADC site. This sludge was contaminated
with VOCs, SVOCs, and 4,4-methylene
bis(2-chloroaniline) (MBOCA).
DEMONSTRATION RESULTS:
The SITE demonstration yielded the following
preliminary results:
» The LT3® system removed VOCs to
below method detection limits (less than
0.060 milligrams per kilogram [mg/kg]
for most compounds).
• The LT3® system achieved MBOCA ,
removal efficiencies greater than 88
percent; concentrations in the treated
sludge ranged from 3.0 to 9.6 mg/kg.
• The LT3® system decreased the con-
centrations of all SVOCs in the sludge,
with the exception of phenol, which
increased in relation to the decrease in
chlorobenzene.
• Stack emissions of non-methane total
hydrocarbons increased from 6.7 to 11
parts per million by volume during the
demonstration; the maximum emission
rate was 0.2 pounds per day (ppd). The
maximum particulates emission rate was
0.02 ppd, and no chlorides were mea-
sured in stack gases.
The Applications Analysis Report
(EPA/540/AR-92/019) is available from EPA.
The Technology Evaluation report will be avail-
able in 1994.
FOR FURTHER INFORMATION:
EPA PROJECT MANAGER:
Paul dePercin
U.S. EPA
Risk Reduction Engineering Laboratory
26 West Martin Luther King Avenue
Cincinnati, OH 45268
513-569-7797
Fax: 513-569-7620
TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPER CONTACT:
Mike Cosmos
Roy F. Weston, Inc.
1 Weston Way
West Chester, PA 19380
215-430-7423
The SITE Program assesses but does not
approve or endorse technologies.
Page 123
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Technology Profile
DEMONSTRA TION PROGRAM
ROY F. WESTON, INC./ffiG TECHNOLOGIES
(UVB - Vacuum Vaporizing Well)
TECHNOLOGY DESCRIPTION:
The Unterdruck-Verdampfer Brunnen (UVB) is
an in situ system for remediation of con-
taminated aquifers, especially those contaminated
with volatile and semivolatile hydrocarbons or
heavy metals, and uses a combination of chemi-
cal, physical and biological processes.
A UVB system consists of a specially adapted
groundwater well, a negative pressure stripping
reactor, an aboveground mounted blower, and a
waste air decontamination system such as dispos-
able granular activated carbon filters.
The water level rises inside the well (ap-
proximately 1 foot) due to negative pressure
generated by a blower. Fresh air is drawn into
the system through a pipe leading to the strip-
ping reactor and passes up through the raised
water. The rising air bubbles enhance the
suction effect at the bottom of the well (air-lift-
pump).
As a result of the concentration gradient, the
contaminants vaporize into the air bubbles and
are removed from the well by the air flow.
A specific flow direction can be induced by
adding a support pump to produce a vertical
flow either upward or downward within the
well. The oscillating hydraulic pressure forces
the water horizontally into the aquifer through
the top screened segment of the well. In the
Activated Cirbon Filter
Blower
Ambiont Air
Monitoring Walls
Resting GW Level
.-.•.:,;.-.....••• •'.•:. •••.•'i-ftf-'-•-'.
Unsaturated Zone\ \'>X;i-.'v.'i/V^'
Negative Pressure
Working GW Level
.'.' -„,; Artificial Pack
Bentonite Seal
UVB Standard Circulation
Page 124
The SITE Program assesses but does not
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November 1993
Completed Project
surrounding aquifer, a circulation system devel-
ops in which water enters at the base of the well
and leaves through the upper screened segment,
or vice versa, depending on the desired flow
direction.
A flow pattern with a calculable horizontal and
vertical component is produced in the aquifer to
compensate for the directed water flow within
the UVB well. Thus, treated groundwater
circulates through the sphere of influence (within
the aquifer) before returning to the well.
The UVB technology is capable of extracting
soil gas during groundwater treatment. The
amount of soil gas and groundwater passing
through the decontamination system can be
adjusted according to the type of contamination
and the well construction.
WASTE APPLICABILITY:
The UVB technology is designed to remove
volatile organic compounds, including trichloro-
ethene and 1,1-dichloroethane from ground-
water.
STATUS:
This technology was accepted into the SITE
Demonstration Program in 1993. The 6-month
demonstration at March Air Force Base, Califor-
nia will be completed in November 1993.
FOR FURTHER INFORMATION:
EPA PROJECT MANAGER:
Michelle Simon
U.S. EPA
Risk Reduction Engineering Laboratory
26 West Martin Luther King Drive
Cincinnati, OH 45268
513-569-7469
Fax: 513-569-7676
TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPER CONTACTS:
Jeff Bannon or Ron Chu
Roy F. Weston, Inc.
6400 Canoga Ave., Suite 100
Woodland Hills, CA 91367
818-596-6900
Fax: 818-340-1744
Eric Klingel
IEG Technologies
1833-D Crossbeam Drive
Charlotte, NC 28217
704-357-6090
Fax: 704-357-6111
The SITE Program assesses but does not
approve or endorse technologies.
Page 125
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1
Ni
TABLE 2
Ongoing SITE Demonstration Program Projects as of October 1993
Developer
Accutech Remedial Systems,
Inc.,'
Keyport, NJ (005)"
AlliedSignal, Inc.,
Des Plaines, IL (003)
Andco Environmental
Processes, Inc.,
Amherst, NY (007)
Aprotek,
Sacramento, CA (008)
ASI Environmental
Technologies, Inc./
Dames & Moore,
St. Petersburg, FL (005)
Billings and Associates, Inc.,
Albuquerque NM (007)
Bio-Recovery Systems,
t ***
Inc.,
Las Graces, NM (005)/(E01)
CF Systems Corporation,*
Woburn, MA (008)
Clean Berkshires, Inc.,
Lanesboro, MA (008)
Technology
Pneumatic Fracturing
Extraction and Catalytic
Oxidation
ICB Biotreatment System
Electrochemical In Situ
Chromate Reduction and
Heavy Metal
Immobilization
Ion Conduction
Agglomeration System
Hydrolytic Terrestrial
Dissipation
Subsurface Volatilization
and Ventilation System
(SWS®)
Biological Sorption
Solvent Extraction
Mobile Thermal
Desorption System
Technology
Contact
Harry Moscatello
908-739-6444
Steve Lupton
708-391-3224
Conrad Kempton
201-455-5531
Michael Brewster or
Gary Peck
716-691-2100
Cathryn Wimberly
916-366-6165
Stoddard Pickrell
812-822-7477
Gale Billings
505-345-1116
Don Brenneman
713-575-4693
Mike Hosea
505-523-0405
800-697-2001
Chris Shallice
617-937-0800
James Maxymillian
413-499-9862
EPA Project
Manager
Uwe Frank
908-321-6626
Ronald Lewis
513-569-7856
Douglas Grosse
513-569-7844
Jack Hubbard
513-569-7507
Ronald Lewis
513-569-7856
Kim Lisa Kreiton
513-569-7328
Naomi Barkley
513-569-7854
Mark Meckes
513-569-7348
Ronald Lewis
513-569-7856
Waste Media
Soil, Rock
Groundwater,
Wastewater
Groundwater
Groundwater
Soil
Soil, Sludges,
Groundwater
Groundwater,
Electroplating
Rinse water
Soil, Sludge,
Wastewater
Soil
Applicable Waste
Inorganic
Not Applicable
Not Applicable
Heavy Metals, Hexavalent
Chromium
Metals
Not Applicable
Not Applicable
Heavy Metals
Not Applicable
Not Applicable
Organic
Halogenated and
Nonhalogenated VOCs and
SVOCs
Readily Biodegradable
Organic Compounds
Not Applicable
Not Applicable
Low-Level Toxaphene and
Other Pesticides
BTEX, VOCs, SVOCs
Not Applicable
PCBs, VOCs, SVOCs,
Petroleum Wastes
VOCs, SVOCs, PAHs and
Coal Tars
"^ An additional demonstration is planned for this technology. Refer to the profile in the Demonstration Program (completed projects) section for more information on this technology.
Solicitation Number
From Emerging Technology Program
-------
TABLE 2 (continued)
Ongoing SITE Demonstration Program Projects as of October 1993
Developer
Colorado Department of Health
(developed by Colorado
School of Mines),"*
Denver, CO (005)/(E01)
Dynaphore, Inc.,
Richmond, VA (006)
Ensotech, Inc.,
Sun Valley, CA (007)
EnviroMetal Technologies, Inc.,
Guelph, Ontario, Canada (008)
GEOCHEM, A Division of
Terra Vac,
Lakewood, CO (007)
Geosafe Corporation,
Richland, WA (002)
GRACE Dearborn, Inc.,
Mississauga, Ontario, Canada
(008)
High Voltage Environmental
Applications, Inc.,*"
Miami, PL (008)
Technology
Wetlands-Based
Treatment
FORAGER® Sponge
Mobile Environmental
Treatment System
In Situ Metal Enhanced
Abiotic Degradation of
Dissolved Halogenated
Organic Compounds in
Groundwater
In Situ Remediation of
Chromium in
Groundwater
In Situ Vitrification
Daramend™
Bioremediation
Technology
High-Energy Electron
Irradiation
Technology
Contact
Rick Brown
303-692-3383
Norman Rainer
804-288-7109
Lou Reynolds
703-713-9000
Inderjit Sabherwal
818-767-2222
John Quayle
519-824-0432
Jim Rouse
303-988-8902
James Hansen
509-375-0710
Alan Seech
Igor Marvan
416-279-2222
William Cooper
305-593-5330
EPA Project
Manager
Edward Bates
513-569-7774
Carolyn Esposito
908-906-6895
Naomi Barkley
513-569-7854
Chien Chen
908-906-6985
Douglas Grosse
513-569-7844
Teri Richardson
513-569-7949
Teri Richardson
513-569-7949
Franklin Alvarez
513-569-7631
Waste Media
Acid Mine
Drainage
Industrial
Discharge,
Municipal Sewage
Process Streams,
Acid Mine
Drainage Wastes
Soil
Groundwater
Groundwater
Soil, Sludge
Soils, Sediments
Water Streams and
Sludges
Applicable Waste
Inorganic
Metals
Metals
Heavy Metals
Not Applicable
Hexavalent Chromium,
Uranium, Selenium, Arsenic
Nonspecific Inorganics
Not Applicable
Not Applicable
Organic
Not Applicable
Not Applicable
Hydrocarbons, Chlorinated
Organics
Vinyl Chloride, 1,1,1-
Trichloroethane, 1,2-
Dichloroethene, TCE and
PCE
Not Applicable
Nonspecific Organics
PAHs, PCP, Total
Petroleum Hydrocarbons
Most Organics
NJ
VI
From Emerging Technology Program
-------
TABLE 2 (continued)
Ongoing SITE Demonstration Program Projects as of October 1993
Developer
Horsehead Resource
Development Co., Inc.,*
Monaca, PA (008)
Hydrologies, Inc.,
Englewood, CO (008)
In-Situ Fixation Company,
Chandler, AZ (005)
International Environmental
Technology,
Perrysburg, OH (005)
IT Corporation,
San Bernardino, CA (007)
North American Technologies
Group, Inc.,
Sacramento, CA (008)
North American Technologies
Group, Inc.,
Sacramento, CA (008)
Praxis Environmental
Technologies, Inc.,
San Francisco, CA (008)
Purus, Inc.,
San Jose, CA (006)
Remediation Technologies, Inc.,
Seattle, WA (002)
Technology
Flame Reactor
CURE-
Electrocoagulation
Wastewater Treatment
System
Deep In Situ
Bioremediation Process
Geolock and Bio-Drain
Treatment Platform
In Situ Groundwater
Treatment System
BioTreat™ System
Oleophilic Amine-Coated
Ceramic Chip
Hydrocarbon Recovery
In Situ Steam Enhanced
Extraction Process
Vapor Treatment Process
Liquid and Solids
Biological Treatment
Technology
Contact
Regis Zagrocki
412-773-2289
Carl Dalrymple
303-761-6960
Richard Murray
602-821-0409
Rebecca Sherman
419-856-2001
419-255-5100
Walter Grinyer
909-799-6869
Cathryn Wimberly
916-366-6165
Cathryn Wimberly
916-366-6165
Lloyd Stewart
415-641-9044
Paul Blystone
408-955-1000
Merv Coover
206-624-9349
EPA Project
Manager
Marta Richards
513-569-7783
Annette Gatchett
513-569-7697
Edward Opatken
513-569-7855
Randy Parker
513-569-7271
Michelle Simon
513-569-7469
Mary Stinson
908-321-6683
Laurel Staley
513-569-7863
Paul dePercin
513-569-7797
Norma Lewis
513-569-7665
Ronald Lewis
513-569-7856
Waste Media
Soil, Sludge,
Industrial Solid
Residues
Water
Soil, Sludge
Soil
Groundwater
Sludges, Soil, and
Mixed Media
Groundwater,
Marine Wastes
Soils,
Groundwater
Groundwater, Soil
Soil, Sludge,
Sediments
Applicable Waste
Inorganic
Metals
Aluminum, Arsenic, Barium,
Cadmium, Chromium,
Cyanide, Lead, Nickel,
Uranium, and Zinc
Not Applicable
Not Applicable
Not Applicable
Not Applicable
Not Applicable
Not Applicable
Not Applicable
Not Applicable
Organic
Not Applicable
Not Applicable
Biodegradable Organics
Biodegradable Organics
VOCs, TCE, Benzene,
Chloroform
Gasoline, Jet Fuel, Diesel
Fuel, Motor Oil, Crude
Oil, PAHs, BTEX, Methyl
Isobutyl Ketone, TCE,
PCP, Creosotes
Gasoline, Crude Oil, Diesel
Fuel, BTEX, PAHs, PCBs,
PCP, Trichloroethene
VOCs and SVOCs,
Hydrocarbons, Solvents
Fuel Hydrocarbons, VOCs,
SVOCs, Chlorinated
Solvents
Biodegradable Organics,
Creosote, PCP, PAHs
•-4
&
03
An addtional demonstration is planned for this technology. Refer to the profile in the demonstration program section (completed projects) for more information on this technology.
-------
TABLE 2 (continued)
Ongoing SITE Demonstration Program Projects as of October 1993
Developer
Risk Reduction
Engineering Laboratory,
Cincinnati, OH (006)
Rochem Separation
Systems, Inc.,
Torrance, CA (006)
S.M.W. Seiko, Inc.,
Hayward, CA (004)
Separation and Recovery
Systems, Inc.,
Irvine, CA (002)
Sonotech, Inc.,
Atlanta, GA (007)
TechTran Environmental, Inc.,
Houston, TX (005)
Terra-Kleen Corporation,
Oklahoma City, OK (006)
Texaco Syngas Inc.,
White Plains, NY (006)
Udell Technologies, Inc.,
Berkeley, CA (005)
Western Research Institute,***
Laramie, WY (005) (E01)
Technology
Bioventing
Rochem Disc Tube
Module System
In Situ Solidification and
Stabilization
SAREX Chemical
Fixation Process
Frequency Tunable Pulse
Combustion System
Combined Chemical
Precipitation, Physical
Separation, and Binding
Process for Radionuclides
and Heavy Metals
Soil Restoration Unit
Entrained-Bed
Gasification
In Situ Steam Enhanced
Extraction Process
Contained Recovery of
Oily Wastes (CROW™)
Technology
Contact
Paul McCauley
513-569-7444
David LaMonica
310-370-3160
David Yang
510-783-4105
Brad Miller
714-261-8860
Zin Plavnik
404-525-8530
E.B. (Ted) Daniels
713-688-2390
Alan Cash
405-728-0001
Richard Zang
914-253-4047
Kent Udell
510-644-4474
Lyle Johnson
307-721-2281
EPA Project
Manager
Kim Lisa Kreiton
513-569-7328
Douglas Grosse
513-569-7844
Jack Hubbard
513-569-7507
Jack Hubbard
513-569-7507
Marta Richards
513-569-7783
Annette Gatchett
513-569-7697
Mark Meckes
513-569-7348
Marta Richards
513-569-7783
Paul dePercin
513-569-7797
Eugene Harris
513-569-7862
Waste Media
Soil
Liquids
Soil
Sludge, Soil
Soil, Medical
Waste
Aqueous
Solutions, Sludge,
Soil
Soil
Soils, Sludges,
Sediments
Soils,
Groundwater
Soil
Applicable Waste
Inorganic
Not Applicable
Nonspecific Inorganics
Metals
Low-Level Metals
Nonspecific Inorganics
Heavy Metals, Radionuclides
Not Applicable
Nonspecific Inorganics
Not Applicable
Not Applicable
Organic
Biodegradable Organics
Organic Solvents
SVOCs, PCBs, PAHs,
Phenols, Pesticides
Nonspecific Organics
Nonspecific Organics
Not Applicable
PCBs, PCP, Creosote,
Chlorinated Solvents,
Naphthalene, Diesel Oil,
Used Motor Oil, Jet Fuel,
Grease, Organic Pesticides
Nonspecific Organics
VOCs and SVOCs,
Hydrocarbons, Solvents
Coal Tar Derivatives,
Petroleum By-products,
PCP
••*
Jo
(O
From Emerging Technology Program
-------
TABLE 2 (continued)
Ongoing SITE Demonstration Program Projects as of October 1993
Developer
Wheelabrator Technologies Inc.,
Hampton, NH (008)
Zenon Environmental
Systems, Inc.,***
Burlington, Ontario, Canada
(007)
Zenon Environmental
Systems, Inc.,
Burlington, Ontario, Canada
(007)
Zimpro Passavant
Environmental
Systems, Inc.,
Rothschild, WI (002)
Technology
WES-PHix Stabilization
Process
Cross-Flow
Pervaporation System
ZenoGem™ Process
PACT* Wastewater
Treatment System
Technology
Contact
Mark Lyons
603-929-3000
Philip Canning
905-639-6320
Tony Tonelli
416-639-6320
William Copa
715-359-7211
EPA Project
Manager
Esperanza Piano Renard
908-906-4355
Ronald Turner
513-569-7775
Daniel Sullivan
908-321-6677
John Martin
513-569-7758
Waste Media
Municipal Waste
Combustion Ash,
Soils, Sludges
Groundwater, La-
goons, Leachate,
Rinse water
Groundwater,
Leachate
Groundwater,
Industrial
Wastewater,
Leachate
Applicable Waste
Inorganic
Heavy Metals, Lead,
Cadmium, Copper, Zinc
Not Applicable
Not Applicable
Not Applicable
Organic
Not Applicable
Solvents, Degreasers,
Gasoline
Nonspecific Biodegradable
Organics
Biodegradeable VOCs and
SVOCs
*** From Emerging Technology Program
-------
-------
Technology Profile
DEMONSTRA TION PROGRAM
ALLIEDSIGNAL, INC.
(ICB Biotreatment System)
TECHNOLOGY DESCRIPTION:
The immobilized cell bioreactor (ICB)
biotreatment system is an aerobic, anaerobic, or
combined aerobic/anaerobic fixed-filmbioreactor
system designed to remove organic contaminants
(including nitrogen-containing compounds and
chlorinated solvents) from process wastewater,
contaminated groundwater, and other aqueous
streams. The system offers improved treatment
efficiency through the use of (1) a unique,
proprietary reactor medium that maximizes
biological activity in the reactor and (2) a pro-
prietary reactor design that maximizes contact
between the biofilm and the contaminants.
These features result in quick, complete degra-
dation of target contaminants to carbon dioxide,
water, and biomass. Additional advantages
include (1) high treatment capacity, (2) compact
system design, and (3) reduced operations and
maintenance costs resulting from simplified
operation and low sludge production.
Basic system components include the bioreac-
tor(s), media, mixing tanks and pumps, feed
pump, recirculation pump, and a blower to
provide air to the aerobic bioreactor. The figure
below is a schematic of the system.
Depending on the specifics of the influent
streams, some standard pretreatments, such as
pH adjustment or oil and water separation, may
be required. Effluent clarification is not re-
quired for the system to operate, but may be
required to meet specific discharge requirements.
WASTE APPLICABILITY:
The ICB biotreatment system has been suc-
cessfully applied to industrial wastewater and
groundwater containing a wide range of organic
contaminants, including polynuclear aromatic
hydrocarbons (PAH), phenols, gasoline, chlor-
inated solvents, diesel fuel, and chlorobenzene.
pH System Nutrients System
Anaerobic ICB
Cometabolic
Substrates
Dual Anaerobic/Aerobic ICB Flow Diagram
Page 132
The SITE Program assesses but does not
approve or endorse technologies.
-------
November 1993
Ongoing Project
Industrial streams amenable to treatment include
wastewaters generated from chemical manufac-
turing, petroleum refining, wood treating, tar
and pitch manufacturing, food processing, and
textile fabricating. AlliedSignal, Inc. has ob-
tained organic chemical removal efficiencies of
greater than 99 percent. The ICB biotreatment
system, because of its proprietary medium, is
also very effective in remediating contaminated
groundwater streams containing trace organic
contaminants. The ICB biotreatment system can
be provided as a complete customized facility for
specialized treatment needs or as a packaged
modular unit. The technology can also be used
to retrofit existing bioreactors by adding the
necessary internal equipment and proprietary
media. The table below summarizes recent
applications.
STATUS:
A dual ICB anaerobic/aerobic system for biore-
mediation of chlorinated solvents will be demon-
strated in the near future at a trichloroethene
(TCE)-contaminated site in St. Joseph,
Michigan.
This system has a completely enclosed head-
space, eliminating the possibility of air stripping
of volatile organics or intermediates. The
process was tested both in the laboratory and at
pilot scale and reduced high levels of TCE
(greater than 100 ppm) to low parts-per-billion
levels.
A Demonstration Plan will be developed in
1994; the demonstration will be conducted
sometime thereafter.
Applications
Pipeline Terminal Waste-
water
Specialty Chemical Was-
tewater
Groundwater
Coal Tar Distillation Plant
Wastewater
Wood Treating Waste-
water
Contaminants
COD, Benzene,
MTBE, Xylenes
Cresols, MTBE,
PAH, Phenolics
Chlorobenzene,
TCE
Phenol, Cyanide,
Ammonia
Phenolics, Creo-
sote
• Commercial
• Commercial
• Pilot
• Commercial
• Commercial
FOR FURTHER INFORMATION:
EPA PROJECT MANAGER:
Ronald Lewis
U.S. EPA
Risk Reduction Engineering Laboratory
26 West Martin Luther King Drive
Cincinnati, OH 45268
513-569-7856
Fax: 513-569-7620
TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPER CONTACT:
Steve Lupton
AlliedSignal Research & Technology
50 E. Algonquin Road
Des Plaines, IL 60017
708-391-3224
Fax: 708-391-3776
TECHNOLOGY VENDOR CONTACT:
C. Conrad Kempton
AlliedSignal Tar Products
101 Columbia Road
Morristown, NJ 07962
201-455-5531
The SITE Program assesses but does not
approve or endorse technologies.
Page 133
-------
Technology Profile
DEMONSTRA TION PROGRAM
ANDCO ENVIRONMENTAL PROCESSES, INC.
(Electrochemical In Situ Chromate Reduction
and Heavy Metal Immobilization)
TECHNOLOGY DESCRIPTION:
The Electrochemical In Situ Chromate Reduction
and Heavy Metal Immobilization process uses
electrochemical reactions to generate ions for
removal of hexavalent chromium and other
metals from groundwater. As contaminated
water is pumped from an aquifer though the
treatment cell (see figure below), electrical
current passes from electrode to electrode though
the process water. The electrical exchange
induces the release of ferrous and hydroxyl ions
from opposite sides of each electrode. A small
gap size coupled with the electrode potentials of
hexavalent chromium and ferrous ion cause
reduction of hexavalent chromium almost instan-
taneously. Depending on the pH, various solids
may form. They include chromium hydroxide,
hydrous ferric oxide, and a chromium-substi-
tuted hydrous iron complex.
For in situ chromate reduction to occur, a slight
excess of ferrous iron must be provided. This
concentration is determined based on the hexa-
valent chromium concentration in the ground-
water, site-specific hydraulics, and the desired
rate of site cleanup. Dilution is avoided by
introducing ferrous ions in situ and using the
aquifer's water to convey them. Following their
injection, soluble ferrous ions circulate until they
contact either chromate containing solids or
chromate ions. In conventional pump-and-treat
schemes,.-chromate dragout results in long
treatment times. Through in situ reduction of
chromates adsorbed on the soil matrix and
contained in precipitates, treatment times should
be reduced by more than 50 percent.
If implemented properly under favorable pH
conditions, complete chromate reduction can be
achieved without the need for sludge handling.
As chromate reduction occurs, iron and chromi-
um solids are filtered out and stabilized in the
soil. When precipitates do not form due to
unfavorable pH, the system can easily be oper-
ated as part of a pump-and-treat process until
chromium removal goals are achieved. Elimi-
nating dragout shortens system life and mini-
ANDCO
ELECTROCHEMICAL
PROCESS
GROUND
SURFACE
"J UNCONFINED
4^ AQUIFIER
CONFINED
AQUIFIER
Electrochemical !n Situ Chromate Reduction and Heavy Metal Immobilization Process
Page 134
The SITE Program assesses but does not
approve or endorse technologies.
-------
November 1993
Ongoing Project
mizes sludge handling. Another option is to
combine a pump-and-treat scheme with in situ
chromate reduction to maximize the cleanup
rate, reduce aquifer contaminant loads, and
provide water for irrigation or industry.
Another benefit of this method is that hydrous
iron oxide adsorbs heavy metals. When iron
solids are immobilized in the soil, the con-
centrations of other contaminants in the ground-
water decrease significantly because of ad-
sorption and coprecipitation.
WASTE APPLICABILITY:
The pilot plant is designed to treat groundwater
contaminated with hexavalent chromium in
concentrations of 1 to 50 parts per million (ppm)
and other heavy metals (2 to 10 ppm) including
zinc, copper, nickel, lead, and antimony. A
full-scale system can be engineered to handle
any flow rate as well as elevated contaminant
loads. Each system will be site-specific and
designed to achieve all remediation objectives.
STATUS:
This technology was accepted into the SITE
Demonstration Program in June 1992. Screen-
ing of candidate sites for the demonstration
began in early 1993. The demonstration is
scheduled for Spring 1994. Although the pro-
cess can be used for remediation of both con-
fined and unconfined aquifers, water from an
unconfined source will 'be treated during the
demonstration.
FOR FURTHER INFORMATION:
EPA PROJECT MANAGER:
Douglas Grosse
U.S. EPA
Risk Reduction Engineering Laboratory
26 West Martin Luther King Drive
Cincinnati, Ohio 45268
513-569-7844
Fax: 513-569-7676
TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPER CONTACT:
Michael Brewster
Andco Environmental Processes, Inc.
595 Commerce Drive
Amherst, NY 14228-2380
716-691-2100
TECHNOLOGY VENDOR CONTACT:
Gary Peck
Andco Environmental Processes, Inc.
595 Commerce Drive
Amherst, NY 14228-2380
716-691-2100
The SITE Program assesses but does not
approve or endorse technologies.
Page 135
-------
Technology Profile
DEMONSTRATION PROGRAM
APROTEK
(Ion Conduction Agglomeration System)
TECHNOLOGY DESCRIPTION:
The high tension Ion Conduction Agglomeration
(INCA) system is an electrolytic recovery pro-
cess that selectively removes or recovers soluble
and particulate metals from aqueous solutions
such as mining effluents, process waters, waste
waters and sludges. Each INCA module is
individually configured to recover each desired
element in a separate stream. This is particular-
ly important when the waste stream contains a
combination of valuable and hazardous materials
such as is common hi mining effluent. The
standard flow-through system is a modular unit
which can process up to 2,000 gallons per
minute. Larger volumes can be processed by
increasing unit size or adding additional mod-
ules.
The INCA system includes an ion destabilizer
that features a unique anode and cathode con-
figuration. Unlike other types of electrolytic
technologies in which the cathodes are made of
stainless steel, the INCA system cathodes are
made of a specially designed substrate. Propri-
etary coatings specific to the metals to be col-
lected are grafted on the tubular collection units.
When power is applied, metallic ions in the
solution relative to the types of coatings on the
tubes are destabilized and agglomerate. The
metals are collected on a special plate system,
where they are consolidated into a sludge and
fall into a collection vessel. The sludges, which
contain approximately 66 percent water, are
drained and dried hi a drum dryer. The remain-
ing material, a metal powder, is sent for proces-
sing or disposal as appropriate.
The INCA system can process aqueous solutions
efficiently and greatly reduces costs for two
major reasons: 1) the technology costs much
less than traditional treatment methods, and 2)
the value of precious metals recovered during
the process may offset the cost of remediation
and, in fact, could turn the treatment system into
a profit center.
Powar
supply
Screen
Influent
dean affluent
water
INCA System
Page 136
The SITE Program assesses but does not
approve or endorse technologies.
-------
November 1993
Ongoing Project
WASTE APPLICABILITY:
The INCA system can recover virtually any
target metal in any aqueous waste stream con-
taining up to 60 percent solids. Applications
include on-site remediation for mining effluents
and contaminated groundwater. It can also be
used as an in-process treatment system for
manufacturing processes where metals in solu-
tion are a problem. The modular unit can easily
be used in tandem with other technologies, such
as those that remove hydrocarbons, to constitute
a total treatment train.
STATUS:
This technology was accepted into the SITE
Demonstration Program in February 1993. A
SITE demonstration is scheduled for late 1993
using mine drainage from the Argo Tunnel and
the National Tunnel in Colorado.
FOR FURTHER INFORMATION:
EPA PROJECT MANAGER:
Jack Hubbard
U.S. EPA
Risk Reduction Engineering Laboratory
26 West Martin Luther King Drive
Cincinnati, OH 45268
513-569-7507
Fax: 513-569-7620
TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPER CONTACT:
Cathryn Wimberly
Aprotek
3316CorbinWay
Sacramento, CA 95827
916-366-6165
The SITE Program assesses but does not
approve or endorse technologies.
Page 137
-------
Technology Profile
DEMONSTRATION PROGRAM
ASI ENVIRONMENTAL TECHNOLOGIES, INC./
DAMES & MOORE
(Hydrolytic Terrestrial Dissipation)
TECHNOLOGY DESCRIPTION:
The Hydrolytic Terrestrial Dissipation (HTD)
process was developed for use at the
Cheraairspray site in Palm Beach County, Flori-
da. An estimated 11,500 cubic yards of surface
soils at the site is contaminated with toxaphene
(a chlorinated pesticide) and metal fungicides,
primarily copper.
After excavation, the HTD process comminutes
(mixes and cuts) soils to uniformly distribute
metal complexes and organic chemicals. During
mixing, caustics are added to raise the soil pH to
8.0 or greater, although slower reactions should
still occur at lower pHs. Soil moisture levels
are maintained during mixing to prevent ad-
sorption and fugitive dust. Sodium metabisulfite
(a reducing agent) is added at intervals to cata-
lyze the process.
The prepared mixture is then distributed in a
thin veneer (4 to 7 centimeters) over a soil bed
and exposed to heat and ultraviolet light from
the sun to facilitate dissipation. Lighter weight
toxaphene compounds are reported to be vola-
tile. Under HTD conditions, the toxaphene's
volatility increases as heavier compounds are
dehalogenated to lower molecular weights.
Ultraviolet light also dechlorinates toxaphene, so
more volatile toxaphene moieties at the surface
will slowly degrade to still lower molecular
weights.
HTD uses the metal-catalyzed alkaline hydroly-
sis reactions, catalyzed by sodium metabisulfite,
to liberate chlorine ions that form various metal
salts, depending on the characteristics of the
contaminated media. Dehalogenation reduces
toxaphene to camphene (C10H16), which ul-
timately degrades to water and carbon oxides
The figure below illustrates the process.
Soils in the distribution bed are periodically
sampled to evaluate any residual contamination.
Also, the quality of underlying groundwater is
ADDITIVES
SOIL EXCAVATION
STAGING
CAUSTIC
CATALYSTS
MOISTURE
MAINTENANCE
HEAT AND
ULTRAVIOLET LIGHT
ADDITIVE REPLACEME
BED STERILIZATION
SYSTEM OPERATION
COMMINUTION AND MIXING
SAMPLING AND ANALYSIS
HEAT AND
ULTRAVIOLET LIGHT
DISTRIBUTION BED
AGRICULTURAL PRODUCTION
Hydrolytic Terrestrial Dissipation
Page 138
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November 1993
Ongoing Project
monitored during operation. After treated soils
meet established criteria, the land may be re-
turned to beneficial use. One staging unit can
treat about 5,000 to 6,000 cubic yards per year.
WASTE APPLICABILITY:
HTD can treat large quantities of soil con-
taminated by small amounts of toxaphene or
other pesticides. Depending on the pesticide,
metal catalysts other than copper and iron may
be effective. The process involves a hydrolysis
reaction; however, flash points, vapor pressures,
and other physical properties can enhance dis-
sipation. Although it may have such application,
this method was not developed for highly con-
centrated soil contaminants.
STATUS:
This technology was accepted into the SITE
Demonstration Program in spring 1991. A
simulation tank has been constructed to evaluate
hydrolysis under laboratory conditions. A
quality control program will validate laboratory
results.
Soil moisture may play a major role in the
release of toxaphene from its bound state and
allow degradation to occur. Treatability studies
were conducted with soil moisture of about 50
percent, soil pH at 8.5, air temperature at 102 to
105 °F, and a UV wavelength of 356 nano-
meters. These studies also showed that under
simulated conditions, HTD methods reduce
organochlorine pesticide concentrations in soils.
FOR FURTHER INFORMATION:
EPA PROJECT MANAGER:
Ronald Lewis
U.S. EPA
Risk Reduction Engineering Laboratory
26 West Martin Luther King Drive
Cincinnati, OH 45268
513-569-7856
Fax: 513-569-7620
TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPER CONTACT:
Stoddard Pickrell
Allied Environmental
42 First Street NE
St. Petersburg, FL 33701
813-822-7477
The SITE Program assesses but does not
approve or endorse technologies.
Page 139
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Technology Profile
DEMONSTRATION PROGRAM
BILLINGS AND ASSOCIATES, INC.
[Subsurface Volatilization and Ventilation System (SWS®)]
TECHNOLOGY DESCRIPTION:
The SWS® (Patent Number 5,221,159), devel-
oped by Billings and Associates, Inc. (BAI), and
operated by Brown & Root Environmental, a
division of Halliburton NUS Corporation under
a licensing agreement, uses a network of injec-
tion and extraction wells (collectively, a reactor
nest) to treat subsurface organic contamination
via soil vacuum extraction combined with in situ
biodegradation. Each system is custom designed
to meet site-specific conditions. A series of
injection and extraction wells is installed at a
site. The number and spacing of the wells
depend upon the modeling results of applying a
design parameter matrix, as well as the physical,
chemical, and biological characteristics of the
site. One or more vacuum pumps create nega-
tive pressure to extract contaminant vapors,
while an air compressor simultaneously creates
positive pressure across the treatment area.
Control is maintained at a vapor control unit that
houses pumps, control valves, gauges, and other
process control hardware. At most underground
storage tank (UST) sites, extraction wells are
placed above the water table and injection wells
are placed below the groundwater. The exact
depth of the injection wells and screened
intervals are additional design considerations.
To enhance vaporization, solar panels are oc-
casionally used to heat the injected air. Ad-
ditional valves for limiting or increasing air flow
and pressure are placed on individual reactor
air compressor vacuum pump
Subsurface Volatilization and Ventilation System (SWS)
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November 1993
Ongoing Project
nest lines (radials) or, at some sites, on in-
dividual well points. Depending upon ground-
water depths and fluctuation, horizontal vacuum
screens, "stubbed" screens, or multiple-depth
completions can be applied. The system is
dynamic: positive and negative air flow can be
shifted to different locations at the site to place
the most remediation stress on the areas re-
quiring it. Negative pressure is maintained at a
suitable level to prevent escape of vapors.
Because it provides oxygen to the subsurface,
the S WS® can enhance in situ bioremediation at
a site. The technology, unlike most air sparging
systems, is designed to enhance bioremediation.
Thus, it can decrease remediation time sig-
nificantly. These processes are normally moni-
tored by measuring dissolved oxygen levels in
the aquifer, recording carbon dioxide levels in
transmission lines and at the emission point, and
periodically sampling microbial populations. If
air quality permits require, volatile organic
compound emissions can be treated by a
patent-pending biological filter that uses indigen-
ous microbes from the site.
BAI is focusing on increasing the microbio-
logical effectiveness of the system and complet-
ing the testing of a mobile unit. The mobile unit
will allow rapid field pilot tests to support the
design process. This unit will also permit actual
remediation of small sites and of small, recal-
citrant areas on large sites.
WASTE APPLICABILITY:
The SVVS® is applicable to sites with leaks or
spills of gasoline, diesel fuels, and other hydro-
carbons, includinghalogenated compounds. The
system is very effective on benzene, toluene,
ethylbenzene, and xylene (BTEX) contamination.
It can also be used to contain contaminant
plumes through its unique vacuum and air
injection techniques. The technology should be
effective in treating soils contaminated with
virtually any material that has some volatility or
is biodegradable. The technology can be applied
to contaminated soil, sludges, free-phase hydro-
carbon product, and groundwater. By changing
the injected gases to induce anaerobic conditions
and by properly supporting the microbial popula-
tion, the SWS® can be used to remove nitrate
from groundwater. The aerobic SVVS® raises
the redox potential of groundwater, to precipitate
and remove heavy metals.
STATUS:
The SVVS® has been implemented at 75 UST
sites in New Mexico, North Carolina, South
Carolina, and Florida. This technology was
accepted into the SITE Demonstration Program
in winter 1991. A site in Buchanan, Michigan
was selected for the demonstration, and initial
drilling and construction began on July 20,
1992. The SVVS® will be used to remediate
BTEX, tetrachloroethene (PCE), trichloroethene
(TCE), and dichloroethene (DCE) at the site.
The demonstration began in March 1993 and
will require 12 months to complete.
Intermediate results may be available throughout
the project.
FOR FURTHER INFORMATION:
EPA PROJECT MANAGER:
Kim Lisa Kreiton -
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
Risk Reduction Engineering Laboratory
26 West Martin Luther King Drive
Cincinnati, OH 45268
513-569-7328
Fax: 513-569-7620
TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPER CONTACTS:
Gale Billings
Billings and Associates, Inc.
3816 Academy Parkway North, N.E.
Albuquerque, NM 87109
505-345-1116
Fax: 505-345-1756
Don Brenneman
Brown & Root Environmental
10200 Bellaire
Houston, TX 77072
713-575-4693
Fax: 713-575-4691
The SITE Program assesses but does not
approve or endorse technologies.
Page 141
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Technology Profile
DEMONSTRA TION PROGRAM
BIO-RECOVERY SYSTEMS, INC.
(Biological Sorption)
TECHNOLOGY DESCRIPTION:
The AlgaSORB® sorption process is designed to
remove heavy metal ions from aqueous solu-
tions. The process is based on the natural
affinity of algae cell walls for heavy metal ions.
In many applications, AlgaSORB® is highly
selective in capturing the metal of interest with-
out being saturated by large concentrations of
salts. AlgaSORB® seems particularly effective
in removing mercury and uranium from ground-
water.
The sorption medium comprises algal cells
immobilized in a silica gel polymer. This
immobilization serves two purposes: (1) it
protects the algal cells from decomposition by
other microorganisms, and (2) it produces a hard
material that can be packed into chromatographic
columns that, when pressurized, still exhibit
good flow characteristics.
The system functions as a biological ion-ex-
change resin to bind both metallic cations (posi-
tively charged ions, such as mercury, Hg+2) and
metallic oxoanions (large, complex, oxygen-
containing ions with a negative charge, such as
selenium oxide, SeO4"2). Anions such as chlor-
ides or sulfates are only weakly bound or not
bound at all.
Like ion-exchange resins, the algae-silica system
can be recycled. However, in contrast to cur-
rent ion-exchange technology, the components of
hard water (calcium, Ca"1"2, and magnesium,
Mg+2) or monovalent cations (sodium, Na+, and
potassium, K+) do not significantly interfere
with the binding of toxic heavy metal ions to the
algae-silica matrix.
After the media are saturated, the metals are
stripped from the algae using acids, bases, or
other suitable reagents. This produces a small
Ion Exchange System
Page 142
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November 1993
Ongoing Project
volume of very concentrated metal-containing
solutions that must be further treated.
The photograph on the previous page shows a
100-gallon-per-minute (gpm) ion-exchange
system designed to operate with either
AlgaSORB® or conventional chemical resins.
Smaller and larger systems have been designed
and manufactured.
WASTE APPLICABILITY:
This technology is useful for removing metal
ions from groundwater or surface leachates that
are "hard" or contain high levels of dissolved
solids. Rinse waters from electroplating, metal
finishing, and printed circuit board manufac-
turing industries can also be treated. Variations
of the technology, some using other adsorbents,
may be used to recover spent acid from metal
pickling lines and maintain the purity of chem-
ical baths that use heavy metals.
The system can remove heavy metals such as
aluminum, cadmium, chromium, cobalt, copper,
gold, iron, lead, manganese, mercury, molyb-
denum, nickel, platinum, silver, uranium, vana-
dium, and zinc.
STATUS:
Under the Emerging Technology Program, the
AlgaSORB® sorption process was tested on
mercury-contaminated groundwater at a hazard-
ous waste site in Oakland, California, in fall
1989. The final report (EPA/540/5-90/005a) is
available. Based on the test results, Bio-Recov-
ery Systems, Inc. was invited to participate in
the Demonstration Program.
Further work, supported by the U.S. Depart-
ment of Energy (DOE) and Argonne National
Laboratory, was conducted on groundv/ater
containing mercury and uranium from the Oak
Ridge, Savannah River, and Hanford DOE sites.
The final report, "Remediation of Groundv/ater
containing Radionuclides, Heavy Metals,
Inorganic Ions, and/or Organics using the
AlgaSORB® Biosorbent System" has been sub-
mitted to Argonne National Laboratory.
The process is being commercialized for ground-
water treatment and industrial point source
treatment.
FOR FURTHER INFORMATION:
EPA PROJECT MANAGER:
Naomi Barkley
U.S. EPA
Risk Reduction Engineering Laboratory
26 West Martin Luther King Drive
Cincinnati, OH 45268
513-569-7854
Fax: 513-569-7620
TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPER CONTACT:
Mike Hosea
Bio-Recovery Systems, Inc.
2001 Copper Avenue
Las Cruces, NM 88005
505-523-0405
800-697-2001
Fax: 505-523-1638
The SITE Program assesses but does not
approve or endorse technologies.
Page '143
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Technology Profile
DEMONSTRATION PROGRAM
CLEAN BERKSfflKES INC.
(Mobile Thermal Desorption System)
TECHNOLOGY DESCRIPTION:
Clean Berkshires Inc. 's Mobile Thermal Desorp-
tion System (TDS) uses rotary kiln technology to
remove contaminants from soils. The TDS can
be used to remediate soils contaminated with
volatile organic compounds (VOC), semivolatile
organic compounds (SVOC), and polynuclear
aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH). It is fully trans-
portable, requires a footprint of 100-by-140 feet
and can be set up on site in 4 to 6 weeks. The
system combines high throughput with the ability
to remediate mixed conisistency soil, including
sands, silts, clay and tars.
The TDS consists of the following components
(see figure below):
• Waste feed system
• Rotary kiln drum desorber
* Cyclone
• Afterburner
Quench tower
Baghouse
Fan and exhaust stack
Multistage dust suppression system
Process control room
The thermal treatment process involves two
steps: volatilization of contaminants followed by
gas treatment. During the volatilization step,
contaminated materials are exposed to tempera-
tures ranging from 600 °F to 1,000 °F in a co-
current flow rotary kiln drum desorber, causing
contaminants to volatilize to the gas phase.
Clean soils are then discharged through a multi-
stage dust suppression system for re-
moisturization and stacked for testing.
The gas and particulate stream passes from the
kiln to the cyclone where coarse particles are
removed. The stream then enters the after-
burner, which destroys airborne contaminants at
temperatures ranging from 1,600 °F to 2,000
,.--- ATOMIZING AIR
! i 1
KILN
I.SoiFwdRato
2. KHn Entry Pressure
3. KBn Q«a Exft Temperature
4. Sofl Dbcharaa Temperature
5.AB Gat BdtT
MAKE UP WATER
6. Quench Water Flow
7. Quench Exit Temperature
8. Baghouse Differential Pressure
9. ID Fan Differential Pressure
10. Stack Gas Flow Rate
11. CEM(GO,CO2.O2.THC)
Mobile Thermal Desorption System
Page J44
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November 1993
Ongoing Project
°F. The gas stream is then cooled by quenching
before passing through a high-efficiency bag-
house where fine particles are removed. The
gas is then released to the atmosphere through a
60-foot stack.
Soil pretreatment consists of shredding, crush-
ing, and screening to achieve a uniform particle
size of less than 0.75 inch. Feed soils are also
processed to achieve uniform moisture content
and heating value. Processed soil, after dis-
charge from the dust suppression system, is
stockpiled and allowed to cool prior to sampling.
The TDS offers the following advantages:
• The kiln and afterburner are separate
chambers; thus the system temperature
can be optimized to volatilize con-
taminants while ensuring destruction in
the afterburner.
• The entire system operates under nega-
tive pressure, preventing fugitive emis-
sions.
• The baghouse is located downstream of
the afterburner. This prevents airborne
contaminants from recondensing onto
dust particles, because contaminants are
destroyed in the afterburner before gas
temperatures are reduced.
• Co-current flow within the kiln assures
decontamination of dust particles.
WASTE APPLICABILITY:
The TDS is designed to remove a wide variety
of contaminants from soil, including VOCs,
SVOCs, PAHs, and coal tars.
STATUS:
This technology was accepted into the SITE
Demonstration Program in 1993. The demon-
stration will be conducted at the Niagara Mo-
hawk Power Corporation's Harbor Point site in
Utica, New York.
FOR FURTHER INFORMATION:
EPA PROJECT MANAGER:
Ronald Lewis
U.S. EPA
Risk Reduction Engineering Laboratory
26 West Martin Luther King Drive
Cincinnati, OH 45268
513-569-7856
Fax: 513-569-7620
TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPER CONTACT:
James Maxymillian
Clean Berkshires, Inc.
86 South Main Street
Lanesboro, MA 01237
413-499-9862
The SITE Program assesses but does not
approve or endorse technologies.
Page 145
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Technology Profile
DEMONSTRA TION PROGRAM
COLORADO DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH
(Developed by COLORADO SCHOOL OF MINES)
(Wetlands-Based Treatment)
TECHNOLOGY DESCRIPTION:
The constructed wetlands-based treatment tech-
nology uses natural geochemical and biological
processes inherent in a man-made wetland
ecosystem (see figure below) to accumulate and
remove metals from influent waters. The treat-
ment system incorporates principal ecosystem
components found in wetlands, including organic
soils, microbial fauna, algae, and vascular
plants.
Influent waters, with high metal concentrations
and low pH, flow through the aerobic and
anaerobic zones of the wetland ecosystem.
Metals are removed by filtration, ion exchange,
adsorption, absorption, and precipitation through
geochemical and microbial oxidation and reduc-
tion. In filtration, metal flocculates and metals
that are adsorbed onto fine sediment particles
settle in quiescent ponds, or are filtered out as
the water percolates through the soil or the plant
canopy. Ion exchange occurs as metals in the
water contact humic or other organic substances
in the soil medium. Oxidation and reduction
reactions that occur in the aerobic and anaerobic
zones, respectively, play a major role in remov-
ing metals as hydroxides and sulfides.
WASTE APPLICABILITY:
The wetlands-based treatment process is suitable
for acid mine drainage from metal or coal
mining activities. These wastes typically contain
high metals concentrations and are acidic.
Wetlands treatment has been applied with some
success to wastewater in the eastern United
States. The process may have to be adjusted to
account for differences in geology, terrain, trace
metal composition, and climate in the metal
mining regions of the western United States.
STATUS:
Based on results from the SITE Emerging
Technology Program, this process has been
selected for the SITE Demonstration Program.
The project's final year under the Emerging
Technology Program was 1991. Results of a
ANAEROBIC
ZONE
AEROBIC
ZONE
Typical Wetland Ecosystem
Page 146
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approve or endorse technologies.
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November 1993
Ongoing Project
study of drainage from the Big Five Tunnel near
Idaho Springs, Colorado showed that removal
efficiency of heavy metals can approach the
removal efficiency of chemical precipitation
treatment plants.
One final goal of the Emerging Technology
Program project was the development of a
manual that discusses design arid operating
criteria for constructing a full-scale wetland to
treat acid mine discharges. The "Wetland
Designs for Mining Operations" manual will be
available from NTIS in 1993. A copy of an
earlier version of the manual can be purchased
from BiTech Publishing (604-277-4250).
The Demonstration Program will evaluate the
effectiveness of a full-scale wetland. The pro-
posed demonstration site is the Burleigh Tunnel
near Silver Plume, Colorado. The Burleigh
Tunnel is part of the Clear Creek/Central City
Superfund site in Colorado. Construction of the
demonstration wetland system is scheduled for
September or October 1993. Evaluation will
require 1 to 2 years.
FOR FURTHER INFORMATION:
EPA PROJECT MANAGER:
Edward Bates
U.S. EPA
Risk Reduction Engineering Laboratory
26 West Martin Luther King Drive
Cincinnati, OH 45268
513-569-7774
Fax: 513-569-7676
TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPER CONTACT:
Rick Brown
Colorado Department of Health
4210 East llth Avenue, Room 252
Denver, CO 80220
303-692-3383
Fax: 303-759-5355
The SITE Program assesses but does not
approve or endorse technologies.
Page 147
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Technology Profile
DEMONSTRA TION PROGRAM
DYNAPHORE, INC.
(FORAGER® Sponge)
TECHNOLOGY DESCRIPTION:
The FORAGER® sponge is an open-celled
cellulose sponge incorporating an amine-con-
taining polymer that has a selective affinity for
aqueous heavy metals in both cationic and
anionic states. The polymer prefers to form
complexes with ions of transition-group heavy
metals, providing ligand sites that surround the
metal and form a coordination complex. The
polymer's order of affinity for metals is influ-
enced by solution parameters such as pH, tempe-
rature, and total ionic content. In general, the
following affinity sequence for several represen-
tative ions is expected:
Cd+ + > Cu+ + > Fe* + + > Au+ + + > Mn+ + >
Zn++ > Ni++ > Co++ > Pb++ > Au(CN)2' >
Se04-2> As04-3 > Hg++ > Cr04-2> Ag+ > M+++ >
Ca-1-+>Mg++
FORAGER® Sponge
Page 148
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November 1993
Ongoing Project
The removal efficiency for transition-group
heavy metals is about 90 percent at a flow rate
of one bed volume per minute. The highly
porous nature of the sponge speeds diffusional
effects, thereby promoting high rates of ion
absorption. The sponge can be used in columns,
fishnet-type enclosures, or rotating drums.
When using column operations, flow rates of
three bed volumes per minute can be obtained at
hydrostatic pressures only 2 feet above the bed
and without additional pressurization. There-
fore, sponge-packed columns are suitable for
unattended field use.
Absorbed ions can be eluted from the sponge
using techniques typically employed to regener-
ate ion exchange resins and activated carbons.
Following elution, the sponge can be used in the
next absorption cycle. The number of useful
cycles depends on the nature of the absorbed
ions and the elution technique used. Alter-
natively, the metal-saturated sponge can be
incinerated. In some instances, it may be pref-
erable to compact the sponge by drying it to an
extremely small volume to facilitate disposal.
The photograph on the previous page depicts
water being treated in an unattended column
using the FORAGER® sponge.
WASTE APPLICABILITY:
The sponge can scavenge metals in concentration
levels of parts per million and parts per billion
from industrial discharges, municipal sewage
process streams, and acid mine drainage waters.
When remediating groundwater, elongated nets
that confine the sponge are placed in wells and
removed when saturated. Alternatively, the
groundwater can be treated in a packed column
configuration.
STATUS:
This technology was accepted into the SITE
Demonstration Program in June 1991. The
sponge has been found effective in removing
trace heavy metals from acid mine drainage
water at three locations in Colorado.
In bench-scale tests, mercury, lead, nickel,
cadmium, and.chromium in groundwater have
been reduced to below detectable levels at
Superfund locations.
In a field-scale installation at a photoprocessing
operation that generates an aqueous effluent
containing 6 pounds of chromate and 0.8 pound
of silver per day, 75 percent reductions were
achieved at a cost of $1,100 per month.
The FORAGER® sponge will be demonstrated in
October 1993 at the National Lead Industry site
in Pedricktown, NJ. Treatability tests have
shown over 90 percent removal of cadmium,
lead, copper, and vanadium at flow rates of 2 to
3 gallons per minute.
FOR FURTHER INFORMATION:
EPA PROJECT MANAGER:
Carolyn Esposito
U.S. EPA
Risk Reduction Engineering Laboratory
2890 Woodbridge Avenue (MS-106)
Edison, NJ 08837-3679
908-906-6895
Fax: 908-906-6990
TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPER CONTACTS:
Norman Rainer
Dynaphore, Inc.
2709 Willard Road
Richmond, VA 23294
804-288-7109
Lou Reynolds
AdTechs Corp
2411 Dulles Corner Park
Herndon, VA 22071
703-713-9000
The SITE Program assesses but does not
approve or endorse technologies.
Page 149
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Technology Profile
DEMONSTRATION PROGRAM
ENSOTECH, INC.
(Mobile Environmental Treatment System)
TECHNOLOGY DESCRIPTION:
The Mobile Environmental Treatment System
(METS) is a multipurpose transportable treat-
ment unit that can continuously treat soils con-
taminated with organics, heavy metals, and
mixed wastes. The METS trailer-mounted unit
can process up to 35 tons of soil per hour (see
figure below). It is fitted with an ultraviolet
radiation source and a vacuum suction system
that uses granular activated carbon (GAC).
The technology uses a patented polysilicate
powder, LANDTREAT, as well as PETROXY,
a stabilized hydrogen peroxide product of
Ensotech, Inc. (Ensotech). The large surface
area provided by LANDTREAT, which is added
to soil before it enters the reaction chamber,
adsorbs PETROXY and assists in destroying
hydrocarbon contaminants. Carbon dioxide and
water are treatment by-products. The system is
designed to ensure maximum dispersion of the
additives though the soil matrix. PETROXY is
sprayed directly onto the soil to ensure complete
mixing. The vapors are continuously removed
while oxidation is in progress; the vapors are
then passed though the GAC drums. The pro-
cess is completed in a few minutes.
For heavy metals treatment, the treatment pro-
cess involves chemical fixation. The PETROXY
solution is replaced by ENSOL, a chemical
fixing agent that combines with heavy metals to
form a highly unleachable residue in soil. The
reaction is rapid and is essentially irreversible
because of the low solubility and high stability
of the metal hydroxide silicate complex. This
complex is further solidified to produce a non-
leachable final product by the addition of
LANDTREAT. This additive retains the surplus
chelating agent to prevent metals from leaching
from the treated soil. The process does not
change the physical properties of the soil. This
process is designed to meet the criteria for the
AIR3AMPUH9POHT
OEfttfiR
CARSON BED
,1-
AIR SAMPUNQ POINT
CARBON BED
VARIABLE SPEED
LANDTREAT FEEDER
VAHAELE SPEED
BELTCONVEYOR
MMNG AND REACTION CHAMBER
EQUIPPED WITH ROTARY AUGER
VARIABLE SPEED
PUMP
TREATED SOIL
DISCHARGE
Mobile Environmental Treatment System (METS)
Page 150
The SITE Program assesses but does not
approve or endorse technologies.
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November 1993
Ongoing Project
soluble threshold limit concentrations (STLC) of
the target metals. However, if the surface area
must be decreased, solidification/stabilization
agents such as portland cement, fly ash, and
limestone may be added.
For mixed wastes, treatment can be carried out
in two phases: chemical oxidation followed by
chemical fixation.
WASTE APPLICABILITY:
METS can treat soil contaminated with hydro-
carbons, chlorinated organics, heavy metals, and
mixed wastes.
STATUS:
This technology was accepted into the SITE
Demonstration Program in summer 1992. A site
for the demonstration has not yet been deter-
mined. Ensotech has conducted treatability
studies on samples from several potential sites
that have both chlorinated organic compounds
and metals. Additional sites are being
investigated for this demonstration.
Over 300 sites have been remediated using this
technology, including gasoline stations; oil
refineries; abandoned hazardous waste dumps;
chemical manufacturing plants; plating shops;
lead acid battery plants; and radiator/
transformer, circuit board, and hardware manu-
facturing facilities. Ensotech products have been
successfully used to decontaminate lagoons,
ponds, wastewater, and groundwater.
FOR FURTHER INFORMATION:
EPA PROJECT MANAGER:
Naomi Barkley
U.S. EPA
Risk Reduction Engineering Laboratory
26 West Martin Luther King Drive
Cincinnati, OH 45268
513-569-7854
Fax: 513-569-7620
TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPER CONTACT:
Inderjit Sabherwal
Ensotech, Inc.
7949 Ajay Drive
Sun Valley, CA 91352
818-767-2222
Fax: 818-768-7510
The SITE Program assesses but does not
approve or endorse technologies.
Page 151
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Technology Profile
DEMONSTRA TION PROGRAM
ENVIROMETAL TECHNOLOGIES, INC.
(In Situ Metal Enhanced Abiotic Degradation of
Dissolved Halogenated Organic Compounds in Groundwater)
TECHNOLOGY DESCRIPTION:
This remedial technology, developed by the
Waterloo Center for Groundwater Research and
EnviroMetal Technologies, Inc., removes
aqueous-phase halogenated organic compounds
from groundwater by using an in situ permeable
wall installed across a contaminated plume. As
the water passes through the wall, the halogen-
ated organics are degraded, thus preventing
further downstream migration of contaminants.
Recent research has indicated that certain zero-
valence metals, notably iron, can promote
degradation of a wide variety of dissolved
halogenated solvents. The permeable reaction
wall contains a specially prepared mixture of
iron and an inert support material. Observed
rates of degradation are several times higher
than those reported for natural abiotic degrada-
tion processes.
In most in situ applications of the technology,
groundwater moves through the permeable wall
naturally or is directed through the wall by
flanking impermeable sections such as sheet
piles or slurry walls. This passive method of
remediation is a cost-effective alternative to
conventional pump-and-treat method. Because
contaminants are degraded in situ and not trans-
ferred to another medium, this process elimi-
nates the need for treatment or disposal of
wastes. Future applications are expected to
include aboveground reactor vessels, which may
be used as a replacement for, or an addition to,
conventional pump-and-treat systems.
Process residuals may include dissolved meth-
ane, ethane, ethene, hydrogen gas, and small
amounts of chloride and dissolved ferrous iron.
WASTE APPLICABILITY:
The process was developed to treat dissolved
halogenated organic compounds in groundwater.
It has been shown to degrade a wide variety of
chlorinated alkanes and alkenes, including vinyl
chloride, 1,1,1 ,-trichloroethane, 1,2-dichloroeth-
ene, trichloroethene (TCE), and tetrachloroeth-
ene (PCE). Current studies indicate that other
v.v.v.v.v.v.-.-.v. groundwater"::;:::.".'.'
. . . . Tr«at«d .
. . .groundwater
^Permable
Treatment
Wall
Figure 1: Schematic View of an In Situ Permeable Treatment Wall
Page 152
The SITE Program assesses but does not
approve or endorse technologies.
-------
November 1993
Ongoing Project
organic contaminants, including Freon-113,
ethylene dibromide, and n-nitrosodimethylamine
are also degraded by the process.
STATUS:
A successful permeable in situ wall was installed
at the Canadian Forces Base Borden test site in
June 1991. Approximately 90 percent of TCE
and PCE was removed from groundwater pas-
sing through the wall. Monitoring of a second
wall installed in late 1992 is ongoing. Suc-
cessful bench-scale feasibility tests that simulate
flowing in situ conditions have been completed
using groundwater from industrial facilities in
California, Wisconsin, and New Jersey.
This technology was accepted into the SITE
Demonstration Program in spring 1993. A
pilot-scale demonstration of the technology is
scheduled for fall 1993 at an industrial facility in
New Jersey once construction issues are re-
solved. The overburden and shallow fractured
bedrock beneath the facility contain dissolved
TCE and PCE. The flow system prevents the
installation of a "standard" in situ reactive wall;
consequently, groundwater collected via trenches
installed in the shallow bedrock will be passed
through a treatment unit containing a high
percentage of iron at a velocity of 5 feet per
day. Groundwater discharge or disposal will be
approved by New Jersey Department of En-
vironmental Protection and Energy.
FOR FURTHER INFORMATION:
EPA PROJECT MANAGER:
Chien Chen
U.S. EPA
Risk Reduction Engineering Laboratory
2890 Woodbridge Avenue
Edison, NJ 08837-3679
908-906-6985
Fax: 908-321-6640
TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPER CONTACT:
John Quayle
EnviroMetal Technologies, Inc.
42 Arrow Road
Guelph, Ontario
Canada NIK 1S6
519-824-0432
Fax: 519-763-2378
Imparmable
Sheet Piling/
Slurry Wall
Figure 2: Schematic View of In Situ Permeable Treatment Section
Installed in Conjunction with an Impermeable Barrier
The SITE Program assesses but does not
approve or endorse technologies.
Page 153
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Technology Profile
DEMONSTRATION PROGRAM
GEOCHEM, A Division of Terra Vac
(In Situ Remediation of Chromium in Groundwater)
TECHNOLOGY DESCRIPTION:
The GEOCHEM treatment process removes
chromium from contaminated groundwater using
a variation on traditional pump-and-treat meth-
ods. As part of GEOCHEM's approach, con-
taminated groundwater is brought to the surface
and treated using conventional treatment systems
(see figure below). Next, a reductant is added
to the treated water, which is reinjected around
the plume margin. Here it reacts with and
reduces residual levels of chromium, forming a
precipitate. Such reinjection achieves better
hydrodynamic control by building a "barrier" of
elevated water levels around the plume, thereby
enhancing the gradient and associated hydraulic
control. The reinjection also allows for in situ
reduction and subsequent fixation of residual
chromium.
Most aquifer solids naturally contain chromium
(primarily trivalent) at levels of 15 parts per
million (ppm) or more as a result of the natural
crustal abundance of chromium. The precipita-
tion of residual chromium from the water does
not materially add to the concentration of chrom-
ium in the aquifer solids, because most con-
taminated zones contain only a few milligrams
per liter (mg/L) of chromium; the precipitation
of such material onto the aquifer solids does not
change the overall aquifer concentration.
Geochemical conditions will be evaluated under
the SITE Program to ensure that the precipitated
chromium does not become remobilized. Data
from two different soil treatment approaches are
shown on the next page, indicating that using a
reductant is the more effective method.
WASTE APPLICABILITY:
The GEOCHEM process is capable of treating
dissolved hexavalent chromium in groundwater
at concentrations ranging from the detection
limit to several hundred mg/L. The technique is
applicable to wood preserving and chromium
chemicals manufacturing sites as well as plating
REDUCTANTTREATED WATER
PRIOR
CONTAMINATION
vSOURCE
CONTAMINATED GROUND WATER
TREATMENT
PLANT
PUMPING
WATER TABLE
ORIGINAL
WATER TABLE
•OIN-SITUCr+3 v»
\ FIXATION
Cr+6
CONTAMINATED
GROUNDWATER
REDUCTANT
TREATED WATER
\X\y ^ADVANCING FRONT
V£x W REDUCTANT TREATED WATER
In Situ Remediation of Chromium in Groundwater
Page 154
The SITE Program assesses but does not
approve or endorse technologies.
-------
November 1993
Ongoing Project
and other facilities using hexavalent chromium.
In addition, treatment of such groundwater
contaminants as uranium, selenium, and arsenic
is possible. The technology also has an
operational history at mine sites.
STATUS:
GEOCHEM was accepted into the SITE Demon-
stration Program in summer 1992. Numerous
sites were evaluated for demonstration of
GEOCHEM's technology. The technology will
be demonstrated at the Valley Wood Treating
site in Turlock, California.
FOR FURTHER INFORMATION:
EPA PROJECT MANAGER:
Douglas Grosse
U.S. EPA
Risk Reduction Engineering Laboratory
26 West Martin Luther King Drive
Cincinnati, OH 45268
513-569-7844
Fax: 513-569-7676
TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPER CONTACT:
Jim Rouse
GEOCHEM
12265 W. Bayaud, Suite 140
Lakewood, CO 80228
303-988-8902
Chromium, mg/1
10000.00
1000.00
100.00
10.00
1.00
Chromium Cleanup
Standard 0.05 mg/l
ACTUAL DATA OF CHROMIUM CONCENTRATION IN PAIRED
COLUMN EFFLUENT AS A FUNCTION OF PORE VOLUME
Chromium Reduction as a Function of Water Flush Method and Pore Volume Throughput
The SITE Program assesses but does not
approve or endorse technologies.
Page 155
-------
Technology Profile
DEMONSTRATION PROGRAM
GEOSAFE CORPORATION
(In Situ Vitrification)
TECHNOLOGY DESCRIPTION:
In situ vitrification (ISV) uses an electric current
to melt soil or other earthen materials at
extremely high temperatures [1,600 to
2,000 °C], destroying organic pollutants by
pyrolysis. Inorganic pollutants are incorporated
within the vitrified glass and crystalline mass.
Water vapor and organic pyrolysis combustion
products are captured hi a hood, which draws
the contaminants into an off-gas treatment
system that removes particulates and other
pollutants from the gas.
The vitrification process begins by inserting an
array (usually square) of four large electrodes
slightly into contaminated zones containing
enough soil for melting to occur (see photograph
below). Because soil typically has low electrical
conductivity until molten, flaked graphite and
glass frit are placed on the soil surface between
the electrodes to provide a starter path for
electric current. The electric current passes
through the starter path and melts the soil at the
surface. As power is applied, the melt continues
downward and outward at a rate of 1 to 2 inches
per hour. The electrode array is lowered
progressively, as the melt grows, to the desired
treatment depth. After cooling, a vitrified
monolith results, with a glass and microcrystal-
line structure. This monolith possesses high
strength and excellent weathering and leaching
properties. The large-scale ISV system melts
soil at a rate of 4 to 6 tons per hour.
Air flow through the hood is controlled to
maintain a negative pressure. Excess oxygen is
supplied for combustion of any organic pyrolysis
by-products. Off-gases are treated by
(1) quenching, (2) pH-controlled scrubbing,
(3) dewatering (mist elimination), (4) heating
(for dew point control), (5) particulate filtration,
and (6) activated carbon adsorption.
Individual melt settings (each single placement
of electrodes) may encompass a total melt mass
of up to 1,000 tons and a maximum width of 40
feet. Single-setting depths as great as 25 feet
In Situ Vitrification Process
Page 756
The SITE Program assesses but does not
approve or endorse technologies.
-------
November 1993
Ongoing Project
below ground surface are considered possible.
Large-scale ISV equipment has achieved depths
exceeding 22 feet below ground surface.
Adjacent settings can be positioned to fuse to
each other, completely processing the desired
volume at a site. Special settings to reach deep
contamination are also possible. The void
volume in particulate materials (20 to 40 percent
for typical soils) and volatile materials are
removed during processing, greatly reducing the
waste volume.
The mobile ISV system is mounted on three
semitrailers. Electric power is usually obtained
from a utility distribution system at transmission
voltages of 12.5 or 13.8 Mlovolts. Typical
power consumption ranges from 800 to 1,000
kilowatt-hours per ton of soil processed. A
diesel generator may also provide power on site.
The electrical supply system has an isolated
ground circuit to provide safety.
WASTE APPLICABILITY:
The ISV process can destroy or remove organics
and immobilize most inorganics in contaminated
soils, sludges or other earthen materials. The
process has been tested on a broad range of
volatile and semivolatile organic compounds,
other organics including dioxins and
polychlorinated biphenyls, and on most priority
pollutant metals and radionuclides. In most
saturated soils or sludges, water is driven off at
the 100 °C isotherm moving in advance of the
melt. Water removal increases energy
consumption and associated costs. Also, sludges
must contain enough glass-forming material
(nonvolatile, nondestructible solids) to produce
a molten mass that will destroy or remove
organic pollutants and immobilize inorganic
pollutants. Most natural soils can be processed
without modification. In isolated cases, fluxing
materials may be necessary to obtain the desired
electrical conductivity.
The effectiveness of the ISV process is limited
by (1) individual void volumes in excess of 150
cubic feet, (2) rubble exceeding 20 percent by
weight, and (3) combustible organics in the soil
or sludge exceeding 5 to 10 weight percent,
depending on the heating value. Processing of
contamination below the water table may require
some means to limit recharge.
STATUS:
The ISV process has been operated for test and
demonstration purposes at the pilot scale 22
times, and at large scale 10 times at the
following sites: (1) Geosafe Corporation's test
site, (2) the U.S. Department of Energy's
(DOE) Hanford Nuclear Reservation, (3) DOE's
Oak Ridge National Laboratory, and (4) DOE's
Idaho National Engineering Laboratory. More
than 170 tests at various scales have been per-
formed on a broad range of waste types in soils
and sludges. The SITE demonstration will take
place at the Parsons/ETM site in Grand Ledge,
Michigan, where the process is currently operat-
ing. The process is scheduled for use at EPA
Superfund, private, U.S. Department of Defense
(DOD), and other DOE sites.
FOR FURTHER INFORMATION:
EPA PROJECT MANAGER:
Teri Richardson
U.S. EPA
Risk Reduction Engineering Laboratory
26 West Martin Luther King Drive
Cincinnati, OH 45268
513-569-7949
Fax: 513-569-7620
TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPER CONTACT:
James Hansen
Geosafe Corporation
2950 George Washington Way
Richland, WA 99352
509-375-0710
Fax: 509-375-7721
The SITE Program assesses but does not
approve or endorse technologies.
Page 157
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Technology Profile
DEMONSTRATION PROGRAM
GRACE DEARBORN, INC.
(Daramend™ Bioremediation Technology)
TECHNOLOGY DESCRIPTION:
GRACE Dearborn, Inc.'s organic amendment-
enhanced bioremediation technology
(Daramend™) is designed to degrade chlorinated
phenols, including pentachlorophenol (PCP),
creosotes, and petroleum hydrocarbons in
industrial soils and sediments. The method is
based upon addition of solid-phase organic soil
amendments of specific particle size distribution
and nutrient content. Soil amendments increase
the ability of the soil matrix to supply water and
nutrients to the microorganisms that degrade the
hazardous compounds. Also, the amendments
can transiently bind contaminants, thereby
reducing the acute toxicity of the soil aqueous
phase. This allows microorganisms to survive
in soils containing very high concentrations of
toxic compounds.
The technology can remediate soils both in situ
and ex situ. In situ treatment involves breaking .
up soils with excavation equipment to reduce
compaction and aid in the removal of debris,
such as rocks or metal from the treatment zone.
The soil is then tilled with a rotary tiller to
reduce the variation in soil properties and con-
taminant concentrations. Tilling also incor-
porates the required soil amendments and aids in
the delivery of oxygen to contaminant-degrading
microorganisms. Ex situ treatment involves
excavation and screening of contaminated soils.
Daramend™ Bioremediation Technology
Page 158
The SITE Program assesses but does not
approve or endorse technologies.
-------
November 1993
Ongoing Project
A contained treatment area covered, by a water-
proof temporary structure is prepared. Screened
soil is then deposited to a depth of ap-
proximately 2 feet and homogenized with a
rotary tiller. The full-scale demonstration is
expected to take 12 months.
Equipment needed to implement this technology
is readily available; requirements include a
rotary tiller, polyethylene canopy, spray ir-
rigation equipment, and excavation equipment.
