EPA/540/R-94/526
                                November 1994
   SUPERFUND INNOVATIVE
   TECHNOLOG Y EVALUA TION
   PROGRAM
Technology  Profiles
   Seventh  Edition
     Risk Reduction Engineering Laboratory
     Office of Research and Development
     U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
        Cincinnati, Ohio 45268
                              Printed on Recycled Paper

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                                    DISCLAIMER
The development of this document was funded by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA)
under Contract No. 68-CO-0047, Work Assignment No. 0-58, to PRC Environmental Management, Inc.
The document was  subjected to the Agency's administrative and peer review and was approved for
publication as an EPA document. Mention of trade names or commercial products does not constitute
endorsement or recommendation for use at any particular hazardous waste site.
                                           11

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                                       FOREWORD
The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency's (EPA) Risk Reduction Engineering Laboratory (RREL) is
responsible for planning,  implementing,  and managing research, development,  and demonstration
programs that provide the scientific and engineering basis for EPA policies, programs, and regulations
concerning drinking water, wastewater, pesticides, toxic substances, solid and hazardous wastes, and
Superfund-related activities.

The Superfund Innovative Technology Evaluation (SITE) Program, now in its ninth year, is an integral
part of EPA's research  into alternative cleanup methods for hazardous waste sites around the Nation.
Under the SITE Program, EPA enters into cooperative agreements with technology developers.  These
developers  research and  refine their innovative technologies at bench- or pilot-scale and may demonstrate
them, with support from EPA, at hazardous waste sites. The SITE Program demonstrates technologies
that are ready for commercialization. EPA collects and publishes engineering, performance, and cost data
to aid in future decision-making for hazardous waste site remediation.

The successful implementation of innovative technologies requires a team approach. SITE Program staff
work closely with EPA's regional offices, other federal agencies, state and local governments, technology
developers, the Environmental  Monitoring Systems Laboratory (EMSL), the Superfund Technology
Assistance Response Team (START), and the Office of Solid Waste and Emergency Response (OSWER)
to provide technology demonstrations and to disseminate information. The SITE Program also uses EPA
research facilities, such as the Test and Evaluation (T&E) Facility  and the Center Hill Facility in
Cincinnati,  Ohio, to evaluate innovative technologies.
                       Si
This Technology Profiles document is a product of the SITE Program. It provides a vital communication
link between the researcher and the user community and is intended for environmental decision-makers
and other individuals involved in  hazardous waste site cleanup.  This is the seventh edition of the
Technology Profiles document. Distribution of the Technology Profiles has  increased steadily as the
SITE Program has grown. About 1,000 copies of the first edition were distributed in 1988; over 25,000
copies  of the sixth edition, published in November 1993, have been distributed.

This document profiles  198 demonstration, emerging,  and monitoring and measurement technologies
being evaluated under  the  SITE  Program.   Each profile describes the technology;  discusses  its
applicability to various  wastes; discusses its development or demonstration status and demonstration
results, if available; and provides demonstration and technology contacts.
                                                          E. Timothy Oppelt, Director
                                                          Risk Reduction Engineering Laboratory
                                              in

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                                       ABSTRACT
The Superfund Innovative Technology Evaluation (SITE) Program evaluates new and promising treatment
and monitoring and measurement technologies for cleanup of hazardous waste sites.  The program was
created to encourage the development and routine use of innovative treatment technologies. As a result,
the SITE Program provides  environmental  decision-makers  with  data  on new, viable treatment
technologies  that  may  have  performance or  cost  advantages  compared  to traditional treatment
technologies.

This document, prepared between June 1994 and October 1994, is intended as a reference guide for those
interested in technologies under the SITE Demonstration, Emerging Technology, and Monitoring and
Measurement Technologies Programs. The two-page profiles are organized into two sections for each
program,  completed and ongoing projects, and are presented in alphabetical order by developer name.
Reference tables for SITE Program participants precede the sections and contain EPA and developer
contacts.  Inquiries about a SITE technology evaluation or the SITE Program should be directed to the
EPA project manager; inquiries on the technology process should be directed to the technology developer
contacts.

Each  technology profile contains  (1) a technology developer and process name, (2)  a technology
description,  including a schematic diagram or photograph of the process, (3) a discussion of waste
applicability, (4) a project status report, and (5) EPA project manager and technology developer contacts.
The profiles also include summaries of demonstration results if available.  The technology description and
waste applicability sections are written by the developer. EPA prepares the status and demonstration
results sections.

An Applicability Index is also included in the back of this document.  The index is organized by the
following media: (1) Air/Gas, (2) Fine Solids, (3) Groundwater, (4) Liquid, (5) Mine Tailings, (6) Mixed
Waste, (7) Oily Waste, (8) Other Media, (9) Sediment, (10) Sludge, (11) Soil, (12) Wastewater/Leachate,
and (13) Water.

The following waste categories are represented in the index: (1) Aromatic Volatile Organic Compounds
(VOC), (2) Cyanide, (3) Diesel, (4) Dioxins, (5) Explosives, (6) Furans, (7) Gasoline, (8) Halogenated
VOCs, (9) Heavy Metals, (10) Heavy Minerals, (11) Herbicides, (12) Inorganic Elements, (13) Metals,
(14) Mixed Waste, (15) Organics, (16) Other Wastes,  (17) Particulates, (18)  Polynuclear Aromatic
Hydrocarbons, (19) Polychlorinated Biphenyls, (20) Pesticides,  (21) Petroleum Hydrocarbons,
(22) Radionuclides, (23) Semivolatile Organic Compounds  (SVOC), (24)  Uranium,  (25)  Volatile
Inorganics, and (26) VOCs.
                                               IV

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                              TABLE OF CONTENTS
Section
DISCLAIMER	    ii
FOREWORD	   iii
ABSTRACT	   iv
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS	  xiii

SITE PROGRAM DESCRIPTION	  1
SITE PROGRAM CONTACTS	  5

DEMONSTRATION PROGRAM	  7

Completed Demonstration Program Projects
   Accutech Remedial Systems, Inc.
     (Pneumatic Fracturing Extraction8" and Catalytic Oxidation)	   20
   Adanced Remediation Mixing, Inc.  (Solidification and Stabilization)	   22
   American Combustion, Inc. (PYRETRON® Thermal Destruction)	   24
   AWD Technologies, Inc. (Integrated Vapor Extraction and Steam Vacuum Stripping)	   26
   Babcock & Wilcox Co. (Cyclone Furnace)	   28
   Bergmann USA  (Soil and Sediment Washing)	   30
   Berkeley Environmental Restoration Center
     (In Situ Steam Enhanced Extraction Process)	 32
   Billings and Associates, Inc.
     (Subsurface Volatilization and Ventilation System [SWS®])	   34
   BioGenesis Enterprises, Inc.
     (BioGenesisSM Soil and Sediment Washing Processes)  	   36
   Bio-Rem, Inc. (Augmented In Situ Subsurface Bioremediation Process)  	   38
   BioTrol, Inc.  (Biological Aqueous Treatment System)   	   40
   BioTrol, Inc.  (Soil Washing System)	   42
   Brice Environmental Services Corporation (Soil Washing Plant)  	   44
   Canonie Environmental Services Corporation
     (Low Temperature Thermal Aeration [LTTA®])  .	   46
   CF Systems Corporation (Liquified Gas Solvent Extraction [LG-SX] Technology)	   48
   COGNIS, Inc. (Chemical Treatment)	   50
   Dehydro-Tech Corporation
     (Carver-Greenfield Process® for Solvent Extraction of Wet, Oily Wastes)  	   52
   E.I. DuPont de Nemours and Company, and
     Oberlin Filter Company  (Membrane Microfiltration)	   54
   Dynaphore,  Inc.  (FORAGER® Sponge)	   56
   ECOVA Corporation  (Bioslurry Reactor)	   58
   ELI Eco Logic International Inc.  (Gas-Phase Chemical Reduction Process)	   60
   ELI Eco Logic International Inc.  (Thermal Desorption Unit)	   62
   EPOC Water, Inc. (Precipitation, Microfiltration, and Sludge Dewatering)  	   64
   Filter Flow Technology, Inc.  (Heavy Metals and Radionuclide Polishing Filter)  	   66
   Funderburk & Associates (Dechlorination and Immobilization)	   68

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                       TABLE OF CONTENTS  (Continued)
Section
Page
Completed Demonstration Program Projects (continued)
  General Atomics (Circulating Bed Combustor) 	   70
  Geo-Con, Inc. (In Situ Solidification and Stabilization Process)	   72
  Geosafe Corporation (In Situ Vitrification)	   74
  GIS/Solutions, Inc.  (GIS/Key™ Environmental Data Management System)	   76
  GRACE Dearborn Inc.  (DARAMEND™ Bioremediation Technology)  	   78
  Gruppo Italimpresse (Infrared Thermal Destruction)  	   80
  High Voltage Environmental Applications, Inc. (High-Energy Electron Irradiation)  	   82
  Horsehead Resource Development Co., Inc. (Flame Reactor)	   84
  Hrubetz Environmental Services, Inc.  (HRUBOUT® Process)	   86
  Hughes Environmental Systems, Inc.  (Steam Enhanced Recovery Process)	   88
  IIT Research Institute/Brown and Root Environmental (Radio Frequency Heating)  .....   90
  KAI Technologies, Inc./Brown and Root Environmental (Radio Frequency Heating)  ....   92
  Magnum Water Technology (CAV-OX® Process)	   94
  Maxymillian Technologies, Inc. (Mobile Thermal Desorption System)	   96
  North American Technologies Group,  Inc.
     (Oleophilic Amine-Coated Ceramic Chip)	   98
  NOVATERRA, Inc.  (In Situ Steam and Air Stripping)	  100
  Resources Conservation Company (B.E.S.T! Solvent Extraction Technology)  	  102
  Retech, Inc. (Plasma Arc Vitrification)	  104
  Risk Reduction Engineering Laboratory
     (Base-Catalyzed Decomposition Process)	  106
  Risk Reduction Engineering Laboratory (Volume Reduction Unit)	  108
  Risk Reduction Engineering Laboratory
     and IT Corporation  (Debris Washing System)  	  110
  Risk Reduction Engineering Laboratory
     and USDA Forest Products Laboratory (Fungal Treatment  Technology)	 .  112
  Risk Reduction Engineering Laboratory, The University of Cincinnati,
     and FRX, Inc. (Hydraulic Fracturing)	  114
  Rochem Separationf Systems, Inc.  (Rochem Disc Tube™ Module System)  	  116
  RUST RemediaK Services, Inc.  (X*TRAX™ Thermal Desorption)  	  118
  SBP Technologies, Inc.  (Membrane Filtration and Bioremediation)  	  120
  J.R. Simplot  (The SABRE™ Process)	 .	  122
  SoilTech ATP Systems,  Inc. (Anaerobic Thermal Processor) 	  124
  Soliditech, Inc.  (Solidification and Stabilization)		  126
  Sonotech, Inc. (Frequency-Tunable Pulse Combustion System)	  128
  STC Omega,  Inc. (Chemical Fixation/Solidification Treatment Technologies)  ..........  130
  Terra-Kleen Response Group, Inc.  (Solvent Extraction Treatment System)	  132
  Terra Vac, Inc.  (In Situ Vacuum Extraction)	  134
  Texaco Inc. (Entrained-Bed Gasification)	  136
  Toronto Harbour Commission  (Soil Recycling)  	  138
                                           VI

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                        TABLE OF CONTENTS (Continued)
 Section
Pag
 Completed Demonstration Program Projects (continued)
   Ultrox, A Division of Zimpro Environmental, Inc.
      (Ultraviolet Radiation and Oxidation)	  140
   United States Environmental Protection Agency
      (Excavation Techniques and Foam Suppression Methods)   	  142
   Vulcan Peroxidation Systems, Inc. (perox-pure™ Chemical Oxidation Technology)	  144
   WASTECH, Inc.  (Solidification and Stabilization)	  146
   Roy F. Weston, Inc.  (Low Temperature Thermal Treatment [LT3®] System)  . . .	  148
   Roy F. Weston, Inc./IEG Technologies (UVB - Vacuum Vaporizing Well)	  150
   Wheelabrator Clean Air Systems, Inc.  (PO*WW*ER™ Technology)	  152

Ongoing Demonstration Program Projects
   AlliedSignal Environmental Systems and Services
      (Immobilized Cell Bioreactor Biotreatment System)  ..... ;	  160
   Andco Environmental Processes, Inc.
      (Electrochemical In Situ Chromate Reduction and Heavy Metal Immobilization)  	  162
   Aprotek (Ion Conduction Agglomeration System)	  164
   ASI Environmental Technologies, Inc./Dames & Moore
      (Hydrolytic Terrestrial Dissipation)	  166
   Colorado Department of Public Health and Environment
      (Wetlands-Based Treatment) . .  .	  168
   EET, Inc.  (Extraction of Polychlorinated. Biphenyls
      from Porous Surfaces Using the TECHXTRACT™ Process)	  170
   Electrokinetics, Inc.  (Electro-Klean™ Electrokinetic Soil Processing)	  172
   EnviroMetal Technologies Inc.   (In Situ Metal Enhanced Abiotic
      Degradation of Dissolved Halogenated Organic Compounds in Groundwater)   ........  174
   GEOCHEM, A Division of Terra Vac
      (In Situ Remediation of Chromium in Groundwater)	  176
   Hydrologies, Inc. (CURE®-Electrocoagulation Wastewater Treatment System)   	  178
   IT Corporation  (In Situ Groundwater Treatment System)	.-	  180
   Matrix Photocatalytic Inc. (Photocatalytic Water Treatment)	  182
   Morrison Knudsen Corporation/Spetstamponazhgeologia Enterprises
      (High Clay Grouting Technology)	  184
   New York State Department of Environmental Conservation (NYSDEC)
      (Multi-Vendor Bioremediation)	  186
   North American Technologies Group, Inc.  (BioTreat™ System)	  188
   Pintail Systems Incorporated (Spent Ore Bioremediation Process)	  190
   Praxis Environmental Technologies, Inc. (In Situ Thermal Extraction Process)	  192
   Process Technologies, Inc.  (Photolytic Destruction for SVE Off-Gases)	  194
   Purus, Inc.  (PurCycle™ Vapor Treatment Process)	  196
   Remediation Technologies, Inc.  (Liquid and Solids Biological Treatment)	  198
   Risk Reduction Engineering Laboratory  (Bioventing)	  200
   RKK, Ltd.  (CYROCELL®)  	  202
                                           vu

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                        TABLE OF CONTENTS (Continued)
 Section

 Ongoing Demonstration Program Projects (continued)
   Separation and Recovery Systems, Inc.  (SAREX Chemical Fixation Process)  	  204
   Sevenson Environmental Services, Inc.  (MAECTITE® Chemical Treatment Process)	206
   SIVE Services
     (Steam Injection and Vacuum Extraction-Linear Flow [SIVE-LF] Process)	208'
   TechTran Environmental, Inc. (Combined Chemical Precipitation,
     Physical SepEiration, and Binding Process for Radionuclides and Heavy Metals)  	210
   Vortec Corporation  (Oxidation and Vitrification Process)  	  212
   Western Research Institute (Contained Recovery of Oily Wastes [CROW™])	214
   Wheelabrator Technologies, Inc. (WES-Phix Stabilization Process)	  216
   Xerox Corporation (Two-Phase Extraction Process)	  218
   Zenon Environmental Inc.  (Cross-Flow Pervaporation System)  .	  220
   Zenon Environmental Inc.  (ZenoGem™ Process)	• •	222
   Zimpro Environmental, Inc.  (PACT® Wastewater Treatment System)   	  224


EMERGING TECHNOLOGY PROGRAM	i	-	  227

Completed Emerging Technology Program Projects
   ABB Environmental Services, Inc.
     (Two-Zone, Plume Interception, In Situ Treatment Strategy)  	  234
   AEA Technology, National Environmental Technology Centre
     (Soil Separation and Washing Process)	  236
   Allis Mineral Systems (PYROKILN THERMAL ENCAPSULATION Process)	238
   Aluminum Company of America  (Bioscrubber)  	  240
   ART International, Inc.  (Low-Energy Extraction Process)	  242
   Atomic Energy of Canada, Limited (Chemical Treatment and Ultrafiltration)   	244
   Babcock & Wilcox Co. (Cyclone Furnace)	  246
   Battelle Memorial Institute (In Situ Electroacoustic Soil Decontamination) 	  248
   Bio-Recovery Systems, Inc.  (Biological Sorption [AlgaSORB©])	  250
   BioTrol, Inc. (Methanotrophic Bioreactor System)	  252
   Center for Hazardous Materials Research
     (Acid Extraction Treatment System)	  254
   Center for Hazardous Materials Research
     (Smelting Lead-Containing Waste)	  256
   COGNIS, Inc.  (Chemical Treatment)	  258
   Colorado School of Mines  (Constructed Wetlands-Based Treatment)	  260
   Electrokinetics, Inc.  (Electro-Klean™ Electrokinetic Soil Processing)  	  262
   Electron Beam Research Facility, Florida International University,
     and University of Miami  (High-Energy Electron Irradiation) 	  264
   Electro-Pure Systems, Inc.  (Alternating Current Electrocoagulation Technology) 	  266
   Energy and Environmental Engineering, Inc. (PhotoCAT™ Process)   	  268
   Energy and Environmental Research Corporation (Hybrid Fluidized Bed System)	270

                                            viii

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                        TABLE OF CONTENTS (Continued)
 Section
Pas
 Completed Emerging Technology Program Projects (continued)
   Ferro Corporation (Waste Vitrification Through Electric Melting)	  272
   Hazardous Substance Management Research Center
     at New Jersey Institute of Technology (Pneumatic Fracturing/Bioremediation)	  274
   Institute of Gas Technology  (Chemical and Biological Treatment)	  276
   Institute of Gas Technology  (Fluid Extraction - Biological Degradation Process) ........  278
   IT Corporation (Batch Steam Distillation and Metal Extraction)  	  280
   IT Corporation (Photolytic and Biological Soil Detoxification)  .	  282
   Matrix Photocatalytic Inc.  (Photocatalytic Water Treatment)	  284
   Membrane Technology and Research, Inc. (VaporSep™ Membrane Process)	  286
   Montana College of Mineral  Science & Technology
     (Air-Sparged Hydrocyclone)	  288
   Montana College of Mineral  Science & Technology
     (Campbell Centrifugal Jig)	:	  290
   New Jersey Institute of Technology  (GHEA Associates Process)	  292
   PSI Technologies  (Metals Immobilization and Decontamination of Aggregate Solids)  	  294
   Pulse Sciences, Inc. (X-Ray Treatment of Aqueous Solutions) .  . .,.	  296
   Purus,  Inc. (Photolytic Oxidation Process)	298
   J.R. Simplot  (The SABRE™ Process)	  300
   Trinity Environmental Technologies, Inc.
     (PCB- and Organochlorine-Contaminated Soil Detoxification)	  302
   University of Washington  (Adsorptive Filtration)  	  304
   Vortec  Corporation (Oxidation and Vitrification Process)  . .	  306
   Wastewater Technology Centre  (Cross-Flow Pervaporation System)  	  308
   Western Research Institute (Contained Recovery of Oily Wastes [CROW™])   	  310

