EPA/540/R-94/526
November 1994
SUPERFUND INNOVATIVE
TECHNOLOG Y EVALUA TION
PROGRAM
Technology Profiles
Seventh Edition
Risk Reduction Engineering Laboratory
Office of Research and Development
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
Cincinnati, Ohio 45268
Printed on Recycled Paper
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DISCLAIMER
The development of this document was funded by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA)
under Contract No. 68-CO-0047, Work Assignment No. 0-58, to PRC Environmental Management, Inc.
The document was subjected to the Agency's administrative and peer review and was approved for
publication as an EPA document. Mention of trade names or commercial products does not constitute
endorsement or recommendation for use at any particular hazardous waste site.
11
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FOREWORD
The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency's (EPA) Risk Reduction Engineering Laboratory (RREL) is
responsible for planning, implementing, and managing research, development, and demonstration
programs that provide the scientific and engineering basis for EPA policies, programs, and regulations
concerning drinking water, wastewater, pesticides, toxic substances, solid and hazardous wastes, and
Superfund-related activities.
The Superfund Innovative Technology Evaluation (SITE) Program, now in its ninth year, is an integral
part of EPA's research into alternative cleanup methods for hazardous waste sites around the Nation.
Under the SITE Program, EPA enters into cooperative agreements with technology developers. These
developers research and refine their innovative technologies at bench- or pilot-scale and may demonstrate
them, with support from EPA, at hazardous waste sites. The SITE Program demonstrates technologies
that are ready for commercialization. EPA collects and publishes engineering, performance, and cost data
to aid in future decision-making for hazardous waste site remediation.
The successful implementation of innovative technologies requires a team approach. SITE Program staff
work closely with EPA's regional offices, other federal agencies, state and local governments, technology
developers, the Environmental Monitoring Systems Laboratory (EMSL), the Superfund Technology
Assistance Response Team (START), and the Office of Solid Waste and Emergency Response (OSWER)
to provide technology demonstrations and to disseminate information. The SITE Program also uses EPA
research facilities, such as the Test and Evaluation (T&E) Facility and the Center Hill Facility in
Cincinnati, Ohio, to evaluate innovative technologies.
Si
This Technology Profiles document is a product of the SITE Program. It provides a vital communication
link between the researcher and the user community and is intended for environmental decision-makers
and other individuals involved in hazardous waste site cleanup. This is the seventh edition of the
Technology Profiles document. Distribution of the Technology Profiles has increased steadily as the
SITE Program has grown. About 1,000 copies of the first edition were distributed in 1988; over 25,000
copies of the sixth edition, published in November 1993, have been distributed.
This document profiles 198 demonstration, emerging, and monitoring and measurement technologies
being evaluated under the SITE Program. Each profile describes the technology; discusses its
applicability to various wastes; discusses its development or demonstration status and demonstration
results, if available; and provides demonstration and technology contacts.
E. Timothy Oppelt, Director
Risk Reduction Engineering Laboratory
in
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ABSTRACT
The Superfund Innovative Technology Evaluation (SITE) Program evaluates new and promising treatment
and monitoring and measurement technologies for cleanup of hazardous waste sites. The program was
created to encourage the development and routine use of innovative treatment technologies. As a result,
the SITE Program provides environmental decision-makers with data on new, viable treatment
technologies that may have performance or cost advantages compared to traditional treatment
technologies.
This document, prepared between June 1994 and October 1994, is intended as a reference guide for those
interested in technologies under the SITE Demonstration, Emerging Technology, and Monitoring and
Measurement Technologies Programs. The two-page profiles are organized into two sections for each
program, completed and ongoing projects, and are presented in alphabetical order by developer name.
Reference tables for SITE Program participants precede the sections and contain EPA and developer
contacts. Inquiries about a SITE technology evaluation or the SITE Program should be directed to the
EPA project manager; inquiries on the technology process should be directed to the technology developer
contacts.
Each technology profile contains (1) a technology developer and process name, (2) a technology
description, including a schematic diagram or photograph of the process, (3) a discussion of waste
applicability, (4) a project status report, and (5) EPA project manager and technology developer contacts.
The profiles also include summaries of demonstration results if available. The technology description and
waste applicability sections are written by the developer. EPA prepares the status and demonstration
results sections.
An Applicability Index is also included in the back of this document. The index is organized by the
following media: (1) Air/Gas, (2) Fine Solids, (3) Groundwater, (4) Liquid, (5) Mine Tailings, (6) Mixed
Waste, (7) Oily Waste, (8) Other Media, (9) Sediment, (10) Sludge, (11) Soil, (12) Wastewater/Leachate,
and (13) Water.
The following waste categories are represented in the index: (1) Aromatic Volatile Organic Compounds
(VOC), (2) Cyanide, (3) Diesel, (4) Dioxins, (5) Explosives, (6) Furans, (7) Gasoline, (8) Halogenated
VOCs, (9) Heavy Metals, (10) Heavy Minerals, (11) Herbicides, (12) Inorganic Elements, (13) Metals,
(14) Mixed Waste, (15) Organics, (16) Other Wastes, (17) Particulates, (18) Polynuclear Aromatic
Hydrocarbons, (19) Polychlorinated Biphenyls, (20) Pesticides, (21) Petroleum Hydrocarbons,
(22) Radionuclides, (23) Semivolatile Organic Compounds (SVOC), (24) Uranium, (25) Volatile
Inorganics, and (26) VOCs.
IV
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TABLE OF CONTENTS
Section
DISCLAIMER ii
FOREWORD iii
ABSTRACT iv
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS xiii
SITE PROGRAM DESCRIPTION 1
SITE PROGRAM CONTACTS 5
DEMONSTRATION PROGRAM 7
Completed Demonstration Program Projects
Accutech Remedial Systems, Inc.
(Pneumatic Fracturing Extraction8" and Catalytic Oxidation) 20
Adanced Remediation Mixing, Inc. (Solidification and Stabilization) 22
American Combustion, Inc. (PYRETRON® Thermal Destruction) 24
AWD Technologies, Inc. (Integrated Vapor Extraction and Steam Vacuum Stripping) 26
Babcock & Wilcox Co. (Cyclone Furnace) 28
Bergmann USA (Soil and Sediment Washing) 30
Berkeley Environmental Restoration Center
(In Situ Steam Enhanced Extraction Process) 32
Billings and Associates, Inc.
(Subsurface Volatilization and Ventilation System [SWS®]) 34
BioGenesis Enterprises, Inc.
(BioGenesisSM Soil and Sediment Washing Processes) 36
Bio-Rem, Inc. (Augmented In Situ Subsurface Bioremediation Process) 38
BioTrol, Inc. (Biological Aqueous Treatment System) 40
BioTrol, Inc. (Soil Washing System) 42
Brice Environmental Services Corporation (Soil Washing Plant) 44
Canonie Environmental Services Corporation
(Low Temperature Thermal Aeration [LTTA®]) . 46
CF Systems Corporation (Liquified Gas Solvent Extraction [LG-SX] Technology) 48
COGNIS, Inc. (Chemical Treatment) 50
Dehydro-Tech Corporation
(Carver-Greenfield Process® for Solvent Extraction of Wet, Oily Wastes) 52
E.I. DuPont de Nemours and Company, and
Oberlin Filter Company (Membrane Microfiltration) 54
Dynaphore, Inc. (FORAGER® Sponge) 56
ECOVA Corporation (Bioslurry Reactor) 58
ELI Eco Logic International Inc. (Gas-Phase Chemical Reduction Process) 60
ELI Eco Logic International Inc. (Thermal Desorption Unit) 62
EPOC Water, Inc. (Precipitation, Microfiltration, and Sludge Dewatering) 64
Filter Flow Technology, Inc. (Heavy Metals and Radionuclide Polishing Filter) 66
Funderburk & Associates (Dechlorination and Immobilization) 68
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TABLE OF CONTENTS (Continued)
Section
Page
Completed Demonstration Program Projects (continued)
General Atomics (Circulating Bed Combustor) 70
Geo-Con, Inc. (In Situ Solidification and Stabilization Process) 72
Geosafe Corporation (In Situ Vitrification) 74
GIS/Solutions, Inc. (GIS/Key™ Environmental Data Management System) 76
GRACE Dearborn Inc. (DARAMEND™ Bioremediation Technology) 78
Gruppo Italimpresse (Infrared Thermal Destruction) 80
High Voltage Environmental Applications, Inc. (High-Energy Electron Irradiation) 82
Horsehead Resource Development Co., Inc. (Flame Reactor) 84
Hrubetz Environmental Services, Inc. (HRUBOUT® Process) 86
Hughes Environmental Systems, Inc. (Steam Enhanced Recovery Process) 88
IIT Research Institute/Brown and Root Environmental (Radio Frequency Heating) ..... 90
KAI Technologies, Inc./Brown and Root Environmental (Radio Frequency Heating) .... 92
Magnum Water Technology (CAV-OX® Process) 94
Maxymillian Technologies, Inc. (Mobile Thermal Desorption System) 96
North American Technologies Group, Inc.
(Oleophilic Amine-Coated Ceramic Chip) 98
NOVATERRA, Inc. (In Situ Steam and Air Stripping) 100
Resources Conservation Company (B.E.S.T! Solvent Extraction Technology) 102
Retech, Inc. (Plasma Arc Vitrification) 104
Risk Reduction Engineering Laboratory
(Base-Catalyzed Decomposition Process) 106
Risk Reduction Engineering Laboratory (Volume Reduction Unit) 108
Risk Reduction Engineering Laboratory
and IT Corporation (Debris Washing System) 110
Risk Reduction Engineering Laboratory
and USDA Forest Products Laboratory (Fungal Treatment Technology) . 112
Risk Reduction Engineering Laboratory, The University of Cincinnati,
and FRX, Inc. (Hydraulic Fracturing) 114
Rochem Separationf Systems, Inc. (Rochem Disc Tube™ Module System) 116
RUST RemediaK Services, Inc. (X*TRAX™ Thermal Desorption) 118
SBP Technologies, Inc. (Membrane Filtration and Bioremediation) 120
J.R. Simplot (The SABRE™ Process) . 122
SoilTech ATP Systems, Inc. (Anaerobic Thermal Processor) 124
Soliditech, Inc. (Solidification and Stabilization) 126
Sonotech, Inc. (Frequency-Tunable Pulse Combustion System) 128
STC Omega, Inc. (Chemical Fixation/Solidification Treatment Technologies) .......... 130
Terra-Kleen Response Group, Inc. (Solvent Extraction Treatment System) 132
Terra Vac, Inc. (In Situ Vacuum Extraction) 134
Texaco Inc. (Entrained-Bed Gasification) 136
Toronto Harbour Commission (Soil Recycling) 138
VI
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TABLE OF CONTENTS (Continued)
Section
Pag
Completed Demonstration Program Projects (continued)
Ultrox, A Division of Zimpro Environmental, Inc.
(Ultraviolet Radiation and Oxidation) 140
United States Environmental Protection Agency
(Excavation Techniques and Foam Suppression Methods) 142
Vulcan Peroxidation Systems, Inc. (perox-pure™ Chemical Oxidation Technology) 144
WASTECH, Inc. (Solidification and Stabilization) 146
Roy F. Weston, Inc. (Low Temperature Thermal Treatment [LT3®] System) . . . 148
Roy F. Weston, Inc./IEG Technologies (UVB - Vacuum Vaporizing Well) 150
Wheelabrator Clean Air Systems, Inc. (PO*WW*ER™ Technology) 152
Ongoing Demonstration Program Projects
AlliedSignal Environmental Systems and Services
(Immobilized Cell Bioreactor Biotreatment System) ..... ; 160
Andco Environmental Processes, Inc.
(Electrochemical In Situ Chromate Reduction and Heavy Metal Immobilization) 162
Aprotek (Ion Conduction Agglomeration System) 164
ASI Environmental Technologies, Inc./Dames & Moore
(Hydrolytic Terrestrial Dissipation) 166
Colorado Department of Public Health and Environment
(Wetlands-Based Treatment) . . . 168
EET, Inc. (Extraction of Polychlorinated. Biphenyls
from Porous Surfaces Using the TECHXTRACT™ Process) 170
Electrokinetics, Inc. (Electro-Klean™ Electrokinetic Soil Processing) 172
EnviroMetal Technologies Inc. (In Situ Metal Enhanced Abiotic
Degradation of Dissolved Halogenated Organic Compounds in Groundwater) ........ 174
GEOCHEM, A Division of Terra Vac
(In Situ Remediation of Chromium in Groundwater) 176
Hydrologies, Inc. (CURE®-Electrocoagulation Wastewater Treatment System) 178
IT Corporation (In Situ Groundwater Treatment System) .- 180
Matrix Photocatalytic Inc. (Photocatalytic Water Treatment) 182
Morrison Knudsen Corporation/Spetstamponazhgeologia Enterprises
(High Clay Grouting Technology) 184
New York State Department of Environmental Conservation (NYSDEC)
(Multi-Vendor Bioremediation) 186
North American Technologies Group, Inc. (BioTreat™ System) 188
Pintail Systems Incorporated (Spent Ore Bioremediation Process) 190
Praxis Environmental Technologies, Inc. (In Situ Thermal Extraction Process) 192
Process Technologies, Inc. (Photolytic Destruction for SVE Off-Gases) 194
Purus, Inc. (PurCycle™ Vapor Treatment Process) 196
Remediation Technologies, Inc. (Liquid and Solids Biological Treatment) 198
Risk Reduction Engineering Laboratory (Bioventing) 200
RKK, Ltd. (CYROCELL®) 202
vu
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TABLE OF CONTENTS (Continued)
Section
Ongoing Demonstration Program Projects (continued)
Separation and Recovery Systems, Inc. (SAREX Chemical Fixation Process) 204
Sevenson Environmental Services, Inc. (MAECTITE® Chemical Treatment Process) 206
SIVE Services
(Steam Injection and Vacuum Extraction-Linear Flow [SIVE-LF] Process) 208'
TechTran Environmental, Inc. (Combined Chemical Precipitation,
Physical SepEiration, and Binding Process for Radionuclides and Heavy Metals) 210
Vortec Corporation (Oxidation and Vitrification Process) 212
Western Research Institute (Contained Recovery of Oily Wastes [CROW™]) 214
Wheelabrator Technologies, Inc. (WES-Phix Stabilization Process) 216
Xerox Corporation (Two-Phase Extraction Process) 218
Zenon Environmental Inc. (Cross-Flow Pervaporation System) . 220
Zenon Environmental Inc. (ZenoGem™ Process) • • 222
Zimpro Environmental, Inc. (PACT® Wastewater Treatment System) 224
EMERGING TECHNOLOGY PROGRAM i - 227
Completed Emerging Technology Program Projects
ABB Environmental Services, Inc.
(Two-Zone, Plume Interception, In Situ Treatment Strategy) 234
AEA Technology, National Environmental Technology Centre
(Soil Separation and Washing Process) 236
Allis Mineral Systems (PYROKILN THERMAL ENCAPSULATION Process) 238
Aluminum Company of America (Bioscrubber) 240
ART International, Inc. (Low-Energy Extraction Process) 242
Atomic Energy of Canada, Limited (Chemical Treatment and Ultrafiltration) 244
Babcock & Wilcox Co. (Cyclone Furnace) 246
Battelle Memorial Institute (In Situ Electroacoustic Soil Decontamination) 248
Bio-Recovery Systems, Inc. (Biological Sorption [AlgaSORB©]) 250
BioTrol, Inc. (Methanotrophic Bioreactor System) 252
Center for Hazardous Materials Research
(Acid Extraction Treatment System) 254
Center for Hazardous Materials Research
(Smelting Lead-Containing Waste) 256
COGNIS, Inc. (Chemical Treatment) 258
Colorado School of Mines (Constructed Wetlands-Based Treatment) 260
Electrokinetics, Inc. (Electro-Klean™ Electrokinetic Soil Processing) 262
Electron Beam Research Facility, Florida International University,
and University of Miami (High-Energy Electron Irradiation) 264
Electro-Pure Systems, Inc. (Alternating Current Electrocoagulation Technology) 266
Energy and Environmental Engineering, Inc. (PhotoCAT™ Process) 268
Energy and Environmental Research Corporation (Hybrid Fluidized Bed System) 270
viii
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TABLE OF CONTENTS (Continued)
Section
Pas
Completed Emerging Technology Program Projects (continued)
Ferro Corporation (Waste Vitrification Through Electric Melting) 272
Hazardous Substance Management Research Center
at New Jersey Institute of Technology (Pneumatic Fracturing/Bioremediation) 274
Institute of Gas Technology (Chemical and Biological Treatment) 276
Institute of Gas Technology (Fluid Extraction - Biological Degradation Process) ........ 278
IT Corporation (Batch Steam Distillation and Metal Extraction) 280
IT Corporation (Photolytic and Biological Soil Detoxification) . 282
Matrix Photocatalytic Inc. (Photocatalytic Water Treatment) 284
Membrane Technology and Research, Inc. (VaporSep™ Membrane Process) 286
Montana College of Mineral Science & Technology
(Air-Sparged Hydrocyclone) 288
Montana College of Mineral Science & Technology
(Campbell Centrifugal Jig) : 290
New Jersey Institute of Technology (GHEA Associates Process) 292
PSI Technologies (Metals Immobilization and Decontamination of Aggregate Solids) 294
Pulse Sciences, Inc. (X-Ray Treatment of Aqueous Solutions) . . .,. 296
Purus, Inc. (Photolytic Oxidation Process) 298
J.R. Simplot (The SABRE™ Process) 300
Trinity Environmental Technologies, Inc.
(PCB- and Organochlorine-Contaminated Soil Detoxification) 302
University of Washington (Adsorptive Filtration) 304
Vortec Corporation (Oxidation and Vitrification Process) . . 306
Wastewater Technology Centre (Cross-Flow Pervaporation System) 308
Western Research Institute (Contained Recovery of Oily Wastes [CROW™]) 310
Ongoing Emerging Technology Program Projects
ABB Environmental Services, Inc.
(Anaerobic/Aerobic Sequential Bioremediation of PCE) 316
Arizona State University/IT Corporation
(Photocatalytic Oxidation with Air Stripping) 318
Atomic Energy of Canada, Limited
(Ultrasonic-Aided Leachate Treatment for Mixed Wastes) 320
Center for Hazardous Materials Research
(Organics Destruction and Metals Stabilization) 322
COGNIS, Inc. (Biological/Chemical Treatment) 324
Davy International Energy and Environmental Division (Chemical Treatment) 326
M.L. ENERGIA, Inc. (Reductive Photo-Dechlorination Treatment) 328
M.L. ENERGIA, Inc. (Reductive Thermal and Photo-Thermal Oxidation Processes
for Enhanced Conversion of Chlorocarbons) 330
Energy and Environmental Research Corporation
(Reactor Filter System) 332
Environmental BioTechnologies, Inc. (Microbial Composting Process) 334
IX
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TABLE OF CONTENTS (Continued)
Ongoing Emerging Technology Program Projects (continued)
General Atomics, Nuclear Remediation Technologies Division
(Acoustic Barrier Particulate Separator) 336
Geo-Microbial Technologies, Inc. (Metals Release and Removal from Wastes) 338
Groundwater Technology Government Services, Inc.
(Below-Grade Bioremediation of Chlorinated Cyclodiene Insecticides) 340
High Voltage Environmental Applications, Inc.
(High Energy Electron Beam Irradiation) 342
Institute of Gas Technology (Fluidized-Bed Cyclone Agglomerating Combustor) 344
Institute of Gas Technology (Supercritical Extraction/Liquid Phase Oxidation) 346
IT Corporation (Chelation/Electrodeposition of Toxic Metals from Soils) 348
IT Corporation (Bunco BioLift™ Slurry Reactor) 350
IT Corporation (Mixed Waste Treatment Process) 352
Lewis Environmental Systems, Inc./Hickson Corporation
(Chromated Copper Arsenate Soil Leaching Process) 354
Matrix Photocatalytic Lac. (TiO2 Photocatalytic Air Treatment) 356
Membran Corporation (Membrane Gas Transfer in Waste Remediation) 358
OHM Remediation Services Corporation
(Oxygen Microbubble In Situ Bioremediation) 360
Pulse Sciences,, Inc. (X-Ray Treatment of Organically Contaminated Soils) 362
Remediation Technologies, Inc. (Chlorinated Gas Treatment Biofilm Reactor) 364
State University of New York at Oswego
(Photocatalytic Degradation of PCB-Contaminated Sedimen|s and Waters) 366
Thermo Analytical (Segmented Gate System [SGS]) * 368
University of Dayton Research Institute (Photothermal Detoxification Unit) 370
University of Houston (Concentrated-Chloride Extraction and Recovery of Lead) 372
University of South Carolina (In Situ Mitigation of Acid Water) 374
Western Product Recovery Group, Inc. (CCBA Physical and Chemical Treatment) 376
Roy F. Weston, Inc. (Ambersorb® 563 Adsorbent) .; 378
MONITORING AND MEASUREMENT TECHNOLOGIES PROGRAM 381
Analytical and Remedial Technology, Inc.
(Automated Volatile Organic Analytical System) 386
Asoma Instruments (Model 200 XRF Analyzer) 388
Bruker Instruments (Bruker Mobile Environmental Monitor) . . . 390
Dexsil Corporation (Environmental Test Kits) 392
Ensys, Inc. (Penta RISc Test System) 394
Geoprobe Systems (Geoprobe Conductivity Sensor) 396
Graseby Ionics;, Ltd., and PCP, Inc. (Ion Mobility Spectrometry) . 398
HNU Systems (HNU-Hanby PCP Test Kit) 400
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TABLE OF CONTENTS (Continued)
Section
Pas
HNU Systems, Inc.
(HNU Source Excited Fluorescence Analyzer-Portable [SEFA-P] XRF Analyzer) 402
HNU Systems, Inc. (Portable Gas Chromatograph) 404
Idetek, Inc. (Equate® Irnmunoassay) 406
MDA Scientific, Inc. (Fourier Transform Infrared Spectrometer) 408
Microsensor Systems, Incorporated (Portable Gas Chromatograph) 410
Millipore Corporation (EnviroGard™ PCB Irnmunoassay Test Kit) 412
Millipore Corporation (EnviroGard™ PCP Immunoassay Test Kit) 414
MTI Analytical Instruments (Portable Gas Chromatograph) 416
Ohmicron Corporation (Pentachlorophenol RaPID Assay) 418
Outokumpu Electronics, Inc. (Metorex X-MET 920P XRF Analyzer) 420
Photovac International, Inc. (Photovac 10S PLUS) 422
Scitec Corporation (Metal Analysis Probe [MAP®] Portable Assayer 424
Sentex Sensing Technology, Inc. (Scentograph Portable Gas Chromatograph) 426
SRI Instruments (Gas Chromatograph) 428
TN Technologies, Inc. (Spectrace 9000 X-Ray Fluorescence Analyzer) 430
Tri-Services (Site Characterization Analysis Penetrometer System [SCAPS]) 432
Unisys Corporation (Rapid Optical Screen Tool) 434
United States Eenvironmental Protection Agency
(Field Analytical Screening Program PCB Method) 436
XonTech Incorporated (XonTech Sector Sampler) 438
INFORMATION REQUEST FORM AND REQUEST FOR PROPOSAL FORM . 441
DOCUMENTS AVAILABLE FROM THE U.S. EPA
RISK REDUCTION ENGINEERING LABORATORY,
SUPERFUND TECHNOLOGY DEMONSTRATION DIVISION 443
VIDEO REQUEST FORM 449
APPLICABILITY INDEX 451
XI
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LIST OF FIGURES
Figure
1 DEVELOPMENT OF INNOVATIVE TECHNOLOGIES 2
2 INNOVATIVE TECHNOLOGIES IN THE DEMONSTRATION PROGRAM 3
3 INNOVATIVE TECHNOLOGIES IN THE EMERGING TECHNOLOGY PROGRAM ...... 3
LIST OF TABLES
Table £^ge
1 COMPLETED SITE DEMONSTRATION PROGRAM PROJECTS
AS OF OCTOBER 1994 8
2 ONGOING SITE DEMONSTRATION PROGRAM PROJECTS
AS OF OCTOBER 1994 154
3 COMPLETED SITE EMERGING TECHNOLOGY PROGRAM PROJECTS
AS OF OCTOBER 1994 228
4 ONGOING SITE EMERGING TECHNOLOGY PROGRAM PROJECTS
AS OF OCTOBER 1994 312
5 COMPLETED SITE MONITORING AND MEASUREMENT TECHNOLOGIES
PROGRAM PROJECTS AS OF OCTOBER 1994 382
xn
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
The project manager responsible for the preparation of this document is Richard G. Eilers of EPA's Risk
Reduction Engineering Laboratory in Cincinnati, Ohio. This document was prepared under the direction
of Robert Olexsey, Director of the Superfund Technology Demonstration Division. Key program area
contributors for EPA include Stephen Billets, J. Lary Jack, Norma Lewis, and John Martin. Special
acknowledgement is given to the individual EPA SITE project managers and technology developers who
provided guidance and technical support.
The contractor project manager responsible for the production of this document is Kelly L. Enwright of
PRC Environmental Management, Inc. (PRC). Key PRC contributors to the development of this
document are Robert Foster and Jonathan Lewis; special acknowledgement is given to PRC project
managers for their technical support and to Kerry Carroll, Steve Curmode, Susan Holmberg Currie, and
Karen Kirby, for their editorial, graphic, and production assistance.
Xlll
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1
TheU.S. Environmental Protection Agency's (EPA) Superfund Innovative Technology Evaluation (SITE)
Program, now in its ninth year, encourages the development and implementation of (1) innovative
treatment technologies for hazardous waste site remediation, and (2) monitoring and measurement
technologies for evaluating the nature and extent of hazardous waste site contamination.
The SITE Program was established by EPA's Office of Solid Waste and Emergency Response (OSWER)
and the Office of Research and Development (ORD) in response to the 1986 Superfund Amendments and
Reauthorization Act (SARA), which recognized a need for an "Alternative or Innovative Treatment
Technology Research and Demonstration Program." The SITE Program is administered by ORD's Risk
Reduction Engineering Laboratory (RREL), headquartered in Cincinnati, Ohio.
The SITE Program includes the following component programs:
• Demonstration Program - Conducts and evaluates demonstrations of promising innovative
technologies to provide reliable performance, cost, and applicability information for site cleanup
decision-making
• Emerging Technology Program - Provides funding to developers to continue research efforts from
the bench- and pilot-scale levels to promote the development of innovative technologies
• Monitoring and Measurement Technologies Program - Develops technologies that detect,
monitor, and measure hazardous and toxic substances to provide better, faster, and more
cost-effective methods for producing real-tune data during site characterization and remediation
• Technology Transfer Program - Disseminates technical information on innovative technologies
to remove impediments for using alternative technologies
This Technology Profiles document, a product of the Technology Transfer Program, describes completed
and ongoing projects in the Demonstration, Emerging Technology, and Monitoring and Measurement
Technologies Programs. Figure 1 depicts the process of technology development from initial concept to
commercial use and shows the relationship among the programs.
In the Demonstration Program, the technology is field-tested on hazardous waste materials. Engineering
and cost data are gathered on the innovative technology so that potential users can assess the technology's
applicability to a particular site. Data collected during the field demonstration are used to assess the
performance of the technology, the potential need for pre- and post-processing of the waste, applicable
types of wastes and waste matrices, potential operating problems, and approximate capital and operating
costs.
Page 1
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COMMERCIAUZA TION
TECHNOLOGY
TRANSFER
TECHNOLOGY
DEMONSTRATION
Field-Scale Demonstration
TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPED
Pilot-Scale Testing
Bench-Scale Studies
CONCEPTUALIZA TION
Figure 1: Development of Innovative Technologies
At the conclusion of a SITE demonstration, EPA prepares an Innovative Technology Evaluation Report
(ITER), Technology Capsule, and Demonstration Bulletin. These reports evaluate all available
information on the technology and analyze its overall applicability to other site characteristics, waste
types, and waste matrices. Testing procedures, performance and cost data, and quality assurance and
quality control standards are also presented. ITERs, Technology Capsules, Demonstration Bulletins,
other demonstration documents, and videotapes are distributed by EPA to provide reliable technical data
for environmental decision-making and to promote the technology's commercial use.
The Demonstration Program currently has 99 developers providing 111 demonstrations. Of these
projects, 71 have completed demonstrations and 40 are ongoing. The projects are divided into the
following categories: thermal destruction (12), biological degradation (18), physical/chemical treatment
(47), solidification/stabilization (9), physical/chemical radioactive waste treatment (2), physical/chemical
thermal desorption (18), materials handling (3), and other (2). Several technologies combine these
treatment categories. Figure 2 shows the breakdown of technologies in the Demonstration Program.
Page 2
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Physical/Chemical
Treatment
47
Biological Degradation 18
Solidification/Stabilization
9
Thermal Destruction 12
Other 2
Materials Handling 3
Physical/Chemical
Thermal Desorption 1 °
Physical/Chemical
Radioactive Waste Treatment
Figure 2: Innovative Technologies in the Demonstration Program
Under the Emerging Technology Program, EPA provides technical and financial support to developers
for bench- and pilot-scale testing and evaluation of innovative technologies that are at a minimum proven
on the conceptual and bench-scale levels. The program provides an opportunity for a private developer
to research and develop a technology for field application and possible evaluation under the
Demonstration Program. A technology's performance is documented in a final report, journal article,
project summary, and bulletin.
EPA has provided technical and financial support to 72 projects in the Emerging Technology Program.
Of these projects, 39 are completed, 32 are ongoing in the program, and one has exited the program.
Fifteen Emerging Technology Program projects are participating in the Demonstration Program. The 72
technologies are divided into the following categories: thermal destruction (9), physical/chemical
treatment (39), biological degradation (17), solidification/stabilization (2), and materials handling (5).
Figure 3 displays the breakdown of technologies hi the Emerging Technology Program.
Physical/Chemical
Treatment
39
Thermal Destruction
9
Solidification/Stabilization
2
Materials Handling
5
Biological Degradation
17
Figure 3: Innovative Technologies in the Emerging Technology Program
Page 3
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The Monitoring and Measurement Technologies Program's (MMTP) goal is to assess innovative and
alternative monitoring, measurement, and site characterization technologies. During fiscal year 1994,
five technologies were demonstrated. Additionally, the MMTP plans five demonstrations, each evaluating
one or more monitoring and measurement technologies, in fiscal year 1995. To date, 98 technology
demonstrations have been completed under the SITE Program (71 in the Demonstration Program and 27
in the MMTP); many reports have been published and others are in various stages of completion.
In the Technology Transfer Program, technical information on innovative technologies in the
Demonstration Program, Emerging Technology Program, and MMTP is disseminated through various
activities. These activities increase the awareness and promote the use of innovative technologies for
assessment and remediation at Superfund sites. The goal of technology transfer activities is to promote
communication among individuals requiring up-to-date technical information.
The Technology Transfer Program reaches the environmental community through many media, including:
• Program-specific regional, state, and industry brochures
• On-site Visitors' Days during SITE Demonstrations
• Demonstration videotapes
• Project-specific fact sheets to comply with site community relations plans
• ITERs, Demonstration Bulletins, Technology Capsules, Project Summaries
• The SITE Exhibit, displayed nationwide at conferences
• Networking through forums, associations, regions, and states
• Technical assistance to regions, states, and remediation cleanup contractors
SITE information is available through the following on-line information clearinghouses:
Alternative Treatment Technology Information Center (ATTIC)
System operator: 703-908-2137 or 908-321-6677
Vendor Infoirmation System for Innovative Treatment Technologies (VISITT)
Hotline: 800-245-4505 or 703-883-8448
Cleanup Information Bulletin Board System (CLU-IN)
Help Desk: 301-589-8368; Modem: 301-589-8366
Technical reports may be obtained by completing the document order form at the back of this document
or calling the Center for Environmental Research Information (CERI) in Cincinnati, Ohio. Additional
SITE documents become available throughout the year. To find out about newly published documents
or to be placed on the SITE mailing list, call 513-569-7562 or write to:
CERI/ORD Publications
26 West Martin Luther King Drive (G72)
Cincinnati, OH 45268
Page 4
-------
The SITE Program is administered by EPA's Office of Research and Development (ORD), specifically
the Risk Reduction Engineering Laboratory (RREL). For further information on the SITE Program or
its component programs contact:
Bob Olexsey
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
26 West Martin Luther King Drive
Cincinnati, Ohio 45268
513-569-7696
Fax: 513-569-7620
John Martin
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
26 West Martin Luther King Drive
Cincinnati, Ohio 45268
513-569-7696
Fax: 513-569-7620
John Martin
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
26 West Martin Luther King Drive
Cincinnati, Ohio 45268
513-569-7696
Fax: 513-569,7620
^'^ir *j%£?f&!-:' t •'*!''*'''-'•'-=\
Norma Lewis
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
26 West Martin Luther King Drive
Cincinnati, Ohio 45268
513-569-7665
Fax: 513-569-7620
Stephen Billets
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
P. O. Box 93478
Las Vegas, Nevada 89193-3478
702-798-2232
Fax: 702-798-2261
Page 5
-------
-------
The SITE Demonstration Program develops reliable engineering, performance, and cost data on
innovative, alternative technologies so that potential users can evaluate a technology's applicability for
a specific waste site. Demonstrations are conducted at hazardous waste sites, such as National Priorities
List (NPL) sites, non-NPL sites, and state sites, or under conditions that simulate actual hazardous wastes
and site conditions.
Technologies are selected for the SITE Demonstration Program through annual requests for proposals
(RFP). EPA reviews proposals to determine the technologies with promise for use at hazardous waste
sites. Several technologies have entered the program from current Superfund projects, in which
innovative techniques of broad interest were identified for evaluation under the program. In addition,
several Emerging Technology projects have moved to the Demonstration Program. To date, nine
solicitations have been completed — SITE 001 in 1986 through SITE 009 in 1994. The RFP for SITE
010 is expected to be issued in January 1995.
The SITE demonstration process typically consists of five steps: (1) matching an innovative technology
with an appropriate site; (2) preparing a Demonstration Plan including the test plan, sampling and analysis
plan, quality assurance project plan, and health and safety plan; (3) performing community relations
activities; (4) conducting the demonstration (ranging in length from days to months); and (5) documenting
results in an Innovative Technology Evaluation Report^ a Technology Capsule, other demonstration
documents, and a demonstration videotape.
Cooperative agreements between EPA and the developer set forth responsibilities for conducting the
demonstration and evaluating the technology. Developers are responsible for operating their innovative
systems at a selected site, and are expected to pay the costs to transport equipment to the site, operate
the equipment on site during the demonstration, and remove the equipment from the site. EPA is
responsible for project planning, waste collection and pretreatment (if needed), sampling and analysis,
quality assurance and quality control, preparing reports, and disseminating information.
Demonstration data are used to assess the technology's performance, the potential need for pre- and
post-processing of the waste, applicable types of wastes and media, potential operating problems, and
the approximate capital and operating costs. Demonstration data can also provide insight into long-term
operating and maintenance costs and long-term risks.
The Demonstration Program currently includes 99 developers and 111 projects. These projects are
organized into two sections, completed projects and ongoing projects. The completed projects are
presented in alphabetical order by developer name in Table 1 and in the profiles that follow; the ongoing
projects are presented in Table 2 and in the profiles that follow.
Page 7
-------
TABLE 1
<
Completed SITE Demonstration Program Projects as of October 1994
Developer
Accutech Remedial Systems, Inc.,
Keyport, NJ (005)'
Demonstration Date:
July - August 1992
Advanced Remediation Mixing, Inc.
(formerly Chemfix Technologies/
CeTech Resources),
Kenner, LA (002)
Demonstration Date:
March 1989
American Combustion, Inc.,
Norcross, GA (001)
Demonstration Date:
November 1987 - January 1988
AWD Technologies, Inc.,
San Francisco, CA (004)
Demonstration Date:
September 1990
Babcock & Wilcox Co.,"
Alliance, OH (006)
Demonstration Date:
November 1991
Bergmann USA,
Gallatin, TN (007)
Demonstration Date:
May 1992
Technology/
Demonstration Location
Pneumatic Fracturing
Extraction™ and Catalytic
Oxidation/New Jersey
Environmental Cleanup
Responsibility Act Site in
Hillsborough, NJ
Solidification and Stabilization/
Portable Equipment Salvage
Company Site in
Clackamas, OR
PYRETRON® Thermal
Destruction/EPA' s Incineration
Research Facility in Jefferson,
AR using soil from Stringfellow
Acid Pit Superfund Site in Glen
Avon, CA
Integrated Vapor Extraction and
Steam Vacuum Stripping/San
Fernando Valley Groundwater
Basin Superfund Site in
Burbank, CA
Cyclone Furnace/Developer's
Facility in Alliance, OH
Soil and Sediment Washing/
Saginaw Bay Confined Disposal
Facility in Saginaw, MI
Technology
Contact
John Liskowiiz
908-739-6444
Sam Pizzitola
504-461-0466
Gregory Gitman
404-564-4180
David Bluestein
415-227-0822
Dorothy Haidet
216-829-7395
Richard Traver
615-230-2217
EPA Project
Manager
Uwe Frank
908-321-6626
Edwin Earth
513-569-7669
Laurel Staley
513-569-7863
Gordon Evans
513-569-7684
Laurel Staley
513-569-7863
Jack Hubbard
513-569-7507
Waste Media
Soil, Rock
Soil, Sludge,
Solids, Ash,
Electroplating
Wastes
Soil, Sludge, Solid
Waste
Groundwater, Soil
Solids, Soil,
Sludge
Soil, Sediment
Applicable Waste
Inorganic
Not Applicable
Heavy Metals
Not Applicable
Not Applicable
Nonspecific, Low- •
Level Radionuclides
Heavy Metals
Organic
Haiogenated and
Nonhalogenated
VOCs and SVOCs
High Molecular
Weight Organics
Nonspecific Organics
VOCs
Nonspecific Organics
PCBs, Nonspecific
Organics
00
Solicitation Number
From Emerging Technology Program
-------
TABLE 1 (continued)
Completed SITE Demonstration Program Projects as of October 1994
Developer
Berkeley Environmental Restoration
Center (formerly Udell
Technologies, Inc.),
Berkeley, CA (005)
Demonstration Date:
December 1993
Billings and Associates, Inc.,
Albuquerque, NM (007)
Demonstration Date:
March 1993 - May 1994
BioGenesis Enterprises, Inc.,
Springfield, VA (005)
Demonstration Date:
November 1992
Bio-Rem, Inc.,
Butler, IN (006)
Demonstration Date:
May 1992 - June 1993
BioTrol, Inc.,
Eden Prairie, MN (003)
Demonstration Date:
July - September 1989
BioTrol, Inc.,
Eden Prairie, MN (003)
Demonstration Date:
September - October 1989
Brice Environmental
Services Corporation,
Fairbanks, AK (006)
Demonstration Date:
September 1992
Technology/
Demonstration Location
In Situ Steam Enhanced
Extraction Process/Lawrence
Livermore National Laboratory
in Altamont Hills, CA
Subsurface Volatilization and
Ventilation System (SWS®)/
Site in Buchanan, Michigan
BioGenesis'" Soil and Sediment
Washing Processes/Refinery
Site in Minnesota
Augmented In Situ Subsurface
Bioremediation Process/
Williams AFB in Phoenix, AZ
Biological Aqueous Treatment
System/MacGillis and Gibbs
Superfund Site in New
Brighton, MN
Soil Washing System/MacGillis
and Gibbs Superfund Site in
New Brighton, MN
Soil Washing Plant/Alaskan
Battery Enterprises Superfund
Site in Fairbanks, AK
Technology
Contact
Kent Udell
510-642-2928
Steve Collins
510-643-1300
Gale Billings
505-345-1116
Don Brenneman
713-575-4693
Thomas Rougeux
703-913-9700
David Mann
219-868-5823
800-428-4626
Sandra Clifford
612-942-8032
Sandra Clifford
612-942-8032
Craig Jones
907-452-2512
EPA Project
Manager
Paul dePercin
513-569-7797
Paul dePercin
513-569-7797
Annette Gatchett
513-569-7697
Teri Richardson
513-569-7949
Mary Stinson
908-321-6683
Mary Stinson
908-321-6683
Hugh Masters
908-321-6678
Waste Media
Soil, Groundwater
Soil, Sludge,
Groundwater
Soil
Soil, Water
Liquid Waste,
Groundwater
Soil
Soil
Applicable Waste
Inorganic
Not Applicable
Not Applicable
Not Applicable
Not Applicable
Nitrates
Metals
Radioactive and Heavy
Metals
Organic
VOCs and SVOCs,
Hydrocarbons,
Solvents
BTEX, VOCs,
SVOCs
Volatile and
Nonvolatile
Hydrocarbons, PCBs
Hydrocarbons,
Halogenated
Hydrocarbons, and
Chlorinated
Compounds
Chlorinated and
Nonchlorinated -
Hydrocarbons,
Pesticides
High Molecular
Weight Organics,
PAHs, PCP, PCBs,
Pesticides
Not Applicable
(0
-------
TABLE 1 (continued)
Completed SITE Demonstration Program Projects as of October 1994
Canonie Environmental Services
Corporation,
Porter, IN (006)
Demonstration Date:
September 1992
CF Systems Corporation,
Woburn, MA (002)
Demonstration Date:
September 1988
COGNIS, Inc.,"
Santa Rosa, CA (009)/(E05)
Demonstration Date:
August 1994
Dehydro-Tech Corporation,
East Hanover, NJ (004)
Demonstration Date:
August 1991
E.I. DuPont de Nemours and
Co. and Oberlin Filter Co.,
Newark, DE (003)
Demonstration Date:
April - May 1990
Dynaphore, Inc.,
Richmond, VA (006)
Demonstration Date:
April 1994
Technology/
Low Temperature Thermal
Aeration (LTTA®)/Pesticide Site
in Phoenix, AZ
Liquified Gas Solvent
Extraction (LG-SX)
Technology/New Bedford
Harbor Superrand Site in New
Bedford, MA
Chemical Treatment/Twin Cities
Army Ammunition Plant in
New Brighton, MN
Carver-Greenfield Process® for
Solvent Extraction of Wet, Oily
Wastes/EPA's Research Facility
hi Edison, NJ
Membrane Microfiltration/
Palmerton Zinc Superfund Site
in Palmerton, PA
FORAGER® Sponge/National
Lead Industry Site hi
Pedricktown, NJ
Technology
Contact
inomas Froman
219-926-8651
Chris Shallice
617-937-0800
Bill Fristad
707-576-6235
Theodore Trowbridge
201-887-2182
Ernest Mayer
302-774-2277 .
Norman Rainer
804-288-7109
EPA Project
Manaqer
Paul dePerein
513-569-7797
Mark Meckes
513-569-7348
Michael Royer
908-321-6633
Laurel Staley
513-569-7863
John Martin
513-569-7758
Carolyn Esposito
908-906-6895
Waste Media
Soil, Sludge,
Sediment
Soil, Sludge,
Wastewater
Soil, Sludge,
Sediment
Soil, Sludge,
Sediment
Groundwater,
Leachate,
Wastewater,
Electroplating
Rinsewaters
Industrial
Discharge,
Municipal Sewage
Process Streams,
Acid Mine
Drainage Wastes
Applicable Waste
Inorganic
Net Applicable
Not Applicable
Lead, Heavy Metals
Not Applicable
Heavy Metals,
Cyanide, Uranium
Metals
Organic
VOCs, SVOCs,
OCPs, OPPs, TPHs
VOCs, SVOCs,
PAHs, PCBs,
Dioxins, and
Pentachlorophenol
Not Applicable
PCBs, Dioxins,
Oil-Soluble Organics
Organic Particulates,
Volatile Organics
Not Applicable
** From Emerging Technology Program
-------
TABLE 1 (continued)
Completed SITE Demonstration Program Projects as of October 1994
Developer
ECOVA Corporation,
Golden, CO (006)
Demonstration Date:
May - September 1991
ELI Eco Logic International Inc.,
Rockwood, Ontario, Canada (006)
Demonstration Date:
October - November 1992
ELI Eco Logic International Inc.,
Rockwood, Ontario, Canada (006)
Demonstration Date:
October - November 1992
EPOC Water, Inc.,
Fresno, CA (004)
Demonstration Date:
May - June 1992
Filter Flow Technology, Inc.,
League City, TX (006)
Demonstration Date:
September 1993
Funderburk & Associates (formerly
HAZCON, Inc.), (001)
Demonstration Date:
October 1987
General Atomics,
San Diego, CA (001)
Demonstration Date:
March 1989
Technology/
Demonstration Location
Bioslurry Reactor/EPA's Test
and Evaluation Facility in •
Cincinnati, OH
Gas-Phase Chemical Reduction
Process/Middleground Landfill
in Bay City, MI
Thermal Desorption Unit/
Middleground Landfill in Bay
City, MI.
Precipitation, Microfiltration,
and Sludge Dewatering/Iron
Mountain Superfund Site in
Redding, CA
Heavy Metals and Radionuclide
Polishing Filter/DOE's Rocky
Flats Plant in Denver, CO
Dechlorination and
Immobilization/Former Oil
Processing Plant in
Douglassville, PA
Circulating Bed
Combustor/Developer's Facility
in San Diego, CA using waste
from McColl Superfund Site in
Fullerton, CA
Technology
Contact
William Mahaffey
303-273-7133
Jim Nash
. 519-856-9591
Jim Nash
519-856-9591
Rodney Squires
209-291-8144
Tod Johnson
713-332-3438
Not Available
Jeffrey Broido
619-455-4495
EPA Project
Manager
Ronald Lewis
513-569-7856
Gordon Evans
513-569-7684
Gordon Evans
513-569-7684
Jack Hubbard
513-569-7507
Annette Gatchett
513-569-7697
Paul dePercin
513-569-7797
Douglas Grosse
513-569-7844
Waste Media
Soil
Soil, Sludge,
Liquids
Soil, Sludge,
Liquids
Sludge, <
Wastewater,
Leachable Soil
Groundwater,
Industrial
Wastewater
Soil, Sludge,
Sediment
Soil, Sludge,
Slurry, Liquids
Applicable Waste
Inorganic
Not Applicable
Not Applicable
Not Applicable
Heavy Metals
Heavy Metals,
Radionuclides
Heavy Metals
Metals, Cyanide
Organic
Creosote and
Petroleum Wastes
PCBs, PAHs,
Chlorinated Dioxins
and Dibenzofurans,
Chlorinated Solvents
and Chlorophenols
PCBs, PAHs,
Chlorinated Dioxins
and Dibenzofurans,
Chlorinated Solvents
and Chlorophenols
Pesticides, Oil,
Grease
Not Applicable
Nonspecific Organics
Halogenated and
Nonhalogenated
Organic Compounds,
PCBs
-------
TABLE 1 (continued)
Completed SITE Demonstration Program Projects as of October 1994
Developer
Geo-Con, Inc.
Monroeville, PA (001)
(2 Demonstrations)
Demonstration Date:
April - May 1988
Geosafe Corporation,
Richland, WA (002)
Demonstration Date:
March - April 1994
GIS/Solutions, Inc.,
Concord, CA (007)
Demonstration Dates:
August 1993 (CA) and
December 1993 (D.C.)
GRACE Dearborn Inc.,
Mississauga, Ontario, Canada (008)
Demonstration Date:
September 1994
Gruppo Italimpresse (developed by
Shirco Infrared Systems, Inc.),
Rome, Italy (001)
(2 Demonstrations)
Demonstration Dates:
August 1987 (PL) and
November 1987 (MI)
High Voltage Environmental
Applications, Inc.
(formerly Electron Beam Research
Facility, Florida International
University, and University of
Miami),**
Miami, FL (008)/(E03)
Demonstration Date:
September 1994
Technology/
Demonstration Location
lu Situ Solidification and
Stabilization Process/General
Electric Service Shop Site in
Hialeah, FL
In Situ Vitrification/Parsons
Chemical Site in Grand Ledge,
MI
GIS-Key™ Environmental Data
Management System/
San Francisco, CA and
Washington, D.C.
DARAMEND™ Bioremediation
Technology/Domtar Wood
Preserving Site in Trenton,
Ontario, Canada
Infrared Thermal
Destruction/Peak Oil Superfund
Site in Brandon, FL and Rose
Township Superfund Site in
Oakland County, MI
High-Energy Electron
Irradiation/DOE's Savannah
River Site in Aiken, SC
Technology
Contact
Chris Ryan or
Linda Ward
412-856-7700
James Hansen
509-375-0710
Charles Tupitza
510-602-9206
Alan Seech or
Igor Marvan
905-279-2222
Rome
011-39-06-8802001
Padova
011-39-049-773490
William Cooper
305-593-5330
EPA Project
Manager
Mary Stinscn
908-321-6683
Teri Richardson
513-569-7949
Richard Eilers
513-569-7809
Teri Richardson
513-569-7949
Laurel Staley
513-569-7863
Franklin Alvarez
513-569-7631
Waste Media
Soil, Sediment
Soil, Sludge,
Sediments
Not Applicable
Soil, Sediment
Soil, Sediment
Water Streams,
Sludge
Applicable Waste
Inorganic
Nonspecific Inorganics
Nonspecific Inorganics
Not Applicable
Not Applicable
Not Applicable
Not Applicable
Organic
PCBs, PCP, Other
Nonspecific Organics
Nonspecific Organics
Not Applicable
PAHs, PCPs, Total
Petroleum
Hydrocarbons
Nonspecific Organics
Most Organics
From Emerging Technology Program
-------
TABLE 1 (continued)
Completed SITE Demonstration Program Projects as of October 1994
Horsehead Resource Development
Co., Inc.,
Monaca, PA (004)
Demonstration Date:
March 1991
•Irubetz Environmental Services, Inc.,
Dallas, TX (007)
Demonstration Date:
January - February 1993
Hughes Environmental Systems, Inc.,
(005)
Demonstration Date:
August 1991 - September 1993
IIT Research Institute/Brown and
Root Environmental,
Chicago, IL/Oak Ridge, TN (007)
Demonstration Date:
August 1993
KAI Technologies, Inc./Brown and
Root Environmental,
Woburn, MA/Oak Ridge, TN (008)
Demonstration Date:
January - March 1994
Magnum Water Technology,
El Segundo, CA (007)
Demonstration Date:
March 1993
Maxymillian Technologies, Inc.
(formerly Clean Berkshires Inc.),
Pittsfield, MA (008)
Demonstration Date:
November - December 1993
•••^^M^MM^HM^
Technology/
'lame Reactor/Developer's
'acility in Monaca, PA using
waste from National Smelting
and Refining Company
Superfund Site in Atlanta, GA
HRUBOUT* Process/Kelly Air
'orce Base in San Antonio, TX
Steam Enhanced Recovery
Process/Fuel Spill Site in
Huntington Beach, CA
Radio Frequency Heating/Kelly
Air Force Base in San Antonio,
TX
Radio Frequency Heating/Kelly
Air Force Base in San Antonio,
TX
CAV-OX® Process/Edwards Air
Force Base, CA
Mobile Thermal Desorption
System/Niagara Mohawk Power
Corporation's Harbor Point Site
in Utica, NY
i^HI^^^M^MMBM
Technology
Contact
Regis Zagrocki
412-773-2289
Michael Hrubetz or
Barbara Hrubetz
214-363-7833
Not Available
Harsh Dev
312-567-4257
Paul Carpenter
904-283-6187
Clifton Blanchard
615-483-9900
Raymond Kasevich
617-932-3328
Paul Carpenter
904-283-6187
Clifton Blanchard
615-483-9900
Dale Cox
310-322-4143
Jack Simser
310-640-7000
James Maxymillian
413-499-3050
Neal Maxymillian
617-695-9770
800-695-7771
EPA Project
Manager
Donald Oberacker
513-569-7510
Vlarta K. Richards
513-569-7692
Gordon Evans
513-569-7684
Paul dePercin
513-569-7797
Laurel Staley
513-569-7863
Laurel Staley
513-569-7863
i *
Richard Eilers
513-569-7809
Ronald Lewis
513-569-7856
Waste Media
Soil, Sludge,
industrial Solid
Residues
Soil
Soil, Groundwater
Soil
Soil
Groundwater,
Wastewater
Soil
Applicable Waste
Inorganic
Metals
Not Applicable
Not Applicable
Not Applicable
Not Applicable
Not Applicable
Cyanide
Organic
Not Applicable
Halogenated or
Sfonhalogenated
Volatiles or
Semivolatiles
VOCs and SVOCs
Petroleum
Hydrocarbons,
VOCs, SVOCs
Petroleum
Hydrocarbons,
VOCs, SVOCs
Halogenated
Solvents, Phenol,
Pentachlorophenol ,
PCBs, BTEX
VOCs, SVOCs,
PAHs, and Coal Tars
Co
-------
TABLE 1 (continued)
Completed SITE Demonstration Program Projects as of October 1994
North American Technologies Group,
Inc.,
Sacramento, CA (008)
Demonstration Date:
June 1994
NOVATERRA, Inc.
(formerly Toxic Treatments USA,
Inc.), ,
Los Angeles, CA (003)
Demonstration Date:
September 1989
Resources Conservation Company,
Ellicott City, MD (001)
Demonstration Date:
July 1992
Retech, Inc.,
Ukiah, CA (002)
Demonstration Date:
July 1991
Risk Reduction Engineering
Laboratory,
Cincinnati, OH, (005)
Demonstration Date:
August - September 1993
Risk Reduction Engineering
Laboratory,
Cincinnati, OH (007)
Demonstration Date:
November 1992
Risk Reduction
Engineering Laboratory and
IT Corporation,
Cincinnati, OH (004)
^Demonstration Dates:
1 September 1988 (MI), December
1 1989 (KY), and August 1990 (GA
• — •-
Technology/
Oleophilic Amine-Coated
Ceramic Chip/Petroleum
'roducts Corporation Site in
!ort Lauderdale, FL
n Situ Steam and Air
Stripping/Annex Terminal in
San Pedro, CA
J.E.S.T. Solvent Extraction
Technology /Grand Calumet
River Site in Gary, EM
Plasma Arc Vitrification/DOE's
Component Development and
Integration Facility in Butte,
MT
Base-Catalyzed Decomposition
Process/Koppers Company
Superfund Site in Morrisville,
NC
Volume Reduction Unit/
Escambia Treating Company
Site in Pensacola, FL
Debris Washing System/
Superfund Sites in Detroit, MI;
Hopkinsville, KY; and Walker
County, GA
Technology
Contact
Cathryn Wimberly
916-366-6165
Philip LaMori
310-843-3190
Lanny Weimer
410-596-6066
Ronald Womack or
Leroy Leland
707-462-6522
Carl Brunner
513-569-7655
Yei-Shong Shieh or
G. Steven Detwiler
610-832-0700
Richard Griffiths
908-321-6629
Michael Taylor or
Majid Dosani
513-782-4700
EPA Project
Manager
aurel Staley
513-569-7863
Paul dePercin
513-569-7797
Mark Meckes
513-569-7348
Laurel Staley
513-569-7863
Terrence Lyons
513-569-7589
Teri Richardson
513-569-7949
Donald Sanning
513-569-7875
Waste Media
Groundwater.
Marine Wastes
Soil
Soil, Sludge,
Sediment
Soil, Sludge
Soil, Sediment,
Sludge -
Soil
Debris
Applicable Waste
Inorganic
Not Applicable
Nonspecific
Inorganics, Heavy
Metals
Not Applicable
Metals
Not Applicable
Metals
Nonspecific Inorganics
Organic
Gasoline, Crude Oil,
Diesel Fuel, BTEX,
PAHs, PCBs.PCP,
rrichloroethene
VOCs, SVOCs,
Hydrocarbons
Oil, PCBs, PAHs,
Pesiticides,
Herbicides
Nonspecific Organics
PCBs, PCPs,
Halogenated
Compounds
Creosote, PCPs,
PAHs, VOCs,
SVOCs, Pesticides
Nonspecific
Organics, PCBs,
Pesticides
-------
TABLE 1 (continued)
Completed SITE Demonstration Program Projects as of October 1994
Developer
Risk Reduction
Engineering Laboratory and
USDA Forest Products
Laboratory,
Cincinnati, OH/Madison, WI (006)
Demonstration Date:
June - November 1992
Risk Reduction
Engineering Laboratory,
University of Cincinnati, and
FRX, Inc.,
Cincinnati, OH (005)
Demonstration Dates:
July 1991 - September 1992 (IL)
and August 1991 - September
1992 (OH)
Rochem Separation Systems, Inc.,
Torrance, CA (006)
Demonstration Date:
August 1994
RUST Remedial Services, Inc.
(formerly offered by
Chemical Waste
Management, Inc.),
Palos Heights, IL (004)
Demonstration Date:
May 1992
SBP Technologies, Inc.,
Baton Rouge, LA (005)
Demonstration Date:
October 1991
Technology/
Demonstration Location
Fungal Treatment Technology/
Brookhaven Wood Preserving
Site in Brookhaven, MS
Hydraulic Fracturing/Xerox
Corporation Site in Oak Brook,
IL and an underground storage
spill site hi Dayton, OH
Rochem Disc Tube™ Module
System/Central Landfill
Superfund Site in Johnston, RI
X*TRAX™ Thermal Desorption/
Re-Solve, Inc., Superfund Site
in North Dartmouth, MA
Membrane Filtration and
Bioremediation/ American
Creosote Works in Pensacola,
FL
Technology
Contact
John Glaser
5.13-569-7568
Richard Lamar
608-231-9469
William Slack
513-556-2526
David LaMonica
310-370-3160
Chetan Trivedi
708-361-7520
708-361-8400
Clayton Page
504-753-5255
EPA Project
Manager
Teri Richardson
513-569-7949
Michael Roulier
513-569-7796
Douglas Grosse
513-569-7844
Paul dePercin
513-569-7797
John Martin
513-569-7758
Waste Media
Soil
Soil, Groundwater
Liquids
Soil, Sediment,
Sludge
Groundwater,
Surface Water,
Storm Water,
Landfill Leachates,
Industrial Process
Wastewater
Applicable Waste
Inorganic
Not Applicable
Nonspecific Inorganics
Nonspecific Inorganics
Heavy Metals
Not Applicable
Organic
PCPs, PAHs,
Chlorinated Organics
Nonspecific Organics
Organic Solvents
VOCs, SVOCs,
PCBs, Dioxins
Organic Compounds,
PAHs, PCBs, TCE,
PCP
-
-------
TABLE 1 (continued)
Completed SITE Demonstration Program Projects as of October 1994
Developer
J.R. Simplot,"
Pocatello, ID (006)
(2 Demonstrations)
Demonstration Dates:
July 1993 (WA) and
September 1993 - February 1994
(MO)
SoilTech ATP Systems, Inc.,
Porter, IN (005)
(2 Demonstrations)
Demonstration Date:
May 1991 (NY); June 1992 (IL)
Soliditech, Inc. (002)
Demonstration Date:
December 1988
Sonotech, Inc.,
Atlanta, GA (007)
Demonstration Date:
May - July 1994
STC Omega, Inc. (formerly Silicate
Technology Corporation),
Scottsdale, AZ (003)
Demonstration Date:
November 1990
Terra-Kleen Response Group, Inc.,
Oklahoma City, OK (006)
Demonstration Date:
May - June 1994
Technology/
Demonstration Location
The SABRE™ Process/Bowers
Field in Ellensburg, WA and
Weldon Spring Ordinance
Works Site in Weldon Spring,
MO
Anaerobic Thermal Processor/
Wide Beach Superfund Site in
Brant, NY and Waukegan
Harbor Superfund Site in
Waukegan, IL
Solidification and Stabilization/
Imperial Oil Company/
Champion Chemical Company
Superfund Site in Morganville,
NJ
Frequency-Tunable Pulse
Combustion Sy stem/EPA' s
Incineration Research Facility in
Jefferson, AR
Chemical Fixation/Solidification
Treatment Technologies/Selma
Pressure Treating Superfund
Site in Selma, CA
Solvent Extraction Treatment
System/Naval Air Station North
Island in San Diego, CA
Technology
Contact
Russe! Kaake
208-234-5367
Alistair Montgomery
303-790-1747
Joseph Hutton
219-929-4343
Not Available
Zin Plavnik
404-525-8530
Stephen Pelger or
Scott Larsen
602-948-7100
Alan Cash
405-728-0001
EPA Project
Manager
Wendy Davis-Hoover
513-569-7206
Paul -dePercin
513-569-7797
Jack Hubbard
513-569-7507
Marta K. Richards
513-569-7692
Edward Bates
513-569-7774
Mark Meckes
513-569-7348
Waste Media
Soil
Soil, Sludge,
Refinery Wastes
Soil, Sludge
Soil, Medical
Waste
Soil, Sludge,
Wastewater
Soil, Sludge,
Sediment, Debris
Applicable Waste
Inorganic
Not Applicable
Not Applicable
Metals, Nonspecific
Inorganics
Nonspecific Inorganics
Metals, Cyanide,
Fluorides, Arsenates,
Chromates, Selenium
Not Applicable
Organic
Nitrcarcinaties
PCBs, Chlorinated
Pesticides, VOCs,
SVOCs
Nonspecific
Organics, Oil, Grease
Nonspecific Organics
High Molecular
Weight Organics,
PAHs
PCBs, PCP, PAH,
Creosote, Chlorinated
Pesticides, PCDD,
PCDF
** From Emerging Technology Program
-------
TABLE 1 (continued)
Completed SITE Demonstration Program Projects as of October 1994
DBVelODer
Terra Vac, Inc.,
San Juan, PR (001)
Demonstration Date:
December 1987 - April 1988
Texaco Inc.,
White Plains, NY (006)
Demonstration Date:
January 1994
Toronto Harbour Commission,
Toronto, Ontario, Canada (006)
Demonstration Date:
April - May 1992
Ultrox, A Division of Zimpro
Environmental, Inc.,
Santa Ana, CA (003)
Demonstration Date:
March 1989
United States Environmental
Protection Agency,
San Francisco, CA (007)
Demonstration Date:
June - July 1990
Vulcan Peroxidation Systems, Inc.
(formerly Peroxidation Systems,
Inc.),
Tucson, AZ (006)
Demonstration Date:
September 1992
WASTECH Inc.,
Oak Ridge, TN (004)
Demonstration Date:
August 1991
Technology/
Demonstration Location
n Situ Vacuum Extraction/
Groveland Wells Superfund Site
in Groveland, MA
Entrained-Bed Gasification/
Developer's Montebello
Research Laboratory using a
mixture of soil from the Purity
Oil Sales Superfund Site in
Fresno, CA
Soil Recycling/Toronto Port
Industrial District in Toronto,
Ontario, Canada
Ultraviolet Radiation and
Oxidation/Lorentz Barrel and
Drum Company in San Jose,
CA
Excavation Techniques and
Foam Suppression Methods/
McColl Superfund Site in
Fullerton, CA
perox-pure™ Chemical
Oxidation Technology /Lawrence
Livermore National Laboratory
hi Altamont Hills, CA
Solidification and Stabilization/
Robins Air Force Base in
Warner Robins, GA
Technology
Contact
'ames Malot
809-723-9171
Richard Zang
914-253-4047
Carol Moore
416-863-2071
David Fletcher
714-545-5557
John Blevins
415-774-2400
Chris Giggy
602-790-8383
Benjamin Peacock
615-483-6515
EPA Project
Manager
Wary Stinson
908-321-6683
Marta K. Richards
513-569-7692
Teri Richardson
513-569-7949
Norma Lewis
513-569-7665
Jack Hubbard
513-569-7507
Norma Lewis
513-569-7665
Terrence Lyons
513-569-7589
Waste Media
Soil
Soil, Sludge,
Sediment
Soil
Groundwater,
Leachate,
Wastewater
Soil
Groundwater,
Wastewater
Soil, Sludge,
Liquid Waste
Applicable Waste
Inorganic
Not Applicable
Nonspecific Inorganics
Nonspecific Inorganics
Not Applicable
Not Applicable
Not Applicable
Nonspecific
Radioactive Inorganics
Organic
VOCs
Nonspecific Organics
Nonspecific Organics
Halogenated
Solvents, VOCs,
Pesticides, PCBs,
BTEX
VOCs
Fuel Hydrocarbons,
Chlorinated Solvents,
PCBs, VOCs,
SVOCs
Nonspecific Organics
-------
TABLE 1 (continued)
Completed SITE Demonstration Program Projects as of October 1994
Roy F. Weston, Inc.,
West Chester, PA (006)
Demonstration Date:
November - December 1991
Roy F. Weston, Inc./IEG
Technologies,
Woodland Hills, CA/Charlotte, N.C
(008)
Demonstration Date:
May 1993 - May 1994
Wheelabrator Clean Air Systems, Inc.
(formerly Chemical Waste
Management, Inc.),
Schaumburg, IL (005)
Demonstration Date:
September 1992
Technology/
Low Temperature Thermal
Treatment (LT3*) System/
Anderson Development
Company Superfund Site in
Adrian, MI
UVB - Vacuum Vaporizing
Well/March Air Force Base,
CA
PO*WW*ER™ Technology/
Chemical Waste Management's
Facility in Lake Charles, LA
Technology
Contact
Mike Cosmos
610-701-7423
Jeff Bannon
818-596-6900
Eric Klingel
704-357-6090
Annamarie Connolly
708-706-6900
EPA Project
Manager
Paul dePercin
513-569-7797
Michelle Simon
513-569-7469
Randy Parker
513-569-7271
Waste Media
Soil, Sludge
Groundwater
Wastewater,
Leachate,
Groundwater
Applicable Waste
Inorganic
Not Applicable
Heavy Metals
Metals, Volatile
Inorganic Compounds,
Salts, Radionuclides
Organic
vucs, svuus,
Petroleum
Hydrocarbons, PAHs
VOCs, SVOCs
VOCs and
Nonvolatile Organic
Compounds
-------
-------
Technology Profile
DEMONSTRATION PROGRAM
ACCUTECH REMEDIAL SYSTEMS, INC.
(Pneumatic Fracturing Extraction™ and Catalytic Oxidation)
TECHNOLOGY DESCRIPTION:
Accutech Remedial Systems, Inc. (Accutech),
and the Hazardous Substance Management
Research Center located at the New Jersey
Institute of Technology in Newark, New Jersey
have jointly developed an integrated treatment
system that combines Pneumatic Fracturing
Extraction8" (PFESM) with hot gas injection
(HGI). The system provides a cost-effective,
accelerated approach for remediating less
permeable formations contaminated with halo-
genated and nonhalogenated volatile organic
compounds (VOC) and semivolatile organic
compounds (SVOC) (see photograph below).
The system forces compressed gas into a forma-
tion at pressures that exceed the natural in situ
stresses present, creating a fracture network.
These fractures allow subsurface air to circulate
faster and more efficiently throughout the forma-
tion, which can greatly improve contaminant
mass removal rates. PFESM also increases the
effective area that can be influenced by each
extraction well, while intersecting new pockets
of contamination that were previously trapped in
the formation. Thus, VOCs can be removed
faster and from a larger section of the formation.
can combme with a catalytic oxidation
unit equipped with special catalysts to destroy
halogenated organics. The heat from the cata-
lytic oxidation unit can be recycled to the forma-
tion, significantly raising the vapor pressure of
the contaminants. Thus, VOCs volatilize faster,
which makes cleanup more efficient.
Pneumatic Fracturing Extraction3" and Catalytic Oxidation
Page 20
The SITE Program assesses but does not
approve or endorse technologies.
-------
November 1994
Completed Project
can COUpie with HGI, an in situ thermal
process, to further enhance VOC removal rates.
HGI returns the energy generated during cata-
lytic oxidation of the VOCs to the ground. The
PFESM-HGI integrated treatment system is cost-
effective for treating soil and rock formations
where conventional in situ technologies have
limited effectiveness due to less permeable
geologic formations. Activated carbon is used
when contaminant concentrations decrease to
levels where catalytic oxidation is no longer
cost-effective.
WASTE APPLICABILITY:
The system can remove halogenated and non-
halogenated VOCs and SVOCs from both the
vadose and saturated zones. The integrated
treatment system is cost-effective for treating
soils and rock when less permeable geologic
formations limit the effectiveness of conventional
in situ technologies.
STATUS:
This technology was accepted into the SITE
Demonstration Program in December 1990.
Phase 1 of the demonstration was conducted in
summer 1992 at a New Jersey Department of
Environmental Protection and Energy Environ-
mental Cleanup Responsibility Act site in
Hillsborough, New Jersey. During Phase 1,
trichloroethene and other VOCs we're removed
from a siltstone formation. Results of this
demonstration were published in the following
documents available from EPA:
• Technology Evaluation Report
(EPA/540/R-93/509)
• Technology Demonstration Summary
(EPA/540/SR-93/509)
• Demonstration Bulletin
(EPA/540/MR-93/509)
• Applications Analysis Report
(EPA/540/AR-93/509)
DEMONSTRATION RESULTS:
The demonstration results indicate that PFESM
increased the effective vacuum radius of influ-
ence nearly threefold. PFESM also increased the
rate of mass removal up to 25 times over the
rates measured using conventional extraction
technology.
The PFESM-HGI process is being demonstrated
in a two-phase approach. The incremental
benefit of each technology was evaluated in the
first phase. In the second phase, the tech-
nologies will be integrated with a groundwater
recovery process and the catalytic technology to
evaluate long-term cost benefits. A Phase 2
demonstration is planned for 1994.
FOR FURTHER INFORMATION:
EPA PROJECT MANAGER:
Uwe Frank
U.S. EPA
Risk Reduction Laboratory
Building 10, MS-104
2890 Woodbridge Avenue
Edison, NJ 08837-3679
908-321-6626
Fax: 908-906-6990
TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPER CONTACT:
John Liskowitz
Accutech Remedial Systems, Inc.
Cass Street at Highway 35
Keyport, NJ 07735
908-739-6444
Fax: 908-739-0451
The SITE Program assesses but does not
approve or endorse technologies.
Page 21
-------
Technology Profile
DEMONSTRA TION PROGRAM
ADVANCED REMEDIATION MIXING, INC.
(iformerly Chemfix Technologies/CeTech Resources)
(Solidification and Stabilization)
TECHNOLOGY DESCRIPTION:
In this solidification and stabilization process,
pozzolanic materials react with polyvalent metal
ions and other waste components to produce a
chemically and physically stable solid material.
Optional accelerators and precipitators may
include soluble silicates, carbonates, phosphates,
and borates. The end product may be similar to
a clay-like soil, depending upon the characteris-
tics of the raw waste and the properties desired
in the end product.
Typically, the wasite is first blended in a reaction
vessel with pozzolanic materials that contain
calcium hydroxides. This blend is then dispersed
throughout an aqueous phase. The reagents
react with one another and with toxic metal ions,
forming both anionic and cationic metal comple-
xes. Pozzolanic accelerators and metal precipi-
tating agents can be added before or after the
dry binder is initially mixed with the waste.
When a water soluble silicate reacts with the
waste and the pozzolanic binder system, colloi-
dal silicate gel strengths are increased within the
binder-waste matrix helping polyvalent metal
cations. A large percentage of the heavy metals
become part of the calcium silicate and alumi-
nate colloidal structures formed by the pozzolans
and calcium hydroxide. Some of the metals,
such as lead, adsorb to the surface of the
pozzolanic .structures. The entire pozzolanic
matrix, when physically cured, decreases toxic
metal mobility by reducing the incursion of
leaching liquids into and out of the stabilized
matrices. With modifications, the system
(shown below) may be applied to wastes
containing between 10 to 100 percent solids.
REAGENTTRUCK.
UNLOADING ,}
REAGENT TRUCK*
UNLOADING /
WASTE INPUT
WATER SUPPLY)
REAGENT TRUCKx
UNLOADING /
LIQUID REAGENT #t
.FEEDPUMP
WATER
TANK
WATER
TANK
/
FE
/"
LIQUID
•/ REAGENT #21
TANK
.TO CONTAINMENT AREA
TRANSFER PUMP
Process Flow Diagram
Page 22
The SITE Program assesses but does not
approve or endorse technologies.
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November 1994
Completed Project
WASTE APPLICABILITY:
This process is suitable for contaminated soils,
sludges, ashes, and other solid wastes.. The
process is particularly applicable to electro-
plating sludges, electric arc furnace dust, heavy
metal contaminated soils, oil field drilling muds
and cuttings, municipal sewage sludges, and
residuals from other treatment processes. This
process effectively treats heavy metals, such as
antimony, arsenic, lead, cadmium, hexavalent
chromium, mercury, copper, and zinc. In
addition, when combined with specialized bind-
ers and additives, this process can stabilize
low-level nuclear wastes.
STATUS:
The solidification and stabilization process was
demonstrated in March 1989 at the Portable
Equipment Salvage Company site in Clackamas,"
Oregon. The Technology Evaluation Report was
published in September 1990
(EPA/540/5-89/01 la). The Applications Analy-
sis Report was completed hi May 1991
(EPA/540/A5-89/011).
In addition, several full-scale' remediation
projects have been completed since 1977, inclu-
ding a high solids CHEMSET® reagent protocol
designed to treat 30,000 cubic yards of hexava-
lent chromium-contaminated, high solids waste.
The average chromium level after treatment was
less than 0.15 milligram per liter and met toxi-
city characteristic leaching procedure (TCLP)
criteria. The final product permeability was less
than 1 x 10"4 centimeters per second (cm/sec).
DEMONSTRATION RESULTS:
The demonstration yielded the following results:
• The technology effectively reduced
copper and lead concentrations in the
wastes. The concentrations in the TCLP
extracts from the treated wastes were 94
to 99 percent less than those from the
untreated wastes. Total lead concen-
. trations in. the untreated waste ap-
proached 14 percent.
• ' The volume of excavated waste material
increased between 20 to 50 percent after
treatment.
• During the durability tests, the treated
wastes showed little or no weight loss
after 12 cycles of wetting and drying or
freezing and thawing.
• The unconfined compressive strength of
.the wastes varied between 27 and 307
pounds per square inch after 28 days,
Hydraulic conductivity of the.treated"
material ranged between 1 x 10'6
cm/sec and 6.4 x 10"7 cm/sec. "
• Air monitoring data suggest there was
no significant volatilization of polychlor-
,inated biphenyls during the treatment
process.
• Treatment costs were approximately $73
per ton, including mobilization, labor,
reagents, and demobilization, but not
disposal.
FOR FURTHER INFORMATION:
EPA PROJECT MANAGER:
Edwin Earth
U.S. EPA
Center for Environmental Research
Information
26 West Martin Luther King Drive
Cincinnati, OH 45268
513-569-7669
Fax: 513-569-7585
TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPER CONTACT:
Sam Pizzitola
Advanced Remediation Mixing, Inc.
711 Oxley Street
Kenner, LA 70062
504-461-0466 .
Fax: 504-466-9032
The SITE Program assesses but does not
approve or endorse technologies.
Page 23
-------
Technology Profile
DEMONSTRATION PROGRAM
AMERICAN COMBUSTION, INC.
(PYRETRON® Thermal Destruction)
TECHNOLOGY DESCRIPTION:
The PYRETRON® thermal destruction techno-
logy controls the heat input during incineration
using PYRETRON® oxygen-air-fuel burners to
control excess oxygen available to oxidize
hazardous waste (see figure below). The
PYRETRON® cornbustor relies on a new techni-
que for mixing auxiliary oxygen, air, and fuel to
1) provide the flame envelope with enhanced
stability, luminosity, and flame core tempera-
ture, and 2) increase the British thermal units
(Btu) per volume of heat released.
The technology is computer-controlled to auto-
matically adjust the temperatures of the primary
and secondary combustion chambers and the
amount of excess oxygen. The system adjusts
the amount of excess oxygen in response to
sudden changes in contaminant volatilization
rates in the waste.
The technology fits any conventional incineration
unit and can burn liquids, solids, and sludges.
Solids and sludges can also be coincinerated
when the burner is used with a rotary kiln or
similar equipment.
WASTE APPLICABILITY:
The PYRETRON® technology treats high- and
low-Btu solid wastes contaminated with rapidly-
volatilized hazardous organics. In general, the
technology treats any waste that can be incine-
rated. It is not suitable for processing aqueous
wastes, Resource Conservation and Recovery
Act heavy metal wastes, or inorganic wastes.
STATUS:
The PYRETRON® technology was demonstrated
at EPA's Incineration Research Facility in
Jefferson, Arkansas, using a mixture of 40
Gas, air, and oxygen
flows to the burners
Ash Pit
PYRETRON® Thermal Destruction System
Page 24
The SITE Program assesses but does not
approve or endorse technologies.
-------
November 1994
Completed Project
percent contaminated soil from the Stringfellow
Acid Pit Superfund site in California and 60
percent decanter tank tar sludge (K087) from
coking operations. The demonstration began in
November 1987 and was completed at the end of
January 1988.
Both the Technology Evaluation Report
(EPA/540/5-89/008) and Applications Analysis
Report (EPA/540/A5-89/008) have been pub-
lished.
DEMONSTRATION RESULTS:
Six polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons, naphtha-
lene, acenaphthylene, fluorene, phenanthrene,
anthracene, and fluoranthene, were selected as
the principal organic hazardous constituents
(POHC) for the test program.
The PYRETRON® technology achieved greater
than 99.99 percent destruction and removal
efficiencies of all POHCs measured in all test
runs performed. Other results are listed below:
• The PYRETRON® technology with
oxygen enhancement doubled the waste
throughput possible with conventional
incineration.
• All particulate emission levels from the
scrubber system discharge were sig-
nificantly below the hazardous waste
incinerator performance standard of 180
milligrams per dry standard cubic meter
at 7 percent oxygen that existed until
May 1993.
• Solid residues were contaminant-free.
• There were no significant differences in
transient carbon monoxide level emis-
sions between air-only incineration and
PYRETRON® oxygen-enhanced opera-
tion with doubled throughput rate.
• Cost savings increase when operating
and fuel costs are high and oxygen costs
are relatively low.
• The system can double the capacity of a
conventional rotary kiln incinerator.
This increase is more significant for
wastes with low heating values.
FOR FURTHER INFORMATION:
EPA PROJECT MANAGER:
Laurel Staley
U.S. EPA
Risk Reduction Engineering Laboratory
26 West Martin Luther King Drive
Cincinnati, OH 45268
513-569-7863
Fax: 513-569-7620
TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPER CONTACT:
Gregory Gitman
American Combustion, Inc.
4476 Park Drive
Norcross, GA 30093
404-564-4180
Fax: 404-564-4192
The SITE Program assesses but does not
approve or endorse technologies.
Page 25
-------
Technology Profile
DEMONSTRA TION PROGRAM
AWD TECHNOLOGIES, INC.
(Integrated Vapor Extraction and Steam Vacuum Stripping)
TECHNOLOGY DESCRIPTION:
The integrated AquaDetox/soil gas vapor
extraction/reinjection (SVE) system simul-
taneously treats groundwater and soil contami-
nated with volatile organic compounds (VOC).
The integrated system consists of 1) an
AquaDetox moderate vacuum stripping tower
that uses low-pressure steam to treat con-
taminated groundwater, and 2) an SVE process
to treat contaminated soil. The two processes
form a closed-loop system that simultaneously
remediates contaminated groundwater and soil in
situ with no air emissions.
AquaDetox is a high-efficiency, countercurrent
stripping technology developed by Dow
Chemical Company. A single-stage unit typical-
ly reduces VOCs hi water up to 99.99 percent.
The SVE system uses a vacuum to treat VOC-
contaminated soil, inducing a flow of air through
the soil and removing vapor phase VOCs with
the extracted soil gas. Carbon beds remove
additional VOCs from the soil gas, which is then
reinjected into the ground. The AquaDetox and
SVE systems share a granulated activated carbon
(GAC) unit that decontaminates the combined
vapors from both systems (see photograph
below). By-products of the system are a free-
phase recyclable product and treated water.
Mineral regenef able carbon will require disposal
after about 3 years.
A key element of the closed-loop system is the
vent header unit. This unit collects the noncon-
densable gases extracted from the groundwater
or air that may leak into the part of the process
operating below atmospheric pressure. Also, the
AquaDetox system condenses and treats the
steam used to regenerate the carbon beds.
Zero Air Emissions Integrated AquaDetox/SVE System
Page 26
The SITE Program assesses but does not
approve or endorse technologies.
-------
November 1994-
Completed Project
WASTE APPLICABILITY:
This technology removes VOCs, including
chlorinated hydrocarbons, in groundwater and
soil. Sites with contaminated groundwater and
soils containing trichloroethene (TCE), tetra-
chloroethene (PCE), and other VOCs are suit-
able for this on-site treatment process.
STATUS:
The AWD AquaDetox/SVE system has been
treating groundwater and soil gas at the
Lockheed Aeronautical Systems Company in
Burbank, California, for over 3 years. The
groundwater is contaminated with as much as
2,200 parts per billion (ppb) of TCE and 11,000
ppb PCE; the soil gas has a total VOC concen-
tration of 6,000 parts per million. Contaminated
groundwater is treated at a rate of up to 1,200
gallons per minute (gpm), while soil gas is
removed and treated at a rate of 300 cubic feet
per minute. The system occupies about 4,000
square feet. It has been operational 95 percent
of the time, with 5 percent downtime due to
scheduled or nonscheduled repairs.
In September 1990, a SITE demonstration was
conducted as part of ongoing remediation at the
San Fernando Valley Groundwater Basin Super-
fund site in Burbank, California. The Appli-
cations Analysis Report (EPA/540/A5-91/002)
was published in October 1991.
DEMONSTRATION RESULTS:
During testing at the San Fernando Valley
Superfund site, the AquaDetox/SVE system
achieved the following results:
• The AWD technology successfully
treated groundwater and soil gas con-
taminated with VOCs.
• Efficiencies were in the 99.92 to 99.99
percent range for removal of VOCs
from contaminated groundwater. VOC
removal efficiencies for soil gas ranged
from 98.0 to 99.9 percent
when the GAC beds were regenerated
according to the AWD-specified
frequency (8-hour shifts). VOC
removal efficiencies dropped to as low
as 93.4 percent when the GAC beds
were regenerated less frequently.
• The AWD technology produced effluent
groundwater that complied with regula-
tory discharge requirements for TCE
and PCE (5 micrograms per liter for
each compound).
• The GAC beds effectively removed
VOCs from contaminated soil gas even
after 24 hours of continuous operation
without steam regeneration.
• The system's steam consumption
dropped with decreasing tower pres-
sures. During the demonstration, the
system was more efficient at lower
operating tower pressures.
• The AWD system is estimated to cost
approximately $3.2, $4.3, and $5.8
million for the 500-, 1,000-, and 3,000-
gpm systems, respectively. The total
annual operation and maintenance costs
are approximately $410,000, $630,000
and $1,500,000 for the 500-, 1,000-,
and 3,000-gpm systems, respectively.
FOR FURTHER INFORMATION:
EPA PROJECT MANAGER:
Gordon Evans
U.S. EPA
Risk Reduction Engineering Laboratory
26 West Martin Luther King Drive
Cincinnati, OH 45268
513-569-7684
Fax: 513-569-7620
TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPER CONTACT:
David Bluestein
AWD Technologies, Inc.
49 Stevenson Street, Suite 600
San Francisco, CA 94105
415-227-0822
Fax: 415-227-0842
The SITE Program assesses but does not
approve or endorse technologies.
Page 27
-------
Technology Profile
DEMONSTRATION PROGRAM
BABCOCK & WILCOX CO.
(Cyclone Furnace)
TECHNOLOGY DESCRIPTION:
The Babcock & Wilcox Co. (Babcock &
Wilcox) cyclone furnace is designed to combust
high inorganic content (high-ash) coal. Through
cofiring, the cyclone furnace can also accom-
modate highly contaminated wastes containing
heavy metals and organics in soil or sludge.
High heat-release rates of 45,000 British thermal
units (Btu) per cubic foot of coal and high
turbulence in cyclones ensures the high tempera-
tures required for melting the high-ash fuels.
The inert ash exiits the cyclone furnace as a
vitrified slag.
The furnace is water-cooled and simulates the
geometry of Babcock & Wilcox's single-cyclone,
front-wall-fired cyclone boilers. The pilot-scale
cyclone furnace, shown in the figure below, is a
scaled-down version of a commercial coal-fired
cyclone with a restricted exit (throat). The fur-
nace geometry is a horizontal cylinder (barrel).
Natural gas and preheated combustion air are
heated to 820 degrees Fahrenheit (°F) and enter
tangentially into the cyclone burner. For dry
soil processing, the soil matrix and natural gas
enter tangentially along the cyclone furnace bar-
Combustion
air
rel. For wet soil processing, an atomizer uses
compressed air to spray the soil paste directly
into the furnace. The soil or sludge and inorga-
nics are captured and melted, and organics are
destroyed in the gas phase or in the molten slag
layer. This slag layer is formed and retained on
the furnace barrel wall by centrifugal action.
The soil melts, exits the cyclone furnace from
the tap at the cyclone throat, and drops into a
water-filled slag tank where it solidifies. A
small quantity of soil also exits as fly ash with
the flue gas from the furnace and is collected in
a baghouse. In principle, this fly ash can be
recycled to the furnace to increase metal capture
and to minimize the volume of the potentially
hazardous waste stream.
The energy requirements for vitrification are
15,000 Btu per pound of soil treated. Given the
much larger surface-to-volume ratio of the rela-
tively small pilot unit and its cool surface, a full-
scale unit can be expected to have proportionally
lower energy requirements. The cyclone
furnace can be operated with gas, oil, or coal as
the supplemental fuel. The waste may also
supply a significant portion of the required heat
input.
Natural gas
injectors
Natural gas
Soil injector
In: ide furnace
Slag tap
, Cyclone
sP°ut barrel
Slag
quenching
tank
Cyclone Furnace
Page 28
The SITE Program assesses but does not
approve or endorse technologies.
-------
November 1934
Completed Project
Particulates are controlled by a baghouse. To
maximize the capture of metals, a heat exchan-
ger is used to cool the stack gases to approxi-
mately 200 °F before they enter the baghouse.
WASTE APPLICABILITY:
The cyclone vitrification technology is applicable
to highly contaminated hazardous wastes,
sludges, and soils that contain heavy metals and
organic constituents. The wastes may be solid,
a soil slurry (wet soil), or liquids. To be treated
in the cyclone furnace, the ash or solid matrix
must melt (with or without additives) and flow
at cyclone furnace temperatures (2,400 to 3,000
°F). Because the technology captures heavy
metals in the slag and renders them nonleach-
able, it is an important treatment application for
soils that contain lower-volatility radionuclides
such as strontium and transuranics.
STATUS:
The cyclone vitrification technology was accept-
ed into the SITE Demonstration Program in
August 1991. A SITE demonstration occurred
in November 1991 at the developer's facility.
The process was demonstrated using an EPA-
supplied, wet, synthetic soil matrix (SSM)
spiked with heavy metals (lead, cadmium, and
chromium), organics (anthracene and dimethyl-
phthalate), and simulated radionuclides (bismuth,
strontium, and zirconium). The SSM. was
processed at a feed rate of 170 pounds per hour.
Almost 3 tons of SSM were processed during
the demonstration. The Applications Analysis
Report (EPA/520/AR-92/017) and Technology
Evaluation Report [Vol. 1
(EPA/504/R-92/017A), Vol. 2
(EPA/540/R-92/017B) are available from EPA.
DEMONSTRATION RESULTS:
The vitrified slag toxicity characteristic leaching
procedure (TCLP) teachabilities were 0.29 milli-
gram per liter (mg/L) for lead, 0.12 mg/L for
cadmium, and 0.30 mg/L for chromium (all pass
the EPA TCLP limits). Almost 95 percent of
the noncombustible SSM was incorporated into
the slag. Greater than 75 percent of the chromi-
um, 88 percent of the strontium, and 97 percent
of the zirconium were captured in the slag. Dry
weight volume was reduced 28 percent. De-
struction and removal efficiencies for anthracene
and dimethylphthalate were greater than 99.997
percent and 99.998 percent, respectively. Stack
particulates were 0.001 grains per dry standard
cubic feet (gr/dscf) at 7 percent oxygen, which
was below the Resource Conservation Recovery
Act limit of 0.08 gr/dscf effective until May
1993. Carbon monoxide and total hydrocarbons
in the flue gas were 6.0 parts per million (ppm)
and 8.3 ppm, respectively. The simulated radio-
nuclides were immobilized in the vitrified slag as
measured using the American Nuclear Society
16.1 Method.
An independent cost analysis was performed as
part of the SITE demonstration. The cost to
remediate 20,000 tons of contaminated soil using
a 3.3-ton-per-hour unit is estimated at $465 per
ton if the unit is on-line 80 percent of the time
or $529 per ton if the unit is on-line 60 percent
of the time.
FOR FURTHER INFORMATION:
EPA PROJECT MANAGER:
Laurel Staley
U.S. EPA
Risk Reduction Engineering Laboratory
26 West Martin Luther King Drive
Cincinnati, OH 45268
513-569-7863
Fax: 513-569-7620
TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPER CONTACT:
Dorothy Haidet
Babcock & Wilcox Co.
1562 Beeson Street
Alliance, OH 44601-2196
216-829-7395
Fax: 216-829-7801
The SITE Program assesses but does not
approve or endorse technologies.
Page 29
-------
Technology Profile
DEMONSTRATION PROGRAM
BERGMANN USA
(Soil and Sediment Washing)
TECHNOLOGY DESCRIPTION:
The Bergmann USA soil and sediment washing
technology separates contaminated particles by
density and grain size (see photograph below).
The technology operates on the hypothesis that
most contamination is concentrated in the fine
particle fraction (-63 micron \jjrn] fines), and
that contamination of larger particles is generally
not extensive.
After contaminated soil is screened to remove
coarse rock and debris, water and chemical
additives such as surfactants, acids, bases, and
chelants, are added to the soil to produce a
slurry feed. The slurry feed flows to an attrition
scrubbing machine. A rotary trammel screen,
dense media separators, cyclone separators, and
other equipment create mechanical and fluid
shear stress, removing contaminated silts and
clays from granular soil particles. Different
separation processes then create the following
four output streams: 1) coarse clean fraction; 2)
enriched firie fraction; 3) separated contaminated
humic;, and 4) process wash water. The coarse
clean fraction material, which measures 45 pm
(greater than 325 mesh), can be used as backfill
or recycled for concrete, masonry, or asphalt
sand application. The enriched fine fraction,
measuring less that 45 jitm is prepared for subse-
quent treatment, immobilization, destruction or
regulated disposal. Separated contaminated
humic materials (leaves, twigs, roots, .grasses,
wood chips) are dewatered and require' subse-
quent treatment or disposal. The process wash
water is treated by flocculation/sedimentation,
oil/water separation, and/or dissolved air
flotation to remove solubilized heavy metal
Bergmann USA Soil and Sediment Washing
Page 30
The SITE Program assesses but does not
approve or endorse technologies.
-------
/Vovemfier 1994
Completed Project
fractions. The treated process wash water is
then returned to the plant for re-use operations.
Upflow classification and separation, also known
as elutriation, separates light contaminated
specific gravity materials such as contaminated
leaves, twigs, roots, or wood chips.
WASTE APPLICABILITY:
This washing technology is suitable for treating
soils and sediment contaminated withpolychlori-
nated biphenyls (PCB). The soil and sediment
technology has been applied to soils and sedi-
ments contaminated with organics and heavy
metals, including cadmium, chromium, lead,
creosote, copper, cyanides, fuel residues,
mercury, heavy petroleum, lead, nickel, PCBs,
radionuclides, and zinc.
STATUS:
This technology was accepted into the SITE
Demonstration Program in winter 1991. It v/as
demonstrated in Toronto, Ontario, Canada, in
April 1992 (see Toronto Harbour Commission-
ers profile in this document), and Saginaw,
Michigan, in May 1992. Twenty-eight commer-
cial systems, ranging up to 350 tons per hour,
have been applied at contaminated waste sites.
The Applications Analysis Report and Tech-
nology Evaluation Report for the demonstration
in Saginaw, Michigan, will be available in late
1994.
FOR FURTHER INFORMATION:
EPA PROJECT MANAGER:
Jack Hubbard
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
Risk Reduction Engineering Laboratory
26 West Martin Luther King Drive
Cincinnati, OH 45268
513-569-7507
Fax: 513-569-7620
TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPER CONTACT:
Richard Traver
Bergmann USA
1550 Airport Road
Gallatin, TN 37066-3739
615-230-2217
Fax: 615-452-5525
The SITE Program assesses but does not
approve or endorse technologies.
Page 31
-------
Technology Profile
DEMONSTRATION PROGRAM
BERKELEY ENVIRONMENTAL RESTORATION CENTER
(formerly Udell Technologies, Inc.)
(In Situ Steam Enhanced Extraction Process)
TECHNOLOGY DESCRIPTION:
The in situ steam enhanced extraction (ISEE)
process removes volatile organic compounds
(VOC) and semivolatile organic compounds
(SVOC) from contaminated soils above and
below the water table (see figure below). Injec-
tion wells force steam through the soil to ther-
mally enhance the vapor and liquid extraction
processes.
The extraction wells have two purposes: 1) to
pump and treat groundwater; and 2) to transport
steam and vaporized contaminants under vacuum
to the surface. Recovered contaminants are
condensed and processed with the contaminated
groundwater, or trapped by gas-phase activated
carbon filters. The ISEE process uses readily
available components such as injection, extrac-
tion and monitoring wells; manifold piping;
vapor and liquid separators; vacuum pumps; and
gas emission control equipment.
WASTE APPLICABILITY:
The ISEE process extracts VOCs and SVOCs
from contaminated soils and groundwater. The
primary compounds suitable for treatment in-
clude hydrocarbons such as gasoline, diesel, and
jet fuel; solvents such as trichloroethene, trichlo-
roethane, and dichlorobenzene; or a mixture of
these compounds. The process may be applied
to contaminants above or below the water table.
After treatment is complete, subsurface condi-
tions are excellent for biodegradation of residual
contaminants, if necessary. The process cannot
be applied to contaminated soil very near the
surface unless a cap exists. Compounds denser
Vapors From
Extraction Wells
Water .
Supply
Water
Conditioner
^"*\
=oH
Make-up
Water
Cooling
Tower
Pump
Liquid
Tap
Steam \ Contaminant
Water
Steam to
Injection Wells
Contaminant
Water
In Situ Steam Enhanced Extraction Process
Page 32
The SITE Program assesses but does not
approve or endorse technologies.
-------
November 1994
Completed Project
than Water may be treated only in low concentra-
tions, unless a barrier exists or can be created to
prevent downward percolation of a separate
phase.
STATUS:
In August 1988, a successful pilot-scale demon-
stration of the ISEE process was completed at a
site contaminated with a mixture of solvents.
Contaminants amounting to 764 pounds were
removed from the 10-foot-diameter, 12-foot-d.eep
test region. After 5 days of steam injection, soil
contaminant concentrations dropped by a factor
of 10.
A full-scale demonstration was completed at
Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory in
Altamont Hills, California, "in December 1993.
Gasoline was dispersed both above and below
groundwater due to a 25-foot rise hi the water
table since the spill occurred. The lateral
distribution of second liquid phase gasoline was
within a region of 150 feet in diameter. In 26
weeks of operation, free product gasoline was
recovered from regions both above and below
the water table. Recovery rates were about 50
times greater than those that were achieved by
vacuum extraction and groundwater pumping
alone. The majority of the recovered gasoline
came from the condenser as a separate phase
liquid or in the effluent air steam. Over 7600
gallons of gasoline was recovered; the rates were
highest during cyclic steam injection, after
subsurface soils reached steam temperatures.
Without further pumping, 1,2-dichloroethene,
ethylbenzene, toluene, and xylene concentrations
in sampled groundwater were decreased to
below maximum contaminant levels (MCL) after
6 months. Benzene concentrations remain above
the MCL, but are decreasing with time. Post-
process soil sampling indicates that a thriving
hydrocarbon-degrading microbial population
exists in soils experiencing prolonged steam
contact.
A pilot-scale test of ISEE is now underway at
Naval Air Station (NAS) Lemoore in Alameda;
California. During 3 months of operation, over
100,000 gallons of JP-5 has been recovered
from medium permeability, partially-saturated
sand to a depth of 20 feet. Preliminary soil
sampling shows reductions of JP-5 soil
concentrations from several thousand parts per
million (ppm) above the water table to values
less than 25 ppm.
Additional site demonstrations are planned at
NAS Lemoore in the coming year. Potential
sites include a shallow aviation gasoline spill and
a small trichloroethene spill.
For more information about this technology, see
the Hughes Environmental Systems, Inc. (Com-
pleted Projects) and the Praxis Environmental
Technologies, Inc., (Ongoing Projects) profiles
in the Demonstration Program section,
FOR FURTHER INFORMATION:
EPA PROJECT MANAGER:
Paul dePercin
U.S. EPA
Risk Reduction Engineering Laboratory
26 West Martin Luther King Drive
Cincinnati, OH 45268
513-569-7797
Fax: 513-569-7620
TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPER CONTACTS:
Kent Udell
Berkeley Environmental Restoration Center
3112A Etch. Hall #1750
Berkeley, CA 94720-1750
510-642-2928
Fax: 510-642-6163
Steve Collins
Berkeley Environmental Restoration Center
3112A Etch. Hall #1750
Berkeley, CA 94720-1750
510-643-1300
Fax: 510-643-8982
The SITE Program assesses but does not
approve or endorse technologies.
Page 33
-------
Technology Profile
DEMONSTRATION PROGRAM
BILLINGS AND ASSOCIATES, INC.
(Subsurface Volatilization and Ventilation System [SWS®])
TECHNOLOGY DESCRIPTION:
The SWS®, developed by Billings and Asso-
ciates, Inc. (BAI), and operated by several other
firms under a licensing agreement, uses a net-
work of injection and extraction wells (collec-
tively, a reactor nest) to treat subsurface organic
contamination through soil vacuum extraction
combined with in situ biodegradation. Each
system is custom-designed to meet site-specific
conditions.
A series of injection and extraction wells is
installed at a site. One or more vacuum pumps
create negative pressure to extract contaminant
vapors, while an air compressor simultaneously
creates positive pressure, sparging the subsurface
treatment area. Control is maintained at a vapor
control unit that houses pumps, control valves,
gauges, and other process control hardware. At
most underground storage tank (UST) sites, for
example, extraction wells are placed above the
water table and injection wells are placed .below
the groundwater: This placement allows the
gfoundwater to be used as a diffusion device.
The number and spacing of the wells depends on
the modeling results of applying a design param-
eter matrix, as well as the physical, chemical,
and biological characteristics of the site. The
exact depth of the injection wells and screened
intervals are additional design considerations.
To enhance vaporization, 'solar panels are occa-
sionally used to heat the injected air. Additional
valves for limiting or increasing air flow and
pressure are placed on individual reactor nest
lines (radials) or, at some sites, on individual
well points. Depending on groundwater depths
and fluctuations, horizontal vacuum screens,
air compressor vacuum pump
Subsurface Volatilization and Ventilation System (SVVS)
Page 34
The SITE Program assesses but does not
approve or endorse technologies.
-------
November 1994
Completed Project
"stubbed" screens, or multiple-depth completions
can be applied. The system is dynamic: posi-
tive and negative air flow can be shifted to
different locations at the site to place the most
remediation stress on the areas requiring it.
Negative pressure is maintained at a suitable
level to prevent escape of vapors.
Because it provides oxygen to the subsurface,
the SWS® can enhance in situ bioremediation at
a site. The technology, unlike most air sparging
systems, is designed to enhance bioremediation.
Thus, it can decrease remediation time signifi-
cantly. These processes are normally monitored
by measuring dissolved oxygen levels in the
aquifer, recording carbon dioxide levels in
transmission lines and at the emission point, and
periodically sampling microbial populations. If
air quality permits require, volatile organic
compound emissions can be treated by a patent-
pending biological filter that uses indigenous
microbes from the site.
BAI is focusing on increasing the microbiologi-
cal effectiveness of the system and completing
the testing of a mobile unit. The mobile unit
will allow rapid field pilot tests to support the
design process. This unit will also permit actual
remediation of small sites and of small, recalci-
trant areas on large sites.
WASTE APPLICABILITY:
The SWS® is applicable to sites with leaks or
spills of gasoline, diesel fuels, and other hydro-
carbons, including halogenated compounds. The
system is very effective on benzene, toluene,
ethylbenzene, andxylene (BTEX) contamination.
It can also contain contaminant plumes through
its unique vacuum and air injection techniques.
The technology should be effective in treating
soils contaminated with virtually any material
that has some volatility or is biodegradable. The
technology can be applied to contaminated soil,
sludges, free-phase hydrocarbon product, and
groundwater. By changing the injected gases to
induce anaerobic conditions and by properly sup-
porting the microbial population, the SWS® can
remove nitrates from groundwater. The aerobic
SWS® raises the redox potential of groundwater
to precipitate and remove heavy metals.
STATUS:
This technology was accepted into the SITE
Demonstration Program in winter 1991. A site
in Buchanan, Michigan was selected for the
demonstration, and initial drilling and construc-
tion began in July 1992. The SWS® remedi-
ated BTEX, tetrachloroethene (PCE), trichloro-
ethene (TCE), and dichloroethene (DCE) at the
site. The demonstration began in March 1993
and was completed in May 1994. Preliminary
results will be available in early 1995. The
SWS® has also been implemented at 75 UST
sites in New Mexico, North Carolina, South
Carolina, and Florida.
FOR FURTHER INFORMATION:
EPA PROJECT MANAGER:
Paul dePercin
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
Risk Reduction Engineering Laboratory
26 West Martin Luther King Drive
Cincinnati, OH 45268
513-569-7797
Fax: 513-569-7620
TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPER CONTACTS:
Gale Billings
Billings and Associates, Inc.
3816 Academy Parkway N-NE
Albuquerque, NM 87109
505-345-1116
Fax: 505-345-1756
Don Brenneman
Brown and Root Environmental
10200 Bellaire
Houston, TX 77072
713-575-4693
Fax: 713-575-4691
The SITE Program assesses but does not
approve or endorse technologies.
Page 35
-------
Technology Profile
DEMONSTRATION PROGRAM
BIOGENESIS ENTERPRISES, INC.
(BioGenesisSM Soil and Sediment Washing Processes)
TECHNOLOGY DESCRIPTION:
The BioGenesis5" processes use specialized,
patent pending equipment, complex surfactants,
and water to clean soil, sediment, and sludge
contaminated with organic and inorganic
constituents. Two types of mobile equipment
wash different sizes of soil particles (see figure
below). A truck-mounted batch unit, processing
40 yards per hour,, washes soil particles 10 mesh
and larger. A full-scale, mobile, continuous
flow unit cleans sand, silt, clay, and sludge
particles smaller than 10 mesh at a rate of 20 to
80 yards per hour. Auxiliary equipment in-
cludes tanks, dewatering and water treatment
equipment, and a bioreactor. Extraction effi-
ciencies, per wash cycle, range from 85 to 99
percent. High contaminant levels require multi-
ple washes.
The principal components of the process include
pretreatment equipment for particle sizing, a
truck-mounted soil washer for larger particles, a
sediment washing unit(s) for fine particles, and
water treatment and reconditioning equipment.
The Biogenesis8" soil washing system for larger
particles consists of a trailer-mounted gondola
plumbed for air mixing, water/chemical addi-
tion, oil skimming, and liquid drainage. Water,
BioGenesis™ cleaning chemicals, and soil are
loaded into the gondola. Aeration nozzles feed
compressed air to create a fluidized bed. The
resulting slurry is agitated to release organic and
inorganic contaminants from the soil particles.
After mixing, a short settling period allows the
soil particles to sink and the removed oil to rise
to the water surface, where it is skimmed for
reclamation or disposal. Following drainage of
the wash water, the clean soil is evacuated by
raising the unit's dump mechanism. Processed
soil contains a moisture level of 10 to 20 percent
depending on the soil matrix.
A prototype BioGenesis™ sediment washing
machine was tested in Environment Canada's
Contaminated Sediment Treatment Technology
Program. The sediment washing machine is a
continuous flow unit (see figure on next page).
Capacities of up to 80 to 100 cubic yards per
hour are possible using full-scale, parallel pro-
cessing equipment.
Sediment is pretreated to form a slurry. The
slurry passes to a shaker screen separator that
sizes particles into two streams. Material great-
er than 1 millimeter (mm) in diameter is divert-
ed to the large particle soil washer. Material 1
mm and smaller continues to the sediment
washer's feed hopper. From there the slurry is
injected to the sediment cleaning chamber to
loosen the bonds between the pollutant and the
particle.
Contaminated
Soil
Oil for
Reclamation
Oil for
Reclamation
Clear,
Soil
351670
tons/hour
Water
Treatment
Oily
Water
F
Oil/Water
Separation
tecyde to Next Load —
-J
Oily
Water
Water
Treatment
J Clean
Water
Air
BioGenesis
Cleaner
Water
Soil Washing Process
Page 36
The SITE Program assesses but does not
approve or endorse technologies.
-------
November 1994
Completed Project
After the cleaning chamber, the slurry flows to
the scrubber to further weaken the bonds
between contaminants and particles. After the
scrubber, the slurry passes through a buffer
tank, where large particles separate by gravity.
The slurry then flows through hydrocyclone
banks to separate solids down to 3 to 5 microns
in size. The free liquid routes to a centrifuge
for final solid-liquid separation. All solids go to
the clean soil pile; all liquid is routed to
wastewater treatment to remove organic and
inorganic contaminants. Decontaminated water
is recycled back through the process.
The BioGenesis™ cleaning chemical is a light
alkaline mixture of ionic and non-ionic surfac-
tants and bioremediating agents that act similarly
to a biosurfactant. The proprietary cleaner
contains no hazardous ingredients and its charac-
teristics were reviewed during the EPA SITE
demonstration.
WASTE APPLICABILITY:
This technology extracts many inorganics,
volatile and nonvolatile hydrocarbons, chlori-
nated hydrocarbons, pesticides, polychlorinated
biphenyls, polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons,
and most organics from nearly every soil type,
including clay.
STATUS:
The BioGenesis™ soil washing technology was
accepted into the SITE Demonstration Program
in June 1990. The process was demonstrated at
a refinery site in Minnesota. Results from the
demonstration have been published in the Inno-
vative Technology Evaluation Report
(EPA/540/R-93/510) and the SITE Technology
Capsule (EPA/540/SR-93/510). The reports are
available from EPA. The BioGenesis8" sediment
washing technology is scheduled for PCB testing
under the SITE Demonstration Program in
November 1994.
FOR FURTHER INFORMATION:
EPA PROJECT MANAGER:
Annette Gatchett
U.S. EPA
Risk Reduction Engineering Laboratory
26 West Martin Luther King Drive
Cincinnati, OH 45268
513-569-7697
Fax: 513-569-7620
.TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPER CONTACTS:
Thomas Rougeux
BioGenesis Enterprises, Inc.
7420 Alban Station Blvd., Suite B-208
Springfield, VA 22150-2320
703-913-9700
Fax: 703-913-9704
10 mesh partdes
Sediment Washing Process
The SITE Program assesses but does not
approve or endorse technologies.
Page 37
-------
Technology Profile
DEMONSTRA T1ON PROGRAM
BIO-REM, INC.
(Augmented In Situ Subsurface Bioremediation Process)
TECHNOLOGY DESCRIPTION:
Bio-Rem, Inc.'s, Augmented In Situ Subsurface
Bioremediation Process uses a proprietary blend
(H-10) of microaerophilic bacteria and micro-
nutrients for subsurface bioremediation of hydro-
carbon contamina,tion in soil and water (see
figure below). The insertion methodology is
adaptable to site-specific situations. The bacteria
are hardy and can. treat contaminants in a wide
temperature range. The process does not require
additional oxygen or oxygen-producing com-
pounds, such as hydrogen peroxide. Degrada-
tion products include carbon dioxide and water.
The bioremediation process consists of four
steps: 1) defining and characterizing the con-
tamination plume; 2) selecting a site-specific
application methodology; 3) initiating and propa-
gating the bacterial culture; and 4) cleanup
monitoring and reporting.
WASTE APPLICABILITY:
This technology treats soil and water con-
taminated with hydrocarbons, halogenated
hydrocarbons, and chlorinated compounds. This
technology can successfully treat about 240
compounds.
STATUS:
This technology was accepted into the SITE
Demonstration Program in winter 1991. The
technology was demonstrated at Williams Air
Force Base hi Phoenix, Arizona from May 1992
through June 1993. SITE Program final reports
have not been published.
Microaerophilic
Bacteria
Water
Contaminated
Soil
H-10
^»-
Clean
Soil
Micronutrients
Augmented In Situ Subsurface Bioremediation Process
Page 38
The SITE Program assesses but does not
approve or endorse technologies.
-------
November 1994
Completed Project
Bio-Rem, Inc., has remediated sites in Illinois,
Michigan, Indiana, Texas, Kentucky, Ohio,
Arizona, Connecticut, Florida, Georgia,
Vermont, Oklahoma, Virginia, Nevada,
California, Missouri, and Washington.
FOR FURTHER INFORMATION:
EPA PROJECT MANAGER:
Teri Richardson
U.S. EPA
Risk Reduction Engineering Laboratory
26 West Martin Luther King Drive
Cincinnati, OH 45268
513-569-7949
Fax: 513-569-7620
TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPER CONTACT:
David Mann
Bio-Rem, Inc.
P.O. Box 116
Butler, IN 46721
219-868-5823
800-428-4626
Fax: 219-868-5851
The SITE Program assesses but does not
approve or endorse technologies.
Page 39
-------
Technology Profile
DEMONSTRATION PROGRAM
BIOTROL, INC.
(Biological Aqueous Treatment System)
TECHNOLOGY DESCRIPTION:
The BioTrol aqueous treatment system (BATS)
is a patented biological system that effectively
treats contaminate groundwater and process
water. The system uses naturally occurring
microbes; in some instances, however, a specific
microorganism may be added. This technique,
known as microbial amendment, is important if
a highly toxic or recalcitrant target compound is
present. The amended microbial system re-
moves both the target contaminant and the
background organic carbon.
The figure below is a schematic of the BATS.
Contaminated water enters a mix tank, where the
pH is adjusted and inorganic nutrients are added.
If necessary, the water is heated to an optimum
temperature with a heater and a heat exchanger,
to minimize energy costs. The water then flows
to the bioreactor, where the contaminants are
biodegraded.
The microorganisms that degrade the contami-
nants are immobilized in a multiple-cell, sub-
merged, fixed-film bioreactor. Each cell is
filled with a highly porous packing material to
which the microbes adhere. For aerobic condi-
tions, air is supplied by fine bubble membrane
diffusers mounted at the bottom of each cell.
The system may also run under anaerobic condi-
tions.
As water flows through the bioreactor, the
contaminants are degraded to biological end-
products, predominantly carbon dioxide and
water. The resulting effluent may be discharged
to a publicly owned treatment works or reused
BATS
INLET
INFLUENT
SURGE
TANK
BLOWERS
DIFFUSER
AIR
DISCHARGE
CONTROLS
RECIRCULATION
LINE
BioTrol Aqueous Treatment System (BATS)
Page 40
The SITE Program assesses but does not
approve or endorse technologies.
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November 1994
Completed Project
on site. In some cases, discharge with a Nation-
al Pollutant Discharge Elimination System
permit may be possible.
WASTE APPLICABILITY:
The BATS may be applied to a wide variety of
wastewaters, including groundwater, lagoons,
and process water. Contaminants amenable to
treatment include pentachlorophenol (PCP),
creosote components, gasoline and fuel oil
components, chlorinated hydrocarbons,
phenolics, and solvents. Other potential tairget
waste streams include coal tar residues and
organic pesticides. The BATS may also be
effective for treating certain inorganic com-
pounds such as nitrates; however, this applica-
tion has not yet been demonstrated. The system
does not treat metals.
STATUS:
During 1986 and 1987, BioTrol, Inc., performed
a successful 9-month pilot field test of the BATS
at a wood preserving facility. Since that time,
the firm has installed more than 20 full-scale
systems and has performed several pilot-scale
demonstrations. These systems have successful-
ly treated gasoline, mineral spirit solvent,
phenol, and creosote-contaminated waters.
The BATS was demonstrated under the SITE
Program from July 24 to September 1, 1989 at
the MacGillis and Gibbs Superfund site in New
Brighton, Minnesota. The system operated
continuously for 6 weeks at three different flow
rates. The Applications Analysis Report
(EPA/540/A5-91/001) has been published. The
Technology Evaluation Report is available from
National Technical Information Service, order
No. PB92-110048/AS.
DEMONSTRATION RESULTS:
For the SITE demonstration, the BATS yielded
the following results:
• Reduced PCP concentrations from —45
to 1 parts per million (ppm) or less in a
single pass
• Removed 96 to 99 percent of the PCP
« Produced minimal sludge and no PCP
air emissions
• Mineralized chlorinated phenolics
« Eliminated groundwater biotoxicity
• Appeared to be unaffected by low con-
centrations of oil and grease ( ~ 50 ppm)
and heavy metals in groundwater
• Required minimal operator attention
The treatment cost per 1,000 gallons was $3.45
for a 5-gallon-per-minute (gpm) unit (pilot-scale
unit) and $2.43 for a 30-gpm unit.
FOR FURTHER INFORMATION:
EPA PROJECT MANAGER: *
Mary Stinson
U.S. EPA '
Risk Reduction Engineering Laboratory
Building 10, MS-104
2890 Woodbridge Avenue
Edison, NJ 08837-3679
908-321-6683
Fax: 908-321-6640
TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPER CONTACT:
Sandra Clifford
BioTrol, Inc.
10300 Valley View Road, Suite 107
Eden Prairie, MN 55344-3456
612-942-8032
Fax: 612-942-8526
The SITE Program assesses but does not
approve or endorse technologies.
Page 41
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Technology Profile
DEMONSTRATION PROGRAM
BIOTROL, INC.
(Soil Washing System)
TECHNOLOGY DESCRIPTION:
The BioTrol Soil Washing System is a patented,
water-based volume reduction process used to
treat excavated soil. The system may be applied
to contaminants concentrated in the fine-size soil
fraction (silt, clay, and soil organic matter) or
contamination associated with the coarse (sand
, and gravel) soil fraction.
As a part of the process, debris is removed from
the soil, and the soil is mixed with water and
subjected to various unit operations common to
the mineral processing industry. These opera-
tions can include mixing trammels, pug mills,
vibrating screens, froth flotation cells, attrition
scrubbing machines, hydrocyclones, screw
classifiers, and various dewatering operations
(see figure below).
The core of the process is a multistage, counter-
current, intensive scrubbing circuit with inter-
stage classification. The scrubbing action disin-
tegrates soil aggregates, freeing contaminated
fine particles from the coarser material. In
addition, surficial contamination is removed
from the coarse fraction by the abrasive scouring
action of the particles themselves. Contaminants
may also be solubilized, as dictated by solubility
characteristics or partition coefficients.
Contaminated residual products can be treated
by other methods. Process water is normally
recycled after biological or physical treatment.
Contaminated fines may be disposed of off site,
incinerated, stabilized, and biologically treated.
WASTE APPLICABILITY:
This system was initially developed to clean soils
contaminated with wood preserving wastes, such
as polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH)
and pentachlorophenol (PCP). The system may
also apply to soils contaminated with petroleum
hydrocarbons, pesticides, poly chlorinated
biphenyls (PCB), various industrial chemicals,
and metals.
Recycle
Contaminated
Water
BioTrol Soil Washing System Process Diagram
Page 42
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approve or endorse technologies.
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November 7994
Completed Project
STATUS:
The soil washing system was demonstrated
under the SITE Program between September and
October 1989 at the MacGillis and Gibbs
Superfund site in New Brighton, Minnesota. A
pilot-scale unit with a treatment capacity of 500
pounds per hour operated 24 hours per day
during the demonstration. Feed for the first
phase of the demonstration (2 days) consisted of
soil contaminated with 130 parts per million
(ppm) PCP and 247 ppm total PAHs; feed for
the second phase (7 days) consisted of soil con-
taining 680 ppm PCP and 404 ppm total PAHs.
Contaminated soil washing process water was
treated biologically in a fixed-film reactor and
recycled. A portion of the contaminated soil
washing fines was treated biologically in a three-
stage, pilot-scale EIMCO Biolift™ reactor system
supplied by the EIMCO Process Equipment
Company.
The Applications Analysis Report
(EPA/540/A5-91/003) has been published. The
Technology Evaluation Report is available from
National Technical Information Service (Volume
I Order No. PB92-115 310 VI, Volume II Order
No. PB92-115 328-V2-PtA, and PB92-115 336-
V2-PtB).
DEMONSTRATION RESULTS:
Key findings from the BioTrol demonstration are
summarized below:
• Feed soil (dry weight basis) was suc-
cessfully separated into 83 percent
washed soil, 10 percent woody residues,
and 7 percent fines. The washed soil
retained about 10 percent of the feed
soil contamination; 90 percent of this
contamination was contained within the
woody residues, fines, and process
wastes.
• The soil washer removed up to 89 per-
cent PCP and 88 percent total PAHs,
based on the difference between concen-
tration levels in the contaminated (wet)
feed soil and the washed soil.
• The system degraded up to 94 percent
PCP in the process water during soil
washing. PAH removal could not be
determined because of low influent
concentrations.
• Cost of a commercial-scale soil washing
system, assuming use of all three tech-
nologies, was estimated to be $168 per
ton. Incineration of woody material
accounts for 76 percent of the cost.
FOR FURTHER INFORMATION:
• v \
EPA PROJECT MANAGER:
Mary Stinson
U.S. EPA
"Risk Reduction Engineering Laboratory
Building 10, MS-104
2890 Woodbridge Avenue
Edison, NJ 08837-3679
908-321-6683
Fax: 908-321-6640
TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPER CONTACT:
Sandra Clifford
BioTrol, Inc.
10300 Valley View Road, Suite 107
Eden Prairie, MN 55344-3456
612-942-8032
Fax: 612-942-8526
The SITE Program assesses but does not
approve or endorse technologies.
Page 43
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Technology Profile
DEMONSTRATION PROGRAM
BRICE ENVIRONMENTAL SERVICES CORPORATION
(Soil Washing Plant) \
TECHNOLOGY DESCRIPTION:
The Brice Environmental Services Corporation
(BESCORP) soil washing plant is a portable,
cost-effective, aboveground process that reduces
the overall contaminated soil volume requiring
treatment. BESCORP's soil washing process
involves site-specific unit operations, the
selection of which depends on soil and contami-
nant characteristics, cleanup standards, cost, and
client specifications. Soil washing in its most
economic applications uses a volume reduction
process, in which clean oversize soil is produced
by intensive scrubbing, followed by density,
magnetic, and size separations. During the
volume reduction process, fine contaminants that
exist as discrete or attrited particles are
partitioned with the soil fines, while the process
water is recirculated and treated to remove
suspended and dissolved contaminants.
BESCORP's small volume reduction plant, used
for demonstration and pilot-testing, is contained
on one trailer and has a variable process rate
from 4 to 20 tons per hour, depending on soil
and contaminant characteristics. A full-scale
plant has operated successfully since 1993,
averaging 600 tons per week during summer
1994 field activities.
WASTE APPLICABILITY:
The BESCORP technology can treat soils con-
taminated with radioactive and heavy metals.
BESCORP has also built a soil washing plant to
remediate hydrocarbon-contaminated soil.
STATUS: :
The BESCORP soil washing plant was accepted
into the SITE Demonstration Program in winter
1991. Under the program, the BESCORP
system was demonstrated in late summer 1992
on lead-contaminated soil at the Alaskan Battery
Enterprises (ABE) Superfund site hi Fairbanks,
Alaska. Results from the demonstration are
available from EPA in the Demonstration Bulle-
tin (EPA/540/MR-93/503). The Applications
Analysis Report and Technology Evaluation
Report will be available in late 1994.
BESCORP Soil Washing Plant
Page 44
The SITE Program assesses but does not
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November 7994
Completed Project
Soil washing also works as part of a process
train with chemical treatment for complete soil
remediation. BESCORP's volume reduction and
discrete metal recovery process is linked with an
acid extraction process developed by COGNIS,
Inc., to remove heavy metals from contaminated
soil at the Twin Cities Army Ammunition Plant
(TCAAP) in New Brighton, Minnesota. Site F,
located within the four square mile TCAAP site,
was originally an ordnance burning and burial
area. The site is part of the Army's $370
million Installation Restoration Program, and. is
undergoing remediation through TCAAP's
Resource Conservation and Recovery Act
(RCRA) permit.
At Site F, BESCORP and COGNIS, Inc., are
treating lead, copper, and several other heavy
metals to RCRA cleanup criteria. The techno-
logy is treating feed soils containing lead in
concentrations from 3,000 to 10,000 parts per
million (ppm) to under 300 ppm in a continuous
12- to 15-ton-per-hour process.
The 5-trailer, full-scale soil washing system
began processing 340 tons of excavated and
stockpiled material at Site F in September 1993.
Cleanup goals were met, and processing contin-
ued until freezing temperatures halted cleanup
until spring 1994. Operations began again in
May 1994 and continued until October. The
scope of work increased with the discovery of
additional disposal areas at Site F, increasing the
quantity of soil requiring treatment from 7,500
tons to approximately 13,000 tons. Heavy
metals recovered from both the soil washing
density recovery process and chemical treatment
process are sent to a smelter for recycling.
DEMONSTRATION RESULTS:
The SITE demonstration of the ABE site consis-
ted of three test runs, averaging 5 hours in dura-
tion; 48 tons of soil were processed. Excavated
soil differed greatly from the treatability test
soils; as a result, the BESCORP system needed
extensive modifications. Preliminary results
from the demonstration include the following:
• Feed soils averaged 4,500 ppm lead and
the processed, separated fines fraction
averaged 13,000 ppm lead.
• The system's on-line reliability was 92
percent.
• Lead removal from the combined gravel
and sand fractions during the three runs
were 61, 93, and 85 percent.
• Large quantities of metallic lead
discovered in the excavated soil made it
necessary to modify the system. The
processed sand and gravel hi Run 3
contained no metallic lead.
• Gravel produced by all three runs met
toxicity characteristic leaching procedure
(TCLP) criteria, with average lead
concentrations in the TCLP leachate at
1.0, 0.8, and 0;2 milligrams per liter.
• Battery casings removal efficiencies
during the three runs were 94, 100, and
90 percent.
FOR FURTHER INFORMATION:
EPA PROJECT MANAGER:
Hugh Masters
U.S. EPA
Risk Reduction Engineering Laboratory
Building 10, MS-104
2890 Woodbridge Avenue
Edison, NJ 08837-3679
908-321-6678
Fax: 908-321-6640
TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPER CONTACT:
Craig Jones
BESCORP
P.O. Box 73520
Fairbanks, AK 99707
909'-452-2512
Fax: 907-452-5018
The SITE Program assesses but does not
approve or endorse technologies.
Page 45
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Technology Profile
DEMONSTRATION PROGRAM
CANONIE ENVIRONMENTAL SERVICES CORPORATION
(Low Temperature Thermal Aeration [LTTA®])
TECHNOLOGY DESCRIPTION:
The Low Temperature Thermal Aeration
(LTTA®) technology is a low-temperature de-
sorption process (see figure below). The tech-
nology removes organic contaminants from
contaminated soils into a contained air stream,
which is extensively treated to collect or ther-
mally destroy the contaminants.
A direct-fired rotary dryer heats an air stream
which, by direct contact, desorbs water and
organic contaminants from the soil. Soil can be
heated to up to 800 degrees Fahrenheit. The
processed soil is quenched to reduce tempera-
tures and mitigate dust problems. The processed
soil is then discharged into a stockpile. The hot
air stream that contains vaporized water and
organics is treated by one of two air pollution
control systems. One treatment system removes
the organic contaminants from the air stream by
adsorption on granular activated carbon (GAC)
and includes the following units in a series:
1) cyclones and baghouse for particulate remov-
al; 2) wet scrubber for acid gas and some organ-
ic vapor removal; and 3) GAC adsorption beds
for organic removal.
The second air stream treatment system can treat
soils containing high concentrations of petroleum
hydrocarbons. The system includes the follow-
ing units in a series: 1) cyclones for particle
removal; 2) thermal oxidizer-afterburner for
destruction : of organics; 3) quench tower for
cooling of air stream; 4) baghouse for additional
particle removal; and 5) wet scrubber for acid
gas removal.
The LTTA® process generates no wastewater or
waste soils. Cyclone fines and baghouse dust
CONTROL-\
TRAILER v
TREATED MATEFIIAL
. xr ACTIVATED CARBON
• TRAILER ., .
IMPACTED MATERIAL ..
Low Temperature Thermal Aeration
Page 46
The SITE Program assesses but does not
approve or endorse technologies.
-------
November J994
Completed Project
are combined with treated soil and quenched
with treated scrubber water. The treated soil,
once verified to meet the treatment criteria, is
backfilled on site without restrictions. GAC
beds used for air pollution control are regene-
rated or incinerated when spent.
WASTE APPLICABILITY:
LTTA® can remove volatile organic compounds
(VOC), semivolatile organic compounds
(SVOC), organochlorine pesticides (OCP),
organophosphorus pesticides (OPP), and total
petroleum hydrocarbons (TPH) from soils,
sediments, and some sludges. LTTA® has been
used at full scale to remove VOCs such as
benzene, toluene, tetrachloroethene, trichloro-
ethene, and dichloroethene; SVOCs such as ace-
naphthene, chrysene, naphthalene, and pyrene;
OCPs such as dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane
(DDT); DDT metabolites, and toxaphene; OPPs
such as ethyl parathion, methyl parathion,
merphos, mevinphos; and TPHs.
STATUS:
The LTTA® technology was accepted into the
SITE Demonstration Program in summer 1992.
LTTA® was demonstrated on soils contaminated
with OCPs during full-scale site remediation at
a pesticide site in Arizona during September
1992.
The full-scale LTTA® system has remediated
contaminated soils at six sites, including three
Superfund sites. The system has treated more
than 100,000 tons of soil.
DEMONSTRATION RESULTS:
Key findings from the demonstration are
summarized below:
• The LTTA® process met the specified
cleanup criteria for the site, a sliding
scale criteria correlating the concen-
trations of DDT family compounds
(dichlorodiphenyldichloroethylene
[DDE] or tetrachlorodiphenylethane,
DDE, and DDT) with concentrations of
toxaphene. The maximum allowable
pesticide concentrations in the treated
soil were 3.52 milligrams per kilogram
(mg/kg) of DDT family compounds and
1.09 mg/kg of toxaphene.
Residual levels of all the pesticides in
the treated soil were generally below or
close to the laboratory detection limit,
with the exception of 4,4'-DDE, which
was found at residual concentrations of
0.1 to 1.5 mg/kg. Removal efficiencies
for pesticides found in the feed soil at
quantifiable concentrations are summa-
rized below:
Compound
4,4'-DDD
4,4'-DDE
4,4'-DDT
Endrin
Toxaphene
Endosulfan
Efficiency
> 99.97%
90.26%
99.97%
> 99.85%
> 99.83%
> 99.98%
• The LTTA® process did not generate
dioxins or furans as products of incomplete
combustion or thermal transformation.
FOR FURTHER INFORMATION:
EPA PROJECT MANAGER:
Paul dePercin
U.S. EPA
Risk Reduction Engineering Laboratory
26 West Martin Luther King Drive
Cincinnati, OH 45268
513-569-7797
Fax: 513-569-7620
TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPER CONTACT:
Thomas Froman
Canonie Environmental Services Corporation
800 Canonie Drive
Porter, IN 46304
219-926-8651
Fax: 219-926-7169
The SITE Program assesses but does not
approve or endorse technologies.
Page 47
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Technology Profile
DEMONSTRATION PROGRAM
CF SYSTEMS CORPORATION
(Liquified Gas Solvent Extraction [LG-SX] Technology)
TECHNOLOGY DESCRIPTION:
The CF Systems Corporation's LG-SX technolo-
gy uses liquified gas solvents to extract organics
from soils, sludges, sediments, andwastewaters.
Gases, when liquified under pressure, have
unique physical properties that enhance their
use as solvents. The low viscosities, densities,
and surface tensions of these gases result in
significantly higher rates of extraction compared
to conventional solvents. These enhanced
physical properties also accelerate treated
water's gravity settling rate following extraction.
Due to their high volatility, gases are also easily
recovered from the aqueous solids matrix,
minimizing solvent losses.
Liquified propane solvent is typically used to
treat soils, sludges, and sediments, while liqui-
fied carbon dioxide is typically used to treat
wastewater. The extraction system uses a batch
extractor-decanter design for solids and sludges,
and a continuous trayed tower design for waste-
waters and low solids wastes. Typical treatment
costs for non-pumpable soils and sludges range
from $80 to $300 per ton of feed, excluding
excavation and disposal.
Contaminated solids, slurries, or wastewaters are
fed into the extraction system along with solvent
(see figure below). Typically, more than 99
percent of the organics are extracted from the
feed. After the solvent and organics are separat-
ed from the treated feed, the solvent and organic
mixture passes to the solvent recovery system.
Once in the solvent recovery system, the solvent
is vaporized and recycled as fresh solvent. The
organics are drawn off and either reused or
disposed of. Treated feed is discharged from the
extraction system as a slurry in water.
WASTE APPLICABILITY:
The LG-SX technology can be applied to soils
and sludges containing volatile and semivolatile
organic compounds and other higher boiling
complex organics, such as polynuclear aromatic
hydrocarbons, polychlorinated biphenyls (PCB),
dioxins, and pentachlorophenol. This process
can also treat refinery wastes and wastewater
contaminated with organics.
TREATED CAKE
TO DISPOSAL
Solvent Extraction Remediation Process
Page 48
The SITE Program assesses but does not
approve or endorse technologies.
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November 1994
Completed Project
STATUS:
Under the SITE Program, a pilot-scale mobile
demonstration unit was tested in 1988 on PCB-
laden sediments from the New Bedford Harbor
Superfund site in Massachusetts. PCB concen-
trations in the harbor sediment ranged from 300
parts per million (ppm) to 2,500 ppm. The
Technology Evaluation Report
(EPA/540/5-90/002) and the Applications Analy-
sis Report (EPA/540/A5-90/002) were published
in August 1990.
A pilot-scale treatability study was recently
completed on a PCB-contaminated soil for a
Michigan Superfund site. Initial analytical data
shows that treatment achieved levels of residual
PCBs well below the 1 ppm cleanup level
required for site closure.
CF Systems Corporation completed the first
commercial on-site treatment operation at Star
Enterprise, in Port Arthur, Texas. The propane-
based solvent extraction unit processed listed
refinery K- and F-wastes, producing Resource
Conservation and Recovery Act treated solids
that met EPA land-ban requirements. The unit
operated continuously from March 1991 to
March 1992 and was on-line more than 90
percent of the time. Following heavy metals
fixation, the treated solids were disposed of in a
Class I landfill.
EPA Region 6 and the Texas Water Commission
have selected the LG-SX technology on a sole- _
source basis to cleanup the 80,000 cubic yard
United Creosoting site in Conroe, Texas. This
Superfund site is heavily contaminated with
wood treatment wastes. Detailed design is
scheduled to begin in late 1994.
DEMONSTRATION RESULTS:
This technology was demonstrated concurrently
with dredging studies managed by the U.S.
Army Corps of Engineers. Contaminated sedi-
ments were treated by the CF Systems Pit Clean
up Unit, using a liquified propane and butane
mixture as the extraction solvent. Extraction
efficiencies were high, despite some operating
difficulties during the tests. The demonstration
at the New Bedford site yielded the following
results:
• Extracted sediments were at 90 to 98
percent efficiency for sediments contain-
ing PCBs between 360 and 2,575 ppm.
PCB concentrations were as low as 8
ppm in the treated sediment.
• In the laboratory, volatile and
semivolatile organics in aqueous and
semisolid wastes were extracted with
99.9 percent efficiency.
• Operating problems included solids
retention hi the system hardware and
foaming in receiving tanks. The prob-
lems were corrected in the full-scale
operations at Star Enterprises.
8 Projected costs for PCB cleanup were
estimated at $150 to $450 per ton,
including material handling and pre- and
posttreatment costs. These costs are
highly dependent on the utilization factor
and job size, which may result in lower
costs for large cleanups. -
FOR FURTHER INFORMATION:
EPA PROJECT MANAGER:
Mark Meckes
U.S. EPA
Risk Reduction Engineering Laboratory
26 West Martin Luther King Drive
Cincinnati, OH 45268
513-569-7348
Fax: 513-569-7676
TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPER CONTACT:
Chris Shallice
CF Systems Corporation
3D Gill Street
Woburn, MA 01801
617-937-0800, ext. 103
Fax: 617-937-5610
The SITE Program assesses but does not
approve or endorse technologies.
Page 49
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Technology Profile
DEMONSTRATION PROGRAM
DEHYDRO-TECH CORPORATION
(Carver-Greenfield Process® for Solvent Extraction of Wet, Oily Wastes)
TECHNOLOGY DESCRIPTION:
The Carver-Greenfield Process® (C-G Process™)
combines solvent extraction and dehydration
technologies to separate wet, oily wastes into
their constituent solid phase, water phase, and
hydrocarbon-soluble indigenous oil phase.
Waste is first mixed with a low cost hydro-
carbon solvent, and the resultant slurry mixture
is fed to an evaporator system that vaporizes
water and initiates solvent extraction of the
indigenous oil. Depending on the water content
of the feed, single-effect or energy-saving multi-
effect evaporators may be used. Next, the
slurry of dried solids is treated in a multi-stage
solvent extraction unit, where solids contact
recycled solvent until the target amount of
indigenous oil is removed.
Finally, solids are centrifuged from the solvent,
followed by^'desolventizing," a step where resi-
dual solvent is evaporated. The final solids pro-
duct typically contains less than two percent
water and less than one percent solvent. The
spent solvent, which contains the extracted indi-
genous oil, is distilled to separate the solvent for
reuse later, and the oil for recovery or disposal.
The C-G Process yields 1) a clean dry solid, 2)
a water product virtually free of solids, indige-
nous oil, and solvent, and 3) the extracted
indigenous oil which contains the hazardous
hydrocarbon-soluble feed components.
The C-G Process combination of water eva-
poration and solvent extraction has the following
advantages: 1) any emulsions initially present
are broken and potential emulsion formation
FEED
OIL/SOIL/
SLUDGE
EVAPORATED
WATER
SOLVENT+
EXTRACTED OIL
SOLVENT*
EXTRACTED OIL
SOLVENT*
EXTRACTED OIL
TREATED
SOLIDS
Carver-Greenfield Process Schematic Diagram
Page 52
The SITE Program assesses but does not
• approve or endorse technologies.
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November 1994
Completed Project
prevented; 2) solvent extraction is more efficient
than with water present; and 3) the dry solids
product is stabilized more readily if metals
contamination is a concern.
WASTE APPLICABILITY:
The C-G Process can treat sludges, soils,
sediments, and other water-bearing wastes
containing hydrocarbon-soluble hazardous com-
pounds, including polychlorinated biphenyls,
polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons, and dioxins.
The process has been commercially applied to
municipal wastewater sludge, paper mill sludge,
rendering waste, pharmaceutical plant sludge,
and other wastes.
STATUS:
The C-G Process was accepted into the SITE
program in 1990. The pilot-scale SITE demon-
stration of this technology was completed in
August 1991 at EPA's research facility in Edi-
son, New Jersey. Spent petroleum drilling
fluids from the PAB oil site in Abbeville,
Louisiana, were used as process feed. The
Applications Analysis Report
(EPA/540/AR-92/002), Technology Demonstra-
tion Summary (EPA/540/SR-92/002), and Tech-
nology Evaluation Report (EPA/540/SR-92/002)
were issued in 1992.
DEMONSTRATION RESULTS:
Based on spent drilling fluids, the C-G Process
yielded the following SITE demonstration
results:
• The process successfully separates a
petroleum-oil contaminated sludge into
its solid, indigenous oil, and water
phases. No detectable levels of indige-
nous total petroleum hydrocarbons are
present in the final solid product.
• The final solid product is a dry powder
similar to bentonite. A food-grade
solvent comprises the bulk of the residu-
al hydrocarbons on the solid.
• Values for all metals and organics are
well below the Resource Conservation
and Recovery Act toxicity characteristic
leaching procedure limits for character-
istic hazardous wastes.
• The resulting water product requires
treatment due to the presence of small
amounts of light organics and solvent.
Normally, it may be disposed of at a
local publicly owned treatment works.
• A full scale C-G Process can treat
drilling fluid wastes at technology-spe-
cific costs of $100 to $220 per ton of
wet feed, exclusive of disposal costs for
the residuals. Site-specific costs, which
include the cost of residual disposal, are
dependent on site characteristics and
treatment objectives.
FOR FURTHER INFORMATION:
EPA PROJECT MANAGER:
Laurel Staley
U.S. EPA
Risk Reduction Engineering Laboratory
26 West Martin Luther King Drive
Cincinnati, OH 45268
513-569-7863
Fax: 513-569-7620
TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPER CONTACT:
Theodore Trowbridge
Dehydro-Tech Corporation
6 Great Meadow Lane
East Hanover, NJ 07936
201-887-2182
Fax: 201-887-2548
The SITE Program assesses but does not
approve or endorse technologies.