WASTE APPLICABILITY:
The Daramend™ technology is applicable to a
wide range of organic contaminants in soils or
sediments. The technology has been proven
effective on soils with total polynuclear aromatic
hydrocarbon (PAH) concentrations of up to
20,000 milligrams per kilogram (rng/kg), total
petroleum hydrocarbon contamination up to
6,300 mg/kg, and PCP concentrations up to 680
mg/kg. Total PAHs and chlorophenols have
been reduced to Canadian Council of Minister of
the Environment guideline levels. Bench- and
pilot-scale investigations indicate that the
technology is also applicable to PAH-
contaminated sediment. The technology's ability
to treat chlorinated pesticide contamination is
being evaluated.
STATUS:
This technology was accepted into the SITE
Demonstration Program in spring 1993. The
Domtar Wood Preserving facility in Trenton,
Ontario has been selected as the demonstration
site.
FOR FURTHER INFORMATION:
EPA PROJECT MANAGER:
Teri Richardson
U.S. EPA
Risk Reduction Engineering Laboratory
26 West Martin Luther King Drive
Cincinnati, OH 45268
513-569-7949
Fax: 513-569-7620
TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPER CONTACTS:
Alan Seech or Igor Marvan
GRACE Dearborn, Inc.
3451 Erindale Station Road
Mississauga, Ontario
Canada L5A 3T5
416-279-2222 ext. 390
Fax: 416-279-0200
The SITE Program assesses but does not
approve or endorse technologies.
Page 159
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Technology Profile
DEMONSTRA TION PROGRAM
HIGH VOLTAGE ENVIRONMENTAL APPLICATIONS, INC.
(formerly ELECTRON BEAM RESEARCH FACILITY, FLORIDA INTERNATIONAL
UNIVERSITY AND UNIVERSITY OF MIAMI)
(High-Energy Electron Irradiation)
TECHNOLOGY DESCRIPTION:
High-energy electron irradiation of water solu-
tions and sludges produces a large number of
very reactive chemical species, including the
aqueous electron (e"aq), the hydrogen radical
(H •), and the hydroxyl radical (OH •). These
short-lived intermediates react with organic
contaminants, transforming them to nontoxic by-
products. The principal reaction that e~aq
undergoes is electron transfer to halogen-
containing compounds, which breaks the
halogen-carbon bond and liberates the halogen
anion [for example, chlorine (Cr) or bromine
(Br)]. The hydroxyl radical can undergo ad-
dition or hydrogen abstraction reactions, produc-
ing organic free radicals that decompose in the
presence of other hydroxyl radicals and water.
In most cases, organics are converted to carbon
dioxide, water, and salts. Lower molecular
weight aldehydes and carboxylic acids are
formed at very low concentrations in some
cases. These compounds are biodegradable end
products.
In the electron beam treatment process, electri-
city is used to generate high voltage electrons.
The electrons are accelerated by the voltage to
approximately 95 percent of the speed of light.
They are then directed into a thin stream of
water or sludge as it falls through the beam. All
reactions are complete in less than 0.1 seconds.
The electron beam and waste flow are adjusted
to deliver the necessary dose of electrons.
Although this is a form of ionizing radiation,
there is no residual radioactivity. A full-scale
facility in Miami, Florida, can treat more than
170,000 gallons per day. The facility is e-
quipped to handle tank trucks carrying up to
6,000 gallons of waste. High Voltage Environ-
mental Applications, Inc. has developed a mo-
PUMPING SYSTEM
ELECTRON ACCELERATOR
CONTROL ROOM
OFFICE/LAB
42'-0" (504")
J
ILEQS
k-
1103/4"
The Mobile Electron Beam Hazardous Waste Treatment System
Page 160
The SITE Program assesses but does not
approve or endorse technologies.
-------
November 1993
Ongoing Project
bile facility to demonstrate the process (see
figure).
WASTE APPLICABILITY:
This system has been found to effectively treat
a large number of common organic chemicals.
These include (1) trihalomethanes (such as
chloroform), which are found in chlorinated
drinking water; (2) chlorinated solvents, includ-
ing carbon tetrachloride, trichloroethane, tetra-
chloroethene (PCE), trichloroethene (TCE),
ethylene dibromide, dibromochloropropane,
hexachlorobutadiene, and hexachloroethane;
(3) aromatics found in gasoline, including
benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene, and xylene;
(4) chlorobenzene and dichlorobenzenes;
(5) phenol; (6) dieldrin, a persistent pesticide;
(7) polychlorinated biphenyls; and (8) a variety
of other organic compounds.
The technology is considered appropriate for
removing various hazardous organic compounds
from aqueous waste streams and sludges with up
to 8 percent solids.
STATUS:
This technology was accepted into the SITE
Emerging Technology Program in June 1990.
Studies have now been completed for six organic
compounds: TCE, PCE, chloroform, benzene,
toluene, and phenol. Removal efficiencies have
been determined at three solute concentrations
and three pHs (representing varying carbonate/
bicarbonate concentrations) and in the presence
and absence of 3 percent clay. The reaction by-
products have been determined for all six com
pounds. It appears, for the most part, that these
compounds are converted. Trace quantities
(several micrograms per liter) of formaldehyde
and other low molecular weight aldehydes have
been detected. Formic acid has also been detect-
ed at low concentrations; however, these com-
pounds are not toxic at these concentrations.
Papers are being prepared summarizing the
results of these studies.
Additional studies are underway to determine
destruction efficiencies and to characterize
reaction by-products of carbon tetrachloride and
methylene chloride.
The process will be demonstrated at the U.S.
Department of Energy (DOE) Savannah River
site in early 1994.
FOR FURTHER INFORMATION:
EPA PROJECT MANAGER:
Franklin Alvarez
U.S. EPA
Risk Reduction Engineering Laboratory
26 West Martin Luther King Drive
Cincinnati, OH 45268
513-569-7631
Fax: 513-569-7787
TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPER CONTACT:
William Cooper
High Voltage Environmental Applications, Inc.
9562 Doral Boulevard
Miami, FL 33178
305-593-5330
Fax: 305-593-0071
The SITE Program assesses but does not
approve or endorse technologies.
Page 161
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Technology Profile
DEMONSTRA TION PROGRAM
HYDROLOGICS, INC.
(CURE-Electrocoagulation Wastewater Treatment System)
TECHNOLOGY DESCRIPTION:
The CURE-Electrocoagulation (CURE) system
is designed to remove ionic metal species and
other charged particles in water. Because many
toxic metal ions such as nickel, lead, chromates,
and other metals are held in solution by electri-
cal charges, they can be induced to precipitate
out of solution if they are neutralized with
oppositely charged ions. The process is very
effective at breaking oil emulsions and removing
suspended solids. This technology is an im-
provement over previous electrocoagulation
methods due to a unique geometrical con-
figuration.
The patented geometry of the CURE system
maximizes liquid surface contact between the
anode and concentric cathode electrocoagulation
tubes, thus minimizing the power requirements
for efficient operation. The CURE system
allows the contaminated water to flow con-
tinuously through the cathode tube, causing a
direct current to pass uniformly through the
water stream. The contaminated water then
passes through the annular space between the
cathode and anode tubes and is exposed to
sequential positive and negative electrical fields.
Typical retention time is less than 20 seconds.
Water characteristics such as pH, redox
potential, and conductivity can be adjusted to
achieve maximum removal efficiencies for
specific contaminants.
After the treated water exits the electrocoagula-
tion tubes, the destabilized colloids are allowed
to flocculate and are then separated using an
integrated clarifier system. Polymers can be
added to enhance fiocculation, but in most cases
they are not required. The sludge produced by
this process is usually a very stable acid-resistant
sludge. Tests have shown that sludges produced
INFLUENT
CURE TUBES
CURE TUBES
I~
rt"^
V /
CLARIFIER
2±1
SLUDGE PUMP
EFFLUENT
RLTER PRESS.
DEWATERED
SLUDQE
Schematic Diagram of the CURE-Electrocoagulation System
Page 162
The SITE Program assesses but does not
approve or endorse technologies.
-------
November 1993
Ongoing Project
by the CURE system pass the toxicity charac-
teristic leaching procedure and can often be
disposed of as nonhazardous waste.
WASTE APPLICABILITY:
The CURE system is applicable to an extremely
broad range of dissolved metals, including
aluminum, arsenic, barium, cadmium, chromi-
um, cyanide, lead, nickel, uranium, and zinc.
Because electrocoagulation can also remove
other suspended materials from solution, this
technology can also treat mining, electroplating,
industrial wastewaters, and contaminated
groundwater. The system can also be used to
pretreat water for reverse osmosis systems since
it reduces silica, calcium, and suspended solids.
STATUS:
This technology was accepted into the SITE
Demonstration Program in summer 1993.
Potential demonstration sites are being evalu-
ated.
FOR FURTHER INFORMATION:
EPA PROJECT MANAGER:
Annette Gatchett
U.S. EPA
Risk Reduction Engineering Laboratory
26 West Martin Luther King Drive
Cincinnati, OH 45268
513-569-7697
Fax: 513-569-7620
TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPER CONTACT:
Carl Dalrymple
Hydrologies, Inc.
3101 S. Platte River Drive
Englewood, CO 80110
303-761-6960
Fax: 303-761-0146
The SITE Program assesses but does not
approve or endorse technologies.
Page 163
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Technology Profile
DEMONSTRA TION PROGRAM
IN-SITU FIXATION COMPANY
(Deep In Situ Bioremediation Process)
TECHNOLOGY DESCRIPTION:
This process increases the efficiency and rate of
biodegradation in deep contaminated soils. The
system injects site-specific microorganism mix-
ture(s) and the required nutrients into con-
taminated soil. The microorganism mixture(s),
nutrients, and soils are homogeneously mixed
without requiring any excavation. The mixing
process breaks down soil strata barriers and
improves oxygen mass transfer through con-
taminated tight soil.
The process uses a twin, 5-foot-diameter, dual
auger system (see photograph) powered and
moved by a standard backhoe. The hollow shaft
frL:
Dual Auger System
Page 164
The SITE Program assesses but does not
approve or endorse technologies.
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November 1993
Ongoing Project
auger drills into contaminated soil, allowing the
microorganism and nutrient mixture(s) to be
continually injected through a controlled nozzle
system. Oxygen, water, nutrients, and natural
bacteria, if necessary, are added to the contami-
nated area. A site-specific laboratory test pro-
gram determines what needs to be injected into
the soil to remediate it.
The distribution of the microorganisms and
nutrients occurs during the initial auger action.
The auger flights break the soil loose, allowing
mixing blades to thoroughly blend the micro-
organism and nutrient mixture with the soil.
Drilling occurs in an overlapping manner to
ensure complete treatment of all contaminated
soil. The mixing action is continued as the
augers are withdrawn. Treatment depth is
limited to 50 feet.
The development of site-specific microorganisms
is an integral part of the process. Laboratory
bench-scale tests are performed on contaminated
soil to determine the water, nutrients, and, if
necessary, bacteria required for successful
biodegradation. Although some contaminants
may volatilize during remediation, volatilization
can be minimized by adding a hood around the
auger assembly and treating the captured vapors
in a filter system.
The dual auger system was also developed for
the treatment of inorganic contaminated soils by
injecting reagent slurry into the soil to solidify
and stabilize contaminated waste.
Many sites require that an impermeable barrier
or containment wall be constructed to prevent
the continued migration of pollutants through
soil and water. This wall allows for greater
protection of the groundwater and surrounding
area.
WASTE APPLICABILITY:
The deep hi situ bioremediation process may be
applied to all organic-contaminated soils.
Varying degrees of success may occur with
different contaminants. High concentrations of
heavy metals or nonbiodegradable toxic or-
ganics, and alkaline or acidic conditions could
interfere with the degradation process.
No residuals or wastes are generated in this
process because all treatment is performed
beneath the ground surface.
STATUS:
This technology was accepted into the SITE
Demonstration Program in June 1990. The
demonstration is on hold until a support
mechanism can be established.
FOR FURTHER INFORMATION:
EPA PROJECT MANAGER:
Edward Opatken
U.S. EPA
Risk Reduction Engineering Laboratory
26 West Martin Luther King Drive
Cincinnati, OH 45268
513-569-7855
Fax: 513-569-7676
TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPER CONTACT:
Richard Murray
In-Situ Fixation Company
P.O. Box 516
Chandler, AZ 85244-0516
602-821-0409
The SITE Program assesses but does not
approve or endorse technologies.
Page '165
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Technology Profile
DEMONSTRATION PROGRAM
INTERNATIONAL ENVIRONMENTAL TECHNOLOGY
(Geolock and Bio-Drain Treatment Platform)
TECHNOLOGY DESCRIPTION:
The Geolock and Bio-Drain treatment platform
(see photograph below) is a bioremediation
system that treats soils in situ. The technology
can be adapted to soil characteristics, con-
taminant concentrations, and area geologic
formations. The system consists of an in situ
tank, an application system, and a bottom water
recovery system.
The Geolock tank, an in situ structure, consists
of high density polyethylene (HDPE), sometimes
in conjunction with a slurry wall. An under-
lying permeable water-bearing zone helps create
inward gradient water flow conditions. The tank
defines the treatment area, minimizes intrusion
of off-site clean water, minimizes release of
bacterial cultures to the aquifer, and maintains
contaminant concentration levels that facilitate
treatment. The inward gradient conditions also
facilitate reverse leaching or soil washing.
The application system, called Bio-Drain, is
installed within the treatment area. Bio-Drain
aerates the soil column and any standing water.
This creates an aerobic environment in the air
pores of the soil. Other gas mixtures can also
be introduced to the soil column, such as
air/methane mixtures used to biodegrade chlor-
inated organics. Installation costs are low, and
the treatment platforms can be placed in very
dense configurations at competitive costs.
Existing or new wells make up the water recov-
ery system, which removes water used to wash
contaminated soil. The system causes reverse
leaching or soil washing by controlling the water
levels within the tank. The design of the in situ
tank also controls the volume of clean off-site
Geolock and Bio-Drain Treatment Platform
Page 166
The SITE Program assesses but does not
approve or endorse technologies.
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November 1993
Ongoing Project
water entering the treatment system. Inward
gradient conditions direct existing contaminants
and bacterial degradation products to migrate
toward the surface instead of off site.
Until equilibrium conditions are established, the
only residual is the quantity of water withdrawn
from the system to create inwardgradient con-
ditions. After equilibrium conditions are es-
tablished, the water would be treated in situ to
meet National Pollutant Discharge Elimination
System (NPDES) or pretreatment limits.
The same Geolock/Bio-Drain platform can be
used to remove floating or sinking contaminants
prior to biological or physical/chemical treat-
ment. The platform can perform air stripping
using both pressure and vacuum systems to
remove excess volatile organics from saturated
waste or soil.
Conventional biological treatment is limited by
the depth of soil aeration, the need for physical
stripping, and the need to relocate the con-
taminated media to an aboveground treatment
system. The Geolock/Bio-Drain treatment
platform surpasses these limitations, reducing the
health risks associated with excavation and air
releases from other treatment technologies.
WASTE APPLICABILITY:
This system can treat all types and con-
centrations of biodegradable contaminants.
Through direct degradation or co-metabolism,
microorganisms can degrade most organic
substances including some polychlorinated
biphenyls. Only a few compounds, such as
1,4-dioxane, resist biodegradation. In these
cases, the material may be washed from the soil
using surfactants.
Extremely dense clays may be difficult to treat
with this technology. Rock shelves or boulders
may prevent installation.
STATUS:
The technology was accepted into the SITE
Demonstration Program in August 1990. Two
patents on the system were awarded in July and
October 1991. A demonstration site is being
selected.
FOR FURTHER INFORMATION:
EPA PROJECT MANAGER:
Randy Parker
U.S. EPA
Risk Reduction Engineering Laboratory
26 West Martin Luther King Drive
Cincinnati, OH 45268
513-569-7271
Fax: 513-569-7620
TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPER CONTACT:
Rebecca Sherman
International Environmental Technology
Box 797
Perrysburg, OH 43552
419-865-2001 or
419-255-5100
Fax: 419-389-9460
The SITE Program assesses but does not
approve or endorse technologies.
Page 167
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Technology Profile
DEMONSTRA TION PROGRAM
IT CORPORATION
(In Situ Groundwater Treatment System)
TECHNOLOGY DESCRIPTION:
The in situ groundwater treatment system re-
moves volatile organic compounds (VOC) from
groundwater by transferring them to a vapor
phase and destroying them with a photocatalytic
oxidation (PCO) unit, possibly followed by
treatment with granular activated carbon. The
organic compounds may be halogenated or non-
halogenated.
The process consists of three stages: (1) an air
lift pumping technique, (2) an in situ vapor
stripping method, and (3) air sparging. An
extraction unit well is installed to the bottom of
the contaminated aquifer. Air is injected into an
eductor pipe, lifting the contaminated ground-
water up through the pipe. The lifting action
causes displacement of groundwater from the
lower section of the well, which is replaced by
contaminated groundwater from the lower aqui-
fer.
In the first stage, air bubbles and water mix as
they move up the eductor pipe. As the bubbles
travel upward, partial transfer of chlorinated
VOCs from the water phase to the vapor phase
occurs. The vapor phase of the contaminants is
then drawn off by the vacuum system.
In the second stage, water that has been lifted to
the top of the well is sprayed as fine droplets
7GfMt-»|100f«>t—«125feet-X
(b) D*p«itob«hxic15StoieifMt
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PW.1tcr*jood from <«.7 to 68.7 f»ot(t>o«)
PW-2 KTMMd (ram 114 to 124 feet (bo»)
?VJ-3tate<>ciS from 14010155 fwt (bp»)
PW-4 HTMfWd from 50 J to 70 3 !••< <&0»)
PW^ toreaiwd Jrora 120 to 130 fMt (t>ot)
t*tt-t KTMCwd «rora 160 to 186 (ort (bg»)
HI dutWvnOi «• ••< 5 fxt «p«rt
NOT TO SCALE
Schematic Diagram of In Situ Groundwater Treatment System
Page 168
The SITE Program assesses but does not
approve or endorse technologies.
-------
November 1993
Ongoing Project
inside the well casing. Countercurrent air flow
strips additional chlorinated VOCs from the
water, similar to standard air stripping systems.
Water is sparged as it collects at the water table,
in the upper well. A packer separates the upper
well from the lower, forcing water to recharge
at the water table. Fine bubble aerators transfer
high volumes of air through the water, aerating
and stripping off remaining VOCs. This air
sparging step is the third and final treatment step
prior to recharge into the upper aquifer.
Throughout this process, a slight vacuum is
maintained on the upper well, which draws
stripped VOCs to the PCO unit.
Water from the lower portion of the aquifer
flows into the well to replace the air-lifted
water, causing drawdown. Thus, water is
circulated from the lower portion of the aquifer
into the well and then back to the upper portion
of the aquifer, establishing a recirculating treat-
ment zone. Multiple treatment stages are used
to achieve maximum cleanup efficiencies. The
system is designed to remove chlorinated VOCs
below maximum contaminant levels in the first
pass. Therefore, water reintroduced to the
upper aquifer should not degrade water quality.
WASTE APPLICABILITY:
The in situ groundwater treatment system is
designed to remove VOCs, including trichloro-
ethene, benzene, and chloroform, from
groundwater.
STATUS:
This technology was accepted into the SITE
Demonstration Program in 1993. The demon-
stration is on hold pending selection of a new
location at Site 2 on March Air Force Base,
California.
FOR FURTHER INFORMATION:
EPA PROJECT MANAGER:
Michelle Simon
U.S. EPA
Risk Reduction Engineering Laboratory
26 West Martin Luther King Drive
Cincinnati, Ohio 45268
513-569-7469
Fax: 513-569-7676
TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPER CONTACT:
Walter Grinyer
IT Corporation
1425 South Victoria Court, Suite A
San Bernardino, CA 92408-2923
909-799-6869
Fax: 909-799-7604
The SITE Program assesses but does not
approve or endorse technologies.
Page 169
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Technology Profile
DEMONSTRATION PROGRAM
NORTH AMERICAN TECHNOLOGIES GROUP, INC.
(BioTreat™ System)
TECHNOLOGY DESCRIPTION:
The BioTreat™ System is designed to accelerate
the naturally occurring biodegradation process.
It can be used in fixed biocells or applied direct-
ly as an in situ treatment method. The process
overcomes traditional bioremedial limitations by
using indigenous bacteria with specially selected
enzymes. The enzymes first break down the
physicochemical bonds between clay lenses by
neutralizing inherent electrical charges, thus
drastically improving permeability and releasing
trapped contaminants. Second, the enzymes
chemically bind to the hydrocarbons, resulting in
enzyme-catalyzed metabolic remediation which
significantly reduces treatment tunes. In most
projects completed to date, contamination was
reduced to below action levels within 30 days.
The figure below illustrates remediation tunes
for the BioTreat™ System as compared to land-
forming and conventional bioremediation tech-
niques.
This process is designed to destroy contaminants
on site through biological oxidation. Four
proprietary bioremedial agents are used to assist
biotreatment, each of which is specific to in-
dividual soil and contaminant characteristics such
as size, depth, density, and concentration. In
each case, indigenous bacteria are cultivated to
effect remediation.
The proprietary BioTreat™ System features a
series of multicomponent, functional, and bio-
chemical systems that provide for customized
treatment of organic contaminants in a wide
variety of host environments. Each system
consists of a contaminant-specific microbial
100000 s^Lag Phase
10000
TPH
in 1000
ppm
100
LANDFARMING
(Passive Bioremediation)
Low Performance
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&h|ftjij'rf'l>,JKj{[|ib!^|j5 l!i^lflf CONVENTIONAL
iUMl i'lU'W1.'^'Jf-i-^jf,"*^! BIOREMEDIATION
. < , mi,, '" « '» Hint,!(« » » I ill. t ,,i
ml ,,|i!IT„'""lli;vj'- •"';!i'jHi"g'h' Performance |^•''';,-1,'
(jlljjl*** l"lljlll J .1 J I lUJjllj! ' - ^MfMMMnvfMVffMfMMMHIIIinnmvvvMfVMMVMMnVMKr ijl j ,{, ,J
iffi!J ' BIO-TREAT SYSTEM LlLJjJlLiljJi
BIO-TREAT SYSTEM
(Enzyme Catalyzed Remediation)
5 10 100
Remediation Time (weeks)
BioTreat™ System Remediation Times
1000
Page 170
The SITE Program assesses but does not
approve or endorse technologies.
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November 1993
Ongoing Project
ecosystem. Treatment bacteria are dispersed in
a custom-blended nutrient mixture which is
delivered by an enhanced polyphasic colloidal
emulsifier when conditions require.
WASTE APPLICABILITY:
This process can treat most organic contaminants
in a variety of media such as sludges, soils and
mixed media. High clay soils traditionally
represent the most difficult matrix for treatment;
however, the BioTreat™ System has proved most
effective in clays. The BioTreat™ System can
remediate hydrocarbons such as gasoline, jet
fuel, diesel fuel, motor oil, crude oil,
polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons, and single-
ring aromatic compounds such as benzene,
toluene, xylene, and ethylbenzene. Other
compounds amenable to treatment include
methyl isobutyl ketone, trichloroethene,
pentachlorophenol, and creosotes. Treatment of
chlorinated compounds requires an additional
step in the bioremediation process, increasing
the total treatment time by 60 days or more.
STATUS:
This technology was accepted into the SITE
Demonstration Program in early 1993. EPA is
seeking a suitable site for the demonstration.
FOR FURTHER INFORMATION:
EPA PROJECT MANAGER:
Mary Stinson
U.S. EPA
Risk Reduction Engineering Laboratory
2890 Woodbridge Avenue
Edison, NJ 08837
908-321-6683
Fax: 908-321-6640
TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPER CONTACT:
Cathryn Wimberly
Aprotek
3316 Corbin Way
Sacramento, CA 95827
916-366-6165
The SITE Program assesses but does not
approve or endorse technologies.
Page 171
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Technology Profile
DEMONSTRATION PROGRAM
NORTH AMERICAN TECHNOLOGIES GROUP, INC.
(Oleophilic Amine-Coated Ceramic Chip)
TECHNOLOGY DESCRIPTION:
This hydrocarbon recovery technology is based
on an amine-coated ceramic chip that allows
separation of suspended and dissolved hydrocar-
bons, and of mechanical and some chemical
emulsions from aqueous solutions. The oleo-
philic chip is manufactured by grafting a hydro-
phobic amine to a mineral support, in this case
a ceramic substrate. Each granule is 0.6 to 1
millimeter in diameter but is very porous and
thus has a large surface area. The hydrophobic
property makes each granule more electrochem-
ically attractive to the hydrocarbons in a non-
stable emulsion.
Figure 1 illustrates the process. The pressure
sensitive filtering bed is regenerated by
automatic backflushing. This automatic
regeneration eliminates the expense associated
with regeneration of carbon and similar filtration
media. Recovered hydrocarbons are coalesced
and can thus be removed by simple gravity
separation (see Figure 2).
Treatment systems incorporating this technology
have been designed for various applications
including the following:
• Contaminated groundwater pump-and-
treat
• In-process oil and water separation
• Filtration systems
• Combined oil and water separator-filter-
coalescer system for on-site waste reduc-
tion and recovery
• Treatment of marine wastes (bilge and
ballast waters)
This technology provides cost-effective oil and
water separation, removes free and emulsified
hydrocarbon contaminants, recovers up to 90
OleofiJter
Pressurized
Feed
Pressurized
Clean Water
Out
Backwash and
Partial Draw
Recycled
Upstream of
Primary
Separator
Backwash
Air In
Backwash
Water In Heat
When Viscous
Hydrocarbons
Handled
Control
Cabinet
Figure 1: Schematic Diagram of the Oleofilter Technology
Page 172
The SITE Program assesses but does not
approve or endorse technologies.
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November 1993
Ongoing Project
percent of the dissolved hydrocarbons, and
significantly reduces hydrocarbon loading to air
strippers and carbon systems. The technology
can achieve a concentration of less than 7 parts
per million oil and grease hi the treated effluent.
WASTE APPLICABILITY:
The amine-coated granules have proven effective
on a wide variety of hydrocarbons including
gasoline; crude oil; diesel fuel; benzene, tolu-
ene, ehtylbenzene and xylene compounds; and
polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons. The unit
removes chlorinated hydrocarbons such as
pentachlorophenol, polychlorinated biphenyls,
and trichloroethene as well as vegetable and
animal oils.
STATUS:
This technology was accepted into the SITE
Demonstration Program in December 1992. A
SITE demonstration is scheduled for whiter
1993-1994 at the Petroleum Products Cor-
poration site in Ft. Lauderdale, Florida.
The technology has been used on several full-
scale projects. Several separator-filter-coalescers
are in use treating industrial process waters and
oily washwaters.
FOR FURTHER INFORMATION:
EPA PROJECT MANAGER:
Laurel Staley
U.S. EPA
Risk Reduction Engineering Laboratory
26 West Martin Luther King Drive
Cincinnati, OH 45268
513-569-7863
Fax: 513-569-7620
TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPER CONTACT:
Cathryn Wimberly
Aprotek
3316CorbinWay
Sacramento, CA 95827
916-366-6165
Figure 2: Separator, Filter, and Coalescer
The SITE Program assesses but does not
approve or endorse technologies.
Page 173
-------
Technology Profile
DEMONSTRATION PROGRAM
PRAXIS ENVIRONMENTAL TECHNOLOGIES, INC.
(In Situ Steam Enhanced Extraction Process)
TECHNOLOGY DESCRIPTION:
The in situ steam enhanced extraction (ISEE)
process (see figure below) removes volatile
organic compounds (VOC) and semivolatile
organic compounds (SVOC) from contaminated
soils both above and below the water table.
Steam is forced through the soil by injection
wells to thermally enhance the vapor and liquid
extraction processes. The extraction wells have
two purposes: to pump and treat groundwater
and to transport steam and vaporized contami-
nants under vacuum to the surface. Recovered
contaminants are either condensed and processed
with the contaminated groundwater or trapped
by gas-phase activated carbon filters. The
technology uses readily available components
such as injection, extraction and monitoring
wells; manifold piping; vapor and liquid sepa-
rators; vacuum pumps; and gas emission control
equipment.
Water
Supply
Vapors From _
Extraction Wells
Liquid
Tap
Steam to
Injection Wells
1
Cooling
Tower
-o
Condensate Pump
Liquids from
Extraction Wells
n
Separation
Equipment
Make-up Water
, Air
Contaminant
-*- Water
Air
Contaminant
Water
In Situ Steam Enhanced Extraction Process
Page 174
The SITE Program assesses but does not
approve or endorse technologies.
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November 1993
Ongoing Project
WASTE APPLICABILITY:
The ISEE process is used to extract VOCs and
SVOCs from contaminated soils and ground-
water. The primary compounds suitable for
treatment are hydrocarbons such as gasoline,
diesel, and jet fuel; solvents such as trichloro-
ethene, trichloroethane, and dichlorobenzene, or
a mixture of these compounds. The process
may be applied to contaminants below the water
table. After application of this process, subsur-
face conditions are excellent for biodegradation
of residual contaminants, if necessary. The
process cannot be applied to contaminated soil
very near the surface unless a cap exists. Den-
ser-than-water compounds may be treated only
in low concentrations unless a barrier exists or
can be created to prevent downward percolation
of a separate phase.
STATUS:
This technology was accepted into the SITE
Demonstration Program in August 1993.
Through a cooperative effort within Armstrong
Laboratory at Tyndall Air Force Base, Florida,
the demonstration will occur at Hill Air Force
Base in 1994.
FOR FURTHER INFORMATION:
EPA PROJECT MANAGER:
Paul dePercin
U.S. EPA
Risk Reduction Engineering Laboratory
26 West Martin Luther King Drive
Cincinnati, OH 45268
513-569-7797
Fax: 513-569-7620
TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPER CONTACT:
Lloyd Stewart
Praxis Environmental Technologies, Inc.
160 Portola Drive, Suite 205
San Francisco, CA 94131
415-641-9044
The SITE Program assesses but does not
approve or endorse technologies.
Page 175
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Technology Profile
DEMONSTRATION PROGRAM
PURUS, INC.
(Vapor Treatment Process)
TECHNOLOGY DESCRIPTION:
The Purus, Inc. (Purus), PurCycle™ vapor
treatment process purifies air streams, con-
taminated with volatile organic compounds
(VOC), directly from soil extraction wells or
from groundwater (or wastewater) air strippers.
The process traps the contaminants using filter
beds that contain a proprietary resin. This
regenerative adsorption method involves one
on-line treatment bed for influent air while
another bed undergoes a desorption cycle (see
figure below). An on-board controller system
automatically switches between adsorption and
desorption cycles. The desorption cycle uses a
combination of temperature, pressure, and purge
gas (Nz) to desorb VOCs trapped hi the
adsorbent bed. The contaminants are removed,
condensed, and transferred as a liquid to a
storage tank. Thus, the recovered material can
be easily reclaimed.
Historically, activated carbon has been the
principal medium of separating organic com-
pounds from an air stream. However, because
the carbon beds are difficult to regenerate on
site, most treatment technologies use a passive
carbon system that requires hauling the spent
carbon off site for disposal or treatment. Anoth-
er problem with activated carbon is decreased
treatment efficiency resulting from moisture in
the waste stream. Moisture in humid con-
taminated air dramatically reduces the carbon's
ability to adsorb organic contaminants; treatment
COMBINED SOIL AND WATER
VAPOR TREATMENT SYSTEM
CLEAN AIR
TO STACK
SOIL VAPOR
INLET
GROUNDWATER
INLET
TO
RECYCLE
NOTE: EXACT
SCHEMATIC
SUBJECT TO SITE
REQUIREMENTS
PurCycle™ Vapor Treatment Process
Page 176
The SITE Program assesses but does not
approve or endorse technologies.
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November 1993
Ongoing Project
efficiency declines up to three times as
relative humidity (RH) exceeds 75 percent.
the
Adsorbent beds used in the PurCycle™ process
have been recycled on a test stand more than
1,000 times with no measurable loss of ad-
sorption capacity. In addition, the Purus resin
has a relatively high tolerance for water vapor,
allowing efficient treatment of air streams with
an RH greater than 90 percent. These two
capabilities make on-site treatment of VOCs
possible with substantially lower operating costs.
WASTE APPLICABILITY:
PurCycle™ units control VOC emissions at site
remediation projects, industrial wastewater
facilities, and industrial air processes. Site
remediation usually involves vacuum extraction
of solvents or fuels from soils, as well as the
pumping and treatment of groundwater by air
stripping. PurCycle™ units have also treated
industrial waste containing solvents using an
emission free, closed-loop air stripping process.
For the Demonstration Program, the PurCycle™
vapor treatment process will simultaneously treat
vapors from soil vacuum extraction wells and a
groundwater air stripper.
STATUS:
Purus has over 18 PurCycle™ systems in the
field for various applications. Under the SITE
demonstration, operating data will be collected
from a combined, closed loop, air stripper/soil
vacuum extractor system.
FOR FURTHER INFORMATION:
EPA PROJECT MANAGER:
Norma Lewis
U.S. EPA
Risk Reduction Engineering Laboratory
26 West Martin Luther King Drive
Cincinnati, OH 45268
513-569-7665
Fax: 513-569-7620
TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPER CONTACT:
Paul Blystone
Purus, Inc.
2713 North First St.
San Jose, CA 95134-2000
408-955-1000
Fax: 408-955-1010
The SITE Program assesses but does not
approve or endorse technologies.
Page 177
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Technology Profile
DEMONSTRATION PROGRAM
REMEDIATION TECHNOLOGIES, INC.
(Liquid and Solids Biological Treatment)
TECHNOLOGY DESCRIPTION:
Liquid and solids biological treatment (LST) is
a process that remediates soils and sludges
contaminated with biodegradable organics (see
figure below). The process is similar to ac-
tivated sludge treatment of municipal and in-
dustrial wastewaters, but it occurs at substantial-
ly higher suspended solids concentrations (grea-
ter than 20 percent). First, an aqueous slurry of
the waste material is prepared, and environmen-
tal conditions (nutrient concentrations, tempera-
ture, and pH) are optimized for biodegradation.
The slurry is then mixed and aerated for a
sufficient time to degrade the target waste con-
stituents.
Several physical process configurations are
possible depending on site- and waste-specific
conditions. Batch or continuous treatment can
be conducted in impoundment-based reactors.
This is sometimes the only practical option for
very large projects (greater than 10,000 cubic
yards). Alternatively, tank-based systems may
be constructed.
Constituent losses due to volatilization are often
a concern during LST operations. The potential
for emissions is greatest in batch treatment
systems and lowest in continuously stirred tank
reactor systems, particularly those with long
residence times. Technologies such as carbon
adsorption and biofiltration can be used to
control emissions.
LST may require pre- and posttreatment opera-
tions. However, in situ applications in which
treated sludge residues are to remain in place do
not require multiple unit operations.
Overall bioremediation in a hybrid system
consisting of LST and land treatment systems
can provide an alternative to landfilling treated
solids. This combination rapidly degrades
volatile constituents in a contained system,
rendering the waste suitable for landfilling.
Sol
Water
Nutrients
Microbes
Dewater
Cleaned
Soil
Return Soils
to Site
Air
Liquid and Solids Biological Treatment
Page 178
The SITE Program assesses but does not
approve or endorse technologies.
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November 1993
Ongoing Project
Remediation Technologies, Inc., (ReTeC) has
constructed a mobile LST pilot system for field
demonstrations. The system consists of two
reactors, two 2,000-gallon holding tanks, and
associated process equipment. The reactors are
aerated using coarse bubble diffusers and mixed
using axial flow turbine mixers. The reactors
can be operated separately or as batch or con-
tinuous systems. Oxygen and pH are con-
tinuously monitored and recorded. Additional
features include antifoaming and temperature
control systems. Pre- and posttreatment equip-
ment depends on site-specific circumstances and
project requirements.
WASTE APPLICABILITY:
The technology treats sludges, sediments, and
soils containing biodegradable organic materials.
To date, the process has mainly treated sludges
containing petroleum and wood preservative
organics such as creosote and pentachlorophenol
(PCP). Polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons
(PAH), PCP, and a broad range of petroleum
hydrocarbons (such as fuels and oils) have been
successfully treated with LST in the laboratory
and the field.
STATUS:
This technology was accepted into the SITE
Demonstration Program in 1987. A slurry
bioreactor system will be constructed next spring
in a walled off area of the barge harbor at Utica,
New York. The system will treat harbor sedi-
ments contaminated with PAHs from municipal
town gas wastes.
ReTeC has applied the technology in the field
over a dozen times to treat wood preservative
sludges in impoundment-type LST systems. In
addition, the technology has treated petroleum
refinery impoundment sludges in two field-based
pilot demonstrations and several laboratory
treatability studies.
FOR FURTHER INFORMATION:
EPA PROJECT MANAGER:
Ronald Lewis
U.S. EPA
Risk Reduction Engineering Laboratory
26 West Martin Luther King Drive
Cincinnati, OH 45268
513-569-7856
Fax: 513-569-7620
TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPER CONTACT:
Merv Coover
Remediation Technologies, Inc.
1011 S.W. Klickitat Way, Suite 207
Seattle, WA 98134
206-624-9349
Fax: 206-624-2839
The SITE Program assesses but does not
approve or endorse technologies.
Page 179
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Technology Profile
DEMONSTRA TION PROGRAM
RISK REDUCTION ENGINEERING LABORATORY
(Bioventing)
TECHNOLOGY DESCRIPTION:
Lack of oxygen in contaminated soil often limits
aerobic microbial growth. This biological
treatment system treats contaminated soil hi situ
by injecting atmospheric air. This air provides
a continuous oxygen source, which enhances the
growth of microorganisms naturally present in
the soil. Additional additives, such as ozone or
nutrients, also may be required to stimulate
microbial growth.
This technology uses an air pump attached to
one of a series of air injection probes (see figure
below). The air pump operates at extremely low
pressures, allowing inflow of oxygen without
significant volatilization of contaminants in the
soil. The treatment capacity depends on the
number of injection probes, the size of the air
pump, and site characteristics such as soil poro-
sity.
WASTE APPLICABILITY:
This technology is typically used to treat soil
contaminated by industrial processes and can
treat any contamination subject to aerobic micro-
bial degradation. Different contaminants and
Pressure Gauge
Air Pump
Row
Control
Rotometer
Pressure Gauge
3-Way Ball
Valve
Stainless Steel Probe
1cm ID
ScmOD
. Screened
Section
Bioventing System
Page 180
The SITE Program assesses but does not
approve or endorse technologies.
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November 1993
Ongoing Project
combinations of contaminants may result in
varied degrees of success. The SITE
Demonstration Program plans to test the effec-
tiveness of bioventing in degrading polynuclear
aromatic hydrocarbons.
STATUS:
This technology was accepted into the SITE
Demonstration Program in July 1991. The
demonstration of this process began during
November 1992 at the Reilly Tar site in St.
Louis Park, Minnesota. Preliminary findings
after 9 months of bioventing indicate apparent
increase in microbial respiration. The project
will be completed in November 1995.
FOR FURTHER INFORMATION:
EPA PROJECT MANAGER:
Kim Lisa Kreiton
U.S. EPA
Risk Reduction Engineering Laboratory
26 West Martin Luther King Drive
Cincinnati, OH 45268
513-569-7328
Fax: 513-569-7620
TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPER CONTACT:
Paul McCauley
U.S. EPA
Risk Reduction Engineering Laboratory
26 West Martin Luther King Drive
Cincinnati, OH 45268
513-569-7444
Fax: 513-569-7105
The SITE Program assesses but does not
approve or endorse technologies.
Page 181
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Technology Profile
DEMONSTRATION PROGRAM
ROCHEM SEPARATION SYSTEMS, INC.
(Rochem Disc Tube Module System)
TECHNOLOGY DESCRIPTION:
This technology uses membrane separation
systems to treat a range of aqueous solutions,
from seawater to leachates containing organic
solvents. The system uses osmosis through a
semipermeable membrane to separate pure water
from contaminated liquids (see figure below).
Osmotic theory implies that when a saline
solution is separated from pure water by a
semipermeable membrane, the higher osmotic
pressure of the salt solution (because of its
higher salt concentration) will cause the water
(and other compounds having high diffusion
rates through the selected membrane) to diffuse
through the membrane into the salt water.
Water will continue to permeate into the salt
solution until the osmotic pressure of the salt
solution equals the osmotic pressure of the pure
water. However, if an external pressure is
exerted on the salt solution, water will flow in
the reverse direction from the salt solution into
the pure water. This phenomenon, known as
reverse osmosis (RO), can be employed to
separate pure water from contaminated matrices,
such as the treatment of hazardous wastes
through concentration of hazardous chemical
constituents in an aqueous brine, while pure
water can be recovered on the other side of the
membrane.
HIGH-PRESSURE
FEEDPUMP
HIGH PRESSURE
BOOSTER PUMP
ULTRA-FILTRATION MODULE BLOCK
HIGH PRESSURE
} BOOSTER PUMP
REVERSE OSMOSIS MODULE BLOCK
[\Ti\
HIGH PRESSURE REVERSE OSMOSIS MODULE BLOCK
'
LEGEND
Indicates Permeate
Flow Path
Flow Path
Three Stage Ultra-Filtration and Reverse Osmosis Flow Path Diagram
Page 182
The SITE Program assesses but does not
approve or endorse technologies.
-------
November 1993
Ongoing Project
Ultrafiltration (UF) is a pressure-driven, mem-
brane filtration process that can. be used to
separate and concentrate macromolecules and
colloids from process streams, water, and waste-
waters. UF can be used in conjunction with RO
in the Rochem Disc Tube Module System. The
size of the particle rejected by UF depends on
the inherent properties of the specific membrane
selected for separation and can range from small
particulate matter to large molecules. In gene-
ral, a fluid is placed under pressure on one side
of a perforated membrane having a measured
pore size. All materials smaller than the pore
pass through the membrane, leaving larger
contaminants concentrated on the feed side of
the process. Control of pass-through constitu-
ents can be achieved by using a membrane with
a limiting pore size, or by installing a series of
membranes with successively smaller pores.
Although similar to RO, the UF process typical-
ly cannot separate constituents from water to the
level of purity that RO can achieve. However,
the two technologies can be used in tandem,
with UF removing most of the relatively large
constituents of a process stream before RO
application selectively removes the water from
the remaining mixture.
The fluid dynamics and construction of the
system result in an open-channel, fully turbulent
feed and water-flow system. This configuration
prevents the accumulation of suspended solids on
the separation membranes, thereby ensuring high
efficiency filtration of water and contaminants.
Also, the design of the disc tubes allows for
easy cleaning of the filtration medium, providing
a long service life for the membrane components
of the system.
Waste feed, process permeate, and rinse water
are potential feed materials to the RO-UF
modules, which are skid-mounted and consist of
a tank and a highpressure feed system. The
high pressure feed system consists of a centrifu-
gal feed pump, a prefilter cartridge housing, and
a triplex plunger pump to feed the RO-UF
modules. The processing units themselves are
self-contained and need only electrical and
interconnection process piping to be installed
prior to operation.
WASTE APPLICABILITY:
Numerous wastes can be treated using this
system, including sanitary landfill leachate
containing both organic and inorganic chemical
species, water-soluble oil wastes used in metal
fabricating and manufacturing industries,
solvent-water mixtures, and oil-water mixtures
generated during washing operations at metal
fabricating facilities.
STATUS:
This technology was accepted into the SITE
Demonstration Program in July 1991. The BFI
CECOS landfill in Williamsburg, Ohio has been
selected as the demonstration site. The demon-
stration plan and QAPP are being finalized for a
late 1993 or early 1994 demonstration.
FOR FURTHER INFORMATION:
EPA PROJECT MANAGER:
Douglas Grosse
U.S. EPA
Risk Reduction Engineering Laboratory
26 West Martin Luther King Drive
Cincinnati, OH 45268
513-569-7844
Fax: 513-569-7676
TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPER CONTACT:
David LaMonica
Rochem Separation Systems, Inc.
3904 Del Amo Boulevard, Suite 801
Torrance, CA 90503
310-370-3160
Fax: 310-370-4988
The SITE Program assesses but does not
approve or endorse technologies.
Page 183
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Technology Profile
DEMONSTRATION PROGRAM
S.M.W. SEIKO, INC.
(In Situ Solidification and Stabilization)
TECHNOLOGY DESCRIPTION:
The soil-cement mixing wall (SMW) technology
developed by S.M.W. Seiko, Inc. (Seiko),
involves the in situ fixation, solidification, and
stabilization of contaminated soils. The tech-
nology has been used for more than 18 years to
mix soil, cement, and chemical grout for various
construction applications including cutoff walls
and soil stabilization. Multi-axis overlapping
hollow-stem augers (see figure below) are used
to inject solidification and stabilization (S/S)
agents into contaminated soils in situ. The S/S
agents are then blended into the soils. The
augers are mounted on a crawler-type base
machine. A batch mixing plant and raw mater-
ials storage tanks are also used. This system can
treat 90 to 140 cubic yards of soil in 8 hours at
depths of up to 100 feet below ground surface.
The SMW technology produces a monolithic
block that extends down to the treatment depth.
The volume increase ranges from 10 to 30
percent, depending on the nature of the soil
matrix and the amount of S/S reagents and water
required for treatment.
WASTE APPLICABILITY:
This technology can be applied to soils con-
taminated with metals and semivolatile organic
compounds such as pesticides, poly chlorinated
biphenyls, phenols, and polynuclear aromatic
hydrocarbons.
WATER TANK
SILO
FIXED MASS
SMW REAGENT
MIXING AND
CONTROL PLANT
PERIMETER CUTOFF
WALL (OPTIONAL)
DERM
SMW
IN SITU MIXING
MACHINE
Soil-Cement Mixing Wall Technology for
In Situ Fixation of Contaminated Soil
Page 184
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approve or endorse technologies.
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November 1993
Ongoing Project
STATUS:
This technology was accepted into the SITE
Demonstration Program in June 1989. The
demonstration site is being selected.
In October 1992, this technology was used to
complete an in situ solidification and stabiliza-
tion project at a pesticide manufacturing facility
in the San Francisco Bay area. Soil con-
taminants included arsenic at 500 to 5,000
milligrams per kilogram (mg/kg), along with
other heavy metals. Soils at the site were prim-
arily Bay margin deposits and Bay Mud with
fine sand and silt. The water table at this site
was 3 to 6 feet below ground surface.
In situ treatment was carried out using SMW
triple-axis auger equipment to mix two reagents
with the contaminated soil to a maximum depth
of 26 feet. A total of 4,000 cubic yards of soil
was treated. Posttreatment samples were col-
lected and tested. Eighty-three samples were
tested for arsenic teachability; none exceeded the
toxicity characteristic leaching procedure limit
for arsenic of 5 milligrams per liter (mg/L).
Only three samples exceeded 1 mg/L, and none
exceeded 2 mg/L.
FOR FURTHER INFORMATION:
EPA PROJECT MANAGER:
Jack Hubbard
U.S. EPA
Risk Reduction Engineering Laboratory
26 West Martin Luther King Drive
Cincinnati, OH 45268
513-569-7507
Fax: 513-569-7620
TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPER CONTACT:
David Yang
S.M.W. Seiko, Inc.
2215 Dunn Road
Hayward, CA 94545
510-783-4105
Fax: 510-783-4323
The SITE Program assesses but does not
approve or endorse technologies.
Page 185
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Technology Profile
DEMONSTRA TION PROGRAM
SEPARATION AND RECOVERY SYSTEMS, INC.
(SAREX Chemical Fixation Process)
TECHNOLOGY DESCRIPTION:
The SAREX chemical fixation process (CFP)
(see figure below) developed by Separation and
Recovery Systems, Inc. (SRS), is a thermal and
chemical reactive (fixation) process that removes
volatile organic compounds (VOC) and selected
semivolatile organic compounds (SVOC), and
stabilizes the remaining organic and inorganic
constituents in sludges or soils. The SAREX
CFP uses specially-prepared lime and propri-
etary, nontoxic chemicals (a reagent blend)
mixed proportionally to catalyze and control the
reactions. The treated product displays chemical
properties which conform to EPA standards for
resource recovery and site restoration. The
product also exhibits high structural integrity,
with a fine, granular, soil-like consistency, of
limited solubility. It is free flowing until com-
pacted (50 to 80 pounds per square inch), isolat-
ing the remaining constituents from environmen-
tal influences. The treated product can be easily
backfilled and compacted on site.
Depending on the characteristics of the waste
material, it may be covered with a liquid neutra-
lizing reagent that initiates the chemical reactions
and helps prevent vapor emissions. If required,
the waste material may be moved to the neutrali-
zation (blending) tank where a make-up reagent
slurry is added, depending on material
characteristics. The waste is placed on the feed
hopper. The reagent is measured and placed on
the transfer conveyor so that the reagent and
waste mixture would advance to the single-screw
homogenizer, where it is thoroughly blended to
a uniform consistency. The reagent blend reacts
exothermally with the hazardous constituents to
initiate the removal of the lighter organics. The
process, now about 70 percent complete, con-
tinues in the multi-screw, jacketed, noncontact-
ing processor for curing (a predetermined curing
time allows reactions to occur within a con-
trolled environment). In the processor, the
mixture can be thermally processed at a high
temperature to complete the process and meet
stringent cleanup standards. The processed
material exits the processor onto a conveyor for
discharge into sealed storage containers.
Contaminant loss into the air during processing
is eliminated by use of a specially designed
SAREX vapor recovery system. Dust particles
can be removed in a baghouse, and the vapors
CLEAN
STACK GAS
DISCHARGE TO
ATMOSPHERE
CLEAN SCHLTO
BACXRU.OR OFMITE
LANDFILL
FEED
(NON-HAZARDOUS)
DISTILLED
VAPORS
SAREX Chemical Fixation Process
Page 186
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November 1993
Ongoing Project
are routed through a series of water scrubbers,
which cool the vapors (below 120 °F) and
remove any condensates. The vapors then pass
through two demisters and a positive displace-
ment blower to remove additional condensates.
If needed, a freon chilling unit (37 °F or 0 °F)
cools the remaining vapors, which are sent to a
storage tank. The final noncondensible vapor
stream is treated using two charcoal vapor packs
or a thermal oxidizer before release.
WASTE APPLICABILITY:
The SAREX CFP may be applied to a wide
variety of organic and inorganic materials.
These include sludges that contain high con-
centrations of hazardous constituents, with no
upper limit of oil or organic content. No con-
stituents interfere with the fixation reactions, and
water content is not an obstacle, although the
exothermic reactions may cause steaming. The
following material types can be processed by the
SAREX CFP:
Large crude oil spills
Refinery sludges
Hydrocarbon-contaminated soils
Lube oil acid sludges
Tars
Halocarbon-contaminatedplatingsludges
or soils
In addition, metals are captured within the
treated matrix and will pass the toxicity charac-
teristic leaching procedure. This is ad-
vantageous because most on-site cleanup pro-
grams focus on sludge ponds, impoundments,
and underlying soils which have received many
different types of compounds and debris over
several years.
STATUS:
SRS has completed at least five full-scale pro-
jects using the SAREX CFP. These projects
included stabilizing 2,000- to 20,000- cubic-yard
quantities of lubricating oil acid sludges, petrole-
um hydrocarbon-impacted soils, and oil produc-
tion wastes.
Additionally, SRS has conducted numerous pilot-
scale field demonstrations. In 1987, SRS con-
ducted pilot testing for stabilizing hazardous
refining sludges at a Superfund site in Ok-
lahoma. Over 400 cubic yards of sludges was
stabilized during these tests. Results were
favorable, and a record of decision was recently
issued for the use of chemical fixation as the
remedial technology.
SRS expects to conduct a SITE demonstration
sometime in late 1993 or early spring 1994 at a
CERCLA site in New Jersey. This site has
numerous sludge lagoons containing elevated
levels of organics (principally benzene, toluene,
ethylbenzene, and xylene; chlorobenzenes; and
polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons) and heavy
metals (lead, zinc, and chromium). SRS
recently completed bench-scale testing on
samples collected from three lagoons. The test
results were favorable.
FOR FURTHER INFORMATION:
EPA PROJECT MANAGER:
Jack Hubbard
U.S. EPA
Risk Reduction Engineering Laboratory
26 West Martin Luther King Drive
Cincinnati, OH 45268
513-569-7507
Fax: 513-569-7620
TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPER CONTACT:
Brad Miller
Separation and Recovery Systems, Inc.
1762 McGaw Avenue
Irvine, CA 92714
714-261-8860
Fax: 714-261-6010
The SITE Program assesses but does not
approve or endorse technologies.
Page 187
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Technology Profile
DEMONSTRATION PROGRAM
SONOTECH, INC.
(Frequency Tunable Pulse Combustion System)
TECHNOLOGY DESCRIPTION:
Pulse combustion has the potential to improve
the performance of various incineration and
energy intensive processes. The frequency
tunable pulse combustion system (FTPC) can
significantly improve batch- and continuous-
mode incinerator performance by creating large-
amplitude, resonant pulsations inside the in-
cinerator. This technology can be applied to
new or existing systems. The technology is
proven and used in fossil fuel combustion de-
vices, residential natural gas furnaces, and
industrial combustion systems. It should prove
to be similarly beneficial to hazardous waste
incineration and soil remediation applications.
The FTPC is a burner system that consists of an
air inlet, a combustion section, or a tailpipe, a
control panel, and a safety system. The FTPC
improves an incinerator's performance by in-
creasing mixing rates between the fuel and air
and between reactive gas pockets and ignition
sources (for example, flamelets or hot gases) and
by increased rates of heat and mass transfer
between the gas and the burning waste. These
effects should reduce the amount of excess air
required to completely burn the waste, increase
destruction and removal efficiencies of principal
organic hazardous constituents, minimize the
formation of products of incomplete combustion,
and eliminate or minimize detrimental emissions
or "puffs."
Frequency Tunable Pulse Combustion System Installed
at EPA RTP
Page 188
The SITE Program assesses but does not
approve or endorse technologies.
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November 1993
Ongoing Project
In an industrial enclosure, the FTPC can excite
axial, transverse, or three-dimensional acoustic
mode oscillations within the enclosure. Ampli-
tudes as high as 170 decibels and frequencies of
50 to 500 Hertz have been achieved. The high
frequencies and velocities of these gas oscil-
lations promote mixing of the gases in the
chamber and reduce or eliminate stratification
effects.
The FTPC can function alone or as a sup-
plemental retrofit to an existing combustion
system. In the latter application, the FTPC can
supply between 2 to 10 percent of energy re-
quirements. After retrofitting, the total fuel
supplied to the main burner and the FTPC is
generally less than the amount of fuel supplied
to the main burner before retrofitting.
WASTE APPLICABILITY:
This technology can be used with any material
that can be treated in a conventional incinerator.
The technology has improved the incineration of
hazardous solid wastes in an EPA small-scale
rotary kiln incinerator in Research Triangle
Park, North Carolina. The developer believes
that it is ready for use in the incineration of
contaminated soils and medical waste.
STATUS:
This technology was accepted into the SITE
Demonstration Program in summer 1992. The
demonstration will test whether the technology
can improve the performance of larger scale,
continuously fed, incineration systems. To meet
this goal, a pulse combustor retrofit system for
EPA's Incinerator Research Facility (IRF) in
Jefferson, Arkansas is being developed and will
be tested in winter 1993. The IRF pilot-scale
rotary kiln incinerator is approximately 4 times
the size of the small-scale EPA unit that was
previously tested. The retrofitted incinerator
will then be used to treat a waste such as con-
taminated soil traditionally incinerated with
conventional, nonpulse technology using air or
oxygen enrichment.
FOR FURTHER INFORMATION:
EPA PROJECT MANAGER:
Marta Richards
U.S. EPA
Risk Reduction Engineering Laboratory
26 West Martin Luther King Drive
Cincinnati, OH 45268
513-569-7783
Fax: 513-569-7549
TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPER CONTACT:
ZinPlavnik
Sonotech, Inc.
575 Travis St., NW
Atlanta, GA 30318
404-525-8530
Fax: 404-525-8533
The SITE Program assesses but does not
approve or endorse.technologies.
Page 189
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Technology Profile
DEMONSTRA TION PROGRAM
TECHTRAN ENVIRONMENTAL, INC.
(Combined Chemical Precipitation, Physical Separation, and Binding Process for
Radionuclides and Heavy Metals)
TECHNOLOGY DESCRIPTION:
This technology removes heavy metals and
radionuclides from contaminated waters. The
process combines the proprietary RHM-1000
powder, as well as a complex mixture of oxides,
silicates, and other reactive binding agents, with
a contaminated water stream. Selectively en-
hanced complexing and sorption processes form
flocculants and colloids, which are removed
through precipitation and physical filtration.
The pH, mixing dynamics, processing rates, and
powder constituents are optimized through
chemical modeling studies and laboratory tests.
The contaminants are concentrated hi a stabilized
filter and precipitate sludge, which is then
dewatered. The dewatered sludge meets toxicity
characteristic leaching procedure criteria and
may, depending on the contaminant, be
classified as nonhazardous.
The figure below illustrates the skid-mounted
field pilot unit which consists of four main
components: (1) pump unit, (2) feed and educ-
tor unit, (3) mixing tank, and (4) clarifier tank.
The centrifugal pump unit can deliver up to 50
gallons per minute (gpm) to the system. Water
from the pump passes through a restrictor nozzle
in the feed and eductor unit, reducing the air
pressure at the outlet of an attached hopper unit.
RHM-1000 powder is placed in the upper hop-
per, which is powered by compressed air. The
upper hopper delivers a controlled and very low
volume of RHM-1000 to the lower hopper.
Reduced air pressure draws it into the water
stream. The water passes through a two-stage
mixing process and is then sent to the mixing
tank. A diaphragm pump, driven by compressed
air, draws water from the tank's base and rein-
jects it through a jet nozzle which also draws
surrounding water through holes in its base.
The mixed water and RHM-1000 powder pass
over a weir into the clarifier tank and through a
block of inclined coalescing tubes. Precipitates
collect in the tank's base and are drained off.
Additional conventional filters can be added to
TECHTRAN RHM-1000 PILOT UNIT
CLARIFIER TANK
TechTran RHM-1000 Pilot Plant
Page 190
The SITE Program assesses but does not
approve or endorse technologies.
-------
November 1993
Ongoing Project
the system outflow as required. The process is
designed for continuous operation and can be
expanded from 25 to 1,500 gpm.
This process removes heavy metals and radionu-
clides to drinking water standards. It can also
treat trace levels of naturally occurring radioac-
tive materials (NORM) and low-level radioactive
wastes, as well as more heavily contaminated
waters.
WASTE APPLICABILITY:
This technology can be used to (1) remediate
water, sludges and soils contaminated with
radionuclides and heavy metals, (2) restore
groundwater from mining operations, (3) treat
NORM in water or scale from petroleum opera-
tions, and (4) remediate manmade radionuclides
stored in tanks, pits, barrels, or other containers.
STATUS:
The process was accepted into the SITE Demon-
stration Program in July 1991. The
demonstration is on hold.
FOR FURTHER INFORMATION:
EPA PROJECT MANAGER:
Annette Gatchett
U.S. EPA
Risk Reduction Engineering Laboratory
26 West Martin Luther King Drive
Cincinnati, OH 45628
513-569-7697
Fax: 513-569-7620
TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPER CONTACT:
E.B. (Ted) Daniels
TechTran Environmental, Inc.
9800 Northwest Freeway, Suite 302
Houston, TX 77092
713-688-2390
Fax: 713-683-9144
The SITE Program assesses but does not
approve or endorse technologies.
Page 191
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Technology Profile
DEMONSTRATION PROGRAM
TERRA-KLEEN CORPORATION
(Soil Restoration Unit)
TECHNOLOGY DESCRIPTION:
The soil restoration unit is a mobile solvent
extraction device designed to remove organic
contaminants from soil. Extraction of soil
contaminants is performed with a mixture of
organic solvents in a closed loop,
counter-current process that recycles all solvents.
A combination of up to 14 solvents is used in
the process, each of which dissolves specific
contaminants in the soil and mixes freely with
water. None of the solvents is a listed hazard-
ous waste, and the most commonly used solvents
are approved by the Food and Drug Administra-
tion as food additives for human consumption.
The solvents are typically heated to efficiently
strip contaminants from soil.
Contaminated soil is first fed into a hopper, then
mixed with solvent to form a slurry. Soil in the
slurry is continually cleaned by new solvent.
The return solvent from the modules is moni-
tored for contaminants so that the soil may be
retained within the system until residual
contaminants within the soil are reduced to
targeted levels. The soil restoration unit offers
"hot spot protection," in which real-time moni-
toring of contaminant levels alleviates problems
associated with treating localized areas of higher
contamination.
Used solvent from slurry modules is stripped of
contaminants by fractional distillation. Materials
extracted from the soil remain in distillation
residuals and are periodically flushed from the
Contaminated Soil
Input Hopper
(in back)
Control Room
Hot Spot Protectio
Real-Time
Contaminant
Monitoring
Soil and Solvent Slurry Modules
Dryer Support Equipment
Distillation Module
Secondary
Containment
System
Clean Soil Exit
Soil Restoration Unit
Page 192
The SITE Program assesses but does not
approve or endorse technologies.
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November 1993
Ongoing Project
system into 55-gallon drums for off-site dispos-
al. Distillate from the columns is fractionally
separated to remove the lower boiling point
contaminants from the solvent. Clean solvent is
then reused in the system, completing the closed
solvent loop.
Treated soil and solvent slurry is then sent to a
closed-loop dryer system that removes the
solvent from the soil. Solvent vapors in the
dryer are monitored with an organic vapor
monitor that indicates when treatment is com-
plete.
WASTE APPLICABILITY:
The technology can remove polychlorinated
biphenyls (PCB), pentachlorophenol, creosote,
chlorinated solvents, naphthalene, diesel oil,
used motor oil, jet fuel, grease, organic
pesticides, and other organic contaminants in
soil. It has not been tested on contaminated
sediments and sludges.
STATUS:
The soil restoration unit has been used for full-
scale remediation of the Treband Superfund site.
It also reduced levels of PCBs in soil to below 5
parts per million at the Pinette's Salvage Yard
Superfund site.
Demonstration of this solvent extraction process
under the SITE Demonstration Program is
scheduled for late 1993.
FOR FURTHER INFORMATION:
EPA PROJECT MANAGER:
Mark Meckes
U.S. EPA
Risk Reduction Engineering Laboratory
26 West Martin Luther King Drive
Cincinnati, OH 45268
513-569-7348
Fax: 513-569-7676
TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPER CONTACT:
Alan Cash
Terra-Kleen Corporation
7321 North Hammond Avenue
Oklahoma City, OK 73132
405-728-0001
Fax: 405-728-0016
The SITE Program assesses but does not
approve or endorse technologies.
Page 193
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Technology Profile
DEMONSTRA TION PROGRAM
TEXACO SYNGAS INC.
(Entrained-Bed Gasification)
TECHNOLOGY DESCRIPTION:
The Texaco entrained-bed gasification process
(see figure below) is a noncatalytic, partial
oxidation process in which carbonaceous sub-
stances react at elevated temperatures and pres-
sures, producing a gas containing mainly carbon
monoxide and hydrogen. This product, called
synthesis gas, can be used to produce other
chemicals or be burned as fuel. Ash in the feed
melts and is removed as a glass-like slag. This
technology is an extension of Texaco's conven-
tional gasification technology, which has been
operated commercially for over 30 years using
feedstocks such as natural gas, heavy oil, coal,
and petroleum coke.
The process treats waste material at pressures
above 20 atmospheres and temperatures between
2,200 and 2,800 °F.
Wastes are pumped in slurry form to a specially
designed burner mounted at the top of a refrac-
tory-lined pressure vessel. The waste feed,
along with oxygen and an auxiliary fuel such as
coal, react and flow downward through the
gasifier to a quench chamber that collects the
slag for removal through a lock hopper. A
scrubber further cools the synthesis gas. Fine
particulate matter removed by the scrubber may
be recycled to the gasifier; a sulfur recovery
system may also be added.
The cooled, water-scrubbed product gas, mainly
consisting of hydrogen and carbon monoxide,
should contain no hydrocarbons heavier than
methane. Metals and other ash constituents
become part of the inert slag.
The system can treat about 12 to 24 tons per day
of hazardous waste, based on a wet synthesis gas
Oxkfant
Water.
F«ad
Burner
Solids-Free
Synthesis Gas
Scrubber
R«cyda
Purge Water
to Treatment
or Recycle
Solids to Disposal
or Recycle
Entrained-Bed Gasification Process
Page 194
The SITE Program assesses but does not
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November 1993
Ongoing Project
production rate of 3 million standard cubic feet
per day, depending on the heat content and
proximate analysis.
WASTE APPLICABILITY:
This process can treat contaminated soils,
sludges, and sediments containing both organic
and inorganic constituents, such as used motor
oils and lubricants, chemical wastes, and
petroleum residues. Solids in the feed must be
ground and pumped in a slurry containing 40 to
70 percent solids by weight and 30 to 60 percent
liquid, usually water.
STATUS:
This technology was accepted into the SITE
Demonstration Program hi July 1991. A dem-
onstration with Superfund waste is planned for
1993 at Texaco's Montebello Research Labora-
tory.
In December 1988, under a grant from the
California Department of Health Services,
Texaco demonstrated a coal-fired gasifier during
a 40-hour pilot run. Low-heating-value pet
roleum tank bottoms were used as a supplemen-
tal feed to a coal-fired gasifier. Carbon conver-
sion in the waste stream was over 99 percent,
and solid residues from the process were non-
hazardous based on California Assessment
Manual limits for total and leachable materials.
Both wastewater and solid residue were free of
trace organics and EPA priority pollutants.
FOR FURTHER INFORMATION:
EPA PROJECT MANAGER:
Marta Richards
U.S. EPA
Risk Reduction Engineering Laboratory
26 West Martin Luther King Drive
Cincinnati, OH 45268
513-569-7783
Fax: 513-569-7549
TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPER CONTACT:
Richard Zang
Texaco Syngas Inc.
2000 Westchester Avenue
White Plains, NY 10650
914-253-4047
The SITE Program assesses but does not
approve or endorse technologies.
Page 195
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Technology Profile
DEMONSTRATION PROGRAM
UDELL TECHNOLOGIES, INC.
(In Situ Steam Enhanced Extraction Process)
TECHNOLOGY DESCRIPTION:
The in situ steam enhanced extraction (ISEE)
process (see figure below), developed by Udell
Technologies, Inc., removes volatile organic
compounds (VOC) and semivolatile organic
compounds (SVOC) from contaminated soils
both above and below the water table. Steam is
forced through the soil by injection wells to
thermally enhance the vapor and liquid extrac-
tion processes. The extraction wells have two
purposes: to pump and treat groundwater and to
transport steam and vaporized contaminants
under vacuum to the surface. Recovered con-
taminants are either condensed and processed
with the contaminated groundwater or trapped
by gas-phase activated carbon filters. The
technology uses readily available components
such as injection, extraction and monitoring
wells; manifold piping; vapor and liquid sepa-
rators; vacuum pumps; and gas emission control
equipment.
WASTE APPLICABILITY:
The ISEE process is used to extract VOCs and
SVOCs from contaminated soils and ground-
water. The primary compounds suitable for
treatment are hydrocarbons such as gasoline,
diesel, and jet fuel; solvents such as trichloro-
ethene, trichloroethane, and dichlorobenzene, or
a mixture of these compounds. The process
may be applied to contaminants below the water
table. After application of this process, subsur-
face conditions are excellent for biodegradation
of residual contaminants, if necessary. The
process cannot be applied to contaminated soil
very near the surface unless a cap exists. Den-
ser-than-water compounds may be treated only
in low concentrations unless a barrier exists or
Water
Supply
Vapors From
Extraction Welir
Cooling
Tower
Make-up Water
Contaminant
Water
In Situ Steam Enhanced Extraction Process
Page 196
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November 1993
Ongoing Project
can be created to prevent downward percolation
of a separate phase.
STATUS:
In August 1988, a successful pilot-scale demon-
stration of the ISEE process was completed at a
site contaminated with a mixture of solvents.
Contaminants amounting to 764 pounds were
removed from the 10-foot-diameter, 12-foot-deep
test region. After 5 days of steam injection, soil
contaminant concentrations dropped by a factor
of 10.
A full-scale demonstration of ISEE is nearing
completion at Lawrence Livermore National
Laboratory. Due to large groundwater fluc-
tuations, separate phase gasoline was found
dispersed both above and 25 feet below the
water table. The lateral distribution of second
liquid phase gasoline was about 150 feet in
diameter. In the first 78 days of operation, free
product gasoline was recovered both above and
below the water table. Recovery rates have
been up to 50 times greater than those that could
have been achieved by vacuum extraction alone.
About 7,000 gallons of gasoline has been recov-
ered, mostly from the condenser either as a
separate phase liquid or in the effluent air
stream. Post-process soil borings indicate
acceptable cleanup in all regions except cool,
low permeability zones. Gasoline recovery rates
remained high during intermittent vacuum
extraction, however.
A pilot-scale test of ISEE is to be conducted at
Naval Air Station Lemoore. This test will
involve recovering liquid JP-5 from a partially-
saturated region of medium permeability sand.
The cleanup of a shallow aviation gasoline spill
at NAS Alameda, California is planned for early
1994.
For more information regarding this technology,
see the Hughes Environmental Systems, Inc.,
profile in the Demonstration Program
(Completed Projects) section.
FOR FURTHER INFORMATION:
EPA PROJECT MANAGER:
Paul dePercin
U.S. EPA
Risk Reduction Engineering Laboratory
26 West Martin Luther King Drive
Cincinnati, OH 45268
513-569-7797
Fax: 513-569-7620
TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPER CONTACT:
Kent Udell
Udell Technologies, Inc.
1456 Campus Drive
Berkeley, CA 94708
510-644-4474
Fax: 510-644-4473
The SITE Program assesses but does not
approve or endorse technologies.
Page 197
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mm
Technology Profile
DEMONSTRATION PROGRAM
WESTERN RESEARCH INSTITUTE
[Contained Recovery of Oily Wastes (CROW™)]
TECHNOLOGY DESCRIPTION:
The contained recovery of oily wastes (CROW™)
process recovers oily wastes from the ground by
adapting a technology presently used for secon-
dary petroleum recovery and for primary pro-
duction of heavy oil and tar sand bitumen.
Steam or hot water displacement is used to move
accumulated oily wastes and water to production
wells for aboveground treatment.
Injection and production wells are first installed
in soil contaminated with oily wastes (see figure
below). If contamination has penetrated into or
below the aquitard, low-quality steam can be
injected below the organic liquids to dislodge
and sweep them upward into the more permeable
aquifer soil regions. Hot water is injected above
the impermeable soil regions to heat and mo-
bilize the oil waste accumulation. The mobilized
wastes are then recovered by hot water displace-
ment.
When the organic wastes are displaced, the
organic liquid saturation in the subsurface pore
space increases, forming a free-fluid bank. The
hot water injection displaces the free-fluid bank
to the production well. Behind the free-fluid
bank, the contaminant saturation is reduced to an
immobile residual saturation in the subsurface
pore space. The contaminant and water pro-
duced are treated for reuse or discharge.
In situ biological treatment may follow the
displacement and is continued until groundwater
contaminants are no longer detected in water
samples from the site. During treatment, all
mobilized organic liquids and water-soluble
contaminants are contained within the original
boundaries of waste accumulation. Hazardous
Steam-Stripped
Water -
Low-Quality
Steam -
Injection Well
i ' i
Production Well
-.-.—..-
Oil and Water
Production
, / \ v Steam
*"" ""' Injection
•j^j. Hot-Water
Flotation
CROW™ Subsurface Development
Page 198
The SITE Program assesses but does not
approve or endorse technologies.
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November 1993
Ongoing Project
materials are contained laterally by groundwater
isolation and vertically by organic liquid flota-
tion. Excess water is treated in compliance with
discharge regulations.