Ongoing Emerging Technology Program Projects
   ABB Environmental Services, Inc.
     (Anaerobic/Aerobic Sequential Bioremediation of PCE)	  316
   Arizona State University/IT Corporation
     (Photocatalytic Oxidation with Air Stripping)	  318
   Atomic Energy of Canada, Limited
     (Ultrasonic-Aided Leachate Treatment for Mixed Wastes)	  320
   Center  for Hazardous Materials Research
     (Organics Destruction and Metals Stabilization)	  322
   COGNIS, Inc.  (Biological/Chemical Treatment)	  324
   Davy International Energy and Environmental Division  (Chemical Treatment)	326
   M.L. ENERGIA,  Inc. (Reductive Photo-Dechlorination Treatment)	  328
   M.L. ENERGIA,  Inc. (Reductive Thermal and Photo-Thermal Oxidation Processes
     for Enhanced Conversion of Chlorocarbons)	  330
   Energy and Environmental Research Corporation
     (Reactor Filter System)	  332
   Environmental BioTechnologies, Inc.  (Microbial Composting Process)  	  334
                                             IX

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                         TABLE OF CONTENTS (Continued)
 Ongoing Emerging Technology Program Projects (continued)
   General Atomics, Nuclear Remediation Technologies Division
      (Acoustic Barrier Particulate Separator)	  336
   Geo-Microbial Technologies, Inc. (Metals Release and Removal from Wastes)	  338
   Groundwater Technology Government Services, Inc.
      (Below-Grade Bioremediation of Chlorinated Cyclodiene Insecticides)  	  340
   High Voltage Environmental Applications, Inc.
      (High Energy Electron Beam Irradiation)	  342
   Institute of Gas Technology  (Fluidized-Bed Cyclone Agglomerating Combustor)	  344
   Institute of Gas Technology  (Supercritical Extraction/Liquid Phase Oxidation)	  346
   IT Corporation (Chelation/Electrodeposition of Toxic Metals from Soils)  	  348
   IT Corporation (Bunco BioLift™ Slurry Reactor)	  350
   IT Corporation (Mixed Waste Treatment Process)	  352
   Lewis Environmental Systems, Inc./Hickson Corporation
      (Chromated Copper Arsenate Soil Leaching Process) 	  354
   Matrix Photocatalytic Lac.  (TiO2 Photocatalytic Air Treatment)  	  356
   Membran Corporation  (Membrane Gas Transfer in Waste Remediation)	  358
   OHM Remediation Services Corporation
      (Oxygen Microbubble In Situ Bioremediation)	  360
   Pulse Sciences,, Inc.  (X-Ray Treatment of Organically Contaminated Soils)  	  362
   Remediation Technologies,  Inc.  (Chlorinated Gas Treatment Biofilm Reactor)	  364
   State University of New York at Oswego
      (Photocatalytic Degradation of PCB-Contaminated Sedimen|s and Waters)	  366
   Thermo Analytical (Segmented Gate System [SGS])	*	  368
   University of Dayton Research Institute (Photothermal Detoxification Unit)  	  370
   University of Houston (Concentrated-Chloride Extraction and Recovery of Lead)  	  372
   University of South Carolina (In Situ Mitigation of Acid Water)	  374
   Western Product Recovery Group, Inc. (CCBA Physical and Chemical Treatment)	  376
   Roy F. Weston, Inc.  (Ambersorb® 563 Adsorbent)	 .;	  378


MONITORING AND MEASUREMENT TECHNOLOGIES PROGRAM	  381

   Analytical and Remedial Technology, Inc.
      (Automated Volatile Organic Analytical System)	  386
   Asoma Instruments  (Model 200 XRF Analyzer)	  388
   Bruker Instruments (Bruker Mobile Environmental Monitor) .  .	  .  390
   Dexsil Corporation (Environmental Test Kits)	  392
   Ensys, Inc. (Penta RISc Test System)	  394
   Geoprobe Systems  (Geoprobe Conductivity Sensor)	  396
   Graseby Ionics;, Ltd., and PCP, Inc.  (Ion Mobility Spectrometry)	  .  398
   HNU Systems  (HNU-Hanby PCP Test Kit)	400

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                       TABLE OF CONTENTS (Continued)
 Section
Pas
   HNU Systems, Inc.
     (HNU Source Excited Fluorescence Analyzer-Portable [SEFA-P] XRF Analyzer)  	  402
   HNU Systems, Inc.  (Portable Gas Chromatograph)	  404
   Idetek, Inc. (Equate® Irnmunoassay)	  406
   MDA Scientific, Inc. (Fourier Transform Infrared Spectrometer)	  408
   Microsensor Systems, Incorporated  (Portable Gas Chromatograph)	  410
   Millipore Corporation (EnviroGard™ PCB Irnmunoassay Test Kit)	  412
   Millipore Corporation (EnviroGard™ PCP Immunoassay Test Kit)	  414
   MTI Analytical Instruments  (Portable Gas Chromatograph)	  416
   Ohmicron Corporation (Pentachlorophenol RaPID Assay)	  418
   Outokumpu Electronics, Inc. (Metorex X-MET 920P XRF Analyzer)  	  420
   Photovac International, Inc.  (Photovac 10S PLUS)	  422
   Scitec Corporation (Metal Analysis Probe [MAP®] Portable Assayer  	  424
   Sentex Sensing Technology, Inc.  (Scentograph Portable Gas Chromatograph)	426
   SRI Instruments (Gas Chromatograph)	  428
   TN Technologies, Inc. (Spectrace 9000 X-Ray Fluorescence Analyzer)	  430
   Tri-Services (Site Characterization Analysis Penetrometer System [SCAPS])	  432
   Unisys Corporation  (Rapid Optical Screen Tool)	  434
   United States Eenvironmental Protection Agency
     (Field Analytical Screening Program PCB Method)	  436
   XonTech Incorporated (XonTech Sector Sampler)	  438


INFORMATION REQUEST FORM AND REQUEST FOR PROPOSAL FORM	.  441
DOCUMENTS AVAILABLE FROM THE U.S. EPA
   RISK REDUCTION ENGINEERING  LABORATORY,
   SUPERFUND TECHNOLOGY DEMONSTRATION DIVISION	  443
VIDEO REQUEST FORM	  449
APPLICABILITY INDEX	  451
                                          XI

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                         LIST OF FIGURES

Figure

1 DEVELOPMENT OF INNOVATIVE TECHNOLOGIES  	  2

2 INNOVATIVE TECHNOLOGIES IN THE DEMONSTRATION PROGRAM  	  3

3 INNOVATIVE TECHNOLOGIES IN THE EMERGING TECHNOLOGY PROGRAM ...... 3





                          LIST OF TABLES

Table                                                            £^ge

1  COMPLETED SITE DEMONSTRATION PROGRAM PROJECTS
  AS OF OCTOBER 1994	  8

2  ONGOING SITE DEMONSTRATION PROGRAM PROJECTS
  AS OF OCTOBER 1994	  154

3  COMPLETED SITE EMERGING TECHNOLOGY PROGRAM PROJECTS
  AS OF OCTOBER 1994	  228

4  ONGOING SITE EMERGING TECHNOLOGY PROGRAM PROJECTS
  AS OF OCTOBER 1994	  312

5  COMPLETED SITE MONITORING AND MEASUREMENT TECHNOLOGIES
  PROGRAM PROJECTS AS OF OCTOBER 1994	  382
                                  xn

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                              ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
The project manager responsible for the preparation of this document is Richard G. Eilers of EPA's Risk
Reduction Engineering Laboratory in Cincinnati, Ohio.  This document was prepared under the direction
of Robert Olexsey, Director of the Superfund Technology Demonstration Division. Key program area
contributors for EPA include Stephen Billets, J. Lary Jack, Norma Lewis, and John Martin.  Special
acknowledgement is given to the individual EPA SITE project managers and technology developers who
provided guidance and technical support.

The contractor project manager responsible for the production of this document is Kelly L. Enwright of
PRC Environmental Management, Inc. (PRC).   Key PRC contributors  to  the development of this
document are Robert Foster and  Jonathan Lewis; special acknowledgement  is given to PRC project
managers for their technical support and to Kerry Carroll, Steve Curmode, Susan Holmberg Currie, and
Karen Kirby, for their editorial, graphic, and production assistance.
                                            Xlll

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                                                                                            1
 TheU.S. Environmental Protection Agency's (EPA) Superfund Innovative Technology Evaluation (SITE)
 Program, now in its ninth year, encourages the development and implementation of (1) innovative
 treatment technologies for hazardous waste site  remediation,  and (2) monitoring and measurement
 technologies for evaluating the nature and extent of hazardous waste site contamination.

 The SITE Program was established by EPA's Office of Solid Waste and Emergency Response (OSWER)
 and the Office of Research and Development (ORD) in response to the 1986 Superfund Amendments and
 Reauthorization Act (SARA), which recognized  a need for an  "Alternative or Innovative Treatment
 Technology Research and Demonstration Program." The SITE Program is administered by ORD's Risk
 Reduction Engineering Laboratory (RREL), headquartered in Cincinnati, Ohio.

 The SITE Program includes the following component programs:

   • Demonstration Program - Conducts and  evaluates  demonstrations  of promising innovative
     technologies to provide reliable performance, cost, and applicability information for site cleanup
     decision-making

   • Emerging Technology Program - Provides funding to developers to continue research efforts from
     the bench- and pilot-scale levels to promote the development  of innovative technologies

   • Monitoring and  Measurement Technologies  Program  - Develops  technologies that detect,
     monitor,  and measure hazardous  and toxic substances  to  provide  better,  faster, and  more
     cost-effective methods for producing real-tune data during site characterization and remediation

   • Technology Transfer Program - Disseminates technical information on innovative technologies
     to remove impediments for using alternative technologies

This Technology Profiles document, a product of the Technology Transfer Program, describes completed
and ongoing projects in the Demonstration,  Emerging Technology, and Monitoring and Measurement
Technologies Programs. Figure 1 depicts the process  of technology development from initial concept to
commercial use and shows the relationship among the programs.

In the Demonstration Program, the technology is field-tested on hazardous waste materials. Engineering
and cost data are gathered on the innovative technology so that potential users can assess the technology's
applicability to a particular site.  Data collected during  the field demonstration are  used to assess the
performance of the technology, the potential  need for pre- and post-processing of the waste, applicable
types of wastes and waste matrices, potential  operating problems, and approximate capital and operating
costs.
                                                                                    Page  1

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                            COMMERCIAUZA TION
                                 TECHNOLOGY
                                   TRANSFER
                                 TECHNOLOGY
                               DEMONSTRATION
                            Field-Scale Demonstration
                         TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPED
                                Pilot-Scale Testing
                               Bench-Scale Studies
                           CONCEPTUALIZA TION
                     Figure 1: Development of Innovative Technologies
At the conclusion of a SITE demonstration, EPA prepares an Innovative Technology Evaluation Report
(ITER), Technology Capsule, and Demonstration  Bulletin.   These reports evaluate all available
information on the technology and analyze its overall applicability to other site characteristics, waste
types, and waste matrices.  Testing procedures, performance and cost data, and quality assurance and
quality control standards are also presented.  ITERs, Technology Capsules,  Demonstration Bulletins,
other demonstration documents, and videotapes are distributed by EPA to provide reliable technical data
for environmental decision-making and to promote the technology's commercial use.

The Demonstration Program currently has  99 developers providing 111 demonstrations.  Of these
projects, 71 have completed demonstrations and 40 are ongoing.  The projects are divided into the
following categories: thermal destruction (12), biological degradation (18), physical/chemical treatment
(47), solidification/stabilization (9), physical/chemical radioactive waste treatment (2), physical/chemical
thermal desorption (18), materials handling (3), and other (2).  Several technologies combine these
treatment categories.  Figure 2 shows the breakdown of technologies in the Demonstration Program.

Page  2

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          Physical/Chemical
              Treatment
                  47
                                                     Biological Degradation 18
                    Solidification/Stabilization
                               9
              Thermal Destruction 12
                                                                Other 2
                                                                Materials Handling  3
                                                             Physical/Chemical
                                                            Thermal Desorption 1 °
     Physical/Chemical
Radioactive Waste Treatment
               Figure 2: Innovative Technologies in the Demonstration Program


Under the Emerging Technology Program, EPA provides technical and financial support to developers
for bench- and pilot-scale testing and evaluation of innovative technologies that are at a minimum proven
on the conceptual and bench-scale levels.  The program provides an opportunity for a private developer
to research and  develop a  technology for  field application and  possible evaluation under  the
Demonstration Program.  A technology's performance is documented in a final report, journal article,
project summary,  and bulletin.

EPA has provided technical and financial support to 72 projects in the Emerging Technology Program.
Of these projects, 39 are completed, 32 are ongoing in the program, and one has exited the program.
Fifteen Emerging Technology Program projects are participating in the Demonstration Program. The 72
technologies are divided into the following  categories:  thermal destruction (9), physical/chemical
treatment (39), biological degradation (17), solidification/stabilization (2),  and materials handling (5).
Figure 3 displays the breakdown of technologies hi the Emerging Technology Program.
          Physical/Chemical
              Treatment
                  39
             Thermal Destruction
                   9
                                                               Solidification/Stabilization
                                                                        2
                                                             Materials Handling
                                                                     5
                                                Biological Degradation
                                                         17
            Figure 3: Innovative Technologies in the Emerging Technology Program
                                                                                    Page 3

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 The Monitoring and Measurement Technologies Program's (MMTP) goal is to assess innovative and
 alternative monitoring, measurement, and site characterization technologies.  During fiscal year 1994,
 five technologies were demonstrated. Additionally, the MMTP plans five demonstrations, each evaluating
 one or more monitoring and measurement technologies, in fiscal year 1995.  To date, 98 technology
 demonstrations have been completed under the SITE Program (71 in the Demonstration Program and 27
 in the MMTP); many reports have been published and others are in various stages of completion.

 In  the  Technology  Transfer  Program,  technical  information on  innovative technologies  in the
 Demonstration Program, Emerging Technology Program, and MMTP is disseminated through various
 activities.  These activities increase the awareness and promote  the use of innovative technologies for
 assessment and remediation at Superfund sites. The goal of technology transfer activities is to promote
 communication among individuals requiring up-to-date technical information.

 The Technology Transfer Program reaches the environmental community through many media, including:

      •  Program-specific regional, state, and industry brochures

      •  On-site Visitors' Days during SITE Demonstrations

      •  Demonstration videotapes

      •  Project-specific fact sheets to comply with site community relations plans

      •  ITERs, Demonstration Bulletins, Technology Capsules,  Project Summaries

      •  The SITE Exhibit, displayed nationwide at conferences

      •  Networking through forums, associations, regions, and states

      •  Technical assistance to regions, states, and remediation cleanup  contractors

 SITE information is available through the following on-line information  clearinghouses:

     Alternative Treatment Technology Information Center (ATTIC)
     System operator: 703-908-2137 or 908-321-6677

     Vendor Infoirmation System for Innovative Treatment Technologies (VISITT)
     Hotline: 800-245-4505 or 703-883-8448

     Cleanup Information Bulletin Board System (CLU-IN)
     Help  Desk:  301-589-8368;  Modem:  301-589-8366

 Technical reports may be obtained by completing the document order form at the back of this document
 or calling the Center for Environmental Research Information (CERI) in Cincinnati, Ohio.  Additional
 SITE documents become available throughout  the year.  To find  out about newly published documents
 or to be placed on the SITE mailing list, call 513-569-7562 or write to:

                                    CERI/ORD Publications
                            26 West Martin Luther King Drive (G72)
                                     Cincinnati, OH  45268


Page  4

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The SITE Program is administered by EPA's Office of Research and Development (ORD), specifically
the Risk Reduction Engineering Laboratory (RREL).  For further information on the SITE Program or
its component programs contact:
                 Bob Olexsey
      U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
        26 West Martin Luther King Drive
            Cincinnati, Ohio  45268
                 513-569-7696
               Fax: 513-569-7620
           John Martin
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
  26 West Martin Luther King Drive
      Cincinnati, Ohio  45268
           513-569-7696
         Fax: 513-569-7620

                 John Martin
      U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
       26 West Martin Luther King Drive
            Cincinnati, Ohio  45268
                513-569-7696
              Fax: 513-569,7620
                                                                          ^'^ir *j%£?f&!-:' t •'*!''*'''-'•'-=\

           Norma Lewis
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
  26 West Martin Luther King Drive
      Cincinnati, Ohio  45268
           513-569-7665
         Fax: 513-569-7620

                                            Stephen Billets
                                  U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
                                           P. O. Box 93478
                                     Las Vegas, Nevada 89193-3478
                                            702-798-2232
                                          Fax: 702-798-2261
                                                                                        Page  5

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The SITE Demonstration Program develops  reliable  engineering, performance,  and  cost data on
innovative, alternative technologies so that potential users can evaluate a technology's applicability for
a specific waste site. Demonstrations are conducted at hazardous waste sites, such as National Priorities
List (NPL) sites, non-NPL sites, and state sites, or under conditions that simulate actual hazardous wastes
and site conditions.

Technologies are selected for the SITE Demonstration Program through annual requests  for proposals
(RFP).  EPA reviews proposals to determine the technologies with promise for use at hazardous waste
sites.  Several technologies have entered the program from current  Superfund projects, in which
innovative techniques of broad interest were identified for evaluation under the program.  In addition,
several  Emerging Technology projects have moved to the Demonstration Program.  To date, nine
solicitations have been completed — SITE 001 in 1986 through SITE 009 in 1994. The RFP for SITE
010 is expected to be issued in January 1995.

The SITE demonstration process typically consists of five steps: (1) matching an innovative technology
with an appropriate site; (2) preparing a Demonstration Plan including the test plan, sampling and analysis
plan,  quality assurance project plan, and health and safety plan; (3) performing community relations
activities; (4) conducting the demonstration (ranging in length from days to months); and (5) documenting
results in an Innovative Technology Evaluation Report^ a Technology Capsule, other demonstration
documents, and a demonstration videotape.

Cooperative agreements between EPA and the developer  set forth responsibilities for  conducting the
demonstration and evaluating the technology.  Developers are responsible for operating their innovative
systems at a selected site, and are expected to pay the costs to transport equipment to the site, operate
the equipment  on site during the demonstration, and remove the equipment from the site.   EPA is
responsible for project planning, waste collection and pretreatment (if needed), sampling  and analysis,
quality assurance and quality control, preparing reports, and disseminating information.

Demonstration data are used to assess the technology's performance, the potential need  for pre- and
post-processing of the waste, applicable types of wastes and media, potential operating problems, and
the approximate capital and operating costs. Demonstration data can also provide insight into long-term
operating and maintenance costs and long-term risks.