Page 53
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Technology Profile
DEMONSTRATION PROGRAM
E,I. DUPONT DE NEMOURS AND COMPANY, and
OBERLIN FILTER COMPANY
(Membrane Microfiltration)
TECHNOLOGY DESCRIPTION:
This membrane microfiltration system is de-
signed to remove solid particles from liquid
wastes, forming filter cakes typically ranging
from 40 to 60 percent solids. The system can
be manufactured as an enclosed unit, requires
little or no attention during operation, is mobile,
and can be trailer-mounted.
The membrane microfiltration system uses an
automatic pressure filter (developed by Oberlin
Filter Company), combined with a special Tyvek
filter material (Tyvek T-980) made of spun-
bonded olefin (invented by E.I. DuPont De
Nemours and Company) (see figure below).
The filter material is a thin, durable plastic
fabric with tiny openings about 1 ten-millionth
of a meter in diameter. These openings allow
water or other liquids and solid particles smaller
than the openings to flow through. Solids in the
liquid stream that are too large to pass through
the openings accumulate on the filter and can be
easily collected for disposal.
The automatic pressure filter has two chambers:
an upper chamber for feeding waste through the
filter, and a lower chamber for collecting the
filtered liquid (filtrate). At the start of a filter
cycle, the upper chamber is lowered to form a
liquid-tight seal against the filter. The waste
feed is then pumped into the upper chamber and
through the filter. Filtered solids accumulate on
the Tyvek surface, forming a filter cake, while
filtrate collects in the lower chamber. Following
filtration, air is fed into the upper chamber at a
pressure of about 45 pounds per square inch.
Air removes any liquid remaining hi the upper
Air Cylinder
Pressurized
~ Air
Filter Cake
Used Tyvek®
Waste
feed
Air Bags
Waste Feed Chamber
Clean Tyvek® .
i " ,
Filter Belt
Filtrate Chamber
Filtrate
Discharge
DuPont/Oberlin Microfiltration System
Page 54
The SITE Program assesses but does not '
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November 1994
Completed Project
chamber and further dries the filter cake. When
the filter cake is dry, the upper chamber is
lifted, and the filter cake is automatically dis-
charged. Clean filter material is then drawn
from a roll into the system for the next cycle.
Both the filter cake and the filtrate can be col-
lected and treated further before disposal, if
necessary.
WASTE APPLICABILITY:
This membrane microfiltration system may be
applied to 1) hazardous waste suspensions,
particularly liquid heavy metal- and cyanide-
bearing wastes (such as electroplating
rinsewaters), 2) groundwater contaminated with
heavy metals, 3) constituents such as landfill
leachate, and 4) process wastewaters containing
uranium. The technology is best suited for
treating wastes with solid concentrations of less
than 5,000 parts per million; otherwise, the cake
capacity and handling become limiting factors.
The system can treat any type of solids, includ-
ing inorganics, organics, and oily wastes, with
a wide variety of particle sizes. Moreover,
because the unit is enclosed, the system can treat
liquid wastes that contain volatile organics.
STATUS:
The membrane microfiltration system, accepted
into the SITE Program in 1988, was
demonstrated at the Palmerton Zinc Superfund
site in Palmerton, Pennsylvania. Groundwater
from the shallow aquifer at the site was con-
taminated with dissolved heavy metals, including
cadmium, lead, and zinc. This contaminated
groundwater served as the feed waste for the
demonstration. The system treated waste at a
rate of about 1 to 2 gallons per minute.
The demonstration was conducted over a 4-week
period in April and May 1990. An Applications
Analysis Report (EPA/540/A5-90/007), a Tech-
nology Evaluation Report (EPA/540/5-90/007)
and a videotape of the demonstration have been
completed.
Two commercial installations of the technology
began operating in 1991.
DEMONSTRATION RESULTS:
During the demonstration at the Palmerton Zinc
Superfund site, the DuPont/Oberlin microfil-
tration system achieved the following results:
• Removal efficiencies for zinc and total
suspended solids ranged from 99.75 to
99.99 percent (averaging 99.95 percent).
• Solids in the filter cake ranged from
30.5 to 47.1 percent.
• Dry filter cake in all test runs passed the
Resource Conservation and Recovery
Act paint filter liquids test.
• Filtrate met the applicable National
Pollutant Discharge Elimination System
standard for zinc.
• A composite filter cake sample passed
the extraction procedure toxicity -and
toxicity characteristic leaching procedure
tests for metals.
FOR FURTHER INFORMATION:
EPA PROJECT MANAGER:
John Martin
U.S. EPA
Risk Reduction Engineering Laboratory
26 West Martin Luther King Drive
Cincinnati, OH 45268
513-569-7758
Fax: 513-569-7620
TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPER CONTACT:
Dr. Ernest Mayer
E.I. DuPont de Nemours and Company
Floor Location 6440
1007 Market Street
Wilmington, DE 19898
302-774-2277
Fax: 302-774-2457
The SITE Program assesses but does not
approve or endorse technologies.
Page 55
-------
Technology Profile
DEMONSTRATION PROGRAM
DYNAPHORE, INC.
(FORAGER® Sponge)
TECHNOLOGY DESCRIPTION:
The FORAGER® Sponge is an open-celled cellu-
lose sponge with an amine-containing polymer
that has a selective affinity for aqueous heavy
metals in both cationic and anionic states. The
polymer tends to form complexes with ions of
transition-group heavy metals, providing ligand
sites that surround the metal and form a coordi-
nation complex. The polymer's order of affinity
for metals is influenced by solution parameters
such as pH, temperature, and total ionic content.
In general, the following affinity sequence for
several representative ions is expected:
> Au+ + + > Mn++
Pb++ > Au(CN)2'
> Ag+
Zn++ > Ni++ > Co++
Se04-2> As04-3> Hg++
Ca++>Mg++
During absorption, a cation is displaced from the
polymer. The displaced cation may be H+ or a
cation below the absorbed cation hi the affinity
sequence. Anions are selectively absorbed by
moving to an already absorbed cation. The
anion absorption selectivity order is based upon
the solubility product (K^) of the anion/cation
compound. For example, polymer saturated
with Fe"1"3 strongly absorbs arsenate anion be-
cause ferric arsenate is highly insoluble.
The removal efficiency for transition-group
heavy metals is about 90 percent at a flow rate
of 0.1 bed volume per minute. The Sponge's
highly porous nature speeds diffusional effects,
promoting high rates of ion absorption. The
Sponge can be used in columns, fishnet-type
enclosures, or rotating drums. When used in a
column, flow rates of three bed volumes per
minute can be obtained at hydrostatic pressures
only 2 feet above the bed arid without additional
pressurization. Therefore, sponge-packed col-
umns are suitable for unattended field use (see
photograph).
Absorbed ions can be eluted from the Sponge
using techniques typically employed to regener-
ate ion exchange resins and activated carbons.
Following elution, the Sponge can be used in the
next absorption cycle. The number of useful
cycles depends on the nature of the absorbed
ions and the elution technique used. Alternative-
ly, the metal-saturated Sponge can be incinerat-
ed. In some instances, the Sponge may be dried
and reduced in volume to facilitate disposal. A
FORAGER® Sponge
Page 56
The SITE Program assesses but does not
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November J994
Completed Project
trailer-mounted pump-and-treat apparatus can
handle up to 10 gallons per minute with low
pumping pressures of 4 to 10 pounds per square
inch. The apparatus employs 4 or 6 series
connected plexiglas columns with valving to
expedite regeneration and staging. Each column
accommodates a fishnet container of Sponge.
Groundwater can be remediated in situ using
elongated fishnet bags that confine the Sponge.
The bags are placed in well or trenches, and
removed when saturated. Alternatively, the
groundwater can be treated above ground in a
packed column configuration.
WASTE APPLICABILITY:
The Sponge can scavenge metals in
concentration levels of parts per million and
parts per billion from industrial discharges,
municipal sewage, process streams, and acid
mine drainage waters.
STATUS:
This technology was accepted into the SITE
Demonstration Program in June 1991. The
FORAGER® Sponge was demonstrated in April
1994 at the National Lead Industry site in
Pedricktown, New Jersey.
The Sponge has also effectively removed tra.ce
heavy metals from acid mine drainage water at
three locations in Colorado. In bench-scale
tests, the FORAGER® Sponge reduced mercuiy,
lead, nickel, cadmium, and chromium in
groundwater from various Superfund locations to
below detectable levels. The FORAGER®
Sponge was also demonstrated in a field-scale
installation at a photoprocessing operation. The
process achieved 75 percent reductions of chro-
mate and silver at a cost of $1,100 per month.
DEMONSTRATION RESULTS:
Treatment performance from the SITE demon-
stration was as follows:
Cadmium
Copper
Lead
Chromium111
Aver. Influ.
Cone, (jug/1)
537
917
578
426
Percent
Removal
90
97
97
32
FOR FURTHER INFORMATION:
EPA PROJECT MANAGER:
Carolyn Esposito
U.S. EPA
Risk Reduction Engineering Laboratory
Building 10, MS-106
2890 Woodbridge Avenue
Edison, NJ 08837-3679
908-906-6895
Fax: 908-906-6990
TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPER CONTACTS:
Norman Rainer
Dynaphore, Inc.
2709 Willard Road
Richmond, VA 23294
804-288-7109
Fax: 804-282-1325
The SITE Program assesses but does not
approve or endorse technologies.
Page 57
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Technology Profile
DEMONSTRATION PROGRAM
ECOVA CORPORATION
(Bioslurry Reactor)
TECHNOLOGY DESCRIPTION:
ECOVA Corporation's slurry-phase bioremedia-
tion (bioslurry) technology aerobically
biodegrades creosote-contaminated materials.
The technology uses batch and continuous flow
bioreactors to process polynuclear aromatic
hydrocarbon (PAH)-contaminated soils, sedi-
ments, and sludges. The bioreactors are sup-
plemented with oxygen, nutrients, and a specific
inoculum of enriched indigenous microorganisms
to enhance the degradation process.
Because site-specific environments influence
biological treatment, all chemical, physical, and
microbial factors are designed into the treatment
process. The ultimate goal is to convert organic
wastes into relatively harmless by-products of
microbial metabolism, such as carbon dioxide,
methane, and inorganic salts. Biological reac-
tion rates are accelerated in a slurry system
because oif the increased contact efficiency
between contaminants and microorganisms. The
photograph below shows the bioslurry reactor.
WASTE APPLICABILITY:
Slurry-phase bioremediation can treat highly
contaminated creosote wastes. It can also treat
other concentrated contaminants that can be
aerobically biodegraded, such as petroleum
wastes. The bioslurry reactor system must be
engineered' to maintain parameters such as pH,
temperature, and dissolved oxygen within ranges
conducive to the desired microbial activity.
Bioslurry Reactor
Page 58
The SITE Program assesses but does not
approve or endorse technologies.
-------
November 1994
Completed Project
STATUS:
ECOVA Corporation conducted bench- and
pilot-scale studies to evaluate bioremediation of
PAHs in creosote-contaminated soil from the
Burlington Northern Superfund site in Brainerd,
Minnesota. Benchescale studies were conducted
before pilot-scale evaluations to determine
optimal treatment protocols. EIMCO Biolift
slurry reactors were used for the pilot-scale
processing. Data from the optimized pilot-scale
program will be used to establish treatment
standards for K001 wastes as part of EPA's Best
Demonstrated Available Technology program.
This technology was accepted into the SITE
Demonstration Program in spring 1991. From
May through September 1991, EPA conducted
a SITE demonstration using six bioslurry reac-
tors at EPA's Test and Evaluation Facility in
Cincinnati, Ohio.
DEMONSTRATION RESULTS:
Slurry-phase biological treatment significantly
unproved biodegradation rates of carcinogenic 4-
to 6-ring PAHs. The pilot-scale bioslurry
reactor reduced 82 + 15 percent of the total
soil-bound PAHs in the first week. After 14
days, total PAHs had been biodegraded by
96 ± 2 percent. An overall reduction of
97 ± 2 percent was observed over a 12-week
treatment period, indicating that almost all
biodegradation occurred within the first 2 weeks
of treatment. Carcinogenic PAHs were biode-
graded by 93 ± 3.2 percent to 501 ± 103 milli-
grams per kilogram (mg/kg) from levels of
5,081 + 1,530 mg/kg.
FOR FURTHER INFORMATION:
EPA PROJECT MANAGER:
Ronald Lewis
U.S. EPA
Risk Reduction Engineering Laboratory
26 West Martin"Luther King Drive ,
Cincinnati, OH 45268
513-569-7856
Fax: 513-569-7620
TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPER CONTACT:
William" Mahaffey
ECOVA Corporation
800 Jefferson County Parkway
Golden, CO 80401
303-273-7133
Fax: 303-279-9716
The SITE Program assesses but does not
approve or endorse technologies.
Page 59
-------
Technology Profile
DEMONSTRATION PROGRAM
ELI ECO LOGIC INTERNATIONAL INC.
(Gas-Phase Chemical Reduction Process)
TECHNOLOGY DESCRIPTION:
The patented ELI Eco Logic International, Inc.
(Eco Logic), process (see photograph below)
uses a gas-phase xeduction reaction of hydrogen
with organic and chlorinated organic compounds
at elevated temperatures to convert aqueous and
oily hazardous contaminants into a hydrocarbon-
rich gas product. After passing through a
scrubber, the gas product's primary components
are hydrogen, nitrogen, methane, carbon monox-
ide, water vapor, and other light hydrocarbons.
Soils are handled within the thermal desorption
unit (TDU), which is operated hi conjunction
with the reduction reactor. For further informa-
tion on the TDU, see the profile in the Demon-
stration Program (Completed Projects Section).
The gas-phase reduction reaction takes place
within a specially-designed reactor. Separate
nozzles inject gaseous atomized waste, steam,
and hydrogen into the reactor. As the mixture
swirls down between the outer reactor wall and
a central ceramic tube, it passes a series of
electric glo-bar heaters, raising the temperature
to 850 degrees Celsius. The reduction reaction
takes place as the gases enter the ceramic tube
through inlets at the bottom of the tube and
travel up toward the scrubber. The scrubber
removes hydrogen chloride, heat, water, and
particulate matter. Scrubber liquid is treated as
Resource Conservation and Recovery Act waste
or recycled through the system for additional
treatment.
When processing waste with a low organic
content, approximately 95 percent of the
hydrogen-rich gas recirculates to the reactor; the
remaining 5 percent can be used as a supplemen-
tary fuel for a propane fired boiler that produces
steam. Processing waste with a high organic
content produces excess gas product, which can
be compressed and stored for later analysis and
reuse as supplementary fuel.
The unit is mounted on two standard, drop-deck,
highway trailers. A computerized process
control system allows the operator to monitor
process variables such as temperature, pressure,
hydrogen content, and oxygen levels. In addi-
Gas-Phase Chemical Reduction Process
Page 60
The SITE Program assesses but does not
approve or endorse technologies.
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November 7994
Completed Project
tion, an on-line mass spectrometer is used to
monitor selected organic compounds.
WASTE APPLICABILITY:
The Eco Logic reactor is designed to treat
aqueous and oily waste streams and soil conta-
minated with hazardous organic waste such as
polychlorinated biphenyls (PCB), polynuclear
aromatic hydrocarbons, chlorinated dioxins and
dibenzo-furans, chlorinated solvents,
chlorobenzenes, andchlorophenols. Wastes with
high water content can be easily handled by the
process since water is a good source of hydro-
gen.
STATUS:
In October and November 1992, a SITE demon-
stration of the Eco Logic Process was conducted
at the Middleground Landfill in Bay City,
Michigan, under a Toxic Substances Control Act
research and development permit. The test
program was conducted in cooperation with
Environment Canada and the Ontario Ministry of
the Environment. The test was performed using
PCB-contaminated wastewater and waste oil
from the site.
Since this demonstration, Eco Logic has con-
structed a commercial-scale system (the SE25)
which has a design capacity to treat 100-300
tons per day of contaminated soil or sediment
and 20 tons per day of PCB liquid. The SE25
combines the reduction reactor, which treats
PCB oils and aqueous wastes, with a redesigned
TDU, which treats contaminated soils and
sediments. The cost of processing these waste
streams is estimated at $2,000 and $400 per tori,
respectively. The first SE25 system has been
exported to Australia where Works Approval has
been granted by the Western Australia Environ-
mental Protection Authority. Eco Logic was
successful in winning 1.8 million Australian
dollars in federal and state government funds for
the destruction of 200 tons of obsolete
pesticides. A second SE25 system will be con-
structed to serve the North American market,
and will be ready for commercial use by the end
of 1994.
DEMONSTRATION RESULTS:
During testing in Bay City, Michigan, the Eco
Logic Process achieved the following results:
• At least 99.9999 percent destruction and
removal efficiency for PCBs during all
test runs
• A 99.99 percent destruction efficiency
for perchloroethylene, a tracer
compound, during all test runs
• Net destruction of trace feedstock dioxin
and furan compounds during all test
runs
• Throughput rates as follows, in tons per
day:
Waste oil
Wastewater
Nominal Design
4
10
Demonstrated
Rate
2.3
7.0
FOR FURTHER INFORMATION:
EPA PROJECT MANAGER:
Gordon Evans
U.S. EPA
Risk Reduction Engineering Laboratory
26 West Martin Luther King Drive
Cincinnati, OH 45268
513-569-7684
Fax: 513-569-7620
TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPER CONTACT:
Jim Nash
ELI Eco Logic International Inc.
143 Dennis Street
Rockwood, Ontario, Canada
NOB 2KO
519-856-9591 "
Fax: 519-856-9235
The SITE Program assesses but does not
approve or endorse technologies.
Page 61
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Techno/oav Profile
DEMONSTRATION PROGRAM
ELI ECO LOGIC INTERNATIONAL, INC.
(Thermal Desorption Unit)
TECHNOLOGY DESCRIPTION:
ELI Eco Logic International, Inc.'s (Eco Logic),
thermal desorption unit (TDU) is specially
designed for use with Eco Logic's gas-phase
chemical reduction reactor. For farther infor-
mation on the reduction reactor, see the profile
in the Demonstration Program (Completed
Projects Section).
The TDU consists of an externally-heated bath
of molten tin metal (heated with propane) in a
hydrogen gas atmosphere. Tin is used for
several reasons: tin and hydrogen are non-
reactive; tin's density allows soils to float on the
molten bath; molten tin is a good fluid for heat
transfer; tin is nontoxic in soil; and tin is used
as a bath medium in the manufacture of plate
glass.
Contaminated soil is conveyed into the TDU
feed hopper, where an auger feeds the soil into
the TDU. A screw feeder provides a gas seal
between the outside air and the hydrogen atmo-
sphere inside the TDU. The auger's variable
SITE
SOILS
PROPANE.
AIR-
n
DESORBED GAS
MOLTEN BATH
TREATED SOILS
TANK
TDU
speed drive provides feed rate control. Soil
inside the TDU floats on top of the molten tin
and is heated to 600 degrees Celsius, vaporizing
the water and organic material. Decontaminated
soil is removed from the tin bath into a water-
filled quench tank. The water in the quench
tank provides a gas seal between the TDU's
hydrogen atmosphere and the outside air. A
scraper mechanism removes desorbed soil from
the quench tank into drums.
After desorption from the soil, the organic
contaminants are carried from the TDU to Eco
Logic's proprietary gas-phase reduction reactor.
In the reactor, the organic contaminants undergo
gas-phase chemical reduction reactions with
hydrogen at elevated temperatures. This reac-
tion converts organic and chlorinated organic
contaminants into a hydrocarbon-rich gas prod-
uct. After passing through a scrubber, the gas
product's primary components are hydrogen,
nitrogen, methane, carbon monoxide, water
vapor, and other lighter hydrocarbons. Most of
this gas product recirculates into the process,
while excess ga» can be used as supplemental
: RECIRC. GAS
35°C
1 »
\
CTOR
3-C
-/
r
\
? \
S !
-, r
•
*"
r
I
GAS
BOOSTER
SLUDGE AND DECANT
WATER SLOWDOWN
STACK GAS
CLEAN STEAM
HYDROCARBON
GAS(5%)
REACTOR SYSTEM
Schematic Diagram of the Thermal Desorption Unit
Page 62
The SITE Program assesses but does not
approve or endorse technologies.
-------
November 1994
Completed Project
fuel or compressed for later analysis and reuse
as supplemental fuel. Refer to the profile of the
Eco Logic gas-phase reduction process for a
more complete description.
WASTE APPLICABILITY:
The Eco Logic TDU, when used with the gas-
phase chemical reduction reactor, is designed to
desorb soils and sludges contaminated with
hazardous organic contaminants such as poly-
chlorinated biphenyls (PCB), polynuclear aro-
matic hydrocarbons, chlorinated dioxins and
dibenzofurans, chlorinated solvents, chloroben-
zenes, and chlorophenols. The combined tech-
nologies can easily handle wastes with high
water content since water is a good source of
hydrogen.
STATUS:
In October and November 1992, a SITE demon-
stration of the Eco Logic Process, including the
TDU, was conducted at the Middleground Land-
fill in Bay City, Michigan, under a Toxic Sub-
stances Control Act research and development
permit. The formal test program consisted of
processing soil containing an average 627 parts
per million (ppm) PCBs.
Further research and development over the last
18 months has focused on optimizing the process
for commercial operations and improving the
design of the soil/sediment processing unit.
According to the vendor, the TDU design cur-
rently under construction has achieved excellent
results in laboratory-scale tests, with soils and
sediments desorbed from high ppm to percent
levels down to low parts per billion levels.
A commercial-scale unit of the gas-phase chemi-
cal reduction process, combining the reductive
reactor and TDU (SE-25), has been constructed
with a design capacity of 100-300 tons per day
of contaminated soil or sediment and 20 tons per
day of PCB askarel fluid. The cost of proces-
sing these waste streams is estimated at $400
and $2,000 per ton, respectively. The first
SE25 system has been exported to Australia for
the destruction of 200 tons of obsolete pesti-
,-cides. A second SE25 system will be ready for
commercial use in North America by the end of
1994.
DEMONSTRATION RESULTS:
During testing in Bay City, Michigan, the Eco
Logic TDU achieved the following:
• Destruction efficiencies (DE) for PCBs
from the soil of 93.5 percent in run 1
and 98.8 percent in run 2..
• DE for hexachlorobenzene (a tracer
corn-pound) from the soil of 72.13
percent in run 1 and 99.998 percent in
run 2.
• PCB destruction and removal
efficiencies (DRE) for the combined
TDU and reduction reactor system of
99.9999 percent for run 1 and 99.997
percent for run 2. PCB throughput for
run 2 was below the target value, so a
DRE of 99.9999 percent could not be
achieved.
FOR FURTHER INFORMATION:
EPA PROJECT MANAGER:
Gordon Evans
U.S. EPA
Risk Reduction Engineering Laboratory
26 West Martin Luther King Drive
Cincinnati, OH 45268
513-569-7684
Fax: 513-569-7620
TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPER CONTACT:
Jim Nash
ELI Eco Logic International Inc.
143 Dennis Street
Rockwood, Ontario, Canada
NOB 2KO
519-856-9591
Fax: 519-856-9235
The'SITE Program assesses but does not
approve or endorse technologies.
Page 63
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Technology Profile
DEMONSTRA TION PROGRAM
EPOC WATER, INC.
(Precipitation, Microfiltration, and Sludge Dewatering)
TECHNOLOGY DESCRIPTION:
The precipitation, microfiltration, and sludge
dewatering treatment process uses a combination
of processes to treat a variety of wastes. In the
first step of the process, heavy metals are chemi-
cally precipitated.. Precipitates and all particles
larger than 0.2 micron are filtered through a
unique tubular textile crossflow microfllter
(EXXFLOW). The concentrate stream is then
dewatered in an automatic tubular filter press of
the same material (EXXPRESS).
EXXFLOW microfllter modules are fabricated
from a proprietary tubular woven polyester.
Wastes pumped into the polyester tubes form a
dynamic membrane, which produces a high
quality filtrate and removes all particle sizes
larger than 0.2 micron. The flow velocity
continually maintains the membrane, maximizing
treatment efficiency.
Metals are removed via precipitation by adjust-
ing the pH in the EXXFLOW feed tank. Metal
hydroxides or oxides form a dynamic membrane
with any other suspended solids. The
EXXFLOW concentrate stream, which contains
up to 5 percent solids, enters the EXXPRESS
modules with the discharge valve closed. A
semidry cake, up to 0.25 inch thick, is formed
inside the tubular filter. When the discharge
valve is opened, rollers on the outside of the
tubes move to form a venturi within the tubes.
The venturi creates an area of high velocity
within the tubes, which aggressively cleans the
cloth and discharges the cake in chip form onto
a wedge wire screen. Discharge water is re-
cycled to the feed tank. EXXPRESS filter cakes
are typically 40 to 60 percent solids by weight.
Other constituents can be removed using seeded
slurry methods in EXXFLOW. Hardness can be
removed by using lime. Oil and grease can be
removed by adding adsorbents. Nonvolatile
EXXFLOW/EXXPRESS Demonstration Unit
Page 64
The SITE Program assesses but does not
approve or endorse technologies.
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November 1994
Completed Project
organics and solvents can be removed using
adsorbents, activated carbon or powdered
ion-exchange results. -If the raw feed contains a
high percentage of solids, EXXPRESS can be
used first, with EXXFLOW acting as a final
polish for the product water.
The EXXFLOW/EXXPRESS demonstration unit
is transportable and is mounted on skids. The
unit is designed to process approximately 30
pounds of solids per hour and 10 gallon!? of
wastewater per minute.
WASTE APPLICABILITY:
The EXXFLOW and EXXPRESS technologies
have treated water containing heavy metals,
silica, pesticides, ink, oil and grease, bacteria,
suspended solids, and constituents that can be
precipitated to particle sizes greater than 0.1
micron. The EXXPRESS system can handle
waste streams containing up to 5 percent solids
to produce a semidry cake of 40 to 60 percent
solids by weight. Nonvolatile organics and
solvents can also be removed from the water by
adding powdered adsorbents.
Soils and sludge can be decontaminated through
acid leaching of the metals, followed by precipi-
tation and microfiltration. Lime and alum
sludges from municipal, industrial, and power
plant clarifiers can also be treated.
STATUS:
This technology was accepted into the SITE
Demonstration Program in 1989. Bench-scale
tests were conducted in 1990. The SITE demon-
stration was conducted during May and June
1992 on highly acidic mine drainage from the
Old Number 8 mine seep at the Iron Mountain
Superfund site in Redding, California. The
system was successful in removing heavy met-
als. In most cases, the system used sodium
hydroxide, lime, or magnesium oxide as the
precipitating chemicals to produce no detectable
concentrations of metals in the treated water
samples. Reports will be available in 1995.
This technology was commercialized in 1988.
Treatment systems have since been installed at
over 45 sites worldwide. System capacities
range from 1 gallon per minute to over 2 million
gallons per day.
Developer claims for metal removals on Old
Number 8, when neutralizing with NaOH and
Ca(OH)2, were generally met or exceeded except
for aluminum. This was most likely due to the
difficulty encountered when using NaOH and
Ca(OH)2 to control thepH of this waste stream.
The claims for all metals, including aluminum,
were exceeded when MgO was used as the
neutralizing agent. In most cases, there were no
detectable concentrations of heavy metals in the
permeate samples.
Filter cake produced from the demonstration test
contained approximately 12 percent, 31 percent,
and 30 percent solids when NaOH, Ca(OH)2,
and MgO were used as the treatment chemicals,
respectively. Toxicity characteristic leaching
procedure (TCLP) leaching tests performed on
the filter cake showed that teachable levels of
TCLP metals were below the regulatory limits
for each of the treatment chemicals tested.
FOR FURTHER INFORMATION:
EPA PROJECT MANAGER:
Jack Hubbard
U.S. EPA
Risk Reduction Engineering Laboratory
26 West Martin Luther King Drive
Cincinnati, OH 45268
513-569-7507
Fax: 513-569-7620
TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPER CONTACT:
Rodney Squires
EPOC Water, Inc.
3065 North Sunnyside
Fresno, CA 93727
209-291-8144
Fax: 209-291-4926
The SITE Program assesses but does not
approve or endorse technologies.
Page 65
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Technology Profile
DEMONSTRATION PROGRAM
FILTER FLOW TECHNOLOGY, INC.
(Heavy Metals and Radionuclide Polishing Filter)
TECHNOLOGY DESCRIPTION:
The colloid polishing filter method (CPFM) uses
an inorganic, oxide-based compound of granular
pellets (Filter Flow 1000) to remove colloidal
and ionic form heavy metals and nontritium
radionuclides from water. Contaminants are
removed through a combination of sorption,
chemical complexing, and filtration. The CPFM
effectively removes inorganic metallic pollutants
from groundwater or wastewater, and can be
used independently or subsequent to flocculation
and bulk solids removal.
The primary treatment and CPFM process
involves five basic steps. If necessary,
contaminated water is first pumped to an influent
mixing tank for chemical preconditioning (pH
adjustment or sodium sulfide addition) to induce
formation of colloidal forms of pollutants.
Second, suspended solids are removed by an
incline plate mini-clarifier or filter. Next,
microparticles are removed using overflow
water. The low solids then pass through to the
colloid filter press units, where heavy metals and
radionuclides are removed by the sorption,
chemical complexing, and filtration effects of
Filter Flow 1000. Finally, the pH of treated
water exiting the colloid filters is adjusted prior
to discharge. Following treatment, sludge in the
miniclarifier is dewatered. The filter packs are
dewatered with compressed air to form a cake
containing 60 to 70 percent solids. These two
solid wastes may be combined for disposal.
Optional single-use, disposable, and reusable bed
material designs have been developed, with
emphasis on, easy, safe handling and removal of
the spent filter pack material. Both batch (up to
10,000 gallons per run) and continuous (5 to 100
gallons per minute) treatment systems have been
designed for application in both mobile field
equipment and fixed installations.
Mobile Colloid Filter Unit, Including Mixing Tanks,
Pumps, Filter Apparatus, and Other Equipment
Page 66
The SITE Program assesses but does not
approve or endorse technologies.
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November 1994
Completed Project
WASTE APPLICABILITY:
The CPFM efficiently removes heavy metals and
nontritium radionuclides from water to parts per
million or parts per billion levels. This simple
methodology can.be used separately to treat
water with low total suspended solids; in a
treatment train downstream from other techno-
logies such as soil washing, organic oxidation,
or as a conventional wastewater treatment that
uses flocculation and solids removal.
The CPFM's major advantage is high perfor-
mance and lower cost to treat a wide range of
inorganic metallic pollutants in water, including
monovalent and divalent forms, multivalent and
high valence forms existing as colloids, and
ionic, chelated, and complexed forms. The
same equipment can treat water at different sites,
but the preconditioning chemistry and pH must
be optimized for each site from bench and field
test results.
STATUS:
This technology was accepted into the SITE
Demonstration Program in July 1991. EPA and
the U.S. Department of Energy (DOE) co-spon-
sored the technology evaluation. The SITE
demonstration occurred at DOE's Rocky Flats
Plant (RFP), Denver, Colorado, in September
1993 under a cooperative understanding between
EPA and DOE. The Demonstration Bulletin
(EPA/540/MR-94/501) and Capsule Report
(EPA/540/R-94/501a) are available from EPA.
DEMONSTRATION RESULTS:
The CPFM treated about 10,000 gallons of
water that contained about 100 milligrams per
liter of uranium and 100 picoCuries per liter of
gross alpha-contaminated groundwater. The
demonstration was comprised of three tests. The
first test consisted of three runs of 4 hours each,
treating about 5 gallons per minute (gpm). For
the second test, also run for 4 hours at 5 gpm,
the influent water was pre-treated with sodium
sulfide. The third test was a 15-hour run de-
signed to determine the amount of contamination
each filter pack could treat.
The CPFM system removed up to 95 percent
uranium and 94 percent gross alpha contami-
nation. However, due to the significant varia-
tion in removal efficiencies between runs, aver-
age removal efficiencies were significantly less:
80 percent for uranium, and 72 percent for gross
alpha. Though removal is largely attributable to
the colloid filter pack, uranium was significantly
removed in runs 1 and 4 before the colloid filter
unit. Significant gross alpha was also removed
before colloid filter treatment in runs 1 and 3.
At less than the maximum removal efficiency,
effluent from the CPFM system did not meet the
extremely strict Colorado Water Quality Control
Commission standards for discharge of waters
from RFP.
FOR FURTHER INFORMATION:
EPA PROJECT MANAGER:
Annette Gatchett
U.S. EPA
Risk Reduction Engineering Laboratory
26 West Martin Luther King Drive
Cincinnati, OH 45268
513-569-7697
Fax: 513-569-7620
TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPER CONTACT:
Tod Johnson
Filter Flow Technology, Inc.
122 Texas Avenue
League City, TX 77573
713-332-3438
Fax: 713-332-3644
The SITE F'ro.gram assesses but does not
approve or endorse technologies.
Page 67
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Technology Profile
DEMONSTRATION PROGRAM
FUNDERBURK & ASSOCIATES
(formerly HAZCON, INC.)
(Dechlorination and Immobilization)
TECHNOLOGY DESCRIPTION:
This technology mixes hazardous wastes with
cement (or fly ash), water, and one of 18 patent-
ed reagents commonly known as "Chloranan" to
immobilize heavy metals. The developers also
claim that certain chlorinated organics are de-
chlorinated by the treatment reagents.
Soils, sludges, and sediments can be treated in
situ or excavated and treated ex situ. Sediments
can be treated under water. Treatment occurs in
batches, with volumetric throughput rated at 120
tons per hour. In the finished product, metals
are fixed to a veiy low solubility point.
The treatment process begins by adding
Chloranan and water to the blending unit (see
figure below). Waste is then added and mixed
for 2 minutes. Cement or fly ash is added and
mixed for a similar tune. After 12 hours, the
treated material hardens into a concrete-like
mass that exhibits unconfined compressive
strengths (UCS) ranging from 1,000 to 3,000
pounds per square inch (psi), with permeabilities
of 10"9 centimeters per second (cm/sec). The
hardened concrete-like mass can withstand
several hundred freeze and thaw cycles.
WASTE APPLICABILITY:
The technology is applicable to wastes contain-
ing heavy metals and organics. The developers
claim that the technology has been refined since
the 1987 SITE demonstration and can now
dechlorinate certain chlorinated organics as well
as immobilize other wastes, including those with
high levels of metals. The wastes with organic
and inorganic contaminants can be treated sepa-
rately or together with no impact on the chemis-
try of the process. The process can treat con-
taminated material with high concentrations (up
to 25 percent) of oil.
CHLORANAN
WASTE
I
POZZOLANIC
COMPOUND
WATER
FIELD BLENDING UNIT
FINISHED
PRODUCT
Dechlorination and Immobilization Treatment Process
Page 68
The SITE Program assesses but does not
approve or endorse technologies.
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November 1994
Completed Project
STATUS:
This technology was demonstrated hi October
1987 at a former oil processing plant in
Douglassville, Pennsylvania. The site soil
contained high levels of oil and grease (250,000
parts per million [ppm]) and heavy metals
(22,000 ppm lead), and low levels of volatile
organic compounds (VOC) (100 ppm) and
polychlorinated biphenyls (PCB) at 75 ppm. An
Applications Analysis Report
(EPA/540/A5-89/001) and a Technology Evalu-
ation Report (EPA/540/5-89/001a) are available.
A report on long-term monitoring may be ob-
tained from EPA's Risk Reduction Engineering
Laboratory. The technology has also been used
to remediate a California Superfund site with
zinc contamination as high as 220,000 ppm.
Since the demonstration in 1987, the technology
has been enhanced through the development of
17 additional reagent formulations that are
claimed to dechlorinate many chlorinated
organics, including PCBs, ethylene dichloride,
trichloroethene, and pentachlorophenol.
This technology is no longer available through a
vendor. Contact the EPA Project Manager for
further information.
DEMONSTRATION RESULTS:
Samples were taken after treatment at intervals
of 7 days, 28 days, 9 months, and 22 months.
Analytical results from these samples were
generally favorable. The physical test results
were good, with UCS between 220 and 1,570
psi. Very low permeabilities (10~9 cm/sec) were
recorded, and the porosity of the treated wastes
was moderate. Durability test results showed no
change hi physical strength after the wet and dry
and freeze and thaw cycles. The waste volume
increased by about 120 percent. However,
refinements of the technology now restrict
volumetric increases to the 15 to 25 percent
range. Using a smaller volume of additives
reduces physical strength, but toxicity reduction
is not affected. Data obtained since the 1987
SITE demonstration indicate that one or more of
the reagents used in immobilizing heavy metals
may be able to dechlorinate certain hazardous
organics such as PCBs.
The results of the leaching tests were mixed.
The toxicity characteristic leaching procedure
(TCLP) results of the stabilized wastes were
very low; essentially, concentrations of metals,
VOCs, and semivolatile organic compounds
(SVOC) were below 1 ppm. Lead leachate
concentrations decreased by a factor of 200 to
below 100 parts per billion. VOC and SVOC
concentrations in the TCLP leachate were not
affected by treatment. Oil and grease concentra-
tions were greater in the treated waste TCLP
leachate (4 ppm) than in the untreated waste
TCLP leachate (less than 2 ppm). The physical
properties of the treated waste include high
UCS, low permeabilities, and good weathering
properties.
FOR FURTHER INFORMATION:
EPA PROJECT MANAGER:
Paul dePercin
U.S. EPA
Risk Reduction Engineering Laboratory
26 West Martin Luther King Drive
Cincinnati, OH 45268
513-569-7797
Fax: 513-569-7620
The SITE Program assesses but does not
approve or endorse technologies.
Page 69
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Technology Profile
DEMONSTRATION PROGRAM
GENERAL ATOMICS
(Circulating Bed Combustor)
TECHNOLOGY DESCRIPTION:
General Atomics1' circulating bed combustor
(CBC) uses high velocity air to entrain circulat-
ing solids and create a highly turbulent combus-
tion zone that destroys toxic hydrocarbons. The
commercial-size, 36-inch combustion chamber
can treat up to 150 tons of contaminated soil
daily, depending on the heating value of the feed
material.
The CBC operates at relatively low temperatures
(1,450 to 1,600 degrees Fahrenheit [°F]), reduc-
ing operating costs and potential emissions of
such gases as nitrogen oxide (NOJ and carbon
monoxide (CO). Auxiliary fuel can be natural
gas, fuel oil, or diesel. No auxiliary fuel is
needed for waste streams with a net heating
value greater than 2,900 British thermal units
per pound.
The CBC's high turbulence produces a uniform
temperature around the combustion chamber and
hot cyclone. The CBC also completely mixes
the waste material during combustion. Effective
(2)
COMBUSTION
CHAMBER
SOLID
FEED
LIMESTONE
FEED
mixing and relatively low combustion tempera-
ture also reduce emissions of NOX and CO.
As shown in the figure below, waste material
and limestone are fed into the combustion cham-
ber along with the recirculating bed material
from the hot cyclone. The limestone neutralizes
acid gases. A conveyor transports the treated
ash out of the system for proper disposal. Hot
combustion gases pass through a cohvective gas
cooler and baghouse before they are released to
the atmosphere.
WASTE APPLICABILITY:
The CBC process can treat liquids, slurries,
solids, and sludges contaminated with corro-
sives, cyanides, dioxins and furans, inorganics,
metals, organics, oxidizers, pesticides, poly-
chlorinated biphenyls (PCB), phenols, and
volatiles. Applications include industrial wastes
from refineries, ammunition and chemical
plants, manufacturing sites, and military sites.
The CBC is permitted under the Toxic Substance
ControlAct to burn PCBs in all 10 EPA re-
(8)
FLUE GAS
(DUST)
FILTER
STACK
FD
FAN
COOLING
WATER
CONVEYOR
SYSTEM
Circulating Bed Combustor (CBC)
Page 7O
The SITE Program assesses but does not
approve or endorse technologies.
-------
November 1994
Completed Project
gions, having demonstrated a 99.9999 percent
destruction removal efficiency (DRE).
Waste feed for the CBC must be sized to less
than 1 inch. Metals in the waste do not inhibit
performance, and become less teachable after
incineration. Treated residual ash can be re-
placed on site or stabilized for landfill disposal
if metals exceed regulatory limits.
STATUS:
The circulating bed combustor (formerly owned
by Ogden Environmental Services) was accepted
into the SITE Demonstration Program in March
1989. A treatability study and demonstration on
wastes from the McColl Superfund site in Cali-
fornia was conducted under the guidance of the
SITE Program, EPA Region 9, and the
California Department of Health Services. The
pilot-scale demonstration was conducted at
General Atomies' Research Facility in San
Diego, California, using a 16-inch-diameter
CBC.
Several 36-inch-diameter CBCs have been built
and successfully operated. At the Swanson
River project in Alaska, over 100,000 tons of
PCB-contaminated soil were successfully treated
to limits of detectability that were far below
allowable limits. The process took just over
three years from mobilization of the transport-
able unit to demobilization. The plant operated
at over 85 percent availability all year, including
the winter, when temperatures were below
minus 50 °F. The soil was delisted and returned
to the original site. The unit has subsequently
been moved to a Canadian site.
Another unit of similar size treated soils contam-
inated with #6 fuel oil. Over 14,000 tons of soil
were successfully treated and delisted. Upon
completion, the site was upgraded to permit
operation as a merchant facility treating a wide
range of LUFT materials from other sites. Two
other units of the same size are under construc-
tion in Germany for treatment of munitions
wastes consisting of slurried explosives and pro-
pellant. These units will be operational in fall
1994, and they have been permitted under strin-
gent German regulations.
DEMONSTRATION RESULTS:
The demonstration successfully achieved the
following goals:
• Achieved DRE values of 99.99 percent
or greater for principal organic hazard-
ous constituents
• Minimized formation of products of
incomplete combustion
• Met Research Facility permit conditions
and California South Coast Basin emis-
sion standards
• Controlled sulfur oxide emissions by
-adding limestone and residual materials
i (fly ash and bed ash); these emissions
were nonhazardous. No significant
levels of hazardous organic compounds
were found in the system, the stack gas,
or in.the bed and fly ash. The CBC
minimized emissions of sulfur oxide, .
NOX, and particulates. Other regulated
pollutants were controlled to well below
permit levels.
FOR FURTHER INFORMATION:
EPA PROJECT MANAGER:
Douglas Grosse
U.S. EPA
Risk Reduction Engineering Laboratory
26 West Martin Luther King Drive
Cincinnati, OH 45268^
513-569-7844
Fax: 513-569-7676
TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPER CONTACT:
Jeffrey Broido
General Atomics
3550 General Atomics Court
San Diego, CA 92121-1194
619-455-4495
Fax: 619-455-4111
The SITE Program assesses but does not
approve or endorse technologies.
Page 71
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Technology Profile
DEMONSTRATION PROGRAM
GEO-CON, INC.
(In Situ Solidification and Stabilization Process)
TECHNOLOGY DESCRIPTION:
The in situ solidification and stabilization pro-
cess technology immobilizes organic and inor-
ganic compounds in wet or dry soils, using
reagents (additives) to produce a cement-like
mass. The basic components of this technology
are: 1) Geo-Con, Inc.'s (GEO-CON), deep soil
mixing system (DSM), to deliver and mix the
chemicals with the soil hi situ; and 2) a batch
mixing plant to supply International Waste Tech-
nologies' (IWT) proprietary additives (see
figure below).
The proprietary additives generate a complex,
crystalline, connective network of inorganic
polymers hi a two-phase reaction. In the first
phase, contaminants are complexed hi a fast-
acting reaction. In the second phase, macro-
molecules build over a long period of time in a
slow-acting reaction.
The DSM system involves mechanical mixing
and injection. The system consists of one set of
cutting blades and two sets of mixing blades
attached to a vertical drive auger, which rotates
at approximately 15 revolutions per minute.
Two conduits hi the auger inject the additive
slurry and supplemental water. Additives are
injected on the downstroke; the slurry is further
mixed upon auger withdrawal. The treated soil
columns are 36 inches hi diameter and are
positioned hi an overlapping pattern of alternat-
ing primary and secondary soil columns.
WASTE APPLICABILITY:
The hi situ solidification and stabilization pro-
cess treats soils, sediments, and sludge-pond
bottoms contaminated with organic compounds
and metals. The process has been laboratory-
tested on soils containing polychlorinated
biphenyls (PCB), pentachlorophenol, refinery
wastes, and chlorinated and nitrated hydro-
carbons. The process can treat any waste for
which a physical or chemical reagent is applica-
ble.
STATUS:
A SITE demonstration, using one-auger, was
conducted at the General Electric Service Shop
site in Hialeah, Florida hi April 1988. Two 10-
by-20-foot areas were treated - one to a depth of
18 feet, and the other to a depth of 14 feet. Ten
months after the demonstration, long-term
monitoring tests were ^performed on the treated
sectors. The Technology Evaluation Report
(EPA/540/5-89/004a) and the Applications
Analysis Report (EPA/540/A5-89/004) have
been published. A four-auger process remedi-
ated the PCB-contaminated Hialeah site during
the whiter and spring of 1990. Geo-Con has
used the process to complete over 40 hi situ
stabilization projects throughout the United
States. Several significant projects completed to
date include:
Roagent
In Situ Solidification Batch Mixing Plant Process Flow
Page 72
The SITE Program assesses but does not
approve or endorse technologies.
-------
November 1994
Completed Project
• Construction of a 110,000 square foot,
60-feet deep soil-bentonite DSM wall to
contain contaminated groundwater from
a former waste pond. All DSM permea-
bilities were less than 10~7 centimeters
per second, a first for DSM construction
• Shallow soil mixing and stabilization of
82,000 cubic yards of contaminated soils
at a former manufactured gas plant site
that was ultimately converted to a city
park
The equipment has been scaled up to diameters
as large as 12 feet. Typical process costs are
$40 to $50 per cubic yard plus reagent costs.
To date, Geo-Con has utilized this process to
treat over one million cubic yards of contami-
nated soils and sludges.
DEMONSTRATION RESULTS:
The SITE demonstration yielded the following
results:
• PCB immobilization appeared likely, but
could not be confirmed because of low
PCB concentrations in the untreated soil.
Leachate tests on treated and untreated
soil samples showed mostly undetectable
PCB levels. Leachate tests performed 1
year later on treated soil samples
showed no increase in PCB concentra-
tions, indicating immobilization.
• Sufficient data were unavailable to
evaluate the system's performance on
metals or other organic compounds.
• Each of the test samples showed high
unconfined compressive strength (UCS),
low permeability, and low porosity.
These physical properties improved
when retested one year later, indicating
the potential for long-term durability.
• The soil's bulk density increased 21 per-
cent after treatment. This treatment in-
creased the treated soil volume by 8.5
percent and caused a small ground rise
of 1 inch per foot of treated soil.
• The UCS of treated soil was satis-
factory, with values up to 1,500 pounds
per square inch.
• The treated soil's permeability was satis-
factory, decreasing to 10'6 and 10"7
centimeters per second (cps) compared
to 10'2 cps for untreated soil.
• The wet and dry weathering test on
treated soil was satisfactory.
• Data provided by Geo-Con indicated
some immobilization of volatile and
semivolatile organics, which may be due
to organophilic clays present in the
reagent. Data are insufficient to con-
firm this immobilization.
» Performance data are limited outside of
the SITE Program. Geo-Con modifies
the binding agent for different wastes.
Treatability studies should be performed
for specific wastes.
• Process costs were $194 per ton for the
1-auger machine used in the demonstra-
tion, and $111 per ton for a commercial
4-auger operation. More recent experi-
ence with larger scale equipment
reduced process costs to about $140 per
cubic yard.
FOR FURTHER INFORMATION:
EPA PROJECT MANAGER:
Mary Stinson
U.S. EPA
Risk Reduction Engineering Laboratory
2890 Woodbridge Avenue
Edison, NJ 08837-3679
908-321-6683
Fax: 908-321-6640
TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPER CONTACTS:
Chris Ryan or Linda Ward
Geo-Con, Inc.
4075 Monroeville Boulevard
Corporate One, .Building II, Suite 400
Monroeville, PA 15146
412-856-7700
Fax: 412-373-3357
The SITE Program assesses but does not
approve or endorse technologies.
Page 73
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Technology Profile
DEMONSTRATION PROGRAM
GEOSAFE CORPORATION
(In Situ Vitrification)
TECHNOLOGY DESCRIPTION:
In situ vitrification (ISV) uses an electric current
to melt soil or other earthen materials at high
temperatures ranging from 1,600 to 2,000
degrees Celsius (°C), destroying organic pollut-
ants by pyrolysis. Inorganic pollutants are
incorporated within the vitrified glass and crys-
talline mass. Water vapor and organic pyrolysis
products are captured in a hood, which draws
the off-gases into a treatment system that
removes particulates and other pollutants.
To begin the vitrification process, an array of
four large electrodes is inserted into contami-
nated zones containing enough soil for melting
to occur (see photograph below). Because soil
typically has low electrical conductivity until
molten, flaked graphite and glass frit are placed
on the soil surface between the electrodes to
provide a starter path for the electric current.
The electric current passes through the starter
path and melts tibte soil at the surface. As power
is applied, the melt continues downward and
outward at an average rate of 1 to 2 inches per
hour. The electrode array is lowered
progressively, as the melt grows, to the desired
treatment depth. After cooling, a vitrified
monolith remains, with a glass and microcrystal-
line structure. This monolith possesses high
strength and excellent weathering and leaching
properties. The large-scale ISV system melts
soil at a rate of 4 to 6 tons per hour.
Air flow through the hood is controlled to main-
tain a negative pressure. Excess oxygen is
supplied for combustion of any organic pyrolysis
by-products. Off-gases are treated by quench-
ing, pH-cohtrolled scrubbing, dewatering (mist
elimination), heating (for dew point control),
particulate filtration, and activated carbon ad-
sorption. Thermal oxidation may be employed
as a final off-gas polishing stage in place of
carbon adsorption.
Individual melt settings (each single placement
of electrodes) may encompass a total melt mass
of up to 1,400 tons and a maximum width of 40
feet. Single-setting depths as great as 22 feet
below ground surface have been achieved.
Special settings to reach deeper contamination
are also possible. The void volume in earthen
materials (30 to 50 percent for typical soils) and
volatile materials are removed during proces-
sing, greatly reducing the waste volume.
In Situ Vitrification Process Equipment
Page 74
The SITE Program assesses but does not
approve or endorse technologies.
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November 1994
Completed Project
The mobile ISV system is mounted on three
semi-trailers. Electric power is usually obtained
from a utility distribution system at transmission
voltages of 12.5 or 13.8 kilovolts. Typical
power consumption ranges from 800 to 1,000
kilowatt-hours per ton of processed soil. A
diesel generator may also provide power on site.
The electrical supply system has an isolated
ground circuit to provide safety.
WASTE APPLICABILITY:
The ISV process can destroy or remove organics
and immobilize most inorganics in contaminated
soils, sediments, sludges, or other earthen
materials. The process has been tested on a
broad range of volatile and semivolatile organic
compounds, other organics including dioxins and
polychlorinated biphenyls (PCB), and on most
priority pollutant metals and heavy metal
radionuclides.
In wet soils or sludges, water is driven off at the
100 °C isotherm moving in advance of the melt.
Water removal increases energy consumption
and associated costs. Also, sludges, must contain
enough glass-forming material (nonvolatile,
nondestructive solids) to produce a molten mass
that will destroy or remove organic pollutants
and immobilize inorganic pollutants. Most
natural soils can be processed without modifica-
tion. In isolated cases, fluxing materials may be
necessary to obtain the desired electrical conduc-
tivity.
The effectiveness of the large-scale ISV process
is limited by 1) individual void volumes in
excess of 150 cubic feet, 2) rubble exceeding 20
percent by weight, and 3) combustible organics
in the soil or sludge exceeding 5 to 10 percent
by weight, depending on the heating value.
Contaminant processing below the water table
may require some means to limit recharge. Site
adaptions and/or process and equipment modifi-
cation can be made to accommodate site condi-
tions exceeding these limitations if desired.
STATUS:
The SITE demonstration of this technology
occurred during March and April 1994 at the
former Parsons Chemical site (Parsons). Par-
sons is a Superfund site in Grand Ledge,
Michigan, where the soil is contaminated with
pesticides, metals, and low levels of dioxins and
furans. A Demonstration Bulletin
(EPA/540/MR-94/520) is available from EPA.
The Innovative Technology Evaluation Report
will be available in 1995.
The ISV has treated a broad range of hazardous,
radioactive, and mixed wastes, and over 30
different soil types from the United States,
Canada, Japan, and Australia. The U.S. Depart-
ment of Energy (DOE) Pacific Northwest Labo-
ratory continues to research and develop the
technology, including an upcoming large-scale
treatability test on a radioactive liquid waste
seepage pit at Oak Ridge, Tennessee. Geosafe
recently completed a 3,100-ton Toxic Substance
Control Act (TSCA) demonstration project on
soils contaminated with PCBs up to 12,000 parts
per million in support of its application for a
National TSCA Operating Permit.
FOR FURTHER INFORMATION:
EPA PROJECT MANAGER:
Teri Richardson
U.S. EPA
Risk Reduction Engineering Laboratory
26 West Martin Luther King Drive
Cincinnati, OH 45268
513-569-7949
Fax: 513-569-7620
TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPER CONTACT:
James Hansen
Geosafe Corporation
2950 George Washington Way
Richland, WA 99352
509-375-0710
Fax: 509-375-7721
The SITE: Program assesses but does not
approve or endorse technologies.
Page 75
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Technology Profile
DEMONSTRATION PROGRAM
GIS/SOLUTIONS, INC.
(GIS/Key™ Environmental Data Management System)
TECHNOLOGY DESCRIPTION:
GIS/Key™ is a comprehensive environmental
database management system that integrates site
data and graphics, enabling the user to create
geologic cross-sections, boring logs, potentio-
metric maps, isopleth maps, structure maps,
summary tables, hydrographs, chemical time
series graphs, and numerous other maps and line
graphs. The software is menu-driven, making it
relatively simple to use. All system outputs
meet Resource Conservation and Recovery Act
(RCRA) and Comprehensive Environmental
Response, Compensation and Liability Act
(CERCLA) reporting requirements and are
consistent with current industry practices.
GIS/Key™ can be a cost-effective tool to help
manage hazardous waste site environmental data
more effectively and accurately. GIS/Key™
allows project managers to focus on problem
solving, because less time is required to enter,
evaluate, and report the supporting site data. It
also provides project managers access to envi-
ronmental databases traditionally available only
to computer specialists.
WASTE APPLICABILITY:
The GIS/Key™ software can be used at any
Superfund site to facilitate the collection, report
ing, and analysis of site data. The software is
designed with numerous checks to assure the
quality of the data, including comprehensive
quality assurance/quality control protocols.
System outputs, listed in the table below, are
presentation-quality and meet RCRA and
CERCLA reporting requirements. With an
electronic laboratory delivery ,GIS/Key™ can
immediately show where the samples fall outside
of historical data ranges along with federal,
state, and local action levels.
STATUS:
The GIS/Key™ software is in use at two
Superfund sites: the Crazyhorse site near
Salinas, California, and the Moffett Field site
near San Jose, California.
This technology was accepted into the SITE
Demonstration Program in summer 1992. The
demonstration was held in August 1993 in San
Isopleth maps of soil or water quality plan
or section view
Graphs
Time series graphs
- Chemical versus chemical and inter-
well and intra-wsll
Concentration vursus distance
- Summary of statistics
Trilinear Piper diagrams
User alerts
- When QA/QC results fall outside data
quality objectives
When sample results fall outside histo-
rical ranges
- When sample results exceed applicable
regulatory standards
Presentation-quality data tables
Completely customizable boring logs
Geologic cross-section maps
Isopach maps
Structure maps
Modflow integration
Density-corrected water level, floating
product, hydraulic conductivity, and
contour maps
Water elevation and floating product
thickness versus time graphs
Flow versus time and chemical flux graphs
Modflow integration
Environmental Data Management System Outputs
Page 76
The SITE Program assesses but does not
approve or endorse technologies.
-------
November 1994
Completed Project
Francisco, California, and December 1993 in
Washington, D.C. The Demonstration Bulletin
(EPA/540/MR-94/505), SITE Technology
Capsule (EPA/540/SR-94/505), and Innovative
Technology Evaluation Report
(EPA/540/R-94/505) are available from EPA.
The U.S. Air Force's Environmental Data
Management and Decision Support working
group is testing the effectiveness of the
GIS/Key™ technology at Norton Air Force Base.
The technology is also being used by consultants
at over 20 other U.S. Air Force bases.
GIS/Solutions has developed a three-dimensional
visualization system that minimizes the number
of sampling locations required to lower maxi-
mum uncertainty and assess the optimal location
for additional monitoring wells, if needed.
FOR FURTHER INFORMATION:
EPA PROJECT MANAGER:
Richard Eilers
U.S. EPA
Risk Reduction Engineering Laboratory
26 West Martin Luther King Drive
Cincinnati, OH 45268
513-569-7809
Fax: 513-569-7620
TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPER CONTACT:
Charles Tupitza
GIS/Solutions, Inc.
1800 Sutter Street
Suite 830
Concord, CA 94520
510-602-9206
Fax: 510-827-5467
A client server version of GIS/Key™ is available.
7/21/94 Action Level Check
Constituent Name Name Action Level Result:
Lab Matrix Spike Results
Modified Method 602
Groundwater Sampling Program
Third Quarter 1990
14797-55-3 Nitrate
US-PMCL 10 mg/l 12 mg/l
1481
Sulfate
US-SMCL 250 man 350 mg/l
T-.
LAB
MATRIX
SPIKE
MATRIX
SPIKE
DUPLICATE
RECOVERY
(PR)
PERCENT
DIFFERENCE
(RPD).
10*885 Toluene.US-PMCL^ 1 mg/r*TTr.p
JVtene (toted) US-SMCL 20 ug/l 140
^^BJ^SSSSSi^MllJ;^^^
1160 1040 116 1Q4 »J^pv^gre»^
Table 4-9
Water Quality Data
Volatile Organic Analyis
Quarterly Groundwater Sampling Program
1989-1990 Results
Geo-Chemical Cross Section
SB-OS SB-01 MW-02A SB-O2 SB-O4
Chemical Isopleth
"
< * Not datectad at indicated repotting limits
[) = Concentration is less than reporting limit
... = Notsar
All values re
Examples of GIS/Key™ Work Products
The SITE Program assesses but does not
approve or endorse technologies.
Page 77
-------
Technology Profile
DEMONSTRA TION PROGRAM
GRACE DEARBORN INC.
(DARAMEND™ Bioremediation Technology)
TECHNOLOGY DESCRIPTION:
GRACE Dearborn, Inc.'s organic amendment-
enhanced bioremediation technology
(DARAMEND™) is designed to degrade many
organic contaminants, including penta-
chlorophenol (PCP), polynuclear aromatic
hydrocarbons (PAH), and petroleum hydro-
carbons in industrial soils and sediments. The
technology treats batches of soil by incorporating
DARAMEND™ soil amendments. These amend-
ments are incorporated with conventional agri-
cultural equipment, followed by regular tilling
and irrigation. DARAMEND™ soil amendments
are solid-phase products prepared from natural
organic materials to have soil-specific particle
size distribution, nutrient content, and nutrient
release kinetics. Soil amendments sharply
increase the ability of the soil matrix to supply
water and nutrients to the microorganisms that
degrade the hazardous compounds. The amend-
ments can also transiently bind contaminants,
reducing the acute toxicity of the soil aqueous
phase. This reduction allows microorganisms to
survive hi soils containing very high concentra-
tions of toxic compounds.
The technology has been applied to remediate
soils both in situ and ex situ. In either case, soil
may be treated in lifts up to two feet deep using
available mixing equipment. DARAMEND™
treatment involves the following three fundamen-
tal steps:
• Preparation of the treatment area for the
ex situ approach requires construction of
a treatment cell that will contain any
foreseeable free water. The in situ
approach requires the treatment area to
be cleared and ripped, to reduce soil
compaction.
« Soil pretreatment includes removing
debris .larger than 10 inches, such as
metal or rocks, that may damage the
tilling equipment. Sediments
undergoing treatment must be
dewatered.
• The DARAMEND™ soil amendment is
incorporated, usually at 1 percent to 5
percent by weight, followed by regular
tilling and irrigating.
vtt
Daramend™ Bioremediation Technology
Page 78
The SITE Program assesses but does not
approve or endorse technologies].
-------
NovembBr 1994
Completed Project
Soil is tilled with a rotary tiller to reduce the
variation in soil properties and contaminant
concentrations. Tilling also incorporates the
required soil amendments and helps deliver
oxygen to contaminant-degrading microorgan-
isms.
A spray irrigation system is used to maintain soil
moisture in the desired range. If heavy precipi-
tation results in the creation of leachate or
surface run-off waters, they are collected and. re-
applied to the soil as needed.
Equipment needed to implement this technology
is readily available;' requirements include a
rotary tiller, spray irrigation equipment, and
excavation and screening equipment.
Depending on site-specific factors such as con-
taminant type and initial concentration, and
project schedule and climate, a waterproof cover
may be constructed over the treatment area.
WASTE APPLICABILITY:
The DARAMEND™ technology is applicable to
soils and sediments with a wide range of organic
contaminants. The technology has proven effec-
tive on soils with total PAH concentrations of up
to 20,000 milligrams per kilogram (mg/kg), total
petroleum hydrocarbon contamination up to
6,300 mg/kg, and PCP concentrations up to 680
mg/kg. Total PAHs have been consistently
reduced to below 100 mg/kg with many individ-
ual PAHs reduced below 10 mg/kg. Chlorophe-
nol species have been consistently reduced to
below 5 mg/kg. This performance is often
attained within a year; however, environmental
and site-specific conditions may decrease or
increase this treatment time.
Bench- and pilot-scale investigations have dem-
onstrated the technology's applicability to PAH-
contaminated sediment. The technology's ability
to treat chlorinated pesticide contamination is
under evaluation. Based on the technology's
success, the principal target markets are wood
treating, manufactured gas, and petroleum
industries.
STATUS:
This technology was accepted into the SITE
Demonstration Program in spring 1993. An
evaluation of the ex situ performance of the
DARAMEND™ technology began at the Domtar
Wood Preserving facility in Trenton, Ontario,
Canada during fall 1993 and was completed in
summer 1994. Detailed results will be available
in early 1995. _.
The demonstration is one component of a 5,000-
ton remediation project underway at the
industrial wood preserving site in Canada.
Internal analyses of treated soil indicated signifi-
cant reductions in the concentrations of both
PAHs and chlorinated phenols.
FOR FURTHER INFORMATION:
EPA PROJECT MANAGER:
Teri Richardson
U.S. EPA
Risk Reduction Engineering Laboratory
26 West Martin Luther King Drive
Cincinnati, OH 45268
513-569-7949
Fax: 513-569-7620
TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPER CONTACTS:
Alan Seech or Igor Marvan
GRACE Dearborn Inc.
3451 Erindale Station Road
Mississauga, Ontario, Canada
L5A3T5
. 905-279-2222, ext. 390
Fax: 905-279-0020
The SITE Program assesses but does not
approve or endorse technologies.
Page 79
-------
Technology Profile
DEMONSTRA TION PROGRAM
GRUPPO ITALIMPRESSE
(Developed by SHIRCO INFRARED SYSTEMS, INC.)
(Infrared Thermal Destruction)
TECHNOLOGY DESCRIPTION:
The infrared thermal destruction technology is a
mobile thermal processing system that uses
electrically-powered silicon carbide rods to heat
organic wastes to combustion temperatures.
Any remaining combustibles are incinerated in
an afterburner. One configuration for this
mobile system (see figure below) consists of four
components: 1) an electric-powered infrared
primary chamber; 2) a gas-fired secondary
combustion chamber; 3) an emissions control
system; and 4) a control center.
Waste is fed into the primary chamber and
exposed to infrared radiant heat (up to 1,850
degrees Fahrenheit) provided by silicon carbide
rods above the belt. A blower delivers air to
selected locations along the belt to control the
oxidation rate of the waste feed.
The ash material in the primary chamber is
quenched by using scrubber water effluent. The
ash is then conveyed to the ash hopper, where it
is removed;to a holding area and analyzed for
organic contaminants, such as polychlorinated
biphenyls (PCB).
Volatile gases from the primary chamber flow
into the secondary chamber, which uses higher
temperatures, greater residence time, turbulence,
and supplemental energy (if required) to destroy
these gases. Gases from the secondary chamber
are ducted through the emissions control system.
In the emissions control system, the particulates
are removed in a venturi scrubber. Acid vapor
is neutralized in a packed tower scrubber. An
induced draft blower draws the cleaned gases
from the scrubber into the free-standing exhaust
stack. The scrubber liquid effluent flows into a
clarifier, where scrubber sludge settles out for
disposal. The liquid then flows through an
activated carbon filter for reuse or to a publicly
owned treatment works for disposal.
WASTE APPLICABILITY:
This technology is suitable for soils or sediments
with organic contaminants. Liquid organic
wastes can be treated after mixing with sand or
soil. Optimal waste characteristics are as
follows:
• Particle size, 5 microns to 2 niches
• Moisture content, up to 50 percent by
weight
• Density, 30 to 130 pounds per cubic
foot
• Heating value, up to 10,000 British
thermal units per pound
• Chlorine content, up to 5 percent by
weight
• Sulfur content, up to 5 percent by
weight
• Phosphorus, 0 to 300 parts per million
(ppm)
• pH, 5 to 9
• Alkali metals, up to 1 percent by weight
Mobile Thermal Processing System
Page 8O
The SITE Program assesses but does not
approve or endorse technologies.
-------
November 1994
Completed Project
STATUS:
EPA conducted two evaluations of the infrared
system. A full-scale unit was evaluated during
August 1987, at the Peak Oil Superfund site in
Brandon, Florida. The system treated nearly
7,000 cubic yards of waste oil sludge containing
PCBs and lead. A second pilot-scale demonstra-
tion took place at the Rose Township-Demode
Road Superfund site in Michigan, during
November 1987. Organics, PCBs, and metals in
soil were the target waste compounds to be im-
mobilized. In addition, the technology has been
.used to remediate PCB contamination at the
Florida Steel Corporation and the LaSalle Elec-
tric Superfund sites. Two Applications Analysis
Reports (EPA/540/A5-89/010 and
EPA/A5-89/007) and two Technology Evalua-
tion Reports (EPA/540/5-88/002a and
EPA/540/5-89/007a) are available from EPA.
DEMONSTRATION RESULTS:
The results from the two SITE demonstrations
are summarized below.
• PCBs were reduced to less than 1 ppm
in the ash, with a destruction removal
efficiency (DRE) for air emissions great-
er than 99.99 percent (based on detec-
tion limits).
• In the pilot-scale demonstration, the
Resource Conservation and Recovery
Act (RCRA) standard for paniculate
emissions (180 milligrams per dry stan-
dard cubic meter) was achieved. In the
full-scale demonstration, however, this
standard was not met in all runs because
of scrubber inefficiencies.
• Lead was not immobilized; however, \\.
remained in the ash, and significant
amounts were not transferred to the
scrubber water or emitted to the atmo-
sphere.
• The pilot test demonstrated satisfactory
performance with high feed rate and
reduced power consumption when fuel
oil was added to the waste feed and the
primary chamber temperature was re-
duced.
Results from the two demonstrations, plus eight
other case studies, indicate the following:
• The process is capable of meeting both
RCRA and Toxic Substance Control Act
(TSCA) DRE requirements for air emis-
sions and particulate emissions. Restric-
tions in chloride levels in the feed waste
may be necessary. PCB remediation has
consistently met the TSCA guidance
level of 2 ppm in ash.
• Economic analysis suggests an overall
waste remediation cost up to $800 per
ton.
FOR FURTHER INFORMATION:
EPA PROJECT MANAGER:
Laurel Staley
U.S. EPA
Risk Reduction Engineering Laboratory
26 West Martin Luther King Drive
Cincinnati, OH 45268
513-569-7863
Fax: 513-569-7620
TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPER CONTACT:
Gruppo Italimpresse
Rome, Italy
011-39-06-8802001
Padova, Italy
011-39-049-773490
Note: This technology is no longer available
through vendors in the United States.
The SITE Program assesses but does not
approve or endorse technologies.
Page 81
-------
Technology Profile
DEMONSTRATION PROGRAM
HIGH VOLTAGE ENVIRONMENTAL APPLICATIONS, INC.
(formerly ELECTRON BEAM RESEARCH FACILITY, FLORIDA
INTERNATIONAL UNIVERSITY, AND UNIVERSITY OF MIAMI)
(High-Energy Electron Irradiation)
TECHNOLOGY DESCRIPTION:
High-energy electron irradiation of water solu-
tions and sludges produces a large number of
very reactive chemical species, including the
aqueous electron (e'aq), the hydrogen radical
(H-), and the hydroxyl radical (OH-). These
short-lived intermediates react with organic
contaminants, transforming them to nontoxic by-
products.
In the principal reaction, the e~aq ion transfers to
halogen-containing compounds, breaking the
halogen-carbon bond and liberating halogen
anions such as chlorine (Cl~) or bromine (Br).
The hydroxyl radical can undergo addition or
hydrogen abstraction reactions, producing organ-
ic free radicals that decompose in the presence
of other hydroxyl radicals and water. In most
cases, organics are converted to carbon dioxide,
water, and salts. Lower molecular weight
aldehydes and carboxylic acids form at low
concentrations in some cases. These compounds
are biodegradable end products.
During the high-energy electron irradiation
process, electricity generates high voltage elec-
trons. The electrons are accelerated by the
voltage to approximately 95 percent of the speed
of light. They are then directed into a thin
stream of water or sludge. All reactions are
complete in less than 0.1 second. The electron
beam and waste flow are adjusted to deliver the
necessary dose of electrons. Although this is a
form of ionizing radiation, there is no residual
radioactivity.
A full-scale facility in Miami, Florida, can treat
more than 170,000 gallons per day. This facili-
ty is equipped to handle tank trucks carrying up
to 6,000 gallons of waste. High Voltage Envi-
ronmental Applications, Inc., developed a mo-
CONTROLROOM
PUMPINQ SYSTEM ELECTRON ACCELERATOR OFFICE/LAB
k
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i
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HVrtC
UNIT
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42'-0" (504")
AIR DUGT [
JiSP AIR DUCT
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The Mobile Electron Beam Hazardous Waste Treatment System
Page 82
The SITE Program assesses but does not
approve or endorse technologies.
-------
November 1994
Completed Project
bile facility to demonstrate the treatment process
(see figure previous page).
WASTE APPLICABILITY:
This treatment process can effectively treat more
than 50 common organic compounds. These
compounds include the following:
trihalomethanes (such as chloroform),
which are found in chlorinated drinking
water;
chlorinated solvents, including carbon
tetrachloride, trichloroethane, tetra-
chloroethene (PCE), trichloroethene
(TCE), ethylene dibromide, dibromo-
chloropropane, hexachlorobutadiene,
and hexachloroethane;
aromatics found hi gasoline, including
benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene, and xy-
lene;
chlorobenzene and dichlorobenzenes;
phenol;
dieldrin, a persistent pesticide;
polychlorinated biphenyls; and
a variety of other organic compounds.
The treatment process is appropriate for remov-
ing various hazardous organic compounds from
aqueous waste streams and sludges containing up
to 8 percent solids.
STATUS:
The high-energy electron irradiation process was
accepted into the SITE Emerging Technology
Program in June 1990. Based on results from
the Emerging Technology Program, the process
was invited to participate in the Demonstration
Program. The treatment process was demon-
strated at the U.S. Department of Energy's
Savannah River site in Aiken, South Carolina
during September 1994. The demonstration
took place on a portion of the Savannah River
site known as M-Area. Chlorinated solvents
from fuel and target manufacturing operations
were discharged to an unlined basin at M-Area
for almost 20 years. Detailed results from the
demonstration will be available in 1995.
Under the Emerging Technology Program,
detailed studies were completed for eight organic
compounds: TCE, PCE, chloroform, carbon
tetrachloride, methylene chloride, benzene,
toluene, and phenol. Removal efficiencies were
determined at three solute concentrations and
three pHs (representing varying carbonate/bicar-
bonate concentrations), and in the presence and
absence of 3 percent clay. Reaction by-products
were determined for all six compounds. For the
most part, the eight compounds were minera-
lized. Trace quantities of formaldehyde and
other low molecular weight aldehydes were
detected. Formic acid was also detected at low
concentrations; however, the eight compounds
were not toxic at these concentrations. Papers
are pending that summarize the study results.
Additional studies are underway to determine
destruction efficiencies with a higher concen-
tration of solids and characterize carbon tetra-
chloride and methylene chloride by-products.
FOR FURTHER INFORMATION:
EPA PROJECT MANAGER:
Franklin Alvarez
U.S. EPA
Risk Reduction Engineering Laboratory
26 West Martin Luther King Drive
Cincinnati, OH 45268
513-569-7631
Fax: 513-569-7787
TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPER CONTACT:
William Cooper
High Voltage Environmental Applications, Inc.
9562 Doral Boulevard
Miami, PL 33178
305-593-5330
Fax: 305-593-0071
The SITE Program assesses but does not
approve or endorse technologies.
Page 83
-------
Technology Profile
DEMONSTRATION PROGRAM
HORSEHEAD RESOURCE DEVELOPMENT CO., INC.
(Flame Reactor)
TECHNOLOGY DESCRIPTION:
The Horsehead Resource Development Co., Inc.
(HRD), flame reactor system is a patented,
hydrocarbon-fueled, flash-smelting system that
treats residues iand wastes contaminated with
metals (see figure below). The reactor processes
wastes with hoi; (greater than 2,000 degrees
Celsius) reducing gases produced by combusting
solid or gaseous hydrocarbon fuels hi oxygen-
enriched air. In a compact, low-capital cost
reactor, the feed materials react rapidly,
allowing a high waste throughput. The end
products are a non-leachable, glass-like slag; a
potentially recyclable, heavy metal-enriched
oxide; and in some cases, a metal alloy.
Volume reduction (of waste to slag plus oxide)
depends on the chemical and physical properties
of the waste. The volatile metals are fumed and
captured in a product dust collection system;
nonvolatile metals partition to the slag or may be
separated as a molten alloy. Organic compounds
are destroyed at the elevated temperature of the
flame reactor technology.
In general, the system requires that wastes be
dry enough (less than 5 percent total moisture)
to be pneumatically-fed, and fine enough (less
than 200 mesh) to react rapidly. Larger
particles (up to 20 mesh) can be processed;
however, the efficiency of metals recovery is
decreased. The test facility has a capacity of up
to 3 tons per hour. Individual units can be
scaled to a capacity of 7 tons per hour.
WASTE APPLICABILITY:
The flame; reactor system can be applied to
granular solids, soil, flue dusts, slags, and
sludges that contain heavy metals. The flame
reactor technology has successfully treated the
following wastes: 1) electric arc furnace dust,
2) lead blast furnace slag, 3) soil, 4) iron resi-
dues, 5) primary copper flue dust, 6) lead
smelter nickel matte, 7) zinc plant leach residues
and purification residues, 8) brass mill dusts and
fumes, t and 9) electroplating sludges.
Natural Gas
• Oxygen* Air
RffJE
\ /
SEPARATOR
Effluent Slag
Sdld-WasieFeed
Off Gas
Oxide Product
HRD Flame Reactor Process Flow
Page 84
The SITE Program assesses but does not
approve or endorse technologies.
-------
November 1994
Completed Project
The system has successfully treated the follow-
ing metal-bearing wastes: zinc (up to 40 per-
cent); lead (up to 10 percent); chromium (up to
4 percent); cadmium (up to 3 percent); arsenic
(up to 1 percent); copper (up to 8 percent);
cobalt; and nickel. The system can also treat
soils that are contaminated with metals, with or
without a variety of toxic organics.
STATUS:
This technology was accepted into the SITE
Demonstration Program in summer 1990. Cur-
rently, the prototype flame reactor technology
system operates with a capacity of 1 to 3 tons
per hour in a stationary mode at HKD's facility
in Monaca, Pennsylvania. EPA and HRD
believe that a mobile version of the system could
be designed and constructed for on-site treatment
at hazardous waste sites.
The SITE demonstration was conducted from
March 18 to 23, 1991, on secondary lead
smelter-soda slag from the National Smelting
and Refining Company (NSR) Superfund site in
Atlanta, Georgia. The test was conducted at the
Monaca, Pennsylvania facility under a Resource
Conservation and Recovery Act research, devel-
opment, and demonstration permit. This permit
allows treatment of wastes containing high
concentrations of metals, but only negligible
concentrations of organics.
The major objectives of the SITE technology
demonstration were to investigate the reuse
potential of the recovered metal oxides, evaluate
the levels of contaminants in the residual slag
and their leaching potential, and determine the
efficiency and economics of processing.
A 30,000-standard-tons-per-year commercial
flame reactor plant processes steel mill baghouse
dust (K061) exclusively at the North Star Steel
Mini Mill near Beaumont, Texas. The plant was
activated June 1, 1993, and is capable of
performing as designed.
DEMONSTRATION RESULTS:
Approximately 72 tons of NSR waste material
were processed during the demonstration.
Partial test results are shown in the table below.
Metal Concentration Ranges in Influent and Effluent
Waste Effluent Oxide
Feed Slag Product
(mg/kg)* (mg/kg) (mg/kg)
Arsenic 428-1040 92.1-1340 1,010-1,170
. Cadmium 356-512 <2.3-13.5 1,080-1,380
Copper 1,460-2,590 2,730-3,890 1,380-1,780
Iron 95,600-130,000 167,000-228,000 29,100-35,600
Lead 48,200-61,700 1,560-11,400 159,000-184,000
Zinc 3,210-6,810 711-1,680 10,000-16,200
* milligrams per kilogram
All effluent slag passed toxicity characteristic
leaching procedure criteria. Study of the reuse
potential of the oxide product is ongoing. The
Technology Evaluation Report
(EPA/540/5-91/005) and the Applications Analy-
sis Report (EPA/540/A5-91/005) are available
from EPA.
FOR FURTHER INFORMATION:
EPA PROJECT MANAGERS:
Donald Oberacker and Marta K. Richards
U.S. EPA
Risk Reduction Engineering Laboratory
26 West Martin Luther King Drive
Cincinnati, OH 45268
513-569-7510 and 513-569-7692
Fax: 513-569-7549
TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPER CONTACT:
Regis Zagrocki
Horsehead Resource Development Co., Inc.
300 Frankfort Road
Monaca, PA 15061
412-773-2289
Fax: 412-773-2273
The SITE Program assesses but does not
approve or endorse technologies.
Page 85
-------
Technology Profile
DEMONSTRATION PROGRAM
HRTJBETZ ENVIRONMENTAL SERVICES, INC.
(HRUBOUT® Process)
TECHNOLOGY DESCRIPTION:
The HRUBOUT® process is a thermal, in situ
and ex situ treatment process designed to remove
volatile organic compounds (VOC) and semi-
volatile organic compounds (SVOC) from conta-
minated soils. As part of the in situ process,
heated air is injected into the soil below the con-
tamination zone, evaporating soil moisture and
removing volatile and semivolatile hydrocarbons.
As the water evaporates, soil porosity and
permeability increase, further facilitating the air
flow at higher temperatures. As the soil temper-
ature increases further, the less volatile constitu-
ents volatilize or are thermally oxidized.
Injection wells are drilled hi a predetermined
distribution pattern to depths below the conta-
mination. The wells are equipped with steel
casing, perforated at the bottom, and cemented
into the hole above the perforations. Heated,
compressed air is introduced at temperatures up
to 1,200 degrees Fahrenheit (°F), and the pres-
sure is slowly increased. As the air progresses
upward through the soil, the moisture is evapo-
rated, taking with it the VOCs and SVOCs. A
surface collection system captures the exhaust
gases under negative pressure. These gases are
transferred to a thermal oxidizer, where the
hydrocarbons are thermally destroyed at
1,500 °F.
The air is heated in an adiabatic burner at 2.9
million British thermal units (MMBtu) per hour.
The incinerator has a rating of 3.1 MMBtu/hour.
The air blower can deliver up to 8,500 pounds
per hour. The units employ a fully-modulating
fuel train that is fueled by natural gas or pro-
pane. All equipment is mounted on custom-
designed mobile units and operates 24 hours per
day.
TO ATMOSPHERE
HOT COH&RESSED AIR
(250*-1200'F)
VENT GAS
COLLECTION
CHANNELS
HOT AIR INJECTION WELLS
T-250--1200-F
WATER TABLE
HRUBOUT® Process
Page 86
The SITE Program assesses but does not
approve or endorse technologies.
-------
November J994
Completed Project
WASTE APPLICABILITY:
The HRUBOUT® process can remediate soils
contaminated with halogenated or nqn-halo-
genated organic volatiles and semi-volatiles,
such as gasoline, diesel oil, jet fuel, heating oil,
chemical solvents or other hydrocarbon com-
pounds. There is no residual output from the
treatment site, eliminating any future liability.
STATUS:
The HRUBOUT® process was accepted into the
SITE Demonstration Program in July 1992. The
technology was demonstrated at Kelly Air Force
Base in San Antonio, Texas, from January
through February 1993. Preliminary demonstra-
tion results were published in a demonstration
bulletin (EPA/540/MR-93/524). This document
is available from EPA.
In 1988, approximately 80,000 gallons of JP-4
jet fuel spilled from a ruptured, high-pressure
fuel pipeline on Kelly Air Force Base. A 30-by-
40-foot area of the spill site was chosen as the
treatment area. Six heated air injection wells,
spaced on a 3-by-2 grid 10 feet apart, were
drilled to a depth of approximately 20 feet.
In September 1993, an in situ project was com-
pleted at the Canadian Forces military base in
Ottawa, Ontario, Canada. Levels up to 1900
parts per million (ppm) of total petroleum hydro-
carbons (TPH) were encountered over an area
about 17-by-17-feet on the base. Five injection
wells were drilled to a depth of 30 feet. After
12 days of treatment, borehole samples ranged
from non-detect to 215 ppm TPH, successfully
meeting closure requirements of 450 ppm TPH
minimum.
The new containerized version of the
HRUBOUT® process was tested in July 1993 at
a West Texas site contaminated with Varsol, or
naphtha. The soil was excavated so it could be
treated in Hrubetz's insulated container.
The soil tested 1550 ppm of TPH before treat-
ment. Three loads were treated for about 60-65
hours each. Post-treatment samples tested from
non-detect to 7 ppm of TPH, meeting the Texas
Water Commission's background target level of
37 ppm. Large-scale mobile container units,
holding up to 40 cubic yards, and capable of
treating a load in 8 hours, are now being devel-
oped for ex situ application.
Additional tests conducted by Hrubetz have
shown that excavated contaminated soils may be
treated by distributing the soils over a horizon-
tal, perforated piping grid. The process injects
the pressurized, heated air via the grid system,
collects the resultant vapors beneath an imper-
meable covering, and directs those vapors into
the thermal oxidizer.
Three patents have been granted, and additional
patents are pending. The process was approved
by the Texas Natural Resources Conservation
Commission in 1991.
FOR FURTHER INFORMATION:
EPA PROJECT MANAGER:
Gordon Evans
U.S. EPA
Risk Reduction Engineering Laboratory
26 West Martin Luther King Drive
Cincinnati, OH 45268
513-569-7684
Fax:513-569-7620
TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPER CONTACTS:
Michael Hrubetz or Barbara Hrubetz
Hrubetz Environmental Services, Inc.
5949 Sherry Lane, Suite 525
Dallas, TX 75225
214-363-7833
Fax: 214-691-8545
The SITE Program assesses but does not
approve or endorse technologies.
Page 87
-------
Technology Profile
DEMONSTRATION PROGRAM
HUGHES ENVIRONMENTAL SYSTEMS, INC.
(Steam Enhanced Recovery Process)
TECHNOLOGY DESCRIPTION:
The Steam Enhanced Recovery Process (SERF)
removes most volatile organic compounds
(VOC) and semivolatile organic compounds
(SVOC) from contaminated soils in situ both
above and below the water table (see figure
below). The technology is applicable to the in
situ remediation of contaminated soils below
ground surface and below or around permanent
structures. The process accelerates contaminant
removal rates and can be effective in all soil
types.
Steam is forced through the soil by injection
wells to thermally enhance the recovery process.
Extraction wells are used for two purposes: to
pump and treat groundwater, and to transport
steam and vaporized contaminants to the surface.
Recovered nonaqueous liquids are separated by
gravity separation. Hydrocarbons are collected
for recycling, and water is treated before being
discharged to a storm drain or sewer. Vapors
can be condensed and treated by any of several
vapor treatment techniques (for example, ther-
mal oxidation and catalytic oxidation). The
technology uses readily available components
such as extraction and monitoring wells, mani-
fold piping, vapor and liquid separators, vacuum
pumps, and!gas emission control equipment.
WASTE APPLICABILITY:
',
The process can extract VOCs and SVOCs from
contaminated soils and perched groundwater.
Compounds suitable for treatment are hydrocar-
bons such as gasoline and diesel and jet fuel;
solvents such as trichloroethene, trichloroethane,
and dichlorobenzene; or a mixture of these
compounds. After application of the process,
subsurface conditions are excellent for biodegra-
dation of residual contaminants. The process
cannot be applied to contaminated soil very near
the ground surface unless a cap exists. Denser-
HYDROCARBON
LIQUID
LIQUIDS
(HYDROCARBONS/
WATER)
SOIL CONTAMINATED
BY HYDROCARBONS
Steam Enhanced Recovery Process
Page 88
The SITE Program assesses but does not
approve or endorse technologies.
-------
November 1994
Completed Project
than-water compounds can be treated only in
low concentrations unless a geologic barrier
exists to prevent downward percolation.
STATUS:
The SITE demonstration of this technology
began in August 1991 and was completed in
September 1993. Soil at the site in Huntington
Beach, California was contaminated by a large
diesel fuel spill. The Demonstration Bulletin
(EPA/540/HR-94/510) is available from EPA.
The Innovative Technology Evaluation Report
will be available from EPA in late 1994.
For more information regarding this technology,
see the Berkeley Environmental Restoration
Center (Completed Projects), or Praxis
Environmental Technologies, Inc., (Ongoing
Projects) profiles in the Demonstration Program
section. This technology is no longer available
through this vendor. Contact the EPA Project
Manager for further information.
DEMONSTRATION RESULTS:
Preliminary evaluation of the posttreatment data
suggests the following conclusions:
• The geostatistical weighted average soil
total petroleum hydrocarbons (TPH)
concentration in the treatment area was
2,290 milligrams per kilogram (mg/kg).
The 90 percent confidence interval for
this average concentration is 996 mg/kg
to 3,570 mg/kg, which shows that there
is a high probability that the technology
did not meet the cleanup criterion.
Seven percent of soil samples had TPH
concentrations in excess of 10,000
mg/kg.
• The geostatistical weighted average soil
total recoverable petroleum
hydrocarbons (TRPH) concentration was
1,680 mg/kg with a 90 percent
confidence interval of 676 mg/kg to
2,680 mg/kg. Levels of benzene,
toluene, ethylbenzene, and xylenes
(BTEX) were below the detection limit
(6 micrograms per kilogram) in post-
treatment soil samples; BTEX was
detected at low mg/kg levels in a few
pretreatment soil samples.
• Analysis of triplicate samples showed
marked variability in soil contaminant
concentration over short distances.
Analogous results for TPH and TRPH
triplicate- samples suggest that the
contaminant concentration variability
exists within the site soil matrix and is
not the result of analytical techniques.
This variability is the reason that
confidence intervals for the average
concentrations are so large.
• The data suggests that lateral or
downward migration of contaminants did
not occur during treatment.
FOR FURTHER INFORMATION:
EPA PROJECT MANAGER:
Paul dePercin
U.S. EPA
Risk Reduction Engineering Laboratory
26 West Martin Luther King Drive
Cincinnati, OH 45268
513-569-7797
Fax: 513-569-7620
The SITE Program assesses but does not
approve or endorse technologies.
Page 89
-------
Technology Profile
DEMONSTRATION PROGRAM
IIT RESEARCH INSTITUTE/
BROWN AND ROOT ENVIRONMENTAL
(Radio Frequency Heating)
TECHNOLOGY DESCRIPTION:
Radio frequency heating (RFH) is an in situ
process that uses electromagnetic energy to heat
soil and enhance soil vapor extraction (SVE).
Developed by IIT Research Institute (HTRI),
the patented RFH technique heats a discrete
volume of soil using rows of vertical electrodes
embedded in the soil (or media). Heated soil
volumes are bounded by two rows of ground
electrodes with energy applied to a third row
midway between, the ground rows. The three
rows act as a buried triplate capacitor. When
energy is applied, to the electrode array, heating
begins in the top center and proceeds vertically
downward and laterally outward through the soil
volume. The technique has heated soil to well
over 300 degrees Celsius.
RFH enhances SVE for two reasons: 1)
contaminant vapor pressures are increased by
heating, and 2) the soil permeability is increased
by drying. Extracted vapor can then be treated
by a variety of existing technologies, such as
granular activated carbon or incineration.
WASTE APPLICABILITY:
RFH enhanced SVE to remove petroleum hydro-
carbons, volatile organic compounds (VOC),
semivolatile organic compounds (SVOC), and
pesticides from soils. The technology is most
Adjusted in the
Field to Match
Contaminated Aluminum
RFShield
Exciter Electrode
Row
Vapor from
Surface
Expanded Metal
RF Shield
8'
^ Vapor from
'Ground Row
Electrodes
Vapor Barrier and
RF Shield on Surface
Sheilding Electrode
Rows
Radio Frequency In Situ Heating System
Page 90
The SITE Program assesses but does not
approve or endorse technologies.
-------
November 1994
Completed Project
efficient in subsurface areas with low
groundwater recharge. In theory, the tech-
nology should be applicable to any polar com-
pound in any non-metallic media.
STATUS:
The RFH technique was accepted into the SITE
Demonstration Program in summer 1992. The
technique was demonstrated in summer 1993 at
Kelly Air Force Base (AFB), Texas, as part of
a joint project with the U.S. Air Force. Brown
and Root Environmental was the prime contrac-
tor for the evaluation and implementation of
.RFH for the U.S. Air Force. This technique
and an alternative RFH technology developed by
KAI were demonstrated and compared in June
1994 at Kelly AFB. Final technical reports will
be available from Armstrong Laboratory and
EPA in early 1995. The reports will contain
engineering evaluation of this technique and. the
KAI technology. For further information on the
KAI technology, see the profile in the
Demonstration Program Completed Project
section.
One additional field test of this technology will
occur within the next year. The test will be
conducted at Sandia National Laboratory (SNL)
in Albuquerque, New Mexico. The SNL site is
a former chemical waste landfill where silty sand
is contaminated with VOCs and SVOCs.
Two previous field tests were completed using in
situ RFH. The technology was tested at a fire
training pit, located at the Volk Air National
Guard Base in Camp Douglas, Wisconsin. The
sandy soil in the pit was contaminated with jet
fuel. The second test was completed at Rocky
Mountain Arsenal in Colorado, where clayey
soil was contaminated by organochlorine-
pesticides.
FOR FURTHER INFORMATION:
EPA PROJECT MANAGER:
Laurel Staley
U.S. EPA
Risk Reduction Engineering Laboratory
26 West Martin Luther King Drive
Cincinnati, OH 45268
513-569-7863
Fax: 513-569-7620
TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPER CONTACTS:
Harsh Dev
JIT Research Institute
10 West 35th Street
Chicago, IL 60616-3799
312-567-4257
Fax: 312-567-4286
Paul Carpenter
U.S. Air Force Armstrong Laboratory
Site Remediation Division, AL/EQW
139 Barnes Drive, Suite 2
Tyndall AFB, FL 32043-5319
904-283-6187
Fax: 904-283-6064
Clifton Blanchard
Brown and Root Environmental
800 Oak Ridge Turnpike
Jackson Plaza, A-600
Oak Ridge, TN 37830
615-483-9900
Fax: 615-483-2014
The SITE Program assesses but does not
approve or endorse technologies.
Page 91
-------
Technology Profile
DEMONSTRATION PROGRAM
KAI TECHNOLOGIES, INC./
BROWN AND ROOT ENVIRONMENTAL
(Radio Frequency Heating)
TECHNOLOGY DESCRIPTION:
Radio frequency heating (RFH) is an in situ
process that uses electromagnetic energy to heat
soil and enhance soil vapor extraction (SVE).
The patented RFH technique, developed by KAI
Technologies, Inc., uses an antenna-like
applicator inserted, hi a single borehole to heat a
volume of soil. Large volumes can be treated
with arrays of antennas that are selected and
sequentially positioned within their respective
boreholes by the RFH control system. When
energy is applied to the antenna, heating begins
near the borehole and proceeds outward. The
technique has heated soil to well over 250
degrees Celsius.
RFH enhances SVE for two reasons: 1)
contaminant vapor pressures are increased by
heating; and 2) the soil permeability is increased
by drying. Extracted vapor can then be treated
by a variety of existing technologies.
WASTE APPLICABILITY:
The RFH technique has been tested on pilot-
scale vertical and horizontal antenna orientations
to remove petroleum hydrocarbons and volatile
and semivolatile organics from soils. The
technology is most efficient in subsurface areas
with low groundwater recharge. In theory, the
technology should be applicable to any polar
compound in any non-metallic media. The
CONTAMINATED SOIL
ANTENNA
BOREHOLE
KAI Antenna System
Page 92
The SITE Program assesses but does not
approve or endorse technologies.
-------
Novemtier 7994
Completed Project
flexible design permits easy access for in situ
treatment of organics and pesticides under
buildings or fuel storage tanks.
STATUS:
The KAI RFH technique was accepted into the
SITE Demonstration Program in summer 1992.
The technique was demonstrated between
January and March 1994 at Kelly Air Force
Base, Texas, as part of a joint project with the
U.S. Air Force Armstrong Laboratory. Brown
and Root Environmental was the prime
contractor for the evaluation and implementation
of RFH for the U.S. Air Force. An earlier field
demonstration of the IIT Research Institute RFH
technology was completed in summer 1993 at
the same site for comparison. Final technical
reports will be available from Armstrong
Laboratory and EPA in early 1995. The reports
will contain engineering evaluations of both
techniques.
FOR FURTHER INFORMATION:
EPA PROJECT MANAGER:
Laurel Staley
U.S. EPA
Risk Reduction Engineering Laboratory
26 West Martin Luther King Drive
Cincinnati, OH 45268
513-569-7863
Fax: 513-569-7620
TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPER CONTACTS:
Raymond Kasevich
KAI Technologies, Inc.
175 New Boston Street
P.O. Box 3059
Woburn, MA 01801
617-932-3328
Fax: 617-932-0927
Paul Carpenter
U.S. Air Force Armstrong Laboratory
Site Remediation Division, AL/EQW
139 Barnes Drive, Suite 2
Tyndall AFB, PL 32043-5319
904-283-6187
Fax: 904-283-6064
Clifton Blanchard
Brown and Root Environmental
800 Oak Ridge Turnpike
Jackson Plaza, A-600
Oak Ridge, TN 37830
615-483-9900
Fax: 615-483-2014
The SITE Program assesses but does not
approve or endorse technologies.
Page 93
-------
Technology Profile
DEMONSTRATION PROGRAM
MAGNUM WATER TECHNOLOGY
(CAV-OX® Process)
TECHNOLOGY DESCRIPTION:
The CAV-OX® process uses a synergistic combi-
nation of hydrodyriamic cavitation and ultraviolet
(UV) radiation to oxidize contaminants hi water.
The process is designed to remove organic
contaminants from wastewater and groundwater
without releasing volatile organic compounds
into the atmosphere. Contaminants hi aqueous
waste streams often meet discharge limits at
optimal conditions when treated with the pro-
cess. The CAV-OX® process cannot handle free
product or highly turbid waste streams, since
these conditions tend to lower the UV reactors'
efficiencies. However, the CAV-OX® cavitation
chamber's efficiency is unaffected in such cases.
Free radicals are generated and maintained by
the system's combination of hydrodynamic
cavitation, UV excitation, and, where necessary,
addition of hydrogen peroxide and metal cata-
lysts. Neither the cavitation chamber nor the
UV lamp or hydrogen peroxide reaction gener-
ates toxic by-products or air emissions. UV
lamp output can be varied from 360 watts to
over 20,000 watts, depending on the waste
stream.
Magnum Water Technology estimates the cost of
using the CAV-OX® process to be about half the
cost of other advanced UV oxidation systems,
and substantially less expensive than carbon
GROUND WATER
HOLDING TANK
INFLUENT
adsorption, j In addition, because the process
equipment has only one moving part, mainte-
nance costs are minimal. The CAV-OX®
process does not exhibit the quartz tube scaling
common with other UV equipment. Langelier's
Index of Scaling is shifted negative by the
CAV-OX® process.
WASTE APPLICABILITY:
The process is designed to treat liquid waste,
specifically groundwater or wastewater contami-
nated with organic compounds. Contaminants
such as halogenated solvents; phenol; pentachlo-
rophenol; pesticides; polychlorinated biphenyls;
explosives; benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene, and
xylenes; methyl tertiary butyl ether; cyanide;
and other organic compounds are suitable for
this treatment process. Organics such as ben-
zene can be treated to nondetectable levels;
others, such as 1,1-dichloroethane, are typically
reduced by 96 percent. Organisms such as
Salmonella and E. Coli are also significantly
reduced.
STATUS:
This technology was accepted into the SITE
Demonstration Program in summer 1992, and
was demonstrated for four weeks in March 1993
at Edwards Air Force Base Site 16 in California.
The Demonstration Bulletin
CAV-OX® II
H.E. U.V. REACTOR
(OPTIONAL)
CAV-OX® I
L.E. U.V. REACTOR
The CAV-OX® Process
Page 94
The SITE Program assesses but does not
approve or endorse technologies.
-------
November 1994
Completed Project
(EPA/540/MR-93/524) is available from EPA.
The Applications Analysis Report
(EPA/540/AR-93/520) was published in May
1994.
The CAV-OX® process has been tested at sever-
al private and public sites, including the San
Bernardino and Orange County Water Depart-
ments in California. Tests at a Superfund site
treated leachate containing 15 different contami-
nants. Pentachlorophenol, one of the major
contaminants, was reduced by 96 percent in one
test series. In other tests, the process success-
fully treated cyanide contamination. The pro-
cess has remediated a former gasoline station
site over a 2-year period. A second gasoline
station site is currently being remediated using
this process.
Tests in Mexico on difficult pharmaceutical
contaminants from a plant process stream were
successful. The high chemical oxygen demand
(approximately 120,000 parts per million) was
reduced 86 percent. Tests at a California chemi-
cal plant reduced process stream contaminants
by 80 percent.
DEMONSTRATION RESULTS:
The CAV-OX® process achieved removal effi-
ciencies of greater than 99.9 percent for tri-
chloroethene, benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene,
and xylenes. No quartz tubes scaling was
observed. Preliminary demonstration results for
the CAV-OX® process are shown in the table
below.
FOR FURTHER INFORMATION:
EPA PROJECT MANAGER:
Richard Eilers
U.S. EPA
Risk Reduction Engineering Laboratory
26 West Martin Luther King Drive
Cincinnati, OH 45268
513-569-7809
Fax: 513-569-7620
TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPER CONTACTS:
Dale Cox or Jack Simser
Magnum Wetter Technology
600 Lairport Street
El Segundo, CA 90245
310-322-4143 or 310-640-7000
Fax: 310-640-7005
H202'
Concen-
trations
(mq/L)2
33.1
23.4
4.9
48.3
6.0
4.9
5.9
5.9
6.1
0
0
Flow
(qpm)3
0.5
0.6
1.5
0.6
0.7
1.5
0.5
0.7
1.5
-
-
TCE
99.9
99.9
71.4
99.7
87.8
61.7
96.4
87.1
60.6
-
-
CAV-OX® I
Removal Efficiencies (%)
Benzene Toluene Xylene
>99.9
>99.9
88.6
>99.9
96.9
81.6
99.4
96.5
86.1
-
-
99.4
>99.9
87.4
>99.9
94.5
83.8
99.8
97.6
87.3
-
'-
92.9 |
>99.9 |
65.6 |
>99.9 j
92.1 I
80.2 |
98.9 |
98.1 |
>99.9 |
]
I
Flow
loom)
1.5
2.0
4.0
1.4
1.9
3.9
1.4
1.9
4.0
1.6
1.8
TCE
5-kW 10-kW
99.6
99.7
87.7
99.8
98.4
85.1
99.6
97.8
86.3
94.1
80.6
99.2
99.7
98.1
99.7
99.3
97.1
99.4
99.2
98.9
99.2
97.6
CAV-OX® II
Removal Efficiencies (%)
Benzene Toluene
5-kW 10-kW 5-kW 10-kW
99.4
99.5
89.7
99.8
98.8
89.5
99.6
99.4
93.5
49.1
38.5
98.8
99.6
98.7
99.8
99.3
97.8
99.6
99.5
99.5
68.1
60.5
>99.9
>99.9
88.8
>99.9
96.9
91.8
99.8
99.5
94.5
20.7
48.6
98.6
>99.9
97.1
>99.9
98.6
97.9
99.8
99.7
99.6
54.7
75.2
Xylene
5-kW 10-kW
>99.9
>99.9
78.7
98.7
93.6
90.4
99.5
99.2
95.4
43.3
56.9
>99.9
>99.9
87.2
>99.9
97.0
96.0
99.5
99.7
>99.9
46.7
83.8
' hydrogen peroxide z milligrams per liter 3 gallons per minute * kilowatts
Preliminary CAV-OX® Process Demonstration Results
The SITE Program assesses but does not
approve or endorse technologies.
Page 95
-------
Technology Profile
DEMONSTRATION PROGRAM
MAXYMILLIAN TECHNOLOGIES, INC.
(formerly CLEAN BERKSfflRES INC.)
(Mobile Thermal Desorption System)
TECHNOLOGY DESCRIPTION:
Maxymillian Technologies, Inc.'s, Mobile Ther-
mal Desorption System (TDS) uses rotary kiln
technology to remove contaminants from soils.
The TDS can remediate soils contaminated with
volatile organic compounds (VOC), semivolatile
organic compounds (SVOC), and polynuclear
aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH). The TDS is
fully transportable, requires a footprint of 100-
by-140 feet, and can be set up on site in 4 to 6
weeks. The system combines high throughput
with the ability to remediate mixed consistency
soil, including sands, silts, clays, and tars.
The TDS consists of the following components
(see figure below):
• Waste feed system
• Rotary kiln drum desorber
• Cyclone
• Afterburner
Quench tower
Baghoiise
Fan arid exhaust stack
Multistage dust suppression system
Process control room
Soil is first shredded, crushed, and screened to
achieve a uniform particle size of less than 0.75
inch. Feed soils are also mixed to achieve
uniform moisture content and heating value.
The thermal treatment process involves two
steps: contaminant volatilization followed by
gas treatment. During the volatilization step,
contaminated materials are exposed to tempera-
tures ranging from 600 to 1,000 degrees Fahren-
heit (°F) in a co-current flow rotary kiln drum
desorber; contaminants volatilize to the gas
phase. Clean soils are then discharged through
a multi-stage dust suppression system for re-
moisturization, and are then stockpiled for
testing.
ATOMIZING AIR
KILN
MAKE UP WATER
MONITORING POINTS
1. Soil Feed Rate 6. Quench Water Flow
2. Klin Entry Pressure 7. Quench Exit Temperature
3. Win Gas Exit Temperature 8. Baghouse Differential Pressure
4. Soil Discharge Temperature 9. ID Fan Differential Pressure
5.AB Gas ExitTemperture 10. Stack Gas Flow Rate '
11. GEM (CO, COz, Cfc, THC)
Mobile Thermal Desorption System
Page 96
The SITE Program assesses but does not
approve or endorse technologies.
-------
November 1994
Completed Project
The gas and participate stream passes from the
kiln to the cyclone, where coarse particles are
removed. The stream then enters the afterburn-
er, which destroys airborne contaminants at
temperatures ranging from 1,600 to 2,000 °F.
The gas stream is cooled by quenching before
passing through a high-efficiency bag-house,
where fine particles are removed. The clean gas
is then released to the atmosphere through a 60-
foot stack. Processed soil, after discharge from
the dust suppression system, is stockpiled and
allowed to cool prior to sampling.
WASTE APPLICABILITY:
The TDS is designed to remove a wide variety
of contaminants from soil, including VOCs,
SVOCs, PAHs, coal tars, and cyanide.
STATUS:
The TDS was accepted into the SITE Demon-
stration Program in 1993. The demonstration
was conducted in November and December 1993
at the Niagara Mohawk Power Corporation's
Harbor Point site, a former gas plant in Utica,
New York. During the demonstration, the TDS
processed three replicate runs of four separate
waste streams while measuring stack emissions
and processed soil for cleanup levels.
The TDS effectively remediated coal tar soils,
purifier wastes, harbor sediments, and water gas
plant soils while maintaining acceptable emis-
sions. The TDS removed VOCs, PAHs, and
cyanide from contaminated soils to below detec-
tion limits and achieved destruction and removal
efficiencies greater than 99.99 percent. Detailed
results from the demonstration will be published
in late 1994.
Since the demonstration, the TDS was reconfig-
ured and transported back to North Adams,
Massachusetts, where it operates as Re-Soil, a
soil recycler for petroleum contaminated soils.
The TDS is available for commercial-scale soil
remediation throughout the country.
FOR FURTHER INFORMATION:
EPA PROJECT MANAGER:
Ronald Lewis
U.S. EPA
Risk Reduction Engineering Laboratory
26 West Martin Luther King Drive
Cincinnati, OH 45268
513-569-7856
Fax: 513-569-7620
TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPER CONTACTS:
James Maxymillian
Maxymillian Technologies, Inc.
1801 East Street
Pittsfield, MA 01201
413-499-3050
Fax: 413-443-0511
Neal Maxymillian
Maxymillian Technologies, Inc.
Ten Post Office Square
Suite 600 South
Boston, MA 02109
800-695-7771
617-695-9770
Fax: 617-695-9790
The SITE Program assesses but does not
approve or endorse technologies.
Page 97
-------
Technology Profile
DEMONSTRATION PROGRAM
NORTH AMERICAN TECHNOLOGIES GROUP, INC.
(Oleophilic Amine-Coated Ceramic Chip)
TECHNOLOGY DESCRIPTION:
This hydrocarbon recovery technology is based
on an oleophilic amine-coated ceramic chip that
separates suspended and dissolved hydrocarbons,
and mechanical snd some chemical emulsions
from aqueous solutions. The oleophilic chip is
manufactured by grafting a hydrophobic amine
to a mineral support, hi this case a ceramic
substrate. Each granule is 0.6 to 1 millimeter in
diameter, but is very porous and thus has a large
surface area. The hydrophobic property of the
amine coating makes each granule more electro-
chemically attractive to hydrocarbons in an
unstable emulsion.
The figure below illustrates the process. The
pressure-sensitive filtering bed is regenerated by
automatic backflushing. This automatic regener-
ation eliminates the expense associated with
regeneration of carbon and similar filtration
media. Recovered hydrocarbons are coalesced
and can thus be removed by simple gravity
separation
Treatment systems incorporating this technology
have been designed for various applications,
including the following:
• Contaminated groundwater pump-and-
treat systems
• In-process oil and water separation
• Filtration systems
• Combined oil and water separator-filter-
coalescer system for on-site waste reduc-
tion and material recovery
• Treatment of marine wastes (bilge and
ballast! waters)
This technology provides cost-effective oil and
water separation, removes free and emulsified
hydrocarbon contaminants, recovers up to 90
percent of ; the dissolved hydrocarbons, and
significantly reduces hydrocarbon loading to air
strippers and carbon systems. The technology
can achieve a concentration of less than 7 parts
per million oil and grease in the treated effluent.
Oleofllter
Pressurized
Feed
Pressurized
Clean Water
Out
Backwash and
Partial Draw
Recycled
Upstream of
Primary
Separator
Backwash
Air In
Backwash
Water In Heat
When Viscous
Hydrocarbons
Handled
Control
Cabinet
Schematic Diagram of the Oleofilter Technology
Page 98
The SITE Program assesses but does not
approve or endorse technologies.
-------
November 1994
Completed Project
WASTE APPLICABILITY:
The amine-coated granules have proven effective
• on a wide variety of hydrocarbons, including
gasoline; crude oil; diesel fuel; benzene, tolu-
ene, ethylbenzene and xylene compounds; and
polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons. The unit
removes chlorinated hydrocarbons such as
pentachlorophenol, polychlorinated biphenyls,
and trichloroethene, as well as vegetable and
animal oils.
STATUS:
This technology was accepted into the SITE
Demonstration Program in December 1992. The
SITE demonstration was completed in June 1994
at the Petroleum Products Corporation site in
Fort Lauderdale, Florida. Detailed demonstra-
tion results will be available in late 1994.
The technology has been used on several full-
scale projects. Several separator-filter-coalescers
are in use treating industrial process waters and
oily washwaters.
FOR FURTHER INFORMATION:
EPA PROJECT MANAGER:
Laurel Staley
U.S. EPA
Risk Reduction Engineering Laboratory
26 West Martin Luther King Drive
Cincinnati, OH 45268
513-569-7863
Fax: 513-569-7620
TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPER CONTACT:
Cathryn Wimberly
Aprotek
3316 Corbin Way
Sacramento, CA 95827
916-366-6165
Fax: 916-366-7873
Separator, Filter, and Coalescer
The SITE Program assesses but does not
approve or endorse technologies.
Page 99
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Technology Profile
DEMONSTRATION PROGRAM
NOVATERRA, INC.
(formerly Toxic TREATMENTS USA, INC.)
(In Situ Steam and Air Stripping)
TECHNOLOGY DESCRIPTION:
This technology uses a transportable treatment
unit called the Detoxifier™ for in situ steam and
air stripping of volatile organic compounds
(VOC) from contaminated soil. The two main
components of the treatment unit are the process
tower and process train (see figure below). The
process tower contains two counter-rotating
hollow-stem drills, each with a modified cutting
bit 5 feet in diameter, capable of operating to a
33-foot depth.
Each drill contains two concentric pipes. The
inner pipe conveys steam to the rotating cutting
blades. The steam is supplied by an oil- or
natural gas-fired boiler at 450 degrees
Fahrenheit (°F) and 450 pounds per square inch
gauge (psig). The outer pipe conveys air at
about 300 °F and 250 psig to the rotating
blades. Steam and air are delivered to the top of
the drills and injected into the soil through
perforations in the cutting blades. The steam
heats the soils, increasing the vapor pressure of
the volatile .contaminants and the rate at which
they can be stripped. Volatile and semivolatile
organic compounds form low boiling point
azeotropes with steam, which significantly
increases removal efficiency.
Both the air and steam convey these contami-
nants to the surface. A metal box, called a
shroud, seals the process area above the rotating
cutter bladeis from the outside environment. A
blower removes the contaminant-laden air and
steam from the shroud, creating a vacuum that
carries the air and steam to the process train.
In the procfess train, the volatile contaminants
and the water vapor are removed from the off-
gas stream;by condensation. The condensed
water is separated from the contaminants by
distillation, then filtered through activated car-
bon beds and subsequently used as make-up
Kelly
Bam
Shrou
Mixing
Blades
i
r
ii
d — \
if
^:
tro-a-cL
1
f
'*'
*
i ' ^^^
h-trcra
/ r», iffar^ 7*
^ Bits
rf
1
11
f
~
i Ror.yoleAir
1 \{ :nmpressnrsr^ 1
i
1 ' Steam
Generator
; Return
Water to Air
Cooling Tower
, A
. ^ Process
* Train
r
Condensed
1 Organios
'Collection
i Tank
— Auaers i
Detoxifier™ Process Schematic
Page 100
The SITE Program assesses but does not
approve or endorse technologies.
-------
November 1994
Completed Project
water for a wet cooling tower. Steam regener-
ates the activated carbon beds and provides heat
for distilling the volatile contaminants from the
condensed liquid stream. The recovered concen-
trated organic liquid can be recycled or used as
an incinerator fuel.
The Detoxifier™ also treats contaminated soil in
situ by injecting a wide range of reactive chemi-
cals into the soil. Chemical injection processes
include stabilization/solidification plus neutral-
ization, oxidation, and bioremediation. The dual
injection capabilities permit additional versatili-
ty; each kelly bar can deliver two materials to
the augers for injection into the soil. The injec-
tion systems replace the process train and are
mounted on the same chassis that supports the
Detoxifier™ drilling tower.
WASTE APPLICABILITY:
This technology can treat VOCs, including
hydrocarbons and solvents, with sufficient vapor
pressure in the soil. The technology is not
limited by soil particle size, initial porosity,
chemical concentration, or viscosity. The
technology also significantly reduces the concen-
tration of semivolatile organic compounds
(SVOC) in soil, primarily by forming steam-
organic azeotropes. This technology also treats
inorganics, heavy metals, and mixed wastes with
stabilization and solidification.
STATUS:
A SITE demonstration was performed in Sep-
tember 1989 at the Annex Terminal, San Pedro,
California. Twelve soil blocks were treated for
VOCs and SVOCs. Liquid samples were col-
lected during the demonstration, and the operat-
ing procedures were closely monitored and
recorded. In January 1990, six blocks that had
been previously treated in the saturated zone
were analyzed by EPA methods 8240 and 8270.
The Applications Analysis Report
(EPA/540/A5-90/008) was published in June
1991. The technology has successfully been
used at five other contaminated sites.
DEMONSTRATION RESULTS:
The SITE technology demonstration yielded the
following results:
• Removal efficiencies were greater than
85 percent for VOCs present in the soil.
• Removal efficiencies were greater than
55 percent for SVOCs present in the
soil.
• Fugitive air emissions from the process
were very low.
• No downward migration of contaminants
resulted from the soil treatment.
• The process treated 3 cubic yards of soil
per hour.
FOR FURTHER INFORMATION:
EPA PROJECT MANAGER:
Paul dePercin
U.S. EPA
Risk Reduction Engineering Laboratory
26 West Martin Luther King Drive
Cincinnati, OH 45268
513-569-7797
Fax: 513-569-7620
TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPER CONTACT:
Phillip LaMori
NOVATERRA, Inc.
1801 Avenue of the Stars
Suite 640
Los Angeles, CA 90067
310-843-3190
Fax: 310-843-3195
The SITE Program assesses but does not
approve or endorse technologies.
Page 101
-------
Technology Profile
DEMONSTRATION PROGRAM
RESOURCES CONSERVATION COMPANY
(B.E.S.T. Solvent Extraction Technology)
TECHNOLOGY DESCRIPTION:
Solvent extraction treats sludges, sediments, and
soils contaminated with a wide range of hazard-
ous contaminants including polychlorinated
biphenyls (PCB), polynuclear aromatic hydrocar-
bons (PAH), pesticides, and herbicides. The
waste matrix is separated into three fractions:
oil, water, and solids. As the fractions separate,
organic contaminants are concentrated hi the oil
fraction. For example, PCBs are concentrated
in the oil fraction, while metals are separated
into the solids fraction. The volume and toxicity
of the original waste is thereby reduced, and the
concentrated waste streams can be efficiently
treated for disposal.
The B.E.S.T. technology is a mobile solvent
extraction system that uses amines (usually
triethylamine) to separate organics from soils
and sludges. Triethylamine is hydrophobic
above 20 degrees; Celsius (°C) and hydrophilic
below 20 °C. This property allows the process
to extract both aqueous and nonaqueous com-
pounds by simply changing the solvent's temper-
ature.
Because triethylamine is flammable in the pres-
ence of oxygen, the treatment system must be
sealed from the atmosphere and operated under
a nitrogen blanket. Before treatment, the waste
material's pH must be raised to greater than 10
so that triethylamine may be conserved and
recycled. The pH may be adjusted by adding
sodium hydroxide. Pretreatment also includes
screening the waste to remove particles larger
than 1 inch, in diameter.
The B.E.S;T. process begins by mixing and
agitating the cold solvent and waste hi a cold
extraction tank (see figure below). Solids from
the cold extraction tank are then transferred to
the extractory dryer vessel. Hydrocarbons and
water in the waste simultaneously solubilize with
the triethylamine, creating a homogeneous
mixture. As the solvent breaks the
oil-water-solid emulsions in the waste, the solids
are released and settle by gravity. The solvent
PRIMARY
EXTRACTION/ i
DEWATERINQ 1
Soli
SOLVENT
RECOVERY
B.E.S.T. Solvent Extraction Technology
Page 102
The SITE Program assesses but does not
approve or endorse technologies.
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November 1994
Completed Project
mixture is decanted from the solids and centri-
fuged to remove fine particles.
The solvent-oil-water mixture is then heated. As
the mixture's temperature increases, the water
separates from the organics and solvent. The
organics-solvent fraction is decanted and sent to
a solvent evaporator, where the solvent is recy-
cled. The organics are discharged for recycling
or disposal. The water passes to a steam strip-
ping column where residual solvent is recovered
for recycling. The water is typically discharged
to a local wastewater treatment plant.
The B.E.S.T. technology is modular, allowing
for on-site treatment. The process significantly
reduces the hydrocarbon concentration hi the
solids. B.E.S.T. also concentrates the contami-
nants into a smaller volume, allowing for effi-
cient final treatment and disposal.
WASTE APPLICABILITY:
The B.E.S.T. technology can remove hydro-
carbon contaminants, such as PCBs, PAHs,
pesticides, and herbicides from sediments,
sludges, or soils. System performance can be
influenced by the presence of detergents and
emulsifiers, low pH materials, and reactivity of
the organics with the solvent.
STATUS:
The B.E.S.T. technology was accepted into the
SITE Demonstration Program in 1987. The
SITE demonstration was completed in July 1992
at the Grand Calumet River site in Gary,
Indiana. The following reports are available
from EPA:
. • Applications Analysis Report
(EPA/540/AR-92/079)
• Technology Evaluation Report - Vol I
(EPA/540/R-92/079a)
• Technology Evaluation Report - Vol II,
Part 1 (EPA/540/R-92/079b)
• Technology Evaluation Report - Vol II,
, Part 2 (EPA/540/R-92/079c)
« Technology Evaluation Report - Vol n,
Part 3 (EPA/540/R-92/079d)
• Technology Demonstration Summary
(EPA/540/SR-92/079)
The first full-scale B.E.S.T. unit was used at the
General Refining Superfund site in Garden City,
Georgia. Solvent extraction is the selected
remedial action at the Ewan Property site hi
New Jersey, the Norwood PCBs site hi
Massachusetts, and is also the preferred
alternative at the F. O'Connor site in Maine.
DEMONSTRATION RESULTS:
The demonstration showed that the B.E.S.T.
process could remove greater than 99 percent
PCBs (treated solids contained less than 2 milli-
grams per kilogram PCBs) found hi river sedi-
ments without using mechanical dewatering
equipment. Comparable removal efficiencies
were noted for PAHs.
FOR FURTHER INFORMATION:
EPA PROJECT MANAGER:
Mark Meckes
U.S. EPA
Risk Reduction Engineering Laboratory
26 West Martin Luther King Drive
Cincinnati, OH 45268
513-569-7348
Fax: 513-569-7676
TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPER CONTACT:
Lanny Weimer
Resources Conservation Company
3630 Cornus Lane
Ellicott City, MD 21042
410-596-6066
Fax:410-465-2887
The SITE Program assesses but does not
approve or endorse technologies.
Page 103
-------
Technology Profile
DEMONSTRATION PROGRAM
RETECH, INC.
(Plasma Arc Vitrification)
TECHNOLOGY DESCRIPTION:
Plasma arc vitrification treatment occurs in a
plasma arc centrifugal treatment (PACT) fur-
nace, where heat from a transferred plasma arc
torch creates a molten bath that detoxifies the
feed material. Solids melt and are vitrified in
the molten bath, while metals are retained in this
phase. When cooled, the resulting product is a
nonleachable, glassy residue which meets toxi-
city characteristic leaching procedure (TCLP)
criteria.
Waste material is fed into a sealed centrifuge
where solids are heated to approximately 3,200
degrees Fahrenheit (°F) and gas temperature is
maintained at a minimum of 1,800 °F by a
plasma torch. Organic material is evaporated
and destroyed. Off-gases travel through a gas-
slag separation chamber to a secondary
combustion chamber, where the temperature is
maintained at over 2,000 °F for about 2
seconds. The off-gases then flow through an
off-gas treatment system.
Loose Material
or Drum Feeder
Inorganic material is reduced to a molten phase
that is uniformly heated and mixed by the centri-
fuge and the plasma arc. Material can be added
in-process to control slag quality. When the
centrifuge slows, the molten material is dis-
charged as a^homogeneous, nonleachable, glassy
slag into a mold or drum in the slag collection
chamber.
The off-gas: treatment system removes particu-
lates, organic vapors, and volatilized metals.
Off-gas monitoring verifies that all applicable
environmental regulations are met. The design
of the off-gas treatment system depends on the
waste material.
The entire system is hermetically sealed and
operated below atmospheric pressure to prevent
leakage of process gases. Pressure relief valves
connected to a closed surge tank provide relief
if gas pressures in the furnace exceed safe
levels. Vented gas is held in the tank and
recycled into the furnace.
Liquid Feed
Lance
Plasma Torch
^—Relief Valve
Primary Chamber
Gas/Slag Separation
Chamber
Off-Gas
System
Slag Collection
Chamber
Plasma Arc Centrifugal Treatment (PACT) Furnace
Page 104
The SITE Program assesses but does not
approve or endorse technologies.
-------
November 7994
Completed Project
WASTE APPLICABILITY:
The technology can process organic and inorgan-
ic wastes. It is most appropriate for mixed,
transuranic, and chemical plant wastes; soil
containing both heavy metals and organics;
incinerator ash; and munitions, sludge, and
hospital waste.
Waste may be loose (shredded or flotation
process) or contained in 55-gallon or 200-liter
drums. It can be in almost any physical form:
liquid, sludge, metal, rock, or sand. Mercury in
the waste is recovered by the off-gas treatment
system.
STATUS:
The PACT-6 furnace, formerly PCF-6, was
demonstrated under the SITE Program in July
1991 at the Component Development and Inte-
gration Facility of the U.S. Department of
Energy in Butte, Montana. During the demon-
stration, the furnace processed about 4,000
pounds of waste. The waste consisted of heavy
metal-bearing soil from Silver Bow Creek Super-
fund site spiked with 28,000 parts per million
(ppm) zinc oxide, 1,000 ppm hexachloroben-
zene, and a 90-to-10 weight ratio of No. 2 diesel
oil. All feed and effluent streams were sampled.
The Demonstration Bulletin
(EPA/540/M5-91/007), Applications Analysis
Report (EPA/540/A5-91/007), and Technology
Evaluation Report (EPA/540/5-91/OOTb) are
available from EPA. During subsequent testing
at the Component Development and Integration
Facility, the PACT-6 furnace achieved the
following results:
• Hexachlorobenzene was at or below
detection limits in all off-gas samples.
The minimum destruction removal
efficiency ranged from 99.9968 percent
to greater than 99.9999 percent.
• The treated material met TCLP stan-
dards for organic and inorganic constitu-
ents.
• The treated material contained a high
percentage of metals in the feed soil.
• Particulates hi the off-gas exceeded the
regulatory standard. The off-gas treat-
ment system is being modified accord-
ingly. Particulate emissions from anoth-
er PACT-8 furnace in Switzerland were
measured at l/200th of the U.S. regula-
tory limit.
• Nitrous oxide (NOJ levels met U.S.
requirements, but can meet stricter
standards. The NOX concentration in the
off-gas from the PACT-8 furnace in
Switzerland was reduced to 19 ppm.
FOR FURTHER INFORMATION:
EPA PROJECT MANAGER:
Laurel Staley
U.S. EPA
Risk Reduction Engineering Laboratory
26 West Martin Luther King Drive
Cincinnati, OH 45268
513-569-7863
Fax: 513-569-7620
TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPER CONTACTS:
Ronald Womack or Leroy Leland
Retech, Inc.
P.O. Box 997
100 Henry Station Road
Ukiah, CA 95482
707-462-6522
Fax: 707-462-4103
The SITE Program assesses but does not
approve or endorse technologies.
Page 105
-------
Technology Profile
DEMONSTRA TION PROGRAM
RISK REDUCTION ENGINEERING LABORATORY
(Base-Catalyzed Decomposition Process)
TECHNOLOGY DESCRIPTION:
The base-catalyzed decomposition (BCD) pro-
cess is a chemical dehalogenation technology
developed by the Risk Reduction Engineering
Laboratory hi Cincinnati, Ohio. BCD is
initiated hi a medium temperature thermal
desorber (MTTD), at temperatures ranging from
600 to 950 degrees Fahrenheit (°F). Chemicals
are added to contaminated soils, sediments, or
sludge matrices containing hazardous chlorinated
organics including polychlorinated biphenyls
(PCB) and polychlorinated dioxins and furans.
BCD then chemically detoxifies the condensed
organic contaminants by removing chlorine from
the contaminant and replacing it with hydrogen.
Because the chlorinated organics have some
volatility, there is a degree of volatilization that
takes place in parallel with chemical dechlori-
nation. The result is a clean, inexpensive,
permanent remedy where all process residuals
(including dehalogenated organics) are recyclable
or recoverable.
ETG Environmental, Inc. (ETG), and Separation
and Recovery Systems (SRS) developed the
THERM-O-DETOX® and SAREX® systems and
combined them with the BCD process chemistry.
The combined process begins by initiating solid
phase dechlorination in the MTTD step (see
figure below). Organics are thermally desorbed
from the matrix, and are condensed and sent to
the BCD liquid tank reactor. Reagents are then
added and heated to 600 to 650 °F for 1 to 3
hours to dechlorinate the remaining organics.
The treated residuals are recycled or disposed of
using standard, commercially available methods,
including solvent reuse and fuel substitution.
Treated, clean soil can be recycled as on-site
backfi!' i
CONTAMINATED
MATERIALS
OR SCREENED SOILS
VAPOR DISCHARGES
BCD SOLIDS REACTOR
MEDIUM TEMPERATURE
THERMAL DESORPTION
(MTTD)
COOLING WATER
VAPOR RECOVERY SYSTEM
OIL WATER CONDENSING
SCRUBBERS SCRUBBERS UNIT
TO I
ATMOSPHERE I
ON-SITE BACKFILL
OR -—-
OFF-SITE DISPOSAL
x
„
:ONDENSER
BCD
LIQUID
REACTOR
(LTR)
&
^* ^
RECYCLED OFF-SITE
O :
Base-Catalyzed Dechlorination (BCD) Process
Page 106
The SITE Program assesses but does not
approve or endorse technologies.
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November 1994
Completed Project
WASTE APPLICABILITY:
The BCD process can treat soils, sediments, and
sludges contaminated with the following chlori-
nated compounds:
• Halogenated volatile organic compounds
• Halogenated semivolatile organic com-
pounds, including herbicides and pesti-
cides
• PCBs
• Pentachlorophenol (PCP)
• Polychlorinated dioxins and furans
STATUS:
The combined BCD process was successfully
demonstrated at the Koppers Company
Superfund Site in Morrisville, North Carolina,
from August through September 1993. The
process removed PCP and polychlorinated
dioxins and furans from clay soils to levels well
below those specified in the Record of Decision.
As a result, EPA Region 4 approved BCD for
the full-scale site remediation.
For information on the SAREX® system, see the
SRS profile in this document.
DEMONSTRATION RESULTS:
The demonstration consisted of four replicate
test runs in the MTTD and two replicate test
runs in the liquid tank reactor (LTR). Feed soil
consisted of a dry, clayey silt which was pro-
cessed at a rate of 250 pounds per hour in the
MTTD at 800 °F; retention time was approxi-
mately one hour. The oil in each LTR test ran
was batch-processed for six hours at 650 °F.
Based on preliminary analytical results, key
findings from the SITE demonstration are sum-
marized as follows:
• The MTTD removed 99 percent of
penta-chlorophenol (PCP), and 92
percent of dioxins and furans in the soil.
• Treated soil met the cleanup goals of 95
parts per million for PCP and 7 parts
per billion for dioxins and furans.
• All semivolatile organic compounds
were well below toxicity characteristic
leaching procedure limits in treated soil.
• The LTR batch tests reduced PCP
concen-trations by 97 percent, and
dioxin and furan concentrations by 99
percent.
FOR FURTHER INFORMATION:
EPA PROJECT MANAGER:
Terrence Lyons
U.S. EPA
Risk Reduction Engineering Laboratory
26 West Martin Luther King Drive
Cincinnati, OH 45268
513-569-7589
Fax: 513-569-7676
TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPER CONTACTS:
Carl Brunner
U.S. EPA
Risk Reduction Engineering Laboratory
26 West Martin Luther King Drive
Cincinnati, OH 45268
513-569-7655
Fax: 513-569-7787 or 7677
Yei-Shong Shieh or Steven Detwiler
ETG Environmental, Inc.
660 Sentry Parkway
Blue Bell, PA 19422
610-832-0700
Fax: 610-828-6976
The SITE Program assesses but does not
approve or endorse technologies.
Page 107
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Technology Profile
DEMONSTRA TION PROGRAM
RISK REDUCTION ENGINEERING LABORATORY
(Volume Reduction Unit)
TECHNOLOGY DESCRIPTION:
The volume reduction unit (VRU) is a pilot-
scale, mobile soil washing system designed to
remove organic contaminants from soil through
particle size separation and solubilization. The
VRU can process 100 pounds of soil (dry
weight) per hour.
The process subsystems include soil handling
and conveying, soil washing and coarse screen-
ing, fine particle separation, flocculation/
clarification, water treatment, and utilities. The
VRU is controlled and monitored with conven-
tional industrial process instrumentation and
hardware.;
WASTE APPLICABILITY:
The VRU can treat soils that contain organics
such as creosote, pentachlorophenol (PCP),
pesticides, polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons
(PAH), volatile organic compounds, semivolatile
organic compounds, and metals.
Storage Water Healer,
Makeup Water Tank
Office/Lab
Decon traitor
Electric Generator Floc-Clarllier
Filler Pccfcaga
"V\ Grialy
Screened Soil Fractions
Typical VRU Operational Setup
Page 1O8
The SITE Program assesses but does not
approve or endorse technologies.
-------
No vember 1994
Completed Project
STATUS:
The VRU was accepted into the SITE Demon-
stration Program in summer 1992. The demon-
stration was conducted hi November 1992 at the
former Escambia Treating Company in
Pensacola, Florida. The facility used PCP and
creosote PAHs to treat wood products from
1943 to 1982. The Applications Analysis Report
(EPA/540/AR-93/508) is available from EPA.
DEMONSTRATION RESULTS:
During the demonstration, the VRU operated at
a feed rate of approximately 100 pounds per
hour and a wash water-to-feed ratio of about 6
to 1. The following physical wash water condi-
tions were created by varying the surfactant, pH,
and temperature:
• Condition 1 - no surfactant, no pH
adjustment, no temperature adjustment
• Condition 2 - surfactant addition, no pH
adjustment, no temperature adjustment
• Condition 3 - surfactant addition, pH ad-
justment, and temperature adjustment
The table below summarizes the preliminary
analytical data.
FOR FURTHER INFORMATION:
EPA PROJECT MANAGER:
Teri Richardson
U.S. EPA
Risk Reduction Engineering Laboratory
26 West Martin Luther King Drive
Cincinnati, OH 45268
513-569-7949
Fax: 513-569-7620
TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPER CONTACT:
Richard Griffiths
U.S. EPA
Risk Reduction Engineering Laboratory
Building 10, MS-104
2890 Woodbridge Avenue
Edison, NJ 08837-3679
908-321-6629
Fax: 908-321-6640
Average PCP Removal
Average PAH Removal
Feed soil returned as washed soil
Mass balance of total mass
Mass balance of PCPs
Mass balance of PAHs
Condition (%)
1
80
79
96
104
108
87
2
93
84
96
113
60
60
3
97
96
81
98
24
17
Preliminary Data
The SITE Program assesses but does not
approve or endorse technologies.
Page 109
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Technology Profile
DEMONSTRATION PROGRAM
RISK REDUCTION ENGINEERING LABORATORY
AND IT CORPORATION
(Debris Washing System)
TECHNOLOGY DESCRIPTION:
This technology was developed by EPA's Risk
Reduction Engineering Laboratory (RREL) and
IT Corporation (IT) for on-site decontamination
of metallic and masonry debris at Comprehen-
sive Environmental Response, Compensation and
Liability Act sites. The full-scale debris wash-
ing system (DWS) consists of dual 4,000-gallon
spray-wash chambers that are connected to a
detergent solution holding tank and rinse water
holding tank. Debris is placed into one of two
1,200-pound baskets, which in turn is placed
into one of the spray-wash chambers using a 5-
ton crane integral to the DWS. If debris pieces
are large enough, the crane places the debris
directly into one of the two chambers. Process
water is heated to 160 degrees Fahrenheit using
a diesel-fired, 2,000,000-British-thermal-unit-
Baiket
per-hour (Btu/hr) water heater and is continuous-
ly reconditioned using particulate filters, an
oil/water separator, and other devices such as
charcoal columns or ion exchange columns.
About 8,000 to 10,000 gallons of water is
required for the decontamination process. The
system is controlled by an operator stationed in
a trailer-mounted control room. The entire
system is mounted on three 48-foot flatbed semi-
trailers and can be readily transported from site
to site.
WASTE APPLICABILITY:
The DWS can be applied on site to various types
of debris (scrap metal, masonry, or other solid
debris such as stones) contaminated with hazard-
ous chemicals such as pesticides, dioxins, poly-
chlorinated biphenyls (PCB), or hazardous
metals.
Basket
Large Debris
Loading
Large Debris
Loadhg
..--. Slept-WashCyde
_ _ Step 2-SprayCycle
. Step 3-Rinse Cyde
• Water Treatment Step
rfj&Pump
Pilot-Scale Debris Washing System
Page 110
The SITE Program assesses but does not
approve or endorse technologies.
-------
Novembar 1994-
Completed Project
STATUS:
The first pilot-scale tests were performed in
September 1988 at the Carter Industrial
Superfund site in Detroit, Michigan. PCB
reductions averaged 58 percent in batch 1 and 81
percent in batch 2. Design changes based on
these tests were made to the DWS before addi-
tional field testing.
An upgraded pilot-scale DWS was tested at a
PCB-contaminated Superfund site in
Hopkinsville, Kentucky, in December 1989.
PCB levels on the surfaces of metallic trans-
former casings were reduced to less than or
equal to 10 micrograms PCB per 100 square
centimeters (/Ltg/cm2). All 75 contaminated
transformer casings on site were decontaminated
to EPA cleanup criteria and sold to a scrap
metal dealer.
The DWS was also field tested in August 1990
at the Shaver's Farm Superfund site in Walker
County, Georgia. The contaminants of concern
were benzonitrile and Dicamba. After being cut
into sections, 55-gallon drums were decon-
taminated in the DWS. Benzonitrile and Dicam-
ba levels on the drum surfaces were reduced
from the average pretreatment concentrations; of
4,556 and 23 /ig/100 cm2 to average con-
centrations of 10 and 1 /*g/100 cm2, respec-
tively.
Results have been published in a Technology
EvaluationReport (EPA/540/5-91/006a), entitled
"Design and Development of a Pilot-Scale
Debris Decontamination System."
A manual version of the full-scale DWS was
used to treat PCB-contaminated scrap metal at
the Summit Scrap Yard in Akron, Ohio.
During the 4-month site remediation, 3,000 tons
of PCB-contaminated scrap metal (motors, cast
iron blocks) were cleaned on site. The target
level of 7.7 /ig/100 cm2 or less was met, in most
cases, after a single treatment with the DWS.
The cleaned scrap was purchased by a scrap
smelter for $52/ton. The net costs for the on-
site debris decontamination ranged from $50 to
$75 per ton.
The automated, trailer-mounted DWS is sched-
uled for deployment to a hazardous waste site in
The Netherlands for an initial demonstration of
the new system. RREL and IT estimate that the
system can decontaminate 50 to 120 tons of
typical debris per day.
FOR FURTHER INFORMATION:
EPA PROJECT MANAGER:
Donald Sanning
U.S. EPA
Risk Reduction Engineering Laboratory
26 West Martin Luther King Drive
Cincinnati, OH 45268
513-569-7875
Fax: 513-569-7620
TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPER CONTACTS:
Michael Taylor or Majid Dosani
IT Corporation
11499 Chester Road
Cincinnati, OH 45246-4012
513-782-4700
Fax: 513-782-4807
The SITE Program assesses but does not
approve or endorse technologies.
Page 111
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Technology Profile
DEMONSTRATION PROGRAM
RISK REDUCTION ENGINEERING LABORATORY
and USDA FOREST PRODUCTS LABORATORY
(Fungal Treatment Technology)
TECHNOLOGY DESCRIPTION:
This biological treatment system uses white rot
fungi to treat soils in situ. These lignin-degrad-
ing fungi bioremediate certain organic con-
taminants.
Organic materials inoculated with the fungi are
mechanically mixed into the contaminated soil.
Using enzymes normally produced for wood
degradation as well as other enzyme systems, the
fungi break down soil contaminants.
Because this technology uses a living organism,
the greatest degree of success occurs with opti-
mal growing conditions. Moisture control is
necessary, and temperature and aeration may
also be controlled. Organic nutrients such as
peat may be added to soils deficient in organic
carbon.