The process removes large portions of con-
taminant accumulations; stops the downward and
lateral migration of organic contaminants; im-
mobilizes any remaining organic wastes as a
residual saturation; and reduces the volume,
mobility, and toxicity of the contaminants. The
process can be used for shallow and deep areas,
and can recover light and dense nonaqueous
phase liquids. The system uses readily available
mobile equipment. Contaminant removal can be
increased by adding small quantities of selected
biodegradable chemicals in the hot water injec-
tion.
WASTE APPLICABILITY:
This technology can be applied to manufactured
gas plant sites, wood treating sites, petroleum-
refining facilities, and other areas with soils
containing light to dense organic liquids such as
coal tars, pentachlorophenol (PCP) solutions,
creosote, and petroleum by-products.
STATUS:
This technology was tested both in the labora-
tory and at pilot scale under the SITE Emerging
Technology Program. The program showed the
effectiveness of hot water displacement and
displayed the benefits of including chemicals
with the hot water. Based on these results, the
technology was invited to participate in the SITE
Demonstration Program. The technology will be
demonstrated at the Pennsylvania Power and
light (PP&L) Brodhead Creek Superfund site at
Stroudsburg, Pennsylvania. The site contains an
area with high concentrations of by-products
from past operations. The full-scale remediation
demonstration is scheduled for late 1993.
Sponsors for this program, in addition to EPA
and PP&L, are the Gas Research Institute, the
Electric Power Research Institute, and the U.S.
Department of Energy. Remediation Tech-
nologies, Inc. is assisting Western Research
Institute with the demonstration, with emphasis
on the biological treatment of the produced
fluids.
A pilot-scale demonstration of the technology
was completed at a wood treatment site in
Minnesota. Over 80 percent of nonaqueous
phase liquids were removed in the pilot test, as
predicted by treatability studies. However, PCP
concentration decreased 500 percent. The full-
scale remediation for this site is underway and
will include a progressive series of individual
but interconnected well patterns. Several other
sites are being evaluated.
FOR FURTHER INFORMATION:
EPA PROJECT MANAGER:
Eugene Harris
U.S. EPA
Risk Reduction Engineering Laboratory
26 West Martin Luther King Drive
Cincinnati, OH 45268
513-569-7862
Fax: 513-569-7676
TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPER CONTACT:
Lyle Johnson
Western Research Institute
P.O. Box 3395
Laramie, WY 82071-3395
307-721-2281
The SITE Program assesses but does not
approve or endorse technologies.
Page 199
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Technology Profile
DEMONSTRATION PROGRAM
WHEELABRATOR TECHNOLOGIES INC.
(WES-PHix Stabilization Process)
TECHNOLOGY DESCRIPTION:
WES-PHix is a patented stabilization process
that significantly reduces the solubility of certain
heavy metals in solid waste streams by altering
the chemical composition of the waste material.
The process does not produce a solidified mass,
unlike most other stabilization technologies. The
first step in the process involves feeding the
waste at a controlled rate to a mixing device,
such as a pug mill. The full-scale WES-PHix
process uses a pug mill with a capacity of 40 to
200 tons per hour. The stabilization reagent is
then added to and mixed with the waste for
about 1 minute. Once stabilized, the waste is
removed from the end of the mixer by a con-
veyor. For some wastes containing cadmium,
small amounts of lime must also be added.
The WES-PHix process uses a proprietary form
of soluble phosphate to form insoluble and
highly stable metal phosphate minerals. An
important innovative feature of this process is
that reaction kinetics are rapid; thus, no curing
step is necessary. As a result, treated waste will
immediately pass toxicity characteristics leaching
procedure (TCLP) requirements for the targeted
metals. In addition, the use of small quantities
of liquid phosphate reagent does not increase the
volume of the stabilized waste.
Equipment requirements include a metering
device for measuring waste stream delivery
rates, a mixer, and storage tank for the liquid
reagent. Oversized items such as boulders or
wood debris require crushing or screening prior
to treatment. There are no posttreatment needs
associated with this process other than transport-
ing the treated material from the mixer to a
staging area. Treated residuals can be transport-
ed to final disposal using dump trucks or roll-off
container vehicles.
WASTE APPLICABILITY:
This process was originally developed to treat
municipal waste combustion ash containing
heavy metals. The commercial-scale process has
successfully treated almost 3 million tons of ash.
However, data indicate that the technology can
Pump
Contaminated
Waste
Storage
Bin
Treatment
Unit
Treated Waste
Discharge
WES-PHix Stabilization Process
Page 200
The SITE Program assesses but does not
approve or endorse technologies.
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November 1993
Ongoing Project
also treat contaminated soils, sludges, and
baghouse dusts. Recent research has shown that
the process is particularly effective at stabilizing
lead, cadmium, copper, and zinc in a variety of
media as measured by TCLP.
STATUS:
The WES-PHix process was accepted into the
SITE Demonstration Program in spring 1993.
A demonstration site is being selected.
FOR FURTHER INFORMATION:
EPA PROJECT MANAGER:
Esperanza Piano Renard
U.S. EPA
Risk Reduction Engineering Laboratory
2890 Woodbridge Avenue
Edison, NJ 00837-3679
908-906-4355
Fax: 908-321-6640
TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPER CONTACT:
Mark Lyons
Wheelabrator Technologies Inc.
Liberty Lane
Hampton, NH 03842
603-929-3000
Fax: 603-929-3123
The SITE Program assesses but does not
approve or endorse technologies.
Page 201
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Technology Profile
DEMONSTRA TION PROGRAM
ZENON ENVIRONMENTAL SYSTEMS, INC.
(Cross-Flow Pervaporation System)
TECHNOLOGY DESCRIPTION:
Pervaporation is a membrane process for remov-
ing volatile organic compounds (VOC) from
contaminated water. Permeable membranes that
preferentially absorb VOCs are used to partition
VOCs from the contaminated water. The VOCs
diffuse from the membrane-water interface
through the membrane and are drawn off under
vacuum. Upstream of the vacuum pump, a
condenser traps and contains the permeating
vapors, condensing all the vapor to avoid fugi-
tive emissions. The condensed organic vapors
represent only a very small fraction of the initial
wastewater volume and may be subsequently
disposed of at significant cost savings. In-
dustrial waste streams may also be treated with
this process, and organics may be recovered for
reuse.
Zenon Environmental Systems, Inc., has
developed a pilot-scale pervaporation system that
is skid-mounted and compact. The membrane
modules in this system consist of hollow fibers
which are configured for maximum mass
transfer efficiency. Removal to less than one
part per billion (ppb) has been demonstrated.
For flow rates of less than 1 gallon per minute
this unit can remove 99.999 percent of VOCs.
This high removal capacity plus containment of
fugitive emissions and minimal pretreatment
requirements are the primary advantages of this
technology as compared with air stripping
followed by gas-phase carbon adsorption.
WASTE APPLICABILITY:
Pervaporation can be applied to aqueous waste
streams (in groundwater, lagoons, leachate, and
rinse water) contaminated with VOCs such as
solvents, degreasers, and gasoline. The tech-
nology is applicable to the types of aqueous
wastes currently treated by carbon adsorption,
air stripping, and steam stripping.
Modules(s)
Contaminated
Water
Treated
Water
Vacuum
Pump
VOC rich
Condensate
Cross-Flow Pervaporation System
Page 202
The SITE Program assesses but does not
approve or endorse technologies.
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November 1993
Ongoing Project
STATUS:
This technology was accepted into the SITE
Emerging Technology Program in January 1989.
A cost comparison, performed by Wastewater
Technology Centre in 1992 under the SITE
Emerging Technology Program, showed that
pervaporation can be competitive with air strip-
ping and activated carbon to treat low con-
centrations of VOCs. In addition, the cost
competitiveness of pervaporation increases with
VOC concentration.
A pilot plant with a removal efficiency of 99
percent was evaluated in-house and field tested
in late 1992. Based on results from the Emerg-
ing Technology Program, this process was
invited to participate in the Demonstration
Program.
A pilot-scale demonstration will be conducted at
a site near Toronto, Canada in fall of 1993.
Groundwater at the site is contaminated with
petroleum hydrocarbons. A full-scale demons-
tration is scheduled for summer 1994 at a site in
the United States.
FOR FURTHER INFORMATION:
EPA PROJECT MANAGER:
Ronald Turner
U.S. EPA
Risk Reduction Engineering Laboratory
26 West Martin Luther King Drive
Cincinnati, OH 45268
513-569-7775
Fax: 513-569-7787
TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPER CONTACT:
Philip Canning
Zenon Environmental, Inc.
845 Harrington Court
Burlington, Ontario L7N 3P3
Canada
905-639-6320
The SITE Program assesses but does not
approve or endorse technologies.
Page 203
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Technology Profile
DEMONSTRATION PROGRAM
ZENON ENVIRONMENTAL SYSTEMS, INC.
(ZenoGem™ Process)
TECHNOLOGY DESCRIPTION:
The ZenoGem™ Process, developed by Zenon
Environmental Systems, Inc. (Zenon), consists
of a bioreactor combined with an ultrafiltration
membrane system (see below). Combining these
technologies results in a system that can treat
wastes with high concentrations of biochemical
oxygen demand (BOD) and chemical oxygen
demand (COD) at long sludge retention tune but
very short hydraulic residence time. Therefore,
the size of the bioreactor is significantly re-
duced. Membrane filtration reduces the tur-
bidity of the treated waste to less than 1 nephel-
ometric turbidity unit (NTU).
In the ZenoGem™ Process, wastewater con-
taminated with organic compounds enters the
bioreactor, from which the process pump cir-
culates the biomass through the ultrafiltration
membrane system, or ultrafilter. The ultrafilter
separates treated water from biological solids
and soluble materials with higher molecular
weights, including emulsified oil, which are
recycled to the bioreactor. This system captures
higher molecular weight materials that would
otherwise pass through conventional clarifiers
and filters and be lost in the effluent.
The mobile version of the ZenoGem™ Process
unit is mounted on a 48-foot trailer and consists
of seven major components. The first com-
ponent, the pretreatment system, reduces con-
taminants to the limits required for optimum
performance of the ultrafilters. The second
component, the polyethylene equalization tank,
ZenoGem™ Process
The SITE program assesses but does not approve,
endorse, or recommend any technologies.
Page 204
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November 1993
Ongoing Project
reduces the normal fluctuations of flow and
waste concentrations in the system. The third
component, the polyethylene bioreactor tank,
contains the bacterial culture used to break down
organic contaminants in the waste. A unique in-
line aerator feeds oxygen into the bioreactor, to
support bacterial growth. The fourth com-
ponent, the process pump, is sized to ensure
proper flow and pressure for optimum system
performance. The ultrafiltration system, the
fifth component, contains rugged, clog-free,
tubular membrane modules. The sixth com-
ponent, the clean-in-place tank, includes all the
necessary valves, instrumentation, and controls
to clean the membrane filters. Finally, the
system has a control panel and a computer for
remote and local data and alarm monitoring and
reporting.
The system's capacity is about 500 to 1,000
gallons of wastewater per day. Volume is
dependent on the flux rate of the ultrafilters and
the required hydraulic retention time for the
bioreactor.
WASTE APPLICABILITY:
The ZenoGem™ Process is designed to remove
biodegradable materials, including most organic
contaminants, to produce a high quality effluent.
Consistent nitrification can be readily achieved.
The system is limited to aqueous media and may
be used to treat leachates and contaminated
groundwater. Soils can be treated indirectly by
treating liquid effluents from soil washing opera-
tions.
STATUS:
Zenon's technology was accepted into the SITE
Demonstration Program in summer 1992.
Potential demonstration sites are being evalu-
ated.
FOR FURTHER INFORMATION:
EPA PROJECT MANAGER:
Daniel Sullivan, P.E.
U.S. EPA
Risk Reduction Engineering Laboratory
2890 Woodbridge Avenue
Edison, NJ 08837
908-321-6677
Fax: 908-321-6640
TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPER CONTACT:
F.A. (Tony) Tonelli
Zenon Environmental Systems, Inc.
845 Harrington Court
Burlington, Ontario
Canada L7N 3P3
416-639-6320
Fax: 416-639-1812
Page 205
The SITE program assesses but does not approve,
endorse, or recommend any technologies.
-------
Technology Profile
DEMONSTRATION PROGRAM
ZIMPRO PASSAVANT ENVIRONMENTAL SYSTEMS, INC.
(PACT® Wastewater Treatment System)
TECHNOLOGY DESCRIPTION:
Zimpro Passavant Environmental Systems, Inc.,
(Zimpro) has adapted the PACT® wastewater
treatment system to contaminated groundwaters
that are encountered at many Superfund sites.
The system combines biological treatment and
powdered activated carbon (PAC) adsorption to
achieve treatment standards that are not readily
attainable using conventional technologies. The
system can be mounted on a trailer and function
as a mobile unit, having a treatment capacity
range of 2,500 to 10,000 gallons of wastewater
per day. Larger stationary systems, treating up
to 53 million gallons per day, are already in
operation. This technology removes organic
contaminants from the wastewater through
biodegradation and adsorption on the PAC.
Living microorganisms (biomass) and PAC
contact the wastewater in the aeration basin.
The biomass removes biodegradable organic
contaminants. PAC enhances the adsorption of
toxic organic compounds. A flow diagram of a
single-stage PACT® wastewater treatment system
is shown hi the figure below.
The degree of removal achieved by the system
depends on the influent waste characteristics and
the system's operating parameters. Important
characteristics include biodegradability, adsorb-
ability, and concentrations of toxic inorganic
compounds, such as heavy metals.
The technology is adjusted to the specific waste
stream by controlling the flow rate of the influ-
ent waste, recycle streams, and air. This is
VIRGIN
CARBON
STORAGE
INFLUENT
WASTEWATER
POLYELECTROLYTE
STORAGE
CONTACT-AERATION
TANK
CARBON RECYCLE
THICKENER
OVERFLOW
tr
FILTRATION
(OPTIONAL)
EFFLUENT
. TO REGENERATION
OR DISPOSAL
PACT® Wastewater Treatment System
The SITE program assesses but does not approve,
endorse, or recommend any technologies.
Page 206
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November 1993
Ongoing Project
done by varying the concentration of PAC in the
system, adjusting the retention time of the mixed
liquid, and adjusting the waste to biomass ratio.
If necessary, the temperature and pH of
incoming waste can be adjusted and nutrients
can be added.
After completion of the aeration cycle, solids
(PAC with adsorbed organics, biomass, and
inert solids) are removed in the settling tank.
The removed solids are partially returned to the
aeration tank with the excess quantity diverted to
the thickener where the solids are concentrated.
Overflow from the thickener is returned to the
aeration tank, and the concentrated solids are
removed. Dewatered solids may be regenerated
to recover PAC.
A two-stage PACT® system can be applied
where environmental regulations require the
virtual elimination of organic priority pollutants
or toxicity in the treated effluent. In the first
stage aeration basin, a high concentration of
biomass and PAC is used to achieve the removal
of most of the contaminants. The second-stage
aeration basin is used to polish the first-stage
effluent. The virgin PAC added just ahead of
the second stage and the counter flow of solids
to the first stage increases process efficiency.
The excess solids from the first stage are
removed and treated as described in the single-
stage PACT® system.
Zimpro has also developed anaerobic and multi-
staged anaerobic-aerobic PACT® systems.
WASTE APPLICABILITY:
This technology can be applied to municipal and
industrial wastewaters, as well as groundwater
and leachates containing hazardous organic
pollutants. It has successfully treated various
industrial wastewaters, including chemical plant
wastewaters, dye production wastewaters, phar-
maceutical wastewaters, refinery wastewaters,
and synthetic fuel wastewaters, in addition to
contaminated groundwater and mixed industrial
and municipal wastewater.
In general, the system can treat liquid wastes
with a chemical oxygen demand of up to 60,000
parts per million (ppm), including toxic volatile
organic compounds up to 1,000 ppm. The
developer's treatability studies have shown that
the system can reduce the organics in con-
taminated groundwater from several hundred
ppm to below detection limits (parts per billion
range).
STATUS:
Contaminated groundwater from several sites has
been tested and found suitable for treatment. A
treatability study report has been prepared. Site-
specific conditions have prevented demonstration
testing; however, additional sites are now being
evaluated for a full-scale demonstration of the
PACT® system.
FOR FURTHER INFORMATION:
EPA PROJECT MANAGER:
John Martin
U.S. EPA
Risk Reduction Engineering Laboratory
26 West Martin Luther-King Drive
Cincinnati, OH 45268
513-569-7758
Fax: 513-569-7620
TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPER CONTACT:
William Copa
Zimpro Passavant Environmental Systems, Inc.
301 West Military Road
Rothschild, WI 54474
715-359-7211
Page 2O7
The SITE program assesses but does not approve,
endorse, or recommend any technologies.
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1
The Emerging Technology Program provides a framework to encourage bench-and pilot-scale testing and
evaluation of technologies that are at a minimum proven on the conceptual and bench-scale stage. The
goal is to promote the development of alternative technologies for Superfund site remediations.
Technologies are solicited yearly for the Emerging Technology Program through Requests for
Preproposals. After a technical review of the preproposals, selected candidates are invited to submit a
cooperative agreement application and detailed project proposal that undergoes another full technical
review. The cooperative agreement between EPA and the technology developer requires cost sharing.
Projects are considered for either a 1- or 2-year developmental effort, providing awards of up to
$150,000 per year, with a maximum of $300,000 over 2 years. Second-year funding depends on
achieving significant progress during the first year. After the second year or significant progress,
emerging technologies may be considered for the SITE Demonstration Program.
To enable EPA to accept additional technologies into the Emerging Technology Program, interagency
agreements have been made between EPA and the Department of Energy (DOE) and the United States
Air Force (USAF). DOE has helped fund 22 projects, and USAF has helped fund eight projects.
Seven solicitations have been issued: November 1987 (E01), July 1988 (E02), July 1989 (EOS), July 1990
(E04), July 1991 (E05), July 1992 (E06), and July 1993 (E07).
Twenty-nine Emerging Technology projects have been completed, and several more will be completed
in 1994. Three technologies, Babcock & Wilcox Co.'s Cyclone Furnace and J.R. Simplot's
Biodegradation of Dinoseb and Biodegradation of Trinitrotoluene, have been demonstrated under the SITE
Demonstration Program. Five more Emerging Technology projects are participating in the Demonstration
Program.
Completed Emerging Technology Program projects are presented in alphabetical order in Table 3 and
in the technology profiles that follow; ongoing projects are presented in alphabetical order in Table 4 and
in the profiles that follow. One developer, Williams Environmental Services, Inc. (formerly Harmon
Environmental Services, Inc.), has exited the program and is not profiled in this document.
Page 209
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J
TABLE 3
Completed SITE Emerging Technology Program Projects as of October 1993
Developer
Aluminum Company of America
(formerly ALCOA Separation
Technology, Inc.),
Pittsburgh, PA (E03)*
Atomic Energy of Canada,
Limited,
Chalk River, Ontario, Canada
(E01)
Babcock & Wilcox Co.,
Alliance, OH (E02)
Battelle Memorial Institute,
Columbus, OH (E01)
Bio-Recovery Systems, Inc.,
Las Graces, NM (E01)
BioTrol, Inc.
Eden Prairie, MN (EOS)
Center for Hazardous Materials
Research,
Pittsburgh, PA (EOS)
Colorado School of Mines,
Golden, CO (E01)
Electro-Pure Systems, Inc.,
Amherst, NY (E02)
Electrokinetics, Inc.,
Baton Rouge, LA (EOS)
Electron Beam Research Facility,
Florida International University
and University of Miami,
Miami, FL (EOS)
Technology
Bioscrubber
Chemical Treatment
and Ultrafiltration
Cyclone Furnace
In Situ Electroacoustic
Soil Decontamination
Biological Soprtion
Methanotrophic
Bioreactor System
Acid Extraction
Treatment System
Wetlands-Based
Treatment
Alternating Current
Electrocoagulation
Technology
Electrokinetic
Remediation
High-Energy Electron
Irradiation
Technology
Contact
Paul Liu
412-826-3711
Leo Buckley
613-584-3311
Lawrence King
216-829-7576
Satya Chauhan
614-424-4812
Mike Hosea
505-523-0405
Durrell Dobbins
612-942-8032
Stephen Paff
412-826-5320
Thomas Wildeman
303-273-3642
James LaDue
716-691-2610
Yalcin Acar
504-388-3992
William Cooper
305-348-3049
EPA Project
Manager
Naomi Barkley
513-569-7854 .
John Martin
513-569-7758
Laurel Staley
513-569-7863
Jonathan Herrmann
513-569-7839
Naomi Barkley
513-569-7854
David Smith
303-293-1475
Kim Lisa Kreiton
513-569-7328
Edward Bates
513-569-7774
Naomi Barkley
513-569-7854
Randy Parker
513-569-7271
Franklin Alvarez
513-569-7631
Waste Media
Airstreams from
Soil, Water, and
Air Decontamina-
tion Processes
Groundwater,
Leachate,
Wastewater
Solids, Soil
Soil
Groundwater,
Leachate,
Wastewater
Water
Soil
Acid Mine
Drainage
Groundwater,
Wastewater,
Leachate
Soil
Water Streams
and Sludges
Applicable Waste
Inorganic
Not Applicable
Heavy Metals, Uranium
Heavy Metals,
Radionuclides
Nonspecific, Low-level
Radionuclides
Heavy Metals, Uranium
Not Applicable
Heavy Metals
Metals
Heavy Metals
Heavy Metals and Other
Inorganics, Radionuclides
Not Applicable
Organic
Most Volatile Organics
Not Applicable
Nonspecific Organics
Nonspecific Organics
Not Applicable
Halogenated Hydrocarbons
Not Applicable
Not Applicable
Petroleum By-products,
Coal-Tar Derivatives
Nonspecific Organics
Most Organics
Solicitation Number
-------
TABLE 3 (continued)
Completed SITE Emerging Technology Program Projects as of October 1993
Developer
Energy and Environmental
Engineering, Inc.,
East Cambridge, MA (E01)
Energy and Environmental
Research Corporation,
Irvine, CA (E03)
Ferro Corporation,
Independence, OH (EOS)
Institute of Gas Technology,
Chicago, IL (E04)
Institute of Gas Technology,
Chicago, IL (E03)
IT Corporation,
Knoxville, TN (E02)
IT Corporation,
Knoxville, TN (EOS)
Matrix Photocatalytic Inc.
(formerly Nutech
Environmental),
London, Ontario, Canada (EOS)
Membrane Technology and
Research, Inc.,
Menlo Park, CA (E02)
New Jersey Institute of
Technology,
Newark, NJ (EOS)
PSI Technology Company, ;
Andover, MA (E04)
Technology
Laser-Induced
Photochemical
Oxidative Destruction
Hybrid Fluidized Bed
System
Waste Vitrification
Through Electric
Melting
Chemical and
Biological Treatment
Fluid Extraction -
Biological Degradation
Process
Batch Steam
Distillation and Metal
Extraction
Photolytic and
Biological Soil
Detoxification
Photocatalytic Water
Treatment
VaporSep™ Membrane
Process
GHEA Associates
Process
Metals Immobilization
and Decontamination
of Aggregate Solids
Technology
Contact
James Porter
617-666-5500
Richard Koppang
714-859-8851
Emilio Spinosa
216-641-8580
Robert Kelley
312-567-3809
J. Robert Paterek
312-949-3947
Robert Fox
615-690-3211
Robert Fox
615-690-3211
Brian Butters
519457-2963
David Dortmundt or
Marc Jacobs
415-328-2228
Itzhak Gotlieb
201-596-5862
Srivats Srinivasachar
508-689-0003
EPA Project
Manager
Ronald Lewis
513-569-7856
Ten Richardson
513-569-794?
Randy Parker
513-569-7271
Naomi Barkley
513-569-7854
Annette Gatchett
513-569-7697
Ronald -Lewis
513-569-7856
Randy Parker
513-569-7271
John Ireland
513-569-7413
Paul dePercin
513-569-7797
Annette Gatchett
513-569-7697
Mark Meckes
513-569-7348
Waste Media
Groundwater,
Wastewater
Solids, Sludges
Soils, Sediments,
Sludges
Soil, Sludge,
Groundwater,
Surface Water
Soil
Soil
Soil
Wastewater,
Groundwater,
Process Water
Gaseous Waste
Streams
Soil, Sludge,
Sediment, Water,
Industrial Effluent
Soils, Sediments,
Sludges
Applicable Waste
Inorganic
Not Applicable
Volatile Inorganics
Nonspecific Inorganics
Not Applicable
Not Applicable
Heavy Metals, Nonspecific
Organics
Not Applicable
Nonspecific Inorganics
Not Applicable
Heavy Metals
Heavy Metals, Volatile
Metals
Organic
Various Organics, PCP,
PCBs, Dioxins, Pesticides
Nonspecific Organics
Nonspecific Organics
Most Organics
Nonspecific Organics
Nonspecific Organics
PCBs, Dioxins, PAHs,
Other Nonspecific Organics
PCBs, PCDDs, FCDFs,
Chlorinated Alkenes,
Chlorinated Phenols
Halogenated and
Nonhalogenated Organics
Most Organics
Low Volatile Organics,
Organometailics
-------
NJ
•«i
N)
TABLE 3 (continued)
Completed SITE Emerging Technology Program Projects as of October 1993
Developer
Purus, Inc.,
San Jose, CA (E04)
J.R. Simplot Company,
Pocatello, ID (E03)
Trinity Environmental
Technologies, Inc.,
Mound Valley, KS (E03)
University of Washington,
Seattle, WA (E02)
Vortec Corporation,
Collegeville, PA (E04)
Wastewater Technology Centre,
Burlington, Ontario, Canada
(E02)
Western Research Institute,
Laramie, WY (E01)
Technology
Photolytic Oxidation
Process
Anaerobic Biological
Process
PCB- and
Organochlorine-
Contaminated Soil
Detoxification
Adsorptive Filtration
Oxidation and
Vitrification Process
Cross-Flow
Pervaporation System
Contained Recovery of
Oily Wastes (CROW™)
Technology
Contact
Bart Mass
408-955-1000
Dane Higdem
208-234-5367
Duane Koszalka
316-328-3222
Mark Benjamin
206-543-7645
James Hnat
215-489-2255
Rob Booth
416-336-4689
Phil Canning
416-639-6320
Lyle Johnson
307-721-2281
EPA Project
Manager
Norma Lewis
513-569-7665
Wendy Davis-Hoover
513-569-7206
Kim Lisa Kreiton
513-569-7328
Norma Lewis
513-569-7665
Teri Richardson
513-569-7949
John Martin
513-569-7758
Eugene Harris
513-569-7862
Waste Media
Soil, Ground water
Soil, Sludge
Solids, Sludge
Aqueous Waste
Streams
Soil, Sediments,
Sludges, Mill
Tailings
Groundwater,
Leachate,
Wastewater
Soil
Applicable Waste
Inorganic
Not Applicable
Not Applicable
Not Applicable
Metals, Other Nonspecific
Inorganics
Metals, Other Nonspecific
Inorganics
Not Applicable
Not Applicable
Organic
VOCs
Nitroaromatics
PCBs, PCP, and Other
Chlorinated Hydrocarbon
Compounds
Not Applicable
Nonspecific Organics
VOCs, Solvents, Petroleum
Hydrocarbons
Coal Tar Derivatives,
Petroleum By-products
-------
-------
Technology Profile
EMERGING TECHNOLOGY PROGRAM
ALUMINUM COMPANY OF AMERICA
(formerly ALCOA SEPARATION TECHNOLOGY, INC.)
(Bioscrubber)
TECHNOLOGY DESCRIPTION:
This bioscrubber technology digests hazardous
organic emissions from soil, water, and air
decontamination processes. The bioscrubber
consists of a filter with an activated carbon
medium that supports microbial growth. This
unique medium, with increased microbial popu-
lation and enhanced bioactivity, converts diluted
organics into carbon dioxide, water, and other
nonhazardous compounds. The filter provides
biomass removal, nutrient supplement, and
moisture addition. A pilot-scale unit with 4-
cubic-foot-per-minute capacity is being field
tested (see photograph below).
In addition to efficient degradation, the bioscrub-
ber provides an effective sink to mitigate feed
fluctuations. During an 11-month bench-scale
test, the bioscrubber consistently removed
contaminants from the waste feed at levels
ranging from less than 5 to 40 parts per million
(ppm).
The bioscrubber provides several advantages
over conventional activated carbon adsorbers.
First, bioregeneration keeps the maximum
adsorption capacity available constantly; thus,
the mass transfer zone remains stationary and
relatively short. The carbon does not require
refrigeration and the required bed length is
greatly reduced. These features reduce capital
and operating expenses. The bioscrubber's
advantages would be fully utilized when the off-
gas contains weakly adsorbed contaminants, such
as methylene chloride, or adsorbates competing
with moisture in the stream. Finally the chro-
matographic effect (premature desorption) corn-
I
Bioscrubber Pilot-Scale Unit
Page 214
The SITE Program assesses but does not
approve or endorse technologies.
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November 1993
Completed Project
mon in an adsorber is eliminated because the
maximum capacity is available constantly. The
bioscrubber may replace activated carbon in
some applications.
WASTE APPLICABILITY:
The bioscrubber technology removes organic
contaminants in airstreams from soil, water, or
air decontamination processes. The technology
is especially suited to treat streams containing
aromatic solvents, such as benzene, toluene,
xylene, alcohols, ketones, hydrocarbons, and
others. The technology will have a wide spec-
trum of applications to Superfund sites, includ-
ing: (1) organic emission control for groundwa-
ter decontamination using air strippers, (2)
emission control for biological treatment of
ground and surface water, and (3) emission
control for soil decontamination. These primary
treatment processes have not been designed to
prevent volatile organic compound discharges
into the atmosphere. The proposed technology
is an ideal posttreatment for these processes
because it handles trace organic volatiles eco-
nomically and effectively.
STATUS:
This technology was accepted into the SITE
Emerging Technology Program in July 1990.
Bench-scale bioscrubbers operated continuously
for more than 11 months to treat an air stream
with trace concentrations of toluene (about 10 to
20 ppm). The bioscrubbers accomplished great-
er than 95 percent removal efficiency. The filter
had a biodegradation efficiency 40 to 80 times
greater than existing filters. The project was
completed in June 1993. Results have been
published in the report "Bioscrubber for Re-
moving Hazardous Organic Emissions from Soil,
Water and Air Decontamination Processes"
(EPA 540/R-93/521). This report is available
from the National Technical Information Service
(NTIS). Other reports available are the Tech-
nology Bulletin (EPA/540/F-93/507) and the
Technology Summary (EPA/540/SR-93/521).
The pilot unit has been tested by treating 2
standard cubic feet per minute of discharge
containing from less than 10 ppm up to 200 ppm
toluene from an air stripping tower. The unit
demonstrated the effectiveness, efficiency and
reliability of its design. Additional tests are
underway to confirm results at higher flow rates
and with other contaminants.
FOR FURTHER INFORMATION:
EPA PROJECT MANAGER:
Naomi Barkley
U.S. EPA
Risk Reduction Engineering Laboratory
26 West Martin Luther King Drive
Cincinnati, OH 45268
513-569-7854
Fax: 513-569-7620
TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPER CONTACT:
Paul Liu
Media and Process Technology, Inc.
1155 William Pitt Way
Pittsburgh, PA 15238
412-826-3711
The SITE Program assesses but does not
approve or endorse technologies.
Page 215
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Technology Profile
EMERGING TECHNOLOGY PROGRAM
ATOMIC ENERGY OF CANADA, LIMITED
(Chemical Treatment and Ultrafiltration)
TECHNOLOGY DESCRIPTION:
The Atomic Energy of Canada, Limited (AECL)
process uses chemical pretreatment and ultrafil-
tration to remove trace concentrations of dis-
solved metals from wastewater, contaminated
groundwater, and leachate. The process selec-
tively removes metal contaminants and produces
a volume-reduced water stream for further
treatment and disposal.
The installed unit's overall dimensions are 5 feet
wide by 7 feet long by 6 feet high. The skid-
mounted unit consists of (1) a bank of 5-micron
cartridge prefilters, (2) a feed conditioning
system with polyelectrolytes and chemicals for
pH adjustment, (3) two banks of hollow-fiber
ultrafilters, (4) a backflush system for cleaning
the membrane unit, and (5) associated tanks and
instrumentation. The two banks of filters prov-
ide a total membrane surface area of 390 square
feet and a permeate rate of about 8 gallons per
minute (gpm). The wastewater enters the prefil-
ter through the feed tank, where suspended
particles from the feed are removed. The fil-
tered wastewater is then routed to conditioning
tanks where the solution pH is adjusted and
water-soluble macromolecular compounds are
added to the wastewater to form complexes with
heavy metal ions. Next, a relatively high molec-
ular weight polymer, generally a commercially
available polyelectrolyte, is added to the waste-
water to form selective metal-polymer complexes
at the desired pH and temperature. The poly-
electrolyte quantities needed to enlarge the metal
complex to the desired size depend on the con-
centration of metal ions. Therefore, separated
metal ions should generally be in the parts per
million (ppm) range.
The treated wastewater then passes through a
cross-flow ultrafiltration membrane system
through a recirculation loop. The membranes
retain the metal complexes (concentrate), while
allowing uncomplexed ions to pass through the
membrane with the filtered water. The filtered
water, which can be discharged, is continuously
withdrawn, while the concentrate stream, con-
sisting of most of the contaminants, is recycled
through the recirculation loop until it meets the
CIRCULATION LOOP
FEED
HOLDING
TANK
pH CHEMICAL
ADDITION
1
PH
ADJUSTMENT
JPREFILTRATION
POLYELECTROLYTE
ADDITION
1
METAL
COMPLEXATION
REACTION
TANK
CIRCULATION
PUMP
» 20 L/min
DFEED
PUMP
*100to150L/min
ULTRAFILTRATION
SYSTEM
(265 sq ft Bank)
= 20 L/min
=0.2 to 1
BLE
PERMRATE
CONCENTRATE
Single-Stage Chemical Treatment and Ultrafiltration Process
Page 216
The SITE Program assesses but does not
approve or endorse technologies.
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November 1993
Completed Project
target concentration. After reaching the target
concentration, the concentrate stream is with-
drawn for further treatment, such as solidifica-
tion. It can then be safely disposed of.
WASTE APPLICABILITY:
The process treats groundwater, leachate, and
surface runoff water contaminated with trace
levels of toxic heavy metals. The process also
treats effluents from (1) industrial processes,
(2) production and processing of base metals,
(3) smelters, (4) electrolysis operations, and
(5) battery manufacturing. Potential applications
include removal of metals such as cadmium,
lead, mercury, uranium, manganese, nickel,
chromium, and silver.
The process can treat influent with dissolved
metal concentrations from several ppm up to
about 100 ppm. In addition, the process re-
moves other inorganic and organic materials
present as suspended or colloidal solids. The
sole residue is the ultrafiltration concentrate,
which generally constitutes 5 to 20 percent of
the feed volume.
STATUS:
During initial bench-scale and pilot-scale tests,
the system successfully removed cadmium, lead,
and mercury. These results were used to design
and construct the mobile unit.
The mobile unit has undergone initial testing at
the Chalk River Laboratories and at a uranium
mine tailings site in Ontario. The field demon-
stration indicated that process water character-
istics needed further study; pretreatment schemes
are being evaluated. The mobile unit, which is
capable of treating influent flows ranging from
1,000 to 5,000 gallons per day, is available for
treatability tests and on-site applications.
FOR FURTHER INFORMATION:
EPA PROJECT MANAGER:
John Martin
U.S. EPA
Risk Reduction Engineering Laboratory
26 West Martin Luther King Drive
Cincinnati, OH 45268
513-569-7758
Fax: 513-569-7676
TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPER CONTACTS:
Leo Buckley
Atomic Energy of Canada, Limited
Waste Management Systems
Chalk River Laboratories
Chalk River, Ontario KOJ UO
Canada
613-584-3311
Fax: 613-584-1438
Phil Campbell
AECL Technologies
9210 Corporate Blvd, Suite 410
Rockville, MD 20850
1-800-USA-AECL
(1-800-872-2325)
Fax: 301-417-0746
The SITE Program assesses but does not
approve or endorse technologies.
Page 217
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Technology Profile
EMERGING TECHNOLOGY PROGRAM
BABCOCK & WILCOX CO.
(Cyclone Furnace)
TECHNOLOGY DESCRIPTION:
The Babcock & Wilcox Co. (Babcock &
Wilcox) cyclone furnace is designed for the
combustion of high inorganic content (high-ash)
coal. The combination of high heat-release rates
(45,000 British thermal units per cubic foot
[Btu/ft3]) of coal] and high turbulence hi cy-
clones assures achievement of the high tempera-
tures required for melting the high-ash fuels.
The inert ash exits the cyclone furnace as a
vitrified slag.
The furnace is water-cooled and simulates the
geometry of Babcock & Wilcox's single-cyclone,
front-wall-fired cyclone boilers. The pilot
cyclone furnace, shown below, is a scaled-down
version of a commercial coal-fired cyclone with
a restricted exit (throat). The furnace geometry
is a horizontal cylinder (barrel). Natural gas
and preheated combustion air are heated to
820 °F and enter tangentially into the cyclone
burner. For dry soil processing, the soil matrix
and natural gas enter tangentially along the
Combustion
air
cyclone furnace barrel. For wet soil processing,
an atomizer uses compressed air to spray the soil
paste directly into the furnace. The soil is
captured and melted, and organics are destroyed
in the gas phase or in the molten slag layer
formed and retained on the furnace barrel wall
by centrifugal action. The soil melts, exits the
cyclone furnace from the tap at the cyclone
throat, and is dropped into a water-filled slag
tank where it solidifies. A small quantity of soil
also exits as fly ash with the flue gas from the
furnace and is collected in a baghouse. In
principle, this fly ash can be recycled to the
furnace to increase the capture of metals, and to
minimize the volume of the potentially hazard-
ous waste stream.
The energy requirements for vitrification are
15,000 Btu/pound (Ib) of soil treated. Given the
much larger surface-to-volume ratio of the
relatively small pilot unit and its cool surface, a
full-scale unit can be expected to have propor-
tionally lower energy requirements. The cy-
clone furnace can be operated with gas, oil, or
Natural gas
injectors
Natural gas
Soil injector
Slag tap
Slag
quenching
tank
Cyclone Furnace
Page 218
The SITE Program assesses but does not
approve or endorse technologies.
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November 1993
Completed Project
coal as the supplemental fuel. The waste may
also supply a significant portion of the required
heat input.
Particulates are controlled by a baghouse. To
maximize the capture of metals., a heat ex-
changer is used to cool the stack gases to ap-
proximately 200 °F before they enter the bag-
house.
WASTE APPLICABILITY:
The cyclone vitrification technology is applicable
to highly contaminated inorganic hazardous
wastes; sludges; and soils that contain heavy
metals and organic constituents. The wastes
may be in the form of solids, a soil slurry (wet
soil), or liquids. To be treated in the cyclone
furnace, the ash or solid matrix must melt (with
or without additives) and flow at cyclone furnace
temperatures (2,400 to 3,000 °F). Because of
the technology's ability to capture heavy metals
in the slag and render these nonleachable, an
important application of the technology is to
treat contaminated soils that contain lower-
volatility radionuclides such as strontium and
transuranics.
STATUS:
The 6-million-Btu/hour (hr) cyclone furnace was
successfully used in a 2-year SITE Emerging
Technology Program project to melt and vitrify
an EPA-supplied synthetic soil matrix (SSM)
spiked with 7,000 parts per million (ppm) lead;
1,000 ppm cadmium; and 1,500 ppm chromium.
An advantage of vitrification over other thermal
treatment technologies is that in addition to
destruction of organic wastes, the resulting
vitrified product captures and does not leach
heavy metals. When operated at 50 to 150
pounds per hour (Ib/hr) of dry SSM feed, and at
100 to 300 Ib/hr of wet SSM feed, the cyclone
furnace produced a nonleachable product (as
measured by the toxicity characteristic leaching
procedure) for lead, cadmium, and chromium
from the hazardous soil.
From 95 to 97 percent of the dry SSM was
incorporated within the slag. Stable cyclone
operation was achieved during the two projects,
which processed over 6 tons of clean, unspiked
SSM and 5 tons of spiked SSM. During the
thermal vitrification process, the heavy metals
partitioned between the vitrified slag and the
stack fly ash. The percentages of each metal
retained in the vitrified slag for wet soil fed at
200 Ib/hr were 12 to 23 percent for cadmium,
38 to 54 percent for lead, and 78 to 95 percent
for chromium. The capture of heavy metals in
the slag was found to increase with feed rate and
to decrease with metal volatility.
These results suggest that the cyclone vitrifica-
tion process will show a high capture rate for
very low volatility contaminants such as many
radionuclides (for example, uranium and thori-
um). The treatment of the SSM resulted in a
volume reduction of 25 to 35 percent on a dry
basis. Vitrification results in an easily-crushed,
glassy product.
FOR FURTHER INFORMATION:
EPA PROJECT MANAGER:
Laurel Staley
U.S. EPA
Risk Reduction Engineering Laboratory
26 West Martin Luther King Drive
Cincinnati, OH 45268
513-569-7863
Fax: 513-569-7620
TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPER CONTACT:
Lawrence King
Babcock & Wilcox Co.
1562 Beeson Street
Alliance, OH 44601
216-829-7576
The SITE Program assesses but does not
approve or endorse technologies.
Page 219
-------
Technology Profile
EMERGING TECHNOLOGY PROGRAM
BATTELLE MEMORIAL INSTITUTE
(In Situ Electroacoustic Soil Decontamination)
TECHNOLOGY DESCRIPTION:
This patented technology is used for in situ
decontamination of soils containing hazardous
organics by applying electrical (direct current)
and acoustic fields. The direct current facilitates
the transport of liquids through soils. The
process consists of electrodes (an anode and a
cathode) and an acoustic source (see figure
below).
The double-layer boundary theory is important
when an electric potential is applied to soils.
For soil particles, the double layer consists of a
fixed layer of negative ions that are firmly held
to the solid phase and a diffuse layer of cations
and anions that are more loosely held. Applying
an electric potential to the double layer displaces
the loosely held ions to their respective elec-
trodes. The cations drag water along with them
as they move toward the cathode.
Besides the transport of water through wet soils,
the direct current produces other effects, such as
ion transfer; development of pH gradients;
electrolysis; oxidation and reduction; and heat
generation. The heavy metals present in con-
taminated soils can be leached or precipitated out
of solution by electrolysis, oxidation and reduc-
tion reactions, or ionic migration. The con-
taminants hi the soil may be (1) cations, such as
cadmium, chromium, and lead; and (2) anions,
such as cyanide, chromate, and dichromate.
The existence of these ions in their respective
oxidation states depends on the pH and con-
centration gradients in the soil. The electric
field is expected to increase the leaching rate and
precipitate the heavy metals out of solution by
establishing appropriate pH and osmotic gradi-
ents.
When properly applied in conjunction with an
electric field and water flow, an acoustic field
can enhance the dewatering or leaching of
wastes such as sludges. This phenomenon is not
fully understood. Another possible application
involves unclogging of recovery wells. Since
contaminated particles are driven to the recovery
Contaminants
Water (Optional)
VeloSlyF
Profile
In Situ Electroacoustic Soil Decontamination (BSD) Process
Page 220
The SITE Program assesses but does not
approve or endorse technologies.
-------
November 1993
Completed Project
well, the pores and interstitial spaces in the soil
can become plugged. This technology could be
used to clear these clogged spaces.
WASTE APPLICABILITY:
Fine-grained clay soils are ideal. The tech-
nology's potential for improving nonaqueous
phase liquid contaminant recovery and in situ
removal of heavy metals needs to be tested on a
pilot scale using clay soils.
STATUS:
Phase I results indicate that electroacoustic soil
decontamination (BSD) is technically feasible for
removal of inorganic species, such as zinc and
cadmium, from clay soils and only marginally
effective for hydrocarbon removal. A modified
BSD process for more effective hydrocarbon
removal has been developed but not tested. An
EPA report (EPA/540/5-90/004) for the 1-year
investigation can be purchased through the
National Technical Information Service (NTIS)
(703-487-4650). The NTIS order number is PB
90-204 728/AS.
FOR FURTHER INFORMATION:
EPA PROJECT MANAGER:
Jonathan Herrmann
U.S. EPA
Risk Reduction Engineering Laboratory
26 West Martin Luther King Drive
Cincinnati, OH 45268
513-569-7839
Fax: 513-569-7787
TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPER CONTACT:
Satya Chauhan
Battelle Memorial Institute
505 King Avenue
Columbus, OH 43201
614-424-4812
The SITE Program assesses but does not
approve or endorse technologies.
Page 221
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Technology Profile
EMERGING TECHNOLOGY PROGRAM
BIO-RECOVERY SYSTEMS, INC.
(Biological Sorption)
TECHNOLOGY DESCRIPTION:
The AlgaSORB™ sorption process uses algae to
remove heavy metal ions from aqueous solu-
tions. The process takes advantage of the al-
gae's natural affinity for heavy metal ions.
The photograph below shows a prototype por-
table effluent treatment equipment (PETE) unit,
consisting of two columns operating in series.
Each column contains 0.25 cubic foot of
AlgaSORB™, the treatment matrix. The PETE
unit shown below can treat waste at a flow rate
of approximately 1 gallon per minute (gpm).
Larger systems have been designed and manu-
factured to treat waste at flow rates greater than
100 gpm.
The AlgaSORB™ medium consists of algal cells
immobilized in a silica gel polymer. This
immobilization serves two purposes: (1) it
protects the algal cells from decomposition by
other microorganisms, and (2) it produces a hard
material that can be packed into chromatographic
columns that, when pressurized, still exhibit
good flow characteristics.
The system functions as a biological ion-ex-
change resin to bind both metallic cations (posi-
tively charged ions, such as mercury [Hg+2])
and metallic oxoanions (negatively charged,
large, complex, oxygen-containing ions, such as
selenium oxide [SeO4"2]). Anions such as chlor-
ides or sulfates are only weakly bound or not
bound at all.
Like ion-exchange resins, the algae-silica system
can be recycled. However, in contrast to cur-
rent ion-exchange technology, divalent cations
typical of hard water, such as calcium (Ca+2)
Portable Effluent Treatment Equipment (PETE) Unit
Page 222
The SITE Program assesses but does not
approve or endorse technologies.
-------
November 1993
Completed Project
and magnesium (Mg+2), or monovalent cations,
such as sodium (Na+) and potassium (K+), do
not significantly interfere with the binding of
toxic heavy metal ions to the algae-silica matrix.
After the matrix are saturated, the metals are
stripped from the algae with acids, bases, or
other suitable reagents. This stripping process
generates a small volume of solution containing
highly concentrated metals that must undergo
treatment.
WASTE APPLICABILITY:
This technology can remove metal ions from
groundwater or surface leachates that are "hard"
or contain high levels of dissolved solids. The
.process can also treat rinse waters from electro-
plating, metal finishing, and printed circuit
board manufacturing industries.
The system can remove metals, such as alumi-
num, cadmium, chromium, cobalt, copper, gold,
iron, lead, manganese, mercury, molybdenum,
nickel, platinum, silver, uranium, vanadium, and
zinc.
STATUS:
Under the Emerging Technology Program, the
AlgaSORB™ sorption process was tested on
mercury-contaminated groundwater at a haz-
ardous waste site in Oakland, California, in fall
1989. Testing was designed to determine op-
timum flow rates, binding capacities, and the
efficiency of stripping agents. The final report
(EPA/540/5-90/005a) is available. Based on
results from the Emerging Technology Program,
Bio-Recovery Systems, Inc., was invited to
participate in the SITE Demonstration Program.
The process is being commercialized for ground-
water treatment and industrial point source
treatment.
FOR FURTHER INFORMATION:
EPA PROJECT MANAGER:
Naomi Barkley
U.S. EPA
Risk Reduction Engineering Laboratory
26 West Martin Luther King Drive
Cincinnati, OH 45268
513-569-7854
Fax: 513-569-7620
TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPER CONTACT:
Mike Hosea
Bio-Recovery Systems, Inc.
2001 Copper Avenue
Las Cruces, NM 88005
505-523-0405
800-697-2001
Fax: 505-523-1638
The SITE Program assesses but does not
approve or endorse technologies.
Page 223
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Technology Profile
EMERGING TECHNOLOGY PROGRAM
BIOTROL, INC.
(Methanotrophic Bioreactor System)
TECHNOLOGY DESCRIPTION:
The methanotrophic bioreactor system is an
aboveground remedial technology for water
contaminated with halogenated hydrocarbons.
Trichloroethene (TCB) and related compounds
pose a new and difficult challenge to biological
treatment. Unlike aromatic hydrocarbons, for
example, TCE cannot be used as a primary
substrate for growth by bacteria. Degradation
depends on the process of cometabolism (see
figure below), which is attributed to the broad
substrate specificity of certain bacterial enzyme
systems. Although many aerobic enzyme sys-
tems are reported to cooxidize TCE and related
compounds, BioTrol, Inc. (BioTrol) claims that
the methane monooxygenase (MMO) of methan-
otrophic bacteria is the most promising.
Methanotrophs are bacteria that can use methane
as a sole source of carbon and energy. Al-
though it has been known that certain methano-
trophs can express MMO in either a soluble or
particulate (membrane-bound) form, BioTrol-
sponsored research has led to the discovery that
the soluble form induces extremely rapid rates of
TCE degradation. One patent has been obtained
and two additional patents are pending on the
process. BioTrol has also developed a colori-
metric assay which verifies the presence of the
desired enzyme in the bioreactor culture. Re-
sults from experiments -withMethylosinus tricho-
sporium OB3b indicate that the maximum spe-
cific TCE degradation rate is 1.3 grams of TCE
per gram of cells (dry weight) per hour, which
is 100 to 1,000 times faster than reported rates
of TCE degradation by nonmethanotrophs. This
Carbon Dioxide
Carbon Dioxide, Chloride
Methane
Trichloroethene
Cometabolism of TCE
Page 224
The SITE Program assesses but does not
approve or endorse technologies.
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November 1993
Completed Project
species of methanotrophic bacteria is reported to
remove various chlorinated aliphatic compounds
by more than 99.9 percent.
WASTE APPLICABILITY:
The technology is applicable to water con-
taminated with halogenated aliphatic hydrocar-
bons, including TCE, dichloroethene isomers,
vinyl chloride, dichloroethane isomers, chloro-
form, dichloromethane (methylene chloride), and
others. In the case of groundwater treatment,
bioreactor effluent can either be (1) reinjected or
(2) discharged to a sanitary sewer or a National
Pollutant Discharge Elimination System receiv-
ing water.
STATUS:
This technology was accepted into the SITE
Emerging Technology Program in July 1990.
Both bench-scale and pilot-scale tests were
conducted using a continuous-flow dispersed-
growth system. As shown in the figure below,
first-order TCE degradation kinetics were ob-
served in the pilot-scale reactor. The final
report on the pilot-scale demonstration is ex-
pected to appear in the Journal of the Air and
Waste Management Association in late 1993. A
technology bulletin (EPA/540/F-93/506) and a
technology summary (EPA/540/SR-93/5Q5) are
available from EPA.
FOR FURTHER INFORMATION:
EPA PROJECT MANAGER:
David Smith
U.S. EPA
Region 8
999 18th Street
Denver, CO 80202
303-293-1475
Fax: 303-294-1198
TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPER CONTACT:
Durell Dobbins
BioTrol, Inc.
10300 Valley View Road
Eden Prairie, MN 55344
612-942-8032
Fax: 612-942-8526
2000
1500 _
& 1000 _
500 —
HRT(mIn)
Typical Laboratory Continuous-Flow Results
The SITE Program assesses but does not
approve or endorse technologies.
Page 225
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== m Si
Technology Profile
EMERGING TECHNOLOGY PROGRAM
CENTER FOR HAZARDOUS MATERIALS RESEARCH
(Acid Extraction Treatment System)
TECHNOLOGY DESCRIPTION:
The Acid Extraction Treatment System (AETS)
uses hydrochloric acid to extract heavy metal
contaminants from soils. Following treatment,
the clean soil may be returned to the site or used
as fill.
A simplified block flow diagram of the AETS is
given in the figure below. First, soils are
screened to remove coarse solids. These solids,
typically greater than 4 millimeters in size, are
relatively clean, requiring at most a simple rinse
with water or detergent to remove smaller
attached particles.
After coarse particle removal, the remaining soil
is scrubbed in an attrition scrubber to break up
agglomerates and cleanse surfaces. Then it is
contacted with hydrochloric acid in the extrac-
tion unit. The residence tune in the unit varies
depending on the soil type, contaminants, and
contaminant concentrations, but generally ranges
between 10 and 40 minutes. The soil-extractant
mixture is continuously pumped out of the
mixing tank, and the soil and extractant are
separated using hydrocyclones.
When extraction is complete, the solids are
transferred to the rinse system. The soils are
rinsed with water to remove entrained acid and
metals. The extraction solution and rinsewaters
are regenerated using a proprietary technology
that removes the metals and reforms the acid.
The heavy metals are concentrated in a form
potentially suitable for recovery. During the
final step, the soils are mixed with lime and
fertilizer to neutralize any residual acid.
WASTE APPLICABILITY:
The main application of AETS is removal of
heavy metals from soils. The system has been
tested using a variety of soils, containing one or
more of the following: arsenic, cadmium,
chromium, copper, lead, nickel, and zinc. The
treatment capacity is expected to range up to 30
tons per hour. AETS can treat all fractions of
the soils, including fines. The major residuals
anticipated from treatment using AETS include
the cleaned soil, which is suitable for fill or for
return to the site, and the heavy metal con-
centrate. Depending on the- concentration of
heavy metals, the mixtures of heavy metals
found at the site, and the presence of other
compounds (calcium, sodium) with the metals,
heavy metals may be reclaimed from the con-
centrate.
STATUS:
Under the Emerging Technology Program,
laboratory-scale and bench-scale tests were
conducted to develop the AETS technology.
The bench-scale pilot system was constructed to
process between 20 and 100 kilograms of soil
per hour.
CONTMINATED
SOIL.
UAKE-UF
ACID _
RWSE
WATER '
EXTRACTION
UNIT
i
RINSg/DEWATER
1
NEUTRALIZATION
& STABILIZATION
REQENERATEDACID
EXrHACTAHT 1
RIN3ATE
ENTRAINED
SOUS
ACID
REGENERATION
1
HEA\
^" TREATED SOIL
/Y METALS
Acid Extraction Treatment System (AETS) Process
Page 226
The SITE Program assesses but does not
approve or endorse technologies.
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November 1993
Completed Project
Five soils were tested, including an EPA syn-
thetic soil matrix (SSM) and soils from four
Superfund sites (NL Industries in Pedricktown,
New Jersey; King of Prussia site in Winslow
Township, New Jersey; smelter site in Butte,
Montana; and Palmerton Zinc site in Palmerton,
Pennsylvania). These soils contained elevated
concentrations of some or all of the following:
arsenic, cadmium, chromium, copper, lead,
nickel, and zinc. The table below summarizes
the soil treatability across the soils and metals
tested, based on the EPA Resource Conservation
and Recovery Act (RCRA) hazardous waste
requirements for toxicity characteristic leaching
procedure (TCLP) and the California standards
for total metal concentrations.
The results of the study are summarized below:
• AETS can treat a wide range of soils
containing a wide range of heavy metals
to reduce the TCLP below the RCRA
limit and to reduce the total metals
concentrations below the California-
mandated total metals limitations.
• Inmost cases, AETS can treat the entire
soil, without separate stabilization and
disposal for fines or clay particles, to
the required TCLP and total limits. The
only exception to this among the soils
tested was the SSM, which may require
separate stabilization and disposal of 20
percent of the soil to reduce the total
TCLP lead concentrations appropriately.
However, AETS successfully treated
other metals in this soil including
arsenic, cadmium, chromium, copper,
nickel, and zinc.
• Costs for treatment, under expected
process conditions, range between $100
and $180 per cubic yard of soil, depend-
ing on the site size, soil types and con-
taminant concentrations. Operating
costs ranged between $50 and $80 per
cubic yard. These costs are competitive
with alternative technologies.
The developers are looking for additional part-
ners interested in finding a suitable site to dem-
onstrate the technology. SITE Program final
reports for this project will be available sifter
December 1, 1993.
FOR FURTHER INFORMATION:
EPA PROJECT MANAGER:
Kim Lisa Kreiton
U.S. EPA
Risk Reduction Engineering Laboratory
26 West Martin Luther King Drive
Cincinnati, OH 45268
513-569-7328
Fax: 513-569-7620
TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPER CONTACT:
Stephen Paff
Center for Hazardous Materials Research
320 William Pitt Way
Pittsburgh, PA 15238
412-826-5320
Fax: 412-826-5552
.Wtetil
As
Cd
Cr
Cu
Nl
Pb
Zn
; " Soil
SSM i
*, T, L
*, T
*, T, L
*, T, L
*, T, L
#•
*,T, L
Btitte
*, T, L
*, T, L
*, T, L
*, T, L
King dfpBiSSfB
*, T, L
*, T, L
*, T, L
""PeSSiSfetoviW
*/ T, L
*, T, L
*, T, L
"
s ' PflfrtifSftott '
*, T, L
*, T, L
*, T, L
*. T, L
Key: * — Metal is present in that soil
T — Successful treatment for total metals
L — Reduction in leachability to below standards
Boldface and larger fonts indicate high initial metals concentration
(at least double the regulatory standards)
The SITE Program assesses but does not
approve or endorse technologies.
Page 227
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Technology Profile
EMERGING TECHNOLOGY PROGRAM
COLORADO SCHOOL OF MINES
(Wetlands-Based Treatment)
TECHNOLOGY DESCRIPTION:
The constructed wetlands-based treatment tech-
nology uses natural geochemical and biological
processes inherent in a manmade wetland eco-
system (see figure below) to accumulate and
remove metals and other contaminants from
influent waters. Although treatment systems
incorporate principal ecosystem components
found hi wetlands (including organic soils,
microbial fauna, algae, and vascular plants),
microbial activity is responsible for most of the
remediation.
Influent waters, with high metal concentrations
and low pH, flow through the aerobic and
anaerobic zones of the wetland ecosystem.
Metals are removed by filtration, ion exchange,
adsorption, absorption, and precipitation through
geochemical and microbial oxidation and reduc-
tion. In filtration, metal flocculates and metals
that are adsorbed onto fine sediment particles
settle in quiescent ponds or are filtered out as
the water percolates through the soil or the plant
canopy. Ion exchange occurs as metals in the
water contact humic or other organic substances
in the soil medium. Oxidation and reduction
reactions catalyzed by bacteria that occur in the
aerobic and anaerobic zones, respectively, play
a major role in removing metals as hydroxides
and sulfides.
WASTE APPLICABILITY:
The wetlands-based treatment process has been
developed for acid mine drainage from metal or
coal mining activities. These wastes typically
contain high metals concentrations and are
acidic. The process can be adapted to treat
neutral and basic tailings solutions. Wetlands
treatment has been applied with some success to
wastewater in the eastern United States. The
process has been adjusted to account for dif-
ferences in geology, terrain, trace metal com-
position, and climate hi the metal mining regions
of the western United States.
ANAEROBIC
ZONE
Typical Wetland Ecosystem
Page 228
The SITE Program assesses but does not
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November 1993
Completed Project
STATUS:
The final year of funding for the project under
the Emerging Technology Program was com-
pleted in 1991. The funding was used to build,
operate, monitor, and assess the effectiveness of
a constructed wetlands in treating a portion of
acid mine drainage from the Big Five Tunnel
near Idaho Springs, Colorado. Study results
have shown that removal efficiency of heavy
metals can approach the removal efficiency of
chemical precipitation treatment plants. Some of
the optimum results from the 3 years of opera-
tion are given below.
• pH was raised from 2.9 to 6.5.
• Dissolved aluminum, cadmium, chromi-
um, copper, and zinc concentrations
were reduced by 99 percent or more.
• Iron was reduced by 99 percent.
• Lead was reduced by 94 percent or
more.
• Nickel was reduced by 84 percent or
more.
• Manganese removal was relatively low,
with reduction between 9 and 44 per-
cent.
• Biotoxicity to fathead minnows and
water fleas was reduced by factors of 4
to 20.
Because wetland removal processes are primarily
microbial, the technology can be developed by
traditional process engineering approaches.
Laboratory studies can indicate whether remedia-
tion is possible, while bench-scale experiments
can determine the proper loading and reactor
design. Using this approach, five laboratory
proof-of-principle studies and three bench-scale
studies have been performed, and at least four
successful demonstration reactors have been built
to remove heavy metals from different types of
water.
One final goal of this project was to develop a
manual that discusses design and operating
criteria for constructing a full-scale wetland to
treat acid mine discharges. The "Wetland
Designs for Mining Operations" manual will be
available from the National Technical Infor-
mation Service in 1993. Currently, a copy of
the manual can be purchased from BiTech
Publishing (604-277-4250).
As a result of this technology's success in the
SITE Emerging Technology Program, it has
been selected for the Demonstration Program.
The SITE demonstration will evaluate the effec-
tiveness of a full-scale wetland. The proposed
remediation site is the Burleigh Tunnel near
Silver Plume, Colorado. The Burleigh Tunnel
is part of the Clear Creek/Central City Super-
fund site in Colorado.
FOR FURTHER INFORMATION:
EPA PROJECT MANAGER:
Edward Bates
U.S. EPA
Risk Reduction Engineering Laboratory
26 West Martin Luther King Drive
Cincinnati, OH 45268
513-569-7774
Fax: 513-569-7676
TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPER CONTACT:
Thomas Wildeman
Department of Chemistry and Geochemistry
Colorado School of Mines
Golden, CO 80401
303-273-3642
Fax: 303-273-3629
The SITE Program assesses but does not
approve or endorse technologies.
Page 229
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Technology Profile
EMERGING TECHNOLOGY PROGRAM
ELECTRO-PURE SYSTEMS, INC.
(Alternating Current Electrocoagulation Technology)
TECHNOLOGY DESCRIPTION:
The alternating current electrocoagulation (ACE)
technology offers an alternative to metal salts or
polymer and polyelectrolyte addition for break-
ing stable emulsions and suspensions. The
technology also removes certain metals and other
soluble pollutants in the polishing step of ef-
fluent treatment.
Electrocoagulation introduces highly charged
polyhydroxide aluminum species that prompt the
flocculation of colloidal particles and de-
stabilization of oil-in-water emulsions. The
resulting sludges, achieving liquid-liquid and
solid-liquid phase separations, can be filtered
and dewatered more readily than those formed
by adding chemical flocculents. ACE can break
stable aqueous suspensions containing sub-
micron-sized particles of up to 10 percent total
solids and stable aqueous emulsions containing
up to 5 percent oil.
The figure below depicts the basic ACE tech-
nology process. Electrocoagulation occurs in
either a batch or continuous (one-pass) mode in
an ACE Separator™ apparatus of one of two
designs: (1) cylindrical chambers containing
fluidized beds of aluminum alloy pellets
entrained between a series of noble metal elec-
trodes, or (2) an upright box containing alumi-
num plate electrodes spaced at 0.5- to 2-inch
intervals. The working volume of the parallel
plate unit is 70 liters, and that of the fluidized
bed cell, excluding the external plumbing, is 1.5
liters. Neither apparatus has moving parts and
can be easily integrated into a process treatment
train for effluent, pretreatment, or polishing.
Coagulation and flocculation occur simultaneous-
ly within the ACE Separator™ as a result of
exposure of the effluent to the electric field and
dissolution of aluminum from the electrodes.
This activity usually occurs within 30 seconds
for most aqueous suspensions. After charge
neutralization and the onset of coagulation, the
suspension and emulsion may be transferred by
gravity flow to the product separation step.
Product separation occurs in conventional grav-
ity-separation, decant vessels or through pressure
or vacuum filtration. Coagulation and floe--
Venter
Treat Gas
Aqueous
Suspension
or Emulsion
1
A.C.
COAGULATOR
Control
Feed
Solid
Air for
Turbulence
Alternating Current Electrocoagulation (ACE)
Page 230
The SITE Program assesses but does not
approve or endorse technologies.
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November 1993
Completed Project
culation continue until complete phase separation
is achieved. Each phase (oil, water, and solid)
is removed for reuse, recycling, further treat-
ment, or disposal. Waste is removed by using
surface skimming, bottom scraping, and decant-
ing.
The technology can be used with conventional
water treatment systems, including those relying
on metal precipitation, membrane separation
technologies, mobile dewatering and incineration
units, and soil extraction systems. A typical
decontamination application, for example, would
produce a water phase that could be discharged
directly to a stream or local wastewater treat-
ment plant for further treatment. The solid
phase would be shipped off site for disposal, and
the dewatering filtrate would be recycled. Any
floatable material would be reclaimed, refined,
or disposed of.
WASTE APPLICABILITY:
The ACE technology treats aqueous-based
suspensions and emulsions such as contaminated
groundwater, surface runoff, landfill leachate,
truck wash, scrubber solutions, treated effluents,
and extract solutions. The suspensions include
solids such as inorganic and organic pigments,
clays, metallic powders, metal ores, and natural
colloidal matter. The emulsions include a
variety of organic solid and liquid contaminants,
including petroleum-based by-products.
The technology has reduced the loadings of
aqueous clay, latex, and titanium dioxide suspen-
sions over 90 percent. Reductions exceeding 80
percent in the chemical oxygen demand and total
organic carbon contents of diesel fuel-spiked
slurries have been achieved. The technology has
also removed up to 56 percent lead, 96 percent
copper, 91 percent zinc, 97 percent phosphate,
and 56 percent fluoride.
ACE technology has been used to recover fine-
grained products (latex, titanium dioxide, and
edible oil solids) from industrial process streams
that would otherwise have been discharged to the
sewer system.
STATUS:
This technology was accepted into the SITE
Emerging Technology Program in July 1988.
The second year of laboratory-scale testing and
development is complete. The final report
(EPA/540/S-93/504) has been submitted to EPA.
The research results are described in the Journal
of Air and Waste Management, Vol. 43, May
1993, pp 784-789, "Alternating Current Electro-
coagulation for Superfund Site Remediation."
Experiments on end-member metals and complex
synthetic soil slurries have defined major oper-
ating parameters for broad classes of effluents.
The technology has been modified to both
minimize electric power consumption and maxi-
mize effluent throughput rates. Results indicate
that electrocoagulation produces aqueous and
solid separations comparable to those produced
by chemical flocculent addition, but with re-
duced filtration times and sludge volumes.
FOR FURTHER INFORMATION:
EPA PROJECT MANAGER:
Naomi Barkley
U.S. EPA
Risk Reduction Engineering Laboratory
26 West Martin Luther King Drive
Cincinnati, OH 45268
513-569-7854
Fax: 513-569-7620
TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPER CONTACT:
James LaDue
Electro-Pure Systems, Inc.
10 Hazelwood Drive, Suite 106
Amherst, NY 14228-2298
Office: 716-691-2610
Laboratory: 716-691-2613
Fax: 716-691-2617
The SITE Program assesses but does not
approve or endorse technologies.
Page 231
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Techno/oav Profile
EMERGING TECHNOLOGY PROGRAM
ELECTROKINETICS, INC.
(Electrokinetic Remediation)
TECHNOLOGY DESCRIPTION:
Electrokinetic remediation is an in situ separa-
tion and removal technique used to extract heavy
metals and organic contaminants from soils.
The technology uses direct currents across
electrodes and conditioning pore fluids cir-
culating at the electrodes to remove the con-
taminants.
The figure below illustrates the field processing
scheme, as well as the flow of ions to respective
boreholes (or trenches). A conditioning pore
fluid may be circulated at the electrodes. This
pore fluid conditions the reactions at the elec-
trodes based on remediation goals and specific
contaminants. The contaminants are either
deposited at the electrode or removed from the
conditioning fluid by a purification process.
Studies indicate that an acid front is generated at
the anode. This acid front eventually migrates
from the anode to the cathode. The phenomena
responsible for desorption of contaminants from
the soil are advance of the acid front and advec-
tion due to electro-osmosis coupled with migra-
tion due to electrical gradients. The concurrent
mobility of the ions and pore fluid decon-
taminates the soil mass. These phenomena
provide an added advantage over conventional
pumping techniques.
Bench-scale data indicate that the process may
treat both saturated and partially saturated soils.
The pore fluid supplied at the anode flushes
across the soil and saturates the deposit under
electrical currents, leading to temporary acidifi-
cation of the treated soil. However, equilibrium
conditions will be rapidly reestablished by
! FRONT
md/iirCATIIODH
PROCESS FLUID
ACID F
and/or ANODtC
PROCESS FLUID
Electrokinetic Remediation Process
Page 232
The SITE Program assesses but does not
approve or endorse technologies.
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November 1993
Completed Project
diffusion when the electrical potential is re-
moved. Metallic electrodes may dissolve as a
result of electrolysis, introducing corrosion
products into the soil mass. However, carbon or
graphite electrodes will not introduce residue
into the treated soil.
WASTE APPLICABILITY:
This technique extracts heavy metals, radionu-
clides, and other inorganic contaminants below
their solubility limit. The technique may also be
used ex situ. Bench-scale tests have shown
removal of arsenic, benzene, cadmium, chromi-
um, copper, ethylbenzene, lead, nickel, phenol,
trichloroethene, toluene, xylene, and zinc from
soils. Bench-scale studies under the SITE
Program demonstrated the feasibility of remov-
ing uranium and thorium from kaolinite.
Limited pilot-scale field tests resulted in zinc and
arsenic removal from both clays and saturated
and unsaturated sandy clay deposits. Lead and
copper were also removed from dredged sedi-
ments. Treatment efficiency depended on the
specific chemicals, their concentrations, and the
buffering capacity of the soil. The technique
proved 85 to 95 percent efficient when removing
phenol at concentrations of 500 parts per million
(ppm). In addition, the removal efficiency for
lead, chromium, cadmium, and uranium, at
levels up to 2,000 micrograms per gram (jug/g),
ranged between 75 and 95 percent.
STATUS:
Bench-scale laboratory studies investigating the
removal of heavy metals, radionuclides, and
organic contaminants are complete, and radio-
nuclide removal studies are complete under the
SITE Emerging Technology Program. A pilot-
scale laboratory study investigating removal of
2,000 /ig/g lead loaded onto kaolinite was
completed in May 1993. Removal efficiencies
of 90 to 95 percent were obtained. The elec-
trodes were placed 1 inch apart in a 2-ton kaoli-
nite specimen for 4 months, at an energy cost of
about $15 per ton. A second pilot-scale labora-
tory study treating wastes containing 5,000 fig/g
of lead will be completed by October 1993. A
field study is also in progress at a site with lead
concentrations in soil up to 75,000 ^g/g.
Bench-scale treatability studies and process
enhancement schemes using conditioning fluids
are continuing. The technology is expected to
be available for full-scale implementation in
1994 or 1995.
FOR FURTHER INFORMATION:
EPA PROJECT MANAGER:
Randy Parker
U.S. EPA
Risk Reduction Engineering Laboratory
26 West Martin Luther King Drive
Cincinnati, OH 45268
513-569-7271
Fax: 513-569-7620
TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPER CONTACT:
Yalcin Acar
Electrokinetics, Inc.
Louisiana Business and Technology Center
Louisiana State University
South Stadium Drive
Baton Rouge, LA 70803
504-388-3992
Fax: 504-388-3928
The SITE Program assesses but does not
approve or endorse technologies.