The Demonstration Program currently includes 99 developers and 111 projects.  These projects are
organized into two sections, completed projects and ongoing projects.  The completed projects are
presented in alphabetical order by developer name in Table 1 and in the profiles that follow; the ongoing
projects are presented in Table 2 and in the profiles that follow.
                                                                                       Page  7

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                                                  TABLE 1
                                                                                      <
                    Completed SITE Demonstration Program Projects as of October 1994
Developer
Accutech Remedial Systems, Inc.,
Keyport, NJ (005)'
Demonstration Date:
July - August 1992
Advanced Remediation Mixing, Inc.
(formerly Chemfix Technologies/
CeTech Resources),
Kenner, LA (002)
Demonstration Date:
March 1989
American Combustion, Inc.,
Norcross, GA (001)
Demonstration Date:
November 1987 - January 1988
AWD Technologies, Inc.,
San Francisco, CA (004)
Demonstration Date:
September 1990
Babcock & Wilcox Co.,"
Alliance, OH (006)
Demonstration Date:
November 1991
Bergmann USA,
Gallatin, TN (007)
Demonstration Date:
May 1992
Technology/
Demonstration Location
Pneumatic Fracturing
Extraction™ and Catalytic
Oxidation/New Jersey
Environmental Cleanup
Responsibility Act Site in
Hillsborough, NJ
Solidification and Stabilization/
Portable Equipment Salvage
Company Site in
Clackamas, OR
PYRETRON® Thermal
Destruction/EPA' s Incineration
Research Facility in Jefferson,
AR using soil from Stringfellow
Acid Pit Superfund Site in Glen
Avon, CA
Integrated Vapor Extraction and
Steam Vacuum Stripping/San
Fernando Valley Groundwater
Basin Superfund Site in
Burbank, CA
Cyclone Furnace/Developer's
Facility in Alliance, OH
Soil and Sediment Washing/
Saginaw Bay Confined Disposal
Facility in Saginaw, MI
Technology
Contact
John Liskowiiz
908-739-6444
Sam Pizzitola
504-461-0466
Gregory Gitman
404-564-4180
David Bluestein
415-227-0822
Dorothy Haidet
216-829-7395
Richard Traver
615-230-2217
EPA Project
Manager
Uwe Frank
908-321-6626
Edwin Earth
513-569-7669
Laurel Staley
513-569-7863
Gordon Evans
513-569-7684
Laurel Staley
513-569-7863
Jack Hubbard
513-569-7507
Waste Media
Soil, Rock
Soil, Sludge,
Solids, Ash,
Electroplating
Wastes
Soil, Sludge, Solid
Waste
Groundwater, Soil
Solids, Soil,
Sludge
Soil, Sediment
Applicable Waste
Inorganic
Not Applicable
Heavy Metals
Not Applicable
Not Applicable
Nonspecific, Low- •
Level Radionuclides
Heavy Metals
Organic
Haiogenated and
Nonhalogenated
VOCs and SVOCs
High Molecular
Weight Organics
Nonspecific Organics
VOCs
Nonspecific Organics
PCBs, Nonspecific
Organics
00
     Solicitation Number
     From Emerging Technology Program

-------
                                       TABLE 1 (continued)
                  Completed SITE Demonstration Program Projects as of October 1994
Developer
Berkeley Environmental Restoration
Center (formerly Udell
Technologies, Inc.),
Berkeley, CA (005)
Demonstration Date:
December 1993
Billings and Associates, Inc.,
Albuquerque, NM (007)
Demonstration Date:
March 1993 - May 1994
BioGenesis Enterprises, Inc.,
Springfield, VA (005)
Demonstration Date:
November 1992
Bio-Rem, Inc.,
Butler, IN (006)
Demonstration Date:
May 1992 - June 1993
BioTrol, Inc.,
Eden Prairie, MN (003)
Demonstration Date:
July - September 1989
BioTrol, Inc.,
Eden Prairie, MN (003)
Demonstration Date:
September - October 1989
Brice Environmental
Services Corporation,
Fairbanks, AK (006)
Demonstration Date:
September 1992
Technology/
Demonstration Location
In Situ Steam Enhanced
Extraction Process/Lawrence
Livermore National Laboratory
in Altamont Hills, CA
Subsurface Volatilization and
Ventilation System (SWS®)/
Site in Buchanan, Michigan
BioGenesis'" Soil and Sediment
Washing Processes/Refinery
Site in Minnesota
Augmented In Situ Subsurface
Bioremediation Process/
Williams AFB in Phoenix, AZ
Biological Aqueous Treatment
System/MacGillis and Gibbs
Superfund Site in New
Brighton, MN
Soil Washing System/MacGillis
and Gibbs Superfund Site in
New Brighton, MN
Soil Washing Plant/Alaskan
Battery Enterprises Superfund
Site in Fairbanks, AK
Technology
Contact
Kent Udell
510-642-2928
Steve Collins
510-643-1300
Gale Billings
505-345-1116
Don Brenneman
713-575-4693
Thomas Rougeux
703-913-9700
David Mann
219-868-5823
800-428-4626
Sandra Clifford
612-942-8032
Sandra Clifford
612-942-8032
Craig Jones
907-452-2512
EPA Project
Manager
Paul dePercin
513-569-7797
Paul dePercin
513-569-7797
Annette Gatchett
513-569-7697
Teri Richardson
513-569-7949
Mary Stinson
908-321-6683
Mary Stinson
908-321-6683
Hugh Masters
908-321-6678
Waste Media
Soil, Groundwater
Soil, Sludge,
Groundwater
Soil
Soil, Water
Liquid Waste,
Groundwater
Soil
Soil
Applicable Waste
Inorganic
Not Applicable
Not Applicable
Not Applicable
Not Applicable
Nitrates
Metals
Radioactive and Heavy
Metals
Organic
VOCs and SVOCs,
Hydrocarbons,
Solvents
BTEX, VOCs,
SVOCs
Volatile and
Nonvolatile
Hydrocarbons, PCBs
Hydrocarbons,
Halogenated
Hydrocarbons, and
Chlorinated
Compounds
Chlorinated and
Nonchlorinated -
Hydrocarbons,
Pesticides
High Molecular
Weight Organics,
PAHs, PCP, PCBs,
Pesticides
Not Applicable

(0

-------
                                       TABLE 1  (continued)
                Completed SITE Demonstration Program  Projects as of October 1994

Canonie Environmental Services
Corporation,
Porter, IN (006)
Demonstration Date:
September 1992
CF Systems Corporation,
Woburn, MA (002)
Demonstration Date:
September 1988
COGNIS, Inc.,"
Santa Rosa, CA (009)/(E05)
Demonstration Date:
August 1994
Dehydro-Tech Corporation,
East Hanover, NJ (004)
Demonstration Date:
August 1991
E.I. DuPont de Nemours and
Co. and Oberlin Filter Co.,
Newark, DE (003)
Demonstration Date:
April - May 1990
Dynaphore, Inc.,
Richmond, VA (006)
Demonstration Date:
April 1994
Technology/
Low Temperature Thermal
Aeration (LTTA®)/Pesticide Site
in Phoenix, AZ
Liquified Gas Solvent
Extraction (LG-SX)
Technology/New Bedford
Harbor Superrand Site in New
Bedford, MA
Chemical Treatment/Twin Cities
Army Ammunition Plant in
New Brighton, MN
Carver-Greenfield Process® for
Solvent Extraction of Wet, Oily
Wastes/EPA's Research Facility
hi Edison, NJ
Membrane Microfiltration/
Palmerton Zinc Superfund Site
in Palmerton, PA
FORAGER® Sponge/National
Lead Industry Site hi
Pedricktown, NJ
Technology
Contact
inomas Froman
219-926-8651
Chris Shallice
617-937-0800
Bill Fristad
707-576-6235
Theodore Trowbridge
201-887-2182
Ernest Mayer
302-774-2277 .
Norman Rainer
804-288-7109
EPA Project
Manaqer
Paul dePerein
513-569-7797
Mark Meckes
513-569-7348
Michael Royer
908-321-6633
Laurel Staley
513-569-7863
John Martin
513-569-7758
Carolyn Esposito
908-906-6895

Waste Media
Soil, Sludge,
Sediment
Soil, Sludge,
Wastewater
Soil, Sludge,
Sediment
Soil, Sludge,
Sediment
Groundwater,
Leachate,
Wastewater,
Electroplating
Rinsewaters
Industrial
Discharge,
Municipal Sewage
Process Streams,
Acid Mine
Drainage Wastes
Applicable Waste
Inorganic
Net Applicable
Not Applicable
Lead, Heavy Metals
Not Applicable
Heavy Metals,
Cyanide, Uranium
Metals
Organic
VOCs, SVOCs,
OCPs, OPPs, TPHs
VOCs, SVOCs,
PAHs, PCBs,
Dioxins, and
Pentachlorophenol
Not Applicable
PCBs, Dioxins,
Oil-Soluble Organics
Organic Particulates,
Volatile Organics
Not Applicable
** From Emerging Technology Program

-------
                     TABLE 1  (continued)
Completed SITE Demonstration Program Projects as of October 1994
Developer
ECOVA Corporation,
Golden, CO (006)
Demonstration Date:
May - September 1991
ELI Eco Logic International Inc.,
Rockwood, Ontario, Canada (006)
Demonstration Date:
October - November 1992
ELI Eco Logic International Inc.,
Rockwood, Ontario, Canada (006)
Demonstration Date:
October - November 1992
EPOC Water, Inc.,
Fresno, CA (004)
Demonstration Date:
May - June 1992
Filter Flow Technology, Inc.,
League City, TX (006)
Demonstration Date:
September 1993
Funderburk & Associates (formerly
HAZCON, Inc.), (001)
Demonstration Date:
October 1987
General Atomics,
San Diego, CA (001)
Demonstration Date:
March 1989
Technology/
Demonstration Location
Bioslurry Reactor/EPA's Test
and Evaluation Facility in •
Cincinnati, OH
Gas-Phase Chemical Reduction
Process/Middleground Landfill
in Bay City, MI
Thermal Desorption Unit/
Middleground Landfill in Bay
City, MI.
Precipitation, Microfiltration,
and Sludge Dewatering/Iron
Mountain Superfund Site in
Redding, CA
Heavy Metals and Radionuclide
Polishing Filter/DOE's Rocky
Flats Plant in Denver, CO
Dechlorination and
Immobilization/Former Oil
Processing Plant in
Douglassville, PA
Circulating Bed
Combustor/Developer's Facility
in San Diego, CA using waste
from McColl Superfund Site in
Fullerton, CA
Technology
Contact
William Mahaffey
303-273-7133
Jim Nash
. 519-856-9591
Jim Nash
519-856-9591
Rodney Squires
209-291-8144
Tod Johnson
713-332-3438
Not Available
Jeffrey Broido
619-455-4495
EPA Project
Manager
Ronald Lewis
513-569-7856
Gordon Evans
513-569-7684
Gordon Evans
513-569-7684
Jack Hubbard
513-569-7507
Annette Gatchett
513-569-7697
Paul dePercin
513-569-7797
Douglas Grosse
513-569-7844
Waste Media
Soil
Soil, Sludge,
Liquids
Soil, Sludge,
Liquids
Sludge, <
Wastewater,
Leachable Soil
Groundwater,
Industrial
Wastewater
Soil, Sludge,
Sediment
Soil, Sludge,
Slurry, Liquids
Applicable Waste
Inorganic
Not Applicable
Not Applicable
Not Applicable
Heavy Metals
Heavy Metals,
Radionuclides
Heavy Metals
Metals, Cyanide
Organic
Creosote and
Petroleum Wastes
PCBs, PAHs,
Chlorinated Dioxins
and Dibenzofurans,
Chlorinated Solvents
and Chlorophenols
PCBs, PAHs,
Chlorinated Dioxins
and Dibenzofurans,
Chlorinated Solvents
and Chlorophenols
Pesticides, Oil,
Grease
Not Applicable
Nonspecific Organics
Halogenated and
Nonhalogenated
Organic Compounds,
PCBs

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                                     TABLE 1 (continued)
              Completed SITE Demonstration Program Projects as of October 1994
Developer
Geo-Con, Inc.
Monroeville, PA (001)
(2 Demonstrations)
Demonstration Date:
April - May 1988
Geosafe Corporation,
Richland, WA (002)
Demonstration Date:
March - April 1994
GIS/Solutions, Inc.,
Concord, CA (007)
Demonstration Dates:
August 1993 (CA) and
December 1993 (D.C.)
GRACE Dearborn Inc.,
Mississauga, Ontario, Canada (008)
Demonstration Date:
September 1994
Gruppo Italimpresse (developed by
Shirco Infrared Systems, Inc.),
Rome, Italy (001)
(2 Demonstrations)
Demonstration Dates:
August 1987 (PL) and
November 1987 (MI)
High Voltage Environmental
Applications, Inc.
(formerly Electron Beam Research
Facility, Florida International
University, and University of
Miami),**
Miami, FL (008)/(E03)
Demonstration Date:
September 1994
Technology/
Demonstration Location
lu Situ Solidification and
Stabilization Process/General
Electric Service Shop Site in
Hialeah, FL
In Situ Vitrification/Parsons
Chemical Site in Grand Ledge,
MI
GIS-Key™ Environmental Data
Management System/
San Francisco, CA and
Washington, D.C.
DARAMEND™ Bioremediation
Technology/Domtar Wood
Preserving Site in Trenton,
Ontario, Canada
Infrared Thermal
Destruction/Peak Oil Superfund
Site in Brandon, FL and Rose
Township Superfund Site in
Oakland County, MI
High-Energy Electron
Irradiation/DOE's Savannah
River Site in Aiken, SC
Technology
Contact
Chris Ryan or
Linda Ward
412-856-7700
James Hansen
509-375-0710
Charles Tupitza
510-602-9206
Alan Seech or
Igor Marvan
905-279-2222
Rome
011-39-06-8802001
Padova
011-39-049-773490
William Cooper
305-593-5330
EPA Project
Manager
Mary Stinscn
908-321-6683
Teri Richardson
513-569-7949
Richard Eilers
513-569-7809
Teri Richardson
513-569-7949
Laurel Staley
513-569-7863
Franklin Alvarez
513-569-7631

Waste Media
Soil, Sediment
Soil, Sludge,
Sediments
Not Applicable
Soil, Sediment
Soil, Sediment
Water Streams,
Sludge
Applicable Waste
Inorganic
Nonspecific Inorganics
Nonspecific Inorganics
Not Applicable
Not Applicable
Not Applicable
Not Applicable
Organic
PCBs, PCP, Other
Nonspecific Organics
Nonspecific Organics
Not Applicable
PAHs, PCPs, Total
Petroleum
Hydrocarbons
Nonspecific Organics
Most Organics
From Emerging Technology Program

-------
                                       TABLE 1 (continued)
                 Completed SITE Demonstration Program Projects as of October 1994

Horsehead Resource Development
Co., Inc.,
Monaca, PA (004)
Demonstration Date:
March 1991
•Irubetz Environmental Services, Inc.,
Dallas, TX (007)
Demonstration Date:
January - February 1993
Hughes Environmental Systems, Inc.,
(005)
Demonstration Date:
August 1991 - September 1993
IIT Research Institute/Brown and
Root Environmental,
Chicago, IL/Oak Ridge, TN (007)
Demonstration Date:
August 1993
KAI Technologies, Inc./Brown and
Root Environmental,
Woburn, MA/Oak Ridge, TN (008)
Demonstration Date:
January - March 1994
Magnum Water Technology,
El Segundo, CA (007)
Demonstration Date:
March 1993
Maxymillian Technologies, Inc.
(formerly Clean Berkshires Inc.),
Pittsfield, MA (008)
Demonstration Date:
November - December 1993
•••^^M^MM^HM^
Technology/
'lame Reactor/Developer's
'acility in Monaca, PA using
waste from National Smelting
and Refining Company
Superfund Site in Atlanta, GA
HRUBOUT* Process/Kelly Air
'orce Base in San Antonio, TX
Steam Enhanced Recovery
Process/Fuel Spill Site in
Huntington Beach, CA
Radio Frequency Heating/Kelly
Air Force Base in San Antonio,
TX
Radio Frequency Heating/Kelly
Air Force Base in San Antonio,
TX
CAV-OX® Process/Edwards Air
Force Base, CA
Mobile Thermal Desorption
System/Niagara Mohawk Power
Corporation's Harbor Point Site
in Utica, NY
i^HI^^^M^MMBM
Technology
Contact
Regis Zagrocki
412-773-2289
Michael Hrubetz or
Barbara Hrubetz
214-363-7833
Not Available
Harsh Dev
312-567-4257
Paul Carpenter
904-283-6187
Clifton Blanchard
615-483-9900
Raymond Kasevich
617-932-3328
Paul Carpenter
904-283-6187
Clifton Blanchard
615-483-9900
Dale Cox
310-322-4143
Jack Simser
310-640-7000
James Maxymillian
413-499-3050
Neal Maxymillian
617-695-9770
800-695-7771

EPA Project
Manager
Donald Oberacker
513-569-7510
Vlarta K. Richards
513-569-7692
Gordon Evans
513-569-7684
Paul dePercin
513-569-7797
Laurel Staley
513-569-7863
Laurel Staley
513-569-7863
i *
Richard Eilers
513-569-7809
Ronald Lewis
513-569-7856


Waste Media
Soil, Sludge,
industrial Solid
Residues
Soil
Soil, Groundwater
Soil
Soil
Groundwater,
Wastewater
Soil

Applicable Waste
Inorganic
Metals
Not Applicable
Not Applicable
Not Applicable
Not Applicable
Not Applicable
Cyanide
Organic
Not Applicable
Halogenated or
Sfonhalogenated
Volatiles or
Semivolatiles
VOCs and SVOCs
Petroleum
Hydrocarbons,
VOCs, SVOCs
Petroleum
Hydrocarbons,
VOCs, SVOCs
Halogenated
Solvents, Phenol,
Pentachlorophenol ,
PCBs, BTEX
VOCs, SVOCs,
PAHs, and Coal Tars


Co

-------
                     TABLE 1 (continued)
Completed SITE Demonstration Program Projects as of October 1994

North American Technologies Group,
Inc.,
Sacramento, CA (008)
Demonstration Date:
June 1994
NOVATERRA, Inc.
(formerly Toxic Treatments USA,
Inc.), ,
Los Angeles, CA (003)
Demonstration Date:
September 1989
Resources Conservation Company,
Ellicott City, MD (001)
Demonstration Date:
July 1992
Retech, Inc.,
Ukiah, CA (002)
Demonstration Date:
July 1991
Risk Reduction Engineering
Laboratory,
Cincinnati, OH, (005)
Demonstration Date:
August - September 1993
Risk Reduction Engineering
Laboratory,
Cincinnati, OH (007)
Demonstration Date:
November 1992
Risk Reduction
Engineering Laboratory and
IT Corporation,
Cincinnati, OH (004)
^Demonstration Dates:
1 September 1988 (MI), December
1 1989 (KY), and August 1990 (GA
• — •-
Technology/
Oleophilic Amine-Coated
Ceramic Chip/Petroleum
'roducts Corporation Site in
!ort Lauderdale, FL
n Situ Steam and Air
Stripping/Annex Terminal in
San Pedro, CA
J.E.S.T. Solvent Extraction
Technology /Grand Calumet
River Site in Gary, EM
Plasma Arc Vitrification/DOE's
Component Development and
Integration Facility in Butte,
MT
Base-Catalyzed Decomposition
Process/Koppers Company
Superfund Site in Morrisville,
NC
Volume Reduction Unit/
Escambia Treating Company
Site in Pensacola, FL
Debris Washing System/
Superfund Sites in Detroit, MI;
Hopkinsville, KY; and Walker
County, GA
Technology
Contact
Cathryn Wimberly
916-366-6165
Philip LaMori
310-843-3190
Lanny Weimer
410-596-6066
Ronald Womack or
Leroy Leland
707-462-6522
Carl Brunner
513-569-7655
Yei-Shong Shieh or
G. Steven Detwiler
610-832-0700
Richard Griffiths
908-321-6629
Michael Taylor or
Majid Dosani
513-782-4700
EPA Project
Manager
aurel Staley
513-569-7863
Paul dePercin
513-569-7797
Mark Meckes
513-569-7348
Laurel Staley
513-569-7863
Terrence Lyons
513-569-7589
Teri Richardson
513-569-7949
Donald Sanning
513-569-7875

Waste Media
Groundwater.
Marine Wastes
Soil
Soil, Sludge,
Sediment
Soil, Sludge
Soil, Sediment,
Sludge -
Soil
Debris
Applicable Waste
Inorganic
Not Applicable
Nonspecific
Inorganics, Heavy
Metals
Not Applicable
Metals
Not Applicable
Metals
Nonspecific Inorganics
Organic
Gasoline, Crude Oil,
Diesel Fuel, BTEX,
PAHs, PCBs.PCP,
rrichloroethene
VOCs, SVOCs,
Hydrocarbons
Oil, PCBs, PAHs,
Pesiticides,
Herbicides
Nonspecific Organics
PCBs, PCPs,
Halogenated
Compounds
Creosote, PCPs,
PAHs, VOCs,
SVOCs, Pesticides
Nonspecific
Organics, PCBs,
Pesticides