WASTE APPLICABILITY:
This biological treatment system was initially
developed to treat soil contaminated with chemi-
cals found in the wood preserving industry.
These contaminants include chlorinated organics
and polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH).
The system may remediate different contami-
nants and combinations of contaminants with
varying degrees of success. In particular, the
SITE Demonstration Program evaluated how
well white rot fungi degrades pentachlorophenol
(PCP) in combination with creosote PAHs.
STATUS:1
This biological treatment system was accepted
into the SITE Demonstration Program in April
1991. In September 1991, a treatability study
was conducted at the Brookhaven Wood Preserv-
ing site in Brookhaven, Mississippi. Site soils
were contaminated with 700 parts per million
(ppm) PCP and 4,000 ppm PAH. Study results
showed that one lignin-degrading fungus re-
moved 89 percent of PCP and 70 percent of
total PAHs during a 2-month period.
A full-scale demonstration of this fungus was
completed in November 1992 to obtain
economic data. The Demonstration Bulletin
(EPA/540/MR-93/505) is available from EPA.
i
The full-scale project involved a 1/4-acre plot of
contaminated soil and two smaller control plots.
The soil was inoculated with Phanaerochaete
sordida, a species of white rot fungus. No
woodchips or other bulking agents were added to
the prepared soil. Field activities included
tilling and watering all plots. No nutrients were
added. ',
In Situ White Rot Fungal Treatment of Contaminated Soil
Page 112
The SITE Program assesses but does not
approve or endorse technologies.
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November 1994
Completed Project
Air emissions data showed no significant hazards
to field technicians due to soil tilling activities.
Contaminated soil, underlying sand, and leachate
had no significant contamination.
Initial results showed a 70 percent reduction in
contaminants, both in the plot containing the
fungal treatment and in the plot containing a
nonfungal, organic amendment. Unidentified,
indigenous fungal species may have significantly
reduced contaminants in the nonfungal plot.
About 13 percent of contamination was removed
from the nonamended (soil-only) control plot.
DEMONSTRATION RESULTS:
Some key findings from the demonstration are as
follows:
• Levels of PCP and the target PAHs
found in the underlying sand layer and
the leachate from each of the plots were
insignificant, indicating low teachability
and loss of these contaminants due to
periodic irrigation of the soil and heavy
rainfall.
• Levels of PCP, the target PAHs, and
dioxins in the active air samples
collected during the soil tilling events
were insignificant, indicating a very low
potential for airborne contaminant
transport.
FOR FURTHER INFORMATION:
EPA PROJECT MANAGER:
Teri Richardson
U.S. EPA
Risk Reduction Engineering Laboratory
26 West Martin Luther King Drive
Cincinnati, OH 45268
513-569-7949
Fax: 513-569-7620
TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPER CONTACTS:
John Glaser
U.S. EPA
Risk Reduction Engineering Laboratory
26 West Martin Luther King Drive
Cincinnati, OH 45268
513-569-7568
Fax: 513-569-7105
Richard Lamar
USDA Forest Products Laboratory
One Gifford Pinchot Drive
Madison, WI 53705-2398
608-231-9469
Fax: 608-231-9262
The SITE Program assesses but does not
approve or endorse technologies.
Page 113
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Technology Profile
DEMONSTRATION PROGRAM
RISK REDUCTION ENGINEERING LABORATORY,
THE UNIVERSITY OF CINCINNATI, and FRX, INC.
(Hydraulic Fracturing)
TECHNOLOGY DESCRIPTION:
Hydraulic fracturing is a physical process that
creates fractures in soils to enhance fluid or
vapor flow hi the subsurface. The technology
places fractures at discreet depths with hydraulic
pressurization at the base of a borehole. These
fractures are placed at specific locations and
depths to increase the effectiveness of treatment
technologies such as soil vapor extraction, in
situbioremediation, andpump-and-treat systems.
The technology is designed to enhance remedi-
ation in less permeable geologic formations.
The fracturing process begins by injecting water
into a sealed borehole until the water pressure
exceeds a critical value and a fracture is nucleat-
ed (see photograph below). A slurry composed
of a coarse-grained sand, or other granular
material, and guar gum gel is then injected as
the fracture grows away from the well. After
pumping, the grains hold the fracture open while
an enzyme additive breaks down the viscous
fluid. The thinned fluid is pumped from the
fracture, forming a permeable subsurface chan-
nel suitable for delivering or recovering a vapor
or liquid. These fractures function as pathways
for fluid movement, potentially increasing the
effective area available for remediation.
The hydraulic fracturing process is used in
conjunction with soil vapor extraction tech-
nology to enhance recovery of contaminated soil
vapors. Hydraulic fractures have recently been
used to improve recovery of light non-aqueous
phase liquids by increasing recovery of free
product and controlling the influence of under-
lying water. Hydraulically-induced fractures are
used as channels for fluids and nutrients during
in situ bio-remediation. The technology has the
potential to deliver solids useful in bioreme-
diation to the subsurface. Solid nutrients or
oxygen-releasing granules can be injected into
the fractures.
Real time techniques for measuring ground
surface deformation have been developed to
monitor the fracture positions in the subsurface.
Hydraulic Fracturing Process (Well is at Center of Photograph)
Page 114
The SITE Program assesses but does not
approve or endorse technologies. ,
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November 7994
Completed Project
WASTE APPLICABILITY:
Hydraulic fracturing is appropriate for enhancing
soil and groundwater remediation. The tech-
nology can channel contaminants or wastes for
soil vapor extraction, bioremediation, or pump-
and-treat systems.
STATUS:
The hydraulic fracturing technology entered the
SITE Demonstration Program in July 1991.
Demonstrations have been conducted in Oak
Brook, Illinois, and Dayton, Ohio. The hydrau-
lic fracturing process has been integrated with
soil vapor extraction at the Illinois site and with
in situ bioremediation at the Ohio site. The
project was completed in September 1992. The
Technology Evaluation and Applications Analy-
sis reports were published under one cover
(EPA/540/R-93/505). The Technology Demon-
stration Summary (EPA/540/SR-93/505) is also
available. FRX, Inc., has conducted additional
demonstrations of hydraulic fractures.
DEMONSTRATION RESULTS:
The first demonstration was conducted at a
Xerox Corporation site in Oak Brook, Illinois,
where a vapor extraction system has been oper-
ating since early 1991. The site is contaminated
with ethylbenzene, 1,1-dichloroethane,
trichloroethene, tetrachloroethane, 1,1,1-trichlo-
roethane, toluene, and xylene. In July 1991,
hydraulic fractures were created in two of the
four wells, at depths of 6, 10, and 15 feet below
ground surface. The vapor flow rate, soil
vacuum, and contaminant yields from the frac-
tured and unfractured wells were monitored
regularly. Results from this demonstration are
as follows:
• Over a one year period, the vapor yield
from hydraulically fractured wells was
one order of magnitude greater than
from unfractured wells.
• The hydraulically fractured wells
enhanced remediation over an area 30
times greater than the unfractured wells.
• The presence of pore water decreased
the vapor yield from wells; therefore,
water must be prevented from
infiltrating areas where vapor extraction
is underway.
The technology was also demonstrated at a site
near Dayton, Ohio, where in situ bioremediation
was cleaning up an underground storage tank
spill. The site is contaminated with benzene,
toluene, ethylbenzene, and xylene (BTEX), and
other petroleum hydrocarbons. In August 1991,
hydraulic fractures were created in one of two
wells at 4, 6, 8, and 10 feet below ground
surface. Sampling was conducted before the
demonstration and twice during the demon-
stration at locations 5, 10, and 15 feet north of
the fractured and unfractured wells. Results
from this demonstration are as follows:
• The flow of water into the fractured well
was two orders of magnitude greater
than in the unfractured well.
• The bioremediation rate near the
fractured well was 75 percent higher for
BTEX and 77 percent higher for total
petroleum hydrocarbons compared to the
rates near the unfractured well.
FOR FURTHER INFORMATION:
EPA PROJECT MANAGER:
Michael Roulier
U.S. EPA
Risk Reduction Engineering Laboratory
26 West Martin Luther King Drive
Cincinnati, OH 45268
513-569-7796
Fax: 513-569-7620
TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPER CONTACT:
William Slack
FRX Inc.
P.O. Box 37945
Cincinnati, OH 45222
513-556-2526
Fax: 513-556-2522
The SITE Program assesses but does not
approve or endorse technologies.
Page 115
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Technology Profile
DEMONSTRATION PROGRAM
ROCHEM SEPARATION SYSTEMS, INC.
(Rochem Disc Tube™ Module System)
TECHNOLOGY DESCRIPTION:
The Rochem Disc Tube™ Module System uses
membrane separation to treat aqueous solutions
ranging from seawater to leachate contaminated
with organic solvents. The system uses osmosis
through a semipermeable membrane to separate
pure water from contaminated liquids.
Osmotic theory implies that a saline solution
may be separated from pure water by a semiper-
meable membrane. The higher osmotic pressure
of the salt solution (because of its higher salt
concentration) causes the water (and other
compounds having high diffusion rates through
the selected membrane) to diffuse through the
membrane into the salt water. Water will con-
tinue to permeate into the salt solution until the
osmotic pressure of the salt solution equals the
osmotic pressure of the pure water. At this
point, the salt concentrations of the two solutions
are equal, .eliminating any additional driving
force for mass transfer across the membrane.
However, if an external pressure is exerted on
the salt solution, water will flow in the reverse
direction from the salt solution into the pure
water.
This phenomenon, known as reverse osmosis
(RO), can separate pure water from contaminat-
CENTRIRJGAL
PUMP
PRE-FILTER
SYSTEM
"HIGH-PRESSURE
FEED PUMP
REVERSE bsMOSIS MODULE BLOCK
-J '
LEGEND
Indicates Permeate
Row Path
Indicates Brine
Flow Path
HIGH-PRESSURE
BOOSTER PUMP
HIGH PRESSURE R
HIGH-PRESSURE
BOOSTER PUMP
120 Bar
REVERSE OSMOSIS MO
DULE BLOCK
PERMEATE
TANK
Three Stage Reverse Osmosis Flow Path Diagram
Page 116
The SITE Program assesses but does not
approve or endorse technologies.
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November 7994
Completed Project
ed matrices. RO can treat hazardous wastes by
concentrating the hazardous chemical constitu-
ents in an aqueous brine, while recovering pure
water on the other side of the membrane.
Fluid dynamics and system construction result in
an open-channel, fully turbulent feed and
water-flow system. This configuration prevents
accumulation of suspended solids on the separa-
tion membranes, ensuring high efficiency filtra-
tion for water and contaminants. Also, the
design of the disc tubes allows for easy cleaning
of the filtration medium, providing a long ser-
vice life for the system's membrane components.
A general schematic of the RO equipment as it
will be applied at the SITE demonstration is
provided in the figure on the previous page.
Waste feed, process permeate, and rinsewater
are potential feed materials to the RO modules.
The modules are skid-mounted and consist of a
tank and a high-pressure feed system. The high-
pressure feed system consists of a centrifugal
feed pump, a prefilter cartridge housing, and a
triplex plunger pump to feed the RO modules.
The processing units are self-contained and need
only electrical and interconnection process
piping before operation.
WASTE APPLICABILITY:
Many types of waste material can be treated with
this system, including sanitary and hazardous
landfill leachate containing both organic and
inorganic chemical species.
STATUS:
This technology was accepted into the SITE
Demonstration Program in July 1991. A
Demonstration was conducted in August 1994 at
the Central Landfill Superfund Site in Johnston,
Rhode Island. The system cleaned up landfill
leachate from a hazardous waste landfill.
During the demonstration, approximately 4
gallons per minute of contaminated waste was
processed over a 3-week period. All feed and
residual effluent streams were sampled to
evaluate the performance of this technology.
Results from the demonstration will be available
in spring 1995.
FOR FURTHER INFORMATION:
EPA PROJECT MANAGER:
Douglas Grosse
U.S. EPA
Risk Reduction Engineering Laboratory
26 West Martin Luther King Drive
Cincinnati, OH 45268
513-569-7844
Fax: 513-569-7676
TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPER CONTACT:
David LaMonica
Rochem Separation Systems, Inc.
3904 Del Amo Boulevard, Suite 801
Torrance, CA 90503
310-370-3160
Fax: 310-370-4988
The SITE Program assesses but does not
approve or endorse technologies.
Page 117
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Technology Profile
DEMONSTRATION PROGRAM
RUST REMEDIAL SERVICES, INC.
(formerly offered by CHEMICAL WASTE MANAGEMENT, INC.)
(X*TRAX™ Thermal Desorption)
TECHNOLOGY DESCRIPTION:
The X*TRAX™ technology is a patented thermal
desorption process that removes organic contam-
inants from soils, sludges, and other solid media
(see photograph below). X*TRAX™ is not,
however, an incinerator or a pyrolysis system.
Chemical oxidation and reactions are discour-
aged by maintaining an inert environment and
low treatment temperatures. Combustion by-
products are riot formed hi X*TRAX™, as
neither a flame nor combustion gases are present
in the desorption chamber.
The organic contaminants are removed as a
condensed liquid, which is characterized by a
high heat rating. This liquid may then be de-
stroyed hi a permitted incinerator or used as a
supplemental fuel. Because of low operating
temperatures of 400 to 1,200 degrees Fahrenheit
(°F) and low gas flow rates, this process offers
cost effective treatment of contaminated media.
An externally-fired rotary dryer volatilizes the
water and organic contaminants from the conta-
minated media into an inert carrier gas stream.
The processed solids are then cooled with water
to eliminate dusting. The solids can then be re-
placed and compacted in their original locations.
The inert' nitrogen carrier gas transports the
organic contaminants and water vapor out of the
dryer. It flows through a duct to the gas
treatment system, where organic vapors, water
vapors', and dust particles are removed and
recovered. The gas first passes through a high-
energy scrubber, which removes dust particles
and 10 to 30 percent of the organic contami-
nants. The gas then passes through two con-
densers in series, where it is cooled to less than
40 °F.
Full-Scale X*TRAX™ System
Page 118
The SITE Program assesses but does not
approve or endorse technologies.
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November 1994
Completed Project
Most of the carrier gas is reheated and recycled
to the dryer. About 5 to 10 percent of the gas
is separated from the main stream, passed
through a particulate filter and a carbon adsorp-
tion system, and then discharged to the atmo-
sphere. This discharge allows addition of make-
up nitrogen to the system to keep oxygen
concentrations below 4 percent (typically below
1 percent). The discharge also helps maintain a
small negative pressure within the system and
prevents potentially contaminated gases from
leaking. The volume of gas released from this
process vent is approximately 700 times less
than an equivalent capacity incinerator.
WASTE APPLICABILITY:
The X*TRAX™ process removes 1) chlorinated
and non-chlorinated volatiles and semi-volatiles,
such as solvents, polychlorinated biphenyls
(PCB), and dioxins; 2) organics; and 3) heavy
metals such as mercury, from soils, sludges, and
sediments. X*TRAX™has successfully removed
PCBs from soil in a full-scale demonstration;
bench- and pilot-scale systems have removed a
variety of contaminants from soils, sludges, aind
sediments. In most cases, volatile organics are
reduced to below 1 part per million (ppm), aind
frequently to below the laboratory detection
level. Semivolatile organics are typically
reduced to less than 10 ppm and frequently
below 1 ppm. Soils containing 120 to 24,000
ppm PCB have been reduced to less than 2 ppm.
Removal efficiencies from 96 to over 99 percent
have been demonstrated for soils contaminated
with various organic pesticides. Mercury has
been reduced from 5,100 ppm to 1.3 ppm. For
most materials, the system can process 120 to
280 tons per day.
STATUS:
This technology was accepted into the SITE
Demonstration Program in summer 1989. The
full-scale X*TRAX™ system, Model 200, suc-
cessfully remediated 53,000 tons of PCB-conta-
minated soil at the Re-Solve, Inc., Superfund
site in Massachusetts. The system has.treated up
to 280 tons of soil per day to less than 2 ppm
PCB; the site's treatment standard is 25 ppm.
EPA conducted a SITE demonstration in May
1992, during this remediation. During the
demonstration, the system operated reliably.
Average PCB concentrations in the treated soils
were 0.13 milligrams per kilogram; no dioxins
or dibenzofurans were formed during treatment.
The vent gas met all appropriate permit require-
ments and emitted less than 0.4 grams of orga-
nics per day to the atmosphere. The Applica-
tions Analysis Report will be published in late
1994.
RUST Remedial Services currently has
laboratory-, pilot-, and full-scale X*TRAX™
systems. Two laboratory-scale, continuous pilot
systems are available for treatability studies.
Both systems are operated at RUST's Clemson
Technical in South Carolina: one treats mixed
Resource Conservation and Recovery Act
(RCRA)/radioactive wastes; the other treats
RCRA and Toxic Substances Control Act
wastes. More than 108 tests have been
completed since January 1988.
FOR FURTHER INFORMATION:
EPA PROJECT MANAGER:
Paul dePercin
U.S. EPA
Risk Reduction Engineering Laboratory
26 West Martin Luther King Drive
Cincinnati, OH 45268
513-569-7797
Fax: 513-569-7620
TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPER CONTACT:
Chetan Trivedi
RUST Remedial Services, Inc.
7250 West College Drive
Palos Heights, IL 60463
708-361-7520/8400
Fax: 708-361-9545
The SITE Program assesses but does not
approve or endorse technologies.
Page 119
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Technology Profile
DEMONSTRATION PROGRAM
SBP TECHNOLOGIES, INC.
(Membrane Filtration and Bioremediation)
TECHNOLOGY DESCRIPTION:
SBP Technologies, Inc. (SBP), has developed a
hazardous waste treatment system consisting of
1) a membrane filtration unit that extracts and
concentrates contaminants from groundwater,
surface water, wash water, or slurries, and 2) a
bioremediation system that treats concentrated
groundwater, wash water, and soil slurries (see
photograph below). These two systems treat a
wide range of waste materials separately or as
parts of an integrated waste handling system.
The membrane filtration unit removes and con-
centrates contaminants by pumping contaminated
liquids through porous stainless-steel tubes
coated with specifically formulated membranes.
Contaminants are collected inside the tube
membrane, while "clean" water permeates the
membrane 'and tubes. Depending on local
requirements and regulations, the clean permeate
can be discharged to the sanitary sewer for
further treatment at a publicly owned treatment
works (POTW). The concentrated contaminants
are collected in a holding tank and fed to the
bioreactor system.
Contaminated water or slurry can also feed
directly into the bioreactor and be polished with
the membrane filtration unit. The bioreactor, or
series of bioreactors, are inoculated with special-
ly-selected, usually indigenous microorganisms
to produce effluent with low to nondetectable
contaminant levels. Integrating the two units
allows removal and destruction of many contam-
inants.
Membrane Filtration and Bioremediation
Page 120
The SITE Program assesses but does not
approve or endorse technologies.
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November 1994
Completed Project
WASTE APPLICABILITY:
The membrane filtration system concentrates
contaminants and reduces the volume of contam-
inated materials from a number of waste
streams, including contaminated groundwater,
surface water, storm water, landfill leachates,
and industrial process wastewater.
The bioremediation system can treat a wide
range of organic contamination, especially
wood-preserving wastes and solvents. A modi-
fied version can also treat polynuclear aromatic
hydrocarbons (PAH) such as creosote and coal
tar; pentachlorophenol; petroleum hydrocarbons;
and chlorinated aliphatics, such as
trichloroethene.
The two technologies can be used separately or
combined, depending on site characteristics and
waste treatment needs. For example, on waste-
waters or slurries contaminated with inorganics
or materials not easily bioremediated, the mem-
brane filtration unit can separate the material for
treatment by another process. Both the mem-
brane filtration system and the bioremediation
system can be used as part of a soil cleaning
system to handle residuals and contaminated
liquids.
STATUS:
The membrane filtration system, accepted into
the SITE Program in 1990, was demonstrated in
October 1991 at the American Creosote Works
in Pensacola, Florida.
A full-scale SITE Program demonstration of the
bioremediation system was cancelled. However,
a smaller-scale field study was conducted at the
site; results are available through the developer.
A demonstration bulletin describing the
membrane filtration performance is available
(EPA/540/MR-92/014) from EPA.
SBP is marketing its bioremediation and mem-
brane filtration systems to industrial and govern-
mental clients for on-site treatment of contami-
nated soil, sludge, and water.
DEMONSTRATION RESULTS:
Results from the SITE demonstration are
summarized as follows:
• The system effectively concentrated the
PAHs into a smaller volume.
• The process removed 95 percent of the
PAHs found in creosote from the feed
and produced a permeate stream that
was acceptable for discharge to a
publicly owned treatment works facility.
• The membrane removed 25 to 35
percent of smaller phenolic compounds.
• The system removed an average of
about 80 percent of the total
concentrations of creosote constituents
(phenolics and PAHs) in the feedwater
and permeate.
FOR FURTHER INFORMATION:
EPA PROJECT MANAGER:
John Martin
U.S. EPA
Risk Reduction Engineering Laboratory "
26 West Martin Luther King Drive
Cincinnati, OH 45268
513-569-7758
Fax: 513-569-7620
TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPER CONTACT:
Clayton Page
SBP Technologies, Inc.
6149 North Shore Drive
Baton Rouge, LA 70817
504-753-5255
Fax: 504-753-5256
The SITE Program assesses but does not
approve or endorse technologies.
Page 121
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Technology Profile
DEMONSTRATION PROGRAM
J.R. SIMPLOT
(The SABRE™ Process)
TECHNOLOGY DESCRIPTION:
Anaerobic microbial mixtures have been discov-
ered that degrade both dinoseb (2-sec-butyl-4,6-
dinitrophenol) and trinitrotoluene (TNT). These
microbes completely degrade their target mole-
cules to simple nonaromatic products within a
few days.
The Simplot Anaerobic Biological Remediation
(SABRE™) process offers reduced liability from
on-sitebioremediation of soils contaminated with
the pesticide dinoseb or nitroaromatic explo-
sives. The biodegradation process begins when
contaminated soil is placed in a bioreactor with
water hi a one-to-one ratio by weight. Small
amounts of phosphorus buffers, a source of
carbon (a J.R. Simplot potato waste by-product),
and a consortium of enhanced nitro-aromatic-
degrading anaerobic bacteria are introduced to
the bioreactor. The developer continuously
monitors the bioreactor temperature, pH, and
redox potential.
Mixing systems have been engineered to
accommodate most soil types and bioreactor
sizes. System design is site-specific and
determined by treatability studies.
WASTE APPLICABILITY:
This technology is designed to treat soils con-
taminated with nitroaromatic pollutants.
STATUS:
This technology was accepted into the SITE
Emerging Technology Program in January 1990.
Based on bench- and pilot-scale results from the
Emerging Technology Program, this technology
was accepted in the SITE Demonstration Pro-
gram in winter 1992.
The technology was demonstrated on TNT at
The Weldon Spring Ordnance Works, an aban-
doned explosives manufacturing site in Weldon
Spring, Missouri. The demonstration began in
late September 1993 and was completed in
February 1994. Final results of the Weldon
Spring demonstration will be available in late
1994. I .
Preliminary results show reductions of TNT
from average concentrations of 1507 parts per
million (ppm) to an average of 11 ppm, for an
average removal rate of 99.27 percent. The
Weldon Spring demonstration shows the effec-
The SABRE™ Process for Remediation of Dinoseb
at Ellensburg, Washington
Page 122
The SITE Program assesses but does not
approve or endorse technologies.
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November 1994
Completed Project
tiveness of this process even in unfavorable
conditions. The demonstration was delayed by
unseasonably cool ambient temperatures;
temperatures in the bioreactor were as low as 4
degrees Celsius (°C). Ideal temperatures for the
Simplot process are from 35 to 37 °C.
The technology was demonstrated on dinoseb at
Bowers Field in Ellensburg, Washington, and
was completed in July 1993. Detailed demon-
stration results will be available in late 1994. In
the field, dinoseb was reduced from 27.3 ppm to
below the detection limit, or a greater than 99.8
percent removal.. Other pesticides were also
degraded in this process, highlighting the effec-
tiveness of the process even in the presence of
co-contaminants. The process was completed in
23 days in spite of 18 °C temperatures. Toxi-
city studies are being performed on the TNT
soil; results are pending.
FOR FURTHER INFORMATION:
EPA PROJECT MANAGER:
Wendy Davis-Hoover, Ph.D.
U.S. EPA
Risk Reduction Engineering Laboratory
26 West Martin Luther King Drive
Cincinnati, OH 45268
513-569-7206
Fax: 513-569-7879
TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPER CONTACT:
Russell Kaake
J.R. Simplot
P.O. Box 912
Pocatello, ID 83204
208-234-5367
Fax: 208-234-5339
Contaminated
Soil
i
f
Carbon
Source
Homogenization
Water
Vibrating
Screen
i
f
Contaminated
Oversize
Clean
Oversize
Contaminated
Water
Contaminated
Soil
>•
Y v
Bioreactor
pH Buffer
& Nutrient
Supplements
Schematic Diagram of the SABRE™ Process
The SITE Program assesses but does not
approve or endorse technologies.
Page 123
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Technology Profile
DEMONSTRATION PROGRAM
SOILTECH ATP SYSTEMS, INC.
(Anaerobic Thermal Processor)
TECHNOLOGY DESCRIPTION:
The SoilTech ATP Systems, Inc. (SoilTech),
anaerobic thermal processor (ATP) uses a rotary
kiln unit to desorb, collect, and recondense
contaminants from feed material (see figure
below). The ATP can also be used in conjunc-
tion with a dehalogenation process to chemically
destroy halogenated hydrocarbons at elevated
temperatures.
The proprietary kiln contains four separate inter-
nal thermal zones: preheat, retort, combustion,
and cooling. In the preheat zone, water and
volatile organic compounds (VOC) are vaporiz-
ed. The hot solids and heavy hydrocarbons then
pass through a proprietary sand seal to the retort
zone. The sand seal allows solids to pass and
inhibits gas and contaminant movement from one
zone to the other. Concurrently, hot treated soil
from the combustion zone enters the retort zone
through a second sand seal. This hot treated soil
provides the thermal energy necessary to desorb
the heavy organic contaminants. The vaporized
contaminants are removed under slight vacuum
to the gas handling system. After cyclones
remove dust from the gases, the gases are
cooled, and condensed oil and water are separat-
ed into their various fractions.
The coked soil passes through a third sand seal
from the retort zone to the combustion zone.
Some ofxthe hot treated soil is recycled to the
retort zone through the second sand seal as
previously described. The remainder of the soil
enters the cooling zone.
As the hot combusted soil enters the cooling
zone, it is cooled in the annular space between
the outside of the preheat zone and the kiln
shell. Here, .the heat from the combusted soils
is transferred indirectly to the soils in the
preheat zone. The cooled, treated soil exiting
the cooling zone is quenched with water and
conveyed to a storage pile.
Flue gases from the combustion zone pass
through the cooling zone to an emission control
system. The system consists of a cyclone and
baghouse to remove particulates, a wet scrubber
to remove acid gases, and a carbon adsorption
bed to remove trace organic compounds.
CLEAN
STACK GAS
DISCHARGE TO
ATMOSPHERE
CLEAN SOILTO
BACKFILL OR OFF-SITE
LANDFILL
(NON-HAZARDOUS)
FEED
Anaerobic Thermal Processor (ATP)
Page 124
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When the ATP system dechlorinates contami-
nants, an oil mixture containing alkaline
dehalogenation reagents is sprayed on the con-
taminated soil as it enters the preheat zone. The
reagents dehalogenate or chemically break down
chlorinated compounds, including polychlori-
nated biphenyls (PCS), in the ATP system.
WASTE APPLICABILITY:
The ATP system was originally developed to
recover oil from tar sands and shales. The
system is now also used to dechlorinate PCBs
and chlorinated pesticides in soils and sludges;
to separate oils and water from refinery wastes
and spills; and, in general, to remove hazardous
VOCs and semivolatile organic compounds
(SVOC) from soils and sludges. The ATP
technology has also been selected to remediate
contaminated soil at two Superfund sites contam-
inated with polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons,
pesticides, dioxins, and furans.
STATUS:
The ATP system has been demonstrated at two
sites. At the first demonstration, in May 1991,
a full-scale unit dechlorinated PCB-contaminated
soil at the Wide Beach Development Superfund
site in Brant, New York. At the second demon-
stration, completed in June 1992, a full-scale
unit remediated soils and sediments at the
Waukegan Harbor Superfund site in Waukegan,
Illinois. The technology has since treated PCB,
polychlorinated aromatic hydrocarbons, and
pesticide-contaminated soils at two additional
Superfund sites. Two additional Superfund sites
have since been remediated by the ATP system
in Ohio and Kentucky.
DEMONSTRATION RESULTS:
Test results from both SITE demonstrations
indicate the following:
• The SoilTech ATP system removed over
99 percent of the PCBs in the
contaminated soil, resulting in PCB
levels below 0.1 parts per million (ppm)
at the Wide Beach Development site and
averaging 2 ppm at the Waukegan
Harbor Superfund site.
• Dioxin and furan stack gas emissions
were below the site-specific standards.
.• PCB stack gas emissions were
equivalent to 99.9999 percent
destruction and removal efficiency at the
Waukegan Harbor site.
• No volatile or semivolatile organic
degradation products were detected in
the treated soil. Also, no leachable
metals, VOCs, or SVOCs were detected
in the treated soil.
• For the Wide Beach Development and
Waukegan Harbor remediation projects,
soil treatment costs were approximately
$265 and $155 per ton, respectively.
The regulatory support, mobilization,
startup, and demobilization costs totalled
about $1,400,000 for each site.
FOR FURTHER INFORMATION:
EPA PROJECT MANAGER:
Paul dePercin
U.S. EPA
Risk Reduction Engineering Laboratory
26 West Martin Luther King Drive
Cincinnati, OH 45268
513-569-7797
Fax: 513-569-7620
TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPER CONTACTS:
Alistair Montgomery
Canonic Environmental Services Corp.
94 Inverness Terrace East, Suite 100
Englewood, CO 80112
303-790-1747
Fax: 303-799-0186
Joseph Hutton
SoilTech ATP Systems, Inc.
800 Canonic Drive
Porter, IN 46304
219-929-4343
Fax: 219-929-1776
The SITE Program assesses but does not
approve or endorse technologies.
Page 125
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Technology Profile
DEMONSTRATION PROGRAM
SOLIDITECH, INC.
(Solidification and Stabilization)
TECHNOLOGY DESCRIPTION:
This solidification and stabilization process
immobilizes contaminants in soils and sludges by
binding them in a concrete-like, leach-resistant
matrix. Contaminated waste materials are
collected, screened to remove oversized materi-
al, and introduced to the batch mixer (see figure
below). The waste material is then mixed with
water; Urrichem, a proprietary chemical re-
agent; proprietary additives; and pozzolanic
material (fly ash), kiln dust, or cement. After it
is thoroughly mixed, the treated waste is dis-
charged from the mixer. Treated waste is a
solidified mass with significant unconfined
compressive strength (UCS), high stability, and
a rigid texture similar to that of concrete.
WASTE APPLICABILITY:
This process treats soils and sludges contaminat-
ed with organic compounds, metals, inorganic
compounds, and oil and grease. Batch mixers of
various capacities can treat different volumes of
waste.
STATUS:
The solidification and stabilization process was
demonstrated in December 1988 at the Imperial
Oil Company/Champion Chemical Company
Superfund site in Morganville, New Jersey.
This location formerly contained both chemical
processing and oil reclamation facilities. Soils,
filter cake, and oily wastes from an old storage
INTERNAL VIEW OF MIXER
FRONT END LOADER
{LOADING CONTAMINATED SOIL)
Soliditech Processing Equipment
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November 1994
Completed Project
tank were treated during the demonstration.
These wastes were contaminated with petroleum
hydrocarbons, polychlorinated biphenyls (PCB),
other organic chemicals, and heavy metals.
A Technology Evaluation Report
(EPA/540/5-89/005a), an Applications Analysis
Report (EPA/540/A5-89/005), and a Demonstra-
tion Bulletin (EPA/540/M5-89/005) are available
from EPA. Long-term chemical and physical
monitoring and mineralogic analyses are
currently underway.
This technology is no longer available through a
vendor. Contact the EPA Project Manager for
further information.
DEMONSTRATION RESULTS:
Key findings from the Soliditech demonstration
are summarized below:
• Extract and leachate analyses showed
that heavy metals in the untreated waste
were immobilized.
• The process solidified both solid and
liquid wastes with high organic content
(up to 17 percent), as well as oil and
grease.
• Volatile organic compounds in the origi-
nal waste were not detected in the treat-
ed waste.
• Physical test results of the solidified
waste showed: 1) UCS ranging from
390 to 860 pounds per square inch (psi);
2) very little weight loss after 12 cycles
of wet and dry and freeze and thaw
durability tests; 3) low permeability of
the treated waste; and 4) increased
density after treatment.
• The solidified waste increased in volume
by an average of 22 percent. Because
of solidification, the bulk density of the
waste material increased by about 35
percent.
• Semivolatile organic compounds (phe-
nols) were detected in the treated waste
and the toxicity characteristic leaching
procedure (TCLP) extracts from the
treated waste, but not in the untreated
waste or its TCLP extracts. The pres-
ence of these compounds is believed to
result from chemical reactions in the
waste treatment mixture.
• The oil and grease content of the un-
treated waste ranged from 2.8 to 17.3
percent (28,000 to 173,000 parts per
million [ppm]). The oil and grease con-
tent of the TCLP extracts from the
solidified waste ranged from 2.4 to 12
ppm.
• The pH of the solidified waste ranged
from 11.7 to 12.0. The pH of the
untreated waste ranged from 3.4 to 7.9.
• PCBs were not detected in any extracts
or leachates from the treated waste.
« Visual observation of solidified waste
revealed dark inclusions about 1 mil-
limeter in diameter. Ongoing micro-
structural studies are expected to con-
firm that these inclusions are encap-
sulated wastes.
FOR FURTHER INFORMATION:
EPA PROJECT MANAGER:
Jack Hubbard
U.S. EPA
Risk Reduction Engineering Laboratory
26 West Martin Luther King Drive
Cincinnati, OH 45268
513-569-7507
Fax: 513-569-7620
The SITE Program assesses but does not
approve or endorse technologies.
Page 127
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Technology Profile
DEMONSTRATION PROGRAM
SONOTECH, INC.
(Frequency-Tunable Pulse Combustion System)
TECHNOLOGY DESCRIPTION:
Pulse combustion can potentially improve the
performance of various incineration and energy-
intensive processes. The Sonotech, Inc., fre-
quency-tunable pulse combustion system (FTPC)
can significantly improve batch- and continuous-
mode incinerator performance by creating large-
amplitude, resonant pulsations inside the
incinerator. This technology can be applied to
new or existing systems. The technology is
proven and used hi fossil fuel combustion
devices, residential natural gas furnaces, and
industrial combustion systems. It should prove
to be similarly beneficial to hazardous waste
incineration and soil remediation applications.
The FTPC is a burner system that consists of an
air inlet, a combustion section or a tailpipe, a
control panel, and a safety system (see photo-
graph below). The FTPC improves an incin-
erator's performance by 1) increasing mixing
rates between the fuel and air, 2) increasing
mixing rates between reactive gas pockets and
ignition sources (for example, flamelets or hot
gases), and 3) increasing rates of heat and mass
transfer between the gas and the burning waste.
These improvements should 1) reduce the
amount of excess air required to completely burn
the waste, 2) increase destruction and removal
efficiencies of principal organic hazardous
constituents, 3) minimize the formation of
products of incomplete combustion, and 4)
eliminate or minimize detrimental emissions or
"puffs."
The FTPC can excite axial, transverse, or three-
dimensional acoustic mode oscillations within an
Frequency-Tunable Pulse Combustion System Installed
at EPA's Incineration Research Facility
Page 128
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November 1394
Completed Project
industrial enclosure. The FTPC has achieved
amplitudes as high as 170 decibels and frequen-
cies of 50 to 500 Hertz. The high frequencies
and velocities of these gas oscillations help mix
the gases in the chamber and reduce or eliminate
stratification effects.
The FTPC can function alone or as a supple-
mental retrofit to an existing combustion system.
In the latter application, the FTPC can supply
between 2 to 10 percent of energy requirements.
After retrofitting, the total fuel supplied to the
main burner and the FTPC is generally less than
the amount of fuel supplied to the main burner
before retrofitting.
WASTE APPLICABILITY:
This technology can be used with any material
that can be treated in a conventional incinerator.
The technology has improved the incineration of
hazardous solid wastes in an EPA small-scale
rotary kiln incinerator in Research Triangle
Park, North Carolina. Sonotech, Inc., believes
that the technology is ready for incineration of
contaminated soils and medical waste.
STATUS:
This technology was accepted into the SITE
Demonstration Program in summer 1992. The
6-week demonstration tested whether the tech-
nology could improve the performance of larger
scale incineration systems. To meet this goal, a
pulse combustion retrofit system for EPA's
Incineration Research Facility (IRF) in Jefferson,
Arkansas was developed, and testing began in
summer 1994. Results from the demonstration
will be available in early 1995.
The IRF pilot-scale rotary kiln incinerator is
larger than EPA's rotary kiln incinerator simula-
tor unit that was previously tested with the
FTPC burner. The retrofitted incinerator was
used to treat coal-gasification wastes, traditional-
ly incinerated with conventional, steady-state
technology using air or oxygen enrichment.
FOR FURTHER INFORMATION:
EPA PROJECT MANAGER:
Marta K. Richards
U.S. EPA
Risk Reduction Engineering Laboratory
26 West Martin Luther King Drive
Cincinnati, OH 45268
513-569-7692
Fax: 513-569-7549
TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPER CONTACT:
Zin Plavnik
Sonotech, Inc.
575 Travis Street, NW
Atlanta, GA 30318
404-525-8530
Fax: 404-525-8533
The SITE Program assesses but does not
approve or endorse technologies.
Page 129
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Technology Profile
DEMONSTRATION PROGRAM
STC OMEGA, INC.
(formerly SILICATE TECHNOLOGY CORPORATION)
(Chemical Fixation/Solidification Treatment Technologies)
TECHNOLOGY DESCRIPTION:
STC Omega, Inc. (STC Omega), has developed
both chemical organic destruction and chemical
fixation/solidification technologies that treat
inorganic and organic solid hazardous wastes.
STC Omega's chemical organic destruction
technology oxidizes or dechlorinates selected
organic compounds to reduce total contaminant
concentrations by more than 95 percent.
Leachable organic contaminant concentrations
are also reduced to well below regulatory limits.
STC Omega's inorganic contaminant chemical
fixation/solidification technology forms insoluble
chemical compounds, reducing leachable inor-
ganic contaminant concentrations in soils and
sludges. STC Omega's inorganic treatment
technologies are more efficient and often less
costly than generic cementitious processes.
STC Omega's technology has been successfully
implemented on numerous full-scale hazardous
waste remediation projects involving up to
100,000 cubic yards of waste. These sites
include Superfund sites and industrial sites
across the United States and in Italy.
STC Omega has evaluated various materials
handling and mixing systems for use on full-
scale remediation projects. Materials handling
processes include pretreatment processes for
screening and crushing contaminated soils, and
placement and conveying systems for handling
treated material. Mixing systems include
various batching plants, pug mills, and high-
shear batch mixing systems to properly meter
and mix reagents with contaminated soils. STC
Omega provides full on-site technical support to
ensure effective application of the treatment
technologies, documentation, and
Treatment of Contaminated Soil
Page 130
The SITE Program assesses but does not;
approve or endorse technologies.
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November 7994
Completed Project
quality assurance/quality control procedures
during the treatment process.
WASTE APPLICABILITY:
STC Omega's technology can treat a wide
variety of hazardous soils, sludges, and
wastewaters, including the following:
• Soils and sludges contaminated with
inorganics, including most metals,
cyanides, fluorides, arsenates,
chromates, and selenium
• Soils and sludges contaminated with
organics, including halogenated aromat-
ics, polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons
(PAH), and aliphatic compounds
• Wastewaters contaminated with heavy
metals and emulsified and dissolved
organic compounds, excluding low-
molecular-weight organic contaminants
such as alcohols, ketones, and glycols
STATUS:
STC Omega's demonstration project was
completed in November 1990 at the Selma
Pressure Treating (SPT) Superfund site in
Selma, California. STC Omega was subse-
quently selected for the full-scale remediation of
the SPT site, which is contaminated with
organics, mainly pentachlorophenol (PCP), and
inorganics, mainly arsenic, chromium, and
copper. The SPT site was successfully
remediated in 1993 using STC Omega's treat-
ment process at a considerable cost savings over
competing technologies. The Applications Anal-
ysis Report (EPA/540/AR-92/010) and a demon-
stration videotape are available.
DEMONSTRATION RESULTS:
The demonstration had the following results:
• The STC Omega process reduced total
PCP concentrations up to 97 percent.
The STC Omega chemical fixation
process stabilized the residual PCP
concentrations to very low leachable
levels (from 5 to less than 0.3 mil-
ligrams per liter).
• STC Omega's technology immobilized
arsenic and copper, while chromium
remained well within regulatory limits.
• The treated wastes had moderately high
unconfined compressive strength,
averaging 300 pounds per square inch
(psi) after 28 days, increasing to more
than 700 psi after 18 months.
• Permeability of the treated waste was
low (less than 1.7 x 10"7 centimeters per
second). The relative cumulative weight
loss after 12 wet/dry and 12 freeze/thaw
cycles was negligible (less than 1 per-
cent).
• The STC Omega technology's treatment
costs depend on specific waste
characteristics.
FOR FURTHER INFORMATION:
EPA PROJECT MANAGER:
Edward Bates
U.S. EPA
Risk Reduction Engineering Laboratory
26 West Martin Luther King Drive
Cincinnati, OH 45268
513-569-7774
Fax: 513-569-7676
TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPER CONTACTS:
Stephen Pelger or Scott Larsen
STC Omega, Inc.
7655 East Gelding Drive, Suite B-2
Scottsdale, AZ 85260
602-948-7100
Fax: 602-991-3173
The SITE Program assesses but does not
approve or endorse technologies.
Page 131
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Technology Profile
DEMONSTRATION PROGRAM
TERRA-KLEEN RESPONSE GROUP, INC.
(Solvent Extraction Treatment System)
TECHNOLOGY DESCRIPTION:
The solvent extraction treatment system was
developed by Terra-Kleen Response Group, Inc.
(Terra-Kleen), to remove semivolatile and non-
volatile organic contaminants from soil. This
batch process system uses a proprietary solvent
blend to separate hazardous constituents from
soils, sediments, sludge, and debris. The U.S.
EPA Office of Pesticides and Toxic Substances
has made a written finding that the Terra-Kleen
solvent is nontoxic.
tanks and pumped into the sedimentation tanks.
Suspended solids settle or are flocculated in the
sedimentation tank, and are then removed.
Following solvent extraction of the organic con-
taminants, any residual solvent in the soil is
removed using soil vapor extraction and biologi-
cal treatment. Soil vapor extraction removes the
majority of the residual solvent, while biological
treatment reduces residual solvent to trace
levels. The treated soils are then removed from
the extraction tanks.
A schematic diagram of the Terra-Kleen treat-
ment system is shown below. Treatment begins
after excavated soil is loaded into the extraction
tanks. Clean solvent from the solvent storage
tank is pumped into the extraction tanks. The
soil and solvent mixture is held in the extraction
tank for a tune period sufficient to solubilize
organic contaminants into the solvent, separating
them from the soil. The contaminant-laden
solvent is then removed from the extraction
The solvent regeneration process begins by
pumping contaminant-laden solvent from the
sedimentation tank through a microfiltration unit
and a proprietary solvent purification station.
The microfiltration unit first removes any fines
remaining in the solvent. The solvent purifica-
tion station separates organic contaminants from
the solvent and concentrates them, reducing the
amount of hazardous waste for off-site disposal.
The regenerated solvent is pumped into the clean
1Ton
Untreated Soil
1Ton
Untreated Soil
1Ton
Untreated Soil
CONTMWANT4AOEN
SOLVENT
VACUy_M_BJT_RACTJ_qN_SYSJEM
VENT _,
TO <•••••»
ATMOSPHERE
LEC3END
. Untreated Soil
• Wash Solvent
•••••}>• Air and Solvent Vapor
MICROFILTRATION SOLVENT
UNIT PURIFICATION
STATION
CLEAN SOLVENT
STORAGE TANK
Solvent Extraction Treatment System
Page 132
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November 1994
Completed Project
solvent storage tank for use in treating additional
soil.
WASTE APPLICABILITY:
The Terra-Kleen solvent extraction treatment
system is a waste minimization process designed
to remove the following organic contaminants
from soils: polychlorinated biphenyls (PCB),
chlorinated pesticides, polycyclic aromatic
hydrocarbons (PAH), pentachlorophenol, creo-
sote, polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins (PCDD),
and polychlorinated dibenzofurans (PCDF). The
technology also has the capacity to remove
organic contaminants, such as PCBs, from low-
level radioactive wastes.
The Terra-Kleen solvent extraction system does
not require soil screening equipment to remove
debris or large objects from the contaminated
soil before treatment. The system is trams-
portable and can be configured to treat small
quantities of soil (1 to 1,000 cubic yards) as well
as large volumes generated at remedial sites,
STATUS:
Terra-Kleen demonstrated its solvent extraction
treatment system under the SITE Demonstration
Program between May 16 and June 11, 1994.
The technology was demonstrated at the Na.val
Air Station North Island Site 4, in San Diego,
California. Soils at Site 4 are contaminated with
heavy metals, volatile organic compounds
(VOC), semivolatile organic compounds (SVOC)
(including PAHs), PCBs (Aroclor 1260),
dioxins, and furans.
DEMONSTRATION RESULTS:
Preliminary findings from the Terra-Kleen SITE
demonstration are summarized as follows:
• PCB Aroclor 1260 concentrations were
reduced from a maximum of 170 milli-
grams per kilogram (mg/kg) in untreated
soil to approximately 2 mg/kg in treated
soil. The average removal efficiency
was 98.39 percent.
« The system can efficiently concentrate
PCBs into a smaller waste volume for
off-site disposal.
• The treatment system's PCB removal
efficiency was reproducible for all
batches run during this demonstration.
To provide additional information on the tech-
nology's capabilities, samples were also collect-
ed and analyzed for VOCs, SVOCs, PCDD, and
PCDF. The analytical data from these samples
are not yet available. All findings of the
Terra-Kleen SITE demonstration, including
sample analytical results, will be discussed in the
SITE technology capsule and the innovative
technology evaluation report.
Additional data is being collected at the Naval
Communication Station in Stockton, California.
The system is treating soil contaminated with
chlorinated pesticides at concentrations up to 600
mg/kg. Preliminary data indicates that target
levels of 1 mg/kg are being achieved.
FOR FURTHER INFORMATION:
EPA PROJECT MANAGER:
Mark Meckes
U.S. EPA
Risk Reduction Engineering Laboratory
26 West Martin Luther King Drive
Cincinnati, OH 45268
513-569-7348
Fax: 513-569-7676 .
TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPER CONTACT:
Alan Cash
Terra-Kleen Response Group, Inc.
7321 North Hammond Avenue
Oklahoma City, OK 73132
405-728-0001
Fax: 405-728-0016
The SITE Program assesses but does not
approve or endorse technologies.
Page 133
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Technology Profile
DEMONSTRATION PROGRAM
TERRA VAC, INC.
(In Situ Vacuum Extraction)
TECHNOLOGY DESCRIPTION:
In situ vacuum extraction is a process that
removes volatile organic compounds (VOC)
from the vadose, or unsaturated soil zone.
These compounds can often be removed from
the vadose zone before they contaminate ground-
water. This extraction process is patented and
licensed to Terra Vac, Inc. (Terra Vac), and
others.
The extraction process uses readily available
equipment, including extraction and monitoring
wells, manifold piping, a vapor and liquid
separator, a vacuum pump, and an emission
control device, such as an activated carbon
adsorption filter. After the contaminated area is
completely defined, extraction wells are installed
and connected by piping to the vacuum extrac-
tion and treatment system.
First, a vacuum pump draws the subsurface con-
taminants from the extraction wells to the liquid/
gas separator. The vapor-phase contaminants
are then treated with an activated carbon adsorp-
tion filter or a catalytic oxidizer before the gases
are discharged to the atmosphere. Subsurface
vacuum and soil vapor concentrations are moni-
tored with vadose zone monitoring wells.
The technology is effective in most hydrogeolog-
ical settings, and can reduce soil contaminant
levels from saturated conditions to nondetec-
table. The process even works in less permeable
soils (clays) with sufficient porosity. Dual
vacuum extraction of groundwater and vapor
quickly restores groundwater quality to drinking
water standards. In addition, the technology is
less expensive than other remediation methods,
such as incineration. The figure below illus-
trates the process.
Typical contaminant recovery rates range from
20 to 2,500 pounds per day, depending on the
degree of site contamination.
WASTE APPLICABILITY:
The vacuum extraction technology effectively
treats soils containing virtually any VOC and has
VAPOR PHASE
CARBON CANISTERS
TO
ATMOSPHERE
PRIMARY SECONDARY
CARBON CARBON VAPOR EMISSIONS UNIT
GROUNDWATER AND
LIQUID DISPOSAL
DUALVACUUM
EXTRACTION WELLS
In Situ Vacuum Extraction Process
Page 134
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November 1994
Completed Project
successfully removed over 40 types of chemicals
from soils and groundwater, including solvents
and gasoline- and diesel-range hydrocarbons.
STATUS:
The vacuum extraction process was first demon-
strated at a Superfund site in Puerto Rico. Terra
Vac has since applied the technology at fifteen
additional Superfund sites and at more than 400
other waste sites throughout the United States,
Europe, and Japan.
The process was demonstrated under the SITE
Demonstration Program at the Groveland Wells
Superfund site in Groveland, Massachusetts,
from December 1987 through April 1988. The
technology successfully remediated soils con-
taminated by trichloroethene (TCE). The Tech-
nology Evaluation Report (EPA/540/5-89/003a)
and Applications Analysis Report
(EPA/540/A5-89/003) have been published.
DEMONSTRATION RESULTS:
During the Groveland Wells demonstration, four
extraction wells pumped contaminants to the
process system. During a 56-day operational
period, 1,300 pounds of VOCs, mainly TCE,
were extracted from both highly permeable strata
and less permeable clays. The vacuum extrac-
tion process achieved nondetectable VOC levels
at some locations, and reduced the VOC concen-
tration in soil gas by 95 percent. Average
reductions were 92 percent for sandy soils and
90 percent for clays. Field evaluations have
yielded the following conclusions:
• VOCs can be reduced to nondetectable
levels; however, some residual VOC
concentrations usually remained in the
treated soils.
• Volatility of the contaminants and site
soils is a major consideration when
applying this technology. Ideal
measured permeabilities are 10"4 to
10"8 centimeters per second.
• Pilot demonstrations are necessary at
sites with complex geology or contami-
nant distributions.
• Treatment costs are typically $40 per
ton of soil, but can range from $10 to
$150 per ton of soil, depending on
requirements for gas effluent or waste-
water treatment.
• Contaminants should have a Henry's
constant of 0.001 or higher.
FOR FURTHER INFORMATION:
EPA PROJECT MANAGER:
Mary Stinson
U.S. EPA
Risk Reduction Engineering Laboratory
Building 10, MS-104
2890 Woodbridge Avenue
Edison, NJ 08837-3679
908-321-6683
Fax: 908-321-6640
TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPER CONTACT:
James Malot
Terra Vac, Inc.
356 Fortaleza Street
P.O. Box 1591
San Juan, PR 00903
809-723-9171
Fax: 809-725-8750
The SITE Program assesses but does not
approve or endorse technologies.
Page 135
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Technology Profile
DEMONSTRATION PROGRAM
TEXACO INC.
(Entrained-Bed Gasification)
TECHNOLOGY DESCRIPTION:
The Texaco entrained-bed gasification process is
a noncatalytic, partial oxidation process in which
carbonaceous substances react at elevated tem-
peratures and pressures, producing a gas con-
taining mainly carbon monoxide and hydrogen
(see figure below). This product, called synthe-
sis gas, can be used to produce other chemicals
or burned as fuel. Feed ash melts and is re-
moved as a glass-like slag. Applying this tech-
nology to the treatment of hazardous waste is an
extension of Texaco's conventional gasification
technology, which has operated commercially
for over 40 years with feedstocks such as natural
gas, heavy oil, coal, and petroleum coke.
The Texaco gasification process (TOP) treats
waste material at pressures above 20
atmospheres and temperatures between 2,200
and 2,800 degrees Fahrenheit.
Slurried wastes are pumped to a specially de-
signed burner mounted at the top of a refractory-
lined pressure vessel. The waste feed, contain-
ing oxygen and ail auxiliary fuel such as coal,
reacts and flows downward through the gasifier
to a quench chamber that collects the slag. The
slag is eventually removed through a lockhop-
per. A scrubber farther cools and cleans the
synthesis gas. Fine particulate matter removed
by the scrubber may be recycled to the gasifier;
a sulfur recovery system may also be added.
After the TOP converts organic materials into
synthesis gas, the cooled, water-scrubbed
product gas, consisting mainly of hydrogen and
carbon monoxide, should contain no hydro-
carbons heavier than methane. Metals and other
ash constituents become part of the glassy slag.
Texaco is designing a transportable system to
treat about 100 tons of hazardous waste per day.
Oxldant
Water....
Feed-
Recycle
Grinding
Mill
Slu
Ta
rry
nk
<=
T
=>
| Burner
Solids-Free
Slag to
Disposal
Purge Water
to Treatment
or Recycle
Solids to Disposal
or Recycle
Entrained-Bed Gasification Process
Page 136
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November 1394
Completed Project
This system would produce about 6 million stan-
dard cubic feet of usable synthesis gas per day
with a heat content of 250 British thermal units
per standard cubic foot.
WASTE APPLICABILITY:
Examples of wastes that the gasification system
can treat are:
• contaminated soils, sludges, and
sediments that contain both organic and
inorganic constituents
• chemical wastes
• petroleum residues
Solids in the feed must be ground and pumped
in a slurry containing 40 to 70 percent solids by
weight and 30 to 60 percent liquid, usually
water.
Texaco has demonstrated gasification of coal
liquefaction residues, petroleum production tank
bottoms, municipal sewage sludge, and surrogate
contaminated soil. Texaco plans to build a
gasification power facility at its El Dorado,
Kansas refinery that will convert about 170 tons
of noncommercial petroleum coke and refinery
wastes per day into clean synthesis gas.
STATUS:
The gasification system was accepted into the
SITE Demonstration Program in July 1991. A
demonstration was conducted in January 1994 at
Texaco's Montebello Research Laboratory using
a mixture of clean soil, coal, and soil from the
Purity Oil Sales Superfund Site, located in
Fresno, California. The mixture was slurried
and spiked with lead, barium, and chloroben-
zene. Forty tons of slurry were treated in
preparation for and during three demonstration
runs. Detailed demonstration results will be
published in late 1994.
DEMONSTRATION RESULTS:
Preliminary findings from the demonstration are
summarized below:
• The average composition of the dry
synthesis gas product from the TOP
consisted of 37 percent hydrogen, 36
percent carbon monoxide, and 21 per-
cent carbon dioxide. The only remain-
ing organic contaminant greater than 0.1
parts per million (ppm) was methane at
55 ppm.
• The destruction and removal efficiency
for the volatile organic spike
(chlorobenzene) was greater than the
99.99-percent goal.
• Samples of the primary TGP solid
product, coarse slag, averaged below the
toxicity characteristic leaching procedure
(TCLP) regulatory values for lead (5
milligrams per liter [mg/L]) and barium
(100 mg/L). Volatile heavy metals
tended to partition to and concentrate in
the secondary TGP solid products, fine
slag and clarifier solids., These
secondary products were above the
TCLP regulatory value for lead.
FOR FURTHER INFORMATION:
EPA PROJECT MANAGER:
Marta K. Richards
U.S. EPA
Risk Reduction Engineering Laboratory
26 West Martin Luther King Drive
Cincinnati, OH 45268
513-569-7692
Fax: 513-569-7549
TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPER CONTACT:
Richard Zang, P.E.
Texaco Inc.
2000 Westchester Avenue
White Plains, NY 10650
914-253-4047
Fax: 914-253-7744
The SITE Program assesses but does not
approve or endorse technologies.
Page 137
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Technology Profile
DEMONSTRATION PROGRAM
TORONTO HARBOUR COMMISSION
(Soil Recycling)
TECHNOLOGY DESCRIPTION:
The Toronto Harbour Commission's soil recycl-
ing process removes inorganic and organic con-
taminants from soil to produce a reusable fill
material. The process involves three techno-
logies operating in series.
The first technology is a soil washing process
that reduces the volume of treatable material by
concentrating contaminants in a fine slurry
mixture. The second technology removes heavy
metals from the slurry by dissolving the metals
with acid and selective chelation. The metal
dissolution process recovers all metals in their
pure forms. The third technology, chemical
hydrolysis accompanied by bioslurry reactors,
destroys organic contaminants concentrated in
the slurry. The three integrated technologies are
capable of cleaning contaminated soil for reuse
on industrial sites.
WASTE APPLICABILITY:
This technology is applicable to soil contaminat-
ed with inorganics and organics.
STATUS:
Toronto Harbour Commission's soil recycling
process was accepted into the SITE Demonstra-
tion Program in 1991. The soil recycling pro-
cess was demonstrated at a site within the
Toronto Port Industrial District that had been
used for metals finishing and refinery products
and petroleum storage. Demonstration sampling
took place in April and May 1992.
Soil Washing Plant (Metal Extraction Screwtubes in Foreground
and Bioslurry Reactors in Background)
Page 138
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November 1994
Completed Project
The objective of the SITE demonstration was to
evaluate the process' ability to achieve the
modified Ontario Ministry of the Environment
(MOE) criteria for commercial and industrial
sites. Detailed results have been published in a
Demonstration Bulletin (EPA/520-MR-92/015),
an Applications Analysis Report
(EPA/540-AR-93/517), a Technology Evaluation
Report (EPA/540/R-93/517), and a Technology
DemonstrationSummary(EPA/540/SR-93/517).
These reports are available from EPA.
DEMONSTRATION RESULTS:
The demonstration results showed that soil
washing effectively produced clean coarse soil
fractions and concentrated the contaminants in
the fine slurry (see Table 1).
Table 1 - Soil Washing Process
Oil & Grease
Naphthalene
Benzo(a)pyrene
Feed
.8 mg/kg*
1 1 mg/kg
2 mg/kg
Clean Sand
.2 mg/kg
2 mg/kg
.5 mg/kg
Contaminated
Fine Slurry
4 mg/kg
52 mg/kg
1 0 mg/kg
milligrams per kilogram
The heavy metals process effectively treated
samples of contaminated soil from the Port
Industrial Area, lead-contaminated soil from a
lead smelter site, contaminated harbour sedi-
ments, municipal sewage sludge, and municipal
sewage incinerator ash (see Table 2).
Table 2 - Heavy Metals Process
Metal
Sample #1623 -Lead
Sample #1631 -Lead
Lead Smelter
Soil Fines Input
2949 mg/kg
612 mg/kg
Treated Fines
Output
877 mg/kg
1 83 mg/kg
The heavy metals process has been licensed to
Metanetix Corporation for worldwide applica-
tion. It is being applied commercially to selec-
tive mine metals from acid mine drainage at the
Anaconda copper mine in Butte, Montana. The
chemical treatment process and bioslurry
reactors achieved a 90 percent reduction in
polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbon compounds
such as naphthalene, but slightly exceeded the
MOE criteria for benzo(a)pyrene (see Table 3).
Table 3 - Chemical and Bioremediation Process
Naphthalene
Benzo(a)pyrene
Contaminated
Fine Slurry
52 mg/kg
10 mg/kg
Treated Fine Slurry
<5 mg/kg
2.6 mg/kg
FOR FURTHER INFORMATION:
EPA PROJECT MANAGER:
Teri Richardson
U.S. EPA
Risk Reduction Engineering Laboratory
26 West Martin Luther King Drive
Cincinnati, OH 45268
513-569-7949
Fax: 513-569-7620
TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPER CONTACT:
Carol Moore
The Toronto Harbour Commissioners
60 Harbour Street
Toronto, Ontario, Canada
M5J 1B7
416-863-2071
Fax: 416-863-4830
The SITE Program assesses but does not
approve or endorse technologies.
Page 139
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Technology Profile
DEMONSTRATION PROGRAM
ULTRO'X, A DIVISION OF ZIMPRO ENVIRONMENTAL, INC.
(Ultraviolet Radiation and Oxidation)
TECHNOLOGY DESCRIPTION:
This ultraviolet (UV) radiation and oxidation
process uses UV radiation, ozone (O3), and
hydrogen peroxide (H2C>2) to destroy toxic
organic compounds, particularly chlorinated
hydrocarbons, in water. The process oxidizes
compounds that are toxic or refractory (resistant
to biological oxidation) to parts per million
(ppm) or parts per billion (ppb) levels.
The UV radiation and oxidation system consists
of a treatment tank module, an air compressor
and ozone generator module, and a hydrogen
peroxide feed system (see figure below). The
system is skid-mounted and portable, and per-
mits on-site treatment of a wide variety of liquid
wastes, such as industrial wastewater, groundwa-
ter, and leachate. Treatment tank size is
determined by the expected wastewater flow rate
and the necessary hydraulic retention time
needed to treat the contaminated water. The
approximate UV intensity, and ozone and
hydrogen peroxide doses, are determined by
pilot-scale studies.
Treatment tank influent is simultaneously ex-
posed to UV radiation, ozone, and hydrogen
peroxide to oxidize the organic compounds.
Off-gas from the treatment tank passes through
an ozone destruction Decompozon™ unit, which
reduces ozone levels before air venting. The
Decompozon™ unit also destroys volatile organic
compounds (VOC) stripped off in the treatment
tank. Effluent from the treatment tank is tested
and analyzed before disposal.
Treated Off-Gas
Catalytic Ozone
Decomposer
Ozone
Generator
Compressed'
Air
Treated
Effluent
Dryer
Groundwater
ULTROX®
UV/Oxidation Reactor
Hydrogen Peroxide
from Feed Tank
Ultrox System (Isometric View)
Page 140
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approve or endorse technologies.
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November 1994
Completed Project
WASTE APPLICABILITY:
The UV radiation and oxidation system treats
contaminated groundwater, industrial waste-
waters, and leachates containing halogenated
solvents, phenol, pentachlorophenol, pesticides,
polychlorinated biphenyls, explosives, benzene,
toluene, ethylbenzene, xylene, methyl tertiary
butyl ether, and other organic compounds. The
system also treats low level total organic com-
pounds, chemical oxygen demand, and biological
oxygen demand.
STATUS:
A field-scale demonstration was completed in
March 1989 at the Lorentz Barrel and Drum
Company site in San Jose, California. The test
program was designed to evaluate system
performance for several combinations of five
operating parameters: 1) influent pH,
2) retention time, 3) ozone dose, 4) hydrogen
peroxide dose, and 5) UV radiation intensity.
The Technology Evaluation Report v/as
published in January 1990 (EPA/540/5-89/012).
The Applications Analysis Report was published
in September 1990 (EPA/540/A5-89/012).
The technology is fully commercial, with over
30 systems installed. Flow rates ranging from
5 gallons per minute (gpm) to 1,050 gpm are in
use at various industries and site remediations,
including aerospace, U.S. Department of Ener-
gy, U.S. Department of Defense, petroleum,
pharmaceutical, automotive, woodtreating, and
municipal facilities.
UV oxidation technology has been included in
Records of Decision for several Superfund sites
where groundwater pump-and-treat remediation
methods will be used.
DEMONSTRATION RESULTS:
Contaminated groundwater treated by the system
met regulatory standards at the appropriate
parameter levels. Out of 44 VOCs in the waste-
water, trichloroethene, 1,1-dichloroethane, and
1,1,1-trichloroethane were chosen as indicator
parameters. All three are relatively refractory to
conventional oxidation.
The Decompozon™ unit reduced ozone to less
than 0.1 ppm, with efficiencies greater then
99.99 percent. VOCs present in the air within
the treatment system were not detected after
passing through the Decompozon™ unit. The
Ultrox system produced no harmful air emis-
sions. Total organic carbon removal was low,
implying partial oxidation of organics without
complete conversion to carbon dioxide and
water.
FOR FURTHER INFORMATION:
EPA PROJECT MANAGER:
Norma Lewis
U.S. EPA
Risk Reduction Engineering Laboratory
26 West Martin Luther King Drive
Cincinnati, OH 45268
513-569-7665
Fax: 513-569-7620
TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPER CONTACT:
David Fletcher
Ultrox, A Division of
Zimpro Environmental, Inc.
2435 South Anne Street
Santa Ana, CA 92704-5308
714-545-5557
Fax: 714-557-5396
The SITE F'rogram assesses but does not
approve or endorse technologies.
Page 141
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Technology Profile
DEMONSTRATION PROGRAM
UNITED STATES ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY
(Excavation Techniques and Foam Suppression Methods)
TECHNOLOGY DESCRIPTION:
These excavation techniques and foam suppres-
sion methods were developed through a joint
EPA effort involving the Risk Reduction Engi-
neering Laboratory (Cincinnati, Ohio), Air and
Energy Engineering Research Laboratory (Re-
search Triangle Park, North Carolina), and EPA
Region 9 to evaluate control technologies during
excavation operations.
In general, excavating soil contaminated with
volatile organic compounds (VOC) results in
fugitive air emissions. The area to be excavated
is surrounded by a temporary enclosure (see
photograph below). Air from the enclosure is
vented through an emission control system
before being released to the atmosphere. For
example, in the case of hydrocarbon and sulfur
dioxide emissions, a scrubber and a carbon
adsorption unit would be used to treat emissions.
As an additional emission control method, a
vapor suppressant foam can be applied to the
soil before and after excavation.
WASTE APPLICABILITY:
This technology is suitable for controlling VOC
emissions during excavation of contaminated
soil.
STATUS:
This technology was demonstrated at the McColl
Superfund site in Fullerton, California, in June
and July 1990. An enclosure 60 feet wide, 160
feet long, and 26 feet high was erected over an
area contaminated with VOCs and sulfur
Excavation Area Enclosure
Page 142
The SITE Program assesses but does not
approve or endorse technologies.
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November 1994
Completed Project
dioxide. A backhoe removed the overburden
and excavated underlying waste. Three distinct
types of waste were encountered during excava-
tion: oily mud, tar, and hard coal-like char.
The following documents contain results of the
demonstration and are available from EPA:
• Applications Analysis Report
(EPA/540/AR-92/015)
• Technology Evaluation Report
(EPA/540/R-93/015)
• Demonstration Summary
(EPA/540/SR-92/015)
DEMONSTRATION RESULTS:
During excavation, the 5-minute average air
concentrations within the enclosed area were up
to 1,000 parts per million (ppm) for sulfur
dioxide and up to 492 ppm for total hydrocar-
bons (THC). The air pollution control system
removed up to 99 percent of the sulfur dioxide
and up to 70 percent of the THCs.
The concentrations of air contaminants inside the
enclosure were higher than expected. These
high concentrations were due in part to the
vapor suppressant foams' inability to form an
impermeable membrane over the exposed
wastes. The foam reacted with the highly acidic
waste, causing the foam to degrade. Further-
more, purge water from foaming activities made
surfaces slippery for workers and equipment.
A total of 101 cubic yards of overburden and
137 cubic yards of contaminated waste was
excavated. The tar waste was solidified and
stabilized by mixing it with fly ash, cement, and
water in a pug mill. The char wastes did not
require further processing.
FOR FURTHER INFORMATION:
EPA PROJECT MANAGER:
Jack Hubbard
U.S. EPA
Risk Reduction Engineering Laboratory
26 West Martin Luther King Drive
Cincinnati, OH 45268
513-569-7507
Fax: 513-569-7620
TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPER CONTACT:
John Blevins
U.S. EPA, Region 9
Mail Code H-7-1
75 Hawthorne Avenue
San Francisco, CA 94105
415-744-2400
The SITE Program assesses but does not
approve or endorse technologies.
Page 143
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Technology Profile
DEMONSTRA TION PROGRAM
VULCAN PEROXIDATION SYSTEMS, INC.
(formerly PEROXIDATION SYSTEMS, INC.)
(perox-pure™ Chemical Oxidation Technology)
TECHNOLOGY DESCRIPTION:
The perox-pure™ treatment system is designed
to destroy dissolved organic contaminants in
groundwater or wastewater with an advanced
chemical oxidation process that uses ultraviolet
(UV) radiation and hydrogen peroxide. Hydro-
gen peroxide is added to the contaminated water,
and the mixture is then fed into the treatment
system.
The treatment system's oxidation chamber
contains one or more compartments. Each
compartment contains one high-intensity UV
lamp mounted in a quartz tube. The contaminat-
ed water flows in the space between the chamber
wall and the quartz tube in which each UV lamp
is mounted. The perox-pure™ equipment in-
cludes circular wipers attached to the quartz
tubes. These wipers periodically remove solids
that may accumulate on the tubes, a feature
designed to maintain treatment efficiency.
UV light catalyzes chemical oxidation of organic
contaminants in water by affecting the organics
and reacting with hydrogen peroxide. Many
perax-pure,
ilWIS DESTOUCTraNlpROCESS
perox-pure™ Model SSB-30
Page 144
The SITE Program assesses but does not
approve or endorse technologies.
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November 1994
Completed Project
organic contaminants that absorb UV light
change chemically or become more reactive with
chemical oxidants. More importantly, UV light
catalyzes hydrogen peroxide breakdown to
produce hydroxyl radicals, which are powerful
chemical oxidants. Hydroxyl radicals react with
and destroy organic contaminants, ultimately
producing harmless by-products such as carbon
dioxide, halides, and water. The treatment
system produces no hazardous by-products or air
emissions.
WASTE APPLICABILITY:
The perox-pure™ technology treats groundwater
and wastewater contaminated with chlorinated
solvents, pesticides, polychlorinated biphenyls,
phenolics, fuel hydrocarbons, and other organic
compounds at concentrations ranging from a few
thousand milligrams per liter to one microgrann
per liter or lower. In some cases, the treatment
system can combine with air stripping, steam
stripping, or biological treatment to optimize
treatment results.
STATUS:
The perox-pure™ technology was accepted into
the SITE Demonstration Program in April 1991.
A Model SSB-30 was demonstrated in Septem-
ber 1992 at the Lawrence Livermore National
Laboratory Site 300 Superfund site in California.
The purpose of this demonstration was to mea-
sure how well the perox-pure™ technology
removed volatile organic compounds (VOC)
from contaminated groundwater at the site.
This technology has been successfully applied to
over 80 sites throughout the United States,
Canada, and Europe. The treatment units at
these sites have treated contaminated groundwa-
ter, industrial wastewater, landfill leachates,
potable water, and industrial reuse streams.
Equipment capacities range up to several thou-
sand gallons per minute.
DEMONSTRATION RESULTS:
During the demonstration, the treatment system
operated at a variety of operating parameters.
Three reproducibility tests were performed at the
optimum operating conditions, which were
selected from the initial test runs.
In most cases, the perox-pure™ technology
reduced trichloroethene, tetrachloroethene,
chloroform, trichloroethane, and dichloroethane
to below analytical detection limits. For each
organic contaminant, the perox-pure™ tech-
nology complied with California action levels
and federal drinking water maximum conta-
minant levels at the 95 percent confidence level.
The quartz tube wipers effectively cleaned the
tubes and eliminated the interference caused by
tube scaling. The Applications Analysis Report
(EPA/540/AR-93/501), the Technology Evalua-
tion Report (EPA/540/R-93/501) and the Tech-
nology Demonstration Summary (EPA/540/SR-
93/501) are available from EPA.
FOR FURTHER INFORMATION:
EPA PROJECT MANAGER:
Norma Lewis
U.S. EPA
Risk Reduction Engineering Laboratory
26 West Martin Luther King Drive
Cincinnati, OH 45268
513-569-7665
Fax: 513-569-7620
TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPER CONTACT:
Chris Giggy
Vulcan Peroxidation Systems, Inc.
5151 East Broadway, Suite 600
Tucson, AZ 85711
602-790-8383
Fax: 602-790-8008
The SITE Program assesses but does not
approve or endorse technologies.
Page 145
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Technology Profile
DEMONSTRATION PROGRAM
WASTECH, INC.
(Solidification and Stabilization)
TECHNOLOGY DESCRIPTION:
This solidification and stabilization technology
applies proprietary bonding agents to soils,
sludge, and liquid wastes contaminated with
organic and inorganic contaminants. The tech-
nology uses a reagent to chemically bond with
contaminants hi wastes. The waste and reagent
mixture is then mixed with pozzolanic, cemen-
titious materials, which combine to form a
stabilized matrix. Reagents are selected based
on target waste characteristics. Treated material
is a nonleaching, high-strength, stabilized end-
product.
WASTECH, Inc.'s (WASTECH), technology
uses standard engineering and construction
equipment. As the type and dose of reagents
depend on waste characteristics, treatability
studies and site investigations must be conducted
to determine the proper treatment formula.
Treatment usually begins with waste excavation.
Large pieces of debris in the waste must be
screened and removed. The waste is then placed
into a high shear mixer, along with premeasured
quantities of water and SuperSet®, WASTECH's
proprietary reagent (see figure below).
Next, pozzolanic, cementitious materials are
added to the waste-reagent mixture, stabilizing
the waste and completing the treatment process.
WASTECH's treatment technology does not
generate by-products. The process may also be
applied in situ.
WASTE APPLICABILITY:
WASTECH's technology can treat a wide vari-
ety of waste streams consisting of soils, sludges,
and raw organic streams, including lubricating
oil, aromatic solvents, evaporator bottoms,
chelating agents, and ion exchange resins, with
contaminant concentrations ranging from parts
per million levels to 40 percent by volume. The
technology can also treat wastes generated by the
petroleum, chemical, pesticide, and wood-pre-
serving industries, as well as wastes generated
by many other chemical manufacturing and
industrial processes. WASTECH's technology
WASTE MATERIAL SIZING
POZZOLANS
PROCESSED
MATERIALS
PLACED TO
SPECIFICATIONS
WASTECH Solidification and Stabilization Process
Page 146
The SITE Program assesses but does not
approve or endorse technologies.
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November 1994
Completed Project
can also be applied to mixed wastes containing
organic, inorganic, and radioactive contami-
nants.
STATUS:
The technology was accepted into the SITE
Demonstration Program in spring 1989. A field
demonstration at Robins Air Force Base in
Warner Robins, Georgia was completed in
August 1991. The WASTECH technology
treated high level organic and inorganic wastes
at an industrial sludge pit. WASTECH subse-
quently conducted a bench-scale study under
glovebox conditions to develop a detailed mass
balance of volatile organic compounds in late
1992. The technology is being commercially
applied to treat hazardous wastes contaminated
with various organics, inorganics, and mixed
wastes. The Innovative Technology Evaluation
Report will be available in 1995.
FOR FURTHER INFORMATION:
EPA PROJECT MANAGER:
Terrence Lyons
U.S. EPA
Risk Reduction Laboratory
26 West Martin Luther King Drive
Cincinnati, OH 45268
513-569-7589
Fax: 513-569-7676
TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPER CONTACT:
Benjamin Peacock
WASTECH, Inc.
P.O. Box 4638
1021 D Alvin Weinberg Drive
Oak Ridge, TN 37831-4638
615-483-6515
Fax: 615-483-4239
The SITE Program assesses but does not
approve or endorse technologies.
Page 14-7
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Technology Profile
DEMONSTRATION PROGRAM
ROY F. WESTON, INC.
(Low Temperature Thermal Treatment [LT3®] System)
TECHNOLOGY DESCRIPTION:
The Roy F. Weston, Inc. (Weston), low temper-
ature thermal treatment (LT3®) system thermally
desorbs organic compounds from contaminated
soil without heating the soil to combustion
temperatures. The transportable system is
assembled on three flat-bed trailers and requires
an area of about 5,000 square feet, including
ancillary and support equipment. The LT3®
system consists of three segments: soil treat-
ment, emissions control, and water treatment
(see figure below).
The LT3® thermal processor consists of two
jacketed troughs, one above the other. Each
trough houses four intermeshed, hollow screw
conveyors. A front-end loader feeds soil or
sludge onto a conveyor that discharges into a
surge hopper above the thermal processor. Hot
oil circulating through the troughs and screws
heats the soil to 400 to 500 degrees Fahrenheit,
removing contaminants. Soil is discharged from
the thermal processor into a conditioner where a
water spray cools the soil and minimizes dust
emissions.
A fan draws desorbed organics from the thermal
processor through a fabric filter baghouse.
Depending on contaminant characteristics, dust
collected on the fabric filter may be retreated,
combined with treated material, or drummed
separately for off-site disposal. Exhaust gas
from the fabric filter is drawn into an air-cooled
condenser to remove most of the water vapor
and organics. The gas is then passed through a
second, refrigerated condenser and treated by
carbon adsorption.
Low Temperature Thermal Treatment System
Page 148
The SITE Program assesses but does not
approve or endorse technologies.
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November 1994
Completed Project
Condensate streams are typically treated in a
three-phase oil-water separator to remove light
and heavy organic phases from the water phase,
which is then treated in the carbon adsorption
system to remove residual organic contaminants.
Treated condensate is often used for soil condi-
tioning, and only the organic phases are dis-
posed of off site.
WASTE APPLICABILITY:
This system treats soils contaminated with
volatile and semivolatile organic compounds
(VOC and SVOC). Bench-, pilot-, and full-
scale LT3® systems have treated soil contaminat-
ed with the following wastes: coal tar, drill cut-
tings (oil-based mud), No. 2 diesel fuel, JP-4 jet
fuel, leaded and unleaded gasoline, petroleum
hydrocarbons, halogenated and nonhalogenated
solvents, VOCs, SVOCs, and polynuclear aro-
matic hydrocarbons.
STATUS:
The LT3® system was accepted into the SITE
Demonstration Program in September 1991. In
November and December 1991, the LT3® system
was demonstrated under the SITE Program as
part of a proof-of-process test for full-scale
remediation of the Anderson Development
Company (ADC) Superfund site in Adrian,
Michigan. The system was tested on lagoon
sludge from the ADC site. This sludge was
contaminated with VOCs and SVOCs, including
4,4-methylene bis(2-chloroaniline) (MBOCA).
DEMONSTRATION RESULTS:
The SITE demonstration yielded the following
results:
• The LT3® system removed VOCs to
below method detection limits (less than
0.060 milligrams per kilogram [mg/kg]
for most compounds).
• The LT3® system achieved MBOCA
removal efficiencies greater than 88
percent; MBOCA concentrations in the
treated sludge ranged from 3.0 to 9.6
mg/kg.
• The LT3® system decreased the con-
centrations of all SVOCs in the sludge,
with the exception of phenol, which
increased as a result of the chloroben-
zene decrease.
• Stack emissions of non-methane total
hydrocarbons increased from 6.7 to 11
parts per million by volume during the
demonstration; the maximum emission
rate was 0.2 pounds per day (ppd). The
maximum particulates emission rate was
0.02 ppd, and no chlorides were mea-
sured in stack gases.
The Demonstration Bulletin
(EPA/540/MR-92/019) and Applications Analy-
sis Report (EPA/540/AR-92/019) are available
from EPA. The Technology Evaluation Report
will be available in late 1994.
FOR FURTHER INFORMATION:
EPA PROJECT MANAGER:
Paul dePercin
U.S. EPA
Risk Reduction Engineering Laboratory
26 West Martin Luther King Avenue
Cincinnati, OH 45268
513-569-7797
Fax: 513-569-7620
TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPER CONTACT:
Mike Cosmos
Roy F. Weston, Inc.
1 Weston Way
West Chester, PA 19380-1499
610-701-7423
Fax: 610-701-5035
The SITE Program assesses but does not
approve or endorse technologies.
Page 149
-------
Technology Profile
DEMONSTRATION PROGRAM
ROY F. WESTON, INC./IEG TECHNOLOGIES
(UVB - Vacuum Vaporizing Well)
TECHNOLOGY DESCRIPTION:
The Unterdruck-Verdampfer Brunnen (UVB)
vacuum vaporizing well is an in situ system for
remediating contaminated aquifers, especially
those contaminated with volatile organic com-
pounds. The UVB system uses a combination of
chemical, physical and biological processes.
A UVB system consists of a specially adapted
groundwater well, a negative pressure stripping
reactor, an aboveground mounted blower, and a
waste air decontamination system such as dispos-
able activated carbon beds (see figure below).
The water level rises about 1 foot inside the well
due to negative pressure generated by a blower.
Fresh air is drawn into the system through a
pipe leading to the stripping reactor and passes
up through the raised water. The rising air
bubbles enhance the suction effect at the bottom
of the well, creating an air-lift pump. A specific
flow direction can be induced by adding a
support pump to produce an up or down vertical
flow either upward or downward within the
well.
As a result of the concentration gradient, the
contaminants vaporize into the air bubbles and
are removed from the well by the air flow. The
oscillating hydraulic pressure forces the water
horizontally into the aquifer through the top
screened well segment. In the surrounding
aquifer, a circulation system develops, water
enters at the well base and leaves through the
upper screened segment, or vice versa, depend-
ing on the desired flow direction.
Activated Carbon Filter
Blower
Ambient Air
Resting GW Level
Negative Pressure
Working GW Level
;••:„••..•.•-.•.•"•.••:•."•/ ft.;:;.A:;;^'Arti'fioiai'pack'
UVB Standard Circulation
Page 150
The SITE Program assesses but does not
approve or endorse technologies.
-------
November 1994
Completed Project
A flow pattern with a calculable horizontal and
vertical component is produced in the aquifer to
compensate for the directed water flow within
the UVB well. Thus, treated groundwater
circulates through the sphere of influence within
the aquifer before returning to the well.
The UVB technology can extract soil gas during
groundwater treatment. The amount of soil gas
and groundwater passing through the decontami-
nation system can be adjusted according to the
type of contamination and the well construction.
WASTE APPLICABILITY:
The UVB technology is designed to remove
volatile organic compounds from groundwater.
Depending on the circumstances, the UVB
system may also remediate semivolatile com-
pounds and heavy metals.
STATUS:
This technology was accepted into the SITE
Demonstration Program in 1993. The 6-month
demonstration at March Air Force Base,
California was extended for one year, and was
completed in May 1994.
DEMONSTRATION RESULTS:
Demonstration results indicate that trichloro-
ethene (TCE) was reduced on average by greater
than 94 percent in groundwater discharged from
the UVB treatment system. The mean TCE
concentration in the discharged groundwater was
approximately 3 micrograms per liter (pg/L),
with only one event above 5 j^g/L. The UVB
system's ability to remove dichloroethene (DCE)
could not be established due to the low (less than
4 Mg/L) influent concentration of DCE.
Based on the dye-tracer study, the radius of
influence was measured to be at least 40 feet.
Modeling of the radius of influence by Roy F.
Weston, Inc., suggests that it may extend to a
distance of approximately 83 feet; however, site-
specific data obtained from aquifer testing
indicate that the radius of influence is probably
between 60 and 80 feet.
In general, TCE and DCE in the shallow and
intermediate screen wells showed a concentration
reduction both vertically and horizontally over
the duration of the pilot study. Target com-
pound concentrations in these zones appeared to
homogenize as indicated by the convergence and
stabilization of TCE and DCE concentrations.
Variations in target compound concentrations
were noted in the deep screened wells; however,
there was no evidence of reduction or homogeni-
zation of the TCE or DCE in these wells. This
may be due to the limited duration of well
monitoring.
FOR FURTHER IPflFORMATION:
EPA PROJECT MANAGER:
Michelle Simon
U.S. EPA
Risk Reduction Engineering Laboratory
26 West Martin Luther King Drive
Cincinnati, OH 45268
513-569-7469
Fax: 513-569-7676
TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPER CONTACTS:
Jeff Bannon
Roy F. Weston, Inc.
6400 Canoga Avenue, Suite 100
Woodland Hills, CA 91367-2425
818-596-6900
Fax: 818-556-6895
Eric Klingel
IEG Technologies
1833-D Crossbeam Drive
Charlotte, NC 28217
704-357-6090
Fax:704-357-6111
The SITE Program assesses but does not
approve or endorse technologies.
Page 151
-------
Technology Profile
DEMONSTRATION PROGRAM
WHEELABRATOR CLEAN AIR SYSTEMS, INC.
(formerly CHEMICAL WASTE MANAGEMENT, INC.)
(PO*WW*ER™ Technology)
TECHNOLOGY DESCRIPTION:
The PO*WW*ER™ technology is used to treat
and reduce complex industrial and hazardous
wastewaters containing mixtures of inorganic
salts, metals, volatile and nonvolatile organics,
volatile inorganics, and radionuclides. The
proprietary technology combines evaporation
with catalytic oxidation to concentrate and
destroy contaminants, producing a high-quality
product condensate.
Wastewater is first pumped into an evaporator
where most of the water and contaminants are
vaporized and removed, concentrating the con-
taminants into a small volume for further treat-
ment or disposal. The contaminant vapors then
pass over a bed of proprietary robust catalyst,
where the pollutants are oxidized and destroyed.
Depending upon the composition, effluent
vapors from the oxidizer may be treated in a
scrubber. The vapors are then condensed to
produce water (condensate) that can be used as
either boiler or cooling tower make-up water, if
appropriate. Hazardous wastewater is thus sepa-
rated into a small contaminant stream and a
large clean water stream without using expensive
reagents or increasing the volume of the total
stream. The photograph below illustrates a
PO*WW*ER™-basedwastewatertreatmentplant.
WASTE APPLICABILITY:
The PO*WW*ER™ technology can treat waste-
waters containing a mixture of the following
contaminants:
Organic
« Halogenated volatiles
• Halogenated semivolatiles
* Nonhalogenated volatiles
« Nonhalogenated semi-
volatiles
• Organic pesticides/
herbicides
« Solvents
• Benzene, toluene, ethyl-
benzene, and xylene
• Organic cyanides
• Nonvolatile organics
Inorganic
Heavy metals
Nonmetallic
toxic elements
Cyanides
Ammonia
Nitrates
Salts
Radioactive
Plutonium
Americium
Uranium
Technetium
Thorium
Radium
Barium
PO*WW*ER™-Based Wastewater Treatment Plant
Page 152
The SITE Program assesses but does not
approve or endorse technologies.
-------
November 1994
Completed Project
Suitable waste-waters include landfill leachates,
contaminated groundwaters, process waste-
waters, and low-level radioactive mixed wastes.
STATUS:
The technology was accepted into the SITE
Demonstration Program in 1991, and was tested
on landfill leachate in September 1992 at the
developer's pilot plant in Lake Charles,
Louisiana (see photograph below). The Applica-
tions Analysis Report (EPA/540/AR-93/506) and
the Technology Evaluation Report
(EPA/540/R93/506) are available from EPA.
A commercial system (50 gallons per minute
capacity) is in operation at Ysing Yi Island,
Hong Kong. A pilot-scale unit (1 to 1.5 gallons
per hour) is available at RUST Remedial
Services' Clemson Technical Center in South
Carolina and can treat both radioactive, hazard-
ous, and mixed waste streams.
FOR FURTHER INFORMATION:
EPA PROJECT MANAGER:
Randy Parker
U.S. EPA
Risk Reduction Engineering Laboratory
26 West Martin Luther King Drive
Cincinnati, OH 45268
513-569-7271
Fax: 513-569-7620
TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPER CONTACT:
Annamarie Connolly
Wheelabrator Clean Air Systems, Inc.
1501 East Woodfield Road,
Suite 200 West
Schaumberg, IL 60173
708-706-6900
Fax: 708-706-6996
PO*WW*ER™ Pilot Plant at Chemical Waste Management's Lake Charles, Louisiana Facility
The SITE Program assesses but does not
approve or endorse technologies.
Page 153
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TABLE 2
Ongoing SITE Demonstration Program Projects as of October 1994
Developer
Accutech Remedial Systems,
Inc.,*
Keyport, NJ (005)"
AlliedSignal Environmental
Systems and Services,
Des Plaines, IL (003)
Andco Environmental
Processes, Inc.,
Buffalo, NY (007)
Aprotek,
Sacramento, CA (008)
ASI Environmental
Technologies, Inc./
Dames & Moore,
Brandon, FL (005)
BioGenesis Enterprises, Inc.,*
Springfield, VA (009)
CF Systems Corporation,*
Woburn, MA (008)
Colorado Department of Public
Health and Environment
(developed by Colorado
School of Mines),*"
Denver, CO (005)/(E01)
Technology
'neumatic Fracturing
Extraction™ and Catalytic
Oxidation
immobilized Cell
Bioreactor Biotreatment
System
alectrochemical In Situ
Chromate Reduction and
Heavy Metal
Immobilization
[on Conduction
Agglomeration System
Hydrolytic Terrestrial
Dissipation
BioGenesis3" Soil and
Sediment Washing
Process
Liquified Gas Solvent
Extraction (LG-SX)
Technology
Wetlands-Based
Treatment
Technology
Contact
fohn Liskowitz
908-739-6444
P. Stephen Lupton
708-391-3224
Conrad Kempton
201-455-5531
Michael Laschinger
716-691-2100
Cathryn Wimberly
916-366-6165
Stoddard Pickrell
813-653-3376
Thomas Rougeux
703-913-9700
Chris Shallice
617-937-0800
Rick Brown
303-692-3383
EPA Project
Manager
Jwe Frank
908-321-6626
lonald Lewis
513-569-7856
Douglas Grosse
513-569-7844
Jack Hubbard
513-569-7507
Ronald Lewis
513-569-7856
Annette Gatchett
513-569-7697
Mark Meckes
513-569-7348
Edward Bates
513-569-7774
Waste Media
Soil, Rock
Groundwater,
Wastewater
Groundwater
Groundwater,
Wastewaster,
Mining Effluents
Soil
Soil
Soil, Sludge,
Wastewater
Acid Mine
Drainage
Applicable Waste
Inorganic
Not Applicable
Not Applicable
Heavy Metals, Hexavalent
Chromium
Metals
Not Applicable
Not Applicable
Not Applicable
Metals
Organic
Halogenated and
Nonhalogenated VOCs and
SVOCs
Readily Biodegradable
Organic Compounds,
PAHs, Diesel Fuel,
Chlorobenzene
Not Applicable
Not Applicable
Toxaphene and Other
Pesticides
Volatile and Nonvolatile
Hydrocarbons, PCBs
VOCs, SVOCs, PAHs,
PCBs, Dioxins,
Pentachlorophenol
Not Applicable
An additional demonstration is planned for this technology. Refer to the profile in the Demonstration Program (completed projects) section for more information.
Solicitation Number
From Emerging Technology Program
-------
TABLE 2 (continued)
Ongoing SITE Demonstration Program Projects as of October 1994
Developer
EET, Inc.,
Bellaire, TX (009)
Electrokinetics Inc.,
Baton Rouge, LA (009)/(E03)
EnviroMetal Technologies Inc.,
Guelph, Ontario, Canada (008)
GEOCHEM, A Division of
Terra Vac,
Lakewood, CO (007)
Horsehead Resource
Development Co., Inc.,*
Monaca.PA (008)
Hydrologies, Inc.,
Englewood, CO (008)
IT Corporation,
San Bernardino, CA (007)
Matrix Photolytic Inc.
(formerly Nutech
Environmental),"*
London, Ontario, Canada
(009)/(E05)
Technology
Extraction of PCBs from
Porous Surfaces Using
the TECHXTRACT™
Process
Electro-Klean™
Electrokinetic Soil
Processing
In Situ Metal Enhanced
Abiotic Degradation of
Dissolved Halogenated
Organic Compounds in
Groundwater
In Situ Remediation of
Chromium in
Groundwater
Flame Reactor
CURE®-
Electrocoagulation
Wastewater Treatment
System
In Situ Groundwater
Treatment System
Photocatalytic Water
Treatment
Technology
Contact
Tim Tarrillion
713-662-0727
Yalcin Acar and
Robert Marks
504-388-3992
John Vogan
519-824-0432
Jim Rouse
303-988-8902
Regis Zagrocki
412-773-2289
Carl Dalrymple
303-761-6960
Walter Grinyer
909-799-6869
Bob Henderson
519-660-8669
EPA Project
Manager
Richard Eilers
513-569-7809
Randy Parker
513-569-7271
Chien Chen
908-906-6985
Douglas Grosse
513-569-7844
Donald Oberacker
513-569-7510
Marta K. Richards
513-569-7692
Annette Gatchett
513-569-7697
Michelle Simon
513-569-7469
Richard Eilers
513-569-7809
Waste Media
Solids
Soil
Groundwater
Groundwater
Soil, Sludge,
Industrial Solid
Residues
Water
Groundwater
Wastewater,
Groundwater,
3rocess Water
Applicable Waste
Inorganic
Heavy Metals, Radionuclides
Heavy Metals and Other
Inorganics, Radionuclides
Not Applicable
Hexavalent Chromium,
Uranium, Selenium, Arsenic
Metals
Aluminum, Arsenic, Barium,
Cadmium, Chromium,
Cyanide, Lead, Nickel,
Uranium, and Zinc
Mot Applicable
Nonspecific Inorganics
Organic
PCBs, Hydrocarbons
Nonspecific Organics
Halogenated Organic
Compounds
Not Applicable
Not Applicable
Mot Applicable
VOCs
PCBs, PCDDs, PCDFs,
Chlorinated Alkenes,
Chlorinated Phenols
01
An additional demonstration is planned for this technology. Refer to the profile in the Demonstration Program (completed projects) section for more information.
' From Emerging Technology Program
-------
8
TABLE 2 (continued)
Ongoing SITE Demonstration Program Projects as of October 1994
Developer
viorrison Knudsen Corporation/
Spetstamponazhgeologia
Enterprises (STG),
Boise, ID (009)
New York State Department of
Environmental Conservation,
Mbany, NY (009)
<[orth American Technologies
Group, Inc.,
Sacramento, CA (008)
Pintail Systems Incorporated,
Aurora, CO (009)
Praxis Environmental
Technologies, Inc.,
Burlingame, CA (008)
Process Technologies, Inc.,
Boise, ID (009)
Purus, Inc.,
San Jose, CA (006)
Remediation Technologies, Inc.
Seattle, WA (002)
Technology
High Clay Grouting
'echnology
Multi-Vendor
Jioremediation
BioTreat™ System
Spent Ore Bioremediation
Process
In Situ Thermal
Extraction Process
Photolytic Destruction fo
SVE Off-Gases
PurCycle™ Vapor
Treatment Process
Liquid and Solids
Biological Treatment
Technology
Contact
Cathryn Levihn or
R. Mac Hartley
208-386-6115
Nick Kolak
518-485-8792
Cathryn Wimberly
916-366-6165
^eslie Thompson
303-367-8843
Lloyd Stewart
415-548-9288
Paul Carpenter
904-283-6187
Mike Swan
208-385-0900
Steve Hodge
916-643-0830
Bart Mass
408-955-1000
Merv Cooper
206-624-9349
EPA Project
Manager
ack Hubbard
513-569-7507
Annette Gatchett
513-569-7697
Mary Stinson
908-321-6683
Jack Hubbard
513-569-7507
Paul dePercin
513-569-7797
Laurel Staley
513-569-7863
Norma Lewis
513-569-7665
Ronald Lewis
513-569-7856
Waste Media
Groundwater
Soil
Soil, Sludge,
Mixed Media
Spent Ore Heaps,
Waste Rock
Dumps, Mine
Tailings, Process
Water
Soil, Groundwater
Air, Gases
Soil, Groundwater
Air
Soil, Sediment,
Sludge
Applicable Waste
Inorganic
Heavy Metals
Not Applicable
Not Applicable
Cyanide
Not Applicable
Not Applicable
Not Applicable
Not Applicable
Organic
Nonspecific Organics
VOCs
Gasoline, Jet Fuel, Diesel
Fuel, Motor Oil, Crude
Oil, PAHs, BTEX, Methyl
Isobutyl Ketone, TCE,
PCP, Creosotes
Not Applicable
VOCs and SVOCs,
Hydrocarbons, Solvents
VOCs, Chlorinated VOCs,
CFCs
Fuel Hydrocarbons, VOCs,
SVOCs, Chlorinated
Solvents
Biodegradable Organics,
Creosote, PCP, PAHs
-------
TABLE 2 (continued)
Ongoing SITE Demonstration Program Projects as of October 1994
Developer
Risk Reduction
Engineering Laboratory,*
Cincinnati, OH (009)
Risk Reduction
Engineering Laboratory,
Cincinnati, OH (006)
RKK, Ltd.,
Arlington, WA (009)
Sandia National Laboratory,* "
Albuquerque, NM (009)
Separation and Recovery
Systems, Inc.,
Irvine, CA (002)
Sevenson Environmental
Services, Inc.,
Munster, IN (009)
SIVE Services,
Dixon, CA (009)
TechTran Environmental, Inc.,
Houston, TX (005)
MWaste Reduction Services,
Inc.,**"
Calgary, Alberta, Canada (009)
Technology
Base-Catalyzed
Decomposition Process
Bioventing
CYROCELL™
Electrokinetic Extraction
in Unsaturated Soils
SAREX Chemical
Fixation Process
MAECTITE® Chemical
Treatment Process
Steam Injection and
Vacuum Extraction-
Linear Flow (SIVE-LF)
Process
Combined Chemical
Precipitation, Physical
Separation, and Binding
Process for Radionuclides
and Heavy Metals
Thermal Phase Separator
and TRACE Soil
Washing Unit
Technology
Contact
Carl Brunner
513-569-7655
Yei-Shong Shieh or
G. Steven Detwiler
610-832-0700
Paul McCauley
513-569-7444
Christopher Reno
206-653-4844
Eric Lindgren
505-844-3820
Brad Miller
714-261-8860
Karl Yost
219-836-0116
Douglas Dieter
916-678-8358
E.B. (Ted) Daniels
713-680-8833
Phil Carson
403-234-3229
EPA Project
Manager
Terrence Lyons
513-569-7589
Jack Hubbard
513-569-7507
Annette Gatchett
513-569-7697
Randy Parker
513-569-7271
Jack Hubbard
513-569-7507
Jack Hubbard
513-569-7507
Michelle Simon
513-569-7469
Annette Gatchett
513-569-7697
Gordon Evans
513-569-7684
Waste Media
Soil, Sediment,
Sludge
Soil
Soil, Groundwater,
Leachate
Soil
Soil, Sludge
Soil, Sludge,
Sediment, Solids
Soil
Water, Soil,
Sludge
Soil
Applicable Waste
Inorganic
Not Applicable
Not Applicable
Non-specific Inorganics
Hexavalent Chromium
Low-Level Metals
Lead, Other Heavy Metals
Not Applicable
Heavy Metals, Radionuclides
Copper, Lead, Zinc
Organic
PCBs, PCPs, Halogenated
Compounds
Biodegradable Organics
Non-specific Organics
Not Applicable
Nonspecific Organics
Not Applicable
VOCs, SVOCs
Not Applicable
Chlorinated Compounds,
PCBs, Hydrocarbons
^ additional demonstration is planned for this technology. Refer to the profile in the Demonstration Program (completed projects) section for more information.
From Emerging Technology Program
This technology is not profiled in this document. For further information, please contact the Technology Contact or the EPA Project Manager.
-------
I
S3
0)
TABLE 2 (continued)
Ongoing SITE Demonstration Program Projects as of October 1994
Developer
Vortec Corporation,"*
Collegeville, PA (009)/(E04)
Western Research Institute,*" '
Laramie, WY (005)/(E01)
Wheelabrator Technologies Inc.,
Hampton, NH (008)
Xerox Corporation,
Webster, NY (009)
Zenon Environmental Inc.,"*
Burlington, Ontario, Canada
(007)/(E02)
Zenon Environmental Inc.,
Burlington, Ontario, Canada
(007)
Zimpro Environmental, Inc.,
Rothschild, WI (002)
Technology
Oxidation and
Vitrification Process
Contained Recovery of
Oily Wastes (CROW™)
WES-PHix Stabilization
Process
Two-Phase Extraction
Process
Cross-Flow
Pervaporation System
ZenoGem™ Process
PACT® Wastewater
Treatment System
Technology
Contact
fames Hnat
610-489-2255
Lyle Johnson
307-721-2281
Mark Lyons
603-929-3000
Ron Hess
716-422-3694
Bud Hoda
916-643-1742
Philip Canning
905-639-6320
Tony Tonelli
905-639-6320
William Copa
715-359-7211
EPA Project
Manager
Ten Richardson
513-569-7949
Bugene Harris
513-569-7862
Chien Chen
908-321-6985
Laurel Staley
513-569-7863
Ronald Turner
513-569,7775
Daniel Sullivan
908-321-6677
John Martin
513-569-7758
Waste Media
Soil, Sludge,
Sediment, Mill
Tailings
Soil, Water
Municipal Waste
Combustion Ash,
Soil, Sludge
Groundwater, Soil
Groundwater,
Lagoons,
Leachate,
Rinsewater
Groundwater,
Leachate
Groundwater,
Industrial
Wastewater,
Leachate
Applicable Waste
Inorganic
Metals, Other Nonspecific
Inorganics
Not Applicable
Heavy Metals, Lead,
Cadmium, Copper, Zinc
Not Applicable
Not Applicable
Not Applicable
Not Applicable
Organic
Nonspecific Organics
Coal Tar Derivatives,
Petroleum By-products,
PCP
Not Applicable
VOCs
Solvents, Degreasers,
Gasoline, VOCs
Nonspecific Biodegradable
Organics
Biodegradeable VOCs and
SVOCs
From Emerging Technology Program
-------
-------
Technology Profile
DEMONSTRATION PROGRAM
ALLBEDSIGNAL ENVIRONMENTAL SYSTEMS AND SERVICES
(Immobilized Cell Bioreactor Biotreatment System)
TECHNOLOGY DESCRIPTION:
The immobilized cell bioreactor (ICB) bio-
treatment system is an aerobic, anaerobic, or
combined aerobic/anaerobic fixed-filmbioreactor
system designed to remove organic contaminants
(including nitrogen-containing compounds -and
chlorinated solvents) from process wastewater,
contaminated groundwater, and other aqueous
streams. This biotreatment system offers un-
proved treatment efficiency by using 1) a uni-
que, proprietary reactor medium that maximizes
biological activity in the reactor, and 2) a pro-
prietary reactor design that maximizes contact
between the biofilm and the contaminants.
These features result in quick, complete degrada-
tion of target contaminants to carbon dioxide,
water, and biomass. Additional advantages
include 1) high treatment capacity, 2) compact
system design, and 3) reduced operations and
maintenance costs resulting from simplified
operation and low sludge production.
Basic system components include the bioreac-
tor(s), media, mixing tanks and pumps, feed
pump, recirculation pump, and a blower to
provide air to the aerobic bioreactor. The figure
below is a schematic of the system.
Depending on the specifics of the influent
streams, some standard pretreatments, such as
pH adjustment or oil and water separation, may
be required. Effluent clarification is not re-
quired for the system to operate, but may be
required, to meet specific discharge requirements.
The system is designed to treat 10 million
gallons per day of contaminated aqueous
streams.
WASTE APPLICABILITY:
The ICB biotreatment system has been success-
fully applied to industrial wastewater and
groundwater containing a wide range of organic
pH System Nutrients System
Anaerobic ICB
Cometabolic
Substrates
Dual Anaerobic/Aerobic ICB Flow Diagram
Page 160
The SITE Program assesses but does not
approve or endorse technologies.
-------
November 1994
Ongoing Project
contaminants, including polynuclear aromatic
hydrocarbons (PAH), phenols, gasoline, chlori-
nated solvents, diesel fuel, and chlorobenzene.
Industrial streams amenable to treatment include
wastewaters generated from chemical manufac-
turing, petroleum refining, wood treating, tar
and pitch manufacturing, food processing, and
textile fabricating. AlliedSignal, Inc., has
obtained organic chemical removal efficiencies
of greater than 99 percent. The ICB biotreat-
ment system, because of its proprietary medium,
is also very effective in remediating contaminat-
ed groundwater streams containing trace organic
contaminants.
The ICB biotreatment system can be provided as
a complete customized facility for specialized
treatment needs or as a packaged modular unit.
The technology can be retrofitted to existing
bioreactors by adding the necessary internal
equipment and proprietary media. The table
below summarizes recent applications.
This biotreatment system has a completely
enclosed headspace, eliminating the possibility of
air stripping of volatile organics or intermedi-
ates. The process was tested both in the labora-
tory and at pilot scale and reduced high levels of
TCE (greater than 100 ppm) to low parts-per-
billion levels.
A Demonstration Plan will be developed in
1994; the demonstration will be conducted at a
later date.
FOR FURTHER INFORMATION:
EPA PROJECT MANAGER:
Ronald Lewis
U.S. EPA
Risk Reduction Engineering Laboratory
26 West Martin Luther King Drive
Cincinnati, OH 45268
513-569-7856
Fax: 513-569-7620
Applications
Pipeline Terminal Waste-
water
Specialty Chemical
Wastewater
Groundwater
Coal Tar Distillation Plant
Wastewater
Wood Treating Waste-
water
Contaminants
Chemical oxygen
demand, Benzene,
Methyl Tertiary
Butyl Ether
(MTBE), Xylenes
Cresols, MTBE,
PAH, Phenolics
Chlorobenzene,
TCE
Phenol, Cyanide,
Ammonia
Phenolics, Creo-
sote
• Commercial
• Commercial
• Pilot
• Commercial
• Commercial
STATUS:
A dual ICB anaerobic/aerobic system for biore-
mediation of chlorinated solvents will be demon-
strated in the near future at a site,contaminated
with trichloroethene (TCE) in St. Joseph,
Michigan.
TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPER CONTACT:
Stephen Lupton
AlliedSignal Environmental
Systems and Services
50 East Algonquin Road
P.O. Box 5016
Des Plaines, IL 60017-5016
708-391-3224
800-462-4544
Fax: 708-391-3291
TECHNOLOGY VENDOR CONTACT:
Conrad Kempton
AlliedSignal Environmental
Systems and Services
P.O. Box 1053
Morristown, NJ 07962-1053
201-455-5531
800-626-4974
Fax: 201-455-5722
The SITE Program assesses but does not
approve or endorse technologies.
Page 161
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Technology Profile
DEMONSTRATION PROGRAM
ANDCO ENVIRONMENTAL PROCESSES, INC.
(Electrochemical In Situ Chromate Reduction
and Heavy Metal Immobilization)
TECHNOLOGY DESCRIPTION:
The electrochemical in situ chromate reduction
and heavy metal immobilization process uses
electrochemical reactions that generate ions for
removal of hexavalent chromium and other
metals from groundwater. With regard to hexa-
valent chromium, as contaminated water is
pumped from an aquifer though the treatment
cell (see figure below), electrical current passes
from electrode to electrode through the process
water. The electrical exchange induces the
release of ferrous and hydroxyl ions from oppo-
site sides of each electrode. A small gap size,
coupled with the electrode potentials of
hexavalent chromium and ferrous ion, cause an
almost instantaneous reduction of hexavalent
chromium.
Depending on the groundwater's pH, various
solids may form. These solids include chromi-
um hydroxide, hydrous ferric oxide, and a
chromium-substituted hydrous iron complex.
For in situ chromate reduction to occur, a slight
excess of ferrous iron must be provided. This
ferrous iron concentration is determined based
on 1) the hexavalent chromium concentration in
the groundwater, 2) site-specific hydraulics, and
3) the target rate of site cleanup.
Dilution is avoided by introducing ferrous ions
in situ and using the aquifer's water to convey
them. Following injection, soluble ferrous ions
circulate until they contact chromate containing
solids or chromate ions. In conventional pump-
and-treat schemes, chromate dragout results in
long treatment tunes. Through in situ reduction
of chromates that are adsorbed on the soil matrix
and contained in precipitates, treatment times
should be reduced by more than 50 percent.
If implemented properly under favorable pH
conditions, chromate can be completely reduced
without producing sludge. As chromate reduc-
tion occurs, iron and chromium solids are fil-
tered out and stabilized in the soil. When
r-rl
ANDCO
ELECTROCHEMICAL
PROCESS
GROUND
SURFACE
UNCONFINED
AQUIFIER
CONFINED
AQUIFIER
Electrochemical In Situ Chromate Reduction and Heavy Metal Immobilization Process
Page 162
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approve or endorse technologies.
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November 1994
Ongoing Project
precipitates do not form due to unfavorable pH,
the system can easily be operated as part of a
pump-and-treat process until chromium removal
goals are achieved. Eliminating dragout short-
ens cleanup time and minimizes sludge handling.
Another option is to combine a pump-and-treat
scheme with in situ chromate reduction to maxi-
mize the cleanup rate, reduce aquifer contami-
nant loads, and provide water for irrigation or
industry.
Another benefit of this reduction method is that
hydrous iron oxide adsorbs heavy metals. When
iron solids are immobilized in the soil, concen-
trations of other metallic contaminants in the
groundwater decrease significantly due to
adsorption and coprecipitation.
WASTE APPLICABILITY:
A pilot-scale process unit has been designed to
treat groundwater contaminated with hexavalent
chromium ranging from 1 to 50 parts per million
(ppm) and other heavy metals (2 to 10 pprn),
including zinc, copper, nickel, lead, and antimo-
ny. A full-scale system can be engineered to
handle any flow rate as well as elevated contami-
nant loads. Each system will be designed to
achieve all site-specific remediation objectives.
STATUS:
This technology was accepted into the SITE
Demonstration Program hi June 1992. Sites are
being screened for the demonstration in EPA
Regions 2 and 10. Although the process can
remediate both confined and unconfined
aquifers, water from an unconfined source will
be treated during the demonstration.
FOR FURTHER INFORMATION:
EPA PROJECT MANAGER:
Douglas Grosse
U.S. EPA
Risk Reduction Engineering Laboratory
26 West Martin Luther King Drive
Cincinnati, Ohio 45268
513-569-7844
Fax: 513-569-7676
TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPER CONTACT:
Michael Laschinger
Andco Environmental Processes, Inc.
595 Commerce Drive
Buffalo, NY 14228-2380
716-691-2100
Fax: 716-691-2880
The ISITE Program assesses but does not
approve or endorse technologies.
Page 163
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Technology Profile
DEMONSTRATION PROGRAM
APROTEK
(Ion Conduction Agglomeration System)
TECHNOLOGY DESCRIPTION:
The high tension Ion Conduction Agglomeration
(INCA) system is an electrolytic recovery pro-
cess that removes or recovers soluble and partic-
ulate metals from aqueous solutions such as
mining effluents, process waters, and waste-
waters. Each INCA module is individually
configured to recover a desired element or series
of elements in a separate stream. This adaptabil-
ity is particularly important when the waste
stream contains a combination of valuable and
hazardous materials, common in mining effluent.
The standard flow-through system is a modular
unit that can process up to 2,000 gallons per
minute. Larger volumes can be processed by
increasing unit size or adding additional mod-
ules.
The INCA system includes an ion destabilizer
that features a unique anode and cathode config-
uration. Unlike other types of electrolytic
technologies in which the cathodes are made of
stainless steel, INCA system cathodes are made
of a specially-coated material. Proprietary
coatings are grafted on the tubular collection
units; these coatings are specific to the metals to
be collected by the system. When power is
applied, the applicable metallic ions in the
solution destabilize and agglomerate to the tubes.
The metals are collected on a special plate
system, where they are consolidated into a
sludge and fall into a collection vessel. The
sludges, which contain approximately 66 percent
water, are drained and dried in a drum dryer.
The remaining metal powder is sent for process-
ing or disposal as appropriate.
The INCA system can process aqueous solutions
efficiently and greatly reduces costs for two
major reasons: 1) the technology costs much
less than traditional treatment methods, and 2)
the value of precious metals recovered during
the process may offset the cost of remediation
Influent
Clean effluent
water
Reclaimed metal sludga collection trays
INCA System
Page 164
The SITE Program assesses but does not
approve or endorse technologies.
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November 1994
Ongoing Project
and could turn the treatment system into a profit
center.
WASTE APPLICABILITY:
The INCA system can recover virtually any
target metal in any aqueous waste stream con-
taining up to 60 percent solids. Applications
include on-site remediation for mining effluents
and contaminated groundwater. The INCA
system can also be used as an in-process treat-
ment system for manufacturing processes where
metals in solution are a problem. The modular
unit can easily be used in tandem with other
technologies, such as those that remove hydro-
carbons, to constitute a total treatment train.
STATUS:
This technology was accepted into the SITE
Demonstration Program in February 1993. A
SITE demonstration is scheduled for late 1994.
The location of the demonstration has not been
identified.
FOR FURTHER INFORMATION:
EPA PROJECT MANAGER:
Jack Hubbard
U.S. EPA
Risk Reduction Engineering Laboratory
26 West Martin Luther King Drive
Cincinnati, OH 45268
513-569-7507
Fax: 513-569-7620
TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPER CONTACT:
Cathryn Wirnberly
Aprotek
3316 Corbin Way
Sacramento, CA 95827
916-366-6165
Fax: 916-366-7873
The SITE Program assesses but does not
approve or endorse technologies.
Page 165
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Technology Profile
DEMONSTRATION PROGRAM
ASI ENVIRONMENTAL TECHNOLOGIES, INC./
DAMES & MOORE
(Hydrolytic Terrestrial Dissipation)
TECHNOLOGY DESCRIPTION:
The Hydrolytic Terrestrial Dissipation (HTD)
process was developed for use at the
Chemairspray site in Palm Beach County,
Florida. An estimated 11,500 cubic yards of
surface soils at the site are contaminated with
toxaphene (a chlorinated pesticide) and metal
fungicides, primarily copper.
After excavation, the HTD process mixes and
grinds soils to uniformly distribute metal com-
plexes and organic chemicals. During mixing,
caustics are added to raise the soil pH to 8.0 or
greater, although slower reactions should still
occur at lower pHs. Soil moisture levels are
maintained during mixing to prevent adsorption
and fugitive dust.
The prepared mixture is then distributed in a
thin veneer (4 to 7 centimeters) over a soil bed
and exposed to heat and ultraviolet (UV) light
from the sun to facilitate dissipation. Sodium
metabisulfite (a reducing agent), caustics, and
moisture are added at intervals to maintain the
reactions and ensure that metal catalysts are
available to further the hydrolysis. As hydroly-
sis proceeds, toxaphene with 5 to 11 chlorine
atoms per molecule transforms to lower molecu-
lar weights through dechlorination and other
processes. UV light within the visible spectrum
is also known to cleave the carbon-chloride bond
as well as other chemical bonds. As lower
weight toxaphene moieties occur at the surface
of the soil mixture, the molecular structure
should further degrade to still lower weight
compounds.
HTD uses metal-catalyzed alkaline hydrolysis
reactions with a reducing agent to liberate chlo-
rine ions from the toxaphene's molecular struc-
ture. Depending on numerous factors, including
the nature of the contaminated media, liberated
chlorine ions probably mineralize in the soil.
HTD is a slowly occurring process that should
degrade toxaphene to camphene (C10H16) or
ADDITIVES
HEAT AND
ULTRAVIOLET LIGHT
ADDITIVE REPLACEME
BED STERILIZATION
HEATAND
ULTRAVIOLET LIGHT
AGRICULTURAL PRODUCTION
Hydrolytic Terrestrial Dissipation
Page 166
The SITE Program assesses but does not
approve or endorse technologies.
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November
Ongoing Project
similar innocuous compounds, which ultimately
break down to water and other carbon oxides
(COx). The figure on the previous page
illustrates the process.
Soils in the distribution bed are periodically
sampled to evaluate any residual contamination.
Also, the quality of underlying groundwater is
monitored during operation. After treated soils
meet established criteria, the land may be
returned to beneficial use. One staging unit can
treat about 5,000 to 6,000 cubic yards per year.
WASTE APPLICABILITY:
HTD is a process designed around the physical
chemistry of the contaminant and its environ-
ment. Depending upon the site and contami-
nant, metal catalysts, reducing (or perhaps
oxidizing) compounds, conditions of the process,
and other parameters may be altered within the
HTD design to provide effective treatment under
a wider range of applications. HTD's current
design can treat large amounts of soil conta-
minated by small amounts (less than 1 percent)
of toxaphene and other pesticides. The physical
chemistry of the target contaminants dictates
modifications for other applications; however,
the process should only be designed with suffi-
cient time for reactions to occur. Although set-
up for HTD implementation may be reasonably
inexpensive compared with other remedial
programs, the process can require large amounts
of land for its distribution bed. Of its potential
applications, agricultural or other large land uses
are currently preferable sites. HTD may also
have applications when coupled with other
passive technologies, such as bioremediation, to
provide an integrated remedial activity.
STATUS:
The HTD process was accepted into the SITE
Demonstration Program in spring 1991. A
simulation tank has been constructed to evaluate
hydrolysis under laboratory conditions. A
quality control program validated laboratory
results.
Soil moisture may play a major role in releasing
toxaphene from its bound state and allowing
degradation. Treatability studies were conducted
with soil moisture at about 50 percent, soil pH
at 8.5, air temperature at 102 to 105 degrees
Fahrenheit, and a UV wavelength of 356 nano-
meters (nm).
Under simulated conditions, these studies also
show that HTD methods slowly degrade organo-
chlorine and other pesticides in contaminated
soils. Additional studies under similar condi-
tions that include a reducing agent and slightly
higher frequency UV light (256 nm), show that
it is possible to enhance and accelerate toxa-
phene's degradation reactions.
FOR FURTHER INFORMATION:
EPA PROJECT MANAGER:
Ronald Lewis
U.S. EPA
Risk Reduction Engineering Laboratory
26 West Martin Luther King Drive
Cincinnati, OH 45268
513-569-7856
Fax: 513-569-7620
TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPER CONTACT:
Stoddard Pickrell, Jr.
HydroScience, Inc.
P.O. Box 2856
Brandon, PL 33509-2856
813-653-3376
Fax: 813-684-3384
The SITE Program assesses but does not
approve or endorse technologies.
Page 167
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Technology Profile
DEMONSTRATION PROGRAM
COLORADO DEPARTMENT OF PUBLIC HEALTH
AND ENVIRONMENT
(Developed by COLORADO SCHOOL OF MINES)
(Wetlands-Based Treatment)
TECHNOLOGY DESCRIPTION:
The constructed wetlands-based treatment tech-
nology uses natural geochemical and biological
processes inherent in a man-made wetland
ecosystem to accumulate and remove metals
from influent waters (see figure below). The
treatment system incorporates principal eco-
system components found in wetlands, including
organic materials (substrate), microbial fauna,
and algae.
Influent waters, with low pH and contaminated
with high metal concentrations, flow through the
aerobic and anaerobic zones of the wetland
ecosystem. Metals are removed by ion
exchange, adsorption, absorption, and precipi-
tation by geochemical and microbial oxidation
and reduction. Ion exchange occurs as metals in
the water contact humic or other organic sub-
stances in the soil medium. Oxidation and
reduction reactions that occur in the aerobic and
anaerobic zones, respectively, precipitate metals
7oz. GEOFABRIC
GEOGRID
7oz. GEOFABRIC
PERF EFFLUENT
PIPING TIE TO
GEOGRID
PERF. INFLUENT
PIPING
as hydroxides and sulfides. Precipitated and
adsorbed metals settle in quiescent ponds, or are
filtered out as the water percolates through the
soil or substrate.
WASTE APPLICABILITY:
The wetlands-based treatment process is suitable
for acid mine drainage from metal or coal
mining activities. These wastes typically contain
high metals concentrations and low pH. Wet-
lands treatment has been applied with some
success to wastewater in the eastern United
States. The process may have to be adjusted to
account for differences in geology, terrain, trace
metal composition, and climate in the metal
mining regions of the western United States.
STATUS:
Based on the SITE Emerging Technology Pro-
gram results, this process has been selected for
the SITE Demonstration Program.
SUBSTRATE-
7oz. GEOFABRIC
GEONET
HOPE LINER
GEOSYNTHETIC,
CLAY LINER
16oz. GEOFABRIC-
Schematic Cross Section of Upflow Pilot Cell
Page 168
The SITE Program assesses but does not
approve or endorse technologies.
-------
November 1994
Ongoing Project
The project's final year under the Emerging
Technology Program was 1991. Study results of
drainage from the Big Five Tunnel near Idaho
Springs, Colorado indicated that removal effi-
ciency of heavy metals can approach the removal
efficiency of chemical precipitation treatment
plants.
A final goal of the Emerging Technology Pro-
gram project was developing a manual that
discusses design and operating criteria for con-
structing a full-scale wetland to treat acid mine
discharges. The "Wetland Designs for Mining
Operations" manual is available from the Nation-
al Technical Information Service.
The Demonstration Program is currently evaluat-
ing the effectiveness and biogeochemical pro-
cesses at the Burleigh Tunnel mine discharge,
near Silver Plume, Colorado. Treatment of the
Burleigh Tunnel is part of the remedy for the
Clear Creek Central City Superfund site. Con-
struction of a pilot treatment system began in
summer 1993 and was completed in October
1993.
The pilot treatment system is approximately
4200 square-feet and consists of an upflow (see
figure on previous page) and downflow cell.
Each cell is treating about 10 gallons per minute
of flow. Preliminary results indicate high
removal efficiency (greater than 90 percent) for
zinc, the primary contaminant in the discharge.
FOR FURTHER INFORMATION:
EPA PROJECT MANAGER:
Edward Bates
U.S. EPA
Risk Reduction Engineering Laboratory
26 West Martin Luther King Drive
Cincinnati, OH 45268
513-569-7774
Fax: 513-569-7676
TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPER CONTACT:
Rick Brown
Colorado Department of Health
4300 Cherry Creek Drive South
HMWMD-RP-B2
Denver, CO 80220-1530
303-692-3383
Fax: 303-759-5355
The SITE Program assesses but does not
approve or endorse technologies.
Page 169
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Technology Profile
DEMONSTRATION PROGRAM
EET, INC.
(Extraction of Polychlorinated Biphenyls
from Porous Surfaces Using the TECHXTRACT™ Process)
TECHNOLOGY DESCRIPTION:
The TECHXTRACT™ process employs proprietary
chemical formulations hi successive steps to
remove polychlorinated biphenyls (PCB), toxic
hydrocarbons, heavy metals, and radionuclides
from the subsurface of porous materials such as
concrete, brick, steel, and wood. Each
formulation consists of chemicals from up to 14
separate chemical groups, and can be specifically
tailored to each contaminated site.
The process is performed in multiple cycles, and
each cycle includes three stages: surface
preparation, extraction, and rinsing. Each stage
employs a specific chemical mix.
The surface preparation step uses a solution that
contains buffered organic and inorganic acids,
sequestering agents, wetting agents, and special
hydrotrope chemicals. The extraction formula
includes macro- and microemulsifiers in addition
to electrolyte, flotation, wetting, and seques-
tering agents. The rinsing formula is pH-bal-
anced and contains wetting and complexing
agents. Emulsifiers in all the formulations help
eliminate fugitive releases of volatile organic
compounds or other vapors.
The formulation in each stage is sprayed on the
contaminated surface as a fine mist and worked
into the surface with a stiff bristle brush or floor
scrubber. The chemicals are allowed to pene-
I . EET's proprietary
blends are applied
in sequence.
5. Contaminants
entrained in spent
solution are
vacuumed and
drumed for disposal.
Chemicals
penetrate
through pores
and capillaries.
Contaminants
are released
from substrate
and drawn to
surface.
Electrochemical bonds holding
contaminants to substrate are
attacked and broken.
Schematic Diagram of the TECHXTRACT™ Process
Page 170
The SITE Program assesses but does not
approve or endorse technologies.
-------
November 1994
Ongoing Project
trate into the subsurface, and are then rinsed or
vacuumed from the surface with a high-efficien-
cy particulate air-filtered barrel-vacuum. No
major capital equipment is required.
Contaminant levels can be reduced from 60 to
90 percent per cycle. One cycle can take up to
24 hours. The total number of cycles is deter-
mined from initial contaminant concentrations
and final concentration target levels.
WASTE APPLICABILITY:
The TECHXTRACT™ process is designed to treat
porous solid materials contaminated with PCBs;
toxic hydrocarbons; heavy metals, including lead
and arsenic; and radionuclides. By extracting
the contaminants from the surface, the materials
can be left in place, reused, or recycled. After
treatment, the contaminants are concentrated hi
a small volume of liquid waste.
In commercial applications, the process has
reduced PCS concentrations from 1,000,000
micrograms per one hundred square centimeters
(jug/100 cm2), to concentrations less than 0.2
jKg/100 cm2. TECHXTRACT™ has been used on
concrete floors, walls, and ceilings, tools and
machine parts, internal piping, valves, and lead
shielding. TECHXTRACT™ has removed lead,
arsenic, technetium, uranium, cesium, tritium,
and thorium.
STATUS:
This technology was accepted into the SITE
Demonstration Program in summer 1994, with
an expected demonstration date of December
1994. The demonstration should verify PCB
extraction depth from concrete surfaces and
quantify contaminant removal from the subsur-
face.
The technology has been used in over 200
successful decontamination projects for the U.S.
Department of Energy, U.S. Department of
Defense, electric utility industry, heavy manu-
facturing industry, steel industry, aluminum
industry, and other applications. Further re-
search is underway to apply the technology on
soil, gravel, and other loose material. Addition-
al research is planned to remove or concentrate
metals in the extracted liquids.
FOR FURTHER INFORMATION:
EPA PROJECT MANAGER:
Richard Eilers
U.S. EPA
Risk Reduction Engineering Laboratory
26 West Martin Luther King Drive
Cincinnati, OH 45268
513-569-7809
Fax: 513-569-7620
TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPER CONTACT:
Tim Tarrillion
EET, Inc.
4710 Bellaire, Suite 300
Bellaire, TX 77401
713-662-0727
Fax: 713-662-2322
The SITE Program assesses but does not
approve or endorse technologies.
Page 171
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Technology Profile
DEMONSTRATION PROGRAM
ELECTROKINETICS INC.
(Electro-KIean™ Electrokinetic Soil Processing)
TECHNOLOGY DESCRIPTION:
The Electro-KIean™ electrokinetic soil process
separates and extracts heavy metals and organic
contaminants from soils. Electro-KIean™ can be
applied in situ or ex situ, and uses direct cur-
rents with electrodes placed on each side of the
contaminated soil mass. Conditioning fluids
such as suitable acids may be used for electrode
(cathode) depolarization to enhance the process.
The figure below illustrates the field processing
scheme and the flow of ions to respective bore
boles (or trenches). Conditioning pore fluids
may be added or circulated at the electrodes to
control process electrochemistry. Contaminants
are electroplated oh the electrodes or separated
in a posttreatment unit.
An acid front migrates towards the negative
electrode (cathode) and contaminants are extract-
ed through electrosrriosis (EO) and electro-
migration (EM). The concurrent mobility of the
ions and pore fluid decontaminates the soil mass.
The EO and EM supplement or replace conven-
tional pump-and-treat technologies.
Bench-scale results show that the process works
in both unsaturated and saturated soils. Pore
fluid flow moves from the positive electrodes
(anodes) to the cathodes under the effect of the
EO and EM forces. Electrode selection is
important, since many metal or carbon anodes
will rapidly dissolve from attack of strong
oxidants.
ASE FRONT
and/or CATHODIC
ROCESS FLUID
ACID FRONT
and/or ANODIC
PROCESS FLUID
Electrokinetic Remediation Process
Page 172
The SITE Program assesses but does not
approve or endorse technologies.
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November 1994
Ongoing Project
WASTE APPLICABILITY:
Electro-Klean™ extracts heavy metals, radio-
nuclides, and other inorganic contaminants
below their solubility limit. Bench-scale tests
have removed arsenic, benzene, cadmium,
chromium, copper, ethylbenzene, lead, nickel,
phenol, trichloroethene, toluene, xylene, and
zinc from soils. Bench-scale studies under the
SITE Program demonstrated the feasibility of
removing uranium and thorium from kaolinite.
Limited pilot-scale field tests resulted in zinc and
arsenic removal from clays and saturated and
unsaturated sandy clay deposits. Lead and
copper were also removed from dredged sedi-
ments. Treatment efficiency depended on the
specific chemicals, their concentrations, and the
buffering capacity of the soil. The technique
proved 85 to 95 percent efficient when removing
phenol at concentrations of 500 parts per mil-
lion. In addition, the removal efficiency for
lead, chromium, cadmium, and uranium at
levels up to 2,000 micrograms per gram (/tg/g),
ranged between 75 and 95 percent.
STATUS:
Bench-scale laboratory studies investigating
heavy metal, radionuclide, and organic contami-
nant removal are complete, and radionuclide
removal studies are complete under the SITE
Emerging Technology Program. A pilot-scale
laboratory study investigating removal of 2,000
/tg/g lead loaded onto kaolinite was completed in
May 1993. Removal efficiencies of 90 to 95
percent were obtained. The electrodes were
placed 3 feet apart in a 2-ton kaolinite specimen
for 4 months, at an energy cost of about $15 per
ton. The results of a second pilot-scale labora-
tory study using 5000 /*g/g of lead adsorbed on
kaolinite showed similar efficiency results as the
earlier study. Bench-scale treatability studies
and process enhancement schemes using condi-
tioning fluids continue. Ongoing pilot-scale
studies and a field study demonstrating lead
removal from a military firing range will be
conducted during 1994 and 1995; a new elec-
trical separation process of extractive electrolysis
will be pilot-tested for removal of multiple
heavy metals.
Based on results from the Emerging Technology
Program, the Electro-Klean™ soil process was
invited to participate in the SITE Demonstration
Program. A suitable demonstration site is being
sought.
FOR FURTHER INFORMATION:
EPA PROJECT MANAGER:
Randy Parker
U.S. EPA
Risk Reduction Engineering Laboratory
26 West Martin Luther King Drive
Cincinnati, OH 45268
513-569-7271
Fax: 513-569-7620
TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPER CONTACTS:
Yalcin Acar or Robert Marks
Electrokinetics Inc.
Louisiana Business and Technology Center
Louisiana State University, Suite 155
South Stadium Drive
Baton Rouge, LA 70803-6100
504-388-3992
Fax: 504-388-3928
The SITE Program assesses but does not
approve or endorse technologies.
Page 173
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Technology Profile
DEMONSTRATION PROGRAM
ENVIROMETAL TECHNOLOGIES INC.
(In Situ Metal Enhanced Abiotic Degradation of
Dissolved Halogenated Organic Compounds in Groundwater)
TECHNOLOGY DESCRIPTION:
This remedial technology, developed by the
Waterloo Center for Groundwater Research and
EnviroMetal Technologies, Inc., dehalogenates
dissolved halogenated organic compounds in
groundwater with an in situ permeable wall
containing reactive metal (iron) that is installed
across a contaminant plume (see figure below).
As the water passes through the wall, the halo-
genated organics are degraded, preventing
contaminants from migrating further
downstream.
Recent research has indicated that certain zero-
valence metals, notably iron, can help degrade a
wide variety of dissolved halogenated solvents.
The permeable reaction wall contains a specially
prepared mixture of iron and an inert support
material. Observed degradation rates are several
tunes higher than those reported for natural
abiotic degradation processes.
In most in situ applications of this technology,
groundwater moves through the permeable wall
naturally or is directed by flanking impermeable
sections such as sheet piles or slurry walls (see
figure on next page). This passive remediation
method is a cost-effective alternative to conven-
tional pump-and-treat methods.
Process residuals may include dissolved ethane,
ethene, methane, hydrogen gas, and small
amounts of chloride and dissolved ferrous iron.
Because contaminants are degraded in situ and
not transferred to another medium, this process
eliminates the need for waste treatment or dis-
posal. Future applications are expected to in-
clude aboveground reactor vessels, which may
replace or add to conventional pump-and-treat
systems.
WASTE APPLICABILITY:
The process was developed to treat dissolved
halogenated organic compounds in groundwater.
The technology has degraded a wide variety of
chlorinated alkanes and alkenes, including
trichloiroethene (TCE), tetrachlorethene (PCE),
vinyl chloride, 1,1,1,-trichloroethane, and 1,2-
dichloroethene (DCE). The technology also
degrades other organic contaminants, including
Freon-113, ethylene dibromide, certain nitro-
aromatics, and N-nitrosodimethylamine.
VOC-beanng
Groundwater
Permeable
Treatment
Wall
Schematic View of an In Situ Permeable Treatment Wall
Page 174
The SITE Program assesses but does not
approve or endorse technologies.
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November 1394
Ongoing Project
STATUS:
This technology was accepted into the SITE
Demonstration Program in spring 1993. A
pilot-scale demonstration of the aboveground
reactor technology is scheduled for fall 1994 at
an industrial facility in New Jersey, once the
groundwater collection system is constructed.
The overburden and shallow fractured bedrock
beneath the facility contain dissolved TCE and
PCE. The flow system prevents installation of
a "standard" in situ reactive wall; consequently,
groundwater collected in trenches installed in the
shallow bedrock will pass through a treatment
unit containing a high percentage of iron at a
velocity of 5 feet per day.
A second SITE demonstration project is
scheduled to begin in New York in winter 1994
or spring 1995. An in situ permeable wall will
be installed in a shallow sand aquifer containing
TCE, DCE, and 1,1,1-trichloroethane.
A successful permeable in situ wall was installed
at the Canadian Forces Base Borden test site in
June 1991. Approximately 90 percent of TCE
and PCE was removed from groundwater pas-
sing through the wall. Over 20 successful
bench-scale feasibility tests simulating flow in
situ conditions have been completed using
groundwater from industrial and government
facilities in the United States and Canada.
FOR FURTHER INFORMATION:
EPA PROJECT MANAGER:
Chien Chen
U.S. EPA
Risk Reduction Engineering Laboratory
2890 Woodbridge Avenue
Building 10, MS-104
Edison, NJ 08837-3679
908-906-6985
Fax: 908-321-6640
TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPER CONTACT:
John Vogan
EnviroMetal Technologies Inc.
42 Arrow Road
Guelph, Ontario, Canada
NIK 1S6
519-824-0432
Fax: 519-763-2378
Permeable
Treatment
Section
Impermable
Sheet Piling/
Slurry Wall
Schematic View of In Situ Permeable Treatment Section
Installed in Conjunction with an Impermeable Barrier
The SITE Program assesses but does not
approve or endorse technologies.
Page 175
-------
Technology Profile
DEMONSTRATION PROGRAM
GEOCHEM, A Division of Terra Vac
(In Situ Remediation of Chromium in Groundwater)
TECHNOLOGY DESCRIPTION:
The GEOCHEM treatment process removes
chromium from contaminated groundwater using
a variation of traditional pump-and-treat
methods. As part of GEOCHEM's approach,
contaminated groundwater is brought to the
surface and treated using conventional treatment
systems, such as ferrous ion (see figure below).
Next, a reductant is added to the treated water,
which is reinjected around the plume margin.
Here it reacts with and reduces residual levels of
chromium, forming a precipitate. Such rein-
jection creates a "barrier" of elevated water
levels around the plume, enhancing the gradient
and associated hydraulic control. The rein-
jection also allows for in situ reduction and
subsequent fixation of residual chromium.
Most aquifer solids naturally contain chromium
(primarily trivalent) at levels of 15 parts per
million (pPm) or more- The precipitation of
residual chromium from the water does not
materially add to the concentration of chromium
in the aquifer solids since most contaminated
zones contain only a few ppm of chromium, and
the precipitation of such material onto the
aquifer solids does not change the overall
chromium concentration in the aquifer.
Geochemical conditions will be evaluated under
the SITE Program to ensure that the precipitated
chromium does not become remobilized. Data
from two different soil treatment approaches are
shown on the next page, indicating that using a
reductant dosed water is more effective than
using demineralized water.
WASTE APPLICABILITY:
The GEOCHEM process is capable of treating
dissolved hexavalent chromium in groundwater
at concentrations ranging from the detection
limit to several hundred ppm. The process is
applicable to wood preserving and chromium
chemicals manufacturing sites, as well as plating
REDUCTANT TREATED WATER
CONTAMINATED GROUND WATER
? TREATMENT
PLANT
CONTAMINATION
SOURCE
PUMPING
WATER TABLE
ORIGINAL
WATER TABLE
IN-SITU Cr +3
FIXATION
Cr+6
CONTAMINATED
GROUNDWATER
ADVANCING FRONT
REDUCTANT TREATED WATER
In Situ Remediation of Chromium in Groundwater
Page 176
The SITE Program assesses but does not
approve or endorse technologies.
-------
November 1994
Ongoing Project
and other facilities using hexavalent chromium.
In addition, treatment of such groundwater
contaminants as uranium, selenium, and arsenic
is possible. The technology also has an
operational history at mine sites.
STATUS:
GEOCHEM was accepted into the SITE Demon-
stration Program in summer 1992. Numerous
sites were evaluated for demonstrating
GEOCHEM's technology. The technique has
been accepted by the Indiana Department of
Environmental Management for a voluntary full-
scale site remediation. Arrangements are being
made to demonstrate the technology in early
1995 at the Valley Wood Treating site in
Turlock, California. EPA Region 9 has issued
notice of intent to apply the technique over the
entire Valley Wood site.