Page 233
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Technology Profile
EMERGING TECHNOLOGY PROGRAM
ELECTRON BEAM RESEARCH FACILITY,
FLORIDA INTERNATIONAL UNIVERSITY and UNIVERSITY OF
MIAMI
(High-Energy Electron Irradiation)
TECHNOLOGY DESCRIPTION:
High-energy electron irradiation of water solu-
tions and sludges produces a large number of
very reactive chemical species, including the
aqueous electron (e^), the hydrogen radical
(H •), and the hydroxyl radical (OH •). These
short-lived intermediates react with organic
contaminants, transforming them to nontoxic by-
products. The principal reaction that e'aq under-
goes is electron transfer to halogen-containing
compounds, which breaks the halogen-carbon
bond and liberates the halogen anion (for exam-
ple, chloride [Cl"] or bromide [Br]). The
hydroxyl radical can undergo addition or hydro-
gen abstraction reactions, producing organic free
radicals that decompose in the presence of other
hydroxyl radicals and water. In most cases,
organics are converted to carbon dioxide, water,
and salts. Lower molecular weight aldehydes
and carboxylic acids are formed at very low
concentrations in some cases. These compounds
are biodegradable end products.
In the electron beam treatment process, electri-
city is used to generate a high voltage (1.5
megavolts [MeV]) and electrons. The electrons
are accelerated by the voltage to approximately
95 percent of the speed of light. They are then
directed into a thin stream of water or sludge as
it falls through the beam. All reactions are
complete in less than 0.1 second.
The electron beam and waste flow are adjusted
to deliver the necessary dose of electrons.
Although this is a form of ionizing radiation,
there is no residual radioactivity. A full-scale
facility in Miami, Florida can treat more than
170,000 gallons per day. The facility is
equipped to handle tank trucks carrying up to
Vault Exhaust Fan
Window
Exhaust Fan
1.5MOV50
ICT Electron
Accelerator
Treated Effluent
Sampling Area
Electron Beam Research Facility
Page 234
The SITE Program assesses but does not
approve or endorse technologies.
-------
November 1993
Completed Project
6,000 gallons of waste. The figure on the
previous page is a schematic of the Electron
Beam Research Facility in Miami, Florida.
WASTE APPLICABILITY:
This system has been found to effectively treat
a large number of common organic chemicals.
These include (1) trihalomethanes (such as
chloroform), which are found in chlorinated
drinking water; (2) chlorinated solvents, includ-
ing carbon tetrachloride, trichloroethane, tetra-
chloroethene (PCE), trichloroethene (TCE),
ethylene dibromide, dibromochloropropane,
hexachlorobutadiene, and hexachloroethane; (3)
aromatics found in gasoline, including benzene,
toluene, ethylbenzene and xylene; (4) chloro-
benzene and dichlorobenzenes; (5) phenol; and
(6) dieldrin, a persistent pesticide; (7) penta-
chlorophenol; and (8) polychlorinated biphenyls
(PCB) and other organic compounds.
The technology is appropriate for removing
various hazardous organic compounds from
aqueous waste streams and sludges containing up
to 8 percent solids.
STATUS:
This technology was accepted into the SITE
Emerging Technology Program in June 1990.
Studies have now been completed for six organic
compounds: TCE, PCE, chloroform, benzene,
toluene, and phenol. Removal efficiencies have
been determined at three solute concentrations
and three pHs (representing varying carbonate-
bicarbonate concentrations) and in the presence
and absence of 3 percent clay. The reaction by-
products have been determined for all six com-
pounds. It appears, for the most part, that these
compounds are converted. Trace quantities
(several micrograms per liter) of formaldehyde
and other low molecular weight aldehydes have
been detected. Formic acid has also been detect-
ed at low concentrations; however, these com-
pounds are not toxic at these concentrations. A
final report titled "Removal of Phenol from
Aqueous Solutions Using High Energy Electron
Beam Irradiation" (EPA/540/F-93/509) is avail-
able from EPA.
Additional studies are underway to determine
destruction efficiencies and to characterize
reaction by-products of carbon tetrachloride and
methylene chloride.
Based on results from the Emerging Technology
Program, this technology has been invited to
participate in the SITE Demonstration Program
under the company of High Voltage Environ-
mental Applications, Inc.
Potential demonstration sites are being sought.
The demonstration is anticipated for late 1994.
FOR FURTHER INFORMATION:
EPA PROJECT MANAGER:
Franklin Alvarez
U.S. EPA
Risk Reduction Engineering Laboratory
26 West Martin Luther King Drive
Cincinnati, OH 45268
513-569-7631
Fax: 513-569-7787
TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPER CONTACTS:
William Cooper
Drinking Water Research Center
Florida International University
Miami, FL 33199
305-348-3049
Charles Kurucz
Management Science
University of Miami
Coral Gables, FL 33124
305-284-6595
Thomas Waite
High Voltage Environmental Applications, Inc.
9562 Doral Boulevard
Miami, FL 33178
305-593-5330
Fax: 305-593-0071
The SITE Program assesses but does not
approve or endorse technologies.
Page 235
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Technology Profile
EMERGING TECHNOLOGY PROGRAM
ENERGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING, INC.
(Laser-Induced Photochemical Oxidative Destruction)
TECHNOLOGY DESCRIPTION:
This technology photochemically oxidizes or-
ganic compounds in wastewater using a chemical
oxidant and ultraviolet (UV) radiation from an
Excimer laser. The photochemical reaction can
reduce saturated concentrations of organics in
water to nondetectable levels. The beam energy
is predominantly absorbed by the organic com-
pound and the oxidant, making both species
reactive. The process can be used as a final
treatment step to reduce organic contamination
in groundwater and industrial wastewaters to
acceptable discharge limits.
The existing system can treat a solution con-
taining 32 parts per million of total organic
carbon at a rate of 1 gallon per minute. The
system consists of a photochemical reactor,
where oxidation occurs, and an effluent storage
tank to contain reaction products. The design of
the portable, skid-mounted system depends on
the chemical composition of the groundwater or
wastewater being treated.
Typically, contaminated groundwater is pumped
through a filter unit to remove suspended par-
ticles. Next, the filtrate is fed to the photochem-
ical reactor and irradiated. Hydrogen peroxide
(H2Oa) is then added to provide hydroxyl radic-
als required for oxidation. The overall reaction
is as follows:
[2a + 0.5(6 -
aCO2 + [2a+(b-l)]H2O + HX
where QHbX represents a halogenated contami-
nant in the aqueous phase. Reaction products
are carbon dioxide, water, and the appropriate
halogen acid.
The reactor effluent is directed to a vented
storage tank, where the carbon dioxide (CO2)
oxidation product is vented. An appropriate
base (such as calcium carbonate [CaCO3]) may
be added to the storage tank to neutralize any
halogenated acids.
The reaction kinetics depend on (1) contaminant
concentration, (2) peroxide concentration,
(3) irradiation dose, and (4) irradiation frequen-
cy.
The table below presents typical reaction times
for specific levels of destruction for several
toxicants.
DESTRUCTION OF TOXIC ORGANICS BY
LASER-INDUCED PHOTOCHEMICAL OXIDATION
Compound
Benzene
Benzidine
Chlorobenzene
Chlorophenol
Dichloroethene
Phenol
Reaction Time
(hrs)
96
288
114
72
624
72
Destruction Removal
Efficiency Achieved
(percent)
91
88
98
100
88
100
WASTE APPLICABILITY:
This technology treats groundwater and in-
dustrial wastewater containing organics.
Destruction removal efficiencies greater than 95
percent have been obtained for chlorobenzene,
chlorophenol, and phenol.
The table on the next page lists compounds
destroyed by UV ozonation processes that can
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November 1993
Completed Project
also be treated by laser-induced photochemical
oxidative destruction.
COMPOUNDS TREATED WITH UV/OXIDATION
Ethers
Aromatic Amines
Toluene
Xylene
Complexed Cyanides
Trichloroethane
Polycyclio Aromatics
Dichloroethane
Tetrachloroethene
Hydrazine
Cresols
Polynitrophenols
1,4-dioxane
Pentachlorophenol
Ethylenediaminetetraacetic
Acid
Pesticides
Benzene
Ethylbenzene
Citric Acid
Phenol
Trinitrotoluene
Trichloroethene
Dioxins
Methylene Chloride
Dichloroethene
Cyclonite
Polychlorinated
Biphenyls
Ketones
Vinyl Chloride
STATUS:
This technology was accepted into the SITE
Emerging Technology Program in 1987 and has
been invited to participate in the SITE Demon-
stration Program. A final report
(EPA/540/SR-92/080) summarizing results found
under the Emerging Technology Program is
available from EPA.
The developer has made significant improve-
ments on the technology. By replacing the laser
with specially designed UV lamps, flows can be
increased to 100 gallons per minute at a cost of
about $3 per 1,000 gallons for wastewaters
containing 100 ppm organics. The developer
will conduct treatability studies for prospective
clients and is seeking funding for a full-scale
pilot system. The technology is cost-competitive
with other UV-oxidation processes and carbon
adsorption.
FOR FURTHER INFORMATION:
EPA PROJECT MANAGER:
Ronald Lewis
U.S. EPA
Risk Reduction Engineering Laboratory
26 West Martin Luther King Drive
Cincinnati, OH 45268
513-569-7856
Fax: 513-569-7620
TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPER CONTACT:
James Porter
Energy and Environmental Engineering, Inc.
P.O. Box 215
East Cambridge, MA 02141
617-666-5500
The SITE Program assesses but does not
approve or endorse technologies.
Page 237
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Technology Profile
EMERGING TECHNOLOGY PROGRAM
ENERGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH CORPORATION
(Hybrid Fluidized Bed System)
TECHNOLOGY DESCRIPTION:
The Hybrid Fluidized Bed (HFB) system treats
contaminated solids and sludges by
(1) incinerating organic compounds and (2) ex-
tracting and detoxifying volatile metals. The
system consists of three stages: a spouted bed,
a fluidized afterburner, and a high temperature
particulate soil extraction system.
First, the spouted bed rapidly heats solids and
sludges to extract volatile organic and inorganic
compounds. The bed retains larger soil clumps
until they are reduced hi size but allows fine
material to quickly pass through. This segrega-
tion process is beneficial because organic con-
taminants in fine particles vaporize very rapidly.
The decontamination tune for large particles is
longer due to heat and mass transfer limitations.
The central spouting region is operated with an
inlet gas velocity of greater than 150 feet per
second (ft/sec). This creates an abrasion and
grinding action, rapidly reducing the size of the
feed materials through attrition. The spouted
bed operates between 1,500 and 1,700 °F, under
oxidizing conditions.
Organic vapors, volatile metals, and fine soil
particles are carried from the spouted bed
through an open-hole type distributor, which
forms the bottom of the second stage, the fluid-
ized bed afterburner. This stage provides suffi-
cient retention time and mixing to incinerate the
organic compounds that escape the spouted bed,
resulting in a destruction and removal efficiency
greater than 99.999 percent. In addition, this
stage contains bed materials that absorb metal
vapors, capture fine particles, and promote the
formation of insoluble metal silicates. A slightly
sticky bed is advantageous because of its particle
retention properties.
In the third stage, the high temperature par-
ticulate soil extraction system, clean processed
soil is removed from the effluent gas stream
with one or two hot cyclones. The clean soil is
extracted hot to prevent unreacted volatile metal
species from forming. Off-gases are then
quenched and passed through a conventional
baghouse to capture the condensed metal vapors.
Generally, material handling problems create
major operational difficulties for soil cleanup
devices. The HFB uses a specially designed
auger feed system. Solids and sludges are
dropped through a lock hopper system into an
auger shredder, which is a rugged, low revolu-
tions per minute (rpm) feeding-grinding device.
Standard augers are simple and reliable, but they
are susceptible to clogging due to compression
of the feed in the auger. In this design, the
auger shredder is close-coupled to the spouted
bed to reduce compression and clump formation
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November 1993
Completed Project
during feeding. The close couple arrangement
locates the tip of the auger screw several inches
from the internal surface of the spouted bed,
preventing the formation of soil plugs.
WASTE APPLICABILITY:
This technology is applicable to soils and
sludges contaminated with organic and volatile
inorganic contaminants. Nonvolatile inorganics
are not affected.
STATUS:
This technology was accepted into the SITE
Emerging Technology Program in January 1990.
Design and construction of the commercial
prototype HFB is complete. Limited shakedown
testing has been performed. A technology
bulletin (EPA/540/F-93/508) is available from
EPA.
FOR FURTHER INFORMATION:
EPA PROJECT MANAGER:
Teri Richardson
U.S. EPA
Risk Reduction Engineering Laboratory
26 West Martin Luther King Drive
Cincinnati, OH 45268
513-569-7949
Fax: 513-569-7620
TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPER CONTACT:
Richard Koppang
Energy and Environmental Research
Corporation
18 Mason Street
Irvine, CA 92718
714-859-8851
The SITE Program assesses but does not
approve or endorse technologies.
Page 239
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Technology Profile
EMERGING TECHNOLOGY PROGRAM
FERRO CORPORATION
(Waste Vitrification Through Electric Melting)
TECHNOLOGY DESCRIPTION:
Vitrification technology converts contaminated
soils, sediments, and sludges into oxide glasses,
rendering them nontoxic and suitable for landfil-
ling as a nonhazardous material. The tech-
nology chemically bonds inorganic and toxic
species into an oxide glass, changing them
chemically to a nontoxic form.
Successful vitrification of soils, sediments, and
sludges requires (1) the development of glass
compositions tailored to the waste being treated,
and (2) a glass melting technology that can
convert the waste and additives into a stable
glass without producing toxic emissions.
Because of its low toxic emission rate, an elec-
tric melter may be more beneficial than a fossil
fuel melter for vitrifying toxic wastes.
In an electric melter, glass — an ionic conductor
of relatively high electrical resistivity — can be
kept molten through joule heating. Such melters
process waste under a relatively thick blanket of
feed material, which forms a counterflow scrub-
ber that limits volatile emissions (see figure
below). In contrast, fossil fuel melters have
large, exposed molten glass surface areas from
which hazardous constituents can volatilize.
Commercial electric melters have significantly
reduced the loss of inorganic volatile constitu-
ents such as boric anhydride (E2O3) or lead
oxide (PbO). Because of its low emission rate
and small volume of exhaust gases, electric
GLASS-MAKING
MATERIALS
Ssctrode
Steel
FRIT, MARBLES, etc.
STABLE
GLASS
DISPOSAL
Electric Furnace Vitrification
Page 240
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approve or endorse technologies.
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November 1993
Completed Project
melting is a promising technology for incor-
porating waste into a stable glass.
WASTE APPLICABILITY:
Vitrification stabilizes inorganic components
found in hazardous waste. In addition, the high
temperature involved in glass production (about
1,500 °C) decomposes organic material in the
waste to relatively harmless components, which
can be removed easily from the low volume of
melter off-gas.
STATUS:
Several glass compositions suitable for proces-
sing synthetic soil matrix IV (SSM-FV) have
been developed and subjected to the toxicity
characteristic leaching procedure testing. Ten
independent replicates of the preferred composi-
tion produced the following results:
Metal
As
Cd
Cr
Cu
-Pb
Ni
Zn
TCLP analyte concentration, ppm
Remediation
Limit
5
1
5
5
5
5
5
Mean of Glass
Replicates
<0.100
<0.010
0.019
0.355
0.130
<0.010
0.293
The mean analyte concentrations were less than
10 percent of the remediation limit at a statistical
confidence of 95 percent.
SSM-IV and additives (sand, soda ash, and other
minerals) required to convert it to the preferred
glass composition have been processed in a
laboratory scale electric melter. Three separate
campaigns have produced glass at 17 pounds per
hour at a fill of 67 percent SSM-IV and 33
percent glass-making additives. Ferro's ex-
perience indicates that an equivalent rate would
be 1 ton per hour in an electric melter used to
treat wastes at a Superfund site.
FOR FURTHER INFORMATION:
EPA PROJECT MANAGER:
Randy Parker
U.S. EPA
Risk Reduction Engineering Laboratory
26 West Martin Luther King Drive
Cincinnati, OH 45268
513-569-7271
Fax: 513-569-7620
TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPER CONTACT:
Emilio Spinosa
Ferro Corporation
Corporate Research
7500 East Pleasant Valley Road
Independence, OH 44131
216-641-8580
The SITE Program assesses but does not
approve or endorse technologies.
Page 241
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Technology Profile
EMERGING TECHNOLOGY PROGRAM
INSTITUTE OF GAS TECHNOLOGY
(Chemical and Biological Treatment)
TECHNOLOGY DESCRIPTION:
The Institute of Gas Technology's (IGT) Chem-
ical and Biological Treatment (CBT) process
remediates sludges and soils contaminated with
organic compounds. The treatment system
combines two remedial techniques: (1) chemical
oxidation as pretreatment, and (2) biological
treatment using aerobic and anaerobic biosys-
tems either in sequence or alone, depending on
the waste. The CBT process uses mild chemical
treatment to produce intermediates that are
biologically degraded, reducing both the cost
and risk associated with a more severe chemical
treatment process.
In chemical treatment and oxidation, metal salts
and hydrogen peroxide are used to produce the
hydroxyl radical, a powerful oxidizer. The
reaction of the hydroxyl radical with organic
contaminants causes chain reactions, resulting in
modification and degradation of organics to
biodegradable and environmentally benign
products. These products are later destroyed in
the biological treatment step.
Wet oxidation and ozone (O3) are other com-
monly used chemical oxidation techniques that
will be evaluated and compared with Fenton's
reagent. Wet oxidation is a thermal treatment
process in which slurry consisting of water and
carbonaceous material is heated to temperatures
ranging from 250 to 650 °F under air or oxygen
pressure. Depending on the temperature, resi-
dence time, and the type of compounds being
oxidized, carbonaceous material is either oxi-
dized to carbon dioxide and water, or modified
for subsequent biodegradation. The CBT pro-
cess will be compared with wet oxidation or
ozonation with and without chemical treatment.
COa
CH4, COa
ForTCE,PAHs
CHEMICAL
OXIDATION
For PCBs
CH4, CO2
CO2
Chemical and Biological Treatment (CBT) Process
Page 242
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November 1993
Completed Project
Special pressure vessels, which can withstand
high temperatures and pressures, are used in
these studies.
The figure on the previous page shows some of
the options available for application. The con-
taminated material is treated with a chemical
reagent that degrades the organopollutants to
carbon dioxide, water, and more biodegradable,
partially-oxidized intermediates. Additional
treatment with O3 and mild wet oxidation may
increase the efficiency of the pretrea.tment oxida-
tion process. In the second stage of the CBT
process, biological systems are used to degrade
the hazardous residual materials and the
partially-oxidized material from the first stage.
Chemically-treated wastes are subject to cycles
of aerobic and anaerobic degradation if aerobic
or anaerobic treatment alone is not sufficient.
WASTE APPLICABILITY:
The CBT process can be applied to soils con-
taining high and low waste concentrations that
would typically inhibit bioremediation. The
process is not adversely affected by radionu-
clides or heavy metals. Depending on the types
of heavy metals present, these metals will either
bioaccumulate in the biomass, complex with
organic or inorganic material in the soil slurries,
or solubilize in the recycled water. The CBT
process can be applied to a wide range of organ-
ic pollutants, including alkenes, chlorinated
alkenes, aromatics, substituted aromatics, and
complex aromatics. Applicable matrices include
soil, sludge, groundwater, and surface water.
STATUS:
This technology was accepted into the SITE
Emerging Technology Program in January 1991.
This testing included laboratory-scale evaluation
of important operational parameters for applying
the technology to soils contaminated with poly-
chlorinated biphenyls (PCB). Results indicate
that this technology can treat PCBs, with some
modifications to the original treatment protocol.
IGT's CBT technology continues to be suc-
cessfully applied to polynuclear aromatic hydro-
carbon (PAH)-contaminated soils. Two field
tests are planned under other non-EPA supported
programs. Both land-treatment-based and bio-
slurry field tests have been planned. The CBT
process consistently outperforms conventional
bioremediation, especially with multi-ring (4 to
6) PAH compounds. The CBT process increases
both the rate and extent of removal of contami-
nation from various types of soils. The project
was completed in June 1993; the final report is
due in early 1994.
FOR FURTHER INFORMATION:
EPA PROJECT MANAGER:
Naomi Barkley
U.S. EPA
Risk Reduction Engineering Laboratory
26 West Martin Luther King Drive
Cincinnati, OH 45268
513-569-7854
Fax: 513-569-7620
TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPER CONTACT:
Robert Kelley
Institute of Gas Technology
3424 South State Street
Chicago, IL 60616-3896
312-567-3809
Fax: 312-567-5209
The SITE Program assesses but does not
approve or endorse technologies.
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Technology Profile
EMERGING TECHNOLOGY PROGRAM
INSTITUTE OF GAS TECHNOLOGY
(Fluid Extraction-Biological Degradation Process)
TECHNOLOGY DESCRIPTION:
The fluid extraction-biological degradation
(FEED) process is a three-step process that
remediates organic contaminants in soil (see
figure below). It combines three distinct tech-
nologies: (1) fluid extraction, which removes
the organics from contaminated solids; (2) sepa-
ration, which transfers the pollutants from the
extract to a biologically-compatible solvent or
activated carbon carrier; and (3) biological
degradation, which degrades the pollutants to
innocuous end-products.
In the fluid extraction step, excavated soils are
placed in a pressure vessel and extracted with a
recirculated stream of supercritical or near-
supercritical carbon dioxide. An extraction co-
solvent may be added to enhance the removal of
additional contaminants.
Following extraction, organic contaminants are
transferred to a biologically-compatible separa-
tion solvent such as water or a water-methanol
mixture. The separation solvent is sent to the
final stage of the process, where bacteria
degrade the waste to carbon dioxide and water.
Clean extraction solvent is recycled to the ex-
traction stage.
Biological degradation occurs in aboveground
aerobic bioreactors, using mixtures of bacterial
cultures capable of degrading the contaminants.
Selection of cultures is based on site characteris-
tics. For example, if a site is contaminated
mainly with polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons
(PAH), cultures able to metabolize or co-metab-
olize these hydrocarbons are used. Various
bioreactor configurations or types may be ap-
plied to enhance the rate and extent of biodegra-
dation.
Pressure
Reducing
Valve
Contaminated
Sediments
Extraction Solvent
with Contaminants
Stage 1
EXTRACTION
Decontaminated
Sediments
Extraction
Solvent
Compressor
Separation
Solvent
Stage 2
SEPARATION
Recycled
or Cleaned
Extraction
Solvent
Make-up
Extraction
Solvent
Separation Solvents
with Contaminants
Staged
BIOLOGICAL
DEGRADATION
Water, Carbon
Dioxide, and
Biomass
Fluid Extraction-Biological Degradation Process
Page 244
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November 1993
Completed Project
Research is continuing on the use of bound
activated carbon in a carrier system to execute
the separation step. This should allow high
pressure conditions to be maintained in the fluid
extraction step, enhancing the extraction efficien-
cy and decreasing extraction time. This should
also limit the loss of carbon dioxide, thereby
decreasing costs. The activated carbon contain-
ing the bound PAHs could then be treated in the
biodegradation step by converting the carrier
system to a biofilm reactor. These activated
carbon carrier systems could then be recycled
back into the high pressure system of steps 1
and 2.
WASTE APPLICABILITY:
This technology removes organic compounds
from contaminated solids. It is more effective
on some classes of organics, such as hydrocar-
bons (for example, gasoline and fuel oils), than
on others, such as halogenated solvents and
polychlorinated biphenyls. The process has also
been effective in treating nonhalogenated ali-
phatic hydrocarbons and PAHs.
STATUS:
This technology was accepted into the SITE
Emerging Technology Program in June 1990.
The developer has evaluated all three stages of
the technology with soils from a Superfund site
and from three town gas sites. These soils
exhibited a variety of physical and chemical
characteristics. Approximately 85 to 99 percent
of detectable PAHs, including 2- to 6-ring
compounds, were removed from the soils.
Biological conversion of the measurable PAHs
was obtained in both batch-fed and continuously-
fed constantly stirred tank reactor. The conver-
sion rate and removal efficiency were high in all
systems. The PAHs were biologically removed
or transformed at short hydraulic retention
times. All PAHs, including 4- to 6-ring com-
pounds, were susceptible to biological removal.
Potential users of this technology have expressed
interest in continuing research. This technology
will be considered for the SITE Demonstration
Program for application to town gas sites, wood
treatment sites, and other contaminated soils and
sediments. A final report will be available in
late 1993.
FOR FURTHER INFORMATION:
EPA PROJECT MANAGER:
Annette Gatchett
U.S. EPA
Risk Reduction Engineering Laboratory
26 West Martin Luther King Drive
Cincinnati, OH 45268
513-569-7697
Fax: 513-569-7620
TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPER CONTACT:
J. Robert Paterek
Institute of Gas Technology
3424 South State Street
Chicago, IL 60616
312-949-3947
Fax: 312-949-3700
The SITE Program assesses but does not
approve or endorse technologies.
Page 245
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Technology Profile
EMERGING TECHNOLOGY PROGRAM
IT CORPORATION
(Batch Steam Distillation and Metal Extraction)
TECHNOLOGY DESCRIPTION:
The batch steam distillation and metal extraction
treatment process is a two-stage system that
treats soils contaminated with organics and
inorganics. This technology uses conventional,
readily available process equipment and does not
produce hazardous combustion products. Haz-
ardous materials are separated from soils as
concentrates, which can then be disposed of or
recycled. The treated soil can be returned to the
site.
During treatment, waste soil is slurried in water
and heated to 100 °C. This vaporizes volatile
organic compounds (VOC) and an amount of
steam equal to 5 to 10 percent of the slurry
volume is produced (see figure below). Result-
ing vapors are condensed and decanted to separ-
ate organic contaminants from the aqueous
phase. Condensed water from the step can be
recycled through the system after further treat-
ment to remove soluble organics. The soil is
then transferred as a slurry to the metals extrac-
tion step.
In the metals extraction step, the soil slurry is
washed with hydrochloric acid. Subsequent
countercurrent batch washing with water re-
moves residual acid from the soil. The solids
are then separated from the final wash solution
by gravimetric sedimentation. Most heavy
metals are converted to chloride salts in this
step. The acid extract stream is then routed to
a batch distillation system, where excess hydro-
chloric acid is recovered. Bottoms from the
still, which contain heavy metals, are precipi-
tated as hydroxide salts and drawn off as a
sludge for off-site disposal or recovery.
As a batch process, this treatment technology is
targeted at sites with less than 5,000 tons of soil
requiring treatment. Processing depends on the
size of equipment used and batch cycle times.
Rocycte water from
•fraction step
Sollslunyto
metal extraction
or dewatertng vessel
Batch distillation veasaol
Batch Steam Distillation Step
Page 246
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November 1993
Completed Project
Estimated treatment costs per ton, including
capital recovery, for the two steps of this treat-
ment are as follows:
Batch Steam Distillation
500-ton site
2,500-ton site
Metals Extraction
(including acid recovery)
500-ton site
2,500-ton site
$299-393/ton
$266-350/ton
$447-619/ton
$396-545/ton
WASTE APPLICABILITY:
This process may be applied to soils con-
taminated with organics, inorganics, and heavy
metals.
STATUS:
This technology was accepted into the SITE
Emerging Technology Program in January 1988.
Under the program, three pilot-scale tests have
been completed on three soils, for a total of nine
tests. Removal of benzene, toluene, ethylben-
zene, and xylene was greater than 99 percent.
Removal rates for chlorinated solvents ranged
from 97 percent to 99 percent. One acid extrac-
tion and two water washes resulted in a 95
percent removal rate for heavy metals. Toxicity
characteristic leaching procedure (TCLP) tests
on the treated soils showed that soils from eight
of the nine tests met leachate criteria. Data
were also collected on the recovery rate for
excess acid and the removal rate for precipita-
tion of heavy metals into a concentrate.
FOR FURTHER INFORMATION:
EPA PROJECT MANAGER:
Ronald Lewis
U.S. EPA
Risk Reduction Engineering Laboratory
26 West Martin Luther King Drive
Cincinnati, OH 45268
513-569-7856
Fax: 513-569-7620
TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPER CONTACT:
Robert Fox
IT Corporation
312 Directors Drive
Knoxville, TN 37923
615-690-3211
Fax: 615-690-3626
The SITE Program assesses but does not
approve or endorse technologies.
Page 247
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Technology Profile
EMERGING TECHNOLOGY PROGRAM
IT CORPORATION
(Photolytic and Biological Soil Detoxification)
TECHNOLOGY DESCRIPTION:
This technology is a two-stage, hi situ photolytic
and biological detoxification process for shallow
soil contamination. The first step in the process
is to degrade the organic contaminants using
ultraviolet (UV) radiation. The rate of photo-
lytic degradation is several times faster with
artificial UV light than with natural sunlight.
The degradation process is enhanced by adding
detergent-like chemicals (surfactants) to mobilize
the contaminants. Photolysis of the con-
taminants converts them to more easily degraded
compounds. Biodegradation, the second step, is
then used to further destroy organic contamin-
ants and detoxify the soil.
When sunlight is used for shallow soil con-
tamination, the soil is first tilled with a power
tiller and sprayed with surfactant. The soil is
tilled frequently to expose new surfaces and
sprayed. Water may also be added to maintain
soil moisture. When UV lights are used, para-
bolic reflectors suspended over the soil increase
the amount of UV irradiation (see figure below).
After photolysis is complete, biodegradation is
enhanced by adding microorganisms and nutri-
ents and by further tilling of the soil.
When these techniques are applied to soils with
deep contamination, excavated soil is treated in
a specially constructed shallow treatment basin
that meets the requirements of the Resource
Conservation and Recovery Act (RCRA).
The only treatment residuals are soil con-
taminated with surfactants and the end metabo-
lites of the biodegradation processes. The end
Photolytic Degradation Process Using UV Lights
Page 248
The SITE Program assesses but does not
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November J993
Completed Project
metabolites depend on the original contaminants.
The surfactants are common materials used in
agricultural formulations.
WASTE APPLICABILITY:
This technology destroys organics, particularly
dioxins such as tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin
(TCDD), polychlorinatedbiphenyls (PCB), other
polychlorinated aromatics, and polynuclear
aromatic hydrocarbons.
STATUS:
Bench-scale tests conducted on soils con-
taminated with either PCBs or dioxin have
shown that the effectiveness of surface ir-
radiation to destroy TCDDs or PCBs is strongly
influenced by the type of soil. Early tests on
sandy soils had shown greater than 90 percent
removals for both TCDDs and PCBs. However,
a high hurnic content decreased the effectiveness
of the UV photolysis. Soil contaminated with
PCBs in the bench-scale tests had a high clay
content. The highest removal rate for these soils
was 30 percent, measured over a 16-hour ir-
radiation time.
The bench-scale tests used a medium-pressure
mercury UV lamp; sunlight was ineffective. No
significant improvement in PCB destruction was
achieved using a pulsed UV lamp.
Additional testing was conducted using Fenton's
Reagent chemistry as an alternate method of
degrading PCBs to more easily biodegraded
compounds. PCB destruction ranged from
nondetectable to 35 percent. Preliminary data
indicate that no significant change in PCB chlor-
ine level distribution occurred during treatment.
Other studies examined the biodegradability of
PCBs in (1) soil treated with a surfactant and
UV radiation, (2) untreated soil, and (3) soil
known to have PCB-degrading
Study results were as follows:
organisms.
• PCB removal in the UV-treated soil, un-
treated soil and soil with known biological
activity was higher when augmented with
an isolated PCB degrader.
• Biphenyl was a more efficient inducer of
PCB degradation than 4-bromobiphenyl
in the untreated soil.
• Surfactant treatment may have inhibited
microbial activity as evidenced by the
high total organic carbon and low pH of
the treated soil.
Isolation and enrichment techniques have made
it possible to isolate microorganisms capable of
biodegrading PCBs hi contaminated soil.
The PCB pilot-scale test has received a Toxic
Substances Control Act permit for soil brought
to IT Corporation's Environmental Technology
Development Center in Oak Ridge, Tennessee.
IT Corporation has applied for a RCRA re-
search, development and demonstration permit to
conduct a pilot test on soil contaminated with
TCDD.
FOR FURTHER INFORMATION:
EPA PROJECT MANAGER:
Randy Parker
U.S. EPA
Risk Reduction Engineering Laboratory
26 West Martin Luther King Drive
Cincinnati, OH 45268
513-569-7271
Fax: 513-569-7620
TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPER CONTACT:
Robert Fox
IT Corporation
312 Directors Drive
Knoxville, TN 37923
615-690-3211
Fax: 615-694-3626
The SITE Program assesses but does not
approve or endorse technologies.
Page 249
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Technology Profile
EMERGING TECHNOLOGY PROGRAM
MATRIX PHOTOCATALYTIC INC.
(formerly NUTECH ENVIRONMENTAL)
(Photocatalytic Water Treatment)
TECHNOLOGY DESCRIPTION:
The Matrix Photocatalytic Inc. (Matrix) (former-
ly Nutech Environmental) photocatalytic oxida-
tion system, shown below, efficiently removes
and destroys dissolved organic contaminants
from water in a solid state, continuous flow
process at ambient temperatures. The titanium
dioxide (TiOa) semiconductor catalyst, when
excited by light, generates hydroxyl radicals
which break the carbon bonds of hazardous
organic compounds.
The system, when given sufficient time, converts
most organics such as polychlorinated biphenyls
(PCB); phenols; benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene,
and xylene (BTEX); and others to carbon diox-
ide and water. Typically, efficient destruction
occurs between 30 seconds and 2 minutes. Total
organic carbon removal takes somewhat longer,
as it depends on the other organic molecules
present and their molecular weights.
WASTE APPLICABILITY:
Matrix's technology was initially designed to
destroy organic pollutants or to remove total
organic carbon in drinking water, groundwater,
and plant process water. Organic pollutants
such as PCBs, polychlorinated dibenzodioxins,
polychlorinated dibenzofurans, chlorinated
alkenes, chlorinated phenols, chlorinated ben-
zenes, alcohols, ketones, aldehydes, and amines
can be destroyed by this technology. Inorganic
10-gpm TiO2 Photocatalytic System Treating BTEX in Water
Page 250
The SITE Program assesses but does not
approve or endorse technologies.
-------
November 1993
Completed Project
pollutants such as, but not limited to, cyanide,
sulphite, and nitrite ions can be oxidized to
cyanate ion, sulphate ion, and nitrate ions,
respectively.
The technology can treat a wide range of con-
centrations of organic pollutants in industrial
wastewater. It can be applied to the ultrapure
water industry and the drinking water industry.
It can also be used for groundwater remediation.
STATUS:
This technology was accepted into the SITE
Emerging Technology Program in May 1991.
Technology advances since that time include the
following:
• The technology has treated effluents
with contaminants as high as 1,000 parts
per million (ppm), and has achieved
effluent qualities as low as 5 parts per
trillion.
• Performance has doubled over 1992
standards and is expected to be doubled
again by 1994.
• Several extended field trials have been
conducted on raw effluent contaminated
with a variety of organics, mainly
BTEX, trichloroethene, and methyl
tertiary butyl ether. Average treatment
time was 60 seconds at a direct opera-
ting cost of $1 to $2 per 1,000 gallons.
• The technology was used for 6 months
in a sustained field operation on ground-
water contaminated with 1 ppm ferrous
ion (Fe+2).
• Modular systems have been developed
for high flow rates with capacity incre-
ments of 5 gallons per minute. Capital
costs, operating costs, and maintenance
requirements are being developed.
• Matrix has successfully designed and
field tested support systems for unat-
tended operation, with chemical-free
pretreatment.
• The technology has treated highly turbid
effluents and dyes in plant operations.
The research was completed in September 1993;
the final report is due in 1994.
FOR FURTHER INFORMATION:
EPA PROJECT MANAGER:
John Ireland
U.S. EPA
Risk Reduction Engineering Laboratory
26 West Martin Luther King Drive
Cincinnati, OH 45268
513-569-7413
Fax: 513-569-7185
TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPER CONTACT:
Brian Butters
Matrix Photocatalytic Inc.
511 McCormick Boulevard
London, Ontario NSW 4C8
Canada
519-457-2963
Fax: 519-457-2037
The SITE Program assesses but does not
approve or endorse technologies.
Page 251
-------
Technology Profile
EMERGING TECHNOLOGY PROGRAM
MEMBRANE TECHNOLOGY AND RESEARCH, INC.
(VaporSep™ Membrane Process)
TECHNOLOGY DESCRIPTION:
VaporSep™ systems, developed by Membrane
Technology and Research, Inc. (MTR), use
synthetic polymer membranes to remove organic
vapors from contaminated air streams. The
process generates a clean air stream and a liquid
organic stream for reuse or disposal.
Air laden with organic vapor contacts one side
of a membrane that is 10 to 100 times more
permeable to the organic compound than to the
air. The membrane separates the gas into two
streams: a permeate stream containing most of
the organic vapor and a clean residual air
stream. The organic vapor is condensed and
removed as a liquid; the purified air stream may
be vented or recycled.
To provide the driving force for permeation, a
lower vapor pressure is maintained on the per-
meate side of the membrane than on the feed
side. This pressure difference can be obtained
by compressing the feed stream, by using a
vacuum pump on the permeate stream, or both.
Over 40 VaporSep™ systems have been built or
are under construction. These systems range in
capacity from 1 to 100 standard cubic feet per
minute. VaporSep™ systems are significantly
smaller than carbon adsorption systems of
similar capacity and can be configured to treat a
wide range of feed flow rates and compositions.
The technology has been tested on air streams
contaminated with a wide range of organic
compounds at concentrations of 100 to over
100,000 parts per million.
A VaporSep™ Membrane Organic Vapor Recovery System
Page 252
The SITE Program assesses but does not
approve or endorse technologies.
-------
November 1993
Completed Project
WASTE APPLICABILITY:
VaporSep™ systems can treat most air streams
containing flammable or nonflammable halogen-
ated and nonhalogenated organic compounds,
including chlorinated hydrocarbons, chlorofluor-
ocarbons (CFC), and fuel hydrocarbons. Typ-
ical applications are (1) reduction of process
vent emissions, such as those regulated by
EPA's source performance standards for the
synthetic organic chemical manufacturing in-
dustry; (2) treatment of air stripper exhaust
before discharge to the atmosphere; and (3)
recovery of CFCs and hydrochlorofluorocar-
bons. Between 90 and 99 percent of the organic
vapor is removed depending on the class of
organic compound and the system design.
No secondary wastes are produced, and the
volume of organic condensate is small. The
concentration of organics in the purified air
stream is generally low enough for discharge to
the atmosphere.
STATUS:
This technology was accepted into the SITE
Emerging Technology Program in January 1990.
The process, demonstrated at both the bench and
pilot scale, achieved removal efficiencies of over
99.5 percent for selected organic compounds.
Eighteen systems have been successfully in-
stalled in numerous industrial processes includ-
ing CFC and halocarbon recovery from process
vents and transfer operations, CFC recovery
from refrigeration systems, vinyl chloride mono-
mer recovery from polyvinyl chloride manufac-
turing operations, and CFC-12/ethylene oxide
recovery from sterilizer emissions. A
VaporSep™ system to treat an air stream from a
soil vacuum extraction operation is being evalu-
ated.
FOR FURTHER INFORMATION:
EPA PROJECT MANAGER:
Paul dePercin
U.S. EPA
Risk Reduction Engineering Laboratory
26 West Martin Luther King EJrive
Cincinnati, OH 45268
513-569-7797
Fax: 513-569-7620
TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPER CONTACTS:
David Dortmundt or Marc Jacobs
Membrane Technology and Research, Inc.
1360 Willow Road
Menlo Park, CA 94025
415-328-2228
Fax: 415-328-6580
The SITE Program assesses but does not
approve or endorse technologies.
Page 253
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Technology Profile
EMERGING TECHNOLOGY PROGRAM
NEW JERSEY INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY
(GHEA Associates Process)
TECHNOLOGY DESCRIPTION:
The GHEA Associates process applies surfac-
tants and additives to soil washing and waste-
water treatment to make organic and metal
contaminants soluble. In soil washing, soil is
excavated, washed, and rinsed to produce clean
soil. Wash and rinse liquids are combined and
treated to separate surfactants and contaminants
from the water. Contaminants are separated
from the surfactants by desorption and are
isolated as a concentrate. Desorption regener-
ates the surfactants for repeated use in the
process. The liquid treatment consists of a
sequence of steps involving phase separation,
ultrafiltration, and air flotation. The treated
water meets all National Pollutant Discharge
Elimination System groundwater discharge
criteria, allowing it to be (1) discharged without
further treatment, and to be (2) reused in the
process itself or reused as a source of high
quality water for other users.
In wastewater treatment applications, surfactants
added to the wastewater adsorb contaminants.
The mixture is then treated in the same manner
as described above for (1) water purification,
(2) separation of the contaminants, and (3) re-
covery of the surfactants. The process results in
clean soil, clean water, and a highly con-
centrated fraction of contaminants. No other
residues, effluents, or emissions are produced.
The figure below illustrates the GHEA process.
WASTE APPLICABILITY:
This technology can be applied to soil, sludges,
sediments, slurries, groundwater, surface water,
end-of-pipe industrial effluents, and in situ soil
flushing. Contaminants that can be treated
Contaminated
Soil
Surfactant
Extraction
t
Liquid
Rinse
Clean
Soil
Recycle
Ultrafiltration
Recycle
I
Clean
Water
Water Phase
Liquid
Phase
Separation
Air Flotation
Surfactant
Recycle
Desorption
Contaminant
GHEA Process for Soil Washing
Page 254
The SITE Program assesses but does not
approve or endorse technologies.
-------
November 1993
Completed Project
include both organics and heavy metals, non-
volatile and volatile compounds, and highly
toxic refractory compounds.
STATUS:
The technology was accepted into the SITE
Emerging Technology Program in June 1990.
Treatability tests were conducted on various
matrices, including soils with high clay contents,
industrial oily sludges, industrial wastewater
effluents, and contaminated groundwater (see
table below). In situ soil flushing tests have
shown a 20-fold enhancement of contaminant
removal rates. Tests using a 25-gallon pilot-
plant have been conducted. The final report will
be available in late 1993.
FOR FURTHER INFORMATION:
EPA PROJECT MANAGER:
Annette Gatchett
U.S. EPA
Risk Reduction Engineering Laboratory
26 West Martin Luther King Drive
Cincinnati, OH 45268
513-569-7697
Fax: 513-569-7620
TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPER CONTACT:
Itzhak Gotlieb
New Jersey Institute of Technology
Department of Chemical Engineering
Newark, NJ 07102
201-596-5862
Fax: 201-802-1946
SUMMARY OF TREATABILITY TEST RESULTS
MATRIX
Volatile Organic Compounds (VOC):
TCE; 1 ,2 DCE; Benzene; Toluene
Soil, ppm
Water, ppb
Total Petroleum .Hydrocarbons (TPH):
Soil, ppm
Polychlorinated Biphenyls (PCB):
Soil, ppm
Water, ppb
Trinitrotoluene in Water, ppm
Coal Tar Contaminated Soil (ppm):
Benzo[a]pyrene
Benzofklfluoranthene
Chrysene
Benzanthracene
Pyrene
Anthracene
Phenanthrene
Fluorene
Dibenzofuran
1 -Methylnaphthalene
2-Methylnaphthalene
Heavy Metals In Soil:
Chromium, ppm
Iron (III) in Water, ppm:
UNTKEATEP
SAMPLE
20.13
109.0
1 3,600
380.00
6,000.0
180.0
28.8
24.1
48.6
37.6
124.2
83.6
207.8
92.7
58.3
88.3
147.3
21,000
30.8
TREATED SAMPLE
0.05
2.5
80
0.57
<0.1
<.Q8
<0.1
4.4
<0.1
<0.1
<0.1
<0.1
<0.1
<0.1
<0.1
1.3
<0.1
640
0.3
PERCENT
REMOVAL
99.7%
97.8%
99.4%
99.8%
>99.9%
>99.5%
>99.7%
81.2%
>99.8%
>99.7%
>99.9%
>99.8%
>99.9%
>99.9%
>99.8%
98.5%
>99.9%
96.8%
99.0%
The SITE Program assesses but does not
approve or endorse technologies.
Page 255
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Technology Profile
EMERGING TECHNOLOGY PROGRAM
PSI TECHNOLOGY COMPANY
(Metals Immobilization and Decontamination of Aggregate Solids)
TECHNOLOGY DESCRIPTION:
PSI Technology Company has developed a
metals immobilization and decontamination of
aggregate solids (MelDAS) treatment process
(see figure below). The technology involves a
modified incineration process in which high
temperatures destroy organic contaminants and
concentrate metals into fly ash. The bulk of the
soil ends up as bottom ash and is rendered
nonleachable. The fly ash is then treated with a
sorbent to immobilize the metals (as determined
by the toxicity characteristic leaching proce-
dure). A sorbent fraction of less than 5 percent
by weight of the soil is needed for the MelDAS
process.
Standard air pollution control devices are used to
clean the effluent gas stream. Hydrogen chlor-
ide and sulfur dioxide, which may be formed
from the oxidation of chlorinated organics and
sulfur compounds in the waste, are cleaned by
alkaline scrubbers. Fly ash is captured by a
particulate removal device, such as an electro-
static precipitator or baghouse. The only solid
residues exiting the process are treated soils,
which no longer contain organics and will not
leach toxic metals.
WASTE APPLICABILITY:
The MelDAS process treats organics and heavy
metals in soils, sediments and sludges. The
process has been effective in treating arsenic,
cadmium, chromium, lead, nickel, and zinc.
This technology is particularly applicable to
wastes contaminated with volatile metals in
combination with a complex mixture of organics
of low volatility. Possible applications of the
BURNER
PARTICULATE REMOVAL
ACID-GAS SCRUBBER
TREATED
SOIL/H-YASH
DISCHARGE
MelDAS Process
Page 256
The SITE Program assesses but does not
approve or endorse technologies.
-------
November 1993
Completed Project
MelDAS process include battery waste sites and
urban sites containing lead paint or leaded
gasoline, or a site with organometallics from
disposal practices at chemical or pesticide
manufacturing facilities.
STATUS:
This technology was accepted into the SITE
Emerging Technology Program in July 1991.
Initial testing, conducted under an EPA Small
Business Innovative Research program, has
demonstrated the feasibility of treating wastes
containing arsenic, cadmium, lead, and zinc.
Bench-scale testing under the SITE Program was
completed in July 1992. This study demon-
strated that organic, lead, and arsenic wastes
could be successfully treated with less sorbent (1
to 10 percent of the soil by weight) than previ-
ously anticipated. Pilot-scale testing occurred
October 1992 and was completed in May 1993.
The final report is being prepared.
FOR FURTHER INFORMATION:
EPA PROJECT MANAGER:
Mark Meckes
U.S. EPA
Risk Reduction Engineering Laboratory
26 West Martin Luther King Drive
Cincinnati, OH 45268
513-569-7348
Fax:513-569-7676
TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPER CONTACT:
Srivats Srinivasachar
PSI Technology Company
20 New England Business Center
Andover, MA 01810
508-689-0003
Fax: 508-689-3232
The SITE Program assesses but does not
approve or endorse technologies.
Page 257
-------
Technology Profile
EMERGING TECHNOLOGY PROGRAM
PURUS, INC.
(Photolytic Oxidation Process)
TECHNOLOGY DESCRIPTION:
This process uses photolytic oxidation to destroy
volatile organic compounds (VOC) in soil and
groundwater. The system uses a xenon pulsed-
plasma flashlamp that emits short wavelength
ultraviolet (UV) light at very high intensities.
The process strips the contaminants into the
vapor phase, where the UV treatment converts
the VOCs into less hazardous compounds.
Direct photolysis occurs when the contaminants
absorb sufficient UV light energy, transforming
electrons to higher energy states and breaking
molecular bonds (see figure below). Hydroxyl
radicals are not formed. The process requires
the UV light source to emit wavelengths in the
regions absorbed by the contaminant. An inno-
vative feature of this technology is the ability to
shift the UV spectral output to optimize the
photolysis.
The process uses vacuum extraction or air
stripping to volatilize VOCs from soils or
groundwater, respectively. VOCs then enter the
photolysis reactor, where a xenon flashlamp
generates UV light. The plasma is produced by
pulse discharge of electrical energy across two
electrodes in the lamp. Ninety-nine percent
destruction occurs within seconds, allowing
continuous operation. Because organics are
destroyed in the vapor phase, the process uses
less energy than a system treating dissolved
organics.
WASTE APPLICABILITY:
The Purus, Inc. (Purus), photolytic oxidation
process is designed to destroy VOCs, including
dichloroethene (DCE), tetrachloroethene (PCE),
trichloroethene (TCE), and vinyl chloride volati-
lized from soil or groundwater. Destruction of
other VOCs, such as benzene, carbon tetra-
chloride, and 1,1,1-trichloroethane, is being
investigated.
STATUS:
This technology was accepted into the SITE
Emerging Technology Program in March 1991.
Field testing of a full-scale prototype began in
October 1991. The test was conducted at the
Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory Super-
fund site in Livermore, California (EPA Region
9). The site contains soil zones highly con-
taminated with TCE. A vacuum extraction
system delivered contaminated air to the Purus
unit at air flows of up to 500 cubic feet per
minute (cfm). Initial concentrations of TCE in
the air were approximately 250 parts per million
Cl
Cl/
\
Cl
H
UV
TCE
COa+ HCI
Purus Advanced UV Photolysis
Page 258
The SITE Program assesses but does not
approve or endorse technologies.
-------
November 1993
Completed Project
by volume. The contaminant removal goal for
the treatment was 99 percent. Vapor phase
carbon filters were placed downstream of the
Purus unit to satisfy California Air Quality
emission control requirements during the field
test. Test results are shown in the table below.
The Project Report (EPA/540/R-93/516) and the
Project Summary (EPA/540/SR-93/516) have
been published.
The low-wavelength UV emissions allowed
direct photolysis of many VOCs, particularly
chlorinated compounds and freons, that would
not have been possible with commercial mercury
vapor lamps. Very rapid and efficient destruc-
tion was observed for TCE, PCE, and DCE.
Nevertheless, some VOCs would require either
photosensitization or an even lower-wavelength
light source for rapid photolysis.
TCE removal resulted in undesirable inter-
mediates. The main product (greater than 85
percent) from the chain photo-oxidation of TCE
is dichloroacetyl chloride (DCAC). Further
oxidation of DCAC is about 100 times slower
than the photolysis of TCE and forms dichloro-
carbonyl (DCC) in about 20 percent yield. At
this level of treatment, the DCC concentration
may be excessive, requiring additional treatment.
Further studies should focus on the effectiveness
of dry or wet scrubbers for removing acidic
photo-oxidation products, developing thermal or
other methods for posttreatment of products such
as DCAC, and examining the use of shorter-
wavelength UV lamps or catalysts, to treat a
broader range of VOCs. Purus will examine
several of these issues with Argonne National
Laboratory in continued demonstrations at the
Department of Energy Savannah River site.
FOR FURTHER INFORMATION:
EPA PROJECT MANAGER:
Norma Lewis
U.S EPA
Risk Reduction Engineering Laboratory
26 West Martin Luther King Drive
Cincinnati, OH 45268
513-569-7665
Fax: 513-569-7620
TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPER CONTACT:
Bart Mass
Purus, Inc.
2713 North First Street
San Jose, CA 95134-2010
408-955-1000
Fax: 408-955-1010
TCE PHOTOLYSIS FIELD TEST RESULTS
Freq. No. of
(Hz) chambers
30
30
30
30
15
15
5
5
1
1
4
4
4
2
4
2
4
2
4
2
Flow
(cfm)
103
97
95
106
97
103
95
103
106
103
Res.
time
(sec)
9.6
10.1
10.4
4.6
10.1
4.8
10.4
4.8
9.3
4.8
TCE
input
(ppmv)
78.4
108.5
98.3
91.7
106.8
101.3
104.9
101.4
101.7
98.5
TCE
output
(ppmv)
dl
dl
dl
0.07
dl
dl
dl
dl
0.85
13.23
TCE
destruction
(%)
>99.99
&99.99
>99.99
99.92
=>99.99
>99.99
>99.99
>99.9
99.16
86.57
DCC
yield
(ppmv)
nd
21.3
25.6
15.9
22.8
12.6
8.7
9.4
12.5
6.8
DCAC
yield
(ppmv)
20.2
26.5
34
49.2
nd
65.3
75.7
76.3
83.2
84.9
Chlorine
balance
(Mole%)
78.8
106.2
114.5
91.1
nd
86.2
90.0
88.8
90.3
93.3
Notes: Hz = Hertz
cfm = cubic feet per minute
sec = seconds
ppmv = parts per million volume
The SITE Program assesses but does not
approve or endorse technologies.
Page 259
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'= =
Technology Profile
EMERGING TECHNOLOGY PROGRAM
J.R. SEMPLOT COMPANY
(Anaerobic Biological Process)
TECHNOLOGY DESCRIPTION:
This technology bioremediates soils and sludges
contaminated with nitroaromatics. Nitroaro-
matics have become serious environmental
contaminants at military locations nationwide.
Examples of nitroaromatics include nitrotolu-
enes, used as explosives, and pesticides.
Pilot-scale treatment units (see figure) consist of
simple plastic or fiberglass vessels that contain
static soil slurries (50 percent soil and 50 per-
cent water). The units are scaled in steps up to
about 50 cubic meters of soil. The biodegrada-
tion process involves adding starch to flooded
soils and sludges. Anaerobic, starch-degrading
bacteria may also be introduced. After anaero-
bic conditions are established [at Eh equal to
-200 millivolts (mV)], an anaerobic microbial
consortium is injected to destroy the nitroaro-
matics. In some soils, inoculations are not
necessary, because native consortia develop
quickly.
Recently, it was discovered that anaerobic
microbial mixtures can completely destroy many
chemicals, such as chloroform, benzene, and
chlorophenols, that had been considered non-
biodegradable under such conditions. Research
indicates that these systems can completely
mineralize nitroaromatic pollutants.
Anaerobic microbial mixtures have been devel-
oped for both the pesticide dinoseb (2-sec-butyl-
4,6-dinitrophenol) and trinitrotoluene (TNT).
These mixtures completely degrade their target
molecules to simple nonaromatic products within
a few days forming reduced intermediates (such
Contaminated
Soil
Screening
(0.25 inch reject)
Fines
Nutrients •
Starch
Mixture'
Mixing
Wash
Water
Reject
Washing
Clean
->• Rejects
Water
Homogenized
Soils
Reactor
Clean
->• Soils
Make-up
Water -
Pilot-Scale Treatment Unit
Page 260
The SITE Program assesses but does not
approve or endorse technologies.
-------
November 1993
Completed Project
as aminonitrotoluenes) and hydroxylated inter-
mediates (such as methylphlorglucinol and
p-cresol). The microbial consortia function at
Eh's of -200 mV or more.
WASTE APPLICABILITY:
This technology is designed to treat soils con-
taminated with nitroaromatic pollutants.
Anaerobic microbial mixtures have been de-
veloped for the pesticide dinoseb and for TNT.
These pollutants can be reduced to less than 1
part per million in most soils.
STATUS:
This technology was accepted into the SITE
Emerging Technology Program in January 1990.
Under the program bench-scale processes have
been developed for both dinoseb and TNT.
A pilot-scale system treated dinoseb-con-
taminated soils from a site in Idaho, with the
largest reactors holding 4 cubic meters (m3) of
soil. With three replicates per treatment, up to
12 m3 of soil were treated at one time. The
procedure's efficacy was confirmed at a small
scale (50 kilograms), using dinoseb-coritaminated
soil from a spill site in Washington state.
During bench-scale tests, soil contaminated with
2 percent TNT was treated to below detectable
limits. Degradation intermediates were iden-
tified using gas chromatograph/mass spectro-
graph techniques.
Based on these results, this technology was
accepted into the SITE Demonstration Program
in winter 1992.
FOR FURTHER INFORMATION:
EPA PROJECT MANAGER:
Wendy Davis-Hoover
U.S. EPA
Risk Reduction Engineering Laboratory
26 West Martin Luther King Drive
Cincinnati, OH 45268
513-569-7206
Fax: 513-569-7879
TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPER CONTACT:
Dane Higdem
J.R. Simplot Company
P.O. Box 912
Pocatello, ID 83201
208-234-5367
Fax: 208-234-5339
The SITE Program assesses but does not
approve or endorse technologies.
Page 261
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Technology Profile
EMERGING TECHNOLOGY PROGRAM
TRINITY ENVIRONMENTAL TECHNpLOGIES, INC.
(PCB- and Organochlorine-Contaminated Soil Detoxification)
TECHNOLOGY DESCRIPTION:
This technology uses an aprotic solvent, other
reagents, and heat to dehalogenate polychlorin-
ated biphenyls (PCB) to inert biphenyl and
chloride salts. The process begins by sizing the
solid material to allow better contact between the
reagents and PCBs. In a continuous flow reac-
tor, the soils are heated to drive off excess
water. Then reagents are added to destroy the
PCBs. The reagent, consisting of a solvent and
an inorganic, alkali material, completely strips
chlorine from the PCB molecule. Excess alkali
can be easily neutralized. The solvent has a
higher boiling point than water and is reusable in
the process. Treated soil can be returned to the
excavation once analytical results show that
PCBs have been destroyed. Moderate proces-
sing temperatures assure that the physical struc-
ture of the soil is not appreciably changed.
Gas chromatography/mass spectroscopy analyses
of processed PCB materials showed that the
process produces no toxic or hazardous pro-
ducts. A chlorine balance confirmed that PCBs
are completely dehalogenated. To further
confirm chemical dehalogenation, inorganic and
total chloride analyses were also used. The
average total chloride recovery for treated soils
was greater than 90 percent.
The commercial process is expected to be less
costly than incineration but more expensive than
land disposal. Since no stack emissions are
produced, permitting the process for a remedia-
tion would be easier than incineration.
WASTE APPLICABILITY:
The process has been used to treat PCB Aroclor
mixtures, specific PCB congeners, penta-
chlorophenol, and individual chlorinated dioxin
isomers. However, other chlorinated hydrocar-
bons such as pesticides, herbicides, and poly-
chlorinated dibenzofurans could also be treated
PCB
Contaminated
Soil
X
SoH Particle
Sizing
i
Parttote
Screening
>
k
<,
Caustic
Reagent
1
So!) Heated
to Remove
Moisture
1
PCBs
Removed
From Water
1
PCB Solids
into Process
Aprotic
Solvent
1
Heat
Maintained
to Promote
Dehalogenation
Reaction
>.
Solvent Purified
to Remove
Any Soil Fines
T
Solvent
Recovered from
Non-PCB Soil
Excess Caustic
in Non-PCB Soil
— > is Neutralized
Water
Acidified
T
Acid
Acidified Water
> Added to Soil
PCB Soil Detoxification Process
Page 262
The SITE Program assesses but does not
approve or endorse technologies.
-------
November 1993
Completed Project
by this technology. The process can treat many
different solid and sludge-type materials, pro-
vided that they are compatible with the solvent.
STATUS:
This technology was accepted into the SITE
Emerging Technology Program in July 1990.
The current system was developed by research-
ers in early 1991, after the original, aqueous,
caustic-based system proved ineffective in de-
stroying PCBs.
In bench-scale studies, synthetically con-
taminated materials have been processed to
eliminate uncertainties in initial PCB con-
centration. This chemical process has reduced
PCB concentrations from 2,000 parts per million
(ppm) to less than 2 ppm in about 30 minutes
using moderate power input. Further laboratory
experiments are being conducted to isolate the
reaction mechanism and to enhance PCB de-
struction. Through additional experimentation,
Trinity Environmental Technologies, Inc. ex-
pects to reduce processing time through better
temperature control, more efficient mixing, and
possibly more aggressive reagents.
A modular pilot-scale processor has been
planned that utilizes several heating zones to
preheat and dry the contaminated soil, followed
by PCB destruction. The pilot process would be
capable of processing 1 ton per hour initially.
Additional modules could be added to increase
process capacity, as needed. Contaminated soils
from actual sites will be used for these tests
instead of the synthetically contaminated soils
used in bench-scale testing.
The SITE project terminated in 1992. The
developer is investigating further improvements
to the technology. Due to cost limitations, no
commercialization of the investigated process is
expected. A final report is anticipated by De-
cember 1993.
FOR FURTHER INFORMATION:
EPA PROJECT MANAGER:
Kim Lisa Kreiton
U.S. EPA
Risk Reduction Engineering Laboratory
26 West Martin Luther King Drive
Cincinnati, OH 45268
513-569-7328
Fax: 513-569-7620
TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPER CONTACT:
Duane Koszalka
Trinity Environmental Technologies, Inc.
62 East First Street
Mound Valley, KS 67354
316-328-3222
The SITE Program assesses but does not
approve or endorse technologies.
Page 263
-------
Technology Profile
EMERGING TECHNOLOGY PROGRAM
UNIVERSITY OF WASHINGTON
(Adsorptive Filtration)
TECHNOLOGY DESCRIPTION:
This technology uses adsorptive filtration to
remove inorganic contaminants (metals) from the
liquid phase. An adsorbent ferrihydrite is
applied to the surface of an inert substrate, such
as sand, which is then placed hi a vertical col-
umn (see figure below). A metal-containing
solution is adjusted to a pH of 9 to 10 and
passed through the column, where the iron-
coated sand grains act simultaneously as a filter
and adsorbent. When the filtration capacity is
reached (indicated by particulate breakthrough or
attainment of maximum allowable headloss), the
column is backwashed. When the adsorptive
capacity of the column is reached (indicated by
breakthrough of soluble metals), the metals are
removed and concentrated for subsequent recov-
ery using a pH-induced desorption process.
Sand can be coated using a few different pro-
cedures. All involve using an iron nitrate or
iron chloride salt, (as the source of the iron),
sand, heat, and, in some cases, base (sodium
hydroxide). The resulting ferrihydrite-coated
sand is insoluble at pH above about 1; thus,
acidic solutions can be used in the regeneration
step to ensure complete metal recovery. There
has been no apparent loss of treatment efficiency
after numerous regeneration cycles. Anionic
metals (such as arsenate, chromate, and selenite)
can be removed from the solution by treating it
at a pH near 4 and regenerating it at a high pH.
The advantages this technology has over conven-
tional treatment technologies are that it (1) acts
as a filter to remove both dissolved and suspend-
ed contaminant from the waste stream, (2) re-
moves a variety of complex metals, (3) works in
m .
c
o
1.
II
M
1
4
• <
-n
C
0
L
u
M
M
2
\
4
t
\
-»J
^ t
i
\
r
y
»
r^i
o
0
1
II
M
3
\ f
i
i
-^
>
Influent
Effluent to Discharge
or Recycle
VALVE
P) PUMP
^ To Metal Recovery
Adsorptive Filtration Treatment System
Page 264
The SITE Program assesses but does not
approve or endorse technologies.
-------
November 1993
Completed Project
the presence of high concentrations of back-
ground ions, and (4) removes anions.
WASTE APPLICABILITY:
This process removes inorganic contaminants,
mainly metals, from aqueous waste streams. It
can be applied to aqueous waste streams with a
wide range of contaminant concentrations and
pH values.
STATUS:
This technology was accepted into the SITE
Emerging Technology Program in January 1988.
Synthetic solutions containing cadmium, copper,
or lead at concentrations of 0.5 part per million
(ppm) have been treated in packed columns
using 2-minute retention times. After ap-
proximately 5,000 bed volumes were treated,
effluent concentrations were about 0.025 ppm
for each metal, indicating a 95 percent removal
efficiency. The tests were stopped, although the
metals were still being removed. In other
experiments, the media adsorbed about 7,000
milligrams per liter (mg/L) copper.
The first batch of regenerant solutions contained
cadmium and lead at concentrations of about 500
ppm. With initial concentrations of 0.5 ppm,
this represents a concentration factor of about
1,000 to 1. Data for the removal of copper
have not been analyzed yet. At a flow rate
yielding a 2-minute retention time, it would have
taken about 7 days of continuous flow operation
to treat 5,000 bed volumes. Regeneration took
about 2 hours.
The system has also been tested for treatment of
rinse waters from a copper-etching process at a
printed circuit board shop. The coated sand was
effective in removing mixtures of soluble,
complexed copper and particulate copper, as
well as zinc and lead, from these waters. When
two columns were used in series, the treatment
system was able to handle fluctuations in influent
copper concentration from less than 10 mg/L up
to several hundred mg/L.
Groundwater from Western Processing, a Super-
fund site near Seattle, Washington, was treated
successfully to remove both soluble and par-
ticulate zinc.
The final report and project summary have been
accepted by EPA and will be available in the
near future.
FOR FURTHER INFORMATION:
EPA PROJECT MANAGER:
Norma Lewis
U.S. EPA
Risk Reduction Engineering Laboratory
26 West Martin Luther King Drive
Cincinnati, OH 45268
513-569-7665
Fax: 513-569-7620
TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPER CONTACT:
Mark Benjamin
University of Washington
Department of Civil Engineering
Seattle, WA 98195
206-543-7645
The SITE Program assesses but does not
approve or endorse technologies.
Page 265
-------
Technology Profile
EMERGING TECHNOLOGY PROGRAM
VORTEC CORPORATION
(Oxidation and Vitrification Process)
TECHNOLOGY DESCRIPTION:
Vortec Corporation (Vortec) has created an
oxidation and vitrification process for remedia-
tion of soils, sediments, sludges, and mill tail-
ings that have organic, inorganic, and heavy
metal contamination. The system can oxidize
and vitrify materials introduced as slurries, thus
enabling waste oils to be mixed with hazardous
soils.
The figure below illustrates the Vortec oxidation
and vitrification process. The basic elements of
this system include (1) a combustion and melting
system (CMS); (2) an upstream material handl-
ing, processing, storage, and feed subsystem; (3)
a vitrified product separation and reservoir
assembly; (4) a waste heat recovery air preheater
(recuperator); (5) a gas cleanup subsystem; and
(6) a vitrified product handling system.
The Vortec CMS is the primary thermal proces-
sing system and consists of three major as-
semblies: (1) a precombustor, (2) an in-flight
suspension preheater, and (3) a cyclone melter.
As the first step in the process, contaminated
soil (in slurry or dry form) is introduced into the
precombustor where heating and oxidation of the
waste material begin. The precombustor is a
vertical vortex combustor that provides sufficient
residence time to vaporize water and to initiate
oxidation of organics before the materials melt.
The suspension preheater, a counter rotating
vortex (CRV) combustor, provides suspension
preheating of the materials, secondary combus-
tion of volatiles emitted from the precombustor,
and combustion of auxiliary fuel introduced
directly into the CRV combustor. The average
temperature of materials leaving the CRV com-
bustion chamber is between 2,200 and 2,700 °F.
The preheated solid materials exiting the CRV
combustor enter the cyclone melter, where they
are separated to the chamber walls to form a
molten glass product. The vitrified, molten
glass product and the exhaust gases exit the
FUEL
CYCLONE
METER
GLASS
Vortec Oxidation and Vitrification Process
Page 266
The SITE Program assesses but does not
approve or endorse technologies.
-------
November 1993
Completed Project
cyclone melter through a tangential exit channel
and enter a glass and gas separation chamber.
The exhaust gases then enter an air preheater for
waste heat recovery and are subsequently deli-
vered to an air pollution control subsystem for
particulate and acid gas removal. The molten
glass product exits the glass and gas separation
chamber through a slag tap and is delivered to a
water quench assembly for subsequent disposal.
Unique features of the Vortec oxidation and
vitrification process include the following:
• Processes solid waste contaminated with
both organic and heavy metal con-
taminants
• Uses various fuels, including gas, oil,
coal and waste fuels
• Handles waste quantities ranging from 5
tons per day to more than 400 tons per
day
• Recycles toxic materials collected in the
air pollution control system
• Produces a vitrified product that is
nontoxic according to the EPA's toxicity
characteristic leaching procedure
(TCLP) standards, immobilizes heavy
metals, and has long-term stability
WASTE APPLICABILITY:
The Vortec oxidation and vitrification system
treats soils, sediments, sludges, and mill tailings
containing organic, inorganic, and heavy metal
contamination. Organic materials included with
the waste are successfully oxidized by the high
temperatures in the combustor. The inorganic
constituents in the waste material determine the
amount and type of glass-forming additives
required to produce a vitrified product. The
process can be modified to produce a glass cullet
that consistently meets TCLP requirements.
STATUS:
The Vortec Technology was accepted into the
SITE Emerging Technology Program in May
1991. The technology has been under the
development of U.S. Department of Energy and
others since 1985. A 20-ton-per-day pilot-scale
test facility has been processing nonhazardous
industrial waste material since 1988; the vitrified
product generated in these tests passes TCLP
standards. A preliminary system with a treat-
ment rate of up to 400 tons per day has been
designed. The pilot-scale facility was also used
to process a surrogate soil spiked with com-
pounds of arsenic, cadmium, chromium, copper,
lead, nickel, and zinc. Pilot testing using a dry,
granulated feed stream was completed in June
1992, and the glass product successfully passed
TCLP tests. A final report is due December
1993. Additional testing with a slurry feedstock
was completed in 1993. Transporation systems
are being designed for DOE mixed waste appli-
cations. Commercial demonstration of the CMS
technology using contaminated soil is planned
for 1994-1995. Vortec is offering commercial
systems and licenses for the CMS technology.
FOR FURTHER INFORMATION:
EPA PROJECT MANAGER:
Teri Richardson
U.S. EPA
Risk Reduction Engineering Laboratory
26 West Martin Luther King Drive
Cincinnati, OH 45268
513-569-7949
Fax: 513-569-7620
TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPER CONTACT:
James Hnat
Vortec Corporation
3770 Ridge Pike
Collegeville, PA 19426-3158
215-489-2255
Fax: 215-489-3185
The SITE Program assesses but does not
approve or endorse technologies.
Page 267
-------
TechnoIoQV Profile
EMERGING TECHNOLOGY PROGRAM
WASTEWATER TECHNOLOGY CENTRE
(Cross-Blow Pervaporation System)
TECHNOLOGY DESCRIPTION:
Pervaporation is a process for removing volatile
organic compounds (VOC) from contaminated
water. Permeable membranes that preferentially
adsorb VOCs are used to partition VOCs from
the contaminated water. The VOCs diffuse from
the membrane-water interface through the mem-
brane and are drawn under vacuum. Upstream
of the vacuum pump, a condenser traps and
contains the permeating vapors, condensing all
the vapor to avoid fugitive emissions. The
condensed organic vapors represent only a
fraction of the initial wastewater volume and
may be subsequently disposed of at significant
cost savings. Industrial waste streams may also
be treated with this process, and solvents may be
recovered for reuse.
A pilot pervaporation system has been developed
that is skid-mounted, compact, and rated for
Class I, Division I, Group D environments. The
membrane modules used in this system consist
of beds of hollow fibers (much like a carbon
bed) with well-defined alignment that results in
minimal pressure drop and operating costs per
1,000 gallons of treated wastewater. The unit,
shown below, can reduce VOCs by 99 percent.
Removal has been demonstrated to less than 5
parts per billion (ppb). For flow rates of less
than 1 gallon per minute this unit can achieve
99.999 percent removal of VOCs. This high
removal capacity plus containment of fugitive
emissions are the primary advantages of this
technology as compared with air stripping
followed by gas-phase carbon adsorption.
WASTE APPLICABILITY:
Pervaporation can be applied to aqueous waste
streams (in groundwater, lagoons, leachate, and
rinse water) contaminated with VOCs such as
solvents, degreasers, and gasoline. The tech-
nology is applicable to the types of wastes
currently treated by carbon adsorption, air
stripping, and steam stripping.
Module(s)
Contaminated
Water
Treated
Water
Vacuum
Pump
VOC-Rlch
Condensate
Cross-Flow Pervaporation System
Page 268
The SITE Program assesses but does not
approve or endorse technologies.
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November 1993
Completed Project
STATUS:
This technology was accepted into the SITE
Emerging Technology Program in January 1989.
A cost comparison performed by Wastewater
Technology Centre in 1992 showed that per-
vaporation can be competitive with air stripping
and activated carbon to treat low concentrations
of VOCs.