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                                        TABLE 1 (continued)
                   Completed SITE Demonstration Program Projects as of October 1994
Developer
Risk Reduction
Engineering Laboratory and
USDA Forest Products
Laboratory,
Cincinnati, OH/Madison, WI (006)
Demonstration Date:
June - November 1992
Risk Reduction
Engineering Laboratory,
University of Cincinnati, and
FRX, Inc.,
Cincinnati, OH (005)
Demonstration Dates:
July 1991 - September 1992 (IL)
and August 1991 - September
1992 (OH)
Rochem Separation Systems, Inc.,
Torrance, CA (006)
Demonstration Date:
August 1994
RUST Remedial Services, Inc.
(formerly offered by
Chemical Waste
Management, Inc.),
Palos Heights, IL (004)
Demonstration Date:
May 1992
SBP Technologies, Inc.,
Baton Rouge, LA (005)
Demonstration Date:
October 1991
Technology/
Demonstration Location
Fungal Treatment Technology/
Brookhaven Wood Preserving
Site in Brookhaven, MS
Hydraulic Fracturing/Xerox
Corporation Site in Oak Brook,
IL and an underground storage
spill site hi Dayton, OH
Rochem Disc Tube™ Module
System/Central Landfill
Superfund Site in Johnston, RI
X*TRAX™ Thermal Desorption/
Re-Solve, Inc., Superfund Site
in North Dartmouth, MA
Membrane Filtration and
Bioremediation/ American
Creosote Works in Pensacola,
FL
Technology
Contact
John Glaser
5.13-569-7568
Richard Lamar
608-231-9469
William Slack
513-556-2526
David LaMonica
310-370-3160
Chetan Trivedi
708-361-7520
708-361-8400
Clayton Page
504-753-5255
EPA Project
Manager
Teri Richardson
513-569-7949
Michael Roulier
513-569-7796
Douglas Grosse
513-569-7844
Paul dePercin
513-569-7797
John Martin
513-569-7758
Waste Media
Soil
Soil, Groundwater
Liquids
Soil, Sediment,
Sludge
Groundwater,
Surface Water,
Storm Water,
Landfill Leachates,
Industrial Process
Wastewater
Applicable Waste
Inorganic
Not Applicable
Nonspecific Inorganics
Nonspecific Inorganics
Heavy Metals
Not Applicable
Organic
PCPs, PAHs,
Chlorinated Organics
Nonspecific Organics
Organic Solvents
VOCs, SVOCs,
PCBs, Dioxins
Organic Compounds,
PAHs, PCBs, TCE,
PCP
-

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                                       TABLE 1 (continued)
                Completed SITE Demonstration Program  Projects as of October 1994
Developer
J.R. Simplot,"
Pocatello, ID (006)
(2 Demonstrations)
Demonstration Dates:
July 1993 (WA) and
September 1993 - February 1994
(MO)
SoilTech ATP Systems, Inc.,
Porter, IN (005)
(2 Demonstrations)
Demonstration Date:
May 1991 (NY); June 1992 (IL)
Soliditech, Inc. (002)
Demonstration Date:
December 1988
Sonotech, Inc.,
Atlanta, GA (007)
Demonstration Date:
May - July 1994
STC Omega, Inc. (formerly Silicate
Technology Corporation),
Scottsdale, AZ (003)
Demonstration Date:
November 1990
Terra-Kleen Response Group, Inc.,
Oklahoma City, OK (006)
Demonstration Date:
May - June 1994
Technology/
Demonstration Location
The SABRE™ Process/Bowers
Field in Ellensburg, WA and
Weldon Spring Ordinance
Works Site in Weldon Spring,
MO
Anaerobic Thermal Processor/
Wide Beach Superfund Site in
Brant, NY and Waukegan
Harbor Superfund Site in
Waukegan, IL
Solidification and Stabilization/
Imperial Oil Company/
Champion Chemical Company
Superfund Site in Morganville,
NJ
Frequency-Tunable Pulse
Combustion Sy stem/EPA' s
Incineration Research Facility in
Jefferson, AR
Chemical Fixation/Solidification
Treatment Technologies/Selma
Pressure Treating Superfund
Site in Selma, CA
Solvent Extraction Treatment
System/Naval Air Station North
Island in San Diego, CA
Technology
Contact
Russe! Kaake
208-234-5367
Alistair Montgomery
303-790-1747
Joseph Hutton
219-929-4343
Not Available
Zin Plavnik
404-525-8530
Stephen Pelger or
Scott Larsen
602-948-7100
Alan Cash
405-728-0001
EPA Project
Manager
Wendy Davis-Hoover
513-569-7206
Paul -dePercin
513-569-7797
Jack Hubbard
513-569-7507
Marta K. Richards
513-569-7692
Edward Bates
513-569-7774
Mark Meckes
513-569-7348

Waste Media
Soil
Soil, Sludge,
Refinery Wastes
Soil, Sludge
Soil, Medical
Waste
Soil, Sludge,
Wastewater
Soil, Sludge,
Sediment, Debris
Applicable Waste
Inorganic
Not Applicable
Not Applicable
Metals, Nonspecific
Inorganics
Nonspecific Inorganics
Metals, Cyanide,
Fluorides, Arsenates,
Chromates, Selenium
Not Applicable
Organic
Nitrcarcinaties
PCBs, Chlorinated
Pesticides, VOCs,
SVOCs
Nonspecific
Organics, Oil, Grease
Nonspecific Organics
High Molecular
Weight Organics,
PAHs
PCBs, PCP, PAH,
Creosote, Chlorinated
Pesticides, PCDD,
PCDF
** From Emerging Technology Program

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                     TABLE 1 (continued)
Completed SITE Demonstration Program Projects as of October 1994
DBVelODer
Terra Vac, Inc.,
San Juan, PR (001)
Demonstration Date:
December 1987 - April 1988
Texaco Inc.,
White Plains, NY (006)
Demonstration Date:
January 1994
Toronto Harbour Commission,
Toronto, Ontario, Canada (006)
Demonstration Date:
April - May 1992
Ultrox, A Division of Zimpro
Environmental, Inc.,
Santa Ana, CA (003)
Demonstration Date:
March 1989
United States Environmental
Protection Agency,
San Francisco, CA (007)
Demonstration Date:
June - July 1990
Vulcan Peroxidation Systems, Inc.
(formerly Peroxidation Systems,
Inc.),
Tucson, AZ (006)
Demonstration Date:
September 1992
WASTECH Inc.,
Oak Ridge, TN (004)
Demonstration Date:
August 1991
Technology/
Demonstration Location
n Situ Vacuum Extraction/
Groveland Wells Superfund Site
in Groveland, MA
Entrained-Bed Gasification/
Developer's Montebello
Research Laboratory using a
mixture of soil from the Purity
Oil Sales Superfund Site in
Fresno, CA
Soil Recycling/Toronto Port
Industrial District in Toronto,
Ontario, Canada
Ultraviolet Radiation and
Oxidation/Lorentz Barrel and
Drum Company in San Jose,
CA
Excavation Techniques and
Foam Suppression Methods/
McColl Superfund Site in
Fullerton, CA
perox-pure™ Chemical
Oxidation Technology /Lawrence
Livermore National Laboratory
hi Altamont Hills, CA
Solidification and Stabilization/
Robins Air Force Base in
Warner Robins, GA
Technology
Contact
'ames Malot
809-723-9171
Richard Zang
914-253-4047
Carol Moore
416-863-2071
David Fletcher
714-545-5557
John Blevins
415-774-2400
Chris Giggy
602-790-8383
Benjamin Peacock
615-483-6515
EPA Project
Manager
Wary Stinson
908-321-6683
Marta K. Richards
513-569-7692
Teri Richardson
513-569-7949
Norma Lewis
513-569-7665
Jack Hubbard
513-569-7507
Norma Lewis
513-569-7665
Terrence Lyons
513-569-7589

Waste Media
Soil
Soil, Sludge,
Sediment
Soil
Groundwater,
Leachate,
Wastewater
Soil
Groundwater,
Wastewater
Soil, Sludge,
Liquid Waste
Applicable Waste
Inorganic
Not Applicable
Nonspecific Inorganics
Nonspecific Inorganics
Not Applicable
Not Applicable
Not Applicable
Nonspecific
Radioactive Inorganics
Organic
VOCs
Nonspecific Organics
Nonspecific Organics
Halogenated
Solvents, VOCs,
Pesticides, PCBs,
BTEX
VOCs
Fuel Hydrocarbons,
Chlorinated Solvents,
PCBs, VOCs,
SVOCs
Nonspecific Organics

-------
                     TABLE 1 (continued)
Completed SITE Demonstration Program Projects as of October 1994

Roy F. Weston, Inc.,
West Chester, PA (006)
Demonstration Date:
November - December 1991
Roy F. Weston, Inc./IEG
Technologies,
Woodland Hills, CA/Charlotte, N.C
(008)
Demonstration Date:
May 1993 - May 1994
Wheelabrator Clean Air Systems, Inc.
(formerly Chemical Waste
Management, Inc.),
Schaumburg, IL (005)
Demonstration Date:
September 1992
Technology/
Low Temperature Thermal
Treatment (LT3*) System/
Anderson Development
Company Superfund Site in
Adrian, MI
UVB - Vacuum Vaporizing
Well/March Air Force Base,
CA
PO*WW*ER™ Technology/
Chemical Waste Management's
Facility in Lake Charles, LA
Technology
Contact
Mike Cosmos
610-701-7423
Jeff Bannon
818-596-6900
Eric Klingel
704-357-6090
Annamarie Connolly
708-706-6900
EPA Project
Manager
Paul dePercin
513-569-7797
Michelle Simon
513-569-7469
Randy Parker
513-569-7271
Waste Media
Soil, Sludge
Groundwater
Wastewater,
Leachate,
Groundwater
Applicable Waste
Inorganic
Not Applicable
Heavy Metals
Metals, Volatile
Inorganic Compounds,
Salts, Radionuclides
Organic
vucs, svuus,
Petroleum
Hydrocarbons, PAHs
VOCs, SVOCs
VOCs and
Nonvolatile Organic
Compounds

-------

-------
Technology Profile
                    DEMONSTRATION PROGRAM
                   ACCUTECH REMEDIAL SYSTEMS, INC.
               (Pneumatic Fracturing Extraction™ and Catalytic Oxidation)
TECHNOLOGY DESCRIPTION:

Accutech Remedial  Systems,  Inc. (Accutech),
and  the Hazardous  Substance  Management
Research Center  located at the New  Jersey
Institute of Technology in Newark, New Jersey
have jointly developed an integrated treatment
system  that  combines Pneumatic  Fracturing
Extraction8"  (PFESM)  with hot  gas  injection
(HGI).  The system provides a cost-effective,
accelerated  approach  for  remediating  less
permeable formations  contaminated with halo-
genated and nonhalogenated  volatile  organic
compounds  (VOC)  and  semivolatile  organic
compounds  (SVOC) (see photograph below).
The system forces compressed gas into a forma-
tion at pressures that exceed the natural in situ
stresses present, creating a fracture network.
                These fractures allow subsurface air to circulate
                faster and more efficiently throughout the forma-
                tion, which  can greatly improve  contaminant
                mass removal rates. PFESM also increases the
                effective area that  can be influenced by each
                extraction well, while intersecting new pockets
                of contamination that were previously trapped in
                the  formation.  Thus,  VOCs can  be  removed
                faster and from a larger section of the formation.
                       can combme with a catalytic oxidation
                unit equipped with special catalysts to destroy
                halogenated organics.  The heat from the cata-
                lytic oxidation unit can be recycled to the forma-
                tion, significantly raising the vapor pressure of
                the contaminants. Thus, VOCs volatilize faster,
                which makes cleanup more efficient.
                    Pneumatic Fracturing Extraction3" and Catalytic Oxidation
Page 20
The SITE Program assesses but does not
  approve or endorse technologies.

-------
                                                                        November 1994
                                                                      Completed Project
      can COUpie with HGI, an in situ thermal
process, to further enhance VOC removal rates.
HGI returns the energy generated during cata-
lytic oxidation of the VOCs to the ground. The
PFESM-HGI integrated treatment system is cost-
effective for treating  soil and  rock  formations
where conventional in  situ technologies  have
limited  effectiveness due to  less  permeable
geologic formations.  Activated carbon is used
when contaminant concentrations decrease to
levels where catalytic oxidation is  no longer
cost-effective.

WASTE APPLICABILITY:

The  system  can remove halogenated and non-
halogenated  VOCs and SVOCs from both the
vadose and  saturated zones.  The  integrated
treatment system  is cost-effective for treating
soils and rock when less permeable geologic
formations limit the effectiveness of conventional
in situ technologies.

STATUS:

This technology  was accepted into  the SITE
Demonstration Program  in December  1990.
Phase 1  of the demonstration was conducted in
summer 1992 at  a New Jersey Department of
Environmental Protection and Energy Environ-
mental  Cleanup   Responsibility  Act site  in
Hillsborough, New Jersey. During Phase 1,
trichloroethene and other VOCs we're removed
from a  siltstone  formation.   Results of this
demonstration were published  in the following
documents available from EPA:

  •  Technology Evaluation Report
       (EPA/540/R-93/509)
  •  Technology Demonstration Summary
       (EPA/540/SR-93/509)
  •  Demonstration Bulletin
       (EPA/540/MR-93/509)
  •  Applications Analysis Report
       (EPA/540/AR-93/509)
DEMONSTRATION RESULTS:

The demonstration results indicate that PFESM
increased the effective vacuum radius of influ-
ence nearly threefold. PFESM also increased the
rate of mass removal up to 25 times over the
rates measured  using conventional extraction
technology.

The PFESM-HGI process is being demonstrated
in a two-phase approach.   The  incremental
benefit of each technology was evaluated in the
first  phase.   In the second phase, the tech-
nologies will be integrated with a groundwater
recovery process and the catalytic technology to
evaluate long-term cost benefits.   A Phase  2
demonstration is planned for 1994.

FOR FURTHER INFORMATION:

EPA PROJECT  MANAGER:
Uwe Frank
U.S. EPA
Risk Reduction Laboratory
Building 10, MS-104
2890 Woodbridge Avenue
Edison, NJ 08837-3679
908-321-6626
Fax: 908-906-6990

TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPER CONTACT:
John Liskowitz
Accutech Remedial Systems, Inc.
Cass Street at Highway 35
Keyport, NJ 07735
908-739-6444
Fax: 908-739-0451
                                 The SITE Program assesses but does not
                                   approve or endorse technologies.
                                 Page 21

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Technology Profile
                    DEMONSTRA TION PROGRAM
                  ADVANCED REMEDIATION MIXING, INC.
               (iformerly Chemfix Technologies/CeTech Resources)
                              (Solidification and Stabilization)
TECHNOLOGY DESCRIPTION:

In this solidification and stabilization process,
pozzolanic materials react with polyvalent metal
ions and other waste components to produce a
chemically and physically stable solid material.
Optional  accelerators  and  precipitators may
include soluble silicates, carbonates, phosphates,
and borates. The end product may be similar to
a clay-like soil, depending upon the characteris-
tics of the raw waste and the properties desired
in the end product.

Typically, the wasite is first blended in a reaction
vessel  with  pozzolanic materials that  contain
calcium hydroxides. This blend is then dispersed
throughout an aqueous phase.   The  reagents
react with one another and with toxic metal ions,
forming both anionic and cationic metal comple-
                 xes.  Pozzolanic accelerators and metal precipi-
                 tating agents can be added before or after the
                 dry binder is initially mixed  with the  waste.
                 When a water soluble silicate reacts with the
                 waste and the pozzolanic binder system,  colloi-
                 dal silicate gel strengths are increased within the
                 binder-waste matrix helping  polyvalent metal
                 cations.  A large percentage of the heavy metals
                 become part  of the calcium silicate and  alumi-
                 nate colloidal structures formed by the pozzolans
                 and calcium  hydroxide.  Some of the metals,
                 such as lead, adsorb to the surface of  the
                 pozzolanic .structures.   The entire pozzolanic
                 matrix, when physically cured, decreases toxic
                 metal mobility by reducing  the  incursion of
                 leaching liquids into and out of the stabilized
                 matrices.   With modifications,   the system
                 (shown  below)   may  be  applied  to wastes
                 containing between 10 to 100 percent solids.
  REAGENTTRUCK.
    UNLOADING  ,}
  REAGENT TRUCK*
    UNLOADING  /
    WASTE INPUT
   WATER SUPPLY)
  REAGENT TRUCKx
    UNLOADING  /
                                                LIQUID REAGENT #t
                                                   .FEEDPUMP




WATER
TANK

WATER
TANK


/
FE
/"
          LIQUID
     •/ REAGENT #21
          TANK
                                                                            .TO CONTAINMENT AREA
                                                                  TRANSFER PUMP
                                    Process Flow Diagram
Page 22
The SITE Program assesses but does not
  approve or endorse technologies.

-------
                                                                         November 1994
                                                                       Completed Project
WASTE APPLICABILITY:

This process is suitable for contaminated soils,
sludges,  ashes, and other solid wastes..  The
process is  particularly  applicable  to  electro-
plating sludges, electric arc furnace dust, heavy
metal contaminated soils, oil field drilling muds
and  cuttings,  municipal sewage  sludges, and
residuals from other treatment processes. This
process effectively treats heavy metals, such as
antimony, arsenic, lead, cadmium,  hexavalent
chromium,  mercury,  copper, and  zinc.   In
addition, when combined with specialized bind-
ers and  additives, this  process  can stabilize
low-level nuclear wastes.

STATUS:

The solidification and  stabilization process was
demonstrated in  March  1989 at the Portable
Equipment Salvage Company site in Clackamas,"
Oregon. The Technology Evaluation Report was
published  in    September   1990
(EPA/540/5-89/01 la).  The Applications Analy-
sis  Report  was  completed  hi  May  1991
(EPA/540/A5-89/011).

In  addition,  several  full-scale' remediation
projects have been completed since 1977, inclu-
ding a high solids CHEMSET® reagent protocol
designed to treat 30,000  cubic yards of hexava-
lent chromium-contaminated, high solids waste.
The average chromium level after treatment was
less than 0.15 milligram per liter and met toxi-
city  characteristic leaching procedure  (TCLP)
criteria. The final product permeability was less
than 1 x 10"4 centimeters per second (cm/sec).

DEMONSTRATION RESULTS:

The demonstration yielded the following results:

   •  The  technology  effectively  reduced
     copper and lead  concentrations in the
     wastes. The concentrations in the TCLP
     extracts from the treated wastes were 94
     to 99 percent less than those from the
     untreated wastes.   Total lead concen-
   .  trations  in. the  untreated  waste  ap-
     proached 14 percent.
   • ' The volume of excavated waste material
     increased between 20 to 50 percent after
     treatment.
   •  During the durability tests,  the treated
     wastes showed little or no  weight loss
     after 12 cycles of wetting and drying or
     freezing and thawing.
   •  The unconfined compressive strength of
    .the wastes varied between 27  and 307
     pounds per square  inch after 28 days,
     Hydraulic conductivity of  the.treated"
     material  ranged   between  1 x 10'6
     cm/sec and 6.4 x 10"7 cm/sec.  "
   •  Air  monitoring data suggest there was
     no significant volatilization of polychlor-
    ,inated biphenyls  during the treatment
     process.
   •  Treatment costs were approximately $73
     per  ton, including mobilization, labor,
     reagents, and demobilization,  but  not
     disposal.