FOR FURTHER INFORMATION:
EPA PROJECT MANAGER:
Douglas Grosse
U.S. EPA
Risk Reduction Engineering Laboratory
26 West Martin Luther King Drive
Cincinnati, OH 45268
513-569-7844
Fax: 513-569-7676
TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPER CONTACT:
Jim Rouse
GEOCHEM, A Division of Terra Vac
12596 West Bayaud, Suite 205
Lakewood, CO 80228
303-988-8902
Fax: 303-988-0288
{Chromium, ppm |
10000.00
1000.00
100.00
10.00
1.00
Chromium Cleanup
Standard 0.05 ppm
»e.**^
Chromium Reduction as a Function of Water Flush Method and Pore Volume Throughput
The SITE Program assesses but does not
approve or endorse technologies.
Page 177
-------
Technology Profile
DEMONSTRATION PROGRAM
HYDROLOGICS, INC.
(CURE®-EIectrocoagulation Wastewater Treatment System)
TECHNOLOGY DESCRIPTION:
The CURE®-Electrocoagulation (CURE®) system
is designed to remove ionic metal species and
other charged particles from water (see figure
below). Because many toxic metal ions includ-
ing nickel, lead, and chromates are held in
solution by electrical charges, they will precipi-
tate out of solution if they are neutralized with
oppositely-charged ions. The CURE® system is
effective at breaking oily emulsions and remov-
ing suspended solids. The CURE® system is an
improvement over previous electrocoagulation
methods because of a unique geometrical config-
uration.
The CURE® system patented geometry maximiz-
es liquid surface contact between the anode and
concentric cathode electrocoagulation tubes, thus
minimizing the power requirements for efficient
operation. The CURE® system allows the con-
taminated water to flow continuously through the
cathode tube, enabling a direct current to pass
uniformly through a water stream. The conta-
minated water then passes through the annular
space between the cathode and anode tubes and
is exposed to sequential positive and negative
electrical fields. Typical retention time is less
than 20 seconds. Water characteristics such as
pH, redox potential, and conductivity can be
adjusted to achieve maximum removal efficien-
cies for specific contaminants.
After the treated water exits the electrocoagu-
lation tubes, the destabilized colloids are allowed
to flocculate and are then separated with an
integrated clarifier system. Polymers can be
added to enhance flocculation, but in most cases
they are not required. The sludge produced by
this process is usually very stable and acid-
resistant. Tests have shown that sludges pro-
duced by the CURE® system pass the toxicity
characteristic leaching procedure and are often
disposed of as nonhazardous waste.
CURE TUBES
INFLUENT
ft
k^
I-
S"^
V J
CLARIFIER
£=A
SLUDQE PUMP
EFFLUENT
*?
Schematic Diagram of the CURE®-Electrocoagulation System
Page 178
The SITE Program assesses but does not
approve or endorse technologies.
-------
November 1994
Ongoing Project
WASTE APPLICABILITY:
The CURE® system is applicable to an extreme-
ly broad range of dissolved metals, including
aluminum, arsenic, barium, cadmium,
chromium, cyanide, lead, nickel, uranium, and
zinc. Because electrocoagulation can also
remove other suspended materials from solution,
this technology can also treat mining, electro-
plating, industrial wastewaters, and contaminated
groundwater. The system can also pretreat
water for reverse osmosis systems since it
reduces silica, calcium, and suspended solids.
STATUS:
This technology was accepted into the SITE
Demonstration Program in summer 1993.
Bench-testing has been completed for a specific
site. Negotiations are underway to use this site
for the demonstration.
FOR FURTHER INFORMATION:
EPA PROJECT MANAGER:
Annette Gatchett
U.S. EPA
Risk Reduction Engineering Laboratory
26 West Martin Luther King Drive
Cincinnati, OH 45268
513-569-7697
Fax: 513-569-7620
TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPER CONTACT:
Carl Dalrymple
Hydrologies, Inc.
3101 South Platte River Drive
Englewood, CO 80110
303-761-6960
Fax: 303-761-0146
The SITE Program assesses but does not
approvEi or endorse technologies.
Page 179
-------
Technology Profile
DEMONSTRATION PROGRAM
IT CORPORATION
(In Situ Groundwater Treatment System)
TECHNOLOGY DESCRIPTION:
IT Corporation's in situ groundwater treatment
system removes volatile organic compounds
(VOC) from groundwater by transferring them
to a vapor phase and destroying them with a
photocatalytic oxidation (PCO) unit. The halo-
genated or non-halogenated VOCs may also be
additionally treated with granular activated
carbon.
The groundwater treatment system consists of
three stages: 1) an airlift pumping technique, 2)
an in situ vapor stripping method, and 3) air
sparging (see figure below). An extraction unit
well is installed to the bottom of the conta-
minated aquifer. Air is injected into an eductor
pipe, lifting the contaminated groundwater up
through the pipe. The lifting action displaces
groundwater from the lower section of the well,
replacing it with contaminated groundwater from
the lower aquifer.
In the first stage, air bubbles and water mix as
they move up the eductor pipe. As the bubbles
travel upward, some of the chlorinated VOCs
transfer from the water phase to the vapor
phase. The vacuum system then removes these
vaporized VOCs.
In the second stage, groundwater that has been
lifted to the top of the well is sprayed as fine
75 teet—>| 100 feet—H125 feet->)
(a) Depth to water: 55.5 feet
(b) Depth to bedrock: 155 to 161 feet
v-1 set at 75-fest from system well, screened at 15 to 25 feet (bgs)
FW-1 screened from 48.7 to 68.7 feet (bgs)
PW-2 screened from 114 to 124 feet (bgs)
PW-3 scrooend from 140 to 155 feet (bgs)
PW-4 screened from 50.3 to 70.3 feet (bgs)
PW-5 screened from 120 to 130 feet (bgs)
PW-6 screened from 150 to 165 feet (bgs)
AH cluster wells are set 5 feet apart
NOT TO SCALE
Schematic Diagram of In Situ Groundwater Treatment System
Page 180
The SITE Program assesses but does not
approve or endorse technologies.
-------
November 1994
Ongoing Project
droplets inside the well casing. Countercurrent
air flow strips additional chlorinated VOCs from
the water, similar to standard air stripping
systems.
Water is sparged as it collects in the upper well,
at the water table. A packer separates the upper
well from the lower, forcing water to recharge
at the water table. Fine bubble aerators transfer
large volumes of air through the water, aerating
and stripping off remaining VOCs. Throughout
this process, a slight vacuum in the upper well
draws stripped VOCs to the PCO unit.
Water from the lower portion of the aquifer
flows into the well to replace the air-lifted
water, causing drawdown. Thus, water is
circulated from the lower portion of the aquifer
into the well and then back to the upper portion
of the aquifer, establishing a recirculating treat-
ment zone. Multiple treatment stages are used
to achieve maximum cleanup efficiencies. The
system is designed to remove chlorinated VOCs
below maximum contaminant levels in the first
pass. Therefore, water reihtroduced to the
upper aquifer should not degrade water quality.
WASTE APPLICABILITY:
The in situ groundwater treatment system is
designed to remove VOCs, including trichloro-
ethene, benzene, and chloroform, from
groundwater.
STATUS:
This technology was accepted into the SITE
Demonstration Program in 1993. The demon-
stration is on hold pending selection of a new
location at Site 2 of March Air Force Base,
California.
FOR FURTHER INFORMATION:
EPA PROJECT MANAGER:
Michelle Simon
U.S. EPA
Risk Reduction Engineering Laboratory
26 West Martin Luther King Drive
Cincinnati, Ohio 45268
513-569-7469
Fax: 513-569-7676
TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPER CONTACT:
Walter Grinyer
IT Corporation
1425 South Victoria Court, Suite A
San Bernardino, CA 92408-2923
909-799-6869
Fax: 909-799-7604
The SITE Program assesses but does not
approve or endorse technologies.
Page 181
-------
Technology Profile
DEMONSTRATION PROGRAM
MATRIX PHOTOCATALYTIC INC.
(formerly NUTECH ENvmoNMENTAL)
(Photocatalytic Water Treatment)
TECHNOLOGY DESCRIPTION:
The Matrix Photocatalytic Inc. (Matrix), former-
ly Nutech Environmental, photocatalytic oxida-
tion system, shown in the photograph below,
efficiently removes and destroys dissolved
organic contaminants from water in a continuous
flow process at ambient temperatures. When
excited by light, the titanium dioxide (TiG^)
semiconductor catalyst generates hydroxyl radi-
cals that oxidatively break the carbon bonds of
hazardous organic compounds. The catalyst also
generates electron holes, which are powerful
reducing species.
The Matrix system, when given sufficient time,
converts organics such as polychlorinated
biphenyls (PCB); phenols; benzene, toluene,
ethylbenzene, and xylene (BTEX); and others to
carbon dioxide and water. Typically, efficient
destruction occurs between 30 seconds and 2
minutes actual exposure tune. Total organic
carbon removal takes longer, depending on the
other organic molecules and their molecular
weights.
The Matrix system was initially designed to
destroy organic pollutants or to remove total
organic carbon hi drinking water, groundwater,
and plant process water. The Matrix system
also destroys organic pollutants such as PCBs,
polychlorinated dibenzodioxins, polychlorinated
dibenzofurans, chlorinated alkenes, chlorinated
phenols, chlorinated benzenes, alcohols, ketones,
10-gpm TiO2 Photocatalytic System Treating BTEX in Water
Page 182
The SITE Progrem assesses but does not
approve or endorse technologies.
-------
November 1994
Ongoing Project
aldehydes, and amines. Inorganic pollutants
such as cyanide, sulphite, and nitrite ions can be
oxidized to cyanate ion, sulphate ion, and nitrate
ion, respectively.
WASTE APPLICABILITY:
The Matrix system can treat a wide range of
concentrations of organic pollutants in industrial
wastewater, and can be applied to the ultrapure
water industry and the drinking water industry.
The Matrix system can also remediate ground-
water.
STATUS:
The Matrix system was accepted into the SITE
Emerging Technology Program in May 1991.
Based on results from the Emerging Technology
Program, the technology was invited to partici-
pate in the Demonstration Program. A demon-
stration site at DOE's Oak Ridge, Tennessee
complex has been established.
Technological advances since that time include
the following:
• The Matrix system has treated effluents
with contaminants, such as solvents and
alcohols, as high as 30,000 parts per
million (ppm), and has achieved effluent
qualities as low as 5 parts per trillion.
• Performance has quadrupled over 1992
standards.
• Numerous extended field trials have
been conducted on raw effluent conta-
minated with a variety of organics,
mainly BTEX, trichloroethene, and
methyl tertiary butyl ether. Average
treatment time was 60 seconds at a
direct operating cost of $1 to $2 per
1,000 gallons.
• The technology was used for 6 months
in a sustained field operation on ground-
water contaminated with 1 ppm ferrous
ion (Fe+2) with no appreciable iron
fouling.
• Modular systems have been developed
for high flow rates with capacity incre-
ments of 5 gallons per minute. Capital
costs are highly competitive with ultravi-
olet/hydrogen peroxide technologies
while operating costs are usually one-
fifth to one-third less.
• Matrix has successfully designed and
field tested support systems for unat-
tended operation.
« The Matrix system has successfully
treated highly turbid effluents and dyes
in plant operations.
The research under the Emerging Technology
Program was completed in September 1993.
Two peer-reviewed journal articles are available
through National Technical Information Services
(NTIS), document Nos. PB93-222883 and
PB93-130184. For a comprehensive biblio-
graphy of TiO2 research, please obtain NTIS
document No. DE94-006906.
FOR FURTHER INFORMATION:
EPA PROJECT MANAGER:
Richard Eilers
U.S. EPA
Risk Reduction Engineering Laboratory
26 West Martin Luther King Drive
Cincinnati, OH 45268
513-569-7809
Fax: 513-569-7620
TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPER CONTACT:
Bob Henderson
Matrix Photocatalytic Inc.
22 Pegler Street ,-:.
London, Ontario, Canada
N5Z2B5
519-660-8669
Fax: 519-660-8525
The SITE Program assesses but does not
approve or endorse technologies.
Page 183
-------
Technology Profile
DEMONSTRATION PROGRAM
MORRISON KNUDSEN CORPORATION/
SPETSTAMPONAZHGEOLOGIA ENTERPRISES (STG)
(High Clay Grouting Technology)
TECHNOLOGY DESCRIPTION:
Morrison Knudsen Corporation (MK) is working
under a joint venture agreement with
Spetstamponazhgeologia Enterprises (STG) of
Ukraine to demonstrate the effectiveness of a
clay-based grouting technology. This technology
uses clay slurries as a base for grout solutions
which are injected into fissures, fractures, or
intergranular spaces in rock to inhibit or elimi-
nate groundwater flow in these pathways. The
clay slurries may also be used as a base for
slurry wall construction.
The MK/STG clay-based grouting technology is
an integrated method involving three primary
phases: obtaining detailed information about site
characteristics; developing a site-specific grout
formulation; and placing the grout.
The first phase, site characterization, includes
obtaining geophysical, geochemical, mineralogi-
cal, and hydrogeological information about the
target area. The second phase, grout formu-
lation, follows the characterization/investigation
phase. The overall properties of clay-based
grouts depend on the physical and mechanical
properties of the clay, cement, and chemical
reagents added. Formulated clay-based grouts
are viscoplastic systems comprised primarily of
structure-forming cement and clay mineral
mortar. The clay is a kaolin/illite obtained from
a local source, and the other additives are chem-
ically analyzed and laboratory-tested to deter-
mine their reactions and suitabilities. Through-
out the stabilization period, the clay-based grout
retains its plasticity and does not crystallize,
unlike cement-based grouts.
PULVERIZED
CLAY SUPPLY
ADDmVE(S)
BIN
Y
ADDmVE(S)| I
CLAY
BIN
Y CLAY
D FEEDER &
WEIGH
BATCHER
Y
WATER
SUPPLY
PUMP
SODIUM SIUOATE
SUPPLY
CEMENT
SUPPLY
CEMENT
FEEDER
Schematic Diagram of the High Clay Grouting Technology
Page 184
The SITE Program assesses but does not
approve or endorse technologies.
-------
November 7994
Ongoing Project
The third phase is grout placement. The bore-
holes drilled during the geological/hydrological
study may be used for grout placement, along
with any additional required holes. A quality
assurance program ensures that placement and
project objectives are met.
WASTE APPLICABILITY:
This technology is suitable for providing a
barrier to groundwater flows contaminated with
both heavy metals and organics, and can be
formulated, to withstand detrimental conditions
such as low pH. The technology will be demon-
strated on a stream and associated groundwater
flowing into a disused mine site that produces
acid mine drainage. Other potential applications
include liquid effluent control from landfills,
containment of chemically-or-radioactively
contaminated groundwater, and reduction of
brine inflows.
STATUS:
This technology was accepted into the SITE
Demonstration Program in winter 1993. It will
be evaluated at the abandoned Mike Horse Mine
site in Montana in fall 1994.
FOR FURTHER INFORMATION:
EPA PROJECT MANAGER:
Jack Hubbard
U.S. EPA
Risk Reduction Engineering Laboratory
26 West Martin Luther King Drive
Cincinnati, OH 45268
513-569-7507
Fax: 513-569-7620
TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPER CONTACT:
Kathryn Levihn
R. Mac Hartley
Morrison Knudsen/STG
P.O. Box 73
Boise, ID 83729
208-386-6115
Fax: 208-386-6669
The SITE Program assesses but does not
approve or endorse technologies.
Page 185
-------
Technology Profile
DEMONSTRATION PROGRAM
NEW YORK STATE DEPARTMENT OF
ENVIRONMENTAL CONSERVATION
(Multi-Vendor Bioremediation)
TECHNOLOGY DESCRIPTION:
This project will demonstrate the effectiveness of
three similar innovative bioremediation
technologies at an inactive hazardous waste site
in Sweden, New York. The pilot-scale, multi-
vendor treatability demonstration (MVTD) is
jointly sponsored by the New York State
Department of Environmental Conservation
(NYSDEC), the New York State Center for
Hazardous Waste Management (NYS Center),
and the SITE Program.
The three vendors and technologies that will be
demonstrated are:
• SBP Technologies, Inc. (SBP), and
Environmental Laboratories, Inc.,
Vacuum-Vaporized Well (UVB) system
• R.E. Wright Associates, Inc., In Situ Field
Bioremediation Treatment System
• ENSR Consulting and Engineering and
Larson Engineers Ex Situ Biovault
Monlanng W*U«
The SBP and Environmental Laboratories, Inc.,
process consists of a specially adapted
groundwater well, a negative pressure stripping
reactor, an in situ bioreactor, and an above-
ground vapor-phase bioreactor. The process
removes volatile contaminants from the soil
above the watertable and from groundwater.
The contaminants are then treated biologically.
The R.E. Wright Associates, Inc., process uses
a bioventing technology where injection and
extraction wells allow the developer to regulate
oxygen and nutrient levels to stimulate the native
bacteria in the soil into biodegrading the
contaminants of concern.
ENSR Consulting and Engineering and Larson
Engineers process is based on construction of
two identical biovaults. Contaminated soils are
placed in each biovault where nutrient, moisture,
and oxygen levels can be controlled. The first
biovault is operated under aerobic conditions.
The second, biovault is operated back and forth
between aerobic and anaerobic conditions.
The objectives of the MVTD are to generate
field data to simultaneously compare three
biological processes, and evaluate the perfor-
Water Phase
Carbon Units"
Water Row
Amendment
Injection Port
Extraction/
/Injection Unit
Air Flow Adjust Valve (TYP.)
Water:
Carbon Units J f
Atmospheric
Intake '
Injection
ManHold-
Bloventlng ^
Manifold"^1
Vacuum-Vaporized Well (UVB) System
Standard Circulation
Schematic Diagram of the In Situ
Field Bioremediation Treatment System
Page 186
The SITE Program assesses but does not
approve or endorse technologies.
-------
November 1994
Ongoing Project
mance of each biological approach in meeting
the cleanup goals.
WASTE APPLICABILITY:
All three technologies can treat soil contaminated
with volatile organic compounds.
STATUS:
The MVTD is occurring at the Sweden 3-
Chapman site in Sweden, New York. The
demonstration is coinciding with the on-going
remediation at the site, where approximately
2,500 drums of hazardous waste and contamina-
ted soil have already been removed. Field work
began in July 1994 and is expected to be com-
pleted by December 1994. Final reports from
the demonstration will be available in July 1995.
Water Piping (Top)
FOR FURTHER INFORMATION:
EPA PROJECT MANAGER:
Annette Gatchett
Risk Reduction Engineering Laboratory
U.S. EPA
26 West Martin Luther Drive
Cincinnati, OH 45268
513-569-7697
Fax: 513-569-7620
NYSDEC CONTACT:
Nick Kolak
NYSDEC
Technology Section
50 Wolf Road, Room 208
Albany, NY 12233-7010
518-485-8792
Fax: 518-457-7743
TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPER CONTACTS:
Richard Desrosiers
Environmental Laboratories, Inc.
142 Temple Street
New Haven, CT 06510
203-789-1260
Fax: 203-789-8261
Richard Cronce
R.E. Wright Associates, Inc.
3240 Schoolhouse Road
Middletown, PA 17057-3595
717-944-5501
Fax: 717-944-5642
Gil Long
ENSR Consulting and Engineering
3000 Richmond Avenue
Houston, TX 77098
713-520-9900
Fax: 713-520-6802
L Air Piping (Bottom and Top)
Schematic Diagram of the
Ex Situ Biovault System
The SITE Program assesses but does not
approve or endorse technologies.
Page 187
-------
Technology Profile
DEMONSTRATION PROGRAM
NORTH AMERICAN TECHNOLOGIES GROUP, INC.
(BioTreat™ System)
TECHNOLOGY DESCRIPTION:
The proprietary BioTreat™ System features a
series of multicomponent, functional, and bio-
chemical systems that provide for customized
treatment of organic contaminants in a wide
variety of host environments. Each system
consists of a contaminant-specific microbial
ecosystem. Treatment bacteria are dispersed in
a custom-blended nutrient mixture which is
delivered by an enhanced polyphasic colloidal
emulsifier when conditions require.
The BioTreat™ System is designed to accelerate
the naturally-occurring biodegradation process.
It can be used hi fixed biocells or applied direct-
ly as an in situ treatment method. The system
overcomes traditional bioremedial limitations by
using indigenous bacteria with specially-selected
enzymes.
The enzymes first break down the physical and
chemical bonds between clay lenses by neutra-
lizing inherent electrical charges. This step
drastically improves permeability and releases
trapped contaminants. Second, the enzymes
chemically bind to the hydrocarbons, resulting in
enzyme-catalyzed metabolic remediation that
significantly reduces treatment times. In most
projects completed to date, contamination was
reduced to below action levels within 30 days.
The figure below illustrates remediation tunes
for the BioTreat™ System compared to land-
farming and conventional bioremediation tech-
niques.
The BioTreat™ System is designed to destroy on
site contaminants through biological oxidation.
Four proprietary bioremedial agents assist
biotreatment; each of these agents is specific to
individual soil and contaminant characteristics
100000
TPH
in
ppm
Lag Phase
LANDFARMING
(Passive Bioremediation)
Low Performance
CONVENTIONAL
BIOREMEDIATION
IHiph Performance
BIO-TREAI b
(Enzyme Catalyzed Remediation)
1 5 10 100
Remediation Time (v/eeks)
1000
BioTreat™ System Remediation Times
Page 188
The SITE Program assesses but does not
approve or endorse technologies.
-------
November 1994
Ongoing Project
such as size, depth, density, and concentration.
In each case, indigenous bacteria are cultivated
for remediation.
WASTE APPLICABILITY:
The BioTreat™ System can treat most organic
contaminants in a variety of media, including
sludges, soils and mixed media. Soils with high
clay content traditionally represent the most
difficult treatment matrix; however, the
BioTreat™ System has proved most effective in
clays. The BioTreat™ System can remediate
hydrocarbons such as gasoline, jet fuel, diesel
fuel, motor oil, crude oil, polynuclear aromatic
hydrocarbons, and single-ring aromatic com-
pounds such as benzene, toluene, xylene, and
ethylbenzene. Other compounds amenable to
treatment include methyl isobutyl ketone,
trichloroethene, pentachlorophenol, and creo-
sotes. Treatment of chlorinated compounds
requires an additional step in the bioremediation
process, increasing the total treatment tune by
60 or more days.
STATUS:
This technology was accepted into the SITE
Demonstration Program in early 1993. EPA is
seeking a suitable site for the demonstration.
FOR FURTHER INFORMATION:
EPA PROJECT MANAGER:
Mary Stinson
U.S. EPA
Risk Reduction Engineering Laboratory
2890 Woodbridge Avenue
Edison, NJ 08837
908-321-6683
Fax: 908-321-6640
TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPER CONTACT:
Cathryn Wimberly
Aprotek
3316CorbinWay
Sacramento, CA 95827
916-366-6165
Fax: 916-366-7873
The SITE Program assesses but does not
approve or endorse technologies.
Page 189
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Technology Profile
DEMONSTRATION PROGRAM
PINTAIL SYSTEMS INCORPORATED
(Spent Ore Bioremediation Process)
TECHNOLOGY DESCRIPTION:
This technology uses microbial detoxification of
cyanide hi heap leach processes to reduce cya-
nide levels hi spent ore and process solutions.
The biotreatment populations of natural soil
bacteria are grown to elevated concentrations
and applied to spent ore hi a drip or spray
irrigation. Process solutions are treated with
bacteria concentrates hi continuous or batch
applications. This method may also enhance
metal remineralization, reducing acid rock
drainage and enhancing precious metal recovery
to offset treatment costs.
Biotreatment of cyanide hi spent ore and ore
processing solutions is developed by identifying
some of the bacteria that will grow hi the waste
source, and that use the cyanide for normal cell
building reactions. Native isolates are ideally
adapted to the spent ore environment, the avail-
able nutrient pool, and potential toxic compo-
nents of the heap environment. The cyanide-
detoxifying bacteria are typically a small fraction
of the overall population of cyanide-tolerant
species.
For this reason, native bacteria isolates are
extracted from the ore and tested for cyanide
detoxification potential as individual species.
Any natural detoxification potentials demon-
strated in flask cyanide decomposition tests are
preserved and submitted for bioaugmentation.
Bioaugmentation of the cyanide detoxification
population eliminates non-working species of
bacteria and enhances the natural detoxification
potential by growth in waste infusions and
chemically defined media. Pintail Systems
Incorporated (PSI) maintains a bacterial library
of some 2,5000 strains of microorganisms and a
database of their characteristics.
The working population of treatment bacteria is
grown in spent ore infusion broths and process
solutions to adapt to field operating conditions.
The cyanide in the spent ore serves as the prima-
ry carbon and/or nitrogen source for bacteria
nutrition. Other required trace nutrients are
provided in the chemically defined broths. The
bacterial consortium is then tested on spent ore
in a 6 inch by 10 foot column in the field or in
the laboratory. By mimicking leach pile condi-
/
' /\
Cyanide-Leached Ore Residue
Sump
Application Bacteria
Leachate Solution Collection
Spent Ore Bioremediation Process
Page 190
The SITE Program assesses but does not
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November 1994
Ongoing Project
tions, detoxification rates, process completion,
and effluent quality can be verified. Following
column tests, a field test may be conducted to
verify column results.
The remediation of spent ore is accomplished by
setting up a stage culturing system to establish
working populations of cyanide-degrading bacte-
ria at the mine site. Bacteria solutions are then
applied directly to the heap using the same
system originally designed to deliver cyanide
solutions to the heap leach pads (see figure on
previous page). Cyanide concentrations and
leachable metals are then measured in heap leach
solutions. This method of cyanide degradation
in spent ore leach pads has the advantage of
treating the cyanide at the source of contami-
nation, the leach pad, resulting in a much faster
rate of cyanide degradation than methods which
treat only rinse solutions from the pad. In
addition to cyanide degradation, biological
treatment of heap leach pads has also shown a
significant biomineralization and reduction of
leachable metals in heap leachate solutions.
WASTE APPLICABILITY:
The PSI biotreatment process is applicable to the
treatment of spent ore heaps, waste rock dumps,
mine tailings, and process water from gold and
silver mining operations.
STATUS:
This technology was accepted into the SITE
Demonstration Program in May 1994. PSI has
completed two full-scale cyanide detoxification
projects. A SITE Demonstration is planned at
the Summitville Mine Superfund Site in Colora-
do for spring 1995.
FOR FURTHER INFORMATION:
EPA PROJECT MANAGER:
Jack Hubbard
U.S. EPA
26 West Martin Luther King Drive
Cincinnati, OH 45268
513-569-7507
Fax: 513-569-7620
TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPER CONTACT:
Leslie Thompson
Pintail Systems Incorporated
11801 East 33rd Avenue, Suite C
Aurora, CO 80010
303-367-8443
Fax: 303-364-2120
The SITE Program assesses but does not
approve or endorse technologies.
Page 191
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Technology Profile
DEMONSTRATION PROGRAM
PRAXIS ENVIRONMENTAL TECHNOLOGIES, INC.
(In Situ Thermal Extraction Process)
TECHNOLOGY DESCRIPTION:
The in situ thermal extraction process enhances
pump-and-treat and soil vapor extraction pro-
cesses used to treat volatile organic compounds
(VOC) and semivolatile organic compounds
(SVOC). Heating the soil with steam injection
is an effective and relatively inexpensive tech-
nique to raise a target soil volume to a nearly
uniform temperature.
As illustrated in the figure below, steam is
introduced to the soil through injection wells
screened in contaminated zones both above and
below the water table. The steam flow sweeps
contaminants to extraction wells. Groundwater
and liquid contaminants are pumped from the
extraction wells; steam, air, and vaporized
contaminants are then extracted under vacuum.
After the soil is heated by steam injection, the
injection wells can introduce additional agents to
facilitate the cleanup.
Recovered vapors pass through a condenser.
The resulting condensate is combined with
pumped liquids for processing in separation
equipment. Separated nonaqueous phase liquids
(NAPL) can be recycled or disposed of, and the
water is treated prior to discharge. The non-
condensible gases are directed to a vapor treat-
ment system consisting of 1) oxidation equip-
ment, 2) activated carbon filters, or 3) treated on
site in a catalytic destruction process. The in
situ thermal extraction process uses conventional
injection, extraction and monitoring wells, off-
the-shelf piping, steam generators, condensers,
heat exchangers, separation equipment, vacuum
pumps, and vapor emission control equipment.
VACUUM PUMP
WATER
FUEL
STEAM TO
INJECTION
WELLS
•>• WATER
NAPL
STEAM TO
INJECTION
WELLS
CLAY CLAY
In Situ Thermal Extraction Process
Page 192
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November 1994
Ongoing Project
WASTE APPLICABILITY:
The in situ thermal extraction process removes
VOCs and SVOCs from contaminated soils and
groundwater. The process primarily treats
chlorinated solvents such as trichloroethene
(TCE), perchloroethene(PCE), anddichloroben-
zene; hydrocarbons such as gasoline, diesel, and
jet fuel; and mixtures of these compounds. The
process can be applied to rapid cleanup of
source areas such as dense NAPL pools below
the water table surface, light NAPL pools float-
ing on the water table surface, and NAPL conta-
mination remaining after conventional pumping
techniques. Subsurface conditions are amenable
to biodegradation of residual contaminants, if
necessary, after application of the thermal
process. A cap must exist to implement the
process near the surface. For dense NAPL
compounds in high concentrations, a barrier
must be present or created to prevent downward
percolation of the NAPL. The process is
applicable in less permeable soils using novel
delivery systems such as horizontal wells.
STATUS:
This technology was accepted into the SITE
Demonstration Program in August 1993.
Through a cooperative effort with EPA, Ogden
Air Logistics Center Environmental Management
Office, and Armstrong Laboratory at Tyndall
Air Force Base (AFB), Florida, the demonstra-
tion will occur at Hill AFB, Utah in spring
1995.
During the period 1967-1979, unknown quan-
tities of various chlorinated solvents including
TCE and PCE were disposed of in two unlined
trenches at Hill AFB. These dense NAPL com-
pounds migrated down through the soil and
shallow groundwater. The NAPL pooled on top
of a natural clay layer about 50 to 60 feet below
the surface. The technology demonstration will
be performed in this area after the NAPL
recovery by conventional pumping diminishes.
For more information about this technology, see
the Hughes Environmental Systems, Inc., or the
Berkeley Environmental Restoration Center
profiles in the Demonstration Program
(Completed Projects) section.
FOR FURTHER INFORMATION:
EPA PROJECT MANAGER:
Paul dePercin
U.S. EPA
Risk Reduction Engineering Laboratory
26 West Martin Luther King Drive
Cincinnati, OH 45268
513-569-7797
Fax: 513-569-7620
TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPER CONTACT:
Lloyd Stewart
Praxis Environmental Technologies, Inc.
1440 Rollins Road
Burlingame, CA 94010
415-548-9288
Fax: 415-548-9287
Paul Carpenter
U.S. Air Force
Armstrong Laboratory
Site Remediation Division (AL/EQW)
139 Barnes Drive
Tyndall AFB, FL 32403-5319
904-283-6187
Fax: 904-283-6064
The SITE Program assesses but does not
approve or endorse technologies.
Page 193
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Technology Profile
DEMONSTRATION PROGRAM
PROCESS TECHNOLOGIES, INC.
(Photolytic Destruction for SVE Off-Gases)
TECHNOLOGY DESCRIPTION:
Process Technologies, Inc.'s (PTI), halocarbon
and volatile organic compound (VOC) destruc-
tion technology photolyzes vapor-phase halo-
gens. The resulting radicals react with cementi-
tious liners to produce a clean air stream. One
of the key features and advantages of the tech-
nology is its simplicity - there are no moving
parts, and its modular design allows for easy
scale-up.
During the demonstration, off-gas from an
existing soil vapor extraction system (SVE) will
be treated by the PTI photolytic process. PTI's
equipment operates using low pressure mercury
lamps. High intensity UV light at 185 and 254
nanometers generated by the mercury lamps
destabilizes and facilitates the breakdown of
VOC contamination in the SVE exhaust gas
stream. A proprietary liner material present in
the light zone captures and neutralizes the
resulting process by-products. Extensive testing
has proven that the use of the cementitious liner
material prevents the formation of undesirable
species, such as chlorine, phosgene, and hydro-
chloric acid. This design is unique to PTI's
photolytic process. The gaseous products
exiting the system include air, water vapor, and
carbon dioxide. The liners are replaced as
needed and PTI claims that the cementitious
material can be recycled as an ingredient in
cement or disposed of as nonhazardous waste,
regulations permitting.
UNER PANEL
DILUTION AIR PIPE
DILUTION AIR PIPE
VOC-S FROM DEEP SVE WELLS
TO CATALYTIC
OXIDIZERAND
SCRUBBER
AIR/WATER SEPARATOR
Simplified Schematic Process Flow Diagram
of Photolytic Destruction
Page 194
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November 1994
Ongoing Project
WASTE APPLICABILITY:
The PTI technology treats air and gases conta-
minated with VOCs, including chlorinated
VOCs, and chlorofluorocarbons.
STATUS:
The PTI technology was accepted into the SITE
Demonstration Program hi summer 1994. The
demonstration began in September 1994 at
McClellan Air Force Base, in Sacramento,
California.
FOR FURTHER INFORMATION:
EPA PROJECT MANAGER:
Laurel Staley
U.S. EPA
Risk Reduction Engineering Laboratory
26 West Martin Luther King Drive
Cincinnati, OH 45268
513-569-7863
Fax: 513-569-7620
TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPER CONTACT:
Mike Swan
Process Technologies, Inc.
P.O. Box 476
Boise, ID 83701-0476
208-385-0900
Fax: 208-385-0994
Steve Hodge
SM-ALC/EMR
5050 Dudley Boulevard
Suite 3
McClellan AFB, CA 95652-1389
916-643-0830
Fax: 916-643-0827
The SITE Program assesses but does not
approve or endorse technologies.
Page 195
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Technology Profile
DEMONSTRATION PROGRAM
PURUS, INC.
(PurCycle™ Vapor Treatment Process)
TECHNOLOGY DESCRIPTION:
The Purus, Inc. (Purus), PurCycle™ vapor
treatment process purifies air streams contami-
nated with volatile organic compounds (VOC).
PurCycle™ works directly from soil extraction
wells or from groundwater (or wastewater) air
strippers.
The PurCycle™ process traps the contaminants
using filter beds that contain a proprietary resin.
This regenerative adsorption method involves
one on-line treatment bed for influent air, while
another bed undergoes a desorption cycle (see
figure below). An on-board controller system
automatically switches between adsorption and
desorption cycles. The desorption cycle uses a
combination of temperature, pressure, and purge
gas (Nj) to desorb VOCs trapped in the adsor-
bent bed. The contaminants are removed,
condensed, and transferred as a liquid to a
storage tank. Thus, the recovered material can
be easily reclaimed.
Historically, activated carbon has been the
principal medium for separating organic com-
pounds from an air stream. However, because
the carbon beds are difficult to regenerate on
site, most treatment technologies use a passive
carbon system that requires hauling the spent
carbon off site for disposal or treatment.
Another problem with activated carbon is
decreased treatment efficiency resulting from
moisture in the waste stream. Moisture in
CLEAN AIR
PADRE™ TO STACK
ASTE PRODUCT
STORAGETANK
SOIL VAPOR GROUNDWATER
INLET INLET
NOTE: EXACT
SCHEMATIC
SUBJECT TO SITE
REQUIREMENTS
PurCycle™ Vapor Treatment Process
Page 196
The SITE Program assesses but does not
approve or endorse technologies.
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November 7994
Ongoing Project
humid contaminated air dramatically reduces the
carbon's ability to adsorb organic contaminants;
treatment efficiency declines to 30 percent of
original efficiency as the relative humidity (RH)
exceeds 75 percent.
Adsorbent beds used in the PurCycle™ process
have been recycled on a test stand more than
1,000 times with no measurable loss of ad-
sorption capacity. In addition, the PurCycle™
resin has a relatively high tolerance for water
vapor, allowing efficient treatment of air streams
with an RH greater than 90 percent. These two
capabilities make on-site treatment of VOCs
possible with substantially lower operating costs.
WASTE APPLICABILITY:
The PurCycle™ vapor treatment process controls
VOC emissions at site remediation projects,
industrial wastewater facilities, and industrial air
processing sites. Site remediation usually in-
volves vacuum extraction of solvents or fuels
from soils, as well as the pumping and treatme:nt
of groundwater by air stripping. The PurCycle™
process has also treated industrial waste contain-
ing solvents using an emission-free, closed-loop
air stripping process. For the Demonstration
Program, the PurGycle™ vapor treatment process
will simultaneously treat vapors from soil vacu-
um extraction wells and a groundwater air
stripper.
STATUS:
Purus, Inc., has over 18 PurCycle™ systems in
the field for various applications. Under the
SITE demonstration, operating data will be
collected from a combined, closed loop, air
stripper/soil vacuum extractor system. A suit-
able demonstration site is being selected.
FOR FURTHER INFORMATION:
EPA PROJECT MANAGER:
Norma Lewis
U.S. EPA
Risk Reduction Engineering Laboratory
26 West Martin Luther King Drive
Cincinnati, OH 45268
513-569-7665
Fax: 513-569-7620
TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPER CONTACT:
Bart Mass
Purus, Inc.
2713 North First Street
San Jose, CA 95134-2010
408-955-1000
Fax: 408-955-1010
The SITE Program assesses but does not
approve or endorse technologies.
Page 197
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Technology Profile
DEMONSTRATION PROGRAM
REMEDIATION TECHNOLOGIES, INC
(Liquid and Solids Biological Treatment)
TECHNOLOGY DESCRIPTION:
Liquid and solids biological treatment (LST) is
a process that remediates soils and sludges
contaminated with biodegradable organics (see
figure below). The process is similar to
activated sludge treatment of municipal and
industrial wastewaters, but it treats suspended
solids concentrations greater than 20 percent.
First, an aqueous slurry of the waste material is
prepared, and environmental conditions such as
nutrient concentrations, temperature, andpH are
optimized for biodegradation. The slurry is then
mixed and aerated for a sufficient tune to de-
grade the target waste constituents.
Several physical process configurations are
possible depending on site- and waste-specific
conditions. Waste can be treated continuously
or in batches in impoundment-based reactors.
This configuration is sometimes the only practi-
cal option for very large projects (greater than
10,000 cubic yards). Alternatively, tank-based
systems may be constructed.
Constituent losses due to volatilization must be
controlled during LST operations. The poten-
tial for emissions is greatest in batch treatment
systems and lowest in continuously stirred tank
reactor systems, particularly those with long
residence tunes. Technologies such as carbon
adsorption and biofiltration can control emis-
sions.
LST may require pre- and posttreatment opera-
tions. However, in situ applications that store
treated sludge residues do not require multiple
unit operations.
Overall bioremediation in a hybrid system con-
sisting of LST and land treatment systems can
provide an alternative to landfilling treated
solids. This combination rapidly degrades
volatile constituents in a contained system,
rendering the waste suitable for landfilling.
Remediation Technologies, Inc. (ReTeC), has
constructed a mobile LST pilot system for field
Contaminated
Soil
Water
Nutrients
Microbes
Cleaned
Soil
Dewaterincj
Return Soils
to Site
Air
Liquid and Solids Biological Treatment
Page 198
The SITE Program assesses but does not
approve or endorse technologies.
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November 1994-
Ongoing Project
demonstrations. The system consists of two
reactors, two 2,000-gallon holding tanks, and
associated process equipment. The reactors are
aerated using coarse bubble diffusers and mixed
using axial flow turbine mixers. The reactors
can operate separately, or as batch or continuous
systems. Oxygen and pH are continuously
monitored and recorded. Additional features
include antifoaming and temperature control
systems.
WASTE APPLICABILITY:
The technology treats sludges, sediments, and
soils containing biodegradable organic materials.
To date, the process has mainly treated sludges
containing petroleum and wood preservative
organics such as creosote and pentachlorophenol
(PCP). LST has successfully treated polynuclear
aromatic hydrocarbons, PCP, and a broad range
of petroleum hydrocarbons hi the laboratory and
the field.
STATUS:
This technology was accepted into the SITE
Demonstration Program in 1987. A 50,000
gallon slurry bioreactor system will be construct-
ed next spring at Utica, New York to treat
sediments from the barge harbor contaminated
with polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons from
municipal town gas wastes.
ReTeC has applied the technology in the field
over a dozen tunes to treat wood preservative
sludges with impoundment-type LST systems.
In addition, LST has treated petroleum refinery
impoundment sludges in two field-based pilot
demonstrations and several laboratory treatability
studies.
FOR FURTHER INFORMATION:
EPA PROJECT MANAGER:
Ronald Lewis
U.S. EPA
Risk Reduction Engineering Laboratory
26 West Martin Luther King Drive
Cincinnati, OH 45268
513-569-7856
Fax: 513-569-7620
TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPER CONTACT:
Merv Cooper
Remediation Technologies, Inc.
1011 S.W. Klickitat Way, Suite 207
Seattle, WA 98134
206-624-9349
Fax: 206-624-2839
The SITE Program assesses but does not
approve or endorse technologies.
Page 199
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Technology Profile
DEMONSTRATION PROGRAM
RISK REDUCTION ENGINEERING LABORATORY
(Bioventing)
TECHNOLOGY DESCRIPTION:
Lack of oxygen in contaminated soil often limits
aerobic microbial growth. The bioventing
biological system treats contaminated soil in situ
by injecting atmospheric air. This air provides
a continuous oxygen source, which enhances the
growth of microorganisms naturally present in
the soil. Additional additives, such as ozone or
nutrients, may also be added to stimulate micro-
bial growth.
Bioventing technology uses an air pump attached
to one of a series of air injection probes (see
figure below). The air pump operates at ex-
tremely low pressures, providing inflow of
oxygen without significantly volatilizing soil
contaminants. The treatment capacity depends
on the number of injection probes, the size of
the air pump, and site characteristics such as soil
porosity.
WASTE APPLICABILITY:
Bioventing is typically used to treat soil contami-
nated by industrial processes, and can treat any
contamination subject to aerobic microbial
degradation. Bioventing treats contaminants and
Pressure Gauge
Air Pump
Row
Control
Rotometer
Pressure Gauge
3-Way Ball
Valve -
Stainless Steel Probe
1 cm ID
2cmOD
.Screened
Section
_L a
Bioventing System
Page 200
The SITE Program assesses but does not
approve or endorse technologies.
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November 1994
Ongoing Project
combinations of contaminants with varying de-
grees of success. The SITE Demonstration
Program is testing bioventing's effectiveness at
degrading polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons.
STATUS:
This technology was accepted into the SITE
Demonstration Program in July 1991. The
demonstration of this process began in Novem-
ber 1992 at the Reilly Tar site in St. Louis Park,
Minnesota. Preliminary findings after 27
months of bioventing indicated higher than
predicted microbial respiration rates. The
project will be completed in November 1995.
FOR FURTHER INFORMATION:
EPA PROJECT MANAGER:
Jack Hubbard
U.S. EPA
Risk Reduction Engineering Laboratory
26 West Martin Luther King Drive
Cincinnati, OH 45268
513-569-7507
Fax: 513-569-7620
TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPER CONTACT:
Paul McCauley
U.S. EPA
Risk Reduction Engineering Laboratory
26 West Martin Luther King Drive
Cincinnati, OH 45268
513-569-7444
Fax: 513-569-7105
The SITE Program assesses but does not
approve or endorse technologies.
Page 201
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Technology Profile
DEMONSTRATION PROGRAM
RKK, Ltd.
(CRYOCELL®)
TECHNOLOGY DESCRIPTION:
CRYOCELL® is a frozen soil barrier that com-
pletely contains waste migration to the soil or
isolates a contaminated area during an in situ
remediation program. The CRYOCELL® design
involves installing freeze pipes hi an array
outside and beneath the contaminated zone to
completely surround the waste source or ground-
water plume. Standard well drilling equipment
is used to drill or drive the freeze pipes into
place. Once installed, the array of pipes is
connected to a freeze plant by a distributive
manifold. The pipes carry a cooled brine' in a
completely closed system, which freezes the
entire inner volume between the pipes, and the
adjacent earth to the outside of the row(s) of
pipes.
The barrier thickness and temperature may be
varied to suit site conditions. RKK, Ltd.
(RKK), reports that barriers can be established
at depths of 1,000 feet or more and may vary in
thickness from 15 to 50 feet.
CRYOCELL® engineering is site-specific and
considers many factors, including waste type,
topography, soil condition, thermal conductivity,
and groundwater movement. A computer pro-
gram incorporates all site characteristics into a
three-dimensional model that planners use to
design and estimate costs of CRYOCELL® costs
for a specific site.
A, thick ice barrier offers a number of advan-
tages for confining hazardous waste. The ice
does not degrade or weaken over time and is
reparable in situ. If ground movement fractures
the barrier, the fissures can be filled and
resealed. quickly. Maintenance costs are
extremely low, allowing continued use for
extended periods. In addition, the frozen barrier
is environmentally benign. When the site is
decontaminated, tiie ice is allowed to melt and
the pipes are removed. The technique is an
alternative to conventional containment systems
using steel, concrete, slurry walls, or grout
curtains. The figure below provides an illus-
tration of a typical containment system.
Brtnolonk Refrtgorotton Ptanh Manifold ft Bonn*
a
Schematic Diagram of CRYOCELL®
Page 202
The SITE Program assesses but does not
approve or endorse technologies.
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November 1994
Ongoing Project
WASTE APPLICABILITY:
RKK reports that CRYOCELL® can provide
subsurface containment for a variety of sites and
wastes, including underground tanks; nuclear
waste sites; hazardous or mixed-waste sites;
plume control; burial trenches, pits, and ponds;
in situ waste treatment areas; chemically-contam-
inated sites; and spent fuel storage ponds.
CRYOCELL® is designed to contain all known
biological, chemical, or radioactive contami-
nants. Design criteria (for example, barrier
thickness and temperature) are site specific and
depend upon factors such as type of waste
involved, overall site hydrogeology, soil mois-
ture content, and soil types. Frozen soil barriers
are adaptable to any geometry; drilling technolo-
gy presents the only constraint.
RKK reports that the technology can isolate
sensitive areas within large active operations (for
example, sites within chemical and nuclear
facilities), smaller raw material and waste man-
agement unites (for example, tank farms, land-
fills, and waste treatment lagoons), and former
or operational chemically contaminated sites,
such as chemical plants, refineries, and substa-
tions. The technology can also contain new
waste storage areas and subsurface contamina-
tion during a remediation project. The technolo-
gy can also provide a redundant barrier for other
cutoff containment processes, and reduces flow
of groundwater into a contaminated zone.
Contaminants are contained in situ, with native
soils serving as the containment medium. Thick
ice barriers are impervious to chemical attack
and are virtually impermeable at subzero tem-
peratures. In addition, ice barriers have great
inertia, so they can remain frozen for as long as
two years without refrigeration. CRYOCELL®
is economically favorable for intermediate and
long term containment at large sites, and mainte-
nance costs are extremely low. CRYOCELL®
generates no waste streams or residues.
STATUS:
This technology was accepted into the SITE
Demonstration Program in summer 1994. EPA
is seeking a suitable site for this demonstration.
RKK technologies are being considered by the
U.S. Department of Energy (DOE) for many
hazardous waste sites including containment of
Hanford's single-shell tanks, the nation's most
costly waste site. RKK receives academic, tech-
nical, and scientific support through a coopera-
tive and licensing agreement with the University
of Washington. RKK has an agreement with
Scientific Ecology Group, Inc. (SEG), a subsidi-
ary of the Westinghouse Electric Corporation.
This agreement encompasses DOE weapons
complex sites.
FOR FURTHER INFORMATION:
EPA PROJECT MANAGER:
Annette Gatchett
U.S. EPA
Risk Reduction Engineering Laboratory
26 West Martin Luther King Drive.
Cincinnati, OH 45268
513-569-7697
Fax: 513-569-7620
TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPER CONTACT:
Christopher Reno
RKK, Ltd.
16404 Smokey Point Boulevard, Suite 303
Arlington, WA 98223
206-653-4844
Fax: 206-653-7456
The SITE Program assesses but does not
approve or endorse technologies.
Page 203
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Technology Profile
DEMONSTRATION PROGRAM
SEPARATION AND RECOVERY SYSTEMS, INC.
(SAREX Chemical Fixation Process)
TECHNOLOGY DESCRIPTION:
The SAREX chemical fixation process (CFP),
developed by Separation and Recovery Systems,
Inc. (SRS), is a thermal and chemical reactive
(fixation) process that removes volatile organic
compounds (VOC) and selected semivolatile
organic compounds (SVOC), and stabilizes the
remaining organic and inorganic constituents in
sludges or soils (see figure below). The SAREX
CFP uses specially-prepared lime and propri-
etary, nontoxic chemicals (a reagent blend)
mixed proportionally to catalyze and control the
reactions. The treated product displays chemical
properties which conform to EPA standards for
resource recovery and site restoration. The pro-
duct also exhibits high structural integrity, with
a fine, granular, soil-like consistency, of limited
solubility. The treated product is free-flowing
until compacted (50 to 80 pounds per square
inch), isolating the remaining constituents from
environmental influences. The treated product
can be easily backfilled and compacted on site.
Depending on the characteristics of the waste
material, the waste may be covered with a liquid
neutralizing reagent that initiates the chemical
reactions and helps prevent vapor emissions. If
required, the waste material may be moved to
the neutralization (blending) tank, where a
make-up reagent slurry is added, depending on
material characteristics. The waste is then
placed in the feed hopper.
The reagent is measured and placed on the
transfer conveyor so that the reagent and waste
mixture would advance to the single-screw
homogenizer, where the waste components are
thoroughly blended to a uniform consistency.
The reagent blend reacts exothermically with the
hazardous constituents to begin removing the
lighter organics. The process, now about 70
percent complete, continues in the multi-screw,
jacketed, noncontacting processor for curing (a
predetermined curing time allows reactions to
occur within a controlled environment).
In the processor, the mixture can be thermally
processed at a high temperature to complete the
process and meet stringent cleanup standards.
The processed material exits the processor onto
a conveyor for discharge into sealed storage
containers.
Contaminant loss into the air during processing
is eliminated by use of a specially designed
EXCAVATOR
#1
NEUTRALIZATION TANK
V4" PLATE 16' DIA. X B1 INSETS
TREATED
PRODUCT
CONTAINER
HQHSl
1. EXCAVATION/NEUTRALIZATION/VAPOR CONTROL
2. PRE-PROCESS BLENDING/NEUTRALIZATION
3. WASTE FEED TO PROCESSOR
4. HOMOGENIZING
5. PROCESSING
8. DISCHARGE CONVEYOR
7. VAPOR RECOVERY SYSTEM (ra)
SAREX Chemical Fixation Process
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Ongoing Project
SAREX vapor recovery system. Dust particles
can be removed in a baghouse, and vapors are
routed through a series of water scrubbers,
which cool the vapors (below 120 degrees
Fahrenheit [°FJ) and remove any condensates.
The vapors then pass through two demisters to
remove water vapor, and a positive displacement
blower to remove additional condensates. If
needed, a freon chilling unit (37 °F) cools the
remaining vapors, which are sent to a storage
tank. The final noncondensible vapor stream is
treated using two charcoal vapor packs or a
thermal oxidizer before release.
WASTE APPLICABILITY:
The SAREX CFP may be applied to a wide vari-
ety of organic and inorganic materials. These
materials include sludges that contain high con-
centrations of hazardous constituents, with no
upper limit of oil or organic content. No con-
stituents interfere with the fixation reactions, and
water content is not an obstacle, although the
exothermic reactions may cause steaming. The
following material types can be processed by the
SAREX CFP:
Large crude oil spills
Refinery sludges
Hydrocarbon-contaminated soils
Lube oil acid sludges
Tars
Halocarbon-contaminated sludges
or soils
In addition, metals are captured within the
treated matrix and pass the toxicity characteristic
leaching procedure. This is advantageous be-
cause most on-site cleanup programs focus on
sludge ponds, impoundments, and underlying
soils which have received many different types
of compounds and debris over several years.
STATUS:
SRS has completed at least five full-scale pro-
jects using the SAREX CFP. These projects
included stabilizing 2,000- to 20,000- cubic-yard
quantities of lubricating oil acid sludges, petro-
leum hydrocarbon-impacted soils, and oil pro-
duction wastes.
Additionally, SRS has conducted numerous pilot-
scale field demonstrations. In 1987, SRS con-
ducted pilot testing for stabilizing hazardous
refining sludges at a Superfund site in
Oklahoma. Over 400 cubic yards of sludges
were stabilized during these tests. Results were
favorable, and a Record of Decision was
recently issued for the use of chemical fixation
as the remedial technology.
SRS expects to conduct a SITE demonstration in
fall 1994 at a Superfund site in New Jersey.
This site has numerous sludge lagoons contain-
ing elevated levels of organics (principally
benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene, and xylene;
chlorobenzenes; andpolynuclear aromatic hydro-
carbons) and heavy metals (lead, zinc, and chro-
mium). SRS has completed bench-scale testing
on samples collected from three lagoons. The
test results were favorable.
FOR FURTHER INFORMATION:
EPA PROJECT MANAGER:
Jack Hubbard
U.S. EPA
Risk Reduction Engineering Laboratory
26 West Martin Luther King Drive
Cincinnati, OH 45268
513-569-7507
Fax: 513-569-7620
TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPER CONTACT:
Brad Miller -,
Separation and Recovery Systems, Inc.
1762 McGaw Avenue
Irvine, CA 92714-4962
714-261-8860
Fax: 714-261-6010
The SITE Program assesses but does not
approve or endorse technologies.
Page 205
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Technology Profile
DEMONSTRATION PROGRAM
SEVENSON ENVIRONMENTAL SERVICES, INC.
(MAECTITE® Chemical Treatment Process)
TECHNOLOGY DESCRIPTION:
The patented MAECTITE® chemical treatment
process for lead and other heavy metals utilizes
reagents and processing equipment to render
soils, waste and other materials nonhazardous
for the characteristic definition of toxicity under
Resource Conservation and Recovery Act. The
MAECTITE® process reduces teachable lead to
below treatment standards for listed waste
treatment limits required for land-ban regulations
(September 19, 1994 40 CFR Parts 268, Final
Rule). Lead in treated material complies with
leach limits established by EPA as determined
by approved methods in SW-846, including, but
not limited to toxicity characteristic leaching
procedure (TCLP), EP Toxicity test, and the
Multiple Extraction Procedure.
500-Ton Per Day MAECTITE® Processing System
Chemical treatment by the MAECTITE® process
converts leachable lead into insoluble minerals
and mixed mineral forms within the material or
waste matrix. MAECTITE® reagents stimulate
the nucleation of crystals by chemical bonding to
yield mineral compounds in molecular forms.
These are resistant to leaching and physical
degradation from environmental forces. Dura-
bility of traditional monolithic solidification/
stabilization process end-products is often
measured by geotechnical tests such as wet/dry,
freeze/thaw, permeability, and unconfined
compressive strength. Sinpe the MAECTITE®
process does not use physical binders, is not
pozzolanic or siliceous, and does not rely on the
formation of metallic hydroxides using hydration
mechanisms, these tests are not relevant to
MAECTITE® product chemical stability.
MAECTITE® does not utilize adsorption,
absorption, entrapment, lattice containment,
encapsulation, or other physical binding
principles for treatment success. Effective
treatment is not pH dependent and is a true
chemical reaction process where the treated
material is altered in structure and properties
yielding stable compounds.
The MAECTITE® process uses water as a
mixing lubricant. However, the dehydration
characteristic of the process liberates water
present in waste prior to treatment (absorbed and
hydrated forms) to a free state where it can be
removed from the waste matrix by evaporation
and capillary drying principles. The ability of
treated material to readily lose water, the
formation of dense mineral crystals, and the
restructuring of the material as a result of
MAECTITE® treatment (where interstitial space
is minimized), all contribute to reduced waste
volume and weight.
Ex situ MAECTITE® processing equipment
generally utilizes material screening and sizing
components, liquid and solid reagent storage
delivery subsystems, and a mixing unit such as
Page 206
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approve or endorse technologies.
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November 1994
Ongoing Project
a pugmill. Equipment is mobile, but can be
modified for fixed system operations. In situ
MAECTITE® processing equipment is also
available with system selection largely dictated
by contaminant plume configuration, soil
characteristics, and site space limitations.
WASTE APPLICABILITY:
By selecting proper MAECTITE® treatment
chemicals from families of reagents, varying
their dosage, and applying appropriate material
handling procedures, all material matrices
historically subjected to the MAECTITE®
process have been successfully treated.
Materials including soils, sludges, sediments,
battery contents including casings, foundry
sands, filtercake, furnace slag and matte, debris
and construction rubble, carbon dross, wire fluff
and chop, shooting range sand with spent projec-
tiles, blasting sand with lead-based paint chips,
auto fluff, bird and buck shot, electronic compo-
nents, glass, fire brick, coatings, and oxide
pigments have been rendered nonhazardous.
Oversize material can be treated with the process
as debris (best demonstrated achievable techno-
logy for lead, i.e., chemical treatment), but size
reduction often makes processing more efficient.
To date, no material has been found resistant to
treatment by the MAECTITE® process. Even
sludges with free liquids (as determined by the
paint filter test) have been treated to TCLP
compliance when excess fluids are present.
The range of lead levels effectively treated has
not been fully determined; however, soil with
total lead as high as 30 percent (weight) with
TCLP values over 4,000 milligrams per liter
(mg/1) was not problematic. Common lead
levels encountered have averaged from 200
milligrams per kilogram (mg/kg) to 6500 mg/kg
with TCLP averaging 20 to 400 mg/1. Material
geochemistry most often dictates final
MAECTITE® treatment designs. Furthermore,
correlation-ships between total lead and regu-
lated leachable lead levels are inconsistent, with
^treatment efforts more strongly related to
waste/material geochemical characteristics.
STATUS:
The patented MAECTITE® chemical treatment
technology was initially accepted into the SITE
Demonstration Program in March 1992.
Sevenson Environmental Services, Inc. acquired
the MAECTITE® technology in 1993. Com-
bining ex situ and in situ quantities treated, over
250,000 tons of material have been successfully
processed. Treatability studies have been con-
ducted on over 50 different materials (including
all types of soils) in over 20 states, Canada,
Italy, and Mexico. MAECTITE® has been
applied at full-scale demonstration and remedial
projects in 14 states.
MAECTITE® chemical treatment is a cost-
effective technology when compared to
traditional offsite options or to other onsite
treatment alternatives. With its MAECTITE®
process, Sevenson has been formally accepted in
the EPA's PQOPS program for the fixation/
stabilization of inorganic species.
FOR FURTHER INFORMATION:
EPA PROJECT MANAGER:
Jack Hubbard
U.S. EPA
Risk Reduction Engineering Laboratory
26 West Martin Luther King Drive
Cincinnati, OH 45268
513-569-7507
Fax: 513-569-7620
TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPER CONTACT:
Karl Yost
Director of Treatment Services
Sevenson Environmental Services, Inc.
9425 Calumet Avenue, Suite 101
Munster, IN 46321
219-836-0116
Fax: 219-836-2838
The SITE Program assesses but does not
approve or endorse technologies.
Page 2O7
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Technology Profile
DEMONSTRATION PROGRAM
SIVE Services
(Steam Injection and Vacuum Extraction-Linear Flow [SIVE-LF] Process)
TECHNOLOGY DESCRIPTION:
SIVE-LF is an enhanced steam injection and
vacuum extraction method especially designed
for in situ treatment of contaminated soil at
relatively shallow depths.
Steam is forced to flow horizontally and
uniformly from one trench, through the
contaminated zone to another trench, where it is
then extracted. The large open area of the
trench faces allow for high injection and
extraction rates, which promote low treatment
duration. The trenches also allow for installa-
tion of an impermeable barrier, such as a poly-
ethylene liner, against one face of the open
trench before the trench is backfilled. Thus,
reducing the flow of injected or extracted fluid
outside the area of the targeted zones. A surface
covering for the treatment area prevents short-
circuiting the injected steam to the atmosphere,
and prevents atmospheric air from entering the
extraction trench.
The injected steam strips contaminants from the
soil as it is forced across the contaminated zone.
The steam raises the soil temperature, which
increases mass transfer and phase change rates,
reduces liquid viscosities, and accelerates
desorption of contaminants from the soil. The
moisture and warmth of the steam also acceler-
ates biodegradation of residual contaminants. As
a result, contaminants are extracted or degraded
at increased rates, compared to conventional
isothermal vapor and liquid extraction systems.
Surface equipment for the SIVE-LF process
includes the steam generation and a delivery
system and the vacuum extraction system. The
steam generation and delivery system consists of
standard steam heating equipment, related steam
piping, and monitoring equipment. The extrac-
tion system is a solvent recovery system that
includes a vacuum blower, steam condenser,
other cooling equipment, and carbon filters.
The condensate requires further treatment or off-
site disposal.
Injection
Optional Side Wall
Schematic Diagram of the SIVE-LF Process
Page 208
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November 1994
Ongoing Project
The reliability of the equipment and automatic
controls allows the SIVE-LF process to operate
without constant direct supervision.
WASTE APPLICABILITY:
The SIVE-LF process is designed to treat soils
contaminated with semivolatile and volatile
organic compounds to depths of 30 feet. Be-
cause highly volatile contaminants are readily
air-stripped without the added effects of steam,
the steam-stripping effect will be greatest on the
heavier, less volatile contaminants. Soils with
contaminant concentrations as low as 100 parts
per million can be effectively stripped.
SIVE-LF can also remove second phase liquids,
such as fuels and oils, from the tops of under-
ground water tables.
STATUS:
This technology was accepted into the SITE
Demonstration Program in summer 1994. A
suitable site for the demonstration is being
sought.
FOR FURTHER INFORMATION:
EPA PROJECT MANAGER:
Michelle Simon
U.S. EPA
Risk Reduction Engineering Laboratory
26 West Martin Luther King Drive
Cincinnati, OH 45268
513-569-7469
Fax: 513-569-7676
TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPER CONTACT:
Douglas Dieter
SIVE Services
555 Rossi Drive
Dixon, CA 95620
916-678-8358
Fax: 916-678-8358 (call first)
The SITE Program assesses but does not
approve or endorse technologies.
Page 209
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Technoloav Profile
DEMONSTRA TION PROGRAM
TECHTRAN ENVIRONMENTAL, INC.
(Combined Chemical Precipitation, Physical Separation, and Binding Process for
Radionuclides and Heavy Metals)
TECHNOLOGY DESCRIPTION:
This technology removes heavy metals and
radionuclides from contaminated waters. The
process combines the proprietary RHM-1000
powder, as well as a complex mixture of oxides,
silicates, and other reactive binding agents, with
a contaminated water stream. Selectively
enhanced complexing and sorption processes
form flocculants and colloids, which are
removed through precipitation and physical
filtration. ThepH, mixing dynamics, processing
rates, and powder constituents are optimized
through chemical modeling studies and labora-
tory tests. The contaminants are concentrated in
a stabilized filter and precipitate sludge, which
is then dewatered. The dewatered sludge meets
toxicity characteristic leaching procedure criteria
and may, depending on the contaminant, be
classified as nonhazardous.
The figure below illustrates the skid-mounted
field pilot unit which consists of four main
components: 1) pump unit, 2) feed and eductor
unit, 3) mixing tank, and 4) clarifier tank. The
centrifugal pump unit can deliver up to 50
gallons per minute (gpm) to the system. Water
from the pump passes through a restrictor nozzle
in the feed and eductor unit, reducing the air
pressure at the outlet of an attached hopper unit.
RHM-1000 powder is placed in the upper
hopper, which is powered by compressed air.
The upper hopper delivers a controlled and very
low volume of RHM-1000 to the lower hopper.
Reduced air pressure draws it into the water
stream. The water passes through a two-stage
mixing process and is then sent to the mixing
tank. A diaphragm pump, driven by compressed
air, draws water from the tank's base and rein-
jects it through a jet nozzle which also draws
surrounding water through holes in its base.
PUMP UNIT
TechTran RHM-1000 Pilot Plant
Page 210
The SITE Program assesses but does not
approve or endorse technologies.
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November 1994
Ongoing Project
The mixed water and RHM-1000 powder pass
over a weir into the clarifier tank and through a
block of inclined coalescing tubes. Precipitates
collect in the tank's base and are drained off.
Additional conventional filters can be added to
the system outflow as required. The process is
designed for continuous operation and can be
expanded from 25 to 1,500 gpm.
This process removes heavy metals and radionu-
clides to drinking water standards. It can also
treat trace levels of naturally occurring radio-
active materials (NORM) and low-level radio-
active wastes, as well as more heavily contami-
nated waters.
WASTE APPLICABILITY:
This technology can be used to 1) remediate
water, sludges and soils contaminated with
radionuclides and heavy metals, 2) restore
groundwater from mining operations, 3) treat
NORM in water or scale from petroleum opera-
tions, and 4) remediate manmade radionuclides
stored in tanks, pits, barrels, or other containers.
STATUS:
The process was accepted into the SITE Demon-
stration Program in July 1991. The demonstra-
tion is scheduled for late 1994 at a uranium
mine facility in Texas.
FOR FURTHER INFORMATION:
EPA PROJECT MANAGER:
Annette Gatchett
U.S. EPA
Risk Reduction Engineering Laboratory
26 West Martin Luther King Drive
Cincinnati, OH 45628
513-569-7697
Fax: 513-569-7620
TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPER CONTACT:
E.B. (Ted) Daniels
TechTran Environmental, Inc.
9800 Northwest Freeway, Suite 302
Houston, TX 77092
713-680-8833
Fax: 713-683-8820
The SITE Program assesses but does not
apprpve or endorse technologies.
Page 211
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Technology Profile
DEMONSTRATION PROGRAM
VORTEC CORPORATION
(Oxidation and Vitrification Process)
TECHNOLOGY DESCRIPTION:
Vortec Corporation (Vortec) has developed an
oxidation and vitrification process for remedia-
ting soils, sediments, sludges, and mill tailings
that have organic, inorganic, and heavy metal
contamination. The process can oxidize and
vitrify materials introduced as dry granulated
materials or slurries.
The figure below illustrates the Vortec oxidation
and vitrification process. The basic elements of
this system include: 1) a combustion and melt-
ing system (CMS); 2) a material handling,
storage, and feeding subsystem; 3) a vitrified
product separation and reservoir assembly; 4) a
waste heat recovery air preheater (recuperator);
5) a flue gas cleanup subsystem; and 6) a vitri-
fied product handling subsystem.
The Vortec CMS is the primary thermal process-
ing system and consists of two major assemblies;
a counter-rotating vortex in-flight suspension
preheater, and a cyclone melter. First, slurried
or dry contaminated soil is introduced into the
counter rotating vortex (CRV) combustor. The
CRV does the following: 1) burns the auxiliary
fuel introduced directly into the CRV combus-
tor; 2) preheats the suspended waste materials
along with any glass-forming additives mixed
with oil; and 3) oxidizes any organic constituents
in the soil. The average temperature of materi-
als leaving the CRV combustion chamber is
between 2,200 and 2,800 degrees Fahrenheit,
depending on the processed soils' melting
characteristics.
The preheated solid materials exit the CRV
combustor and enter the cyclone melter, where
they are dispersed to the chamber walls to form
a molten glass product. The vitrified, molten
glass product and the exhaust gases exit the
cyclone melter through a tangential exit channel
and enter a glass- and gas-separation chamber.
The exhaust gases then enter an air preheater for
waste heat recovery and are subsequently deli-
vered to an air pollution control subsystem for
particulate and acid gas removal. The molten
glass product exits the glass- and gas-separation
chamber through the tap, and is delivered to a
water quench assembly for subsequent disposal.
Unique features of the Vortec oxidation and
vitrification process include the following:
RECVOH)
RESCUE
I IVCflTEC
I 1 CMS
Vortec Oxidation and Vitrification Process
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The SITE Program assesses but does not
approve or endorse technologies.
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November 7994
Ongoing Project
• Processes solid waste contaminated with
both organic and heavy metal contami-
nants
• Uses various fuels, including gas, oil,
coal, and waste
• Handles waste quantities ranging from 5
tons per day to more than 400 tons per
day
• Recycles particulate residue collected in
the air pollution control subsystem back
into the CMS process. These recycled.
materials are incorporated into the glass
product, resulting in zero solid waste
discharge
• Produces a vitrified product that is
nontoxic according to the EPA's toxicity
characteristic leaching procedure
(TCLP) standards, immobilizes heavy
metals, and has long-term stability
WASTE APPLICABILITY:
The Vortec oxidation and vitrification system
treats soils, sediments, sludges, and mill tailings
containing organic, inorganic, and heavy metal
contamination. Organic materials included with
the waste are successfully oxidized by the high
temperatures in the combustor. The inorganic
constituents in the waste material will determine
the amount and type of glass-forming additives
required to produce a vitrified product. This
process can be modified to produce a glass cullet
that consistently meets TCLP requirements.
STATUS:
The Vortec technology was accepted into the
SITE Emerging Technology Program in May
1991. Research was completed in winter 1994
and the technology has been invited to
participate in the SITE Demonstration Program.
The research results will be published in the
Journal of Air and Waste Management article
entitled "Vitrification of Soils Contaminated by
Hazardous and/or Radioactive Waste." An
Emerging Technology Summary is available
from EPA.
The technology has been under development by
the U.S. Department of Energy (DOE) and
others since 1985. A 20-ton-per-day pilot-scale
test facility has been processing nonhazardous
industrial waste material since 1988; the vitrified
product generated in these tests passes TCLP
standards. A preliminary system with a treat-
ment rate of up to 400 tons per day has also
been designed. The pilot-scale facility processed
a surrogate soil spiked with arsenic, cadmium,
chromium, copper, lead, nickel, and zinc com-
pounds . Pilot-testing with a dry, granulated feed
stream was completed in June 1992, and the
glass product successfully passed TCLP tests.
Additional testing with a slurry feedstock was
completed in 1993. Transportable systems are
being designed for DOE soil remediation.
A transportable demonstration unit for treating
contaminated soil will be designed in 1994;
construction is scheduled for 1995. Vortec is
offering commercial systems and licenses for the
CMS technology.
FOR FURTHER INFORMATION:
EPA PROJECT MANAGER:
Teri Richardson
U.S. EPA
Risk Reduction Engineering Laboratory
26 West Martin Luther King Drive
Cincinnati, OH 45268
513-569-7949
Fax: 513-569-7620
TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPER CONTACT:
James Hnat
Vortec Corporation
3770 Ridge Pike
Collegeville, PA 19426-3158
610-489-2255
Fax: 610-489-3185
The SITE Program assesses but does not
approve or endorse technologies.
Page 213
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Technolociv Profile
DEMONSTRATION PROGRAM
WESTERN RESEARCH INSTITUTE
(Contained Recovery of Oily Wastes [CROW™])
TECHNOLOGY DESCRIPTION:
The contained recovery of oily wastes (CROW™)
process recovers oily wastes from the ground by
adapting a technology presently used for secon-
dary petroleum recovery and primary production
of heavy oil and tar sand bitumen. Steam or hot
water displacement moves accumulated oily
wastes and water to production wells for above-
ground treatment.
Injection and production wells are first installed
in soil contaminated with oily wastes (see figure
below). If contamination has penetrated into or
below the aquifer, low-quality steam can be
injected below the organic liquids to dislodge
and sweep them upward into the more permeable
aquifer soil regions. Hot water is injected above
the impermeable soil regions to heat and mobi-
lize the oil waste accumulation. The mobilized
wastes are then recovered by hot water displace-
ment.
When the organic wastes are displaced, organic
liquid saturation in the subsurface pore space
increases, forming a free-fluid bank. The hot
water injection displaces the free-fluid bank to
the production well. Behind the free-fluid bank,
the contaminant saturation is reduced to an
immobile residual saturation in the subsurface
pore space. The extracted contaminant and
water are treated for reuse or discharge.
In situ biological treatment may follow the
displacement, which continues until groundwater
contaminants are.no longer detected in water
samples from the site. During treatment, all
mobilized organic liquids and -water-soluble
contaminants are contained within the original
boundaries of waste accumulation. Hazardous
Steam-Stripped
Water
Low-Quality
Steam
Injection Well
Production Well
Oil and Water
Production
Steam
Injection
CROW™ Subsurface Development
Page 214
The SITE Program assesses but does not
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November 1994
Ongoing Project
materials are contained laterally by groundwater
isolation and vertically by organic liquid flota-
tion. Excess water is treated in compliance with
discharge regulations.
The CROW™ process removes large portions of
contaminant accumulations; stops the downward
and lateral migration of organic contaminants;
immobilizes any remaining organic wastes as a
residual saturation; and reduces the volume,
mobility, and toxicity of the contaminants. The
process can be used for shallow and deep areas,
and can recover light and dense nonaqueous
phase liquids. The system uses readily available
mobile equipment. Contaminant removal can be
increased by adding small quantities of selected
biodegradable chemicals in the hot water injec-
tion.
WASTE APPLICABILITY:
The CROW™ process can be applied to manufac-
tured gas plant sites, wood treating sites, petro-
leum-refining facilities, and other areas with
soils and aquifers containing light to dense
organic liquids such as coal tars, pentachloro-
phenol (PCP) solutions, chlorinated solvents,
creosote, and petroleum by-products. Depth to
the contamination is not a limiting factor.
STATUS:
The CROW™ process was tested hi the labora-
tory and at pilot scale under the SITE Emerging
Technology Program. The process demonstrated
the effectiveness of hot water displacement and
the benefits of including chemicals with the hot
water. Based on these results, the CROW™
process was invited to participate in the SITE
Demonstration Program. The process is being
demonstrated at the Pennsylvania Power and
•Light (PP&L) Brodhead Creek Superfund site at
Stroudsburg, Pennsylvania. The site contains an
area with high concentrations of by-products
from past operations. The demonstration began
in September 1994 and will last for 4 months.
Sponsors for this program, in addition to EPA
and PP&L, are the Gas Research Institute, the
Electric Power Research Institute, and the U.S.
Department of Energy. Remediation Technolo-
gies, Inc., is assisting Western Research Institute
with the demonstration, with emphasis on bio-
logical treatment of the produced fluids.
A pilot-scale technology demonstration was
completed at a wood treatment site in Minneso-
ta. Over 80 percent of nonaqueous phase liquids
were removed in the pilot test, as predicted by
treatability studies, and PCP concentrations
decreased 500 percent. The full-scale remedi-
ation for this site is underway and will include a
progressive series of individual but interconnect-
ed well patterns. Several other sites are being
evaluated.
FOR FURTHER INFORMATION:
EPA PROJECT MANAGER:
Eugene Harris
U.S. EPA
Risk Reduction Engineering Laboratory
26 West Martin Luther King Drive
Cincinnati, OH 45268
513-569-7862
Fax: 513-569-7676
TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPER CONTACT:
Lyle Johnson
Western Research Institute
365 North 9th
Laramie, WY 82070-3380
307-721-2281
Fax: 307-721-2233
The SITE Program assesses but does not
approve or endorse technologies.
Page 215
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Technology Profile
DEMONSTRATION PROGRAM
WHEELABRATOR TECHNOLOGIES INC.
(WES-Phix Stabilization Process)
TECHNOLOGY DESCRIPTION:
WES-Phix is a patented stabilization process that
significantly reduces the solubility of certain
heavy metals in solid waste streams by altering
the chemical composition of the waste material.
The process does not produce a solidified mass,
unlike most other stabilization technologies.
In the first step of the process, waste is fed at a
controlled rate into a mixing device, such as a
pug mill. The full-scale WES-Phix process uses
a pug mill with a capacity of 40 to 200 tons per
hour. The stabilization reagent is then added to
and mixed with the waste for about 1 minute.
Once stabilized, the waste is removed by a
conveyor from the end of the mixer. For some
wastes containing cadmium, small amounts of
lime must also be added.
The WES-Phix process uses a proprietary form
of soluble phosphate to form insoluble and
highly stable metal phosphate minerals. An
important innovative feature of this process is
that reaction kinetics are rapid; thus, no curing
step is necessary. As a result, treated waste will
immediately pass toxicity characteristic leaching
procedure (TCLP) requirements for the targeted
metals. In addition, using small quantities of
liquid phosphate reagent does not increase the
stabilized waste volume.
Equipment requirements include a metering
device for measuring waste stream delivery
rates, a mixer, and a storage tank for the liquid
reagent (see figure below). Oversized items
such as boulders or wood debris require crush-
ing or screening before treatment. No posttreat-
ment is necessary with this process other than
transporting the treated material from the mixer
to a staging area. Treated residuals can be
transported for final disposal with dump trucks
or roll-off container vehicles.
WASTE APPLICABILITY:
This process was originally developed to treat
municipal waste combustion ash containing
heavy metals. The commercial-scale process has
successfully treated over 3 million tons of ash.
Pump
Contaminated
Waste
Storage
Bin
Treatment
Unit
Treated Waste
Discharge
WES-Phix Stabilization Process
Page 216
The SITE Program assesses but does not
approve or endorse technologies.
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November 7994
Ongoing Project
However, data indicate that the technology can
also treat contaminated soils, sludges, and
baghouse dusts. Recent research indicates that
the process is particularly effective at stabilizing
lead, cadmium, copper, and zinc in a variety of
media, as measured by TCLP and other labora-
tory leaching tests.
STATUS:
The WES-Phix process was accepted into the
SITE Demonstration Program in spring 1993.
A suitable demonstration site is being selected.
FOR FURTHER INFORMATION:
EPA PROJECT MANAGER:
Chien Chen
U.S. EPA
Risk Reduction Engineering Laboratory
Building 10, MS-104
2890 Woodbridge Avenue
Edison, NJ 00837-3679
908-321-6985
Fax: 908-321-6640
TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPER CONTACT:
Mark Lyons
Wheelabrator Technologies Inc.
Liberty Lane
Hampton, NH 03842
603-929-3000
Fax: 603-929-3123
The SITE Program assesses but does not
approve or endorse technologies.
Page 217
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Technology Profile
DEMONSTRATION PROGRAM
XEROX CORPORATION
(Two-Phase Extraction Process)
TECHNOLOGY DESCRIPTION:
The two-phase extraction process was developed
as an alternative to conventional pump-and-treat
technology, particularly in low conductivity
formations such as silts and clays that are im-
pacted by volatile organic compounds (VOC).
Two-phase extraction uses a high-vacuum source
applied to an extraction tube within a water well
to increase groundwater removal rates (conse-
quently the dissolved phase of contamination)
and to volatilize and extract that portion of
contaminant from the sorbed or free product
phases. Vacuum lift of water is not a limiting
factor in the application of the technology.
Since a mixed vapor/liquid column is extracted
from the well, the two-phase extraction tech-
nology allows a single piece of equipment (a
high-vacuum source) to remove contaminants in
both the liquid and vapor phases.
To extract both groundwater and soil vapor from
a single extraction well, the two-phase extraction
system uses a vacuum pump to apply a high
Extracted
Groundwater
& Soil Vapor
Extracted
Water to Existing
Treatment
System
LEGEND
Sample Port for Extracted Water
Sample Port for Extracted Vapor
Two Phase
Extraction
Well
Static Water
Level
Screened
Interval
Water Stream
Combined Water and Vapor Stream
Vapor Stream
*. Vapor. Phase
Carbon Treatment
Process Schematic of the 2-Phase Extraction System
Page 218
The SITE Program assesses but does not
approve or endorse technologies.
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November 1994
Ongoing Project
vacuum through a central extraction tube, which
extends down the well. Soil vapor drawn into
the well by the vacuum provides for a high-
velocity vapor stream at the bottom tip of the
extraction tube, which entrains the contaminated
groundwater and lifts it to the ground surface.
As the groundwater moves ,up the tube, more
than 90 percent of the VOCs in the water phase
are reportedly transferred to the vapor phase.
The vapor and water phases are then separated
at the surface in a knockout tank. The water
phase then requires only carbon polishing prior
to discharge, provided that the compounds are
adsorbable. The vapor phase is then subjected
to carbon treatment, bioremediation, resin
regeneration, catalytic oxidation, or other vapor
phase treatment (based on contaminant character-
istics, mass loadings, and economics), prior to
release to the atmosphere.
A kick start system can induce flow and help de-
water the well. The flow of atmospheric air can
be regulated by adjustment of the gate valve to:
1) optimize the air-to-water flow ratio to mini-
mize water "slug" production .at start-up (the
term "slug" refers to an irregular pulsation of
water through the extraction tube which indicates
irregular water flow); 2) maximize tube penetra-
tion into the saturated zone; and 3) maximize the
groundwater flow rate by optimizing the applied
vacuum to the well's annular space.
Typical installation activities require connection
of a power supply, piping and vacuum system
leveling, connection to the extraction well(s) and
connection of vapor-and liquid-phase discharge
connections to final treatment process(es).
WASTE APPLICABILITY:
This technology removes VOCs from ground-
water and/or soils.
STATUS:
The Xerox two-phase extraction process was
accepted into the SITE Demonstration Program
in summer 1994. The demonstration began in
August 1994 at a contaminated groundwater site
at McClellan Air Force Base hi Sacramento,
California. The demonstration is expected to
continue for 2 to 6 months.
FOR FURTHER INFORMATION:
EPA PROJECT MANAGER:
Laurel Staley
U.S. EPA
Risk Reduction Engineering Laboratory
26 West Martin Luther King Drive
Cincinnati, OH 45268
513-569-7863
Fax: 513-569-7620
TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPER CONTACT:
Ron Hess
Xerox Corporation
800 Phillips Road
Building 304-13S
Webster, NY 14580
716-422-3694
Fax: 716-422-9211
Bud Hoda
SM-ALC/EMR
5050 Dudley Boulevard
Suite 3
McClellan AFB, CA 95652-1389
916-643-1742, ext. 355
Fax: 916-643-0827
The SITE Program assesses but does not
approve or endorse technologies.
Page 219
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Technology Profile
DEMONSTRATION PROGRAM
ZENON ENVIRONMENTAL INC.
(Cross-Flow Pervaporation System)
TECHNOLOGY DESCRIPTION:
Pervaporation is a membrane process for remov-
ing volatile organic compounds (VOC) from
contaminated water. Permeable membranes
selectively remove VOCs from the contaminated
water. VOCs diffuse from the membrane-water
interface through the membrane. A condenser
traps and contains the permeating vapors, con-
densing vapors to liquid, and alleviating fugitive
emissions. The condensed organic materials
represent only a very small fraction of the initial
wastewater volume and may be subsequently
disposed of at significant cost savings. This
process may also treat industrial waste streams
and recover organics for later use.
Zenon Environmental Inc. (Zenon) has deve-
loped and built a pilot-scale pervaporation
system for Environment Canada's Emergencies
Engineering Division that is skid-mounted and
compact. The membrane modules in this system
consist of hollow fibers that are configured for
maximum mass transfer efficiency. Removal to
Pilot Cross-Flow Pervaporation System
Page 220
The SITE Program assesses but does not
approve or endorse technologies.
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November 1994
Ongoing Project
levels less than one part per billion {ppb) has
been demonstrated. For flow rates of less than
1 gallon per minute, this unit can remove 99.99
percent of VOCs. This high removal capacity,
plus containment of fugitive emissions and
minimal pretreatment requirements, are the
primary advantages of this technology when
compared with air stripping followed by gas-
phase carbon adsorption.
WASTE APPLICABILITY:
Pervaporation can be applied to aqueous waste
streams such as groundwater, lagoons, leachate,
and rinsewaters that are contaminated with
VOCs like solvents, degreasers, and gasoline.
The technology is applicable to the types of
aqueous wastes currently treated by carbon
adsorption, air stripping, and steam stripping.
STATUS:
This technology was accepted into the SITE
Emerging Technology Program in January 1989.
Based on results from the Emerging Technology
Program, Zenon was invited to demonstrate the
technology in the Demonstration Program.
Under the 1992 SITE Emerging Technology
Program, Wastewater Technology Centre com-
pared costs for Zenon's technology versus air
stripping and activated carbon. The comparison
showed that pervaporation can be competitive
with air stripping and activated carbon. The
cost competitiveness of pervaporation increases
with VOC concentration.
A pilot-scale pervaporation unit was field tested
in late 1993, near Burlington, Ontario, Canada,
at a site containing groundwater contaminated
with low concentrations of petroleum hydrocar-
bons. The unit's contaminant removal efficiency
was better than 99 percent.
A full-scale SITE demonstration is scheduled for
fall 1994 at Naval Air Station North Island in
San Diego, California. The technology will
treat 100,000 gallons of groundwater contami-
nated with waste solvents, waste paint materials,
electroplating wastes, and various petroleum
hydrocarbons.
FOR FURTHER INFORMATION:
EPA PROJECT MANAGER:
Ronald Turner
U.S. EPA
Risk Reduction Engineering Laboratory
26 West Martin Luther King Drive
Cincinnati, OH 45268
513-569-7775
Fax: 513-569-7787
TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPER CONTACT:
Philip Canning
Zenon Environmental Inc.
845 Harrington Court
Burlington, Ontario, Canada
L7N 3P3
9Q5-639-6320
Fax: 905-639-1812
The SITE Program assesses but does not
approve or endorse technologies.
Page 221
-------
Technology Profile
DEMONSTRATION PROGRAM
ZENON ENVIRONMENTAL INC.
(ZenoGem™ Process)
TECHNOLOGY DESCRIPTION:
ZenonEnvironmental Inc. 's, ZenoGem™Process
consists of a bioreactor combined with an ultra-
filtration membrane system (see photograph
below). Combining these technologies yields a
system that treats high strength wastes at long
sludge retention time but very short hydraulic
residence time. As a result, the bioreactor's size
is significantly reduced. Membrane filtration
reduces the turbidity of the treated waste to less
than 1 nephelometric turbidity unit.
During the ZenoGem™ Process, wastewater
contaminated with organic compounds first
enters the bioreactor, where contaminants are
biologically degraded. Next, the process pump
circulates the biomass through the ultrafiltration
membrane system, or ultrafilter. The ultrafilter
separates treated water from biological solids
and soluble materials with higher molecular
weights, including emulsified oil. The solids
and soluble materials are then recycled to the
bioreactor. The ZenoGem™ Process captures
higher molecular weight materials that would
otherwise pass through conventional clarifiers
and filters.
The ZenoGem™ Process mobile unit is mounted
on a 48-foot trailer and consists of the following
seven components:
• Pretreatment system: reduces contami-
nants to limits required for optimum
ultrafilter performance.
• Polyethylene equalization tank: reduces
the normal flow concentration fluctu-
ations in the system.
ZenoGem™ Process
Page 222
The SITE Program assesses but does not
approve or endorse technologies.
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November 1994
Ongoing Project
• Polyethylene bioreactor tank: contains
the bacterial culture that breaks down
organic contaminants. Air may be parti-
ally recycled to the reactor to reduce
volatile organic emissions, when
necessary.
• Process pump: ensures proper flow and
pressure for optimum system
performance.
• Ultrafiltration system: contains rugged,
clog-free, tubular membrane modules.
• Clean-in-place tank: includes all the
necessary valves, instrumentation, and
controls to clean the membrane filters.
• Control panel and computer: monitors
remote and local data and alarms.
The system's capacity is about 500 to 1,000
gallons of wastewater per day. The capacity
depends on the ultrafilters' flux rates and the
required hydraulic retention time for the
bioreactor.
WASTE APPLICABILITY:
The ZenoGem™ Process is designed to remove
biodegradable materials, including most organic
contaminants, from wastewater to produce a
high quality effluent. The process consistently
nitrifies organics, and can also denitrify organics
with the addition of an anoxic bioreactor. The
process is limited to aqueous media and may be
used to treat leachates and contaminated ground-
water. Soils can be treated indirectly by treating
the effluents from soil washing operations.
STATUS:
The ZenoGem™ Process was accepted into the
SITE Demonstration Program in summer 1992.
The demonstration is underway at the Nascolite
Superfund site hi Millville, New Jersey and will
be completed in November 1994.
FOR FURTHER INFORMATION:
EPA PROJECT MANAGER:
Daniel Sullivan
U.S. EPA
Risk Reduction Engineering Laboratory
Building 10, MS-104
2890 Woodbridge Avenue
Edison, NJ 08837-3679
908-321-6677
Fax: 908-321-6640
TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPER CONTACT:
F.A. (Tony) Tonelli
Zenon Environmental Inc.
845 Harrington Court
Burlington, Ontario, Canada
L7N 3P3
905-639-6320
Fax: 905-639-1812
The SITE Program assesses but does not
approve or endorse technologies.
Page 223
-------
Technology Profile
DEMONSTRATION PROGRAM
ZIMPRO ENVIRONMENTAL, INC.
(PACT® Wastewater Treatment System)
TECHNOLOGY DESCRIPTION:
Zimpro Environmental, Inc. (Zimpro), has
adapted the PACT® wastewater treatment system
to treat contaminated groundwaters encountered
at many Superfund sites. The system combines
biological treatment and powdered activated
carbon (PAC) adsorption to achieve treatment
standards not readily attainable with conven-
tional technologies. The mobile, trailer-mounted
system can treat 2,500 to 10,000 gallons of
wastewater per day. Larger stationary systems,
treating up to 53 million gallons per day, are
already in operation.
Living microorganisms (biomass) and PAC
contact the wastewater in the aeration tank. The
biomass removes biodegradable organic contami-
nants, while PAC enhances the adsorption of
toxic organic compounds. The figure below
depicts a flow diagram of a single-stage PACT®
wastewater treatment system.
The system's removal efficiency depends on the
influent waste characteristics and the system's
operating parameters. Important characteristics
include biodegradability, adsorbability, and
concentrations of-toxic inorganic compounds,
such as heavy metals.
The technology adjusts to the specific waste
stream by controlling the flow rate of the influ-
ent .waste, recycle streams, and air. The system
is controlled by varying the concentration of
PAC in the system, adjusting the retention tune
of the PAC-biomass mixed liquid, and adjusting
the waste to biomass ratio. If necessary, the
temperature and pH of incoming waste can be
adjusted and nutrients added.
VIRGIN
CARBON
STORAGE
POLYELECTROLYTE
STORAGE
FILTRATION
(OPTIONAL)
INFLUENT
WASTEWATER
EFFLUENT
.CARBON
TO REGENERATION
OR DISPOSAL
PACT® Wastewater Treatment System
Page 224
The SITE Program assesses but does not
approve or endorse technologies.
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November T994
Ongoing Project
After the aeration cycle is completed, PAC with
adsorbed organics, biomass, and inert solids are
removed from the settling tank. A portion of
the removed solids are returned to the contact-
aeration tank. Excess solids are diverted to the
thickener, where the solids are concentrated.
Overflow from the thickener is returned to the
contact-aeration tank, and the concentrated solids
are removed. Dewatered solids may be regener-
ated to recover PAC.
A two-stage PACT® system can be used where
environmental regulations require virtual elimi-
nation of organic priority pollutants or toxicity
in the treated effluent. In the first stage contact-
aeration tank, a high concentration of biomass
and PAC removes most of the contaminants.
The second-stage contact-aeration tank polishes
the first-stage effluent. Virgin PAC is added
just ahead of the second stage and solids are
returned to the first stage to increase overall
process efficiency. Excess solids removed from
the first stage are treated as described in the
single-stage PACT® system. Zimpro has also
developed anaerobic and multi-staged anaerobic-
aerobic PACT® systems.
WASTE APPLICABILITY:
The PACT® system can be applied to municipal
and industrial wastewaters, as well as ground-
water and leachates containing hazardous organic
pollutants. The PACT® has successfully treated
various industrial wastewaters, including chemi-
cal plant, dye production, pharmaceutical,
refinery, and synthetic fuel wastewaters, in ad-
dition to contaminated groundwater and mixed
industrial and municipal wastewater.
In general, the system can treat liquid wastes
with a chemical oxygen demand of up to 60,000
parts per million (ppm), including toxic volatile
organic compounds up to 1,000 ppm. Treat-
ability studies indicate that the system can re-
duce the organics in contaminated groundwater
from several hundred ppm to below detection
limits (parts per billion range).
STATUS:
The PACT® system was accepted into the SITE
Program in 1987. Contaminated groundwater
from several sites has been tested and found
suitable for treatment. A treatability study
report has been prepared. Site-specific condi-
tions have prevented demonstration testing in
several instances; however, additional sites are
now being evaluated for a full-scale demonstra-
tion of the PACT® system.
FOR FURTHER INFORMATION:
EPA PROJECT MANAGER:
John Martin
U.S. EPA
Risk Reduction Engineering Laboratory
26 West Martin Luther King Drive
Cincinnati, OH 45268
513-569-7758
Fax: 513-569-7620
TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPER CONTACT:
William Copa
Zimpro Environmental, Inc.
301 West Military Road
Rothschild, WI 54474
715-359-7211
Fax: 715-355-3219
The SITE Program assesses but does not
approve or endorse technologies.
Page 225
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TEOHH0M)GV
1
The Emerging Technology Program provides an opportunity to research and develop technologies at
bench- and pilot-scale levels. The goal is to promote and support the development of alternative
technologies for field applications at Superfund site remediations.
Technologies are solicited yearly for the Emerging Technology Program through Requests for
Preproposals. After a technical review of the preproposals, selected candidates are invited to submit a
Cooperative Agreement Application and detailed project proposal that undergoes another full technical
review. The Cooperative Agreement between EPA and the technology developer requires cost sharing.
Projects are considered for either a 1- or 2-year developmental effort, providing awards of up to
$150,000 per year, with a maximum of $300,000 over 2 years. Second-year funding depends on
achieving significant progress during the first year. After the second year or significant progress,
emerging technologies may be considered for the SITE Demonstration Program.
To enable EPA to accept additional technologies into the Emerging Technology Program, Interagency
Agreements have been made between EPA and the U.S. Department of Energy (DOE) and the U.S. Air
Force (USAF). DOE has helped fund 21 projects, and USAF has helped fund eight projects.
Eight solicitations have been issued: November 1987 (E01), July 1988 (E02), July 1989 (E03), July 1990
(E04), July 1991 (EOS), July 1992 (E06), and July 1993 (E07), and July 1994 (EOS).
Thirty-nine Emerging Technology projects have been completed, and several more will be completed in
1995. Four technologies, Babcock & Wilcox Co.'s Cyclone Furnace, Cognis, Inc.'s, Chemical
Treatment, High Voltage Environmental Applications, Inc.'s, High-Energy Electron Beam Irradiation
technology, and J.R. Simplot's SABRE™ Process, have been demonstrated under the SITE
Demonstration Program. Fifteen more Emerging Technology projects are participating in the
Demonstration Program.
Completed Emerging Technology Program participants are presented in alphabetical order in Table 3 and
in the technology profiles that follow; ongoing program participants are presented in alphabetical order
in Table 4 and in the profiles that follow.
Page 227
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TABLE 3
Completed SITE Emerging Technology Program Projects as of October 1994
Develooer
ABB Environmental
Services, Inc.,
Wakefield, MA (E03)*
ABA Technology, National
Environmental Technology •
Centre (formerly Warren
Spring Laboratory),
Abingdon, England (E04)
Allis Mineral Systems,
Waukesha, WI (EOS)
Aluminum Company of America
(formerly ALCOA Separation
Technology, Inc.),"
Pittsburgh, PA (EOS)
ART International, Inc. (formerly
Enviro-Sciences, Inc.),
Denville, NJ (EOS)
Atomic Energy of Canada,
Limited,
Chalk River, Ontario, Canada
(HOI)
Babcock & Wilcox Co.,"
Alliance, OH (E02)
Battelle Memorial Institute,
Columbus, OH (E01)
Bio-Recovery Systems, Inc.,"
Las Graces, NM (E01)
Technoloav
Two-Zone, Plume
Interception, In Situ
Treatment Technology
Soil Separation and
Washing Process
PYROKILN
THERMAL
ENCAPSULATION
Process
Bioscrubber
Low-Energy Extraction
Process
Chemical Treatment
and Ultrafiltration
Cyclone Furnace
In Situ Electroacoustic
Soil Decontamination
Biological Sorption
Technology
Contact
Jaret Johnson
617-245-6606
Peter Wood
011-44-235-463194
John Lees
414-798-6265
Glenn Heian
414-762-1190
Paul Liu
412-826-3711
Werner Sterner
201-627-7601
Leo Buckley
613-584-3311
Phil Campbell
800-872-2325
Dorothy Haidet
2.16-829-7395
Satya Chauhan
614-424-4812
Mike Hosea
505-523-0405
800-697-2001
EPA Project
Manaqer
Ronald Lewis
513-569-7856
Mary Stinson
908-321-6683
Marta K. Richards
513-569-7692
Paul dePercin
513-569-7797
Jack Hubbard
513-569-7507
John Martin
513-569-7758
Laurel Staley
513-569-7863
Jonathan Herrmann
513-569-7839
Ronald Lewis
513-569-7856
Waste Media
Groundwater,
Wastewater, Soil
Soil, Sludge,
Sediment
Soil, Sludge
Airstreams from
Soil, Water, and
Air Decontamina-
tion Processes
Soil, Sludge,
Sediment
Groundwater,
Leachate,
Wastewater
Solids, Soil,
Sludge
Soil
Groundwater,
Leachate,
Wastewater
Applicable Waste
Inorganic
Inorganic Chloride
Metals
Most Metallic Compounds
Not Applicable
Not Applicable
Heavy Metals
Heavy Metals,
Radionuclides
Nonspecific Metals
Heavy Metals, Uranium
Organic
Chlorinated and
Nonchlorinated Solvents
Petroleum Hydrocarbons,
PAHs
Halogenated and
Nonhalogenated Organics,
Petroleum Products
Most Volatile Organics
Tar, Creosote, PCBs,
Chlorinated Hydrocarbons,.
PAHs, Pesticides
Not Applicable
Nonspecific Organics
Nonspecific Hydrocarbons
Not Applicable
IS
03
Solicitation Number
Invited to participate in the SITE Demonstration Program
-------
TABLE 3 (continued)
Completed SITE Emerging Technology Program Projects as of October 1994
Developer
BioTrol, Inc.,
Eden Prairie, MN (EOS)
Center for Hazardous Materials
Research,
Pittsburgh, PA (E03)
Center for Hazardous Materials
Research,
Pittsburgh, PA (E04)
Cognis, Inc.,"
Santa Rosa, CA (EOS)
Colorado School of Mines,"
Golden, CO (E01)
Electrokinetics Inc.,"
Baton Rouge, LA (EOS)
Electron Beam Research Facility,
Florida International
University, and University of
Miami,"
Miami, FL (EOS)
Electro-Pure Systems, Inc.,
Amherst, NY (E02)
Energy and Environmental
Engineering, Inc.,
East Cambridge, MA (E01)
Energy and Environmental
Research Corporation,
Irvine, CA (EOS)
Technoloqv
Methanotrophic
Bioreactor System
Acid Extraction
Treatment System
Smelting Lead-
Containing Waste
Chemical Treatment
Constructed
Wetlands-Based
Treatment
Electro-Klean™
Electrokinetic Soil
Processing
High-Energy Electron
Irradiation
Alternating Current
Electrocoagulation
Technology
PhotoCAT™ Process
Hybrid Fluidized Bed
System
Technology
Contact
Durrell Dobbins
612-942-8032
Stephen Paff
412-826-5321
Stephen Paff
412-826-5321
Bill Fristad
707-576-6235
Thomas Wildeman
303-273-3642
Yalcin Acar and
Robert Marks
504-388-3992
William Cooper
305-348-3049
Charles Kurucz
305-284-6595
Thomas Waite
305-593-5330
James LaDue
716-691-2610
716-691-2613
James Porter
617-666-5500
Richard Koppang
714-859-8851
EPA Project
Manaqer
David Smith
303-293-1475
George Moore
513-569-7991
Laurel Staley
513-569-7863
Michael Royer
908-321-6633
Edward Bates
513-569-7774
Randy Parker
513-569-7271
Franklin Alvarez
513-569-7631
Randy Parker
513-569-7271
Ronald Lewis
513-569-7856
Teri Richardson
513-569-7949
Waste Media
Water
Soil
Solids, Lead-
Containing Waste
Soil, Sludge,
Sediment
Acid Mine
Drainage
Soil
Water Streams,
Sludge
Ground water,
Wastewater,
Leachate
Groundwater,
Wastewater
Solids, Sludge
Applicable Waste
Inorganic
Not Applicable
Heavy Metals
Lead
Heavy Metals, Lead
Metals
Heavy Metals and Other
Inorganics, Radionuclides
Not Applicable
Heavy Metals
Not Applicable
Volatile Inorganics
Organic
Halogenated Hydrocarbons
Not Applicable
Not Applicable
Not Applicable
Not Applicable
Nonspecific Organics
Most Organics
Petroleum By-products,
Coal-Tar Derivatives
Various Organics, PCP,
PCBs, Dioxins, Pesticides
Nonspecific Organics
Jo
<0
** Invited to participate in the SITE Demonstration Program
-------
!
TABLE 3 (continued)
Completed SITE Emerging Technology Program Projects as of October 1994
Ferro Corporation,
Independence, OH (E03)
Hazardous Substance
Management Research Center
at New Jersey Institute of
Technology,
Newark, NJ (E04)
Institute of Gas Technology,"
Des Plaines, IL (E04)
Institute of Gas Technology,"
Des Plaines, IL (E03)
IT Corporation,
Knoxville, TN (E02)
IT Corporation,
Knoxville, TN (EOS)
Matrix Photocatalytic Inc.
(formerly Nutech
Environmental),**
London, Ontario, Canada (E05)
Membrane Technology and
Research, Inc.,
Menlo Park, CA (E02)
Montana College of Mineral
Science & Technology,
Butte, MT (EOS)
^^^^^^^^^K^^HI^^^^^^Hl
Waste Vitrification
Through Electric
Melting
Pneumatic Fracturing/
Bioremedation
Chemical and
Biological Treatment
Fluid Extraction -
Biological Degradation
Process
Batch Steam
Distillation and Metal
Extraction
Photolytic and
Biological Soil
Detoxification
Photocatalytic Water
Treatment
VaporSep™ Membrane
Process
Air-Sparged
Hydrocyclone
^^•^^•i^^^^^M
Technology
Contact
imilio Spinosa
216-641-8580
Fohn Semiring
201-596-5849
Robert Kelley
708-768-0722
Robert Paterek
708-768-0500
Robert Fox
615-690-3211
Robert Fox
615-690-3211
Bob Henderson
519-660-8669
David Dortmundt or
Marc Jacobs
415-328-2228
Theodore Jordan
406-496-4112
406496-1473
I^^^MB^^HBiM
EPA Project
Manaaer
Randy Parker
513-569-7271
Uwe Frank
908-321-6626
Ronald Lewis
513-569-7856
Annette Gatchett
513-569-7697
Ronald Lewis
513-569-7856
Randy Parker
513-569-7271
John Ireland
513-569-7413
Paul dePercin
513-569-7797
Euguene Harris
513-569-7862
Waste Media
Soil, Sludge,
Sediment
Soil
Soil, Sludge,
Groundwater,
Surface Water
Soil, Solids
Soil, Sludge
Soil
Wastewater,
Groundwater,
Process Water
Gaseous Waste
Streams
Aqueous Solutions
Applicable Waste
Inorganic
Nonspecific Inorganics
Not Applicable
Not Applicable
Not Applicable
Heavy Metals, Nonspecific
Inorganics
Not Applicable
Nonspecific Inorganics
Not Applicable
Low-Concentration Metals
Organic
Nonspecific Organics
Petroluem Hydrocarbons,
Benzene, Toluene, Xylene
Most Organics
Hydrocarbons,
Nonhalogenated Aliphatic
Hydrocarbons, PAHs
Nonspecific Organics
PCBs, Dioxins, PAHs,
Other Nonspecific
Organics
PCBs, PCDDs, PCDFs,
Chlorinated Alkenes,
Chlorinated Phenols
Halogenated and
Nonhalogenated Organics
Not Applicable
" Invited to participate in the SITE Demonstration Program
-------
TABLE 3 (continued)
Completed SITE Emerging Technology Program Projects as of October 1994
Developer
Montana College of Mineral
Science and Technology,
Butte, MT (EOS)
New Jersey Institute of
Technology,
Newark, NJ (EOS)
PSI Technologies, A Division of
Physical Sciences Inc.,
Andover, MA (E04)
Pulse Sciences, Inc.,
San Leandro, CA (E04)
Purus, Inc.,"
San Jose, CA (E04)
J.R. Simplot,"
Pocatello, ID (E03)
Trinity Environmental
Technologies, Inc.,
Mound Valley, KS (EOS)
University of Washington,
Seattle, WA (E02)
Vortec Corporation,"
Collegeville, PA (E04)
Wastewater Technology Centre,"
Burlington, Ontario, Canada
(E02)
Technoloov
Campbell Centrifugal
Jig
GHEA Associates
Process
Metals Immobilization
and Decontamination
of Aggregate Solids
X-Ray Treatment of
Aqueous Solutions
Photolytic Oxidation
Process
The SABRE™ Process
PCB- and
Organochlorine-
Contaminated Soil
Detoxification
Adsorptive Filtration
Oxidation and
Vitrification Process
Cross-Flow
Pervaporation System
Technology
Contact
Gordon Ziesing
406-496-4112
406-496-1473
Itzhak Gotlieb
201-596-5862
Joseph Morency
508-689-0003
Vernon Bailey
510-632-5100
Bart Mass
408-955-1000
Russell Kaake
208-234-5367
Duane Koszalka
316-328-3222
Mark Benjamin
206-543-7645
James Hnat
610-489-2255
Rob Booth
905-336-4689
R. Philip Canning
905-639-6320
EPA Project
Manaqer
Jack Hubbard
513-569-7507
Annette Gatchett
513-569-7697
Mark Meckes
513-569-7348
Esperanza Piano
Renard
908-321-4355
Norma Lewis
513-569-7665
Wendy Davis-Hoover
513-569-7206
Paul dePercin
513-569-7797
Norma Lewis
513-569-7665
Ten Richardson
513-569-7949
John Martin
513-569-7758
Waste Media
Soil, Mine
Tailings
Soil, Sludge,
Sediment, Water,
Industrial Effluent
Soil, Sludge,
Sediment
Water
Soil, Groundwater
Soil, Sludge
Solids, Sludge
Aqueous Waste
Streams
Soil, Sludge,
Sediment, Mill
Tailings
Groundwater,
Leachate,
Wastewater
Applicable Waste
Inorganic
Heavy Metals
Heavy Metals
Heavy Metals, Volatile
Metals
Not Applicable
Not Applicable
Not Applicable
Not Applicable
Metals, Other Nonspecific
Inorganics
Metals, Other Nonspecific
Inorganics
Not Applicable
Organic
Not Applicable
Most Organics, VOCs,
SVOCs
Low Volatile Organics,
Organometallics
VOCs, SVOCs
VOCs
Nitroaromatics
PCBs, PCP, and Other
Chlorinated Hydrocarbon
Compounds
Not Applicable
Nonspecific Organics
VOCs, Solvents,
Petroleum Hydrocarbons
,
18
t!
" Invited to participate in the SITE Demonstration Program
-------
TABLE 3 (continued)
Completed SITE Emerging Technology Program Projects as of October 1994
Develc
Technology
Technology
Contact
EPA Project
Manager
Waste Media
Applicable Waste
Inorganic
Organic
Western Research Institute;"
Laramie, WY (E01)
Contained Recovery of
Oily Wastes (CROW™)
Lyle Johnson
307-721-2281
Eugene Harris
513-569-7862
Soil, Water
Not Applicable
Coal Tar Derivatives,
Petroleum By-products,
Pentachlorophenol
Solutions, Chlorinated
Solvents, Creosote
Invited to participate in the SITE Demonstration Program
-------
-------
Technology Profile
EMERGING TECHNOLOGY PROGRAM
ABB ENVIRONMENTAL SERVICES, INC.
(Two-Zone, Plume Interception, In Situ Treatment Strategy)
TECHNOLOGY DESCRIPTION:
The two-zone, plume interception, in situ treat-
ment strategy is designed to treat chlorinated and
nonchlorinated organic compounds in saturated
soils and groundwater under sequencing
anaerobic/aerobic conditions. An in situ anaero-
bic/aerobic system will be applied to constitute
a treatment tram that biodegrades a wide assort-
ment of chlorinated and nonchlorinated com-
pounds.
Anaerobic and aerobic conditions are produced
in two distinct hydraulically-controlled saturated
soil zones. Groundwater passes through each
zone as it is recirculated through the treatment
area. The first zone, the anaerobic zone, is
designed to partially dechlorinate highly chlori-
nated solvents such as tetrachlorethene (PCE),
trichloroethene (TCE), and 1,1,1-trichloro-
ethane (TCA) with natural biological processes.
The second zone, the aerobic zone, is designed
to biologically oxidize the partially dechlorinated
products from the first zone, as well as other
compounds that were not susceptible to the
anaerobic treatment phase.
The first stage of the two-zone, plume intercep-
tion, in situ treatment strategy encourages anaer-
obic (reducing) conditions in the aquifer. An-
aerobic conditions are produced or enhanced in
the target treatment zone by introducing a prima-
ry carbon source, such as glucose or acetate,
and mineral nutrients, such as nitrogen and
phosphorus. When proper anaerobic conditions
are attained in the anaerobic zone, the target
contaminants are reduced. For example, PCE is
dechlorinated to TCE, and TCE is dechlorinated
to dichloroethene (DCE) and vinyl chloride.
The second stage of the treatment strategy is
designed to promote aerobic biodegradation in
the aquifer. Aerobic conditions are produced or
enhanced in the target treatment zone by intro-
ducing oxygen, mineral nutrients such as nitro-
gen and phosphorus, and possibly an additional
NUTRIiOTS,
GLUCOSE
CONTAMINANT
SOURCE
Two-Zone Plume Interception In Situ Treatment Strategy
Page 234-
The SITE Program assesses but does not
approve or endorse technologies.
-------
November 1994
Completed Project
carbon source., such as methane. When proper
aerobic conditions are attained in the aerobic
zone, partially dechlorinated products and other
target compounds from the first zone will be
oxidized. For example, less-chlorinated ethenes
such as DCE and vinyl chloride will be
cometabolized during the aerobic microbiological
degradation of methane.
The treatment strategy is designed to biologically
remediate subsoils ,by enhancing indigenous
microorganism activity. In the event that indige-
nous bacteria populations do not provide the
adequate anaerobic or aerobic results, specially-
adapted cultures can be introduced to the aqui-
fer. These cultures are introduced using media-
filled trenches that can support added microbial
growth.
WASTE APPLICABILITY:
The two-zone, plume interception, in situ treat-
ment strategy treats groundwater and saturated
soils containing chlorinated and nonchlorinated
organic compounds, biomass, and inorganic
chloride.
STATUS:
The two-zone, plume interception, in situ treat-
ment strategy was accepted into the SITE
Emerging Technology Program in July 1989.
Optimal treatment parameters for field testing
were investigated in bench-scale soil aquifer
simulators. The bench-scale tests' objectives
were to 1) determine factors affecting the devel-
opment of each zone, 2) evaluate indigenous
bacterial communities, 3) demonstrate treatment
of chlorinated and nonchlorinated solvent mix-
tures, and 4) develop a model for the field
remediation design. A final report on the bench-
scale testing results will be available from EPA
in early 1995. The developer is currently
evaluating several sites for a field demonstration
of this technology.
FOR FURTHER INFORMATION:
EPA PROJECT MANAGER:
Ronald Lewis
U.S. EPA
Risk Reduction Engineering Laboratory
26 West Martin Luther King Drive
Cincinnati, OH 45268
513-569-7856
Fax: 513-569-7620
TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPER CONTACT:
Jaret Johnson
ABB Environmental Services, Inc.
Corporate Place 128
107 Audubon Road
Wakefield, MA 01880
617-245-6606
Fax: 617-246-5060
The SITE Program assesses but does not
approve or endorse technologies.
Page 235
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Technology Profile
EMERGING TECHNOLOGY PROGRAM
AEA TECHNOLOGY, NATIONAL ENVIRONMENTAL
TECHNOLOGY CENTRE
(formerly WARREN SPRING LABORATORY)
(Soil Separation and Washing Process)
TECHNOLOGY DESCRIPTION:
The National Environmental Technology Centre
of AEA Technology is investigating potential
mineral processing techniques for soil separation
and washing. The process can be used 1) as a
stand alone volume reduction process where
contaminated products are disposed of in land-
fills; or 2) as a pretreatment technology before
secondary treatment or disposal. The process is
based on mineral processing equipment; a sche-
matic diagram of the process is shown hi the
figure below.
The process combines equipment for size
fractionation, density separation, and froth
flotation. The exact combination and sequence
of equipment depends on the nature of the
specific material to be treated and contaminant
distribution. Material content and contaminant
distribution are determined by customized labo-
ratory characterization procedures.
A typical operation involves wet screening at 50
millimeters (mm) with high pressure water jets.
Material measuring less than 50 mm enters a
washing mill containing a scrubbing medium.
High Pressure Water
Feed Soil
50mm Screening
>50mm Debris
1050mm
oversize
1-IOmm
(batched lor
jigging)
Slimes lor Flocculalion and
*- Sedimentation
^ > O.Smm
Contaminated
Product
Schematic Diagram of the Soil Separation and Washing Process
Page 236
The SITE Program assesses but does not
approve or endorse technologies.
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November 1994
Completed Project
The mill overflow is screened at 1 mm, again
under a water jet. Material measuring 1 to 50
mm is further screened at 10 mm. Material
measuring less than 1 mm enters a hydro-
cyclone operating to separate at approximately
10 micrometers (jum). The fraction measuring
10 mm to less than 1 mm is partially dewatered
using a spiral classifier prior to a separation
stage based on the combined parameters of size
and density. A hydrosizer, or alternatively a
spiral, can be used for this process. The silice-
ous course product from the hydrosizer is de-
watered and stockpiled without further treat-
ment. The medium product from the hydrosizer
is screened at 500 jwn prior to entering a mag-
netic separator, while the fine/light product is
hydrocycloned prior to entering the magnetic
separator. Following magnetic separation, the
material enters one or more froth flotation
stages, or alternatively a gravity separation stage
using a multi-gravity separator. These stages
produce a contaminant concentrate and leave the
remaining material relatively contaminant free.
WASTE APPLICABILITY:
The technology is being developed to remove
metals, petroleum hydrocarbons, and poly-
nuclear aromatic hydrocarbons from soil. Sedi-
ments and certain industrial wastes such as
sludges may also be candidates for treatment.
The soil selected for a pilot-scale operation is
from a gasworks; other applications include soils
from petrochemical plants, pickling plants,
industrial chemical plants, coke manufacturers,
iron and steel manufacturing plants and
foundries.
STATUS:
The technology was accepted into the SITE
Emerging Technology Program in July 1991.
The project consisted of the initial characteri-
zation in the laboratory of contaminated soils
from three different locations. One soil, from a
gasworks, was then selected for a pilot-scale
operation using a circuit designed to exploit
differences in contamination distribution
identified in the soil during the laboratory
characterization.
The pilot-scale operation was conducted on
about 30 tons of soil at a throughput of about
0.5-1 ton per hour. Several test runs were
conducted to permit a comparison of the effec-
tiveness of different equipment combinations.
FOR FURTHER INFORMATION:
EPA PROJECT MANAGER:
Mary Stinson
U.S. EPA
Risk Reduction Engineering Laboratory
Building 10, MS-104
2890 Woodbridge Avenue
Edison, NJ 08837-3679
908-321-6683
Fax: 908-321-6640
TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPER CONTACT:
Peter Wood
AEA Technology,
National Environmental Technology Centre
Culham
Abingdon, Oxfordshire
OX143DB
England
011-44-235-463194
Fax: 011-44-235-463010
The SITE Program assesses but does not
approve or endorse technologies.
Page 237
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Technology Profile
EMERGING TECHNOLOGY PROGRAM
ALLIS MINERAL SYSTEMS
fPYROKILN THERMAL ENCAPSULATION Process)
TECHNOLOGY DESCRIPTION:
The PYROKILN THERMAL ENCAPSU-
LATION Process is designed to improve con-
ventional rotary kiln hazardous waste incinera-
tion by introducing inorganic additives (fluxing
agents) with the waste to promote incipient
slagging or "thermal encapsulating" reactions
near the kiln discharge end. The thermal encap-
sulation is augmented using other additives in
either the kiln or in the air pollution control
baghouse to stabilize the metals in the fly ash.
The process is designed to thermally treat soils
and sludges contaminated with both organics and-
metals. The advantages of this process include
1) immobilizing the metals remaining in the kiln
ash, 2) producing an easily handled nodular
form of ash, and 3) stabilizing metals in the fly
ash, while avoiding the problems normally
experienced with higher temperature "slagging
kiln" operations (see figure below).
The basis of this process is thermal encapsu-
lation. Thermal encapsulation traps metals in a
controlled melting process operating in the
temperature range between slagging and
nonslagging modes, producing ash nodules that
are 0.25 to 0.75 inch hi diameter.
Wastes containing organic and metallic contami-
nants are incinerated in a rotary kiln. Metals (in
particular, those with high melting points) are
trapped in the bottom ash from the kiln through
the use of fluxing agents that promote agglomer-
ation with "controlled nodulizing."
The PYROKILN THERMAL ENCAPSU-
LATION Process may reduce metals leaching to
levels below EPA limits as proved by toxicity
characteristic leaching procedure tests. Metals
with low melting and vaporization temperatures,
such as arsenic, lead, and zinc, are expected to
partially volatilize, partitioning themselves be-
tween the bottom ash and the fly ash. Those
that are concentrated in the fly ash may be
stabilized, if necessary, by adding reagents to
the kiln and to the air pollution control system to
reduce metals leaching to below EPA limits.
Clean Gas
to Stack
Contaminated
Bulk Materials
Secondary
Combustion
Chamber
Reagent
Addition
and
Feed-Stock
Preprocessing
Fuel
Rotary Kiln
PYROKILN THERMAL ENCAPSULATION Process
Decontaminated
Materials
Page 238
The SITE Program assesses but does not
approve or endorse technologies.
-------
November 1994
Completed Project
This process may also reduce the total dust load
to the air pollution control system and the
amount of particulate emissions from the stack.
The use of fluxing reagents is a key element in
this technology. The fluxing agents are intro-
duced into the kiln in the proper amount and
type to lower the ash's softening temperature.
Proper kiln design is required to allow the kiln
outlet to function as an ash agglomerator. Good
temperature control is required to keep the
agglomerates at the correct particle size, yielding
the desired 0.25- to 0.75-inch nodules. By
producing nodules, rather than a molten slag, the
process is expected to prevent operating prob-
lems such as ash quenching, overheating, and
premature refractory failure. The process
should also simplify cooling, handling, and
conveying of the ash.
The controlled nodulizing process should immo-
bilize metals with high boiling points. Lead,
zinc, and other metals with lower vaporization
temperatures tend to leave the kiln as a fine
fume and can be removed in the air pollution
control system. Reagents can be injected into
the kiln, the air pollution control devices, or a
final solids mixer to stabilize fines collected
from the gas stream.
WASTE APPLICABILITY:
The technology is intended for soils and sludges.
As with other rotary kiln systems, the process is
expected""I6~~desffoy 'aTbroacl range of organic
species, including halogenated and nonhalo-
genated organics and petroleum products.
Metallic compounds that may be encapsulated or
stabilized include antimony, arsenic, barium,
beryllium, cadmium, chromium, copper, lead,
nickel, selenium, silver, thallium, and zinc.
STATUS:
This technology was accepted into the SITE
Emerging Technology Program in March 1990.
Allis Mineral System's Synthetic Soil, a synthet-
ic soil matrix, was created for the batch rotary
kiln tests. These tests yielded nodules with
appropriate crush strength. Feed preparation
was a key element in nodule production. A
correlation was found of decreasing toxicity
characteristic leaching procedure metal leachate
levels with increasing crush strength.
An analytical procedure was selected that uses
microwave-aided digestion to evaluate samples
produced hi a,second batch kiln test prograrn.
This method provided excellent, consistent
results, indicating leachability below EPA limits.
A final report has been prepared. A technical
paper summarizing the project was presented at
the Air and Waste Management Association 87th
Annual Meeting and Exhibition in Cincinnati,
Ohio, June 19-24, 1994.
FOR FURTHER INFORMATION:
EPA PROJECT MANAGER:
Marta K. Richards
U.S. EPA
Risk Reduction Engineering Laboratory
26 West Martin Luther King Drive
Cincinnati, OH 45268
513-569-7692
Fax: 513-569-7549
TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPER CONTACTS:
John Lees
Allis Mineral Systems
20965 Crossroads Circle
Waukesha, WI 53186
414-798-6265
Fax: 414-798-6211
Glenn Heian
Allis Mineral Systems
Process Research and Test Center
9180 Fifth Avenue
Oak Creek, WI 53154
414-762-1190
Fax: 414-764-3443
The SITE Program assesses but does not
approve or endorse technologies.
Page 239
-------
Techno/oav Profile
EMERGING TECHNOLOGY PROGRAM
ALUMINUM COMPANY OF AMERICA
(formerly ALCOA SEPARATION TECHNOLOGY, INC.)
(Bioscrubber)
TECHNOLOGY DESCRIPTION:
This bioscrubber technology digests hazardous
organic emissions generated by soil, water, and
air decontamination processes. The bioscrubber
consists of a filter with an activated carbon
medium that supports microbial growth. This
unique medium, with increased microbial popu-
lation and enhanced bioactivity, converts diluted
organics into carbon dioxide, water, and other
nonhazardous compounds. The filter removes
biomass, supplies nutrients, and adds moisture.
A pilot-scale unit with a 4-cubic-foot-per-minute
capacity is being field-tested (see figure below).
In addition to efficient degradation, the bioscrub-
ber provides an effective sink to mitigate feed
fluctuations. During an 11-month bench-scale
test, the bioscrubber consistently removed
contaminants such as petroleum hydrocarbons,
alcohol, and key tone amines from the waste feed
at levels ranging from less than 5 to 40 parts per
million (ppm).
The bioscrubber provides several advantages
over conventional activated carbon adsorbers.
First, bioregeneration keeps the maximum
adsorption capacity constantly available; thus,
the mass transfer zone remains stationary and
relatively short. The carbon does not require
refrigeration and the required bed length is
greatly reduced. These features reduce capital
and operating expenses. The bioscrubber's
advantages would be fully utilized when the off-
gas contains weakly adsorbed contaminants, such
as chromethylene chloride, or adsorbates com-
peting with moisture in the stream. Finally the
chromatographic effect (premature desorption)
House Air
Mass Row
/\
,
Mass Row
Controllers
— i i —
Strip Chart
Recorder
Bioscrubber Pilot-Scale Unit
Page 240
The SITE Program assesses but does not
approve or endorse technologies.
-------
November 1994
Completed Project
common in an adsorber is eliminated because the
maximum capacity is available constantly. The
bioscrubber may replace activated carbon in
some applications.
WASTE APPLICABILITY:
The bioscrubber technology removes organic
contaminants in airstreams from soil, water, or
air decontamination processes. The technology
is especially suited to treat streams containing
aromatic solvents, such as benzene, toluene,
xylene, alcohols, ketones, hydrocarbons, and
others. The technology will have a wide spec-
trum of applications to Superfund sites, includ-
ing 1) organic emission control for groundwater
decontamination using air strippers, 2) emission
control for biological treatment of ground and
surface water, and 3) emission control for soil
decontamination. These primary treatment
processes have not been designed to prevent
volatile organic compound discharges into the
atmosphere. The proposed technology is an
ideal posttreatment for these processes because
it handles trace organic volatiles economically
and effectively.
STATUS:
This technology was accepted into the SITE
Emerging Technology Program in July 1990.
Bench-scale bioscrubbers operated continuously
for more than 11 months to treat an air stream
with trace concentrations of toluene at about 10
to 20 ppm. The bioscrubbers accomplished a
removal efficiency of greater than 95 percent.
The filter had a biodegradation efficiency 40 to
80 times greater than existing filters. The
project was completed in June 1993.
Demonstration results have been published in the
report "Bioscrubber for Removing Hazardous
Organic Emissions from Soil, Water and Air
Decontamination Processes"
(EPA540/R-93/521). This report is available
from the National Technical Information Ser-
vice. Other reports available are the Technology
Bulletin (EPA/540/F-93/507) and the Technolo-
gy Summary (EPA/540/SR-93/521). An article
was also published in the Journal of Air and
Waste Management, Vol. 44, March 1994, pp.
299-303.
The pilot unit has been tested by treating 2
standard cubic feet per minute of discharge
containing from less than 10 ppm up to 200 ppm
toluene from an air stripping tower. The unit
demonstrated the effectiveness, efficiency and
reliability of its design. Additional tests are
underway to confirm results at higher flow rates
and with other contaminants.
FOR FURTHER INFORMATION:
EPA PROJECT MANAGER:
Paul dePercin
U.S. EPA
Risk Reduction Engineering Laboratory
26 West Martin Luther King Drive
Cincinnati, OH 45268
513-569-7797
Fax: 513-569-7620
TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPER CONTACT:
Paul Liu
Media and Process Technology, Inc.
1155 William Pitt Way
Pittsburgh, PA 15238
412-826-3711
Fax: 412-826-3720
The SITE Program assesses but does not
approve or endorse technologies.
Page 241
-------
Technoloav Profile
EMERGING TECHNOLOGY PROGRAM
ART INTERNATIONAL, INC.
(formerly ENvmo-SciENCES, INC.)
(Low-Energy Extraction Process)
TECHNOLOGY DESCRIPTION:
The patented Low-Energy Extraction Process
(LEEP®) uses common organic solvents to
concentrate and extract organic pollutants from
soil, sediments, and sludges. LEEP® can treat
contaminated solids to the stringent cleanup
levels mandated by regulatory agencies.
LEEP® includes pretreatment, washing, and
concentration processes.
During pretreatment, particles measuring up to
8 inches in diameter are removed in a gravity
settle-floater. The settler-floater includes a
metal detector and remover, a crusher, and a
metering feeder. Floating material often found
at remediation sites, such as wood chips, grass,
or root material, is also removed.
After pretreatment, the solid matrix is washed in
a unique, dual solvent process that uses both
hydrophilic and hydrophobic solvents. The
combination of these proprietary solvents guar-
antees efficient contaminant removal.
The extracted pollutants are then concentrated in
a sacrificial solvent by liquid-liquid extraction or
by distillation, and are removed from the pro-
cess for off-site disposal or recycling. The
treated solids can be returned to the site as clean
fill.
The LEEP® technology is a low-pressure process
operated under a nitrogen blanket at near
ambient conditions. It is designed as a closed-
loop, self-contained, mobile unit consisting of
proven heavy-duty equipment. The relatively
inexpensive solvents used in the process are
internally recycled. The solvents are applicable
to almost every type of organic contaminant, and
their physical properties enhance clay and silt
particle settling.
WASTE APPLICABILITY:
LEEP® can treat most contaminants in soil,
sediment, and sludge, including tar, creosote,
chlorinated hydrocarbons, polynuclear aromatic
hydrocarbons, pesticides, and wood preserving
DEBRIS
(CONTAMINATE™ *•
VSOUDS/
PRETREATMENT
HYDROPHILIC &
HYDROPHOBIC
LEACHING
I '
i^
RESIDUAL
SOLVENT
RECOVERY
1
Clean Solvent /'S
/" CLEAN "\
J SOLIDS )
/ SACRIFICIAL
I SOLVENT
/CONCENTRATED^
TAMINANTS/
LEEP® Technology Schematic
Page 242
The SITE Program assesses but does not
approve or endorse technologies.
-------
November 1994
Completed Project
chlorophenol formulations. Bench- and pilot-
scale experiments have shown that LEEP®
effectively treats tar-contaminated solids from
manufactured gas plant sites, soils and sediments
contaminated with polychlorinated biphenyls,
refinery waste sludges, and soils contaminated
with petroleum hydrocarbons.
STATUS:
LEEP® was accepted into the Emerging Tech-
nology Program in July 1989. Bench-scale
studies for process development have been
completed. In addition, ART International, Inc.,
routinely conducts bench-scale treatability studies
for government and industrial clients, and has
obtained Toxic Substances Control Act, Re-
source Conservation and Recovery Act, and air
permits for the technology. Other developments
include the following:
• Construction of a 200-pound-per-hour
pilot plant
• Completion of pilot-plant tests indicated
that LEEP® can treat soil from manufac-
tured gas plant sites containing up to 5
percent tar
• Completion of pilot-plant tests for
scaling up to a commercial plant
« Completion of commercial design cri-
teria and a turnkey bid package
• Commercialization activities for a full-
scale unit are underway
FOR FURTHER INFORMATION:
EPA PROJECT MANAGER:
Jack Hubbard
U.S. EPA
Risk Reduction Engineering Laboratory
26 West Martin Luther King Drive
Cincinnati, OH 46268
513-569-7507
Fax: 513-569-7620
TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPER CONTACTS:
Werner Steiner
ART International, Inc.
100 Ford Road, Suite C-4
Denville, NJ 07834
201-627-7601
Fax: 201-627-6524
The SITE Program assesses but does not
approve or endorse technologies.
Page 243
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Technology Profile
EMERGING TECHNOLOGY PROGRAM
ATOMIC ENERGY OF CANAJDA, LIMITED
(Chemical Treatment and Ultrafiltration)
TECHNOLOGY DESCRIPTION:
The Atomic Energy of Canada, Limited
(AECL), process uses chemical pretreatment and
ultrafiltration to remove trace concentrations of
dissolved metals from wastewater, contaminated
groundwater, and leachate. The process selec-
tively removes metal contaminants and produces
a volume-reduced water stream for further
treatment and disposal.
The installed unit's overall dimensions are 5 feet
wide by 7 feet long by 6 feet high. The skid-
mounted unit consists of 1) a bank of 5-micron
cartridge prefilters, 2) a feed conditioning sys-
tem with polyelectrolytes and chemicals for pH
adjustment, 3) two banks of hollow-fiber
ultrafilters, 4) a backflush system for cleaning
the membrane unit, and 5) associated tanks and
instrumentation.
Wastewater enters the prefilter through the feed
tank, where suspended particles are removed
from the feed. The filtered waste stream is then
routed to conditioning tanks where the solution
pH is adjusted. Water-soluble macromolecular
compounds are then added to the wastewater to
form complexes with heavy metal ions. Next, a
relatively high molecular weight polymer,
generally a commercially available polyelectro-
lyte, is added to the wastewater to form selective
metal-polymer complexes at the desired pH and
temperature. The necessary polyelectrolyte
quantities depend on the metal ion concentration.
Therefore, separated metal ions should generally
be in the parts per million (ppm) range.
The treated waste stream then passes through a
cross-flow ultrafiltration membrane system by
way of a recirculation loop. The ultrafiltration
system provides a total membrane surface area
of 265 square feet and a permeate rate of about
6 gallons per minute (gpm). The membranes
retain the metal complexes (concentrate), while
allowing uncomplexed ions to pass through the
membrane with the filtered water. The filtered
water is continuously withdrawn, while the con-
centrate stream, containing most of the conta-
minants, is recycled through the recirculation
loop until it meets the target concentration.
pH CHEMICAL
ADDITION
|PREFILTRATION[-
POLYELECTROLYTE
ADDITION
CIRCULATION LOOP
METAL
DOMPLEXATION
REACTION
TANK
<100to150L/m!n
CIRCULATION
PUMP
= 20L/min
HJ
FEED
PUMP
ULTRAFILTRATION
SYSTEM
(265 sq ft Bank)
' 20 L/min
PERMRATE
«0.2 to 1.0 L/min
BLEED
CONCENTRATE
Srngle-Stage Chemical Treatment and Ultrafiltration Process
Page 244
The SITE Program assesses but does not
approve or endorse technologies.
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November 1994
Completed Project
After reaching the target concentration, the con-
centrate stream is withdrawn for further treat-
ment, such as solidification. It can then be
safely disposed of. The clean filtered water is
discharged.
WASTE APPLICABILITY:
The process treats groundwater, leachate, and
surface runoff water contaminated with trace
levels of toxic heavy metals. The process also
treats effluents from 1) industrial processes,
2) production and processing of base metals,
3) smelters, 4) electrolysis operations, and
5) battery manufacturing. Potential applications
include removal of metals such as cadmium,
lead, mercury, uranium, manganese, nickel,
chromium, and silver.
The process can treat influent with dissolved
metal concentrations from several ppm up to
about 100 ppm. In addition, the process
removes other inorganic and organic materials
present as suspended or colloidal solids. The
sole residue is the ultrafiltration concentrate,
which generally constitutes 5 to 20 percent of
the feed volume.
STATUS:
The AECL process was accepted into the SITE
Program in 1988. During initial bench-scale and
pilot-scale tests, the AECL process successfully
removed cadmium, lead, and mercury. These
results were used to design and construct the
mobile unit.
The mobile unit has been tested at the Chalk
River Laboratories and a uranium mine tailings
site in Ontario, Canada. The field demonstra-
tion indicated that process water characteristics
needed further study; pretreatment schemes are
being evaluated. The mobile unit, which is
capable of treating influent flows ranging from
1,000 to 5,000 gallons per day, is available for
treatability tests and on-site applications. A
technology bulletin (EPA/540/F-92/002) is
available.
FOR FURTHER INFORMATION:
EPA PROJECT MANAGER:
John Martin
U.S. EPA
Risk Reduction Engineering Laboratory
26 West Martin Luther King Drive
Cincinnati, OH 45268
513-569-7758
Fax: 513-569-7676
TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPER CONTACTS:
Leo Buckley
Atomic Energy of Canada, Limited
Waste Management Systems
Chalk River Laboratories
Chalk River, Ontario, Canada
KOJ no
613-584-3311
Fax: 613-584-1438
Phil Campbell
AECL Technologies
9210 Corporate Blvd, Suite 410
Rockville, MD 20850
800-872-2325
Fax: 301-417-0746 .
The SITE Program assesses but does not
approve or endorse technologies.
Page 245
-------
Technoloav Profile
EMERGING TECHNOLOGY PROGRAM
BABCOCK & WILCOX CO.
(Cyclone Furnace)
TECHNOLOGY DESCRIPTION:
The Babcock & Wilcox Co. (Babcock &
Wilcox) cyclone furnace is designed to combust
high inorganic (high-ash) coal. Through
cofiring, the cyclone furnace can also accom-
modate highly contaminated wastes containing
heavy metals and organics hi soil or sludge.
High heat-release rates of 45,000 British thermal
units (Btu) per foot of coal ensure the high
temperatures required to melt the high-ash fuels.
The inert ash exits the cyclone furnace as a
vitrified slag.
The furnace is water-cooled and simulates the
geometry of Babcock & Wilcox's single-cyclone,
ftont-wall-fired cyclone boilers. The pilot
cyclone furnace, shown hi the figure below, is a
scaled-down version of a commercial coal-fired
cyclone with a restricted exit (throat). The fur-
nace geometry is a horizontal cylinder (barrel).
Natural gas and preheated combustion air are
heated to 820 degrees Fahrenheit (°F) and enter
tangentially into the cyclone burner. For dry
Combustion
air
soil processing, the soil matrix and natural gas
enter tangentially along the cyclone furnace bar-
rel. For wet soil processing, an atomizer uses
compressed air to spray the soil paste directly
into the furnace. The soil or sludge and inorga-
nics are captured and melted, and organics are
destroyed in the gas phase or in the molten slag
layer. This slag layer is formed and retained on
the furnace barrel wall by centrifugal action.
The soil melts, exits the cyclone furnace from
the tap at the cyclone throat, and drops into a
water-filled slag tank where it solidifies. A
small quantity of soil also exits as fly ash with
the flue gas from the furnace and is collected in
a baghouse. In principle, this fly ash can be
recycled to the furnace to increase the capture of
metals, and to minimize the volume of the
potentially hazardous waste stream.
The energy requirements for vitrification are
15,000 Btu/pound (Ib) of soil treated. Given the
much larger surface-to-volume ratio of the
relatively small pilot unit and its cool surface, a
full-scale unit can be expected to have proper-
Natural gas
Injectors
Natural gas
Soil Injector
Cyclone
barre|
Slag
quenching
tank
Cyclone Furnace
Page 246
The SITE Program assesses but does not
approve or endorse technologies.
-------
November 1994
Completed Project
tionally lower energy requirements. The cy-
clone furnace can be operated with gas, oil, or
coal as the supplemental fuel. The waste may
also supply a significant portion of the required
heat input.
Particulates are controlled by a baghouse. To
maximize the capture of metals, a heat exchang-
er is used to cool the stack gases to approximate-
ly 200 °F before they enter the baghouse.
WASTE APPLICABILITY:
The cyclone vitrification technology is applicable
to highly contaminated inorganic hazardous
wastes, sludges, and soils that contain heavy
metals and organic constituents. The wastes
may be solid, a soil slurry (wet soil), or liquid.
To be treated in the cyclone furnace, the ash or
solid matrix must melt (with or without addi-
tives) and flow at cyclone furnace temperatures
(2,400 to 3,000 °F). Because of the techno-
logy's ability to capture heavy metals in the slag
and render them nonleachable, the technology is
an important treatment application for soils that
contain lower-volatility radionuclides such as
strontium and transuranics.
STATUS:
The 6-million-Btu/hour (hr) cyclone furnace was
successfully used in a 2-year SITE Emerging
Technology Program project to melt and vitrify
an EPA-supplied synthetic soil matrix (SSM)
spiked with 7,000 parts per million (ppm) lead,
1,000 ppm cadmium, and 1,500 ppm chromium.