A pilot plant with a removal efficiency of 99
percent was evaluated in-house and field tested
in late 1992. Based on results from the Emerg-
ing Technology Program, the cross-flow per-
vaporation system was invited to participate in
the SITE Demonstration Program. This tech-
nology will be demonstrated under the SITE
Program in late 1993 and 1994.
FOR FURTHER INFORMATION:
EPA PROJECT MANAGER:
John Martin
U.S. EPA
Risk Reduction Engineering Laboratory
26 West Martin Luther King Drive
Cincinnati, OH 45268
513-569-7758
Fax: 513-569-7676
TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPER CONTACTS:
Rob Booth
Wastewater Technology Centre
867 Lakeshore Road, Box 5068
Burlington, Ontario LTR 4L7
Canada
416-336-4689
Phil Canning
Zenon Environmental, Inc.
845 Harrington, Court
Burlington, Ontario L7N 3P3
Canada
416-639-6320
The SITE Program assesses but does not
approve or endorse technologies.
Page 269
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Technology Profile
EMERGING TECHNOLOGY PROGRAM
WESTERN RESEARCH INSTITUTE
[Contained Recovery of Oily Wastes (CROW™)]
TECHNOLOGY DESCRIPTION:
The Contained Recovery of Oily Wastes
(CROW™) process recovers oily wastes from the
ground by adapting a technology used for sec-
ondary petroleum recovery and primary produc-
tion of heavy oil and tar sand bitumen. Steam
and hot water displacement move accumulated
oily wastes and water to production wells for
aboveground treatment.
Injection and production wells are first installed
in soil contaminated with oily wastes (see figure
below). Low-quality steam is then injected
below the waste. The steam condenses, causing
rising hot water to dislodge the waste upward
into the more permeable soil regions. Hot water
is injected above the impermeable soil regions to
heat and mobilize the oil waste accumulations,
which are recovered by hot water displacement.
The displaced oily wastes form an oil bank
which the hot water injection displaces to the
production well. Behind the oil bank, the oil
saturation becomes immobile in the subsurface
pore space. The oil and water are treated for
reuse or discharge.
In situ biological treatment may follow the
displacement and is continued until groundwater
contaminants are no longer detected. During
treatment, all mobilized organic liquids and
water-soluble contaminants are contained within
the original boundaries of the oily waste. Haz-
ardous materials are contained laterally by
groundwater isolation and vertically by organic
Steam-Stripped
Water
Low-Quality
Steam
Injection Well
Production Well
I Hot-Water
I Displacement
Oil and Water
Production
\
Hot-Water
Flotation
Steam
Injection
CROW™ Subsurface Development
Page 270
The SITE Program assesses but does not
approve or endorse technologies.
-------
November 1993
Completed Project
liquid flotation. Excess water is treated in
compliance with discharge regulations.
The process (1) removes large portions of oily
waste, (2) stops the downward migration of
organic contaminants, (3) immobilizes residual
oily waste, and (4) reduces the volume, mobil-
ity, and toxicity of oily waste. It can be used
for shallow and deep contaminated areas.
The process uses mobile equipment.
WASTE APPLICABILITY:
This technology can treat wastes from manufac-
tured gas plant sites, wood-treating sites, and
other sites with soils containing light to dense
organic liquids, such as coal tars, pen-
tachlorophenol solutions, creosote, and petrole-
um by-products.
STATUS:
This technology was tested both at the laboratory
and pilot scale under the SITE Emerging Tech-
nology Program. These tests showed the effec-
tiveness of the hot water displacement and dis-
played the benefits of including chemicals with
the hot water. Evaluation under the Emerging
Technology Program is complete, and the final
report has been submitted to EPA.
Based on the results of the Emerging Tech-
nology Program, this technology was invited to
participate in the SITE Demonstration Program.
The technology will be demonstrated at the
Pennsylvania Power and Light (PP&L) Brodhead
Creek site in Stroudsburg, Pennsylvania. The
project is now in the planning and negotiation
stage.
Remediation Technologies, Inc., is participating
in the project. Other sponsors, in addition to
EPA and PP&L, are the Gas Research Institute,
the Electric Power Research Institute, and the
U.S. Department of Energy.
This technology has been demonstrated at the
pilot scale at a wood treatment site in Minnesota
outside of the SITE Program. The developer is
conducting screening studies for additional sites
and is investigating the use of chemicals with the
hot water displacement. Nonaqueous phase
liquid removal rates of 60 to over 80 percent
have been achieved with hot water injection.
Chemical addition significantly increased recov-
ery.
FOR FURTHER INFORMATION:
EPA PROJECT MANAGER:
Eugene Harris
U.S. EPA
Risk Reduction Engineering Laboratory
26 West Martin Luther King Drive
Cincinnati, OH 45268
513-569-7862
Fax: 513-569-7676
TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPER CONTACT:
Lyle Johnson
Western Research Institute
P.O. Box 3395
University Station
Laramie, WY 82701-3395
307-721-2281
The SITE Program assesses but does not
approve or endorse technologies.
Page 271
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TABLE 4
Ongoing SITE Emerging Technology Program Projects as of October 1993
Developer
ABB Environmental
Services, Inc.,
Wakefield, MA (E03)'
Allis Mineral Systems (formerly
Boliden Allis, Inc.),
Oak Creek, WI (EOS)
Arizona State University/
IT Corporation,
Tempe, AZ (E06)
ART International, Inc.,
Denville, NJ (E03)
Atomic Energy of Canada,
Limited,
Chalk River, Ontario, Canada
(E06)
Center for Hazardous Materials
Research,
Pittsburgh, PA (EOS)
Center for Hazardous Materials
Research,
Pittsburgh, PA (E04)
COGNIS, Inc.,
Santa Rosa, CA (EOS)
COGNIS, Inc.,
Santa Rosa, CA (EOS)
Technology
Two-Zone Plume
Interception In Situ
Treatment Strategy
PYROKILN
THERMAL
ENCAPSULATION
Process
Photocatalytic
Oxidation with Air
Stripping
Low-Energy Solvent
Extraction Process
Ultrasonic-Aided
Leachate Treatment for
Mixed Wastes
Organics Destruction
and Metals
Stabilization
Smelting Lead-
Containing Waste
Biological/Chemical
Treatment
Chemical Treatment
Technology
Contact
Alex Vira
617-245-6606
John Lees
414-798-6211
Glenn Heian
414-762-1190
Gregory Raupp
602-965-2828
Richard Miller
615-690-3211
Werner Steiner and
Genya Mallach
201-627-7601
S. Vijayan and
L. A. Moschuk
613-584-3311
P. Campbell
800-872-2325
A. Bruce King
412-826-5320
Stephen Paff
412-826-5320
Dudley Eirich
707-576-6283
Bill Fristad
707-576-6235
EPA Project
Manager
Ronald Lewis
513-569-7856
Marta Richards
513-569-7783
Norma Lewis
513-569-7665
Jack Hubbard
513-569-7507
Joan Mattox
513-569-7624
Randy Parker
513-569-7271
Laurel Staley
513-569-7863
Naomi Barkley
513-569-7854
Michael Royer
908-321-6633
Waste Media
Groundwater,
Wastewater
Soil, Sludge
Air Streams
Soils, Sediments,
Sludges
Acid Mine
Drainage
Soil, Sediment
Solid, Lead-
Containing Waste
Soil
Soil, Sediment,
Sludge
Applicable Waste
Inorganic
Not Applicable
Most Metallic Compounds
Not Applicable
Not Applicable
Heavy Metals,
Radionuclides
Heavy Metals
Lead
Heavy Metals
Heavy Metals
Organic
Chlorinated and
Nonchlorinated Solvents
Nonspecific Organics
VOCs
PCBs, Petroleum
Hydrocarbons, PAHs,
Pesticides
Not Applicable
Nonspecific Organics
Not Applicable
PAHs, Petroleum
Hydrocarbons
Not Applicable
N)
a
Solicitation Number
-------
TABLE 4
SITE Emerging Technology Program Participants
Developer
Davy Research and
Development, Limited,
Cleveland, United Kingdom (E04)
M.L. ENBRGIA, Inc.,
Princeton, NJ (EOS)
Energy and Environmental
Research Corporation,
Irvine, CA (E06)
Environmental Biotechnologies,
Inc. /Michigan Biotechnology
Institute,
Montara, CA (E06)
General Atomics, Nuclear
Remediation Technologies
Division,
San Diego, CA (E06)
Groundwater Technology
Government Services, Inc.,
Concord, CA (E04)
Hazardous Substance
Management Research Center
at New Jersey Institute of
Technology,
Newark, NJ (E04)
High Voltage Environmental
Applications, Inc.,
Miami, PL (E06)
Institute of Gas Technology,
Chicago, IL (EOS)
IT Corporation,
Knoxville, TN (E06)
Technology
Chemical Treatment
Reductive Photo-
Dechlorination
Treatment
Reactor/Filter System
Microbial Composting
Process
Acoustic Barrier
Paniculate Separator
Below-Grade
Bioremediation Cell
Pneumatic Fracturing/
Bioremediation
High Energy Electron
Beam Irradiation
Fluidized-Bed
Cyclonic
Agglomerating
Combustor
Eimco Biolift™ Slurry
Reactor
Technology
Contact
Graham Wightman
01-44-642-607108
Moshe Lavid
609-799-7970
Jerald Cole
714-859-8851
Dougles Munnecke
415-728-8609
Robert Goforth
619455-2499
Ronald Hicks
510-671-2387
John Schuring
201-596-5849
William Cooper
305-593-5330
Amir Rehmat
312-949-3900
Michael Mensinger
312-949-3730
Kandi Brown
615-690-3211
EPA Project
Manager
Kim Lisa Kreiton
513-569-7328
Michelle Simon
513-569-7469
Dan Sullivan
908-321-6677
Ronald Lewis
513-569-7856
Laurel Staley
513-569-7863
Ronald Lewis
513-569-7856
Uwe Frank
908-321-6626
Franklin Alvarez
513-569-7631
Teri Richardson
513-569-7949
Brunilda Davila
513-569-7849
Waste Media
Soils, Sediments
Liquid, Gas
Gas Streams
Soil and Sediment
Gas Streams
Soil, Sludge,
Sediments
Soil
Soil, Sediment,
Groundwater,
Sludge
Solid, Liquid,
Gas, Sludge
Soil, Sludges
Applicable Waste
Inorganic
Heavy Metals
Not Applicable
Volatile Toxic Metals
Not Applicable
Radioactive Particles
Not Applicable
Not Applicable
Not Applicable
Nonvolatile Inorganics
Not Applicable
Organic
Chlorinated Solvents,
Pesticides, PCBs
Volatile Chlorinated Wastes
Condensed-Phase Organics
Coal Tar Wastes, PAHs
SVOCs, PCBs
Biodegradable Organic
Compounds
Petroleum Hydrocarbons,
Benzene, Toluene, Xylene
Pesticides, Insecticides,
Petroleum Residues, PCBs
Nonspecific Organics
PAHs
NJ
a
-------
TABLE 4 (continued)
Ongoing SITE Emerging Technology Program Projects as of October 1993
Developer
IT Corporation,
Knoxville, TN (E04)
Lewis Environmental Services,
Inc.,
Pittsburgh, PA (E06)
Matrix Photocatalytic Inc.
(formerly Nutech
Environmental),
London, Ontario, Canada (E05)
Montana College of Mineral
Science & Technology,
Butte, MT (E03)
Montana College of Mineral
Science & Technology,
Butte, MT (E05)
OHM Remediation Services
Corporation,
Findlay, OH (EOS)
Pulse Sciences, Inc.,
San Leandro, CA (E04)
Pulse Sciences, Inc.,
San Leandro, CA (E06)
Remediation Technologies, Inc.,
Seattle, WA (EOS)
State University of New York at
Oswego,
Oswego, NY (E06)
University of Dayton Research
Institute,
Dayton, OH (EOS)
Technology
Mixed Waste
Treatment Process
Chromated Copper
Arsenate Soil Leaching
Process
Ti02 Photocatalytic Air
Treatment
Air-Sparged
Hydrocyclone
Campbell Centrifugal
Jig
Oxygen Microbubble
In Situ Bioremediation
X-Ray Treatment of
Aqueous Solutions
X-Ray Treatment of
Organically
Contaminated Soils
Methanotrophic
Biofilm Reactor
Photocatalytic
Degradation of PCB-
Contaminated
Sediments and Wastes
Photothermal
Detoxification Unit
(PDU)
Technology
Contact
Ed Alperin
615-690-3211
Tom Lewis III
408-322-8100
Brian Butters
519-457-2963
Theodore Jordan
406-496-4112
Gordon Ziesing
406-496-4112
Douglas Jerger
419-424-4932
Vemon Bailey
510-632-5100
Vernon Bailey
510-632-5100
Hans Stroo
206-624-9349
Pengchu Zhang and
Ronald Scrudato
315-341-3639
John Graham
513-229-2846
EPA Project
Manager
Douglas Grosse
513-569-7844
Randy Parker
513-569-7271
John Ireland
513-569-7413
Eugene Harris
513-569-7862
Jack Hubbard
513-569-7507
Ronald Lewis
513-569-7856
Esperanza Piano
Renard
908-321-4355
Esperanza Piano
Renard
908-321-4355
Kim Lisa Kreiton
513-569-7328
Hector Moreno
513-569-7882
Chien Chen
908-906-6985
Waste Media
Soil
Soil
Air
Aqueous Solutions
Soil, Mine
Tailings
Groundwater
Water
Soil
Gas
Sediments and
Water
Soil, Sludge,
Aqueous Streams
Applicable Waste
Inorganic
Nonspecific Inorganics,
Radioactive Material
Heavy Metals, Nonspecific
Inorganics
Not Applicable
Low-Concentration Metals
Heavy Metals
Not Applicable
Not Applicable
Not Applicable
Not Applicable
Not Applicable
Not Applicable
Organic
Nonspecific Organics
Nonspecific Organics
VOCs
Not Applicable
Not Applicable
Petroleum Hydrocarbons,
Organic Solvents,
Creosote, PCP
VOCs and SVOCs
Benzene, TCA, TCE,
Carbon Tetrachloride and
PCBs
Chlorinated Volatile
Hydrocarbons
PCBs, Other Chlorinated
Organics
PCBs, PCDDs, PCDFs,
Aromatic and Aliphatic
Ketones, Aromatic and
Chlorinated Solvents
NJ
-------
TABLE 4 (continued)
Ongoing SITE Emerging Technology Program Projects as of October 1993
Developer
University of South Carolina,
Columbia, SC (E03)
Warren Spring Laboratory,
Hertsfordshire, United Kingdom
(E04)
Western Product Recovery,
Group, Inc.,
Houston, TX (E04)
Roy F. Weston, Inc.,
West Chester, PA (E06)
Technology
In Situ Mitigation of
Acid Water
Physical and Chemical
Treatment
CCBA Physical and
Chemical Treatment
Ambersorb® 563
Adsorbent
Technology
Contact
Frank Caruccio
803-777-4512
Peter Wood
01-44-438-741122
Donald Kelly
713-493-9321
Russ Turner
215-430-3097
EPA Project
Manager
Roger Wilmoth
513-569-7509
Mary Stinson
908-321-6683
Mark Meckes
513-569-7348
Ronald Turner
513-569-7775
Waste Media
Acid Drainage
Soil
Wastewater,
Sludges,
Sediments, Soil
Water
Applicable Waste
Inorganic
Most Metals
Metals
Heavy Metals
Not Applicable
Organic
Not Applicable
Petroleum Hydrocarbons,
PAHs
Nonspecific Organics
VOCs
to
-------
Technology Profile
EMERGING TECHNOLOGY PROGRAM
ABB ENVmONMENTAL SERVICES, INC.
(Two-Zone Plume Interception In Situ Treatment Strategy)
TECHNOLOGY DESCRIPTION:
The two-zone plume interception in situ treat-
ment strategy treats a mixture of chlorinated and
nonchlorinated organic solvents hi saturated soils
and groundwater. The first zone is anaerobic
and partially dechlorinates highly chlorinated
solvents, such as tetrachloroethene (PCE).
Immediately downgradient is the second zone,
where special aerobic conditions encourage the
biological oxidation of the partially dechlorinated
products from the first zone, as well as other
compounds (see figure below). This technology
uses dechlorinating bacteria that are specially
adapted to high concentrations of chlorinated
solvents, such as PCE.
The first step of the treatment strategy is to
encourage growth of anaerobic, methanogenic
bacteria in the saturated soil. This is ac-
complished by providing the bacteria with a
primary carbon source, such as glucose, and
with mineral nutrients, such as ammonia and
phosphate.
If groundwater beneath the site contains chlor-
inated chemicals, any indigenous methanogenic
bacteria present may exhibit dechlorinating
activity. The presence of ethylene or elevated
levels of vinyl chloride (VC) indicates that bac-
teria have dechlorinating capabilities. In this
case, the number of bacteria can be increased by
adding appropriate nutrients.
If the indigenous methanogenic bacteria do not
dechlorinate organics, a specially adapted culture
of methanogens can be introduced using trenches
in which methanogens are sorbed to specific
media. Essential nutrients would be added to
the trench, as well as gas control equipment.
CONTAMINANT
SOURCE
VADOSE
ZONE
Two-Zone Plume Interception In Situ Treatment Strategy
Page 276
The SITE Program assesses but does not
approve or endorse technologies.
-------
November 1993
Ongoing Project
Once methanogenic bacteria convert the more
highly chlorinated ethenes and ethanes (trichloro-
ethene and trichloroethane) to less chlorinated
forms (dichloroethene [DCE], VC, and dichlo-
roethane [DCA]), a second treatment step oc-
curs. In the second step, oxygen is reintroduced
into the groundwater at a point downgradient
from the first zone. Methanotrophic bacteria,
growing on methane and oxygen, oxidize the
DCE, VC, and DCA, as well as nonhalogenated
solvents, to carbon dioxide, biomass, and chlor-
ide ion.
WASTE APPLICABILITY:
This in situ treatment technology treats ground-
water and industrial wastewater containing
chlorinated and nonchlorinated solvents. Resid-
uals include carbon dioxide, biomass, and inor-
ganic chloride.
STATUS:
The technology was accepted into the SITE
Emerging Technology Program in July 1989.
Optimal treatment parameters for field testing
are being determined using bench-scale soil
aquifer simulators. Objectives of the bench-
scale tests are to (1) determine factors affecting
the development of each zone, (2) adapt dechlor-
inating bacterial cultures, (3) demonstrate treat-
ment of chlorinated and nonchlormated solvent
mixtures, and (4) develop a model for the design
of field remediations. A final report on the
bench-scale testing results is scheduled for
release in fall 1993. The developer is preparing
designs for implementing this technology at
several sites.
FOR FURTHER INFORMATION:
EPA PROJECT MANAGER:
Ronald Lewis
U.S. EPA
Risk Reduction Engineering Laboratory
26 West Martin Luther King Drive
Cincinnati, OH 45268
513-569-7856
Fax: 513-569-7620
TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPER CONTACT:
Alex Vira
ABB Environmental Services, Inc.
Corporate Place 128
107 Audubon Road
Wakefield, MA 01880
617-245-6606
Fax: 617-246-5060
The SITE Program assesses but does not
approve or endorse technologies.
Page 277
-------
Technology Profile
EMERGING TECHNOLOGY PROGRAM
ALLIS MINERAL SYSTEMS
(formerly BOLIDEN ALLIS, INC.)
(PYROKILN THERMAL ENCAPSULATION Process)
TECHNOLOGY DESCRIPTION:
This technology seeks to improve conventional
rotary kiln hazardous waste incineration by
introducing inorganic additives (fluxing agents)
with the waste to promote incipient slagging or
"thermal encapsulating" reactions near the kiln
discharge end. The thermal encapsulation is
augmented using other additives hi either the
kiln or hi the air pollution control baghouse to
stabilize the metals in the fly ash.
The process is designed to thermally treat soils
and sludges contaminated with both organics and
metals. The advantages of this process include
(1) immobilizing the metals remaining in the kiln
ash; (2) producing an easily handled nodular
form of ash; and (3) stabilizing metals in the fly
ash, while avoiding the problems normally
experienced with higher temperature "slagging
kiln" operations (see figure below).
The basis of this process is thermal encap-
sulation. It traps metals in a controlled melting
process operating in the temperature range
between slagging and nonslagging modes, pro-
ducing nodules of ash that are 0.25 to 0.75 inch
in diameter.
Wastes containing organic and metallic con-
taminants are incinerated in a rotary kiln.
Metals (in particular, those with high melting
points) are expected to be trapped in the bottom
ash from the kiln through the use of fluxing
agents that promote agglomeration via "con-
trolled nodulizing." This PYROKILN
THERMAL ENCAPSULATION Process may
reduce metals leaching to levels below EPA
limits as proved by toxicity characteristic and
toxicity characteristic leaching procedure tests.
Metals with low melting and vaporization tem-
peratures, such as arsenic, lead, and zinc, are
expected to partition between the bottom ash and
Clean Gas
to Stack
Contaminated
Bulk Materials
Reagent
Addition
and
Feed-Stock
Preprocessing
Fuel
Secondary
Combustion
Chamber
Rotary Kiln
PYROKILN THERMAL ENCAPSULATION Process
Decontaminated
Materials
Page 278
The SITE Program assesses but does not
approve or endorse technologies.
-------
November 1993
Ongoing Project
the fly ash. Those that are concentrated in the
fly ash may be stabilized, if necessary, by
adding reagents to the kiln and to the air pollu-
tion control system to reduce metals leaching to
below EPA limits.
This process may also reduce both the total dust
load to the air pollution control system as well
as the amount of particulate emissions from the
stack.
The use of fluxing reagents is a key element in
this technology. These are introduced into the
kiln in the proper amount and type to lower the
softening temperature of the ash. Proper kiln
design is required to allow the kiln outlet to
function as an ash agglomerator. Good
temperature control is required to keep the
agglomerates at the correct particle size, yielding
the desired 0.25- to 0.75-inch nodules. The
production of nodules, rather than a molten slag,
is expected to prevent operating problems such
as ash quenching, overheating, and premature
failure of refractory. It should also simplify
cooling, handling, and conveying of the ash.
The controlled nodulizing process should im-
mobilize metals with high boiling points. Lead,
zinc, and other metals with lower vaporization
temperatures tend to leave the kiln as a fine
fume and can be removed in the air pollution
control system. Reagents can be injected into
the kiln, the air pollution control devices, or a
final solids mixer for stabilizing fines collected
from the gas stream.
WASTE APPLICABILITY:
The technology is intended for soils and sludges.
As with other rotary kiln systems, the process is
expected to destroy a broad range of organic
species, including halogenated and non-
halogenated organics and petroleum products.
Metallic compounds that may be encapsulated or
stabilized include antimony, arsenic, barium,
beryllium, cadmium, chromium, copper, lead,
nickel, selenium, silver, thallium, and zinc.
STATUS:
This technology was accepted into the SITE
Emerging Technology Program in March 1990.
A batch kiln test program has been completed,
and the final report is expected by the end of
1993.
FOR FURTHER INFORMATION:
EPA PROJECT MANAGER:
Marta Richards
U.S. EPA
Risk Reduction Engineering Laboratory
26 West Martin Luther King Drive
Cincinnati, OH 45268
513-569-7783
Fax: 513-569-7549
TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPER CONTACTS:
John Lees
Allis Mineral Systems
20965 Crossroads Circle
Waukesha, WI 53186
414-798-6211
Glenn Heian
Allis Mineral Systems
Process Research and Test Center
(PRTC)
9180 Fifth Avenue
Oak Creek, WI 53154
414-762-1190
The SITE Program assesses but does not
approve or endorse technologies.
Page 279
-------
Technology Profile
EMERGING TECHNOLOGY PROGRAM
ARIZONA STATE UNIVERSITY/IT CORPORATION
(Photocatalytic Oxidation with Air Stripping)
TECHNOLOGY DESCRIPTION:
No synthetic organic contaminants occur more
frequently in groundwater or are detected at
higher concentrations than chlorinated volatile
organic compounds (VOC), such as trichloroeth-
ene (TCE) and trichloroethane (TCA). These
contaminants are readily removed from ground-
water using pump-and-treat methods that include
air stripping. However, this solution produces
a VOC-contaminated air stream; thus con-
taminants are not permanently removed from the
environment.
In gas-solid photocatalytic oxidation (PCO) of
volatile organics, a contaminated air stream is
simultaneously contacted with a titania catalyst
and near ultraviolet (UV) light in a continuous
flow, resulting in complete destruction of the
volatile organics. Arizona State University
(ASU) is investigating an integrated pilot-scale
pump-and-treat system in which chlorinated
VOCs are transferred to a gas carrier stream
using air stripping, with PCO reactors installed
downstream of the air stripping unit to treat the
contaminated air stream. The figure below
illustrates this system. The skid-mounted PCO
unit incorporates a flow-by photocatalytic reactor
for VOC destruction and a closed-loop caustic
scrubber for hydrochloric acid removal.
PCO offers the following advantages over con-
ventional treatment technologies:
• Near UV photon excitation of the titania
catalyst indirectly provides chemical
activation of contaminants, allowing
significant reaction rates at or near room
temperature.
• The process is extremely energy-ef-
ficient, with reaction rates that are or-
ders of magnitude higher than those for
liquid-solid photocatalytic oxidation over
titania.
• The titania catalyst is relatively inexpen-
sive, is active in a variety of forms, and
VOC-Contaminated
Grourtdwater
VOC-Uden Humid Air
Purified Air
Recovered
VOCs
Caustic
Scrubber
Water to Polishing Beds
Utility Air
Photocatalytic Oxidation with Air Stripping
Page 280
The SITE Program assesses but does not
approve or endorse technologies.
-------
November 7993
Ongoing Project
does not require loading with expen-
sive metal.
• An expendable oxidizing agent, such as
hydrogen peroxide, is not required.
• A variety of halogenated and non-
halogenated paraffinic, olefinic, and
aromatic hydrocarbons can be complete-
ly oxidized to relatively innocuous or
easily neutralized products, such as
carbon dioxide or hydrochloric acid.
These advantages should result in a cost-effec-
tive solution to management of dilute air toxics
produced by air stripping of contaminated
groundwater.
WASTE APPLICABILITY:
This technology can be used to treat VOC-
contaminated air streams produced, by air strip-
ping of contaminated groundwater. Research
indicates that the PCO technology can also be
adapted for use by any industrial facility that
produces dilute air emissions, such as chemical
process plants, dry cleaning and degreasing
facilities, paint spray booths, and wastewater and
hazardous waste treatment facilities. Air in
closed environments could also be purified by
combing PCO units with heating, ventilation,
and air conditioning systems.
STATUS:
ASU was accepted into the SITE Emerging
Technology Program in 1993. Under the pro-
gram, ASU will evaluate the integration of gas-
solid PCO downstream of an air stripper unit
using bench-scale laboratory test. Results of the
bench-scale testing will be used to develop a
pilot-scale unit to be tested in the field at a
Superfund site. ASU has tentatively identified
two suitable Superfund sites in the Phoenix
metropolitan area that are contaminated with
chlorinated VOCs. Previous laboratory studies
by ASU resulted in rapid, complete destruction
of various concentrations of trichloroethene and
trichloroethane in humid air streams using PCO.
FOR FURTHER INFORMATION:
EPA PROJECT MANAGER:
Norma Lewis
U.S. EPA
Risk Reduction Engineering Laboratory
26 West Martin Luther King Drive
Cincinnati, OH 45268
513-569-7665
Fax: 513-569-7620
TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPER CONTACTS:
Gregory Raupp
Associate Professor of Engineering
Department of Chemical, Bio & Materials
Engineering
Arizona State University
Tempe, AZ 85287-6006
602-965-2828
Richard Miller
Senior Technical Associate
IT Corporation
Knoxville, TN 37923
615-690-3211
The SITE Program assesses but does not
approve or endorse technologies.
Page 281
-------
Technology Profile
EMERGING TECHNOLOGY PROGRAM
ART INTERNATIONAL, INC.
(formerly ENVIRO-SCIENCES, INC. AND ART INTERNATIONAL, INC.)
(Low-Energy Solvent Extraction Process)
TECHNOLOGY DESCRIPTION:
The Low Energy Extraction Process (LEEP®),
a patented process, uses common organic sol-
vents to extract and concentrate organic pol-
lutants from soil, sediments, and sludges. The
process can treat contaminated solids to the
stringent cleanup levels mandated by regulatory
agencies.
The solid matrix first undergoes pretreatment.
The pretreatment step can accommodate particles
up to 8 inches in diameter; it includes a metal
detector and remover, a crusher, and a metering
feeder. Floating material often found at remedi-
ation sites, such as wood chips, grass, or root
material, is removed using a gravity settler-
floater.
After pretreatment, the solid matrix is washed hi
a unique, dual solvent process that uses both
hydrophilic and hydrophobic solvents. The
combination of these proprietary solvents guar-
antees efficient removal of the contaminants.
The extracted pollutants are concentrated in a
sacrificial solvent by liquid-liquid extraction or
by distillation and are removed from the process
for off-site disposal or recycling. The treated
solids can be returned to the site as clean fill.
The LEEP® technology is a low-pressure process
operated under a nitrogen blanket at near am-
bient conditions. It is designed as a self-con-
tained, mobile unit consisting of proven heavy-
duty equipment. The solvents used in the pro-
cess are inexpensive and are applicable to almost
every type of organic contaminant. Their phys-
ical properties enhance the settling of clay and
silt particles. In addition, the solvents can be
recycled using little energy.
WASTE APPLICABILITY:
The LEEP® technology can treat many classes of
organic contaminants in soil, sediments, and
sludges, including tar, creosote, chlorinated
hydrocarbons, polynuclear aromatic hydrocar-
bons, pesticides, and wood preserving chloro-
. /CONCENTRATED\
**VCONTAMINANTS/
LEEP® Technology Schematic
Page 282
The SITE Program assesses but does not
approve or endorse technologies.
-------
November 1993
Ongoing Project
phenol formulations. Bench- and pilot-scale
experiments have shown that the LEEP® tech-
nology effectively treats tar-contaminated solids
from manufactured gas plant sites, soils and
sediments contaminated with polychlorinated
biphenyls, refinery waste sludges, and soils
contaminated with petroleum hydrocarbons.
STATUS:
The LEEP® technology was accepted into the
Emerging Technology Program in July 1989.
Bench-scale studies for process development
have been completed. In addition, ART Inter-
national, Inc., routinely conducts bench-scale
treatability studies for government and industrial
clients and has obtained Toxic Substances Con-
trol Act, Resource Conservation and Recovery
Act, and air permits for the technology. Other
developments include the following:
• A 200-pound-per-hour pilot plant has been
constructed.
• Pilot-plant tests have shown that the LEEP®
technology can treat soil from manufactured
gas plant sites containing up to 5 percent tar.
• Pilot-plant tests for scaling up to a commer-
cial plant are complete.
• Preliminary engineering and design turnkey
bid packages for a commercial plant have
been completed.
• Commercialization activities for a full-scale
unit are underway.
FOR FURTHER INFORMATION:
EPA PROJECT MANAGER:
Jack Hubbard
U.S. EPA
Risk Reduction Engineering Laboratory
26 West Martin Luther King Drive
Cincinnati, OH 46268
513-569-7507
Fax: 513-569-7620
TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPER CONTACTS:
Werner Steiner
Genya Mallach
ART International, Inc.
100 Ford Road
Denville, NJ 07834
201-627-7601
The SITE Program assesses but does not
approve or endorse technologies.
Page 283
-------
Technology Profile
EMERGING TECHNOLOGY PROGRAM
ATOMIC ENERGY OF CANADA, LIMITED
(Ultrasonic-Aided Leachate Treatment for Mixed Wastes)
TECHNOLOGY DESCRIPTION:
This technology involves enhanced chemical
treatment of acidic soil leachate solutions.
These solutions, also known as acid mine drain-
age, are caused by the oxidation and dissolution
of sulfide-bearing wastes, which produces sul-
furic acid. The resulting acidic water leaches
metal contaminants from the exposed waste rock
and tailings, creating large volumes of acidic
leachates.
The ultrasonic-aided leachate treatment, shown
in the figure below, uses an ultrasonic field to
improve the removal of contaminants by proces-
ses such as precipitation, coprecipitation, oxida-
tion, ion scavenging, and sorption. These
processes are followed by solid-liquid separation
by filtration equipment using a filter press and a
cross-flow microfilter connected in series. The
time required for treatment depends on 1) the
nature of acidic waste to be treated, 2) the
treated water quality with respect to contaminant
concentration, and 3) the rate at which the
physical and chemical processes occur.
The major difference between this technology
and conventional processes is the use of ultra-
sonic mixing instead of mechanical agitation in
large tanks. Research has shown that an ultra-
sonic field significantly increases the conversion
rate of dissolved contaminants to^precipitates and
the rate of oxidation and ion exchange. Earlier
studies by Atomic Energy of Canada, Limited
Chemical Reagents Addition
AddfoSo!
Percent D
S
Primary C
(Heavy M
i
pH Chemical
1To2%
Suspended
Solids
Ultrasonic
System #1
1.
Leachate Feed
ssolvod Solids:
,000 To 10,000 ppm
ontaminants:
state & Radtenudktes)
,000 To 2,000 ppm
Filtrate (0.05 T
Suspends
V
Oxidant
I
o0.1%
d Solids)
III
H 1 1 1 1 1 1 i i i i i i n_j
Dewatering
Filter Press
Ce
Precipitant
7
s
1 Ultrasonic
• System #2
Wet Cake
(20 To 35% Solids)
Cementlous
Materials
' T
mentation
Concentrate
(1 To 2% Solids)
i
Cross-Flow
Microfiltration
nitrate
To Discharge
cn
To Disposal
Ultrasonic-Aided Leachate Treatment
for Acidic Soil Leachate Solutions
Page 284
The SITE Program assesses but does not
approve or endorse technologies.
-------
November 1993
Ongoing Project
(AECL) revealed that the tune required to
precipitate heavy metals from aqueous solutions
decreased by an order of magnitude in the
presence of an ultrasonic field.
The ultrasonic-aided leachate treatment is com-
pact, portable, and energy-efficient. Safety and
process controls are built in as necessary for
handling mixed radioactive solutions. This
technology also generates minimal fugitive
emissions and produces a treated effluent that
meets applicable discharge limits. The tech-
nology may be able to treat waste containing
small amounts of dissolved or suspended or-
ganics.
WASTE APPLICABILITY:
This technology treats acid mine drainage con-
taminated with heavy metals and radionuclides.
It can also be integrated with soil and ground-
water remediation technologies.
STATUS:
This technology was accepted into the SITE
Emerging Technology Program in 1993. Under
this program, AECL plans to develop and test a
pilot-scale unit to treat acidic soil leachate
solutions containing low levels of metals and
radionuclides.
AECL plans to use waste from the Nordic Mine
Tailings site near Elliot Lake, Ontario and the
Berkeley Pit near Butte, Montana in its ex-
periments.
FOR FURTHER INFORMATION:
EPA PROJECT MANAGER:
Joan Mattox
U.S. EPA
Risk Reduction Engineering Laboratory
26 West Martin Luther King Drive
Cincinnati, OH 45268
513-569-7624
Fax: 513-569-7620
TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPER CONTACTS:
S. Vijayan
Atomic Energy of Canada, Limited
Chalk River Laboratories
Chalk River, Ontario KOJ JJO
Canada
613-584-3311, ext. 3220
Fax: 613-584-1430
L.A. Moschuk
Atomic Energy of Canada, Limited
Chalk River Laboratories
Chalk River, Ontario KOJ IJO
Canada
613-584-3311, ext. 6057
Fax: 613-584-1108
P. Campbell
AECL Technologies
9210 Corporate Blvd.
Suite 410
Rockville, MD 20850
800-872-2325
Fax: 301-417-0746
The SITE Program assesses but does not
approve or endorse technologies.
Page 285
-------
Technology Profile
EMERGING TECHNOLOGY PROGRAM
CENTER FOR HAZARDOUS MATERIALS RESEARCH
(Organics Destruction and Metals Stabilization)
TECHNOLOGY DESCRIPTION:
The technology is designed to provide destruc-
tion of hazardous organics while simultaneously
stabilizing metals and metal ions in contaminated
soils. The technology uses elemental sulfur,
which reacts with the carbon in organic mater-
ials at moderately elevated temperatures to form
an insoluble, inert carbon-sulfur amorphous
solid. The process occurs in an enclosed unit
that traps condensable by-products and removes
gaseous emissions with caustic scrubbing.
The technology's main process components
include the following:
• A prereaction mixer where the solid and
reagent are mixed
• A reactor to heat and cool the mixture
• The off-gas handling system, which
collects and treats condensable by-pro-
ducts and scrubs acid gases from the
effluent vapors
• A treated solids processing unit that
recovers excess reagent and prepares the
RECOVERED
BY-PRODUCTS
(VAPOR STREAMS)
ON-SITE
DISPOSAL
RECOVERED
SULFUR
Organics Destruction and Metals Stabilization
Page 286
The SITE Program assesses but does not
approve or endorse technologies.
-------
November 1993
Ongoing Project
treated product to comply with on-site
disposal requirements
Initial pilot-scale testing of the technology
demonstrated that organic contaminants can be
destroyed hi the vapor phase by reaction with
elemental sulfur. Among the organic com-
pounds destroyed were tetrachlorethene, tri-
chloroethene, and polychlorinated biphenyls
(PCB).
Batch treatability tests of contaminated soil
mixtures have demonstrated organics destruction
and immobilization of various heavy metals
including lead, cadmium, mercury, and zinc. In
treatability tests with approximately 700 parts
per million of Aroclor 1260, destruction levels
of 99.0 to 99.95 percent were achieved.
Current experiments are providing more detailed
definition of the process limits, metal con-
centrations, and soil type for stabilization of
various heavy metals to pass the toxicity char-
acteristic leaching procedure. In addition,
several process enhancements have been identi-
fied and are being evaluated to expand the range
of applicability.
WASTE APPLICABILITY:
STATUS:
This technology was accepted into the SITE
Emerging Technology Program and work began
in January 1993. Bench-scale testing in batch
reactors is currently underway. Larger scale
batch tests are planned for summer 1994. Con-
tinuous pilot unit tests will be performed during
1994.
FOR FURTHER INFORMATION:
EPA PROJECT MANAGER:
Randy Parker
U.S. EPA
Risk Reduction Engineering Laboratory
26 West Martin Luther King Drive
Cincinnati, OH 45268
513-569-7271
Fax: 513-569-7620
TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPER CONTACT:
A. Bruce King
Center for Hazardous Materials Research
320 William Pitt Way
Pittsburgh, PA 15238
412-826-5320
Fax: 412-826-5552
The technology is applicable to soils and sedi-
ments contaminated with both organics and
heavy metals.
The SITE Program assesses but does not
approve or endorse technologies.
Page 287
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Technology Profile
EMERGING TECHNOLOGY PROGRAM
CENTER FOR HAZARDOUS MATERIALS RESEARCH
(Smelting Lead-Containing Waste)
TECHNOLOGY DESCRIPTION:
Secondary lead smelting is a proven technology
used to reclaim lead from waste lead-acid bat-
teries. The Center for Hazardous Material
Research (CHMR) and Exide Corporation
(Exide) are demonstrating the use of secondary
lead smelting to reclaim usable lead from vari-
ous types of waste materials.
The reclamation of lead from Superfund and
other lead-containing materials is based on
existing lead smelting procedures and basic
pyrometallurgy. A general schematic for the
technology is provided in the figure below. The
materials are first excavated from Superfund
sites or collected from other sources. They are
next preprocessed to reduce particle size and to
remove rocks, soil, and other debris. Then they
are transported to the smelter.
At the smelter, the materials are fed either to the
reverberatory or blast furnaces, depending on
particle size or lead content. The two rever-
beratory furnaces normally treat lead from waste
lead-acid batteries, as well as other lead-con-
taining material. The furnaces are periodically
tapped to remove slag, which contains 60 to 70
percent lead, and a soft pure lead product. The
two blast furnaces treat the slag generated from
the reverberatory furnaces as well as larger sized
lead-containing waste. These furnaces are
tapped continuously for lead and intermittently
to remove the slag which is transported off-site
for disposal. The reverberatory and blast fur-
nace combination at Exide can reclaim lead from
batteries and waste with greater than 99 percent
efficiency.
WASTE APPLICABILITY:
The process has been demonstrated to reclaim
lead from a variety of solid materials, including
rubber battery case material, lead dross, and slag
from demolition of houses coated with lead
paint. The technology is applicable to solid
wastes containing more than 2 percent lead,
provided that they do not contain excessive
amounts of calcium, silica, aluminum or other
similar constituents. Explosive and flammable
liquids also cannot be processed in the furnace.
This technology as tested is not applicable to soil
remediation.
EXCAVATION OR
COLLECTION
PREPROCESSING TRANSPORT OF MATERIAL
ROCKS, SOILS, DEBRIS I_XQ Q
SMELTER
SLAG TO
LEAD TO
BATTERY^
PLANT \
\
"\|OOr"^QA| ^— •
^ s
\
\
REVERB
FURNACE
LAG1
f
BLAST
Cl IDMA/^C
rUHNAUt
DR
Smelting Lead-Containing Waste Process
Page 288
The SITE Program assesses but does not
approve or endorse technologies.
-------
November 1993
Ongoing Project
STATUS:
This technology was accepted into the SITE
Emerging Technology Program in July 1991.
Field work for the project was completed in
February 1993. Reports are available for many
of the demonstrations, and CHMR is completing
several papers and presentations concerning the
technology.
The process was demonstrated at three Super-
fund sites. Materials obtained from two ad-
ditional sites were also used for these demonstra-
tions.
The results from the demonstrations, presented
in the table below, show that the process is
applicable to waste materials at each site and
economically feasible for all but the demolition
material from the Laurel House site. The esti-
mated costs ranged between $100 and $150 per
cubic yard for battery case material, and $90
and $160 for lead debris and other materials.
Specific technical problems encountered included
loss of furnace production due to material build-
up within the furnaces, breakdowns in the feed
system due to mechanical overloads and in-
creased oxygen demands inside die furnaces.
All of these problems were solved by adjusting
material feed rates or furnace parameters.
Based on these demonstrations, CHMR has
concluded that secondary lead smelting is an
economical method of reclaiming lead from
waste material collected at Superfund sites and
other sources.
FOR FURTHER INFORMATION:
EPA PROJECT MANAGER:
Laurel Staley
U.S. EPA
Risk Reduction Engineering Laboratory
26 West Martin Luther King Drive
Cincinnati, OH 45268
513-569-7863
Fax: 513-569-7620
TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPER CONTACT:
Stephen Paff
Center for Hazardous Materials Research
320 William Pitt Way
Pittsburgh, PA 15238
412-826-5320
Fax: 412-826-5552
""; gtrorwTot Wlaterfel.
,~fy&6 «rf fiSatetiSf Tfestet*
Tonolli Superfund site (PA)
Battery Cases
Hebalka Superfund Site (PA)
Battery Cases
Pedricktown Superfund Site (NJ)
Battery Cases; lead containing dross, resi-
due and debris
Laurel House Women's Shelter (PA)
Demolition material contaminated with lead
based paint.
PennDOT
Abrasive Bridge Blasting Material
'fciAax*'
3 to 7
10
45
1
3 to 5
EiStmbtttoal?* i
Yes
<$150/yd3
Yes
<$150/yd3
Yes
<$160/ton
No
Approx. $250/ton
Results pending
Results of Test
Lead can be reclaimed in secondary lead smelter.
Incorporate into regular blast furnace feed stock.
Lead can be reclaimed in secondary lead smelter.
Reduce in size and incorporate into regular reverbera-
tory furnace feed stock.
Lead can be reclaimed in secondary lead smelter.
Screen and incorporate into regular reverberatory and
blast furnace feed stocks.
Lead can be reclaimed In secondary lead smelter.
However, the cost of processing the material was
estimated to be very high.
Lead can be reclaimed in secondary lead smelter.
Incorporate into regular blast furnace feed stock.
' Economical compared to stabilization or lane
filling.
The SITE Program assesses but does not
approve or endorse technologies.
Page 289
-------
Technology Profile
EMERGING TECHNOLOGY PROGRAM
COGNIS, INC.
(Biological/Chemical Treatment)
TECHNOLOGY DESCRIPTION:
The COGNIS, Inc. (COGNIS), technology is a
two-stage process to treat contaminated soils,
sediments, and other media containing both
metals and organics. Metals are first removed
from the contaminated matrix by a chemical
leaching process. The organics are then re-
moved by bioremediation. Although metals
removal usually occurs hi the first stage, bio-
remediation may be performed first if organic
contamination levels are high. The soil handling
requirements for both stages are similar, so the
unit operations are fully reversible. The final
treatment products are a recovered metal or
metal salt, biodegraded organic compounds, and
clean soil.
The incoming soil is first exposed to a leachant
solution and classified by particle size (see figure
below). This allows oversized rock, gravel, and
sand to be quickly cleaned and separated from
the sediment fines (silt, clay, and humus), which
require longer leaching tunes to remove the
metals bound tightly to these substrates. Or-
ganic pollutants also typically reside in these
fines. After dissolution of the metal compounds,
the metal ions (for example, Zn+2, Pb+2, Cd+2)
are removed from the aqueous leachate by one
of several metals recovery systems such as liquid
ion exchange, resin ion exchange, or reduction.
The aqueous leaching solution is thereby freed
of metals and can be reused to leach additional
metal from the contaminated soil. If an extrac-
tion agent is used, it is later stripped of the
bound metal under conditions in which the agent
is fully regenerated and recycled. The heavy
metals are recovered in a saleable, concentrated
form as solid metal or a metal salt. The method
of metals recovery depends on the metals present
and their concentrations.
After metals extraction is complete, the "mud"
slurry is allowed to settle and is neutralized.
Liquids are returned to the classifier, and the
soil is transferred to a slurry bioreactor, a
slurry-phase treatment lagoon, or a closed land
treatment cell for bioremediation. The metal-
extracted matrix (for example, soil) and residual
leachate solution are treated to maximize bio-
Leachant
Leachant Recycle
Contwnln*t9d
SoM
Metal
Bioaugment
Fertilizer
pH Adjust
Bloromodiation
Water Cycte Water
Carbon DioXido
Metal Leaching and Bioremediation Process
Page 290
The SITE Program assesses but does not
approve or endorse technologies.
-------
November 1993
Ongoing Project
degradation of the contaminants. With the
addition of micronutrients to support microbial
growth, the residual leaching solution com-
ponents and most readily biodegradable organic
compounds are aerobically degraded. The
residual leachant from the metals extraction
process can be the primary source of nutrients
for aerobic or anaerobic microbial growth.
Bench-scale tests show that a variety of heavy
metals and organic pollutants can be remediated
by this process. The combined process is less
expensive than separate metal removal and
organic remediation.
WASTE APPLICABILITY:
This remediation process can treait combined-
waste soils contaminated by heavy metals and
organic pollutants. Specific contaminants in-
clude lead, cadmium, zinc, and copper as well
as petroleum hydrocarbons and polynuclear
aromatic hydrocarbons that are subject to aerobic
microbial degradation. The combined process
can also be modified to extract other metals such
as mercury, from soils and to degrade more
recalcitrant halogenated hydrocarbons.
STATUS:
This technology was accepted into the SITE
Emerging Technology Program in August 1992.
Bench- and pilot-scale testing of the metals
extraction and bioremediation process is being
conducted. Experiments with the combined
pilot-scale process are scheduled to begin in
early 1994.
FOR FURTHER INFORMATION:
EPA PROJECT MANAGER:
Naomi Barkley
U.S. EPA
Risk Reduction Engineering Laboratory
26 West Martin Luther King Drive
Cincinnati, OH 45268
513-569-7854
Fax: 513-569-7620
TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPER CONTACT:
Dudley Eirich
COGNIS, Inc.
2330 Circadian Way
Santa Rosa, CA 95407
707-576-6283
Fax: 707-575-7833
The SITE Program assesses but does not
approve or endorse technologies.
Page 291
-------
Technology Profile
EMERGING TECHNOLOGY PROGRAM
COGNIS, INC.
(Chemical Treatment)
TECHNOLOGY DESCRIPTION:
The COGNIS, Inc. (COGNIS), TerraMet™ soil
remediation system leaches and recovers metals,
specifically lead, from contaminated soil, dust,
sludge, or sediment. The process uses a propri-
etary aqueous leachant which is optimized
through treatability tests for the soil and the
contaminant present. The TerraMet™ system
can treat most types of lead contamination,
including metallic lead, soluble ions, and in-
soluble lead oxides and salts. These are often
tightly bound by fine soil constituents such as
clay, manganese and iron oxides, and humus.
The first processing stage involves dry screening
to remove oversized material. Leaching typical-
ly begins after the second stage, wet particle size
classification. If the contamination resides in the
soil fines (silt, clay, and humus), gravel and
sand are quickly cleaned and separated from the
fines which require different leaching conditions
to remove the metals. When the contamination
is distributed throughout the soil fractions, the
whole soil can be leached.
After dissolution of the lead contaminants, the
lead ions are recovered from the aqueous leach-
ate by a metals recovery process such as liquid
ion exchange, resin ion exchange, or reduction.
The aqueous leaching solution can then be
reused. If a liquid or resin ion exchange agent
is used, it is stripped of the bound lead, fully
regenerated, and recycled. The lead is reco-
vered in concentrated form as solid metal or a
metal salt suitable for recycling. The lead
recovery method depends on the lead con-
centration and other metals present.
Leachant
SoH
Clean Soil
Recovered Metal
TerraMet™ Lead Removal Process
Page 292
The SITE Program assesses but does not
approve or endorse technologies.
-------
November 1993
Ongoing Project
Residual leachant in the treated soil is nontoxic
and biodegradable by both aerobic and anaerobic
organisms.
Important characteristics of the leachant and
extractant combination are as follows:
• The leachant is tailored to the substrate
and the contaminant.
• The leachant and extractant are fully
reusable.
• Leachant materials are readily available.
• The process uses commercially proven
metals recovery techniques.
WASTE APPLICABILITY:
The COGNIS TerraMet™ metals leaching pro-
cess can treat soil, sediment, and sludge con-
taminated by heavy metals or metal mixtures in
addition to lead. Appropriate sites include
contaminated battery recycling centers, scrap-
yards, metal plating shops, and chemical manu-
facturing facilities. The technology can treat
metallic lead as well as soluble and insoluble
salts and oxides. Certain lead compounds, such
as lead sulfide, are not amenable to treatment.
The process can be modified to leach and re-
cover other metals, such as cadmium, zinc,
copper, and mercury, from soils. End products
include clean soil and recycled metal or metal
salts. No wastewater streams are generated.
STATUS:
This technology was accepted into the SITE
Emerging Technology Program in August 1992.
COGNIS conducted bench-scale testing to enter
the SITE Program, and pilot-scale equipment
(250 kilograms of soil per batch) is being as-
sembled. To date, lead-contaminated soil sam-
ples, with 17,000 parts per million (ppm) lead,
have been treated to less than 300 ppm residual
lead. Metals removal to below background
concentrations has also been achieved (for
example, from greater than 400 ppm lead to less
than 8 ppm lead). Bench-scale leaching has
been conducted with several samples from state
Superfund sites. Field testing will begin in
September 1993.
FOR FURTHER INFORMATION:
EPA PROJECT MANAGER:
Michael Royer
U.S. EPA
Risk Reduction Engineering Laboratory
2890 Woodbridge Avenue
Building #10, MS-104
Edison, NJ 08837
908-321-6633
Fax: 908-321-6640
TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPER CONTACT:
Bill Fristad
COGNIS, Inc.
2330 Circadian Way
Santa Rosa, CA 95407
707-576-6235
Fax: 707-575-7833
The SITE Program assesses but does not
approve or endorse technologies.
Page 293
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Technology Profile
EMERGING TECHNOLOGY PROGRAM
DAVY RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT, LIMITED
(Chemical Treatment)
TECHNOLOGY DESCRIPTION:
This treatment employs resin-in-pulp (RIP) or
carbon-in-pulp (CIP) technologies to treat soils,
sediments, dredgings, and solid residues con-
taminated with organic and inorganic material.
These technologies are based on resin ion ex-
change and resin or carbon adsorption of con-
taminants from a leached soil-slurry mixture.
RIP and CIP processes are used on a commer-
cial scale to recover metals from ores. The RIP
process is well established in the recovery of
uranium and uses anion exchange resins to
adsorb uranium ions leached from ore. The CIP
process is commonly used to recover precious
metals. In this process, activated carbon adsorbs
gold and silver leached as cyanide complexes.
The figure below illustrates the process for
metals and other inorganically contaminated
soils. Incoming material is screened, and over-
sized material is crushed. The two fractions are
then combined and leached in an agitated tank,
where the contaminants are extracted. The
leached solids are then passed to cyclones that
separate coarse and fine material. The coarse
material is washed free of contaminants, and the
wash liquors containing contaminants are passed
to the contaminant recovery section. The
leached fine fraction passes to the RIP or CIP
contactor, where ion exchange resins or ac-
tivated carbon remove the contaminants. The
difficult fines washing step is thereby eliminated.
The resins and carbons are eluted and recycled
in the extraction step, and the concentrated
contaminants in the eluate pass to the recovery
section. In the recovery section, precipitation is
used to recover contaminants from the wash and
elute solutions. A concentrated solid material is
produced from the precipitate and can be dis-
posed of or treated to recover metals or other
materials. The liquid effluent from the recovery
section can be recycled to the process.
Contaminated
Soil
Wash
Water
Roagont
Cleaned
Soil *
Decontaminated Fines Fraction
Chemical Treatment Process
Page 294
The SITE Program assesses but does not
approve or endorse technologies.
-------
November 1993
Ongoing Project
For organically contaminated feeds, the in-pulp
or slurry process is used to treat the whole
leached solid. Organic contaminants eluted from
the resin or carbon should be treated ap-
propriately.
Both the RIP and CIP commercial scale pro-
cesses operate in multistage, continuous, coun-
tercurrent contactors arranged horizontally.
WASTE APPLICABILITY:
This technology treats soils and other materials
contaminated with inorganic and organic wastes.
Inorganics include heavy metals such as copper,
chromium, zinc, mercury, and arsenic. Poten-
tial applications include treatment of materials
containing organics such as chlorinated solvents,
pesticides, and polychlorinated biphenyls by
selecting appropriate extractant reagents and
sorbent materials.
STATUS:
Davy has developed proprietary RIP and CIP
processes which are more compact and easier to
use than conventional equipment; the size of a
plant can be reduced about 80 percent.
This technology was accepted into the SITE
Emerging Technology Program in July 1991.
Laboratory studies have been underway since
January 1991. Bench-scale tests have suc-
cessfully met targets for removal of several
heavy metal contaminants.
Arsenic and mercury have proved more difficult
to remove; however, laboratory tests have
reduced arsenic to below 30 milligrams per
kilogram (mg/kg) in soil and mercury to 0.5
mg/kg in soil in the major fraction of the soil.
A location to demonstrate a small pilot plant is
being sought.
FOR FURTHER INFORMATION:
EPA PROJECT MANAGER:
Kim Lisa Kreiton
U.S. EPA
Risk Reduction Engineering Laboratory
26 W. Martin Luther King Dr.
Cincinnati, OH 45268
513-569-7328
Fax: 513-569-7620
TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPER CONTACT:
Graham Wightman
Davy Energy and Environmental
P.O. Box 37 Bowesfield Lane
Stockton-on-Tees
Cleveland TS18 3HA
United Kingdom
01-44-642-607108
Fax: 01-44-642-671778
The SITE Program assesses but does not
approve or endorse technologies.
Page 295
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Technology Profile
EMERGING TECHNOLOGY PROGRAM
M. L. ENERGIA, INC.
(Reductive Photo-Dechlorination Treatment)
TECHNOLOGY DESCRIPTION:
The Reductive Photo-Dechlorination (RPD)
treatment uses ultraviolet (UV) light in a reduc-
ing atmosphere to remove chlorine atoms from
organochlorine-contaminated wastes at tempera-
tures below 500 °C. Because chlorinated or-
ganics are destroyed in a reducing environment,
process by-products include hydrocarbons and
hydrogen chloride (HC1).
All reactions central to the process occur in the
thermal treatment chamber (see figure below).
Saturated, olefinic, or aromatic chlorocarbons
with one or more carbon-chlorine bonds are
exposed to UV light; heat; and a reducing
atmosphere, such as hydrogen gas or methane
(natural gas). Carbon-chlorine bonds are bro-
ken, resulting in chain-propagating hydrocarbon
reactions. Chlorine atoms are eventually stabil-
ized as HC1. Hydrocarbons may either hold
their original structure, rearrange, cleave,
couple, or go through additional hydrogenation.
Hydrocarbons produced from the dechlorination
of wastes include ethane, acetylene, ethylene,
and methane. These hydrocarbons can be
recycled as industrial intermediates, or as fuel.
Chlorinated wastes may be introduced into the
process in one of three ways: (1) as a liquid,
(2) as a vapor, or (3) bound with an adsorbent,
such as carbon. Liquids are fed into a vaporiz-
er, mixed with a reducing gas, and passed into
the photothermal chamber. If treating a con-
taminated vapor, the stream first passes through
a separator, which removes chlorinated materials
as a liquid. If the wastes are adsorbed onto
carbon, they are mildly heated and purged with
reducing gas to induce volatilization. The
chlorinated vapors are then fed to the treatment
chamber and mixed with the reducing gases. In
the treatment chamber, the mixture is heated to
a temperature that will sustain radical chain
reactions. Radicals are created using UV light
that breaks carbon-chlorine bonds. After a
suitable residence time, HC1 is scrubbed from
AlrAtrearn,
Saturated With
Volatile
Chlorocarbons
Irradiate
Air
Reductive Photo-Dechlorination (RPD) Treatment
Page 296
The SITE Program assesses but does not
approve or endorse technologies.
-------
November 1993
Ongoing Project
the mixture. Hydrocarbons can be recycled as
an energy source to heat the thermal chamber.
WASTE APPLICABILITY:
The RPD process is designed specifically to treat
volatile chlorinated wastes in the liquid or
gaseous state. Field applications include treat-
ment of organic wastes produced from soil
venting operations and those adsorbed on ac-
tivated carbon. The process can also be used to
pretreat gas streams entering catalytic oxidation
systems, reducing chlorine content and thereby
protecting the catalyst against poisoning.
STATUS:
The RPD technology, developed under the EPA
Small Business Innovation Research program,
was accepted into the SITE Emerging Tech-
nology Program in summer 1992. The principal
objective under the SITE Program is to design,
construct, and test the effectiveness of a pilot-
scale RPD apparatus in treating waste streams
containing chlorocarbons such as 1,1,1-trichloro-
ethane, dichloroethene, trichloroethene, or
dichloromethane.
FOR FURTHER INFORMATION:
EPA PROJECT MANAGER:
Michelle Simon
U.S. EPA
Risk Reduction Engineering Laboratory
26 West Martin Luther King Drive
Cincinnati, OH 45268
513-569-7469
Fax: 513-569-7676
TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPER CONTACT:
Moshe Lavid
M. L. ENERGIA, Inc.
P.O. Box 1468
Princeton, NJ 08542
609-799-7970
Fax: 609-799-0312
The SITE Program assesses but does not
approve or endorse technologies.
Page 297
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Technology Profile
EMERGING TECHNOLOGY PROGRAM
ENERGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH CORPORATION
(Reactor/Filter System)
TECHNOLOGY DESCRIPTION:
The Reactor Filter System (RFS) is designed to
treat gaseous and entrained particulate matter
emissions from the primary thermal treatment of
sludges, soils and sediments. The process
equipment is relatively compact and transport-
able. It is designed to overcome many short-
comings of conventional treatment/emissions
control technologies when applied at remote
sites. For example, treatment of contaminated
solids by thermal means, such as desorption or
incineration, may release metal emissions and
products of incomplete combustion (PIC). Also,
the large air pollution control devices which are
often required to control PICs and metals are
generally not suitable for transport to sites.
RFS technology combines sorbent injection with
a high temperature fabric filter immediately
downstream of a thermal process. The process
involves three steps:
• Solids are thermally treated in a primary
process, such as a rotary kiln, fluidized
bed, or other system designed for ther-
mal treatment.
• A low-cost, silicate-containing sorbent,
such as kaolinite, is injected into the flue
gases at temperatures near 1,300 °C
(2,370 °F). The sorbent reacts with
volatile metal species such as lead,
cadmium, selenium, and arsenic in the
gas stream and chemically adsorbs onto
the surface of sorbent particles. This
SILICATE
SORBENT
INJECTION ,
REGENERATIVE
BLOWER
(20 HP)
EXHAUST
t
REACTOR FILTER
SYSTEM
SPOUTED-BED
COMBUSTOR,,
AUGER
FEEDER
(20 HO)
FLY ASH
Example Application of RFS Equipment
Page 298
The SITE Program assesses but does not
approve or endorse technologies.
-------
November 1993
Ongoing Project
forms insoluble, nonleachable silicate
complexes similar to cementitious
species.
• High temperature (up to 1,000 °C)
filtration using a fabric filter provides
additional residence time for the sorbent
particles to react with the metals. This
step also provides additional time for the
destruction of organic compounds as-
sociated withparticulate matter, virtually
eliminating the formation of chlorinated
dioxins and furans.
The RFS has the potential to dramatically im-
prove the performance of existing thermal
treatment systems for Superfund wastes con-
taining metals and organics. During in-
cineration, hazardous organics are often attached
to the particulate matter that escapes burning in
the primary zone. The RFS provides sufficient
residence time at sufficiently high temperature to
destroy such organics. Also, by increasing gas-
solid contact parameters, the system can de-
crease metal emissions by preventing the release
of metals as vapors or on entrained, particles.
The RFS is installed in a conventional thermal
treatment system immediately downstream from
the primary thermal treatment unit, before the
recuperator or air heater. The figure on the
previous page shows an example of the RFS
installed in Energy and Environmental Research
Corporation's Spouted Bed Combustion Facility.
Because the spouted bed generates a highly
particulate-laden gas stream, a high temperature
cyclone is used to remove coarse particulate
matter before the RFS. Sorbent is injected at
the cyclone exit. A conventional baghouse was
used to quantify particulate capture efficiency
during the pilot-scale demonstration. The bag-
house is not needed during actual application of
the RFS since the high temperature filtration
medium performs as well as or better than
conventional fabric filtration media.
WASTE APPLICABILITY:
This technology is designed to remove entrained
particulates, volatile toxic metals, and con-
densed-phase organics present in high tempera-
ture (800 to 1,000 °C) gas streams generated
from the thermal treatment of contaminated
soils, sludges, and sediments. Many conven-
tional means of treating such materials, such as
rotary kiln incineration, fluidized bed in-
cineration, or thermal desorption, can be com-
bined with the RFS technology. Residuals from
the process consist of nonleachable particulate
that is essentially free of organic compounds,
thus reducing the toxicity and risks of handling
and landfill disposal.
STATUS:
This technology was accepted into the Emerging
Technology Program in 1993. Pilot-scale evalu-
ation of the RFS is scheduled to begin in 1994.
FOR FURTHER INFORMATION:
EPA PROJECT MANAGER:
Daniel Sullivan, P.E.
U.S. EPA
Risk Reduction Engineering Laboratory
2890 Woodbridge Ave.
Edison, NJ 08837
908-321-6677
Fax: 908-926-6990
TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPER CONTACT:
Jerald Cole
Energy and Environmental Research Corp.
18 Mason
Irvine, CA 92718
714-859-8851
Fax: 714-859-3194
The SITE Program assesses but does not
approve or endorse technologies.
Page 299
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Technology Profile
EMERGING TECHNOLOGY PROGRAM
ENVIRONMENTAL BIOTECHNOLOGIES, INC./
MICHIGAN BIOTECHNOLOGY INSTITUTE
(Microbial Composting Process)
TECHNOLOGY DESCRIPTION:
Environmental BioTechnologies, Inc. (EBT),
and Michigan Biotechnology Institute (MBI)
investigated thebioremediation of coal tar wastes
derived from former manufactured gas plant
(MGP) sites in programs sponsored by the
Electric Power Research Institute. In EBT's
program, initial screening of over 15,000 brown
rot and white rot fungi led to 500 cultures that
were selected for a laboratory robotics screening
program. This program tested these diverse
fungi for metabolic activity against a wide range
of organic pollutants associated with coal tars.
Standard cultures such as Phanaerochaete and
Coriolus sp. were used to determine which
fungal cultures displayed potential for environ-
mental applications. MBI developed a method
to treat soils contaminated with polynuclear
aromatic wastes associated with MGP sites.
This method involves providing the proper
environmental conditions to allow proliferation
of white rot and brown rot fungi, which were
selected based on their ability to degrade coal tar
components. Selected cultures from the EBT
screening program performed well in the MBI
soil treatment bioreactors. This process may
eventually be applied in situ; however, current
work is focused on treatment in prepared bed
systems.
Due to the wide variability in environmental
conditions and in the structure and partitioning
of organic contaminants, an organism applicable
to every site is unlikely to exist. Therefore,
EBT and MBI have developed a relatively rapid
method that screens for a group of organisms
with the desired traits and degradation capabili-
ties so that one or several appropriate organisms
can then be selected for a development program.
The overall strategy involves culture screening
and development along with process optimization
Computer Screening of over 15,000 Fungal Cultures
Culture Selection
Laboratory Robotics Testing of 500 Cultures,
Identification of Top 25 Cultures
for Specific Chemicals/Conditions
Optimization
Process Design/Development
Testing of Bioreactors in
1 Liter Soil Samples
X v % ' X
Optimization of Culture and Process Conditions
..'....X
Process Scale Up at Laboratory Level 1 yds
7
Reid Implementation
Full Scale Demonstration of Microbial Process
Pathway of Fungal Technology Development Program
Page 300
The SITE Program assesses but does not
approve or endorse technologies.
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November 1993
Ongoing Project
and design as shown below. As process devel-
opment proceeds, fungal and bacterial consortia
are evaluated and process conditions optimized
to support the desired degradative function.
WASTE APPLICABILITY:
This technology is being developed for treatment
of soil and sediment contaminated with coal tar
wastes (polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons)
from former MGP sites. EBT and MBI plan to
adapt this technology to aqueous systems.
STATUS:
EBT was accepted into the SITE Emerging
Technology Program in 1993. The overall
objectives of testing under this program are to
(1) identify microbial cultures with the metabolic
functions required for remediation of coal tar
organic wastes, and (2) develop and demonstrate
a pilot-scale process, based on the cultures and
conditions identified under the first objective,
that can be commercialized for utility industry
applications.
EBT and MBI will work with soils from several
MGP sites but will focus on one site, in col-
laboration with an electric utility company
sponsor, during the later development stages.
EBT and MBI will use a bench-scale composter
system for determining optimal moisture content,
soil amendment requirements, and inoculation
procedures for accelerating degradation of
polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH) in
these coal tar-contaminated soils. Subsequently,
small (less than a cubic yard) plots of soil will
be used to test the optimized process in labora-
tory studies before a field demonstration is
conducted.
During the screening program, EBT identified
top fungal cultures for PAH degradation. Se-
lected cultures tested in bench-scale bioreactors
at MBI indicated that fungi selected based on
screening assays performed better than other
fungi. PAH degradation significantly improved
when three fungi were added to contaminated
soil along with lignocellulosic cosubstrates and
humic-based fertilizer. However, more informa-
tion is needed on factors such as optimal cultures
for specific applications, aeration and mixing re-
quirements, timing of microbial and nutrient
augmentation, and bioavailability of hazardous
compounds in order for fungal composting to be
a reliable method of degrading PAHs.
FOR FURTHER INFORMATION:
EPA PROJECT MANAGER:
Ronald Lewis
U.S. EPA
Risk Reduction Engineering Laboratory
26 West Martin Luther King Drive
Cincinnati, OH 45268
513-569-7856
Fax: 513-569-7620
TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPER CONTACT:
Douglas Munnecke
Environmental Biotechnologies, Inc.
500 Third Street
PO Box 371477
Montara, CA 94037
415-728-8609
Fax: 415-728-0928
The SITE Program assesses but does not
approve or endorse technologies.
Page 301
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Technology Profile
EMERGING TECHNOLOGY PROGRAM
GENERAL ATOMICS,
NUCLEAR REMEDIATION TECHNOLOGIES DIVISION
(Acoustic Barrier Particulate Separator)
TECHNOLOGY DESCRIPTION:
The acoustic barrier particulate separator sepa-
rates particulates in a high temperature gas flow.
The separator produces an acoustic waveform
directed against the gas flow, causing par-
ticulates to move opposite the flow. Eventually,
the particulates drift to the wall of the separator,
where they aggregate with other particulates and
precipitate into a collection hopper. The acous-
tic barrier separator differs from other separators
in that it combines both high efficiency and high
temperature capability.
The figure below presents a conceptual design.
High temperature gas flows through a muffler
chamber and then into an agglomeration segment
before entering the separation chamber. In the
separation chamber, particulates stagnate due to
the acoustic force and drift to the chamber wall,
where they collect as dust cake that falls into a
collection hopper. The solids are transported
from the collection hopper against a clean purge
gas counterflow. The purge gas cools the solids
as the gas is heated and guards against con-
tamination of particulates by volatiles in the
process stream. A screw-type conveyor can
assist solids transport if necessary.
The gas flows past the acoustic horn and leaves
the chamber through an exit port. It then passes
through another muffler chamber and flows
through sections where it is cooled and gas-
borne particulate samples are collected. Finally,
the gas is further scrubbed or filtered as neces-
sary before it is discharged.
WASTE APPLICABILITY:
This technology can treat off-gas streams from
thermal desorption, pyrolysis, and incineration
of soil, sediment, sludges, other solid wastes,
and liquid wastes. It is a high temperature, high
throughput process with a high removal efficien-
cy for fine dust and fly ash. The acoustic
barrier separator is particularly suited for ther-
OUTLET
GAS •
SEPARATOR
INLET
GAS~
PURGE
GAS
SOLIDS
Schematic Diagram of the Acoustic Barrier Particulate Separator
Page 302
The SITE Program assesses but does not
approve or endorse technologies.
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November 1993
Ongoing Project
mal processes where high temperatures must be
maintained to prevent condensation onto particu-
lates. Applications include removal of gas-borne
solids during thermal treatment of semivolatile
organics, such as polychlorinated biphenyls, and
gas-phase separation of radioactive particles
from condensible hazardous materials.
STATUS:
General Atomics, Nuclear Remediation Tech-
nologies Division was accepted into the SITE
Emerging Technology Program in 1993. The
principal objective of this project will be to
design, construct, and test a pilot-scale acoustic
barrier separator that is suitable for parallel
arrangement into larger systems. The separator
will be designed for a flow of 300 cubic feet per
minute and will be tested using a simulated flue
gas composed of heated gas and injected dust.
FOR FURTHER INFORMATION:
EPA PROJECT MANAGER:
Laurel Staley
U.S. EPA
Risk Reduction Engineering Laboratory
26 West Martin Luther King Drive
Cincinnati, OH 45268
513-569-7863
Fax: 513-569-7620
TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPER CONTACT:
Robert Goforth
Nuclear Remediation Technologies Division
General Atomics
MS 2/633
P.O. Box 85608
San Diego, CA 92186-9784
619-455-2499
The SITE Program assesses but does not
approve or endorse technologies.
Page 303
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Technology Profile
EMERGING TECHNOLOGY PROGRAM
GROUNDWATER TECHNOLOGY GOVERNMENT SERVICES, INC.
(Below-Grade Bioremediation Cell)
TECHNOLOGY DESCRIPTION:
This technology utilizes bioremediation to treat
soils contaminated with cyclodiene insecticides,
such as chlordane and heptachlor.