FOR FURTHER INFORMATION:

EPA PROJECT MANAGER:
Edwin Earth
U.S. EPA
Center for Environmental Research
   Information
26 West Martin Luther King Drive
Cincinnati, OH 45268
513-569-7669
Fax: 513-569-7585

TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPER CONTACT:
Sam Pizzitola
Advanced Remediation Mixing, Inc.
711 Oxley Street
Kenner, LA 70062
504-461-0466  .
Fax: 504-466-9032
                                 The SITE Program assesses but does not
                                   approve or endorse technologies.
                                 Page 23

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Technology Profile
                   DEMONSTRATION PROGRAM
                        AMERICAN COMBUSTION, INC.
                          (PYRETRON® Thermal Destruction)
TECHNOLOGY DESCRIPTION:

The PYRETRON® thermal destruction techno-
logy controls the heat input during incineration
using PYRETRON®  oxygen-air-fuel burners to
control  excess  oxygen  available to  oxidize
hazardous  waste  (see  figure below).    The
PYRETRON® cornbustor relies on a new techni-
que for mixing auxiliary oxygen, air, and fuel to
1) provide the flame envelope with enhanced
stability, luminosity, and flame core  tempera-
ture, and 2) increase the British thermal units
(Btu) per volume of heat released.

The technology is computer-controlled to auto-
matically adjust the temperatures of the primary
and secondary combustion chambers and  the
amount of excess oxygen.  The system adjusts
the  amount of excess oxygen in response to
sudden changes  in  contaminant volatilization
rates in the waste.
                The technology fits any conventional incineration
                unit and can burn liquids, solids, and sludges.
                Solids and sludges can also be coincinerated
                when the burner is used with a  rotary kiln or
                similar equipment.

                WASTE APPLICABILITY:

                The PYRETRON® technology treats high-  and
                low-Btu solid wastes contaminated with rapidly-
                volatilized hazardous organics.  In general, the
                technology treats any waste that  can be incine-
                rated.  It is not suitable for processing aqueous
                wastes,  Resource Conservation  and Recovery
                Act heavy metal wastes, or inorganic wastes.

                STATUS:

                The PYRETRON® technology was demonstrated
                at  EPA's  Incineration Research  Facility in
                Jefferson,  Arkansas,  using  a mixture  of 40
                                                                     Gas, air, and oxygen
                                                                     flows to the burners
                   Ash Pit
                          PYRETRON® Thermal Destruction System
Page 24
The SITE Program assesses but does not
  approve or endorse technologies.

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                                                                        November 1994
                                                                      Completed Project
percent contaminated soil from the Stringfellow
Acid Pit Superfund site in California  and  60
percent  decanter tank  tar sludge (K087)  from
coking operations.  The demonstration began in
November 1987 and was completed at the end of
January  1988.

Both  the   Technology  Evaluation   Report
(EPA/540/5-89/008) and Applications Analysis
Report (EPA/540/A5-89/008)  have  been pub-
lished.

DEMONSTRATION RESULTS:

Six polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons, naphtha-
lene, acenaphthylene,  fluorene, phenanthrene,
anthracene, and fluoranthene, were selected as
the principal organic  hazardous constituents
(POHC) for the test program.

The PYRETRON®  technology achieved greater
than 99.99  percent destruction and removal
efficiencies of all POHCs measured in  all test
runs performed.  Other results are listed below:

   • The  PYRETRON®  technology   with
    oxygen enhancement doubled the waste
    throughput possible  with conventional
    incineration.
   • All particulate emission levels from the
    scrubber system  discharge were  sig-
    nificantly  below  the  hazardous waste
    incinerator performance standard of 180
    milligrams per dry standard cubic meter
    at 7 percent oxygen that existed  until
    May 1993.
   •  Solid residues were contaminant-free.
   •  There were no significant differences in
     transient carbon monoxide  level emis-
     sions between air-only incineration and
     PYRETRON® oxygen-enhanced opera-
     tion with doubled throughput rate.
   •  Cost savings increase when operating
     and fuel costs are high and oxygen costs
     are relatively low.
   •  The system can double the capacity of a
     conventional  rotary  kiln  incinerator.
     This  increase is more  significant for
     wastes with low heating values.

FOR FURTHER INFORMATION:

EPA PROJECT MANAGER:
Laurel Staley
U.S. EPA
Risk Reduction Engineering Laboratory
26 West Martin Luther King Drive
Cincinnati, OH  45268
513-569-7863
Fax: 513-569-7620

TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPER CONTACT:
Gregory Gitman
American Combustion, Inc.
4476 Park Drive
Norcross, GA  30093
404-564-4180
Fax: 404-564-4192
                                The SITE Program assesses but does not
                                   approve or endorse technologies.
                                 Page 25

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Technology Profile
                   DEMONSTRA TION PROGRAM
                           AWD TECHNOLOGIES, INC.
               (Integrated Vapor Extraction and Steam Vacuum Stripping)
TECHNOLOGY DESCRIPTION:

The   integrated  AquaDetox/soil  gas  vapor
extraction/reinjection  (SVE)  system  simul-
taneously treats groundwater and soil contami-
nated with volatile organic compounds (VOC).
The   integrated  system   consists  of  1) an
AquaDetox moderate vacuum stripping  tower
that  uses  low-pressure  steam  to  treat  con-
taminated groundwater, and 2) an SVE process
to treat contaminated soil.   The  two processes
form  a closed-loop system that simultaneously
remediates contaminated groundwater and soil in
situ with no air emissions.

AquaDetox is a high-efficiency,  countercurrent
stripping   technology  developed   by  Dow
Chemical Company.  A single-stage unit typical-
ly reduces VOCs hi water up to 99.99 percent.
The SVE system uses a vacuum  to treat VOC-
                contaminated soil, inducing a flow of air through
                the soil and removing vapor phase VOCs with
                the extracted soil  gas.  Carbon beds remove
                additional VOCs from the soil gas, which is then
                reinjected into the ground.  The AquaDetox and
                SVE systems share a granulated activated carbon
                (GAC) unit that decontaminates  the combined
                vapors from  both systems  (see photograph
                below).  By-products of the system are a free-
                phase  recyclable product  and  treated water.
                Mineral regenef able carbon will require disposal
                after about 3 years.

                A key element  of the closed-loop system is the
                vent header unit. This unit collects the noncon-
                densable gases  extracted from the groundwater
                or air  that may leak into the part of the process
                operating below atmospheric pressure.  Also, the
                AquaDetox system condenses and treats the
                steam  used to regenerate the carbon beds.
                     Zero Air Emissions Integrated AquaDetox/SVE System
Page 26
The SITE Program assesses but does not
  approve or endorse technologies.

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                                                                         November 1994-
                                                                       Completed Project
WASTE APPLICABILITY:

This  technology  removes  VOCs,  including
chlorinated hydrocarbons, in groundwater and
soil.  Sites with contaminated groundwater and
soils  containing trichloroethene (TCE), tetra-
chloroethene (PCE), and other VOCs are suit-
able for this on-site treatment process.

STATUS:

The AWD AquaDetox/SVE system has been
treating groundwater  and  soil  gas  at  the
Lockheed  Aeronautical Systems  Company in
Burbank, California, for  over  3 years.   The
groundwater is contaminated with as much as
2,200 parts per billion (ppb) of TCE and 11,000
ppb PCE; the soil gas has a  total VOC concen-
tration of 6,000 parts per million. Contaminated
groundwater is treated at a rate of up to 1,200
gallons  per minute  (gpm),  while soil gas is
removed and treated at a rate of 300 cubic feet
per minute.  The system occupies about 4,000
square feet.  It has been operational 95 percent
of the time, with 5 percent downtime due to
scheduled or nonscheduled repairs.

In September 1990,  a SITE  demonstration was
conducted as part of ongoing remediation at the
San Fernando Valley Groundwater Basin Super-
fund site in Burbank, California.  The Appli-
cations Analysis Report (EPA/540/A5-91/002)
was published in October 1991.

DEMONSTRATION RESULTS:

During  testing  at  the  San Fernando Valley
Superfund  site, the AquaDetox/SVE  system
achieved the following results:

   • The  AWD  technology  successfully
    treated groundwater  and soil gas con-
    taminated with VOCs.
   • Efficiencies were in the 99.92 to 99.99
    percent  range  for removal of VOCs
    from contaminated groundwater.  VOC
    removal efficiencies for soil gas ranged
    from 98.0 to 99.9 percent
     when the GAC beds were regenerated
     according   to  the   AWD-specified
     frequency   (8-hour  shifts).     VOC
     removal efficiencies dropped to as low
     as  93.4 percent when the  GAC beds
     were regenerated less frequently.
  •  The AWD technology produced effluent
     groundwater that complied with regula-
     tory discharge requirements for TCE
     and PCE (5 micrograms per liter  for
     each compound).
  •  The GAC  beds  effectively  removed
     VOCs from contaminated soil gas even
     after 24 hours of continuous operation
     without steam regeneration.
  •  The   system's   steam  consumption
     dropped with decreasing  tower pres-
     sures.   During the demonstration,  the
     system was  more  efficient at lower
     operating tower pressures.
  •  The AWD system is estimated  to cost
     approximately $3.2,  $4.3,  and $5.8
     million for the 500-, 1,000-, and 3,000-
     gpm systems, respectively.  The total
     annual operation and maintenance costs
     are approximately $410,000, $630,000
     and $1,500,000  for the 500-, 1,000-,
     and 3,000-gpm systems, respectively.

FOR FURTHER INFORMATION:

EPA PROJECT MANAGER:
Gordon Evans
U.S. EPA
Risk Reduction Engineering Laboratory
26 West Martin Luther King Drive
Cincinnati, OH 45268
513-569-7684
Fax: 513-569-7620

TECHNOLOGY  DEVELOPER CONTACT:
David Bluestein
AWD Technologies, Inc.
49 Stevenson Street, Suite 600
San Francisco, CA 94105
415-227-0822
Fax: 415-227-0842
                                 The SITE Program assesses but does not
                                   approve or endorse technologies.
                                 Page 27

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 Technology Profile
                                                       DEMONSTRATION PROGRAM
                              BABCOCK & WILCOX CO.
                                      (Cyclone Furnace)
TECHNOLOGY DESCRIPTION:

The  Babcock  &  Wilcox  Co.  (Babcock &
Wilcox) cyclone furnace is designed to combust
high inorganic content (high-ash) coal. Through
cofiring, the cyclone furnace can also  accom-
modate highly  contaminated wastes  containing
heavy metals and organics  in soil or  sludge.
High heat-release rates of 45,000 British thermal
units  (Btu)  per cubic  foot of  coal  and high
turbulence in cyclones ensures the high tempera-
tures  required  for melting the high-ash fuels.
The inert ash  exiits the cyclone furnace as a
vitrified slag.

The furnace is  water-cooled and simulates the
geometry of Babcock & Wilcox's single-cyclone,
front-wall-fired cyclone  boilers.  The pilot-scale
cyclone furnace, shown  in the figure below, is a
scaled-down version of  a commercial coal-fired
cyclone with a restricted exit (throat). The fur-
nace geometry is a horizontal cylinder (barrel).

Natural gas and preheated combustion  air are
heated to 820 degrees Fahrenheit (°F) and enter
tangentially  into the cyclone burner.  For dry
soil processing, the soil matrix and natural gas
enter tangentially along the cyclone furnace bar-
                           Combustion
                           air
                                                   rel.  For wet soil processing, an atomizer uses
                                                   compressed air to spray the  soil paste directly
                                                   into the furnace. The soil or sludge and inorga-
                                                   nics are captured and melted, and organics are
                                                   destroyed in the gas phase or in the molten slag
                                                   layer.  This slag layer is formed and retained on
                                                   the furnace barrel wall by centrifugal action.

                                                   The soil melts, exits the cyclone furnace from
                                                   the tap at the cyclone  throat, and  drops  into a
                                                   water-filled slag tank  where  it  solidifies.  A
                                                   small quantity of soil also exits as fly ash with
                                                   the flue gas from the furnace and is collected in
                                                   a baghouse.  In principle, this fly ash can be
                                                   recycled to the furnace to increase metal capture
                                                   and to minimize the volume of  the potentially
                                                   hazardous waste stream.

                                                   The energy requirements for vitrification are
                                                   15,000 Btu per pound of soil treated. Given the
                                                   much larger surface-to-volume ratio of the rela-
                                                   tively small pilot unit and its cool surface, a full-
                                                   scale unit can be expected to have proportionally
                                                   lower  energy  requirements.   The  cyclone
                                                   furnace can be operated with gas, oil, or coal as
                                                   the supplemental fuel.  The waste may also
                                                   supply a significant portion of the required heat
                                                   input.
                                                          Natural gas
                                                          injectors
                                                                     Natural gas
                                                                   Soil injector
               In: ide furnace
              Slag tap
                                             ,      Cyclone
                                         sP°ut      barrel
                                Slag
                                quenching
                                tank
                                        Cyclone Furnace
Page 28
                                  The SITE Program assesses but does not
                                    approve or endorse technologies.

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                                                                         November 1934
                                                                       Completed Project
Particulates are controlled by a baghouse.  To
maximize the capture of metals, a heat exchan-
ger is used to cool the stack gases to approxi-
mately 200 °F before they enter the baghouse.

WASTE APPLICABILITY:

The cyclone vitrification technology is applicable
to  highly  contaminated  hazardous   wastes,
sludges, and soils that contain heavy metals and
organic constituents.  The wastes may be solid,
a soil slurry (wet soil), or liquids. To be treated
in the cyclone furnace, the ash or solid matrix
must melt (with or without additives)  and flow
at cyclone furnace temperatures (2,400 to 3,000
°F).  Because the technology captures heavy
metals in the slag and renders them nonleach-
able, it is an important treatment application for
soils that contain lower-volatility radionuclides
such as strontium and transuranics.

STATUS:

The cyclone vitrification technology was accept-
ed into the SITE  Demonstration Program  in
August 1991.  A SITE demonstration occurred
in November 1991 at the developer's facility.
The process was demonstrated using  an EPA-
supplied,  wet, synthetic soil  matrix (SSM)
spiked with heavy metals (lead, cadmium, and
chromium), organics  (anthracene and dimethyl-
phthalate), and simulated radionuclides (bismuth,
strontium,  and zirconium).   The  SSM. was
processed at a feed rate of 170 pounds per hour.
Almost 3  tons of SSM were processed during
the demonstration. The Applications Analysis
Report (EPA/520/AR-92/017) and Technology
Evaluation  Report   [Vol.   1
(EPA/504/R-92/017A),   Vol.   2
(EPA/540/R-92/017B) are available from EPA.

DEMONSTRATION RESULTS:

The vitrified slag toxicity characteristic leaching
procedure (TCLP) teachabilities were 0.29 milli-
gram per liter (mg/L) for lead, 0.12 mg/L for
cadmium, and 0.30 mg/L for chromium (all pass
the EPA TCLP limits).  Almost 95 percent of
the noncombustible SSM was incorporated into
the slag. Greater than 75 percent of the chromi-
um, 88 percent of the strontium, and 97 percent
of the zirconium were captured in the slag.  Dry
weight volume was reduced 28  percent.  De-
struction and removal efficiencies for anthracene
and dimethylphthalate were greater than 99.997
percent and 99.998 percent, respectively. Stack
particulates were 0.001 grains per dry standard
cubic feet (gr/dscf) at 7 percent oxygen, which
was below the Resource Conservation Recovery
Act limit of 0.08 gr/dscf effective  until May
1993. Carbon monoxide and total hydrocarbons
in the flue gas were 6.0 parts per million (ppm)
and 8.3 ppm, respectively. The simulated radio-
nuclides were immobilized in the vitrified slag as
measured using the American Nuclear Society
16.1 Method.

An independent cost analysis was performed as
part of the SITE demonstration.  The cost to
remediate 20,000 tons of contaminated soil using
a 3.3-ton-per-hour unit is estimated at $465 per
ton if the unit is on-line 80 percent of the time
or $529 per ton if the unit is on-line 60 percent
of the time.

FOR FURTHER INFORMATION:

EPA PROJECT MANAGER:
Laurel Staley
U.S. EPA
Risk Reduction Engineering Laboratory
26 West Martin Luther King Drive
Cincinnati, OH 45268
513-569-7863
Fax: 513-569-7620

TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPER CONTACT:
Dorothy Haidet
Babcock & Wilcox Co.
1562 Beeson Street
Alliance, OH 44601-2196
216-829-7395
Fax: 216-829-7801
                                 The SITE Program assesses but does not
                                   approve or endorse technologies.
                                 Page 29

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 Technology Profile
                     DEMONSTRATION PROGRAM
                                    BERGMANN USA
                                (Soil and Sediment Washing)
TECHNOLOGY DESCRIPTION:

The Bergmann USA soil and sediment washing
technology separates contaminated particles by
density and grain size (see photograph below).
The technology operates on the hypothesis that
most  contamination is concentrated in the fine
particle fraction (-63 micron \jjrn]  fines), and
that contamination of larger particles is generally
not extensive.

After contaminated soil is screened to remove
coarse rock  and debris,  water and  chemical
additives such as surfactants, acids, bases, and
chelants, are added to  the  soil to produce a
slurry feed.  The slurry feed flows to an attrition
scrubbing machine.  A  rotary trammel screen,
dense media separators,  cyclone separators, and
other  equipment  create  mechanical and fluid
                 shear stress,  removing contaminated silts and
                 clays from granular soil particles.   Different
                 separation processes then create the following
                 four output streams:  1) coarse clean fraction; 2)
                 enriched firie fraction; 3) separated contaminated
                 humic;, and 4) process wash water.  The coarse
                 clean fraction material, which measures 45 pm
                 (greater than 325 mesh), can be used as backfill
                 or recycled for concrete, masonry,  or  asphalt
                 sand application.   The enriched fine fraction,
                 measuring less that 45 jitm is prepared for subse-
                 quent treatment, immobilization, destruction or
                 regulated  disposal.   Separated contaminated
                 humic materials (leaves, twigs,  roots, .grasses,
                 wood chips) are dewatered and require' subse-
                 quent treatment or disposal.  The process wash
                 water is treated by flocculation/sedimentation,
                 oil/water   separation,  and/or  dissolved  air
                 flotation  to  remove solubilized heavy metal
                           Bergmann USA Soil and Sediment Washing
Page 30
The SITE Program assesses but does not
  approve or endorse technologies.

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                                                                        /Vovemfier 1994
                                                                      Completed Project
fractions.   The treated process wash water is
then returned to the plant for re-use operations.
Upflow classification and separation, also known
as  elutriation,  separates  light contaminated
specific gravity materials such as contaminated
leaves, twigs, roots, or wood chips.

WASTE APPLICABILITY:

This washing technology is suitable for treating
soils and sediment contaminated withpolychlori-
nated biphenyls (PCB). The soil and sediment
technology  has been applied to soils and sedi-
ments  contaminated with organics  and  heavy
metals,  including cadmium, chromium,  lead,
creosote,  copper,  cyanides,   fuel  residues,
mercury, heavy petroleum, lead, nickel, PCBs,
radionuclides, and zinc.

STATUS:

This technology  was  accepted into the SITE
Demonstration Program in winter 1991. It v/as
demonstrated in Toronto, Ontario, Canada, in
April 1992  (see Toronto Harbour Commission-
ers profile  in  this document), and Saginaw,
Michigan, in May 1992. Twenty-eight commer-
cial systems, ranging up to 350 tons per hour,
have been applied at contaminated waste sites.
The  Applications  Analysis  Report  and  Tech-
nology Evaluation Report for the demonstration
in Saginaw, Michigan, will be available in late
1994.
FOR FURTHER INFORMATION:

EPA PROJECT MANAGER:
Jack Hubbard
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
Risk Reduction Engineering Laboratory
26 West Martin Luther King Drive
Cincinnati, OH  45268
513-569-7507
Fax: 513-569-7620

TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPER CONTACT:
Richard Traver
Bergmann USA
1550 Airport Road
Gallatin, TN 37066-3739
615-230-2217
Fax: 615-452-5525
                                The SITE Program assesses but does not
                                   approve or endorse technologies.
                                Page 31

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Technology Profile
                   DEMONSTRATION PROGRAM
        BERKELEY ENVIRONMENTAL RESTORATION CENTER
                        (formerly Udell Technologies, Inc.)
                      (In Situ Steam Enhanced Extraction Process)
TECHNOLOGY DESCRIPTION:

The in situ steam enhanced extraction (ISEE)
process  removes volatile organic  compounds
(VOC)  and  semivolatile  organic  compounds
(SVOC)  from contaminated  soils  above and
below the water table (see figure below).  Injec-
tion wells force steam through the soil to ther-
mally enhance the vapor and liquid extraction
processes.