In addition to destroying organic wastes, vitrifi-
cation products capture and do not leach heavy
metals; other thermal treatments do. When
operated at 50 to 150 pounds per hour (Ib/hr) of
dry SSM feed and 100 to 300 Ib/hr of wet SSM
feed, the cyclone fcmace produced a nonleach-
able product (as measured by the toxicity charac-
teristic leaching procedure) for lead, cadmium,
and chromium.
From 95 to 97 percent of the dry SSM was
incorporated within the slag. Cyclone operation
stabilized during the two projects, and processed
over 6 tons of clean, unspiked SSM and 5 tons
of spiked SSM. During the thermal vitrification
process, the heavy metals partitioned between
the vitrified slag and the stack fly ash. Retained
metal percentages for vitrified slag at 200 Ib/hr
were 12 to 23 percent for cadmium, 38 to 54
percent for lead, and 78 to 95 percent for chro-
mium. Heavy metal captured in the slag in-
creased with feed rate and decreased with metal
volatility.
These results suggest that the cyclone vitrifica-
tion process will show a high capture rate for
* very low volatility contaminants, such as many
radionuclides (for example, uranium and thori-
um). The SSM treatment resulted in a dry
volume reduction of 25 to 35 percent. Vitrifica-
tion yields hi an easily-crushed, glassy product.
EPA has published a bulletin
(EPA/540/F-92/010), a final report
(EPA/540/R-93/501), and a summary
(EPA/540/SR-93/507) detailing results from this
project.
FOR FURTHER INFORMATION:
EPA PROJECT MANAGER:
Laurel Staley
U.S. EPA
Risk Reduction Engineering Laboratory
26 West Martin Luther King Drive
Cincinnati, OH 45268
513-569-7863
Fax: 513-569-7620
TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPER CONTACT:
Dorothy Haidet
Babcock & Wilcox Co.
1562 Beeson Street
Alliance, OH 44601-2196
216-829-7395
Fax: 216-829-7801
The SITE Program assesses but does not
approve or endorse technologies.
Page 247
-------
Technology Profile
EMERGING TECHNOLOGY PROGRAM
BATTELLE MEMORIAL E^STTTUTE
(In Situ Electroacoustic Soil Decontamination)
TECHNOLOGY DESCRIPTION:
The patented in situ electroacoustic soil decon-
tamination (BSD) technology treats soils contain-
ing hazardous organics by applying direct cur-
rent electrical and acoustic fields. Direct current
facilitates liquid transport through soils. The
technology consists of electrodes, an anode and
a cathode, and an acoustic source (see figure
below).
The double-layer boundary theory is important
when an electric potential is applied to soils.
For soil particles, the double layer consists of a
fixed layer of negative ions that are firmly held
to the solid phase, and a diffuse layer of cations
and anions that are more loosely held. Applying
an electric potential to the double layer displaces
the loosely held ions to their respective elec-
trodes. The cations take water with them as
they move toward the cathode.
Besides BSD water transport through wet soils,
the direct current produces other effects, such as
ion transfer, pH gradients development, electro-
lysis, oxidation and reduction, and heat genera-
tion. Heavy metals present in contaminated soils
can be leached or precipitated out of solution by
electrolysis, oxidation and reduction reactions,
or ionic migration. The soil contaminants may
be 1) cations, such as cadmium, chromium, and
lead; or 2) anions, such as cyanide, chromate,
and dichromate. The existence of these ions in
their respective oxidation states depends on soil
pH and concentration gradients. Direct current
is expected to increase the leaching rate and
precipitate the heavy metals out of solution by
establishing appropriate pH and osmotic gradi-
ents.
When properly applied in conjunction with an
electric field and water flow, an acoustic field
can enhance waste dewatering or leaching. This
phenomenon is not fully understood. Another
possible application involves unclogging recov-
ery wells. Since contaminated particles are
driven to the recovery well, the pores and
interstitial spaces in the soil can close. This
Contaminants
Water (Optional)
Profile
In Situ Electroacoustic Soil Decontamination (BSD) Process
Page 248
The SITE Program assesses but does not
approve or endorse technologies.
-------
November 1994
Completed Project
technology could be used to clear these clogged
spaces.
WASTE APPLICABILITY:
The technology's potential for improving non-
aqueous phase liquid contaminant recovery and
in situ removal of heavy metals needs to be
tested on a pilot scale using clay soils.
STATUS:
Phase I results indicate that BSD is technically
feasible to remove inorganic species such as zinc
and cadmium from clay soils, and only margin-
ally effective for hydrocarbon removal. A
modified BSD process for more effective hydro-
carbon removal has been developed but not
tested. An EPA report (EPA/540/5-90/004) for
the 1-year investigation can be purchased
through the National Technical Information
Service, document No. PB 90-204 728/AS. A
summary (EPA/540/S5-90/004) is also available.
FOR FURTHER INFORMATION:
EPA PROJECT MANAGER:
Jonathan Herrmann
U.S. EPA
Risk Reduction Engineering Laboratory
26 West Martin Luther King Drive
Cincinnati, OH 45268
513-569-7839
Fax: 513-569-7787
TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPER CONTACT:
Satya Chauhan
Battelle Memorial Institute
505 King Avenue
Columbus, OH 43201
614-424-4812
Fax: 614-424-3431
The SITE Program assesses but does not
approve or endorse technologies.
Page 249
-------
Technology Profile
EMERGING TECHNOLOGY PROGRAM
BIO-RECOVERY SYSTEMS, INC.
(Biological Sorption)
TECHNOLOGY DESCRIPTION:
The AlgaSORB® sorption process uses algae to
remove heavy metal ions from aqueous solu-
tions. The process takes advantage of the natu-
ral affinity for heavy metal ions exhibited by
algal cell structures.
The photograph below shows a prototype por-
table effluent treatment equipment (PETE) unit,
consisting of two columns operating in series or
in parallel. Each column contains 0.25 cubic
foot of AlgaSORB®, the treatment matrix. The
PETE unit shown below can treat waste at a
flow rate of approximately 1 gallon per minute
(gpm). Larger systems have been designed and
manufactured to treat waste at flow rates greater
than 100 gpm.
The AlgaSORB® medium consists of dead algal
cells immobilized in a silica gel polymer. This
immobilization serves two purposes: 1) it
protects the algal cells from decomposition by
other microorganisms, and 2) it produces a hard
material that can be packed into chromatographic
columns that, when pressurized, still exhibit
good flow characteristics.
The system functions as a biological ion-
exchange resin to bind both metallic cations
(positively charged ions, such as mercury, Hg+2)
and metallic oxoanions (negatively charged,
large, complex, oxygen-containing ions, such as
selenium oxide [SeO4~2]). Anions such as
chlorides or sulfates are only weakly bound or
not bound at all.
Like ion-exchange resins, the algae-silica system
can be recycled. However, in contrast to cur-
rent ion-exchange technology, divalent cations
typical of hard water, such as calcium (Ca+2)
and magnesium (Mg+2), or monovalent cations,
Portable Effluent Treatment Equipment (PETE) Unit
Page 250
The SITE Program assesses but does not
approve or endorse technologies.
-------
November 1994
Completed Project
such as sodium (Na+) and potassium (K+), do
not significantly interfere with the binding of
toxic heavy metal ions to the algae-silica matrix.
After the matrix is saturated, the metals are
stripped from the algae with acids, bases, or
other suitable reagents. This stripping process
generates a small volume of solution containing
highly concentrated metals that must undergo
treatment.
WASTE APPLICABILITY:
This technology can remove metal ions from
groundwater or surface leachates that are "hard"
or contain high levels of dissolved solids. The
process can also treat rinse waters from electro-
•plating, metal finishing, and printed circuit
board manufacturing industries.
The system can remove heavy metals, such as
aluminum, cadmium, chromium, cobalt, copper,
gold, iron, lead, manganese, mercury,
molybdenum, nickel, platinum, silver, uranium,
vanadium, and zinc.
STATUS:
Under the Emerging Technology Program, the
AlgaSORB® sorption process was tested on
mercury-contaminated groundwater at a haz-
ardous waste site in Oakland, California, in fall
1989. Testing was designed to determine
optimum flow rates, binding capacities, and the
efficiency of stripping agents. The Final Report
(EPA/540/5-90/005a), a Summary
(EPA/540/S5-90/005), and a Bulletin
(EPA/540/F-92/003) are available from EPA.
An article was also published in the Journal of
Air and Waste Management, Vol. 41, No. 10,
October 1991. Based on results from the
Emerging Technology Program, Bio-Recovery
Systems, Inc., was invited to participate in the
SITE Demonstration Program. A suitable site is
being sought.
The process is being commercialized for ground-
water treatment and industrial point source
treatment.
FOR FURTHER INFORMATION:
EPA PROJECT MANAGER:
Ronald Lewis
U.S. EPA
Risk Reduction Engineering Laboratory
26 West Martin Luther King Drive
Cincinnati, OH 45268
513-569-7856
Fax: 513-569-7620
TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPER CONTACT:
Mike Hosea
Bio-Recovery Systems, Inc.
2001 Copper Avenue
Las Cruces, NM 88005
505-523-0405
800-697-2001
Fax: 505-523-1638
The SITE Program assesses but does not
approve or endorse technologies.
Page 251
-------
Technology Profile
EMERGING TECHNOLOGY PROGRAM
BIOTROL, INC.
(Methanotrophic Bioreactor System)
TECHNOLOGY DESCRIPTION:
The methanotrophic bioreactor system is an
aboveground remedial technology for water
contaminated with halogenated hydrocarbons.
Trichloroethene (TCE) and related compounds
pose a new and difficult challenge to biological
treatment. Unlike aromatic hydrocarbons, for
example, TCE cannot serve as a primary sub-
strate for bacterial growth. Degradation depends
on cometabolism, which is attributed to the
broad substrate specificity of certain bacterial
enzyme systems (see figure below). Although
many aerobic enzyme systems reportedly
cooxidize TCE and related compounds, BioTrol,
Inc. (BioTrol), claims that the methane
monooxygenase (MMO) of methanotrophic
bacteria is the most promising.
Methanotrophs are bacteria that can use methane
as a sole source of carbon and energy.
Although certain methanotrophs can express
MMO in either a soluble or particulate (mem-
brane-bound) form, BioTrol-sponsored research
has discovered that the soluble form induces
extremely rapid TCE degradation rates. Two
patents have been obtained and an additional
patent is pending on the process.
BioTrol has also developed a colorimetric assay
that verifies the desired enzyme's presence in the
bioreactor culture. Results from experiments
with Methylosinus trichosporiumOB3b indicate
that the maximum specific TCE degradation rate
is 1.3 grams of TCE per gram of cells (dry
weight) per hour, which is 100 to 1,000 times
faster than reported TCE degradation rates for
nonmethanotrophs. This species of methano-
trophic bacteria reportedly removes various
chlorinated aliphatic compounds by more than
99.9 percent.
Carbon Dioxide Carbon Dioxide, Chloride
Water
Methanotroph
Oxygen
Methane
Trichloroethene
Cometabolism of TCE
Page 252
The SITE Program assesses but does not
approve or endorse technologies.
-------
November 7994
Completed Project
WASTE APPLICABILITY:
The bioreactor system can treat water contami-
nated with halogenated aliphatic hydrocarbons,
including TCE, dichloroethene isomers, vinyl
chloride, dichloroethane isomers, chloroform,
dichloromethane (methylene chloride), and
others. In the case of groundwater treatment,
bioreactor effluent can either be reinjected or
discharged to a sanitary sewer or a National
Pollutant Discharge Elimination System.
STATUS:
This technology was accepted into the SITE
Emerging Technology Program in July 1990.
Both bench- and pilot-scale tests were conducted
using a continuous-flow, dispersed-growth
system. As shown in the figure below, the
pilot-scale reactor displayed first-order TCE
degradation kinetics. An article on the pilot-scale
demonstration is expected to appear in the
Journal of the Air and Waste Management
Association in late 1994. A Technology Bulletin
(EPA/540/F-93/506) and a Technology Sum-
mary (EPA/540/SR-93/505) are available from
EPA.
FOR FURTHER INFORMATION:
EPA PROJECT MANAGER:
David Smith
U.S. EPA
Region 8
999 18th Street
Denver, CO 80202
303-293-1475
Fax: 303-294-1198
TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPER CONTACT:
Durell Dobbins
BioTrol, Inc.
10300 Valley View Road, Suite 107
Eden Prairie, MN 55344-3546
612-942-8032
Fax: 612-942-8526
y
s
2000
1500
1000 —
500 —
I I I I I
10 20 30 40 50 60
HRT(mln)
Pilot-Scale Continuous-Flow Results
The SITE Program assesses but does not
approve or endorse technologies.
Page 253
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Technology Profile
EMERGING TECHNOLOGY PROGRAM
CENTER FOR HAZARDOUS MATERIALS RESEARCH
(Acid Extraction Treatment System)
TECHNOLOGY DESCRIPTION:
The acid extraction treatment system (AETS)
uses hydrochloric acid to extract heavy metal
contaminants from soils. Following treatment,
the clean soil may be returned to the site or used
as fill.
A simplified block flow diagram of the AETS is
given in the figure below. First, soils are
screened to remove coarse solids. These solids,
typically greater than 4 millimeters hi size, are
relatively clean and require at most a simple
rinse with water or detergent to remove smaller
attached particles.
After coarse particle removal, the remaining soil
is scrubbed in an attrition scrubber to break up
agglomerates and cleanse surfaces. Hydrochlo-
ric acid is then introduced into the soil in the
extraction unit. The residence time in the unit
varies depending on the soil type, contaminants,
and contaminant concentrations, but generally
ranges between 10 and 40 minutes. The soil-
extractant mixture is continuously pumped out of
the mixing tank, and the soil and extractant are
separated using hydrocyclones.
When extraction is complete, the solids are
transferred to the rinse system. The soils are
rinsed with water to remove entrained acid and
metals. The extraction solution and rinsewaters
are regenerated using a proprietary technology
that removes the metals and reforms the acid.
The heavy metals are concentrated in a form
potentially suitable for recovery. During the
final step, the soils are mixed with lime and
fertilizer to neutralize any residual acid. No
wastewater streams are generated by the process.
WASTE APPLICABILITY:
The main application of AETS is extraction of
heavy metals from soils. The system has been
tested using a variety of soils, containing one or
more of the following: arsenic, cadmium, chro-
mium, copper, lead, nickel, and zinc. The treat-
ment capacity is expected to range up to 30 tons
per hour. AETS can treat all soil fractions,
including fines.
The major residuals from AETS treatment in-
clude the cleaned soil, which is suitable for fill
or for return to the site, and the heavy metal
concentrate. Depending on the concentration of
heavy metals, the mixtures of heavy metals
found at the site, and the presence of other com-
pounds (calcium, sodium) with the metals, heavy
metals may be reclaimed from the concentrate.
STATUS:
Under the Emerging Technology Program, lab-
oratory-scale and bench-scale tests were conduct-
ed to develop the AETS technology. The bench-
scale pilot system was constructed to process
between 20 and 100 kilograms of soil per hour.
SCREENING
1
EXTRACTION
UNIT
1
RINSE
1
NEUTRALIZATION
COARSE SOIL
^ .._ PARTICLES
REGENERATED ACID
BCTRACTANT 1
ACID
RINSATE REGENERATION
EHTTWINE5
< ..S*» __l 1
1
HEAVY METALS
*- TREATED SOIL
Acid Extraction Treatment System (AETS) Process
Page 254
The SITE Program assesses but does not
approve or endorse technologies.
-------
November 1994
Completed Project
Five soils were tested, including an EPA syn-
thetic soil matrix (SSM), and soils from four
Superfund sites, including NL Industries in
Pedricktown, New Jersey; King of Prussia site
in Winslow Township, New Jersey; a smelter
site in Butte, Montana; and Palmerton Zinc site
in Palmerton, Pennsylvania. These soils con-
tained elevated concentrations of some or all of
the following: arsenic, cadmium, chromium,
copper, lead, nickel, and zinc. The table below
summarizes soil treatability results based on the
EPA Resource Conservation and Recovery Act
(RCRA) hazardous waste requirements for toxi-
city characteristic leaching procedure (TCLP)
and the California standards for total metal
concentrations. Detailed results from the study
have been published by EPA hi a Final Report
(EPA/540/R-94/513) and a Summary
(EPA/540/SR-94/513).
The results of the study are summarized below:
• AETS can treat a wide range of soils
containing a wide range of heavy metals
to reduce the TCLP below the RCRA
limit. AETS can also reduce the total
metals concentrations below the Califor-
nia-mandated total metals limitations.
• In most cases, AETS can treat the entire
soil, without separate stabilization and
disposal for fines or clay particles, to
the required TCLP and total metal lim-
its. The only exception was the SSM,
which may require separate stabilization
and disposal of 20 percent of the soil to
reduce the total TCLP lead concentra-
tions appropriately. However, AETS
successfully treated arsenic, cadmium,
chromium, copper, nickel, and zinc in
the soil.
• Treatment costs under expected process
conditions range from $100 to $180 per
cubic yard of soil, depending on the site
size, soil types and contaminant concen-
trations. Operating costs ranged from
$50 to $80 per cubic yard. These costs
are competitive with alternative tech-
nologies.
The Center for Hazardous Materials Research is
looking for additional partners interested hi
finding a suitable site to demonstrate the technol-
ogy.
FOR FURTHER INFORMATION:
EPA PROJECT MANAGER:
George Moore
U.S. EPA
Risk Reduction Engineering Laboratory
26 West Martin Luther King Drive
Cincinnati, OH 45268
513-569-7991
Fax: 513-569-7276
TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPER CONTACT:
Stephen Paff
Center for Hazardous Materials Research
320 William Pitt Way
Pittsburgh, PA 15238
412-826-5321, ext. 233
Fax: 412-826-5552
Metal
As
Cd
Cr
Cu
Nl
Pb
Zn
SS*1
*, T, L
*, T
*, T, L
*, T, L
*, T, L
#
*,T, L
™ .• ' ~',
; - &•««.
*, T, L
*. T. L
*, T, L
*, T, L
soit ""'"' ^'
King of &ix$st&
*.T, L
*, T, L
*, T, L
« Pedncktovstt
*, T, L
*, T, L
*, T, L
Palmerton
*, T, L
*, T, L
*, T, L
*, T, L
Key: * — Metal is present in that soil
T — Successful treatment for total metals
L -- Reduction in teachability to below standards
Boldface and larger fonts indicate high initial metals concentration
(at least double the regulatory standards)
The SITE Program assesses but does not
approve or endorse technologies.
Page 255
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Technology Profile
EMERGING TECHNOLOGY PROGRAM
CENTER FOR HAZARDOUS MATERIALS RESEARCH
(Smelting Lead-Containing Waste)
TECHNOLOGY DESCRIPTION:
Secondary lead smelting is a proven technology
that reclaims lead from lead-acid battery waste
sites. The Center for Hazardous Materials
Research (CHMR) and Exide Corporation
(Exide) have demonstrated the use of secondary
lead smelting to reclaim usable lead from
various types of waste materials.
Reclamation of lead from Superfund and other
lead-containing sites is based on existing lead
smelting procedures and basic pyrometallurgy.
A general schematic for the technology is pro-
vided in the figure below. Waste material is
first excavated from Superfund sites or collected
from other sources. The waste is then prepro-
cessed to reduce particle size and to remove
rocks, soil, and other debris. Next, the waste is
transported to the smelter.
At the smelter, waste is fed to reverberatory or
blast furnaces, depending on particle size or lead
content. The two reverberatory furnaces nor-
mally treat lead from waste lead-acid batteries,
as well as other lead-containing material. The
furnaces are periodically tapped to remove slag,
which contains 60 to 70 percent lead, and a soft
pure lead product.
The two blast furnaces treat slag generated from
the reverberatory furnaces, as well as larger-
sized lead-containing waste. These furnaces are
tapped continuously for lead and tapped intermit-
tently to remove slag, which is transported off-
site for disposal. The reverberatory and blast
furnace combination at Exide can reclaim lead
from batteries and waste with greater than 99
percent efficiency.
WASTE APPLICABILITY:
The process has been demonstrated to reclaim
lead from a variety of solid materials, including
rubber battery case material, lead dross, iron
shot abrasive blasting material, and wood from
demolition of houses coated with lead paint.
The technology is applicable to solid wastes
containing more than 2 percent lead, provided
that they do not contain excessive amounts of
calcium., silica, aluminum, or other similar
constituents. Explosive and flammable liquids
cannot be processed in the furnace. As tested,
this technology is not applicable to soil
remediation.
EXCAVATION OR
COLLECTION
PREPROCESSING TRANSPORT OF MATERIAL
ROCKS, SOILS, DEBRIS \-SQ Q
SLAG TO
;
LEAD TO
BATTERY «r ....
PLANT NV
\S
ii^pn^Al •** ;
;
SMELTEF
REVEERB
Cl IDKI Af^C
rUHNAUt
LAGJ.
T
BLAST
CI IRMAPP
rUrllMML/C
*
DR
i
1
1
Smelting Lead-Containing Waste Process
Page 256
The SITE Program assesses but does not
approve or endorse technologies.
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November 7994
Completed Project
STATUS:
This technology was accepted into the SITE
Emerging Technology Program in July 1991.
Field work for the project was completed in
February 1993. Reports are available for many
of the demonstrations, and CHMR is completing
the final technology report. An article about the
technology will be published by the Journal of
Hazardous Materials in fall 1994.
The process was tested at three Super fund sites.
Materials obtained from two additional sites
were also used for these tests.
Results from the Emerging Technology Pro-
gram, presented in the table below, show that
the process is applicable to waste materials at
each site and economically feasible for all but
the demolition material from the Laurel House
site.
Specific technical problems encountered included
1) loss of furnace production due to material
buildup within the furnaces, 2) breakdowns in
the feed system due to mechanical overloads,
and 3) increased oxygen demands inside the
furnaces. All of these problems were solved by
adjusting material feed rates or furnace parame-
ters.
Based on these tests, CHMR has concluded that
secondary lead smelting is an economical
method of reclaiming lead from lead-containing
waste material collected at Superfund sites and
other sources.
FOR FURTHER INFORMATION:
EPA PROJECT MANAGER:
Laurel Staley
U.S. EPA
Risk Reduction Engineering Laboratory
26 West Martin Luther King Drive
Cincinnati, OH 45268
513-569-7863
Fax: 513-569-7620
TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPER CONTACT:
Stephen Paff
Center for Hazardous Materials Research
320 William Pitt Way
Pittsburgh, PA 15238
412-826-5321, ext. 233
Fax: 412-826-5552
Source of Material
Type of Material Tested
Tonolli Superfund site (PA)
Battery Cases
Hebalka Superfund Site (PA)
Battery Cases
Pedricktown Superfund Site (NJ)
Battery Cases; lead containing dross,
residue and debris
Laurel House Women's Shelter (PA)
Demolition material contaminated with
lead-based paint.
PennDOT
Abrasive Bridge Blasting Material
% Lead
3 to 7
10
45
1
3 to 5
Economical*
Yes
Yes
Yes
No
Yes
Test Results
Lead can be reclaimed in secondary lead smelter.
Incorporate into regular blast furnace feed stock.
Lead can be reclaimed in secondary lead smelter.
Reduce in size and incorporate into regular reverbera-
tory furnace feed stock.
Lead can be reclaimed in secondary lead smelter.
Screen and incorporate into regular reverberatory and
blast furnace feed stocks.
Lead can be reclaimed in secondary lead smelter.
However, the cost of processing the material was
estimated to be very high.
Lead can be reclaimed in secondary lead smelter.
Incorporate into regular blast furnace feed stock.
' Economical compared to stabilization or landfilling.
Results from Field Tests of the Smelting Lead-Containing Waste Technology
The SITE Program assesses but does not
approve or endorse technologies.
Page 257
-------
Technology Profile
EMERGING TECHNOLOGY PROGRAM
COGNIS, INC.
(Chemical Treatment)
TECHNOLOGY DESCRIPTION:
The COGNIS, Inc. (COGNIS), TERRAMET® soil
remediation system leaches and recovers lead
and other metals from contaminated soil, dust,
sludge, or sediment. The system uses a propri-
etary aqueous leachant that is optimized through
treatability tests for the soil and the contaminant.
The TERRAMET® system can treat most types of
lead contamination, including metallic lead,
soluble ions, and insoluble lead oxides and salts.
These contaminants are often tightly bound by
fine soil constituents such as clay, manganese,
iron oxides, and humus.
During the first processing stage, dry screening
removes oversized material. Next, solids are
separated by wet particle size classification. If
the contamination resides in the soil fines (silt,
clay, and humus), gravel and sand are quickly
cleaned and separated from the fines, which
require different leaching conditions to remove
the metals. A fines-only leaching example is
illustrated in the figure below. When the conta-
mination is distributed throughout the soil frac-
tions, all of the soil is leached.
After the lead contaminants are dissolved, lead
ions are recovered from the aqueous leachate by
liquid ion exchange, resin ion exchange, or
reduction. The aqueous leaching solution can
then be reused. If a liquid or resin ion exchange
agent is used, it is stripped of the bound lead,
fully regenerated, and recycled. The lead is
recovered in concentrated form as solid metal or
a metal salt suitable for recycling. The lead
recovery method depends on the lead concentra-
tion and other metals present.
Leachant
Soil
Clean Soil
Recovered Metal
TERRAMET® Lead Removal Process (Fines Leaching Example)
Page 258
The SITE Program assesses but does not
approve or endorse technologies.
-------
November 1994
Completed Project
Important characteristics of the leachant and
extractant combination are as follows:
• The leachant is tailored to the substrate
and the contaminant
• The leachant is fully reusable
• Leachant materials are readily available
• The process uses commercially proven
metals recovery techniques
WASTE APPLICABILITY:
The COGNIS TERRAMET® metals leaching
system can treat soil, sediment, and sludge con-
taminated with lead and other heavy metals, or
metal mixtures. Appropriate sites include conta-
minated battery recycling centers, scrapyards,
metal plating shops, and chemical manufacturing
facilities. The system can treat metallic lead as
well as soluble and insoluble salts and oxides.
Certain lead compounds, such as lead sulfide,
are not amenable to treatment. The process can
be modified to leach and recover other metals,
such as cadmium, zinc, copper, and mercury.
End products include clean soil and recycled
metal or metal salts. No wastewater streams are
generated.
STATUS:
The COGNIS TERRAMET® metals leaching
system was accepted into the SITE Emerging
Technology Program in August 1992. COGNIS
conducted bench-scale testing to enter the SITE
Demonstration Program, and pilot-scale equip-
ment has been assembled that will treat 250
kilograms of soil per batch. To date, lead-
contaminated soil samples at concentrations of
17,000 parts per million (ppm) have been treated
to less than 300 ppm residual lead. The system
has also removed metals to below background
concentrations; for example, from greater than
400 ppm lead to less than 8 ppm lead. Bench-
scale leaching has been conducted with several
samples from state Superfund sites. Reports
detailing study results are underway. A full-
scale unit was constructed and operated at Twin
Cities Army Ammunition Plant, New Brighton,
Minnesota. For further information on the full-
scale system, see the profile in the Demon-
stration Section (completed projects).
FOR FURTHER INFORMATION:
EPA PROJECT MANAGER:
Michael Royer
U.S. EPA
Risk Reduction Engineering Laboratory
2890 Woodbridge Avenue
Building #10, MS-104
Edison, NJ 08837-3679
908-321-6633
Fax: 908-321-6640
TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPER CONTACT:
Bill Fristad
COGNIS, Inc.
2330 Circadian Way
Santa Rosa, CA 95407
707-576-6235
Fax: 707-575-7833
The SITE Program assesses but does not
approve or endorse technologies.
Page 259
-------
Technology Profile
EMERGING TECHNOLOGY PROGRAM
COLORADO SCHOOL OF MINES
(Constructed Wetlands-Based Treatment)
TECHNOLOGY DESCRIPTION:
The constructed wetlands-based treatment tech-
nology uses natural geochemical and biological
processes inherent in an artificial wetland
ecosystem to accumulate and remove metals and
other contaminants from influent waters (see
figure below). Although these treatment systems
incorporate principal ecosystem components
found hi wetlands, including organic soils,
microbial fauna, algae, and vascular plants,
microbial activity is responsible for most of the
remediation.
Influent waters with high metal concentrations
and low pH flow through the aerobic and anaer-
obic zones of the wetland ecosystem. Metals are
removed through ion exchange, adsorption,
absorption, and precipitation with geochemical
and microbial oxidation and reduction. Ion
exchange occurs as metals hi the water contact
humic or other organic substances in the soil
medium. Oxidation and reduction reactions
catalyzed by bacteria that occur in the aerobic
and anaerobic zones, respectively, play a major
role hi precipitating metals as hydroxides and
sulfides. Precipitated and adsorbed metals settle
in quiescent ponds or are filtered out as water
percolates through the soil or the plant substrate.
WASTE APPLICABILITY:
The wetlands-based treatment process has been
developed for acid mine drainage generated by
metal or coal mining activities. These wastes
typically contain high metals concentrations and
are acidic. The process can be adapted to treat
neutral and basic tailings solutions. Wetlands
treatment has been applied with some success to
wastewater in the eastern United States. The
process has been adjusted to account for dif-
ferences in geology, terrain, trace metal compo-
sition, and climate in the metal mining regions
of the western United States.
Anaerobic
Zone
/-• '.r'.* •&* ^'. , •-.
^V~fe^<^
V',i>'.^ > ^ ^/^'.
Typical Wetland Ecosystem
Page 260
The SITE Program assesses but does not
approve or endorse technologies.
-------
November 7994
Completed Project
STATUS:
Based on the results from the SITE Emerging
Technology Program, this process has been
selected to participate in the SITE Demonstration
Technology. The final year of funding for the
project under the Emerging Technology Program
was completed in 1991. The funding was used
to build, operate, monitor, and assess the effec-
tiveness of a constructed wetlands in treating a
portion of acid mine drainage from the Big Five
Tunnel site near Idaho Springs, Colorado. A
final report (EPA/540/R-93/523), a Summary
(EPA/540/SR-92/523), and a Bulletin
(EPA/540/F-92/001) are available.
Study results indicated that heavy metal removal
efficiency can approach the removal efficiency
of chemical precipitation treatment plants. Some
of the optimum results from the 3 years of
operation are listed below.
• pH was raised from 2.9 to 6.5
• Dissolved aluminum, cadmium, chromi-
um, copper, and zinc concentrations
were reduced by 99 percent or more
• Iron was reduced by 99 percent
• Lead was reduced by 94 percent or
more
• Nickel was reduced by 84 percent or
more
• Manganese removal was relatively low,
with reduction between 9 and 44 percent
• Biotoxicity to fathead minnows and
water fleas was reduced by factors of 4
to 20
Because wetland removal processes are primarily
microbial, the technology can be developed with
traditional process engineering approaches.
Laboratory studies can indicate whether remedia-
tion is possible, while bench-scale experiments
can determine the proper loading and reactor
design. Using this approach, five laboratory
proof-of-principle studies and three bench-scale
studies have been performed, and at least four
successful demonstration reactors have been built
to remove heavy metals from different types of
water.
A final project goal was to develop a manual
that discusses design and operating criteria for
constructing a full-scale wetland to treat acid
mine discharges. The "Wetland Designs for
Mining Operations" manual is available from the
National Technical Information Service.
The demonstration program is currently evalu-
ating the effectiveness of biogeochemical proces-
ses at the Burleigh Tunnel mine discharge, near
Silver Plume, Colorado. Treatment of Burleigh
Tunnel discharge is part of the remedy for the
Clear Creek Central City Superfund site.
Construction of a pilot treatment system began
in summer 1993 and was completed in October
1993.
The pilot treatment system is approximately
4200 square feet and consists of an upflow and
downflow cell (see figure on previous page).
Each cell treats about 10 gallons per minute of
flow. Preliminary results show a removal
efficiency of greater than 90 percent for zinc,
the primary contaminant in the discharge.
FOR FURTHER INFORMATION:
EPA PROJECT MANAGER:
Edward Bates
U.S. EPA
Risk Reduction Engineering Laboratory
26 West Martin Luther King Drive
Cincinnati, OH 45268
513-569-7774
Fax: 513-569-7676
TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPER CONTACT:
Thomas Wildeman
Department of Chemistry and Geochemistry
Colorado School of Mines
14th and Illinois Streets
Golden, CO 80401
303-273-3642
Fax: 303-273-3629
The SITE Program assesses but does not
approve or endorse technologies.
Page 261
-------
Technology Profile
EMERGING TECHNOLOGY PROGRAM
ELECTROKINETICS INC.
(Electro-Klean™ Electrokinetic Soil Processing)
TECHNOLOGY DESCRIPTION:
The Electro-Klean™ electrokinetic soil process
separates and extracts heavy metals and organic
contaminants from soils. Electro-Klean™ can be
applied in situ or ex situ, and uses direct cur-
rents with electrodes placed on each side of the
contaminated soil mass. Conditioning fluids
such as suitable acids may be used for electrode
(cathode) depolarization to enhance the process.
The figure below illustrates the field processing
scheme and the flow of ions to respective bore
boles (or trenches). Conditioning pore fluids
may be added or circulated at the electrodes to
control process electrochemistry. Contaminants
are electroplated on the electrodes or separated
in a posttreatment unit.
An acid front migrates towards the negative
electrode (cathode) and contaminants are extract-
ed through electrosmosis (EO) and electro-
migration (EM). The concurrent mobility of the
ions and pore fluid decontaminates the soil mass.
The EO and EM supplement or replace conven-
tional pump-and-treat technologies.
Bench-scale results show that the process works
in both unsaturated and saturated soils. Pore
fluid flow moves from the positive electrodes
(anodes) to the cathodes under the effect of the
EO and EM forces. Electrode selection is
important, since many metal or carbon anodes
will rapidly dissolve from attack of strong
oxidants.
WASTE APPLICABILITY:
Electro-Klean™ extracts heavy metals, radio-
nuclides, and other inorganic contaminants
below their solubility limits. Bench-scale tests
have removed arsenic, benzene, cadmium,
ASEFRONT
nd/orCATHODIC
PROCESS FLUID
ACID FRONT
and/or ANODIC
PROCESS FLUID
Electrokinetic Remediation Process
Page 262
The SITE Program assesses but does not
approve or endorse technologies.
-------
November 1994
Completed Project
chromium, copper, ethylbenzene, lead, nickel,
phenol, trichloroethene, toluene, xylene, and
zinc from soils. Bench-scale studies under the
SITE Program demonstrated the feasibility of
removing uranium and thorium from kaolinite.
Limited pilot-scale field tests resulted in zinc and
arsenic removal from clays and saturated and
unsaturated sandy clay deposits. Lead and
copper were also removed from dredged sedi-
ments. Treatment efficiency depended on the
specific chemicals, their concentrations, and the
buffering capacity of the soil. The technique
proved 85 to 95 percent efficient when removing
phenol at concentrations of 500 parts per mil-
lion. In addition, the removal efficiency for
lead, chromium, cadmium, and uranium at
levels up to 2,000 micrograms per gram 0*g/g),
ranged between 75 and 95 percent.
STATUS:
Bench-scale laboratory studies investigating
heavy metal, radionuclide, and organic contami-
nant removal are complete, and radionuclide
removal studies are complete under the SITE
Emerging Technology Program. A pilot-scale
laboratory study investigating removal of 2,000
jttg/g lead loaded onto kaolinite was completed in
May 1993. Removal efficiencies of 90 to 95
percent were obtained. The electrodes were
placed 3 feet apart in a 2-ton kaolinite specimen
for 4 months, at an energy cost of about $15 per
ton. The results of a second pilot-scale laborato-
ry study using 5000 (ig/g of lead adsorbed on
kaolinite showed similar efficiency results as the
earlier study. Bench-scale treatability studies
and process enhancement schemes using condi-
tioning fluids continue. Ongoing pilot-scale
studies and a field demonstration of removing
lead from a military firing range will be con-
ducted during 1994 and 1995; a new electrical
separation process of extractive electrolysis will
be pilot-tested for removal of multiple heavy
metals.
FOR FURTHER INFORMATION:
EPA PROJECT MANAGER:
Randy Parker
U.S. EPA
Risk Reduction Engineering Laboratory
26 West Martin Luther King Drive
Cincinnati, OH 45268
513-569-7271
Fax: 513-569-7620
TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPER CONTACTS:
Yalcin Acar or Robert Marks
Electrokinetics Inc.
Louisiana Business and Technology Center
Louisiana State University, Suite 155
South Stadium Drive
Baton Rouge, LA 70803-6100
504-388-3992
Fax: 504-388-3928
The SITE Program assesses but does not
approve or endorse technologies.
Page 263
-------
Technology Profile
EMERGING TECHNOLOGY PROGRAM
ELECTRON BEAM RESEARCH FACILITY,
FLORIDA INTERNATIONAL UNIVERSITY, and
UNIVERSITY OF MIAMI
(High-Energy Electron Irradiation)
TECHNOLOGY DESCRIPTION:
High-energy electron irradiation of water solu-
tions and sludges produces a large number of
very reactive chemical species, including the
aqueous electron (e-aq), the hydrogen radical
(H-), and the hydroxyl radical (OH-). These
short-lived intermediates react with organic
contaminants, transforming them to nontoxic by-
products.
In the principal reaction, the e'aq ion transfers to
halogen-containing compounds, breaking the
halogen-carbon bond and liberating halogen
anions, such as chloride (Cl~) or bromide (Br).
The hydroxyl radical can undergo addition or
hydrogen abstraction reactions, producing organ-
ic free radicals that decompose hi the presence
of other hydroxyl radicals and water. In most
cases, organics are converted to carbon dioxide,
water, and salts. Lower molecular weight
aldehydes and carboxylic acids form at low
concentrations in some cases. These compounds
are biodegradable end products.
During the high-energy electron irradiation
process, electricity generates high voltage elec-
trons. The electrons are accelerated by the
voltage to approximately 95 percent of the speed
of light. They are then directed into a thin
stream of water or sludge. All reactions are
complete in less than 0.1 second. The electron
beam and waste flow are adjusted to deliver the
necessary dose of electrons. Although this is a
form of ionizing radiation, there is no residual
radioactivity.
A full-scale facility can treat more than 170,000
gallons per day. This facility is equipped to
handle tank trucks carrying up to 6,000 gallons
of waste. The figure below is a schematic of the
Electron Beam Research Facility in Miami,
Florida.
WASTE APPLICABILITY:
This treatment process can effectively treat in
excess of 50 common organic compounds.
These compounds include the following:
Window
Exhaust Fan
Vault Exhaust Fan
I——m-
v-
Voltage Regulator
5-Ton Crane
Vault Exhaust Duct
Electron Beam Research Facility
Page 264
The SITE Program assesses but does not
approve or endorse technologies.
-------
November 1994
Completed Project
Trihalomethanes (such as chloroform),
which are found in chlorinated drinking
water
Chlorinated solvents, including carbon
tetrachloride, trichloroethane, tetra-
chloroethene (PCE), trichloroethene
(TCE), ethylene dibromide, dibro-
mochloropropane, hexachlorobutadiene,
and hexachloroethane
Aromatics found in gasoline, including
benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene, and xylene
Chlorobenzene and dichlorobenzenes
Phenol
Dieldrin, a persistent pesticide
Pentachlorophenol
Polychlorinated biphenyls
A variety of other organic compounds
The treatment process is appropriate for remov-
ing various hazardous organic compounds from
aqueous waste streams.and sludges containing up
to 8 percent solids.
STATUS:
The high-energy electron irradiation process was
accepted into the SITE Emerging Technology
Program in June 1990. Studies have now been
completed for six organic compounds: TCE,
PCE, chloroform, benzene, toluene, and phenol.
Removal efficiencies have been determined at
three solute concentrations and three pHs (repre-
senting varying carbonate/bicarbonate concentra-
tions), and in the presence and absence of 3
percent clay. Reaction by-products have been
determined for all six compounds. Trace quanti-
ties of formaldehyde and other low molecular
weight aldehydes have been detected. Formic
acid has also been detected at low concentra-
tions. However, none of these compounds are
toxic at these concentrations. Final reports titled
"Removal of Phenol from Aqueous Solutions
Using High Energy Electron Beam Irradiation"
(EPA/540/F-93/509), "ElectronBeamTreatment
for Trichlorethylene and Tetrachloroethyle from
Aqueous Streams" (EPA/540/F-92/009), and
"Electron Beam Treatment for Removal of
Benzene and Toluene from Aqueous Streams and
Sludges" (EPA/540/F-93/502) are available from
EPA.
Additional studies are underway to determine
destruction efficiencies and to characterize
reaction by-products of carbon tetrachloride and
methylene chloride.
Based on results from the Emerging Technology
Program, this technology has been invited to
participate in the SITE Demonstration Program
under the company name of High Voltage
Environmental Applications, Inc.
FOR FURTHER INFORMATION:
EPA PROJECT MANAGER:
Franklin Alvarez
U.S. EPA
Risk Reduction Engineering Laboratory
26 West Martin Luther King Drive
Cincinnati, OH 45268
513-569-7631
Fax: 513-569-7787
TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPER CONTACTS:
William Cooper
Drinking Water Research Center
Florida International University
Miami, FL 33199
305-348-3049
Fax: 305-348-3894
Charles Kurucz
Management Science
University of Miami
Coral Gables, FL 33124
305-284-6595
Fax: 305-284-2321
Thomas Waite
High Voltage Environmental Applications, Inc.
9562 Doral Boulevard
Miami, FL 33178
305-593-5330
Fax:305-593-0071
The SITE Program assesses but does not
approve or endorse technologies.
Page 265
-------
Technology Profile
EMERGING TECHNOLOGY PROGRAM
ELECTRO-PURE SYSTEMS, INC.
(Alternating Current Electrocoagulation Technology)
TECHNOLOGY DESCRIPTION:
The alternating current electrocoagulation (ACE)
technology offers an alternative to metal salts or
polymer and polyelectrolyte addition for break-
ing stable emulsions and suspensions. The tech-
nology also removes certain metals and other
soluble pollutants in the polishing step of
effluent treatment.
Electrocoagulation introduces highly charged
polyhydroxide aluminum species that prompt
flocculation of colloidal particles and destabilize
oil-in-water emulsions. The resulting sludges,
achieving liquid-liquid and solid-liquid phase
separations, can be filtered and dewatered more
readily than those formed by adding chemical
flocculents. ACE can break stable aqueous
suspensions containing submicron-sized particles
of up to 10 percent total solids, and stable
aqueous emulsions containing up to 5 percent
oil.
The figure below depicts the basic ACE tech-
nology process. Electrocoagulation occurs in
either a batch or continuous (one-pass) mode in
an ACE Separator™ apparatus of one of two
designs: 1) cylindrical chambers containing
fluidized beds of aluminum alloy pellets
entrained between a series of noble metal elec-
trodes, or 2) an upright box containing alumi-
num plate electrodes spaced at 0.5- to 2-inch
intervals. The working volume of the parallel
plate unit is 70 liters, and that of the fluidized
bed cell, excluding the external plumbing, is 1.5
liters. Neither apparatus has moving parts, and
each can be easily integrated into a process
treatment train for effluent, pretreatment, or
polishing.
Coagulation and flocculation occur simultaneous-
ly within the ACE Separator™ as the effluent is
exposed to the electric field and aluminum
dissolves from the electrodes. This activity
usually occurs within 30 seconds for most
aqueous suspensions. After charges are neutral-
ized and coagulation begins, the gravity flow
transfers the suspension and emulsion to the
product separation step.
Product separation occurs in conventional gra-
vity-separation, decant vessels, or through
pressure or vacuum filtration. Coagulation and
flocculation continue until the phases are com-
Vent or
Treat Gas
Aqueous
Suspension
or Emulsion
A.C.
COAGULATOR
Solid
Air for
Turbulence
Alternating Current Electrocoagulation (ACE)
Page 266
The SITE Program assesses but does not
approve or endorse technologies.
-------
November 1994
Completed Project
pletely separated. Each oil, water, and solid
phase is removed for reuse, recycling, further
treatment, or disposal. Waste is removed by
surface skimming, bottom scraping, and decant-
ing.
The ACE technology can be used with conven-
tional water treatment systems, including those
relying on metal precipitation, membrane separa-
tion technologies, mobile dewatering and incin-
eration units, and soil extraction systems. A
typical decontamination application, for exam-
ple, would produce a water phase that could be
discharged directly to a stream or local waste-
water treatment plant for further treatment. The
solid phase would be shipped off site for dispos-
al, and the dewatering filtrate would be recy-
cled. Any floatable material would be re-
claimed, refined, or disposed of. The prototype
system can treat 700 gallons of contaminated
liquid per minute.
WASTE APPLICABILITY:
The ACE technology treats aqueous-based
suspensions and emulsions such as contaminated
groundwater, surface runoff, landfill leachate,
truck wash, scrubber solutions, treated effluents,
and extract solutions. The suspensions include
solids such as inorganic and organic pigments,
clays, metallic powders, metal ores, and natural
colloidal matter. The emulsions include a
variety of organic solid and liquid contaminants,
including petroleum-based by-products.
The technology reduced aqueous clay, latex, and
titanium dioxide suspension loadings over 90
percent. The chemical oxygen demand and total
organic carbon contents of diesel fuel-spiked
slurries have been reduced by over 80 percent.
The technology has also removed up to 56
percent lead, 96 percent copper, 91 percent zinc,
97 percent phosphate, and 56 percent fluoride.
ACE technology has recovered fine-grained
products such as latex, titanium dioxide, and
edible oil solids (animal fats and vegetable oils)
from industrial process streams that would
otherwise have been discharged to the sewer
system.
STATUS:
The ACE technology was accepted into the SITE
Emerging Technology Program in July 1988.
The second year of laboratory-scale testing and
development is complete. The Bulletin
(EPA/540/F-92/011) and Emerging Technology
Summary (EPA/540/S-93/504) have been
submitted to EPA. The research results are
described in the Journal of Air and Waste Man-
agement, Vol. 43, May 1993, pp. 784-789,
"Alternating Current Electrocoagulation for
Superfund Site Remediation."
Experiments on end-member metals and complex
synthetic soil slurries have defined major oper-
ating parameters for broad classes of effluents.
The technology has been modified to both
minimize electric power consumption and maxi-
mize effluent throughput rates. Results indicate
that electrocoagulation produces aqueous and
solid separations comparable to those produced
by chemical flocculent addition, but with
reduced filtration times and sludge volumes.
FOR FURTHER INFORMATION:
EPA PROJECT MANAGER:
Randy Parker
U.S. EPA
Risk Reduction Engineering Laboratory
26 West Martin Luther King Drive
Cincinnati, OH 45268
513-569-7271
Fax: 513-569-7620
TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPER CONTACT:
James LaDue
Electro-Pure Systems, Inc.
10 Hazelwood Drive, Suite 106
Amherst, NY 14228-2298
Office: 716-691-2610
Laboratory: 716-691-2613
Fax: 716-691-2617
The SITE Program assesses but does not
approve or endorse technologies.
Page 267
-------
Technology Profile
EMERGING TECHNOLOGY PROGRAM
ENERGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING, INC.
(PhotoCAT™ Process)
TECHNOLOGY DESCRIPTION:
The PhotoCAT™ Process technology photo-
chemically oxidizes organic compounds in
wastewater using a chemical oxidant, ultraviolet
(UV) radiation, and a photocatalyst. The photo-
chemical reaction reduces saturated concentra-
tions of organics hi water to nondetectable
levels. The energy is predominantly absorbed
by the organic compound and the oxidant,
making both species reactive. The process can
be used as a final treatment step to reduce
organic contamination hi industrial wastewater
and groundwater to acceptable discharge limits.
The existing bench-scale system treats solutions
containing up to several hundred parts per
million (ppm) of total organic carbon at a rate of
3 gallons per minute. The bench-scale system
consists of a photochemical reactor, where
oxidation occurs, and associated tanks, pumps,
and controls. The UV lamps are high intensity
lamps that penetrate the wastewater more effec-
tively. The portable, skid-mounted system's
design depends on the chemical composition of
the wastewater or groundwater being treated.
Typically, the contaminated wastewater is
pumped through a filter unit to remove suspend-
ed particles. Next, the filtrate is mixed with
stoichiometric quantities of hydrogen peroxide.
Finally, this mixture is fed to the photochemical
reactor and irradiated. The overall reaction is as
follows:
[2a + 0.5(b - 1)JH202 -*
aC02 + [2a+ (b- 1)]H2O
HX
where CaHt,X represents a halogenated contami-
nant in the aqueous phase. Reaction products
are carbon dioxide, water, and the appropriate
halogen acid.
Reaction kinetics depend on 1) contaminant
concentration, 2) peroxide concentration,
3) irradiation dose, and 4) radiation spectral
frequency.
WASTE APPLICABILITY:
The PhotoCAT™ process treats industrial
wastewater and groundwater containing organics
at concentrations up to several hundred parts per
million (ppm). Destruction efficiencies greater
than two orders of magnitude have been ob-
tained for chlorobenzene, chlorophenol, and
phenol, with low to moderate dose rates and
initial concentrations of 200 ppm. Destruction
efficiencies of three orders of magnitude have
been demonstrated on simulated industrial waste
streams representative of textile dying opera-
tions, with higher dose rates and an initial
concentration of 200 ppm. Representative
results from recent trials using the UV lamp
system are summarized in the table on the
previous page. Results from the dye decontami-
nation runs are shown in the figure below.
Contaminant Molecular
Species Weight
Chlorobenzene
Benzene/Toluene
Yellow 106
Yellow 49
Blue 41
Red 83
112
78/93
1374
438
463
1025
Feed Cone
(ppm)7
50
100/100
110
110
115
140
Equivalence
Ratio
3.3
3.5
4.2
1.0
0.6
1.0
Residence Time
(seconds)
3.7
3.8
7.7
23.0
11.5
7.7
Product Cone
C/GO
0.04
0.4/0.4
0.08
0.007
0.001
0.008
parts per million by weight
Representative Results from Recent Trials Using the UV Lamp System
Page 268
The SITE Program assesses but does not
approve or endorse technologies.
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November 1994
Completed Project
STATUS:
The PhotoCAT™ process was accepted into the
SITE Emerging Technology Program and has
been invited to participate in the SITE Demon-
stration Program. A Final Report
(EPA/540/SR-92/080), a Bulletin
(EPA/540/F-92/004), and a Summary
(EPA/540/SR-92/080) are available from the
EPA. Subsequent work, based upon an ultravio-
let lamp source for ultraviolet energy, is
currently underway under EPA Small Business
Industry Research Phase II funding.
Energy and Environmental Engineering, Inc.,
has made significant improvements on the tech-
nology from that presented in the earlier EPA
report. These improvements include the follow^
ing:
• Using the ultraviolet lamp as the energy
source
• Improving the photochemical reactor de-
sign
• Improving the lamp's design, including
lamp intensity and spectral
characteristics
• Fixing the catalyst
This unproved technology is called the
PhotoCAT™ process. A cost competitive system
that completes mineralization can be designed
and built to treat industrial strength wastewater
at 10 to 1000 ppm contaminant concentration
levels.
Energy and Environmental Engineering, Inc.,
has formed a new company, UV technologies,
inc., to commercialize the technology. Energy
and Environmental Engineering, Inc., will
conduct treatability studies for prospective
clients, and is seeking funding to commercialize
the venture.
FOR FURTHER INFORMATION:
EPA PROJECT MANAGER:
Ronald Lewis
U.S. EPA
Risk Reduction Engineering Laboratory
26 West Martin Luther King Drive
Cincinnati, OH 45268
513-569-7856
Fax: 513-569-7620
TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPER CONTACT:
James Porter
Energy and Environmental Engineering, Inc.
P.O. Box 410215
East Cambridge, MA 02141-0002
617-666-5500
Fax: 617-666-5802
\x
Radiation Dose (kwhr/gmolo of contaminant)
» Y10e,E4,1IOp ...Y49.E1.110p . B41.E0.6,116p ® R83, E1, WOp I
Experimental Results - Simulated Dye Solutions
The SITE Program assesses but does not
approve or endorse technologies.
Page 269
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Technology Profile
EMERGING TECHNOLOGY PROGRAM
ENERGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH CORPORATION
(Hybrid Fluidized Bed System)
TECHNOLOGY DESCRIPTION:
The Hybrid Fluidized Bed (HFB) system treats
contaminated solids and sludges by incinerating
organic compounds and extracting and detoxify-
ing volatile metals. The system consists of three
stages: a spouted bed, a fluidized afterburner,
and a high-temperature particulate soil extraction
system.
First, the spouted bed rapidly heats solids and
sludges to allow extraction of volatile organic
and inorganic compounds. The spouted bed
retains larger soil clumps until they are reduced
in size, but allows fine material to quickly pass
through. This segregation process is beneficial
because organic contaminants in fine particles
vaporize rapidly. The decontamination time for
large particles is longer due to heat and mass
transfer limitations.
The central spouting region is operated with an
inlet gas velocity of greater than 150 feet per
second. This velocity creates an abrasion and
grinding action, rapidly reducing the size of the
feed materials through attrition. The spouted
bed operates between 1,500 and 1,700 degrees
Fahrenheit, under oxidizing conditions.
Organic vapors, volatile metals, and fine soil
particles are carried from the spouted bed
through an open-hole type distributor, which
forms the bottom of the second stage, the fluid-
ized bed afterburner. The afterburner provides
sufficient retention tune and mixing to incinerate
the organic compounds that escape the spouted
bed, resulting in a destruction and removal
efficiency greater than 99.999 percent. In
addition, the afterburner contains bed materials
that absorb metal vapors, capture fine particles,
and promote formation of insoluble metal sili-
cates. A slightly sticky bed is advantageous
because of its particle retention properties.
In the third stage, the high temperature parti-
culate soil extraction system removes clean
processed soil from the effluent gas stream with
one or two hot cyclones. The clean soil is
extracted hot to prevent unreacted volatile metal
species from condensing in the soil. Off-gases
are then quenched and passed through a conven-
tional baghouse to capture the condensed metal
vapors.
Generally, material handling problems create
major operational difficulties for soil cleanup
devices. The HFB uses a specially designed
auger feed system. Solids and sludges are
dropped through a lock hopper system into an
auger shredder, which is a rugged, low-revolu-
tions per minute feeding-grinding device.
Standard augers are simple and reliable, but are
susceptible to clogging from feed compression in
the auger. In the HFB system, the auger shred-
der is close-coupled to the spouted bed to reduce
compression and clump formation during feed-
ing. The close couple arrangement locates the
tip of the auger screw several inches from the
internal surface of the spouted bed, preventing
soil plugs formation.
Page 270
The SITE Program assesses but does not
approve or endorse technologies.
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November 1994
Completed Project
WASTE APPLICABILITY:
This technology is applicable to soils and
sludges contaminated with organic and volatile
inorganic contaminants. Nonvolatile inorganics
are not affected.
STATUS:
This technology was accepted into the SITE
Emerging Technology Program in January 1990.
Design and construction of the commercial
prototype HFB and a limited shakedown are
completed. An Emerging Technology Bulletin
(EPA/540/F-93/508) is available from EPA.
FOR FURTHER INFORMATION:
EPA PROJECT MANAGER:
Teri Richardson
U.S. EPA
Risk Reduction Engineering Laboratory
26 West Martin Luther King Drive
Cincinnati, OH 45268
513-569-7949
Fax: 513-569-7620
TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPER CONTACT:
Richard Koppang
Energy and Environmental Research
Corporation
18 Mason Street
Irvine, CA 92718
714-859-8851
Fax: 714-859-3194
The SITE Program assesses but does not
approve or endorse technologies.
Page 271
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Technology Profile
EMERGING TECHNOLOGY PROGRAM
FERRO CORPORATION
(Waste Vitrification Through Electric Melting)
TECHNOLOGY DESCRIPTION:
Vitrification technology converts contaminated
soils, sediments, and sludges into oxide glasses,
chemically rendering them nontoxic and suitable
for landfilling as nonhazardous materials.
Successful vitrification of soils, sediments, and
sludges requires 1) development of glass com-
positions tailored to a specific waste, and 2)
glass melting technology that can convert the
waste and additives into a stable glass without
producing toxic emissions. Because of its low
toxic emission rate, an electric melter may be
more beneficial than a fossil fuel melter for
vitrifying toxic wastes.
In an electric melter, glass — an ionic conductor
of relatively high electrical resistivity — stays
molten with joule heating. Such melters process
waste under a relatively thick blanket of feed
material, which forms a counterflow scrubber
that limits volatile emissions (see figure below).
In contrast, fossil fuel melters have large, ex-
posed molten glass surface areas from which
hazardous constituents can volatilize. Commer-
cial electric melters have significantly reduced
the loss of inorganic volatile constituents such as
boric anhydride (B2O3) or lead oxide (PbO).
Because of its low emission rate and small
volume of exhaust gases, electric melting is a
promising technology for incorporating waste
into a stable glass.
GLASS-MAKING
MATERIALS
Electrode
Steel
| FRIT. MARBLES, etc.
Jm>
DISPOSAL
Electric Furnace Vitrification
Page 272
The SITE Program assesses but does not
approve or endorse technologies.
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November 1994
Completed Project
WASTE APPLICABILITY:
Vitrification stabilizes inorganic components
found in hazardous waste. In addition, the high
temperature involved in glass production (about
1,500 degrees Celsius) decomposes anthracene,
bis(2-ethylhexyl phthalate), and pentachloro-
phenol in the waste. The decomposition prod-
ucts can easily be removed from the low volume
of melter off-gas.
STATUS:
Several glass compositions suitable for proces-
sing synthetic soil matrix IV (SSM-IV) have
been developed and subjected to toxicity charac-
teristic leaching procedure testing (TCLP). Ten
independent replicates of the preferred
composition produced the following results:
Metal
As
Cd
Cr
Cu
Pb
Ni
Zn
1TCLP analyte concentration,
parts per million
Remediation
Limit
5
1
5
5
5
5
5
Mean of Glass
Replicates
<0.100
<0.010
0.019
0.355
0.130
<0.010
0.293
SSM-IV and additives (sand, soda ash, and other
minerals) required to convert SSM-IV to the
preferred glass composition have been processed
in a laboratory-scale electric melter. Three
separate campaigns have produced glass at 17
pounds per hour at a fill of 67 percent SSM-IV
and 33 percent glass-making additives. Ferro
Corporation's experience indicates that an
equivalent rate would be 1 ton per hour in an
electric melter used to treat wastes at a
Superfund site.
FOR FURTHER INFORMATION:
EPA PROJECT MANAGER:
Randy Parker
U.S. EPA
Risk Reduction Engineering Laboratory
26 West Martin Luther King Drive
Cincinnati, OH 45268
513-569-7271
Fax: 513-569-7620
TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPER CONTACT:
Emilio Spinosa
Ferro Corporation
Corporate Research
7500 East Pleasant Valley Road
Independence, OH 44131
216-641-8580
Fax: 216-524-0518
The mean analyte concentrations were less than
10 percent of the remediation limit at a statistical
confidence of 95 percent.
The SITE Program assesses but does not
approve or endorse technologies.
Page 273
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Technology Profile
EMERGING TECHNOLOGY PROGRAM
HAZARDOUS SUBSTANCE MANAGEMENT RESEARCH CENTER
at NEW JERSEY INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY
(Pneumatic Fracturing/Bioremediation)
TECHNOLOGY DESCRIPTION:
This technology integrates two innovative tech-
niques — pneumatic fracturing and bioremedia-
'tion — to enhance in situ remediation of soils
contaminated with petroleum contaminants. For
pneumatic fracturing, high pressure air or gas is
injected into soil formations at controlled flow
rates and pressures. In less permeable soils,
pneumatic fracturing creates conductive channels
in soil formations. These channels increase soil
permeability and exposed surface area, accel-
erating contaminant treatment and removal. In
more permeable soils, pneumatic fracturing
provides a means for rapidly aerating the soil
formation.
Pneumatic fracturing enhances microbial pro-
cesses by staggering spatial distribution for
maximum effectiveness (see figure below).
Aerobic processes dominate at the fracture
interfaces and for a limited distance away from
the fracture. Oxygen depletion during aerobic
biodegradation allows methanogenic and
denitrifying populations to form at greater
distances from the fractures. Contaminants
diffuse toward the fracture, serving as a sub-
strate for various microbial populations. This
stacking arrangement enhances growth of aero-
bic microbial populations by reducing substrate
concentrations in the denitrifying and
methanogenic zones (see figure on next page).
.Injection
(nutrients, air, etc.)
Supplemental
Nutrients
Vadose Zone
Detail "A"
Aquifer
Vadose Zone Biodegradation With Fracturing and Vapor Stripping
Page 274
The SITE Program assesses but does not
approve or endorse technologies.
-------
November 1994
Completed Project
WASTE APPLICABILITY:
This technology remediates soil contaminated
with petroleum hydrocarbons, benzene, toluene,
and xylene.
STATUS:
This technology was accepted into the SITE
Emerging Technology Program in July 1991,
and will be demonstrated at Marcus Hook,
Pennsylvania. Site characterization is complete;
pilot-scale field testing is underway and is
scheduled for completion in July 1994.
FOR FURTHER INFORMATION:
EPA PROJECT MANAGER:
Uwe Frank
U.S. EPA
Risk Reduction Engineering Laboratory
Building 10, MS-104
2890 Woodbridge Avenue
Edison, NJ 08837-3679
908-321-6626
Fax: 908-960-6990
TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPER CONTACT:
John Schuring
Hazardous Substance Management Research
Center
New Jersey Institute of Technology
138 Warren Street
Newark, NJ 07102
201-596-5849
Fax: 201-802-1946
Bulk
Convection —
Nutrients
X-0
Contaminant
Aerobic
Denitrifying
Methanogenlc
Contaminant, Oxygen, Nutrient, and Reaction Product Fluxes
The SITE Program assesses but does not
approve or endorse technologies.
Page 275
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Technology Profile
EMERGING TECHNOLOGY PROGRAM
INSTITUTE OF GAS TECHNOLOGY
(Chemical and Biological Treatment)
TECHNOLOGY DESCRIPTION:
The Institute of Gas Technology's (IGT) chem-
ical and biological treatment (CBT) process
remediates sludges and soils contaminated with
organic pollutants, such as polyaromatic hydro-
carbons (PAHs) and polychlorinated biphenyls
(PCBs). The treatment system combines two
remedial techniques: 1) chemical oxidation as
pretreatment, and 2) biological treatment using
aerobic and anaerobic biosystems in sequence or
alone, depending on the waste (see figure be-
low). The CBT process uses mild chemical
treatment to produce intermediates that are
biologically degraded, reducing the cost and risk
associated with a more severe treatment process,
such as incineration.
The contaminated material is treated with a
chemical reagent that degrades the organo-
pollutants to carbon dioxide, water, and more
biodegradable partially-oxidized intermediates.
In the second stage of the CBT process,
biological systems degrade the hazardous residu-
al materials and the partially-oxidized material
from the first stage. Chemically-treated wastes
are subject to cycles of aerobic and anaerobic
degradation if aerobic or anaerobic treatment
alone is not sufficient. Several cycles of chemi-
cal and biological treatment are also used for
extremely recalcitrant contaminants.
WASTE APPLICABILITY:
The CBT process can be applied to 1) soils and
sludges containing high waste concentrations that
would typically inhibit bioremediation, and 2)
low waste concentrations when bioremediation
alone is too slow. The process is not adversely
affected by radionuclides or heavy metals.
Depending on the types of heavy metals present,
these metals will either bioaccumulate in the
biomass, complex with organic or inorganic
material in the soil slurries, or solubilize in the
recycled water. The CBT process can be
applied to a wide range of organic pollutants,
including alkenes, chlorinated alkenes, aromat-
ics, substituted aromatics, and complex
Contaminated
Soil
Biological
Treatment
Clean Soil
Chemical and Biological Treatment (CBT) Process
Page 276
The SITE Program assesses but does not
approve or endorse technologies.
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November 1994
Completed Project
aromatics. Applicable matrices include soil,
sludge, groundwater, and surface water.
STATUS:
IGT evaluated the CBT process under the SITE
Emerging Technology Program for two years.
This evaluation included bench-scale studies of
important operational parameters for applying
the CBT technology to soils and sludges conta-
minated with PCBs. Results indicated that this
technology can treat various PCB-contaminated
matrices with modifications to the original treat-
ment protocol that increases the availability of
the PCBs. Results are available in the Emerging
Technology Bulletin (EPA/540/F-94/504).
The standard reagent concentration of 2.5 per-
cent H2O2 and ferrous sulfate resulted in the
greatest degradation in both the lower and high
chlorinated compounds. When compared to the
control, 40 percent of total PCBs were removed
by chemical degradation and as much as 90
percent of some PCB congeners were removed.
As the reagent concentration increases, the
degradation of PCBs increases; however, the
PCBs with less than five chlorine groups are
more susceptible than PCBs with greater than
five chlorine groups. This pattern complements
the anaerobic and aerobic biodegradation of
PCBs in that it aggressively attacks the inter-
mediate biphenyl compounds with three to five
chlorine groups, anaerobic biodegradation effec-
tively reduces the concentration of higher chlori-
nated biphenyls (four to eight chlorine groups)
by 44 to 70 percent and aerobic biodegradation
efficiently removes mono- and di-chlorinated
biphenyls. Experiments conducted using actual
contaminated soil demonstrated greater than 50
percent removal of all congeners with a single
cycle of the integrated chemical/biological
degradation.
IGT's CBT technology continues to be
successfully applied to PAH-contaminated soils.
The CBT process consistently outperforms con-
ventional bioremediation, especially with multi-
ring (four to six) PAH compounds. The CBT
process increases both the rate and extent of
contaminant removal from various types of soils.
Two successful field tests, one solid-phase land
treatment and one soil slurry treatment, have
been conducted under other gas industry-sup-
ported programs. The field experiment showed
that the integrated treatment system removed
about 50 percent more total PAHs and 90 per-
cent more carcinogenic PAHs than those conven-
tionally biotreated. The integrated system's
results exceed the treatment goals which had
been established and were reached in 42 days.
This field study verified the effectiveness of the
integrated biological-chemical treatment process
on a large-scale demonstration. Also, the field
data show that the integrated process results in
higher cleanup levels at faster rates compared
with biological treatment alone.
IGT was invited to participate in the SITE
Demonstration Program based on results from
the Emerging Technology Program. IGT is
evaluating possible sites for a full-scale demon-
stration.
FOR FURTHER INFORMATION:
EPA PROJECT MANAGER:
Ronald Lewis
U.S. EPA
Risk Reduction Engineering Laboratory
26 West Martin Luther King Drive
Cincinnati, OH 45268
513-569-7856
Fax: 513-569-7620
TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPER CONTACT:
Robert Kelley
Institute of Gas Technology
1700 South Mount Prospect Road
Des Plaines, IL 60018-1804
708-768-0722
Fax: 708-768-0546
The SITE Program assesses but does not
approve or endorse technologies.
Page 277
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Technology Profile
EMERGING TECHNOLOGY PROGRAM
INSTITUTE OF GAS TECHNOLOGY
(Fluid Extraction-Biological Degradation Process)
TECHNOLOGY DESCRIPTION:
The fluid extraction-biological degradation
(FEED) process is a three-step process that
remediates organic contaminants from soil (see
figure below). The process combines three
distinct technologies: 1) fluid extraction, which
removes the organics from contaminated solids;
2) separation, which transfers the pollutants
from the extract to a biologically-compatible
solvent or activated carbon carrier; and
3) biological degradation, which destroys the
pollutants and leaves innocuous end-products.
In the fluid extraction step, excavated soils are
placed in a pressure vessel and extracted with a
recirculated stream of supercritical or near-
supercritical carbon dioxide. An extraction co-
solvent may be added to enhance the removal of
additional contaminants.
During separation, organic contaminants are
transferred to a biologically-compatible separa-
tion solvent such as water or a water-methanol
mixture. The separation solvent is then sent to
the final stage of the process, where bacteria
degrade the waste to carbon dioxide and water.
Clean extraction solvent is then recycled for use
in the extraction stage.
Organic contaminants are biodegraded in above-
ground aerobic bioreactors, using mixtures of
bacterial cultures capable of degrading the
contaminants. Selection of cultures is based on
site characteristics. For example, if a site is
contaminated mainly with polynuclear aromatic
hydrocarbons (PAH), cultures able to metabolize
or co-metabolize these hydrocarbons are used.
The bioreactors can be configured to enhance the
rate and extent of biodegradation.
Pressure
Reducing
Valve
Contaminated
Sediments
Extraction Solvent
with Contaminants
Stage 1
EXTRACTION
Decontaminated
Sediments
Extraction
Solvent
Compressor
Separation
Solvent
Stage 2
SEPARATION
Recycled
or Cleaned
Extraction
Solvent
Make-up
Extraction
Solvent
Separation Solvents
with Contaminants
Stage 3
BIOLOGICAL
DEGRADATION
Water, Carbon
Dioxide, and
Biomass
Fluid Extraction-Biological Degradation Process
Page 278
The SITE Program assesses but does not
approve or endorse technologies.
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November 1994
Completed Project
Research continues on using bound activated
carbon in a carrier system during the separation
step. Bound activated carbon should allow high
pressure conditions to be maintained in the fluid
extraction step, enhancing extraction efficiency
and decreasing extraction time. Bound activated
carbon should also limit the loss of carbon
dioxide, thereby decreasing costs. The activated
carbon containing the bound PAHs could then be
treated in the biodegradation step by converting
the carrier system to a biofilm reactor. These
activated carbon carrier systems could then be
recycled back into the high pressure system of
the extraction and separation steps.
WASTE APPLICABILITY:
This technology removes organic compounds
from contaminated solids. It is more effective
on some classes of organics, such as hydro-
carbons (for example, gasoline and fuel oils),
than on others, such as halogenated solvents and
polychlorinated biphenyls. The process has also
been effective in treating nonhalogenated
aliphatic hydrocarbons and PAHs.
STATUS:
This technology was accepted into the SITE
Emerging Technology Program in June 1990.
The Institute of Gas Technology has evaluated
all three stages of the technology with soils from
a Superfund site and from three town gas sites.
These soils exhibited a variety of physical and
chemical characteristics. Approximately 85 to
99 percent of detectable PAHs, including two- to
six-ring compounds, were removed from the
soils.
The measurable PAHs were biologically con-
verted in both batch-fed and continuously-fed,
constantly stirred tank reactors. The conversion
rate and removal efficiency were high in all
systems. The PAHs were biologically removed
or transformed at short hydraulic retention
times. All PAHs, including four- to six-ring
compounds, were susceptible to biological
removal.
Results from this project were published in an
Emerging Bulletin (EPA/540/F-94/501), which
is available from EPA. An article was submit-
ted to the Journal of Air and Waste Manage-
ment.
Potential users of this technology have expressed
interest in continuing research. This technology
will be considered for the SITE Demonstration
Program for application to town gas sites, wood
treatment sites, and other contaminated soils and
sediments.
FOR FURTHER INFORMATION:
EPA PROJECT MANAGER:
Annette Gatchett
U.S. EPA
Risk Reduction Engineering Laboratory
26 West Martin Luther King Drive
Cincinnati, OH 45268
513-569-7697
Fax: 513-569-7620
TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPER CONTACT:
J. Robert Paterek
Institute of Gas Technology
1700 South Mount Prospect Road
Des Plaines, IL 60018-1804
708-768-0500
Fax: 708-768-0501
The SITE Program assesses but does not
approve or endorse technologies.
Page 279
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Technology Profile
EMERGING TECHNOLOGY PROGRAM
IT CORPORATION
(Batch Steam Distillation and Metal Extraction)
TECHNOLOGY DESCRIPTION:
The batch steam distillation and metal extraction
treatment process is a two-stage system that
treats soils contaminated with organics and
inorganics. This system uses conventional,
readily available process equipment, and does
not produce hazardous combustion products.
Hazardous materials are separated from soils as
concentrates, which can then be disposed of or
recycled. The treated soil can be returned to the
site.
During treatment, waste soil is slurried in water
and heated to 100 degrees Celsius. This heat
vaporizes volatile organic compounds (VOC)
and produces an amount of steam equal to 5 to
10 percent of the slurry volume. Resulting
vapors are condensed and decanted to separate
organic contaminants from the aqueous phase.
Condensed water from this step can be recycled
through the system after further treatment to
remove soluble organics. The soil is then trans-
ferred as a slurry to the metals extraction step.
In the metals extraction step, the soil slurry is
washed with hydrochloric acid. Subsequent
countercurrent batch washing with water
removes residual acid from the soil. The solids
are then separated from the final wash solution
by gravimetric sedimentation. Most heavy
metals are converted to chloride salts in this
step. The acid extract stream is then routed to
a batch distillation system, where excess hydro-
chloric acid is recovered (see figure below).
Bottoms from the still, which contain heavy
metals, are precipitated as hydroxide salts and
drawn off as a sludge for off-site disposal or
recovery.
As a batch process, this treatment technology is
targeted at sites with less than 5,000 tons of soil
requiring treatment. Processing tune depends on
equipment size and batch cycle times; roughly
Recycle water from
extraction step
Contaminated Soil
Steam
A
Off-site disposal
Steam
stripper
To recycle water
Soil slurry to
metal extraction
or dewatering vessel
Batch distillation vessel
Batch Steam Distillation Step
Page 280
The SITE Program assesses but does not
approve or endorse technologies.
-------
November 1994
Completed Project
one batch of soil can be treated every four
hours. Estimated treatment costs per ton, in-
cluding capital recovery, for the two treatment
steps are as follows:
Batch Steam Distillation
500-ton site
2,500-ton site
Metals Extraction
(including acid recovery)
500-ton site
2,500-ton site
$299-393/ton
$266-350/ton
$447-619/ton
$396-545/ton
WASTE APPLICABILITY:
This process may be applied to soils and sludges
contaminated with organics, inorganics, and
heavy metals.
STATUS:
The batch steam distillation and metal extraction
process was accepted into the SITE Emerging
Technology Program in January 1988. Under
the program, three pilot-scale tests have been
completed on three soils, for a total of nine
tests. The removal rates for benzene, toluene,
ethylbenzene, and xylene were greater than 99
percent. The removal rates for chlorinated
solvents ranged from 97 percent to 99 percent.
One acid extraction and two water washes
resulted in a 95 percent removal rate for heavy
metals. Toxicity characteristic leaching proce-
dure tests on the treated soils showed that soils
from eight of the nine tests met leachate criteria.
Data were also collected on the recovery rate for
excess acid and the removal rate for precipita-
tion of heavy metals into a concentrate.
FOR FURTHER INFORMATION:
EPA PROJECT MANAGER:
Ronald Lewis
U.S. EPA
Risk Reduction Engineering Laboratory
26 West Martin Luther King Drive
Cincinnati, OH 45268
513-569-7856
Fax: 513-569-7620
TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPER CONTACT:
Robert Fox
IT Corporation
312 Directors Drive
Knoxville, TN 37923-4709
615-690-3211
Fax: 615-690-3626
The SITE Program assesses but does not
approve or endorse technologies.
Page 281
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Technology Profile
EMERGING TECHNOLOGY PROGRAM
IT CORPORATION
(Photolytic and Biological Soil Detoxification)
TECHNOLOGY DESCRIPTION:
This technology is a two-stage, in situ photolytic
and biological detoxification process for shallow
soil contamination. The first step in the process
degrades the organic contaminants with ultravio-
let (UV) radiation. The photolytic degradation
rate is several times faster with artificial UV
light than with natural sunlight. The degradation
process is enhanced by adding detergent-like
chemicals (surfactants) to mobilize the contami-
nants. Photolysis of the contaminants converts
them to more easily degraded compounds.
Periodic sampling and analysis determines when
photolysis is complete. Biodegradation, the
second step, further destroys organic contami-
nants and detoxifies the soil.
When sunlight is used to treat shallow soil con-
tamination, the soil is first tilled with a power
tiller and sprayed with surfactant. The soil is
tilled frequently to expose new surfaces and
often sprayed. Water may also be added to
maintain soil moisture.
When UV lights are used, parabolic reflectors
suspended over the soil increase the amount of
UV irradiation (see figure below). After photol-
ysis is complete, biodegradation is enhanced by
adding microorganisms and nutrients and further
tilling the soil.
When these techniques are applied to soils with
deep contamination, excavated soil is treated in
a specially constructed shallow treatment basin
Photolytic Degradation Process Using UV Lights
Page 282
The SITE Program assesses but does not
approve or endorse technologies.
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Completed Project
that meets Resource Conservation and Recovery
Act requirements. When soil contamination is
shallow, photolysis and housing prevent conta-
minants from moving down to groundwater.
The only treatment residuals are soil contami-
nated with surfactants and the end metabolites of
the biodegradation processes. The end metabo-
lites depend on the original contaminants. The
surfactants are common materials used in agri-
cultural formulations.
WASTE APPLICABILITY:
This photolytic and biological soil detoxification
process destroys organics, particularly dioxins
such as tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD),
polychlorinated biphenyls (PCB), other
polychlorinated aromatics, and polynuclear
aromatic hydrocarbons.
STATUS:
Bench-scale tests conducted on about 5,000
cubic yards of PCB- or dioxin-contaminated soil
showed that the effectiveness of surface irradia-
tion to destroy TCDDs or PCBs is strongly
influenced by soil type. Early tests on sandy
soils showed greater than 90 percent removals
for both TCDDs and PCBs. However, a high
humic content decreased the effectiveness of the
UV photolysis. Soil contaminated with PCBs in
the bench-scale tests had a high clay content.
The highest removal rate for these soils was 30
percent, measured over a 16-hour irradiation
time.
The bench-scale tests used a medium-pressure
mercury UV lamp; sunlight was ineffective. No
significant improvement in PCB destruction was
achieved using a pulsed UV lamp.
The process was also tested with Fenton's
Reagent chemistry as an alternate method of
degrading PCBs to more easily biodegraded
compounds. PCB destruction ranged from
nondetectable to 35 percent. Preliminary data
indicate that no significant change in PCB chlor-
ine level distribution occurred during treatment.
Other studies examined PCB biodegradability in
1) soil treated with a surfactant and UV radi-
ation, 2) untreated soil, and 3) soil known to
have PCB-degrading organisms. Study results
were as follows:
• PCB removal in the UV-treated soil, un-
treated soil, and soil with known biological
activity was higher when augmented with
an isolated PCB degrader (microorganism).
• In the untreated soil, biphenyl was more
efficient at inducing PCB degradation
than 4-bromobiphenyl.
• For the treated soil, surfactant treatment
may have inhibited microbial activity
due to high total organic carbon and low
pH.
Isolation and enrichment techniques have made
it possible to isolate microorganisms capable of
biodegrading PCBs hi contaminated soil.
A bulletin (EPA/540/F-94/502), containing
results from the study, is available from EPA.
FOR FURTHER INFORMATION:
EPA PROJECT MANAGER:
Randy Parker
U.S. EPA
Risk Reduction Engineering Laboratory
26 West Martin Luther King Drive
Cincinnati, OH 45268
513-569-7271
Fax: 513-569-7620
TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPER CONTACT:
Robert Fox
IT Corporation
312 Directors Drive
Knoxville, TN 37923-4709
615-690-3211
Fax: 615-694-3626
The SITE Program assesses but does not
approve or endorse technologies.
Page 283
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Technology Profile
EMERGING TECHNOLOGY PROGRAM
MATRIX PHOTOCATALYTIC INC.
(formerly NUTECH ENVIRONMENTAL)
(Photocatalytic Water Treatment)
TECHNOLOGY DESCRIPTION:
The Matrix Photocatalytic Inc. (Matrix), former-
ly Nutech Environmental, photocatalytic oxida-
tion system, shown in the photograph below,
efficiently removes and destroys dissolved
organic contaminants from water in a continuous
flow process at ambient temperatures. When
excited by light, the titanium dioxide (TiOj)
semiconductor catalyst generates hydroxyl radi-
cals that oxidatively break the carbon bonds of
hazardous organic compounds. The catalyst also
generates electron holes, which are powerful
reducing species.
The Matrix system, when given sufficient time,
converts organics such as polychlorinated
biphenyls (PCB); phenols; benzene, toluene,
ethylbenzene, and xylene (BTEX); and others to
carbon dioxide and water. Typically, efficient
destruction occurs between 30 seconds and 2
minutes actual exposure time. Total organic
carbon removal takes longer, depending on the
other organic molecules and their molecular
weights.
The Matrix system was initially designed to
destroy organic pollutants or to remove total
organic carbon in drinking water, groundwater,
and plant process water. The Matrix system
also destroys organic pollutants such as PCBs,
polychlorinated dibenzodioxins, polychlorinated
dibenzofurans, chlorinated alkenes, chlorinated
phenols, chlorinated benzenes, alcohols, ketones,
l6-gallon-per-minute TiO2 Photocatalytic System Treating BTEX in Water
Page 284
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November 1994
Completed Project
aldehydes, and amines. Inorganic pollutants
such as cyanide, sulphite, and nitrite ions can be
oxidized to cyanate ion, sulphate ion, and nitrate
ion, respectively.
WASTE APPLICABILITY:
The Matrix system can treat a wide range of
concentrations of organic pollutants in industrial
wastewater, and can be applied to the ultrapure
water industry and the drinking water industry.
The Matrix system can also remediate ground-
water.
STATUS:
The Matrix system was accepted into the SITE
Emerging Technology Program in May 1991.
Technological advances since that time include
the following:
• The Matrix system has treated effluents
with contaminants, such as solvents and
alcohols, as high as 30,000 parts per
million (ppm), and has achieved effluent
qualities as low as 5 parts per trillion.
• Performance has quadrupled over 1992
standards.
• Numerous extended field trials have
been conducted on raw effluent conta-
minated with a variety of organics,
mainly BTEX, trichloroethene, and
methyl tertiary butyl ether. Average
treatment time was 60 seconds at a
direct operating cost of $1 to $2 per
1,000 gallons.
• The technology was used for 6 months
in a sustained field operation on ground-
water contaminated with 1 ppm ferrous
ion (Fe+2) with no appreciable iron
fouling.
• Modular systems have been developed
, for high flow rates with capacity incre-
ments of 5 gallons per minute. Capital
costs are highly competitive with ultravi-
olet/hydrogen peroxide technologies
while operating costs are usually one-
fifth to one-third less.
• Matrix has successfully designed and
field tested support systems for unat-
tended operation.
• The Matrix system has successfully
treated highly turbid effluents and dyes
in plant operations.
The research was completed in September 1993.
Two peer-reviewed journal articles are available
through National Technical Information Services
(NTIS), document Nos. PB93-222883 and
PB93-130184. For a comprehensive biblio-
graphy of TiO2 research, please obtain NTIS
document No. DE94-006906.
FOR FURTHER INFORMATION:
EPA PROJECT MANAGER:
John Ireland
U.S. EPA
Risk Reduction Engineering Laboratory
26 West Martin Luther King Drive
Cincinnati, OH 45268
513-569-7413
Fax: 513-569-7185
TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPER CONTACT:
Bob Henderson
Matrix Photocatalytic Inc.
22 Pegler Street
London, Ontario, Canada
N5Z 2B5
519-660-8669
Fax: 519-660-8525
The SITE Program assesses but does not
approve or endorse technologies.
Page 285
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Techno/oav Profile
EMERGING TECHNOLOGY PROGRAM
MEMBRANE TECHNOLOGY AND RESEARCH, INC.
(VaporSep™ Membrane Process)
TECHNOLOGY DESCRIPTION:
Membrane Technology and Research, Inc.'s,
VaporSep™ system uses synthetic polymer
membranes to remove organic vapors from con-
taminated air streams (see photograph below).
The process generates a clean air stream and a
liquid organic stream for reuse or disposal.
Air laden with organic vapor contacts one side
of a membrane that is 10 to 100 tunes more
permeable to the organic compound than to air.
The membrane separates the gas into two
streams: a permeate stream containing most of
the organic vapor, and a clean* residual air
stream. The organic vapor is condensed and
removed as a liquid; the purified air stream may
be vented or recycled.
The VaporSep™ system maintains a lower vapor
pressure on the permeate side of the membrane
to drive the permeation process. This pressure
difference can be created by either compressing
the feed stream or using a vacuum pump on the
permeate stream-
Over 40 VaporSep™ systems have been built or
are under construction. These systems range in
capacity from 1 to 100 standard cubic feet per
minute. VaporSep™ systems are significantly
smaller than carbon adsorption systems of
similar capacity, and can be configured to treat
a wide range of feed flow rates and compo-
sitions. The VaporSep™ system has been tested
on air streams contaminated with a wide range
of organic compounds at concentrations of 100
to over 100,000 parts per million.
A VaporSep™ Membrane Organic Vapor Recovery System
Page 286
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approve or endorse technologies.
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November 1994
Completed Project
WASTE APPLICABILITY:
VaporSep™ systems can treat most air streams
containing flammable or nonflammable halogen-
ated and nonhalogenated organic compounds,
including chlorinated hydrocarbons, chloro-
fluorocarbons (CFC), and fuel hydrocarbons.
Typical applications include the following:
• Reduction of process vent emissions,
such as those regulated by EPA's source.
performance standards for the synthetic
organic chemical manufacturing industry
• Treatment of air stripper exhaust before
discharge to the atmosphere
• Recovery of, CFCs and hydrochloro-
fluorocarbons
The VaporSep™ system removes between 90 and
99 percent of the organic vapor, depending on
the class of organic compound and the system
design. The system does not produce any
secondary wastes, and only produces a small
volume of organic condensate. The concentra-
tion of organics in the purified air stream is
generally low enough for discharge to the atmo-
sphere.
STATUS:
This technology was accepted into the SITE
Emerging Technology Program in January 1990.
The process, demonstrated at both the bench-
and pilot-scales, achieved removal efficiencies of
over 99.5 percent for selected organic com-
pounds.
Over twenty VaporSep™ systems have been
successfully installed for the following industrial
processes:
• CFC and halocarbon recovery from pro-
cess vents and transfer operations
• CFC recovery from refrigeration
systems
• Vinyl chloride monomer recovery from
polyvinyl chloride manufacturing opera-
tions
• CFC-12/ethylene oxide recovery from
sterilizer emissions
The VaporSep™ system successfully treated an
air stream from a soil vacuum extraction opera-
tion at a U.S. Department of Energy site.
FOR FURTHER INFORMATION:
EPA PROJECT MANAGER:
Paul dePercin
U.S. EPA
Risk Reduction Engineering Laboratory
26 West Martin Luther King Drive
Cincinnati, OH 45268
513-569-7797
Fax: 513-569-7620
TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPER CONTACTS:
David Dortmundt or Marc Jacobs
Membrane Technology and Research, Inc.
1360 Willow Road, Suite 103
Menlo Park, CA 94025-1516
415-328-2228
Fax: 415-328-6580
The SITE Program assesses but does not
approve or endorse technologies.
Page 287
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Technology Profile
EMERGING TECHNOLOGY PROGRAM
MONTANA COLLEGE OF MINERAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY
(Air-Sparged Hydrocyclone)
TECHNOLOGY DESCRIPTION:
The air-sparged hydrocyclone (ASH) was devel-
oped at the University of Utah during the early
1980s to achieve fast flotation of fine particles in
a centrifugal field. The ASH consists of two
concentric right-vertical tubes with a convention-
al cyclone header at the top and a froth pedestal
at the bottom (see figure below). The inner tube
is a porous tube through which air is sparged.
The outer tube serves as an air jacket to evenly
distribute air through the porous inner tube.
Slurry is fed tangentially through the convention-
al cyclone header to develop a swirl flow of a
certain thickness in the radial direction (the
swirl-layer thickness). The swirl is discharged
through an annular opening between the porous
tube wall and the froth pedestal. Air is sparged
through the porous inner tube wall and is
sheared into small bubbles. These bubbles are
then radially transported, together with attached
hydrophobic particles, into a froth phase that
forms on the cyclone axis. The froth phase is
stabilized and constrained by the* froth pedestal
at the underflow, moved toward the vortex
finder of the cyclone header, and discharged as
an overflow product. Water-wetted hydrophilic
particles generally remain in the slurry phase
and are discharged as an underflow product
through the annulus created by the froth pedes-
tal.
During the past decade, large mechanical flota-
tion cells, such as aeration-stirred tank reactors,
have been designed, installed, and operated for
mineral processing. In addition, considerable
effort has been made to develop column flotation
technology in the United States and elsewhere;
a number have been installed in industries.
Nevertheless, for both mechanical and column
cells, the specific flotation capacity is generally
Overflow
Vortex Finder
Overflow Froth
Porous
Cylinder
Air-Sparged Hydrocyclone
Page 288
The SITE Program assesses but does not
approve or endorse technologies.
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November 7994
Completed Project
limited to 1 to 2 tons per day (tpd) per cubic
foot of cell volume. In contrast, the ASH has a
specific flotation capacity of at least 100 tpd per
cubic foot of cell volume.
WASTE APPLICABILITY:
Standard flotation techniques used in industrial
mineral processing are effective ways of con-
centrating materials. However, metal value
recovery is never complete. The valuable
material escaping the milling process is frequent-
ly concentrated in the very fine particle fraction.
The ASH can remove fine mineral particles that
are amenable to the froth flotation process.
These particles are generally sulfide minerals,
such as galena (lead sulfide), sphalerite (zinc
sulfide) and chalcopyrite (copper-iron-sulfide).
Finely-divided mining wastes containing these
minerals oxidize and release the metallic ele-
ments as dissolved sulfates into the groundwater.
Particularly applicable are tailings from older
operations conducted before the development of
froth flotation. Earlier operations recovered
minerals by gravity concentration, which did not
effectively capture fine particles, and left tailings
with relatively large concentrations of fine
sulfide minerals.
STATUS:
This technology was accepted into the SITE
Emerging Technology Program in June 1990. A
pilot plant has operated for the past 4 years.
The most recent pilot plant trials on tailings
generated by gravity concentration have con-
firmed both the device's ability1 to recover
sulfide minerals and the high throughput capa-
city claimed by proponents of the ASH. The
SITE-sponsored test program was completed on
August 12, and a journal article is pending. The
pilot plant is still intact and the investigators are
in search of waste sites to which the technology
might be applied.
FOR FURTHER INFORMATION:
EPA PROJECT MANAGER:
Eugene Harris
U.S. EPA
Risk Reduction Engineering Laboratory
26 West Martin Luther King Drive
Cincinnati, OH 45268
513-569-7862
Fax: 513-569-7676
TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPER CONTACT:
Theodore Jordan
Montana College of Mineral Science &
Technology
West Park Street
Butte, MT 57901
406-496-4112
406-496-1473
Fax: 406-496-4133
The SITE Program assesses but does not
approve or endorse technologies.
Page 289
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Technology Profile
EMERGING TECHNOLOGY PROGRAM
MONTANA COLLEGE OF MINERAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY
(Campbell Centrifugal Jig)
TECHNOLOGY DESCRIPTION:
The Campbell Centrifugal Jig (CCJ) is a
mechanical device that uses centrifugal force to
separate fine heavy mineral and metal particles
from waste materials. The CCJ combines
jigging and centrifuging to separate these parti-
cles from a fluid slurry. TransMar, Inc., owns
the patents and rights to the CCJ technology.
Standard jigs separate solids of different specific
gravities by differential settling hi a pulsating
bed and gravitational field. Jigs operating in
this mode can recover solids larger than about
150 mesh (105 microns). Centrifuges are effec-
tive in separating solids from liquids but are not
effective in separating solids from solids.
The CCJ, shown in the figure below, combines
the continuous flow and pulsating bed of the
standard jig with the high acceleration forces of
a centrifuge to segregate and concentrate heavy
particles from the waste. The CCJ can recover
particles ranging in size from 1 to about 500
microns, depending on whether the particles are
sufficiently disaggregated from the host material.
The disaggregated particle should have a specific
gravity at least 50 percent greater than the waste
material. The CCJ does not need chemicals to
separate the solids.
Appropriately-sized, slurried material is fed into
the CCJ through a hollow shaft inlet at the top
of the machine. The slurried material discharges
from the shaft onto a diffuser plate, which has
Slurry Inlet
Bull Wheel
Pulse Water Inlet
Cone Shroud
Hutch Area
Pulse Water Outlet1
Tails Outlet Discharge
Access
Doors
-Con Outlet
Campbell Centrifugal Jig (CCJ)
Page 290
The SITE Program assesses but does not
approve or endorse technologies.
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November 1994
Completed Project
vanes that distribute the material radially to the
jig bed. The jig bed's surface is composed of
stainless-steel shot ragging that is slightly coars-
er than the screen aperture. The jig bed is
pulsated by pressurized water admitted through
a screen by four rotating pulse blocks. The
pulsing water intermittently fluidizes the bed,
causing heavier particles to move through the
ragging and screen to the concentrate port, while
lighter particles continue across the face of the
jig bed to the tailings port.
The separation's effectiveness depends on how
well the original solids are disaggregated from
the waste material, and the specific gravity of
each solid. The slurried feed material may
require grinding to ensure disaggregation of the
heavy metals. Operating parameters include
pulse pressure, rotation speed or g-load, screen
aperture, ragging type and size, weir height, and
feed percent solids.
The CCJ process produces heavy mineral or
metal concentrates which, depending upon the
waste material, may be further processed for
extraction or sale. A clean tailings stream may
be returned to the environment.
WASTE APPLICABILITY:
The CCJ can separate and concentrate a wide
variety of materials, ranging from base metals to
fine coal ash and fine (1 micron) gold particles.
Applications include 1) remediation of heavy
metal-contaminated soils, tailings, or harbor
areas containing spilled concentrates; 2) removal
of pyritic sulfur and ash from fine coal; and 3)
treatment of some sandblasting grit.
STATUS:
The CCJ was accepted into the SITE Emerging
Technology Program in May 1992. The CCJ
has been evaluated at the Montana College of
Mineral Science and Technology Research
Center (Montana Tech). Montana Tech has
equipped a pilot plant to evaluate the Series 12
CCJ, which has a capacity of 1 to 3 tons per
hour. Tests were completed in August 1994 on
base-metal mine tailings from various locations
in western Montana. A report on these tests is
pending.
In addition, under the U.S. Department of
Energy (DOE) Integrated Demonstration Pro-
gram, the CCJ was tested on clean Nevada test
site soil spiked with bismuth as a surrogate for
plutonium oxide. These tests occurred at the
University of Nevada, Reno, during August and
September 1994. In the future, the CCJ will be
tested for its capability to remove radioactive
contamination from soils from several DOE
sites.
FOR FURTHER INFORMATION:
EPA PROJECT MANAGER:
Jack Hubbard
U.S. EPA
Risk Reduction Engineering Laboratory
26 West Martin Luther King Drive
Cincinnati, OH 45268
513-569-7507
Fax: 513-569-7620
TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPER CONTACT:
Gordon Ziesing
Montana College of Mineral Science
and Technology
West Park Street
Butte, MT 59701
406-496-4112
406-496-1473
Fax: 406-496-4133
The SITE Program assesses but does not
approve or endorse technologies.
Page 291
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Technology Profile
EMERGING TECHNOLOGY PROGRAM
NEW JERSEY INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY
(GHEA Associates Process)
TECHNOLOGY DESCRIPTION:
The GHEA Associates Process applies surfac-
tants and additives to soil washing and waste-
water treatment to make organic and metal
contaminants soluble. In soil washing, soil is
first excavated, washed, and rinsed to produce
clean soil. Wash and rinse liquids are then
combined and treated to separate surfactants and
contaminants from the water. Next, conta-
minants are separated from the surfactants by
desorption and isolated as a concentrate.
Desorption regenerates the surfactants for repeat-
ed use in the process.
The liquid treatment consists of a sequence of
steps involving phase separation, ultrafiltration,
and air flotation. The treated water meets all
National Pollutant Discharge Elimination System
groundwater discharge criteria, allowing it to be
1) discharged without further treatment, and
2) reused in the process itself or reused as a
source of high quality water for other users.
In wastewater treatment applications, surfactants
added to the wastewater adsorb contaminants.
The mixture is then treated in the same manner
as described above for 1) water purification,
2) separation of the contaminants, and 3) re-
covery of the surfactants. The treatment process
yields clean soil, clean water, and a highly con-
centrated fraction of contaminants. No other
residues, effluents, or emissions are produced.
The figure below illustrates the GHEA process.
WASTE APPLICABILITY:
This technology can be applied to soil, sludges,
sediments, slurries, groundwater, surface water,
end-of-pipe industrial effluents, and in situ soil
flushing. Contaminants that can be treated
include both organics and heavy metals, non-
Contaminated
Soil
Surfactant
Extraction
t
Liquid
Rinse
^
Clean
Soil
Recycle
Recycle
i
Clean
Water
Contaminant
GHEA Process for Soil Washing
Page 292
The SITE Program assesses but does not
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November
Completed Project
volatile and volatile compounds, and highly
toxic refractory compounds.
STATUS:
The technology was accepted into the SITE
Emerging Technology Program in June 1990.
Treatability tests were conducted on various
matrices, including soils with high clay contents,
industrial oily sludges, industrial wastewater
effluents, and contaminated groundwater (see
table below). In situ soil flushing tests have
shown a 20-fold enhancement of contaminant
removal rates. Tests using a 25-gallon pilot-
plant have also been conducted. A Bulletin
(EPA/540/F-94/509) is available from EPA; a
final report will be available in late 1994. Costs
for treatment range from $50 to $80 per ton.
FOR FURTHER INFORMATION:
EPA PROJECT MANAGER:
Annette Gatchett
U.S. EPA
Risk Reduction Engineering Laboratory
26 West Martin Luther King Drive
Cincinnati, OH 45268
513-569-7697
Fax: 513-569-7620
TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPER CONTACT:
Itzhak Gotlieb
New Jersey Institute of Technology
Department of Chemical Engineering
Newark, NJ 07102
201-596-5862
Fax: 201-802-1946
SUMMARY Of- TRfiATABEITY TEST RESULTS
MATRIX:
Volatile Organic Compounds (VOC): trichloroethylene;
1 ,2-dichloroethylene; Benzene; Toluene
Soil, parts per million (ppm)
Water, parts per billion (ppb)
Total Petroleum Hydrocarbons (TPH):
Soil, ppm
Polychlorinated Biphenyls (PCB):
Soil, ppm
Water, ppb
Trinitrotoluene in Water, ppm
Coal Tar Contaminated Soil (ppm):
Benzo[a]pyrene
Benzo[k]fluoranthene
Chrysene
Benzanthracene
Pyrene
Anthracene
Phenanthrene
Fluorene
Dibenzofuran
1 -Methylnaphthalene
2-Methylnaphthalene
Heavy Metals In Soil:
Chromium, ppm
Iron (III) in Water, ppm:
UNTREATED
SAMPLE
20.13
109.0
13,600
380.00
6,000.0
180.0
28.8
24.1
48.6
37.6
124.2
83.6
207.8
92.7
58.3
88.3
147.3
21,000
30.8
TREATED SAMPLE
0.05
2.5
80
0.57
<0.1
<.08
<0.1
4.4
<0.1
<0.1
<0.1
<0.1
<0.1
<0.1
<0.1
1.3
<0.1
640
0.3
PERCENT
REMOVAL
99.7%
97.8%
99.4%
99.8%
>99.9%
>99.5%
>99.7%
81.2%
>99.8%
>99.7%
>99.9%
>99.8%
>99.9%
>99.9%
>99.8%
98.5%
>99.9%
96.8%
99.0%
The SITE Program assesses but does not
approve or endorse technologies.
Page 293
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Technology Profile
EMERGING TECHNOLOGY PROGRAM
PSI TECHNOLOGIES,
A Division of Physical Sciences Inc.
(Metals Immobilization and Decontamination of Aggregate Solids)
TECHNOLOGY DESCRIPTION:
PSI Technologies has developed a metals
immobilization and decontamination of aggregate
solids (MelDAS) process (see figure below).
The technology involves a modified incineration
process in which high temperatures destroy
organic contaminants hi soil and concentrate
metals into fly ash. The bulk of the soil ends up
as bottom ash and is rendered nonleachable.
The fly ash is then treated with a sorbent to
immobilize the metals, as determined by the
toxicity characteristic leaching procedure. The
MelDAS process requires a sorbent fraction of
less than 5 percent by soil weight.
Standard air pollution control devices clean the
effluent gas stream. Hydrogen chloride and
sulfur dioxide, which may be formed from the
oxidation of chlorinated organics and sulfur
compounds in the waste, are cleaned by alkaline
scrubbers. Fly ash is captured by a particulate
removal device, such as an electrostatic
precipitator or baghouse. The only solid resi-
dues exiting the process are treated,soils, which
no longer contain organics and will not leach
toxic metals.
WASTE APPLICABILITY:
The MelDAS process treats organics and heavy
metals in soils, sediments and sludges. The
process has been effective in treating arsenic,
cadmium, chromium, lead, nickel, and zinc.
The MelDAS process is applicable to wastes
contaminated with a combination of volatile
metals and complex organic mixtures of low
volatility. Possible MelDAS process appli-
cations include battery waste sites and urban
(1) PAHTICULATE REMOVAL
(2) ACID-GAS SCRUBBER
BURNER
AIR POLLUTION
CONTROL EQUIPMENT
TREATED
SOIL/FLY ASH
DISCHARGE
MelDAS Process
Page 294
The SITE Program assesses but does not
approve or endorse technologies.
-------
November 1994
Completed Project
sites containing lead paint or leaded gasoline, or
a site contaminated with organometallics from
disposal practices at chemical or pesticide manu-
facturing facilities.
STATUS:
This technology was accepted into the SITE
Emerging Technology Program in July 1991.
Initial testing, conducted under an EPA Small
Business Innovative Research program, has
demonstrated the feasibility of treating wastes
containing arsenic, cadmium, lead, and zinc.
Bench-scale testing under the SITE Program was
completed in July 1992. This study demonstrat-
ed that organic, lead, and arsenic wastes could
be successfully treated with less sorbent (1 to 10
percent of the soil by weight) than previously
anticipated. Pilot-scale testing occurred October
1992 and was completed in May 1993. A
demonstration of the MelDAS Process is in the
planning stage.
FOR FURTHER INFORMATION:
EPA PROJECT MANAGER:
Mark Meckes
U.S. EPA
Risk Reduction Engineering Laboratory
26 West Martin Luther King Drive
Cincinnati, OH 45268
513-569-7348
Fax: 513-569-7676
TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPER CONTACT:
Joseph Morency
PSI Technologies
A Division of Physical Sciences Inc.
20 New England Business Center
Andover, MA 01810
508-689-0003
Fax: 508-689-3232
The SITE Program assesses but does not
approve or endorse technologies.
Page 295
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Technology Profile
EMERGING TECHNOLOGY PROGRAM
PULSE SCIENCES, INC.
(X-Ray Treatment of Aqueous Solutions)
TECHNOLOGY DESCRIPTION:
X-ray treatment of organically contaminated
aqueous solutions is based on the in-depth
deposition of ionizing radiation. X-rays collide
with matter, generating a shower of lower
energy secondary electrons within the contami-
nated waste material. The secondary electrons
ionize and excite the atomic electrons, break up
the complex contaminant molecules, and form
radicals. These radicals react with the volatile
organic compounds (VOC) and semi-volatile
organic compounds (SVOC) to form nontoxic
by-products such as water, carbon dioxide, and
oxygen.
High energy X-rays and electrons transfer their
energy to the background media by similar
interactions, which makes X-ray processing
similar to direct electron beam processing, a
highly effective method used to destroy organic
contaminants hi aqueous solutions. The X-ray's
effective penetration, however, is much deeper
than that of an electron of the same energy. X-
ray treatment alleviates material handling
problems and allows treatment of much thicker
waste volumes.
A high-power linear induction accelerator (LIA)
plus X-ray converter generates the X-rays used
in the treatment process (see figure below). The
LIA energy is between 1 million electron volts
(MeV) and 10 MeV; the upper limit depends on
the application and is chosen small enough to
avoid activation. A pulse of electrons 50 to 100
nanoseconds long is directed onto a cooled
converter of high atomic number to efficiently
generate X-rays. The X-rays then penetrate the
container and waste material.
Based on coupled electron/photon Monte Carlo
transport code calculations, the effective pene-
tration depth of X-rays produced by converting
10 MeV electrons is predicted to be 32 centi-
meters when passed through the side of a
rotating 55-gallon drum filled with water.
Therefore, large contaminant volumes can be
easily treated without absorbing a significant
fraction of the ionizing radiation in the container
walls. Either flowing waste or contaminated
waste can be treated. No additives are required
for the process, and in situ treatment is also
feasible. Moreover, electron accelerators offer
a high level of safety; the X-ray output of the
LIA is easily turned off by disconnecting the
electrical power. The cost of high throughput
X-ray processing is estimated to be competitive
with alternative processes.
WASTE APPLICABILITY:
X-ray processing can treat a large number of
contaminants without expensive waste extraction
or preparation. The technology has successfully
treated the following contaminants:
Waste
Treatment
Area
Conveyor
Waste
Storage
UA
1-10 MeV
Electron
Beam
X-Ray
Converter
(Ta)
X-Rays
Disposal
X-Ray Treatment Process
Page 296
The SITE Program assesses but does not
approve or endorse technologies.
-------
November 1994
Completed Project
trichloroethylene (TCE)
tetrachloroethylene (PCE)
chloroform
methylene chloride
trans and cis-1,2 dichloroethene
1,1,1-trichloroethane
carbon tetrachloride
benzene
toluene
ethylbenzene
xylene
1,1-dichloroethane
1,1-dichloroethene
1,2- dichloroethane
Freon
The X-ray's deep penetration and high flux
allow waste to be treated in containers, flowing
systems, or in situ.
STATUS:
This technology was accepted into the SITE
Emerging Technology Program in May 1991
and demonstrated in April 1994. A 1.2 MeV,
800 ampere, 55 nanosecond LIA operating at
one pulse per second gave a dose rate of 5-10
rads per second. Twelve different VOCs and
SVOCs found in Superfund sites were irradiated
in 21 aqueous matrices. The matrices were
prepared with a neat solution of the contaminant
in reagent grade water. All VOC and SVOC
contaminant concentrations were significantly
reduced during X-ray irradiation. Contamina-
tion concentrations of 200 to 10,000 parts per
billion (ppb) were reduced to less than 0.1 to 1
ppb by X-ray doses of 5 to 70 kilorads for con-
taminants that react strongly with the hydroxyl
radical. For contaminants that did not react as
strongly with the hydroxyl radical, doses of 100
to 200 kilorads were required to destroy initial
concentrations of 180 to 2,000 ppb.
Two sets of experiments were completed with
contaminated well water from a Superfund site
located at the Lawrence Livermore National
Laboratory (LLNL). Samples contaminated with
10 to 3,400 ppb were reduced to less than 2 ppb
'. by an X-ray dose of 150 kilorads. For the more
highly contaminated LLNL well water samples
(10 to 5000 ppb), the dose to reduce all conta-
minants to less than 5 ppb was estimated to be
500 kilorads, based on experimental data.
Analysis of experiments with high concentrations
of TCE and PCE (10,000 to 64,000 ppb)
showed no evidence of chlorinated hydrocarbons
or aldehydes during remediation of TCE and
PCE. However, analysis showed formation of
formic acid, which was subsequently decom-
posed after destruction of high concentrations of
TCE and PCE.
The rate coefficients which were determined
from the data, can in principle, be used to
estimate the dose level required to destroy
mixtures of multiple VOC contaminants and
hydroxyl radical scavengers. However, based
on the results of this and other programs, these
estimates should be applied judiciously. Only
the experimentally determined destruction cur-
ves, based on the remediation of test samples of
actual mixtures, can be used with confidence at
the present.
FOR FURTHER INFORMATION:
EPA PROJECT MANAGER:
Esperanza Piano Renard
U.S. EPA
Risk Reduction Engineering Laboratory
Building 10, MS-104
2890 Woodbridge Avenue
Edison, NJ 08837-3679
908-321-4355
Fax: 908-321-6640
TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPER CONTACT:
Vernon Bailey
Pulse Sciences, Inc.
600 McCormick Street
San Leandro, CA 94577
510-632-5100
' Fax: 510-632-5300
The SITE Program assesses but does not
approve or endorse technologies.
Page 297
-------
Technology Profile
EMERGING TECHNOLOGY PROGRAM
PURUS, INC.
(Photolytic Oxidation Process)
TECHNOLOGY DESCRIPTION:
The Purus, Inc. (Purus), photolytic oxidation
process indirectly destroys volatile organic
compounds (VOC) in soil and groundwater.
The process uses a xenon pulsed-plasma flash-
lamp that emits short wavelength ultraviolet
(UV) light at very high intensities. The process
strips the contaminants into the vapor phase, and
the UV treatment converts the VOCs into less
hazardous compounds.
Contaminants are directly photolyzed when they
absorb sufficient UV light energy, transforming
electrons to higher energy states and breaking
molecular bonds (see figure below). Hydroxyl
radicals, however, are not formed. The process
requires the UV light source to emit wavelengths
in the regions absorbed by the contaminant. An
innovative feature of this technology is its ability
to shift the UV spectral output to optimize the
photolysis.
The process uses vacuum extraction or air
stripping to volatilize VOCs from soils or
groundwater, respectively. VOCs then enter the
photolysis reactor, where a xenon flashlamp
generates UV light. The plasma is produced by
pulse discharge of electrical energy across two
electrodes hi the lamp. Ninety-nine percent
destruction occurs within seconds, allowing
continuous operation. Because organics are
destroyed in the vapor phase, the process uses
less energy than a system treating dissolved
organics.
WASTE APPLICABILITY:
The Purus photolytic oxidation process is de-
signed to destroy VOCs, including dichloro-
ethene (DCE), tetrachloroethene (PCE),
trichloroethene (TCE), and vinyl chloride volati-
lized from soil or groundwater. Destruction of
other VOCs, such as benzene, carbon tetra-
chloride, and 1,1,1-trichloroethane, is under
investigation.
STATUS:
The photolytic oxidation process was accepted
into the SITE Emerging Technology Program in
March 1991. Field testing of a full-scale proto-
type began in October 1991. The test was con-
ducted at the Lawrence Livermore National
Laboratory Superfund site in Livermore,
California. The site contains soil zones highly
contaminated with TCE. A vacuum extraction
system delivered contaminated air to the Purus
unit at air flows up to 500 cubic feet per minute
(cfm). Initial TCE concentrations in the air
were approximately 250 parts per million by
volume. The contaminant removal goal for the
treatment was 99 percent. Vapor phase carbon
filters were placed downstream of the Purus unit
to satisfy California Air Quality emission control
requirements during the field test. Test results
ci
\(
CI/
pi
H
TCE
UV
CO2+ HCI
Purus Advanced UV.Photolysis
Page 298
The SITE Program assesses but does not
approve or endorse technologies.
-------
November 1994
Completed Project
are shown in the table below. The Final Report
(EPA/540/R-93/516), a Summary
(EPA/540/SR-93/516), and a Bulletin
(EPA/540/F-93/501) have been published.
The low-wavelength UV emissions allowed
direct photolysis of many VOCs, particularly
chlorinated compounds and freons, that would
not have been possible with commercial mercury
vapor lamps. TCE, PCE, and DCE were quick-
ly destroyed. To be rapidly photolyzed, some
VOCs require photosensitization or an even
lower-wavelength light source.
TCE removal yielded undesirable intermediates.
Greater than 85 percent of the TCE chain photo-
oxidation product is dichloroacetyl chloride
(DCAC). Further oxidation of DCAC is about
100 times slower than TCE photolysis, and
forms dichlorocarbonyl (DCC) at about 20
percent yield. At this treatment level, the DCC
concentration may be excessive, requiring addi-
tional treatment. Further studies should focus
on 1) the effectiveness of dry or wet scrubbers
for removing acidic photo-oxidation products, 2)
developing thermal or other methods for post-
treatment of products such as DCAC, and 3)
examining the use of shorter-wavelength UV
lamps or catalysts to treat a broader range of
VOCs. Purus will examine several of these
issues with Argonne National Laboratory in
continued demonstrations at the U.S. Depart-
ment of Energy Savannah River site in Aiken,
South Carolina.
FOR FURTHER INFORMATION:
EPA PROJECT MANAGER:
Norma Lewis
U.S EPA
Risk Reduction Engineering Laboratory
26 West Martin Luther King Drive
Cincinnati, OH 45268
513-569-7665
Fax: 513-569-7620
TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPER CONTACT:
Bart Mass
Purus, Inc.
2713 North First Street
San Jose, CA 95134-2010
408-955-1000
Fax:408-955-1010
TCE PHOTOLYSIS FIELD TEST RESULTS
Freq.
(Hz)
30
30
30
30
15
15
5
5
1
1
No. of
chambers
4
4
4
2
4
2
4
2
4
2
Flow
(cfm)
103
97
95
106
97
103
95
103
106
103
Res.
time
(sec)
9.6
10.1
10.4
4.6
10.1
4.8
10.4
4.8
9.3
4.8
TCE
input
(ppmv)
78.4
108.5
98.3
91.7
106.8
101.3
104.9
101.4
101.7
98.5
TCE
output
(ppmv)
dl
dl
dl
0.07
dl
dl
dl
dl
0.85
13.23
TCE
destruction
(%)
>99.99
Si 99.99
2:99.99
99.92
3:99.99
3>99.99
>99.99
3:99.9
99.16
86.57
DCC
yield
(ppmv)
nd
21.3
25.6
15.9
22.8
12.6
8.7
9.4
12.5
6.8
DCAC
yield
(ppmv)
20.2
26.5
34
49.2
nd
65.3
75.7
76.3
83.2
84.9
Chlorine
balance
(Mole%)
78.8
106.2
114.5
91.1
nd
86.2
90.0
88.8
90.3
93.3
Notes: Hz = Hertz
cfm = cubic feet per minute
sec = seconds
ppmv = parts per million volume
dl = detection limit
nd = not detected
The SITE Program assesses but does not
approve or endorse technologies.
Page 299
-------
Technology Profile
EMERGING TECHNOLOGY PROGRAM
J.R. SIMPLOT
(The SABRE™ Process)
TECHNOLOGY DESCRIPTION:
The J.R. Simplot Company (Simplot) Simplot
Anaerobic Biological Remediation (SABRE™)
Process offers a bioremediation alternative to
cleaning soils and water contaminated with
nitroaromatics. Nitroaromatics have become
serious environmental contaminants at both
private and military locations nationwide.
Nitroaromatic contaminants include nitrotoluene
explosives and many pesticides, including dino-
seb, an herbicide banned for health concerns.
Researchers recently discovered that anaerobic
microbial mixtures can completely destroy many
chemicals. These chemicals include chloroform,
benzene, and chlorophenols, that had been
considered nonbiodegradable under such condi-
tions.
The SABRE™ Process begins when contaminated
soil is placed in a bioreactor with specially
prepared water in a one-to-one weight ratio. A
pH buffer, a carbon source (a Simplot potato
starch by-product), and a consortium of
enhanced dinoseb-degrading anaerobic bacteria
are introduced into the bioreactor. Research
indicates that these bacteria can completely
mineralize nitroaromatic contaminants.
The University of Idaho has developed anaerobic
microbial mixtures for Simplot to treat the
pesticide dinoseb(2-sec-buty!4,6-dinitro-phenol)
and trinitrotoluene (TNT). This mixture consists
of a variety of microbial genera, including
clostridia. The mixture activates a redox
potential of -200 millivolts or lower.
The initial step in nitroaromatic compound
metabolism is a reduction of the nitrosubsti-
tuents to amino groups, producing diaminonitro
isomers. Reduction of the third nitro group
occurs only under strictly anaerobic conditions.
These intermediates are further degraded to
simple organic compounds such as methyl-
phloroglucinol and p-cresol. These compounds
can be subsequently mineralized by indigenous
aerobic bacteria.
WASTE APPLICABILITY:
The SABRE™ Processes designed to treat soils
contaminated with nitroaromatic contaminants.
Anaerobic microbial mixtures have been deve-
loped for the pesticide dinoseb and for TNT.
These contaminants can be reduced to less than
1 part per million in most soils.
§L::
a3~at--3&. .^g-.v.a,--;s-b.--.V:.!. ^ .^^^.-^^S^^SSl^j^tf^^^g^J^^^
The SABRE™ Process for Remediation of Dinoseb
at Ellensburg, Washington
Page 300
The SITE Program assesses but does not
approve or endorse technologies.
-------
November
Completed Project
STATUS:
FOR FURTHER INFORMATION:
The SABRE™ Process was accepted into the
SITE Emerging Technology Program in January
1990. Under the program, bench-scale
processes have been developed for both dinoseb
and TNT.
A pilot-scale system treated a total of 11.5 cubic
yards of dinoseb-contaminated soils from a site
in Idaho. An initial field test was performed on
25 kilograms of dinoseb-contaminated soil from
a spill site in Ellensburg, Washington.
During bench-scale tests, soil contaminated with
percent quantities of TNT was treated to below
detectable limits. Degradation intermediates
were monitored by liquid chromatography.
EPA PROJECT MANAGER:
Wendy Davis-Hoover, Ph.D.
U.S. EPA
Risk Reduction Engineering Laboratory
26 West Martin Luther King Drive
Cincinnati, OH 45268
513-569-7206
Fax: 513-569-7879
TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPER CONTACT:
Russell Kaake, Ph.D.
J.R. Simplot
P.O. Box 912
Pocatello, ID 83204
208-234-5367
Fax: 208-234-5339
Based on these results, this technology was
accepted into the SITE Demonstration Program
in winter 1992.
Contaminated
Soil
Vibrating
Screen
Carbon
Source
Homogenization
Water
Contaminated
Oversize
Clean
Oversize
Contaminated
Water
Contaminated
Soil
Bioreactor
pH Buffer
& Nutrient
Supplements
Schematic Diagram of the SABRE™ Process
The SITE Program assesses but does not
approve or endorse technologies.
Page 301
-------
Technology Profile
EMERGING TECHNOLOGY PROGRAM
TRINITY ENVIRONMENTAL TECHNOLOGIES, INC.
(PCB- and Organochlorine-Contaminated Soil Detoxification)
TECHNOLOGY DESCRIPTION:
This technology uses an aptotic solvent, other
reagents, and heat to dehalogenate polychlorin-
ated biphenyls (PCB) to inert biphenyl and
chloride salts. First, solid material is sized to
allow better contact between the reagents and
PCBs. In a continuous flow reactor, the soils
are heated to drive off excess water. Reagents
are then added to destroy the PCBs.
The reagent, consisting of a solvent and an
inorganic alkali material, completely strips
chlorine from the PCB molecule. Excess alkali
can be easily neutralized. The solvent has a
higher boiling point than water and is reusable hi
the process. Treated soil can be returned to the
excavation once analytical results show that
PCBs have been destroyed. Moderate proces-
sing temperatures ensure that the soil's physical
structure is not appreciably changed.
Gas chromatography/mass spectroscopy analyses
of processed PCB materials show that the pro-
cess produces no toxic or hazardous products.
A chlorine balance confirms that PCBs are
completely dehalogenated. To further confirm
chemical dehalogenation, inorganic and total
chloride analyses are also used. The average
total chloride recovery for treated soils is greater
than 90 percent.
The commercial process is expected to be less
costly than incineration but more expensive than
land disposal. Since no stack emissions are
produced, permitting the process for a remedia-
tion would be easier than incineration.
WASTE APPLICABILITY:
The process has treated PCB Aroclor mixtures,
specific PCB congeners, pentachlorophenol, and
individual chlorinated dioxin isomers. However,
other chlorinated hydrocarbons such as pes-
ticides, herbicides, and polychlorinated diben-
zofurans could also be treated by this tech-
nology. The process can treat many different
solid and sludge-type materials, provided they
are compatible with the solvent.
PCB-
Contamlnated
Soil
Soil Particle
Sizing
1
Particle
Screening
>
i
Caustic
Reagent
1
Soil Heated
to Remove
Moisture
1
PCBs
Removed
From Water
i
PCB Solids
Into Process
Aprotic
Solvent
1
Heat
Maintained
to Promote
Dehalogenation
Reaction
Solvent Purified
to Remove
Any Soil Fines
T
Solvent
Recovered from
Non-PCB Soil
Excess Caustic
in Non-PCB Soil
— > is Neutralized
Water
Acidified
T
Acid
Acidified Water
PCB Soil Detoxification Process
Page 302
The SITE Program assesses but does not
approve or endorse technologies.
-------
November 1994
Completed Project
STATUS:
This technology was accepted into the SITE
Emerging Technology Program in July 1990.
The current system was developed by research-
ers in early 1991, after the original, aqueous,
caustic-based system proved ineffective at de-
stroying PCBs.
In bench-scale studies, synthetically contaminat-
ed materials have been processed to eliminate
uncertainties in initial PCB concentration. This
chemical process has reduced PCB concentra-
tions from 2,000 parts per million (ppm) to less
than 2 ppm in about 30 minutes using moderate
power input. Further laboratory experiments are
underway to isolate the reaction mechanism and
to enhance PCB destruction. Through additional
experimentation, Trinity Environmental Technol-
ogies, Inc., expects to reduce processing time
through better temperature control, more effi-
cient mixing, and possibly more aggressive
reagents.
A modular pilot-scale processor has been
planned that uses several heating zones to pre-
heat and dry the contaminated soil, followed by
PCB destruction. The pilot process would be
capable of processing 1 ton per hour initially.
Additional modules could be added to increase
process capacity, as needed. Contaminated soils
from actual sites will be used for these tests
instead of the synthetically contaminated soils
used in bench-scale testing.
The SITE project terminated in 1992. The
developer is investigating further improvements
to the technology. Due to cost limitations, no
commercialization of the investigated process is
expected. A final report will not be published.
FOR FURTHER INFORMATION:
EPA PROJECT MANAGER:
Paul dePercin
U.S. EPA
Risk Reduction Engineering Laboratory
26 West Martin Luther King Drive
Cincinnati, OH 45268
513-569-7797
Fax: 513-569-7620
TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPER CONTACT:
Duane Koszalka
Trinity Environmental Technologies, Inc.
62 East First Street
Mound Valley, KS 67354
316-328-3222
Fax:316-328-2033
The SITE Program assesses but does not
approve or endorse technologies.
Page 303
-------
Techno/oc/v Profile
EMERGING TECHNOLOGY PROGRAM
UNIVERSITY OF WASHINGTON
(Adsorptive Filtration)
TECHNOLOGY DESCRIPTION:
Adsorptive filtration removes inorganic contami-
nants (metals) from aqueous waste streams. An
adsorbent ferrihydrite is applied to the surface of
an inert substrate such as sand, which is then
placed in a vertical column (see figure below).
The contaminated waste stream is adjusted to a
pH of 9 to 10 and passed through the column.
The iron-coated sand grains in the column act
simultaneously as a filter and adsorbent. When
the column's filtration capacity is reached (indi-
cated by particulate breakthrough or column
blockage), the column is backwashed. When the
adsorptive capacity of the column is reached
(indicated by breakthrough of soluble metals),
the metals are removed and concentrated for
subsequent recovery with a pH-induced
desorption process.
Sand can be coated with either iron nitrate or
iron chloride salt, and in some cases sodium
hydroxide. The resulting ferrihydrite-coated
sand is insoluble at pH above about 1; thus,
acidic solutions can be used in the regeneration
step to ensure complete metal recovery. The
system does not appear to lose treatment effi-
ciency after numerous regeneration cycles.
Anionic metals such as arsenate, chromate, and
selenite can be removed from the solution by
treating it at a pH near 4 and regenerating it at
a high pH. The system has an empty bed reten-
tion time of 2 to 5 minutes.
This technology's advantages over conventional
treatment technologies include its,ability to 1)
remove both dissolved and suspended contami-
nants from the waste stream, 2) remove a
variety of complex metals, 3) work in the
Influent
p) PUMP
^, To Metal Recovery
Effluent to Discharge
or Recycle
Adsorptive Filtration Treatment System
Page 304
The SITE Program assesses but does not
approve or endorse technologies.
-------
November 1994
Completed Project
presence of high concentrations of background
ions, and 4) remove anions.
WASTE APPLICABILITY:
This adsorptive filtration process removes inor-
ganic contaminants, consisting mainly of metals,
from aqueous waste streams. It can be applied
to aqueous waste streams with a wide range of
contaminant concentrations and pH values.
STATUS:
This technology was accepted into the SITE
Emerging Technology Program in January 1988.
Synthetic solutions containing cadmium, copper,
or lead at concentrations of 0.5 part per million
(ppm) were treated in packed columns using 2-
minute retention tunes. After approximately
5,000 bed volumes were treated, effluent con-
centrations were about 0.025 ppm for each
metal, or a 95 percent removal efficiency. The
tests were stopped, although the metals were still
being removed. In other experiments, the media
adsorbed about 7,000 milligrams per liter
(mg/L) copper.
The first batch of regenerant solutions contained
cadmium and lead at concentrations of about 500
ppm. With initial concentrations of 0.5 ppm,
this represents a concentration factor of about
1,000 to 1. Data for the copper removal test
have not been analyzed. At a flow rate yielding
a 2-minute retention time, the test would have
taken about 7 days of continuous flow operation
to treat 5,000 bed volumes. Regeneration took
about 2 hours.
The system has also been tested for treatment of
rinse waters from a copper-etching process at a
printed circuit board shop. The coated sand was
effective in removing mixtures of soluble,
complexed, and particulate copper, as well as
zinc and lead, from these waters. When two
columns were used in series, the treatment
system was able to handle fluctuations in influent
copper concentration from less than 10 mg/L up
to several hundred mg/L.
Groundwater from Western Processing, a Super-
fund site near Seattle, Washington, was treated
successfully to remove both soluble and par-
ticulate zinc.
The Final Report (EPA/540/R-93/515),
Summary (EPA/540/SR-93/515), and Bulletin
(EPA/540/F-92/008) are available from EPA.
FOR FURTHER INFORMATION:
EPA PROJECT MANAGER:
Norma Lewis
U.S. EPA
Risk Reduction Engineering Laboratory
26 West Martin Luther King Drive
Cincinnati, OH 45268
513-569-7665
Fax: 513-569-7620
TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPER CONTACT:
Mark Benjamin
University of Washington
Department of Civil Engineering
Seattle, WA 98195
206-543-7645
Fax: 206-543-1543
The SITE Program assesses but does not
approve or endorse technologies.
Page 305
-------
Tf>nhnoloav Profile
EMERGING TECHNOLOGY PROGRAM
VORTEC CORPORATION
(Oxidation and Vitrification Process)
TECHNOLOGY DESCRIPTION:
Vortec Corporation (Vortec) has developed an
oxidation and vitrification process for remedia-
ting soils, sediments, sludges, and mill tailings
that have organic, inorganic, and heavy metal
contamination. The process can oxidize and
vitrify materials introduced as dry granulated
materials or slurries.
The figure below illustrates the Vortec oxidation
and vitrification process. The basic elements of
this system include 1) a combustion and melting
system (CMS); 2) a material handling, storage,
and feeding subsystem; 3) a vitrified product
separation and reservoir assembly; 4) a waste
heat recovery air preheater (recuperator); 5) a
flue gas cleanup subsystem; and 6) a vitrified
product handling subsystem.
The Vortec CMS is the primary thermal process-
ing system and consists of two major assemblies:
a counter-rotating vortex in-flight suspension
preheater, and a cyclone melter. First, slurried
or dry contaminated soil is introduced into the
counter-rotating vortex (CRV) combustor. The
CRV 1) burns the auxiliary fuel introduced
directly into the CRV combustor; 2) preheats the
suspended waste materials along with any glass-
forming additives mixed with oil; and 3)
oxidizes any organic constituents in the soil.
The average temperature of materials leaving the
CRV combustion chamber is between 2,200 and
2,800 degrees Fahrenheit, depending on the
processed soils' melting characteristics.
The preheated solid materials exit the CRV
combustor and enter the cyclone melter, where
they are dispersed to the chamber walls to form
a molten glass product. The vitrified, molten
glass product and the exhaust gases exit the
cyclone melter through a tangential exit channel
and enter a glass- and gas-separation chamber.
The exhaust gases then enter an air preheater for
waste heat recovery and are subsequently deli-
vered to an air pollution control subsystem for
particulate and acid gas removal. The molten
glass product exits the glass- and gas-separation
chamber through the tap, and is delivered to a
water quench assembly for subsequent disposal.
Unique features of the Vortec oxidation and
vitrification process include the following:
RUE GAS
CLEANUP
SUB-SYSTEM
RECTOED
BESCUE
| 1 VORTEC
I I CMS
Vortec Oxidation and Vitrification Process
Page 306
The SITE Program assesses but does not
approve or endorse technologies.
-------
November 1994
Completed Project
• Processes solid waste contaminated with
both organic and heavy metal contami-
nants
• Uses various fuels, including gas, oil,
coal, and waste
• Handles waste quantities ranging from 5
tons per day to more than 400 tons per
day
• Recycles particulate residue collected in
the air pollution control subsystem back
into the CMS process. These recycled
materials are incorporated into the glass
product, resulting hi zero solid waste
discharge
• Produces a vitrified product that is
nontoxic according to the EPA's toxicity
characteristic leaching procedure
(TCLP) standards, immobilizes heavy
metals, and has long-term stability
WASTE APPLICABILITY:
The Vortec oxidation and vitrification system
treats soils, sediments, sludges, and mill tailings
containing organic, inorganic, and heavy metal
contamination. Organic materials included with
the waste are successfully oxidized by the high
temperatures in the combustor. The inorganic
constituents in the waste material will determine
the amount and type of glass-forming additives
required to produce a vitrified product. This
process can be modified to produce a glass cullet
that consistently meets TCLP requirements.
STATUS:
The Vortec Technology was accepted into the
SITE Emerging Technology Program in May
1991. Research was completed in winter 1994
and the technology has been invited to
participate in the SITE Demonstration Program.
The research results will be published in the
Journal of Air and Waste Management article
entitled "Vitrification of Soils Contaminated by
Hazardous and/or Radioactive Waste." An
Emerging Technology Summary is available
from EPA.
The technology has been under development by
the U.S. Department of Energy (DOE) and
others since 1985. A 20-ton-per-day pilot-scale
test facility has been processing nonhazardous
industrial waste material since 1988; the vitrified
product generated in these tests passes TCLP
standards. A preliminary system with a treat-
ment rate of up to 400 tons per day has also
been designed. The pilot-scale facility processed
a surrogate soil spiked with arsenic, cadmium,
chromium, copper, lead, nickel, and zinc com-
pounds. Pilot-testing with a dry, granulated feed
stream was completed in June 1992, and the
glass product successfully passed TCLP tests.
Additional testing with a slurry feedstock was
completed in 1993. Transportable systems are
being designed for DOE soil remediation.
A transportable demonstration unit for treating
contaminated soil will be designed in 1994;
construction is scheduled for 1995. Vortec is
offering commercial systems and licenses for the
CMS technology.
FOR FURTHER INFORMATION:
EPA PROJECT MANAGER:
Teri Richardson
U.S. EPA
Risk Reduction Engineering Laboratory
26 West Martin Luther King Drive
Cincinnati, OH 45268
513-569-7949
Fax: 513-569-7620
TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPER CONTACT:
James Hnat
Vortec Corporation
3770 Ridge Pike
Collegeville, PA 19426-3158
610-489-2255
Fax: 610-489-3185
The SITE Program assesses but does not
approve or endorse technologies.
Page 307
-------
Techno/oav Profile
EMERGING TECHNOLOGY PROGRAM
WASTEWATER TECHNOLOGY CENTRE
(Cross-Flow Pervaporation System)
TECHNOLOGY DESCRIPTION:
Pervaporation is a process for removing volatile
organic compounds (VOC) from contaminated
water. Permeable membranes that preferentially
adsorb VOCs are used to partition VOCs from
the contaminated water. VOCs diffuse from the
membrane-water interface through the membrane
by vacuum. Upstream of the system's vacuum
vent, a condenser traps and contains the perme-
ating vapors, condensing the vapor to liquid
while alleviating fugitive emissions. The con-
densed organic materials represent only a frac-
tion of the initial wastewater volume and may be
subsequently disposed of at significant cost
savings. Industrial waste streams may also be
treated with this process, and solvents may be
recovered for reuse.
The membrane modules consist of hollow fibers
with well-defined alignment that results in high
mass transfer efficiencies, minimal pressure
drop, and low operating costs per 1,000 gallons
of treated wastewater. VOC removals have been
demonstrated to less than 5 parts per billion, or
better than 99.99 percent removal efficiency.
High removal capacity and containment of
fugitive emissions are the primary advantages of
this technology, as compared to air stripping
followed by gas-phase carbon adsorption.
WASTE APPLICABILITY:
Pervaporation can be applied to aqueous waste
streams such as groundwater, lagoons, leachate,
and rinsewater that are contaminated with VOCs
such as solvents, degreasers, and gasoline. The
technology is applicable to the types of wastes
currently treated by carbon adsorption, air
stripping, and steam stripping.
STATUS:
This technology was accepted into the SITE
Emerging Technology Program in January 1989.
A cost comparison performed by the Wastewater
Technology Centre in 1992 showed that perva-
poration can be competitive with air stripping
Module(s)
Contaminated
Water
Treated
Water
Vacuum
Pump
VOC-Rich
Condensate
Cross-Flow Pervaporation System
Page 308
The SITE Program assesses but does not
approve or endorse technologies.
-------
November 1994
Completed Protect
and activated carbon to treat low VOC concen-
trations.
Based on results from the Emerging Technology
Program, the cross-flow pervaporation system
was invited to participate in the SITE Demon-
stration Program. A pilot system built by Zenon
Environmental Inc. for Emergencies Engineering
Division of Environment Canada was evaluated
in-house and field tested in late 1993 in the
preliminary phase of the SITE demonstration.
The system removed more than 99 percent of
VOCs from the wastewater. A full-scale demon-
stration is scheduled for 1994 at Naval Air
Station North Island in San Diego, California.
A Bulletin (EPA/540/F-93/503), Summary
(EPA/540/SR-94/512), and Final Report
(EPA/540/R-94/512), and National Technical
Information Service (PB94-170230) are
available.
FOR FURTHER INFORMATION:
EPA PROJECT MANAGER:
John Martin
U.S. EPA
Risk Reduction Engineering Laboratory
26 West Martin Luther King Drive
Cincinnati, OH 45268
513-569-7758
Fax: 513-569-7676
TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPER CONTACTS:
Rob Booth
Wastewater Technology Centre
867 Lakeshore Road, Box 5068
Burlington, Ontario, Canada
L7R 4L7
905-336-4689
Fax: 905-336-4765
R. Philip Canning
Zenon Environmental Inc.
845 Harrington, Court
Burlington, Ontario, Canada
L7N 3P3
905-639-6320
Fax: 905-639-1812
The SITE Program assesses but does not
approve or endorse technologies.
Page 309
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Technofoav Profile
EMERGING TECHNOLOGY PROGRAM
WESTERN RESEARCH INSTITUTE
(Contained Recovery of Oily Wastes [CROW™])
TECHNOLOGY DESCRIPTION:
The Contained Recovery of Oily Wastes
(CROW™) process recovers oily wastes from the
ground by adapting a technology used for sec-
ondary petroleum recovery and primary produc-
tion of heavy oil and tar sand bitumen. Steam
and hot water displacement move accumulated
oily wastes and water to production wells for
aboveground treatment.
Injection and production wells are first installed
in soil contaminated with oily wastes (see figure
below). Low-quality steam is then injected
below the waste. The steam condenses, causing
rising hot water to dislodge the waste upward
into the more permeable soil regions. Hot water
is injected above the impermeable soil regions to
heat and mobilize the oil waste accumulations,
which are recovered by hot water displacement.
The displaced oily wastes form an oil bank that
the hot water injection displaces to the
production well. Behind the oil bank, the oil
saturation becomes immobile in the subsurface
pore space. The oil and water are treated for
reuse or discharge.
In situ biological treatment may follow the
displacement and is continued until groundwater
contaminants are no longer detected. During
treatment, all mobilized organic liquids and
water-soluble contaminants are contained within
the original boundaries of the oily waste. Haz-
ardous materials are contained laterally by
groundwater isolation and vertically by organic
liquid flotation. Excess water is treated in
compliance with discharge regulations.
Injection Well
Production Well
Steam-Stripped
Water
Low-Quality
Steam
Oil and Water
Production
Original Oil
Accumulation
ttx'ivttttK'ttx Hot Water:
••••••••••••••••••:•:•:•:•:•:•:• Flotation '
Steam
Injection
CROW™ Subsurface Development
Page 310
The SITE Program assesses but does not
approve or endorse technologies.
-------
November J994
Completed Project
The process 1) removes large portions of oily
waste, 2) stops the downward migration of
organic contaminants, 3) immobilizes residual
oily waste, and 4) reduces the volume, mobility,
and toxicity of oily waste. It can be used for
shallow and deep contaminated areas. The
process uses mobile equipment.
WASTE APPLICABILITY:
This technology can treat wastes from manufac-
tured gas plant sites, wood-treating sites, and
other sites with soils and aquifers containing
light to dense organic liquids, such as coal tars,
pentachlorophenol solutions, chlorinated
solvents, creosote, and petroleum by-products.
Depth to the contamination is not a limiting
factor.