Bioremediation is a proven technique for the
remediation of soils containing a variety of
organic compounds. The process involves
stimulating the indigenous microbial population
to degrade organic wastes into biomass and
harmless by-products of microbial metabolism
such as carbon dioxide, water, and inorganic
salts. The process relies on aerobic metabolism
of microorganisms present at the site.
In this process, contaminated soils are ex-
cavated, and the site is lined with an imper-
meable layer. The liner is used to protect
against possible groundwater contamination
during operation of the bioremediation system.
A leachate collection system is installed to avoid
saturated conditions at the site. The excavated
soil is conditioned using shredding and sieving
equipment, and bulking agents are added to
assist in increasing air permeability. Soil
amendments such as inorganic nutrients and
micronutrients are added. The soil is placed in
the excavated and lined pit, and a
negative-pressure vacuum extraction system is
installed. The vacuum system controls and
captures any volatile organic compounds re-
leased during operation and provides oxygen for
aerobic degradation of the contaminant. Upon
completion of the project, soils may be left in
place or disposed of. The figure below illus-
trates the technology.
WASTE APPLICABILITY:
Applicable waste media include soil, sludge, and
sediment. This technology is being developed
specifically for cyclodiene insecticides; however,
the process is applicable to all biodegradable
Treated Contaminated Soils
Aeration and
Surface Grade
Excavated and Lined Reactor Cell
Below-Grade Bioremediation Cell
Page 304
The SITE Program assesses but does not
approve or endorse technologies.
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November 1993
Ongoing Project
organic compounds. Residuals expected after
treatment include carbon dioxide, water, and
inorganic chloride salts.
STATUS:
This technology was accepted into the SITE
Emerging Technology Program in summer 1991.
Initial treatability studies were concluded in
spring 1992. The results of these studies in-
dicate that degradation of chlordane and hep-
tachlor can be accelerated by the process, and
that treatment times vary between 3 months and
2 years, depending on the initial contaminant
concentration.
Additional laboratory testing is being conducted
to quantify additional treatment options, such as
use of white rot fungi or chemical oxidation
during the soil conditioning phase of the project.
FOR FURTHER INFORMATION:
EPA PROJECT MANAGER:
Ronald Lewis
U.S. EPA
Risk Reduction Engineering Laboratory
26 West Martin Luther King Drive
Cincinnati, OH 45268
513-569-7856
Fax: 513-569-7620
TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPER CONTACT:
Ronald Hicks
Groundwater Technology Government
Services, Inc.
4057 Port Chicago Highway
Concord, CA 94520
510-671-2387
Fax: 510-685-9148
The SITE Program assesses but does not
approve or endorse technologies.
Page 305
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Technology Profile
EMERGING TECHNOLOGY PROGRAM
HAZARDOUS SUBSTANCE MANAGEMENT RESEARCH CENTER
at NEW JERSEY INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY
(Pneumatic Fracturing/Bioremediation)
TECHNOLOGY DESCRIPTION:
This technology integrates two innovative tech-
niques — pneumatic fracturing and bioremedia-
tion — to enhance in situ remediation of soils
contaminated with petroleum contaminants.
The pneumatic fracturing process consists of
injecting high pressure air or other gas into soil
formations at controlled flow rates and pres-
sures. In low permeability soils, the process
creates conductive channels in the formation.
These channels increase the permeability and
exposed surface area of the soil, accelerating
removal and treatment of the contaminants. In
high permeability soils, the process provides a
means for rapidly aerating the soil formation.
The technology uses pneumatic fracturing to
enhance microbial processes, in staggered spatial
distribution for maximum effectiveness (see
Figure 1). Aerobic processes dominate at the
fracture interfaces and, to a limited distance,
into the soil away from the fracture. Depletion
of oxygen during aerobic biodegradation allows
methanogenic and denitrifying populations to
form at greater distances from the fractures.
Contaminants diffuse toward the fracture, serv-
ing as a substrate for various microbial popula-
tions. This stacking arrangement, shown in
Injection
(nutrients, air, etc.)
Supplemental
Nutrients
Vadose Zone
Detail "A"
Aquifer
Figure 1: Vadose Zone Biodegradation With Fracturing and Vapor Stripping
Page 306
The SITE Program assesses but does not
approve or endorse technologies.
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November 1993
Ongoing Project
Figure 2, enhances the growth of aerobic micro-
bial populations by reducing substrate concentra-
tions in the denitrifying and methanogenic zones.
WASTE APPLICABILITY:
This technology remediates soil contaminated
with petroleum hydrocarbons, benzene, toluene,
and xylene.
STATUS:
This technology was accepted into the SITE
Emerging Technology Program in July 1991. A
site at Marcus Hook, Pennsylvania has been
selected to demonstrate this technology. Site
characterization is complete. Field pilot-scale
testing is underway and is scheduled for comple-
tion in July 1994.
FOR FURTHER INFORMATION:
EPA PROJECT MANAGER:
Uwe Frank
U.S. EPA
Risk Reduction Engineering Laboratory
2890 Woodbridge Avenue
Edison, NJ 08837
908-321-6626
Fax: 908-960-6990
TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPER CONTACT:
John Schuring
Hazardous Substance Management Research
Center at New Jersey Institute of
Technology
138 Warren Street
Newark, NJ 07102
201-596-5849
Bulk
Convection
Nutrients
X=O
Contaminant
Aerobic
Denitrifying
Methanogenic
Figure 2: Contaminant, Oxygen, Nutrient, and Reaction Product Fluxes
The SITE Program assesses but does not
approve or endorse technologies.
Page 307
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Technology Profile
EMERGING TECHNOLOGY PROGRAM
fflGH VOLTAGE ENVIRONMENTAL APPLICATIONS, INC.
(High Energy Electron Beam Irradiation)
TECHNOLOGY DESCRIPTION:
The high energy electron beam irradiation
technology is a low temperature method for
destroying complex mixtures of hazardous
organic chemicals from solutions containing
solids, such as slurried soils, river or harbor
sediments, and sludges. The technology can
also treat soils and groundwater containing these
chemicals.
The figure below illustrates the mobile electron
beam treatment system. The system consists of
a computer-automated, portable electron beam
accelerator and a delivery system for use with
aqueous streams, slurried soils, sediments and
sludges. The 500-kiIovolt electron accelerator
produces a continuously variable beam current
from 0 to 50 milliamperes. At full power, the
system is rated at 25 kilowatts. The flow rate is
also continuously variable, up to 50 gallons per
minute. The flow rate and beam current can be
varied to obtain doses of up to 2,000 kilorads hi
a one-pass, flow-through mode.
The system is trailer-mounted and is completely
self-contained. It requires only an external
source of power and a mixing tank to slurry the
solids to be treated. The system also includes
all necessary safety checks.
The computerized control system continuously
monitors the flow rate, absorbed dose, ac-
celerator potential, beam current, and all safety
shutdown features. The flow rate is monitored
using a calibrated flow valve. The absorbed
dose is estimated based on the difference in the
temperature of the waste stream before and after
irradiation. The system is equipped with moni-
toring devices that measure the waste stream
PUMPING SYSTEM
ELECTRON ACCELERATOR
CONTROL ROOM
OFFICE/LAB
^ F
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UNIT
KLANDINQ [30" 30"
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Mobile Electron Beam Hazardous Waste Treatment System
Page 308
The SITE Program assesses but does not
approve or endorse technologies.
-------
November 1993
Ongoing Project
temperature before and after irradiation. Both
the accelerating potential and the beam current
are obtained directly from the transformer.
This technology does not require pretreatment of
wastes, except for slurrying. It does not pro-
duce hazardous by-products, sludge, or air
emissions; the resulting effluent can be dis-
charged directly to the environment.
WASTE APPLICABILITY:
This technology treats a variety of organic
compounds, including wood treating chemicals,
pesticides, insecticides, petroleum residues, and
polychlorinated biphenyls (PCB), in slurried
soils, sediments, and sludges. It may also be
applied to mixed, low-level radioactive wastes in
soils and groundwater.
STATUS:
High Voltage Environment Applications, Inc.
(HVEA) was accepted into the SITE Emerging
Technology Program in 1993. Under this
program, HVEA will demonstrate its mobile
pilot plant on soils, sediments or sludges at
various hazardous waste sites. Candidate sites
are being identified. On-site studies will last up
to 2 months.
Initial studies by HVEA have shown that elec-
tron beam irradiation removes greater than 99
percent of trichloroethene, tetrachloroethene,
chloroform, benzene, toluene, arid phenol in
aqueous streams. HVEA has also demonstrated
effective removal of 2,4,6-trinitrotoluene from
soil slurries.
In a recent study, a multisource hazardous waste
leachate containing 1 percent dense nonaqueous
phase liquid was successfully treated at bench
scale. Another leachate containing PCBs in a
light nonaqueous phase liquid was also treated to
F039 standards in bench-scale studies.
FOR FURTHER INFORMATION:
EPA PROJECT MANAGER:
Franklin Alvarez
U.S. EPA
Risk Reduction Engineering Laboratory
26 West Martin Luther King Drive
Cincinnati, OH 45268
513-569-7631
Fax: 513-569-7787
TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPER CONTACT:
William Cooper
High Voltage Environmental Applications
9562 Doral Boulevard
Miami, PL 33178
305-593-5330
Fax: 305-593-0071
The SITE Program assesses but does not
approve or endorse technologies.
Page 309
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SSnrm
Technology Profile
EMERGING TECHNOLOGY PROGRAM
INSTITUTE OF GAS TECHNOLOGY
(FIuidized-Bed Cyclonic Agglomerating Combustor)
TECHNOLOGY DESCRIPTION:
The Institute of Gas Technology (IGT) has
developed a two-stage, fluidized-bed cyclonic
agglomerating combustor (see figure below)
based on a combination of technologies devel-
oped at IGT over many years. In the combined
system, solid, liquid, and gaseous organic wastes
can be efficiently destroyed, while solid, non-
volatile, inorganic contaminants are combined
within a glassy matrix consisting of discrete
pebble-sized agglomerates that are suitable for
disposal in a landfill.
The first stage of the combustor is an ag-
glomerating fluidized-bed reactor, which can
operate either under substoichiometric conditions
or with excess air. The system can operate from
low temperature (desorption) to high temperature
(agglomeration). The gasification of materials
with high calorific values (for example, munici-
pal solid wastes) is also possible. With a unique
distribution of fuel and air, the bulk of the
fluidized bed is maintained at 1,500 to 2,000 °F,
while the central spout temperature can be
varied between 2,000 and 3,000 °F.
When the contaminated soils and sludges are fed
into the fluidized bed, the combustible fraction
of the waste undergoes rapid gasification and
combustion. The solid fraction, containing
inorganic and metallic contaminants, undergoes
a chemical transformation in the hot zone and is
agglomerated into glassy pellets that are essen-
tially nonleachable under the conditions of the
toxicity characteristic . leaching procedure
(TCLP). The product gas from the fluidized bed
may contain unburned hydrocarbons, furans,
NATURAL GAS, OXIDANT
AND COFIRED
GASEOUS WASTE
PRIMARY
CYCLONE
SOLID,
SLUDGE,
AND LIQUID
WASTE
FLUIDEED-BED
COMBUSTOR
1500°-2000°F
FLUE GAS TO
HEAT RECOVERY
OR TREATMENT
CYCLONIC
COMBUSTOR
1800°-2400lF
CYCLONE FINES
FOR RECIRCULATION
OR DISPOSAL
AGGLOMERATED
RESIDUE
HOT ZONE
2000°-3000°F
-FLUIDIZING
GAS
CLASSIFICATION
ZONE GAS
• NATURAL GAS + OXIDANT
Two-Stage Fluidized-Bed/Cyclonic Agglomerating Combustor
Page 310
The SITE Program assesses but does not
approve or endorse technologies.
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November 1993
Ongoing Project
dioxins, and carbon monoxide as well as the
products of complete combustion: carbon
dioxide and water.
The product gas from the fluidized bed is fed
into the second stage of the combustor where it
is further combusted at a temperature of 1,800
to 2,400 °F. The second stage is a cyclonic
combustor and separator that provides sufficient
residence time (2.5 seconds) to oxidize carbon
monoxide and organic compounds to carbon
dioxide and water vapor. This stage has a
combined destruction and removal efficiency
greater than 99.99 percent. Volatilized metals
are collected downstream in the flue gas scrub-
ber condensate.
IGT's two-stage fluidized-bed cyclonic agglom-
erating combustor is based on experience with
other fluidized-bed cyclonic combustion systems.
The patented sloping-grid design and ash dis-
charge port in this process were initially devel-
oped for IGT's U-GAS coal gasification process.
The cyclonic combustor and separator is a
modification of IGT's low emissions combustor.
WASTE APPLICABILITY:
This two-stage combustor can destroy organic
contaminants in gaseous, liquid, and solid
wastes, including soils and sludges. Gaseous
wastes can be fired directly into the cyclonic
combustor. Liquid, sludge, and solid wastes can
be co-fired directly into the fluidized-bed stage.
The particle size of the solids must be suitable
(less than 6 millimeters) to support fluidized-bed
operation; therefore, certain wastes may require
grinding or pulverization prior to remediation.
Because the solid components in the waste are
heated above their fusion temperature during the
agglomeration process, metals and other inor-
ganic materials, such as arsenic, are encap-
sulated and immobilized within the glassy
matrix.
STATUS:
This technology was accepted into the SITE
Emerging Technology Program in July 1990.
Since then, tests conducted in the batch 6-inch
diameter fluidized-bed unit to date have demon-
strated that agglomerates can be formed from the
soil. The agglomerates, produced at several
different operating conditions, exhibit low
teachability; however, the TCLP test results
were inconclusive.
A pilot-plant combustor with a capacity of 6 tons
per day has been constructed. Shakedown and
testing of the pilot plant are in progress. Initial
pilot plant tests have produced samples of ag-
glomerated soil.
FOR FURTHER INFORMATION:
EPA PROJECT MANAGER:
Teri Richardson
U.S. EPA
Risk Reduction Engineering Laboratory
26 West Martin Luther King Drive
Cincinnati, OH 45268
513-569-7949
Fax: 513-569-7620
TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPER CONTACTS:
Amir Rehmat
Institute of Gas Technology
3424 South State Street
Chicago, IL 60616-3896
312-949-3900
Fax: 312-949-3700
Michael Mensinger
Institute of Gas Technology
3424 South State Street
Chicago, IL 60616-3896
312-949-3730
Fax: 312-949-3700
The SITE Program assesses but does not
approve or endorse technologies.
Page311
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Technology Profile
EMERGING TECHNOLOGY PROGRAM
IT CORPORATION
(Eimco Biolift™ Slurry Reactor)
TECHNOLOGY DESCRIPTION:
IT Corporation (IT) has used the Eimco Biolift™
Slurry Reactor (developed by Eimco Process
Equipment Company, Salt Lake City Utah) to
biodegrade polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons
(PAH) in soil. Traditional biological treatments,
such as landfarming and hi situ bioremediation,
may not reduce PAHs in soil to target levels in
a timely manner. Slurry reactors are more
efficient for bioremediation and more econom-
ical than thermal desorption and incineration.
The system to be demonstrated consists of three
60-liter (L), stainless-steel reactors operating in
series in a sernieontinuous, plug-flow mode (see
figure below). Specific organic (succinate and
salicylate) and inorganic (ammonia and phos-
phate) nutrient supplements are used in com-
bination with a specific water-miscible, degrad-
able cosolvent (ethanol or acetone). The cosol-
vent enhances desorption of PAHs into the
aqueous phase.
First, the influent waste stream is continuously
stirred and fluidized in a closed container. It is
then placed in the first reactor at an average
flow rate of 2 L per day and overflows to the
remaining two reactors. Following aeration in
the reactors, the treated slurry is pumped to the
system clarifier. The clarifier is covered to
reduce emissions of volatile compounds and is
maintained under quiescent conditions to allow
gravitational settling. The clarified water is then
MANUAL
ADJUSTMENT
ATMOSPHERE
EFFLUENT PROCESS WATER (MANUAL TRANSFERRING)
IE3EHQ:
(OiSAMPUBPORT
PRESSURE REGULATOR
PRESSURE INDICATOR () TIMER
B* B-1
ESS. AIR
MOCER BLOWER
R.1 M-2ABC
AIR BIOREATOR
ROTAMETER MKER
T-7
BIOREATOR 2
(SOU)
T-l P-1 S-1
FEED FEED PUMP AIR
COKTAINEH (12L/OAY) FILTER
z-1 P-s z-a
CARBON EFFLUENT AIR
ADSORPTION PUMP SAMPUN9
DEVICE
T-4 T4
BIOREACTOR1 BIOREACTOR3
(SOL) (SCHL)
SLURRY
PUMP
T-z
CLARIFIER
EFFLUENT
CONTAINER
(20L)
Eimco Biolift™ Slurry Reactor System
Page 312
The SITE Program assesses but does not
approve or endorse technologies.
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November 1993
Ongoing Project
transferred to the effluent container and manual-
ly mixed with the influent feed. Treated solids
are removed from the final slurry reactor.
WASTE APPLICABILITY:
This technology is applicable to PAH-con-
taminated soils and sludges that can be readily
excavated for slurry reactor treatment. Soils
from coal gasification sites, wood treating
facilities, petrochemical facilities, and coke
plants are typically contaminated with PAHs.
STATUS:
IT's slurry reactor system was accepted into the
SITE Emerging Technology Program in 1993.
Under this program, IT will conduct a pilot-
scale investigation of three 60-L Eirnco Biolift™
Slurry Reactors operated in series. A suitable
soil will be obtained from a manufactured gas
plant or creosote site and will be prescreened on
site. The primary objective of the investigation
is to achieve a treatment target risk level of 10'4.
FOR FURTHER INFORMATION:
EPA PROJECT MANAGER:
Brunilda Davila
U.S. EPA
Risk Reduction Engineering Laboratory
26 West Martin Luther King Drive
Cincinnati, OH 45268
513-569-7849
Fax: 513-569-7879
TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPER CONTACT:
Kandi Brown
Biotechnology Applications Center and Tech-
nology Development Division
312 Directors Drive
Knoxville, TN 37923
615-690-3211
The SITE Program assesses but does not
approve or endorse technologies.
Page 313
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Technology Profile
EMERGING TECHNOLOGY PROGRAM
IT CORPORATION
(Mixed Waste Treatment Process)
TECHNOLOGY DESCRIPTION:
The mixed waste treatment process treats soils
contaminated with both hazardous and radio-
active constituents. The process separates these
contaminants into distinct organic and inorganic
phases. The separated streams can then be
further minimized, recycled, or destroyed at
commercial disposal facilities, and the decon-
taminated soil can be returned to the site.
This process combines thermal desorption,
gravity separation, water treatment, and chelant
extraction. Each of these technologies has been
individually demonstrated on selected con-
taminated materials. The process flow diagram
below shows how the technologies have been
integrated to address the problems of treating
mixed waste streams.
The initial treatment step prepares the bulk
contaminated soil for processing by crushing and
grinding oversized material.
Volatile and semivolatile organics are removed
from the soil by thermal treatment. Indirect
heating of the soil in a rotating chamber volatil-
izes organic contaminants along with any mois-
ture in the soil. The soil passes through the
chamber and is collected as a dry solid. The
volatilized organics and water are condensed into
separate liquid phases. The organic phase is
decanted and removed for disposal. The con-
taminated aqueous phase is passed through
activated carbon, removing soluble organics
before combining with the thermally treated soil.
Inorganic contaminants are removed by three
physical and chemical separation techniques:
Organic Phase
Water and
Conditioning
Agents
Heavy
Radionudides
Particles
Radionudides
on Resin
Mixed Waste Treatment Process
Page 314
The SITE Program assesses but does not
approve or endorse technologies.
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November 1993
Ongoing Project
(1) gravity separation of high density particles,
(2) chemical precipitation of soluble metals, and
(3) chelant extraction of chemically bound
metals.
Gravity separation is used to separate higher
density particles from common soil. Radio-
nuclide contaminants are typically found in this
fraction. Selection of the gravity separation
device (shaker table, jig, cone, or spiral) de-
pends on the distribution of contaminants and
physical properties of the thermally treated soil.
Many radionuclides and other heavy metals are
in a form that makes them soluble or suspended
in the aqueous media used for separation. These
contaminants are separated from the soils and
are precipitated. A potassium ferrate for-
mulation is used to precipitate radionuclides.
The resulting microcrystalline precipitant is
removed, allowing recycling of the aqueous
stream.
Some insoluble radionuclides remain with the
soil through the gravity separation process.
These radionuclides are removed via chelant
extraction. The chelant solution then passes
through an ion exchange resin to remove the
radionuclides and is recycled to the soil extrac-
tion step.
The contaminants are collected as concentrates
from all waste process streams for recovery or
off-site disposal at commercial hazardous waste
or radiological waste facilities. The decon-
taminated soil is then returned to the site as
clean fill.
WASTE APPLICABILITY:
This process treats soils contaminated with
organic, inorganic, and radioactive material.
STATUS:
The mixed waste treatment process was selected
for the SITE Emerging Technology Program in
October 1991. Bench- and pilot-scale testing
under the program is planned for late 1993.
Individual components of the treatment process
have been demonstrated on various wastes from
U.S. Department of Energy (DOE), U.S. De-
partment of Defense (DOD), and commercial
sites. Thermal separation has been used to
remove and recover PCBs from soils con-
taminated with uranium and technetium. These
soils were from two separate DOE gaseous
diffusion plants. Gravity separation of radio-
nuclides has been demonstrated at the pilot scale
at Johnston Atoll in the South Pacific. Gravity
separation successfully removed plutonium from
native coral soils. Water treatment using the
potassium ferrate formulations has been demon-
strated at several DOE facilities in laboratory
and full-scale tests. This treatment reduced
cadmium, copper, lead, nickel, plutonium,
silver, uranium, and zinc to dischargeable levels.
Chelant extraction has successfully treated
surface contamination in the nuclear industry for
more than 20 years. Similar results are expected
for subsurface contamination.
FOR FURTHER INFORMATION:
EPA PROJECT MANAGER:
Douglas Grosse
U.S. EPA
Risk Reduction Engineering Laboratory
26 West Martin Luther King Drive
Cincinnati, OH .45268
513-569-7844
Fax: 513-569-7676
TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPER CONTACT:
Ed Alperin
IT Corporation
304 Directors Drive
Knoxville, TN 37923
615-690-3211
Fax: 615-694-9573
The SITE Program assesses but does not
approve or endorse technologies.
Page 315
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Technology Profile
EMERGING TECHNOLOGY PROGRAM
LEWIS ENVIRONMENTAL SERVICES, INC./fflCKSON
CORPORATION
(Chromated Copper Arsenate Soil Leaching Process)
TECHNOLOGY DESCRIPTION:
Lewis Environmental Services, Inc. (Lewis), has
developed a soil leaching process to remediate
soils contaminated with heavy metals, including
chromium, copper, cadmium, mercury, arsenic,
and lead. This process can treat soils con-
taminated with inorganics as well as with some
organics, heavy metal hydroxide sludges, and
sediments.
The Soil Leaching Process consists of leaching
contaminated soil in a countercurrent stirred
reactor system. The soil is placed into the
reactor by a screw feeder system and leached
with sulfuric acid for 30 to 60 minutes, which
solubilizes the inorganics and heavy metals into
the leaching solution. The processed soil is then
separated and washed with water and allowed to
air-dry. Any organic contaminants are separated
and decanted from the leaching acid. The wash
water is then treated with Lewis' ENVIRO-
CLEAN process, which consists of a granulated
activated carbon system followed by an electro-
lytic recovery system. The ENVIRO-CLEAN
process recovers the heavy metals from the
leaching stream and wash water for reuse by
industry and produces an effluent that meets
EPA discharge limits for heavy metals. The
treated wash water can then be reused in the soil
washing step. The leaching solution can also be
processed by the ENVIRO-CLEAN process or
can be returned directly to the stirred reactor
system, depending on its metals concentration.
The figure below illustrates the Soil Leaching
Process.
Contaminated soil must be properly sized and
screened to facilitate leaching in the stirred
reactor system. Large pieces of debris such as
rocks, wood, and bricks must be removed prior
to treatment. Standard screening and class-
ification equipment, such as that used in munici-
pal waste treatment plants, is suitable for this
purpose.
The Soil Leaching Process does not generate
appreciable quantities of treatment by-products
Caustic Feed
Chromium
W«sl« ,
Slew >
Feed D U
Pump First
Stage
Absorber
Second
Stage
Absorber
Third
Stage
Absorber
Effluent
Recycle
Pump
Chromated Copper Arsenate Soil Leaching Process
Page 316
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approve or endorse technologies.
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November 1993
Ongoing Project
or waste streams containing heavy metals. The
treated soil meets toxicity characteristic leaching
procedure (TCLP) criteria and can be returned
to the site or disposed of at a nonhazardous
landfill. The granular activated carbon used in
the ENVIRO-CLEAN process requires disposal
after about 20 to 30 treatment cycles and should
also pass TCLP criteria, simplifying disposal.
WASTE APPLICABILITY:
The Soil Leaching Process can treat solid wastes
generated by the wood preserving and metal
plating industries, battery waste sites, and urban
lead sites. The advantages of this process over
traditional waste treatment schemes for chro-
mated copper arsenate (CCA) wastes are as
follows:
• Treated soils pass TCLP criteria and can
be reapplied on site.
• Treatment by-products do not require
disposal as hazardous waste.
• The need for land disposal of large
volumes of soil is eliminated.
• Heavy metals are recovered by the
ENVIRO-CLEAN process and can be
reused by industry.
STATUS:
The Soil Leaching Process was accepted into the
Emerging Technology Program in 1993. Labor-
atory-scale tests have shown that the Soil Leach-
ing Process successfully treats CCA-con-
taminated soil. In 1992, Lewis treated a 5-
gallon sample of CCA-contaminated soil from
Hickson Corporation (Hickson), a major CCA
chemical manufacturer. The treated soil passed
TCLP criteria, with chromium and arsenic, the
two main leach constituents, averaging 0.8
milligrams per kilogram (mg/kg) and 0'9 mg/kg,
respectively. Analysis also revealed 3,330
milligrams per liter (mg/L) of chromium,
13,300 mg/L of copper, and 22,990 mg/L of
iron in the leaching solution and 41.4 mg/L of
chromium, 94.8 mg/L of copper, and 3.0 mg/L
of arsenic in the wash water. The wash water
after being treated by the ENVIRO-CLEAN
process had metals levels below 0.1 mg/L for
copper and chromium.
Lewis plans further laboratory-scale testing at its
Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania facility, followed by
bench- or pilot-scale testing at Hickson's
Conley, Georgia facility.
FOR FURTHER INFORMATION:
EPA PROJECT MANAGER:
Randy Parker
U.S. EPA
Risk Reduction Engineering Laboratory
26 West Martin Luther King Drive
Cincinnati, OH 45268
513-569-7271
Fax: 513-569-7620
TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPER CONTACT:
Tom Lewis III
Lewis Environmental Services, Inc.
RJ Casey Industrial Park
Pittsburgh, PA 15233
408-322-8100
Fax: 408-322-8109
The SITE Program assesses but does not
approve or endorse technologies.
Page 317
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Technology Profile
EMERGING TECHNOLOGY PROGRAM
MATRIX PHOTOCATALYTIC INC.
(formerly NUTECH ENVIRONMENTAL)
(TiO2 Photocatalytic Air Treatment)
TECHNOLOGY DESCRIPTION:
Matrix Photocatalytic Inc. (formerly Nutech
Environmental) is developing the titanium diox-
ide (TiO^ photocatalytic air treatment technol-
ogy to remove and destroy volatile organic com-
pounds (VOC) and semivolatile organic com-
pounds from airstreams. The technology is an
ambient temperature solid-state process in which
contaminated air flows through a fixed TiO2
catalyst bed activated by light. Typically,
destruction of organic contaminants occurs in
fractions of a second.
Major technology advantages include the fol-
lowing:
* No residual toxins
• No ignition source
• Unattended operation
* Low direct treatment cost
The technology has been tested on benzene,
toluene, ethylbenzene, and xylene; trichloro-
ethene (TCE); tetrachlorethene (PCE); isopropyl
alcohol; acetone; chloroform; methanol; and
methyl ethyl ketone. The full-scale and field-
scale systems are shown in Figures 1 and 2,
respectively.
WASTE APPLICABILITY:
The TiO2 photocatalytic air treatment technology
can effectively treat dry or moist air. The
technology has been demonstrated to purify
steam directly, thus eliminating the need to
condense. Systems of 100 cubic feet per minute
have been successfully tested on vapor extraction
operations, air stripper emissions, steam from
desorption processes, and VOC emissions from
manufacturing facilities. Other potential ap-
plications include odor removal, stack gas
Figure 1: Full-Scale System
Page 318
The SITE Program assesses but does not
approve or endorse technologies.
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November 1993
Ongoing Project
treatment, soil venting, and the manufacture of
ultrapure air for residential, automotive, instru-
ment, and medical needs.
STATUS:
The TiO2 photocatalytic air technology was
accepted into SITE Emerging Technology Pro-
gram in October 1992. Advancements in the
first year of the program include the following:
• 100 percent improvement in perfor-
mance
• Ability to destroy carbon tetrachloride
and other saturated compounds
• Sustained destruction of PCE and TCE
of high concentration without generating
phosgene
FOR FURTHER INFORMATION:
EPA PROJECT MANAGER:
John Ireland
U.S. EPA
Risk Reduction Engineering Laboratory
26 West Martin Luther King Drive
Cincinnati, OH 45268
513-569-7413
Fax: 513-569-7185
TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPER CONTACT:
Brian Butters
Matrix Photocatalytic Inc.
511 McCormick Boulevard
London, Ontario NSW 4C8
Canada
519-457-2963
Fax: 519-457-2037
Figure 2: Field-Scale System Treating TCE and PCE on a
Soil Vapor Extraction Site at Savannah River
The SITE Program assesses but does not
approve or endorse technologies.
Page 319
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Technology Profile
EMERGING TECHNOLOGY PROGRAM
MONTANA COLLEGE OF MINERAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY
(Air-Sparged Hydrocyclone)
TECHNOLOGY DESCRIPTION:
The air-sparged hydrocyclone (ASH) was devel-
oped at the University of Utah during the early
1980s to achieve fast flotation of fine particles in
a centrifugal field. The ASH (see figure below)
consists of two concentric right-vertical tubes
with a conventional cyclone header at the top
and a froth pedestal at the bottom. The inner
tube is a porous tube through which air is
sparged. The outer tube serves as an air jacket
to evenly distribute air through the porous inner
tube.
The slurry is fed tangentially through the con-
ventional cyclone header to develop a swirl flow
of a certain thickness in the radial direction (the
swirl-layer thickness) and is discharged through
an annular opening between the insides of the
porous tube wall and the froth pedestal. Air is
sparged through the jacketed inner porous tube
wall and is sheared into small bubbles that are
radially transported, together with attached
hydrophobic particles into a froth phase that
forms on the cyclone axis. The froth phase is
stabilized and constrained by the froth pedestal
at the underflow, moved toward the vortex
finder of the cyclone header, and is discharged
as an overflow product. Hydrophilic particles
(water wetted) generally remain in the slurry
phase and are discharged as an underflow pro-
duct through the annulus created by the froth
pedestal.
During the past decade, large mechanical flota-
tion cells (aeration-stirred tank reactors) have
been designed, installed, and operated for miner-
al processing. In addition, considerable effort
has been made to develop column flotation
technology in the United States and elsewhere,
leading to a number of industrial installations.
Nevertheless, for both mechanical and column
Overflow
Vortex Rndar
Overflow Froth
Cylinder
Jacket
Porous
Cylinder
Underflow
Air-Sparged Hydrocyclone
Page 320
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approve or endorse technologies.
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November 1993
Ongoing Project
cells, the specific flotation capacity is generally
limited to 1 to 2 tons per day (tpd) per cubic
foot of cell volume.
In contrast with conventional flotation equip-
ment, this ASH has a specific flotation capacity
of at least 100 tpd per cubic foot of cell volume.
Standard flotation techniques used in industrial
mineral processing are effective ways of con-
centrating materials. However, metal value
recovery using standard flotation is never com-
plete. The valuable material escaping the mil-
ling process is frequently concentrated in the
very fine particle fraction.
WASTE APPLICABILITY:
This technology can remove fine mineral parti-
cles that are amenable to the froth flotation
process. These are generally sulfide minerals,
such as galena (lead sulfide), sphalerite (zinc
sulfide) and chalcopyrite (copper-iron-sulfide).
Finely-divided mining wastes containing these
minerals oxidize and release the metallic ele-
ments as dissolved sulfates into the groundwater.
Particularly applicable are tailings from older
operations conducted before the development of
froth flotation. Earlier operations recovered
minerals through gravity concentration methods,
which did not effectively capture fine particles
and left tailings containing relatively large
concentrations of fine sulfide minerals.
STATUS:
This technology was accepted into the SITE
Emerging Technology Program in June 1990. A
pilot plant has been in operation for the past 2
years. The most recent pilot plant trials on
tailings generated by gravity concentration have
confirmed both the device's ability to recover
sulfide minerals and the high throughput capa-
city claimed by proponents of the ASH. The
SITE-sponsored test program was completed on
August 12, and preparation of the final report is
in progress. The pilot plant is still intact and the
investigators are in search of waste sites to
which the technology might be applied.
FOR FURTHER INFORMATION:
EPA PROJECT MANAGER:
Eugene Harris
U.S. EPA
Risk Reduction Engineering Laboratory
26 West Martin Luther King Drive
Cincinnati, OH 45268 >
513-569-7862
Fax: 513-569-7676
TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPER CONTACT:
Theodore Jordan
Montana College of Mineral Science &
Technology
West Park Street
Butte, MT 57901
406-496-4112
The SITE Program assesses but does not
approve or endorse technologies.
Page 321
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Technology Profile
EMERGING TECHNOLOGY PROGRAM
MONTANA COLLEGE OF MINERAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY
(Campbell Centrifugal Jig)
TECHNOLOGY DESCRIPTION:
The Campbell Centrifugal Jig (CCJ) separates
fine heavy mineral and metal particles from
waste materials. The CCJ combines jigging and
centrifuging to cause separation in a liquid
medium.
Standard jigs separate solids of different specific
gravities by differential settling in a pulsating
bed and gravitational field. Jigs operating in
this mode can recover solids larger than about
150 mesh (105 microns). Centrifuges are effec-
tive in separating solids from liquids but are not
effective in separating solids from solids.
The CCJ, shown in the figure below, combines
the continuous flow and pulsating bed of the
standard jig with the high acceleration forces of
a centrifuge to segregate and concentrate heavy
particles from waste. It can recover particles
ranging in size from 1 to about 500 microns,
depending upon whether the particle is suf-
ficiently liberated from the host material. The
liberated particle should have a specific gravity
that is at least 50 percent greater than the waste
material from which it is to be separated. The
CCJ does not require chemicals to perform the
solid-solid separation.
Appropriately sized slurried material is fed (the
jig feed top size should be smaller than the
screen size) into the CCJ through a hollow shaft
at the top of the machine. The material dis-
charges from the shaft onto a diffuser plate,
which has vanes that distribute the material
radially to the jig bed. The jig bed contains
ragging (usually stainless-steel shot that is slight-
ly coarser than the screen aperture) that is
pulsated by pressurized water admitted under the
screen by four rotating pulse blocks. The
pulsing water sets up a tetter column in the bed
Slurry Inlet
Bull Wheel
Pulse Water Inlet
Cone Shroud
Hutch Area
Pulse Water Outlet
X/j 1 _ Pulse Block
NT
Access
Doors
Discharge Port
-Con Outlet
Campbell Centrifugal Jig (CCJ)
Page 322
The SITE Program assesses but does not
approve or endorse technologies.
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November 1993
Ongoing Project
and causes heavier particles to separate to the
concentrate port, while lighter particles are
rejected and migrate to the tailings port.
The effectiveness of separation depends upon
how well the solids to be recovered by the jig
are liberated from the waste material. The
waste feed may require grinding before proces-
sing by the CCJ. Operating parameters include
pulse pressure, speed (g-load), screen aperture,
ragging (type and size), weir height, and feed
percent solids.
The CCJ process results in heavy mineral or
metal concentrates which, depending upon the
waste material, may be further processed for
extraction or sale. The treated material can be
returned to the environment.
WASTE APPLICABILITY:
The CCJ can separate and concentrate a wide
variety of materials, ranging from base metals to
fine ash in coal and fine (1 micron) gold par-
ticles. Applications include remediation of
heavy metal contaminated soils, tailings, or
harbor areas containing spilled concentrates;
removal of pyritic sulfur and ash from fine coal;
and treatment of sandblasting grit.
STATUS:
The CCJ was accepted into the SITE Emerging
Technology Program in May 1992. Evaluation
will take place at the Montana College of Miner-
al Science & Technology (Montana Tech).
Montana Tech has equipped a pilot plant to
evaluate the Series 12 CCJ (capacity 1 to 3 tons
per hour). Tests are underway in the Montana
Tech facility using (1) clean soil spiked with
bismuth as a surrogate for plutonium and urani-
um and (2) base-metal mine tailings from vari-
ous locations in western Montana.
FOR FURTHER INFORMATION:
EPA PROJECT MANAGER:
Jack Hubbard
U.S. EPA
Risk Reduction Engineering Laboratory
26 West Martin Luther King Drive
Cincinnati, OH 45268
513-569-7507
Fax: 513-569-7620
TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPER CONTACT:
Gordon Ziesing
Montana College of Mineral Science
& Technology
West Park Street
Butte, MT 59701
406-496-4112 (Dept. of Metallurgical
Engineering)
406-496-1473 (Research Center)
The SITE Program assesses but does not
approve or endorse technologies.
Page 323
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Technology Profile
EMERGING TECHNOLOGY PROGRAM
OHM REMEDIATION SERVICES CORTORATION
(Oxygen Microbubble In Situ Bioremediation)
TECHNOLOGY DESCRIPTION:
This process uses in situ bioremediation to
remediate contaminated groundwater in the
saturated zone. The difficulty with bioremedia-
tion lies hi the delivery of oxygen, nutrients, and
microorganisms to the treatment zone. Oxygen
microbubbles can be generated continuously by
mixing a concentrated surfactant stream with
clean water under pressure to produce a 125- to
150-parts-per-million solution. This solution is
then mixed with a continuous supply of oxygen
under pressure. After passing though the gener-
ator, the resulting 65 percent dispersion of
bubbles in the size range of 45 ± 40 microns
can be delivered and injected into a saturated
soil matrix under pressure. The microbubble
dispersion is pumped through a slotted, porous
well delivery section into a laminated coarse
sand or clay layer treatment zone. The oxygen
microbubbles tend to flow into areas with high
permeability, such as the more coarse zones.
Contaminated groundwater flows through the
treatment zone, and bioremediation occurs with
the available oxygen. Indigenous microorgan-
isms and nutrients already in place or introduced
as part of the dispersion mixture provide the
environment for in situ degradation of contamin-
ants in groundwater or soil.
WASTE APPLICABILITY:
OHM Remediation Services Corporation has
successfully treated a number of organic con-
WATER TABLE v
INJECTORS-TUBING
WITH FINE
SCREENED HOLES
^ADOSE ZONE/]
BACKFILL
SEPARATE OXYGEN
MICROBUBBLE INJECTORS
(HORIZONTAL)
(VERTICAL)
TREATED
GROUNDWATER
Oxygen Microbubble In Situ Bioremediation of Groundwater
Page 324
The SITE Program assesses but does not
approve or endorse technologies.
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November 1993
Ongoing Project
taminants, including petroleum hydrocarbons,
organic solvents, creosote, and pen-
tachlorophenol.
STATUS:
This technology was accepted into the SITE
Demonstration Program in summer 1992. It
will be demonstrated at a jet fuel spill site at
Tyndall Air Force Base in Panama City, PL.
FOR FURTHER INFORMATION:
EPA PROJECT MANAGER:
Ronald Lewis
U.S. EPA
Risk Reduction Engineering Laboratory
26 West Martin Luther King Drive
Cincinnati, Ohio 45268
513-569-7856
Fax: 513-569-7620
TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPER CONTACT:
Douglas Jerger
OHM Remediation Services Corporation
16406 U.S. Route 224 East
P.O. Box 551
Findlay, OH 45840
419-424-4932
Fax: 419-425-6031
The SITE Program assesses but does not
approve or endorse technologies.
Page 325
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Technology Profile
EMERGING TECHNOLOGY PROGRAM
PULSE SCIENCES, INC.
(X-Ray Treatment of Aqueous Solutions)
TECHNOLOGY DESCRIPTION:
X-ray treatment of organically contaminated
aqueous solutions is based on the in-depth
deposition of ionizing radiation. Collisions of
energetic photons (x-rays) with matter generate
a. shower of lower energy secondary electrons
within the contaminated waste material. The
secondary electrons cause ionization and ex-
citation of the atomic electrons, break up the
complex molecules of the contaminants, and
form radicals that react with contaminant mater-
ials to form compounds such as water, carbon
dioxide, and oxygen. Direct electron beam
processing is a highly effective means of de-
stroying organic compounds in aqueous solu-
tions, with residual organic contaminant levels in
the micrograms per liter G*g/L) range. Since the
electrons do not penetrate deeply (about 7 mil-
limeters for a 1.5-million-electron-volt [MeV]
electron in water) material handling can be a
problem, especially if the contaminated liquid is
stored in a sealed container. The deeper pene-
tration of similar energy x-rays addresses this
problem by allowing in situ treatment.
A high-power linear induction accelerator (LIA)
plus x-ray converter, shown in the figure below,
generates the x-rays used in the treatment pro-
cess. The LIA energy is between 1 MeV and 10
MeV; the upper limit depends on the application
and is chosen small enough to avoid activation.
A pulse of electrons 50 to 100 nanoseconds long
is directed onto a cooled high atomic number
converter to efficiently generate x-rays. The x-
rays penetrate the container and waste material.
The physical mechanism by which volatile
organic compounds (VOC) and semivolatile
organic compounds (SVOC) are removed pri-
marily depends on the contaminant present. The
shower of secondary electrons resulting from x-
ray deposition produces both highly oxidizing
hydroxyl radicals and highly reducing aqueous
electrons. While hazardous by-products may
form during x-ray treatment, the complete
Waste
Treatment
Area
Pump or
Conveyor
LIA
1-10 MeV
Electron
Beam
X-Ray
Converter
(Ta)
X-Rays
Waste
Storage
-—- Disposal
X-Ray Treatment Process
Page 326
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November 1993
Ongoing Project
conversion of contaminants and by-products may
be achieved at sufficiently high dose levels
without undesirable waste residuals or air pol-
lution.
The effective penetration depth of x-rays pro-
duced by converting 10-MeV electrons is about
43 centimeters in water. Large volumes can,
therefore, be easily treated, and standard con-
tainer walls will not absorb a significant fraction
of the ionizing radiation. Either flowing waste
or waste contained in drums can be treated. No
additives are required for the process; therefore,
sealed containers can also be accommodated. In
situ treatment may also be feasible. Moreover,
electron accelerators offer a high level of safety;
the x-ray (or gamma) output of the LIA is easily
turned off by disconnecting the electrical power.
The cost of x-ray processing is estimated to be
competitive with alternative processes.
WASTE APPLICABILITY:
X-ray processing can treat a large number of
contaminants without expensive waste extraction
or preparation. The technology has successfully
treated (1) benzene, (2) trichloroethane, (3)
trichloroethene, (4) tetrachloroethene, (5) tolu-
ene, (6) carbon tetrachloride, (7) chloroform,
and (8) xylene. The penetration depth of x-rays,
combined with the high flux of the x-rays gener-
ated by the LIA, allow waste to be treated in
disposable containers, flowing systems, or in
situ.
STATUS:
This technology was accepted into the SITE
Emerging Technology Program in May 1991.
A 1.4-MeV, 800-amp LIA is being used in the
experiments. Twenty-one matrices have been
characterized for low contaminant levels, includ-
ing two matrices from Superfund sites. For
concentrations in the range of 100 to 4,000 parts
per billion in deionized water, the contaminants
listed above can be decomposed at x-ray doses
of less than 200 kilorads. Higher concentrations
of VOCs and SVOCs in aqueous solutions are
being treated with x-rays to investigate the
potential for hazardous by-product formation.
One objective of these tests is to determine the
x-ray dose required to reduce organic con-
taminants in liquid wastes to acceptable levels.
The experimental database will be used to de-
velop a conceptual design and estimated cost for
a high-throughput x-ray treatment system.
Preliminary equations have been developed for
preparing multiple VOC matrices and matrices
containing OH scavengers, such as bicarbonate
and carbonate ions. The scaling equations are
based on the "G-values" calculated from the
concentration-dose curves from the experiments.
G-value is defined as the number of molecules
formed per 100 electron volts. The G-value
constant is commonly used to scale chemical
reactions in the presence of ionizing radiation.
The G-value does, however, change with con-
centration and may be substantially less than 1.0
for low VOC contaminants. The G-value is a
measure of the efficiency of the reaction: the
higher the G-value, the more efficient the
reaction. Based on the preliminary rate constant
equations derived, it may be possible to predict
or scale the peak G-values. This concept will be
the basis for the pilot plant scale-up.
FOR FURTHER INFORMATION:
EPA PROJECT MANAGER:
Esperanza Piano Renard
U.S. EPA
Risk Reduction Engineering Laboratory
2890 Woodbridge Avenue
Edison, NJ 08837
908-321-4355
Fax: 908-321-6640
TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPER CONTACT:
Vernon Bailey
Pulse Sciences, Inc.
600 McCormick Street
San Leandro, CA 94577
510-632-5100
The SITE Program assesses but does not
approve or endorse technologies.
Page 327
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Technology Profile
EMERGING TECHNOLOGY PROGRAM
PULSE SCIENCES, INC.
(X-Ray Treatment of Organically Contaminated Soils)
TECHNOLOGY DESCRIPTION:
X-ray treatment of organically contaminated
soils is based on the in-depth deposition of
ionizing radiation. Collisions of energetic
photons (x-rays) with matter generate a shower
of lower energy secondary electrons within the
contaminated waste material. These secondary
electrons cause ionization and excitation of the
atomic electrons, break up the complex con-
taminant molecules, and form radicals that react
with contaminants to form compounds such as
water, carbon dioxide, and oxygen. Other
sources of ionizing radiation such as ultraviolet
radiation or direct electron processing do not
penetrate the material being treated deeply
enough (ultraviolet radiation heats only the
surface layer, while a 1.5-million-electron-volt
(MeV) electron has a penetration depth of ap-
proximately 4 millimeters hi soil). The deeper
penetration of x-rays, up to 20 centimeters,
addresses this problem and allows the treatment
of thicker samples. In situ treatment, which
reduces material handling requirements, may
also be possible with x-ray treatment.
A high power linear induction accelerator (LIA)
plus x-ray converter, shown hi the figure below,
generates the x-rays used in the treatment pro-
cess. The LIA energy is between 1 MeV and 10
MeV; the upper limit depends on the application
and is chosen small enough to avoid activation.
A pulse of electrons 50 to 100 nanoseconds long
is directed onto a cooled high atomic number
converter to efficiently generate x-rays. The x-
rays penetrate and treat the organically con-
taminated soils.
The physical mechanism by which volatile
organic compounds (VOC) and semivolatile
organic compounds (SVOC) are removed pri-
marily depends on the contaminant present.
Because of the moisture in contaminated soil,
sludge, and sediments, the shower of secondary
Waste
Treatment
Area
Pump or
Conveyor
Waste
Storage
UA
1-10 MeV
Electron
Beam
X-Ray
Converter
(Ta)
X-Rays
-— Disposal
X-Ray Treatment Process
Page 328
The SITE Program assesses but does not
approve or endorse technologies.
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November 1993
Ongoing Project
electrons resulting from x-ray deposition pro-
duces both highly oxidizing hydroxyl radicals
and highly reducing aqueous electrons. While
hazardous by-products may form during x-ray
treatment, the complete conversion of con-
taminants and by-products may be achieved at
sufficiently high dose levels without undesirable
waste residuals or air pollution.
The effective penetration depth of x-rays pro-
duced by converting 10-MeV electrons is about
27 centimeters in soil. Large volumes can,
therefore, be more easily treated, and standard
container walls will not absorb a significant
fraction of the ionizing radiation. Either solid
waste on a conveyor or waste contained in
disposal barrels can be treated. No additives are
required for the process; therefore, sealed con-
tainers can also be accommodated. In situ
treatment may also be feasible. Moreover,
electron accelerators offer a high level of safety;
;the x-ray (or gamma) output of the LIA is easily
turned off by disconnecting the electrical power.
The cost of x-ray processing is estimated to be
competitive with alternative processes.
WASTE APPLICABILITY:
X-ray processing of organically contaminated
soils has the potential for treating a large num-
ber of contaminants with minimum waste extrac-
tion or preparation. Organic wastes that may be
treated include (1) benzene, (2) trichloroethane,
(3) trichloroethene, (4) carbon tetrachloride, and
(5) polychlorinated biphenyls. The penetration
depth of the x-rays, combined with the high flux
of the x-rays generated by the LIA, allow waste
to be treated in disposable containers, or con-
veyor systems, or in situ.
STATUS:
The x-ray treatment of organically contaminated
soils was accepted into the SITE Emerging
Technology Program in 1993. A 1.4-MeV,
800-amp LIA will be used in the experiments.
The primary objective of the program is to
demonstrate that x-ray treatment can reduce
VOC and SVOC levels in soils. to acceptable
levels and determine any hazardous byproduct
that may be produced. Another objective will
specifically determine the x-ray dose required to
reduce organic contamination level in solid
matrix and determine scaling factor needed: this
will provide crucial information on the x-ray
dose requirements that will be used to size the
conceptual treatment system. The experimental
database will be used to develop a conceptual
design and estimated cost for a high throughput
x-ray treatment system.
FOR FURTHER INFORMATION:
EPA PROJECT MANAGER:
Esperanza Piano Renard
U.S. EPA
Risk Reduction Engineering Laboratory
2890 Woodbridge Avenue
Edison, NJ 08837
908-321-4355
Fax: 908-321-6640
TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPER CONTACT:
Vernon Bailey
Pulse Sciences, Inc.
600 McCormick Street
San Leandro, CA 94577
510-632-5100
The SITE Program assesses but does not
approve or endorse technologies.
Page 329
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Technology Profile
EMERGING TECHNOLOGY PROGRAM
REMEDIATION TECHNOLOGIES, INC.
(Methanotrophic Biofilm Reactor)
TECHNOLOGY DESCRIPTION:
The Remediation Technologies, Inc., biological
treatment technology uses methanotrophic or-
ganisms in fixed-film biological reactors to treat
chlorinated volatile organic compounds (VOC).
Treatment occurs while the VOCs are in a gas
phase. Gases enter the bottom of the reactor
and flow up through a medium that has a high
surface area and favorable porosity for gas
distribution (see figure below).
Methane must be supplied to the biofilm reactor
to maximize biomass. In the reactor, the meth-
anotrophic organisms oxidize the methane as an
energy source. Volatile chlorinated hydrocar-
bons are cometabolized into various acids and
chlorides that are subsequently degraded to
carbon dioxide and chloride by other heterotro-
phic bacteria. A methane-VOC feeding strategy
is being developed to maximize methanotrophic
bacteria efficiency.
The following four bioreactor designs are being
investigated:
• A compost biofilter that uses a medium
with some adsorption capacity, high
surface area, and small particle size to
improve gas flow distribution
• A high density plastic media that mini-
mizes plugging and is easy to operate
carbon
dioxide
Packed
Media
Nutrient
Addition
Chlorinated VOCs
ChU and Air
Methanotrophic BioFilm Reactor
Page 330
The SITE Program assesses but does not
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November 1993
Ongoing Project
• A silica media with high porosity and
favorable surfaces for high biomass
growth
• A granular activated carbon bed to
better handle load variations
WASTE APPLICABILITY:
This technology can treat chlorinated volatile
hydrocarbons in gaseous streams, such as those
produced from air stripping or in situ vacuum
extraction operations.
STATUS:
This technology was accepted into the SITE
Emerging Technology Program in summer 1992.
Methanotrophic bacteria from various soils have
been tested to determine potential VOC com-
pound degradation. The optimal culture from
this testing was isolated and transferred to a
biofilm reactor, where substrate degradation
rates are now being determined. Media testing
in the larger bioreactors is ongoing.
FOR FURTHER INFORMATION:
EPA PROJECT MANAGER:
Kim Lisa Kreiton
U.S. EPA
Risk Reduction Engineering Laboratory
26 West Martin Luther King Drive
Cincinnati, OH 45268
513-569-7328
Fax: 513-569-7620
TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPER CONTACT:
Hans Stroo
Remediation Technologies, Inc.
1011 S.W. Klickitat Way, Suite 207
Seattle, WA 98134
206-624-9349
Fax: 206-624-2839
The SITE Program assesses but does not
approve or endorse technologies.
Page 331
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Technology Profile
EMERGING TECHNOLOGY PROGRAM
STATE UNIVERSITY OF NEW YORK AT OSWEGO
(Photocatalytic Degradation of PCB-Contaminated Sediments and Waters)
TECHNOLOGY DESCRIPTION:
The State University of New York at Oswego
(SUNY) has developed a photocatalytic system
to treat sediments contaminated with polychlori-
nated biphenyls (PCS) and other chlorinated
organic contaminants. This system, shown in
Figures 1 and 2, includes a reactor that consists
of three chambers connected in series. The first
chamber (Chamber A) receives contaminated
sediments from a dredge, backhoe, or other
device. In Chamber A, the sediment is continu-
ously agitated to allow separation of the sus-
pended and bottom sediment fractions, and a
titanium dioxide catalyst is added. As agitation
proceeds, the suspended fraction is irradiated at
the slurry-air surface to promote photocatalysis.
The suspended sediment fraction is then slowly
discharged to Chamber B, exposing the bottom
sediments in Chamber A to the light sources. A
tank baffle in Chamber A agitates the bottom
sediments to maximize contact with the catalyst
and radiation, promoting catalytic degradation.
Following continued treatment in Chamber B,
the suspended sediment fraction is gravity-dis-
charged to Chamber C for continued treatment
and eventual discharge. The sediment can be
recirculated through Chamber B if additional
treatment is needed. When treatment is com-
plete, the sediment is discharged to a settling
tank or disposed of. Make-up water can be
pumped back to Chamber A if needed. Once
the bottom sediments in Chamber A are ade-
quately treated, they are also removed for fur-
ther treatment or disposal. Any gases produced
during treatment are trapped, drawn through a
florisil filter, and treated.
This technology offers the following benefits
over extraction, solidification/stabilization, and
decomposition:
• The reactor can be operated at ambient
pressure and temperature without the
addition of organic solvents.
• The catalyst, titanium dioxide, is environ-
mentally inert.
SEDIMENT
SLURRY
SUSPENDED
FRACTION
MAKEUP
WATER
TO DISPOSAL
Figure 1: PCB Treatment System
Page 332
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November 1993
Ongoing Project
• The photocatalytic process can occur using
sunlight or artificially produced ultraviolet
light.
• The technology requires little energy and
may have potential for in situ applications.
WASTE APPLICABILITY:
This technology is designed to treat sediment
contaminated with PCBs and other chlorinated
organic contaminants on site. • It may either
reduce levels of PCBs to below detection limits,
or it may be used as a pretreatment in con-
junction with other technologies such as microb-
ial degradation.
STATUS:
SUNY was accepted into the SITE Emerging
Technology Program in 1993. During the first
phase of the program, SUNY will conduct
experiments to determine optimal operating
conditions. Information gathered during this
phase will be used to construct a pilot-scale
reactor designed to treat up to 5 kilograms of
sediment. Sediments from hazardous waste sites
in the Massena, New York area will be used for
these experiments.
CONTAMINATED
SLURRY
TiO2INP
During experiments conducted from June to
September 1992, the photocatalytic process
reduced PCBs in sediment by 62 and 68 percent
after 4 and 6 hours of sunlight irradiation,
respectively.
FOR FURTHER INFORMATION:
EPA PROJECT MANAGER:
Hector Moreno
U.S. EPA
Risk Reduction Engineering Laboratory
26 West Martin Luther King Drive
Cincinnati, OH 45268
513-569-7882
Fax: 513-569-7879
TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPER CONTACTS:
Pengchu Zhang
Ronald J. Scrudato
Research Center
310 Piez Hall
State University of New York at Oswego
Oswego, NY 13126
315-341-3639
RECIRCULATE
QRAGE OR
DISPOSAL
Figure 2: Cross Sectional Schematic of Three Phased
Treatment of Contaminated Sediments
The SITE Program assesses but does not
approve or endorse technologies.
Page 333
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Technology Profile
EMERGING TECHNOLOGY PROGRAM
UNIVERSITY OF DAYTON RESEARCH INSTITUTE
(Photothermal Detoxification Unit)
TECHNOLOGY DESCRIPTION:
Photolytic reactions (reactions induced by ex-
posure to light) can destroy certain hazardous
organic wastes at relatively low temperatures
(such as room temperature). Unfortunately, the
success of these reactions in large-scale hazard-
ous waste remediation has been limited. Specif-
ically, most photochemical processes have
relatively small throughput rates and cannot
completely destroy the targeted wastes. For
special cases such as aqueous waste streams,
these problems have been partially addressed by
using indirect photochemical reactions involving
highly reactive photolytic initiators such as
hydrogen peroxide or heterogeneous catalysts.
The University of Dayton Research Institute has
developed a photolytic detoxification process that
is extremely clean and efficient and offers the
speed and general applicability of a combustion
process.
Thephotothermal detoxification unit (PDU) uses
photothermal reactions conducted at tempera-
tures higher than those used in conventional
photochemical processes (200 to 500 °C versus
20 °C) but lower than combustion temperatures
(typically greater than 1,000 °C). At these
elevated temperatures, photothermal reactions
destroy wastes quickly and efficiently without
producing complex and potentially hazardous by-
products.
The PDU consists of an insulated reactor vessel
illuminated with high intensity ultraviolet (UV)
lamps. As shown in the figure below, the lamps
are mounted externally for easy maintenance and
inspection. Remediation technologies that
generate high temperature gas streams (such as
thermal desorption or in situ steam stripping)
can incorporate the PDU with only slight modi-
fications to the equipment. The PDU can be
equipped with a preheater for use with low
temperature extraction technologies. Further-
more, the PDU can also be equipped with
conventional air pollution control devices for
removal of acids and suspended particulates
from the treated process stream. For ground-
water remediation processes, the PDU can be
used with an air stripping operation. The PDU
Thermally Insulated
Reaction Vessel
External Lamp
. Assemblies (3)
Mounting
Flange
Gas Inlet
Exhaust
Sampling Ports (4) / Sampling Ports (4)
Support/Transportation
Palette
Photothermal Detoxification Unit (PDU)
Page 334
The SITE Program assesses but does not
approve or endorse technologies.
-------
November 1993
Ongoing Project
shown in the figure also includes built-in sampl-
ing ports for measuring the composition of the
inlet and effluent streams and monitoring the
performance of the unit.
WASTE APPLICABILITY:
The PDU has proven extremely effective in
destroying polychlorinated biphenyls, polychlor-
inated dibenzodioxins, polychlorinated dibenzo-
furans, aromatic and aliphatic ketones, and
aromatic and chlorinated solvents, as well as
brominated and nitrous wastes found in soil,
sludges, and aqueous streams. The PDU can be
incorporated with most existing and proposed
remediation processes for clean, efficient, on-site
waste destruction operation. Furthermore, the
PDU can readily treat noncombustible mixtures
as well as waste streams with low concentrations
of hazardous waste.
STATUS:
The technology was accepted into the Emerging
Technology Program in August 1992, and
development work began in December 1992.
Under programs sponsored by the U.S. Depart-
ment of Energy the technology's effectiveness
was thoroughly investigated using relatively long
wavelength UV light (that is, concentrated
sunlight with wavelengths greater than 300
nanometers). Limited data have also been
generated for shorter wavelengths (higher ener-
gy) using available industrial UV illumination
systems.
Preliminary data from the Emerging Technology
Program have shown the technology performs as
expected for chlorinated aromatic wastes (such
as dichlorobenzene), and better than expected for
relatively low molecular weight chlorinated
solvents (such as trichloroethene). During the
remaining first year of the program, the tech-
nology will be further tested using typical wastes
found at hazardous waste sites. The resulting
information will be used during the second year
of the program to develop a general PDU reac-
tor model and a detailed prototype design.
FOR FURTHER INFORMATION:
EPA PROJECT MANAGER:
Chien Chen
U.S. EPA
Risk Reduction Engineering Laboratory
2890 Woodbridge Avenue
Edison, NJ 08837-3679
908-906-6985
Fax: 908-321-6640
TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPER CONTACT:
John Graham
University of Dayton
300 College Park
Dayton, OH 45469-0132
513-229-2846
Fax: 513-229-3433
The SITE Program assesses but does not
approve or endorse technologies.
Page 335
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Technology Profile
EMERGING TECHNOLOGY PROGRAM
UNIVERSITY OF SOUTH CAROLINA
(In Situ Mitigation of Acid Water)
TECHNOLOGY DESCRIPTION:
This technology addresses the acid drainage
problem associated with exposed sulfide-bearing
minerals (such as mine waste rock and aban-
doned metallic mines). Acid drainage forms
under natural conditions when iron disulfides
(such as fool's gold) are exposed to the at-
mosphere and water, spontaneously oxidizing to
produce a complex of highly soluble iron sul-
fates. These salts hydrolyze to produce an
acid-, iron-, and sulfate-enriched drainage that
adversely affects the environment.
The in situ mitigation strategy modifies the
hydrology and geochemical conditions of the site
through land surface reconstruction and selective
placement of limestone.
Limestone is used as the alkaline source material
because it has long-term availability, is generally
inexpensive, and is safe to handle. For the
chemical balances to be effective, the site must
receive enough rainfall to produce seeps or
drainages that continually contact the limestone.
Rainfall, therefore, helps to remediate the site,
rather than increasing the acid drainage.
During mine construction, surface depressions
are installed to collect surface runoff and funnel
it into the waste rock dump through chimneys
constructed of the limestone. Acidic material is
Overview of Site Lysimeters
Page 336
The SITE Program assesses but does not
approve or endorse technologies.
-------
November 1993
Ongoing Project
capped with impermeable material to divert
water from the acid cores. Through this design,
the net acid load will be lower than the alkaline
load, resulting in benign, nonacid drainage.
WASTE APPLICABILITY:
The technology migrates acid drainage from
abandoned waste dumps and mines. It can be
applied to any site in a humid area where lime-
stone is available.
STATUS:
This technology was accepted into the SITE
Emerging Technology Program in March 1990.
Six large-scale lysimeters (12 feet wide, 8 feet
high, and 16 feet deep) have been constructed
and lined with 20-mil poly vinyl chloride plastic.
The lysimeters are drained through an outlet
pipe into 55-gallon collection barrels. Piezome-
ters in the lysimeter floor monitor the hydrology
and chemistry of the completed lysimeter.
During June 1991, 50 tons of acid-producing
mine waste rock were packed into each lysi-
meter.
The effluent from each lysimeter has been
monitored for 1 year to establish a quality
baseline. In the second phase of the study,
selected lysimeters were topically treated, main-
taining two lysimeters as controls to compare the
efficacy of the acid abatement strategy. In
addition, a rain gauge has been installed at the
site for mass balance measurements. An ancil-
lary study correlating laboratory and field results
is complete.
Due to the drought in the Southeast, little, if
any, leachate has been collected. With the
return of normal climatic conditions, leachates
indicative of treatment effects will be produced
and collected.
FOR FURTHER INFORMATION:
EPA PROJECT MANAGER:
Roger Wilmoth
U.S. EPA
Risk Reduction Engineering Laboratory
26 West Martin Luther King Drive
Cincinnati, OH 45268
513-569-7509
Fax: 513-569-7787
TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPER CONTACT:
Frank Caruccio
Department of Geological Sciences
University of South Carolina
Columbia, SC 29208
803-777-4512
Fax: 803-777-6610
The SITE Program assesses but does not
approve or endorse technologies.
Page 337
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Technology Profile
EMERGING TECHNOLOGY PROGRAM
WARREN SPRING LABORATORY
(Physical and Chemical Treatment)
TECHNOLOGY DESCRIPTION:
Warren Spring Laboratory is investigating the
use of feed preparation and mineral processing
techniques to treat soil contaminated with met-
als, petroleum hydrocarbons, and polynuclear
aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH).
Feed preparation processes being evaluated
include scrubbing, classifying, and cycloning.
Mineral processing techniques including flota-
tion, flocculation, high- and low-intensity mag-
netic separation, and gravity techniques are also
being investigated. The processes will be tested
at the pilot scale to produce an integrated system
that treats contaminated soil.
A typical process flow for the physical treatment
of contaminated soil is shown below. Feed
preparation samples undergo scrubbing, attrition-
ing, size fractionation, and chemical analysis.
The samples then undergo magnetic separation
using high-gradient and high-intensity matrices
for metals separation.
Flotation procedures for selected removal of
organics will use several frother types (alcohols,
polyglycols, and cresols) wimpH values ranging
High Pressure Water
50mm Screening
2mm Screen
Scrubber
>50mm Debris
•een j- _
2-50mm Debris •* ~ ~ 1
Decontaminated
Son
Slimes for Flocculation,
•»• Sedimentation, Disposal
or Treatment
Contaminant
Concentrate
r. . . , j Table ,
Decontaminated Concentratorl
ooil
Attritioner
Spiral
Concentrator
Contaminant
Concentrate
Decontaminated
Soil
Concentrates
Decontaminated
Soil
Magnetic
Material
Physical Treatment of Soil
Page 338
The SITE Program assesses but does not
approve or endorse technologies.
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November 1993
Ongoing Project
from 5 to 10 to maximize organics recovery and
increase selectivity of solids. Metals flotation
will be evaluated by comparing different sul-
fydric collectors including xanthates, miophos-
phates, thiocarbonates, and xanthogen formates.
The separation of organic and metal phases will
be examined using selective flocculation tech-
niques.
The pilot-scale treatment system under develop-
ment will process a sample of up to 50 tons and
have a throughput of 1 to 2 tons per hour.
However, capacities for a full-scale system
would range from 20 to 60 tons per hour.
The principal objective of the techniques under
development is to separate components of the
soil that are contaminated from components that
are not. The contaminated components then
form a concentrate needing further treatment or
safe disposal. Because the treatment method is
essentially a wet process that treats the soil as a
slurry, some of the contamination may be trans-
ferred to the liquid phase and require further
treatment.
WASTE APPLICABILITY:
This technology is being developed to remove
metals, petroleum hydrocarbons, and PAHs
from soil. Sediments and certain industrial
wastes such as sludges may also be candidates
for treatment.
Applications include gas works, petrochemical
plants, pickling plants, industrial chemical
plants, coke manufacturers, scrapyards, ship
repair yards and foundries.
STATUS:
This technology was accepted into the SITE
Emerging Technology Program in July 1991.
Initial laboratory-scale tests have been com-
pleted, and a soil has been selected for further
investigation. More detailed unit process inves-
tigations using this selected soil are underway.
When these tests are completed, a final pilot-
scale test will be performed using up to 50 tons
of the soil. The pilot plant test is scheduled for
a 3-week run in November or December 1993.
FOR FURTHER INFORMATION:
EPA PROJECT MANAGER:
Mary Stinson
U.S. EPA
Risk Reduction Engineering Laboratory
MS-104, Building 10
2890 Woodbridge Avenue
Edison, NJ 08837
908-321-6683
Fax: 908-321-6640
TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPER CONTACT:
Peter Wood
Warren Spring Laboratory
Gunnels Wood Road
Stevenage
Hertsfordshire
SGI 2BX
United Kingdom
01-44-438-741122
Fax: 01-44-438-360858
The SITE Program assesses but does not
approve or endorse technologies.
Page 339
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Technology Profile
EMERGING TECHNOLOGY PROGRAM
WESTERN PRODUCT RECOVERY GROUP, INC.
(CCBA Physical and Chemical Treatment)
TECHNOLOGY DESCRIPTION:
The coordinate, chemical bonding and ad-
sorption (CCBA) process converts heavy metals
hi soils, sediments, and sludges to nonleaching
silicates. The process (see figure below) can
also oxidize organics in the waste stream and
incorporate the ash into the ceramic pellet ma-
trix. The consistency of the solid residual varies
from a soil and sand density and size distribution
to a controlled size distribution ceramic ag-
gregate form. The residue can be (1) placed
back in its original location or (2) used as a
substitute for conventional aggregate.
The technology uses specific clays with cation
exchange capacity as sites for physical and
chemical bonding of heavy metals to the clay.
The process is designed for continuous flow.
The input sludge and soil stream is carefully
ratioed with specific clays and then mixed in a
high intensity mechanical mixer. The mixture is
then densified and formed into green or unfired
pellets of a desired size. The green pellets are
then direct fired in a rotary kiln for ap-
proximately 30 minutes. The pellet temperature
slowly rises to 2,000 °F creating the ceramic
nature of the fired pellet. Organics on the
surface of the pellet are oxidized, and organics
inside the pellet are pyrolyzed, as the pellet
temperature rises. As the pellets reach
2,000 °F the available silica sites in the clay
chemically react with the heavy metals in the
soil and sludge to form the final metal silicate
product.
The residue from the process is an inert ceramic
product, free of organics, with metal silicates
providing the molecular bonding structure to
preclude leaching. The off-gas from the kiln is
processed in an afterburner and wet scrub sys-
To Stack
Recycled Scrub
Solution
Soils/
Sludges/ ^
Sediments
MIXER
«^
^*-
PELLET
FORMER
ROTARY
KILN
Residual
Product
CCBA Process
Page 340
The SITE Program assesses but does not
approve or endorse technologies.
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November 1993
Ongoing Project
tern before'release to the atmosphere. Excess
scrub solution is recycled to the front-end mix-
ing process.
WASTE APPLICABILITY:
The CCBA process has been demonstrated
commercially on metal hydroxide sludges at a
throughput of 70 wet tons per month, based on
an 8-hour day, at 25 percent by weight solids.
This process can treat wastewater sludges,
sediments, and soils contaminated with mixed
organic and heavy metal wastes.
STATUS:
This technology was accepted into the SITE
Emerging Technology Program in January 1991.
Under this program, the CCBA technology will
be modified to include soils contaminated with
both heavy metals and organics. The initial
SITE studies will be done at a pilot facility with
a capacity of 10 pounds per hour; the resulting
data will then be used to design a transportable
production unit.
FOR FURTHER INFORMATION:
EPA PROJECT MANAGER:
Mark Meckes
U.S. EPA
Risk Reduction Engineering Laboratory
26 West Martin Luther King Drive
Cincinnati, OH 45268
513-569-7348
Fax: 513-569-7676
TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPER CONTACT:
Donald Kelly
Western Product Recovery Group, Inc.
P.O. Box 79728
Houston, TX 77279
713-493-9321
Fax: 713-493-9434
The SITE Program assesses but does not
approve or endorse technologies.
Page 341
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mm
Technology Profile
EMERGING TECHNOLOGY PROGRAM
ROY F. WESTON, INC.
(Ambersorb® 563 Adsorbent)
TECHNOLOGY DESCRIPTION:
This technology is a regenerable adsorption
system to treat groundwater contaminated with
hazardous organics. Ambersorb® 563 is a
synthetic adsorbent with 5 to 10 times the capa-
city of granular activated carbon (GAC) for
volatile organic compounds (VOC) present at
low concentrations.
Current adsorption techniques that use GAC are
well established for groundwater remediation but
require either disposal or thermal regeneration of
the spent carbon. In these cases, the GAC must
be removed from the site and shipped as a
hazardous material to the disposal or regenera-
tion facility.