The extraction wells have two purposes: 1) to
pump and treat groundwater; and 2) to transport
steam and vaporized contaminants under vacuum
to the  surface.  Recovered  contaminants  are
condensed and processed with the contaminated
groundwater,  or trapped by gas-phase activated
carbon filters. The ISEE process uses readily
available components such as injection, extrac-
               tion and monitoring wells;  manifold piping;
               vapor and liquid separators; vacuum pumps; and
               gas emission control equipment.

               WASTE APPLICABILITY:

               The ISEE process extracts VOCs and SVOCs
               from contaminated soils and groundwater.  The
               primary  compounds suitable  for treatment in-
               clude hydrocarbons such as gasoline, diesel, and
               jet fuel; solvents such as trichloroethene, trichlo-
               roethane, and dichlorobenzene; or a mixture of
               these compounds. The process may be applied
               to contaminants above or below the water table.
               After treatment is complete,  subsurface condi-
               tions are excellent for biodegradation of residual
               contaminants, if necessary. The process cannot
               be applied  to contaminated soil  very  near the
               surface unless a cap  exists. Compounds denser
                                     Vapors From
                                     Extraction Wells
         Water .
         Supply
Water
Conditioner

^"*\


=oH


Make-up
Water
                                                                      Cooling
                                                                      Tower
               Pump
                                  Liquid
                                  Tap
                                        Steam \   Contaminant

                                                  Water
                             Steam to
                            Injection Wells
                                                                               Contaminant
                                              Water
                           In Situ Steam Enhanced Extraction Process
Page 32
The SITE Program assesses but does not
  approve or endorse technologies.

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                                                                           November 1994
                                                                         Completed Project
than Water may be treated only in low concentra-
tions, unless a barrier exists or can be created to
prevent  downward percolation of a separate
phase.

STATUS:

In August 1988, a successful pilot-scale demon-
stration of the ISEE process was completed at a
site contaminated with a mixture  of solvents.
Contaminants  amounting to 764 pounds were
removed from the 10-foot-diameter, 12-foot-d.eep
test region. After 5 days of steam injection, soil
contaminant concentrations dropped by a factor
of 10.

A full-scale demonstration was completed  at
Lawrence Livermore National  Laboratory  in
Altamont Hills, California, "in December 1993.
Gasoline was dispersed both above and  below
groundwater due to a 25-foot rise hi the water
table  since  the  spill occurred.    The lateral
distribution of second liquid phase gasoline was
within a region of 150  feet  in diameter.  In 26
weeks  of operation, free  product gasoline was
recovered from regions both above and below
the water table.  Recovery rates were about 50
times greater than those that were achieved by
vacuum  extraction and groundwater pumping
alone.  The majority of the recovered gasoline
came  from the condenser as  a  separate  phase
liquid or in the effluent air steam.   Over 7600
gallons of gasoline was recovered; the rates were
highest  during  cyclic  steam  injection,  after
subsurface soils reached steam temperatures.
Without  further  pumping,  1,2-dichloroethene,
ethylbenzene, toluene, and xylene concentrations
in sampled  groundwater  were  decreased  to
below maximum contaminant levels (MCL) after
6 months. Benzene concentrations remain above
the MCL, but are decreasing with time.  Post-
process soil  sampling indicates  that a thriving
hydrocarbon-degrading   microbial   population
exists in soils  experiencing prolonged  steam
contact.
 A pilot-scale test of ISEE is now underway at
 Naval Air Station (NAS) Lemoore in Alameda;
 California. During 3 months of operation, over
 100,000 gallons  of JP-5 has  been  recovered
 from medium permeability, partially-saturated
 sand to a depth of 20 feet.  Preliminary soil
 sampling  shows  reductions   of   JP-5  soil
 concentrations from several thousand parts per
 million (ppm) above the water  table to  values
 less than 25 ppm.

 Additional  site demonstrations  are planned  at
 NAS Lemoore in  the coming year.  Potential
 sites include a shallow aviation gasoline spill and
 a small trichloroethene spill.

 For more information about this technology, see
 the Hughes Environmental Systems, Inc. (Com-
 pleted Projects) and the  Praxis  Environmental
 Technologies, Inc., (Ongoing Projects) profiles
 in the Demonstration Program section,

 FOR FURTHER INFORMATION:

 EPA PROJECT MANAGER:
 Paul dePercin
 U.S. EPA
 Risk Reduction Engineering Laboratory
 26 West Martin Luther King Drive
 Cincinnati, OH 45268
 513-569-7797
 Fax: 513-569-7620

 TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPER  CONTACTS:
Kent Udell
Berkeley Environmental Restoration Center
 3112A Etch. Hall  #1750
Berkeley, CA 94720-1750
 510-642-2928
 Fax: 510-642-6163

 Steve Collins
Berkeley Environmental Restoration Center
 3112A Etch. Hall  #1750
Berkeley, CA 94720-1750
 510-643-1300
Fax: 510-643-8982
                                 The SITE Program assesses but does not
                                    approve or endorse technologies.
                                 Page 33

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Technology Profile
                   DEMONSTRATION PROGRAM
                       BILLINGS AND ASSOCIATES, INC.
               (Subsurface Volatilization and Ventilation System [SWS®])
TECHNOLOGY DESCRIPTION:

The SWS®, developed by Billings and Asso-
ciates, Inc. (BAI), and operated by several other
firms  under  a licensing agreement, uses a net-
work  of injection and extraction wells (collec-
tively, a reactor nest) to treat subsurface organic
contamination through soil vacuum extraction
combined with in situ  biodegradation.  Each
system is  custom-designed to meet site-specific
conditions.

A series  of injection and  extraction  wells is
installed at a site. One or more vacuum pumps
create negative pressure to  extract contaminant
vapors,  while an air compressor simultaneously
creates positive pressure, sparging the subsurface
treatment  area.  Control is maintained at a vapor
control  unit  that houses pumps, control valves,
gauges,  and  other process control hardware.  At
                most underground storage tank (UST) sites, for
                example, extraction wells are placed above the
                water table and injection wells are placed .below
                the  groundwater:   This placement allows the
                gfoundwater to be used as a diffusion device.

                The number and spacing of the wells depends on
                the modeling results of applying a design param-
                eter matrix,  as well as  the physical, chemical,
                and biological characteristics of the site.  The
                exact depth of the injection wells and screened
                intervals are additional design considerations.

                To enhance vaporization, 'solar panels are occa-
                sionally used to heat the injected air. Additional
                valves  for limiting or increasing air flow and
                pressure are placed on individual reactor nest
                lines (radials) or, at some sites,  on individual
                well points.  Depending on groundwater depths
                and  fluctuations,  horizontal vacuum  screens,
                                       air compressor  vacuum pump
                     Subsurface Volatilization and Ventilation System (SVVS)
 Page 34
The SITE Program assesses but does not
  approve or endorse technologies.

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                                                                          November 1994
                                                                        Completed Project
"stubbed" screens, or multiple-depth completions
can be applied. The system is dynamic: posi-
tive  and negative  air flow  can  be shifted to
different locations at the site to place the most
remediation stress on  the  areas  requiring it.
Negative pressure  is maintained at a suitable
level to prevent escape of vapors.

Because it  provides oxygen to the subsurface,
the SWS® can enhance in situ bioremediation at
a site.  The technology,  unlike most air sparging
systems, is designed to enhance bioremediation.
Thus, it can decrease remediation time  signifi-
cantly.  These processes are normally monitored
by measuring  dissolved oxygen  levels in the
aquifer,  recording  carbon  dioxide  levels in
transmission lines and at the emission point, and
periodically sampling microbial populations. If
air  quality permits  require, volatile organic
compound emissions can be treated by a patent-
pending biological filter  that uses indigenous
microbes from the site.

BAI is focusing on increasing the microbiologi-
cal effectiveness of the system and completing
the testing  of a mobile unit.  The mobile  unit
will  allow rapid field pilot tests to support the
design process. This unit will also permit actual
remediation of small sites and of small, recalci-
trant areas on large sites.

WASTE APPLICABILITY:

The  SWS® is applicable to sites with leaks or
spills of gasoline, diesel fuels, and other hydro-
carbons, including halogenated compounds.  The
system  is very effective  on benzene, toluene,
ethylbenzene, andxylene (BTEX) contamination.
It can also  contain contaminant plumes through
its unique vacuum and air injection techniques.
The  technology should be effective in treating
soils contaminated with virtually any material
that has some volatility or is biodegradable.  The
technology can be applied to contaminated soil,
sludges, free-phase hydrocarbon product,  and
groundwater. By changing the injected gases to
induce anaerobic conditions and by properly sup-
porting the microbial population, the SWS® can
remove nitrates from groundwater. The aerobic
SWS® raises the redox potential of groundwater
to precipitate and remove heavy metals.

STATUS:

This technology was  accepted into the SITE
Demonstration Program in winter 1991. A site
in Buchanan,  Michigan was  selected for the
demonstration, and initial drilling and construc-
tion began in July  1992.  The SWS® remedi-
ated BTEX, tetrachloroethene  (PCE), trichloro-
ethene (TCE),  and dichloroethene (DCE) at the
site.  The demonstration began in March 1993
and was completed in May 1994.  Preliminary
results will be available in early 1995.  The
SWS® has also been implemented at 75 UST
sites in New Mexico, North Carolina, South
Carolina, and Florida.

FOR FURTHER INFORMATION:

EPA PROJECT MANAGER:
Paul dePercin
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
Risk Reduction Engineering Laboratory
26 West Martin Luther King Drive
Cincinnati, OH 45268
513-569-7797
Fax: 513-569-7620

TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPER CONTACTS:
Gale Billings
Billings and Associates, Inc.
3816 Academy Parkway N-NE
Albuquerque, NM  87109
505-345-1116
Fax: 505-345-1756

Don Brenneman
Brown and Root Environmental
10200 Bellaire
Houston, TX 77072
713-575-4693
Fax: 713-575-4691
                                 The SITE Program assesses but does not
                                    approve or endorse technologies.
                                  Page 35

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Technology Profile
                     DEMONSTRATION PROGRAM
                        BIOGENESIS ENTERPRISES, INC.
                    (BioGenesisSM Soil and Sediment Washing Processes)
TECHNOLOGY DESCRIPTION:

The BioGenesis5"  processes use  specialized,
patent pending equipment, complex surfactants,
and water to clean soil, sediment, and sludge
contaminated  with  organic   and  inorganic
constituents.  Two types of mobile equipment
wash different sizes of soil particles (see figure
below). A truck-mounted batch unit, processing
40 yards per hour,, washes soil particles 10 mesh
and larger.   A  full-scale, mobile,  continuous
flow unit cleans sand, silt,  clay, and sludge
particles smaller than 10 mesh at a rate of 20 to
80  yards per hour.  Auxiliary  equipment in-
cludes  tanks, dewatering  and water treatment
equipment, and  a  bioreactor.  Extraction effi-
ciencies, per wash cycle, range from  85 to 99
percent. High contaminant levels require multi-
ple washes.

The principal components of the process include
pretreatment  equipment for particle sizing, a
truck-mounted soil washer for larger particles, a
sediment washing unit(s) for fine particles, and
water treatment  and reconditioning equipment.
The Biogenesis8" soil washing system for larger
particles consists of a  trailer-mounted  gondola
plumbed for air mixing, water/chemical addi-
tion, oil skimming, and liquid drainage. Water,
BioGenesis™  cleaning  chemicals, and  soil are
loaded into the gondola. Aeration nozzles feed
                 compressed air to create a fluidized bed.  The
                 resulting slurry is agitated to release organic and
                 inorganic contaminants from the soil particles.
                 After mixing, a short settling period allows the
                 soil particles to sink and the removed oil to rise
                 to the water surface, where it is  skimmed for
                 reclamation or disposal.  Following drainage of
                 the wash water, the clean soil is  evacuated by
                 raising the  unit's dump mechanism.   Processed
                 soil contains a moisture level of 10 to 20 percent
                 depending on the soil matrix.

                 A prototype BioGenesis™ sediment washing
                 machine was tested  in Environment Canada's
                 Contaminated Sediment Treatment Technology
                 Program.  The sediment washing machine is a
                 continuous  flow unit (see figure on next page).
                 Capacities  of up to 80 to 100 cubic yards per
                 hour are possible using full-scale, parallel pro-
                 cessing equipment.

                 Sediment is pretreated to form a slurry.  The
                 slurry passes to a shaker screen separator that
                 sizes particles into two streams.  Material great-
                 er than 1 millimeter (mm) in diameter is divert-
                 ed to the large particle soil washer.  Material 1
                 mm  and smaller  continues  to  the sediment
                 washer's feed hopper.  From there the slurry is
                 injected  to   the sediment cleaning chamber to
                 loosen the bonds between the pollutant and the
                 particle.
               Contaminated
                  Soil
                                                      Oil for
                                                     Reclamation
                                            Oil for
                                          Reclamation
Clear,
Soil
351670
tons/hour


Water
Treatment



Oily
Water
F

Oil/Water
Separation
tecyde to Next Load —
-J
Oily
Water



Water
Treatment

J Clean
Water

                     Air
BioGenesis
 Cleaner
                                                   Water
                                     Soil Washing Process
Page 36
 The SITE Program assesses but does not
   approve or endorse technologies.

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                                                                         November 1994
                                                                       Completed Project
After the cleaning chamber, the slurry flows to
the  scrubber  to  further  weaken  the  bonds
between contaminants and particles.  After the
scrubber,  the  slurry passes through a buffer
tank, where large particles separate by gravity.
The  slurry then flows through  hydrocyclone
banks to separate solids down to 3 to 5 microns
in size. The free liquid routes to a centrifuge
for final solid-liquid separation. All solids go to
the  clean soil pile;  all  liquid  is  routed  to
wastewater treatment to  remove organic and
inorganic contaminants. Decontaminated water
is recycled back through the process.

The  BioGenesis™ cleaning chemical is a light
alkaline mixture of ionic and non-ionic surfac-
tants and bioremediating agents that act similarly
to a  biosurfactant.   The proprietary  cleaner
contains no hazardous ingredients and its charac-
teristics were reviewed during the EPA SITE
demonstration.

WASTE APPLICABILITY:

This  technology  extracts  many inorganics,
volatile and nonvolatile hydrocarbons, chlori-
nated hydrocarbons, pesticides, polychlorinated
biphenyls, polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons,
and most organics from nearly every soil type,
including clay.
 STATUS:

 The BioGenesis™ soil washing technology was
 accepted into the SITE Demonstration Program
 in June 1990.  The process was demonstrated at
 a refinery site in Minnesota.  Results from the
 demonstration have been published in the Inno-
 vative   Technology   Evaluation   Report
 (EPA/540/R-93/510) and the SITE Technology
 Capsule (EPA/540/SR-93/510). The reports are
 available from EPA. The BioGenesis8" sediment
 washing technology is scheduled for PCB testing
 under  the SITE  Demonstration  Program  in
 November 1994.

 FOR FURTHER INFORMATION:

 EPA PROJECT MANAGER:
 Annette Gatchett
 U.S. EPA
 Risk Reduction Engineering Laboratory
 26 West Martin Luther King Drive
 Cincinnati, OH 45268
 513-569-7697
 Fax: 513-569-7620

.TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPER CONTACTS:
 Thomas Rougeux
 BioGenesis Enterprises, Inc.
 7420 Alban Station Blvd., Suite B-208
 Springfield, VA  22150-2320
 703-913-9700
 Fax: 703-913-9704
                                              10 mesh partdes
                                  Sediment Washing Process
                                 The SITE Program assesses but does not
                                   approve or endorse technologies.
                                  Page 37

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Technology Profile
                   DEMONSTRA T1ON PROGRAM
                                   BIO-REM, INC.
                 (Augmented In Situ Subsurface Bioremediation Process)
TECHNOLOGY DESCRIPTION:

Bio-Rem, Inc.'s, Augmented In Situ Subsurface
Bioremediation Process uses a proprietary blend
(H-10) of microaerophilic bacteria and micro-
nutrients for subsurface bioremediation of hydro-
carbon contamina,tion in soil and water (see
figure below).  The  insertion methodology is
adaptable to site-specific situations. The bacteria
are hardy and can. treat contaminants  in a wide
temperature range. The process does not require
additional  oxygen or oxygen-producing  com-
pounds, such as hydrogen peroxide.  Degrada-
tion products include carbon dioxide and water.

The  bioremediation process  consists of four
steps:  1) defining and characterizing the con-
tamination plume;  2) selecting  a  site-specific
application methodology; 3) initiating and propa-
                gating  the  bacterial  culture;  and 4) cleanup
                monitoring and reporting.

                WASTE APPLICABILITY:

                This technology  treats soil  and water  con-
                taminated   with  hydrocarbons,  halogenated
                hydrocarbons, and chlorinated compounds.  This
                technology  can successfully  treat about 240
                compounds.

                STATUS:

                This technology  was accepted  into the SITE
                Demonstration Program in winter 1991.  The
                technology was demonstrated at Williams Air
                Force Base hi Phoenix, Arizona from May  1992
                through June 1993.  SITE Program final reports
                have not been published.
                           Microaerophilic
                              Bacteria
                    Water

Contaminated
Soil



H-10

	 ^»-

Clean
Soil

                                       Micronutrients
                      Augmented In Situ Subsurface Bioremediation Process
Page 38
The SITE Program assesses but does not
  approve or endorse technologies.

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                                                                    November 1994
                                                                  Completed Project
Bio-Rem, Inc., has remediated sites in Illinois,
Michigan,  Indiana, Texas,  Kentucky,  Ohio,
Arizona,   Connecticut,   Florida,   Georgia,
Vermont,   Oklahoma,  Virginia,  Nevada,
California, Missouri, and Washington.
FOR FURTHER INFORMATION:

EPA PROJECT MANAGER:
Teri Richardson
U.S. EPA
Risk Reduction Engineering Laboratory
26 West Martin Luther King Drive
Cincinnati, OH 45268
513-569-7949
Fax: 513-569-7620

TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPER CONTACT:
David Mann
Bio-Rem, Inc.
P.O. Box 116
Butler, IN  46721
219-868-5823
800-428-4626
Fax: 219-868-5851
                              The SITE Program assesses but does not
                                 approve or endorse technologies.
                               Page 39

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Technology Profile
                          DEMONSTRATION PROGRAM
                                   BIOTROL, INC.
                         (Biological Aqueous Treatment System)
TECHNOLOGY DESCRIPTION:

The BioTrol aqueous treatment system (BATS)
is a patented biological system that effectively
treats contaminate groundwater  and process
water.   The system uses naturally occurring
microbes; in some instances, however, a specific
microorganism may be added.  This technique,
known as microbial amendment, is important if
a highly toxic or recalcitrant target compound is
present.  The  amended microbial system re-
moves  both the target  contaminant and  the
background organic carbon.