STATUS:
This technology was tested both at the labora-
tory- and pilot-scale under the SITE Emerging
Technology Program. These tests showed the
effectiveness of the hot water displacement and
displayed the benefits of including chemicals
with the hot water. Evaluation under the
Emerging Technology Program is complete, and
the final report has been submitted to EPA.
Based on the results of the Emerging Technolo-
gy Program, this technology was invited to
participate in the SITE Demonstration Program.
The technology is being demonstrated at the
Pennsylvania Power and Light (PP&L) Brodhead
Creek site in Stroudsburg, Pennsylvania. The
project should be completed in early 1995.
Remediation Technologies, Inc., is participating
in the project. Other sponsors, in addition to
EPA and PP&L, are the Gas Research Institute,
the Electric Power Research Institute, and the
U.S. Department of Energy.
This technology has been demonstrated at the
pilot scale at a wood treatment site in Minnesota
outside of the SITE Program. A 2-year full-
scale remediation program is presently underway
at this site. The developer is conducting
screening studies for additional sites and is
investigating the use of chemicals with the hot
water displacement. Nonaqueous phase liquid
removal rates of 60 to over 80 percent have
been achieved with hot water injection.
Chemical addition significantly increased recov-
ery.
FOR FURTHER INFORMATION:
EPA PROJECT MANAGER:
Eugene Harris
U.S. EPA
Risk Reduction Engineering Laboratory
26 West Martin Luther King Drive
Cincinnati, OH 45268
513-569-7862
Fax: 513-569-7676
TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPER CONTACT:
Lyle Johnson
Western Research Institute
365 North 9th
Laramie, WY 82070-3380
307-721-2281
Fax: 307-721-2233
The SITE Program assesses but does not
approve or endorse technologies.
Page 311
-------
GO
•«*
NJ
TABLE 4
Ongoing SITE Emerging Technology Program Projects as of October 1994
' — — "- "• •"-
Developer
ABB Environmental
Services, Inc.,
Wakefield, MA (EOT)*
Arizona State University/
IT Corporation,
Tempe, AZ/KnoxvUle, TN (E06)
Atomic Energy of Canada
Limited,
Chalk River, Ontario, Canada
(E06)
Center for Hazardous Materials
Research,
Pittsburgh, PA (EOS)
COGNIS, Inc.,
Santa Rosa, CA (EOS)
Davy International Energy and
Environmental Division
(formerly Davy Research and
Development, Limited),
Stockton-on-Tees, England (E04)
M,L. ENERGIA, Inc.,
Princeton, NJ (EOS)
M.L. ENERGIA, Inc.,
Princeton, NJ (E07)
=======
Technology
Anaerobic/Aerobic
Sequential
Bioremediation of PCE
'hotocatalytic
Oxidation with Air
Stripping
Ultrasonic-Aided
Leachate Treatment for
Mixed Wastes
Organics Destruction
and Metals
Stabilization
Biological/Chemical
Treatment
Chemical Treatment
Reductive Photo-
Dechlorination
Treatment
Reductive Thermal and
Photo-Thermal
Oxidation Processes
for Enhanced
Conversion of
Chlorocarbons
—
Technology
Contact
Willard Murray
617-245-6606
Gregory Raupp
602-965-2828
Richard Miller
615-690-3211
S. Vijayan and
L. A. Moschuk
613-584-3311
Phil Campbell
800-872-2325
Bruce King
412-826-5320
Ron Wilson
707-576-6231
Graham Wightman
OH-44-642-602221
Moshe Lavid
609-799-7970
Moshe Lavid
609-799-7970
EPA Project
Manager
Ronald Lewis
513-569-7856
Norma Lewis
513-569-7665
Joan Mattox
513-569-7624
Randy Parker
513-569-7271
Steven Rock
513-569-7149
Mary Stinson
908-321-6683
Michelle Simon
513-569-7469
Michelle Simon
513-569-7469
— — •
Waste Media
Groundwater
Air Streams
Acid Mine
Drainage
Soil, Sediment
Soil
Soil, Sediment
Liquid, Gas
Air
Applicable Waste
Inorganic
Not Applicable
Not Applicable
Heavy Metals,
Eladionuclides
Heavy Metals
Heavy Metals
Heavy Metals
Not Applicable
Not Applicable
Organic
PCE, TCE, Vinyl Chloride
VOCs
Not Applicable
Nonspecific Organics
PAHs, Petroleum
Hydrocarbons
Chlorinated Solvents,
Pesticides, PCBs
Volatile Chlorinated Wastes
Volatile Hydrocarbons
* Solicitation Number
-------
TABLE 4 (continued)
Ongoing SITE Emerging Technology Program Projects as of October 1994
Developer
Energy and Environmental
Research Corporation,
Irvine, CA (E06)
Environmental BioTechnologies,
Inc.,
Menlo Park, CA (E06)
General Atomics, Nuclear
Remediation Technologies
Division,
San Diego, CA (E06)
Geo-Microbial Technologies,
Inc.,
Ochelata, OK (E07)
Groundwater Technology
Government Services, Inc.,
Concord, CA (E04)
High Voltage Environmental
Applications, Inc.,
Miami, PL (E06)
Institute of Gas Technology,
Des Plaines, IL (E03)
Institute of Gas Technology,
Des Plaines, IL (E07)
IT Corporation,
Cincinnati, OH (E07)
IT Corporation,
San Bernardino, CA (E06)
IT Corporation,
Knoxville, TN (E04)
Technology
Reactor Filter System
Microbial Composting
Process
Acoustic Barrier
Paniculate Separator
Metals Release and
Removal from Wastes
Below-Grade
Bioremediation of
Chlorinated Cyclodiene
Insecticides
High Energy Electron
Beam Irradiation
Fluidized-Bed
Cyclonic
Agglomerating
Combustor
Supercritical
Extraction/Liquid
Phase Oxidation
Chelation/Electro-
deposition of Toxic
Metals from Soils
Eimco Biolift™ Slurry
Reactor
Mixed Waste
Treatment Process
Technology
Contact
Wm. Randall Seeker
714-859-8851
Douglas Munnecke
415-462-6712
Robert Goforth
619-455-2499
Donald Hitzman
918-535-2281
Rod Venterea
510-671-2116
William Cooper
305-593-5330
Amir Rehmat
708-768-0588
Michael Mensinger
708-768-0602
Michael Mensinger
708-768-0602
E. Radha Krishnan
513-782-4700
Kandi Brown
909-799-6869
Ed Alperin
615-690-3211
EPA Project
Manager
Joyce Perdek
908-321-4380
Ronald Lewis
513-569-7856
Laurel Staley
513-569-7863
Jack Hubbard
513-569-7507
Ronald Lewis
513-569-7856
Mary Stinson
908-321-6683
Teri Richardson
513-569-7949
Annette Gatchett
513-569-7697
George Moore
513-569-7991
Brunilda Davila
513-569-7849
Douglas Grosse
513-569-7844
Waste Media
Gas Streams
Soil, Sediment
Gas Streams
Soil, Sludge,
Sediment
Soil, Sludge,
Sediment
Soil, Sediment,
Sludge
Solid, Liquid,
Gas, Soil, Sludge
Soil, Sludge
Soil, Sludge
Soil, Sludge
Soil
Applicable Waste
Inorganic
Volatile Toxic Metals
Not Applicable
Radioactive Particles
Metals
Not Applicable
Not Applicable
Nonvolatile Inorganics
Not Applicable
Metals
Not Applicable
Nonspecific Inorganics,
Radioactive Material
Organic
Condensed-Phase Organics
Coal Tar Wastes, PAHs
SVOCs, PCBs
Hydrocarbons, Other
Organic Pollutants
Biodegradable Organic
Compounds
Pesticides, Insecticides,
Petroleum Residues, PCBs
Nonspecific Organics
PAHs, PCBs
Not Applicable
PAHs
Nonspecific Organics
CO
«*
Co
-------
TABLE 4 (continued)
Ongoing SITE Emerging Technology Program Projects as of October 1994
Developer
Lewis Environmental Services,
Inc./Hickson Corporation,
Pittsburgh, PA (E06)
Matrix Photocatalytic Inc.
(formerly Nutech
Environmental),"
London, Ontario, Canada (EOS)
Merabran Corporation,
Minneapolis, MN (E07)
OHM Remediation Services
Corporation,
Findlay, OH (E05)
Pulse Sciences, Inc.,
San Leandro, CA (E06)
Remediation Technologies, Inc.,
Seattle, WA (E05)
State University of New York at
Oswego,
Oswego, NY (E06)
Thermo Analytical,
Oak Ridge, TN (E07)
University of Dayton Research
Institute,
Dayton, OH (EOS)
Technology
Chromated Copper
Arsenate Soil Leaching
Process
Ti02 Photocatalytic Air
Treatment
Membrane Gas
Transfer in Waste
Remediation
Oxygen Microbubble
In Situ Bioremediation
X-Ray Treatment of
Organically
Contaminated Soils
Chlorinated Gas
Treatment Biofilm
Reactor
Photocatalytic
Degradation of PCB-
Contaminated
Sediments and Waters
Segmented Gate
System (SGS)
Photothermal
Detoxification Unit
Technology
Contact
Tom Lewis III
412-322-8100
Bob Henderson
519-660-8669
Charles Gantzer
612-378-2160
Douglas Jerger
419-424-4932
Vernon Bailey
510-632-5100
Hans Stroo
206-624-9349
Ronald Scrudato and
Jeffrey Chiarenzelli
315-341-3639
Jeffrey Brown
615-481-0683
Barry Dellinger and
John Graham
513-229-2846
EPA Project
Manager
Randy Parker
513-569-7271
John Ireland
513-569-7413
Paul dePercin
513-569-7797
Ronald Lewis
513-569-7856
George Moore
513-569-7991
Ronald Lewis
513-569-7856
Hector Moreno
513-569-7882
Joan Mattox
513-569-7624
Chien Chen
908-906-6985
Waste Media
Soil
Air
Air
Groundwater
Soil
Gas
Soil, Sludge,
Sediment
Soil, Sludge,
Sediment, Sand
Soil, Sludge,
Sand, Aqueous
Streams
Applicable Waste
Inorganic
Heavy Metals, Nonspecific
Inorganics
Not Applicable
Not Applicable
Not Applicable
Not Applicable
Not Applicable
Not Applicable
Radionuclides
Not Applicable
Organic
Nonspecific Organics
VOCs
Petroleum Hydrocarbons,
Chlorinated Solvents
Petroleum Hydrocarbons,
Organic Solvents,
Creosote, PCP
Benzene, Toluene, Xylene,
TCA, TCE, Carbon
Tetrachloride, Chloroform,
PCBs
Chlorinated Volatile
Hydrocarbons
PCBs, Other Chlorinated
Organics, VOCs, SVOCs
Not Applicable
PCBs, PCDDs, PCDFs,
Aromatic and Aliphatic
Ketones, Aromatic and
Chlorinated Solvents
CO
Invited to participate in the SITE Demonstration Program
-------
TABLE 4 (continued)
Ongoing SITE Emerging TechnoJogy Program Projects as of October 1994
Developer
University of Houston,
Houston, TX (E07)
University of South Carolina,
Columbia, SC (E03)
Western Product Recovery
Group, Inc.,
Houston, TX (E04)
Roy F. Weston, Inc.,
West Chester, PA (E06)
=^=^==^=^==
Technology
Concentrated-Chloride
Extraction and
Recovery of Lead
In Situ Mitigation of
Acid Water
CCBA Physical and
Chemical Treatment
Ambersorb® 563
Adsorbent
^=^=^=^=
Technology
Contact
Dennis Clifford
713-743-4266
Tun Newed
713-743-4292
Frank Caruccio
803-777-4512
Donald Kelly
713-493-9321
Russ Turner
610-701-3097
Deborah Plantz
215-641-7478
=====
EPA Project
Manager
Eugene Harris
513-569-7862
Roger Wilmoth
513 569 7509
Mark Meckes
513-569-7348
Ronald Turner
513-569-7775
=====
Waste Media
Soil
Acid Mine
Drainage
Wastewater, Soil,
Sludge, Sediment
Water
—
1
Applicable Waste
Inorganic
Lead
Most Metals
Heavy Metals
Not Applicable
Organic
Not Applicable
Not Applicable
Nonspecific Mixed
Organics
VOCs
CO
-------
Technoloav Profile
EMERGING TECHNOLOGY PROGRAM
ABB ENVIRONMENTAL SERVICES, INC.
(Anaerobic/Aerobic Sequential Bioremediation of PCE)
TECHNOLOGY DESCRIPTION:
ABB Environmental Services, Inc.'s (ABB-ES),
research has demonstrated that sequential anaer-
obic/aerobic biodegradation of tetrachloroethyl-
ene (PCE) is feasible if the proper conditions
can be established. The anaerobic process can
potentially completely dechlorinate PCE.
However, conversion of vinyl chloride (VC) to
ethylene is the slowest step in this process. Of
the chlorinated ethenes, VC is the most amen-
able to treatment by aerobic methanotrophic
processes. Therefore, a two-step process is
thought to be the most efficient. The first step
is anaerobic, which rapidly dechlorinates PCE
and trichloroethylene (TCE) to breakdown
products 1,2-dichloroethylene (DCE) and VC.
Since the anaerobic dechlorination of DCE and
VC to ethylene can be quite slow, a second
aerobic step is implemented that can more
quickly complete the remediation process. The
schematic diagram below illustrates this
technology.
The goal of this project is to field test the
effectiveness of creating and maintaining the
proper in situ conditions for chlorinated ethene
degradation in an aquifer. To achieve this goal,
ABB-ES will test methods of carbon and mineral
nutrient injection and delivery into an aquifer
contaminated with PCE or TCE. Groundwater
chemical conditions will be monitored within
and downgradient of the anaerobic treatment
zone to gauge the efficiency of the anaerobic
process. If volatile organic compound analyses
show that the resulting downgradient breakdown
products include TCE, DCE, or VC, oxygen
and methane will be added to the groundwater to
stimulate aerobic degradation by indigenous
methanotrophic bacteria.
WASTE APPLICABILITY:
This technology removes PCE, TCE, DCE, and
VC from groundwater.
NUTRIEOTS,
COHTAMINANr
SOURCE
NUTRIENTS,
OXYOEN
(METHANE)
Schematic Diagram of the Anaerobic/Aerobic
• Sequential Bioremediation of PCE
Page 316
The SITE Program assesses but does not
approve or endorse technologies.
-------
November 1994
Ongoing Project
STATUS:
This technology was accepted into the SITE
Emerging Technology Program in July 1994.
FOR FURTHER INFORMATION:
EPA PROJECT MANAGER:
Ronald Lewis
U.S. EPA
Risk Reduction Engineering Laboratory
26 West Martin Luther King Drive
Cincinnati, OH 45268
513-569-7856
Fax: 513-569-7620
TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPER CONTACT:
Willard Murray
ABB Environmental Services, Inc.
Corporate Place 128
107 Audubon Road
Wakefield, MA 01880
617-245-6606
Fax: 617-246-5060
The SITE Program assesses but does not
approve or endorse technologies.
Page 317
-------
Technology Profile
EMERGING TECHNOLOGY PROGRAM
ATOMIC ENERGY OF CANADA LIMITED
(Ultrasonic-Aided Leachate Treatment for Mixed Wastes)
TECHNOLOGY DESCRIPTION:
The ultrasonic-aided leachate treatment process
involves enhanced chemical treatment of acidic
soil leachate solutions. These solutions, also
known as acid mine drainage, are caused by the
oxidation and dissolution of sulfide-bearing
wastes, which produces sulfuric acid. The
resulting acidic water leaches metal contaminants
from the exposed waste rock and tailings, creat-
ing large volumes of acidic leachates.
The ultrasonic-aided leachate treatment uses an
ultrasonic field to improve contaminant removal
through precipitation, coprecipitation, oxidation,
ion scavenging, and sorption (see figure below).
These processes are followed by solid-liquid
separation by filtration equipment using a filter
press and a cross-flow microfilter connected in
series. The time required for treatment depends
on 1) the nature of acidic waste to be treated, 2)
the treated water quality with respect to contami-
nant concentration, and 3) the rate at which the
physical and chemical processes occur. The
treatable leachate volume is scalable.
The major difference between this technology
and conventional processes is the use of ultra-
sonic mixing instead of mechanical agitation in
large tanks. Research indicates that an ultra-
sonic field significantly increases the conversion
rate of dissolved contaminants to precipitates and
the rate of oxidation and ion exchange. Earlier
studies by Atomic Energy of Canada Limited
Chemical Reagents Addition
pH Chemical
Oxidant
Precipitant
Concentrate
(1 To 2% Solids)
\ Suspended Solids)
Wet Cake
(20 To 35% Solids)
Addle Sou Leachate Feed
Percent Dissolved Solids:
5.000 To 10,000 ppm
Primary Contaminants:
(Heavy Metals & Radionudides)
1,000 To 2,000 ppm
To Disposal
Ultrasonic-Aided Leachate Treatment
for Acidic Soil Leachate Solutions
Page 320
The SITE Program assesses but does not
approve or endorse technologies.
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November 1994
Ongoing Project
(AECL) revealed that the time required to
precipitate heavy metals from aqueous solutions
decreased by an order of magnitude in the
presence of an ultrasonic field.
The ultrasonic-aided leachate treatment process
is compact, portable, and energy-efficient.
Safety and process controls are built in as neces-
sary for handling mixed radioactive solutions.
This process also generates minimal fugitive
emissions and produces a treated effluent that
meets applicable discharge limits. The process
may be able to treat waste containing small
amounts of dissolved or suspended organics.
WASTE APPLICABILITY:
The ultrasonic-aided leachate treatment process
treats acid mine drainage contaminated with
heavy metals and radionuclides. The process
can also combine with soil and groundwater
remediation technologies.
STATUS:
The ultrasonic-aided leachate treatment process
was accepted into the SITE Emerging Technolo-
gy Program in 1993. Under this program,
AECL plans to develop and test a pilot-scale unit
to treat acidic soil leachate solutions containing
low levels of metals and radionuclides.
AECL plans to use waste from the Nordic Mine
Tailings site near Elliot Lake, Ontario, Canada,
and the Berkeley Pit near Butte, Montana in its
research.
FOR FURTHER INFORMATION:
EPA PROJECT MANAGER:
Joan Mattox
U.S. EPA
Risk Reduction Engineering Laboratory
26 West Martin Luther King Drive
Cincinnati, OH 45268
513-569-7624
Fax: 513-569-7620
TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPER CONTACTS:
S. Vijayan and L.A. Moschuk
Atomic Energy of Canada Limited
Chalk River Laboratories
Chalk River, Ontario, Canada
KOJUO
613-584-3311, ext. 3220/6057
Fax: 613-584-1438
Phil Campbell
AECL Technologies
9210 Corporate Blvd.
Suite 410
Rockville, MD 20850
800-872-2325
Fax: 301-417-0746
The SITE Program assesses but does not
approve or endorse technologies.
Page 327
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Technology Profile
EMERGING TECHNOLOGY PROGRAM
CENTER FOR HAZARDOUS MATERIALS RESEARCH
(Organics Destruction and Metals Stabilization)
TECHNOLOGY DESCRIPTION:
This technology is designed to destroy hazardous
organics in soils while simultaneously stabilizing
metals and metal ions (see figure below). The
technology causes contaminated liquids, soils,
and sludges to react with elemental sulfur at
elevated temperatures, since all organic com-
pounds react with sulfur. Hydrocarbons are
converted to an inert carbon-sulfur powdered
residue and hydrogen sulfide gas. Treated
chlorinated hydrocarbons also produce hydro-
chloric acid gas. These acid gases are recovered
from the off-gases, and sulfur recovered for
reuse by oxidation of the hydrogen sulfide in a
conventional acid gas treating unit (such as ARI
Technologies LO-CAT™).
In addition to destroying organic compounds, the
technology converts heavy metals to sulfides,
which are rendered less leachable. If required,
the sulfides can be further stabilized before
disposal. Thus, this process offers the potential
to stabilize heavy metals in the same process
step as the organics destruction.
Treated
Gas
LO-CAT-II
Makeup
Sulfur
Treated
* Soil
Organics Destruction and Metals Stabilization
Page. 322
The SITE Program assesses but does not
approve or endorse technologies.
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November 1994
Ongoing Project
The technology's main process components
include the following:
• A prereaction mixer where the solid and
reagent are mixed
• An indirectly heated, enclosed reactor
that includes a preheater section to drive
off water, and two integrated reactor
sections to react liquid sulfur with the
solids and further react desorbed orga-
nic compounds with vapor phase sulfur
» An acid gas treatment system that
removes the acid gases and recovers
sulfur by oxidizing the hydrogen sulfide
• A treated solids processing unit that
recovers excess reagent and prepares the
treated product to comply with on-site
disposal requirements
Initial pilot-scale testing of the technology has
demonstrated that organic contaminants can be
destroyed in the vapor phase with elemental
sulfur. Tetrachlorethene, trichloroethene, and
polychlorinated biphenyls were among the
organic compounds destroyed.
Batch treatability tests of contaminated soil
mixtures have demonstrated organics destruction
and immobilization of various heavy metals.
Immobilization of heavy metals is determined by
the concentration of the metals in leachate
compared to the EPA toxicity characteristic
leaching procedure (TCLP) regulatory limits.
Following treatment, cadmium, copper, lead,
nickel, and zinc were significantly reduced
compared to TCLP values. In treatability tests
with approximately 700 parts per million of
Aroclor 1260, destruction levels of 99.0 to
99.95 percent were achieved.
The experimental program currently in progress
is providing a more detailed definition of the
process limits, metal concentrations, and soil
types for stabilization of various heavy metals to
meet the limits specified by TCLP. In addition,
several process enhancements have been identi-
fied and are being evaluated to expand the range
of applicability.
WASTE APPLICABILITY:
The technology is applicable to soils and
sediments contaminated with both organics and
heavy metals.
STATUS:
This technology was accepted into the SITE
Emerging Technology Program and work began
in January 1993. Bench-scale testing in batch
reactors was completed in 1993. The current
pilot-scale program is directed at integrating the
process concepts and obtaining process data in a
continuous unit. This program is scheduled to
be completed in early 1995.
FOR FURTHER INFORMATION:
EPA PROJECT MANAGER:
Randy Parker
U.S. EPA
Risk Reduction Engineering Laboratory
26 West Martin Luther King Drive
Cincinnati, OH 45268
513-569-7271
Fax: 513-569-7620
TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPER CONTACT:
A. Bruce King
Center for Hazardous Materials Research
320 William Pitt Way
Pittsburgh, PA 15238
412-826-5320
Fax: 412-826-5552
The SITE Program assesses but does not
approve or endorse technologies.
Page 323
-------
Technology Profile
EMERGING TECHNOLOGY PROGRAM
COGNIS, INC.
(Biological/Chemical Treatment)
TECHNOLOGY DESCRIPTION:
COGNIS, Inc.'s, biological/chemical treatment
is a two-stage process that treats contaminated
soils, sediments, and other media containing
both metals and organics. Metals are first
removed from the contaminated matrix by a
chemical leaching process. The organics are
then removed by bioremediation.
Although metals removal usually occurs in the
first stage, bioremediation may be performed
first if organic contamination levels are found to
inhibit the metals extraction process. Bioremedi-
ation is more effective if the metal concentra-
tions in the soil are sufficiently low so as not to
inhibit the microbial population. However, even
in the presence of inhibitory metal concentra-
tions, a microbe population may be enriched to
perform the necessary bioremediation.
The soil handling requirements for both stages
are similar, so the unit operations are fully
reversible. The final treatment products are a
recovered metal or metal salt, biodegraded
organic compounds, and clean soil.
The contaminated soil is first exposed to a
leachant solution and classified by particle size
(see figure below). Size classification allows
oversized rock, gravel, and sand to be quickly
cleaned and separated from the sediment fines
(silt, clay, and humus), which require longer
leaching times. Typically, organic pollutants are
also attached to the fines.
After dissolution of the metal compounds, the
metal ions, such as zinc, lead, and cadmium, are
removed from the aqueous leachate by liquid ion
exchange, resin ion exchange, or reduction. At
this point, the aqueous leaching solution is freed
of metals, and can be reused to leach additional
metal from the contaminated soil. If an extrac-
tion agent is used, it is later stripped of the
bound metal under conditions in which the agent
is fully regenerated and recycled. The heavy
metals are recovered in a saleable, concentrated
form as solid metal or a metal salt. The method
of metals recovery depends on the metals present
and their concentrations.
Leachant
Leachant Recycle
Contaminated
Sol >
Metal
Bloaugment
Fertilizer
pH Adjust
Bioremediation
Metal Leaching and Bioremediation Process
Page 324
The SITE Program assesses but does not
approve or endorse technologies.
-------
November 1994
Ongoing Project
After metals extraction is complete, the "mud"
slurry settles and is neutralized. Liquids are
returned to the classifier, and the partially
treated soil is transferred to a slurry bioreactor,
a slurry-phase treatment lagoon, or a closed land
treatment cell for bioremediation. This soil and
residual leachate solution are treated to maxi-
mize contaminant biodegradation. Micro-nutri-
ents are added to support microbial growth, and
the most readily biodegradable organic com-
pounds are aerobically degraded.
Bench-scale tests indicate that this process can
remediate a variety of heavy metals and organic
pollutants. The combined process is less expen-
sive than separate metal removal and organic
remediation.
WASTE APPLICABILITY:
This remediation process can treat combined-
waste soils contaminated by heavy metals and
organic pollutants. The process can treat con-
taminants including lead, cadmium, zinc, and
copper, as well as petroleum hydrocarbons and
polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons that are
subject to aerobic microbial degradation. The
combined process can also be modified to extract
mercury and other metals, and degrade more
recalcitrant halogenated hydrocarbons.
STATUS:
This remediation process was accepted into the
SITE Emerging Technology Program hi August
1992. Bench- and pilot-scale testing of the
bioremediation process is under way. A full-
scale field test of the metals extraction process is
in progress.
FOR FURTHER INFORMATION:
EPA PROJECT MANAGER:
Steven Rock
U.S. EPA
Risk Reduction Engineering Laboratory
26 West Martin Luther King Drive
Cincinnati, OH 45208
513-569-7149
Fax: 513-569-7620
TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPER CONTACT:
Ron Wilson
COGNIS, Inc.
2330 Orcadian Way
Santa Rosa, CA 95407
707-576-6231
Fax: 707-575-7833
The SITE Program assesses but does not
approve or endorse technologies.
Page 325
-------
Technology Profile
EMERGING TECHNOLOGY PROGRAM
DAVY INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL DIVISION
(formerly DAVY RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT, LIMITED)
(Chemical Treatment)
TECHNOLOGY DESCRIPTION:
This treatment employs resin-in-pulp (RIP) or
carbon-in-pulp (CIP) technologies to treat soils,
sediments, dredgings, and solid residues con-
taminated with organic and inorganic material.
These technologies are based on resin ion
exchange and resin or carbon adsorption of con-
taminants from a leached soil-slurry mixture.
RIP and CIP processes are used on a commer-
cial scale to recover metals from ores. The RIP
process is well established in the recovery of
uranium and uses anion exchange resins to
adsorb uranium ions leached from ore. The CIP
process is commonly used to recover precious
metals. In this process, activated carbon adsorbs
gold and silver leached as cyanide complexes.
The figure below illustrates the process for
metals and other inorganically contaminated
soils. Incoming material is screened, and over-
sized material is crushed. The two fractions are
then combined and leached in an agitated tank,
where the contaminants are extracted. The
leached solids are then passed to cyclones that
separate coarse and fine material. The coarse
material is washed free of contaminants, and the
wash liquors containing the contaminants are
passed to the contaminant recovery section. The
leached fine fraction passes to the RIP or CIP
contactor, where ion exchange resins or
activated carbon remove the contaminants. The
difficult fines washing step is thereby eliminated.
The resins and carbons are eluted and recycled
in the extraction step, and the concentrated
contaminants in the eluate pass to the recovery
section. In the recovery section, precipitation
recovers contaminants from the wash and eluate
solutions. The precipitation yields a concen-
trated solid material and can be disposed of or
Contaminated
Soil
Wash
Water
Lsach_
Reagent
Decontaminated Fines Fraction
Chemical Treatment Process
Page 326
The SITE Program assesses but does not
approve or endorse technologies.
-------
November 1994
Ongoing Project
treated to recover metals or other materials.
The liquid effluent from the recovery section can
be recycled to the process.
For organically contaminated feeds, the in-pulp
or slurry process treats the whole leached solid.
Organic contaminants eluted from the resin or
carbon should be treated appropriately.
Both the RIP and CIP commercial scale process-
es operate in multistage, continuous, countercur-
rent contactors arranged horizontally.
WASTE APPLICABILITY:
This chemical treatment technology treats soils
and other materials contaminated with inorganic
and organic wastes. Inorganics include heavy
metals such as copper, chromium, zinc, mercu-
ry, and arsenic. Potential applications include
treatment of materials containing organics such
as chlorinated solvents, pesticides, and poly-
chlorinated biphenyls by selecting appropriate
extractant reagents and sorbent materials.
STATUS:
Davy International Energy and Environmental
Division has developed proprietary RIP and CIP
processes that are more compact and easier to
use than conventional equipment. The size of a
plant can be reduced about 80 percent.
This technology was accepted into the SITE
Emerging Technology Program in July 1991.
Laboratory studies have been underway since
January 1991. Bench-scale tests have suc-
cessfully met targets for removal of several
heavy metal contaminants.
Arsenic and mercury have proved more difficult
to remove; however, laboratory tests have
reduced arsenic to below 30 milligrams per
kilogram (mg/kg) in soil and mercury to 0.5
mg/kg in soil in the major fraction of the soil.
A location to demonstrate a small pilot plant is
being sought.
FOR FURTHER INFORMATION:
EPA PROJECT MANAGER:
Mary Stinson
U.S. EPA
Risk Reduction Engineering Laboratory
Building 10, MS-104
2890 Woodbridge Avenue
Edison, NJ 08837-3679
908-321-6683
Fax: 908-321-6640
TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPER CONTACT:
Graham Wightman
Davy International Energy
and Environmental Division
Ashmore House
Richardson Road
Stockton-on-Tees
Cleveland TS18 3RE
England
011-44-642-602221
Fax: 011-44-642-341001
The SITE Program assesses but does not
approve or endorse technologies.
Page 327
-------
Technology Profile
EMERGING TECHNOLOGY PROGRAM
M. L. ENERGIA, INC.
(Reductive Photo-Dechlorination Treatment)
TECHNOLOGY DESCRIPTION:
The Reductive Photo-Dechlorination (RPD)
treatment uses ultraviolet (UV) light hi a reduc-
ing atmosphere and at moderate temperatures to
treat waste streams containing chlorinated hydro-
carbons (C1HC). Because ClHCs are destroyed
in a reducing environment, the only products are
hydrocarbons and hydrogen chloride (HC1).
The RPD process is schematically depicted hi
the figure below. The RPD process consists of
five main units: 1) input/mixer; 2) photo-thermal
chamber; 3) HC1 scrubber; 4) separator; and 5)
product storage and recycling. Chlorinated
wastes may be introduced into the process hi one
of three ways: as a vapor, a liquid, or bound to
an adsorbent, such as activated carbon. Air
laden with chlorocarbon vapors is first passed
through a separator, which removes chlorinated
materials as a liquid. Chlorocarbon liquids are
fed into a vaporizer, mixed'with a reducing gas,
and passed into the photo-thermal chamber.
Chlorinated contaminants adsorbed onto
activated carbon are purged with reducing gas
and mildly heated to induce vaporization. The
ensuing vapors are then fed into the photo-
thermal chamber.
The photo-thermal chamber is the heart of the
RPD process because all reactions central to the
process occur in this chamber. Saturated,
olefinic, or aromatic chlorocarbons with one or
more carbon-chlorine bonds are exposed to UV
light, heat, and a reducing atmosphere, such as
hydrogen gas or methane (natural gas). Carbon-
chlorine bonds are broken, resulting in chain-
propagating hydrocarbon reactions. Chlorine
atoms are eventually stabilized as HC1. Hydro-
carbons may hold their original structures,
rearrange, cleave, couple, or go through addi-
tional hydrogenation. Hydrocarbons produced
from the dechlorination of wastes include ethane,
acetylene, ethylene, and methane; Valuable
hydrocarbon products are stored or sold. Op-
tionally, the hydrocarbons may be recycled as
auxiliary fuel to heat the photo-thermal chamber.
Reducing Gas
Recycle
Chlorocarbons
>».
^
Waste Stream
I
Input/
Mixer
UV
,JUgM
^
Photo-thermal
Chamber
>,
HCI
Scrubber
>_.
*
t
Separator
1
t
Reducing Gas
Make-up
Hydrocarbons
<
keductive Photo-Dechlorination (RPD) Treatment
Page 328
The SITE Program as.sesses but does not
approve or endorse technologies.
-------
November 1994
Ongoing Project
WASTE APPLICABILITY:
The RPD process is designed specifically to treat
volatile chlorinated wastes in the liquid or
gaseous state. The RPD process was tested for
trichlorethylene, trichloroethane (TCA), di-
chloroethylene, dichloroethane, vinyl chloride,
ethyl chloride, dichloromethane, and chloro-
form. The process may also be applicable to
tetrachloroethylene, carbon tetrachloride, and
chlorinated aromatics, which will be tested under
the Emerging Technology Program.
Field applications include treatment of organic
wastes, discharged soil venting operations, and
contaminants adsorbed on activated carbon. The
process can be used for treatment of gas streams
containing chlorinated hydrocarbons, and to pre-
treat gas streams entering catalytic oxidation
systems, reducing chlorine content and protec-
ting the catalyst against poisoning.
STATUS:
The RPD technology was accepted into the SITE
Emerging Technology Program in summer 1992.
Since then, the RPD technology has successfully
completed the bench-scale developmental stage,
from which a pilot-scale prototype unit is under
construction. Experimental results on a repre-
sentative chlorocarbon contaminant (for
example, TCA) have demonstrated greater than
99 percent conversion and dechlorination, with
high selectivity towards two valuable hydro-
carbon products (C2H6 and CH4). Similar
favorable results have been obtained for other
saturated and unsaturated chlorocarbons treated
by the RPD process. Preliminary cost analysis
shows that the process is extremely cost-
competitive with other remedial processes; the
estimated cost is less than $1 per pound of
treated chloro-carbon. A SITE demonstration is
scheduled, after which the RPD technology will
be available for commercialization.
FOR FURTHER INFORMATION:
EPA PROJECT MANAGER:
Michelle Simon
U.S. EPA
Risk Reduction Engineering Laboratory
26 West Martin Luther King Drive
Cincinnati, OH 45268
513-569-7469
Fax: 513-569-7676
TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPER CONTACT:
Moshe Lavid
M. L. ENERGIA, Inc.
P.O. Box 470
Princeton, NJ 08542-0470
609-799-7970
Fax: 609-799-0312
The SITE Program assesses but does not
approve or endorse technologies.
Page 329
-------
Technology Profile
EMERGING TECHNOLOGY PROGRAM
M.L. ENERGIA, INC.
(Reductive Thermal and Photo-Thermal Oxidation Processes
for Enhanced Conversion of Chlorocarbons)
TECHNOLOGY DESCRIPTION:
Two innovative processes, Reductive Thermal
Oxidation (RTO) and Reductive Photo-Thermal
Oxidation (RPTO), safely and cost-effectively
convert chlorinated hydrocarbons (C1HC) into
environmentally benign and useful materials.
Both processes treat air streams laden with
ClHCs. RTO converts ClHCs at moderate tem-
peratures by cleaving C-C1 bond in the absence
of ultraviolet light. RPTO operates under similar
conditions in the presence of ultra-violet light.
Subsequent reactions between ensuing radicals
and the reducing gas results hi chain-propagation
reactions. The presence of air (oxygen) during
the conversion process accelerates the overall
reaction rate without significant oxidation. The
final products are useful hydrocarbons and
environmentally-safe materials including
hydrogen chloride, carbon dioxide, and water.
A schematic of the RTO/RPTO processes is
shown in the figure below. The process consists
of six main units: 1) input/mixer; 2) photo-
thermal chamber; 3) scrubber; 4) separator; 5)
storage/sale; and 6) conventional catalytic oxida-
tion unit. Air laden with ClHCs is mixed with
reducing gas and passed into a photo-thermal
chamber, which is the heart of the RTO/RPTO
technology. In this chamber, the mixture is
heated to moderate temperatures to sustain the
radical chain reactions. Depending on the
physical/chemical characteristics of the particular
ClHCs treated, conversion can take place in two
ways: the RTO process is pure thermal, and the
RPTO process is photo-thermal. After suitable
residence time, HC1 is removed by passing the
stream through an aqueous scrubber. The
stream can then be treated in an optional second
storage, or separated and sent to storage.
Excess reducing gas is recycled, and residual
(sub parts per million) ClHCs, HCs, and CO are
treated by catalytic oxidation. Volatile hydro-
carbons can also be recycled as an energy source
for process heating, if partial oxidation at the
Reducing Gas
Recycle
Laden with
Chlorocarbons
-^
UV
Light
-- — '
^-
Photo-thermal
Chamber
Separator
«ir ^_
Residuals
Conventional
Catalytic
Oxidation Unit
^
Exhaust
Reducing Gas
Make-up
Hydrocarbons(Optional)
ENERGIA's Reductive Thermal Oxidation (RTO)
and Photo-Thermal Oxidation (RPTO) Processes
Page 330
The SITE Program assesses but does not
approve or endorse technologies.
-------
November 1994
Ongoing Project
photo-thermal chamber does not generate enough
heat.
WASTE APPLICABILITY:
This technology removes volatile hydrocarbons
from air streams. Field applications include
direct treatment (no air separation) of air streams
contaminated with chlorocarbons, wastes dis-
charged from soil vapor extraction or vented
from industrial hoods and stacks, and those
adsorbed on granular activated carbon. The
process can also be applicable for in situ treat-
ment of sites containing contaminated ground
and surface waters.
STATUS:
This technology was accepted into the SITE
Emerging Technology Program hi July 1994.
Laboratory-scale tests have been conducted on
two representatives of saturated ClHCs
(dichloromethane and trichloroethane), and on
two representatives of unsaturated ClHCs (1,2-
dichloroethylene and trichloroethylene). The
RTO and RPTO processes have demonstrated 99
percent or more conversion/dechlorination with
high selectivity towards valuable hydrocarbon
products (CH4 and C2H6).
FOR FURTHER INFORMATION:
EPA PROJECT MANAGER:
Michelle Simon
U.S. EPA
Risk Reduction Engineering Laboratory
26 West Martin Luther King Drive
Cincinnati, OH 45268
513-569-7469
Fax: 513-569-7676
TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPER CONTACT:
Moshe Lavid
M.L. ENERGIA, Inc.
P.O. Box 470
Princeton, NJ 08542-0470
609-799-7970
Fax: 609-799-0312
The SITE Program assesses but does not
approve or endorse technologies.
Page 331
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Technology Profile
EMERGING TECHNOLOGY PROGRAM
ENERGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH CORPORATION
(Reactor Filter System)
TECHNOLOGY DESCRIPTION:
The Reactor Filter System (RFS) technology
controls gaseous and entrained participate matter
emissions generated from the primary thermal
treatment of sludges, soils, and sediments. Most
Superfund sites are contaminated with toxic
organic chemicals and metals. Currently avail-
able thermal treatment systems for detoxifying
these materials release products of incomplete
combustion (PIC) and volatile toxic metals.
Also, large air pollution control devices
(APCD), often required to control PICs and
metals, are generally not suited for transport to
remote Superfund sites. Energy and Environ-
mental Research Corporation (EER) is currently
developing the RFS to avoid some of the logisti-
cal problems associated with conventional
APCD.
The RFS uses a fabric filter immediately down-
stream of the thermal treatment process to
control toxic metals, particulates, and unburned
organic species. The RFS involves the fol-
lowing three steps:
• First, solids are treated with a primary
thermal process, such as a rotary kiln,
fluidized bed, or other system.
• Next, a low-cost, aluminosilicate sor-
bent such as kaolinite is injected into the
flue gases at temperatures near 1,300
degrees Celsius (°C) (2,370 degrees
Fahrenheit [°F]). The sorbent reacts
with volatile metal species such as lead,
cadmium, and arsenic in the gas stream
and chemically adsorbs onto the surfaces
of the sorbent particles. This reaction
forms insoluble, nonleachable alumino-
Reactor Filter System
abric
Filter BagsJ
JIOOCTC)
Exhaust
Example Application of RFS Equipment
Page 332
The SITE Program assesses but does not
approve or endorse technologies.
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November 1994
Ongoing Project
silicate complexes similar to cementi-
tious species.
• Finally, high-temperature fabric filtra-
tion up to 1,000 °C (1,830 °F) provides
additional residence time for the sorbent/
metal reaction to produce nonleachable
by-products. This step also provides
additional time for destruction of organ-
ic compounds in particulate matter,
reducing ash toxicity. Because of the
established link between PIC formation
and gas-particle chemistry, this process
can also virtually eliminate potential.
polychlorinated dioxin formation.
The RFS can dramatically improve the perfor-
mance of existing thermal treatment systems for
Superfund wastes that contain metals and
organics. During incineration, hazardous
organics are often attached to the particulate
matter that escapes burning in the primary zone.
The RFS provides sufficient residence time at
sufficiently high temperatures to destroy such
organics. Also, the-system can decrease metal
emissions by increasing gas-solid contact para-
meters, and preventing the release of metals as
vapors or as retained material on entrained
particles.
The figure on the previous page shows the RFS
installed immediately downstream of the primary
thermal treatment zone at EER's Spouted Bed
Combustion Facility. Because the spouted bed
generates a highly particulate-laden gas stream,
a high temperature cyclone removes coarse parti-
culate matter upstream of the RFS. Sorbent is
injected into the flue gas upstream of the high
temperature fabric filter. A conventional bag-
house is available to compare RFS performance
during the demonstration, but is not needed in
typical RFS applications.
WASTE APPLICABILITY:
The RFS is designed to remove entrained
particulates, volatile toxic metals, and con-
densed-phase organics generated by thermal
treatment of contaminated soils, sludges, and
sediments from high temperature (800 to 1,000
°C) gas streams. Many conventional treatments
can be combined with the RFS technology.
Process residuals consist of nonleachable particu-
late that is essentially free of organic
compounds, thus reducing toxicity, handling
risks, and landfill disposal.
STATUS:
The RFS was accepted into the Emerging Tech-
nology Program in 1993. The pilot-scale RFS
will be designed and demonstrated during the
two-year program. EER developed the pilot-
scale process through a series of screening
studies, completed in September 1994, which
guided the sorbent selection and operating
conditions for the pilot-scale demonstration.
The pilot-scale RFS demonstration is scheduled
for early 1995.
FOR FURTHER INFORMATION:
EPA PROJECT MANAGER:
Joyce Perdek
U.S. EPA
Risk Reduction Engineering Laboratory
Building 10, MS-106
2890 Woodbridge Avenue
Edison, NJ 08837-3679
908-321-4380
Fax: 908-906-6990
TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPER CONTACT:
Wm. Randall Seeker
Energy and Environmental
Research Corporation
18 Mason Street
Irvine, CA 92718
714-859-8851
Fax: 714-859-3194
The SITE Program assesses but does not
approve or endorse technologies.
Page 333
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Technology Profile
EMERGING TECHNOLOGY PROGRAM
ENVIRONMENTAL BIOTECHNOLOGIES, INC.
(Microbial Composting Process)
TECHNOLOGY DESCRIPTION:
Environmental BioTechnologies, Inc. (EBT),
investigated the bioremediation of contaminants
associated with former manufactured gas plant
(MGP) sites in programs sponsored by the
Electric Power Research Institute (EPRI). In
EBT's program, initial screening of over 15,000
fungi of the Basidiomycetes class (mostly brown
and white rot fungi) led to 500 cultures that
were selected for a laboratory-automated screen-
ing program.
This program tested these diverse fungi for
metabolic activity against a wide range of organ-
ic pollutants associated with the utilities indus-
try. The program also examined the effects of
environmental conditions (pH and nutrients) on
fungal metabolic activities. Well-studied
cultures such as Phanerochaete chrysosporium
and Coriolus versicolor were used to determine
which fungal cultures displayed potential for
environmental applications.
Another EPRI contractor, Michigan Biotech-
nology Institute (MBI), developed a method to
treat soils contaminated withpolycyclic aromatic
wastes from MGP sites. This method involves
providing the proper environmental conditions to
allow proliferation of fungi, which were selected
based on their ability to degrade coal tar compo-
nents. Selected cultures from the EBT screening
program performed well in MBI's soil treatment
bioreactors. This process is focused on treat-
ment in prepared bed systems and in situ treat-
ment.
Due to the wide variability hi environmental
conditions and the structure and partitioning of
organic contaminants, no single microorganism
exists that is applicable to every site. Therefore,
EBT and MBI have developed a relatively rapid
method to screen for a group of organisms with
the desired traits and degradation capabilities.
One or several appropriate organisms can then
be selected for a development program. The
Computer Screening of over 15,000 Fungal Cultures
Culture Selection
Laboratory Robotics Testing of 500 Cultures
for Specific Chemicals/Conditions
Testing of Bioreators in
1 -Liter Soil Samples
Optimization
Process Design/Development
Identification of Top 25 cultures
for Specific Chemicals/Conditions
Optimization of Culture and Process Conditions
Process Scaleup at Laboratory Level 1 yd'
Field Implementation
Full Scale Demonstration of Microbial Process
Pathway of Fungal Technology Development Program
Page 334
The SITE Program assesses but does not
approve or endorse technologies.
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November 1994
Ongoing Project
overall strategy involves culture screening and
development along with process optimization and
design, as shown in the figure on the previous
page. As process development proceeds, fungal
and bacterial consortia are evaluated and process
conditions optimized to support the desired
degradative function.
During the screening program, EBT identified
top fungal cultures for polycyclic aromatic
hydrocarbon (PAH) degradation. Selected cul-
tures tested in bench-scale bioreactors indicated
that fungi selected based on screening assays
performed better than other well-studied fungi.
PAH degradation significantly improved when
three fungi were added to contaminated soil
along with lignocellulosic co-substrates and
humic-based fertilizer. However, more informa-
tion is needed on factors such as optimal cultures
for specific applications, aeration, mixing re-
quirements, timing of microbial and nutrient
augmentation, and bioavailability of hazardous
compounds. These parameters will help develop
fungal composting as a reliable method for
degrading PAHs. Also, different types of soil
may impact fungal activity.
WASTE APPLICABILITY:
This technology is being developed to treat soil
and sediment contaminated with coal tar wastes
(PAHs) from former MGP sites. The program
results and technology will also be applicable to
aqueous systems.
STATUS:
EBT was accepted into the SITE Emerging
Technology Program in 1993, and started
laboratory studies in 1994. The overall objec-
tives of testing under this program are to 1)
identify fungal and bacterial cultures capable of
efficiently degrading coal tar wastes, and 2)
develop and demonstrate a pilot-scale process
that can be commercialized for utility industry
applications.
EBT will initially work with PAH-spiked water
and soils. EBT will then test selected soil
cultures from several MGP sites under optimized
conditions, as identified by New England Elec-
tric Services, a utility company sponsor. Cur-
rent testing has identified several possibly supe-
rior fungal cultures to degrade PAHs. Cultures
identified exhibited degradative preferences for
either lower molecular-weight or higher molecu-
lar-weight PAHs, suggesting a consortia as a
possible best approach. These cultures are now
being examined in nutrient-supplemented sys-
tems to determine optimal PAH degradation
rates.
A bench-scale composter system will determine
optimal moisture content, soil amendment re-
quirements, and inoculation procedures for
accelerating degradation of PAHs in these coal
tar-contaminated soils. In the second year, small
(less than one cubic yard) plots of MGP-site soil
will test the optimized process in laboratory
studies before a field demonstration is conduct-
ed.
FOR FURTHER INFORMATION:
EPA PROJECT MANAGER:
Ronald Lewis
U.S. EPA
Risk Reduction Engineering Laboratory
26 West Martin Luther King Drive
Cincinnati, OH 45268
513-569-7856
Fax: 513-569-7620
TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPER CONTACT:
Douglas Munnecke
Environmental BioTechnologies, Inc.
4040 Campbell Avenue
Memo Park, CA 94025
415-462-6712
Fax: 415-462-6710
The SITE Program assesses but does not
approve or endorse technologies.
Page 335
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Technology Profile
EMERGING TECHNOLOGY PROGRAM
GENERAL ATOMICS,
NUCLEAR REMEDIATION TECHNOLOGIES DIVISION
(Acoustic Barrier Particulate Separator)
TECHNOLOGY DESCRIPTION:
The acoustic barrier particulate separator sepa-
rates particulates in a high temperature gas flow.
The separator produces an acoustic waveform
directed against the gas flow, causing particu-
lates to move opposite the flow. Eventually, the
particulates drift to the wall of the separator,
where they aggregate with other particulates and
precipitate into a collection hopper. The acous-
tic barrier separator differs from other separators
by combining both high efficiency and high
temperature capabilities.
The figure below presents a conceptual design.
High temperature gas flows through a muffler
chamber and an agglomeration segment before
entering the separation chamber. In the separa-
tion chamber, particulates stagnate due to the
acoustic force and drift to the chamber wall,
where they collect as a dust cake that falls into
a collection hopper. The solids are transported
from the collection hopper against a clean purge
gas counterflow. The purge gas cools the solids
as the gas is heated and guards against contami-
nation of particulates by volatiles in the process
stream. A screw-type conveyor helps transport
the solids.
The gas flows past an acoustic horn and leaves
the chamber through an exit port. The gas then
passes through another muffler chamber and
flows through sections where it is cooled and
gas-borne particulate samples are collected.
Finally, the gas is further scrubbed or filtered as
necessary before it is discharged.
The separator can remove the entire range of
particle sizes; it has a removal efficiency of
greater than 90 percent for submicron particles
and an overall removal efficiency of greater than
99 percent. Due to the large diameter of the
separator, the system is not prone to fouling.
WASTE APPLICABILITY:
This technology can treat off-gas streams from
thermal desorption, pyrolysis, and incineration
of soil, sediment, sludges, other solid wastes,
and liquid wastes. The acoustic barrier partic-
OUTLET
GAS •
SEPARATOR
INLET
GAS"
PURGE
GAS
SOLIDS
Schematic Diagram of the Acoustic Barrier Particulate Separator
Page 336
The SITE Program assesses but does not
approve or endorse technologies.
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November 1994
Ongoing Project
ulate separator is a high temperature, high
throughput process with a high removal efficien-
cy for fine dust and fly ash. The acoustic
barrier separator is particularly suited for ther-
mal processes where high temperatures must be
maintained to prevent condensation onto particu-
lates. Applications include removal of gas-borne
solids during thermal treatment of semivolatile
organics, such as polychlorinated biphenyls, and
gas-phase separation of radioactive particles
from condensible hazardous materials.
STATUS:
The acoustic barrier particulate separator was
accepted into the SITE Emerging Technology
Program hi 1993. The principal objective of
this project will be to design, construct, and test
a pilot-scale acoustic barrier separator that is
suitable for parallel arrangement into larger
systems. The separator will be designed for a
flow of 300 cubic feet per minute and will be
tested using a simulated flue gas composed of
heated gas and injected dust.
FOR FURTHER INFORMATION:
EPA PROJECT MANAGER:
Laurel Staley
U.S. EPA
Risk Reduction Engineering Laboratory
26 West Martin Luther King Drive
Cincinnati, OH 45268
513-569-7863
Fax: 513-569-7620
TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPER CONTACT:
Robert Goforth
Nuclear Remediation Technologies Division
General Atomics
MS 2/633
P.O. Box 85608
San Diego, CA 92186-9784
619-455-2499
Fax: 619-455-3233
The SITE Program assesses but does not
approve or endorse technologies.
Page 337
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Technology Profile
EMERGING TECHNOLOGY PROGRAM
GEO-MICROBIAL TECHNOLOGIES, INC.
(Metals Release and Removal from Wastes)
TECHNOLOGY DESCRIPTION:
A novel anaerobic biotreatment technology has
been developed by Geo-Microbial Technologies,
Inc., to release metals from spent coal lique-
faction catalyst wastes that are also contaminated
with complex organic compounds. This new
biotreatment technology may be adapted to treat
other wastes that are contaminated by toxic
metals. The objective of this project is to dem-
onstrate the capabilities of this anaerobic process
to release toxic metal from contaminated soil.
Biological treatment diversity offers the oppor-
tunity to select the biological system that is most
effective for the targeted pollutant. This
technology targets wastes including toxic metal-
contaminated soils, sludges, and sediments
contaminated with other wastes, including hy-
drocarbons and organic pollutants. While metals
are the primary pollutant that will be treated, the
biological system is also designed to degrade and
remove associated organic contaminants.
Current prominent biohydrometallurgy systems
use aerobic acidophilic bacteria, which are
capable of oxidizing mineral sulfides while
solubilizing metals and forming copious amounts
of acid. This aerobic process can lead to the
production of acidic drainage from natural
sources of metal sulfides. For example, acido-
philic bacteria convert the pyrite and iron-con-
taining minerals hi coal into oxidized iron and
sulfuric acid. The acid then further solubilizes
the pyrite and other sulfide minerals. The result
is contamination of streams and lakes due to
acidification and an increase in soluble heavy
metals.
Geo-Microbial Technologies, Inc., has dis-
covered and developed a new and different
approach to release and remove toxic metals.
This system operates anaerobically and at a near
neutral pH, employing anaerobic Thiobacillus
cultures in consortium with heterotrophic
denitrifying cultures. Controlled manipulations
of the anaerobic environment by addition of
simple alternate electron acceptor nutrients
stimulates the denitrifying microbial populations.
The diversity of the ubiquitous denitrifers allows
multiple carbon sources, including some organic
pollutants, to be utilized and treated. The
elimination of the requirements for oxygen and
aerobic conditions offers the potential for in situ,
heap leaching, and bioslurry operations. A
greater range of treatment applications is offered
for environmental waste situations that previous-
ly were considered difficult to treat. The bio-
treatment action releases no acid or toxic gases,
thus offering an environmentally benign process.
WASTE APPLICABILITY:
This technology treats soils, sludges, and
sediments contaminated with metals, hydro-
carbons, and organic pollutants.
STATUS:
This technology was accepted into the SITE
Emerging Technology Program in July 1994.
Page 338
The SITE Program assesses but does not
approve or endorse technologies.
-------
November 1994
Ongoing Project
FOR FURTHER INFORMATION:
EPA PROJECT MANAGER:
Jack Hubbard
U.S. EPA
Risk Reduction Engineering Laboratory
26 West Martin Luther King Drive
Cincinnati, OH 45268
513-569-7507
Fax: 513-569-7620
TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPER CONTACT:
Donald Hitzman
Geo-Microbial Technologies, Inc.
East Main Street
P.O. Box 132
Ochelata, OK 74051
918-535-2281
Fax: 918-535-2564
The SITE Program assesses but does not
approve or endorse technologies.
Page 339
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Technology Profile
EMERGING TECHNOLOGY PROGRAM
GROUNDWATER TECHNOLOGY GOVERNMENT SERVICES, INC.
(Below-Grade Bioremediation of
Chlorinated Cyclodiene Insecticides)
TECHNOLOGY DESCRIPTION:
This technology adds strains of naturally-occur-
ring fungus to pesticide-contaminated soil, which
is then treated in a below-grade active aeration
bioremediation cell.
Cyclodiene insecticides, such as chlordane and
heptachlor, have been applied for years to pro-
tect wood frame structures against termites.
This compound group is one of the top 50 most
frequently found contaminants at Superfund
sites. Because of the high stability in soils, low
aqueous solubility and relatively low volatility of
this compound group, there is a great need to
develop effective and cost-efficient remediation
technologies. Several species of lignin-
degrading fungi degrade recalcitrant organic
contaminants, including chlorinated aromatic
hydrocarbons, under select conditions.
Apparently, these fungi generate enzymes that
metabolize naturally occurring complex
polymers such as lignin. This study will
examine the ability of certain fungal strains to
metabolize chlordane and heptachlor in a soil
matrix.
Phase I of the study was designed to select a
fungal strain which demonstrated the best
performance in laboratory microcosm tests. A
comparative evaluation of three lignin-degrading
fungi was performed in soil microcosm experi-
ments using Phanerochaete chrysosporium,
Trametes versicolor, or Bjerckendera adusta.
During Phase II, the chemical and physical
conditions required for optimum growth and
degradation will be determined for the selected
strain. In Phase III, a small pilot-scale treatment
system will be tested, using the fungal strain
applied to a simulated below-grade bioreme-
diation cell, with the goal of demonstrating the
effectiveness of fungal bioremediation under
Treated Contaminated Soils
Aeration and Vapor Abatement System
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Page 340
The SITE Program assesses but does not
approve or endorse technologies.
-------
November 1994
Ongoing Project
field conditions. The figure on the previous
page' illustrates the technology.
WASTE APPLICABILITY:
Applicable waste media include soil, sludge, and
sediment impacted with chlordane and/or hepta-
chlor. Technical-grade chlordane is actually a
mixture of over 20 chemicals, including hepta-
chlor. This study will examine the treatability
of the predominant individual constituents as
well as the mixture taken as a whole, since it is
in this form that the environmental contamina-
tion is most often found. Because of the
sensitivity of certain fungal strains to chemical
and physical conditions, properties of the
particular waste matrix are expected to have a
significant influence on the technology's effec-
tiveness.
STATUS:
This technology was accepted into the SITE
Emerging Technology Program in summer 1991.
Results of Phase I tests demonstrated greater
, than 87 percent removal of heptachlor and 70
percent removal of fnms-chlordane after 90 days
of treatment. Removal efficiencies of 40 to 60
percent were observed for cw-chlordane.
Reductions in control microcosms amended with
sterilized inoculum and subjected to the same
aeration schedule were 30 percent for the chlor-
dane isomers and 50 percent for heptachlor. T,
versicolor removed the greatest amount of the
two chlordane isomers and total chlordane
constituents, while P. chrysosporium removed
the greatest aiftount of heptachlor.
Additional observations were made regarding
differences in macroscopic growth characteristics
and growth durability between fungal strains
once inoculated to soil. These traits may have
important implications with respect to full-scale
soil treatment. P. chrysosporium grew primarily
in concentrated areas within the soil mass. B.
adusta was well-distributed throughout the soil
surface, with some penetration into the depths of
the soil mass. The growth pattern of T.
versicolor was intermediate between the two
extremes, with some growth occurring in
discrete areas and some diffusion and connection
between these areas. Differences in growth
persistence between fungal strains were also
observed, with P. chrysosporium and T.
versicolor showing much greater persistence than
B. adusta when provided with regular additions
of carbon and mineral nutrients. Based on these
observations and the degradation data, T.
versicolor, was selected for use in subsequent
optimization and pilot-scale experimentation.
FOR FURTHER INFORMATION:
EPA PROJECT MANAGER:
Ronald Lewis
U.S. EPA
Risk Reduction Engineering Laboratory
26 West Martin Luther King Drive
Cincinnati, OH 45268
513-569-7856
Fax: 513-569-7620
TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPER CONTACT:
Rod Venterea
Groundwater Technology Government
Services, Inc.
4080 Pike Lane
Concord, CA 94520
510-671-2116
Fax: 510-687-0843
The SITE Program assesses but does not
approve or endorse technologies.
Page 341
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Technology Profile
EMERGING TECHNOLOGY PROGRAM
fflGH VOLTAGE ENVIRONMENTAL APPLICATIONS, INC.
(High Energy Electron Beam Irradiation)
TECHNOLOGY DESCRIPTION:
The high energy electron beam irradiation
technology is a low temperature method for
destroying complex mixtures of hazardous
organic chemicals in solutions containing solids.
These solutions include slurried soils, river or
harbor sediments, and sludges. The technology
can also treat contaminated soils and groundwa-
ter.
The figure below illustrates the mobile electron
beam treatment system. The system consists of
a computer-automated, portable electron beam
accelerator and a delivery system. The 500-
kilovolt electron accelerator produces a continu-
ously variable beam current from 0 to 40 milli-
amperes. At full power, the system is rated at
20 kilowatts. The flow rate can be adjusted up
to 50 gallons per minute. The flow rate and
beam current can be varied to obtain doses of up
to 2,000 kilorads in a one-pass, flow-through
mode.
The system is trailer-mounted and is completely
self-contained, including a 100 kilowatt gene-
rator for remote locations or line connectors
where power is available. The system requires
only a mixing tank to slurry the treatable solids.
The system also includes all necessary safety
checks.
The computerized control system continuously
monitors the flow rate, absorbed dose,
accelerator potential, beam current, and all
safety shutdown features. The flow rate is
monitored with a calibrated flow valve. The
absorbed dose is estimated based on the dif-
ference in the temperature of the waste stream
before and after irradiation. The system is
PUMPING SYSTEM
ELECTRON ACCELERATOR
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Mobile Electron Beam Hazardous Waste Treatment System
Page 342
The SITE Program assesses but does not
approve or endorse technologies.
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November 1994
Ongoing Project
equipped with monitoring devices that measure
the waste stream temperature before and after
irradiation. Both the accelerating potential and
the beam current are obtained directly from the
transformer. Except for slurrying, this tech-
nology does not require pretreatment of wastes.
WASTE APPLICABILITY:
This technology treats a variety of organic
compounds, including wood treating chemicals,
pesticides, insecticides, petroleum residues, and
polychlorinated biphenyls (PCB) in slurried
soils, sediments, and sludges.
STATUS:
High Voltage Environment Applications, Inc.
(HVEA), was accepted into the SITE Emerging
Technology Program in 1993. Under this
program, HVEA will demonstrate its mobile
pilot plant on soils, sediments or sludges at
various hazardous waste sites. Candidate sites
are being identified. On-site studies will last up
to 2 months.
Initial studies by HVEA have shown that elec-
tron beam irradiation removes greater than 99
percent of trichloroethene, tetrachloroethene,
chloroform, benzene, toluene, and phenol in
aqueous streams. HVEA has also demonstrated
effective removal of 2,4,6-trinitrotoluene from
soil slurries.
In a recent bench-scale study, a multisource
hazardous waste leachate containing 1 percent
dense nonaqueous phase liquid was successfully
treated. In another bench-scale study, a leachate
containing a light nonaqueous phase liquid
contaminated with PCBs was treated to F039
standards.
FOR FURTHER INFORMATION:
EPA PROJECT MANAGER:
Mary Stinson
U.S. EPA
Risk Reduction Engineering Laboratory
MS-104, Building 10
2890 Woodbridge Avenue
Edison, NJ 08837-3679
908-321-6683
Fax: 908-321-6640
TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPER CONTACT:
William Cooper
High Voltage Environmental Applications, Inc.
9562 Doral Boulevard
Miami, FL 33178
305-593-5330
Fax: 305-593-0071
The SITE Program assesses but does not
approve or endorse technologies.
Page 343
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Technology Profile
EMERGING TECHNOLOGY PROGRAM
INSTITUTE OF GAS TECHNOLOGY
(Fluidized-Bed Cyclonic Agglomerating Combustor)
TECHNOLOGY DESCRIPTION:
The Institute of Gas Technology (IGT) has
developed a two-stage, fiuidized-bed cyclonic
agglomerating combustor based on a combina-
tion of IGT technologies (see figure below). In
the combined system, solid, liquid, and gaseous
organic wastes can be efficiently destroyed.
Solid, nonvolatile, inorganic contaminants are
combined within a glassy matrix consisting of
discrete pebble-sized agglomerates that are
suitable for disposal in a landfill.
The first stage of the combustor is an agglo-
merating fluidized-bed reactor, which can
operate under substoichiometric conditions or
with excess air. This system can operate from
low temperature (desorption) to high temperature
(agglomeration). This system can also gasify
materials with high calorific values (for exam-
ple, municipal solid wastes). With a unique fuel
and air distribution, most of the fluidized bed is
maintained at 1,500 to 2,000 degrees Fahrenheit
(°F), while the central spout temperature can be
varied between 2,000 and 3,000 °F.
When contaminated soils and sludges are fed
into the fluidized bed, the combustible fraction
of the waste is rapidly gasified and combusted.
The solid fraction, containing inorganic and
metallic contaminants, undergoes a chemical
transformation in the hot zone and is agglome-
rated into glassy pellets. These pellets are
essentially nonleachable under the conditions of
the toxicity characteristic leaching procedure
(TCLP). The product gas from the fluidized bed
may contain unburned hydrocarbons, furans,
dioxins, and carbon monoxide as well as carbon
NATURAL GAS, OXIDANT
AND COFIRED
GASEOUS WASTE
SOUD,
SLUDGE,
AND LIQUID
WASTE'
FLUIDIZED-BED
COMBUSTOR
1500°-2000°F
AGGLOMERATED
RESIDUE
FLUE GAS TO
HEAT RECOVERY
OR TREATMENT
CYCLONIC
COMBUSTOR
1800°-2400°F
CYCLONE FINES
FOR RECIRCULATION
OR DISPOSAL
HOT ZONE
2000° - 3000°F
— FLUIDEING
GAS
CLASSIFICATION
ZONE GAS
NATURAL GAS + OXIDANT
Two-Stage Fluidized-Bed/Cyclonic Agglomerating Combustor
Page 344
The SITE Program assesses but does not
approve or endorse technologies.
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November 1994
Ongoing Project
dioxide and water, the products of complete
combustion.
The product gas from the fluidized bed is fed
into the second stage of the combustor, where it
is further combusted at a temperature of 1,800
to 2,400 °F. The second stage is a cyclonic
combustor and separator that provides sufficient
residence time (0.25 seconds) to oxidize carbon
monoxide and organic compounds to carbon
dioxide and water vapor. This stage has a
combined destruction and removal efficiency
greater than 99.99 percent. Volatilized metals
are collected downstream in the flue gas scrub-
ber condensate.
The two-stage fluidized-bed cyclonic agglom-
erating combustor is based on IGT's experience
with other fluidized-bed and cyclonic combustion
systems. The patented sloping-grid design and
ash discharge port in this process were initially
developed for IGT's U-GAS coal gasification
process. The cyclonic combustor and separator
is a modification of IGT's low emissions com-
bustor.
WASTE APPLICABILITY:
This two-stage combustor can destroy organic
contaminants in gaseous, liquid, and solid
wastes, including soils and sludges. Gaseous
wastes can be fired directly into the cyclonic
combustor. Liquid, sludge, and solid wastes can
be co-fired directly into the fluidized bed. The
solids particle size must be less than about 6
millimeters to support fluidized bed operation;
therefore, certain wastes may require grinding or
pulverization prior to remediation.
Because the solid components in the waste are
heated above fusion temperature during the
agglomeration process, metals and other inor-
ganic materials are encapsulated and immobi-
lized within the glassy matrix.
STATUS:
This technology was accepted into the SITE
Emerging Technology Program in July 1990.
Since then, tests conducted in the batch 6-inch
diameter fluidized-bed unit have demonstrated
that agglomerates can be formed from the soil.
The agglomerates, produced at several different
operating conditions, exhibit low teachability;
however, the TCLP test results were inconclu-
sive.
A pilot-plant combustor with a capacity of 6 tons
per day has been constructed and testing is
underway. Initial pilot plant tests have produced
samples of agglomerated soil. The focus of
future testing will be the sustained and continu-
ous operation of the pilot plant. Tests with
organic and inorganic hazardous waste surro-
gates admixed with the feed soilwill also be
conducted.
FOR FURTHER INFORMATION:
EPA PROJECT MANAGER:
Teri Richardson
U.S. EPA
Risk Reduction Engineering Laboratory
26 West Martin Luther King Drive
Cincinnati, OH 45268
513-569-7949
Fax: 513-569-7620
TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPER CONTACTS:
Amir Rehmat or Michael Mensinger
Institute of Gas Technology
1700 South Mount Prospect Road
Des Plaines, IL 60018-1804
708-768-0588 or 708-768-0602
Fax: 708-768-0600
The SITE Program assesses but does not
approve or endorse technologies.
Page 345
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Technology Profile
EMERGING TECHNOLOGY PROGRAM
INSTITUTE OF GAS TECHNOLOGY
(Supercritical Extraction/Liquid Phase Oxidation)
TECHNOLOGY DESCRIPTION:
The Institute of Gas Technology's (IGT) Super-
critical Extraction/Liquid Phase Oxidation
(SELPhOx) process removes organic contami-
nants from soils and sludges and destroys them.
SELPhOx combines two processing steps: 1)
supercritical fluid extraction (SCE) of organic
contaminants, and 2) wet air oxidation (WAO)
destruction of the contaminants. The two-step
process, linked by a phase separation stage,
offers great flexibility for removing and
destroying both high and low concentrations of
organic contaminants.
IGT's primary objectives are to 1) evaluate
SCE's contaminant removal efficiency, 2) deter-
mine the potential for carbon dioxide (COz)
recovery and reuse, and 3) determine destruction
efficiencies of extracted contaminants in the
WAO process. Analytical results from the
project will provide the necessary information
for the full-scale process design.
Combining SCE and WAO in a single two-step
process allows development of a highly efficient
and economical process for remediating contami-
nated soils. Supercritical extraction with CO2
can remove organic contaminants and leave
much of the original soil organic matrix in
place. The contaminants can then be collected
and transported in an aqueous stream and fed to
a WAO reactor for destruction. Concentrating
the organic contaminants in water provides the
proper matrix for a WAO feed stream, and
improves process economics by decreasing the
WAO reactor's size.
RECIRCULATING
CO2LOOP
RECIRCULATING
WATER LOOP
CONTAMINATED
SOIL
MODIFIER.
MAKEUP
"CARBON DIOXIDE
MAKEUP
WATER
IVESSELHEATERS
IGT's Supercritical Extraction/Liquid Phase Oxidation (SELPhOx) Process
Page 346
The SITE Program assesses but does not
approve or endorse technologies.
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November 1994
Ongoing Project
The SELPhOx process requires only water, air,
and the extractant (CO;j). Primary treatment
products include cleaned soil, water, nitrogen
(from the air fed to the WAO step), and CO2.
Organic sulfur, nitrogen, and chloride com-
pounds that may be present in the original soil
or sludge matrix are transformed to relatively
innocuous compounds in the product water.
These compounds include sulfuric acid and
hydrogen chloride, or their salts. The treated
soil can be returned to the original site, and the
water can be safely discharged after thermal
energy recovery and minor secondary treatment.
The gas can be depressurized by a turbo expand-
er for energy recovery and then vented through
a filter.
WASTE APPLICABILITY:
The SELPhOx process removes organic
contaminants from soils and sludges, including
chlorinated and nonchlorinated polynuclear
aromatic hydrocarbons, polychlorinated
biphenyls, and other organic contaminants.
STATUS:
The SELPhOx process was accepted into the
SITE Emerging Technology Program in July
1994.
FOR FURTHER INFORMATION:
EPA PROJECT MANAGER:
Annette Gatchett
U.S. EPA
Risk Reduction Engineering Laboratory
26 West Martin Luther King Drive
Cincinnati, OH 45268
513-569-7697
Fax: 513-569-7620
TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPER CONTACT:
Michael Mensinger
Institute of Gas Technology
1700 South Mount Prospect Road
Des Plaines, IL 60018-1804
708-768-0602
Fax: 708-568-0600
The SITE Program assesses but does not
approve or endorse technologies.
Page 347
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Technology Profile
EMERGING TECHNOLOGY PROGRAM
IT CORPORATION
(Chelation/Electrodeposition of Toxic Metals from Soils)
TECHNOLOGY DESCRIPTION:
IT Corporation has conducted laboratory-scale
research on an innovative process that removes
heavy metals from contaminated soils and
sludges by forming a soluble chelate. The metal
and chelating compound are then separated from
the soils and recovered.
Soils are screened before the chelation step to
remove large particles such as wood, metal
scrap, and large rocks. The treatment employs
two key steps: 1) using a water soluble
chelating agent, such as ethylene-diaminetetra-
acetic acid, to bond with heavy metals and form
a chelate; and 2) recovering the heavy metals
from the chelate and regenerating the chelating
agent in an electromembrane reactor (EMR).
Dewatering is performed to separate the water
soluble chelate that contains heavy metals from
the solid phase. The resulting liquid is treated
hi an EMR, consisting of an electrolytic cell
with a cation transfer membrane separating the
cathode and anode chambers (see figure below).
This demonstration will establish appropriate
conditions for removal of specific metals from
various types of hazardous wastes.
Previous research has focused primarily on the
technology's applicability for treating and re-
moving lead from contaminated soils and
sludges. Limited work has also been conducted
to determine the applicability for removing
cadmium from soils and sludges.
WASTE APPLICABILITY:
The technology is potentially applicable for
treating a wide variety of metal-contaminated
hazardous wastes, including soils and sludges.
STATUS:
This technology was accepted into the SITE
Emerging Technology Program in July 1994.
Contaminated Soil
SCREENING/
CLASSIFICATION
>,
Regenerated Chelating Agent
ELECTROMEMBRANE
REACTORfEMR)
"Clean" Soil
(Solid Phase)
T
Wastewater
Plated Metal(s)
Simplified Process Flow Diagram of Overall Proposed Treatment Process
Page 348
The SITE Program assesses but does not
approve or endorse technologies.
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November 1994
Ongoing Project
FOR FURTHER INFORMATION:
EPA PROJECT MANAGER:
George Moore
U.S. EPA
Risk Reduction Engineering Laboratory
26 West Martin Luther King Drive
Cincinnati, OH 45268
513-569-7991
Fax:513-569-7620
TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPER CONTACT:
E. Radha Krishnan
IT Corporation
11499 Chester Road
Cincinnati, OH 45246-4012
513-782-4700
Fax: 513-782-4807
The SITE Program assesses but does not
approve or endorse technologies.
Page 349
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Technology Profile
EMERGING TECHNOLOGY PROGRAM
IT CORPORATION
(Eimco Biolift™ Slurry Reactor)
TECHNOLOGY DESCRIPTION:
IT Corporation (IT) has used the Eimco Biolift™
Slurry Reactor (developed by Eimco Process
Equipment Company, Salt Lake City, Utah) to
successfully treat polynuclear aromatic hydro-
carbons (PAH) in soil. Traditional biological
treatments, such as landfarming and in situ
bioremediation, may not reduce PAHs in soil to
target levels in a timely manner. Slurry reactors
are more efficient for bioremediation and more
economical than thermal desorption and
incineration.
During the project, IT will operate two 60-liter
Eimco Biolift™ reactors (see figure below) and a
10-liter fermentation unit in semicontinuous,
plug-flow mode. The first 60-liter reactor will
receive fresh feed daily and supplements of
salicylate and succinate.
Salicylate induces the naphthalene degradation
operon on PAH plasmids. This system has been
shown to degrade phenanthrene and anthracene.
The naphthalene pathway may also play a role in
carcinogenic PAH (CPAH) metabolism.
Succinate is a by-product of naphthalene
metabolism and serves as a general carbon
source. The first reactor hi series will remove
easily degradable carbon and increase biological
activity against more recalcitrant PAHs (i.e.,
three-ring compounds and higher).
MANUAL
ADJUSTMENT
ATMOSPHERE
EFFLUENT PROCESS WATEB (MANUAL TRANSFERRING)
LEGEND:
fT\ SAMPLE PORT
(PR) PRESSURE REGULATOR
(^PRESSURE INDICATOR (S) TIMER
M-1
FEED
MIXER
B-1
AIR
BLOWER
H-2ABC
R-1
AIR
ROTAMETER MKER
(SOIL)
T-1 p.1 S-1
FEED FEED PUMP AIR
CONTAINER (121VDAY) FILTER
(SOL)
T-6 T-8
BIOREACTOR1 BIOREACTOR3
(SOIL) (SOIL)
Z-1
BIOREACTOR BIOREACTOR2 CARBON
ADSORPTION PUMP
P-5 Z-2
EFFLUENT AIR
P-6
SLURRY
PUMP
T-2
CLARIFIER
SAMPLING
DEVICE
T-5
EFFLUENT
CONTAINER
(20L)
Eimco Biolift™ Slurry Reactor System
Page 350
The SITE Program assesses but does not
approve or endorse technologies.
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November 1994
Ongoing Project
Effluent from the first reactor will overflow to
the second 10-liter reactor in series, where
Fenton's reagent will be added to accelerate
oxidation for four- to six-ring PAHs. Fenton's
reagent (hydrogen peroxide in the presence of
iron salts) produces a free radical that can
effectively oxidize multi-ring aromatic hydrocar-
bons.
The third 60-liter reactor in series will be used
as a polishing reactor to remove any partially-
oxidized contaminants remaining after Fenton's
reagent is added. Slurry will be removed from
this reactor and clarified using gravity settling
techniques.
Operation of the reactors as described will
increase the rate and extent of PAH biodegrada-
tion, making bioslurry treatment of impacted
soils and sludges a more effective and economi-
cally attractive remediation option.
WASTE APPLICABILITY:
This technology is applicable to PAH-con-
taminated soils and sludges that can be readily
excavated for slurry reactor treatment. Soils
from coal gasification sites, wood treating
facilities, petrochemical facilities, and coke
plants are typically contaminated with PAHs.
STATUS:
IT's slurry reactor system was accepted into the
SITE Emerging Technology Program in 1993.
Under this program, IT will conduct a pilot-
scale investigation of three slurry reactors
operated in series. A suitable soil will be
obtained and screened on site during summer
1994. The primary objective of the investigation
is to achieve CPAH removal greater than 80
percent.
FOR FURTHER INFORMATION:
EPA PROJECT MANAGER:
Brunilda Davila
U.S. EPA
Risk Reduction Engineering Laboratory
26 West Martin Luther King Drive
Cincinnati, OH 45268
513-569-7849
Fax: 513-569-7879
TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPER CONTACT:
Kandi Brown
IT Corporation
1425 South Victoria Court, Suite A
San Bernardino, CA 92408-2923
909-799-6869
Fax: 909-799-7604
The SITE Program assesses but does not
approve or endorse technologies.
Page 351
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Technology Profile
EMERGING TECHNOLOGY PROGRAM
IT CORPORATION
(Mixed Waste Treatment Process)
TECHNOLOGY DESCRIPTION:
The mixed waste treatment process treats soils
contaminated with hazardous and radioactive
constituents. The process separates these
contaminants into distinct organic and inorganic
phases. The separated streams can then be
further minimized, recycled, or destroyed at
commercial disposal facilities, and the decon-
taminated soil can be returned to the site.
This process integrates thermal desorption,
gravity separation, water treatment, and chelant
extraction technologies. Each of these technolo-
gies has been individually demonstrated on
selected contaminated materials. The process
flow diagram below shows how the technologies
have been integrated to treat mixed waste
streams.
During the initial treatment step, feed is pre-
pared with standard techniques and bulk contam-
inated soil is processed by crushing and grinding
oversized material.
Thermal treatment removes volatile and semi-
volatile organics from the soil. Soil is indirectly
heated in a rotating chamber, volatilizing the
organic contaminants and any moisture in the
soil. The soil passes through the chamber and
is collected as a dry solid. The volatilized
organics and water are condensed into separate
liquid phases. The organic phase is decanted
and removed for disposal. The contaminated
aqueous phase is passed through activated car-
bon, which removes soluble organics before
combining with the thermally treated soil.
Inorganic contaminants are removed by three
physical and chemical separation techniques:
1) gravity separation of high density particles;
2) chemical precipitation of soluble metals; and
3) chelant extraction of chemically bound
metals.
Gravity separation is used to separate higher
density particles from common soil. Radio-
nuclide contaminants are typically found in this
Organic Phase
Water and
Conditioning
Agents
Radionuclldes
on Resin
Mixed Waste Treatment Process
Page 352
The SITE Program assesses but does not
approve or endorse technologies.
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November 1994
Ongoing Project
fraction. The gravity separation device (shaker
table, jig, cone, or spiral) depends on contami-
nant distribution and the thermally treated soil's
physical properties.
Many radionuclides and other heavy metals are
dissolved or suspended in the aqueous separation
media. These contaminants are separated from
the soils and are precipitated. A potassium
ferrate formulation precipitates radionuclides.
The" resulting microcrystalline precipitant is
removed, allowing the aqueous stream to be
recycled.
Some insoluble radionuclides remain with the
soil through the gravity separation process.
These radionuclides are removed by chelant
extraction. The chelant solution then passes
through an ion exchange resin to remove the
radionuclides and is recycled to the soil extrac-
tion step.
The contaminants are collected as concentrates
from all waste process streams for recovery or
off-site disposal at commercial hazardous waste
or radiological waste facilities. The deconta-
minated soil is then returned to the site as clean
fill.
WASTE APPLICABILITY:
This process treats soils contaminated with
organic, inorganic, and radioactive material.
STATUS:
The mixed waste treatment process was selected
for the SITE Emerging Technology Program in
October 1991. Bench- and pilot-scale testing is
planned for late 1994. Individual components of
the treatment process have been demonstrated on
various wastes from U.S. Department of Energy
(DOE), U.S. Department of Defense, and com-
mercial sites. Thermal separation has removed
and recovered PCBs from soils contaminated
with uranium and technetium. These soils were
from two separate DOE gaseous diffusion plants.
Gravity separation of radionuclides has been
demonstrated at the pilot scale on Johnston
Atoll, Guam. Gravity separation successfully
removed plutonium from native coral soils.
Water treatment using the potassium ferrate
formulations has been demonstrated at several
DOE facilities in laboratory and full-scale tests.
This treatment reduced cadmium, copper, lead,
nickel, plutonium, silver, uranium, and zinc to
dischargeable levels.
Chelant extraction has successfully treated
surface contamination in the nuclear industry for
more than 20 years. Similar results are expected
for subsurface contamination.
FOR FURTHER INFORMATION:
EPA PROJECT MANAGER:
Douglas Grosse
U.S. EPA
Risk Reduction Engineering Laboratory
26 West Martin Luther King Drive
Cincinnati, OH 45268
513-569-7844
Fax: 513-569-7676
TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPER CONTACT:
Ed Alperin
IT Corporation
312 Directors Drive
Knoxville, TN 37923-4709
615-690-3211
Fax: 615-694-9573
The SITE Program assesses but does not
approve or endorse technologies.
Page 353
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Technology Profile
EMERGING TECHNOLOGY PROGRAM
LEWIS ENVIRONMENTAL SERVICES, INC./
fflCKSON CORPORATION
(Chromated Copper Arsenate Soil Leaching Process)
TECHNOLOGY DESCRIPTION:
Lewis Environmental Services, Inc. (Lewis), has
developed a soil leaching process to remediate
soils contaminated with heavy metals including
chromium, copper, cadmium, mercury, arsenic,
and lead. This process can treat soils conta-
minated with inorganics, some organics, heavy
metal hydroxide sludges, and sediments.
The soil leaching process consists of leaching
contaminated soil in a countercurrent stirred
reactor system (see figure below). A screw
feeder delivers the soil into the reactor, where it
is leached with sulfuric acid for 30 to 60 min-
utes. The sulfuric acid solubilizes the inorganics
and heavy metals into the leaching solution.
The processed soil is then separated and washed
with water and air-dried. Any organic contami-
nants are separated and decanted from the leach-
ing acid, using strong acid leachate, space
separation, and skimming.
The wash water is then treated with Lewis'
ENVIRO-CLEAN process, which consists of a
granulated activated carbon system followed by
an electrolytic recovery system. The
ENVIRO-CLEAN process recovers the heavy
metals from the leaching stream and wash water
and produces an effluent that meets EPA-dis-
charge limits for heavy metals. The treated
wash water can then be reused in the soil wash-
ing step. The leaching solution can also be
treated by the ENVIRO-CLEAN process or can
be returned directly to the stirred reactor system,
depending on its metals concentration.
Contaminated soil must be properly sized and
screened to facilitate leaching in the stirred
reactor system. Large pieces of debris such as
rocks, wood, and bricks must be removed before
treatment. Standard screening and classification
equipment, such as that used in municipal waste
treatment plants, is suitable for this purpose.
Soil Contaminated
with Heavy Metals
Extraction
Solution
Countercurrent
Processing Unit
Metal Loaded Extraction Solution
Recycled/Reuse
Extraction
Solution
Reprocessed Activated
Carbon
Heavy-Metal
By-Product
Chromated Copper Arsenate Soil Leaching Process
Page 354
The SITE Program assesses but does not
approve or endorse technologies.
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November 1994
Ongoing Project
The soil leaching process does not generate
appreciable quantities of treatment by-products
or waste streams containing heavy metals. The
treated soil meets toxicity characteristic leaching
procedure (TCLP) criteria, and can be returned
to the site or disposed of at a nonhazardous
landfill. The granular activated carbon requires
disposal after about 20 to 30 treatment cycles
and should also pass TCLP criteria, simplifying
disposal.
WASTE APPLICABILITY:
The soil leaching process can treat solid wastes
generated by the wood preserving and metal
plating industries, battery waste sites, and urban
lead sites. The advantages of this process over
traditional waste treatment schemes for
chromated copper arsenate (CCA) wastes are as
follows:
• Treated soils pass TCLP criteria and can
be reapplied on site.
• Treatment by-products do not require
disposal as hazardous waste.
• Land disposal of large volumes of soil is
eliminated.
• Heavy metals are recovered by the
ENVIRO-CLEAN process and can be
reused by industry.
STATUS:
The Soil Leaching Process was accepted into the
Emerging Technology Program in 1993. Labor-
atory-scale tests have shown that the process
successfully treats soil contaminated with CCA.
In 1992, Lewis treated a 5-gallon sample of
CCA-contaminated soil from Hickson Corpora-
tion (Hickson), a major CCA chemical manufac-
turer. The treated soil passed TCLP criteria,
with chromium and arsenic, the two main leach
constituents, averaging 0.8 milligrams per
kilogram (mg/kg) and 0.9 mg/kg, respectively.
Analysis also revealed 3,330 milligrams per liter
(mg/L) of chromium, 13,300 mg/L of copper,
and 22,990 mg/L of iron in the leaching solu-
tion. In addition, analysis indicated 41.4 mg/L
of chromium, 94.8 mg/L of copper, and 3.0
mg/L of arsenic present in the wash water.
After treatment, the wash water contained metals
levels below 0.1 mg/L for copper and
chromium.
Lewis plans further laboratory-scale testing at its
Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania facility, followed by
bench- or pilot-scale testing at Hickson's facility
in Conley, Georgia.
FOR FURTHER INFORMATION:
EPA PROJECT MANAGER:
Randy Parker
U.S. EPA
Risk Reduction Engineering Laboratory
26 West Martin Luther King Drive
Cincinnati, OH 45268
513-569-7271
Fax: 513-569-7620
TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPER CONTACT:
Tom Lewis HI
Lewis Environmental Services, Inc.
R.J. Casey Industrial Park
Preble and Columbus Streets
Pittsburgh, PA 15233
412-322-8100
Fax: 412-322-8109
The SITE Program assesses but does not
approve or endorse technologies.
Page 355
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Technology Profile
EMERGING TECHNOLOGY PROGRAM
MATRIX PHOTOCATALYTIC INC.
(formerly NUTECH ENVIRONMENTAL)
(TiO2 Photocatalytic Air Treatment)
TECHNOLOGY DESCRIPTION:
Matrix Photocatalytic Inc., formerly Nutech
Environmental, is developing a titanium dioxide'
(TiO^ photocatalytic air treatment technology
that removes and destroys volatile organic com-
pounds (VOC) and semivolatile organic com-
pounds from air streams. During treatment,
contaminated air at ambient temperatures flows
through a fixed TiO2 catalyst bed activated by
light. Typically, organic contaminants are
destroyed hi fractions of a second.
Major technology advantages include the fol-
lowing:
Very robust equipment
No residual toxins
No ignition source
Unattended operation
Low direct treatment cost
The technology has been tested on benzene,
toluene, ethylbenzene, and xylene; trichloro-
ethene(TCE); tetrachlorethene(PCE); isopropyl
alcohol; acetone; chloroform; methanol; and
methyl ethyl ketone. Some full-scale and field-
scale systems are shown in the figures below and
on the next page, respectively.
WASTE APPLICABILITY:
The TiO2 photocatalytic air treatment technology
can effectively treat dry or moist air. The
technology has been demonstrated to purify
steam directly, thus eliminating the need to
condense. Systems of 100 cubic feet per minute
have been successfully tested on vapor extraction
operations, air stripper emissions, steam from
desorption processes, and VOC emissions from
manufacturing facilities. Other potential ap-
plications include odor removal, stack gas
Full-Scale Photocatalytic Air Treatment System
Page 356
The SITE Program assesses but does not
approve or endorse technologies.
-------
November 1994
Ongoing Project
treatment, soil venting, and manufacturing ultra-
pure air for residential, automotive, instrument,
and medical needs. Systems up to about 1000
cubic foot per meter can be cost competitive
with thermal destruction systems.
STATUS:
The TiO2 photocatalytic air technology was
accepted into SITE Emerging Technology Pro-
gram in October 1992. Program advancements
include the following:
• Ability to destroy carbon tetrachloride
and other saturated compounds
• Sustained destruction of PCE and TCE
of high concentration without generating
phosgene
• Effective destruction of oxygenates
(ketones, alcohols)
FOR FURTHER INFORMATION:
EPA PROJECT MANAGER:
John Ireland
U.S. EPA
Risk Reduction Engineering Laboratory
26 West Martin Luther King Drive
Cincinnati, OH 45268
513-569-7413
Fax: 513-569-7185
TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPER CONTACT:
Bob Henderson
Matrix Photocatalytic Inc.
22 Pegler Street
London, Ontario, Canada
N5Z 2B5
519-660-8669
Fax: 519-660-8525
'• \
Field-Scale Photocatalytic Air Treatment System Treating TCE and PCE
on a Soil Vapor Extraction Site at Savannah River
The SITE Program assesses but does not
approve or endorse technologies.
Page 357
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Technology Profile
EMERGING TECHNOLOGY PROGRAM
MEMBRAN CORPORATION
(Membrane Gas Transfer in Waste Remediation)
TECHNOLOGY DESCRIPTION:
Oxygen dissolution is a fundamental process in
the design of aerobic biological treatment pro-
cesses. Conventional gas dissolution devices
produce a large quantity of small bubbles.
These bubbles provide a large surface area
across which gas transfer can take place. The
limitations of bubble technologies include poor
gas transfer efficiencies, poor performance
control, and atmospheric release of volatile
organic compounds. Membrane technology can
dissolve gases without bubbles, eliminating many
of the problems associated with conventional gas
transfer devices.
A fluidized, hollow-fiber membrane technology
can dissolve high concentrations of oxygen,
methane, or hydrogen into water by exploiting
the high gas permeabilities of hollow-fiber
microporous membranes. Direct, bubble-free
gas dissolution occurs in pipes, called modules,
that contain thousands of sealed, hollow, gas-
permeable fibers filled with pressurized pure
gases (see figure below). The upstream ends of
the fibers are potted into a manifold that distrib-
utes the pressurized gas to the inside of each
hollow fiber. The downstream ends of the fibers
are individually sealed so they can move freely
in the turbulent waterflow inside the pipe. Gas
diffuses across the fiber walls and dissolves
directly into the flowing water. Gas-dissolution
is controlled by changing the water flow rate and
the gas pressure.
The membrane module's ability to dissolve high
concentrations of gaseous substrates without
using bubbles has several operational and
economic advantages. First, bubble-free gas
dissolution means that all of the gas applied to
the device is dissolved, eliminating gas wastage.
Second, since many hazardous compounds are
volatile, the ability to supply oxygen to an
aerobic bioreactor without bubbles means no
emissions and no need for installation of costly
air pollution control equipment. Third, combus-
tible gases such as hydrogen and methane dis-
solve into water without bubbles and without a
subsequent release of the bubbles into confined
spaces. Consequently, the economic advantage
Pressurized Gas
Supplied to Fibers
Sealed Hollow-Fiber
Membranes
Standard
Union
Schematic Diagram of a Membrane Bubbleless Gas-dissolution Device
Page 358
The SITE Program assesses but does not
approve or endorse technologies.
-------
November 1994
Ongoing Project
offered by these gaseous substrates can now be
safely exploited.
The project has two major objectives. The first
objective is to quantify the long-term gas trans-
fer performance of various untreated and treated
sealed hollow-fiber membranes in different
adverse environments. The second objective is
to determine the performance of the membrane
devices in emission-free bioreactors that use
oxygen, methane and oxygen, and hydrogen as
gaseous substrates. These gases will be used in
the bioreactors, because they offer substantial
cost savings compared to alternative substrates in
the biological treatment of petroleum hydrocar-
bons and chlorinated solvents.
WASTE APPLICABILITY:
The bubbleless gas-dissolution technology may
be applied to the on-site biological treatment of
various wastewaters, including contaminated
groundwater, and to the in situ bioremediation of
contaminated aquifers. The gas dissolved by the
membrane technology determines the types of
organic and inorganic contaminants that can be
biodegraded. With oxygen, treatable biological
contaminants include gasoline, creosote compo-
nents, phenolics, and other petroleum hydrocar-
bons. With oxygen and methane, treatable
biological contaminants include various haloge-
nated aliphatic hydrocarbons such as
trichloroethene (TCE), dichloroethene isomers,
vinyl chloride, dichloroethane isomers, chloro-
form, and dichloromethane (methylene chloride).
The biological processes that can be supported
with hydrogen include denitrification (nitrate
removal) of ground and surface waters and
reductive dehalogenation of chlorinated com-
pounds in contaminated water. Biological
reductive dehalogenation treats tetrachloro-
ethene, TCE, carbon tetrachloride, chloroform,
and various polychlorinated biphenyl congeners.
STATUS:
/
This technology was accepted into the SITE
Emerging Technology Program in July 1994.
FOR FURTHER INFORMATION:
EPA PROJECT MANAGER:
Paul dePercin
U.S. EPA
Risk Reduction Engineering Laboratory
26 West Martin Luther King Drive
Cincinnati, OH 45268
513-569-7797
Fax: 513-569-7620
TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPER CONTACT:
Charles Gantzer
Membran Corporation
1037 10th Avenue, SE
Minneapolis, MN 55414
612-378-2160
Fax: 612-378-6091
The SITE Program assesses but does not
approve or endorse technologies.
Page 359
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Technology Profile
EMERGING TECHNOLOGY PROGRAM
OHM REMEDIATION SERVICES CORPORATION
(Oxygen Microbubble In Situ Bioremediation)
TECHNOLOGY DESCRIPTION:
This process uses oxygen microbubbles for in
situbioremediation of contaminated groundwater
in the saturated zone. The difficulty with
bioremediation lies in the delivery of oxygen,
nutrients, and microorganisms to the treatment
zone. Oxygen microbubbles can be continuously
generated by mixing a concentrated surfactant
stream with clean water under pressure to pro-
duce a 125- to 150-parts-per-million solution.
This solution is then mixed with a continuous
supply of oxygen under pressure. After passing
through the generator, the resulting 65 percent
dispersion of bubbles hi the size range of 45 ±
40 microns can be delivered and injected into a
saturated soil matrix under pressure.
The microbubble dispersion is pumped through
a slotted, porous well delivery section into a
laminated coarse sand or clay layer treatment
zone. The oxygen microbubbles tend to flow
into areas with high permeability, such as the
coarser zones. Contaminated groundwater flows
through the treatment zone and is bioremediated
using the available oxygen. Indigenous microor-
ganisms and indigenous or introduced nutrients
provide the environment for in situ biodegrada-
tion of contaminants in groundwater or soil.
WASTE APPLICABILITY:
The process has successfully treated groundwater
contaminated with a number of organic com-
pounds including petroleum hydrocarbons,
organic solvents, creosote, and pentachlorophenol.
WATER TABLE
SEPARATE EXYGEN
MICROBUBBLE INJECTORS
(HORIZONTAL)
(VERTICAL)
TREATED
GROUNDWATER
Oxygen Microbubble In Situ Bioremediation of Groundwater
Page 360
The SITE Program assesses but does not
approve or endorse technologies.
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November 1994
Ongoing Project
STATUS:
The Oxygen Microbubble In Situ Bioremediation
process was accepted into the SITE Demon-
stration Program in summer 1992. This process
will be demonstrated at a jet fuel spill site at
Tyndall Air Force Base in Panama City,
Florida.
FOR FURTHER INFORMATION:
EPA PROJECT MANAGER:
Ronald Lewis
U.S. EPA
Risk Reduction Engineering Laboratory
26 West Martin Luther King Drive
Cincinnati, OH 45268
513-569-7856
Fax: 513-569-7620
TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPER CONTACT:
Douglas Jerger
OHM Remediation Services Corporation
16406 U.S. Route 224 East
P.O. Box 551
Findlay, OH 45840
419-424-4932
Fax: 419-425-6031
The SITE Program assesses but does not
approve or endorse technologies.
Page 361
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Technology Profile
EMERGING TECHNOLOGY PROGRAM
PULSE SCIENCES, INC.
(X-Ray Treatment of Organically Contaminated Soils)
TECHNOLOGY DESCRIPTION:
X-ray technology treatment of organically conta-
minated soils is based on in-depth deposition of
ionizing radiation. Energetic photons (X-rays)
collide with matter to generate a shower of
lower energy secondary electrons within the
contaminated waste material. These secondary
electrons ionize and excite the atomic electrons,
breaking up the complex contaminant molecules,
and form radicals that react with contaminants to
form compounds such as water, carbon dioxide,
and oxygen. Other sources of ionizing radia-
tion, such as ultraviolet radiation or direct
electron processing, do not penetrate the treat-
able material deeply enough. Ultraviolet radia-
tion heats only the surface layer, while a 1.5
million electron volt (MeV) electron penetrates
about 4 millimeters into soil. X-rays, however,
penetrate up to 20 centimeters, allowing treat-
ment of thicker samples. In situ treatment,
which reduces material handling requirements,
may also be possible with X-ray treatment.
A high power linear induction accelerator (LIA)
plus X-ray converter, shown in the figure below,
generates the X-rays used in the treatment pro-
cess. The LIA energy is between 1 MeV and 10
MeV; the upper limit depends on the application
and is small enough to avoid activation. A pulse
of electrons 50 to 100 nanoseconds long is
directed onto a cooled high atomic number
converter to efficiently generate X-rays. The X-
rays penetrate and treat the organically conta-
minated soils.
The physical mechanism by which volatile
organic compounds (VOC) and semivolatile
organic compounds (SVOC) are removed pri-
marily depends on the contaminant present.
Because of the moisture in contaminated soil,
sludge, and sediments, the shower of secondary
electrons resulting from X-ray deposition pro-
duces both highly oxidizing hydroxyl radicals
and highly reducing aqueous electrons. While
hazardous by-products may form during X-ray
treatment, contaminants and by-products may be
Waste
Treatment
Area
Conveyor
Waste
Storage
LJA
1-10 MeV
Electron
Beam
X-Ray
Converter
(Ta)
X-rays
Disposal
X-Ray Treatment Process
Page 362
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approve or endorse technologies.
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November 1994
Ongoing Project
completely converted at sufficiently high dose
levels without undesirable waste residuals or air
pollution.
Since X-rays penetrate about 20 centimeters into
soil, they can more easily treat large soil vol-
umes, and standard container walls will not
absorb a significant fraction of the ionizing
radiation. X-rays can treat solid waste on a
conveyor or waste contained in disposal barrels.
Pulse Sciences, Inc., estimates that the cost of
high throughput X-ray processing is competitive
with alternative processes.
WASTE APPLICABILITY:
X-ray treatment of organically contaminated
soils technology can potentially treat large num-
bers of contaminants with minimum waste hand-
ling or preparation. Treatable organic con-
taminants include benzene, toluene, xylene,
trichloroethylene, tetrachloroethylene, carbon
tetrachloride, chloroform, and polychlorinated
biphenyls.
STATUS:
The X-ray treatment of organically contaminated
soils technology was accepted into the SITE
Emerging Technology Program in 1993. A 1.2
MeV, 800-amp, 50 watt LIA and a 10.8 MeV,
0.2 amp, 10,000 watt radio frequency (RF) linac
will be used in the program. The program's
primary objective is to demonstrate that X-ray
treatment can reduce VOC and SVOC levels hi
soils to acceptable levels, and determine any
hazardous by-product that may be produced.
Samples with identical initial contaminant con-
centration levels will be irradiated at increasing
dose levels to determine 1) the rate (concentra-
tion versus dose) at which the contaminants are
being destroyed, and 2) the X-ray dose required
'to reduce organic contamination to acceptable
levels. The 10.8 MeV RF linac, which produc-
es more penetrating X-rays, should provide
information on the optimum X-ray energy for
the treatment process. Increasing the accelerator
energy allows a more efficient conversion from
electrons to X-rays in the converter, but an
upper limit (about 10 MeV) restricts the energy
treatment, since higher energy activates the soil.
The experimental database will develop a con-
ceptual design and cost estimate for a high
throughput X-ray treatment system.
FOR FURTHER INFORMATION:
EPA PROJECT MANAGER:
George Moore
U.S. EPA
Risk Reduction Engineering Laboratory
26 West Martin Luther King Drive
Cincinnati, OH 45268
513-569-7991
Fax: 513-569-7620
TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPER CONTACT:
Vernon Bailey
Pulse Sciences, Inc.
600 McCormick Street
San Leandro, CA 94577
510-632-5100
Fax: 510-632-5300
The SITE Program assesses but does not
approve or endorse technologies.
Page 363
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Technology Profile
EMERGING TECHNOLOGY PROGRAM
REMEDIATION TECHNOLOGIES, INC.
(Chlorinated Gas Treatment Biofilm Reactor)
TECHNOLOGY DESCRIPTION:
The Remediation Technologies, Inc., biological
treatment technology uses aerobic cometabolic
organisms in fixed-film biological reactors to
treat gases contaminated with volatile chlorinated
hydrocarbons. Contaminated gases enter the
bottom of the 6-foot tall reactor column and
flow up through a medium that has a high
surface area and favorable porosity for gas
distribution. Both methanotrophic and phenol-
degrading organisms may be evaluated within
the reactor (see figure below).
In methanotrophic columns, methane and nutri-
ents are added to grow the organisms capable of
degrading volatile chlorinated hydrocarbons.
The organisms degrade these compounds into
acids and chlorides that can be subsequently
degraded to carbon dioxide and chloride.
Because of intermediate toxicity and competitive
inhibition, methane-volatile organic compound
(VOC) feeding strategies are critical to obtain
optimum VOC degradation over the long term.
Methanotrophic bacteria from various soils were
tested to determine potential VOC compound
degradation. The optimal culture from this
testing was isolated and transferred to a bench-
scale biofilm reactor, where substrate degra-
dation rates per unit of biofilm surface area were
determined. Four pilot-scale biofilters were then
Gas Effluent
I > Nutrients
Column Ht - 6'
Dia-5"
Methane Toxic
Humidified
Air
I
A
A4
Sample
Taps
3' media
T
YDiain
4" gravel
Methanotrophic BioFilm Reactor
Page 364
The SITE Program assesses but does not
approve or endorse technologies.
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November 1994
Ongoing Project
established, with feeding strategies and retention
times based on earlier testing.
The following issues are investigated in the
methanotrophic biofilters:
• Comparison of different media types
• Trichloroethylene (TCE) removal across
the columns
• TCE degradation rates
In addition to studies of the methanotrophic bio-
filters, a column was seeded with a filamentous
phenol-degrading consortia that grows well on
phenol in a nitrogen-limited solution. Phenol
also induces enzymes capable of rapid cometa-
bolic degradation of TCE.
WASTE APPLICABILITY:
This technology can treat gaseous streams of
chlorinated volatile hydrocarbons. These waste
streams may result from air stripping of conta-
minated groundwater or industrial process
streams, or extracted gas from in situ site
remediation by vacuum extraction.
STATUS:
This technology was accepted into the SITE
Emerging Technology Program in summer 1992.
TCE degradation rates in the pilot-scale biofilter
have been well below those previously measured
in laboratory testing or those reported in the
literature for pure cultures.
The phenol-fed column was started on a eelite
medium. TCE removal was superior to the
methanotrophic columns, even with sub-optimal
biomass development. Further testing is
underway to determine optimal phenol-feeding
strategies, TCE removal, degradation of other
VOCs, and the effect of mixtures.
FOR FURTHER INFORMATION:
EPA PROJECT MANAGER:
Ronald Lewis
U.S. EPA
Risk Reduction Engineering Laboratory
26 West Martin Luther King Drive
Cincinnati, OH 45268
513-569-7856
Fax: 513-569-7620
TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPER CONTACT:
Hans Stroo
Remediation Technologies, Inc.
1011 S.W. Klickitat Way, Suite 207
Seattle, WA 98134
206-624-9349
Fax: 206-624-2839
The SITE Program assesses but does not
approve or endorse technologies.
Page 365
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Technology Profile
EMERGING TECHNOLOGY PROGRAM
STATE UNIVERSITY OF NEW YORK AT OSWEGO
(Photocatalytic Degradation of PCB-Contammated Sediments and Waters)
TECHNOLOGY DESCRIPTION:
The State University of New York at Oswego
(SUNY) has developed a photocatalytic system
that treats sediments contaminated with poly-
chlorinated biphenyls (PCB) and other chlori-
nated organic contaminants. This system in-
cludes a reactor that consists of three chambers
connected in series (see figure below). Each of
the chambers is covered with a transparent
material that allows sunlight and artificial light
penetration.
In Chamber A, the sediment is continuously agi-
tated to allow separation of the suspended and
bottom sediment fractions, and a titanium diox-
ide (TiOz) catalyst is added. As agitation pro-
ceeds, the suspended fraction is irradiated at the
slurry-air surface to promote photocatalysis.
The suspended sediment fraction is then slowly
discharged to Chamber B, exposing the bottom
sediments in Chamber A to the light sources. A
tank baffle in Chamber A agitates the bottom
sediments to maximize contact with the catalyst,
promoting catalytic degradation.
Following continued treatment hi Chamber B,
the suspended sediment fraction is gravity-dis-
charged to Chamber C, where additional TiO2 is
added for continued treatment and eventual
discharge. The sediment can be recirculated
through Chamber B if additional treatment is
needed. When treatment is complete, the sedi-
ment is discharged to a settling tank or disposed
of. Make-up water can be pumped back to
Chamber A if needed. Once the bottom sedi-
ments hi Chamber A are adequately treated, they
are also removed for further treatment or dispos-
al. Any gases produced during treatment are
trapped with a vacuum system, which draws
volatiles through a carbon filter.
This technology offers the following benefits
over extraction, solidification/stabilization, and
decomposition:
• The reactor can operate at ambient
pressure and temperature without organ-
ic solvents additions.
• The catalyst, TiO2, is environmentally
inert.
• The photocatalytic process can use
sunlight or artificially produced
ultraviolet light.
• The technology requires little energy
and may be applied in situ.
• The technology can also treat
contaminated dredge materials by
subjecting the contaminated sediments to
the photocatalytic process as an integral
part of the dredging operation.
(G)
[»-
TO DISPOSAL
PCB Treatment System
Page 366
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approve or endorse technologies.
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November 1994
Ongoing Project
WASTE APPLICABILITY:
This technology is designed to treat sediment
contaminated with PCBs and other chlorinated
organic contaminants on site. The technology
may reduce levels of PCBs to below detection
limits, or it may be used as a pretreatment in
conjunction with technologies like microbial
degradation.
Although this technology was developed to de-
grade PCB-contaminated sediments, the process
can also treat a host of other organically contam-
inated solids, including volatile and semivolatile
organic compounds. The technology can also
pretreat inorganically contaminated solids such
as soils and sludges.
STATUS:
SUNY was accepted into the SITE Emerging
Technology Program in 1993. During experi-
ments conducted from June to September 1992,
the photocatalytic technology reduced PCBs in
sediment by 62 and 68 percent after 4 and 6
hours of sunlight irradiation, respectively.
SUNY also conducted experiments on PCB-
contaminated sediments from a Massena, New
York area federal Superfund Site. The technolo-
gy degraded more than 90 percent of the PCBs
in a 48-hour period. In August 1994, a second
generation pilot-scale photoreactor was con-
structed at a state Superfund Site. This reactor
is self-contained, mobile, and capable of treating
up to 2 tons of contaminated soils and/or sedi-
ments hi batch mode (see figure below). The
second generation photoreactor uses a mixing
motor to agitate sediment. Contaminants and the
catalyst are exposed to artificial lights immedi-
ately below the reactor cover at the slurry-air
interface. In October 1994, the pilot-scale
photoreactor degraded PCB-contaminated casting
sands at a state Superfund Site.
FOR FURTHER INFORMATION:
EPA PROJECT MANAGER:
Hector Moreno
U.S. EPA
Risk Reduction Engineering Laboratory
26 West Martin Luther King Drive
Cincinnati, OH 45268
513-569-7882
Fax: 513-569-7879
TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPER CONTACTS:
Ronald Scrudato
Jeffrey Chiarenzelli
Environmental Research Center
319 Piez Hall
State University of New York at Oswego
Oswego, NY 13126
315-341-3639
Fax: 315-341-5346
I
Coarse Sediment
Cross-Sectional Schematic of Three-Phased
Treatment of Contaminated Sediments
The SITE Program assesses but does not
approve or endorse technologies.
Page 367
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Technology Profile
EMERGING TECHNOLOGY PROGRAM
THERMO ANALYTICAL
(Segmented Gate System [SGS])
TECHNOLOGY DESCRIPTION:
TMA has conducted many radiological surveys
of soil contaminated with low and intermediate
levels of radioactivity. Cleanup of these sites is
a highly labor-intensive process requiring
numerous personnel to conduct radiological
surveys with portable hand-held instruments.
When contamination is encountered, an attempt
is made to manually excise it. When surveys
disclose larger areas of contamination, heavy
equipment is used to remove the contaminated
material. Since it is difficult to perform pinpoint
excision with earthmoving equipment, large
amounts of uncontaminated soil are removed
along with the contaminant. Few sites have
been characterized to be uniformly and/or homo-
geneously contaminated above release criteria
over the entire site area.
As a result, TMA developed the Segmented Gate
System (SGS) to physically separate and segre-
gate radioactive material from otherwise "clean"
soil. The SGS removes only a minimal amount
of clean soil with the radioactive particles,
significantly reducing the overall amount of
material requiring disposal. The SGS works by
conveying radiologically-contaminated feed
Contaminated Material
TMA's Segmented Gate System
Page 368
The SITE Program assesses but does not
approve or endorse technologies.
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November 1994
Ongoing Project
material on moving conveyor belts under an
array of sensitive radiation detectors. The
moving material is assayed, and radioactivity
content is logged. Copyrighted computer
software tracks the radioactive material as it is
transported by the conveyor, and triggers a
diversion by one or more of the Segmented Gate
chutes when the material reaches the end of the
conveyor. Clean soil goes in one direction, and
contaminated material in another.
The key advantage to this system is automation,
which affords a much higher degree of accuracy
compared to manual methods. Contaminants can
be isolated and removed by locating small
particles of radioactive material dispersed
throughout the soil. All of the soil is analyzed
continuously during processing to document the
level of radioactivity in the waste and to
demonstrate that cleaned soil meets release
criteria. This automation and analysis results in
a significant cost reduction for special handling,
packaging, and disposal of the site's radioactive
waste.
WASTE APPLICABILITY:
The SGS locates, analyzes, and removes gamma-
ray emitting radionuclides from soil, sand, dry
sludge, or any host matrix that can be trans-
ported by conveyor belts. The SGS can identify
hot particles, which are assayed in units of
picoCuries, and can quantify distributed radio-
activity, which is assayed in units of picoCuries
per gram (pCi/g) of host material. The lower
limit of detection (LLD) for the system is depen-
dent on the ambient radiation background,
conveyor belt speed, thickness of host material
on conveyor, and contaminant gamma-ray
energy and abundance. However, LLDs for
americium-241 of 2 pCi/g and for radium-222 of
5 Pci/g have been successfully demonstrated.
STATUS:
This technology was accepted into the SITE
Emerging Technology Program in July 1994. A
similar system has been used on Johnston Atoll,
Guam since January 1, 1992, and is currently
under contract to the Defense Nuclear Agency to
process coral soil contaminated with plutonium
and americium. Pilot- and field-scale tests using
TMA-owned mobile equipment are planned for
federal and commercial sites in the continental
U.S. beginning January 1995. These tests will
demonstrate the technology's applicability to
other radionuclides and other host matrices.
FOR FURTHER INFORMATION:
EPA PROJECT MANAGER:
Joan Mattox
U.S. EPA
Risk Reduction Engineering Laboratory
26 West Martin Luther King Drive
Cincinnati, OH 45268
513-569-7624
Fax: 513-569-7620
TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPER CONTACT:
Jeffrey Brown
Thermo Analytical
601 Scarboro Road
Oak Ridge, TN 37830
615-481-0683
Fax: 615-483-4621
The SITE Program assesses but does not
approve or endorse technologies.
Page 369
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Technology Profile
EMERGING TECHNOLOGY PROGRAM
UNIVERSITY OF DAYTON RESEARCH INSTITUTE
(Photothermal Detoxification Unit)
TECHNOLOGY DESCRIPTION:
Photolytic reactions (reactions induced by ex-
posure to ultraviolet (UV) light) can destroy
certain hazardous organic wastes at relatively
low temperatures. Unfortunately, attempts to
exploit these reactions for large-scale hazardous
waste remediation have experienced only limited
success. Specifically, most photochemical pro-
cesses offer relatively limited throughput rates
and exhibit an inability to completely mineralize
the targeted wastes. For special cases, such as
aqueous waste streams, these problems have
been partially addressed by using indirect photo-
chemical reactions involving a highly reactive
photolytic initiator such as hydrogen peroxide or
heterogeneous catalysts. Recently, the
University of Dayton Research Institute deve-
loped a photolytic detoxification process that is
clean and efficient and offers the speed and
general applicability of a combustion process.
The photothermal detoxification unit (PDU) uses
photothermal reactions conducted at tempera-
tures higher than those used in conventional
photochemical processes (200 to 500 degrees
Celsius [°C] versus 20 °C), but lower than com-
bustion temperatures (typically greater than
1,000 °C). At these elevated temperatures,
photothermal reactions are energetic enough to
destroy wastes quickly and efficiently without
producing complex and potentially hazardous by-
products.
The PDU is a relatively simple device, consis-
ting of an insulated reactor vessel illuminated
with high-intensity UV lamps. As shown in the
figure below, the lamps are mounted externally
for easy maintenance and inspection. Site
remediation technologies that generate high
temperature gas streams, such as thermal desorp-
tion or in situ steam stripping, can incorporate
the PDU with only slight equipment modifica-
tions. The PDU can be equipped with a pre-
heater for use with low temperature extraction
technologies. Furthermore, the PDU can be
equipped with conventional air pollution control
devices for removal of acids and suspended
particulates from the treated process stream.
The PDU shown in the figure is also equipped
Thermally Insulated
Reaction Vessel
Mounting
Range
External Lamp
Assemblies (3)
Gas Inlet
Exhaust
Sampling Ports (4)
Support/Transportation
Pallet
Sampling Ports (4)
Photothermal Detoxification Unit (PDU)
Page 370
The SITE Program assesses but does not
approve or endorse technglogies.
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November 1994
Ongoing Project
with built-in sampling ports for monitoring and
quality assurance and quality control.
WASTE APPLICABILITY:
The PDU has proven extremely effective at
destroying the vapors of polychlorinated
biphenyls, polychlorinated dibenzodioxins,
polychlorinated dibenzofurans, aromatic and
aliphatic ketones, and aromatic and chlorinated
solvents, as well as brominated and nitrous
wastes found in soil, sludges, and aqueous
streams. The PDU can be incorporated with
most existing and proposed remediation process-
es for clean, efficient, on-site destruction of the
off-gases. More specifically, high-temperature
processes can directly incorporate the PDU;
low-temperature vapor extraction technologies
can use the PDU fitted with a preheater; and
groundwater remediation processes can use the
PDU in conjunction with air stripping.
STATUS:
The technology was accepted into the Emerging
Technology Program in August 1992, and
development work began in December 1992.
Through prior programs with the U.S. Depart-
ment of Energy, the process's effectiveness has
been thoroughly investigated using relatively
long wavelength UV light, which is concentrated
sunlight with wavelengths greater than 300 nano-
meters). Limited data have also been generated
at shorter wavelengths (higher energy) using
available industrial UV illumination systems.
Emerging Technology Program data indicated
that the technology performs as expected for
chlorinated aromatic wastes, such as dichloro-
benzene and tetrachlorodibenzodioxin, and better
than expected for relatively light chlorinated
solvents, such as trichloroethylene (TCE) and
tetrachloroethylene. Further tests with selected
mixtures, including benzene, toluene, ethyl-
benzene, xylene, TCE, dichlorobenzene, and
water vapor, show that the process is effective at
treating wastes typically found in many remedi-
ation sites. Adequate scaling and performance
data are now available to proceed with the
design and development of prototype full-scale
units for field testing and evaluation.
FOR FURTHER INFORMATION:
EPA PROJECT MANAGER:
Chien Chen
U.S. EPA
Risk Reduction Engineering Laboratory
Building 10, MS-104
2890 Woodbridge Avenue
Edison, NJ 08837-3679
908-906-6985
Fax: 908-321-6640
TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPER CONTACT:
Barry Dellinger or John Graham
Environmental Sciences and
Engineering Group
University of Dayton Research Institute
300 College Park
Dayton, OH 45469-0132
513-229-2846
Fax: 513-229-3433
The SITE Program assesses but does not
approve or endorse technologies.
Page 371
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Tf>chno/oav Profile
EMERGING TECHNOLOGY PROGRAM
UNIVERSITY OF HOUSTON
(Concentrated-Chloride Extraction and Recovery of Lead)
TECHNOLOGY DESCRIPTION:
This technology is designed to recover lead from
soils using an aqueous solvent extraction pro-
cess. The extraction process takes advantage of
the high solubility of chloro-complexes of lead.
The figure below depicts a counter-current
extraction process that may be used in a pilot-
scale unit.
First, soil is sieved to remove particles greater
than 4 millimeters in diameter. The soil is then
placed in the chloride extraction tank and ex-
tracted with concentrated (greater than 4 molar)
chloride solution with a residence time of less
than 1 hour (perhaps less than 15 minutes).
This slurry then enters a thickener. The bottoms
of the thickener are sent by a sand pump to the
second chloride extraction tank, where they
contact fresh solvent.
After contacting fresh solvent for less than one
hour, the solution exiting the second chloride
extraction tank is sent to the second thickener.
The bottoms of the second thickener are sent to
the soil rinse system to remove excess salt
before the clean soil is placed back on site. The
overflows from the second thickener are sent to
the first chloride extraction tank, and the over-
flows from the first thickener are sent to the lead
precipitation system. After lead hydroxide is
removed, the spent chloride solution is sent to
the solvent makeup unit, where it is prepared for
reuse. This system will operate in a continuous
fashion and is expected to treat up to 10 kilo-
grams per hour (kg/hr) of soil at pilot-scale.
Concentrated-chloride extraction has been used
on actual lead battery waste site (LEWS) soil at
laboratory scale. Lead removals of greater than
97 percent were achieved on LEWS soil conta-
Contaminated Soil
(sieved to remove
large particles)
Concentrated Chloride Extraction and Recovery
of Lead Process for Soil Treatment
Page 372
The SITE Program assesses but does not
approve or endorse technologies.
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November 1994
Ongoing Project
minated with up to 20 percent lead using only a
single-step sodium chloride (NaCl) batch extrac-
tion. Following these NaCl extraction tests, the
treated soils consistently passed the toxicity
characteristic leaching procedure test.
This project's main objective is to scale up the
extraction process to a mobile, pilot-scale unit
after optimizing the process at laboratory scale.
Four preliminary project goals are to 1) optimize
the technology at laboratory scale by deter-
mining the effects of varying several process
parameters, 2) determine the extraction process
mechanism, 3) examine the ability of the process
to decontaminate lead-contaminated soils of
different soil types, and 4) determine the ability
to recycle and reuse the lead-saturated chloride
solution. The pilot-scale unit will be designed,
constructed, and demonstrated after the project
goals have been achieved.
WASTE APPLICABILITY:
This technology removes lead from soil, particu-
larly at battery waste sites. However, this
project will also study the feasibility of remov-
ing lead from other wastes and removing metals
such as cadmium, mercury, silver, copper, and
zinc from contaminated soil.
STATUS:
This technology was accepted into the SITE
Emerging Technology Program in July 1994.
The University of Houston will conduct bench-
scale experiments to determine the optimum
operating parameters for a pilot-scale unit.
Once optimum operating conditions are deter-
mined, a mobile pilot-scale unit will be con-
structed to treat up to 10 kg/hr of soil. Two
LEWS in the Houston are being considered for
the pilot-scale tests.
FOR FURTHER INFORMATION:
EPA PROJECT MANAGER:
Eugene Harris
U.S. EPA
Risk Reduction Engineering Laboratory
26 West Martin Luther King Drive
Cincinnati, OH 45268
513-569-7862
Fax: 513-568-7676
TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPER CONTACT:
Dennis Clifford or Tim Newed
Department of Civil and
Environmental Engineering
University of Houston
Houston, TX 77204-4791
713-743-4266 or 713-743-4292
Fax: 713-743-4260
The SITE Program assesses but does not
approve or endorse technologies.
Page 373
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Technology Profile
EMERGING TECHNOLOGY PROGRAM
UNIVERSITY OF SOUTH CAROLINA
(In Situ Mitigation of Acid Water)
TECHNOLOGY DESCRIPTION:
The in situ acid water mitigation process ad-
dresses the acid drainage problem associated
with exposed sulfide-bearing minerals from
sources including mine waste rock and aban-
doned metallic mines. Acid drainage forms
under natural conditions when iron disulfides are
exposed to the atmosphere and water, spon-
taneously oxidizing them to produce a complex
of highly soluble iron sulfates and salts. These
salts hydrolyze to produce an acid-, iron-, and
sulfate-enriched drainage that adversely affects
the environment.
The in situ mitigation strategy modifies the
hydrology and geochemical conditions of the site
through land surface reconstruction and selective
placement of limestone.
Limestone is used as the alkaline source material
because it has long-term availability, is generally
inexpensive, and is safe to handle. For the
chemical balances to be effective, the site must
receive enough rainfall to produce seeps or
drainages that continually contact the limestone.
Rainfall, therefore, helps to remediate the site,
rather than increasing the acid drainage.
f:'.!5«'^-.".;'~J-.r w< -sJfij? •;-.--•• «.,M -_•.. /-~/- • .
Overview of Site Lysimeters
Page 374
The SITE Program assesses but does not
approve or endorse technologies.
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November 1994
Ongoing Project
During mine construction, surface depressions
and limestone chimneys are installed to collect
surface runoff and funnel it into the waste rock
dump. Acidic material is capped with imper-
meable material to divert water from the acid
cores. With this design, the net acid load will
be lower than the alkaline load, resulting in
benign, nonacid drainage.
WASTE APPLICABILITY:
The technology mitigates acid drainage from
abandoned waste dumps and mines. It can be
applied to any site in a humid area where lime-
stone is available.
STATUS:
This technology was accepted into the SITE
Emerging Technology Program in March 1990.
Six large-scale lysimeters (12 feet wide, 8 feet
high, and 16 feet deep) were constructed and
lined with 20-mil polyvinyl chloride plastic (see
photograph on previous page). The lysimeters
drained through an outlet pipe into 55-gallon
collection barrels. Piezometers in the lysimeter
floor monitored the hydrology and chemistry of
the completed lysimeter. During June 1991, 50
tons of acid-producing mine waste rock were
packed into each lysimeter.
The effluent from each lysimeter was monitored
for 1 year to establish a quality baseline. In the
second phase of the study, selected lysimeters
were topically treated, maintaining two lysi-
meters as controls to compare the efficacy of the
acid abatement strategy. In addition, a rain
gauge was installed at the site for mass balance
measurements. An ancillary study correlating
laboratory and field results is complete. In the
last phase of the 3-year study, little if any
leachate was collected due to drought conditions
in the Southeast.
With the return of normal rainfall, sufficient
leachate was collected to compare the treated
cells against the controls to evaluate the
treatment's effectiveness. The treated cells, in
general, showed a 20 to 25 percent reduction in
acid formation. The acidities measured about
10,000 milligrams per liter (mg/L) for the
untreated bins, while acidities from the treated
bins measured about 7,000 mg/L. This study
was conducted on a very high acid-producing
waste rock, representing almost a worst-case
situation. The process should be more
successful on milder acid sources.
FOR FURTHER INFORMATION:
EPA PROJECT MANAGER:
Roger Wilmoth
U.S. EPA
Risk Reduction Engineering Laboratory
26 West Martin Luther King Drive
Cincinnati, OH 45268
513-569-7509
Fax: 513-569-7787
TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPER CONTACT:
Frank Caruccio
Department of Geological Sciences
University of South Carolina
Columbia, SC 29208
803-777-4512
Fax: 803-777-6610
The SITE Program assesses but does not
approve or endorse technologies.
Page 375
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Technology Profile
EMERGING TECHNOLOGY PROGRAM
WESTERN PRODUCT RECOVERY GROUP, INC.
(CCBA Physical and Chemical Treatment)
TECHNOLOGY DESCRIPTION:
The coordinate, chemical bonding and ad-
sorption (CCBA) process converts heavy metals
in soils, sediments, and sludges to nonleaching
silicates. The process can also oxidize organics
in the waste stream and incorporate the ash into
the ceramic pellet matrix (see figure below).
The solid residual consistency varies from a soil
and sand density and size distribution to a con-
trolled size distribution ceramic aggregate form.
The residue can be placed back in its original
location, or used as a substitute for conventional
aggregate. The process uses clays with specific
cation exchange capacity as sites for physical
and chemical bonding of heavy metals to the
clay.
The process is designed for continuous flow.
The input sludge and soil stream are carefully
ratioed with specific clays and then mixed in a
high intensity mechanical mixer. The mixture is
then densified and formed into green or.unfired
pellets of a desired size. The green pellets are
then direct-fired hi a rotary kiln for approxi-
mately 30 minutes. The pellet temperature
slowly rises to 2,000 degrees Fahrenheit (°F),
creating the fired pellet's ceramic nature.
Organics on the pellet's surface are oxidized,
and organics inside the pellet are pyrolyzed as
the temperature rises. As the pellets reach
2,000 °F, the available silica sites in the clay
chemically react with the heavy metals in the
soil and sludge to form the final metal silicate
product.
The process residue is an inert ceramic product,
free of organics, with metal silicates providing
the molecular bonding structure to preclude
leaching. The kiln off-gas is processed in an
afterburner and wet scrub system before it is
released into the atmosphere. Excess scrub
To Slack
Recycled Scrub
Solution
Soils/
Sludges/ ^
Sediments
MIXER
PELLET
FORMER
ROTARY
KILN
1
Residual
Product
CCBA Process
Page 376
The SITE Program assesses but does not
approve or endorse technologies.
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November 1994
Ongoing Project
solution is recycled to the front-end mixing
process.
WASTE APPLICABILITY:
The CCBA process has been demonstrated
commercially on metal hydroxide sludges at a
throughput of 70 wet tons per month, based on
an 8-hour day, at 25 percent by solid weight.
This process can treat wastewater sludges,
sediments, and soils contaminated with most
mixed organic and heavy metal wastes.
STATUS:
The CCBA process was accepted into the SITE
Emerging Technology Program hi January 1991.
Under this program, the CCBA technology will
be modified to include soils contaminated with
both heavy metals and most organics. The
initial SITE studies will be completed at a pilot
facility with a capacity of 10 pounds per hour;
the resulting data will then be used to design a
transportable production unit.
FOR FURTHER INFORMATION:
EPA PROJECT MANAGER:
Mark Meckes
U.S. EPA
Risk Reduction Engineering Laboratory
26 West Martin Luther King Drive
Cincinnati, OH 45268
513-569-7348
Fax: 513-569-7676
TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPER CONTACT:
Donald Kelly
Western Product Recovery Group, Inc.
P.O. Box 79728
Houston, TX 77279
713-493-9321
Fax: 713-493-9434
The SITE Program assesses but does not
approve or endorse technologies.
Page 377
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Technology Profile
EMERGING TECHNOLOGY PROGRAM
ROY F. WESTON, INC.
(Ambersorb® 563 Adsorbent)
TECHNOLOGY DESCRIPTION:
The Ambersorb® 563 adsorbent is a regenerable
adsorbent that treats groundwater contaminated
with hazardous organics (see figure below).
Ambersorb 563 adsorbent has 5 to 10 times the
capacity of granular activated carbon (GAG) for
low concentrations of volatile organic com-
pounds (VOC).
Current GAG adsorption techniques are well
established for groundwater remediation, but
require either disposal or thermal regeneration of
the spent carbon. In these cases, the GAG must
be removed from the site and shipped as a
hazardous material to the disposal or regenera-
tion facility.
Ambersorb 563 adsorbent has unique properties
that result in several key performance benefits:
• Ambersorb 563 adsorbent can be regen-
erated on site using steam, thus elimi-
nating the liability and cost of off-site
regeneration or disposal associated with
GAG treatment. Condensed contami-
nants are recovered through phase
separation.
• Because Ambersorb 563 adsorbent has a
much higher capacity for volatile
organics than GAG (at low concentra-
tions), the process can operate for sig-
nificantly longer service cycle times
before regeneration is required.
STEAM SUPPLY-
(REGENERATION
CYCLE)
Vs.-1
h—--n
AMBERSORB if
ADSORBENT ii
COLUMNS |
t_
TREATED WATER
SATURATED
AQUEOUS
PHASE
CONDENSER
CONTAMINATED
GROUNDWATER
CONCENTRATED
ORGANIC PHASE
Ambersorb® 563 Adsorbent
Page 378
The SITE Program assesses but does not
approve or endorse technologies.
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November 1994
Ongoing Project
• Ambersorb 563 adsorbent can operate at
higher flow rate loadings compared with
GAC, which translates into a smaller,
more compact system.
• Ambersorb 563 adsorbents are hard,
nondusting, spherical beads with excel-
lent physical integrity, eliminating han-
dling problems and attrition losses typi-
cally associated with GAC.
• Ambersorb 563 adsorbent is not prone
to bacterial fouling.
• Ambersorb 563 adsorbents have
extremely low ash levels.
In addition, the Ambersorb 563 carbonaceous
adsorbent-based remediation process could
eliminate the need to dispose of. by-products.
Organics can be recovered in a form potentially
suitable for immediate reuse. For example,
removed organics could be burned for energy in
a power plant. Reclamation of waste organics is
an important benefit, as recovered materials
could be used as resources instead of disposed of
as wastes.
This combination of benefits may result in a
more cost-effective alternative to currently
available treatment technologies for low-level
VOC-contaminated groundwater.
WASTE APPLICABILITY:
Ambersorb 563 adsorbent is applicable to any
water stream containing contaminants that can be
treated with GAC, such as 1,2-dichloroethane,
1,1,1-trichloroethane, tetrachloroethene, vinyl
chloride, xylene, toluene, and other VOCs.
STATUS:
This technology was accepted into the SITE
Emerging Technology Program in 1993. Field
demonstration testing was conducted in spring
and summer 1994. Results will be available in
late 1994.
FOR FURTHER INFORMATION:
EPA PROJECT MANAGER:
Ronald Turner
U.S. EPA
Risk Reduction Engineering Laboratory
26 West Martin Luther King Drive
Cincinnati, OH 45268
513-569-7775
Fax: 513-569-7787
•TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPER CONTACT:
Russ Turner
Roy F. Weston, Inc.
1 Weston Way
West Chester, PA 19380-1499
610-701-3097
Fax: 610-701-3158
Deborah Plantz
Business Development Manager
Rohm and Haas Company
727 Norristown Road
P.O. Box 904
Spring House, PA 19477-0904
215-641-7478
Fax: 215-619-1613
Note: Ambersorb® is a registered trademark
of the Rohm and Haas Company.
The SITE Program assesses but does not
approve or endorse technologies.
Page 379
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TECHNOLOQIES
The purpose of the Monitoring and Measurement Technologies Program (MMTP) is to accelerate the
development, demonstration, and use of innovative monitoring, measurement, and characterization
technologies at Superfund sites. These technologies are used to assess the nature and extent of
contamination and evaluate the progress and effectiveness of remedial actions. The MMTP places high
priority on technologies that provide cost-effective, faster, and safer methods than conventional
technologies for producing real-tune or near-real-time data.
TheMMTP is interested in new or modified technologies that can detect, monitor, and measure hazardous
and toxic substances in the surface (soil and sediment), subsurface (saturated and vadose zones), air,
biological tissues, wastes, and surface waters, as well as technologies that characterize the physical
properties of sites. Technologies of interest include chemical sensors for in situ measurements;
groundwater sampling devices; soil and core sampling devices; soil gas sampling devices; fluid sampling
devices for the vadose zone; in situ and field-portable analytical methods; and other systems that support
field sampling or data acquisition and analysis.
The identification of candidate technologies is ongoing; therefore, technology developers are encouraged
to submit new and updated information at any time. This information is reviewed, cataloged, and
incorporated into a technology matrix, from which EPA makes a preliminary determination of possible
candidates for participation. Developers interested in participating should contact Stephen Billets at
703-798-2232.
Evaluations or demonstrations have been completed for 27 projects in the MMTP. These technologies
are presented in alphabetical order in Table 4, and are included in the technology profiles that follow.
Page 381
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I
po
N)
TABLE 5
Completed SITE Monitoring and Measurement Technologies Program Projects as of October 1994
Developer
Analytical and Remedial
Technology, Inc.,
Menlo Park, CA
Asoma Instruments,
Moorpark, CA
Bruker Instruments,
Billerica, MA
Dexsil Corporation,
Hamden, CT
(2 Demonstrations)
EnSys, Inc.,
Research Triangle Park, NC
(2 Demonstrations)
Geoprobe Systems,
Salina, KS
Graseby Ionics, Ltd., and PCP,
Inc.,
Watford, Hertsfordshire,
England/West Palm Beach, PL
(2 Demonstrations)
HNU Systems, Inc.,
Newton, MA
HNU Systems, Inc.,
Newton, MA
HNU Systems, Inc.,
Newton, MA
Technology
Automated Volatile
Organic Analytical
System
Model 200 XRF
Analyzer
Bruker Mobile
Environmental Monitor
Environmental Test
Kits
Penta RISc Test
System
Geoprobe Conductivity
Sensor
Ion Mobility
Spectrometry
HNU-Hanby PCP Test
Kit
HNU Source Excited
Fluorescence Analyzer-
Portable (SEFA-P)
XRF Analyzer
Portable Gas
Chromatograph
Technology
Contact
D. MacKay
415-324-2259
Bob Friedl
805-529-7123
John Wronka
508-667-9580
Steve Finch
203-288-3509
Aisling Scallan
919-941-5509
Collin Christy
or Tom Christy
913-825-1842
John Brokenshire
011-44-923-816166
Martin Cohen
407-683-0507
Jack Driscoll
617-964-6690
Jack Driscoll
617-964-6690
Ed Lazaruck
617-964-6690
EPA Project
Manager
Stephen Billets
702-798-2272
Harold Vincent
702-798-2129
Stephen Billets
702-798-2272
J. Lary Jack
702-798-2373
J. Lary Jack
702-798-2373
J. Lary Jack
702-798-2373
Eric Koglin
702-798-2432
J. Lary Jack
702-798-2373
Harold Vincent
702-798-2272
Richard Berkley
919-541-2439
Waste
Media
Water, Air
Streams
Solids, Liquids,
Slurries, Powders,
Pastes, Films
Air Streams,
Water, Soil,
Sludge, Sediment
Soil, Sediment,
Transformer Oils
Groundwater, Soil
Soil, Rock,
Hydrogeologic
Fluids
Air Streams,
Vapor, Soil,
Water
Soil
Solids, Liquids,
Slurries, Powders
Air Streams
Applicable Waste
Inorganic
Not Applicable
Nonspecific
Inorganics
Not Applicable
Not Applicable
' Not Applicable
Nonspecific
Inorganics
Not Applicable
Not Applicable
Nonspecific
Inorganics
Not Applicable
Organic
VOCs
Not Applicable
VOCs, SVOCs, PCBs, and
PAHs
PCBs
PCP
Nonspecific Organics
VOCs
PCPs
Not Applicable
VOCs, Aromatic
Compounds, Halocarbons
-------
TABLE 5 (Continued)
Completed SITE Monitoring and Measurement Technologies Program Projects as of October 1994
Developer
Idetek, Inc.
(formerly Binax Corporation,
Antox Division),
Sunnyvale, CA
MDA Scientific, Inc.