The unique properties of Ambersorb® 563
carbonaceous adsorbent result in several key
performance benefits:
• Ambersorb® 563 adsorbent can be re-
generated on site using steam, thus
eliminating the liability and cost of off-
site regeneration or disposal associated
with GAC treatment. Condensed con-
taminants are recovered through phase
separation.
• Because Ambersorb® 563 adsorbent has
a much higher capacity for volatile
organics than GAC (at low con-
centrations), the process can operate for
significantly longer service cycle times
before regeneration is required.
Steam Supply
(Regeneration Cycle)
Contaminated
Groundwater
Feed
Ambersoib
Adsorbent
Columns
Arrbersorb
Adsorbent
Columns
. treated Water for
Disposal or Use
Prefilter
Condenser
Concentrated Contaminant/
Steam Condensate
Remediation of Contaminated Groundwater Using
Ambersorb® 563 Carbonaceous Adsorbent
Page 342
The SITE Program assesses but does not
approve or endorse technologies.
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November 1993
Ongoing Project
• Its higher flow rate operation as com-
pared with GAC translates into a smal-
ler, more compact system.
• Ambersorb® adsorbents are hard, non-
dusting, spherical beads with excellent
physical integrity, thus eliminating
handling problems and attrition losses
typically associated with GAC.
• Ambersorb® 563 Adsorbent is not prone
to bacterial fouling.
• Ambersorb® adsorbents have extremely
low ash levels (less than 0.05 percent).
• Because of stringent quality control
during manufacturing, Ambersorb®
adsorbents can be manufactured with
very little variation.
In addition, the Ambersorb® carbonaceous
adsorbent-based remediation process could
eliminate the need to dispose of by-products.
Organics can be recovered in a form potentially
suitable for immediate reuse. Alternatively,
removed organics could be burned as energy in
a power plant. Reclamation of waste organics is
an important benefit, as recovered materials
could be used as resources instead of disposed of
as wastes.
This combination of benefits results in a more
cost-effective alternative to currently available
technologies for the treatment of low-level VOC-
contaminated groundwater.
WASTE APPLICABILITY:
This technology is applicable to any water
stream containing contaminants that can be
treated with GAC, such as 1,2-dichloroethane,
1,1,1-trichloroethane, tetrachloroethene, vinyl
chloride, xylene, toluene, and other VOCs.
STATUS:
This technology was accepted into the SITE
Emerging Technology Program in 1993.
FOR FURTHER INFORMATION:
EPA PROJECT MANAGER:
Ronald Turner
U.S. EPA
Risk Reduction Engineering Laboratory
26 West Martin Luther King Drive
Cincinnati, OH 45268
513-569-7775
.Fax: 513-569-7787
TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPER CONTACT:
Russ Turner
Roy F. Weston, Inc.
1 Weston Way
West Chester, PA 19380-1499
215-430-3097
Ambersorb® is a registered trademark of the
Rohm and Haas Company.
The SITE Program assesses but does not
approve or endorse technologies.
Page 343
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PR0&BAH
The purpose of the Monitoring and Measurement Technologies Program (MMTP) is to accelerate the
development, demonstration, and use of innovative monitoring, measurement, and characterization
technologies at Superfund sites. These technologies are used to assess the nature and extent of
contamination and evaluate the progress and effectiveness of remedial actions. The MMTP places high
priority on technologies that provide cost-effective, faster, and safer methods than conventional
technologies for producing real-time or near-real-time data.
The MMTP is interested in new or modified technologies that can detect, monitor, and measure hazardous
and toxic substances in the subsurface (saturated and vadose zones), air, biological tissues, wastes, and
surface waters, as well as technologies that characterize the physical properties of sites. Technologies
of interest include chemical sensors for in situ measurements; groundwater sampling devices; soil and
core sampling devices; soil gas sampling devices; fluid sampling devices for the vadose zone; in situ and
field-portable analytical methods; and expert systems that support field sampling or data acquisition and
analysis.
The identification of candidate technologies is ongoing; therefore, technology developers are encouraged
to submit new and updated information at any time. This information is reviewed, cataloged, and
incorporated into a technology matrix, from which EPA makes a preliminary determination of possible
candidates for participation.
In conjunction with the demonstration of the Base-Catalyzed Decomposition technology held at the
Koppers Wood Preserving site in Morrisville, North Carolina, four pentachlorophenol (PCP) test kits and
a Field Analytical Screening Program (FASP) method were demonstrated under MMTP. Three were
immunoassay kits, developed by Ensys, Inc., Millipore, Inc., and Ohmicron Corporation, that were used
to detect and quantify the PCP concentrations. The fourth kit, developed by HNU Systems, used a
Friedel-Crafts reaction that can quantify the concentration of several organic contaminants. The FASP
method, developed by EPA, is an abbreviated standard analytical method for PCP using gas
chromatography. Soil and water samples from the Winona Post Wood treating site in Missouri were also
analyzed so the effect of different carrier solvents on test results could be evaluated.
Two demonstrations are in the planning phase, one for field-portable x-ray fluorescence technologies and
one for cone-penetrometer-mounted chemical sensors. Developers interested in participating should
contact J. Lary Jack at 703-798-2373.
Evaluations or demonstrations have been completed for 22 projects in the MMTP. These technologies
are presented in alphabetical order in Table 4, and most are included in the technology profiles that
follow.
Page 345
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TABLE 5
Completed SITE Monitoring and Measurement Technologies Program Projects as of October 1993
1
" - "-•-" ..-II™"' '"" "*•••-' — --„
Developer
Analytical and Remedial
Technology, Inc.,
Menlo Park, CA
Binax Corporation,
Antox Division,
South Portland, ME
Bruker Instruments,
Billerica, MA
Dexsil Corporation,
Hamden, CT
(2 Demonstrations)
EnSys, Inc. (developed by
Westinghouse Bio-Analytical
Systems),* (2 demonstrations)
Research Triangle Park, NC
Graseby Ionics, Ltd.,
Watford, Herts, England and
PCP, Inc.,
West Palm Beach, FL
(2 Demonstrations)
HNU Systems, Incorporated,*
Newtown, MA
HNU Systems, Incorporated,
Newtown, MA
MDA Scientific, Incorporated,
Norcross, GA
Technology
Automated Volatile
Organic Analytical
System
Equate* Immunoassay
Bruker Mobile
Environmental Monitor
Environmental Test
Kits
Immunoassay for PCP
Ion Mobility
Spectrometry
PCP Test Kit
Portable Gas
Chromatograph
Fourier Transform
Infrared Spectrometer
Technology
Contact
D. MacKay
415-324-2259
Roger Piasio
207-772-3544
John Wronka
508-667-9580
Steve Finch
203-288-3509
Stephen Friedman
914-941-5509
John Brokenshire
011-44-
923-816166
Martin Cohen
407-683-0507
Bob Laliberk
800-726-6690
ext. 184
Clayton Wood
617-964-6690
Orman Simpson
404-242-0977
••^'•-jii . :--• -miir^^"^- -- ~-L-i-..irji
EPA Project
Manager
J. Lary Jack or
Stephen Billets
702-798-2373
Jeanette Van Emon
702-798-2154
J. Lary Jack or
Stephen Billets
702-798-2373
J. Lary Jack
702-798-2373
Jeanette Van Emon
702-798-2154
J. Lary Jack
702-798-2373
Jeanette Van Emon
702-798-2154
Richard Berkley
919-541-2439
William McClenny
919-541-3158
Waste
Media
Water, Air
Streams
Water
Air Streams,
Water, Soil,
Sludge, Sediment
Soil
Groundwater
Air Streams,
Vapor, Soil,
Water
Soil, Water
Air Streams
Air Streams
..
Applicable Waste
Inorganic
Not Applicable
Not Applicable
Not Applicable
Not Applicable
Not Applicable
Not Applicable
Not Applicable
Not Applicable
Nonspecific
Inorganics
Organic
VOCs
BTX (benzene, toluene,
xylene)
VOCs, SVOCs, and PCBs,
PAHs
PCBs
PCP
VOCs
PCPs
VOCs, Aromatic
Compounds, Halocarbons
Nonspecific Organics
* This technology is not profiled in this document. For further information, please contact either the Technology Contact or the EPA Project Mi
.anager.
-------
TABLE 5 (Continued)
Completed SITE Monitoring and Measurement Technologies Program Projects as of October 1993
Developer
Microsensor Systems,
Incorporated,
Bowling Green, KY
Millipore Corporation,
Bedford, MA
Millipore Corporation,*
Bedford, MA
MTI Analytical Instruments
(formerly Microsensor
Technology, Incorporated),
Fremont, CA
Ohmicron Corporation*
Newtown, MA
Photovac International,
Incorporated,
Deer Park, NY
Sentex Sensing Technology,
Incorporated,
Ridgefield, NJ
SRI Instruments,
Torrance, CA
United States Environmental
Protection Agency
Las Vegas, NV
XonTech Incorporated,
Van Nuys, CA
Technology
Portable Gas
Chromatograph
EnviroGard™ PCB
Immunoassay Test Kit
Immunoassay for PCP
Portable Gas
Chromatograph
Immunoassay for PCP
Photovac 10S PLUS
Portable Gas
Chromatograph
Gas Chromatograph
Field Analytical
Screening Program
PCB Method
XonTech Sector
Sampler
Technology
Contact
N. L. Jarvis
410-939-1089
Alan Weiss
617-275-9200
Alan Weiss
800-225-1380
ext. 2968
Kent Hammarstrand
510-490-0900
Dave Herzog
215-860-5115
Mark Collins
516-254-4199
Amos Linenberg
201-945-3694
Dave Quinn
310-214-5092
Not Available
Matt Young
818-787-7380
EPA Project
Manager
Richard Berkley
919-541-2439
Jeanette Van Emon
702-798-2154
Jeanette Van Emon
702-798-2154
Richard Berkley
919-541-2439
Jeanette Van Emon
702-798-2154
Richard Berkley
919-541-2439
Richard Berkley
919-541-2439
Richard Berkley
919-541-2439
J. Lary Jack
702-798-2373
Joachim Pleil
919-541-4680
Waste
Media
Air Streams
Soil
Soil, Water
Air Streams
Soil, Water
Air Streams
Air Streams
Air Streams
Soil
Air Streams
Applicable Waste
Inorganic
Not Applicable
Not Applicable
Not Applicable
Nonspecific
Inorganics
Not Applicable
Not Applicable
Not Applicable
Not Applicable
Not Applicable
Not Applicable
Organic
VOCs
PCBs
PCPs
Nonspecific Organics
PCPs
VOCs
VOCs
VOCs
PCBs
VOCs
* This technology is not profiled in this document. For farther information, please contact either the Technology Contact or the EPA Project Manager.
-------
Technology Profile
MONITORING AND MEASUREMENT
TECHNOLOGIES PROGRAM
ANALYTICAL AND REMEDIAL TECHNOLOGY, INC.
(Automated Volatile Organic Analytical System)
TECHNOLOGY DESCRIPTION:
The automated volatile organic analytical system
(AVOAS) permits the continuous monitoring of
a water stream. The instrument (see photograph
below) consists of a sampling manifold that
automatically samples at predetermined collec-
tion points within the process under study. The
samples are then shunted directly into a chamber
where a conventional purge-and-trap procedure
is carried out. The analytes are collected on a
sorbent trap, which is then thermally desorbed.
The sample is then automatically injected into a
gas chromatograph, where individual com-
ponents are separated. The gas chromatograph
can be equipped with a variety of detectors that
offer high sensitivity or specificity depending on
the application or data requirements. The entire
system, including report preparation, is under
computer control; therefore, the operator is not
directly involved in sample collection, transport,
or analysis. The instrument was designed to
meet the requirements of standard EPA
purge-and-trap methods.
WASTE APPLICABILITY:
The system is designed for the automated deter-
mination of volatile organic compounds in
aqueous samples, as may be obtained from a
treatment or process stream. Because the system
contains a thermal desorption chamber, air
samples collected on TENAX or charcoal tubes
may also be analyzed. The instrument can
Automated Volatile Organic Analytical System (AVOAS)
Page 348
The SITE Program assesses but does not
approve or endorse technologies.
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November 1993
Completed Project
provide real-time analytical data during the
remediation and long-term monitoring phases at
a Superfund site.
STATUS:
A demonstration was conducted in May 1991 at
the Wells G and H Superfund site in EPA
Region 1. The demonstration was conducted as
part of a pilot-scale pump-and-treat engineering
study. For purposes of this demonstration, EPA
Method 502.2 was evaluated. The system was
installed to collect samples at six points in the
treatment train. Duplicate samples were col-
lected and shipped to a conventional laboratory
for confirmatory analysis. A preliminary evalu-
ation of the results indicates a strong correlation
between the laboratory and field data. A full
report on this demonstration was prepared in
December 1991. The results were presented at
the 1992 Pittsburgh Conference and Exposition
on Analytical Chemistry and Applied Spectros-
copy. Additional studies will be conducted to
expand the scope of application and to prepare
detailed protocols based on the conclusions and
recommendations in the final report.
FOR FURTHER INFORMATION:
EPA PROJECT MANAGERS:
J. Lary Jack or Stephen Billets
U.S. EPA
Environmental Monitoring Systems
Laboratory-Las Vegas
P.O. Box 93478
Las Vegas, NV 89193
702-798-2373
TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPER CONTACT:
D. MacKay
Analytical and Remedial Technology, Inc.
206 West O'Conner Street
Menlo Park, CA 94025
415-324-2259
The SITE Program assesses but does not
approve or endorse technologies.
Page 349
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Technology Profile
MONITORING AND MEASUREMENT
TECHNOLOGIES PROGRAM
BINAX CORPORATION
Antox Division
(Equate® Immunoassay)
TECHNOLOGY DESCRIPTION:
The Equate® immunoassay uses an anti-benzene,
toluene, and xylene (BTX) polyclonal antibody
to facilitate analysis of BTX in water. A
hapten-enzyme conjugate mimics free BTX
hydrocarbons and competes for binding to the
polyclonal antibody immobilized on a test tube.
After washing to remove unbound conjugate, a
substrate chromogen mixture is added and a
colored enzymatic reaction product is formed.
The enzymatic reaction is stopped by adding a
few drops of sulfuric acid, which changes the
color to yellow.
As with other competitive enzyme-linked im-
munosorbent assays, the color intensity of the
enzymatic product is inversely proportional to
the sample analyte concentration. Each sample
is run with a reference sample of deionized
water. The optical density of the colored en-
zymatic product is read on a portable digital
colorimeter equipped with a filter that passes
light at a peak wavelength of 450 nanometers.
The ratio of the sample to the reference optical
density values is used to estimate the aromatic
hydrocarbon level in the low parts per million
(ppm) range. The test is sensitive to about 1
ppm and requires 5 to 10 minutes per analysis.
WASTE APPLICABILITY:
The immunoassay is designed to measure aro-
matic hydrocarbons in water.
STATUS:
The Environmental Monitoring System Labora-
tory-Las Vegas evaluated several successful
versions of the immunoassay. The evaluation
,in,*
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November 1993
Completed Project
focused on cross-reactivity and interference
testing and on analysis of benzene, toluene,
ethylbenzene, and xylene (BTEX) and gasoline
standard curves.
As a preliminary field evaluation, five well
samples and a creek sample were analyzed in
duplicate, both in the field and the laboratory,
by the immunoassay. For confirmation, samples
were also analyzed by purge-and-trap gas
chromatography with an electron capture detec-
tor, in parallel with a photoionization detector.
A SITE demonstration of the Equate® im-
munoassay was conducted in 1992.
FOR FURTHER INFORMATION:
EPA PROJECT MANAGER:
Jeanette Van Emon
U.S. EPA
Environmental Monitoring Systems
Laboratory-Las Vegas
P.O. Box 93478
Las Vegas, NV 89193-3478
702-798-2154
TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPER CONTACT:
Roger Piasio
Binax Corporation, Antox Division
95 Darling Avenue
South Portland, ME 04106
207-772-3544
Fax: 207-761-2074
The SITE Program assesses but does not
approve or endorse technologies.
Page 351
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Technology Profile
MONITORING AND MEASUREMENT
TECHNOLOGIES PROGRAM
BRUKER INSTRUMENTS
(Broker Mobile Environmental Monitor)
TECHNOLOGY DESCRIPTION:
This mobile environmental monitor (see photo-
graph below) is a field transportable mass spec-
trometer designed to identify and measure
organic pollutants in various environmental
media. The spectrometer uses a quadruple mass
analyzer similar to most conventional instru-
ments. Like conventional mass spectrometers,
this instrument can be used to identify and
quantify organic compounds on the basis of their
retention time, molecular weight, and charac-
teristic fragment pattern. The design and elec-
tronics of the Bruker instrument are specially
designed for field use.
The instrument is designed to operate by battery
power and can be used hi various environmental
situations with minimum support requirements.
The integrated gas chromatograph allows for the
introduction of complex extracts for separation
into individual components and subsequent
analysis in the mass spectrometer.
The instrument was originally designed for the
military to detect and monitor chemical warfare
agents. Environmental samples may be intro-
duced to the mass spectrometer through the
direct air sampler or the gas chromatograph.
Results are collected and stored in a computer,
where data reduction and analysis are carried
out. The computer provides reports within
minutes of final data acquisition.
WASTE APPLICABILITY:
This instrument is designed to detect the full
range of volatile and semivolatile organic com-
Bruker Mobile Environmental Monitor
Page 352
The SITE Program assesses but does not
approve or endorse technologies.
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November 1993
Completed Project
pounds directly in air and in extracts of water,
soil, sediment, sludge, and hazardous waste.
The Bruker mobile environmental monitor
provides in-field, real-time support during the
characterization and remediation phases of
cleanup at a hazardous waste site.
STATUS:
This technology was demonstrated at the Re-
Solve Inc., and Westborough Superfund site in
EPA Region 1. The technology was used to
analyze polychlorinated biphenyls and poly-
nuclear aromatics in soil and the full range of
Superfund-targeted volatile organic compounds
in water. All samples analyzed in the field were
shipped to a laboratory for confirmatory analysis
using standard Superfund analytical methods.
The SITE demonstration was completed in
September 1990, and a project report was pro-
vided to the Superfund Program Office. The
results of this study were presented at the Amer-
ican Society for Mass Spectrometry (ASMS)
Conference (May 1991) and at the Superfund
Hazardous Waste Conference (July 1991). A
recent survey of regional laboratories identified
additional testing of this technology as a priority
need.
Environmental Monitoring Systems Laboratory-
Las Vegas purchased a field portable gas chro-
matograph/mass spectrometer system in fiscal
year 1992 to pursue other applications and to
expand the scope of this project.
FOR FURTHER INFORMATION:
EPA PROJECT MANAGERS:
J. Lary Jack or Stephen Billets
U.S. EPA
Environmental Monitoring Systems
Laboratory-Las Vegas
P.O. Box 93478
Las Vegas, NV 89193
702-798-2373
TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPER CONTACT:
John Wronka
Bruker Instruments
Manning Park
19 Fortune Drive
Billerica, MA 01821
508-667-9580
The SITE Program assesses but does not
approve or endorse technologies.
Page 353
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Technology Profile
MONITORING AND MEASUREMENT
TECHNOLOGIES PROGRAM
DEXSIL CORPORATION
(Environmental Test Kits)
TECHNOLOGY DESCRIPTION:
The Dexsil Corporation (Dexsil) produces two
test kits that detect polychlorinated biphenyls
(PCB) in soil: the Dexsil Clor-N-Soil PCB
Screening Kit and the Dexsil L2000 PCB/
Chloride Analyzer. The Dexsil Clor-N-Soil
PCB Screening Kit extracts PCBs from soil and
dissociates the PCBs with a sodium reagent,
freeing chloride ions (Cl~). These ions are then
exposed to mercuric ions to form a mercury
chloride compound. The extract is then treated
with diphenyl carbazone, which reacts with free
mercury ions to form a purple color. The less
purple the color, the greater the concentration of
PCBs in the extract. The Dexsil L2000 PCB/
Chloride Analyzer also extracts PCBs from soil
and dissociates the PCBs with a sodium reagent,
freeing chloride ions. The extract is then ana-
lyzed with a calibrated chloride-specific elec-
trode. The L2000 instrument then translates the
output from the electrode into parts per million
(ppm) PCB.
WASTE APPLICABILITY:
These technologies produce analytical results at
different data quality levels. The Clor-N-Soil
PCB Screening Kit identifies samples above or
below a single concentration, which is generally
tied to regulatory action levels. The Dexsil
L2000 PCB/Chloride Analyzer quantitates
specific concentrations of PCBs in a sample over
the range of 2 to 2000 ppm PCB. The applica-
bility of these methods depends on the data
quality needs of a specific project. Both tech-
Dexsil Clor-N-Soil PCB Screening Kit
Page 354
The SITE Program assesses but does not
approve or endorse technologies.
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November 1993
Completed Project
nologies can be used on site for site characteri-
zation or removal action.
STATUS:
These test kits were demonstrated at a PCB-
contaminated facility in EPA Region 7. About
200 soil samples were collected and analyzed on
site using the Dexsil test kits. Soil samples were
not dried prior to analysis. Split samples were
submitted to the Contract Laboratory Program
(CLP) for confirmatory analysis by SW-846
Method 8080. Demonstration data were used to
evaluate the accuracy and precision of the test
kits, relative to internal quality control samples
and to CLP data. These data also were used to
determine operating costs.
The sampling and field analyses for this tech-
nology demonstration were completed in August
1992. The final report is undergoing peer
review and will be published in 1994.
FOR FURTHER INFORMATION:
EPA PROJECT MANAGER:
J. Lary Jack
U.S. EPA
Environmental Monitoring Systems
Laboratory-Las Vegas
P.O. Box 93478
Las Vegas, NV 89193
702-789-2373
TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPER CONTACT:
Steve Finch
Dexsil Corporation
One Hamden Park Drive
Hamden, CT 06517
203-288-3509
Dexsil L2000 PCB/Chloride Analyzer
The SITE Program assesses but does not
approve or endorse technologies.
Page 355
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Technology Profile
MONITORING AND MEASUREMENT
TECHNOLOGIES PROGRAM
GRASEBY IONICS, LTD., and PCP, INC.
(Ion Mobility Spectrometry)
TECHNOLOGY DESCRIPTION:
Ion mobility spectrometry (IMS) is a technique
used to detect and characterize organic vapors in
air. IMS involves the ionization of molecules
and their subsequent temporal drift through an
electric field. Analysis and characterization are
based on analyte separations resulting from ionic
mobilities rather than masses; this distinguishes
IMS from mass spectrometry. IMS is operated
at atmospheric pressure, a characteristic that has
practical advantages including smaller size,
lower power requirements, less weight, and ease
of use.
WASTE APPLICABILITY:
The IMS units, which are intended to be used in
a preprogrammed fashion, can monitor one of
several chemicals, such as chloroform, ethyl-
benzene, and other volatile organic compounds
(VOC), in a defined situation. They can be used
to analyze air, vapor, soil, and water samples.
However, for analysis of solid materials, the
.contaminants must be introduced to the instru-
ment in the gas phase, requiring some sample
preparation.
STATUS:
Graseby Ionics, Ltd. (Graseby), and PCP, Inc.,
participated in a laboratory demonstration in
summer and fall 1990. Graseby used a commer-
cially available, self-contained instrument that
weighs about 2 kilograms (kg) (see figure be-
low). PCP, Inc., used a larger (12 kg) trans-
portable IMS. This laboratory demonstration
was the first opportunity for these developers to
test their instruments using environmental sam-
ples. Though the potential of IMS is known, the
results of the laboratory demonstration high-
lighted, for the first time, the technology's
ENVIRONMENTAL CAP
Airborne Vapor Monitor
NOZZLE PROTECTIVE CAP-
(Posltlon when A.V.M. Is In uaa)
Page 356
The SITE Program assesses but does not
approve or endorse technologies.
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November 1993
Completed Project
limitations. Two main needs must be met before
IMS will be ready for field applications:
• Additional development of sampling or
sample preparation strategies for soil and
water analysis
• Improvements in the design and perfor-
mance of IMS inlets in conjunction with
the development of sampling and presen-
tation procedures
A Technology Evaluation Report on the IMS
laboratory demonstration is being prepared.
FOR FURTHER INFORMATION:
EPA PROJECT MANAGER:
J. Lary Jack
U.S. EPA
Environmental Monitoring Systems
Laboratory-Las Vegas
P.O. Box 93478
Las Vegas, NV 89193-3478
702-798-2373
TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPER CONTACTS:
John Brokenshire
Graseby Ionics, Ltd.
Analytical Division
Park Avenue, Bushey
Watford, Herts, WD2 2BW
England
011-44-923-816166
Martin Cohen
PCP, Inc.
2155 Indian Road
West Palm Beach, FL 33409-3287
407-683-0507
The SITE Program assesses but does not
approve or endorse technologies.
Page 357
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Technology Profile
MONITORING AND MEASUREMENT
TECHNOLOGIES PROGRAM
HNU SYSTEMS, INCORPORATED
(Portable Gas Chromatograph)
TECHNOLOGY DESCRIPTION:
The HNU GC 311 portable isothermal gas
Chromatograph (see figure below) is specially
designed to be field-deployable. It has an inter-
nal carrier gas supply, operates on 110-volt line
power, and is microprocessor-controlled. Chro-
matograms are plotted, and data are printed on
an internal printer plotter. Data can also be
reported to an external computer, which is
connected through an RS-232 outlet. Either
photoionization or electron-capture detectors can
be used. Capillary columns of all sizes can be
installed. The unit is capable of autosampling.
WASTE APPLICABILITY:
The HNU GC 311 can be used to monitor
volatile organic compound emissions from
hazardous waste sites and other emissions sour-
ces before and during remediation. It is poten-
tially applicable to a wide variety of vapor phase
pollutants, but its field performance is still under
evaluation. The photoionization detector is
sensitive to compounds that ionize below 10.4
electron volts, such as aromatic compounds and
unsaturated halocarbons. The electron-capture
detector is sensitive to compounds with a high
affinity for electrons, such as halocarbons.
no a aaaaa
a a a aaaaa
HNU GC 311
Page 358
The SITE Program assesses but does not
approve or endorse technologies.
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November 1993
Completed Project
STATUS:
Field evaluation at a Superfund site under reme-
diation was conducted during January 1992.
The final report is undergoing peer review and
will be published in 1994.
FOR FURTHER INFORMATION:
EPA PROJECT MANAGER:
Richard Berkley
U.S. EPA
Atmospheric Research and Exposure
Assessment Laboratory
MD-44
Research Triangle Park, NC 27711
919-541-2439
TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPER CONTACT:
Clayton Wood
HNU Systems, Incorporated
160 Charlemont Street
Newtown, MA 02161-9987
617-964-6690
The SITE Program assesses but does not
approve or endorse technologies.
Page 359
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Technology Profile
MONITORING AND MEASUREMENT
TECHNOLOGIES PROGRAM
MDA SCIENTIFIC, INCORPORATED
(Fourier Transform Infrared Spectrometer)
TECHNOLOGY DESCRIPTION:
This long-path monitoring system (see photo-
graph below) is a field-deployable long-path
Fourier transform infrared spectrometer that
measures infrared absorption by infrared-active
molecules. An infrared beam is transmitted
along a path to a retroflector that returns it to
the detector. The total path can be up to 1
kilometer long. The system does not need
calibration in the field. Analysis is performed
by using a reference spectrum of known con-
centration and classical least squares fitting
routines. It does not require the acquisition of
a sample, thereby ensuring sample integrity. A
measurement requires only a few minutes, which
allows determination of temporal profiles for
pollutant gas concentrations.
WASTE APPLICABILITY:
The long-path monitor can measure various
airborne vapors, including both organic and
inorganic compounds, especially those that are
too volatile to be collected by preconcentration
methods. It can be used to monitor emissions
Fourier Transform Infrared Spectrometer
Page 360
The SITE Program assesses but does not
approve or endorse technologies.
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November 7993
Completed Project
from hazardous waste sites during remediation.
Under:proper conditions, it may be possible to
estimate emission rates of vapors from the site.
STATUS:
The long-path monitor has been evaluated in
several field studies and has been proven capable
of detecting various significant airborne at-
mospheric vapors. Software that identifies and
quantifies compounds in the presence of back-
ground interference is under development. Field
operating procedures and quality control proce-
dures are being established. A field evaluation
of this instrument was conducted at a Superfund
site in January 1992. Results from this field
evaluation are published in an EPA report
entitled "Superfund Innovative Technology
Evaluation, The Delaware SITE Study, 1989"
(EPA/600/A3-91/071).
FOR FURTHER INFORMATION:
EPA PROJECT MANAGER:
William McClenny
U.S. EPA
Atmospheric Research and Exposure
Assessment Laboratory
MD-44
Research Triangle Park, NC 27711
919-541-3158
TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPER CONTACT:
Orman Simpson
MDA Scientific, Incorporated
3000 Northwoods Parkway
Norcross, GA 30071
404-242-0977
The SITE Program assesses but does not
approve or endorse technologies.
Page 361
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Technology Profile
MONITORING AND MEASUREMENT
TECHNOLOGIES PROGRAM
MICROSENSOR SYSTEMS, INCORPORATED
(Portable Gas Chromatograph)
TECHNOLOGY DESCRIPTION:
The MSI-301A vapor monitor (see figure below)
is a portable, temperature-controlled gas chroma-
tograph with a highly selective surface acoustic
wave detector and an on-board computer. It
preconcentrates samples and uses scrubbed
ambient air as a carrier gas. It analyzes a
limited group of preselected compounds (for
example, benzene, toluene, and xylenes) at part-
per-billion levels. It is battery-powered and
includes an RS-232 interface. It can be operated
automatically as a stationary sampler or manual-
ly as a mobile unit.
WASTE APPLICABILITY:
The MSI-301A vapor monitor can be used to
monitor volatile organic compound emissions
from hazardous waste sites and other sources
before and during remediation. It can be applied
to many kinds of vapor phase pollutants, but its
performance characteristics in the field have not
been evaluated.
1
4
E
*
2
5
8
0
^
6
9
#
MSI-301A Vapor Monitor
Page 362
The SITE Program assesses but does not
approve or endorse technologies.
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November 1993
Completed Project
STATUS:
In January 1992, the MSI-301A vapor monitor
was evaluated in the field at a Superfund site.
The final report is undergoing peer review and
will be published in 1994.
FOR FURTHER INFORMATION:
EPA PROJECT MANAGER:
Richard Berkley
U.S. EPA
Atmospheric Research and Exposure
Assessment Laboratory
MD-44
Research Triangle Park, NC 27711
919-541-2439
TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPER CONTACT:
N. L. Jarvis
Micrpsensor Systems, Incorporated
62 Corporate Court
Bowling Green, KY 42103
410-939-1089
Fax: 410-939-1168
The SITE Program assesses but does not
approve or endorse technologies.
Page 363
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Technology Profile
MONITORING AND MEASUREMENT
TECHNOLOGIES PROGRAM
MILLIPORE CORPORATION
(EnviroGard™ PCB Immunoassay Test Kit)
TECHNOLOGY DESCRIPTION:
The EnviroGard™ polychlorinated biphenyl
(PCB) immunoassay test kit performs rapid
analysis of PCBs in soils. The test kit procedure
is shown below. Soil sample extracts are added
to test tubes coated with antibodies that bind
PCB molecules. The soil extracts are washed
away after incubation, and a PCB conjugate
(horse radish peroxidase enzyme), which mimics
free PCB molecules, is added to the tubes.
Unoccupied antibody binding sites bind the PCB
conjugate. Excess PCB conjugate is washed
away. An enzyme substrate and a coloring
agent are added to the test tube. The color
intensity is measured at 405 nanometers using a
small, portable spectrophotometer. The color
intensity is inversely proportional to PCB con-
Incubation 1:
Dilution of sample or
calibrator is incubated in
tube containing
Immobilized antibodies.
- PCB
*•' -
If-
Non-PCB Material in Filtrate
or Calibrator
PCB Antibody
Washl:
Non-PCB material is
washed away, leaving only
PCBs bound to antibodies.
Incubation 2:
PCB-HRP binds to free
antl-PCB sites on
immobilized antibodies.
Wash 2:
Unbound PCB-HRP is
washed away, leaving an
amount of enzyme
inversely proportional to
the PCB concentration in
incubation 1.
incubation 3:
Colorless substrate and
chromogen become blue in
proportion to amount of
bound enzyme. Lass, color.
means mom EC.B stop
solution inactivates the HRP,
changes color to yellow, and
stabilizes color.
HRP (Horse Radish
Peroxidase Enzyme)
S - Substrate
C = Chromogen
Test Kit Procedure
Page 364
The SITE Program assesses but does not
approve or endorse technologies.
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November 1993
Completed Project
centration in the soil sample. The results ob-
tained from the soil samples are compared
against three calibrators of 5, 10, and 50 parts
per million (ppm). This type of test is called a
competitive enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay
(ELISA).
PCB concentrations can be semiquantitatively
classified as below 5 ppm, between 5 and 10
ppm, between 10 and 50 ppm, and greater than
50 ppm. Up to six sample analyses (in dupli-
cate) can be performed in about 15 to 20 min-
utes. The developer can provide optional proto-
cols to perform more detailed quantitative analy-
sis.
WASTE APPLICABILITY:
The PCB immunoassay measures PCBs in soil.
The test is equally sensitive to Aroclors 1016,
1232, 1242, 1248, 1254, and 1260, with moder-
ate sensitivity to Aroclor 1221. Test detection
limits are reported to be 0.1 part per billion in
water and 0.1 ppm in soils. Millipore has also
developed ELISA kits under the EnviroGard™
trademark for triazine, aldicarb, 2,4-dichloro-
phenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D), carbofuran, cyclodi-
enes, alachlor, and benomyl. These kits have
been used to test for contaminants in food,
water, soil, and contaminated surfaces and are
available for commercial distribution.
STATUS:
The EnviroGard™ test kit has been used for
screening and quantifying PCB contamination in
soils at a SITE demonstration of a solvent ex-
traction system in Washburn, Maine. The kit
was also demonstrated at a U.S. Department of
Energy (DOE) site in Kansas City, Missouri.
Soil containing over 50 ppm PCB was required
to implement the demonstration tests at the
Washburn, Maine site. Calibrators at the 5 and
50 ppm level were used to evaluate the kit's
potential for segregating soils. Additional tests
were performed on dilutions of the soil extracts
to evaluate quantitative performance. Highly
contaminated soils were easily identified, and
quantitative tests provided correlation to actual
contaminant levels. Test results were confirmed
by off-site analysis using EPA Method 8080.
Soils contaminated with Aroclor 1242 in ranges
from 0 to greater than 1,000 ppm were analyzed
with the test kit at the DOE facility. Over 200
assays of environmental samples and calibrators
were performed to evaluate correlation with both
on-site and off-site gas chromatograph data.
Final evaluation of the data will be presented in
the Technology Evaluation Report.
Draft methods for the PCB test in soil were
submitted for review by the Office of Solid
Waste (OSW) methods panel in summer 1992.
The final report is undergoing peer review and
will be published in 1994.
FOR FURTHER INFORMATION:
EPA PROJECT MANAGER:
Jeanette Van Emon
U.S. EPA
Environmental Monitoring Systems
Laboratory-Las Vegas
P.O. Box 93478
Las Vegas, NV 89193-3478
702-798-2154
TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPER CONTACT:
Alan Weiss
Analytical Division
Millipore Corporation
80 Asby Road
Bedford, MA 01730
617-275-9200, ext. 2968
The SITE Program assesses but does not
approve or endorse technologies.
Page 365
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Technology Profile
MONITORING AND MEASUREMENT
TECHNOLOGIES PROGRAM
MTI ANALYTICAL INSTRUMENTS
(formerly MICROSENSOR TECHNOLOGY, INCORPORATED)
(Portable Gas Chromatograph)
TECHNOLOGY DESCRIPTION:
The MTI Analytical Instruments M200 gas
analyzer (see figure below) is a dual-channel
portable isothermal gas chromatograph. The
injection system and thermal conductivity detec-
tor are micromachined in silicon and connected
by a short length of microbore column. Samples
are drawn through a sample loop with a vacuum
pump, then placed in line with the carrier
stream. Concentrations as low as 1 part per
million (pPm) can be detected from a wide
variety of volatile organic compounds (VOC)
without preconcentration. Chromatograms are
completed in less than 5 minutes.
WASTE APPLICABILITY:
The M200 gas analyzer can potentially be used
to monitor VOC emissions from hazardous
waste sites before and during remediation.
Analysis of concentrations below 1 ppm requires
the use of a preconcentrator. Because of the
universal sensitivity of its thermal conductivity
detector, it is potentially applicable to many
types of vapor phase compounds, both organic
M200 Gas Analyzer
Page 366
The SITE Program assesses but does not
approve or endorse technologies.
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November 1993
Completed Project
and inorganic. However, its performance char-
acteristics in field operation have not been
evaluated because a suitable preconcentrator is
not available.
STATUS:
Laboratory evaluation of this instrument was
conducted during 1990 through 1992. The
instrument's sensitivity was inadequate for field
operation without preconcentration.
FOR FURTHER INFORMATION:
EPA PROJECT MANAGER:
Richard Berkley
U.S. EPA
Atmospheric Research and Exposure
Assessment Laboratory
MD-44
Research Triangle Park, NC 27711
919-541-2439
TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPER CONTACT:
Kent Hammarstrand
Microsensor Technology, Incorporated
41762 Christy Street
Fremont, CA 94538
510-490-0900
The SITE Program assesses but does not
approve or endorse technologies.
Page 367
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Technology Profile
MONITORING AND MEASUREMENT
TECHNOLOGIES PROGRAM
PHOTOVAC INTERNATIONAL, INCORPORATED
(Photovac 10S PLUS)
TECHNOLOGY DESCRIPTION:
The Photovac 10S PLUS (see figure below) is a
redesigned version of the Photovac 10S70, a
battery-powered portable isothermal gas chro-
matograph. The 10S PLUS addresses many of
the design problems in the 10S70 and includes
the following characteristics:
• All-steel valves significantly reduce
memory effect and carryover con-
tamination.
• Autoranging permits operation at high
gain.
An on-board computer controls the unit
and manages data.
The 10.6-electron-volt (eV) photoioniza-
tion detector is limited to low tempera-
ture operation.
For a limited number of compounds that
ionize below 10.6 eV and are volatile
enough to elute at 50° C or below, it is
highly selective and more sensitive than
any other detector.
This unit is capable of detecting ben-
zene, toluene, xylenes, and chlorinated
ethylenes in samples that are small
enough to be chromatographed, without
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Photovac 10S PLUS
Page 368
The SITE Program assesses but does not
approve or endorse technologies.
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November 1993
Completed Project
preconcentration, at concentrations
well below 1 part per billion.
WASTE APPLICABILITY:
The Photovac 10S PLUS can be used to monitor
volatile organic compound (VOC) emissions
from hazardous waste sites and other emission
sources before and during remediation. Its
predecessor, the 10S70 is an effective — though
somewhat unreliable — monitor for volatile
aromatic and chlorinated olefin compounds at
ambient background levels.
STATUS:
Field evaluation at a Superfund site under reme-
diation was conducted in January 1992. The
final report is undergoing peer review and will
be published in 1994.
FOR FURTHER INFORMATION:
EPA PROJECT MANAGER:
Richard Berkley
U.S. EPA
Atmospheric Research and Exposure
Assessment Laboratory
MD-44
Research Triangle Park, NC 27711
919-541-2439
TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPER CONTACT:
Mark Collins
Photovac International, Incorporated
25B Jefryn Boulevard West
Deer Park, NY 11729
516-254-4199
The SITE Program assesses but does not
approve or endorse technologies.
Page 369
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Technology Profile
MONITORING AND MEASUREMENT
TECHNOLOGIES PROGRAM
SENTEX SENSING TECHNOLOGY, INCORPORATED
(Portable Gas Chromatograph)
TECHNOLOGY DESCRIPTION:
The scentograph portable gas chromatograph
(see figure below) can operate for several hours
on internal batteries and has internal carrier gas
and calibrant tanks. It can be fitted with a
megabore capillary column or a packed column.
The instrument can be operated isothermally at
elevated temperatures or ballistically tempera-
ture-programmed. Autosampling is performed
by drawing air through a sorbent bed, followed
by rapid thermal desorption into the carrier
stream. The detector may be operated in either
argon ionization or electron-capture modes. The
11.7-electron-volt (eV) ionization energy makes
the detector unit nearly universal with a detec-
tion limit of about 1 part per billion. The
instrument is controlled through an attached IBM
PC/XT compatible laptop computer.
WASTE APPLICABILITY:
The scentograph portable gas chromatograph can
be used to monitor volatile organic compound
emissions from hazardous waste sites and other
emission sources before and during remediation.
Portable Gas Chromatograph
Page 370
The SITE Program assesses but does not
approve or endorse technologies.
-------
November 1993
Completed Project
It has been used for several years in water and
soil analyses and can analyze all kinds of vapor
phase pollutants.
STATUS:
Field evaluation at a Superfund site under reme-
diation was conducted in January 1992. The
final report is undergoing peer review and will
be published in 1994.
FOR FURTHER INFORMATION:
EPA PROJECT MANAGER:
Richard Berkley
U.S. EPA
Atmospheric Research and Exposure
Assessment Laboratory
MD-44
Research Triangle Park, NC 27711
919-541-2439
TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPER CONTACT:
Amos Linenberg
Sentex Sensing Technology, Incorporated
553 Broad Avenue
Ridgefield, NJ 07657
201-945-3694
The SITE Program assesses but does not
approve or endorse technologies.
Page 371
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==
Technology Profile
MONITORING AND MEASUREMENT
TECHNOLOGIES PROGRAM
SRI INSTRUMENTS
(Gas Chromatograph)
TECHNOLOGY DESCRIPTION:
The SRI 8610 gas chromatograph (see figure
below) is a small low-cost laboratory instrument
that is field-deployable. It is temperature-
programmable and features a built-in purge-and-
trap system. The column oven is designed to fit
all standard packed and capillary columns.
Thermal conductivity, flame ionization, nitro-
gen-phosphorus, thermionic ionization, photo-
ionization, electron capture, Hall, and flame
photometric detectors can be used. Up to three
detectors may be simultaneously mounted in
series.
WASTE APPLICABILITY:
The SRI 8610 gas chromatograph can be used to
monitor airborne emissions from hazardous
waste sites and other emission sources before
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8610 Gas Chromatograph
Page 372
The SITE Program assesses but does not
approve or endorse technologies.
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November 7993
Completed Project
and during remediation. It can be applied to
volatile organic compounds, but its performance
characteristics in the field have not been
evaluated.
STATUS:
Field evaluation of the SRI 8610 gas chromato-
graph at a Superfund site under remediation was
conducted in January 1992. The final report is
undergoing peer review and will be published in
1994.
FOR FURTHER INFORMATION:
EPA PROJECT MANAGER:
Richard Berkley
U.S. EPA
Atmospheric Research and Exposure
Assessment Laboratory
MD-44
Research Triangle Park, NC 27711
919-541-2439
TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPER CONTACT:
Dave Quinn
SRI Instruments
3870 Del Amo Boulevard, Suite 506
Torrance, CA 90503
310-214-5092
The SITE Program assesses but does not
approve or endorse technologies.
Page 373
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Technology Profile
MONITORING AND MEASUREMENT
TECHNOLOGIES PROGRAM
UNITED STATES ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY
(Field Analytical Screening Program PCB Method)
TECHNOLOGY DESCRIPTION:
The field analytical screening program (FASP)
PCB method uses a temperature-programmable
gas chromatograph (GC) equipped with an
electron capture detector (BCD) to identify and
quantify PCBs. Gas chromatography is an EPA-
approved method for determining PCB concen-
trations. The FASP PCB method is a modified
version of EPA SW-846 Method 8000.
To perform the FASP PCB method on soil
samples, PCBs are extracted from the samples,
injected into a GC, and identified and quantified
with an BCD. Chromatograms produced by this
equipment for each sample are compared to the
Chromatograms from PCB standards. Peak
patterns and retention times from the chromato-
grams are used to identify and quantify PCBs in
the soil sample extract. In addition to the GC,
the operator may use an autosampler that auto-
matically injects equal amounts of the sample
extract into the GC column. The autosampler
ensures that the correct amount of extract is used
for each analysis and allows analysis to continue
without the presence of an operator.
The FASP PCB method has several advantages
and limitations when used under field conditions.
The method can quickly provide results with an
accuracy statistically equal to fixed laboratories
and can provide Aroclor identification. It can
also provide results at detection limits compar-
able with those of fixed laboratories.
Instrumentation and equipment required for the
FASP PCB method are not highly portable.
However, when mounted in a mobile laboratory
trailer, the method can be operated on or near
most sites relatively easily. Use of this method
requires electricity, and Aroclor standards
require refrigeration. An exhaust hood and
carrier gases also are needed. A trained and
experienced operator is needed for the method to
produce reliable results. The operator should
have at least 6 months experience in using a GC
and 1 month experience in analyzing PCBs.
Soil samples must be extracted before analysis
begins. Hexane and sulfuric acid are used
during the extraction process, which removes
potential interferences from the soil sample.
The GC must then undergo an initial calibration
Page 374
The SITE Program assesses but does not
approve or endorse technologies.
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November 1993
Completed Project
(ICAL), which involves analyzing standards
containing three different concentrations of seven
Aroclors. When an acceptable ICAL has been
completed, soil sample analysis can begin.
Sample extracts in microliter (jtL) amounts are
injected into the GC, which must be equipped
with a megabore capillary column. Peak pat-
terns and retention times from the sample extract
chromatograms are compared to PCB standard
chromatograms to identify and quantitate PCBs.
Daily continuing calibrations (CCAL) are per-
formed for four of the seven Aroclors. CCALs
are used to monitor the performance of the GC.
The detection limit for the method is reported to
be 0.4 milligram per kilogram (mg/kg). During
the demonstration, however, the method was
found to achieve a detection limit as low as 0.1
mg/kg. The highest number of samples ana-
lyzed in an 8-hour day was 21; the average
number analyzed was 15. Reported control limit
results for the precision of the FASP PCB
method were deemed acceptable.
WASTE APPLICABILITY:
The FASP PCB method can be used to identify
and quantify PCBs in soil samples.
STATUS:
The FASP PCB method was demonstrated under
the SITE Program at a well characterized PCB-
contaminated site. This demonstration consisted
of analyzing 112 soil samples, 32 field dupli-
cates, and 2 performance evaluation samples
with the FASP PCB method. A confirmatory
laboratory analyzed the samples by SW-846
Method 8080. The accuracy and precision of
the FASP PCB method was evaluated by directly
comparing its data with the data from the confir-
matory laboratory. In addition, the operational
characteristics and performance factors of the
FASP PCB method were evaluated.
The results from this SITE demonstration are
included in a technology evaluation report that is
undergoing peer review and will be published in
1994.
FOR FURTHER INFORMATION:
EPA PROJECT MANAGER:
J. Lary Jack
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
944 East Harmon
Las Vegas, NV 89193-3478
702-798-2373
Fax: 702-798-2692
The SITE Program assesses but does not
approve or endorse technologies.
Page 375
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Technology Profile
MONITORING AND MEASUREMENT
TECHNOLOGIES PROGRAM
XONTECH INCORPORATED
(XonTech Sector Sampler)
TECHNOLOGY DESCRIPTION:
The XonTech sector sampler (see figure below)
collects time-integrated whole air samples in
Summa™-polished canisters. The territory sur-
rounding the sampler is divided into two sectors,
an "in" sector which lies in the general direction
of a suspected pollutant-emitting "target" and the
"out" sector, which encompasses all territory not
part of the "in" sector. When wind velocity
exceeds 0.37 meter per second (m/s) from the
direction of the target, the first canister is filled.
When the wind velocity exceeds 0.37 m/s from
any other direction, the other canister is filled.
When the wind velocity falls below 0.37 m/s
either canister or neither canister may be selec-
ted to receive the sample. Over an extended
period of time, a target sample and a back-
ground sample are produced.
WASTE APPLICABILITY:
The XonTech sector sampler can be used to
monitor volatile organic compound emissions
from hazardous waste sites and other emission
sources before and during remediation. Short-
term sampling can determine which high concen-
tration compounds are emitted from a site.
Sector Sampler
Page 376
The SITE Program assesses but does not
approve or endorse technologies.
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November 1993
Completed Project
Long-term monitoring can be used to assess
effects of an emission source on the local popu-
lation.
STATUS:
The usefulness of this method has been demon-
strated in two short-term field studies. Math-
ematical methods for processing data have been
developed and shown to be appropriate. Re-
maining issues include (1) wind field consistency
between source and receptor site, (2) treatment
of data taken during stagnant conditions, and
(3) applicability to a wider variety of com-
pounds, including polar and odorous com-
pounds.
FOR FURTHER INFORMATION:
EPA PROJECT MANAGER:
Joachim Pleil
U.S. EPA
Atmospheric Research and Exposure
Assessment Laboratory
MD-44
Research Triangle Park, NC 27711
919-541-4680
TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPER CONTACT:
Matt Young
XonTech Incorporated
6862 Hayvenhurst Avenue
Van Nuys, CA 91406
818-787-7380
The SITE Program assesses but does not
approve or endorse technologies.
Page 377
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INFORMATION REQUEST FORM
The EPA's Risk Reduction Engineering Laboratory is responsible for testing and evaluating technologies
used at Superfund site cleanups. To receive publications about these activities, indicate your area of
interest by checking the appropriate box(es) below and mail the top half of this sheet to the following
address:
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
Center for Environmental Research Information
26 West Martin Luther King Drive
Cincinnati, Ohio 45268
Attention: ORD Publications Unit (MS-G72)
(A9) Q Superfund
(A8) Q Superfund Innovative Technology Evaluation (SITE) Program
Name
Firm _
Address
City, State, Zip Code
EPA plans to issue two requests for proposals during the coming year; one in January 1994 for the
Demonstration Program (SITE 009), and the other in July 1994 for the Emerging Technology Program
(EOS). To receive these RFPs, indicate your area of interest by checking the appropriate box(es) below
and mail the bottom half of this sheet to the following address:
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
Risk Reduction Engineering Laboratory
26 West Martin Luther King Drive
Cincinnati, Ohio 45268
Attention: RFPs (MS-215)
(009) Q Demonstration Program RFP
(E08) Q Emerging Technology Program RFP
Name
Firm
Address
City, State, Zip Code
Page 379
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&EPA
Documents Available from the
U.S. EPA Risk Reduction Engineering Laboratory
Superfund Technology Demonstration Division1
General Publications
Q SITE Program: Progress and Accomplishments for FY91—
A Fifth Report to Congress (EPA/540/R-92/076)
Q SITE Profiles, Fifth Edition (EPA/540/R-92/077)
Q Survey of Materials Handling Technologies Used at Hazardous Waste
Sites (EPA/540/2-91/010)
Demonstration Project Results
Accutech Pneumatic Fracturing Extraction and Hot Gas
Injection, Phase I
Q Technology Evaluation (EPA/540/R-93/509)
Q Technology Demo. Summary (EPA/540/SR-93/509)
Q Demonstration Bulletin (EPA/540/MR-93/509)
Q Applications Analysis (EPA/540/AR-93/509)
American Combustion—
Oxygen Enhanced Incineration
Q Technology Evaluation (EPA/540/5-89/008)
Q Applications Analysis (EPA/540/A5-89/008)
PB90-2584272
Q Technology Demo. Summary (EPA/540/S5-89/008)
Q Demonstration Bulletin (EPA/540/M5-89/008)3
AWD Technologies, Inc.—
Integrated Vapor Extraction and Steam Vacuum Stripping
Q Applications Analysis (EPA/540/A5-91/002)
Q Demonstration Bulletin (EPA/540/M5-91/002)
Babcock and Wilcox—Cyclone Furnace Vitrification
Q Technology Evaluation Vol. I (EPA/540/R-92/017A)
PB92-222215
Q Technology Evaluation Vol. E (EPA/540/R-92/017B)
PB92-222223
Q Applications Analysis (EPA/540/AR-92/017)
PB93-122315
Q Technology Demo. Summary (EPA/540/SR-92/017)
Q Demonstration Bulletin (EPA/540/MR-92/011)
Bergmann USA—Soil/Sediment Washing System
Q Demonstration Bulletin (EPA/540/MR-92/075)
Bescorp Soil Washing System Battery Enterprises Site—Brice
Environmental Services, Inc.
Q Demonstration Bulletin (EPA/540/MR-93/503)
Biogenesis Soil Washing Technology
Q Demonstration Bulletin (EPA/540/MR-93/510)
Q Innovative Technology Evaluation Report (EPA/540/R-
93/510)
Q Site Technology Capsule (EPA/540/SR-93/510)
Biotrol—Biotreatment of Groundwater
Q Technology Evaluation (EPA/540/5-91/001)
PB92-110048
Q Applications Analysis (EPA/540/A5-91/001)
PB91-227983
Q Technology Demo. Summary (EPA/540/S5-91/001)
Q Demonstration Bulletin (EPA/540/M5-91/001)
Biotrol—Soil Washing System
o Technology Evaluation Vol. I (EPA/540/5-91/003 a)
PB92-115310
Q Technology Evaluation Vol. n Part A
(EPA/540/5-91/003b)
PB92-115328
Q Technology Evaluation Vol. n Part B
(EPA/540/5-91/003c)
PB92-115336
Q Applications Analysis (EPA/540/A5-91/003)
PB92-115245
Q Technology Demo. Summary (EPA/540/S5-91/003)
Q Demonstration Bulletin (EPA/540/M5-91/003)
Cav-Ox Ultraviolet/Oxidation Process Magnum Water Technol-
ogy
Q Demonstration Bulletin (EPA/540/MR-93/524)
CF Systems Corp.—Solvent Extraction
Q Technology Evaluation Vol. I (EPA/540/5-90/002)
Q Technology Evaluation Vol. H (EPA/540/5-90/002a)
PB90-186503
Q Applications Analysis (EPA/540/A5-90/002)
Q Technology Demo. Summary (EPA/540/S5-90/002)
1 Order documents free of charge by calling EPA's
Center for Environmental Research Information
(CERI) at 513-569-7562.
2 Documents with a PB number are out of stock in CERI and must be
ordered by that number at cost from
National Technical Information Service
5285 Port Royal Road
Springfield VA 22161
Telephone 703-487^650.
Out of stock
Page 381
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Demonstration Project Results (continued)
Cliemfix Technologies, Inc.—
Chemical Fixation/Stabilization
Q Technology Evaluation Vol. I (EPA/540/5-89/01 la)
PB91-127696
Q Technology Evaluation Vol. H (EPA/540/5-89/01 Ib)
PB90-274127
Q Applications Analysis (EPA/540/A5-89/011)
Q Technology Demo. Summary (EPA/540/S5-89/011)3
PB91-921373
Q Demonstration Bulletin (EPA/540/M5-89/011)3
Dehydro-Tech—Carver-Greenfield
Q Technology Evaluation (EPA/540/R-92/002)
PB92-217462
Q Applications Analysis (EPA/540/AR-92/002)
Q Technology Demo. Summary (EPA/540/SR-92/002)
Q Demonstration Bulletin (EPA/540/MR-92/002)
PB92-217462
DuponttObcrlin—Microfiltration System
Q Technology Evaluation (EPA/540/5-90/007)
PB92-153410
Q Applications Analysis (EPA/540/A5-90/007)
Q Technology Demo. Summary (EPA/540/S5-90/007)
Q Demonstration Bulletin (EPA/540/M5-90/007)
Fungal Treatment Technology
Q Demonstration Bulletin (EPA/540/MR-93/514)
Hazcon—Solidification
Q Technology Evaluation Vol. I (EPA/540/5-89/001 a)
PB89-158810
Q Technology Evaluation Vol. H EPA/540/5-89/001b)
PB89-158828
Q Applications Analysis (EPA/540/A5-89/001)
Q Technology Demo. Summary (EPA/540/S5-89/001)3
Q Demonstration Bulletin (EPA/540/M5-89/001)3
Ilorsehead Resource Development
Q Technology Evaluation Vol I (EPA/540/5-91/005)
PB92-213214
Q Applications Analysis (EPA/540/A5-91/005)
PBS9-194179
Q Technology Demo. Summary (EPA/540/S5-91/005)
Q Demonstration Bulletin (EPA/540/M5-91/005)
Hrubetz Environmental Services, Site Demonstration Program
Q Demonstration Bulletin (EPA/540/MR-93/524)
Hydraulic Fracturing of Contaminated Soil
Q Demonstration Bulletin (EPA/540/MR-93/505)
Q Applications Analysis (EPA/540/AR-93/505)
Q Technology Demo. Summary (EPA/540/SR-93/505)
International Technology Corporation—Slurry Biodegradation
Q Demonstration Bulletin (EPA/540/M5-91/009)
IWT/GeoCon In-Situ Stabilization
Q Technology Evaluation Vol. I (EPA/540/5-89/004a)
Q Technology Evaluation Vol. H (EPA/540/5-89/004b)
PB89-194179
Q Technology Evaluation Vol. HI (EPA/540/5-89/004c)
PB90-269069
Q Technology Evaluation Vol. IV (EPA/540/5-89/004d)
PB90-269077
Q Applications Analysis (EPA/540/A5-89/004)
Q Technology Demo. Summary (EPA/540/S5-89/004)
Q Technology Demo. Summary., Update Report
(EPA/540/S5-89/004a)
Q Demonstration Bulletin (EPA/540/M5-89/004)3
Low Temperature Thermal Aeration (LTTA) System, Canonie
Environmental Services, Inc.
Q Demonstration Bulletin (EPA/540/MR-93/504)
Magnum Water Technology—CAV-OX Ultraviolet Oxidation
Process
Q Demonstration Bulletin (EPA/540/MR-93/520)
McColl Super/and Site—Demonstration of a Trial Excavation
Q Technology Evaluation (EPA/540/R-92/015)
PB92-226448
Q Applications Analysis (EPA/540/AR-92/015)
Q Technology Demo. Summary (EPA/540/SR-92/015)
Microfiltration Technology EPOC Water, Inc.
Q Demonstration Bulletin (EPA/540/MR-93/513)
Mobile Volume Reduction Unit at the Sand Creek Superfund Site
Q Treatability Study Bulletin (EPA/540/MR-93/512)
Mobile Volume Reduction Unit at the Escambia Superfund Site
Q Treatability Study Bulletin (EPA/540/MR-93/511)
Ogden Circulating Bed Combustor—McColl Superfund Site
Q Technology Evaluation (EPA/540/R-92/001)
PB92-227289
Q Demonstration Bulletin (EPA/540/MR-92/001)
Outboard Marine Corporation Site—Soiltech Anaerobic Thermal
Processor
Q Demonstration Bulletin (EPA/540/MR-92/078)
1 Order documents free of charge by calling EPA's
Center for Environmental Research Information
(CERI) at 513-569-7562.
2 Documents with a PB number are out of stock in CERI and must be
ordered by that number at cost from
National Technical Information Service
5285 Port Royal Road
Springfield VA 22161
Telephone 703-487-4650.
3 Out of stock
Page 382
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Demonstration Project Results (continued)
Perox-Pure™ Chemical Oxidation Treatment
Q Demonstration Bulletin (EPA/540/MR-93/501)
Q Applications Analysis (EPA/540/AR-93/501)
Q Technology Evaluation (EPA/540/R-93/501)
Q Technology Demo. Summary (EPA/540/SR-93/501)
Pilot-Scale Demonstration of Slurry-Phase Biological Reactor for
Creosote-Contaminated Wastewater
Q Technology Demo. Summary (EPA/540/S5-91/009)
Q Technology Evaluation Vol. I (EPA/540/5-91/009)
Q Applications Analysis (EPA/540/A5-91/009)
PO*WW*ER™ Wastewater Treatment System Lake Charles
Treatment Center
Q Applications Analysis (EPA/540/AR-93/506)
Q Demonstration Bulletin (EPA/540/MR-93/506)
Q Technology Evaluation (EPA/540/R-93/506)
Resources Conservation Company—The Basic Extractive Sludge
Treatment (B.A.SJ.C)
Q Demonstration Bulletin (EPA/540/MR-92/079)
Applications Analysis (EPA/540/AR-92/079)
Technology Evaluation Vol. I (EPA/540/R-92/079a)
Technology Evaluation Vol. E, Part 1 (EPA/540/R-92/
079b)
Technology Evaluation Vol. E, Part 2 (EPA/540/R-92/
079c)
Technology Evaluation Vol. E, Part 3 (EPA/540/R-92/
079d)
Technology Demo. Summary (EPA/540/SR-92/079)
Shirco—Infrared Incineration
Q Technology Evaluation—Peake Oil
(EPA/540/5-88/002a)
Q Technology Evaluation—Rose Township
(EPA/540/5-89/007a), PB89-167902
Q Technology Evaluation—Rose Township Vol. H
(EPA/540/5-89/007b), PB89-167910
Applications Analysis (EPA/540/A5-89/010)
Technology Demo. Summary (EPA/540/S5-89/007)3
Demonstration Bulletin (EPA/540/M5-88/002)3
Technology Evaluation Report—Peake Oil Vol. E
(EPA/540/5-88/002B)
Q
Q
Q
Q
Q
Q
Q
Q
Q
Silicate Technology Corporation—Solidification/Stabilization of
Organic/Inorganic Contaminants
Q Demonstration Bulletin (EPA/540/MR-92/010)
Q Applications Analysis (EPA/540/AR-92/010)
PB93-172948
Soiltech ATP Systems—Aostra-Soil-Tech Anaerobic Thermal
Process
Q Demonstration Bulletin (EPA/540/MR-92/008)
Soliditech, Inc.—Solidification
Q
Q
Q
Q
Retech Plasma Centrifugal Furnace
Q Technology Evaluation Vol. I (EPA/540/5-9 l/007a)
PB 92-216035
Q Technology Evaluation Vol. E (EPA/540/5-9l/007b)
PB92-216043
Q Applications Analysis (EPA/540/A5-91/007)
Q Technology Demo. Summary (EPA/540/S5-91/007)
Q Demonstration Bulletin (EPA/540/M5-91/007)
Roy F. Weston, Inc.—Low Temperature Thermal Treatment
(LT3) System
Q Demonstration Bulletin (EPA/540/MR-92/019)
Q Applications Analysis (EPA/540/AR-92/019)
SBP Technologies—Membrane Filtration
Q Demonstration Bulletin (EPA/540/MR-92/014)
Q Applications Analysis (EPA/540/AR-92/014)
Technology Evaluation Vol. I (EPA/540/5-89/005a)
PB90-191750
Technology Evaluation Vol. E (EPA/540/5-89/005b)
PB90-191768
Applications Analysis (EPA/540/A5-89/005)
Technology Demo. Summary (EPA/540/S5-89/005)3
Demonstration Bulletin (EPA/540/M5-89/005)
Terra Vac—Vacuum Extraction
Q Technology Evaluation Vol. I (EPA/540/5-89/003a)
PB89-192025
Q Technology Evaluation Vol. E (EPA/540/5-89/003b)
PB89-192033
Applications Analysis (EPA/540/A5-89/003)
PB90-119744
Technology Demo. Summary (EPA/540/S5-89/003)
Demonstration Bulletin (EPA/540/M5-89/003)3
Q
Q
Q
Thorneco, Inc.—Enzyme-Activated Cellulose Technology
Q Treatability Study Bulletin (EPA/540/MR-92/018)
Toronto Harbour Commissioners—Soil Recycling Treatment
Train
Q Demonstration Bulletin (EPA/540/MR-92/015)
Q Applications Analysis (EPA/540/AR-93/517)
Q Technology Evaluation (EPA/540/R-93/517)
Q Technology Demo. Summary (EPA/540/SR-93/517)
1 Order documents free of charge by calling EPA's
Center for Environmental Research Information
(CERI) at 513-569-7562.
2 Documents with aPB number are out of stock in CERI and must be
ordered by that number at cost from
National Technical Information Service
5285 Port Royal Road
Springfield VA 22161
Telephone 703-487-4650.
3 Out of stock
Page 383
-------
Demonstration Project Results (continued)
Toxic Treatments (USA)—In-Situ Steam/Hot Air Stripping
Q Applications Analysis (EPA/540/A5-90/008)
Q Demonstration Bulletin (EPA/540/M5-90/003)
Ultrox International—UV Ozone Treatment for Liquids
Q Technology Evaluation (EPA/540/5-89/012)
PB90-198177
Q Applications Analysis (EPA/540/A5-89/012)
Q Technology Demo. Summary (EPA/540/S5-89/012)
Q Demonstration Bulletin (EPA/540/M5-89/012)
U.S. EPA—Design and Development of a Pilot-Scale Debris
Decontamination System
Q Technical Evaluation (EPA/540/5-91/006a)
Q Technical Evaluation Vol. E (EPA/540/5-91/006b)
PB91-231464
Q Technology Demo. Summary (EPA/540/S5-91/006)
U.S. EPA—Mobile Volume Reduction Unit
Q Demonstration Bulletin (EPA/540/MR-93/508)
Q Applications Analysis (EPA/540/AR-93/508)
X-TRAX Model 100 Thermal Desorption System Chemical Waste
Management
Q Demonstration Bulletin (EPA/540/MR-93/502)
Page 384
-------
Emerging Technology Program Reports
A Cross-Flow Pervaporation System for Removal of VOCs from
Contaminated Soil
Q Emerging Tech. Bulletin (EPA/540/F-93/503)
Atomic Energy of Canada Limited—Chemical Treatment and
Ultrafiltration
Q Emerging Tech. Bulletin (EPA/540/F-92/002)
Babcock and Wilcox—Cyclone Furnace Soil Vitrification
Q Emerging Tech. Bulletin (EPA/540/F-92/010)
Q Emerging Tech. Report (EPA/540/R-93/507)
PB93-163038
Q Emerging Tech. Summary (EPA/540/SR-93/507)
Battelle Memorial Institute—Development of Electro-Acoustic
Soil Decontamination (BSD) Process for In Situ Applications
Q Emerging Technology (EPA/540/5-90/004)
PB90-204728
Q Emerging Tech. Summary (EPA/540/S5-90/004)
Bio-Recovery Systems—Removal and Recovery of Metal Ions
from Groundwater
Q Emerging Technology (EPA/540/5-90/005a)
Q Emerging Tech.—Appendices (EPA/540/5-90/005b)
PB90-252602
Q Emerging Tech. Summary (EPA/540/S5-90/005)
Q Emerging Tech. Bulletin (EPA/540/F-92/003)
Bioscrubber for Removing Hazardous Organic Emission from
Soil, Water, and Air Decontamination Process
Q Emerging Tech. Report (EPA/540/R-93/521)
Q Emerging Tech. Bulletin (EPA/540/F-93/507)
Q Emerging Tech. Summary (EPA/540/SR-93/521)
Biotrol, Inc.—Methanotrophic Bioreactor System
Q Emerging Tech. Bulletin (EPA/540/F-93/506)
Q Emerging Tech. Summary (EPA/540/SR-93/505)
Colorado School of Mines—Constructed Wetlands Treatment for
Toxic Metal Contaminated Waters
Q Emerging Tech. Bulletin (EPA/540/F-92/001)
Electro-Pure Systems—Alternating Current Electrocoagulation
Q Emerging Tech. Bulletin (EPA/540/F-92/011)
Q Emerging Tech. Summary (EPA/540/S-93/504)
Energy and Environmental Engineering—Laser-Induced
Photochemical Oxidative Destruction
Q Emerging Tech. Bulletin (EPA/540/F-92/004)
Energy and Environmental Research Corporation
Q Emerging Tech. Bulletin (EPA/540/F-93/508)
Florida International University
— Electron Beam Treatment for Removal of Benzene and
Toluene from Aqueous Streams and Sludge
Q Emerging Tech. Bulletin (EPA/540/F-93/502)
— Electron Beam Treatment for the Trichloroethylene and
Tetrachloroethylene from Aqueous Stream
Q Emerging Tech. Bulletin (EPA/540/F-92/009)
— Removal of Phenol from Aqueous Solutions Using High
Energy Electron Beam Irradiation
a Emerging Tech. Bulletin (EPA/540/F-93/509)
PURUS, Inc.—Destruction of Organic Contaminants in Air
Using Advanced Ultraviolet Flashlamps
Q Emerging Tech. Bulletin (EPA/540/F-93/501)
Q Emerging Tech. Summary (EPA/540/SR-93/516)
Q Emerging Tech. Report (EPA/540/R-93/516)
SITE Emerging Technologies—Laser-Induced Photochemical
Oxidative Destruction of Toxic Organics in Leachates and
Groundwater
Q Emerging Tech. Report (EPA/540/R-92/080)
PB93-131431
Q Emerging Tech. Summary (EPA/540/SR-92/080
Superfund Innovative Technology Evaluation Program: Technol-
ogy with an Impact
Q Emerging Tech. Bulletin (EPA/540/F-93/500)
University of Washington—Metals Treatment at Superfund Sites
by Adsorptive Filtration
Q Emerging Tech. Bulletin (EPA/540/F-92/008)
Q Emerging Tech. Report (EPA/540/R-93/515)
Q Emerging Tech. Summary (EPA/540/SR-93/515)
Order documents free of charge by calling EPA's
Center for Environmental Research Information
(CERI) at 513-569-7562.
2 Documents with a PB number are out of stock in CERI and must be
ordered by that number at cost from
National Technical Information Service
5285 Port Royal Road
Springfield VA 22161
Telephone 703-487-4650.
Page 385
-------
-------
RREL/SITE
SUPERFUND VIDEOTAPE LIBRARY
SITE VIDEOTAPES
These composite videotapes contain a num-
ber of EPA-produced documentaries on spe-
cific Superfund Innovative Technology
Evaluation (SITE) Program demonstrations.
S1 SITE PROGRAM
(6 technology demonstrations)
ECOVA (SHIRCO) Infrared Incineration
System, Brandon, FL - 8/87
ECOVA (SHIRCO) Infrared Incineration
System, Rose Twp., Ml - 3/89
EMTECH (HAZCON) Solidification Process,
Douglassville, PA - 10/87
IWT/GEO-CON In Situ Stabilization/Solidifica-
tion, Hialeah, FL - 4/88
TERRA VAC Vacuum Extraction System,
Groveland, MA- 1/88
CF SYSTEMS Solvent Extraction Unit, New
Bedford, MA - 3/89
S2 SITE PROGRAM
(4 technology demonstrations):
ULTROX Ultraviolet Radiation and Oxidation,
c? San Jose, CA - 3/89
BIOTROL Biological Aqueous Treatment, New
$ Brighton, MN 9/89
sj
continued on opposite side
ORDERING INSTRUCTIONS
To obtain your choice of tapes, com-
plete the order form on the opposite
side of this page. Enclose the form
with your check in prepayment of the
order made out to Foster Wheeler
Environmental Services,and mail
to the following address:
Foster Wheeler
Environmental Services
Division
Foster Wheeler USA
Attn: Ms. Marilyn Avery
8 Peach Tree Hill Road
Livingston, NJ 07039.
ONLY PREPAID ORDERS
WILL BE ACCEPTED.
For further information, contact Ms. Avery
at (201) 535-2292.