The figure below is a schematic of the BATS.
Contaminated water enters a mix tank, where the
pH is adjusted and inorganic nutrients are added.
If necessary, the water  is heated to an optimum
temperature with a heater and a heat exchanger,
                      to minimize energy costs. The water then flows
                      to the bioreactor, where the  contaminants are
                      biodegraded.

                      The microorganisms that degrade the contami-
                      nants  are immobilized in a multiple-cell, sub-
                      merged, fixed-film bioreactor.   Each  cell is
                      filled  with a highly porous packing material to
                      which the microbes adhere.  For aerobic condi-
                      tions, air is supplied by fine bubble membrane
                      diffusers mounted at  the bottom of each cell.
                      The system may also run under anaerobic condi-
                      tions.

                      As water  flows through the bioreactor,  the
                      contaminants  are degraded to biological end-
                      products, predominantly carbon dioxide  and
                      water. The resulting effluent may be discharged
                      to a publicly owned treatment works or reused
                                                            BATS
                                                            INLET
                     INFLUENT
   SURGE
   TANK
                                                                          BLOWERS
                                                            DIFFUSER
                                                            AIR
           DISCHARGE
                                                 CONTROLS
            RECIRCULATION
            LINE
BioTrol Aqueous Treatment System (BATS)
Page 40
       The SITE Program assesses but does not
         approve or endorse technologies.

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                                                                         November 1994
                                                                       Completed Project
on site. In some cases, discharge with a Nation-
al  Pollutant Discharge  Elimination  System
permit may be possible.

WASTE APPLICABILITY:

The BATS may be applied to a wide variety of
wastewaters,  including groundwater, lagoons,
and process  water.  Contaminants amenable to
treatment include pentachlorophenol  (PCP),
creosote  components, gasoline and fuel oil
components,   chlorinated  hydrocarbons,
phenolics, and solvents.  Other potential tairget
waste  streams include coal tar residues  and
organic pesticides.   The BATS may  also be
effective  for treating certain inorganic com-
pounds such as nitrates; however, this applica-
tion has not yet been demonstrated.  The system
does not treat metals.

STATUS:

During 1986 and 1987, BioTrol, Inc., performed
a successful 9-month pilot field test of the BATS
at a wood preserving facility.  Since that time,
the firm  has installed more than 20 full-scale
systems and has performed several pilot-scale
demonstrations.  These systems have successful-
ly treated gasoline, mineral  spirit solvent,
phenol, and creosote-contaminated waters.

The BATS was demonstrated under the SITE
Program  from July 24 to September 1,  1989 at
the MacGillis and Gibbs Superfund site in New
Brighton,  Minnesota.   The system operated
continuously for 6 weeks at three different flow
rates.     The  Applications  Analysis  Report
(EPA/540/A5-91/001) has been published. The
Technology Evaluation Report is available from
National  Technical Information Service, order
No. PB92-110048/AS.
DEMONSTRATION RESULTS:

For the SITE demonstration, the BATS yielded
the following results:

   •  Reduced PCP concentrations from —45
     to 1 parts per million (ppm) or less in a
     single pass
   •  Removed 96 to 99 percent of the PCP
   «  Produced minimal sludge and no PCP
     air emissions
   •  Mineralized chlorinated phenolics
   «  Eliminated groundwater biotoxicity
   •  Appeared to be unaffected by low con-
     centrations of oil and grease ( ~ 50 ppm)
     and heavy metals in groundwater
   •  Required minimal operator attention

The treatment cost per 1,000 gallons was $3.45
for a 5-gallon-per-minute (gpm) unit (pilot-scale
unit) and $2.43 for a 30-gpm unit.

FOR FURTHER INFORMATION:

EPA PROJECT MANAGER:         *
Mary Stinson
U.S. EPA                  '
Risk Reduction Engineering Laboratory
Building 10, MS-104
2890 Woodbridge Avenue
Edison, NJ 08837-3679
908-321-6683
Fax:  908-321-6640

TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPER CONTACT:
Sandra Clifford
BioTrol, Inc.
10300 Valley View Road, Suite 107
Eden Prairie, MN  55344-3456
612-942-8032
Fax:  612-942-8526
                                The SITE Program assesses but does not
                                   approve or endorse technologies.
                                Page 41

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 Technology Profile
                     DEMONSTRATION PROGRAM
                                     BIOTROL, INC.
                                    (Soil Washing System)
 TECHNOLOGY DESCRIPTION:

 The BioTrol Soil Washing System is a patented,
 water-based volume reduction process used to
 treat excavated soil.  The system may be applied
 to contaminants concentrated in the fine-size soil
 fraction (silt, clay, and soil organic matter) or
 contamination associated  with the coarse (sand
, and gravel) soil fraction.

 As a part of the process, debris is removed from
 the soil, and the soil is mixed with water and
 subjected to various unit operations common to
 the mineral processing industry.  These opera-
 tions can include mixing  trammels, pug mills,
 vibrating screens, froth flotation cells, attrition
 scrubbing   machines,   hydrocyclones,   screw
 classifiers,  and various dewatering operations
 (see figure below).

 The core of the process is a multistage, counter-
 current, intensive scrubbing circuit with inter-
 stage classification.  The scrubbing action disin-
                 tegrates soil aggregates,  freeing contaminated
                 fine  particles from the coarser  material.   In
                 addition, surficial contamination is removed
                 from the coarse fraction by the abrasive scouring
                 action of the particles themselves.  Contaminants
                 may  also be solubilized, as dictated by solubility
                 characteristics or partition coefficients.

                 Contaminated residual products can be treated
                 by other methods.  Process  water is normally
                 recycled after biological or physical treatment.
                 Contaminated fines may be disposed  of off site,
                 incinerated, stabilized, and biologically treated.

                 WASTE APPLICABILITY:

                 This  system was initially developed to clean soils
                 contaminated with wood preserving wastes, such
                 as polynuclear  aromatic  hydrocarbons (PAH)
                 and pentachlorophenol (PCP). The system may
                 also apply to soils contaminated with petroleum
                 hydrocarbons,   pesticides,   poly chlorinated
                 biphenyls (PCB),  various industrial  chemicals,
                 and metals.
                                       Recycle
Contaminated
Water


                          BioTrol Soil Washing System Process Diagram
Page 42
The SITE Program assesses but does not
  approve or endorse technologies.

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                                                                        November 7994
                                                                      Completed Project
STATUS:

The  soil  washing system was demonstrated
under the SITE Program between September and
October  1989  at  the MacGillis  and  Gibbs
Superfund site in New Brighton, Minnesota. A
pilot-scale unit with a treatment capacity of 500
pounds per hour operated 24 hours  per  day
during  the demonstration.  Feed for  the first
phase of the demonstration (2 days) consisted of
soil contaminated with 130 parts per million
(ppm) PCP and 247 ppm total PAHs;  feed for
the second phase (7 days) consisted of soil con-
taining 680 ppm PCP and 404 ppm total PAHs.

Contaminated soil washing process  water was
treated biologically in a  fixed-film reactor and
recycled.  A  portion of  the contaminated  soil
washing fines  was treated biologically in a three-
stage, pilot-scale EIMCO Biolift™ reactor system
supplied  by  the EIMCO Process  Equipment
Company.

The   Applications   Analysis    Report
(EPA/540/A5-91/003) has been published. The
Technology Evaluation Report is available from
National Technical Information Service (Volume
I Order No. PB92-115 310 VI, Volume II Order
No. PB92-115 328-V2-PtA, and PB92-115 336-
V2-PtB).

DEMONSTRATION RESULTS:

Key findings from the BioTrol demonstration are
summarized below:

   •  Feed soil (dry weight basis) was suc-
     cessfully separated  into  83  percent
     washed soil, 10 percent woody residues,
     and 7 percent fines.  The washed soil
     retained  about 10 percent of the feed
     soil contamination;  90 percent of this
     contamination was contained within the
     woody   residues, fines,  and  process
     wastes.
   • The soil washer removed up to 89 per-
     cent PCP and 88 percent total PAHs,
     based on the difference between concen-
     tration levels in the contaminated (wet)
     feed soil and the washed soil.
   • The system  degraded up to 94 percent
     PCP in the  process water during soil
     washing.  PAH removal could not be
     determined  because  of low influent
     concentrations.
   • Cost of a commercial-scale soil washing
     system, assuming use of all three tech-
     nologies, was estimated to be $168 per
     ton.  Incineration  of woody material
     accounts for 76 percent of the cost.

 FOR FURTHER INFORMATION:
          • v  \
 EPA PROJECT MANAGER:
 Mary Stinson
 U.S. EPA
"Risk Reduction Engineering Laboratory
 Building 10, MS-104
 2890 Woodbridge Avenue
 Edison, NJ  08837-3679
 908-321-6683
 Fax: 908-321-6640

 TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPER CONTACT:
 Sandra Clifford
 BioTrol, Inc.
 10300 Valley View Road, Suite 107
 Eden Prairie, MN 55344-3456
 612-942-8032
 Fax: 612-942-8526
                                The SITE Program assesses but does not
                                   approve or endorse technologies.
                                 Page 43

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Technology Profile
                   DEMONSTRATION PROGRAM
          BRICE ENVIRONMENTAL SERVICES CORPORATION
                                   (Soil Washing Plant)    \
TECHNOLOGY DESCRIPTION:

The Brice Environmental Services Corporation
(BESCORP) soil washing plant  is a portable,
cost-effective, aboveground process that reduces
the overall contaminated soil volume requiring
treatment.  BESCORP's soil washing process
involves   site-specific  unit  operations,  the
selection of which depends on soil and contami-
nant characteristics, cleanup standards, cost, and
client specifications.  Soil washing in its most
economic applications uses a volume reduction
process, in which clean oversize soil is produced
by intensive scrubbing, followed by density,
magnetic,  and size separations.   During  the
volume reduction process, fine contaminants that
exist  as  discrete  or  attrited  particles  are
partitioned with the soil fines, while the process
water is recirculated and treated to remove
suspended and dissolved contaminants.

BESCORP's small volume reduction plant, used
for demonstration and pilot-testing, is contained
on one trailer and  has a variable process  rate
from 4 to 20 tons per hour, depending on  soil
                and contaminant  characteristics.   A full-scale
                plant  has  operated  successfully  since 1993,
                averaging 600  tons per week during summer
                1994 field activities.

                WASTE APPLICABILITY:

                The BESCORP technology can treat soils con-
                taminated with radioactive and  heavy metals.
                BESCORP has also built a soil washing plant to
                remediate hydrocarbon-contaminated soil.

                STATUS:  :

                The BESCORP soil washing plant was accepted
                into the SITE Demonstration Program in winter
                1991.   Under the program, the  BESCORP
                system was demonstrated in late summer 1992
                on lead-contaminated soil at the Alaskan Battery
                Enterprises (ABE) Superfund site hi Fairbanks,
                Alaska.  Results from the demonstration  are
                available from EPA in the Demonstration Bulle-
                tin (EPA/540/MR-93/503).   The Applications
                Analysis Report  and Technology Evaluation
                Report will be available in late 1994.
                                BESCORP Soil Washing Plant
Page 44
The SITE Program assesses but does not
  approve or endorse technologies.

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                                                                          November 7994
                                                                        Completed Project
 Soil washing also works as part  of a process
 train with chemical treatment for complete soil
 remediation. BESCORP's volume reduction and
 discrete metal recovery process is linked with an
 acid extraction process developed by COGNIS,
 Inc., to remove heavy metals from contaminated
 soil at the Twin Cities Army Ammunition Plant
 (TCAAP) in New Brighton, Minnesota.  Site F,
 located within the four square mile TCAAP site,
 was originally an ordnance burning and burial
 area.  The site is part of the Army's $370
 million Installation Restoration Program,  and. is
 undergoing  remediation  through  TCAAP's
 Resource   Conservation  and  Recovery  Act
 (RCRA) permit.

 At  Site F,  BESCORP and COGNIS,  Inc., are
 treating lead, copper, and several other  heavy
 metals to RCRA cleanup criteria.  The techno-
 logy is treating  feed soils  containing lead in
 concentrations from 3,000 to 10,000 parts per
 million (ppm) to under 300 ppm in a continuous
 12- to  15-ton-per-hour process.

 The 5-trailer,  full-scale soil washing system
 began  processing 340 tons  of excavated and
 stockpiled material at Site F  in September 1993.
 Cleanup goals were met, and processing contin-
ued until freezing temperatures halted cleanup
until spring 1994.   Operations began again in
May 1994  and continued until October.  The
 scope of work increased with the discovery of
 additional disposal areas at Site F, increasing the
quantity of soil requiring treatment from  7,500
tons to approximately 13,000 tons.    Heavy
metals  recovered  from both the  soil washing
density recovery process and chemical treatment
process are sent to a smelter for recycling.

DEMONSTRATION RESULTS:

The SITE demonstration of the ABE site consis-
ted  of three test runs, averaging 5 hours in dura-
tion; 48 tons of soil were processed. Excavated
 soil differed greatly from the treatability test
 soils; as a result, the BESCORP system needed
 extensive  modifications.   Preliminary results
 from the demonstration include the following:

   • Feed soils averaged 4,500 ppm lead and
     the processed, separated fines  fraction
     averaged 13,000 ppm lead.
   • The system's on-line reliability was 92
     percent.
   • Lead removal from the combined gravel
     and sand fractions during the three runs
     were 61, 93, and 85 percent.
   • Large   quantities  of  metallic   lead
     discovered in the excavated soil made it
     necessary  to modify the system.   The
     processed  sand and gravel  hi Run 3
     contained no metallic lead.
   • Gravel produced by all three runs met
     toxicity characteristic leaching procedure
     (TCLP) criteria,  with  average  lead
     concentrations in the TCLP leachate at
     1.0, 0.8, and 0;2 milligrams per liter.
   • Battery  casings  removal  efficiencies
     during the three runs were 94, 100, and
     90 percent.

FOR FURTHER INFORMATION:

EPA PROJECT MANAGER:
Hugh Masters
U.S. EPA
Risk Reduction  Engineering Laboratory
Building 10, MS-104
2890 Woodbridge Avenue
Edison, NJ 08837-3679
908-321-6678
Fax: 908-321-6640

TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPER CONTACT:
Craig Jones
BESCORP
P.O. Box 73520
Fairbanks, AK  99707
909'-452-2512
Fax: 907-452-5018
                                 The SITE Program assesses but does not
                                   approve or endorse technologies.
                                 Page 45

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Technology Profile
                   DEMONSTRATION PROGRAM
        CANONIE ENVIRONMENTAL SERVICES CORPORATION
                     (Low Temperature Thermal Aeration [LTTA®])
TECHNOLOGY DESCRIPTION:

The  Low   Temperature  Thermal  Aeration
(LTTA®) technology  is a low-temperature de-
sorption process (see  figure below). The tech-
nology  removes  organic  contaminants from
contaminated soils into a contained air stream,
which is extensively treated to collect or ther-
mally destroy the contaminants.

A direct-fired rotary dryer heats an air stream
which, by  direct  contact,  desorbs  water  and
organic contaminants from the soil. Soil can be
heated to up to 800 degrees Fahrenheit.  The
processed soil is quenched to reduce tempera-
tures and mitigate dust problems.  The processed
soil is then discharged into a stockpile.  The hot
air  stream  that contains vaporized water  and
organics is  treated by one  of two air pollution
control systems. One treatment system removes
               the organic contaminants from the air stream by
               adsorption on granular activated carbon (GAC)
               and includes the  following units in a series:
               1) cyclones and baghouse for particulate remov-
               al; 2) wet scrubber for acid gas and some organ-
               ic vapor removal; and 3) GAC adsorption beds
               for organic removal.

               The second air stream treatment system can treat
               soils containing high concentrations of petroleum
               hydrocarbons.  The system includes  the follow-
               ing units in a series:   1) cyclones for particle
               removal;  2) thermal oxidizer-afterburner   for
               destruction : of organics;  3) quench tower  for
               cooling of air stream; 4) baghouse for additional
               particle removal;  and 5) wet scrubber for acid
               gas removal.

               The LTTA® process generates no wastewater or
               waste soils. Cyclone fines and baghouse dust
         CONTROL-\
         TRAILER v
       TREATED MATEFIIAL
                                                                       . xr ACTIVATED CARBON
                                                                          • TRAILER ., .
                          IMPACTED MATERIAL ..
                              Low Temperature Thermal Aeration
Page 46
The SITE Program assesses but does not
  approve or endorse technologies.

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                                                                        November J994
                                                                      Completed Project
are combined with treated soil and quenched
with treated scrubber water.  The treated soil,
once verified to meet the treatment criteria, is
backfilled  on  site without  restrictions.   GAC
beds used  for air pollution control are regene-
rated or incinerated when spent.

WASTE APPLICABILITY:

LTTA® can remove volatile organic compounds
(VOC),   semivolatile   organic  compounds
(SVOC),  organochlorine  pesticides  (OCP),
organophosphorus pesticides (OPP), and total
petroleum   hydrocarbons  (TPH)  from  soils,
sediments, and some sludges.  LTTA® has been
used at full scale  to remove VOCs such  as
benzene, toluene,  tetrachloroethene, trichloro-
ethene, and dichloroethene; SVOCs such as ace-
naphthene, chrysene, naphthalene, and pyrene;
OCPs such as dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane
(DDT); DDT metabolites, and toxaphene; OPPs
such as  ethyl  parathion,  methyl parathion,
merphos, mevinphos; and TPHs.

STATUS:

The LTTA® technology  was accepted into the
SITE Demonstration Program in summer 1992.
LTTA® was demonstrated on soils contaminated
with OCPs during full-scale site remediation at
a pesticide site  in Arizona during September
1992.

The  full-scale LTTA® system has remediated
contaminated soils at six sites,  including  three
Superfund sites.  The system has  treated more
than 100,000 tons of soil.

DEMONSTRATION RESULTS:

Key  findings  from the  demonstration  are
summarized below:

   •  The LTTA® process met the specified
     cleanup criteria for the  site, a sliding
     scale  criteria correlating  the concen-
     trations  of DDT  family compounds
     (dichlorodiphenyldichloroethylene
     [DDE]  or  tetrachlorodiphenylethane,
     DDE, and DDT) with concentrations of
     toxaphene.   The maximum allowable
     pesticide concentrations in  the treated
     soil were 3.52 milligrams per kilogram
     (mg/kg) of DDT family compounds and
     1.09 mg/kg of toxaphene.
     Residual levels of all the pesticides in
     the treated soil were generally below or
     close to the laboratory  detection limit,
     with the exception of 4,4'-DDE, which
     was found at residual concentrations of
     0.1 to 1.5 mg/kg. Removal  efficiencies
     for pesticides found in  the feed soil at
     quantifiable concentrations are summa-
     rized below:
         Compound
         4,4'-DDD
         4,4'-DDE
         4,4'-DDT
         Endrin
         Toxaphene
         Endosulfan
 Efficiency

> 99.97%
  90.26%
  99.97%
> 99.85%
> 99.83%
> 99.98%
  •  The LTTA®  process  did  not generate
     dioxins or furans as products of incomplete
     combustion or thermal transformation.

FOR FURTHER INFORMATION:

EPA PROJECT MANAGER:
Paul dePercin
U.S. EPA
Risk Reduction Engineering Laboratory
26 West Martin Luther King Drive
Cincinnati, OH 45268
513-569-7797
Fax: 513-569-7620

TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPER CONTACT:
Thomas Froman
Canonie Environmental Services Corporation
800 Canonie Drive
Porter, IN 46304
219-926-8651
Fax: 219-926-7169
                                The SITE Program assesses but does not
                                   approve or endorse technologies.
                                 Page 47

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 Technology Profile
                    DEMONSTRATION PROGRAM
                           CF SYSTEMS CORPORATION
                  (Liquified Gas Solvent Extraction [LG-SX] Technology)
TECHNOLOGY DESCRIPTION:

The CF Systems Corporation's LG-SX technolo-
gy uses liquified gas solvents to extract organics
from soils, sludges, sediments, andwastewaters.
Gases, when liquified  under pressure,  have
unique physical properties that  enhance their
use as solvents.  The low viscosities, densities,
and surface tensions  of these gases  result  in
significantly higher rates of extraction compared
to  conventional  solvents.   These  enhanced
physical   properties  also  accelerate  treated
water's gravity settling rate following extraction.
Due to their high volatility, gases are also easily
recovered from  the  aqueous  solids  matrix,
minimizing solvent losses.