Norcross, GA
Microsensor Systems,
Incorporated,
Bowling Green, KY
Millipore Corporation,
Bedford, MA
Millipore Corporation,
Bedford, MA
MTI Analytical Instruments
(formerly Microsensor
Technology, Incorporated),
Fremont, CA
Ohmicron Corporation,
Newtown, PA
Outokumpu Electronics, Inc.,
Langhorne, PA
Photovac International, Inc.,
Deer Park, NY
SCITEC Corporation,
Kennewick, WA
Sentex Sensing Technology, Inc.,
Ridgefield, NJ
Technology
Equate® Immunoassay
Fourier Transform
Infrared Spectrometer
Portable Gas
Chromatograph
EnviroGard" PCB
Immunoassay Test Kit
EnviroGard" PCP
Immunoassay Test Kit
Portable Gas
Chromatograph
Pentachlorophenol
RaPID Assay
Metorex X-MET 920P
XRF Analyzer
Photovac 10S PLUS
Metal Analysis Probe
(MAP®) Portable
Assayer
Scentograph Portable
Gas Chromatograph
Technology
Contact
Richard Lankow
408-752-1353
Orman Simpson
404-242-0977
t
N. L. Jarvis
410-939-1089
Alan Weiss
617-275-9200
Alan Weiss
617-275-9200
Mark Brunf
510-490-0900
Mary Hayes
215-860-5115
James Pasmore
800-229-9209
Mark Collins
516-254-4199
Mike Mullin
800-466-5323
509-783-9850
Amos Linenberg
201-945-3694
EPA Project
Manager
Jeanette Van Emon
702-798-2154
William McClenny
919-541-3158
Richard Berkley
919-541-2439
J. Lary Jack
702-798-2373
J. Lary Jack
702-798-2373
Richard Berkley
919-541-2439
J. Lary Jack
702-798-2373
Harold Vincent
702-798-2129
Richard Berkley
919-541-2439
Harold Vincent
702-798-2129
Richard Berkley
919-541-2439
Waste
Media
Water
Air Streams
Air Streams
Soil, Water
Soil, Water
Air Streams
Soil, Water
Solids, Liquids,
Slurries, Powders,
Films
Air Streams
Soil, Sediment,
Filter and Wipe
Samples
Air Streams
Applicable Waste
Inorganic
Not Applicable
Nonspecific
Inorganics
Not Applicable
Not Applicable
Not Applicable
Nonspecific
Inorganics
Not Applicable
Nonspecific
Inorganics
Not Applicable
Nonspecific
Inorganics, Lead
Not Applicable
Organic
Aromatic Hydrocarbons
Nonspecific Organics
VOCs
PCBs
PCPs
Nonspecific Organics
PCPs
Not Applicable
VOCs
Non Applicable
VOCs
-------
TABLE 5 (Continued)
Completed SITE Monitoring and Measurement Technologies Program Projects as of October 1994
Developer
SRI Instruments,
Torrance, CA
TN Technologies, Inc.,
Round Rock, TX
Tri-Services,
Aberdeen Proving Ground, MD
Unisys Corporation,
Eagon, MN
United States Environmental
Protection Agency,
Las Vegas, NV
XonTech Incorporated,
Van Nuys, CA
Technology
Gas Chromatograph
Spectrace 9000 X-Ray
Fluorescence Analyzer
Site Characterization
Analysis Penetrometer
System (SCAPS)
Rapid Optical Screen
Tool
Field Analytical
Screening' Program
PCB Method
XonTech Sector
Sampler
Technology
Contact
Dave Quinn
310-214-5092
Margo Meyers
512-388-9100
George Robitialle
410-671-1576
John Ballard
601-634-2446
David Bonne
612-456-2339
Garry Hubbard
612-456-3721
Howard Fribush
703-603-8831
Matt Young
818-787-7380
EPA Project
Manager
Richard Berkley
919-541-2439
Harold Vincent
702-798-2129
J. Lary lack
702-798-2373
J. Lary Jack
702-798-2373
J. Lary Jack
702-798-2373
Joachim Pleil
919-541-4680
Waste
Media
Air Streams
Soil, Sediment,
Filter and Wipe
Samples
Soil
Soil
Soil, Water
Air Streams
Applicable Waste
Inorganic
Not Applicable
Nonspecific
Inorganics, Lead
Not Applicable
Not Applicable
Not Applicable
Not Applicable
Organic
VOCs
Not Applicable
Petroleum, PAHs, VOCs
Petroleum, PAHs, VOCs
PCBs
VOCs
-------
-------
Technology Profile
MONITORING AND MEASUREMENT
TECHNOLOGIES PROGRAM
ANALYTICAL AND REMEDIAL TECHNOLOGY, INC.
(Automated Volatile Organic Analytical System)
TECHNOLOGY DESCRIPTION:
The automated volatile organic analytical system
(AVOAS) permits continuous monitoring of a
water stream. The instrument consists of a
sampling manifold that automatically samples at
predetermined collection points (see photograph
below). The samples are then shunted directly
into a chamber where volatile organic com-
pounds (VOC) are purged from the sample.
These purged VOCs are collected on a sorbent
trap, which is then thermally desorbed. These
desorbed compounds are automatically injected
into a gas chromatograph, where individual com-
ponents are separated.
The gas chromatograph can be equipped with a
variety of detectors that offer high sensitivity or
specificity depending on the application or data
requirements. The entire system, including
report preparation, is under computer control;
therefore, the operator is not directly involved in
sample collection, transport, or analysis. The
instrument was designed to meet the require-
ments of standard EPApurge-and-trap methods.
WASTE APPLICABILITY:
The AVOAS system is designed for automated
determination of volatile organic compounds in
aqueous samples, such as those obtained from a
treatment or process stream. Because the system
contains a thermal desorption chamber, air
samples collected on TENAX or charcoal tubes
may also be analyzed. The instrument can
provide real-tune analytical data during reme-
diation and long-term monitoring phases at a
Superfund site.
Automated Volatile Organic Analytical System (AVOAS)
Page 386
The SITE Program assesses but does not
approve or endorse technologies.
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November 1994
Completed Project
STATUS:
The AVOAS system was demonstrated in May
1991 at the Wells G and H Superfund site in
EPA Region 1. The demonstration was con-
ducted as part of a pilot-scale pump-and-treat
technology study. For purposes of this
demonstration, the AVOAS' analytical results
were compared to results obtained using EPA
Method 502.2. The system was installed to
collect samples at six points in the treatment
train. Duplicate samples were collected and
shipped to a conventional laboratory for
confirmatory analysis.
A preliminary evaluation of the results indicates
a strong correlation between the laboratory and
field data. A full report on this demonstration
was prepared in December 1991. The results
were presented at the 1992 Pittsburgh Con-
ference and Exposition on Analytical Chemistry
and Applied Spectroscopy. Additional studies
will be conducted to expand the scope of appli-
cation and to prepare detailed protocols based on
the conclusions and recommendations in the final
report.
FOR FURTHER INFORMATION:
EPA PROJECT MANAGERS:
Stephen Billets
U.S. EPA
Environmental Monitoring Systems Laboratory
944 East Harmon
P.O. Box 93478
Las Vegas, NV 89193-3478
702-798-2232
Fax: 702-798-2261
TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPER CONTACT
D. MacKay
Analytical and Remedial Technology, Inc.
206 West O'Conner Street
Menlo Park, CA 94025
415-324-2259
Fax: 415-324-2259 (call first)
The SITE Program assesses but does not
approve or endorse technologies.
Page 387
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Technology Profile
MONITORING AND MEASUREMENT
TECHNOLOGIES PROGRAM
ASOMA INSTRUMENTS
(Model 200 XRF Analyzer)
TECHNOLOGY DESCRIPTION:
The ASOMA Model 200 X-ray fluorescence
(XRF) analyzer is a field portable bench-top
unit. It can simultaneously analyze six inorganic
elements ranging from aluminum to uranium.
The Model 200 XRF analyzer is compact and
lightweight, and does not require liquid nitro-
gen. The Model 200 XRF analyzer can operate
with a car battery or a battery pack, allowing the
XRF unit to be used at remote sites where elec-
tricity is not available.
The Model 200 XRF analyzer uses a propor-
tional counter detector to provide high elemental
resolution and low detection limits. Two radio-
isotope excitation sources provide a broad range
of excitation energies to identify and quantify
inorganic elements.
The Model 200 XRF analyzer provides high
sample throughput and is reportedly easy to
operate. Analytical results obtained by this
instrument are reportedly comparable to the
results obtained by EPA-approved methods.
WASTE APPLICABILITY:
The Model 200 XRF analyzer can detect inor-
ganic elements in solids, liquids, slurries,
powders, pastes, and films, including air parti-
culates on filters. The XRF analyzer can iden-
tify inorganic elements at concentrations ranging
from parts per million to percentage levels.
STATUS:
The ASOMA Model 200 XRF analyzer has been
used at a number of Superfund sites across the
country. A SITE demonstration of the ASOMA
Model 200 XRF analyzer is scheduled for
February 1995.
Model 200 XRF Analyzer
Page 388
The SITE Program assesses but does not
approve or endorse technologies.
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November 1994
Completed Project
FOR FURTHER INFORMATION:
EPA PROJECT MANAGER:
Harold Vincent
U.S. EPA
Environmental Monitoring Systems Laboratory
944 East Harmon
P.O. Box 93478
Las Vegas, NV 89193-3478
702-798-2129
Fax: 702-798-2692
TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPER CONTACT:
Bob Friedl
ASOMA Instruments
12130 Cherrygrove Street
Moorpark, CA 93021
805-529-7123
Fax: 805-529-1911
The SITE Program assesses but does not
approve or endorse technologies.
Page 389
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Technology Profile
MONITORING AND MEASUREMENT
TECHNOLOGIES PROGRAM
BRUKER INSTRUMENTS
(Bruker Mobile Environmental Monitor)
TECHNOLOGY DESCRIPTION:
The Bruker mobile environmental monitor is a
field transportable mass spectrometer designed to
identify and measure organic pollutants in vari-
ous environmental media (see photograph
below). The spectrometer uses a quadruple
mass analyzer similar to most conventional
instruments. Like conventional mass spectro-
meters, this instrument can identify and quantify
organic compounds on the basis of their reten-
tion time, molecular weight, and characteristic
fragment pattern. The Bruker instrument's
design and electronics are specially designed for
field use.
The instrument is designed to operate with
battery power and can be used in various en-
vironmental situations with minimum support
requirements. The integrated gas chromatograph
allows introduction of complex extracts for
separation into individuarcomponents and sub-
sequent analysis in the mass spectrometer.
The instrument was originally designed for the
military to detect and monitor chemical warfare
agents. Environmental samples may be intro-
duced to the mass spectrometer through the
direct air sampler or the gas chromatograph.
Results are collected and stored in a computer,
where data is reduced and analyzed. The com-
puter provides reports within minutes of final
data acquisition.
WASTE APPLICABILITY:
This instrument is designed to detect the full
range of volatile and semivolatile organic com-
Bruker Mobile Environmental Monitor
Page 390
The SITE Program assesses but does not
approve or endorse technologies.
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November 1994
Completed Project
pounds directly in air and in water, soil, sedi-
ment, sludge, and hazardous waste extracts.
The Bruker mobile environmental monitor pro-
vides in-field, real-time support during the
characterization and remediation phases of
cleanup at a hazardous waste site.
STATUS:
This technology was demonstrated at the Re-
Solve, Inc., and Westborough Superfund site in
EPA Region 1. The technology was used to
analyze polychlorinated biphenyls and poly-
nuclear aromatics in soil and the full range of
Superfund-targeted volatile organic compounds
in water. Splits of all samples analyzed in the
field were shipped to a laboratory for confir-
matory analysis using standard Superfund ana-
lytical methods.
The SITE demonstration was completed in
September 1990, and a project report was pro-
vided to the Superfund Program Office. The
results of this study were presented at the Amer-
ican Society for Mass Spectrometry (ASMS)
Conference in May 1991 and at the Superfund
Hazardous Waste Conference in July 1991. A
recent survey of regional laboratories identified
additional testing of this technology as a priority
need.
The Environmental Monitoring Systems Labora-
tory-Las Vegas purchased this field portable gas
chromatograph/mass spectrometer system in
fiscal year 1992 to pursue other applications and
to expand the scope of this project.
FOR FURTHER INFORMATION:
EPA PROJECT MANAGERS:
Stephen Billets
U.S. EPA
Environmental Monitoring Systems Laboratory
944 East Harmon
P.O. Box 93478
Las Vegas, NV 89193-3478
702-798-2232
Fax: 702-798-2261
TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPER CONTACT:
John Wronka
Bruker Instruments
Manning Park
19 Fortune Drive
Billerica, MA 01821
508-667-9580
Fax: 508-663-9177
The SITE Program assesses but does not
approve or endorse technologies.
Page 391
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Technology Profile
MONITORING AND MEASUREMENT
TECHNOLOGIES PROGRAM
DEXSIL CORPORATION
(Environmental Test Kits)
TECHNOLOGY DESCRIPTION:
The Dexsil Corporation (Dexsil) produces two
test kits that detect polychlorinated biphenyls
(PCB) in soil: the Dexsil Clor-N-Soil PCB
Screening Kit, and the Dexsil L2000 PCB/
Chloride Analyzer. The Dexsil Clor-N-Soil
PCB Screening Kit (see figure below) extracts
PCBs from soil and dissociates the PCBs with a
sodium reagent, freeing chloride ions. These
ions then react with mercuric ions to form
mercuric chloride compound. The extract is
then treated with diphenylcarbazone, which
reacts with free mercuric ions to form a purple
color. The less purple the color, the greater the
concentration of PCBs hi the extract.
The Dexsil L2000 PCB/Chloride Analyzer (see
figure on next page) also extracts PCBs from
soil and dissociates the PCBs with a sodium
reagent, freeing chloride ions. The extract is
then analyzed with a calibrated chloride-specific
electrode. The L2000 instrument then translates
the output from the electrode into parts per
million (ppm) PCB concentration.
These technologies produce analytical results at
different data quality levels. The Clor-N-Soil
PCB Screening Kit identifies samples above or
below a single concentration, which is generally
tied to regulatory action levels. The Dexsil
L2000 PCB/Chloride Analyzer quantifies speci-
fic concentrations of PCBs in a sample over the
range of 2 to 2000 ppm. The applicability of
these methods depends on the data quality needs
of a specific project. Both technologies can be
used on site for site characterization or removal
action.
Dexsil Clor-N-Soil PCB Screening Kit
Page 392
The SITE Program assesses but does not
approve or endorse technologies.
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November 1994
Completed Project
WASTE APPLICABILITY:
The Dexsil Clor-N-Soil PCB Screening Kit and
the Dexsil L2000 PCB/Chloride analyzer can
detect PCB concentrations in soil, sediment, and
transformer oils.
STATUS:
These test kits were demonstrated at a PCB-
contaminated facility in EPA Region 7. About
200 soil samples were collected and analyzed on
site using the Dexsil test kits. Soil samples were
not dried prior to analysis. Split samples were
submitted to the off-site formal laboratory for
confirmatory analysis by SW-846 Method 8080.
Demonstration data were used to evaluate the
accuracy and precision of the test kits, relative
to internal quality control samples and to formal
laboratory data. These data were also used to
determine operating costs.
The sampling and field analyses for this tech-
nology demonstration were completed in August
1992. The final report is undergoing peer
review and will be published in early 1995.
FOR FURTHER INFORMATION:
EPA PROJECT MANAGER:
J. Lary Jack
U.S. EPA
Environmental Monitoring Systems Laboratory
944 East Harmon
P.O. Box 93478
Las Vegas, NV 89193-3478
702-789-2373
Fax: 702-798-3146
TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPER CONTACT:
Steve Finch
Dexsil Corporation
One Hamden Park Drive
Hamden, CT 06517
203-288-3509
Fax: 203-248-6235
Dexsil L2000 PCB/Chloride Analyzer
The SITE Program assesses but does not
approve or endorse technologies.
Page 393
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Technology Profile
MONITORING AND MEASUREMENT
TECHNOLOGIES PROGRAM
ENSYS, INC.
(Penta RISc Test System)
TECHNOLOGY DESCRIPTION:
The Penta RISc Test Systems are designed to
quickly provide semiquantitative results for
pentachlorophenol (PCP) concentrations in soil
and water samples. The technology uses im-
munoassay chemistry to produce compound-
specific reactions that detect and quantify PCP.
Polyclonal antibodies fix to the inside wall of a
test tube, where they offer binding sites for
PCP. An enzyme conjugate containing a PCP
derivative is added to the test tube to compete
with sample PCP for antibody binding sites.
Excess sample and enzyme conjugate are washed
from the test tube. Reagents are then added to
the test tube to react with the enzyme conjugate,
forming a color. After a designated time period,
a solution is added to the test tube to stop color
formation. The sample color is compared to the
color formed by a PCP standard. A differential
photometer compares the colors. The results
obtained from soil samples are compared against
three calibrators of 0.5, 5, and 50 parts per
million (ppm). The technology's three cali-
brators for water are listed as 5, 500, and 5,000
parts per billion (ppb).
Penta RISc Test System
Page 394
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Completed Project
The system can be affected by naturally occur-
ring matrix effects such as humic acids, pH, or
salinity. Site-specific matrix effects that can
affect the system include: PCP carriers such as
petroleum hydrocarbons or solvents; and other
chemicals used in conjunction with PCP, inclu-
ding creosote, copper-chromium-arsenate, or
herbicides. Specific chemicals similar in struc-
ture to PCP can provide positive results, or
cross reactivity.
WASTE APPLICABILITY:
The PCP immunoassay measures PCP concen-
trations in soil and water. For soil analysis, the
semiquantitative ranges are: greater than 50
ppm, between 50 and 5 ppm, between 5 and 0.5
ppm, and less than 0.5 ppm. For water analy-
sis, the ranges are as follows: greater than
5,000 ppb, between 5,000 and 500 ppb, between
500 and 5 ppb, and less than 5 ppb. Ensys, Inc.
can customize these ranges to a user's needs.
STATUS:
The SITE demonstration occurred at Morrisville,
North Carolina. Samples collected from
Winona, Missouri were transported to the
demonstration location for testing. Samples
from both sites were analyzed to evaluate the
effects of different sample matrices, and dif-
ferent PCP carriers such as diesel fuel and
isopropyl ether-butane. The demonstration was
held during summer 1993 and consisted of ana-
lyzing 112 soil samples and 16 water samples.
The draft of the Technology Evaluation Report
for the PCP test was submitted to EPA in spring
1994. The draft of the report is undergoing peer
review and will be released in final report form
in January 1995.
FOR FURTHER INFORMATION:
EPA PROJECT MANAGER:
J. Lary Jack
U.S. EPA
Environmental Monitoring Systems Laboratory
944 East Harmon
P.O. Box 93478
Las Vegas, NV 89193-3478
702-798-2373
Fax: 702-798-3146
TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPER CONTACT:
Aisling Scallan
Ensys, Inc.
P.O. Box 14063
Research Triangle Park, NC 27709
919-941-5509
Fax: 919-941-5519
The SITE Program assesses but does not
approve or endorse technologies.
Page 395
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Technology Profile
MONITORING AND MEASUREMENT
TECHNOLOGIES PROGRAM
GEOPROBE SYSTEMS
(Geoprobe Conductivity Sensor)
TECHNOLOGY DESCRIPTION:
The Geoprobe conductivity sensor identifies
lithology and potential contamination by mea-
suring the electrical conductivity of soil, rock,
and hydrogeologic fluids. Overall, soil and rock
are resistant to current. Therefore, the ability of
a hydrogeologic section to conduct a current is
closely tied to the amount and types of pore
fluids, and to the amount of dissolved solids in
these fluids.
The conductivity sensor uses an isolated array of
sensing rings to measure this conductivity. The
probe is principally designed to help determine
subsurface stratigraphy. Since layers of pure
organic product, including hydrocarbons, alter
the conductivity of a matrix, the probe may also
help characterize subsurface contamination.
The principal components of the Geoprobe
system are:
• a Geoprobe hydraulic punch
• standard sampling rods supplied with the
system
• a cable threaded through the sampling
rod that introduces the current
• the conductivity sensor
• a data receiver connected to a personal
computer to record the probe's measure-
ments
The hydraulic punch uses a combination of
pushing and hammering to advance 3-feet-long
segments of 2.54-centimeter-diameter hollow
steel sampling rods. The conductivity sensor is
attached to the lead section of the sampling rod.
STRINGPDT
MEASURES DEPTH
PERCUSSION
PROBING MACHINE
DATA ACQUISITION SYSTEM VITH
REAL-TIME DISPLAY OF
CONDUCTIVITY VERSUS DEPTH
RACK SYSTEM FDR
PROBE ROD VITH
CONTINUOUS CABLE
SENSING PROBE
MEASURES CONDUCTIVITY
Schematic Diagram of the Geoprobe Conductivity Sensor
Page 396
The SITE Program assesses but does not
approve or endorse technologies.
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November 1994
Completed Project
The conductivity sensor consists of four stainless
steel contact rings fitted around a central steel
shaft. Plastic electronically isolates the contact
rings from the steel shaft, improving soil contact
with the stainless steel rings. A hollow steel rod
extends above the uppermost stainless-steel ring,
housing a shielded signal cable that connects the
contact rings with an external power source,
measurement system, and data logging system.
The conductivity sensor can be used in a Dipole
array or a Schlumberger array. The Dipole
array is used when greater resolution is
required. The Schlumberger array is generally
used when optimal soil-to-probe contact cannot
be maintained. , .'
Geoprobe offers a training course for operating
the conductivity sensor, but details are unavail-
able at this time. No maintenance or cost infor-
mation is available for the technology at this
time.
WASTE APPLICABILITY:
The Geoprobe conductivity sensor was designed
to determine subsurface stratigraphy and to
qualitatively indicate the presence or absence of
contamination in subsurface soils.
STATUS:
The Geoprobe conductivity sensor field demon-
stration was conducted hi September 1994.
After completing the demonstration, a Techno-
logy Evaluation Report (TER) will be prepared.
The TER will present the results of the demon-
stration objectively and provide supporting docu-
mentation. In addition, an innovative tech-
nology evaluation report will be prepared and
published that summarizes the findings presented
in the TER. These reports will help data users
and technology reviewers assess the performance
of each technology for possible use on future
site characterization or remediation projects at
hazardous waste sites.
FOR FURTHER INFORMATION:
EPA PROJECT MANAGER:
J. Lary Jack
U.S. EPA
Environmental Monitoring Systems Laboratory
944 East Harmon
P.O. Box 93478
Las Vegas, NV 89193-3478
702-798-2373
Fax: 702-798-3146
TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPER CONTACT:
Colliri Christy
Tom Christy
Geoprobe Systems
607 Barney Street
Salina, KS 67401
913-825-1842
Fax: 913-825-2097
The SITE Program assesses but does not
approve or endorse technologies.
Page 397
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Technology Profile
MONITORING AND MEASUREMENT
TECHNOLOGIES PROGRAM
GRASEBY IONICS, LTD., and PCP, INC.
(Ion Mobility Spectrometry)
TECHNOLOGY DESCRIPTION:
Ion mobility spectrometry (IMS) is a technique
used to detect and characterize organic vapors in
air. IMS involves the ionization of molecules
and their subsequent temporal drift through an
electric field. Analysis and characterization are
based on analyte separations resulting from ionic
mobilities rather than ionic masses; this dif-
ference distinguishes IMS from mass spectro-
metry. IMS operates at atmospheric pressure, a
characteristic that has practical advantages over
mass spectrometry, including smaller size, lower
power requirements, less weight, and ease of
use.
WASTE APPLICABILITY:
The IMS units, which are intended to be used in
a preprogrammed fashion, can monitor chloro-
form, ethylbenzene, and other volatile organic
compounds (VOC), in a defined situation. IMS
units can analyze air, vapor, soil, and water
samples. However, for analysis of liquid and
solid materials, the contaminants must be intro-
duced to the instrument in the gas phase,
requiring some sample preparation.
STATUS:
Graseby Ionics, Ltd. (Graseby), and PCP, Inc.,
participated in a laboratory demonstration in
summer and fall 1990. Graseby used a commer-
cially available, self-contained instrument that
weighs about 2 kilograms (kg) (see figure be-
low). PCP, Inc., used a larger (12 kg) trans-
portable IMS. This laboratory demonstration
was the first opportunity to test the instruments,
on environmental samples. Though IMS' poten-
tial is known, the results of the laboratory
demonstration highlighted, for the first time, the
technology's limitations. The following two
ENVIRONMENTAL CAP
NOZZLE PROTECTIVE CAP-
(Poaltion when A.V.M. Is In use)
Airborne Vapor Monitor
Page 398
The SITE Program assesses but does not
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November 1994
Completed Project
needs must be satisfied before IMS will be ready
for field applications:
• Additional development of sampling or
sample preparation strategies for soil
and water analysis
• Improvements in the design and perfor-
mance of IMS inlets in conjunction with
the development of sampling and presen-
tation procedures
FOR FURTHER BVFORMATION:
EPA PROJECT MANAGER:
Eric Koglin
U.S. EPA
Environmental Monitoring Systems Laboratory
944 East: Harmon
P.O. Box 93478
Las Vegas, NV 89193-3478
702-798-2432
Fax: 702-798-3146
TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPER CONTACTS:
John Brokenshire
Graseby Ionics Ltd.
Analytical Division
Park Avenue, Bushey
Watford, Hertfordshire
WD2 2BW
England
011-44-923-816166
Martin Cohen
PCP, Inc.
2155 Indian Road
West Palm Beach, FL 33409-3287
407-683-0507
Fax: 407-683-0507 (call first)
The SITE Program assesses but does not
approve or endorse technologies.
Page 399
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Technology Profile
MONITORING AND MEASUREMENT
TECHNOLOGIES PROGRAM
HNU SYSTEMS, INC.
(HNU-Hanby PCP Test Kit)
TECHNOLOGY DESCRIPTION:
The HNU-Hanby pentachlorophenol (PCP) test
kit rapidly analyzes for PCP in soil samples.
The test kit estimates PCP concentrations in
samples when the carrier solvent is a petroleum
hydrocarbon. The test kit can only detect those
PCP carriers that contain aromatic compounds.
The test kit estimates PCP concentrations hi soil
samples indirectly by measuring petroleum
hydrocarbon carrier solvent for the PCP. The
carrier solvent concentration to PCP concen-
tration ratio must be constant for the test kit
results to be usable.
To quantify the PCP results, split samples are
used for confirmatory laboratory determination
of PCP concentrations using EPA-approved
methods. The confirmatory laboratory results
and test kit results can generate calibration data
by correlating two sets of data. As the number
of samples and data points increase, the accuracy
of the test kit results should improve.
The test kit uses the Friedel-Crafts alkylation
reaction to detect aromatics and petroleum in
soil samples. An electrophile is formed by the
reaction of a Lewis acid catalyst, such as alu-
minum chloride, with an alkyl halide. Electro-
phile aromatic substitution products are generally
very large molecules with a high degree of
electron dislocation that causes intense coloring.
When testing, the sample's color is compared to
site-specific color standards for a semiquantita-
tive assessment of PCP concentrations. Alter-
natively, the color change can be read by a
reflective photometer. The reflective photometer
used with calibration charts can provide quanti-
tative results for PCP.
HNU-Hanby PCP Test Kit
Page 400
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November 1994
Completed Project
WASTE APPLICABILITY:
The PCP test kit measures PCP carriers that
contain aromatic and petroleum hydrocarbons in
soils. The method assumes a consistent ratio of
PCP to carrier solvent. The method indirectly
measures PCP concentrations with carrier sol-
vents at a detection level of 1.0 parts per million
for aromatic compounds.
STATUS:
The HNU-Hanby PCP test kit was used to
screen and quantify PCP contamination in soils
for a SITE demonstration. The screening kit
was demonstrated in Morrisville, North Carolina
in August 1993, with samples collected from
Winona, Missouri.
The method was found to produce Level 1
quality assurance data during the demonstration.
When PCP was present the test kit always
detected the PCP. However, this result may be
attributed to the abundance of petroleum carriers
in the samples.
HNU Systems recently introduced a similar
method that could measure PCP more directly
by detecting chlorinated compounds in soil and
water. This method works on the same principle
as the method to detect aromatic compounds,
only the method is conducted in reverse. The
chlorinated compounds are originally present in
the soil or water and an aromatic compound is
introduced as a catalyst to allow the Friedel-
Crafts reaction to proceed. The new method is
also a colorimetric method.
The draft of the Technology Evaluation Report
for the PCP test was submitted to EPA in spring
1994. The draft of the report is undergoing peer
review and will be released in final report form
in January 1995.
FOR FURTHER INFORMATION:
EPA PROJECT MANAGER:
J. Lary Jack
U.S. EPA
Environmental Monitoring Systems Laboratory
944 East Harmon
P.O. Box 93478
Las Vegas, NV 89193-3478
702-798-2373
Fax:702-798-2373
TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPER CONTACT:
Jack Driscoll
HNU Systems, Inc.
160 Charlemont Street
Newton, MA 02161-9987
617-964-6690
Fax: 617-965-0056
The SITE Program assesses but does not
approve or endorse technologies.
Page 401
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Technology Profile
MONITORING AND MEASUREMENT
TECHNOLOGIES PROGRAM
HNU SYSTEMS, INC.
(HNU Source Excited Fluorescence
Analyzer-Portable [SEFA-P] XRF Analyzer)
TECHNOLOGY DESCRIPTION:
The HNU Source Excited Fluorescence
Analyzer-Portable (SEFA-P) X-ray fluorescence
(XRF) analyzer is a field portable unit. It can
simultaneously analyze a number of inorganic
elements ranging from sodium to uranium. It
requires liquid nitrogen for detector operation;
but once filled can operate for over 8 hours. A
rechargeable battery allows the XRF unit to be
used at remote sites where electricity is not
available.
The HNU SEFA-P XRF analyzer uses a silicon-
lithium detector to provide high elemental reso-
lution and low detection limits. Three radio-
isotope excitation sources provide a broad range
of excitation energies to identify and quantify
inorganic elements.
The HNU SEFA-P XRF analyzer provides high
sample throughput and is reportedly easy to
operate. Analytical results obtained by this
instrument are reportedly comparable to the
results obtained by EPA-approved methods.
WASTE APPLICABILITY:
The HNU SEFA-P XRF analyzer can detect
inorganic elements in solids, liquids, slurries,
and powders. The analyzer can identify
inorganic elements at concentrations ranging
from parts per million to percentage levels.
STATUS:
The HNU SEFA-P XRF analyzer has been used
at a number of Superfund sites across the
country. A SITE demonstration of the HNU
SEFA-P XRF analyzer is scheduled for February
1995.
Page 402
The SITE Program assesses but does not
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November J994
Completed Project
FOR FURTHER INFORMATION:
EPA PROJECT MANAGER:
Harold Vincent
U.S. EPA
Environmental Monitoring Systems Laboratory
944 East Harmon
P.O. Box 93478
Las Vegas, NV 89193-3478
702-798-2129
Fax: 702-798-2692
TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPER CONTACT:
Jack Driscoll
HNU Systems, Inc.
160 Charlemont Street
Newton, MA 02161-9987
617-964-6690
Fax: 617-965-0056
The SITE Program assesses but does not
approve or endorse technologies.
Page 403
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Technology Profile
MONITORING AND MEASUREMENT
TECHNOLOGIES PROGRAM
HNU SYSTEMS, INC.
(Portable Gas Chromatograph)
TECHNOLOGY DESCRIPTION:
The field-deployable HNU GC 311 portable iso-
thermal gas chromatograph monitors volatile
organic compound emissions from hazardous
waste sites and other emissions sources before
and during remediation (see figure below). It
has an internal carrier gas supply, operates on
110-volt line power, and is microprocessor-
controlled. An internal printer plots chromato-
grams and prints data. Data can also be repor-
ted to an external computer, which is connected
through an RS-232 outlet. Either photoioni-
zation or electron-capture detectors can be used.
Capillary columns of all sizes can be installed.
The unit is capable of autosampling.
WASTE APPLICABILITY:
The HNU GC 311 portable isothermal gas
chromatograph is potentially applicable to a wide
variety of vapor phase pollutants, but its field
performance is still under evaluation. The
photoionization detector is sensitive to com-
pounds that ionize below 10.4 electron volts,
such as aromatic compounds and unsaturated
halocarbons. The electron-capture detector is
sensitive to compounds with a high affinity for
electrons, such as halocarbons.
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HNU GC 311
Page 404
The SITE Program assesses but does not
approve or endorse technologies.
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November 1994
Completed Project
STATUS:
The instrument was evaluated at a Superfund site
under remediation in January 1992. Results
from the demonstration are presented in a peer-
reviewed article entitled "Evaluation of Portable
Gas Chromatograph" in the Proceedings of the
1993 U.S. EPA/Air and Waste Management
Association International Symposium, VIP-33,
Vol. 2, 1993. A final report will not be
prepared.
FOR FURTHER INFORMATION:
EPA PROJECT MANAGER:
Richard Berkley
U.S. EPA
Atmospheric Research and Exposure
Assessment Laboratory
MD-44
Research Triangle Park, NC 27711
919-541-2439
Fax: 919-541-0239
TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPER CONTACT:
Ed Lazaruck
HNU Systems, Inc.
160 Charlemont Street
Newton, MA 02161-9987
617-964-6690
Fax: 617-695-0056
The SITE Program assesses but does not
approve or endorse technologies.
Page 405
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Technology Profile
MONITORING AND MEASUREMENT
TECHNOLOGIES PROGRAM
IDETEK, INC.
(formerly BINAX CORPORATION, ANTOX DIVISION)
(Equate® Immunoassay)
TECHNOLOGY DESCRIPTION:
The Equate® immunoassay uses an anti-benzene,
toluene, and xylene (BTX) polyclonal antibody
to facilitate analysis of BTX in water. A
hapten-enzyme conjugate mimics free BTX
hydrocarbons and competes for binding to the
polyclonal antibody immobilized on a test tube.
After washing to remove unbound conjugate, a
substrate chromogen mixture is added and a
colored enzymatic reaction product is formed.
The enzymatic reaction is stopped by adding a
few drops of sulfuric acid, which changes the
color to yellow.
As with other competitive enzyme-linked im-
munosorbent assays, the color intensity of the
enzymatic product is inversely proportional to
the sample analyte concentration. Each sample
is run with a reference sample of deionized
water. The optical density of the colored en-
zymatic product is read on a portable digital
colorimeter equipped with a filter that passes
light at a peak wavelength of 450 nanometers.
The ratio of the sample to the reference optical
density values is used to estimate the aromatic
hydrocarbon level in the low parts per million
(ppm) range. The test is sensitive to about 1
ppm and requires 5 to 10 minutes per analysis.
WASTE APPLICABILITY:
The immunoassay is designed to measure aro-
matic hydrocarbons in water.
Equate® Immunoassay Kit
Page 406
The SITE Program assesses but does not
approve or endorse technologies.
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November 1994
Completed Project
STATUS:
The Environmental Monitoring System Labora-
tory-Las Vegas evaluated several successful
versions of the immunoassay. The evaluation
focused on cross-reactivity and interference
testing and on analysis of benzene, toluene,
ethylbenzene, and xylene (BTEX) and gasoline
standard curves.
As a preliminary field evaluation, five well
samples and a creek sample were analyzed in
duplicate, both in the field and the laboratory,
by the immunoassay. For confirmation, samples
were also analyzed by purge-and-trap gas
chromatography with an electron capture detec-
tor, in parallel with a photoionization detector.
A SITE demonstration of the Equate® im-
munoassay was conducted in 1992. Results
from this demonstration were published in June
1994 in an EPA report entitled "Superfund
Innovative Technology Evaluation (SITE)
Program Evaluation Report for Antox BTX
Water Screen (BTX Immunoassay),"
(EPA540/R-93/518).
FOR FURTHER INFORMATION:
EPA PROJECT MANAGER:
Jeanette Van Emon
U.S. EPA
Environmental Monitoring Systems Laboratory
944 East Harmon
P.O. Box 93478
Las Vegas, NV 89193-3478
702-798-2154
Fax: 702-798-3146
TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPER CONTACT:
Richard Lankow
Idetek, Inc.
1245 Reamwood Avenue
Sunnyvale, CA 94089
408-752-1353
Fax: 408-745-0243
The SITE Program assesses but does not
approve or endorse technologies.
Page 407
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Technology Profile
MONITORING AND MEASUREMENT
TECHNOLOGIES PROGRAM
MDA SCIENTIFIC, INC.
(Fourier Transform Infrared Spectrometer)
TECHNOLOGY DESCRIPTION:
The field-deployable, long-path Fourier trans-
form infrared spectrometer measures infrared
absorption by infrared-active molecules (see
photograph below). An infrared beam is trans-
mitted along a path to a retroflector, which
returns the beam to the detector. The total path
can be up to 1 kilometer long. The system does
not need calibration in the field.
Results are analyzed with a reference spectrum
of known concentration and classical least
squares fitting routines. The spectrometer does
not need a sample, thereby ensuring sample
integrity. A measurement requires only a few
minutes, which allows determination of temporal
profiles for pollutant gas concentrations.
WASTE APPLICABILITY:
The Fourier transform infrared spectrometer can
measure various airborne vapors, including both
organic and inorganic compounds, especially
those that are too volatile to be collected by
preconcentrationmethods. The spectrometer can
Fourier Transform Infrared Spectrometer
Page 408
The SITE Program assesses but does not
approve or endorse technologies.
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November 1994
Completed Project
monitor emissions from hazardous waste sites
during remediation. Under proper conditions, it
may be possible to estimate vapor emission rates
from the site.
STATUS:
The Fourier transform infrared spectrometer has
been evaluated in several field studies and has
proven capable of detecting various significant
airborne atmospheric vapors. Software that
identifies and quantifies compounds in the
presence of background interference is under
development. Field-operating procedures and
quality control procedures are being established.
This instrument was evaluated at a Superfund
site in January 1992. Results from this field
evaluation are published in an EPA report
entitled "Superfund Innovative Technology
Evaluation, The Delaware SITE Study, 1989"
(EPA/600/A3-91/071).
FOR FURTHER INFORMATION:
EPA PROJECT MANAGER:
William McClenny
U.S. EPA
Atmospheric Research and Exposure
Assessment Laboratory
MD-44
Research Triangle Park, NC 27711
919-541-3158
Fax: 919-541-0239
TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPER CONTACT:
Orman Simpson
MDA Scientific, Inc.
3000 Northwoods Parkway
Norcross, GA 30071
404-242-0977
Fax: 404-242-1982
The SITE Program assesses but does not
approve or endorse technologies.
Page 409
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Technology Profile
MONITORING AND MEASUREMENT
TECHNOLOGIES PROGRAM
MICROSENSOR SYSTEMS, INCORPORATED
(Portable Gas Chromatograph)
TECHNOLOGY DESCRIPTION:
The MSI-301A vapor monitor is a portable,
temperature-controlled gas chromatograph with
a highly selective surface acoustic wave detector
and an on-board computer (see figure below).
The MSI-301A vapor monitor performs the
following functions:
• Preconcentrates samples and uses scrubbed
ambient air as a carrier gas.
• Analyzes a limited group of preselected
compounds, such as benzene, toluene, and
xylenes, at part-per-billion levels.
• Operates by battery and includes an
RS-232 interface.
• Operates automatically as a stationary
sampler or manually as a mobile unit.
WASTE APPLICABILITY:
The MSI-301A vapor monitor can monitor
volatile organic compound emissions from
hazardous waste sites and other sources before
and during remediation. It can be applied to
many kinds of vapor phase pollutants, but its
performance characteristics in the field have not
been evaluated.
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MSI-301A Vapor Monitor
Page 410
The SITE Program assesses but does not
approve or endorse technologies.
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November 7994
Completed Project
STATUS:
In January 1992, the MSI-301A vapor monitor
was evaluated in the field at a Superfund site.
Results from the demonstration are presented in
a peer-reviewed article entitled "Evaluation of
Portable Gas Chromatographs" in the Proceed-
ings of the 1993 U.S. EPA/Air and Waste
Management Association International Sym-
posium, VIP-33, Vol. 2, 1993.
FOR FURTHER INFORMATION:
EPA PROJECT MANAGER:
Richard Berkley
U.S. EPA
Atmospheric Research and Exposure
Assessment Laboratory
MD-44
Research Triangle Park, NC 27711
919-541-2439
Fax: 919-541-0239
TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPER CONTACT:
N. L. Jarvis
Microsensor Systems, Incorporated
62 Corporate Court
Bowling Green, KY 42103
410-939-1089
Fax: 410-939-1168
The SITE Program assesses but does not
approve or endorse technologies.
Page 411
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Technology Profile
MONITORING AND MEASUREMENT
TECHNOLOGIES PROGRAM
MILLIPORE CORPORATION
(EnviroGard™ PCB Imimmoassay Test Kit)
TECHNOLOGY DESCRIPTION:
The EnviroGard™ polychlorinated biphenyl
(PCB) immunoassay test kit rapidly analyzes for
PCB concentrations in soils. The test kit proce-
dure is shown in the figure below.
Soil sample extracts are added to test tubes
coated with antibodies that bind PCB molecules.
The soil extracts are washed away after incu-
bation, and the PCB conjugate, a horse radish
peroxidase enzyme, mimics free PCB molecules
and is added to the tubes. Unoccupied antibody
binding sites bind the PCB conjugate. Excess
PCB conjugate is washed away. An enzyme
substrate and a coloring agent are then added to
the test tube.
Incubation 1:
Dilution of sample or
calibrator is incubated in
tube containing
immobilized antibodies.
I
- PCB
- Non-PCB Material in Filtrate
or Calibrator
- PCB Antibody
WasM:
Non-PCB material is
washed away, leaving only
PCBs bound to antibodies.
Incubation 2:
PCB-HRP binds to free
anti-PCB sites on
Immobilized antibodies.
Wash 2:
Unbound PCB-HRP is
washed away, leaving an
amount of enzyme
Inversely proportional to
the PCB concentration in
incubation 1.
Incubation 3:
Colorless substrate and
chromogen become blue in
proportion to amount of
bound enzyme. Less color.
means more PCB Stop
solution inactivates the HRP,
changes color to yellow, and
stabilizes color.
E - HRP (Horse Radish
Peroxidase Enzyme)
Blue
S - Substrate
C » Chromogen
Test Kit Procedure
Page 412
The SITE Program assesses but does not
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November 1994
Completed Project
The color intensity in the test tube is measured
at 405 nanometers using a small, portable
spectrophotometer. The color intensity is inver-
sely proportional to PCS concentration in the
soil sample. The results obtained from the soil
samples are compared against three calibrators
of 5, 10, and 50 parts per million (ppm). This
type of test is called a competitive enzyme-
linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA).
PCB concentrations are semiquantitatively
classified as below 5 ppm, between 5 and 10
ppm, between 10 and 50 ppm, and greater than
50 ppm. Up to six sample analyses (in dupli-
cate) can be performed in about 15 to 20 min-
utes. Millipore Corporation can provide
optional protocols to perform more detailed
quantitative analysis.
WASTE APPLICABILITY:
The PCB immunoassay test kit measures PCB
concentrations in soil. The test is sensitive
equally to Aroclors 1016, 1232, 1242, 1248,
1254, and 1260, with moderate sensitivity to
Aroclor 1221. Test detection limits are reported
to be 0.1 part per billion in water and 0.1 ppm
in soils. Millipore has also developed ELISA
kits under the EnviroGard™ trademark for
triazine, aldicarb, 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic
acid (2,4-D), carbofuran, pentachlorophenol,
cyclodienes, alachlor, and benomyl. These kits
have been used to test for contaminants in food,
water, soil, and contaminated surfaces, and are
available for commercial distribution.
STATUS:
The EnviroGard™ PCB immunoassay test kit has
been used to screen and quantify PCB conta-
mination in soils at a SITE demonstration of a
solvent extraction system in Washburn, Maine.
The kit was also demonstrated at a U.S. Depart-
ment of Energy (DOE) site in Kansas City,
Missouri.
Soil containing over 50 ppm PCB was required
for the demonstration tests at the Washburn,
Maine site. Calibrators at the 5 and 50 ppm
level were used to evaluate the kit's potential for
segregating soils. Additional tests were per-
formed on dilutions of the soil extracts to evalu-
ate quantitative performance. Highly contami-
nated soils were easily identified, and quantita-
tive tests provided correlation to contaminant
levels obtained by off-site laboratory analysis
using EPA Method 8080.
Soils contaminated with Aroclor 1242 in ranges
from non-detectable to greater than 1,000 ppm
were analyzed with the test kit at the DOE
facility. Over 200 assays of environmental
samples and calibrators were performed to
evaluate correlation with both on-site and off-site
laboratory gas chromatograph data. Final evalu-
ation of the data will be presented in the Tech-
nology Evaluation Report.
Draft methods for the PCB test in soil were
submitted for review by the Office of Solid
Waste methods panel in summer 1992. The
final report is undergoing peer review and will
be published in 1995.
FOR FURTHER INFORMATION:
EPA PROJECT MANAGER:
J. Lary Jack
U.S. EPA
Environmental Monitoring Systems Laboratory
944 East Harmon
P.O. Box 93478
Las Vegas, NV 89193-3478
702-798-2373
Fax: 702-798-3146
TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPER CONTACT:
Alan Weiss
Analytical Division
Millipore Corporation
80 Asby Road
Bedford, MA 01730
617-275-9200, ext. 2968
Fax: 617-535-3135
The SITE Program assesses but does not
approve or endorse technologies.
Page 413
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Technology Profile
MONITORING AND MEASUREMENT
TECHNOLOGIES PROGRAM
MILLIPORE CORPORATION
(EnviroGard™ PCP Immimoassay Test Kit)
TECHNOLOGY DESCRIPTION:
The EnviroGard™ pentachlorophenol (PCP) test
can provide rapid semiquantitative and quanti-
tative results at sites where the soil and water
are contaminated by PCP. The procedure is
performed by adding a water or soil sample
extract to test tubes and introducing an enzyme
conjugate. The PCPs from the sample and the
enzyme conjugate compete for immobilized anti-
pentachlorophenol antibody binding sites. The
antibodies then bind to the walls of the test
tubes.
The reaction of the enzyme conjugate with added
colorization reagents yields the results. A small,
portable spectrophotometer measures the color
intensity, which is inversely proportional to PCP
concentrations hi the sample. The results are
compared against three calibration standards: 25
parts per billion (ppb), 250 ppb, and 5,000 ppb.
This type of test is called competitive enzyme-
linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA).
PCP concentrations can be semiquantitatively
classified for soil samples as follows: below 25
ppb; between 25 and 250 ppb; between 250 and
5,000 ppb; and greater than 5,000 ppb. The
PCP concentrations in water can be classified as
follows: below 5 ppb; between 5 and 20 ppb;
between 20 and 100 ppb; and greater than 100
ppb. Different detection levels are achieved by
EnviroGard™ PCP Immunoassay Test Kit
Page 414
The SITE Program assesses but does not
approve or endorse technologies.
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November 1994
Completed Project
diluting the water sample or the solid sample
extract.
The test kit can be affected by naturally occur-
ring matrix effects such as humic acids, pH, or
salinity. Site-specific matrix effects that can
affect the kits include: PCP carriers, such as
petroleum hydrocarbons or solvents; and other
chemicals used in conjunction with PCP, inclu-
ding creosote, copper-chromium-arsenate, or
herbicides. Specific chemicals similar in
structure to PCP can provide false positive
results, or chemical cross reactivity.
WASTE APPLICABILITY:
The PCP immunoassay measures PCPs in soil
and water samples. Detection limits are 25 ppb
for soil and 5.0 ppb for water samples.
Millipore has also developed ELISA kits under
the EnviroGard™ trademark for triazine,
aldicarb, 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-
D), carbofuran, cyclodienes, polychlorinated
biphenyls, alachlor, and benomyl. These kits
have been used to test for contaminants in food,
water, soil, and contaminated surfaces and are
available for commercial distribution.
STATUS:
The EnviroGard™ PCP Immunoassay test kit was
used to screen and quantify PCP contamination
in soil and groundwater during a SITE demon-
stration in Morrisville, North Carolina in August
1993. The PCP carrier used at this site was a
mixture of isopropyl ether and butane. In
addition, soil and groundwater samples collected
from Winona, Missouri, were tested during the
demonstration. These samples had a PCP diesel
fuel carrier.
The test kit did not meet acceptable accuracy
requirements during the demonstration; it did not
meet Level 1 criteria. Millipore recognized the
need to improve the PCP test kit and has since
developed a revised protocol for PCP analysis.
Millipore believes the revisions will improve the
accuracy and reproducibility of the test.
The draft of the Technology Evaluation Report
for the PCP was submitted to EPA in spring
1994. The draft of the report is undergoing peer
review and will be released in the final form at
a later date.
FOR FURTHER INFORMATION:
EPA PROJECT MANAGER:
J. Lary Jack
U.S. EPA
Environmental Monitoring Systems Laboratory
944 East Harmon
P.O. Box 93478
Las Vegas, NV 89193-3478
702-798-2373
Fax: 702-798-3146
TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPER CONTACT:
Alan Weiss
Analytical Division
Millipore Corporation
80 Asby Road
Bedford, MA 01730
617-275-9200, ext. 2968
Fax: 617-533-3135
The SITE Program assesses but does not
approve or endorse technologies.
Page 4-15
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Technology Profile
MONITORING AND MEASUREMENT
TECHNOLOGIES PROGRAM
MTI ANALYTICAL INSTRUMENTS
(formerly MICROSENSOR TECHNOLOGY, INCORPORATED)
(Portable Gas Chromatograph)
TECHNOLOGY DESCRIPTION:
The MTI Analytical Instruments M200 gas
analyzer is a dual-channel portable isothermal
gas chromatograph (see figure below). The
injection system and thermal conductivity detec-
tor are micromachined in silicon and connected
by a short length of microbore column. Samples
are drawn through a sample loop with a vacuum
pump and placed hi line with the carrier stream.
The M200 gas analyzer can detect concentrations
as low as 1 part per million (ppm) for a wide
variety of volatile organic compounds (VOC),
without preconcentration. Chromatograms are
completed in less than 5 minutes. Analysis of
concentrations below 1 ppm requires a precon-
centrator.
WASTE APPLICABILITY:
The M200 gas analyzer can potentially monitor
VOC emissions from hazardous waste sites
before and during remediation. Because of the
universal sensitivity of its thermal conductivity
detector, the M200 gas analyzer is potentially
M200 Gas Analyzer
Page 416
The SITE Program assesses but does not
approve or endorse technologies.
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November 1994
Completed Project
applicable to many types of vapor phase com-
pounds, both organic and inorganic. However,
its performance characteristics in field operation
have not been evaluated because a suitable
preconcentrator is unavailable.
STATUS:
The M200 gas analyzer was evaluated in the
laboratory from 1990 to 1992. Without precon-
centration, the instrument's sensitivity was
inadequate for field operation.
FOR FURTHER INFORMATION:
EPA PROJECT MANAGER:
Richard Berkley
U.S. EPA
Atmospheric Research and Exposure
Assessment Laboratory
MD-44
Research Triangle Park, NC 27711
919-541-2439
Fax: 919-541-0239
TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPER CONTACT:
Mark Brunf
MTI Analytical Instruments
41762 Christy Street
Fremont, CA 94538
510-490-0900
Fax: 510-651-2498
The SITE Program assesses but does not
approve or endorse technologies.
Page 417
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Technology Profile
MONITORING AND MEASUREMENT
TECHNOLOGIES PROGRAM
OHMICRON CORPORATION
(Pentachlorophenol RaPID Assay)
TECHNOLOGY DESCRIPTION:
The RaPID Assay kit is designed to quickly
provide quantitative results for pentachloro-
phenol (PCP) concentrations in soil and water
samples. The kit uses immunoassay chemistry
to produce detectable and quantifiable
compound-specific reactions for PCP. Poly-
clonal antibodies bind to paramagnetic particles
and are introduced into a test tube where they
offer binding sites for PCP. An enzyme conju-
gate containing a PCP derivative is added to the
test tube, where it competes with PCP from
samples for antibody binding sites. A magnetic
field is applied to each test tube to hold the para-
magnetic particles containing PCP and en2yme
conjugate, while excess sample and enzyme
conjugate are washed from the test tube.
Reagents are then added to the test tube, where
they react with the enzyme conjugate and form
a color. The color formed in the sample is
compared to the color formed by PCP cali-
bration standards. The comparison is made with
a spectrophotometer. Samples with PCP con-
centrations above the calibration range can be
diluted and reanalyzed.
The RaPID Assay kit has several advantages and
limitations when used under field conditions.
The method is field portable, easy and fast to
operate, and inexpensive. The RaPID Assay kit
is limited in that electricity is required to operate
the spectrophotometer, the immunoassay method
may be affected by temperature fluctuations, and
cross-reactivity potential exist for compounds
similar to PCP.
Legend
O—( Magnetic Particle with
Antibody Attached
<—* Pentachlorophenol
Enzyme Conjugate
^ Pentachlorophenol
O ChromogenfSubstrate
• Colored Product
1. Immunological Reaction
2. Separation
3. Color Development
Ohmicron RaPID Assay®
Page 418
The SITE Program assesses but does not
approve or endorse technologies.
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November 1994
Completed Project
WASTE APPLICABILITY:
The RaPID Assay kit can be used to identify and
quantify PCPs in soil and water samples.
Ohmicron Corporation reports the detection limit
for soils at 0.1 parts per million and water
samples at 0.06 parts per billion.
STATUS:
The RaPID Assay kit was evaluated during a
SITE field demonstration in Morrisville, North
Carolina in August 1993. In addition, samples
collected from a location in Winona, Missouri
were analyzed to evaluate the effects of different
matrices and PCP carriers.
The draft of the Technology Evaluation Report
for the PCP test was submitted EPA in spring
1994. The draft of the report is undergoing peer
review and will be released in final report form
at a later date.
FOR FURTHER INFORMATION:
EPA PROJECT MANAGER:
J. Lary Jack
U.S. EPA
Environmental Monitoring Systems Laboratory
944 East Harmon
P.O. Box 93478
Las Vegas, NV 89193-3478
702-798-2373
Fax: 702-798-3146
TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPER CONTACT:
Mary Hayes
Ohmicron Corporation
375 Pheasant Run
Newton, PA 18940
215-860-5115
Fax: 215-860-7156
RaPID Assay Used During the SITE Demonstration
The SITE Program assesses but does not
approve or endorse technologies.
Page 419
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Technology Profile
MONITORING AND MEASUREMENT
TECHNOLOGIES PROGRAM
OUTOKUMPU ELECTRONICS, INC.
(Metorex X-MET 920P XRF Analyzer)
TECHNOLOGY DESCRIPTION:
The Metorex X-MET 920P X-ray fluorescence
(XRF) analyzer is built to withstand the rigors of
the field. It can simultaneously analyze 32
inorganic elements ranging from aluminum to
uranium. The X-MET 920P XRF analyzer is
compact and lightweight. It requires liquid
nitrogen for detector operation; but once filled
can operate for over 8 hours with one fill. A
rechargeable battery allows the XRF unit to be
used at remote sites where electricity is not
available.
The X-MET 920P XRF analyzer uses a silicon-
lithium detector to provide high elemental
Outokumpu Metorex X-MET 920P XRF Analyzer
Page 420
The SITE Program assesses but does not
approve or endorse technologies.
-------
November 1994
Completed Project
resolution and low detection limits. Four
radioisotope excitation sources provide a broad
range of excitation energies to identify and
quantify inorganic elements.
The X-MET 920P XRF analyzer provides high
sample throughput, and it is reportedly easy to
operate. Analytical results obtained by this
instrument are reportedly comparable to results
obtained by EPA-approved methods.
WASTE APPLICABILITY:
The X-MET 920P XRF analyzer can be used to
detect inorganic elements in solids, liquids,
slurries, powders, and films, which includes air
particulates on filters. The analyzer can identify
inorganic elements at concentrations ranging
from parts per million to percentage levels.
STATUS:
The X-MET 920P XRF analyzer has been used
at a number of Superfund sites across the
country. A SITE demonstration of the X-MET
920P XRF analyzer is scheduled for February
1995.
FOR FURTHER INFORMATION:
EPA PROJECT MANAGER:
Harold Vincent
U.S. EPA
Environmental Monitoring Systems Laboratory
944 East Harmon
P.O. Box 3478
Las Vegas, NV 89193-3478
702-798-2129
Fax: 702-798-2692
TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPER CONTACT:
James Pasmore
Outokumpu Electronics, Inc.
860 Town Center Drive
Langhorne, PA 19047
800-229-9209
Fax: 503-385-6750
The SITE Program assesses but does not
approve or endorse technologies.
Page 421
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Technology Profile
MONITORING AND MEASUREMENT
TECHNOLOGIES PROGRAM
PHOTOVAC INTERNATIONAL, INC.
(Photovac 10S PLUS)
TECHNOLOGY DESCRIPTION:
The Photovac 10S PLUS is a redesigned version
of the Photovac 10S70, a battery-powered
portable isothermal gas chromatograph (see
figure below). The 10S PLUS addresses the
following 10S70 design problems:
significantly reduce
and carryover con-
All-steel valves
memory effect
tamination.
Autoranging permits operation at high
gain.
An on-board computer controls the unit
and manages data.
The 10.6-electron-volt (eV) photoioniza-
tion detector is limited to low tempera-
ture operation.
The 10S PLUS is more sensitive and
highly selective for a limited number of
compounds that ionize below 10.6 eV
and are volatile enough to elute at 50
degrees Celsius or below.
This unit is capable of detecting ben-
zene, toluene, xylenes, and chlorinated
ethylenes in preconcentration samples
that are small enough to be chromato-
graphed at concentrations well below 1
part per billion.
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Photovac 10S PLUS
Page 422
The SITE Program assesses but does not
approve or endorse technologies.
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November 1994
Completed Project
WASTE APPLICABILITY:
The Photovac 10S PLUS can monitor volatile
organic compound emissions from hazardous
waste sites and other emission sources before
and during remediation. The 10S PLUS is more
effective than the 10S70 for monitoring volatile
aromatic and chlorinated olefin compounds at
ambient background levels.
STATUS:
The Photovac 10S PLUS was evaluated at a
Superfund site under remediation in January
1992. Results from this demonstration are
presented in a peer-reviewed article entitled
"Evaluation of Portable Gas Chromatographs" in
the Proceedings of the 1993 U.S. EPA/Air and
Waste Management Association International
Symposium, VIP-33, Vol. 2, 1993.
FOR FURTHER INFORMATION:
EPA PROJECT MANAGER:
Richard Berkley
U.S. EPA
Atmospheric Research and Exposure
Assessment Laboratory
MD-44
Research Triangle Park, NC 27711
919-541-2439
Fax: 919-541-0239
TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPER CONTACT:
Mark Collins
Photovac International, Inc.
25B Jefryn Boulevard West
Deer Park, NY 11729
516-254-4199
Fax: 516-254-4199
The SITE Program assesses but does not
approve or endorse technologies.
Page 423
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Technology Profile
MONITORING AND MEASUREMENT
TECHNOLOGIES PROGRAM
SCITEC CORPORATION
(Metal Analysis Probe [MAP®] Portable Assayer]
TECHNOLOGY DESCRIPTION:
The SCITEC Metal Analysis Probe (MAP®)
Portable Assayer is a field portable X-ray fluore-
scence (XRF) analyzer. This XRF analyzer can
simultaneously analyze inorganic elements. It is
compact, lightweight, and does not require
liquid nitrogen. A rechargeable battery allows
the XRF analyzer to be used at remote sites
where electricity is not available.
The MAP® Portable Assayer uses a silicon X-
ray detector to provide high elemental resolution
and low detection limits. Three radioisotope
excitation sources provide a broad range of
excitation energies to identify and quantify
inorganic elements.
The MAP® Portable Assayer provides high
sample throughput and is reportedly easy to
operate. Analytical results obtained by this
MAP® Portable Assayer
Page 424
The SITE Program assesses but does not
approve or endorse technologies.
-------
November 1994
Completed Project
instrument are reportedly comparable to the
results obtained by EPA-approved methods.
WASTE APPLICABILITY:
The MAP® Portable Assayer can detect inorga-
nic elements in soil and sediment samples and
filter and wipe samples, and can detect lead in
paint. The MAP® Portable Assayer can identify
inorganic elements at concentrations ranging
from parts per million to percentage levels.
STATUS:
The MAP® Portable Assayer has been used at a
number of Superfund sites across the country.
A SITE demonstration of the MAP® Portable
Assayer is scheduled for February 1995.
FOR FURTHER INFORMATION:
EPA PROJECT MANAGER:
Harold Vincent
U.S. EPA
Environmental Monitoring Systems Laboratory
944 East Harmon
P.O. Box 93478
Las Vegas, NV 89193-3478
702-798-2129
Fax: 702-798-2692
TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPER CONTACT:
Mike Mullin
SCITEC Corporation
415 North Quay
Kennewick, WA 99336
800-466-5323
509-783-9850
Fax: 509-735-9696
The SITE Program assesses but does not
approve or endorse technologies.
Page 425
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Technology Profile
MONITORING AND MEASUREMENT
TECHNOLOGIES PROGRAM
SENTEX SENSING TECHNOLOGY, INC.
(Scentograph Portable Gas Chromatograph)
TECHNOLOGY DESCRIPTION:
The Scentograph Portable Gas Chromatograph
can operate for several hours on internal
batteries and has internal carrier gas and
calibrant tanks (see figure below). It can be
fitted with a megabore capillary column or a
packed column. The instrument can be operated
isothermally at elevated temperatures or bal-
listically temperature-programmed. The portable
gas Chromatograph operates by drawing air
through a sorbent bed, followed by rapid ther-
mal desorption into the carrier stream. The
Chromatograph may operate in either argon
ionization or electron-capture modes. The 11.7-
electron-volt ioniza-tion energy makes the
Chromatograph nearly universal, with a detection
limit of about 1 part per billion. The instrument
is controlled by an attached IBM PC/XT
compatible laptop computer.
WASTE APPLICABILITY:
The scentograph portable gas Chromatograph can
monitor volatile organic compound emissions
from hazardous waste sites and other emission
Portable Gas Chromatograph
Page 426
The SITE Program assesses but does not
approve or endorse technologies.
-------
November 1994
Completed Project
sources before and during remediation. It has
been used for several years in water and soil
analyses and can analyze all types of vapor
phase pollutants.
STATUS:
The Scentograph Portable Gas Chromatograph
was evaluated in January 1992 at a Super fund
Site under remediation. Results from this
demonstration are presented in a peer-reviewed
article entitled "Evaluation of Portable Gas
Chromatographs" in the Proceedings of the 1993
U.S. EPA/Air and Waste Management Associ-
ation International Symposium, VIP-33, Vol. 2,
1993.
FOE FURTHER INFORMATION:
EPA PROJECT MANAGER:
Richard Berkley
U.S. EPA
Atmospheric Research and Exposure
Assessment Laboratory
MD-44
Research Triangle Park, NC 27711
919-541-2439
Fax: 919-541-0239
TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPER CONTACT:
Amos Linenberg
Sentex Sensing Technology, Inc.
553 Broad Avenue
Ridgefield, NJ 07657
201-945-3694
Fax: 201-941-6064
The SITE Program assesses but does not
approve or endorse technologies.
Page 427
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r
Technology Profile
MONITORING AND MEASUREMENT
TECHNOLOGIES PROGRAM
SRI INSTRUMENTS
(Gas Chromatograph)
TECHNOLOGY DESCRIPTION:
The SRI Instruments (SRI) 8610 gas chromato-
graph is a small, low-cost laboratory instrument
that is field-deployable (see figure below). It is
temperature-programmable and features a built-
in purge-and-trap system. The column oven is
designed to fit all standard packed and capillary
columns. Thermal conductivity, flame
ionization, nitrogen-phosphorus, thermionic
ionization, photoionization, electron capture,
Hall, and flame photometric detectors can be
used. Up to three detectors may be simul-
taneously mounted in series.
WASTE APPLICABILITY:
The SRI 8610 gas chromatograph can monitor
airborne emissions from hazardous waste sites
and other emission sources before and during
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8610 Gas Chromatograph
Page 428
The SITE Program assesses but does not
approve or endorse technologies.
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November 1994
Completed Project
remediation. It can be applied to volatile
organic compounds, but its performance charac-
teristics in the field have not been evaluated.
STATUS:
The SRI 8610 gas chromatograph was evaluated
in January 1992 at a Superfund Site under
remediation. Results from this demonstration
are presented in a peer-reviewed article entitled
"Evaluation of Portable Gas Chromatographs" in
the Proceedings of the 1993 U.S. EPA/Air and
Waste Management Association International
Symposium, VIP-33, Vol. 2, 1993.
FOR FURTHER INFORMATION:
EPA PROJECT MANAGER:
Richard Berkley
U.S. EPA
Atmospheric Research and Exposure
Assessment Laboratory
MD-44
Research Triangle Park, NC 27711
919-541-2439
Fax: 919-541-0239
TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPER CONTACT:
Dave Quinn
SRI Instruments
3870 Del Amo Boulevard, Suite 506
Torrance, CA 90503
310-214-5092
Fax: 310-214-5097
The SITE Program assesses but does not
approve or endorse technologies.
Page 429
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Technology Profile
MONITORING AND MEASUREMENT
TECHNOLOGIES PROGRAM
TN TECHNOLOGIES, INC.
(Spectrace 9000 X-Ray Fluorescence Analyzer)
TECHNOLOGY DESCRIPTION:
The Spectrace 9000 X-ray fluorescence (XRF)
analyzer is a field portable unit capable of
simultaneously analyzing inorganic elements,
from sulfur to uranium. It is compact, light-
weight, and does not require liquid nitrogen. A
rechargeable battery allows the XRF unit to be
used at remote sites where electricity is not
available.
The Spectrace 9000 XRF analyzer uses a high
resolution mercuric iodide detector to provide
high elemental resolution and low detection
limits. Three radioisotope excitation sources
provide a broad range of excitation energies for
identifying and quantifying 26 elements.
The Spectrace 9000 XRF analyzer provides high
sample throughput and is reportedly easy to
operate. It can be used to achieve Quality
Assurance (QA) Level 1 and QA Level 2 data
quality objectives, and reportedly correlates well
with EPA-approved methods.
WASTE APPLICABILITY:
The Spectrace 9000 XRF analyzer can detect
inorganic elements in soil and sediment samples
and filter and wipe samples, and can detect lead
in paint. The XRF analyzer can identify inor-
ganic elements at concentrations ranging from
parts per million to percentage levels.
STATUS:
The Spectrace 9000 XRF analyzer has been used
at a number of Superfund sites across the
country. A SITE demonstration of the Spectrace
XRF unit is scheduled for February 1995.
TN Technologies Spectrace 9000 X-Ray Fluorescence Analyzer
Page 430
The SITE Program assesses but does not
approve or endorse technologies.
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November 1994
Completed Project
FOR FURTHER INFORMATION:
EPA PROJECT MANAGER:
Harold Vincent
U.S. EPA
Environmental Monitoring Systems Laboratory
944 East Harmon
P.O. Box 93478
Las Vegas, NV 89193-3478
702-798-2129
Fax: 702-798-2692
TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPER CONTACT:
Margo Meyers
TN Technologies, Inc.
P.O. Box 800
Round Rock, TX 78680-0800
512-388-9100
Fax: 512-388-9200
The SITE Program assesses but does not
approve or endorse technologies.'
Page 431
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Technology Profile
MONITORING AND MEASUREMENT
TECHNOLOGIES PROGRAM
TRI-SERVICES
(Site Characterization Analysis Penetrometer System [SCAPS])
TECHNOLOGY DESCRIPTION:
The Tri-Services Site Characterization Analysis
Penetrometer System (SCAPS) was developed by
the U.S. Army (U.S. Army Corps of Engineers,
Waterways Experiment Station [WES] and the
Army Environmental Center [AEC]), Navy
(Naval Command, Control and Ocean Surveil-
lance Center), and the Air Force (Armstrong
Laboratory). The U.S. Army holds a patent for
this application of laser sensors combined with
cone penetrometry. The laser induced fluor-
escence (LIP) system used in the SCAPS system
was modified from a design developed by the
Navy to detect petroleum, oil, and lubricant
fluorescence in seawater.
A complete cone penetrometer truck (CPT)
system consists of a truck, hydraulic rams and
associated controllers, and the CPT itself. The
weight of the truck provides a static reaction
force, typically 20 tons, to advance the cone
penetrometer. The hydraulic system, working
against the static reaction on force, advances 1-
meter-long segments of 3.57-centimeter-diameter
threaded push rod into the ground. The CPT,
which is mounted on the end of the series of
push rods, contains sensors that continuously log
tip stress and sleeve friction. The data from
these sensors is used to map subsurface strati-
graphy. Conductivity or pore pressure sensors
can be driven into the ground simultaneously.
The core of the SCAPS LIF system is the pene-
trometer unit mounted on a specially engineered
20-ton truck designed with protected work
spaces. The SCAPS system has been modified
to provide automatic grouting of the penetro-
meter hole during retraction of the cone penetro-
meter, and also decontaminates the push rods as
they are retracted from the soil. The 20-ton
CPT is capable of pushing standard push rods to
depths of approximately 50 meters.
The main LIF sensor components are:
• Nitrogen (N^ laser
• Fiber optic cable
• Monochromator to resolve the fluores-
cence emission as a function of wave-
length
• Photodiode array (PDA) to detect the
fluorescence emission spectrum and
transduce the optical signal into an
electrical signal
• OMA to interface between the optic
system and the computer system
• Computer system
Tri-Services SCAPS
Page 432
The SITE Program assesses but does not
approve or endorse technologies.
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November 1994
Completed Project
To operate the SCAPS LIF sensor, the CPT is
positioned over a designated penetration point.
The LIF sensor response is checked using a
standard rhodamine solution held against the
sapphire window; sensor response is checked
before and after each penetration. The cone
penetrometer is then advanced into the soil.
The SCAPS LIF system is operated with a N2
laser. The PDA accumulates the fluorescence
emission response over 10 laser shots, and the
PDA retrieves an emission spectrum of the soil
fluorescence and returns this information to the
OMA and computer system. The LIF sensor
and stratigraphy data collection are interpreted
by the on board computer system.
The spectral resolution of the LIF system under
these operating conditions is 2 cm. The fluore-
scence intensity at peak emission wave-length
for each stored spectrum is displayed along with
the soil classification data.
WASTE APPLICABILITY:
The Tri-Services SCAPS was designed to quali-
tatively and quantitatively identify classes of
petroleum, polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons,
and volatile organic compound contamination in
subsurface soil samples.
STATUS:
The technology field demonstration was held in
EPA Region 7 during September 1994. After
completing the demonstration, a Technology
Evaluation Report (TER) will be prepared. The
TER will present the results of the demonstra-
tion objectively and provide supporting docu-
mentation. In addition, an Innovative Tech-
nology Evaluation Report (ITER) will be
prepared and published that summarizes the
findings presented in the TER. These reports
will help data users and technology reviewers
assess the performance of each technology for
possible use on future site characterization or
remediation projects at hazardous waste sites.
FOR FURTHER INFORMATION:
EPA PROJECT MANAGER:
J. Lary Jack
U.S. EPA
Environmental Monitoring Systems Laboratory
944 East Harmon
P.O. Box 93478
Las Vegas, NV 89193-3478
702-798-2373
Fax: 702-798-3146
TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPER CONTACT:
George Robitialle, SCAPS Director
Army Environmental Center
Building E 4435
Aberdeen Proving Ground, MD 21010
410-671-1576
Fax: 410-671-1680
John H. Ballard
3909 Halls Ferry Road
Vicksburg, MS 39810
601-634-2446
Fax: 601-634-2732
The SITE Program assesses but does not
approve or endorse technologies.
Page 433
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Technology Profile
MONITORING AND MEASUREMENT
TECHNOLOGIES PROGRAM
UNISYS CORPORATION
(Rapid Optical Screen Tool)
TECHNOLOGY DESCRIPTION:
The Unisys Rapid Optical Screen Tool (ROST)
is a tunable dye laser system for an optical cone
penetrometer. The technology provides subsur-
face information including aromatic contami-
nants in soils.
The Unisys ROST components consist of a cone
penetrometer (CPT), laser induced fluorescence
(LIF) sensor, ROST system, detection system,
and control computer. A complete ROST
system consists of a truck, hydraulic rams and
associated controllers, and the CPT itself. The
weight of the truck provides a static reaction
force, typically 20 tons, to advance the CPT.
The CPT, which is mounted on the end of the
series of push rods, contains sensors that con-
tinuously log tip stress and sleeve friction. The
data from these sensors is used to map subsur-
face stratigraphy. Conductivity or pore pressure
sensors can be driven into the ground
simultaneously.
The LIF sensor can be deployed with any con-
ventional CPT system and advanced along with
other types of sensors. The LIF sensor contains
a sapphire window that is mounted flush with
the outside of the stainless steel LIF sensor.
The sapphire window is mounted above the cone
penetrometer tip. Light from an excitation laser
passes through the sapphire window and is
directed onto the soil through which the cone
penetrometer is pushed. The aromatic contami-
nants in the soil are fluoresced, and fiber optics
return this information to the surface.
The main ROST system components are:
« Neodymium-doped Yttrium Aluminum
Garnet (Nd:YAG) primary laser
Rapid Optical Screen Tool
Page 434
The SITE Program assesses but does not
approve or endorse technologies.
-------
November 1994
Completed Project
• Tunable dye laser pumped by the
Nd:YAG laser
• Fiber optic cable
• Monochromator to resolve the return
fluorescence as a function of wavelength
• Photomultiplier tube (PMT) to convert
photons into electrical signals
• Digital storage oscilloscope to capture
waveforms from the PMT
• Control/analysis computer and software
The ROST system can be operated in both dyna-
mic (push) and static modes. In the dynamic
mode, the cone penetrometer equipped with the
LIF sensor is advanced into the soil. In this
mode, which Unisys refers to as fluorescence
versus depth, the excitation laser wavelength and
fluorescence emission monitoring wavelength are
held constant. The fluorescence emission inten-
sity is plotted as a function of depth below
ground surface. The wave-length range has
been selected because naphthalene, a principal
polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH) con-
stituent of coal tar, fiuoresces strongly under
these conditions. The emission monochromator
will be set at a wave-length determined during
the laboratory analysis of the pre-demonstration
samples and verified in the field.
Once areas of significant contamination have
been identified in the dynamic mode, the ROST
system can be operated in the static mode to
identify fuel types. In this mode, the CPT is
held at a fixed depth. The fluorescence tech-
nician, who is observing the fluorescence signal
visually, can simply signal the hydraulic opera-
tor to halt the push. The ROST system also can
operate in the static mode when additional push
rods are added to the string.
Three people are needed to operate the Unisys
ROST. Currently, the technology is marketed as
a service, and is not for sale.
WASTE APPLICABILITY:
The Unisys ROST was designed to qualitatively
and quantitatively identify classes of petroleum,
PAH, and volatile organic compound contami-
nation in subsurface soil samples.
STATUS:
The technology demonstration occurred in EPA
Region 7, at sites in Iowa, Kansas, and
Nebraska. The sampling and field analysis was
conducted during September 1994.
After completing the demonstration, a Techno-
logy Evaluation Report (TER) will be prepared.
The TER will objectively present the results of
the demonstration and provide supporting docu-
mentation. In addition, an Innovative Tech-
nology Evaluation Report (ITER) will be
prepared and published that summarizes the
findings presented in the TER. These reports
will help data users and technology reviewers
assess the performance of each technology for
possible use on future site characterization or
remediation projects at hazardous waste sites.
FOR FURTHER INFORMATION:
EPA PROJECT MANAGER:
J. Lary Jack
U.S. EPA
Environmental Monitoring Systems Laboratory
P.O. Box 93478
944 East Harmon
Las Vegas, NV 89193-3478
702-798-2373
Fax: 702-798-3146
TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPER CONTACT:
David Bonne or
Garry Hubbard
Unisys Government Systems
3333 Pilot Knob Road
Eagon, MN 55121
612-456-2339 or 612-456-3721
Fax: 612-456-2193
The SITE Program assesses but does not
approve or endorse technolggies.
Page 435
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Technology Profile
MONITORING AND MEASUREMENT
TECHNOLOGIES PROGRAM
UNITED STATES ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY
(Field Analytical Screening Program PCB Method)
TECHNOLOGY DESCRIPTION:
The field analytical screening program (FASP)
polychlorinated biphenyl (PCB) method uses a
temperature-programmable gas chromatograph
(GC) equipped with an electron capture detector
(BCD) to identify and quantify PCBs. Gas
chromatography is an EPA-approved method for
determining PCB concentrations. The FASP
PCB method is a modified version of EPA SW-
846 Method 8000.
To perform the FASP PCB method on soil
samples, PCBs are extracted from the samples,
injected into a GC, and identified and quantified
with an BCD. Chromatograms produced by this
equipment for each sample are compared to the
chromatograms of PCB standards. Peak patterns
and retention tunes from the chromatograms are
used to identify and quantify PCBs in the soil
sample extract. In addition to the GC, the
operator may use an autosampler that automati-
cally injects equal amounts of the sample extract
into the GC column. The autosampler ensures
that the correct amount of extract is used for
each analysis and allows continual analysis
without an operator.
The FASP PCB method has both advantages and
limitations when used under field conditions.
The method can 1) quickly provide results, 2)
provide results that are comparable to formal
laboratories in terms of statistical accuracy,
3) identify individual Aroclors, and 4) provide
results with detection limits comparable to those
of formal laboratories.
Instrumentation and equipment required for the
FASP PCB method are not highly portable.
When mounted in a mobile laboratory trailer,
however, the method can operate on or near
most sites relatively easily. Use of this method
requires electricity, and Aroclor standards
require refrigeration. An exhaust hood and
' carrier gases also are needed. A trained and
experienced operator is needed for the method to
produce reliable results. The operator should
have at least 6 months of GC experience and 1
month of PCB analysis experience.
Soil samples must be extracted before analysis
begins. Hexane and sulfuric acid are used
during the extraction process, which removes
potential interferences from the soil sample.
Page 436
The SITE Program assesses but does not
approve or endorse technologies.
-------
November 7994
Completed Project
WASTE APPLICABILITY:
The FASP PCB method can identify and quan-
tify PCBs in soil and water samples.
STATUS:
The FASP PCB method was demonstrated under
the SITE Program at a well-characterized, PCB-
contaminated site. During the demonstration,
112 soil samples, 32 field duplicates, and 2
performance evaluation samples were analyzed
with the FASP PCB method. A confirmatory
laboratory analyzed the samples using SW-846
Method 8080. The accuracy and precision of
the FASP PCB method was evaluated by directly
comparing its data with the data from the confir-
matory laboratory. In addition, the operational
characteristics and performance factors of the
FASP PCB method were evaluated.
The results from this SITE demonstration are
included in a Technology Evaluation Report that
is undergoing peer review and will be published
in 1994.
FOR FURTHER INFORMATION:
EPA PROJECT MANAGER:
J. Lary Jack
U.S. EPA
Environmental Monitoring Systems Laboratory
944 East Harmon
P.O. Box 93478
Las Vegas, NV 89193-3478
702-798-2373
Fax: 702-798-2692
TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPER CONTACT:
Howard Fribush
U.S. EPA
Mail Code 5204G
401 M Street, SW
Washington, D.C. 20460
703-603-8831
The SITE Program assesses but does not
approve or endorse technologies.
Page 437
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Technology Profile
MONITORING AND MEASUREMENT
TECHNOLOGIES PROGRAM
XONTECH INCORPORATED
(XonTech Sector Sampler)
TECHNOLOGY DESCRIPTION:
The XonTech sector sampler collects time-
integrated whole air samples in Summa™-
polished canisters (see figure below). The terri-
tory surrounding the sampler is divided into two
sectors: an "in" sector, which lies in the general
direction of a suspected pollutant-emitting
"target" and the "out" sector, which encom-
passes all territory not part of the "in" sector.
When wind velocity exceeds 0.37 meter per
second (m/s) from the direction of the target, the
first canister is filled. When the wind velocity
exceeds 0.37 m/s from any other direction, the
«rV
^5,;»*»«^3™~.^;«v:^*!
Sector Sampler
Page 438
The SITE Program assesses but does not
approve or endorse technologies.
-------
November 1994
Completed Project
other canister is filled. When the wind velocity
falls below 0.37 m/s either canister or neither
canister may receive the sample. Over an
extended period of time, a target sample and a
background sample are collected.
WASTE APPLICABILITY:
The XonTech sector sampler can monitor vola-
tile organic compound emissions from hazardous
waste sites and other emission sources before
and during remediation. Short-term sampling
can determine which high concentration com-
pounds are emitted from a site. Long-term
monitoring can assess an emission source's
effects on the local population.
STATUS:
The sector sampler's usefulness has been demon-
strated in two short-term field studies. Mathe-
matical methods for processing data have been
developed and shown to be appropriate. Re-
maining issues include 1) wind field consistency
between source and receptor site, 2) treatment of
data taken during stagnant conditions, and
3) applicability to a wider variety of compounds,
including polar and odorous compounds.
FOR FURTHER INFORMATION:
EPA PROJECT MANAGER:
Joachim Pleil
U.S. EPA
Atmospheric Research and Exposure
Assessment Laboratory
MD-44
Research Triangle Park, NC 27711
919-541-4680
Fax: 919-541-0239
TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPER CONTACT:
Matt Young
XonTech Incorporated
6862 Hayvenhurst Avenue
Van Nuys, CA 91406
818-787-7380
Fax: 818-787-8132
The SITE Program assesses but does not
approve or endorse technologies.
Page 439
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-------
INFORMATION REQUEST FORM
The EPA's Risk Reduction Engineering Laboratory is responsible for testing and evaluating technologies
used at Superfund site cleanups. To receive publications about these activities, indicate your area of
interest by checking the appropriate box(es) below and mail the top half of this sheet to the following
address:
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
Center for Environmental Research Information
26 West Martin Luther King Drive
Cincinnati, Ohio 45268
Attention: ORD Publications Unit (MS-G72)
(A9) Q Superfund
(A8) r~\ Superfund Innovative Technology Evaluation (SITE) Program
Name
Firm
Address
City, State, Zip Code.
REQUEST FOR PROPOSAL FORM
EPA plans to issue two requests for proposals (RFP) during the coming year; one in January 1995 for
the Demonstration Program (SITE 010), and the other in July 1995 for the Emerging Technology
Program, (E09). To receive these RFPs, indicate your area of interest by checking the appropriate box(es)
below and mail the bottom half of this sheet to the following address:
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
Risk Reduction Engineering Laboratory
26 West Martin Luther King Drive
Cincinnati, Ohio 45268
Attention: RFPs (MS-215)
(009) n Demonstration Program RFP
(EOS) n Emerging Technology Program RFP
Name
Firm
Address .
City, State, Zip Code.
Page 441
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&EPA
Documents Available from the
U.S. EPA Risk Reduction Engineering Laboratory
Superfund Technology Demonstration Division1
General Publications
Q SITE Program: Annual Report to Congress 1993 (EPA/540/R-94/518)
Q SITE Profiles, Sixth Edition (EPA/540/R-93/526)
Q Survey of Materials Handling Technologies Used at Hazardous Waste
Sites (EPA/540/2-91/010)
Demonstration Project Results
Accutech Pneumatic Fracturing Extraction and Hot Gas
Injection, Phase I
Q Technology Evaluation (EPA/540/R-93/509)
PB93-216596
Q Technology Demo. Summary (EPA/540/SR-93/509)3
. Q Demonstration Bulletin (EPA/540/MR-93/509)3
Q Applications Analysis (EPA/540/AR-93/509)
PB94-117439
American Combustion—
Oxygen Enhanced Incineration
Q Technology Evaluation (EPA/540/5-89/008)
Q Applications Analysis (EPA/540/A5-89/008)
Q Technology Demo. Summary (EPA/540/S5-89/008)3
Q Demonstration Bulletin (EPA/540/M5-89/008)3
Augmented In-Situ Subsurface Bioremediation Process, Bio-Rem,
Inc.
O Demonstration Bulletin (EPA/540/MR-93/527)3
AWD Technologies, Inc.—
Integrated Vapor Extraction and Steam Vacuum Stripping
Q Applications Analysis (EPA/540/A5-91/002)
PB92-218379
Q Demonstration Bulletin (EPA/540/M5-91/002)3
Babcock and Wilcox—Cyclone Furnace Vitrification
Q Technology Evaluation Vol. I (EPA/540/R-92/017A)
PB92-222215
Q Technology Evaluation Vol. H (EPA/540/R-92/017B)
PB92-222223
Q Applications Analysis (EPA/540/AR-92/017)
PB93-122315
Q Technology Demo. Summary (EPA/540/SR-92/017)3
Q Demonstration Bulletin (EPA/540/MR-92/011)
Bergmann USA—Soil/Sediment Washing System
Q Demonstration Bulletin (EPA/540/MR-92/075)
Bescorp Soil Washing System Battery Enterprises Site—Brice
Environmental Services, Inc.
Q Demonso-ation Bulletin (EPA/540/MR-93/503)
Biogenesis Soil Washing Technology
Q Demonstration Bulletin (EPA/540/MR-93/510)
Q Innovative Technology Evaluation Report
(EPA/540/R-93/510)
Q Site Technology Capsule (EPA/540/SR-93/510)3
Biotrol—BiotreatmentofGroundwater
Q Technology Evaluation (EPA/540/5-91/001)
PB92-110048
Q Applications Analysis (EPA/540/A5-91/001)
Q Technology Demo. Summary (EPA/540/S5-91/001)
Q Demonstration Bulletin (EPA/540/M5-91/001)
Biotrol—Soil Washing System
Q Technology Evaluation Vol. I (EPA/540/5-91/003a)
PB92-115310
Q Technology Evaluation Vol. n Part A
(EPA/540/5-91/003b) PB92-115328
Q Technology Evaluation Vol. n Part B
(EPA/540/5-91/003c) PB92-115336
Q Applications Analysis (EPA/540/A5-91/003)
Q Technology Demo. Summary (EPA/540/S5-91/003)
Q Demonstration Bulletin (EPA/540/M5-91/003)
CF Systems Corp.—Solvent Extraction
Q Technology Evaluation Vol. I (EPA/540/5-90/002)
Q Technology Evaluation Vol. n (EPA/540/5-90/002a)
PB90-186503
Q Applications Analysis (EPA/540/A5-90/002)
Q Technology Demo. Summary (EPA/540/S5-90/002)
Chemfix Technologies, Inc.—
Chemical Fixation/Stabilization
Q Technology Evaluation Vol. I (EPA/540/5-89/01 la)
PB91-127696
Q Technology Evaluation Vol. II (EPA/540/5-89/01 Ib)
PB90-274127
1 Order documents free of charge by calling EPA's
Center for Environmental Research Information
(CERI) at 513-569-7562.
2 Documents with a PB number are out of stock in CERI and must be
ordered by that number at cost from
National Technical Information Service
5285 Port Royal Road
Springfield VA 22161
Telephone 703-487-4650.
Out of stock
Page 443
-------
Demonstration Project Results (continued)
Q Applications Analysis (EPA/540/A5-89/011)
Q Technology Demo. Summary (EPA/540/S5-89/011)3
Q Demonstration Bulletin (EPA/540/M5-89/Q1I)3
Colloid Polishing Filter Method Filter Flow Technology, Inc.
Q Demonstration Bulletin (EPA/540/MR-94/501)
Q Capsule (EPA/540/R-94/501a)
Dehydro-Tech—Carver-Greenfield
Q Technology Evaluation (EPA/540/R-92/002)
PB92-217462
Q Applications Analysis (EPA/540/AR-92/002)
Q Technology Demo. Summary (EPA/540/SR-92/002)
Q Demonstration Bulletin (EPA/540/MR-92/002)
Dupont/Oberlin—Micro/iltration System
Q Technology Evaluation (EPA/540/5-90/007)
PB92-153410
Q Applications Analysis (EPA/540/A5-90/007)
Q Technology Demo. Summary (EPA/540/S5-90/007)
Q Demonstration Bulletin (EPA/540/M5-90/007)
Ex-Situ Anaerobic Bioremediation System, Dinoseb, JJt. Simplot
Company
Q Demonstration Bulletin (EPA/540/MR-94/508)
Forager Sponge Technology
Q Demonstration Bulletin (EPA/540/MR-94/522)
Q Demonstration Bulletin (EPA/540/M5-89/001)3
Horsehead Resource Development
Q Technology Evaluation Vol I (EPA/540/5-91/005)
PB92-205855
Q Applications Analysis (EPA/540/A5-91/005)
Q Technology Demo. Summary (EPA/540/S5-91/005)
Q Demonstration Bulletin (EPA/540/M5-91/005) •
Hrubetz En vironmental Services, Site Demonstration Program
Q Demonstration Bulletin (EPA/540/MR-93/524)
Hydraulic Fracturing of Contaminated Soil
Q Demonstration Bulletin (EPA/540/MR-93/505)
Q Technology Evaluation and Applications Analysis
Combined (EPA/540/R-93/505)
Q Technology Demo. Summary (EPA/540/SR-93/505)
In-Situ Steam Enhanced Recovery System—Hughes Environ-
mental Systems, Inc.
Q Demonstration Bulletin (EPA/540/MR-94/510)
In-Situ Vitrification—Geosafe Corporation
Q Demonstration Bulletin (EPA/540/MR-94/520)
Fungal Treatment Technology
Q Demonstration Bulletin (EPA/540/MR-93/514)
Gas-Phase Chemical Reduction EcoLogic International, Inc
Q Demonstration Bulletin (EPA/540/MR-93/522)
Q Technology Evaluation—Vol. I (EPA/540/R-93/522a)
Q Technology Evaluation—Appendices (EPA/540/R-93/
522b)
GISIKEY En vironmental Data Management System
Q Innovative Technology Evaluation Report
(EPA/540/R-94/505)
Q SITE Technology Capsule (EPA/540/SR-94/505)
Q Demonstration Bulletin (EPA/540/MR-94/505)
Hazcon—Solidification
Q Technology Evaluation Vol. I (EPA/540/5-89/001 a)
PB89-158810
Q Technology Evaluation Vol. H EPA/540/5-89/001b)
PB89-158828
Q Applications Analysis (EPA/540/A5-89/001)
Q Technology Demo. Summary (EPA/540/S5-89/001)3
IWT/GeoCon In-Situ Stabilization
Q Technology Evaluation Vol. I (EPA/540/5-89/004a)
Q Technology Evaluation Vol. H (EPA/540/5-89/004b)
PB89-194179
Q Technology Evaluation Vol. IE (EPA/540/5-89/004c)
PB90-269069
Q Technology Evaluation Vol. IV (EPA/540/5-89/004d)
PB90-269077
Q Applications Analysis (EPA/540/A5-89/004)
Q Technology Demo. Summary (EPA/540/S5-89/004)
Q Technology Demo. Summary., Update Report
(EPA/540/S5-89/004a)
Q Demonstration Bulletin (EPA/540/M5-89/004)3
Low Temperature Thermal Aeration (LTTA) System, Canonie
Environmental Services, Inc.
Q Demonstration Bulletin (EPA/540/MR-93/504)
Magnum Water Technology—CAV-OX Ultraviolet Oxidation
Process
Q Demonstration Bulletin (EPA/540/MR-93/520)
Q Applications Analysis (EPA/540/AR-93/520)
1 Order documents free of charge by calling EPA's
Center for Environmental Research Information
(CERI) at 513-569-7562.
Page 444
2 Documents with a PB number are out of stock in CERI and must be
ordered by that number at cost from
National Technical Information Service
5285 Port Royal Road
Springfield VA 22161
Telephone 703^87-4650.
3 Out of stock
-------
Demonstration Project Results (continued)
McColl Superfund Site—Demonstration of a Trial Excavation
Q Technology Evaluation (EPA/540/R-92/015)
PB92-226448
Q Applications Analysis (EPA/540/AR-92/015)
Q Technology Demo. Summary (EPA/540/SR-92/015)
Microfittration Technology EPOC Water, Inc.
Q Demonstration Bulletin (EPA/540/MR-93/513)
Mobile Volume Reduction Unit at the Sand Creek Superfund Site
Q TreatabSlity Study Bulletin (EPA/540/MR-93/512)
Mobile Volume Reduction Unit at the Escambia Superfund Site
Q Treatability Study Bulletin (EPA/540/MR-93/511)
Ogden.Circulating Bed Combustor—McCott Superfund Site
Q Technology Evaluation (EPA/540/R-92/001)
Q Demonstration Bulletin (EPA/540/MR-92/001)
Outboard Marine Corporation Site—Soiltech Anaerobic Thermal
Processor
Q Demonstration Bulletin (EPA/540/MR-92/078)
Perox-Pure™ Chemical Oxidation Treatment
Q Demonstration Bulletin (EPA/540/MR-93/501)
Q Applications Analysis (EPA/540/AR-93/501)
Q Technology Evaluation (EPA/540/R-93/501)
PB93-213528
Q Technology Demo. Summary (EPA/540/SR-93/501)
Pilot-Scale Demonstration of Slurry-Phase Biological Reactor for
Creosote-Contaminated Wastewater
Q Technology Demo. Summary (EPA/540/S5-91/009)
Q Technology Evaluation Vol. I (EPA/540/5-91/009)
PB93-205532
Q Applications Analysis (EPA/540/A5-91/009)
Q Demonstration Bulletin (EPA/540/M5-91/009)
PO*WW*ER™ Wastewater Treatment System Lake Charles
Treatment Center
Q Applications Analysis (EPA/540/AR-93/506)
Q Demonstration Bulletin (EPA/540/MR-93/506)
Q Technology Evaluation Vol. I (EPA/540/R-93/506A)
PB94-160637
Q Technology Evaluation Vol. H (EPA/540/R-93/506B)
PB94-160660
Q Technology Demo. Summary (EPA/540/SR-93/506)
Resources Conservation Company—The Basic Extractive Sludge
Treatment (B.E.S.T.)
Q Demonstration Bulletin (EPA/540/MR-92/079)
Q Applications Analysis (EPA/540/AR-92/079)
Q Technology Evaluation Vol. I (EPA/540/R-92/079a)
PB93-227122
Q Technology Evaluation Vol. n, Part 1
(EPA/540/R-92/079b) PB93-227130
Q Technology Evaluation Vol. H, Part 2
(EPA/540/R-92/079c) PB93-227148
Q Technology Evaluation Vol. n, Part 3
(EPA/540/R-92/079d) PB93-227155
Q Technology Demo. Summary (EPA/540/SR-92/079)
Retech Plasma Centrifugal Furnace
Q Technology Evaluation Vol. I (EPA/540/5-9 l/007a)
PB 92-216035
Q Technology Evaluation Vol. H (EPA/540/5-91/007b)
PB92-216043
Q Applications Analysis (EPA/540/A5-91/007)
PB92-218791
Q Technology Demo. Summary (EPA/540/S5-91/007)
Q Demonstration Bulletin (EPA/540/M5-91/007)
Roy F. Weston, Inc.—Low Temperature Thermal Treatment
(LT3) System
Q Demonstration Bulletin (EPA/540/MR-92/019)
Q Applications Analysis (EPA/540/AR-92/019)
SBP Technologies—Membrane Filtration
Q Demonstration Bulletin (EPA/540/MR-92/014)
Q Applications Analysis (EPA/540/AR-92/014)
Shirco—Infrared Incineration
Q Technology Evaluation—Peake Oil
(EPA/540/5-88/002a)
Q Technology Evaluation—Rose Township
(EPA/540/5-89/007a)
Q Technology Evaluation—Rose Township Vol. n
(EPA/540/5-89/007b), PB89-167910
Q Applications Analysis (EPA/540/A5-89/010)
Q Technology Demo. Summary (EPA/540/S5-89/007)3
Q Demonstration Bulletin (EPA/540/M5-88/002)3
Q Technology Evaluation Report—-Peake Oil Vol. II
(EPA/540/5-88/002B) PB89-116024
Silicate Technology Corporation—Solidification/Stabilization of
Organic/Inorganic Contaminants
Q Demonstration Bulletin (EPA/540/MR-92/010)
Q Applications Analysis (EPA/540/AR-92/010)
PB93-172948
1 Order documents free of charge by calling EPA's
Center for Environmental Research Information
(CERI) at 513-569-7562.
2 Documents with a PB number are out of stock in CERI and must be
ordered by that number at cost from
National Technical Information Service
5285 Port Royal Road
Springfield VA 22161
Telephone 703-487-4650.
3 Out of stock
Page 445
-------
Demonstration Project Results (continued)
Soiltech ATP Systems—Aostra-Soil-Tech Anaerobic Thermal
Process
Q Demonstration Bulletin (EPA/540/MR-92/008)
Soliditech, Inc.—Solidification
Q Technology Evaluation Vol. I (EPA/540/5-89/005a)
Q Technology Evaluation Vol. H (EPA/540/5-89/005b)
PB90-191768
Q Applications Analysis (EPA/540/A5-89/005)
Q Technology Demo. Summary (EPA/540/S5-89/005)3
Q Demonstration Bulletin (EPA/540/M5-89/005)
Terra Kleen Solvent Extraction Technology—Terra Kleen
Response Group, Inc.
Q Demonstration Bulletin (EPA/540/MR-94/521)
Terra Vac—Vacuum Extraction
Q Technology Evaluation Vol. I (EPA/540/5-89/003a)
PB89-192025
Q Technology Evaluation Vol. H (EPA/540/5-89/003b)
PB89-192033
Q Applications Analysis (EPA/540/A5-89/003)
Q Technology Demo. Summary (EPA/540/S5-89/003)
Q Demonstration Bulletin (EPA/540/M5-89/003)3
Texaco Gasification Process—Texaco, Inc.
Q Demonstration Bulletin (EPA/540/MR-94/514)
Thermal Desorption System, Clean Berkshires, Inc.
Q Demonstration Bulletin (EPA/540/MR-94/507)
Q Capsule (EPA/540/R-94/507a)3
Thermal Desorption UnitEco Logic International, Inc.
O Demonstration Bulletin (EPA/540/MR-94/504)
Thorneco, Inc.—Enzyme-Activated Cellulose Technology
Q Trcatability Study BuUetin (EPA/540/MR-92/018)3
Toronto Harbour Commissioners—Soil Recycling Treatment
Train
Q Demonstration Bulletin (EPA/540/MR-92/015)
Q Applications Analysis (EPA/540/AR-93/517)
Q Technology Evaluation (EPA/540/R-93/517)
PB93-216067
Q Technology Demo. Summary (EPA/540/SR-93/517)
Toxic Treatments (USA)—In-Situ Steam/Hot Air Stripping
Q Applications Analysis (EPA/540/A5-90/008)
Q Demonstration Bulletin (EPA/540/M5-90/003)
Vtirox International—UV Ozone Treatment for Liquid's
Q Technology Evaluation (EPA/540/5-89/012)
PB90-198177
Q Applications Analysis (EPA/540/A5-89/012)
Q Technology Demo. Summary (EPA/540/S5-89/012)
Q Demonstration Bulletin (EPA/540/M5-89/012)
U.S. EPA—Design and Development of a Pilot-Scale Debris
Decontamination System
Q Technical Evaluation (EPA/540/5-91/006a)
Q Technical Evaluation Vol. II (EPA/540/5-9 l/006b)
PB91-231464
Q Technology Demo. Summary (EPA/540/S5-91/006)
U.S. EPA—Mobile Volume Reduction Unit
Q Demonstration Bulletin (EPA/540/MR-93/508)
Q Applications Analysis (EPA/540/AR-93/508)
Q Technology Evaluation (EPA/540/R-93/508)
PB94-136264
Q Technology Demo. Summary (EPA/540/SR-93/508)
X-TRAX Model 100 Thermal Desorption System Chemical Waste
Management
Q Demonstration Bulletin (EPA/540/MR-93/502)
1 Order documents free of charge by calling EPA's
Center for Environmental Research Information
(CERI) at 513-569-7562.
2 Documents with a PB number are out of stock in CERI and must be
ordered by that number at cost from
National Technical Information Service
5285 Port Royal Road
Springfield VA 22161
Telephone 703-4874650.
3 Out of stock
Page 446
-------
Emerging Technologies Program Reports
Acid Extraction Treatment System for Treatment of Metal-
Contaminated Soils
Q Emerging Tech. Report (EPA/540/R-94/513)
Aluminum Company of America—Bioscrubberfor Removing
Hazardous Organic Emission from Soil, Water, and Air Decon-
tamination Process
Q Emerging Tech. Report (EPA/540/R-93/521)
PB93-227205
Q Emerging Tech. Bulletin (EPA/540/F-93/507)
Q Emerging Tech. Summary (EPA/540/SR-93/521)
Q Journal Article AWMA Vol. 44, No. 3, March 1994
Atomic Energy of Canada Limited—Chemical Treatment and
Ultrafiltration
Q Emerging Tech. Bulletin (EPA/540/F-92/002)
Babcock and Wilcox—Cyclone Furnace Soil Vitrification
Q Emerging Tech. Bulletin (EPA/540/F-92/010)
Q Emerging Tech. Report (EPA/540/R-93/507)
PB93-163038
Q Emerging Tech. Summary (EPA/540/SR-93/507)
Battelle Memorial Institute—Development of Electro-Acoustic
Soil Decontamination (BSD) Process for In Situ Applications
Q Emerging Technology (EPA/540/5-90/004)
PB90-204728
Q Emerging Tech. Summary (EPA/540/S5-90/004)3
Bio-Recovery Systems—Removal and Reco very of Metal Ions
from Groundwater
Q Emerging Technology (EPA/540/5-90/005a)
Q Emerging Tech.—Appendices (EPA/540/5-90/005b) -
PB90-252602
Q Emerging Tech. Summary (EPA/540/S5-90/005)
Q Emerging Tech. Bulletin (EPA/540/F-92/003)
Q Journal Article AWMA Vol. 41, No. 10, October 91
Biotrol, Inc.—Methanotrophic Bioreactor System
Q Emerging Tech. Bulletin (EPA/540/F-93/506)
Q Emerging Tech. Summary (EPA/540/SR-93/505)
Q Journal Article AWMA Vol. 43, No. 11, November 1993
Center for Hazardous Materials Research—Acid Extraction
Treatment System for Treatment of Metal Contaminated Soils
Q Emerging Tech. Report (EPA/540/R-94/513)
Q Emerging Tech. Summary (EPA/540/SR-94/513)
Colorado School of Mines—Constructed Wetlands Receiving Acid
Mine Drainage
Q Emerging Tech. Summary (EPA/540/SR-92/523)
Q Emerging Tech. Report (EPA/540/R-93/523)
PB93-233914
Q Emerging Tech. Bulletin (EPA/540/F-92/001)
Colorado School of Mines—Constructed Wetlands Treatment for
Toxic Metal Contaminated Waters
Q Emerging Tech. Bulletin (EPA/540/F-92/001)
Electro-Pure Systems—Alternating Current Electrocoagulation
Q Emerging Tech. Bulletin (EPA/540/F-92/011)
Q Emerging Tech. Summary (EPA/540/S-93/504)
Q Journal Article AWMA Vol. 43, No. 5, May 1993
Energy and Environmental Engineering—Laser-Induced
Photochemical Oxidative Destruction
Q Emerging Tech. Bulletin (EPA/540/F-92/004)
Q Emerging Tech. Report (EPA/540/R-92/080)
PB93-131431
Q Emerging Tech. Summary (EPA/540/SR-92/080)
Energy and Environmental Research Corporation
Q Emerging Tech. Bulletin (EPA/540/F-93/508)
Florida International University
— Electron Beam Treatment for Removal ofBenzene and
Toluene from Aqueous Streams and Sludge
Q Emerging Tech. Bulletin (EPA/540/F-93/502)
— Electron Beam Treatment for the Trichloroethylene and
Tetrachloroethylene from Aqueous Stream
Q Emerging Tech. Bulletin (EPA/540/F-92/009)
— Removal of Phenol from Aqueous Solutions Using High
Energy Electron Beam Irradiation
Q Emerging Tech. Bulletin (EPA/540/F-93/509)
Ghea Associates Process
Q , Emerging Tech. Bulletin (EPA/540/F-94/509)
Institute of Gas Technology (CBT-Chemical and Biological
Treatment)
Q Emerging Tech. Bulletin (EPA/540/F-94/504)
Institute of Gas Technology—Biological Degradation Process
Q Emerging Tech. Bulletin (EPA/540/F-94/501)
IT Corporation—Photolysis/Biodegradation of PCS and PCDDI
PCDF Contaminated Soils
Q Emerging Tech. Bulletin (EPA/540/F-94/502)
Order documents free of charge by calling EPA's
Center for Environmental Research Information
(CERI) at 513-569-7562.
2 Documents with a PB number are out of stock in CERI and must be
ordered by that number at cost from
National Technical Information Service
5285 Port Royal Road
Springfield VA 22161
Telephone 703-487^650.
Page 447
-------
Emerging Technologies Program Reports (continued)
JJf. Simplot—Anaerobic Destruction ofNitroaromatics
Q Journal Article App. Env. Micro, Vol. 58, pp. 1683-89
Matrix Photocatalytic—Tio3 UV Oxidation
Q Journal Articles (EPA/540/A-93/282, EPA/540/J-93/297).
X
Membrane Technology and Research, Inc.—Volatile Organic
Compound Removal from Air Streams by Membrane Separation
Q Emerging Tech. Bulletin (EPA/540/F-94/503)
MJL Energia, Inc.—Reductive Photo-Dechlorination Process for
Safe Conversion of Hazardous Chlorocarbon Waste Streams
Q Emerging Tech. Bulletin (EPA/540/F-94/509)
New Jersey Institute of Technology—Reversible Adsorption on
Surface-Active Componds
Q Emerging Tech. Bulletin (EPA/540/F-94/508)
PURUS, Inc.—Destruction of Organic Contaminants in Air
Using Advanced Ultraviolet Flashlamps
Q Emerging Tech. Bulletin (EPA/540/F-93/501)
Q Emerging Tech. Summary (EPA/540/SR-93/516)
Q Emerging Tech. Report (EPA/540/R-93/516)
PB93-205383
Reductive Photo-Dechlorination Process for Safe Conversion of
Hazardous Chlorocarbon Waste Streams Into Saleable Hydrocar-
bon Fuel
Q Emerging Tech. Bulletin (EPA/540/F-94/508)
SITE Emerging Technologies—Laser-Induced Photochemical
Oxidative Destruction of Toxic Organics in Leachates and
Ground-water
Q Emerging Tech. Report (EPA/540/R-92/080)
PB93-131431
Q Emerging Tech. Summary (EPA/540/SR-92/080
Superfund Innovative Technology Evaluation Program: Innova-
tion Making a Difference
Q Emerging Tech. Brochure (EPA/540/F-94/505)
Superfund Innovative Technology Evaluation Program: Technol-
ogy with an Impact
Q Emerging Tech. Brochure (EPA/540/F-93/500)
University of Washington—Metals Treatment at Superfund Sites
by Adsorptive Filtration
Q Emerging Tech. Bulletin (EPA/540/F-92/008)
Q Emerging Tech. Report (EPA/540/R-93/515)
PB93-231165
Q Emerging Tech. Summary (EPA/540/SR-93/515)
Wastewater Technology Centre—A Cross-Flow Pervaporation
System for Removal of VOCs from Contaminated Soil
Q Emerging Tech. Bulletin (EPA/540/F-93/503)
Q Emerging Tech. Report (EPA/540/R-94/512)
PB94-170230
Q Emerging Tech. Summary (EPA/540/SR-94/512)
Volatile Organic Compound Removal from Air Streams by
Membrane Separation
Q Emerging Tech. Bulletin (EPA/540/F-94/503)
1 Order documents free of charge by calling EPA's
Center for Environmental Research Information
(CERI) at 513-569-7562.
2 Documents with a PB number are out of stock in CERI and must be
ordered by that number at cost from
National Technical Information Service
5285 Port Royal Road
Springfield VA 22161
Telephone 703-487^650.
3 Out of stock
Page 448
-------
Q
(0
0)
CO
CO
d
CO
9=
5:
RREL/SITE
SUPERFUND VIDEOTAPE LIBRARY
SITE VIDEOTAPES
These composite videotapes contain a num-
ber of EPA-produced documentaries on spe-
cific Superfund Innovative Technology
Evaluation (SITE) Program demonstrations.
S1 SITE PROGRAM
(6 technology demonstrations)
ECOVA (SHIRCO) Infrared Incineration
System, Brandon, FL - 8/87
ECOVA (SHIRCO) Infrared Incineration
System, Rose Twp., Ml - 3/89
EMTECH (HAZCON) Solidification Process,
Douglassville, PA-10/87
IWT/GEO-CON In Situ Stabilization/Solidifica-
tion, Hialeah, FL - 4/88
TERRA VAC Vacuum Extraction System,
Groveland, MA -1/88
CF SYSTEMS Solvent Extraction Unit, New
Bedford, MA - 3/89
S2 SITE PROGRAM
(4 technology demonstrations):
ULTROX Ultraviolet Radiation and Oxidation,
San Jose, CA - 3/89
BIOTROL Biological Aqueous Treatment, New
Brighton, MN 9/89
ORDERING INSTRUCTIONS
To obtain your choice of tapes, complete the
order form on the opposite side of this page.
Enclose the form with your check in prepay-
ment of the order made out to Foster Wheeler
Environmental Services.and mail to the fol-
lowing address:
Foster Wheeier
Environmental Services Division
Foster Wheeler USA
Attn: Ms. Marilyn Avery
8 Peach Tree Hill Road
Livingston, NJ 07039.
ONLY PREPAID ORDERS
WILL BE ACCEPTED.
For further information, contact Ms. Avery at
(201)535-2219.
S3
BIOTROL Soil Washing System, New
Brighton, MN 9/89
IT/RREL Debris Washing System,
Hopkinsville.KY-12/89
SITE PROGRAM
(4 technology demonstrations):
SOLIDITECH Solidification and Stabilization,
Morganville, NJ -12/88
nn nnnncf/o
-------
I
S4
S5
RREL/SITE
SUPERFUND VIDEOTAPE LIBRARY
CHEMFIX Solidification and Stabilization,
Clackamas, OR - 3/89
NOVATERRA (TTUSA) In Situ Steam and Air
Stripping, San Pedro, CA - 9/89
AWD Integrated Vapor Extraction/Steam
Vacuum Stripping, Burbank, CA - 9/90
SITE PROGRAM
(4 technology demonstrations):
E.I. DUPONT/OBERLIN FILER Membrane
Microfiltration, Palmerton, PA- 5/90
HORSEHEAD Flame Reactor, Atlanta, GA -
3/91
RETECH Plasma Centrifugal Furnace, Butte,
MT-7/91
BABCOCK & WILCOX Cyclone Furnace,
Alliance, OH-11/91
SITE PROGRAM
(4 technology demonstrations):
STC Immobilization of Organic/Inorganic
Contaminants in Soils, Selma, CA-11/90
THC Soil Recycle Treatment Train at Toronto
Harbor, Toronto, Ont., Canada - 5/92
R.C.C. Basic Extractive Sludge Treatment
(B.E.S.T.), Grand Calumet River,
Gary, IN - 7/92
Peroxidation Systems, Inc. Purox-Pure
Chemical Oxidation Treatment,
Altamont Hills, CA-9/92
S6 SITE PROGRAM
(4 technology demonstrations):
Bergmann Soil/Sediment Washing Techno-
logy, Saginaw Bay, Ml - 2/93
BESCORP Soil Washing System, Fairbanks,
AK-8/92
ELI Eco Logic International Inc. Hydrogen
Reduction Gas-Phase Chemical Reduction
Process, Bay City, Ml -11/93
Magnum Water Technology CAV-OX
Ultraviloet Oxidation Process, Edwards
AFB.CA-1/94
R1 RREL/RCB RESEARCH
PROGRAMS
This composite videotape contains five
documentaries on research projects con-
ducted under the auspices of the Risk Re-
duction Engineering Laboratory's Releases
Control Branch:
Synthetic Soils Matrix (SSM) Program
Dioxin and the Mobile Incineration System
Mobile Carbon Regeneration System
Mobile Soils Washing System
Mobile In Situ Containment/Treatment Unit
Wall this form (with check) to
Foster Wheeler Environmental Services
A Dtvldon of Foster Wheeter USA Corp.
Attn: Ms. Marilyn Avery
8 Peach Tree Hill Road
Livingston, NJ 07039
VIDEOTAPE REQUEST FORM
Number
of
Copies
Shipping
and
Handling
S1
S2
S3
S4
S5
S6
R1
Videotape Title
SITE Program Tape
SITE Program Tape
SITE Program Tape
SITE Program Tape
SITE Program Tape
SITE Program Tape
RREL/RCB Research
Program Tape
••
Multiply number of
tapes by $5.00 charge
International surcharge
per tape
TOTAL COST
Cost
per
Tape
$30.00
$30.00
$30.00
$30.00
$30.00
$30.00
$30.00
$5.00
$10.00
Sub-
Total
'
SHIP TO ADDRESS:
Name
Company
Address
Suite/Floor
City/ST/Zip
Telephone
-------
APPLICABILITY INDEX
Air/Gas
Aromatic VOCs
Demonstration Program - Ongoing Projects
Purus, Inc. (PurCycle™ Vapor Treatment Process) 196
Emerging Technology Program - Completed Projects
Aluminum Company of America (Bioscrubber) , 240
Emerging Technology Program - Ongoing Projects
M.L. ENERGIA, Inc. (Reductive Thermal and Photo-Thermal Oxidation Processes for
Enhanced Conversion of Chlorocarbons) . . 330
Institute of Gas Technology (Fluidized-Bed Cyclone Agglomerating Combustor) 344
University of Dayton Research Institute (Photothermal Detoxification Unit) 370
Measurement and Monitoring Technology Program
Bruker Instruments (Bruker Mobile Environmental Monitor) 390
MTI Analytical Instruments (Portable Gas Chromatograph) 416
Photovac International, Inc. (Photovac 10S PLUS) 422
Sentex Sensing Technology, Inc. (Scentograph Portable Gas Chromatograph) 426
SRI Instruments (Gas Chromatograph) 428
Dioxins
Emerging Technology Program - Ongoing Projects
Institute of Gas Technology (Fluidized-Bed Cyclone Agglomerating Combustor) 344
University of Dayton Research Institute (Photothermal Detoxification Unit) 370
Measurement and Monitoring Technology Program
Bruker Instruments (Bruker Mobile Environmental Monitor) 390
Furans
Emerging Technology Program - Ongoing Projects
Institute of Gas Technology (Fluidized-Bed Cyclone Agglomerating Combustor) 344
University of Dayton Research Institute (Photothermal Detoxification Unit) 370
Measurement and Monitoring Technology Program
Bruker Instruments (Bruker Mobile Environmental Monitor) 390
Halogenated VOCs
Demonstration Program - Ongoing Projects
Process Technologies, Inc. (Photolytic Destruction for SVE Off-Gases) 194
Purus, Inc. (PurCycle™ Vapor Treatment Process) 196
Emerging Technology Program - Completed Projects
Membrane Technology and Research, Inc. (VaporSep™ Membrane Process) 286
Emerging Technology Program - Ongoing Projects
M.L. ENERGIA, Inc. (Reductive Photo-Dechlorination Treatment) 328
M.L. ENERGIA, Inc. (Reductive Thermal and Photo-Thermal Oxidation Processes for
Enhanced Conversion of Chlorocarbons) 330
Institute of Gas Technology (Fluidized-Bed Cyclone Agglomerating Combustor) 344
Remediation Technologies, Inc. (Chlorinated Gas Treatment Biofilm Reactor) 364
University of Dayton Research Institute (Photothermal Detoxification Unit) 370
Measurement and Monitoring Technology Program
Bruker Instruments (Bruker Mobile Environmental Monitor) 390
MTI Analytical Instruments (Portable Gas Chromatograph) 416
Photovac International, Inc. (Photovac 10S PLUS) 422
Sentex Sensing Technology, Inc. (Scentograph Portable Gas Chromatograph) , 426
SRI Instruments (Gas Chromatograph) 428
Herbicides
Emerging Technology Program - Ongoing Projects
Institute of Gas Technology (Fluidized-Bed Cyclone Agglomerating Combustor) 344
University of Dayton Research Institute (Photothermal Detoxification Unit) 370
Page 451
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Air/Gas (continued)
Herbicides (continued)
Measurement and Monitoring Technology Program
Bruker Instruments (Bruker Mobile Environmental Monitor) 390
Inorganic Elements
Measurement and Monitoring Technology Program
Asoma Instruments (Model 200 XRF Analyzer) 388
OutoKumpu Electronics, Inc. (Metorex X-MET 920P XRF Analyzer) 420
Metals
Emerging Technology Program - Ongoing Projects
Institute of Gas Technology (Fluidized-Bed Cyclone Agglomerating Combustor) 344
Measurement and Monitoring Technology Program
MDA Scientific, Inc. (Fourier Transform Infrared Spectrometer) 408
Particulates
Emerging Technology Program - Ongoing Projects
General Atomics, Nuclear Remediation Technologies Division (Acoustic Barrier Particulate
Separator) 336
PCBs
Emerging Technology Program - Ongoing Projects
Institute of Gas Technology (Fluidized-Bed Cyclone Agglomerating Combustor) 344
University of Dayton Research Institute (Photothermal Detoxification Unit) . 370
Measurement and Monitoring Technology Program
Bruker Instruments (Bruker Mobile Environmental Monitor) 390
Pesticides
Emerging Technology Program - Ongoing Projects
Institute of Gas Technology (Fluidized-Bed Cyclone Agglomerating Combustor) 344
University of Dayton Research Institute (Photothermal Detoxification Unit) 370
Measurement and Monitoring Technology Program
Bruker Instruments (Bruker Mobile Environmental Monitor) 390
Petroleum Hydrocarbons
Emerging Technology Program - Completed Projects
Aluminum Company of America (Bioscrubber) 240
SVOCs
Emerging Technology Program - Ongoing Projects
Institute of Gas Technology (Fluidized-Bed Cyclone Agglomerating Combustor) 344
University of Dayton Research Institute (Photothermal Detoxification Unit) 370
Measurement and Monitoring Technology Program
Bruker Instruments (Bruker Mobile Environmental Monitor) 390
VOCs
Demonstration Program - Completed Projects
United States Environmental Protection Agency (Excavation Techniques and Foam Supression
Methods) 142
Demonstration Program - Ongoing Projects
Matrix Photocatalytic Inc. (Photocatalytic Water Treatment) 182
Process Technologies, Inc. (Photolytic Destruction for SVE Off-Gases) 194
Purus, Inc. (PurCycle™ Vapor Treatment Process) 196
Emerging Technology Program - Completed Projects
Matrix Photocatalytic, Inc. (Photocatalytic Water Treatment) 284
Membrane Technology and Research, Inc. (VaporSep™ Membrane Process) 286
Emerging Technology Program - Ongoing Projects
M.L. ENERGIA, Inc. (Reductive Thermal and Photo-Thermal Oxidation Processes for
Enhanced Conversion of Chlorocarbons) . 330
Institute of Gas Technology (Fluidized-Bed Cyclone Agglomerating Combustor) 344
Matrix Photocatalytic Inc. (TiO2 Photocatalytic Air Treatment) 356
Page 452
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Air/Gas (continued)
VOCs (continued")
Emerging Technology Program - Ongoing Projects (continued)
University of Dayton Research Institute (Photothennal Detoxification Unit) 370
Measurement and Monitoring Technology Program
Bruker Instruments (Bruker Mobile Environmental Monitor) 390
Graseby Ionics, Ltd., and PCP, Inc. (Ion Mobility Spectrometry) 398
HNU Systems, Inc. (Portable Gas Chromatograph) 404
MDA Scientific, Inc. (Fourier Transform Infrared Spectrometer) 408
Microsensor Systems, Incorporated (Portable Gas Chromatograph) 410
MTI Analytical Instruments (Portable Gas Chromatograph) 416
Photovac International, Inc. (Photovac 10S PLUS) 422
Sentex Sensing Technology, Inc. (Scentograph Portable Gas Chromatograph) 426
SRI Instruments (Gas Chromatograph) 428
XonTech, Incorporated (XonTech Sector Sampler) 438
Fine Solids
Heavy Metals
Demonstration Program - Ongoing Projects
EET, Inc. (Extraction of Polychlorinated Biphenyls from Porous Surfaces Using the
TECHXTRACT™ Process) 170
Inorganic Elements
Measurement and Monitoring Technology Program
Asoma Instruments (Model 200 XRF Analyzer) 388
OutoKumpu Electronics, Inc. (Metorex X-MET 920P XRF Analyzer) 420
Metals
Demonstration Program - Completed Projects
Risk Reduction Engineering Laboratory and IT Corporation (Debris Washing System) 110
Demonstration Program - Ongoing Projects
Sevenson Environmental Services, Inc. (MAECTITE® Chemical Treatment Process) 206
Wheelabrator Technologies, Inc. (WES-PHix Stabilization Process) 216
Emerging Technology Program - Completed Projects
Center for Hazardous Materials Research (Smelting Lead-Containing Waste) 256
Organics
Measurement and Monitoring Technology Program
Geoprobe Systems (Geoprobe Conductivity System) 396
PCBs
Demonstration Program - Completed Projects
Risk Reduction Engineering Laboratory and IT Corporation (Debris Washing System) 110
Demonstration Program - Ongoing Projects
EET, Inc. (Extraction of Polychlorinated Biphenyls from Porous Surfaces Using the
TECHXTRACT™ Process) 170
Pesticides
Demonstration Program - Completed Projects
Risk,Reduction Engineering Laboratory and IT Corporation (Debris Washing System) 110
Petroleum Hydrocarbons
Demonstration Program - Ongoing Projects
EET, Inc. (Extraction of Polychlorinated Biphenyls from Porous Surfaces Using the
TECHXTRACT™ Process) . 170
Radionuclides
Demonstration Program - Ongoing Projects
EET, Inc. (Extraction of Polychlorinated Biphenyls from Porous Surfaces Using the
TECHXTRACT™ Process) 170
Page 453
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Groundwater
Aromatic VOCs
Demonstration Program - Completed Projects
AWD Technologies, Inc. (Integrated Vapor Extraction and Steam Vacuum Stripping) 26
Billings & Associates, Inc. (Subsurface Volatilization and Ventilation System [SWS®]) 34
Bio-Rem, Inc. (Augmented In Situ Subsurface Bioremediation Process) 38
BioTrol, Inc. (Biological Aqueous Treatment System) 40
CF Systems Corporation (Liquified Gas Solvent Extraction [LG-SX] Technology) 48
ELI Eco Logic International, Inc. (Gas-Phase Chemical Reduction Process) 60
General Atomics (Circulating Bed Combustor) 70
Hughes Environmental Systems, Inc. (Steam Enhanced Recovery Process) , 88
Magnum Water Technology (CAV-OX® Process) .94
North American Technologies Group, Inc. (Oleophilic Amine-Coated Ceramic Chip) 98
Retech, Inc. (Plasma Arc Vitrification) 104
SBP Technologies, Inc. (Membrane Filtration and Bioremediation) 120
Demonstration Program - Ongoing Projects
AlliedSignal Environmental Systems and Services (Immobilized Cell Bioreactor Biotreatment
System) 160
Emerging Technology Program - Completed Projects
ABB Environmental Services, Inc. (Two-Zone, Plume Interception, In Situ Treatment
Strategy) • 234
Emerging Technology Program - Ongoing Projects
Institute of Gas Technology (Fluidized-Bed Cyclone Agglomerating Combustor) 344
Measurement and Monitoring Technology Program
Analytical and Remedial Technology, Inc. (Automated Volatile Organic Analytical System) .... 386
Broker Instruments (Bruker Mobile Environmental Monitor) 390
Idetek, Lie. (Equate® Immunoassay) 406
Sentex Sensing Technology, Inc. (Scentograph Portable Gas Chromatograph) 426
SRI Instruments (Gas Chromatograph) 428
Cyanide
Demonstration Program - Completed Projects
E.I. DuPont de Nemours and Company, and Oberlin Filter Company (Membrane
Microfiltration) • 54
Diesel
Demonstration Program - Ongoing Projects
AlliedSignal Environmental Systems and Services (Immobilized Cell Bioreactor Biotreatment
System) • 160
Dioxins
Demonstration Program - Completed Projects
Babcock & Wilcox Co. (Cyclone Furnace) 28
CF Systems Corporation (Liquified Gas Solvent Extraction [LG-SX] Technology) 48
ELI Eco Logic International, Inc. (Gas-Phase Chemical Reduction Process) 60
General Atomics (Circulating Bed Combustor) 70
Retech, Inc. (Plasma Arc Vitrification) 104
Demonstration Program - Ongoing Projects
RKK, Ltd. (CYROCELL®) 202
Emerging Technology Program - Completed Projects
Babcock & Wilcox Co. (Cyclone Furnace) 246
Emerging Technology Program - Ongoing Projects
Institute of Gas Technology (Fluidized-Bed Cyclone Agglomerating Combustor) 344
Measurement and Monitoring Technology Program
Bruker Instruments (Bruker Mobile Environmental Monitor) 390
Page 454
-------
Groundwater (continued)
Explosives
Demonstration Program - Completed Projects
Ultrox, A Division of Zimpro Environmental, Inc. (Ultraviolet Radiation and Oxidation) 140
Emerging Technology Program - Completed Projects
New Jersey Institute of Technology (GHEA Associates Process) 292
Furans
Demonstration Program - Completed Projects
Babcock & Wilcox Co. (Cyclone Furnace) 28
ELI Eco Logic International, Inc. (Gas-Phase Chemical Reduction Process) 60
General Atomics (Circulating Bed Combustor) 70
Retech, Inc. (Plasma Arc Vitrification) 104
Emerging Technology Program - Completed Projects
Babcock & Wilcox Co. (Cyclone Furnace) 246
Emerging Technology Program - Ongoing Projects
Institute of Gas Technology (Fluidized-Bed Cyclone Agglomerating Combustor) 344
Measurement and Monitoring Technology Program
Bruker Instruments (Bruker Mobile Environmental Monitor) 390
Gasoline
Demonstration Program - Ongoing Projects
AlliedSignal Environmental Systems and Services (Immobilized Cell Bioreactor Biotreatment
System) 160
Halogenated VOCs
Demonstration Program - Completed Projects
AWD Technologies, Inc. (Integrated Vapor Extraction and Steam Vacuum Stripping) 26
Billings & Associates, Inc. (Subsurface Volatilization and Ventilation System [SVVS®]) . 34
Bio-Rem, Inc. (Augmented In Situ Subsurface Bioremediation Process) 38
BioTrol, Inc. (Biological Aqueous Treatment System) 40
CF Systems Corporation (Liquified Gas Solvent Extraction [LG-SX] Technology) 48
ELI Eco Logic International, Inc. (Gas-Phase Chemical Reduction Process) 60
General Atomics (Circulating Bed Combustor) '... 70
High Voltage Environmental Applications, Inc. (High-Energy Electron Irradiation) 82
Hughes Environmental Systems, Inc. (Steam Enhanced Recovery Process) 88
Magnum Water Technology (CAV-OX® Process) 94
North American Technologies Group, Inc. (Oleophilic Amine-Coated Ceramic Chip) 98
Retech, Inc. (Plasma Arc Vitrification) 104
SBP Technologies, Inc. (Membrane Filtration and Bioremediation) .- . . . 120
Ultrox, A Division of Zimpro Environmental, Inc. (Ultraviolet Radiation and Oxidation) 140
Demonstration Program - Ongoing Projects
AlliedSignal Environmental Systems and Services (Immobilized Cell Bioreactor Biotreatment
System) 160
EnviroMetal Technologies, Inc. (In Situ Metal Enhanced Abiotic Degradation of Dissolved
Halogenated Organic Compounds in Groundwater) 174
Emerging Technology Program - Completed Projects
ABB Environmental Services, Inc. (Two-Zone, Plume Interception, In Situ Treatment
Strategy) 234
Energy and Environmental Engineering, Inc. (PhotoCAT™ Process) 268
New Jersey Institute of Technology (GHEA Associates Process) 292
Pulse Sciences, Inc. (X-Ray Treatment of Aqueous Solutions) 296
Purus, Inc. (Photolytic Oxidation Process) 298
Emerging Technology Program - Ongoing Projects
ABB Environmental Services, Inc. (Anaerobic/Aerobic Sequential Bioremediation of PCE) .... 316
Arizona State University/IT Corporation (Photocataly tic Oxidation with Air Stripping) 318
Center for Hazardous Materials Research (Organics Destruction and Metals Stabilization) 322
Page 455
-------
Groundwater (continued)
Halogenated VOCs (continued)
Emerging Technology Program - Ongoing Projects (continued)
Institute of Gas Technology (Fluidized-Bed Cyclone Agglomerating Combustor) 344
Membran Corporation (Membrane Gas Transfer in Waste Remediation) 358
Measurement and Monitoring Technology Program
Analytical and Remedial Technology, Inc. (Automated Volatile Organic Analytical System) .... 386
Bruker Instruments (Bruker Mobile Environmental Monitor) 390
Sentex Sensing Technology, Inc. (Scentograph Portable Gas Chromatograph) . 426
SRI Instruments (Gas Chromatograph) 428
Heavy Metals
Demonstration Program - Completed Projects
E.I. DuPont de Nemours and Company, and Oberlin Filter Company (Membrane
Microfiltration) 54
Demonstration Program - Ongoing Projects
GEOCHEM, A Division of Terra Vac (In Situ Remediation of Chromium in Groundwater) .... 176
Morrison Knudsen Corporation/Spetstamponazhgeologia Enterprises (High Clay Grouting
Technology) 184
Emerging Technology Program - Completed Projects
New Jersey Institute of Technology (GHEA Associates Process) 292
Herbicides
Demonstration Program - Completed Projects
Babcock & Wilcox Co. (Cyclone Furnace) 28
General Atomics (Circulating Bed Combustor) 70
Retech, Inc. (Plasma Arc Vitrification) 104
Rochem Separation Systems, Inc. (Rochem Disc Tube™ Module System) 116
Emerging Technology Program - Completed Projects
Babcock & Wilcox Co. (Cyclone Furnace) 246
Emerging Technology Program - Ongoing Projects
Institute of Gas Technology (Fluidized-Bed Cyclone Agglomerating Combustor) 344
Measurement and Monitoring Technology Program
Bruker Instruments (Bruker Mobile Environmental Monitor) 390
Metals
Demonstration Program - Completed Projects
Babcock & Wilcox Co. (Cyclone Furnace) 28
Dynaphore, Inc. (FORAGER® Sponge) 56
Filter Flow Technology, Inc. (Heavy Metals and Radionuclide Polishing Filter) 66
Retech, Inc. (Plasma Arc Vitrification) 104
Rochem Separation Systems, Inc. (Rochem Disc Tube™ Module System) 116
Roy F. Weston, Inc./IEG Technologies (UVB - Vacuum Vaporizing Well) 150
Wheelabrator Clean Air Systems, Inc. (PO*WW*ER™ Technology) 152
Demonstration Program - Ongoing Projects
Andco Environmental Processes, Inc. (Electrochemical In Situ Chromate Reduction and Heavy
Metal Immobilization) 162
Aprotek (Ion Conduction Agglomeration System) 164
Colorado Department of Public Health and Environment (Wetlands-Based Treatment) 168
GEOCHEM, A Division of Terra Vac (In Situ Remediation of Chromium in Groundwater) .... 176
Hydrologies, Inc. (CURE®-Electrocoagulation Wastewater Treatment System) 178
RKK, Ltd. (CYROCELL®) 202
TechTran Environmental, Inc. (Combined Chemical Precipitation, Physical Separation, and
Binding Process for Radionuclides and Heavy Metals) 210
Emerging Technology Program - Completed Projects
Atomic Energy of Canada, Limited (Chemical Treatment and Ultrafiltration) 244
Babcock & Wilcox Co. (Cyclone Furnace) 246
Page 456
-------
Groundwater (continued)
Metals (continued')
Emerging Technology Program - Completed Projects (continued)
Bio-Recovery Systems, Inc. (Biological Sorption [AlgaSORB®]) 250
Colorado School of Mines (Constructed Wetlands-Based Treatment) 260
Electro-Pure Systems, Inc. (Alternating Current Electrocoagulation Technology) 266
New Jersey Institute of Technology (GHEA Associates Process) 292
University of Washington (Adsorptive Filtration) 304
Emerging Technology Program - Ongoing Projects
Center for Hazardous Materials Research (Organics Destruction and Metals Stabilization) 322
Institute of Gas Technology (Fluidized-Bed Cyclone Agglomerating Combustor) 344
Mixed Waste
Demonstration Program - Completed Projects
Retech, Inc. (Plasma Arc Vitrification) 104
Organics
Demonstration Program - Completed Projects
E.I. DuPont de Nemours and Company, and Oberlin Filter Company (Membrane
Microfiltration) 54
High Voltage Environmental Applications, Inc. (High-Energy Electron Irradiation) 82
Wheelabrator Clean Air Systems, Inc. (PO*WW*ER™ Technology) 152
Demonstration Program - Ongoing Projects
Morrison Knudsen Corporation/Spetstamponazhgeologia Enterprises (High Clay Grouting
Technology) 184
Emerging Technology Program - Completed Projects
Electron Beam Research Facility, Florida International University, and University of Miami
(High-Energy Electron Irradiation) 264
Energy and Environmental Engineering, Inc. (PhotoCAT* Process) 268
Emerging Technology Program - Ongoing Projects
High Voltage Environmental Applications, Inc. (High Energy Electron Beam Irradiation) 342
PCBs
Demonstration Program - Completed Projects
Babcock & Wilcox Co. (Cyclone Furnace) 28
CF Systems Corporation (Liquified Gas Solvent Extraction [LG-SX] Technology) 48
ELI Eco Logic International, Inc. (Gas-Phase Chemical Reduction Process) 60
High Voltage Environmental Applications, Inc. (High-Energy Electron Irradiation) 82
Magnum Water Technology (CAV-OX® Process) 94
Retech, Inc. (Plasma Arc Vitrification) 104
Rochem Separation Systems, Inc. (Rochem Disc Tube™ Module System) 116
SBP Technologies, Inc. (Membrane Filtration and Bioremediation) 120
Ultrox, A Division of Zimpro Environmental, Inc. (Ultraviolet Radiation and Oxidation) 140
Vulcan Peroxidation Systems, Inc. (perox-pure™ Chemical Oxidation Technology) 144
Emerging Technology Program - Completed Projects
Babcock & Wilcox Co. (Cyclone Furnace) 246
New Jersey Institute of Technology (GHEA Associates Process) . 292
Emerging Technology Program - Ongoing Projects
Center for Hazardous Materials Research (Organics Destruction and Metals Stabilization) 322
Institute of Gas Technology (Fluidized-Bed Cyclone Agglomerating Combustor) 344
> Measurement and Monitoring Technology Program
Bruker Instruments (Bruker Mobile Environmental Monitor) 390
Millipore Corporation (EnviroGard™ PCB Immunoassay Test Kit) 412
Pesticides
Demonstration Program - Completed Projects
Babcock & Wilcox Co. (Cyclone Furnace) .- 28
ELI Eco Logic International, Inc. (Gas-Phase Chemical Reduction Process) 60
Page 457
-------
Groundwater (continued)
Pesticides (continued)
Demonstration Program - Completed Projects (continued)
General Atomics (Circulating Bed Combustor) 70
Magnum Water Technology (CAV-OX® Process) 94
North American Technologies Group, Inc. (Oleophilic Amine-Coated Ceramic Chip) 98
Retech, Inc. (Plasma Arc Vitrification) 104
Rochem Separation Systems, Inc. (Rochem Disc Tube™ Module System) 116
SBP Technologies, Inc. (Membrane Filtration and Bioremediation) 120
Ultrox, A Division of Zimpro Environmental, Inc. (Ultraviolet Radiation and Oxidation) 140
Vulcan Peroxidation Systems, Inc. (perox-pure™ Chemical Oxidation Technology) 144
Emerging Technology Program - Completed Projects
Babcock & Wilcox Co. (Cyclone Furnace) 246
Emerging Technology Program - Ongoing Projects
Institute of Gas Technology (Fluidized-Bed Cyclone Agglomerating Combustor) 344
Measurement and Monitoring Technology Program
Bruker Instruments (Bruker Mobile Environmental Monitor) 390
Petroleum Hydrocarbons
Demonstration Program - Completed Projects
BioTrol, Inc. (Biological Aqueous Treatment System) 40
SBP Technologies, Inc. (Membrane Filtration and Bioremediation) 120
Vulcan Peroxidation Systems, Inc. (perox-pure™ Chemical Oxidation Technology) 144
Demonstration Program - Ongoing Projects
Hydrologies, Inc. (CURE®-Electrocoagulation Wastewater Treatment System) 178
Zenon Environmental Inc. (ZenoGem™ Process) 222
Emerging Technology Program - Completed Projects
Electro-Pure Systems, Inc. (Alternating Current Electrocoagulation Technology) 266
New Jersey Institute of Technology (GHEA Associates Process) , 292
Emerging Technology Program - Ongoing Projects
Membran Corporation (Membrane Gas Transfer in Waste Remediation) 358
Measurement and Monitoring Technology Program
Analytical and Remedial Technology, Inc. (Automated Volatile Organic Analytical System) .... 386
Radionuclides
Demonstration Program - Completed Projects
Babcock & Wilcox Co. (Cyclone Furnace) 28
Retech, Inc. (Plasma Arc Vitrification) 104
Demonstration Program - Ongoing Projects
RKK, Ltd. (CYROCELL®) 202
TechTran Environmental, Inc. (Combined Chemical Precipitation, Physical Separation, and
Binding Process for Radionuclides and Heavy Metals) 210
Emerging Technology Program - Completed Projects
Babcock & Wilcox Co. (Cyclone Furnace) 246
SVOCs
Demonstration Program - Completed Projects
AWD Technologies, Inc. (Integrated Vapor Extraction and Steam Vacuum Stripping) 26
Babcock & Wilcox Co. (Cyclone Furnace) 28
Berkeley Environmental Restoration Center (In Situ Steam Enhanced Extraction Process) 32
BioTrol, Inc. (Biological Aqueous Treatment System) 40
CF Systems Corporation (Liquified Gas Solvent Extraction [LG-SX] Technology) 48
ELI Eco Logic International, Inc. (Gas-Phase Chemical Reduction Process) 60
General Atomics (Circulating Bed Combustor) 70
Magnum Water Technology (CAV-OX® Process) 94
North American Technologies Group, Inc. (Oleophilic Amine-Coated Ceramic Chip) 98
Retech, Inc. (Plasma Arc Vitrification) 104
Page 458
-------
Groundwater (continued)
SVOCs ('continued') .