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RREUSITE
SUPERFUND VIDEOTAPE LIBRARY
BIOTROL Soil Washing System, New
Brighton, MN 9/89
IT/RREL Debris Washing System,
Hopkinsville, KY -12/89
S3 SITE PROGRAM
(4 technology demonstrations):
SOLIDITECH Solidification and Stabilization,
Morganville, NJ - 12/88
CHEMFIX Solidification and Stabilization,
Clackamas, OR - 3/89
NOVATERRA (TTUSA) In Situ Steam and Air
Stripping, San Pedro, CA - 9/89
AWD Integrated Vapor Extraction/Steam
Vacuum Stripping, Burbank, CA - 9/90
S4 SITE PROGRAM
(4 technology demonstrations):
E.I. DUPONT/OBERLIN FILER Membrane
Microfiltration, Palmerton, PA - 5/90
HORSEHEAD Flame Reactor, Atlanta, GA -
3/91
RETECH Plasma Centrifugal Furnace, Butte,
MT - 7/91
BABCOCK & WILCOX Cyclone Furnace,
Alliance, OH- 11/91
S5 SITE PROGRAM
(4 technology demonstrations):
STC Immobilization of Organic/Inorganic
Contaminants in Soils, Selma, CA -11 /90
THC Soil Recycle Treatment Train at Toronto
Harbor, Toronto, Ont., Canada - 5/92
R.C.C. Basic Extractive Sludge Treatment
(B.E.S.T.), Grand Calumet River,
Gary, IN - 7/92
Perbxidation Systems, Inc. Purox-Pure
Chemical Oxidation Treatment,
Altamont Hills, CA - 9/92
R1 RREL/RCB RESEARCH
PROGRAMS
This composite videotape contains five
documentaries on research projects con-
ducted under the auspices of the Risk Re-
duction Engineering Laboratory's Releases
Control Branch:
Synthetic Soils Matrix (SSM) Program
Dioxin and the Mobile Incineration System
Mobile Carbon Regeneration System
Mobile Soils Washing System
Mobile In Situ Containment/Treatment Unit
Mai this form (with check) to
Fo*t«r Whteter EnvtronmtnuJ Sorvico«
A Division of Poster Wheeler USA Corp.
Attn: Mi. Marilyn Avory
8 Peach Tree KM Road
Livingston, NJ 07039
VIDEOTAPE REQUEST FORM
Jumber
of
Copies
SI
Videotape Title
SITE Program Tape
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S2
SITE Program Tape
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S3
SITE Program Tape
(4 demonstrations)
S4
SITE Program Tape
(4 demonstrations)
S5
SITE Program Tape
(4 demonstrations)
R1
RREL/RCB Research
Program Tape
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and
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$6.
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Mutiply number of
taoes ordered bv SB.OO
International surcharge
per tape
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-------
INDEX
Acid Mine Drainage Page
Heavy Metals
Demonstration
Colorado Department of Health ^45
Emerging
University of South Carolina ; 336
Atomic Energy of Canada, Limited (Ultrasonic-Aided Leachate Treatment for
Mixed Wastes) , 284
Other Inorganics
Emerging
University of South Carolina 336
Other Metals
Demonstration
Colorado Department of Health 146
Radionuclides
Emerging
Atomic Energy of Canada, Limited (Ultrasonic-Aided Leachate Treatment for
Mixed Wastes) . . . , 284
Air Streams
PCPs
MMTP
Graseby Ionics, Limited and PCP, Inc 356
VOCs
MMTP
Xontech Incorporated 376
Analytical and Remedial Technology, Inc 348
Air/Gases
Chlorinated Organics
Emerging
Remediation Technologies, Inc. (Methanotrophic Biofilm Reactor) 330
M.L. ENERGIA, Inc .' 296
Membrane Technology and Research, Inc. 252
Matrix Photocatalytic Inc. (TiO2 Photocatalytic Air Treatment) 318
Aluminum Company of America 214
MMTP
Photovac International, Incorporated 368
HNU Systems, Incorporated 353
Heavy Metals
Emerging
Institute of Gas Technology (Fluidized-Bed Cyclonic Agglomerating
Combustor) 310
Energy and Environmental Research Corporation (Reactor/Filter System) . 298
Other Halogenated Organics
, Emerging
Membrane Technology and Research, Inc 252
Aluminum Company of America 214
MMTP
HNU Systems, Incorporated 358
Page 389
-------
Air/Gases (cont.) Pa§e
Other Inorganics
Emerging
Institute of Gas Technology (Fluidized-Bed Cyclonic Agglomerating
Combustor) . 31°
Other Metals
Emerging
Energy and Environmental Research Corporation (Reactor/Filter System) 298
Other Oreanics
Emerging
Membrane Technology and Research, Inc ZDZ
Institute of Gas Technology (Fluidized-Bed Cyclonic Agglomerating
Combustor) 31°
General Atomics, Nuclear Remediation Technologies Division 302
Energy and Environmental Research Corporation (Reactor/Filter System) 298
Aluminum Company of America 214
PAHs
Emerging
General Atomics, Nuclear Remediation Technologies Division 30z
PCBs
Emerging
General Atomics, Nuclear Remediation Technologies Division. ^uz
Petroleum Hydrocarbons
Demonstration
Purus, Inc 176
Emerging
Aluminum Company of America
Volatile Organics
Demonstration
Purus, Lnc 176
Emerging
Remediation Technologies, Inc. (Methanotrophic Biofilm Reactor) 330
M.L. ENERGIA, Inc 296
Membrane Technology and Research, Inc 252
Matrix Photocatalytic Inc. (TiO2 Photocatalytic Air Treatment) 318
Institute of Gas Technology (Fluidized-Bed Cyclonic Agglomerating
Combustor) 31°
Energy and Environmental Research Corporation (Reactor/Filter System) 298
Arizona State University/IT Corporation 28°
Aluminum Company of America 214
MMTP
SRI Instruments 3 /2
Sentex Sensing Technology, Incorporated 37°
Photovac International, Incorporated 368
MTI Analytical Instruments 3^6
Microsensor Systems, Incorporated 362
MDA Scientific, Incorporated 360
HNU Systems, Incorporated 358
Creosotes
Other Organics
Emerging
High Voltage Environmental Applications, Inc 308
Page 390
-------
Creosotes (cont.) p
PAHs g
Emerging
High Voltage Environmental Applications, Inc 308
PCBs
Emerging
High Voltage Environmental Applications, Inc 308
Radionuclides
Emerging
High Voltage Environmental Applications, Inc 303
Groundwater
Chlorinated Organics
Demonstration
Zimpro Passavant Environmental Systems, Inc 206
Ultrox International ng
Udell Technologies, Inc 196
Terra Vac, Inc. j 12
SBP Technologies, Inc 100
Praxis Enviromental Technologies, Inc 174
Peroxidation Systems, Inc 84
Magnum Water Technology 30
Hughes Environmental Systems, Inc 74
High Voltage Environmental Applications, Inc 160
EnviroMetal Technologies, Inc 152
BioTrol, Inc. (Biological Aqueous Treatment System) . . . 32
Bio-Rem, Inc 30
Billings & Associates, Inc 140
AWD Technologies, Inc 22
AlliedSignal, Inc 132
Emerging
Western Research Institute 270
Wastewater Technology Centre 268
Roy F. Weston (Ambersorb® 563 Adsorbent) 342
Purus, Inc 258
Pulse Sciences, Inc. (X-Ray Treatment of Aqueous Solutions) 326
M.L. ENERGIA, Inc '.'.'.'.'.'. 296
Matrix Photocatalytic, Inc. (Photocatalyic Water Treatment) 250
Institute of Gas Technology (Chemical and Biological Treatment) 242
Energy and Environmental Engineering, Inc 236
Electron Beam Research Facility, Florida International University and
University of Miami 234
BioTrol, Inc. (Methanotrophic Bioreactor System) 224
ABB Environmental Services, Inc 276
Chromium
Demonstration
GEOCHEM ...... 154
Cyanide
Demonstration
E.I. DuPont de Nemours and Company, and Oberlin Filter Company .50
Chemical Waste Management, Inc. (PO*WW*ER™ Technology) 44
Page 391
-------
Groundwater (cont.) Page
Cvanide
Emerging
Matrix Photocatalytic, Inc. (Photocatalyic Water Treatment) 250
Emerging
Matrix Photocatalytic, Inc. (Photocatalyic Water Treatment) 250
Heavy Metals
Demonstration
Zenon Environmental Systems, Inc. (Zenogem™ Process) 204
TechTran Environmental, Inc 190
Hydrologies, Inc 162
Filter Flow Technology, Inc '. 60
E.I. DuPont de Nemours and Company, and Oberlin Filter Company 50
EPOC Water, Inc 58
Dynaphore, Inc 148
Colorado Department of Health 146
Chemical Waste Management, Inc. (PO*WW*ER™ Technology) 44
Bio-Recovery Systems, Inc 142
Aprotek I36
Andco Environmental Processes, Inc. 134
Emerging
University of Washington 264
Electro-Pure Systems, Inc 230
Bio-Recovery Systems, Inc 222
Atomic Energy of Canada, Limited (Chemical Treatment and Ultrafiltration) 216
Not Applicable
Demonstration
Risk Reduction Engineering Laboratory and the University of Cincinnati
(Hydraulic Fracturing) 96
Other Halogenated Organics
Demonstration
Zimpro Passavant Environmental Systems, Inc 206
Ultrox International 116
Terra Vac, Inc 112
SBP Technologies, Inc 100
High Voltage Environmental Applications, Inc. 160
BioTrol, Inc. (Biological Aqueous Treatment System) 32
Bio-Rem, Inc . 30
Billings & Associates, Inc 140
AWD Technologies, Inc 22
AlliedSignal, Inc 132
Emerging
Wastewater Technology Centre 268
Pulse Sciences, Inc. (X-Ray Treatment of Aqueous Solutions) 326
Matrix Photocatalytic, Inc. (Photocatalyic Water Treatment) 250
Institute of Gas Technology (Chemical and Biological Treatment) 242
BioTrol, Inc. (Methanotrophic Bioreactor System) 224
ART International, Inc 282
ABB Environmental Services, Inc • • • • 2^6
Other Inorganics
Emerging
Matrix Photocatalytic, Inc. (Photocatalyic Water Treatment) 250
Page 392
-------
Groundwater (cont.) Page
Other Inorganics
Emerging
Electro-Pure Systems, Inc 230
Other Metals
Demonstration
Zenon Environmental Systems, Inc. (Zenogem™ Process) 204
Hydrologies, Inc 162
E.I. DuPont de Nemours and Company, and Oberlin Filter Company 50
Dynaphore, Inc 148
Colorado Department of Health 146
Chemical Waste Management, Inc. (PO*WW*ER™ Technology) 44
Aprotek 136
Andco Environmental Processes, Inc 134
Other Organics
Demonstration
Zenon Environmental Systems, Inc. (Zenogem™ Process) 204
Zenon Environmental Systems, Inc. (Cross-Flow Pervaporation System) 202
Ultrox International . 116
Udell Technologies, Inc 196
Praxis Enviromental Technologies, Inc 174
North American Technologies Group, Inc. (Oleophilic Amine-Coated
Ceramic Chip Hydrocarbon Recovery) 172
Magnum Water Technology . 80
IT Corporation (In Situ Groundwater Treatment System) . 168
Hughes Environmental Systems, Inc. . . . 74
High Voltage Environmental Applications, Inc. 160
EnviroMetal Technologies, Inc . . 152
Chemical Waste Management, Inc. (PO*WW*ER™ Technology) ......'.. 44
AWD Technologies, Inc 22
Emerging ,
Roy F. Weston (Ambersorb® 563 Adsorbent) ; 342
Pulse Sciences, Inc. (X-Ray Treatment of Aqueous Solutions) . . 326
Energy and Environmental Engineering, Inc 236
Electron Beam Research Facility, Florida International University and
University of Miami 234
PAHs
Demonstration
Zimpro Passavant Environmental Systems, Inc . . 206
SBP Technologies, Inc 100
North American Technologies Group, Inc. (Oleophilic Amine-Coated
Ceramic Chip Hydrocarbon Recovery) 172
BioTrol, Inc. (Biological Aqueous Treatment System) . . . ,. 32
AlliedSignal, Inc 132
Emerging
Pulse Sciences, Inc. (X-Ray Treatment of Aqueous Solutions) . 326
Matrix Photocatalytic, Inc. (Photocatalyic Water Treatment) 250
Institute of Gas Technology (Chemical and Biological Treatment) 242
Energy and Environmental Engineering, Inc 236
PCBs
Demonstration
Ultrox International 116
Page 393
-------
10°
32
Groundwater (cont.)
PCBs
Demonstration
SBP Technologies, Inc
Peroxidation Systems, Inc
BioTrol, Inc. (Biological Aqueous Treatment System)
Emerging
Pulse Sciences, Inc. (X-Ray Treatment of Aqueous Solutions) .................... 326
Matrix Photocatalytic, Inc. (Photocatalyic Water Treatment) .................... 250
Institute of Gas Technology (Chemical and Biological Treatment) ................. 242
Energy and Environmental Engineering, Inc ............................... 236
Electron Beam Research Facility, Florida International University and
University of Miami ........................................ 234
Pesticides
Demonstration
Magnum Water Technology .......................................... °°
EPOC Water, Inc ................................................ 58
Emerging
Electron Beam Research Facility, Florida International University and
University of Miami ........................................ 234
Pesticides/Herbicides
Demonstration
Zimpro Passavant Environmental Systems, Inc ............................. 20e>
Ultrox International .............................................. ^°
Peroxidation Systems, Inc ........................................... °4
High Voltage Environmental Applications, Inc ............................. 16°
Chemical Waste Management, Inc. (PO*WW*ER™ Technology) ................... 44
BioTrol, Inc. (Biological Aqueous Treatment System) .......................... "32
Emerging
Western Research Institute ......................................... ^/u
Pulse Sciences, Inc. (X-Ray Treatment of Aqueous Solutions) .................... 326
Energy and Environmental Engineering, Inc ............................... 236
Petroleum Hydrocarbons,
Demonstration
Zimpro Passavant Environmental Systems, Inc ............................. 2U6
Zenon Environmental Systems, Inc. (Zenogem™ Process) ...................... 204
Ultrox International ..............................................
Terra Vac, Inc
SBP Technologies, Inc
Peroxidation Systems, Inc ........................
North American Technologies Group, Inc. (Oleophilic Amine-Coated
Ceramic Chip Hydrocarbon Recovery)
Hughes Environmental Systems, Inc
EPOC Water, Inc ................................................ 58
BioTrol, Inc. (Biological Aqueous Treatment System)
Bio-Rem, Inc
Billings & Associates, Inc
AlliedSignal, Inc ................................................
Emerging
Western Research Institute ....... .................. ................ z'u
Wastewater Technology Centre . ...................................... 26°
84
74
32
Page 394
-------
Groundwater (cont.) Page
Petroleum Hydrocarbons
Emerging
Pulse Sciences, Inc. (X-Ray Treatment of Aqueous Solutions) . . 326
OHM Remediation Services Corporation 324
Matrix Photocatalytic, Inc. (Photocatalyic Water Treatment) 250
Institute of Gas Technology (Chemical and Biological Treatment) 242
Electro-Pure Systems, Inc 230
ABB Environmental Services, Inc 276
Radioactive Elements/Metals
Demonstration
TechTran Environmental, Inc 190
Filter Flow Technology, Inc 60
E.I. DuPont de Nemours and Company, and Oberlin Filter Company . 50
Bio-Recovery Systems, Inc 142
Emerging
University of Washington 264
Electro-Pure Systems, Inc - 230
Bio-Recovery Systems, Inc 222
Suspended Solids
Demonstration
EPOC Water, Inc. 58
Volatile Organics
Demonstration
Zimpro Passavant Environmental Systems, Inc. 206
Zenon Environmental Systems, Inc. (Cross-Flow Pervaporation System) 202
Ultrox International 116
Udell Technologies, Inc 196
Terra Vac, Inc 112
SBP Technologies, Inc . 100
Roy F. Weston/IEG Technologies (UVB - Vacuum Vaporizing Well) . 124
Praxis Enviromental Technologies, Inc 174
Peroxidation Systems, Inc . , . 84
Magnum Water Technology 80
IT Corporation (In Situ Groundwater Treatment System) 168
Hughes Environmental Systems, Inc 74
High Voltage Environmental Applications, Inc 160
EnviroMetal Technologies, Inc 152
Chemical Waste Management, Inc. (PO*WW*ER™ Technology) 44
BioTrol, Inc. (Biological Aqueous Treatment System) 32
Billings & Associates, Inc 140
AWD Technologies, Inc .22
AlliedSignal, Inc. . .132
Emerging
Wastewater Technology Centre . . 268
Roy F. Weston (Ambersorb® 563 Adsorbent) 342
Purus, Inc 258
Pulse Sciences, Inc. (X-Ray Treatment of Aqueous Solutions) . 326
M.L. ENERGIA, Inc 296
Institute of Gas Technology (Chemical and Biological Treatment) 242
Energy and Environmental Engineering, "Inc. 236
Page 395
-------
Groundwater (cont.) Page
Volatile Organics
Emerging
Electron Beam Research Facility, Florida International University and
University of Miami •. 234
BioTrol, Inc. (Methanotrophic Bioreactor System) 224
Arizona State University/IT Corporation 280
ABB Environmental Services, Inc 276
Leachate
Chlorinated Organics
Demonstration
Zimpro Passavant Environmental Systems, Inc 206
SBP Technologies, Inc 100
ELI Eco Logic International, Inc. (Thermal Desorption Unit) 56
ELI Eco Logic International, Inc. (Gas-Phase Chemical Reduction Process) 54
BioTrol, Inc. (Biological Aqueous Treatment System) 32
Emerging
Wastewater Technology Centre 268
Cvanide
Demonstration
Chemical Waste Management, Inc. (PO*WW*ER™ Technology) 44
Heavy Metals
Demonstration
Rochem Separation Systems, Inc 182
Chemical Waste Management, Inc. (PO*WW*ERW Technology) 44
Emerging
Electro-Pure Systems, Inc 230
Colorado School of Mines 228
Atomic Energy of Canada, Limited (Chemical Treatment and Ultrafiltration) 216
Other Halogenated Organics
Demonstration
Zimpro Passavant Environmental Systems, Inc 206
SBP Technologies, Inc 100
BioTrol, Inc. (Biological Aqueous Treatment System) 32
Emerging
Wastewater Technology Centre 268
Other Inorganics
Emerging
Electro-Pure Systems, Inc 230
Other Metals
Demonstration
Chemical Waste Management, Inc. (PO*WW*ER™ Technology) 44
Emerging
Colorado School of Mines 228
Other Organics
Demonstration
Chemical Waste Management, Inc. (PO*WW*ER™ Technology) 44
PAHs
Demonstration
Zimpro Passavant Environmental Systems, Inc: 206
Page 396
-------
Leachate (cont.) Page
PAHs
Demonstration
SBP Technologies, Inc. 100
ELI Eco Logic International, Inc. (Thermal Desorption Unit) 56
ELI Eco Logic International, Inc. (Gas-Phase Chemical Reduction Process) 54
BioTrol, Inc. (Biological Aqueous Treatment System) 32
PCBs
Demonstration
SBP Technologies, Inc 100
ELI Eco Logic International, Inc. (Thermal Desorption Unit) 56
ELI Eco Logic International, Inc. (Gas-Phase Chemical Reduction Process) . 54
BioTrol, Inc. (Biological Aqueous Treatment System) .32
Pesticides
Demonstration
ELI Eco Logic International, Inc. (Thermal Desorption Unit) 56
ELI Eco Logic International, Inc. (Gas-Phase Chemical Reduction Process) 54
Pesticides/Herbicides
Demonstration
Zimpro Passavant Environmental Systems, Inc .-.. ....... 206
Chemical Waste Management, Inc. (PO*WW*ER™ Technology) 44
BioTrol, Inc. (Biological Aqueous Treatment System) 32
Petroleum Hydrocarbons
Demonstration
Zimpro Passavant Environmental Systems, Inc 206
SBP Technologies, Inc 100
Rochem Separation Systems, Inc . 182
BioTrol, Inc. (Biological Aqueous Treatment System) 32
Emerging
Wastewater Technology Centre 268
Electro-Pure Systems, Inc 230
Radioactive Elements/Metals
Emerging
Electro-Pure Systems, Inc , . . . . 230
Volatile Organics
Demonstration
Zimpro Passavant Environmental Systems, Inc 206
SBP Technologies, Inc 100
ELI Eco Logic International, Inc. (Thermal Desorption Unit) 56
ELI Eco Logic International, Inc. (Gas-Phase Chemical Reduction Process) 54
Chemical Waste Management, Inc. (PO*WW*ER™ Technology) 44
BioTrol, Inc. (Biological Aqueous Treatment System) 32
Emerging
Wastewater Technology Centre 268
Liquids
Chlorinated Organics
Emerging
State University of New York at Oswego 332
M.L. ENERGIA, Inc 296
Heavy Metals
Emerging
Institute of Gas Technology (Fluidized-Bed Cyclonic Agglomerating
Combustor) 310
Page 397
-------
Liquids (cont.) Pa§e
Other Inorganics
Emerging
Institute of Gas Technology (Fluidized-Bed Cyclonic Agglomerating
Combustor) 31°
Other Organics
Emerging
Institute of Gas Technology (Fluidized-Bed Cyclonic Agglomerating
Combustor) 31°
PAHs
Demonstration
American Combustion, Inc f 20
PCBs
Emerging
State University of New York at Oswego
Petroleum Hydrocarbons
Demonstration
Sonotech, Inc !°°
American Combustion, Inc 20
Volatile Organics
Demonstration
Sonotech, Inc 18°
American Combustion, Inc 20
Emerging
M.L. ENERGIA, Inc • • • • IJ(3
Institute of Gas Technology (Fluidized-Bed Cyclonic Agglomerating
Combustor) 31°
Not Applicable
Chlorinated Organics
Demonstration
Accutech Remedial Systems, Inc , 18
Other Halogenated Organics
Demonstration
Accutech Remedial Systems, Inc • 18
PCBs
MMTP
Bruker Instruments 352
Pesticides/Herbicides
Emerging
Davy Research and Development, Limited
Petroleum Hydrocarbons
Demonstration
Accutech Remedial Systems, Inc 1S
Volatile Organics
Demonstration
Accutech Remedial Systems, Inc 18
Sediment
Arsenic
Demonstration
Bergmann USA 26
Page 398
-------
Sediment (cont.)
Arsenic
Emerging
Vortec Corporation 266
Davy Research and Development, Limited 294
Chlorinated Organics
Demonstration
SoilTech ATP Systems, Inc 108
Risk Reduction Engineering Laboratory (Base-Catalyzed Dechlorination
Process) 90
Retech, Inc 88
Remediation Technologies, Inc. (Liquids and Solids Biological Treatment) 178
General Atomics , 64
Funderburk & Associates 62
ELI Eco Logic International, Inc. (Thermal Desorption Unit) 56
ELI Eco Logic International, Inc. (Gas-Phase Chemical Reduction Process) 54
Dehydrb-Tech Corporation 48
Babcock & Wilcox Co 24
Emerging
Vortec Corporation 266
State University of New York at Oswego 332
PSI Technology Company 256
Institute of Gas Technology (Fluid Extraction-Biological Degradation Process) ......... 244
Groundwater Technology Government Services, Inc. 304
Davy Research and Development, Limited 294
Babcock & Wilcox Co 218
ART International, Inc. 282
Creosotes
Demonstration
ECOVA Corporation 52
Cyanide
Demonstration
General Atomics ..64
Bergmann USA 26
Emerging
Vortec Corporation 266
Davy Research and Development, Limited 294
Dioxins
Demonstration
Risk Reduction Engineering Laboratory (Base-Catalyzed Dechlorination
Process) , 90
General Atomics 64
Emerging
Vortec Corporation 266
ART International, Inc 282
Heavy Metals
Demonstration
Texaco Syngas Inc 194
Retech, Inc 88
General Atomics 64
Funderburk & Associates 62
Page 399
-------
Sediment (cont.) Pa8e
Heavy Metals
Demonstration
Bergmann USA 26
Babcock & Wilcox Co 24
Emerging
Western Product Recovery Group, Inc 340
Warren Spring Laboratory 338
Vortec Corporation 266
PSI Technology Company 256
New Jersey Institute of Technology 254
Montana College of Mineral Science & Technology (Air-Sparged
Hydrocyclone) 320
Ferro Corporation 240
Davy Research and Development, Limited 294
COGNIS, Inc. (Chemical Treatment) 292
COGNIS, Inc. (Biological/Chemical Treatment) 290
Babcock & Wilcox Co 218
Nitroaromatics
Demonstration
J.R. Simplot Company (Biodegradation of Trinitrotoluene) 106
J.R. Simplot Company (Biodegradation of Dinoseb) 104
Emerging
J.R. Simplot Company (Anaerobic Biological Process) 260
Other Haloeenated Organics
Demonstration
SoilTech ATP Systems, Inc 1°8
Retech, Inc 88
Remediation Technologies, Inc. (Liquids and Solids Biological Treatment) 178
Dehydro-Tech Corporation 48
Emerging
Vortec Corporation z"°
Institute of Gas Technology (Fluid Extraction-Biological Degradation Process) 244
Other Metals
Demonstration
Chemical Waste Management, Inc. (X*TRAX™ Thermal Desorption) 46
Emerging
Davy Research and Development, Limited 294
COGNIS, Inc. (Chemical Treatment) 292
Other Organics v
Demonstration
Risk Reduction Engineering Laboratory (Base-Catalyzed Dechlorination
Process) 90
Retech, Inc 88
Remediation Technologies, Inc. (Liquids and Solids Biological Treatment) 178
High Voltage Environmental Applications,,Inc 160
Gruppo Italimpresse 68
General Atomics 64
Funderburk & Associates 62
ECOVA Corporation 52
Dehydro-Tech Corporation 48
Page 400
-------
Sediment (cont.) Page
Other Organics
Demonstration
Chemical Waste Management, Inc. (X*TRAX™ Thermal Desorption) 46
Emerging
PSI Technology Company 256
New Jersey Institute of Technology 254
High Voltage Environmental Applications, Inc 308
Groundwater Technology Government Services, Inc 304
Environmental Biotechnologies, Inc./Michigan Biotechnology Institute . 300
PAHs
Demonstration
Remediation Technologies, Inc. (Liquids and Solids Biological Treatment) 178
ELI Eco Logic International, Inc. (Thermal Desorption Unit) . 56
ELI Eco Logic International, Inc. (Gas-Phase Chemical Reduction Process) 54
ECOVA Corporation . 52
Dehydro-Tech Corporation 48
Bergmann USA 26
Emerging
Western Product Recovery Group, Inc 340
Warren Spring Laboratory 338
Vortec Corporation 266
Institute of Gas Technology (Fluid Extraction-Biological Degradation Process) 244
High Voltage Environmental Applications, Inc 308
Environmental Biotechnologies, Inc./Michigan Biotechnology Institute . . . . 300
COGNIS, Inc. (Biological/Chemical Treatment) 290
ART International, Inc 282
PCBs
Demonstration
SoilTech ATP Systems, Inc 108
Risk Reduction Engineering Laboratory (Base-Catalyzed Dechlorination
Process) 90
Gruppo Italimpresse 68
General Atomics 64
Funderburk & Associates 62
ELI Eco Logic International, Inc. (Thermal Desorption Unit) 56
ELI Eco Logic International, Inc. (Gas-Phase Chemical Reduction Process) 54
Dehydro-Tech Corporation 48
Chemical Waste Management, Inc. (X*TRAX™ Thermal Desorption) 46
Bergmann USA 26
Emerging
Warren Spring Laboratory 338
Vortec Corporation 266
State University of New York at Oswego 332
New Jersey Institute of Technology 254
Institute of Gas Technology (Fluid Extraction-Biological Degradation Process) 244
High Voltage Environmental Applications, Inc 308
Davy Research and Development, Limited 294
ART International, Inc. 282
Pesticides
Demonstration
Risk Reduction Engineering Laboratory (Base-Catalyzed Dechlorination
Process) 90
Page 401
-------
Sediment (cont.) Page
Pesticides
Demonstration
ELI Eco Logic International, Inc. (Thermal Desorption Unit) 56
ELI Eco Logic International, Inc. (Gas-Phase Chemical Reduction Process) 54
Pesticides/Herbicides
Demonstration
SoUTech ATP Systems, Inc 108
Remediation Technologies, Inc. (Liquids and Solids Biological Treatment) 178
General Atomics 64
Canonie Environmental Services Corporation 38
Emerging
Vortec Corporation 266
J.R. Simplot Company (Anaerobic Biological Process) 260
Groundwater Technology Government Services, Inc 304
ART International, Inc 282
Petroleum Hydrocarbons
Demonstration
Texaco Syngas Inc 194
SoUTech ATP Systems, Inc 108
Remediation Technologies, Inc. (Liquids and Solids Biological Treatment) 178
General Atomics 64
ECOVA Corporation 52
Dehydro-Tech Corporation 48
Chemical Waste Management, Inc. (X*TRAX™ Thermal Desorption) 46
Canonie Environmental Services Corporation 38
Bergmann USA ; 26
Emerging
Western Product Recovery Group, Inc 340
Warren Spring Laboratory 338
Vortec Corporation 266
New Jersey Institute of Technology 254
Institute of Gas Technology (Fluid Extraction-Biological Degradation Process) 244
High Voltage Environmental Applications, Inc. 308
Groundwater Technology Government Services, Inc 304
Ferro Corporation 240
COGNIS, Inc. (Biological/Chemical Treatment) 290
ART International, Inc. 282
Radioactive Elements/Metals
Demonstration
Retech, Inc 88
Bergmann USA 26
Babcock & Wilcox Co 24
Emerging
Western Product Recovery Group, Inc 340
Warren Spring Laboratory 338
Vortec Corporation , 266
Ferro Corporation 240
Babcock & Wilcox Co 218
Volatile Organics
Demonstration
Texaco Syngas Inc 194
Page 402
-------
Sediment (cont.) Page
Volatile Organics
Demonstration
SoilTech ATP Systems, Inc 108
Risk Reduction Engineering Laboratory (Base-Catalyzed Dechlorination
Process) 90
Retech, Inc 88
Remediation Technologies, Inc. (Liquids and Solids Biological Treatment) . . . 178
Gruppo Italimpresse 68
General Atomics . 64
Funderburk & Associates 62
ELI Eco Logic International, Inc. (Thermal Desorption Unit) 56
ELI Eco Logic International, Inc. (Gas-Phase Chemical Reduction Process) 54
Dehydro-Tech Corporation 48
Chemical Waste Management, Inc. (X*TRAXra Thermal Desorption) 46
Canonie Environmental Services Corporation 38
Babcock & Wilcox Co 24
Emerging
Vortec Corporation . . 266
PSI Technology Company 256
New Jersey Institute of Technology . . . 254
Institute of Gas Technology (Fluid Extraction-Biological Degradation Process) 244
Groundwater Technology Government Services, Inc 304
COGNIS, Inc. (Biological/Chemical Treatment) ..290
Babcock & Wilcox Co 218
Sludge
Arsenic
Demonstration
Silicate Technology Corporation 102
CeTech Resources, Inc 40
Emerging
Vortec Corporation 266
Chlorinated Organics
Demonstration
SoilTech ATP Systems, Inc '. 108
Retech, Inc ; 88
Resources Conservation Company . 86
Remediation Technologies, Inc. (Liquids and Solids Biological Treatment) 178
International Waste Technologies/Geo-Con, Inc . . . 78
High Voltage Environmental Applications, Inc 160
Geosafe Corporation 156
General Atomics • 64
Funderburk & Associates ; * 62
Dehydro-Tech Corporation .••••. '..... 48
CF Systems Corporation 42
Billings & Associates, Inc 140
Babcock & Wilcox Cb 24
Emerging
Vortec Corporation : 266
University of Dayton Research Institute 334
Page 403
-------
Sludge (cont.) Page
Chlorinated Organics
Emerging
Trinity Environmental Technologies, Inc 262
PSI Technology Company 256
Institute of Gas Technology (Chemical and Biological Treatment) 242
Groundwater Technology Government Services, Inc 304
Energy and Environmental Research Corporation (Hybrid Fluidized Bed
System) 238
Electron Beam Research Facility, Florida International University and
University of Miami 234
Babcock & Wilcox Co 218
ART International, Inc 282
Allis Mineral Systems 278
Creosotes
Demonstration
North American Technologies Group, Inc. (BioTreat™ System) 170
Cyanide
Demonstration
Silicate Technology Corporation 102
General Atomics 64
Emerging
Vortec Corporation 266
Dioxins
Demonstration
General Atomics 64
CF Systems Corporation 42
Emerging
Vortec Corporation 266
University of Dayton Research Institute 334
Trinity Environmental Technologies, Inc 262
ART International, Inc 282
Heavy Metals
Demonstration
Wheelabrator Technologies Inc 200
WASTECH, Inc 120
Texaco Syngas Inc 194
Soliditech, Inc 110
Silicate Technology Corporation 102
Separation and Recovery Systems, Inc 186
Retech, Inc 88
International Waste Technologies/Geo-Con, Inc 78
Horsehead Resource Development Co., Inc 70
Geosafe Corporation 156
General Atomics 64
Funderburk & Associates 62
CeTech Resources, Inc 40
Babcock & Wilcox Co 24
Emerging
Western Product Recovery Group, Inc 340
Warren Spring Laboratory < . . 338
Page 404
-------
Sludge (cont.) Page
Heavy Metals
Emerging
Vortec Corporation 266
PSI Technology Company 256
New Jersey Institute of Technology , 254
Institute of Gas Technology (Fluidized-Bed Cyclonic Agglomerating
Combustor) 310
Ferro Corporation 240
COGNIS, Inc. (Chemical Treatment) 292
Babcock & Wilcox Co 218
Allis Mineral Systems 278
Other Halogenated Organics
Demonstration
SoilTech ATP Systems, Inc . . . . 108
Retech, Inc 88
Remediation Technologies, Inc. (Liquids and Solids Biological Treatment) 178
High Voltage Environmental Applications, Inc 160
Geosafe Corporation 156
Dehydro-Tech Corporation 48
CF Systems Corporation 42
Billings & Associates, Inc 140
Emerging
Vortec Corporation 266
University of Dayton Research Institute 334
Institute of Gas Technology (Chemical and Biological Treatment) 242
ART International, Inc , . . 282
Allis Mineral Systems 2718
Other Inorganics
Demonstration
Separation and Recovery Systems, Inc. . . 186
Emerging
Institute of Gas Technology (Fluidized-Bed Cyclonic Agglomerating
Combustor) 310
Other Metals
Demonstration
Wheelabrator Technologies Inc 200
Silicate Technology Corporation 102
CeTech Resources, Inc 40
Emerging
COGNIS, Inc. (Chemical Treatment) 292
Other Organics
Demonstration
WASTECH, Inc 120
Separation and Recovery Systems, Inc . 186
Retech, Inc 88
Remediation Technologies, Inc. (Liquids and Solids Biological Treatment) 178
North American Technologies Group, Inc. (BioTreat™ System) 170
International Waste Technologies/Geo-Con, Inc 78
High Voltage Environmental Applications, Inc. ; 160
General Atomics 64
Page 405
-------
Sludge (cont.) Page
Other Oraanics
Demonstration
Funderburk & Associates 62
Dehydro-Tech Corporation 48
Emerging
PSI Technology Company 256
New Jersey Institute of Technology 254
Institute of Gas Technology (Fluidized-Bed Cyclonic Agglomerating
Combustor) 310
High Voltage Environmental Applications, Inc 308
Groundwater Technology Government Services, Inc 304
Electron Beam Research Facility, Florida International University and
University of Miami 234
Demonstration
Resources Conservation Company 86
Remediation Technologies, Inc. (Liquids and Solids Biological Treatment) 178
North American Technologies Group, Inc. (BioTreat™ System) 170
Geosafe Corporation 156
Dehydro-Tech Corporation 48
American Combustion, Inc 20
Emerging
Western Product Recovery Group, Inc 340
Warren Spring Laboratory 338
Vortec Corporation • 266
University of Dayton Research Institute 334
Institute of Gas Technology (Chemical and Biological Treatment) 242
High Voltage Environmental Applications, Inc 308
Energy and Environmental Research Corporation (Hybrid Fluidized Bed
System) 238
ART International, Inc 282
PCBs
Demonstration
SoilTech ATP Systems, Inc 108
Resources Conservation Company 86
International Waste Technologies/Geo-Con, Inc 78
Geosafe Corporation 156
General Atomics 64
Funderburk & Associates 62
Dehydro-Tech Corporation 48
CF Systems Corporation 42
Emerging
Warren Spring Laboratory 338
Vortec Corporation 266
University of Dayton Research Institute 334
Trinity Environmental Technologies, Inc 262
New Jersey Institute of Technology 254
Institute of Gas Technology (Chemical and Biological Treatment) 242
High Voltage Environmental Applications, Inc 308
Electron Beam Research Facility, Florida International University and
University of Miami 234
Page 406
-------
Sludge (cont.) Page
PCBs
Emerging
ART International, Inc ; . . . 282
Pesticides
Emerging
Electron Beam Research Facility, Florida International University and
University of Miami 234
Pesticides/Herbicides
Demonstration
SoilTech ATP Systems, Inc 108
Resources Conservation Company . 86
Remediation Technologies, Inc. (Liquids and Solids Biological Treatment) 178
High Voltage Environmental Applications, Inc. . -. . 160
General Atomics 64
Canonic Environmental Services Corporation 38
Emerging
Vortec Corporation 266
Trinity Environmental Technologies, Inc 262
Groundwater Technology Government Services, Inc , 304
ART International, Inc 282
Petroleum Hydrocarbons
Demonstration
WASTECH, Inc 120
Texaco Syngas Inc 194
Soliditech, Inc 110
SoilTech ATP Systems, Inc 108
Silicate Technology Corporation 102
Separation and Recovery Systems, Inc 186
Resources Conservation Company 86
Remediation Technologies, Inc. (Liquids and Solids Biological Treatment) 178
North American Technologies Group, Inc. (BioTreat™ System) 170
International Waste Technologies/Geo-Con, Inc 78
Geosafe Corporation 156
General Atomics ; 64
Dehydro-Tech Corporation : 48
CF Systems Corporation 42
Canonie Environmental Services Corporation , i . . 38
Billings & Associates, Inc . . . i . . . . 140
American Combustion, Inc . . '. . . . . . 20
Emerging
Western Product Recovery Group, Inc , 340
Warren Spring Laboratory . 338
Vortec Corporation ....;.. ?66
New Jersey Institute of Technology . . 254
Institute of Gas Technology (Chemical and Biological Treatment) 242
High Voltage Environmental Applications, Inc. 308
Groundwater Technology Government Services, Inc. 304
Ferro Corporation 240
Energy and Environmental Research Corporation (Hybrid Fluidized Bed
System) , 238
Page 407
-------
Sludge (cont.) Page
Petroleum Hydrocarbons
Emerging
ART International, Inc 282
Allis Mineral Systems 278
Radioactive Elements/Metals
Demonstration
WASTECH, Inc 120
Retech, Inc 88
Geosafe Corporation 156
CeTech Resources, Inc 40
Babcock & Wilcox Co 24
Emerging
Western Product Recovery Group, Inc 340
Warren Spring Laboratory 338
Vortec Corporation 266
Ferro Corporation 240
Babcock & Wilcox Co 218
Radionuclides
Emerging
High Voltage Environmental Applications, Inc 308
Volatile Metals
Emerging
Energy and Environmental Research Corporation (Hybrid Fluidized Bed
System) 238
Volatile Organics
Demonstration
WASTECH, Inc 120
Texaco Syngas Inc 194
Soliditech, Inc 110
SoilTech ATP Systems, Inc 108
Silicate Technology Corporation 102
Separation and Recovery Systems, Inc . 186
Retech, Inc 88
Resources Conservation Company 86
Remediation Technologies, Inc. (Liquids and Solids Biological Treatment) 178
International Waste Technologies/Geo-Con, Inc 78
Horsehead Resource Development Co., Inc 70
High Voltage Environmental Applications, Inc 160
Geosafe Corporation 156
General Atomics 64
Funderburk & Associates 62
Dehydro-Tech Corporation 48
CF Systems Corporation 42
CeTech Resources, Inc 40
Canonie Environmental Services Corporation 38
Billings & Associates, Inc 140
Babcock & Wilcox Co 24
American Combustion, Inc 20
Emerging
Vortec Corporation 266
Page 408
-------
Sludge (cont.) Pase
Volatile Organics
Emerging
PSI Technology Company 256
New Jersey Institute of Technology 254
Institute of Gas Technology (Fluidized-Bed Cyclonic Agglomerating
Combustor) ^. . . 310 ,
Institute of Gas Technology (Chemical and Biological Treatment) . 242
Groundwater Technology Government Services, Inc '. 304
Ferro Corporation 240
Energy and Environmental Research Corporation (Hybrid Fluidized Bed
System) • -238
Electron Beam Research Facility, Florida International University and
University of Miami 234
Babcock & Wilcox Co 218
Allis Mineral Systems 278
Soil
Arsenic
Demonstration
Silicate Technology Corporation 102
CeTech Resources, Inc 40
Bergmann USA 26
Emerging
Vortec Corporation 266
Davy Research and Development, Limited 294
Center for Hazardous Materials Research (Smelting Lead-Containing Waste) 288
Center for Hazardous Materials Research (Acid Extraction Treatment System) 226
Battelle Memorial Institute . . . 220
Chlorinated Organics
Demonstration
Western Research Institute 198
Udell Technologies, Inc I96
Toronto Harbour Commission 114
Terra-Kleen Corporation 192
Terra Vac, Inc 112
SoilTech ATP Systems, Inc 1°8
Risk Reduction Engineering Laboratory (Base-Catalyzed Dechlorination
Process) 90
Risk Reduction Engineering Laboratory and USDA Forest Products
Laboratory (Fungal Treatment Technology) 98
Retech, Inc. 88
Resources Conservation Company . . 86
Remediation Technologies, Inc. (Liquids and Solids Biological Treatment) 178
Praxis Enviromental Technologies, Inc • I74
NOVATERRA, Inc 82
International Waste Technologies/Geo-Con, Inc 78
International Environmental Technology 166
In-Situ Fixation Company 164
Hughes Environmental Systems, Inc 74
Hrubetz Environmental Services, Inc 72
Page 409
-------
Soil (cont.) Page
Chlorinated Organics
Demonstration
Geosafe Corporation, 156
General Atomics 64
Funderburk & Associates 62
Ensotech, Inc 150
ELI Eco Logic International, Inc. (Thermal Desorption Unit) 56
ELI Eco Logic International, Inc. (Gas-Phase Chemical Reduction Process) 54
Dehydro-Tech Corporation 48
CF Systems Corporation 42
BioTrol, Inc. (Soil Washing System) 34
Bio-Rem, Inc 30
BioGenesis Enterprises, Inc 28
Billings & Associates, Inc 140
Babcock & Wilcox Co 24
AWD Technologies, Inc 22
Emerging
Western Research Institute 270
Vortec Corporation 266
University of Dayton Research Institute 334
Trinity Environmental Technologies, Inc 262
Purus, Inc 258
Pulse Sciences, Inc. (X-Ray Treatment of Organically Contaminated Soils) 328
PSI Technology Company 256
IT Corporation (Photolytic and Biological Soil Detoxification) 248
Institute of Gas Technology (Fluid Extraction-Biological Degradation Process) 244
Institute of Gas Technology (Chemical and Biological Treatment) 242
Groundwater Technology Government Services, Inc 304
Energy and Environmental Research Corporation (Hybrid Fluidized Bed
System) 238
Davy Research and Development, Limited 294
Center for Hazardous Materials Research (Smelting Lead-Containing Waste) 288
Babcock & Wilcox Co 218
ART International, Inc 282
Allis Mineral Systems 278
Chromium
Emerging
Lewis Environmental Services, Inc./Hickson Corporation 316
Creosote
Demonstration
Risk Reduction Engineering Laboratory (Volume Reduction Unit) 92
Creosotes
Demonstration
North American Technologies Group, Inc. (BioTreat™ System) 170
Hrubetz Environmental Services, Inc 72
GRACE Dearborn, Inc 158
ECOVA Corporation 52
Demonstration
Silicate Technology Corporation 102
Page 410
-------
Soil (cont.) Page
Cyanide
Demonstration
General Atomics 64
Bergmann USA 26
Emerging
Vortec Corporation 266
Davy Research and Development, Limited 294
Battelle Memorial Institute 220
Dioxins
Demonstration
Risk Reduction Engineering Laboratory (Base-Catalyzed Dechlorination
Process) 90
Risk Reduction Engineering Laboratory and USDA Forest Products
Laboratory (Fungal Treatment Technology) 98
General Atomics 64
CF Systems Corporation 42
BioTrol, Inc. (Soil Washing System) . 34
BioGenesis Enterprises, Inc . 28
Emerging
Vortec Corporation 266
University of Dayton Research Institute 334
Trinity Environmental Technologies, Inc 262
IT Corporation (Photolytic and Biological Soil Detoxification) 248
ART International, Inc 282
Heavy Metals
Demonstration
Wheelabrator Technologies Inc 200
WASTECH, Inc. . . 120
Toronto Harbour Commission 114
Texaco Syngas Inc 194
S.M.W. Seiko, Inc 184
Soliditech, Inc 110
Silicate Technology Corporation 102
Separation and Recovery Systems, Inc 186
Retech, Inc 88
International Waste Technologies/Geo-Con, Inc 78
Horsehead Resource Development Co., Inc 70
Geosafe Corporation 156
General Atomics 64
Funderburk & Associates 62
Ensotech, Inc 150
CeTech Resources, Inc 40
Brice Environmental Services Corporation . 36
BioTrol, Inc. (Soil Washing System) 34
Bergmann USA . 26
Babcock & Wilcox Co 24
Emerging
Western Product Recovery Group, Inc 340
Warren Spring Laboratory • • 338
Vortec Corporation 266
Page 411
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Soil (cont.) Page
Heavy Metals
Emerging
PSI Technology Company 256
New Jersey Institute of Technology 254
Montana College of Mineral Science & Technology (Campbell Centrifugal
Jig) 322
Montana College of Mineral Science & Technology (Air-Sparged
Hydrocyclone) 320
Lewis Environmental Services, Inc./Hickson Corporation 316
IT Corporation (Mixed Waste Treatment Process) 314
IT Corporation (Batch Steam Distillation and Metal Extraction) 246
Institute of Gas Technology (Fluidized-Bed Cyclonic Agglomerating
Combustor) 310
Ferro Corporation 240
Electrokinetics, Inc 232
Davy Research and Development, Limited 294
COGNIS, Inc. (Chemical Treatment) 292
COGNIS, Inc. (Biological/Chemical Treatment) 290
Center for Hazardous Materials Research (Smelting Lead-Containing Waste) 288
Center for Hazardous Materials Research (Acid Extraction Treatment System) 226
Battelle Memorial Institute 220
Babcock & Wilcox Co 218
Allis Mineral Systems 278
Metals
Demonstration
Risk Reduction Engineering Laboratory (Volume Reduction Unit) 92
Nitroaromatics
Demonstration
J.R. Simplot Company (Biodegradation of Trinitrotoluene) 106
Emerging
J.R. Simplot Company (Anaerobic Biological Process) 260
Not Applicable
Demonstration
Risk Reduction Engineering Laboratory and the University of Cincinnati
(Hydraulic Fracturing) 96
Other Halogenated Organics
Demonstration
Toronto Harbour Commission 114
Terra Vac, Inc 112
SoilTech ATP Systems, Inc 108
Roy F. Weston, Inc. (Low Temperature Thermal Treatment System [LT3®]) 122
Risk Reduction Engineering Laboratory and USDA Forest Products
Laboratory (Fungal Treatment Technology) 98
Retech, Inc 88
Remediation Technologies, Inc. (Liquids and Solids Biological Treatment) 178
NOVATERRA, Inc 82
International Environmental Technology 166
In-Situ Fixation Company 164
Hrubetz Environmental Services, Inc 72
Geosafe Corporation 156
Page 412
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Soil (cont.) Page
Other Halogenated Organics
Demonstration
Dehydro-Tech Corporation 48
CF Systems Corporation 42
BioTrol, Inc. (Soil Washing System) - 34
Bio-Rem, Inc 30
BioGenesis Enterprises, Inc 28
Billings & Associates, Inc 140
AWD Technologies, Inc 22
Emerging
Vortec Corporation 266
University of Dayton Research Institute 334
Pulse Sciences, Inc. (X-Ray Treatment of Organically Contaminated Soils) 328
IT Corporation (Photolytic and Biological Soil Detoxification) 248
Institute of Gas Technology (Fluid Extraction-Biological Degradation Process) 244
Institute of Gas Technology (Chemical and Biological Treatment) 242
Allis Mineral Systems 278
Other Inorganics
Demonstration
Separation and Recovery Systems, Inc 186
Emerging
Institute of Gas Technology (Fluidized-Bed Cyclonic Agglomerating
Combustor) 310
Center for Hazardous Materials Research (Smelting Lead-Containing Waste) 288
Other Metals
Demonstration
Wheelabrator Technologies Inc 200
S.M.W. Seiko, Inc •. 184
Silicate Technology Corporation 102
Chemical Waste Management, Inc. (X*TRAX™ Thermal Desorption) 46
CeTech Resources, Inc 40
Emerging
Lewis Environmental Services, Inc./Hickson Corporation 316
Davy Research and Development, Limited 294
COGNIS, Inc. (Chemical Treatment) 292
Other Organics
Demonstration
WASTECH, Inc 120
Udell Technologies, Inc 196
S.M.W. Seiko, Inc 184
Separation and Recovery Systems, Inc 186
Roy F. Weston, Inc. (Low Temperature Thermal Treatment System [LT3®]) 122
Risk Reduction Engineering Laboratory (Base-Catalyzed Dechlorination
Process) 90
Retech, Inc 88
Remediation Technologies, Inc. (Liquids and Solids Biological Treatment) 178
Praxis Enviromental Technologies, Inc 174
NOVATERRA, Inc 82
North American Technologies Group, Inc. (BioTreat™ System) 170
International Waste Technologies/Geo-Con, Inc 78
Page 413
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Soil (cont.) Page
Other Qrganics
Demonstration
In-Situ Fixation Company 164
Illinois Institute of Technology Research Institute/Halliburton NUS 76
Hughes Environmental Systems, Inc 74
Gruppo Italimpresse 68
GRACE Dearborn, Inc 158
General Atomics 64
Funderburk & Associates 62
ECOVA Corporation 52
Dehydro-Tech Corporation 48
Clean Berkshires, Inc 144
Chemical Waste Management, Inc. (X*TRAX™ Thermal Desorption) 46
AWD Technologies, Inc 22
Emerging
Pulse Sciences, Inc. (X-Ray Treatment of Organically Contaminated Soils) 328
PSI Technology Company 256
New Jersey Institute of Technology 254
IT Corporation (Mixed Waste Treatment Process) 314
IT Corporation (Eimco Biolift™ Slurry Reactor) 312
Institute of Gas Technology (Fluidized-Bed Cyclonic Agglomerating
Combustor) 310
High Voltage Environmental Applications, Inc 308
Groundwater Technology Government Services, Lac 304
Environmental Biotechnologies, Inc./Michigan Biotechnology Institute 300
Babcock & Wilcox Co 218
PAHs
Demonstration
Toronto Harbour Commission 114
S.M.W. Seiko, Inc 184
Roy F. Weston, Inc. (Low Temperature Thermal Treatment System [LT3®]) 122
Risk Reduction Engineering Laboratory (Volume Reduction Unit) 92
Risk Reduction Engineering Laboratory (Bioventing) , 180
Risk Reduction Engineering Laboratory and USDA Forest Products
Laboratory (Fungal Treatment Technology) 98
Resources Conservation Company 86
Remediation Technologies, Inc. (Liquids and Solids Biological Treatment) 178
NOVATERRA, Inc 82
North American Technologies Group, Inc. (BioTreat™ System) 170
International Environmental Technology 166
In-Situ Fixation Company 164
GRACE Dearborn, Inc 158
Geosafe Corporation 156
ELI Eco Logic International, Inc. (Thermal Desorption Unit) 56
ELI Eco Logic International, Inc. (Gas-Phase Chemical Reduction Process) 54
ECOVA Corporation 52
Dehydro-Tech Corporation 48
Clean Berkshires, Inc 144
BioTrol, Inc. (Soil Washing System) 34
BioGenesis Enterprises, Inc 28
Page 414
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Soil (cont.) Page
PAHs
Demonstration
Bergmann USA 26
American Combustion, Inc 20
Emerging
Western Product Recovery Group, Inc 340
Warren Spring Laboratory 338
Vortec Corporation 266
University of Dayton Research Institute 334
Pulse Sciences, Inc. (X-Ray Treatment of Organically Contaminated Soils) 328
IT Corporation (Photolytic and Biological Soil Detoxification) 248
IT Corporation (Eimco Biolift™ Slurry Reactor) 312
Institute of Gas Technology (Fluid Extraction-Biological Degradation Process) . 244
Institute of Gas Technology (Chemical and Biological Treatment) 242
High Voltage Environmental Applications, Inc 308
Environmental Biotechnologies, Inc./Michigan Biotechnology Institute 300
Energy and Environmental Research Corporation (Hybrid Fluidized Bed
System) 238
COGNIS, Inc. (Biological/Chemical Treatment) 290
Battelle Memorial Institute 220
ART International, Inc 282
PCBs
Demonstration
Terra-Kleen Corporation 192
S.M.W. Seiko, Inc 184
SoilTech ATP Systems, Inc 108
Risk Reduction Engineering Laboratory (Base-Catalyzed Dechlorination
Process) . . 90
Risk Reduction Engineering Laboratory and USDA Forest Products
Laboratory (Fungal Treatment Technology) 98
Resources Conservation Company 86
International Waste Technologies/Geo-Con, Inc 78
International Environmental Technology 166
In-Situ Fixation Company 164
Gruppo Italimpresse . . 68
Geosafe Corporation 156
General Atomics 64
Funderburk & Associates 62
ELI Eco Logic International, Inc. (Thermal Desorption Unit) 56
ELI Eco Logic International, Inc. (Gas-Phase Chemical Reduction Process) 54
Dehydro-Tech Corporation 48
Chemical Waste Management, Inc. (X*TRAX™ Thermal Desorption) 46
CF Systems Corporation 42
BioTrol, Inc. (Soil Washing System) 34
BioGenesis Enterprises, Inc . 28
Bergmann USA 26
Emerging
Warren Spring Laboratory 338
Vortec Corporation 266
University of Dayton Research Institute 334
Page 415
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Soil (cont.) Page
PCBs
Emerging
Trinity Environmental Technologies, Inc 262
Pulse Sciences, Inc. (X-Ray Treatment of Organically Contaminated Soils) 328
New Jersey Institute of Technology 254
IT Corporation (Photolytic and Biological Soil Detoxification) 248
IT Corporation (Mixed Waste Treatment Process) 314
Institute of Gas Technology (Fluid Extraction-Biological Degradation Process) 244
Institute of Gas Technology (Chemical and Biological Treatment) 242
High Voltage Environmental Applications, Inc 308
Davy Research and Development, Limited 294
Battelle Memorial Institute 220
ART International, Inc 282
MMTP
United States Environmental Protection Agency (Field Analytical Screening
Program PCB Method) 374
Dexsil Corporation 354
PCPs
Demonstration
Risk Reduction Engineering Laboratory (Volume Reduction Unit) 92
MMTP
Millipore Corporation 364
Graseby Ionics, Limited and PCP, Inc 356
Pesticides
Demonstration
Risk Reduction Engineering Laboratory (Base-Catalyzed Dechlorination
Process) 90
Risk Reduction Engineering Laboratory and USDA Forest Products
Laboratory (Fungal Treatment Technology) 98
ELI Eco Logic International, Inc. (Thermal Desorption Unit) 56
ELI Eco Logic International, Inc. (Gas-Phase Chemical Reduction Process) 54
Pesticides/Herbicides
Demonstration
Western Research Institute 198
Toronto Harbour Commission 114
Tenra-Kleen Corporation 192
S.M.W. Seiko, Inc 184
SoilTech ATP Systems, Inc 108
Resources Conservation Company 86
Remediation Technologies, Inc. (Liquids and Solids Biological Treatment) 178
General Atomics 64
Canonie Environmental Services Corporation 38
BioTrol, Inc. (Soil Washing System) 34
BioGenesis Enterprises, Inc 28
ASI Environmental Technologies, Inc./Dames & Moore 138
Emerging
Western Research Institute 270
Vortec Corporation 266
Trinity Environmental Technologies, Inc 262
Pulse Sciences, Inc. (X-Ray Treatment of Organically Contaminated Soils) 328
Page 416
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Soil (cont.) Paie
Pesticides/Herbicides
Emerging
J.R. Simplot Company (Anaerobic Biological Process) 260
Groundwater Technology Government Services, Inc 304
ART International, Inc 282
Petroleum Hydrocarbons
Demonstration
Western Research Institute 198
WASTECH, Inc 12°
Toronto Harbour Commission 114
Texaco Syngas Inc I94
Terra-Kleen Corporation 192
Terra Vac, Inc H2
Sonotech, Inc I88
Soliditech, Inc 11°
SoilTech ATP Systems, Inc 1°8
Silicate Technology Corporation 102
Separation and Recovery Systems, Inc 186
Roy F. Weston, Inc. (Low Temperature Thermal Treatment System [LT3®]) I22
Risk Reduction Engineering Laboratory (Bioventing) 180
Risk Reduction Engineering Laboratory and USDA Forest Products
Laboratory (Fungal Treatment Technology) 98
Resources Conservation Company 86
Remediation Technologies, Inc. (Liquids and Solids Biological Treatment) 178
NOVATERRA, Inc 82
North American Technologies Group, Inc. (BioTreat™ System) 170
International Waste Technologies/Geo-Con, Inc 78
International Environmental Technology • • 166
In-Situ Fixation Company 164
Hughes Environmental Systems, Inc 74
Hrubetz Environmental Services, Inc 72
Geosafe Corporation 156
General Atomics 64
Ensotech, Inc I50
ECOVA Corporation • 52
Dehydro-Tech Corporation 48
Clean Berkshires, Inc 144
Chemical Waste Management, Inc. (X*TRAX™ Thermal Desorption) 46
CF Systems Corporation 42
Canonie Environmental Services Corporation 38
Brice Environmental Services Corporation 36
BioTrol, Inc. (Soil Washing System) 34
Bio-Rem, Inc 30
BioGenesis Enterprises, Inc 28
Billings & Associates, Inc 140
Bergmann USA 26
American Combustion, Inc 20
Emerging
Western Research Institute 270
Western Product Recovery Group, Inc 340
Page 417
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Soil (cont.) Page
Petroleum Hydrocarbons
Emerging
Warren Spring Laboratory 338
Vortec Corporation 266
Pulse Sciences, Inc. (X-Ray Treatment of Organically Contaminated Soils) 328
New Jersey Institute of Technology 254
IT Corporation (Photolytic and Biological Soil Detoxification) 248
, IT Corporation (Eimco Biolift™ Slurry Reactor) 312
Institute of Gas Technology (Fluid Extraction-Biological Degradation Process) 244
Institute of Gas Technology (Chemical and Biological Treatment) 242
High Voltage Environmental Applications, Inc 308
Hazardous Substance Management Research Center at New Jersey Institute of
Technology 306
Groundwater Technology Government Services, Inc 304
Ferro Corporation 240
Energy and Environmental Research Corporation (Hybrid Fluidized Bed
System) 238
COGNIS, Inc. (Biological/Chemical Treatment) 290
Battelle Memorial Institute 220
ART International, Inc 282
Allis Mineral Systems 278
Radioactive Elements/Metals
Demonstration
WASTECH, Inc 120
Retech, Inc 88
Geosafe Corporation 156
CeTech Resources, Inc 40
Brice Environmental Services Corporation 36
Bergmann USA 26
Babcock & Wilcox Co 24
Emerging
Western Product Recovery Group, Inc 340
Warren Spring Laboratory 338
Vortec Corporation 266
IT Corporation (Mixed Waste Treatment Process) 314
Ferro Corporation 240
Electrokinetics, Inc 232
Babcock & Wilcox Co 218
Radionuclides
Emerging
High Voltage Environmental Applications, Inc 308
SVOCs
Demonstration
Risk Reduction Engineering Laboratory (Volume Reduction Unit) 92
VOCs
Demonstration
Risk Reduction Engineering Laboratory (Volume Reduction Unit) 92
Volatile Metals
Emerging
Energy and Environmental Research Corporation (Hybrid Fluidized Bed
System) 238
Page 418
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Soil (cont.) Page
Volatile Organics
Demonstration
WASTECH, Inc 120
United States Environmental Protection Agency (Excavation Techniques and
Foam Suppression Methods) 118
Udell Technologies, Inc • 196
Toronto Harbour Commission 114
Texaco Syngas Inc 194
Terra-Kleen Corporation • • 192
Terra Vac, Inc 112
S.M.W. Seiko, Inc 184
Sonotech, Inc • 188
Soliditech, Inc. • • • • HO
SoilTech ATP Systems, Inc • 108
Silicate Technology Corporation ...........< 102
Separation and Recovery Systems, Inc. • • 186
Roy F. Weston, Inc. (Low Temperature Thermal Treatment System [LT3®]) . 122
Risk Reduction Engineering Laboratory (Bioventing) 180
Risk Reduction Engineering Laboratory (Base-Catalyzed Dechlorination
Process) 90
Risk Reduction Engineering Laboratory and USDA Forest Products
Laboratory (Fungal Treatment Technology) 98
Retech, Inc 88
Resources Conservation Company . 86
Remediation Technologies, Inc. (Liquids and Solids Biological Treatment) 178
Praxis Enviromental Technologies, Inc 174
NOVATERRA, Inc 82
International Waste Technologies/Geo-Con, Inc 78
International Environmental Technology < 166
In-Situ Fixation Company 164
Illinois Institute of Technology Research Institute/Halliburton NUS 76
Hughes Environmental Systems, Inc 74
Hrubetz Environmental Services, Inc 72
Horsehead Resource Development Co., Inc • • , • 70
Gruppo Italimpresse 68
Geosafe Corporation 156
General Atomics . 64
Funderburk & Associates 62
Ensotech, Inc • 150
ELI Eco Logic International, Inc. (Thermal Desorption Unit) . 56
ELI Eco Logic International, Inc. (Gas-Phase Chemical Reduction Process) 54
Dehydro-Tech Corporation • 48
Clean Berkshires, Inc. 144
Chemical Waste Management, Inc. (X*TRAX™ Thermal Desorption) 46
CF Systems Corporation . 42
CeTech Resources, Inc 40
Canonie Environmental Services Corporation 38
BioGenesis Enterprises, Inc . . 28
Billings & Associates, Inc 140
Babcock & Wilcox Co 24
Page 419
-------
Soil (cont.) Page
Volatile Organics
Demonstration
AWD Technologies, Inc 22
American Combustion, Inc 20
Emerging
Vortec Corporation 266
Purus, Inc 258
Pulse Sciences, Inc. (X-Ray Treatment of Organically Contaminated Soils) 328
PSI Technology Company 256
New Jersey Institute of Technology 254
IT Corporation (Mixed Waste Treatment Process) , 314
IT Corporation (Batch Steam Distillation and Metal Extraction) 246
Institute of Gas Technology (Fluidized-Bed Cyclonic Agglomerating
Combustor) 310
Institute of Gas Technology (Fluid Extraction-Biological Degradation Process) 244
Institute of Gas Technology (Chemical and Biological Treatment) 242
Hazardous Substance Management Research Center at New Jersey Institute of
Technology 306
Groundwater Technology Government Services, Inc 304
Ferro Corporation 240
Energy and Environmental Research Corporation (Hybrid Fluidized Bed
System) 238
COGNIS, Inc. (Biological/Chemical Treatment) 290
Center for Hazardous Materials Research (Smelting Lead-Containing Waste) 288
Babcock & Wilcox Co 218
Allis Mineral Systems 278
Solid Debris
Chlorinated Organics
Demonstration
Risk Reduction Engineering Laboratory and IT Corporation (Debris Washing
System) - 94
Heavy Metals
Demonstration
Risk Reduction Engineering Laboratory and IT Corporation (Debris Washing
System) 94
Lead
Emerging
Center for Hazardous Materials Research (Organics Destruction and Metals
Stabilization) 286
Other Metals
Demonstration
Risk Reduction Engineering Laboratory and IT Corporation (Debris Washing
System) 94
PCBs
Demonstration
Risk Reduction Engineering Laboratory and IT Corporation (Debris Washing
System) . , . . . 94
Pesticides
Demonstration
Risk Reduction Engineering Laboratory and IT Corporation (Debris Washing
System) , 94
Page 420
-------
Solid Debris (cont.) Page
Volatile Organics
Demonstration
Risk Reduction Engineering Laboratory and IT Corporation (Debris Washing
System) 94
Vapor
PCPs
MMTP
Graseby Ionics, Limited and PCP, Inc 356
Wastewater
Chlorinated Organics
Demonstration
Zimpro Passavant Environmental Systems, Inc 206
SBP Technologies, Inc 100
Peroxidation Systems, Inc 84
High Voltage Environmental Applications, Inc 160
Dehydro-Tech Corporation .48
BioTrol, Inc. (Biological Aqueous Treatment System) 32
AlliedSignal, Inc 132
Emerging
Wastewater Technology Centre 268
Matrix Photocatalytic, Inc. (Photocatalyic Water Treatment) 250
Energy and Environmental Engineering, Inc 236
Electron Beam Research Facility, Florida International University and
University of Miami , 234
ABB Environmental Ser/ices, Inc 276
Cyanide
Demonstration
E.I. DuPont de Nemours and Company, and Oberlin Filter Company 50
Chemical Waste Management, Inc. (PO*WW*ER™ Technology) 44
Emerging
Matrix Photocatalytic, Inc. (Photocatalyic Water Treatment) 250
Dioxins
Emerging
Matrix Photocatalytic, Inc. (Photocatalyic Water Treatment) 250
Heavy Metals
Demonstration
Zenon Environmental Systems, Inc. (Zenogem™ Process) 204
TechTran Environmental, Inc. 190
Rochem Separation Systems, Inc 182
Hydrologies, Inc 162
Filter Flow Technology, Inc 60
E.I. DuPont de Nemours and Company, and Oberlin Filter Company 50
EPOC Water, Inc 58
Dynaphore, Inc 148
Chemical Waste Management, Inc. (PO*WW*ER™ Technology) 44
Aprotek , 136
Emerging
New Jersey Institute of Technology 254
Page 421
-------
™
9fi8
~"
Wastewater (cont.) Page
Heavy Metals
Emerging
Atomic Energy of Canada, Limited (Ultrasonic-Aided Leachate Treatment for
Mixed Wastes) ............................ • .............. 84
Atomic Energy of Canada, Limited (Chemical Treatment and Ultrafiltration)
Other Haloeenated Organics
Demonstration
Zimpro Passavant Environmental Systems, Inc
SBP Technologies, Inc
High Voltage Environmental Applications, Inc
Dehydro-Tech Corporation ..................
BioTrol, Inc. (Biological Aqueous Treatment System)
AlliedSignal, Inc
Emerging
Wastewater Technology Centre
Matrix Photocatalytic, Inc. (Photocatalyic Water Treatment)
ART International, Inc .............................. ........
ABB Environmental Services, Inc
Other Inorganics
Emerging
Matrix Photocatalytic, Inc. (Photocatalyic Water Treatment)
Other Metals
Demonstration
Zenon Environmental Systems, Inc. (Zenogem™ Process)
Hydrologies, Inc ................................................
E I DuPont de Nemours and Company, and Oberlin Filter Company ................ su
Chemical Waste Management, Inc. (PO*WW*ER™ Technology) ................... 44
. ,
Aprotek ........................................
Other Organics
Demonstration
Zenon Environmental Systems, Inc. (Zenogem™ Process)
Zenon Environmental Systems, Inc. (Cross-Flow Pervaporation System)
North American Technologies Group, Inc. (Oleophilic Amine-Coated
Ceramic Chip Hydrocarbon Recovery)
Dynaphore, Inc
Dehydro-Tech Corporation
Chemical Waste Management, Inc. (PO*WW*ER™ Technology)
Emerging
New Jersey Institute of Technology
Energy and Environmental Engineering, Inc
Electron Beam Research Facility, Florida International University and
University of Miami
PAHs
Demonstration
Zimpro Passavant Environmental Systems, Inc
SBP Technologies, Inc
North American Technologies Group, Inc. (Oleophilic Amine-Coated
Ceramic Chip Hydrocarbon Recovery)
Dehydro-Tech Corporation
BioTrol, Inc. (Biological Aqueous Treatment System)
136
254
rT
Page 422
-------
Wastewater (cont.) Page
PAHs
Demonstration
AlliedSignal, Inc 132
Emerging
Matrix Photocatalytic, Inc. (Photocatalyic Water Treatment) 250
Energy and Environmental Engineering, Inc. 236
PCBs
Demonstration
SBP Technologies, Inc 100
Peroxidation Systems, Inc 84
Dehydro-Tech Corporation 48
BioTrol, Inc. (Biological Aqueous Treatment System) 32
Emerging
New Jersey Institute of Technology 254
Matrix Photocatalytic, Me. (Photocatalyic Water Treatment) 250
Energy and Environmental Engineering, Inc 236
Electron Beam Research Facility, Florida International University and
University of Miami 234
Pesticides
Demonstration . ,
EPOC Water, Inc 58
Emerging
Electron Beam Research Facility, Florida International University and
University of Miami ; . 234
Pesticides/Herbicides
Demonstration
Zimpro Passavant Environmental Systems, Inc 206
Peroxidation Systems, Inc. 84
High Voltage Environmental Applications, Inc 160
Chemical Waste Management, Inc. (PO*WW*ER™ Technology) .44
BioTrol, Inc. (Biological Aqueous Treatment System) 32
Emerging
Energy and Environmental Engineering, Inc 236
Petroleum Hydrocarbons
Demonstration
Zimpro Passavant Environmental Systems, Inc 206
Zenon Environmental Systems, Inc. (Zenogem™ Process) 204
SBP Technologies, Inc 100
Rochem Separation Systems, Inc 182
Peroxidation Systems, Inc 84
North American Technologies Group, Inc. (Oleophilic Amine-Coated
Ceramic Chip Hydrocarbon Recovery) 172
EPOC Water, Inc 58
Dehydro-Tech Corporation 48
BioTrol, Inc. (Biological Aqueous Treatment System) 32
AlliedSignal, Inc 132
Emerging
Wastewater Technology Centre 268
New Jersey Institute of Technology -.-.... 254
Matrix Photocatalytic, Inc. (Photocatalyic Water Treatment) . 250
Page 423
-------
Wastewater (cont.) Page
Petroleum Hydrocarbons
Emerging
ABB Environmental Services, Ihc 276
Radioactive Elements/Metals
Demonstration
TechTran Environmental, Inc 190
Filter Flow Technology, Inc 60
E.I. DuPont de Nemours and Company, and Oberlin Filter Company 50
Radionuclides
Emerging
Atomic Energy of Canada, Limited (Ultrasonic-Aided Leachate Treatment for
Mixed Wastes) ! . . 284
Suspended Solids
Demonstration
EPOC Water, Inc 58
Volatile Organics
Demonstration
Zimpro Passavant Environmental Systems, Inc 206
Zenon Environmental Systems, Inc. (Cross-Flow Pervaporation System) 202
SBP Technologies, Inc 100
Peroxidation Systems, Inc 84
High Voltage Environmental Applications, Inc 160
Dehydro-Tech Corporation . ( ..:...... 48
Chemical Waste Management, Inc. (PO*WW*ER™ Technology) 44
BioTrol, Inc. (Biological Aqueous Treatment System) 32
AlliedSignal, Inc 132
Emerging
Wastewater Technology Centre • 268
New Jersey Institute of Technology 254
Ferro Corporation 240
Energy and Environmental Engineering, Inc 236
Electron Beam Research Facility, Florida International University and
University of Miami 234
ABB Environmental Services, ,Inc 276
Water
Benzene
MMTP
Binax Corporation 350
PCPs
MMTP
Millipore Corporation 364
Graseby Ionics, Limited and PCP, Inc 356
Toluene
MMTP
Binax Corporation 350
VOCs
MMTP
Analytical and Remedial Technology, Inc 348
Xvlene
MMTP
Binax Corporation 350
Page 424
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