Demonstration Program - Completed Projects (continued)
Rochem Separation Systems, Inc. (Rochem Disc Tube™ Module System) 116
SBP Technologies, Inc. (Membrane Filtration and Bioremediation) 120
Ultrox, A Division of Zimpro Environmental, Inc. (Ultraviolet Radiation and Oxidation) 140
Roy F. Weston, Inc./IEG Technologies (UVB - Vacuum Vaporizing Well) 150
Demonstration Program - Ongoing Projects
AlliedSignal Environmental Systems and Services (Immobilized Cell Bioreactor Biotreatment
System) , 160
RKK, Ltd. (CYROCELL®) 202
Zenon Environmental Inc. (Cross-Flow Pervaporation System) 220
Zenon Environmental Inc. (ZenoGem™ Process) 222
Zimpro Environmental, Inc. (PACT® Wastewater Treatment System) 224
Emerging Technology Program - Completed Projects
ABB Environmental Services, Inc. (Two-Zone, Plume Interception, In Situ Treatment
Strategy) 234
Babcock & Wilcox Co. (Cyclone Furnace) . 246
New Jersey Institute of Technology (GHEA Associates Process) . . . 292
Wastewater Technology Centre (Cross-Flow Pervaporation System) 308
Emerging Technology Program - Ongoing Projects
Environmental BioTechnologies, Inc. (Microbial Composting Process) 334
Institute of Gas Technology (Fluidized-Bed Cyclone Agglomerating Combustor) 344
Membran Corporation (Membrane Gas Transfer in Waste Remediation) 358
Measurement and Monitoring Technology Program
Bruker Instruments (Bruker Mobile Environmental Monitor) 390
Uranium
Demonstration Program - Completed Projects
E.I. DuPont de Nemours and Company, and Oberlin Filter Company (Membrane
Microfiltration) 54
Demonstration Program - Ongoing Projects
GEOCHEM, A Division of Terra Vac (In Situ Remediation of Chromium in Groundwater) 176
VQCs
Demonstration Program - Completed Projects
AWD Technologies, Inc. (Integrated Vapor Extraction and Steam Vacuum Stripping) 26
Berkeley Environmental Restoration Center (In Situ Steam Enhanced Extraction Process) 32
Bio-Rem, Inc. (Augmented In Situ Subsurface Bioremediation Process) 38
CF Systems Corporation (Liquified Gas Solvent Extraction [LG-SX] Technology) 48
ELI Eco Logic International, Inc. (Gas-Phase Chemical Reduction Process) 60
General Atomics (Circulating Bed Combustor) 70
Hughes Environmental Systems, Inc. (Steam Enhanced Recovery Process) 88
Magnum Water Technology (CAV-OX® Process) 94
North American Technologies Group, Inc. (Oleophilic Amine-Coated Ceramic Chip) 98
Retech, Inc. (Plasma Arc Vitrification) 104
Risk Reduction Engineering Laboratory, The University of Cincinnati, and FRX, Inc.
(Hydraulic Fracturing) H4
Rochem Separation Systems, Inc. (Rochem DiscTube™ Module System) 116
Ultrox, A Division of Zimpro Environmental, Inc. (Ultraviolet Radiation and Oxidation) 140
Roy F. Weston, Inc./IEG Technologies (UVB - Vacuum Vaporizing Well) 150
Wheelabrator Clean Air Systems, Inc. (PO*WW*ER™ Technology) 152
Demonstration Program - Ongoing Projects
IT Corporation (In Situ Groundwater Treatment System) 180
RKK, Ltd. (CYROCELL®) 202
Xerox Corporation (Two-Phase Extraction Process) 218
Page 459
-------
Groundwater (continued)
VOCs (continued)
Demonstration Program - Ongoing Projects (continued)
Zenon Environmental Inc. (Cross-Flow Pervaporation System) 220
Zenon Environmental Inc. (ZenoGem™ Process) 222
Zimpro Environmental, Lie. (PACT® Wastewater Treatment System) 224
Emerging Technology Program - Completed Projects
BioTrol, Inc. (Methanotrophic Bioreactor System) • 252
Energy and Environmental Engineering, Inc. (PhotoCAT™ Process) 268
New Jersey Institute of Technology (GHEA Associates Process) 292
Pulse Sciences, Inc. (X-Ray Treatment of Aqueous Solutions) 296
Wastewater Technology Centre (Cross-Flow Pervaporation System) 308
Emerging Technology Program - Ongoing Projects
Institute of Gas Technology (Fluidized-Bed Cyclone Agglomerating Combustor) 344
Roy F. Weston, Inc. (Ambersorb® 563 Adsorbent) . . 378
Measurement and Monitoring Technology Program
Analytical and Remedial Technology, Inc. (Automated Volatile Organic Analytical System) .... 386
Bruker Instruments (Bruker Mobile Environmental Monitor) 390
Sentex Sensing Technology, Inc. (Scentograph Portable Gas Chromatograph) 426
SRI Instruments (Gas Chromatograph) 428
Volatile Inorganic Compounds
Demonstration Program - Completed Projects
Wheelabrator Clean Air Systems, Inc. (PO*WW*ER™ Technology) 152
Liquid
Aromatic VOCs
Demonstration Program - Completed Projects
AWD Technologies, Inc. (Integrated Vapor Extraction and Steam Vacuum Stripping) 26
Billings & Associates, Inc. (Subsurface Volatilization and Ventilation System [SVVS®]) 34
Bio-Rem, Inc. (Augmented In Situ Subsurface Bioremediation Process) 38
BioTrol, Inc. (Biological Aqueous Treatment System) 40
CF Systems Corporation (Liquified Gas Solvent Extraction [LG-SX] Technology) 48
ELI Eco Logic International, Inc. (Gas-Phase Chemical Reduction Process) 60
General Atomics (Circulating Bed Combustor) 70
Hughes Environmental Systems, Inc. (Steam Enhanced Recovery Process) 88
Magnum Water Technology (CAV-OX® Process) 94
North American Technologies Group, Inc. (Oleophilic Amine-Coated Ceramic Chip) 98
Retech, Inc. (Plasma Arc Vitrification) 104
SBP Technologies, Inc. (Membrane Filtration and Bioremediation) 120
Demonstration Program - Ongoing Projects
AlliedSignal Environmental Systems and Services (Immobilized Cell Bioreactor Biotreatment
System) 16°
Emerging Technology Program - Ongoing Projects
Institute of Gas Technology (Fluidized-Bed Cyclone Agglomerating Combustor) 344
Measurement and Monitoring Technology Program
Analytical and Remedial Technology, Inc. (Automated Volatile Organic Analytical System) .... 386
Bruker Instruments (Bruker Mobile Environmental Monitor) 390
Idetek, Inc. (Equate® Immunoassay) 406
Sentex Sensing Technology, Inc. (Scentograph Portable Gas Chromatograph) 426
SRI Instruments (Gas Chromatograph) 428
Cyanide
Demonstration Program - Completed Projects
E.I. DuPont de Nemours and Company, and Oberlin Filter Company (Membrane
Microfiltration) ^4
Page 460
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Liquid (continued)
Diesel
Demonstration Program - Ongoing Projects
AlliedSignal Environmental Systems and Services (Immobilized Cell Bioreactor Biotreatment
System) 160
Dioxins
Demonstration Program - Completed Projects
Babcock & Wilcox Co. (Cyclone Furnace) 28
CF Systems Corporation (Liquified Gas Solvent Extraction [LG-SX] Technology) 48
ELI Eco Logic International, Inc. (Gas-Phase Chemical Reduction Process) 60
General Atomics (Circulating Bed Combustor) 70
Retech, Inc. (Plasma Arc Vitrification) 104
Demonstration Program - Ongoing Projects
RKK, Ltd. (CYROCELL®) -. 202
Emerging Technology Program - Completed Projects
Babcock & Wilcox Co. (Cyclone Furnace) 246
Emerging Technology Program - Ongoing Projects
Institute of Gas Technology (Fluidized-Bed Cyclone Agglomerating Combustor) 344
Measurement and Monitoring Technology Program
Bruker Instruments (Bruker Mobile Environmental Monitor) 390
Explosives
Demonstration Program - Completed Projects
Ultrox, A Division of Zimpro Environmental, Inc. (Ultraviolet Radiation and Oxidation) 140
Emerging Technology Program - Completed Projects
New Jersey Institute of Technology (GHEA Associates Process) 292
Furans
Demonstration Program - Completed Projects
Babcock & Wilcox Co. (Cyclone Furnace) 28
ELI Eco Logic International, Inc. (Gas-Phase Chemical Reduction Process) 60
General Atomics (Circulating Bed Combustor) 70
Retech, Inc. (Plasma Arc Vitrification) 104
Emerging Technology Program - Completed Projects
Babcock & Wilcox Co. (Cyclone Furnace) 246
Emerging Technology Program - Ongoing Projects
Institute of Gas Technology (Fluidized-Bed Cyclone Agglomerating Combustor) . . . 344
Measurement and Monitoring Technology Program
Bruker Instruments (Bruker Mobile Environmental Monitor) 390
Gasoline
Demonstration Program - Ongoing Projects
AlliedSignal Environmental Systems and Services (Immobilized Cell Bioreactor Biotreatment
System) . 160
Halogenated VOCs
Demonstration Program - Completed Projects
AWD Technologies, Inc. (Integrated Vapor Extraction and Steam Vacuum Stripping) 26
Billings & Associates, Inc. (Subsurface Volatilization and Ventilation System [SVVS®]) 34
Bio-Rem, Inc. (Augmented In Situ Subsurface Bioremediation Process) 38
BioTrol, Inc. (Biological Aqueous Treatment System) 40
CF Systems Corporation (Liquified Gas Solvent Extraction [LG-SX] Technology) 48
ELI Eco Logic International, Inc. (Gas-Phase Chemical Reduction Process) 60
General Atomics (Circulating Bed Combustor) 70
High Voltage Environmental Applications, Inc. (High-Energy Electron Irradiation) 82
Hughes Environmental Systems, Inc. (Steam Enhanced Recovery Process) 88
Magnum Water Technology (CAV-OX® Process) 94
North American Technologies Group, Inc. (Oleophilic Amine-Coated Ceramic Chip) 98
Page 461
-------
r
Liquid (continued)
Halogenated VOCs (continued)
Demonstration Program - Completed Projects (continued)
Retech, Inc. (Plasma Arc Vitrification) r
SBP Technologies, Inc. (Membrane Filtration and Bioremediation) 120
Ultrox, A Division of Zimpro Environmental, Inc. (Ultraviolet Radiation and Oxidation) 140
Demonstration Program - Ongoing Projects
AlliedSignal Environmental Systems and Services (Immobilized Cell Bioreactor Biotreatment
System) 16°
EnviroMetal Technologies, Inc. (In Situ Metal Enhanced Abiotic Degradation of Dissolved
Halogenated Organic Compounds in Groundwater) 174
Emerging Technology Program - Completed Projects
Energy and Environmental Engineering, Inc. (PhotoCAT™ Process) 268
New Jersey Institute of Technology (GHEA Associates Process) 292
Pulse Sciences, Inc. (X-Ray Treatment of Aqueous Solutions) 296
Emerging Technology Program - Ongoing Projects
ABB Environmental Services, Inc. (Anaerobic/Aerobic Sequential Bioremediation of PCE) .... 316
Arizona State University/IT Corporation (Photocatalytic Oxidation with Air Stripping) 318
Center for Hazardous Materials Research (Organics Destruction and Metals Stabilization) 322
Institute of Gas Technology (Fluidized-Bed Cyclone Agglomerating Combustor) 344
Membran Corporation (Membrane Gas Transfer in Waste Remediation) 358
Measurement and Monitoring Technology Program
Analytical and Remedial Technology, Inc. (Automated Volatile Organic Analytical System) .... 386
Bruker Instroments (Broker Mobile Environmental Monitor) 390
Sentex Sensing Technology, Inc. (Scentograph Portable Gas Chromatograph) 426
SRI Instroments (Gas Chromatograph) 428
Heavy Metals
Demonstration Program - Completed Projects
E.I. DuPont de Nemours and Company, and Oberlin Filter Company (Membrane
Microfiltration) 54
EPOC Water, Inc. (Precipitation, Microfiltration, and Sludge Dewatering) 64
Emerging Technology Program - Completed Projects
New Jersey Institute of Technology (GHEA Associates Process) 292
Herbicides
Demonstration Program - Completed Projects
Babcock & Wilcox Co. (Cyclone Furnace) 28
General Atomics (Circulating Bed Combustor) 70
Retech, Inc. (Plasma Arc Vitrification) . 104
Rochem Separation Systems, Inc. (Rochem Disc Tube™ Module System) 116
Emerging Technology Program - Completed Projects
Babcock & Wilcox Co. (Cyclone Furnace) 246
Emerging Technology Program - Ongoing Projects
Institute of Gas Technology (Fluidized-Bed Cyclone Agglomerating Combustor) 344
Measurement and Monitoring Technology Program
Broker Instroments (Broker Mobile Environmental Monitor) 390
Inorganic Elements
Measurement and Monitoring Technology Program
Asoma Instroments (Model 200 XRF Analyzer) 388
HNU Systems, Inc. (HNU Source Excited plourescence Analyzer-Portable [SEFA-P] XRF
Analyzer) 402
OutoKumpu Electronics, Inc. (Metorex X-MET 920P XRF Analyzer) 420
Metals
Demonstration Program - Completed Projects
Babcock & Wilcox Co. (Cyclone Furnace) • • 28
Page 462
-------
Liquid (continued)
Metals (continued)
Demonstration Program - Completed Projects (continued)
Dynaphore, Inc. (FORAGER® Sponge) . - .55
Filter Flow Technology, Inc. (Heavy Metals and Radionuclide Polishing Filter) 66
Retech, Inc. (Plasma Arc Vitrification) 104
Rochem Separation Systems, Inc. (Rochem Disc Tube™ Module System) 116
Wheelabrator Clean Air Systems, Inc. (PO*WW*ER™ Technology) 152
Demonstration Program - Ongoing Projects
Aprotek (Ion Conduction Agglomeration System) 164
Colorado Department of Public Health and Environment (Wetlands-Based Treatment) 168
Hydrologies, Inc. (CURE®-Electrocoagulation Wastewater Treatment System) 178
RKK, Ltd. (CYROCELL®) 202
TechTran Environmental, Inc. (Combined Chemical Precipitation, Physical Separation, and
Binding Process for Radionuclides and Heavy Metals) 210
Emerging Technology Program - Completed Projects
Atomic Energy of Canada, Limited (Chemical Treatment and Ultrafiltration) 244
Babcock & Wilcox Co. (Cyclone Furnace) 246
Bio-Recovery Systems, Inc. (Biological Sorption [AlgaSORB®]) 250
Colorado School of Mines (Constructed Wetlands-Based Treatment) 260
Electro-Pure Systems, Inc. (Alternating Current Electrocoagulation Technology) 266
New Jersey Institute of Technology (GHEA Associates Process) 292
University of Washington (Adsorptive Filtration) 304
Emerging Technology Program - Ongoing Projects
Center for Hazardous Materials Research (Organics Destruction and Metals Stabilization) 322
Institute of Gas Technology (Fluidized-Bed Cyclone Agglomerating Combustor) 344
Mixed Waste
Demonstration Program - Completed Projects
Retech, Inc. (Plasma Arc Vitrification) 104
Organics
Demonstration Program - Completed Projects
E.I. DuPont de Nemours and Company, and Oberlin Filter Company (Membrane
Microfiltration) 54
EPOC Water, Inc. (Precipitation, Microfiltration, and Sludge Dewatering) 64
High Voltage Environmental Applications, Inc. (High-Energy Electron Irradiation) 82
Wheelabrator Clean Air Systems, Inc. (PO*WW*ER™ Technology) . 152
Emerging Technology Program - Completed Projects
Electron Beam Research Facility, Florida International University, and University of Miami
(High-Energy Electron Irradiation) 264
Energy and Environmental Engineering, Inc. (PhotoCAT™ Process) 268
Emerging Technology Program - Ongoing Projects
High Voltage Environmental Applications, Inc. (High Energy Electron Beam Irradiation) 342
PCBs
Demonstration Program - Completed Projects
Babcock & Wilcox Co. (Cyclone Furnace) 28
CF Systems Corporation (Liquified Gas Solvent Extraction [LG-SX] Technology) 48
ELI Eco Logic International, Inc. (Gas-Phase Chemical Reduction Process) 60
High Voltage Environmental Applications, Inc. (High-Energy Electron Irradiation) 82
Magnum Water Technology (CAV-OX® Process) 94
Retech, Inc. (Plasma Arc Vitrification) 104
Rochem Separation Systems, Inc. (Rochem Disc Tube™ Module System) 116
SBP Technologies, Inc. (Membrane Filtration and Bioremediation) 120
Ultrox, A Division of Zimpro Environmental, Inc. (Ultraviolet Radiation and Oxidation) 140
Vulcan Peroxidation Systems, Inc. (perox-pure™ Chemical Oxidation Technology) 144
Page 463
-------
I
246
292
70
Liquid (continued)
PCBs (continued)
Emerging Technology Program - Completed Projects
Babcock & Wilcox Co. (Cyclone Furnace)
New Jersey Institute of Technology (GHEA Associates Process)
Emerging Technology Program - Ongoing Projects
Center for Hazardous Materials Research (Organics Destruction and Metals Stabilization) . . .
Institute of Gas Technology (Fluidized-Bed Cyclone Agglomerating Combustor) 344
Measurement and Monitoring Technology Program
Bruker Instruments (Bruker Mobile Environmental Monitor) 390
United States Environmental Protection Agency (Field Analytical Screening Program PCB
Method) ..436
Pesticides
Demonstration Program - Completed Projects
Babcock & Wilcox Co. (Cyclone Furnace) 28
ELI Eco Logic International, Inc. (Gas-Phase Chemical Reduction Process) 60
General Atomics (Circulating Bed Combustor)
Magnum Water Technology (CAV-OX® Process) •
North American Technologies Group, Inc. (Oleophilic Amine-Coated Ceramic Chip)
Retech, Inc. (Plasma Arc Vitrification) •
Rochem Separation Systems, Inc. (Rochem Disc Tube™ Module System) H6
SBP Technologies, Inc. (Membrane Filtration and Bioremediation) 120
Ultrox, A Division of Zimpro Environmental, Inc. (Ultraviolet Radiation and Oxidation) 140
Vulcan Peroxidation Systems, Inc. (perox-pure™ Chemical Oxidation Technology) 144
Emerging Technology Program - Completed Projects
Babcock & Wilcox Co. (Cyclone Furnace)
Emerging Technology Program - Ongoing Projects
Institute of Gas Technology (Fluidized-Bed Cyclone Agglomerating Combustor)
Measurement and Monitoring Technology Program
Bruker Instruments (Bruker Mobile Environmental Monitor)
Petroleum Hydrocarbons
Demonstration Program - Completed Projects
BioTrol, Inc. (Biological Aqueous Treatment System) 4U
SBP Technologies, Inc. (Membrane Filtration and Bioremediation) 120
Vulcan Peroxidation Systems, Inc. (perox-pure™ Chemical Oxidation Technology) 144
Demonstration Program - Ongoing Projects
Hydrologies, Inc. (CURE®-Electrocoagulation Wastewater Treatment System) 1/8
Zenon Environmental Inc. (ZenoGem™ Process) 222
Emerging Technology Program - Completed Projects
Electro-Pure Systems, Inc. (Alternating Current Electrocoagulation Technology) 266
New Jersey Institute of Technology (GHEA Associates Process) • 292
Emerging Technology Program - Ongoing Projects
Membran Corporation (Membrane Gas Transfer in Waste Remediation) 358
Measurement and Monitoring Technology Program
Analytical and Remedial Technology, Inc. (Automated Volatile Organic Analytical System) .
Radionuclides
Demonstration Program - Completed Projects
Babcock & Wilcox Co. (Cyclone Furnace) 2°
Retech, Inc. (Plasma Arc Vitrification) 104
Demonstration Program - Ongoing Projects
RKK, Ltd. (CYROCELL®) : • 2U2
TechTran Environmental, Inc. (Combined Chemical Precipitation, Physical Separation, and
Binding Process for Radionuclides and Heavy Metals) 21°
386
Page 464
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Liquid (continued)
Radionuclides (continued)
Emerging Technology Program - Completed Projects
Babcock & Wilcox Co. (Cyclone Furnace) 246
SVOCs
Demonstration Program - Completed Projects
AWD Technologies, Lac. (Integrated Vapor Extraction and Steam Vacuum Stripping) . 26
Babcock & Wilcox Co. (Cyclone Furnace) 28
Berkeley Environmental Restoration Center (In Situ Steam Enhanced Extraction Process) 32
BioTrol, Inc. (Biological Aqueous Treatment System) 40
CF Systems Corporation (Liquified Gas Solvent Extraction. [LG-SX] Technology) 48
ELI Eco Logic International, Inc. (Gas-Phase Chemical Reduction Process) . . , 60
General Atomics (Circulating Bed Combustor) 70
Magnum Water Technology (CAV-OX® Process) 94
North American Technologies Group, Inc. (Oleophilic Amine-Coated Ceramic Chip) 98
Retech, Inc. (Plasma Arc Vitrification) 104
Rochem Separation Systems, Inc. (Rochem Disc Tube™ Module System) 116
SBP Technologies, Inc. (Membrane Filtration and Bioremediation) 120
Ultrox, A Division of Zimpro Environmental, Inc. (Ultraviolet Radiation and Oxidation) 140
Demonstration Program - Ongoing Projects
AlliedSignal Environmental Systems and Services (Immobilized Cell Bioreactor Biotreatment
System) 160
RKK, Ltd. (CYROCELL®) 202
Western Research Institute (Contained Recovery of Oily Wastes [CROW™]) 214
Zenon Environmental Inc. (Cross-Flow Pervaporation System) 220
Zenon Environmental Inc. (ZenoGem™ Process) 222
Zimpro Environmental, Inc. (PACT® Wastewater Treatment System) . , 224
Emerging Technology Program - Completed Projects
Babcock & Wilcox Co. (Cyclone Furnace) 246
New Jersey Institute of Technology (GHEA Associates Process) 292
Wastewater Technology Centre (Cross-Flow Pervaporation System) , 308
Western Research Institute (Contained Recovery of Oily Wastes [CROW™]) 310
Emerging Technology Program - Ongoing Projects
Environmental BioTechnologies, Inc. (Microbial Composting Process) 334
Institute of Gas Technology (Fluidized-Bed Cyclone Agglomerating Combustor) 344
Membran Corporation (Membrane Gas Transfer in Waste Remediation) 358
Measurement and Monitoring Technology Program
Bruker Instruments (Bruker Mobile Environmental Monitor) 390
EnSys, Inc. (Penta RISc Test System) 394
Ohmicron Corporation (Pentachlorophenol RaPID Assay) 418
Uranium
Demonstration Program - Completed Projects
E.I. DuPont de Nemours and Company, and Oberlin Filter Company (Membrane
Microfiltration) 54
VOCs .
Demonstration Program - Completed Projects
AWD Technologies, Inc. (Integrated Vapor Extraction and Steam Vacuum Stripping) 26
Berkeley Environmental Restoration Center (In Situ Steam Enhanced Extraction Process) 32
Bio-Rem, Inc. (Augmented In Situ Subsurface Bioremediation Process) 38
CF Systems Corporation (Liquified Gas Solvent Extraction [LG-SX] Technology) 48
ELI Eco Logic International, Inc. (Gas-Phase Chemical Reduction Process) . 60
General Atomics (Circulating Bed Combustor) 70
Hughes Environmental Systems, Inc. (Steam Enhanced Recovery Process) 88
Magnum Water Technology (CAV-OX® Process) 94
Page 465
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Liquid (continued)
VOCs ('continued')
Demonstration Program - Completed Projects (continued)
North American Technologies Group, Inc. (Oleophilic Amine-Coated Ceramic Chip) 98
Retech, Inc. (Plasma Arc Vitrification) • 10*
Risk Reduction Engineering Laboratory, The University of Cincinnati, and FRX, Inc.
(Hydraulic Fracturing) 114
Rochem Separation Systems, Inc. (Rochem Disc Tube™ Module System) 116
Ultrox, A Division of Zimpro Environmental, Inc. (Ultraviolet Radiation and Oxidation) 140
Wheelabrator Clean Air Systems, Inc. (PO*WW*ER™ Technology) 152
Demonstration Program - Ongoing Projects
RKK, Ltd. (CYROCELL®) 202
Xerox Corporation (Two-Phase Extraction Process) 218
Zenon Environmental Inc. (Cross-Flow Pervaporation System) 220
Zenon Environmental Inc. (ZenoGem™ Process) 222
Zimpro Environmental, Inc. (PACT® Wastewater Treatment System) 224
Emerging Technology Program - Completed Projects
BioTrol, Inc. (Methanotrophic Bioreactor System) • • 252
Energy and Environmental Engineering, Inc. (PhotoCAT™ Process) 268
New Jersey Institute of Technology (GHEA Associates Process) 292
Pulse Sciences, Inc. (X-Ray Treatment of Aqueous Solutions) 296
Wastewater Technology Centre (Cross-Flow Pervaporation System) 308
Emerging Technology Program - Ongoing Projects
Institute of Gas Technology (Fluidized-Bed Cyclone Agglomerating Combustor) 344
Roy F. Weston, Inc. (Ambersorb® 563 Adsorbent) 378
Measurement and Monitoring Technology Program
Analytical and Remedial Technology, Inc. (Automated Volatile Organic Analytical System) .... 386
Bruker Instruments (Bruker Mobile Environmental Monitor) 390
Sentex Sensing Technology, Inc. (Scentograph Portable Gas Chromatograph) 426
SRI Instruments (Gas Chromatograph) 428
Volatile Inorganic Compounds
Demonstration Program - Completed Projects
Wheelabrator Clean Air Systems, Inc. (PO*WW*ER™ Technology) 152
Mine Tailings
Heavy Metals
Demonstration Program - Ongoing Projects
Pintail Systems Incorporated (Spent Ore Bioremediation Process) 190
Metals
Emerging Technology Program - Completed Projects
Montana College of Mineral Science & Technology (Air-Sparged Hydrocyclone) 288
s
Mixed Waste
Dioxins
Demonstration Program - Ongoing Projects
RKK, Ltd. (CYROCELL®) 202
Metals
Demonstration Program - Ongoing Projects
RKK, Ltd. (CYROCELL®) 202
Radionuclides
Demonstration Program - Ongoing Projects
RKK, Ltd. (CYROCELL®) • • • • 202
Page 466
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Mixed Waste (continued)
SVOCs
Demonstration Program - Ongoing Projects
RKK, Ltd. (CYROCELL®)
VOCs '
Demonstration Program - Ongoing Projects
RKK, Ltd. (CYROCELL®) _ 202
Oily Waste
Aromatic VOCs
Demonstration Program - Completed Projects
ELI Eco Logic International, Inc. (Gas-Phase Chemical Reduction Process) 60
Dioxins ,
Demonstration Program - Completed Projects
ELI Eco Logic International, Inc. (Gas-Phase Chemical Reduction Process) 60
Furans
Demonstration Program - Completed Projects
ELI Eco Logic International, Inc. (Gas-Phase Chemical Reduction Process) ... 60
Halogenated VOCs
Demonstration Program - Completed Projects
ELI Eco Logic International, Inc. (Gas-Phase Chemical Reduction Process) . 60
PCBs
Demonstration Program - Completed Projects
ELI Eco Logic International, Inc. (Gas-Phase Chemical Reduction Process) 60
Measurement and Monitoring Technology Program
Dexsil Corporation (Environmental Test Kits) 392
Pesticides
Demonstration Program - Completed Projects
ELI Eco Logic International, Inc. (Gas-Phase Chemical Reduction Process) 60
Measurement and Monitoring Technology Program
Dexsil Corporation (Environmental Test Kits) . QQO
SVOCs " y/
Demonstration Program - Completed Projects
ELI Eco Logic International, Inc. (Gas-Phase Chemical Reduction Process) 60
VOCs
Demonstration Program - Completed Projects
ELI Eco Logic International, Inc. (Gas-Phase Chemical Reduction Process) 60
Sediment
Aromatic VOCs
Demonstration Program - Completed Projects
American Combustion, Inc. (PYRETRON® Thermal Destruction) 24
Bio-Rem, Inc. (Augmented In Situ Subsurface Bioremediation Process) 38
CF Systems Corporation (Liquified Gas Solvent Extraction [LG-SX] Technology) 48
ELI Eco Logic International, Inc. (Thermal Desorption Unit) 62
General Atomics (Circulating Bed Combustor) . ! ! 70
Resources Conservation Company (B.E.S.T. Solvent Extraction Technology) 102
Retech, Inc. (Plasma Arc Vitrification) 104
Sonotech, Inc. (Frequency-Tunable Pulse Combustion System) 128
Texaco Inc. (Entrained-Bed Gasification) 136
Roy F. Weston, Inc. (Low Temperature Thermal Treatment [LT3®] System) 148
Demonstration Program - Ongoing Projects
North American Technologies Group, Inc. (BioTreat™ System) 188
Page 467
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Sediment (continued)
Aromatic VOCs (continued)
Emerging Technology Program - Completed Projects
Allis Mineral Systems rPYRQKILN THERMAL ENCAPSULATION Process) . 238
Institute of Gas Technology (Fluid Extraction - Biological Degradation Process) 278
Emerging Technology Program - Ongoing Projects
Energy and Environmental Research Corporation (Reactor Filter System) 332
Institute of Gas Technology (Fluidized-Bed Cyclone Agglomerating Combustor) . 344
OHM Remediation Services Corporation (Oxygen Microbubble In Situ Bioremediation) 360
Measurement and Monitoring Technology Program
Bruker Instruments (Bruker Mobile Environmental Monitor) 39°
Cyanide
Demonstration Program - Completed Projects
RUST Remedial Services, Inc. (XTRAX™ Thermal Desorption) 118
Di'oxins
Demonstration Program - Completed Projects
Babcock & Wilcox Co. (Cyclone Furnace) 28
CF Systems Corporation (Liquified Gas Solvent Extraction [LG-SX] Technology) 48
Dehydro-Tech Corporation (Carver-Greenfield Process® for Solvent Extraction of Wet, Oily
Wastes) f2
ELI Eco Logic International, Inc. (Thermal Desorption Unit) ' " ' '
General Atomics (Circulating Bed Combustor) 70
Geosafe Corporation (In Situ Vitrification) 74
Horsehead Resource Development Co., Inc. (Flame Reactor) • • • 84
Retech, Inc. (Plasma Arc Vitrification) *04
RUST Remedial Services, Inc. (X*TRAX™ Thermal Desorption) 118
SoilTech ATP Systems, Inc. (Anaerobic Thermal Processor) . 124
Sonotech, Inc. (Frequency-Tunable Pulse Combustion System) 128
Texaco Inc. (Entrained-Bed Gasification) I36
Demonstration Program - Ongoing Projects
Vortec Corporation (Oxidation and Vitrification Process) 212
Emerging Technology Program - Completed Projects
Allis Mineral Systems fPYROKILN THERMAL ENCAPSULATION Process) 238
Babcock & Wilcox Co. (Cyclone Furnace) • • • • .246
Energy and Environmental Research Corporation (Hybrid Fluidized Bed System) 270
PSI Technologies (Metals Immobilization and Decontamination of Aggregate Solids) 294
Vortec Corporation (Oxidation and Vitrification Process) 3°6
Emerging Technology Program - Ongoing Projects
Energy and Environmental Research Corporation (Reactor Filter System) 332
Institute of Gas Technology (Fluidized-Bed Cyclone Agglomerating Combustor) . . . 344
Measurement and Monitoring Technology Program
Bruker Instruments (Bruker Mobile Environmental Monitor) 39°
Explosives
Demonstration Program - Completed Projects
J. R. Simplot (The SABRE™ Process) 122
Emerging Technology Program - Completed. Projects
New Jersey Institute of Technology (GHEA Associates Process) • 292
J. R. Simplot (The SABRE™ Process) 300
Furans
Demonstration Program - Completed Projects
Babcock & Wilcox Co. (Cyclone Furnace) 28
ELI Eco Logic International, Inc. (Thermal Desorption Unit) • • 62
General Atomics (Circulating Bed Combustor) 70
Geosafe Corporation (In Situ Vitrification) 74
Page 468
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Sediment (continued)
Furans (continued')
Demonstration Program - Completed Projects (continued)
Horsehead Resource Development Co., Inc. (Flame Reactor) 84
Retech, Inc. (Plasma Arc Vitrification) 104
SoilTech ATP Systems, Inc. (Anaerobic Thermal Processor) 124
Sonotech, Inc. (Frequency-Tunable Pulse Combustion System) 128
Texaco Inc. (Entrained-Bed Gasification) 136
Demonstration Program - Ongoing Projects
Vortec Corporation (Oxidation and Vitrification Process) „ 212
Emerging Technology Program - Completed Projects
Allis Mineral Systems (PYROKILN THERMAL ENCAPSULATION Process) 238
Babcock & Wilcox Co. (Cyclone Furnace) 246
Energy and Environmental Research Corporation (Hybrid Fluidized Bed System) 270
PSI Technologies (Metals Immobilization and Decontamination of Aggregate Solids) 294
Vortec Corporation (Oxidation and Vitrification Process) 306
Emerging Technology Program - Ongoing Projects
Energy and Environmental Research Corporation (Reactor Filter System) 332
Institute of Gas Technology (Fluidized-Bed Cyclone Agglomerating Combustor) 344
Measurement and Monitoring Technology Program
Broker Instruments (Bruker Mobile Environmental Monitor) 390
Halogenated VOCs
Demonstration Program - Completed Projects
Bio-Rem, Inc. (Augmented In Situ Subsurface Bioremediation Process) 38
CF Systems Corporation (Liquified Gas Solvent Extraction [LG-SX] Technology) 48
ELI Eco Logic International, Inc. (Thermal Desorption Unit) 62
General Atomics (Circulating Bed Combustor) 70
Retech, Inc. (Plasma Arc Vitrification) 104
RUST Remedial Services, Inc. (X*TRAX™ Thermal Desorption) 118
Sonotech, Inc. (Frequency-Tunable Pulse Combustion System) 128
Texaco Inc. (Entrained-Bed Gasification) 136
Roy F. Weston, Inc. (Low Temperature Thermal Treatment [LT3®] System) 148
Demonstration Program - Ongoing Projects
North American Technologies Group, Inc. (BioTreat™ System) 188
Emerging Technology Program - Completed Projects
Allis Mineral Systems (PYROKILN THERMAL ENCAPSULATION Process) 238
New Jersey Institute of Technology (GHEA Associates Process) 292
Emerging Technology Program - Ongoing Projects
Center for Hazardous Materials Research (Organics Destruction and Metals Stabilization) 322
Davy International Energy and Environmental Division (Chemical Treatment) 326
Energy and Environmental Research Corporation (Reactor Filter System) 332
Institute of Gas Technology (Fluidized-Bed Cyclone Agglomerating Combustor) 344
Measurement and Monitoring Technology Program
Bruker Instruments (Bruker Mobile Environmental Monitor) 390
Heavy Metals
Demonstration Program - Completed Projects
Bergmann USA (Soil and Sediment Washing) 30
RUST Remedial Services, Inc. (X*TRAX™ Thermal Desorption) 118
Emerging Technology Program - Completed Projects
New Jersey Institute of Technology (GHEA Associates Process) 292
Emerging Technology Program - Ongoing Projects
Western Product Recovery Group, Inc. (CCBA Physical and Chemical Treatment) 376
Page 469
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Sediment (continued)
Heavy Minerals
Emerging Technology Program - Completed Projects
Montana College of Mineral Science & Technology (Campbell Centrifugal Jig) 290
Herbicides
Demonstration Program - Completed Projects
American Combustion, Inc. (PYRETRON® Thermal Destruction) 24
Babcock & Wilcox Co. (Cyclone Furnace) 28
General Atomics (Circulating Bed Combustor) 70
Horsehead Resource Development Co., Inc. (Flame Reactor) 84
Resources Conservation Company (B.E.S.T. Solvent Extraction Technology) 102
Retech, Inc. (Plasma Arc Vitrification) • • • 1°4
SoilTech ATP Systems, Inc. (Anaerobic Thermal Processor) 124
Sonotech, Inc. (Frequency-Tunable Pulse Combustion System) 128
Texaco Inc. (Entrained-Bed Gasification) 136
Roy F. Weston, Inc. (Low Temperature Thermal Treatment [LT3®] System) 148
Demonstration Program - Ongoing Projects
Vortec Corporation (Oxidation and Vitrification Process) 212
Emerging Technology Program - Completed Projects
Allis Mineral Systems (PYROKILN THERMAL ENCAPSULATION Process) 238
Babcock & Wilcox Co. (Cyclone Furnace) 246
Energy and Environmental Research Corporation (Hybrid Fluidized Bed System) 270
PSI Technologies (Metals Immobilization and Decontamination of Aggregate Solids) 294
Vortec Corporation (Oxidation and Vitrification Process) 306
Emerging Technology Program - Ongoing Projects
Energy and Environmental Research Corporation (Reactor Filter System) 332
Institute of Gas Technology (Fluidized-Bed Cyclone Agglomerating Combustor) 344
Measurement and Monitoring Technology Program
Bruker Instruments (Bruker Mobile Environmental Monitor) 390
Inorganic Elements
Measurement and Monitoring Technology Program
Scitec Corporation (Metal Analysis Probe [MAP®] Portable Assayer) 424
TN Technologies, Inc. (Spectrace 9000 X-Ray Flourescence Analyzer) 430
Metals
Demonstration Program - Completed Projects
Advanced Remediation Mixing, Inc. (Solidification and Stabilization) • 22
Babcock & Wilcox Co. (Cyclone Furnace) 28
Funderburk & Associates (Dechlorination and Immobilization) 68
Geo-Con, Inc. (In Situ Solidification and Stabilization Process) 72
Geosafe Corporation (In Situ Vitrification) : 74
Horsehead Resource Development Co., Inc. (Flame Reactor) • • • 84
Retech, Inc. (Plasma Arc Vitrification) 104
Soliditech, Inc. (Solidification and Stabilization) 126
STC Omega, Inc. (Chemical Fixation/Solidification Treatment Technologies) 130
Texaco Inc. (Entrained-Bed Gasification) 136
Toronto Harbour Commission (Soil Recycling) 138
WASTECH, Inc. (Solidification and Stabilization) 146
Demonstration Program - Ongoing Projects
Separation and Recovery Systems, Inc. (SAREX Chemical Fixation Process) 204
Sevenson Environmental Services, Inc. (MAECTITE® Chemical Treatment Process) 206
Vortec Corporation (Oxidation and Vitrification Process) 212
Wheelabrator Technologies, Inc. (WES-PHix Stabilization Process) 216
Page 470
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Sediment (continued)
Metals (continued)
Emerging Technology Program - Completed Projects
AEA Technology, National Environmental Technology Centre (Soil Separation and Washing
Process) 236
Allis Mineral Systems (PYROKILN THERMAL ENCAPSULATION Process) 238
Babcock & Wilcox Co. (Cyclone Furnace) 246
Center for Hazardous Materials Research (Acid Extraction Treatment System) 254
Energy and Environmental Research Corporation (Hybrid Fluidized Bed System) 270
Ferro Corporation (Waste Vitrification Through Electric Melting) 272
Montana College of Mineral Science & Technology (Air-Sparged Hydrocyclone) 288
Montana College of Mineral Science & Technology (Campbell Centrifugal Jig) 290
New Jersey Institute of Technology (GHEA Associates Process) 292
PSI Technologies (Metals Immobilization and Decontamination of Aggregate Solids) 294
Vortec Corporation (Oxidation and Vitrification Process) ... 306
Emerging Technology Program - Ongoing Projects
Center for Hazardous Materials Research (Organics Destruction and Metals Stabilization) 322
Davy International Energy and Environmental Division (Chemical Treatment) 326
Energy and Environmental Research Corporation (Reactor Filter System) 332
Geo-Microbial Technologies, Inc. (Metals Release and Removal from Wastes) 338
Institute of Gas Technology (Fluidized-Bed Cyclone Agglomerating Combustor) 344
IT Corporation (Chelation/Electrodeposition of Toxic Metals from Soils) 348
University of Houston (Concentrated-Chloride Extraction and Recovery of Lead) 372
University of South Carolina (In Situ Mitigation of Acid Water) 374
Mixed Waste
Demonstration Program - Completed Projects
Retech, Inc. (Plasma Arc Vitrification) 104
Organics
Demonstration Program - Completed Projects
Gruppo Italimpresse (Infrared Thermal Destruction) . 80
Emerging Technology Program - Completed Projects
Electron Beam Research Facility, Florida International University, and University of Miami
(High-Energy Electron Irradiation) 264
Emerging Technology Program - Ongoing Projects
High Voltage Environmental Applications, Inc. (High Energy Electron Beam Irradiation) 342
PAHs
Demonstration Program - Completed Projects
Dehydro-Tech Corporation (Carver-Greenfield Process® for Solvent Extraction of Wet, Oily
Wastes) 52
Emerging Technology Program - Ongoing Projects
IT Corporation (Eimco BioLift™ Slurry Reactor) 350
OHM Remediation Services Corporation (Oxygen Microbubble In Situ Bioremediation) 360
PCBs
Demonstration Program - Completed Projects
American Combustion, Inc. (PYRETRON® Thermal Destruction) 24
Babcock & Wilcox Co. (Cyclone Furnace) 28
Bergmann USA (Soil and Sediment Washing) 30
BioTrol, Inc. (Soil Washing System) 42
CF Systems Corporation (Liquified Gas Solvent Extraction [LG-SX] Technology) 48
Dehydro-Tech Corporation (Carver-Greenfield Process® for Solvent Extraction of Wet, Oily
Wastes) T 52
ELI Eco Logic International, Inc. (Thermal Desorption Unit) 62
Funderburk & Associates (Dechlorination and Immobilization) 68
Geo-Con, Inc. (In Situ Solidification and Stabilization Process) 72
Page 471
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Sediment (continued)
PCBs (continued)
Demonstration Program - Completed Projects (continued)
Geosafe Corporation (In Situ Vitrification) 74
Horsehead Resource Development Co., Inc. (Flame Reactor) 84
Resources Conservation Company (B.E.S.T. Solvent Extraction Technology) 102
Retech, Inc. (Plasma Arc Vitrification) 104
RUST Remedial Services, Inc. (XTRAX™ Thermal Desorption) 118
SoilTech ATP Systems, Inc. (Anaerobic Thermal Processor) 124
SolidStech, Inc. (Solidification and Stabilization) 126
Sonotech, Inc. (Frequency-Tunable Pulse Combustion System) 128
STC Omega, Inc. (Chemical Fixation/Solidification Treatment Technologies) 130
Texaco Inc. (Entrained-Bed Gasification) 136
WASTECH, Inc. (Solidification and Stabilization) 146
Roy F. Weston, Inc. (Low Temperature Thermal Treatment [LT3®] System) 148
Demonstration Program - Ongoing Projects
Vortec Corporation (Oxidation and Vitrification Process) 212
Emerging Technology Program - Completed Projects
Allis Mineral Systems (PYROKILN THERMAL ENCAPSULATION Process) 238
ART International, Inc. (Low-Energy Extraction Process) 242
Babcock & Wilcox Co. (Cyclone Furnace) 246
Energy and Environmental Research Corporation (Hybrid Fluidized Bed System) .......... 270
Institute of Gas Technology (Chemical and Biological Treatment) 276
New Jersey Institute of Technology (GHEA Associates Process) 292
PSI Technologies (Metals Immobilization and Decontamination of Aggregate Solids) 294
J. R. Simplot (The SABRE™ Process) 300
Trinity Environmental Technologies, Inc. (PCB- and Organochlorine-Contaminated Soil
Detoxification) 302
Vortec Corporation (Oxidation and Vitrification Process) 306
Emerging Technology Program - Ongoing Projects
Center for Hazardous Materials Research (Organics Destruction and Metals Stabilization) 322
Davy International Energy and Environmental Division (Chemical Treatment) 326
Energy and Environmental Research Corporation (Reactor Filter System) 332
Institute of Gas Technology (Fluidized-Bed Cyclone Agglomerating Combustor) 344
State University of New York at Oswego (Photocatalytic Degradation of PCB-Contaminated
Sediments and Waters) 366
Measurement and Monitoring Technology Program
Bruker Instruments (Bruker Mobile Environmental Monitor) , • 390
Dexsil Corporation (Environmental Test Kits) 392
Pesticides
Demonstration Program - Completed Projects
American Combustion, Inc. (PYRETRON® Thermal Destruction) 24
Babcock & Wilcox Co. (Cyclone Furnace) 28
BioTrol, Lie. (Soil Washing System) 42
Canonie Environmental Services Corporation (Low Temperature Thermal Aeration [LTTA®]) ... 46
ELI Eco Logic International, Inc. (Thermal Desorption Unit) 62
Funderburk & Associates (Dechlorination and Immobilization) 68
General Atomics (Circulating Bed Combustor) 70
Geosafe Corporation (In Situ Vitrification) 74
Horsehead Resource Development Co., Inc. (Flame Reactor) 84
Resources Conservation Company (B.E.S.T. Solvent Extraction Technology) 102
Retech, Inc. (Plasma Arc Vitrification) 104
SoilTech ATP Systems, Inc. (Anaerobic Thermal Processor) 124
Soliditech, Inc. (Solidification and Stabilization) 126
Page 472
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Sediment (continued)
Pesticides (continued)
Demonstration Program - Completed Projects (continued)
Sonotech, Inc. (Frequency-Tunable Pulse Combustion System) 128
STC Omega, Inc. (Chemical Fixation/Solidification Treatment Technologies) 130
Texaco Inc. (Entrained-Bed Gasification) 136
WASTECH, Inc. (Solidification and Stabilization) 146
Roy F. Weston, Inc. (Low Temperature Thermal Treatment [LT3®] System) 148
Demonstration Program - Ongoing Projects
Vortec Corporation (Oxidation and Vitrification Process) 212
Emerging Technology Program - Completed Projects
Allis Mineral Systems (PYROKILN THERMAL ENCAPSULATION Process) 238
ART International, Inc. (Low-Energy Extraction Process) 242
Babcock & Wilcox Co. (Cyclone Furnace) 246
Energy and Environmental Research Corporation (Hybrid Fluidized Bed System) . . 270
Institute of Gas Technology (Chemical and Biological Treatment) 276
PSI Technologies (Metals Immobilization and Decontamination of Aggregate Solids) 294
J. R. Simplot (The SABRE™ Process) 300
Vortec Corporation (Oxidation and Vitrification Process) 306
Emerging Technology Program - Ongoing Projects
Davy International Energy and Environmental Division (Chemical Treatment) 326
Energy and Environmental Research Corporation (Reactor Filter System) 332
Groundwater Technology Government Services, Inc. (Below-Grade Bioremediation of
Chlorinated Cyclodiene Insecticides) 340
Institute of Gas Technology (Fluidized-Bed Cyclone Agglomerating Combustor) 344
State University of New York at Oswego (Photocatalytic Degradation of PCB-Contaminated
Sediments and Waters) 366
Measurement and Monitoring Technology Program
Bruker Instruments (Bruker Mobile Environmental Monitor) 390
Dexsil Corporation (Environmental Test Kits) 392
Petroleum Hydrocarbons
Demonstration Program - Completed Projects
Bergmann USA (Soil and Sediment Washing) 30
BioTrol, Inc. (Soil Washing System) 42
Dehydro-Tech Corporation (Carver-Greenfield Process® for Solvent Extraction of Wet, Oily
Wastes) 52
ECOVA Corporation (Bioslurry Reactor) 58
GRACE Dearborn, Inc. (DARAMEND™ Bioremediation Technology) 78
Soliditech, Inc. (Solidification and Stabilization) 126
Roy F. Weston, Inc. (Low Temperature Thermal Treatment [LT3®] System) 148
Demonstration Program - Ongoing Projects
North American Technologies Group, Inc. (BioTreat™ System) 188
Remediation Technologies, Inc. (Liquid and Solids Biological Treatment) 198
Emerging Technology Program - Completed Projects
AEA Technology, National Environmental Technology Centre (Soil Separation and Washing
Process) 236
Allis Mineral Systems (PYROKILN THERMAL ENCAPSULATION Process) 238
Institute of Gas Technology (Fluid Extraction - Biological Degradation Process) 278
New Jersey Institute of Technology (GHEA Associates Process) 292
Radionuclides
Demonstration Program - Completed Projects
Advanced Remediation Mixing, Inc. (Solidification and Stabilization) 22
Babcock & Wilcox Co. (Cyclone Furnace) • 28
Geosafe Corporation (In Situ Vitrification) 74
Page 473
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Sediment (continued)
Radionuclides (continued)
Demonstration Program - Completed Projects (continued)
Retech, Inc. (Plasma Arc Vitrification) 104
RUST Remedial Services, Inc. (X*TRAX™ Thermal Desorption) 118
Emerging Technology Program - Completed Projects
Babcock & Wilcox Co. (Cyclone Furnace) 246
SVOCs
Demonstration Program - Completed Projects
American Combustion, Inc. (PYRETRON® Thermal Destruction) 24
Babcock & Wilcox Co. (Cyclone Furnace) 28
BioTrol, Inc. (Soil Washing System) , 42
Canonie Environmental Services Corporation (Low Temperature Thermal Aeration [LTTA®]) ... 46
CF Systems Corporation (Liquified Gas Solvent Extraction [LG-SX] Technology) 48
Dehydro-Tech Corporation (Carver-Greenfield Process® for Solvent Extraction of Wet, Oily
Wastes) 52
ECOVA Corporation (Bioslurry Reactor) 58
ELI Eco Logic International, Inc. (Thermal Desorption Unit) 62
General Atomics (Circulating Bed Combustor) 70
GRACE Dearborn, Inc. (DARAMEND™ Bioremediation Technology) 78
Horsehead Resource Development Co., Inc. (Flame Reactor) 84
Retech, Inc. (Plasma Arc Vitrification) • • • 104
Risk Reduction Engineering Laboratory (Base-Catalyzed Decomposition Process) .......... 106
RUST Remedial Services, Inc. (X*TRAX™ Thermal Desorption) 118
SoilTech ATP Systems, Inc. (Anaerobic Thermal Processor) 124
Sonotech, Inc. (Frequency-Tunable Pulse Combustion System) • • • • I28
STC Omega, Inc. (Chemical Fixation/Solidification Treatment Technologies) 130
Texaco Inc. (Entrained-Bed Gasification) 136
Toronto Harbour Commission (Soil Recycling) 138
WASTECH, Inc. (Solidification and Stabilization) 146
Roy F. Weston, Inc. (Low Temperature Thermal Treatment [LT3®] System) 148
Demonstration Program - Ongoing Projects
North American Technologies Group, Inc. (BioTreat™ System) 188
Remediation Technologies, Inc. (Liquid and Solids Biological Treatment) 198
Separation and Recovery Systems, Inc. (SAREX Chemical Fixation Process) 204
Vortec Corporation (Oxidation and Vitrification Process) 212
Emerging Technology Program - Completed Projects
Allis Mineral Systems (PYROKILN THERMAL ENCAPSULATION Process) 238
ART International, Inc. (Low-Energy Extraction Process) . 242
Babcock & Wilcox Co. (Cyclone Furnace) 246
Energy and Environmental Research Corporation (Hybrid Fluidized Bed System) 270
Institute of Gas Technology (Chemical and Biological Treatment) . 276
Institute of Gas Technology (Fluid Extraction - Biological Degradation Process) 278
New Jersey Institute of Technology (GHEA Associates Process) 292
PSI Technologies (Metals Immobilization and Decontamination of Aggregate Solids) 294
Vortec Corporation (Oxidation and Vitrification Process) 306
Emerging Technology Program - Ongoing Projects
Energy and Environmental Research Corporation (Reactor Filter System) 332
Environmental BioTechnologies, Inc. (Microbial Composting Process) 334
Institute of Gas Technology (Fluidized-Bed Cyclone Agglomerating Combustor) 344
IT Corporation (Eimco BioLift™ Slurry Reactor) 350
OHM Remediation Services Corporation (Oxygen Microbubble In Situ Bioremediation) 360
Measurement and Monitoring Technology Program
Bruker Instruments (Bruker Mobile Environmental Monitor) 390
Page 474
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Sediment (continued)
VOCs
Demonstration Program - Completed Projects
American Combustion, Inc. (PYRETRON® Thermal Destruction) 24
Bio-Rem, Inc. (Augmented In Situ Subsurface Bioremediation Process) 38
Canonie Environmental Services Corporation (Low Temperature Thermal Aeration [LTTA®]) ... 46
CF Systems Corporation (Liquified Gas Solvent Extraction [LG-SX] Technology) 48
ECOVA Corporation (Bioslurry Reactor) 58
ELI Eco Logic International, Inc. (Thermal Desorption Unit) 62
General Atomics (Circulating Bed Combustor) 70
Geosafe Corporation (In Situ Vitrification) 74
Horsehead Resource Development Co., Inc. (Flame Reactor) 84
Retech, Inc. (Plasma Arc Vitrification) 104
RUST Remedial Services, Inc. (X*TRAX™ Thermal Desorption) 118
SoilTech ATP Systems, Inc. (Anaerobic Thermal Processor) 124
Sonotech, Inc. (Frequency-Tunable Pulse Combustion System) 128
Texaco Inc. (Entrained-Bed Gasification) 136
Roy F. Weston, Inc. (Low Temperature Thermal Treatment [LT3®] System) 148
Demonstration Program - Ongoing Projects
Separation and Recovery Systems, Inc. (SAREX Chemical Fixation Process) 204
Vortec Corporation (Oxidation and Vitrification Process) 212
Emerging Technology Program - Completed Projects ;
Allis Mineral Systems (PYROKILN THERMAL ENCAPSULATION Process't 238
Energy and Environmental Research Corporation (Hybrid Fluidized Bed System) 270
New Jersey Institute of Technology (GHEA Associates Process) 292
PSI Technologies (Metals Immobilization and Decontamination of Aggregate Solids) 294
Vortec Corporation (Oxidation and Vitrification Process) 306
Emerging Technology Program - Ongoing Projects
Energy and Environmental Research Corporation (Reactor Filter System) 332
Institute of Gas Technology (Fluidized-Bed Cyclone Agglomerating Combustor) 344
Measurement and Monitoring Technology Program
Bruker Instruments (Bruker Mobile Environmental Monitor) 390
Sludge
Aromatic VOCs
Demonstration Program - Completed Projects
American Combustion, Inc. (PYRETRON® Thermal Destruction) 24
Bio-Rem, Inc. (Augmented In Situ Subsurface Bioremediation Process) 38
CF Systems Corporation (Liquified Gas Solvent Extraction [LG-SX] Technology) 48
ELI Eco Logic International, Inc. (Thermal Desorption Unit) 62
General Atomics (Circulating Bed Combustor) 70
Resources Conservation Company (B.E.S.T. Solvent Extraction Technology) 102
Retech, Inc. (Plasma Arc Vitrification) 104
Sonotech, Inc. (Frequency-Tunable Pulse Combustion System) 128
Texaco Inc. (Entrained-Bed Gasification) 136
Roy F. Weston, Inc. (Low Temperature Thermal Treatment [LT3®] System) 148
Demonstration Program - Ongoing Projects
North American Technologies Group, Inc. (BioTreat™ System) 188
Emerging Technology Program - Completed Projects
Allis Mineral Systems (PYROKILN THERMAL ENCAPSULATION Process) 238
Institute of Gas Technology (Fluid Extraction - Biological Degradation Process) 278
Emerging Technology Program - Ongoing Projects
Energy and Environmental Research Corporation (Reactor Filter System) 332
Institute of Gas Technology (Fluidized-Bed Cyclone Agglomerating Combustor) 344
Page 475
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Sludge (continued)
Aromatic VOCs (continued)
Emerging Technology Program - Ongoing Projects (continued)
OHM Remediation Services Corporation (Oxygen Microbubble In Situ Bioremediation) 360
Measurement and Monitoring Technology Program
Bruker Instruments (Bruker Mobile Environmental Monitor) 390
Cyanide
Demonstration Program - Completed Projects
RUST Remedial Services, Inc. (X*TRAX™ Thermal Desorption) 118
Dioxins
Demonstration Program - Completed Projects
Babcock & Wilcox Co. (Cyclone Furnace) 28
CF Systems Corporation (Liquified Gas Solvent Extraction [LG-SX] Technology) 48
Dehydro-Tech Corporation (Carver-Greenfield Process® for Solvent Extraction of Wet, Oily
Wastes) 5?
ELI Eco Logic International, Inc. (Thermal Desorption Unit) . 62
General Atomics (Circulating Bed Combustor) 70
Geosafe Corporation (In Situ Vitrification) 74
Horsehead Resource Development Co., Inc. (Flame Reactor) 84
Retech, Inc. (Plasma Arc Vitrification) 104
RUST Remedial Services, Inc. (X*TRAXm Thermal Desorption) 118
SoilTech ATP Systems, Inc. (Anaerobic Thermal Processor) 124
Sonotech, Inc. (Frequency-Tunable Pulse Combustion System) 128
Texaco Inc. (Entrained-Bed Gasification) 136
Demonstration Program - Ongoing Projects
Vortec Corporation (Oxidation and Vitrification Process) 212
Emerging Technology Program - Completed Projects
Allis Mineral Systems (PYROKILN THERMAL ENCAPSULATION Process) 238
Babcock & Wilcox Co. (Cyclone Furnace) 246
Energy and Environmental Research Corporation (Hybrid Fluidized Bed System) 270
PSI Technologies (Metals Immobilization and Decontamination of Aggregate Solids) 294
Vortec Corporation (Oxidation and Vitrification Process) 306
Emerging Technology Program - Ongoing Projects
Energy and Environmental Research Corporation (Reactor Filter System) 332
Institute of Gas Technology (Fluidized-Bed Cyclone Agglomerating Combustor) 344
Measurement and Monitoring Technology Program
Bruker Instruments (Bruker Mobile Environmental Monitor) 390
Explosives
Demonstration Program - Completed Projects
J. R. Simplot (The SABRE™ Process) 122
Emerging Technology Program - Completed Projects
New Jersey Institute of Technology (GHEA Associates Process) '. 292
J. R. Simplot (The SABRE™ Process) 300
Furans
Demonstration Program - Completed Projects
Babcock & Wilcox Co. (Cyclone Furnace) 28
ELI Eco Logic International, Inc. (Thermal Desorption Unit) 62
General Atomics (Circulating Bed Combustor) . 70
Geosafe Corporation (In Situ Vitrification) 74
Horsehead Resource Development Co., Inc. (Flame Reactor) 84
Retech, Inc. (Plasma Arc Vitrification) 1°4
SoilTech ATP Systems, Inc. (Anaerobic Thermal Processor) 124
Sonotech, Inc. (Frequency-Tunable Pulse Combustion System) 128
Texaco Inc. (Entrained-Bed Gasification) 136
Page 476
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Sludge (continued)
Furans (continued)
Demonstration Program - Ongoing Projects
Vortec Corporation (Oxidation and Vitrification Process) 212
Emerging Technology Program - Completed Projects
Allis Mineral Systems (PYROKILN THERMAL ENCAPSULATION Process) 238
Babcock & Wilcox Co. (Cyclone Furnace) 246
Energy and Environmental Research Corporation (Hybrid. Fluidized Bed System) 270
PSI Technologies (Metals Immobilization and Decontamination of Aggregate Solids) 294
Vortec Corporation (Oxidation and Vitrification Process) 306
Emerging Technology Program - Ongoing Projects
Energy and Environmental Research Corporation (Reactor Filter System) 332
Institute of Gas Technology (Fluidized-Bed Cyclone Agglomerating Combustor) 344
Measurement and Monitoring Technology Program
Bruker Instruments (Bruker Mobile Environmental Monitor) 390
Halogenated VOCs
Demonstration Program - Completed Projects
Bio-Rem, Inc. (Augmented In Situ Subsurface Bioremediation Process) 38
CF Systems Corporation (Liquified Gas Solvent Extraction [LG-SX] Technology) 48
ELI Eco Logic International, Inc. (Thermal Desorption Unit) 62
General Atomics (Circulating Bed Combustor) 70
High Voltage Environmental Applications, Inc. (High-Energy Electron Irradiation) 82
Retech, Inc. (Plasma Arc Vitrification) 104
RUST Remedial Services, Inc. (X*TRAX™ Thermal Desorption) 118
Sonotech, Inc. (Frequency-Tunable Pulse Combustion System) .• 128
Texaco Inc. (Entrained-Bed Gasification) 136
Roy F. Weston, Inc. (Low Temperature Thermal Treatment [LT3®] System) 148
Demonstration Program - Ongoing Projects
North American Technologies Group, Inc. (BioTreat™ System) 188
Emerging Technology Program - Completed Projects
Allis Mineral. Systems (PYROKILN THERMAL ENCAPSULATION Process) 238
New Jersey Institute of Technology (GHEA Associates Process) 292
Emerging Technology Program - Ongoing Projects
Center for Hazardous Materials Research (Organics Destruction and Metals Stabilization) 322
Davy International Energy and Environmental Division (Chemical Treatment) 326
Energy and Environmental Research Corporation (Reactor Filter System) 332
Institute of Gas Technology (Fluidized-Bed Cyclone Agglomerating Combustor) 344
Measurement and Monitoring Technology Program
Bruker Instruments (Bruker Mobile Environmental Monitor) 390
Heavy Metals
Demonstration Program - Completed Projects
RUST Remedial Services, Inc. (X*TRAX™ Thermal Desorption) 118
Emerging Technology Program - Completed Projects
New Jersey Institute of Technology (GHEA Associates Process) 292
Emerging Technology Program - Ongoing Projects
Western Product Recovery Group, Inc. (CCBA Physical and Chemical Treatment) 376
Heavy Minerals
Emerging Technology Program - Completed Projects
Montana College of Mineral Science & Technology (Campbell Centrifugal Jig) 290
Herbicides
Demonstration Program - Completed Projects
American Combustion, Inc. (PYRETRON® Thermal Destruction) 24
Babcock & Wilcox Co. (Cyclone Furnace) 28
General Atomics (Circulating Bed Combustor) 70
Page 477
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Sludge (continued)
Herbicides (continued)
Demonstration Program - Completed Projects (continued)
Horsehead Resource Development Co., Inc. (Flame Reactor) 84
Resources Conservation Company (B.E.S.T. Solvent Extraction Technology) 102
Retech, Inc. (Plasma Arc Vitrification) 104
SoilTech ATP Systems, Inc. (Anaerobic Thermal Processor) 124
Sonotech, Inc. (Frequency-Tunable Pulse Combustion System) 128
Texaco Inc. (Entrained-Bed Gasification) 136
Roy F. Weston, Inc. (Low Temperature Thermal Treatment [LT3®] System) i. 148
Demonstration Program - Ongoing Projects
Vortec Corporation (Oxidation and Vitrification Process) 212
Emerging Technology Program - Completed Projects
Allis Mineral Systems (PYROKILN THERMAL ENCAPSULATION Process) 238
Babcock & Wilcox Co. (Cyclone Furnace) i ...... 246
Energy and Environmental Research Corporation (Hybrid Fluidized Bed System) 270
PSI Technologies (Metals Immobilization and Decontamination of Aggregate Solids) 294
Vortec Corporation (Oxidation and Vitrification Process) 306
Emerging Technology Program - Ongoing Projects
Energy and Environmental Research Corporation (Reactor Filter System) 332
Institute of Gas Technology (Fluidized-Bed Cyclone Agglomerating Combustor) 344
Measurement and Monitoring Technology Program
Bruker Instruments (Bruker Mobile Environmental Monitor) 390
Metals
Demonstration Program - Completed Projects
Advanced Remediation Mixing, Inc. (Solidification and Stabilization) . 22
Babcock & Wilcox Co. (Cyclone Furnace) 28
Funderburk & Associates (Dechlorination and Immobilization) , 68
Geo-Con, Inc. (In Situ Solidification and Stabilization Process) 72
Geosafe Corporation (In Situ Vitrification) 74
Horsehead Resource Development Co., Inc. (Flame Reactor) 84
Retech, Inc. (Plasma Arc Vitrification) 104
Soliditech, Inc. (Solidification and Stabilization) 126
STC Omega, Inc. (Chemical Fixation/Solidification Treatment Technologies) 130
Texaco Inc. (Entrained-Bed Gasification) 136
Toronto Harbour Commission (Soil Recycling) 138
WASTECH, Inc. (Solidification and Stabilization) 146
Demonstration Program - Ongoing Projects
Separation and Recovery Systems, Inc. (SAREX Chemical Fixation Process) 204
Sevenson Environmental Services, Inc. (MAECTITE® Chemical Treatment Process) 206
Vortec Corporation (Oxidation and Vitrification Process) 212
Wheelabrator Technologies, Inc. (WES-PHix Stabilization Process) 216
Emerging Technology Program - Completed Projects
AEA Technology, National Environmental Technology Centre (Soil Separation and Washing
Process) 236
Allis Mineral Systems (PYROKILN THERMAL ENCAPSULATION Process") 238
Babcock & Wilcox Co. (Cyclone Furnace) 246
Center for Hazardous Materials Research (Acid Extraction Treatment System) 254
Energy and Environmental Research Corporation (Hybrid Fluidized Bed System) 270
Ferro Corporation (Waste Vitrification Through Electric Melting) 272
Montana College of Mineral Science & Technology (Air-Sparged Hydrocyclone) 288
Montana College of Mineral Science & Technology (Campbell Centrifugal Jig) 290
New Jersey Institute of Technology (GHEA Associates Process) 292
PSI Technologies (Metals Immobilization and Decontamination of Aggregate Solids) 294
Page 478
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Sludge (continued)
Metals (continued)
Emerging Technology Program - Completed Projects (continued)
Vortec Corporation (Oxidation and Vitrification Process) 306
Emerging Technology Program - Ongoing Projects
Center for Hazardous Materials Research (Organics Destruction and Metals Stabilization) 322
Davy International Energy and Environmental Division (Chemical Treatment) 326
Energy and Environmental Research Corporation (Reactor Filter System) 332
Geo-Microbial Technologies, Inc. (Metals Release and Removal from Wastes) 338
Institute of Gas Technology (Fluidized-Bed Cyclone Agglomerating Combustor) 344
IT Corporation (Chelation/Electrodeposition of Toxic Metals from Soils) 348
University of Houston (Concentrated-Chloride Extraction and Recovery of Lead) 372
University of South Carolina (In Situ Mitigation of Acid Water) 374
Mixed Waste
Demonstration Program - Completed Projects
Retech, Inc. (Plasma Arc Vitrification) 104
Organics
Demonstration Program - Completed Projects
High Voltage Environmental Applications, Inc. (High-Energy Electron Irradiation) 82
Emerging Technology Program - Completed Projects
Electron Beam Research Facility, Florida International University, and University of Miami
(High-Energy Electron Irradiation) 264
Emerging Technology Program - Ongoing Projects
High Voltage Environmental Applications, Inc. (High Energy Electron Beam Irradiation) 342
PAHs
Demonstration Program - Completed Projects
Dehydro-Tech Corporation (Carver-Greenfield Process® for Solvent Extraction of Wet, Oily
Wastes) 52
Emerging Technology Program - Ongoing Projects
Institute of Gas Technology (Supercritical Extraction/Liquid Phase Oxidation) 346
IT Corporation (Eimco BioLift™ Slurry Reactor) 350
OHM Remediation Services Corporation (Oxygen Micfobubble In Situ Bioremediation) 360
PCBs
Demonstration Program - Completed Projects
American Combustion, Inc. (PYRETRON® Thermal Destruction) 24
Babcock & Wilcox Co. (Cyclone Furnace) . 28
BioTrol, Inc. (Soil Washing System) 42
CF Systems Corporation (Liquified Gas Solvent Extraction [LG-SX] Technology) 48
Dehydro-Tech Corporation (Carver-Greenfield Process® for Solvent Extraction of Wet, Oily
Wastes) 52
ELI Eco Logic International, Inc. (Thermal Desorption Unit) 62
Funderburk & Associates (Dechlorination and Immobilization) 68
Geo-Con, Inc. (In Situ Solidification and Stabilization Process) 72
Geosafe Corporation (In Situ Vitrification) 74
High Voltage Environmental Applications, Inc. (High-Energy Electron Irradiation) 82
Horsehead Resource Development Co., Inc. (Flame Reactor) 84
Resources Conservation Company (B.E.S.T. Solvent Extraction Technology) 102
Retech, Inc. (Plasma Arc Vitrification) 104
RUST Remedial Services, Inc. (X*TRAX™ Thermal Desorption) 118
SoilTech ATP Systems, Inc. (Anaerobic Thermal Processor) 124
Soliditech, Inc. (Solidification, and Stabilization) 126
Sonotech, Inc. (Frequency-Tunable Pulse Combustion System) 128
STC Omega, Inc. (Chemical Fixation/Solidification Treatment Technologies) 130
Texaco Inc. (Entrained-Bed Gasification) , 136
Page 479
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Sludge (continued)
PCBs (continued) ,
Demonstration Program - Completed Projects (continued)
WASTECH, Inc. (Solidification and Stabilization) 146
Roy F. Weston, Inc. (Low Temperature Thermal Treatment [LT3®] System) 148
Demonstration Program - Ongoing Projects
Vortec Corporation (Oxidation and Vitrification Process) 212
Emerging Technology Program - Completed Projects
Allis Mineral Systems (PYROKILN THERMAL ENCAPSULATION Process) 238
ART International, Inc. (Low-Energy Extraction Process) 242
Babcock & Wilcox Co. (Cyclone Furnace) 246
Energy and Environmental Research Corporation (Hybrid Fluidized Bed System) 270
Institute of Gas Technology (Chemical and Biological Treatment) 276
New Jersey Institute of Technology (GHEA Associates Process) . . . . 292
PSI Technologies (Metals Immobilization and Decontamination of Aggregate Solids) 294
J. R. Simplot (The SABRE™ Process) 300
Trinity Environmental Technologies, Inc. (PCB- and Organochlorine-Contaminated Soil
Detoxification) 302
Vortec Corporation (Oxidation and Vitrification Process) 306
Emerging Technology Program - Ongoing Projects
Center for Hazardous Materials Research (Organics Destruction and Metals Stabilization) ..... 322
Davy International Energy and Environmental Division (Chemical Treatment) 326
Energy and Environmental Research Corporation (Reactor Filter System) 332
Institute of Gas Technology (Fluidized-Bed Cyclone Agglomerating Combustor) 344
Institute of Gas Technology (Supercritical Extraction/Liquid Phase Oxidation) 346
State University of New York at Oswego (Photocatalytic Degradation of PCB-Contaminated
Sediments and Waters) • 366
Measurement and Monitoring Technology Program
Bruker Instruments (Bruker Mobile Environmental Monitor) 390
Pesticides
Demonstration Program - Completed Projects
American Combustion, Inc. (PYRETRON® Thermal Destruction) 24
Babcock & Wilcox Co. (Cyclone Furnace) 28
BioTrol, Inc. (Soil Washing System) 42
Canonie Environmental Services Corporation (Low Temperature Thermal Aeration [LTTA®]) ... 46
ELI Eco Logic International, Inc. (Thermal Desorption Unit) 62
Funderburk & Associates (Dechlorination and Immobilization) 68
General Atomics (Circulating Bed Combustor) 70
Geosafe Corporation (In Situ Vitrification) 74
Horsehead Resource Development Co., Inc. (Flame Reactor) 84
Resources Conservation Company (B.E.S.T. Solvent Extraction Technology) 102
Retech, Inc. (Plasma Arc Vitrification) 104
SoilTech ATP Systems, Inc. (Anaerobic Thermal Processor) 124
Soliditech, Inc. (Solidification and Stabilization) 126
Sonotech, Inc. (Frequency-Tunable Pulse Combustion System) 128
STC Omega, Inc. (Chemical Fixation/Solidification Treatment Technologies) 130
Texaco Inc. (Entrained-Bed Gasification) . 136
WASTECH, Inc. (Solidification and Stabilization) 146
Roy F. Weston, Inc. (Low Temperature Thermal Treatment [LT3®] System) 148
Demonstration Program - Ongoing Projects
Vortec Corporation (Oxidation and Vitrification Process) 212
Emerging Technology Program - Completed Projects
Allis Mineral Systems (TYROKILN THERMAL ENCAPSULATION Process) 238
ART International, Inc. (Low-Energy Extraction Process) 242
Page 480
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Sludge (continued)
Pesticides (continued')
Emerging Technology Program - Completed Projects (continued)
Babcock & Wilcox Co. (Cyclone Furnace) 246
Energy and Environmental Research Corporation (Hybrid Fluidized Bed System) . 270
Institute of Gas Technology (Chemical and Biological Treatment) 276
PSI Technologies (Metals Immobilization and Decontamination of Aggregate Solids) 294
J. R. Simplot (The SABRE™ Process) 300
Vortec Corporation (Oxidation and Vitrification Process) 306
Emerging Technology Program - Ongoing Projects
Davy International Energy and Environmental Division (Chemical Treatment) 326
Energy and Environmental Research Corporation (Reactor Filter System) 332
Groundwater Technology Government Services, Inc. (Below-Grade Bioremediation of
Chlorinated Cyclodiene Insecticides) 340
Institute of Gas Technology (Fluidized-Bed Cyclone Agglomerating Combustor) 344
State University of New York at Oswego (Photocatalytic Degradation of PCB-Contaminated
Sediments and Waters) 355
Measurement and Monitoring Technology Program
Bruker Instruments (Bruker Mobile Environmental Monitor) 390
Petroleum Hydrocarbons
Demonstration Program - Completed Projects
BioTrol, Inc. (Soil Washing System) 42
Dehydro-Tech Corporation (Carver-Greenfield Process® for Solvent Extraction of Wet, Oily
Wastes) 52
ECOVA Corporation (Bioslurry Reactor) 58
GRACE Dearborn, Inc. (DARAMEND™ Bioremediation Technology) 78
Soliditech, Inc. (Solidification and Stabilization) 126
Roy F. Weston, Inc. (Low Temperature Thermal Treatment [LT3®] System) 148
Demonstration Program - Ongoing Projects
North American Technologies Group, Inc. (BioTreat™ System) 188
Remediation Technologies, Inc. (Liquid and Solids Biological Treatment) . . . 198
Emerging Technology Program - Completed Projects
AEA Technology, National Environmental Technology Centre (Soil Separation and Washing
Process) 236
Allis Mineral Systems (PYROKILN THERMAL ENCAPSULATION Process) 238
Institute of Gas Technology (Fluid Extraction - Biological Degradation Process) . . 278
New Jersey Institute of Technology (GHEA Associates Process) 292
Radionuclides
Demonstration Program - Completed Projects
Advanced Remediation Mixing, Inc. (Solidification and Stabilization) . 22
Babcock & Wilcox Co. (Cyclone Furnace) 28
Geosafe Corporation (In Situ Vitrification) 74
Retech, Inc. (Plasma Arc Vitrification) 104
RUST Remedial Services, Inc. (X*TRAX™ Thermal Desorption) 118
Emerging Technology Program - Completed Projects
Babcock & Wilcox Co. (Cyclone Furnace) . . . . <• 246
SVOCs
Demonstration Program - Completed Projects
American Combustion, Inc. (PYRETRON® Thermal Destruction) 24
Babcock & Wilcox Co. (Cyclone Furnace) 28
BioTrol, Inc. (Soil Washing System) 42
Canonic Environmental Services Corporation (Low Temperature Thermal Aeration [LTTA®]) ... 46
CF Systems Corporation (Liquified Gas Solvent Extraction [LG-SX] Technology) 48
Page 481
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r
Sludge (continued)
SVOCs (continued)
Demonstration Program - Completed Projects (continued)
Dehydro-Tech Corporation (Carver-Greenfield Process® for Solvent Extraction of Wet, Oily
Wastes) 52
ECOVA Corporation (Bioslurry Reactor) 58
ELI Eco Logic International, Inc. (Thermal Desorption Unit) 62
General Atomics (Circulating Bed Combustor) 70
GRACE Dearborn, Inc. (DARAMEND™ Bioremediation Technology) 78
Horsehead Resource Development Co., Inc. (Flame Reactor) 84
Retech, Inc. (Plasma Arc Vitrification) 104
Risk Reduction Engineering Laboratory (Base-Catalyzed Decomposition Process) ; . . . 106
RUST Remedial Services, Inc. (X*TRAX™ Thermal Desorption) 118
SoilTech ATP Systems, Inc. (Anaerobic Thermal Processor) 124
Sonotech, Inc. (Frequency-Tunable Pulse Combustion System) 128
STC Omega, Inc. (Chemical Fixation/Solidification Treatment Technologies) 130
Texaco Inc. (Entrained-Bed Gasification) 136
Toronto Harbour Commission (Soil Recycling) 138
WASTECH, Inc. (Solidification and Stabilization) 146
Roy F. Weston, Inc. (Low Temperature Thermal Treatment [LT3®] System) 148
Demonstration Program - Ongoing Projects
North American Technologies Group, Inc. (BioTreat™ System) 188
Remediation Technologies, Inc. (Liquid and Solids Biological Treatment) 198
Separation and Recovery Systems, Inc. (SAREX Chemical Fixation Process) 204
Vortec Corporation (Oxidation and Vitrification Process) 212
Emerging Technology Program - Completed Projects
Allis Mineral Systems (PYROKILN THERMAL ENCAPSULATION Process) 238
ART International, Inc. (Low-Energy Extraction Process) . . 242
Babcock & Wilcox Co. (Cyclone Furnace) . . 246
Energy and Environmental Research Corporation (Hybrid Fluidized Bed System) „ 270
Institute of Gas Technology (Chemical and Biological Treatment) • • • • 2^6
Institute of Gas Technology (Fluid Extraction - Biological Degradation Process) ....._ 278
New Jersey Institute of Technology (GHEA Associates Process) 292
PSI Technologies (Metals Immobilization and Decontamination of Aggregate Solids) 294
Vortec Corporation (Oxidation and Vitrification Process) 306
Emerging Technology Program - Ongoing Projects
Energy and Environmental Research Corporation (Reactor Filter System) 332
Institute of Gas Technology (Fluidized-Bed Cyclone Agglomerating Combustor) 344
IT Corporation (Eimco BioLift™ Slurry Reactor) 350
OHM Remediation Services Corporation (Oxygen Microbubble In Situ Bioremediation) 360
Measurement and Monitoring Technology Program
Bruker Instruments (Bruker Mobile Environmental Monitor) 390
VOCs
Demonstration Program - Completed Projects
American Combustion, Inc. (PYRETRON® Thermal Destruction) 24
Bio-Rem, Inc. (Augmented In Situ Subsurface Bioremediation Process) 38
Canonie Environmental Services Corporation (Low Temperature Thermal Aeration [LTTA®]) ... 46
CF Systems Corporation (Liquified Gas Solvent Extraction [LG-SX] Technology) 48
ECOVA Corporation (Bioslurry Reactor) 58
ELI Eco Logic International, Inc. (Thermal Desorption Unit) 62
General Atomics (Circulating Bed Combustor) 70
Geosafe Corporation (In Situ Vitrification) 74
Horsehead Resource Development Co., Inc. (Flame Reactor) 84
Retech, Inc. (Plasma Arc Vitrification) 104
Page 482
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Sludge (continued)
VOCs (continued)
Demonstration Program - Completed Projects (continued)
RUST Remedial Services, Inc. (X*TRAX™ Thermal Desorption) 118
SoilTech ATP Systems, Inc. (Anaerobic Thermal Processor) 124
Sonotech, Inc. (Frequency-Tunable Pulse Combustion System) 128
Texaco Inc. (Entrained-Bed Gasification) 136
Roy F. Weston, Inc. (Low Temperature Thermal Treatment [LT3®] System) 148
Demonstration Program - Ongoing Projects
Separation and Recovery Systems, Inc. (SAREX Chemical Fixation Process) 204
Vortec Corporation (Oxidation and Vitrification Process) 212
Emerging Technology Program - Completed Projects
Allis Mineral Systems (PYROKILN THERMAL ENCAPSULATION Process) 238
Energy and Environmental Research Corporation (Hybrid Fluidized Bed System) 270
New Jersey Institute of Technology (GHEA Associates Process) 292
PSI. Technologies (Metals Immobilization and Decontamination of Aggregate Solids) 294
Vortec Corporation (Oxidation and Vitrification Process) 306
Emerging Technology Program - Ongoing Projects
Energy and Environmental Research Corporation (Reactor Filter System) 332
Institute of Gas Technology (Fluidized-Bed Cyclone Agglomerating Combustor) . . . 344
Measurement and Monitoring Technology Program
Bruker Instruments (Bruker Mobile Environmental Monitor) 390
Soil
Aromatic VOCs
Demonstration Program - Completed Projects
•r. American Combustion, Inc. (PYRETRON® Thermal Destruction) 24
AWD Technologies, Inc. (Integrated Vapor Extraction and Steam Vacuum Stripping) 26
Billings & Associates, Inc. (Subsurface Volatilization and Ventilation System [SVVS®]) 34
Bio-Rem, Inc. (Augmented In Situ Subsurface Bioremediation Process) 38
CF Systems Corporation (Liquified Gas Solvent Extraction [LG-SX] Technology) 48
ELI Eco Logic International, Inc. (Thermal Desorption Unit) 62
General Atomics (Circulating Bed Combustor) 70
Hrubetz Environmental Services, Inc. (HRUBOUT® Process) 86
Hughes Environmental Systems, Inc. (Steam Enhanced Recovery Process) 88
ITT Research Institute/Brown and Root Environmental (Radio Frequency Heating) 90
KAI Technologies, Inc./Brown and Root Environmental (Radio Frequency Heating) 92
Maxymillian Technologies, Inc. (Mobile Thermal Desorption System) 96
NOVATERRA, Inc. (In Situ Steam and Air Stripping) 100
Resources Conservation Company (B.E.S.T. Solvent Extraction Technology) 102
Retech, Inc. (Plasma Arc Vitrification) 104
Sonotech, Inc. (Frequency-Tunable Pulse Combustion System) 128
Texaco Inc. (Entrained-Bed Gasification) 136
Roy F. Weston, Inc. (Low Temperature Thermal Treatment [LT3®] System) 148
Demonstration Program - Ongoing Projects
North American Technologies Group, Inc. (BioTreat™ System) , 188
Praxis Environmental Technologies, Inc. (In Situ Thermal Extraction Process) 192
SIVE Services (Steam Injection and Vacuum Extraction-Linear Flow [SIVE-LF] Process) 208
Emerging Technology Program - Completed Projects
ABB Environmental Services, Inc. (Two-Zone, Plume Interception, In Situ Treatment
Strategy) 234
Allis Mineral Systems (PYROKILN THERMAL ENCAPSULATION Process) 238
Hazardous Substance Management Research Center at New Jersey Institute of Technology
(Pnuematic Fracturing/Bioremediation) 274
Page 483
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r
Soil (continued)
Aromatic VOCs (continued)
Emerging Technology Program - Completed Projects (continued)
Institute of Gas Technology (Fluid Extraction - Biological Degradation Process) 278
IT Corporation (Batch Steam Distillation and Metal Extraction) 280
Emerging Technology Program - Ongoing Projects
Energy and Environmental Research Corporation (Reactor Filter System) 332
Institute of Gas Technology (Fluidized-Bed Cyclone Agglomerating Combustor) 344
OHM Remediation Services Corporation (Oxygen Microbubble In Situ Bioremediation) 360
Measurement and Monitoring Technology Program
Bruker Instruments (Bruker Mobile Environmental Monitor) 390
Sentex Sensing Technology, Inc. (Scentograph Portable Gas Chromatograph) 426
SRI Instruments (Gas Chromatograph) 428
Demonstration Program - Completed Projects
Maxymillian Technologies, Inc. (Mobile Thermal Desorption System) 96
RUST Remedial Services, Inc. (X*TRAX™ Thermal Desorption) 118
Diesel
Demonstration Program - Ongoing Projects
Praxis Environmental Technologies, Inc. (In Situ Thermal Extraction Process) 192
Dioxins
Demonstration Program - Completed Projects
Babcock & Wilcox Co. (Cyclone Furnace) 28
CF Systems Corporation (Liquified Gas Solvent Extraction [LG-SX] Technology) 48
Dehydro-Tech Corporation (Carver-Greenfield Process® for Solvent Extraction of Wet, Oily
Wastes) 52
ELI Eco Logic International, Inc. (Thermal Desorption Unit) 62
General Atomics (Circulating Bed Combustor) 70
Geosafe Corporation (In Situ Vitrification) 74
Horsehead Resource Development Co., Inc. (Flame Reactor) 84
Retech, Inc. (Plasma Arc Vitrification) 104
RUST Remedial Services, Inc. (XTRAX™ Thermal Desorption) 118
SoilTech ATP Systems, Inc. (Anaerobic Thermal Processor) 124
Sonotech, Inc. (Frequency-Tunable Pulse Combustion System) 128
Texaco Inc. (Entrained-Bed Gasification) 136
Demonstration Program - Ongoing Projects
RKK, Ltd. (CYROCELL®) 202
Vortec Corporation (Oxidation and Vitrification Process) 212
Emerging Technology Program - Completed Projects
Allis Mineral Systems (PYROKILN THERMAL ENCAPSULATION Process) 238
Babcock & Wilcox Co. (Cyclone Furnace) 246
Energy and Environmental Research Corporation (Hybrid Fluidized Bed System) 270
IT Corporation (Photolytic and Biological Soil Detoxification) 282
PSI Technologies (Metals Immobilization and Decontamination of Aggregate Solids) 294
Vortec Corporation (Oxidation and Vitrification Process) 306
Emerging Technology Program - Ongoing Projects
Energy and Environmental Research Corporation (Reactor Filter System) 332
Institute of Gas Technology (Fluidized-Bed Cyclone Agglomerating Combustor) 344
Measurement and Monitoring Technology Program
Bruker Instruments (Bruker Mobile Environmental Monitor) 390
Explosives
Demonstration Program - Completed Projects
J. R. Simplot (The SABRE™ Process) 122
Page 484
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Soil (continued)
Explosives (continued')
Emerging Technology Program - Completed Projects
New Jersey Institute of Technology (GHEA Associates Process) 292
J. R. Simplot (The SABRE™ Process) . . 300
Furans
Demonstration Program - Completed Projects
Babcock & Wilcox Co. (Cyclone Furnace) 28
ELI Eco Logic International, Inc. (Thermal Desorption Unit) 62
General Atomics (Circulating Bed Combustor) 70
Geosafe Corporation (In Situ Vitrification) 74
Horsehead Resource Development Co., Inc. (Flame Reactor) 84
Retech, Inc. (Plasma Arc Vitrification) 104
SoilTech ATP Systems, Lac. (Anaerobic Thermal Processor) 124
Sonotech, Inc. (Frequency-Tunable Pulse Combustion System) 128
Texaco Lac. (Entrained-Bed Gasification) 136
Demonstration Program - Ongoing Projects
Vortec Corporation (Oxidation and Vitrification Process) 212
Emerging Technology Program - Completed Projects
Allis Mineral Systems (PYROKILN THERMAL ENCAPSULATION Process) 238
Babcock & Wilcox Co. (Cyclone Furnace) 246
Energy and Environmental Research Corporation (Hybrid Fluidized Bed System) 270
PSI Technologies (Metals Immobilization and Decontamination of Aggregate Solids) 294
Vortec Corporation (Oxidation and Vitrification Process) 306
Emerging Technology Program - Ongoing Projects
Energy and Environmental Research Corporation (Reactor Filter System) 332
Institute of Gas Technology (Fluidized-Bed Cyclone Agglomerating Combustor) . . . 344
Measurement and Monitoring Technology Program
Bruker Instruments (Bruker Mobile Environmental Monitor) 390
Gasoline
Demonstration Program - Ongoing Projects
Praxis Environmental Technologies, Inc. (In Situ Thermal Extraction Process) 192
Halogenated VOCs
Demonstration Program - Completed Projects
Accutech Remedial Systems, Inc. (Pneumatic Fracturing Extraction3* and Catalytic Oxidation) ... 20
AWD Technologies, Inc. (Integrated Vapor Extraction and Steam Vacuum Stripping) 26
Billings & Associates, Inc. (Subsurface Volatilization and Ventilation System [SWS®]) 34
Bio-Rem, Inc. (Augmented In Situ Subsurface Bioremediation Process) 38
CF Systems Corporation (Liquified Gas Solvent Extraction [LG-SX] Technology) 48
ELI Eco Logic International, Inc. (Thermal Desorption Unit) 62
General Atomics (Circulating Bed Combustor) 70
Hughes Environmental Systems, Inc. (Steam Enhanced Recovery Process) 88
IIT Research Institute/Brown and Root Environmental (Radio Frequency Heating) '. 90
KAI Technologies, Inc./Brown and Root Environmental (Radio Frequency Heating) 92
NOVATERRA, Inc. (In Situ Steam and Air Stripping) 100
Retech, Inc. (Plasma Arc Vitrification) 104
RUST Remedial Services, Inc. (X*TRAX™ Thermal Desorption) 118
Sonotech, Inc. (Frequency-Tunable Pulse Combustion System) 128
Texaco Inc. (Entrained-Bed Gasification) 136
Roy F. Weston, Inc. (Low Temperature Thermal Treatment [LT3®] System) 148
Demonstration Program - Ongoing Projects
North American Technologies Group, Inc. (BioTreat™ System) 188
Praxis Environmental Technologies, Inc. (In Situ Thermal Extraction Process) 192
SIVE Services (Steam Injection and Vacuum Extraction-Linear Flow [SIVE-LFj Process) 208
Page 485
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Soil (continued)
Haloeenated VOCs (continued')
Emerging Technology Program - Completed Projects
ABB Environmental Services, Inc. (Two-Zone, Plume Interception, In Situ Treatment
Strategy) 234
Allis Mineral Systems (PYROKILN THERMAL ENCAPSULATION Process) 238
IT Corporation (Batch Steam Distillation and Metal Extraction) 280
New Jersey Institute of Technology (GHEA Associates Process) 292
Purus, Inc. (Photolytic Oxidation Process) 298
Emerging Technology Program - Ongoing Projects
Center for Hazardous Materials Research (Organics Destruction and Metals Stabilization) 322
Davy International Energy and Environmental Division (Chemical Treatment) 326
Energy and Environmental Research Corporation (Reactor Filter System) 332
Institute of Gas Technology (Fluidized-Bed Cyclone Agglomerating Combustor) 344
Measurement and Monitoring Technology Program
Bruker Instruments (Bruker Mobile Environmental Monitor) 390
Sentex Sensing Technology, Inc. (Scentograph Portable Gas Chromatograph) 426
SRI Instruments (Gas Chromatograph) 428
Heavy Metals
Demonstration Program - Completed Projects
Bergmann USA (Soil and Sediment Washing) 30
Brice Environmental Services Corporation (Soil Washing Plant) 44
RUST Remedial Services, Inc. (X*TRAX™ Thermal Desorption) 118
Emerging Technology Program - Completed Projects
IT Corporation (Batch Steam Distillation and Metal Extraction) 280
New Jersey Institute of Technology (GHEA Associates Process) 292
Emerging Technology Program - Ongoing Projects
Western Product Recovery Group, Inc. (CCBA Physical and Chemical Treatment) 376
Heavy Minerals
Emerging Technology Program - Completed Projects
Montana College of Mineral Science & Technology (Campbell Centrifugal Jig) 290
Herbicides
Demonstration Program - Completed Projects
American Combustion, Inc. (PYRETRON® Thermal Destruction) 24
Babcock & Wilcox Co. (Cyclone Furnace) 28
General Atomics (Circulating Bed Combustor) 70
Horsehead Resource Development Co., Inc. (Flame Reactor) 84
Resources Conservation Company (B.E.S.T. Solvent Extraction Technology) 102
Retech, Inc. (Plasma Arc Vitrification) 104
SoilTech ATP Systems, Inc. (Anaerobic Thermal Processor) 124
Sonotech, Inc. (Frequency-Tunable Pulse Combustion System) 128
Texaco Inc. (Entrained-Bed Gasification) 136
Roy F. Weston, Inc. (Low Temperature Thermal Treatment [LT3®] System) 148
Demonstration Program - Ongoing Projects
Praxis Environmental Technologies, Inc. (In Situ Thermal Extraction Process) 192
Vortec Corporation (Oxidation and Vitrification Process) 212
Emerging Technology Program - Completed Projects
Allis Mineral Systems (PYROKILN THERMAL ENCAPSULATION Process) 238
Babcock & Wilcox Co. (Cyclone Furnace) 246
Energy and Environmental Research Corporation (Hybrid Fluidized Bed System) 270
PSI Technologies (Metals Immobilization and Decontamination of Aggregate Solids) 294
Vortec Corporation (Oxidation and Vitrification Process) 306
Emerging Technology Program - Ongoing Projects
Energy and Environmental Research Corporation (Reactor Filter System) 332
Page 486
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Soil (continued)
Herbicides (continued)
Emerging Technology Program - Ongoing Projects (continued)
Institute of Gas Technology (Fluidized-Bed Cyclone Agglomerating Combustor) 344
Measurement and Monitoring Technology Program
Bruker Instruments (Bruker Mobile Environmental Monitor) 390
Inorganic Elements
Measurement and Monitoring Technology Program
HNU Systems, Inc. (HNU Source Excited Flourescence Analyzer-Portable [SEFA-P] XRF
Analyzer) 402
Scitec Corporation (Metal Analysis Probe [MAP®] Portable Assayer) 424
TN Technologies, Inc. (Spectrace 9000 X-Ray Flourescence Analyzer) 430
Metals
Demonstration Program - Completed Projects
Advanced Remediation Mixing, Inc. (Solidification and Stabilization) . 22
Babcock & Wilcox Co. (Cyclone Furnace) 28
COGNIS, Inc. (Chemical Treatment) . . . . 50
Funderburk & Associates (Dechlorination and Immobilization) 68
Geo-Con, Inc. (In Situ Solidification and Stabilization Process) 72
Geosafe Corporation (In Situ Vitrification) 74
Horsehead Resource Development Co., Inc. (Flame Reactor) 84
NOVATERRA, Inc. (In Situ Steam and Air Stripping) 100
Retech, Inc. (Plasma Arc Vitrification) 104
Risk Reduction Engineering Laboratory (Volume Reduction Unit) 108
Soliditech, Inc. (Solidification and Stabilization) 126
STC Omega, Inc. (Chemical Fixation/Solidification Treatment Technologies) 130
Texaco Inc. (Entrained-Bed Gasification) 136
Toronto Harbour Commission (Soil Recycling) • 138
WASTECH, Inc. (Solidification and Stabilization) 146
Demonstration Program - Ongoing Projects
Electrokinetics, Inc. (Electro-Klean™ Electrokinetic Soil Processing) 172
RKK, Ltd. (CYROCELL®) 202
Separation and Recovery Systems, Inc. (SAREX Chemical Fixation Process) 204
Sevenson Environmental Services, Inc. (MAECTITE® Chemical Treatment Process) ........ 206
Vortec Corporation (Oxidation and Vitrification Process) 212
Wheelabrator Technologies, Inc. (WES-PHix Stabilization Process) 216
Emerging Technology Program - Completed.Projects
ABA Technology, National Environmental Technology Centre (Soil Separation and Washing
Process) 236
Allis Mineral Systems (PYROKILN THERMAL ENCAPSULATION Process) 238
Babcock & Wilcox Co. (Cyclone Furnace) 246
Battelle Memorial Institute (In Situ Electroacoustic Soil Decontamination) 248
Center for Hazardous Materials Research (Acid Extraction Treatment System) 254
COGNIS, Inc. (Chemical Treatment) 258
Electrokinetics, Inc. (Electro-Klean™ Electrokinetic Soil Processing) 262
Energy and Environmental Research Corporation (Hybrid Fluidized Bed System) 270
Ferro Corporation (Was'te Vitrification Through Electric Melting) 272
IT Corporation (Batch Steam Distillation and Metal Extraction) 280
Montana College of Mineral Science & Technology (Air-Sparged Hydrocyclone) 288
Montana College of Mineral Science & Technology (Campbell Centrifugal Jig) 290
New Jersey Institute of Technology (GHEA Associates Process) 292
PSI Technologies (Metals Immobilization and Decontamination of Aggregate Solids) 294
Vortec Corporation (Oxidation and Vitrification Process) 306
Page 487
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Soil (continued)
Metals (continued)
Emerging Technology Program - Ongoing Projects
Center for Hazardous Materials Research (Organics Destruction and Metals Stabilization) 322
COGNIS, Inc. (Biological/Chemical Treatment) 324
Davy International Energy and Environmental Division (Chemical Treatment) 326
Energy and Environmental Research Corporation (Reactor Filter System) 332
Geo-Microbial Technologies, Inc. (Metals Release and Removal from Wastes) 338
Institute of Gas Technology (Fluidized-Bed Cyclone Agglomerating Combustor) 344
IT Corporation (Chelation/Electrodeposition of Toxic Metals from Soils) 348
IT Corporation (Mixed Waste Treatment Process) 352
Lewis Environmental Systems, Inc./Hickson Corporation (Chromated Copper Arsenate Soil
Leaching Process) 354
University of Houston (Concentrated-Chloride Extraction and Recovery of Lead) 372
University of South Carolina (In Situ Mitigation of Acid Water) 374
Mixed Waste
Demonstration Program - Completed Projects
Retech, Inc. (Plasma Arc Vitrification) 104
Organics
Demonstration Program - Completed Projects
Gruppo Italimpresse (Infrared Thermal Destruction) 80
Emerging Technology Program - Completed Projects
Electron Beam Research Facility, Florida International University, and University of Miami
(High-Energy Electron Irradiation) 264
Emerging Technology Program - Ongoing Projects
High Voltage Environmental Applications, Inc. (High Energy Electron Beam Irradiation) 342
Measurement and Monitoring Technology Program
Geoprobe Systems (Geoprobe Conductivity System) 396
PAHs
Demonstration Program - Completed Projects
Dehydro-Tech Corporation (Carver-Greenfield Process® for Solvent Extraction of Wet, Oily
Wastes) 52
Maxymillian Technologies, Inc. (Mobile Thermal Desorption System) 96
Emerging Technology Program - Ongoing Projects
Institute of Gas Technology (Supercritical Extraction/Liquid Phase Oxidation) 346
IT Corporation (Eimco BioLift™ Slurry Reactor) 350
OHM Remediation Services Corporation (Oxygen Microbubble In Situ Bioremediation) ...... 360
Measurement and Monitoring Technology Program
Tri-Services (Site Characterization Analysis Penetrometer System [SCAPS]) 432
Unisys Corporation (Rapid Optical Screen Tool) 434
PCBs
Demonstration Program - Completed Projects
American Combustion, Inc. (PYRETRON® Thermal Destruction) 24
Babcock & Wilcox Co. (Cyclone Furnace) 28
Bergmann USA (Soil and Sediment Washing) 30
BioGenesis Enterprises, Inc. (BioGenesis3" Soil and Sediment Washing Processes) 36
BioTrol, Inc. (Soil Washing System) 42
CF Systems Corporation (Liquified Gas Solvent Extraction [LG-SX] Technology) 48
Dehydro-Tech Corporation (Carver-Greenfield Process® for Solvent Extraction of Wet, Oily
Wastes) 52
ELI Eco Logic International, Inc. (Thermal Desorption Unit) 62
Funderburk & Associates (Dechlorination and Immobilization) 68
Geo-Con, Inc. (In Situ Solidification and Stabilization Process) 72
Geosafe Corporation (In Situ Vitrification) 74
Page 488
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Soil (continued)
PCBs (continued")
Demonstration Program - Completed Projects (continued)
Horsehead Resource Development Co., Inc. (Flame Reactor) 84
IIT Research Institute/Brown and Root'Environmental (Radio Frequency Heating) 90
KAI Technologies, Inc./Brown and Root Environmental (Radio Frequency Heating) 92
Resources Conservation Company (B.E.S.T. Solvent Extraction Technology) 102
Retech, Inc. (Plasma Arc Vitrification) • 104
RUST Remedial Services, Inc. (X*TRAX™ Thermal Desorption) 118
SoilTech ATP Systems, Inc. (Anaerobic Thermal Processor) 124
Soliditech, Inc. (Solidification and Stabilization) 126
Sonotech, Inc. (Frequency-Tunable Pulse Combustion System) 128
STC Omega, Inc. (Chemical Fixation/Solidification Treatment Technologies) 130
Terra-Kleen Response Group, Inc. (Solvent Extraction Treatment System) 132
Texaco Inc. (Entrained-Bed Gasification) ". , 136
WASTECH, Inc. (Solidification and Stabilization) 146
Roy F. Weston, Inc. (Low Temperature Thermal Treatment [LT3®] System) 148
Demonstration Program - Ongoing Projects
Praxis Environmental Technologies, Inc. (In Situ Thermal Extraction Process) 192
Vortec Corporation (Oxidation and Vitrification Process) 212
Emerging Technology Program - Completed Projects
Allis Mineral Systems (PYROKILN THERMAL ENCAPSULATION Process) 238
ART International, Inc. (Low-Energy Extraction Process) 242
Babcock & Wilcox Co. (Cyclone Furnace) 246
Energy and Environmental Research Corporation (Hybrid Fluidized Bed System) 270
Institute of Gas Technology (Chemical and Biological Treatment) 276
IT Corporation (Photoiytic and Biological Soil Detoxification) 282
New Jersey Institute of Technology (GHEA Associates Process) 292
PSI Technologies (Metals Immobilization and Decontamination of Aggregate Solids) 294
J. R. Simplot (The SABRE™ Process) 300
Trinity Environmental Technologies, Inc. (PCB- and Organochlorine-Contaminated Soil
Detoxification) 302
Vortec Corporation (Oxidation and Vitrification Process) 306
Emerging Technology Program - Ongoing Projects
Center for Hazardous Materials Research (Organics Destruction and Metals Stabilization) 322
Davy International Energy and Environmental Division (Chemical Treatment) 326
Energy and Environmental Research Corporation (Reactor Filter System) . 332
Institute of Gas Technology (Fluidized-Bed Cyclone Agglomerating Combustor) 344
Institute of Gas Technology (Supercritical Extraction/Liquid Phase Oxidation) 346
Pulse Sciences, Inc. (X-Ray Treatment of Organically Contaminated Soils) 362
Measurement and Monitoring Technology Program
Bruker Instruments (Bruker Mobile Environmental Monitor) 390
Dexsil Corporation (Environmental Test Kits) 392
Millipore Corporation (EnviroGard™ PCB Immunoassay Test Kit) 412
United States Environmental Protection Agency (Field Analytical Screening Program PCB
Method) 436
Pesticides
Demonstration Program - Completed Projects
American Combustion, Inc. (PYRETRON® Thermal Destruction) 24
Babcock & Wilcox Co. (Cyclone Furnace) 28
BioGenesis Enterprises, Inc. (BioGenesis3" Soil and Sediment Washing Processes) 36
BioTrol, Inc. (Soil Washing System) 42
Canonie Environmental Services Corporation (Low Temperature Thermal Aeration [LTTA®]) ... 46
ELI Eco Logic International, Inc. (Thermal Desorption Unit) 62
Page 489
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Soil (continued)
Pesticides (continued)
Demonstration Program - Completed Projects (continued)
Funderburk & Associates (Dechlorination and Immobilization) 68
General Atomics (Circulating Bed Combustor) 70
Geosafe Corporation (In Situ Vitrification) 74
Horsehead Resource Development Co., Inc. (Flame Reactor) 84
ITT Research Institute/Brown and Root Environmental (Radio Frequency Heating) 90
KAI Technologies, Inc./Brown and Root Environmental (Radio Frequency Heating) 92
Resources Conservation Company (B.E.S.T. Solvent Extraction Technology) 102
Retech, Inc. (Plasma Arc Vitrification) 104
SoilTech ATP Systems, Inc. (Anaerobic Thermal Processor) 124
Soliditech, Inc. (Solidification and Stabilization) 126
Sonotech, Inc. (Frequency-Tunable Pulse Combustion System) 128
STC Omega, Inc. (Chemical Fixation/Solidification Treatment Technologies) 130
Terra-Kleen Response Group, Inc. (Solvent Extraction Treatment System) 132
Texaco Inc. (Entrained-Bed Gasification) 136
WASTECH, Inc. (Solidification and Stabilization) 146
Roy F. Weston, Inc. (Low Temperature Thermal Treatment [LT3®] System) 148
Demonstration Program - Ongoing Projects
ASI Environmental Technologies, Inc./Dames & Moore (Hydrolytic Terrestrial Dissipation) . . . 166
Praxis Environmental Technologies, Inc. (In Situ Thermal Extraction Process) 192
Vortec Corporation (Oxidation and Vitrification Process) ; 212
Emerging Technology Program - Completed Projects
Allis Mineral Systems (PYROKILN THERMAL ENCAPSULATION Process) 238
ART International, Inc. (Low-Energy Extraction Process) 242
Babcock & Wilcox Co. (Cyclone Furnace) 246
Energy and Environmental Research Corporation (Hybrid Fluidized Bed System) 270
Institute of Gas Technology (Chemical and Biological Treatment) 276
PSI Technologies (Metals Immobilization and Decontamination of Aggregate Solids) ........ 294
J. R. Simplot (The SABRE™ Process) . . 300
Vortec Corporation (Oxidation and Vitrification Process) 306
Emerging Technology Program - Ongoing Projects
Davy International Energy and Environmental Division (Chemical Treatment) 326
Energy and Environmental Research Corporation (Reactor Filter System) 332
Groundwater Technology Government Services, Inc. (Below-Grade Bior&mediation of
Chlorinated Cyclodiene Insecticides) 340
Institute of Gas Technology (Fluidized-Bed Cyclone Agglomerating Combustor) 344
Pulse Sciences, Inc. (X-Ray Treatment of Organically Contaminated Soils) , 362
Measurement and Monitoring Technology Program
Bruker Instruments (Bruker Mobile Environmental Monitor) 390
Dexsil Corporation (Environmental Test Kits) 392
Petroleum Hydrocarbons
Demonstration Program - Completed Projects
Bergmann USA (Soil and Sediment Washing) 30
BioTrol, Inc. (Soil Washing System) 42
Dehydro-Tech Corporation (Carver-Greenfield Process® for Solvent Extraction of Wet, Oily
Wastes) 52
ECOVA Corporation (Bioslurry Reactor) 58
GRACE Dearborn, Inc. (DARAMEND™ Bioremediation Technology) 78
Soliditech, Inc. (Solidification and Stabilization) 126
Roy F. Weston, Inc. (Low Temperature Thermal Treatment [LT3®] System) 148
Demonstration Program - Ongoing Projects
North American Technologies Group, Inc. (BioTreat™ System) 188
Page 490
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Soil (continued)
Petroleum Hydrocarbons (continued)
Demonstration Program - Ongoing Projects (continued)
Praxis Environmental Technologies, Inc. (In Situ Thermal Extraction Process) 192
Remediation Technologies, Inc. (Liquid and Solids Biological Treatment) 198
Risk Reduction Engineering Laboratory (Bioventing) 200
Emerging Technology Program - Completed Projects
AEA Technology, National Environmental Technology Centre (Soil Separation and Washing
Process) 236
Allis Mineral Systems (PYROKILN THERMAL ENCAPSULATION Process) 238
Hazardous Substance Management Research Center at New Jersey Institute of Technology
(Pnuematic Fracturing/Bioremediation) 274
Institute of Gas Technology (Fluid Extraction - Biological Degradation Process) 278
New Jersey Institute of Technology (GHEA Associates Process) 292
Radionuclides
Demonstration Program - Completed Projects
Advanced Remediation Mixing, Inc. (Solidification and Stabilization) 22
Babcock & Wilcox Co. (Cyclone Furnace) 28
Brice Environmental Services Corporation (Soil Washing Plant) w 44
Geosafe Corporation (In Situ Vitrification) 74
Retech, Inc. (Plasma Arc Vitrification) 104
RUST Remedial Services, Inc. (X*TRAX™ Thermal Desorption) 118
Terra-Kleen Response Group, Inc. (Solvent Extraction Treatment System) 132
Demonstration Program - Ongoing Projects
RKK, Ltd. (CYROCELL®) 202
Emerging Technology Program - Completed Projects
Babcock & Wilcox Co. (Cyclone Furnace) 246
Emerging Technology Program - Ongoing Projects
Thermo Analytical (Segmented Gate System [SGS]) 368
SVOCs
Demonstration Program - Completed Projects
Accutech Remedial Systems, Inc. (Pneumatic Fracturing Extraction™ and Catalytic Oxidation) ... 20
American Combustion, Inc. (PYRETRON® Thermal Destruction) 24
AWD Technologies, Inc. (Integrated Vapor Extraction and Steam Vacuum Stripping) 26
Babcock & Wilcox Co. (Cyclone Furnace) 28
Berkeley Environmental Restoration Center (In Situ Steam Enhanced Extraction Process) 32
BioGenesis Enterprises, Inc. (BioGenesis3* Soil and Sediment Washing Processes) 36
BioTrol, Inc. (Soil Washing System) 42
Canonie Environmental Services Corporation (Low Temperature Thermal Aeration [LTTA®]) ... 46
CF Systems Corporation (Liquified Gas Solvent Extraction [LG-SX] Technology) 48
Dehydro-Tech Corporation (Carver-Greenfield Process® for Solvent Extraction of Wet, Oily
Wastes) 52
ECOVA Corporation (Bioslurry Reactor) 58
ELI Eco Logic International, Inc. (Thermal Desorption Unit) 62
General Atomics (Circulating Bed Combustor) 70
GRACE Dearborn, Inc. (DARAMEND™ Bioremediation Technology) 78
Horsehead Resource Development Co., Inc. (Flame Reactor) 84
Hrubetz Environmental Services, Inc. (HRUBOUT® Process) 86
UT Research Institute/Brown and Root Environmental (Radio Frequency Heating) 90
KAI Technologies, Inc./Brown and Root Environmental (Radio Frequency Heating) 92
Maxymillian Technologies, Inc. (Mobile Thermal Desorption System) 96
NOVATERRA, Inc. (In Situ Steam and Air Stripping) 100
Retech, Inc. (Plasma Arc Vitrification) . 104
Risk Reduction Engineering Laboratory (Base-Catalyzed Decomposition Process) 106
Page 491
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I
Soil (continued)
SVQCs ('continued')
Demonstration Program - Completed Projects (continued)
Risk Reduction Engineering Laboratory (Volume Reduction Unit) . 108
Risk Reduction Engineering Laboratory and USDA Forest Products Laboratory (Fungal
Treatment Technology) 112
RUST Remedial Services, Inc. (X*TRAX™ Thermal Desorption) 118
SoilTech ATP Systems, Inc. (Anaerobic Thermal Processor) 124
Sonotech, Inc. (Frequency-Tunable Pulse Combustion System) 128
STC Omega, Inc. (Chemical Fixation/Solidification Treatment Technologies) 130
Terra-Kleen Response Group, Inc. (Solvent Extraction Treatment System) 132
Texaco Inc. (Entrained-Bed Gasification) 136
Toronto Harbour Commission (Soil Recycling) 138
WASTECH, Inc. (Solidification and Stabilization) 146
Roy F. Weston, Inc. (Low Temperature Thermal Treatment [LT3®] System) 148
Demonstration Program - Ongoing Projects
North American Technologies Group, Inc. (BioTreat™ System) 188
Praxis Environmental Technologies, Inc. (In Situ Thermal Extraction Process) 192
Remediation Technologies, Inc. (Liquid and Solids Biological Treatment) 198
Risk Reduction Engineering Laboratory (Bioventing) 200
RKK, Ltd. (CYROCELL®) 202
Separation and Recovery Systems, Inc. (SAREX Chemical Fixation Process) 204
SIVE Services (Steam Injection and Vacuum Extraction-Linear Flow [SIVE-LF] Process) 208
Vortec Corporation (Oxidation and Vitrification Process) 212
Western Research Institute (Contained Recovery of Oily Wastes [CROW™]) 214
Emerging Technology Program - Completed Projects
ABB Environmental Services, Inc. (Two-Zone, Plume Interception, In Situ Treatment
Strategy) 234
Allis Mineral Systems (PYROKILN THERMAL ENCAPSULATION Process) 238
ART International, Inc. (Low-Energy Extraction Process) 242
Babcock & Wilcox Co. (Cyclone Furnace) 246
Energy and Environmental Research Corporation (Hybrid Fluidized Bed System) 270
Institute of Gas Technology (Chemical and Biological Treatment) 276
Institute of Gas Technology (Fluid Extraction - Biological Degradation Process) 278
IT Corporation (Photolytic and Biological Soil Detoxification) 282
New Jersey Institute of Technology (GHEA Associates Process) 292
PSI Technologies (Metals Immobilization and Decontamination of Aggregate Solids) 294
Vortec Corporation (Oxidation and Vitrification Process) 306
Western Research Institute (Contained Recovery of Oily Wastes [CROW™]) 310
Emerging Technology Program - Ongoing Projects
COGNIS, Inc. (Biological/Chemical Treatment) 324
Energy and Environmental Research Corporation (Reactor Filter System) 332
Environmental BioTechnologies, Inc. (Microbial Composting Process) 334
Institute of Gas Technology (Fluidized-Bed Cyclone Agglomerating Combustor) 344
IT Corporation (Eimco BioLift™ Slurry Reactor) 350
OHM Remediation Services Corporation (Oxygen Microbubble In Situ Bioremediation) 360
Measurement and Monitoring Technology Program
Bruker Instruments (Bruker Mobile Environmental Monitor) 390
EnSys, Inc. (Penta RISc Test System) 394
HNU Systems, Inc. (HNU-Hanby PCP Test Kit) 400
Millipore Corporation (EnviroGard™ PCP Immunoassay Test Kit) 414
Ohmicron Corporation (Pentachlorophenol RaPID Assay) 418
Tri-Services (Site Characterization Analysis Penetrometer System [SCAPS]) 432
Unisys Corporation (Rapid Optical Screen Tool) 434
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Soil (continued)
VOCs
Demonstration Program - Completed Projects
Accutech Remedial Systems, Inc. (Pneumatic Fracturing Extraction™ and Catalytic Oxidation) ... 20
American Combustion, Inc. (PYRETRON® Thermal Destruction) 24
AWD Technologies, Inc. (Integrated Vapor Extraction and Steam Vacuum Stripping) 26
Berkeley Environmental Restoration Center (In Situ Steam Enhanced Extraction Process) 32
Bio-Rem, Inc. (Augmented In Situ Subsurface Bioremediation Process) 38
Canonie Environmental Services Corporation (Low Temperature Thermal Aeration [LTTA®]) ... 46
CF Systems Corporation (Liquified Gas Solvent Extraction [LG-SX] Technology) 48
ECOVA Corporation (Bioslurry Reactor) „ 58
ELI Eco Logic International, Inc. (Thermal Desorption Unit) 62
General Atomics (Circulating Bed Combustor) 70
Geosafe Corporation (In Situ Vitrification) 74
Horsehead Resource Development Co., Inc. (Flame Reactor) 84
Hrubetz Environmental Services, Inc. (HRUBOUT® Process) ; 86
Hughes Environmental Systems, Inc. (Steam Enhanced Recovery Process) 88
IIT Research Institute/Brown and Root Environmental (Radio Frequency Heating) 90
KAI Technologies, Inc./Brown and Root Environmental (Radio Frequency Heating) 92
Maxymillian Technologies, Inc. (Mobile Thermal Desorption System) 96
NOVATERRA, Inc. (In Situ Steam and Air Stripping) 100
Retech, Inc. (Plasma Arc Vitrification) , 104
Risk Reduction Engineering Laboratory (Volume Reduction Unit) 108
Risk Reduction Engineering Laboratory, The University of Cincinnati, and FRX, Inc.
(Hydraulic Fracturing) 114
RUST Remedial Services, Inc. (XTRAX1* Thermal Desorption) 118
SoilTech ATP Systems, Inc. (Anaerobic Thermal Processor) 124
Sonotech, Inc. (Frequency-Tunable Pulse Combustion System) 128
Terra Vac, Inc. (In Situ Vacuum Extraction) 134
Texaco Inc. (Entrained-Bed Gasification) 136
United States Environmental Protection Agency (Excavation Techniques and Foam Supression
Methods) 142
Roy F. Weston, Inc. (Low Temperature Thermal Treatment [LT3®] System) 148
Demonstration Program - Ongoing Projects
Electrokinetics, Inc. (Electro-Klean™ Electrokinetic Soil Processing) 172
New York State Department of Environmental Conservation (NYSDEC) (Multi-Vendor
Bioremediation) 186
Praxis Environmental Technologies, Inc. (In Situ Thermal Extraction Process) 192
Risk Reduction Engineering Laboratory (Bioventing) 200
RKK, Ltd. (CYROCELL®) 202
Separation and Recovery Systems, Inc. (SAREX Chemical Fixation Process) 204
SIVE Services (Steam Injection and Vacuum Extraction-Linear Flow [SIVE-LF] Process) 208
Vortec Corporation (Oxidation and Vitrification Process) 212
Emerging Technology Program - Completed Projects
Allis Mineral Systems (PYROKILN THERMAL ENCAPSULATION Process) 238
Electrokinetics, Inc. (Electro-Klean™ Electrokinetic Soil Processing) 262
Energy and Environmental Research Corporation (Hybrid Fluidized Bed System) 270
IT Corporation (Batch Steam Distillation and Metal Extraction) 280
New Jersey Institute of Technology (GHEA Associates Process) . . 292
PSI Technologies (Metals Immobilization and Decontamination of Aggregate Solids) 294
Vortec Corporation (Oxidation and Vitrification Process) 306
Emerging Technology Program - Ongoing Projects
Energy and Environmental Research Corporation (Reactor Filter System) 332
Institute of Gas Technology (Fluidized-Bed Cyclone Agglomerating Combustor) 344
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Soil (continued)
VOCs (continued')
Emerging Technology Program - Ongoing Projects (continued)
IT Corporation (Mixed Waste Treatment Process) 352
Pulse Sciences, Inc. (X-Ray Treatment of Organically Contaminated Soils) 362
Measurement and Monitoring Technology Program
Broker Instruments (Broker Mobile Environmental Monitor) 390
Sentex Sensing Technology, Inc. (Scentograph Portable Gas Chromatograph) 426
SRI Instruments (Gas Chromatograph) 428
Tri-Services (Site Characterization Analysis Penetrometer System [SCAPS]) 432
Unisys Corporation (Rapid Optical Screen Tool) 434
Wastewater/Leachate
Aromatic VOCs
Demonstration Program - Completed Projects
BioTrol, Inc. (Biological Aqueous Treatment System) ; 40
CF Systems Corporation (Liquified Gas Solvent Extraction [LG-SX] Technology) .....' 48
ELI Eco Logic International, Inc. (Gas-Phase Chemical Reduction Process) 60
General Atomics (Circulating Bed Combustor) 70
Magnum Water Technology (CAV-OX® Process) 94
North American Technologies Group, Inc. (Oleophilic Amine-Coated Ceramic Chip) . 98
Retech, Inc. (Plasma Arc Vitrification) 104
SBP Technologies, Inc. (Membrane Filtration and Bioremediation) 120
Demonstration Program - Ongoing Projects
AlliedSignal Environmental Systems and Services (Immobilized Cell Bioreactor Biotreatment
System) 160
Emerging Technology Program - Ongoing Projects
Institute of Gas Technology (Fluidized-Bed Cyclone Agglomerating Combustor) 344
Measurement and Monitoring Technology Program
Analytical and Remedial Technology, Inc. (Automated Volatile Organic Analytical System) .... 386
Broker Instruments (Broker Mobile Environmental Monitor) ": 390
Idetek, Inc. (Equate® Immunoassay) : 406
Cyanide
Demonstration Program - Completed Projects
E.I. DuPont de Nemours and Company, and Oberlin Filter Company (Membrane
Microfiltration) 54
RUST Remedial Services, Inc. (X*TRAX™ Thermal Desorption) 118
Diesel
Demonstration Program - Ongoing Projects
AlliedSignal Environmental Systems and Services (Immobilized Cell Bioreactor Biotreatment
System) 160
Dioxins
Demonstration Program - Completed Projects
Babcock & Wilcox Co. (Cyclone Furnace) . . •; 28
CF Systems Corporation (Liquified Gas Solvent Extraction [LG-SX] Technology) 48
ELI Eco Logic International, Inc. (Gas-Phase Chemical Reduction Process) 60
General Atomics (Circulating Bed Combustor) 70
Retech, Inc. (Plasma Arc Vitrification) 104
RUST Remedial Services, Inc. (X*TRAX™ Thermal Desorption) 118
Emerging Technology Program - Completed Projects
Babcock & Wilcox Co. (Cyclone Furnace) . . . 246
Emerging Technology Program - Ongoing Projects
Institute of Gas Technology (Fluidized-Bed Cyclone Agglomerating Combustor) 344
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Wastewater/Leachate (continued)
Dioxins ("continued)
Measurement and Monitoring Technology Program
Bruker Instruments (Bruker Mobile Environmental Monitor) 390
Explosives
Demonstration Program - Completed Projects
Ultrox, A Division of Zimpro Environmental, Inc. (Ultraviolet Radiation and Oxidation) 140
Emerging Technology Program - Completed Projects
New Jersey Institute of Technology (GHEA Associates Process) 292
Furans
Demonstration Program - Completed Projects
Babcock & Wilcox Co. (Cyclone Furnace) 28
ELI Eco Logic International, Inc. (Gas-Phase Chemical Reduction Process) . . . 60
General Atomics (Circulating Bed Combustor) 70
Retech, Inc. (Plasma Arc Vitrification) 104
Emerging Technology Program - Completed Projects
Babcock & Wilcox Co. (Cyclone Furnace) 246
Emerging Technology Program - Ongoing Projects
Institute of Gas Technology (Fluidized-Bed Cyclone Agglomerating Combustor) 344
Measurement and Monitoring Technology Program
Bruker Instruments (Bruker Mobile Environmental Monitor) 390
Gasoline
Demonstration Program - Ongoing Projects
AlliedSignal Environmental Systems and Services (Immobilized Cell Bioreactor Biotreatment
System) 160
Halogenated VOCs
Demonstration Program - Completed Projects
BioTrol, Inc. (Biological Aqueous Treatment System) 40
CF Systems Corporation (Liquified Gas Solvent Extraction [LG-SX] Technology) 48
ELI Eco Logic International, Inc. (Gas-Phase Chemical Reduction Process) 60
General Atomics (Circulating Bed Combustor) 70
High Voltage Environmental Applications, Inc. (High-Energy Electron Irradiation) 82
Magnum Water Technology (CAV-OX® Process) 94
North American Technologies Group, Inc. (Oleophilic Aniline-Coated Ceramic Chip) 98
Retech, Inc. (Plasma Arc Vitrification) 104
RUST Remedial Services, Inc. (X*TRAX™ Thermal Desorption) 118
SBP Technologies, Inc. (Membrane Filtration and Bioremediation) . . 120
Ultrox, A Division of Zimpro Environmental, Inc. (Ultraviolet Radiation and Oxidation) 140
Demonstration Program - Ongoing Projects
AlliedSignal Environmental Systems and Services (Immobilized Cell Bioreactor Biotreatment
System) 160
Emerging Technology Program - Completed Projects
Energy and Environmental Engineering, Inc. (PhotoCAT™ Process) 268
New Jersey Institute of Technology (GHEA Associates Process) 292
Pulse Sciences, Inc. (X-Ray Treatment of Aqueous Solutions) 296
Emerging Technology Program - Ongoing Projects
Center for Hazardous Materials Research (Organics Destruction and Metals Stabilization) ..... 322
Institute of Gas Technology (Fluidized-Bed Cyclone Agglomerating Combustor) 344
Membran Corporation (Membrane Gas Transfer in Waste Remediation) 358
Measurement and Monitoring Technology Program
Analytical and Remedial Technology, Inc. (Automated Volatile Organic Analytical System) .... 386
Bruker Instruments (Bruker Mobile Environmental Monitor) 390
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"0
Wastewater/Leachate (continued)
Heavy Metals
Demonstration Program - Completed Projects
E.I. DuPont de Nemours and Company, and Oberlin Filter Company (Membrane
Microfiltration)
RUST Remedial Services, Inc. (XTRAX1* Thermal Desorption)
Emerging Technology Program - Completed Projects
New Jersey Institute of Technology (GHEA Associates Process)
Emerging Technology Program - Ongoing Projects
Western Product Recovery Group, Inc. (CCBA Physical and Chemical Treatment)
Herbicides
Demonstration Program - Completed Projects
Babcock & Wilcox Co. (Cyclone Furnace)
General Atomics (Circulating Bed Combustor) .......... ...........
Retech, Inc. (Plasma Arc Vitrification)
Rochem Separation Systems, Inc. (Rochem Disc Tube™ Module System) ..... .
Emerging Technology Program - Completed Projects
Babcock & Wilcox Co. (Cyclone Furnace)
Emerging Technology Program - Ongoing Projects
Institute of Gas Technology (Fluidized-Bed Cyclone Agglomerating Combustor)
Measurement and Monitoring Technology Program
Bruker Instruments (Bruker Mobile Environmental Monitor) .......................
Metals
Demonstration Program - Completed Projects
Babcock & Wilcox Co. (Cyclone Furnace) ...... ~
Dynaphore, Inc. (FORAGER® Sponge) ............... • •
Retech, Inc. (Plasma Arc Vitrification) ..............................
Rochem Separation Systems, Inc. (Rochem Disc Tube™ Module System)
Wheelabrator Clean Air Systems, Inc. (PO*WW*ER™ Technology)
Demonstration Program - Ongoing Projects
Aprotek (Ion Conduction Agglomeration System) ........... .............
Colorado Department of Public Health and Environment (Wetlands-Based Treatment) ....... 168
Hydrologies, Inc. (CURE®-Electrocoagulation Wastewater Treatment System) .......... • • 178
Emerging Technology Program - Completed Projects
Atomic Energy of Canada, Limited (Chemical Treatment and Ultrafiltration) .......
Babcock & Wilcox Co. (Cyclone Furnace) . . . .
Bio-Recovery Systems, Inc. (Biological Sorption [AlgaSORB®])
Colorado School of Mines (Constructed Wetlands-Based Treatment) .................. 260
Electro-Pure Systems, Inc. (Alternating Current Electrocoagulation Technology) ........... 266
New Jersey Institute of Technology (GHEA Associates Process) ...............
University of Washington (Adsorptive Filtration)
Emerging Technology Program - Ongoing Projects
Atomic Energy of Canada, Limited (Ultrasonic-Aided Leachate Treatment for Mixed Wastes)
Center for Hazardous Materials Research (Organics Destruction and Metals Stabilization) ..... 322
Institute of Gas Technology (Fluidized-Bed Cyclone Agglomerating Combustor) ..... ...... 344
Mixed Waste
Demonstration Program - Completed Projects
Retech, Inc. (Plasma Arc Vitrification)
Organics
Demonstration Program - Completed Projects
E.I. DuPont de Nemours and Company, and Oberlin Filter Company (Membrane
Microfiltration) ................................ • • • ' ; ' '
High Voltage Environmental Applications, Inc. (High-Energy Electron Irradiation) .......... »-£
Wheelabrator Clean Air Systems, Inc. (PO*WW*ER™ Technology) .................. I52
*
292
320
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Wastewater/Leachate (continued)
Organics (continued)
Emerging Technology Program - Completed Projects
Electron Beam Research Facility, Florida International University, and University of Miami
(High-Energy Electron Irradiation) , , 264
Energy and Environmental Engineering, Inc. (PhotoCAT1™ Process) 268
Emerging Technology Program - Ongoing Projects
High Voltage Environmental Applications, Inc. (High Energy Electron Beam Irradiation) 342
PCBs
Demonstration Program - Completed Projects
Babcock & Wilcox Co. (Cyclone Furnace) 28
CF Systems Corporation (Liquified Gas Solvent Extraction [LG-SX] Technology) 48
ELI Eco Logic International, Inc. (Gas-Phase Chemical Reduction Process) 60
High Voltage Environmental Applications, Inc. (High-Energy Electron Irradiation) 82
Magnum Water Technology (CAV-OX® Process) 94
Retech, Inc. (Plasma Arc Vitrification) 104
Rochem Separation Systems, Inc. (Rochem Disc Tube™ Module System) . 116
RUST Remedial Services, Inc. (X*TRAX™ Thermal Desorption) 118
SBP Technologies, Inc. (Membrane Filtration and Bioremediation) 120
Ultrox, A Division of Zimpro Environmental, Inc. (Ultraviolet Radiation and Oxidation) 140
Vulcan Peroxidation Systems, Inc. (perox-pure™ Chemical Oxidation Technology) 144
Emerging Technology Program - Completed Projects
Babcock & Wilcox Co. (Cyclone Furnace) 246
New Jersey Institute of Technology (GHEA Associates Process) 292
Emerging Technology Program - Ongoing Projects
Center for Hazardous Materials Research (Organics Destruction and Metals Stabilization) 322
Institute of Gas Technology (Fluidized-Bed Cyclone Agglomerating Combustor) 344
Measurement and Monitoring Technology Program
Bruker Instruments (Bruker Mobile Environmental Monitor) 390
Pesticides
Demonstration Program - Completed Projects
Babcock & Wilcox Co. (Cyclone Furnace) 28
— ELI Eco Logic International, Inc. (Gas-Phase Chemical Reduction Process) 60
General Atomics (Circulating Bed Combustor) 70
Magnum Water Technology (CAV-OX® Process) 94
North American Technologies Group, Inc. (Oleophilic Amine-Coated Ceramic Chip) 98
Retech, Inc. (Plasma Arc Vitrification) 104
Rochem Separation Systems, Inc. (Rochem Disc Tube™ Module System) 116
SBP Technologies, Inc. (Membrane Filtration and Bioremediation) 120
Ultrox, A Division of Zimpro Environmental, Inc. (Ultraviolet Radiation and Oxidation) 140
Vulcan Peroxidation Systems, Inc. (perox-pure™ Chemical Oxidation Technology) 144
Emerging Technology Program - Completed Projects
Babcock & Wilcox Co. (Cyclone Furnace) 246
Emerging Technology Program - Ongoing Projects
Institute of Gas Technology (Fluidized-Bed Cyclone Agglomerating Combustor) 344
Measurement and Monitoring Technology Program
Bruker Instruments (Bruker Mobile Environmental Monitor) 390
Petroleum Hydrocarbons
Demonstration Program - Completed Projects
BioTrol, Inc. (Biological Aqueous Treatment System) 40
SBP Technologies, Inc. (Membrane Filtration and Bioremediation) 120
Vulcan Peroxidation Systems, Inc. (perox-pure™ Chemical Oxidation Technology) 144
Demonstration Program - Ongoing Projects
Hydrologies, Inc. (CURE®-Electrocoagulation Wastewater Treatment System) 178
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r
386
104
Wastewater/Leachate (continued)
Petroleum Hydrocarbons (continued)
Demonstration Program - Ongoing Projects (continued)
Zenon Environmental Inc. (ZenoGem™ Process)
Emerging Technology Program - Completed Projects
Electro-Pure Systems, Inc. (Alternating Current Electrocoagulation Technology)
New Jersey Institute of Technology (GHEA Associates Process)
Emerging Technology Program - Ongoing Projects ^
Membran Corporation (Membrane Gas Transfer in Waste Remediation)
Measurement and Monitoring Technology Program
Analytical and Remedial Technology, Inc. (Automated Volatile Organic Analytical System) ..
Radionuclides
Demonstration Program - Completed Projects
Babcock & Wilcox Co. (Cyclone Furnace) .....
Retech, Inc. (Plasma Arc Vitrification)
RUST Remedial Services, Inc. (X*TRAX™ Thermal Desorption)
Emerging Technology Program - Completed Projects
Babcock & Wilcox Co. (Cyclone Furnace)
Demonstration Program - Completed Projects 2g
Babcock & Wilcox Co. (Cyclone Furnace) ............................. ...... 4Q
BioTrol, Inc. (Biological Aqueous Treatment System) ............ • • • • ........... •
CF Systems Corporation (Liquified Gas Solvent Extraction [LG-SX] Technology) ....... • • • • «
ELI Eco Logic International, Inc. (Gas-Phase Chemical Reduction Process) .........
General Atomics (Circulating Bed Combustor) .........
Magnum Water Technology (CAV-OX® Process) ...... ; ---- . • • • • • • • • • ----
North American Technologies Group, Inc. (Oleophilic Amme-Coated Ceramic Chip)
Retech, Inc. (Plasma Arc Vitrification)
Rochem Separation Systems, Inc. (Rochem Disc Tube™ Module System)
RUST Remedial Services, Inc. (XTRAX™ Thermal Desorption)
SBP Technologies, Inc. (Membrane Filtration and Bioremediation) ........ ' /. ' \'
Ultrox, A Division of Zimpro Environmental, Inc. (Ultraviolet Radiation and Oxidation)
Demonstration Program - Ongoing Projects
AlliedSignal Environmental Systems and Services (Immobilized Cell Bioreactor Biotreatment
System)
Zenon Environmental Inc. (Cross-Flow Pervaporation System)
Zenon Environmental Inc. (ZenoGem1" Process)
Zimpro Environmental, Inc. (PACT® Wastewater Treatment System) ........... •
Emerging Technology Program - Completed Projects
Babcock & Wilcox Co. (Cyclone Furnace) ............................ •
New Jersey Institute of Technology (GHEA Associates Process) ..................... &
Wastewater Technology Centre (Cross-Flow Pervaporation System) ..................
Emerging Technology Program - Ongoing Projects
Environmental BioTechnologies, Inc. (Microbial Composting Process) ---- . ......
Institute of Gas Technology (Fluidized-Bed Cyclone Agglomerating Combustor)
Membran Corporation (Membrane Gas Transfer in Waste Remediation) ...... . ---- .....
Measurement and Monitoring Technology Program -
Bruker Instruments (Bruker Mobile Environmental Monitor)
Uranium
Demonstration Program - Completed Projects
E.I. DuPont de Nemours and Company, and Oberlin Filter Company (Membrane
Microfiltration) ...........................................
270
-------
Wastewater/Leachate (continued)
VOCs
Demonstration Program - Completed Projects
CF Systems Corporation (Liquified Gas Solvent Extraction [LG-SX] Technology) 48
ELI Eco Logic International, Inc. (Gas-Phase Chemical Reduction Process) 60
General Atomics (Circulating Bed Combustor) 70
Magnum Water Technology (CAV-OX® Process) 94
North American Technologies Group, Inc. (Oleophilic Amine-Coated Ceramic Chip) 98
Retech, Inc. (Plasma Arc Vitrification) 104
Rochem Separation Systems, Inc. (Rochem Disc Tube™ Module System) 116
RUST Remedial Services, Inc. (X*TRAX™ Thermal Desorption) '.'.'.'. 118
Ultrox, A Division of Zimpro Environmental, Inc. (Ultraviolet Radiation and Oxidation) 140
Wheelabrator Clean Air Systems, Inc. (PO*WW*ER™ Technology) 152
Demonstration Program - Ongoing Projects
Xerox Corporation (Two-Phase Extraction Process) 218
Zenon Environmental Inc. (Cross-Flow Pervaporation System) 220
Zenon Environmental Inc. (ZenoGem™ Process) 222
Zimpro Environmental, Inc. (PACT® Wastewater Treatment System) 224
Emerging Technology Program - Completed Projects
BioTrol, Inc. (Methanotrophic Bioreactor System) 252
Energy and Environmental Engineering, Inc. (PhotoCAT™ Process) 268
New Jersey Institute of Technology (GHEA Associates Process) 292
Pulse Sciences, Inc. (X-Ray Treatment of Aqueous Solutions) 296
—».,Wastewater Technology Centre (Cross-Flow Pervaporation System) 308
Emerging Technology Program - Ongoing Projects
Institute of Gas Technology (Fluidized-Bed Cyclone Agglomerating Combustor) 344
Measurement and Monitoring Technology Program
Analytical and Remedial Technology, Inc. (Automated Volatile Organic Analytical System) .... 386
Bruker Instruments (Bruker Mobile Environmental Monitor) 390
Volatile Inorganic Compounds
Demonstration Program - Completed Projects
Wheelabrator Clean Air Systems, Inc. (PO*WW*ER™ Technology) 152
Other Media
Metals
Emerging Technology Program - Completed Projects
Center for Hazardous Materials Research (Smelting Lead-Containing Waste) . 256
Other Wastes
Demonstration Program - Completed Projects
GIS/Solutions, Inc. (CIS/Key™ Environmental Data Management System) 76
"tl U.S. GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE: 1995 — 6 5 !• -709
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