Liquified  propane solvent is  typically used  to
treat soils, sludges, and sediments, while liqui-
fied carbon  dioxide is typically used  to treat
wastewater.  The extraction system uses a batch
extractor-decanter design for solids and sludges,
and a continuous trayed tower design for waste-
waters and low solids wastes.  Typical treatment
costs for non-pumpable soils and sludges range
                 from $80 to $300 per ton of feed, excluding
                 excavation and disposal.

                 Contaminated solids, slurries, or wastewaters are
                 fed into the extraction system along with solvent
                 (see figure below).   Typically,  more  than 99
                 percent of the  organics are extracted from the
                 feed. After the solvent and organics are separat-
                 ed from the treated feed, the solvent and organic
                 mixture passes to  the solvent recovery  system.
                 Once in the solvent recovery system, the solvent
                 is vaporized and recycled as fresh solvent. The
                 organics are drawn off and either  reused or
                 disposed of. Treated feed is discharged from the
                 extraction system as a slurry in water.

                 WASTE APPLICABILITY:

                 The LG-SX technology can be applied to soils
                 and sludges containing volatile and semivolatile
                 organic compounds  and other higher boiling
                 complex organics, such as polynuclear aromatic
                 hydrocarbons, polychlorinated biphenyls (PCB),
                 dioxins,  and pentachlorophenol.   This  process
                 can also treat  refinery wastes and wastewater
                 contaminated with organics.
                                                                           TREATED CAKE
                                                                            TO DISPOSAL
                             Solvent Extraction Remediation Process
Page 48
The SITE Program assesses but does not
  approve or endorse technologies.

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                                                                          November 1994
                                                                        Completed Project
STATUS:

Under the SITE Program, a pilot-scale mobile
demonstration unit was tested in 1988 on PCB-
laden sediments from the New Bedford Harbor
Superfund site in Massachusetts.  PCB concen-
trations in the harbor sediment ranged from 300
parts per million (ppm)  to 2,500 ppm.  The
Technology   Evaluation   Report
(EPA/540/5-90/002) and the Applications Analy-
sis Report (EPA/540/A5-90/002) were published
in August 1990.

A pilot-scale  treatability  study  was  recently
completed on a PCB-contaminated  soil for  a
Michigan Superfund site.  Initial analytical data
shows that treatment achieved levels of residual
PCBs well  below the 1  ppm cleanup level
required for site closure.

CF  Systems Corporation completed the first
commercial  on-site treatment  operation at Star
Enterprise, in Port Arthur, Texas.  The propane-
based solvent extraction  unit processed listed
refinery K-  and F-wastes, producing Resource
Conservation and Recovery Act treated solids
that met EPA land-ban requirements.  The unit
operated continuously  from  March 1991 to
March 1992 and was  on-line more than 90
percent  of the time.  Following heavy metals
fixation, the treated solids were disposed of in  a
Class I landfill.

EPA Region 6 and the Texas Water Commission
have selected the LG-SX technology  on a sole- _
source basis to cleanup the 80,000 cubic yard
United Creosoting site in Conroe, Texas. This
Superfund site is  heavily contaminated with
wood treatment  wastes.   Detailed  design is
scheduled to begin in late  1994.

DEMONSTRATION RESULTS:

This technology was demonstrated concurrently
with dredging studies  managed  by  the U.S.
Army Corps of Engineers. Contaminated sedi-
ments were treated by the CF Systems Pit Clean
up Unit, using a liquified propane and butane
mixture as the extraction solvent.   Extraction
efficiencies were high, despite some operating
difficulties during the tests. The demonstration
at the New Bedford site  yielded  the following
results:

   • Extracted sediments were at 90 to 98
     percent efficiency for sediments contain-
     ing PCBs between 360 and 2,575 ppm.
     PCB concentrations  were as low as 8
     ppm in the treated sediment.
   • In   the   laboratory,   volatile   and
     semivolatile organics in aqueous  and
     semisolid wastes were  extracted with
     99.9 percent efficiency.
   • Operating  problems included  solids
     retention hi the system  hardware and
     foaming in receiving tanks.  The prob-
     lems were corrected in the full-scale
     operations at Star Enterprises.
   8 Projected costs for PCB cleanup were
     estimated  at  $150  to $450 per ton,
     including material handling and pre- and
     posttreatment costs.   These costs are
     highly dependent on the utilization factor
     and job size, which may result in lower
     costs for large cleanups.   -

FOR FURTHER INFORMATION:

EPA PROJECT MANAGER:
Mark Meckes
U.S. EPA
Risk Reduction Engineering Laboratory
26 West Martin Luther King Drive
Cincinnati, OH 45268
513-569-7348
Fax: 513-569-7676

TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPER CONTACT:
Chris Shallice
CF Systems Corporation
3D Gill Street
Woburn, MA  01801
617-937-0800, ext. 103
Fax: 617-937-5610
                                 The SITE Program assesses but does not
                                   approve or endorse technologies.
                                 Page 49

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 Technology Profile
                         DEMONSTRATION PROGRAM
                         DEHYDRO-TECH CORPORATION
         (Carver-Greenfield Process® for Solvent Extraction of Wet, Oily Wastes)
TECHNOLOGY DESCRIPTION:

The Carver-Greenfield Process® (C-G Process™)
combines solvent extraction and dehydration
technologies  to separate wet,  oily wastes into
their constituent solid phase, water phase, and
hydrocarbon-soluble indigenous oil phase.

Waste is  first mixed with a low cost  hydro-
carbon solvent, and the resultant slurry mixture
is fed to  an  evaporator  system that vaporizes
water and initiates  solvent extraction  of  the
indigenous oil.  Depending on the water content
of the feed, single-effect or energy-saving multi-
effect evaporators may  be  used.  Next,  the
slurry of dried solids is  treated in a multi-stage
solvent  extraction unit,  where  solids contact
recycled solvent  until  the  target  amount  of
indigenous oil is removed.
                     Finally, solids are centrifuged from the solvent,
                     followed by^'desolventizing," a step where resi-
                     dual solvent is evaporated. The final solids pro-
                     duct typically contains  less than two  percent
                     water and less than one percent solvent.  The
                     spent solvent, which contains the extracted indi-
                     genous oil, is distilled to separate the solvent for
                     reuse later, and the oil for recovery or disposal.

                     The C-G Process yields  1) a clean dry solid, 2)
                     a water product virtually free of solids, indige-
                     nous oil, and solvent,  and  3) the extracted
                     indigenous oil which contains the hazardous
                     hydrocarbon-soluble feed components.

                     The C-G Process  combination of water eva-
                     poration and solvent extraction has the following
                     advantages:  1) any emulsions initially  present
                     are broken  and  potential emulsion formation
       FEED
     OIL/SOIL/
     SLUDGE
                                                 EVAPORATED
                                                   WATER
SOLVENT+
EXTRACTED OIL
                                      SOLVENT*
                                      EXTRACTED OIL
                                            SOLVENT*
                                            EXTRACTED OIL
                                                                               TREATED
                                                                               SOLIDS
                          Carver-Greenfield Process Schematic Diagram
Page 52
    The SITE Program assesses but does not
      • approve or endorse technologies.

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                                                                         November 1994
                                                                       Completed Project
prevented; 2) solvent extraction is more efficient
than with water present; and 3) the dry solids
product is  stabilized  more readily  if metals
contamination is a concern.

WASTE APPLICABILITY:

The C-G Process  can treat  sludges, soils,
sediments,  and  other  water-bearing  wastes
containing hydrocarbon-soluble hazardous com-
pounds, including  polychlorinated biphenyls,
polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons, and dioxins.
The process has been commercially applied to
municipal wastewater sludge, paper mill sludge,
rendering waste, pharmaceutical plant  sludge,
and other wastes.

STATUS:

The C-G Process was accepted into the SITE
program in 1990.  The pilot-scale SITE demon-
stration of this technology was completed in
August  1991 at EPA's research facility in Edi-
son, New Jersey.    Spent  petroleum  drilling
fluids from the PAB  oil  site  in Abbeville,
Louisiana, were used as process  feed.   The
Applications   Analysis    Report
(EPA/540/AR-92/002), Technology Demonstra-
tion Summary (EPA/540/SR-92/002), and Tech-
nology Evaluation Report (EPA/540/SR-92/002)
were issued in 1992.

DEMONSTRATION RESULTS:

Based on spent drilling fluids, the C-G Process
yielded  the  following SITE  demonstration
results:

   • The  process  successfully  separates  a
     petroleum-oil contaminated sludge into
     its solid, indigenous  oil, and water
     phases.  No detectable levels  of indige-
     nous total petroleum hydrocarbons are
     present in the final solid product.
  •  The final solid product is a dry powder
     similar to bentonite.   A food-grade
     solvent comprises the bulk of the residu-
     al hydrocarbons on the solid.
  •  Values for all metals and organics are
     well below the Resource Conservation
     and Recovery Act toxicity characteristic
     leaching procedure limits for character-
     istic hazardous wastes.
  •  The resulting water  product requires
     treatment due to the presence of small
     amounts of light  organics and solvent.
     Normally, it may be disposed  of at a
     local publicly owned treatment works.
  •  A  full scale  C-G  Process  can  treat
     drilling fluid wastes  at technology-spe-
     cific costs of $100 to $220 per ton of
     wet feed, exclusive of disposal costs for
     the residuals. Site-specific costs, which
     include the cost of residual disposal, are
     dependent on site  characteristics and
     treatment objectives.

FOR FURTHER INFORMATION:

EPA PROJECT MANAGER:
Laurel Staley
U.S. EPA
Risk Reduction Engineering Laboratory
26 West Martin Luther King Drive
Cincinnati,  OH 45268
513-569-7863
Fax: 513-569-7620

TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPER CONTACT:
Theodore Trowbridge
Dehydro-Tech Corporation
6 Great Meadow Lane
East Hanover, NJ  07936
201-887-2182
Fax: 201-887-2548
                                 The SITE Program assesses but does not
                                    approve or endorse technologies.
                                 Page 53

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 Technology Profile
                    DEMONSTRATION PROGRAM
              E,I.  DUPONT DE NEMOURS AND COMPANY, and
                           OBERLIN FILTER COMPANY
                                (Membrane Microfiltration)
 TECHNOLOGY DESCRIPTION:

 This  membrane microfiltration system is de-
 signed to remove solid  particles from liquid
 wastes, forming filter cakes typically ranging
 from 40 to 60 percent solids.  The system can
 be manufactured as an enclosed unit,  requires
 little or no attention during operation, is mobile,
 and can be trailer-mounted.

 The  membrane microfiltration system uses an
 automatic pressure filter (developed by Oberlin
 Filter Company), combined with a special Tyvek
 filter material (Tyvek T-980) made  of spun-
 bonded olefin (invented  by E.I. DuPont De
 Nemours and Company)  (see  figure  below).
 The  filter material is a  thin,  durable plastic
 fabric with tiny openings about 1 ten-millionth
 of a meter in diameter. These  openings allow
                 water or other liquids and solid particles smaller
                 than the openings to flow through.  Solids in the
                 liquid stream that are too large to pass through
                 the openings accumulate on the filter and can be
                 easily collected for disposal.

                 The automatic pressure filter has two chambers:
                 an upper chamber for feeding waste through the
                 filter, and a lower  chamber  for collecting the
                 filtered liquid (filtrate).  At the  start of a filter
                 cycle, the upper chamber is lowered to form a
                 liquid-tight seal against the filter.  The  waste
                 feed is then pumped into the upper chamber and
                 through the filter. Filtered solids accumulate on
                 the Tyvek surface, forming a filter  cake,  while
                 filtrate collects in the lower chamber. Following
                 filtration,  air is fed into the upper chamber at a
                 pressure of about 45 pounds per square inch.
                 Air removes any liquid remaining hi the  upper
                           Air Cylinder
                                                  Pressurized
                                                  ~  Air
                   Filter Cake
                 Used Tyvek®
                                                                  Waste
                                                                   feed
                                                     Air Bags

                                                    Waste Feed Chamber
                        Clean Tyvek® .
                           i  "  ,


                     Filter Belt
                     Filtrate Chamber
                                            Filtrate
                                           Discharge

                             DuPont/Oberlin Microfiltration System
Page 54
The SITE Program assesses but does not '
  approve or endorse technologies.

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                                                                           November 1994
                                                                         Completed Project
chamber and further dries the filter cake. When
the filter cake is  dry,  the  upper  chamber  is
lifted, and the filter cake is automatically dis-
charged.  Clean filter material is  then drawn
from a roll into the system for the next cycle.
Both the filter cake and the filtrate can be col-
lected and treated further before  disposal,  if
necessary.

WASTE APPLICABILITY:

This membrane microfiltration system may be
applied  to  1) hazardous  waste  suspensions,
particularly liquid heavy  metal- and cyanide-
bearing   wastes    (such   as   electroplating
rinsewaters), 2) groundwater contaminated with
heavy metals, 3) constituents such  as  landfill
leachate, and 4) process wastewaters containing
uranium.   The technology is best suited for
treating wastes with solid concentrations of less
than 5,000 parts per million; otherwise, the cake
capacity and handling become limiting factors.
The system can treat any type of solids,  includ-
ing inorganics, organics,  and oily wastes, with
a wide variety of particle sizes.  Moreover,
because the unit is enclosed, the system can treat
liquid wastes that contain volatile organics.

STATUS:

The membrane microfiltration system, accepted
into  the  SITE   Program   in  1988,   was
demonstrated at the Palmerton Zinc Superfund
site in Palmerton, Pennsylvania.  Groundwater
from  the shallow aquifer  at  the  site was con-
taminated with dissolved heavy metals, including
cadmium, lead, and zinc.  This contaminated
groundwater served as the feed  waste for the
demonstration.  The system  treated waste  at a
rate of about 1 to 2 gallons per minute.

The demonstration was conducted over a 4-week
period in April and May 1990. An Applications
Analysis Report (EPA/540/A5-90/007), a Tech-
nology Evaluation Report (EPA/540/5-90/007)
and a videotape of the demonstration have been
completed.
 Two commercial installations of the technology
 began operating in 1991.

 DEMONSTRATION RESULTS:

 During the demonstration at the Palmerton Zinc
 Superfund  site,  the  DuPont/Oberlin microfil-
 tration system achieved the following results:

   • Removal efficiencies for zinc and total
     suspended solids ranged from 99.75 to
     99.99 percent (averaging 99.95 percent).
   • Solids in the filter cake  ranged from
     30.5 to 47.1 percent.
   • Dry filter cake in all test runs passed the
     Resource  Conservation and Recovery
     Act paint filter liquids test.
   • Filtrate  met  the  applicable National
     Pollutant Discharge Elimination System
     standard for zinc.
   • A composite filter cake sample  passed
     the  extraction procedure  toxicity -and
     toxicity characteristic leaching procedure
     tests for metals.

FOR FURTHER INFORMATION:

EPA PROJECT MANAGER:
John Martin
U.S. EPA
Risk Reduction Engineering Laboratory
26 West Martin Luther King Drive
Cincinnati,  OH 45268
513-569-7758
Fax: 513-569-7620

TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPER CONTACT:
Dr. Ernest  Mayer
E.I. DuPont de Nemours and Company
Floor Location 6440
1007 Market Street
Wilmington, DE  19898
302-774-2277
Fax: 302-774-2457
                                 The SITE Program assesses but does not
                                   approve or endorse technologies.
                                 Page 55

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Technology Profile
                             DEMONSTRATION PROGRAM
                                 DYNAPHORE, INC.
                                   (FORAGER® Sponge)
TECHNOLOGY DESCRIPTION:

The FORAGER® Sponge is an open-celled cellu-
lose sponge with an amine-containing polymer
that has a selective affinity for aqueous heavy
metals in both cationic and anionic states.  The
polymer tends to form complexes with ions of
transition-group heavy metals, providing ligand
sites that surround the metal and form a coordi-
nation complex. The polymer's order of affinity
for metals is influenced by solution parameters
such as pH, temperature, and total ionic content.
In general, the following affinity sequence for
several representative ions is expected:
> Au+ + + > Mn++
Pb++ > Au(CN)2'
    > Ag+
Zn++ > Ni++ > Co++
Se04-2> As04-3> Hg++
Ca++>Mg++
During absorption, a cation is displaced from the
polymer.  The displaced cation may be H+ or a
cation below the absorbed cation hi the affinity
sequence.  Anions are selectively absorbed by
moving to an already absorbed cation.  The
anion absorption selectivity order is based upon
the solubility product (K^)  of the anion/cation
compound.   For example,  polymer saturated
with Fe"1"3 strongly absorbs  arsenate anion be-
cause ferric arsenate is highly insoluble.

The  removal efficiency for  transition-group
heavy metals is about 90 percent at a flow rate
of 0.1 bed volume per minute.  The Sponge's
highly porous nature speeds diffusional effects,
promoting high rates of ion absorption.   The
Sponge can be  used  in columns,  fishnet-type
enclosures, or rotating drums. When used in a
column, flow rates of three bed volumes per
minute can be obtained at hydrostatic pressures
only 2 feet above the bed arid without additional
pressurization.  Therefore, sponge-packed col-
umns  are suitable for unattended field use (see
photograph).
                          Absorbed ions can be eluted from the Sponge
                          using techniques typically employed to regener-
                          ate ion exchange resins and activated carbons.
                          Following elution, the Sponge can be used in the
                          next absorption cycle.  The number of useful
                          cycles depends on the nature of the absorbed
                          ions and the elution technique used. Alternative-
                          ly, the metal-saturated Sponge can be incinerat-
                          ed. In some instances, the Sponge may be dried
                          and reduced in volume to facilitate disposal.  A
                                                              FORAGER® Sponge
 Page 56
           The SITE Program assesses but does not
             approve or endorse technologies.

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                                                                       November J994
                                                                     Completed Project
trailer-mounted  pump-and-treat apparatus can
handle up to  10 gallons per minute with low
pumping pressures of 4 to 10 pounds per square
inch.   The apparatus  employs 4 or 6 series
connected plexiglas  columns  with valving to
expedite regeneration and staging. Each column
accommodates a fishnet container  of Sponge.
Groundwater can be remediated in situ using
elongated fishnet bags that confine the Sponge.
The bags are placed in well or trenches, and
removed when  saturated.  Alternatively, the
groundwater can be  treated above ground in a
packed column configuration.

WASTE APPLICABILITY:

The   Sponge   can   scavenge  metals   in
concentration  levels  of parts  per  million and
parts  per  billion  from industrial  discharges,
municipal  sewage, process streams, and  acid
mine drainage waters.

STATUS:

This technology was accepted  into the SITE
Demonstration Program in June  1991.   The
FORAGER® Sponge was demonstrated in April
1994  at  the National  Lead Industry  site in
Pedricktown, New Jersey.

The Sponge has  also effectively removed tra.ce
heavy metals from acid mine drainage water at
three  locations  in Colorado.    In bench-scale
tests, the FORAGER® Sponge reduced mercuiy,
lead,  nickel,  cadmium,  and  chromium in
groundwater from various Superfund locations to
below  detectable  levels.   The FORAGER®
Sponge was also demonstrated in  a field-scale
installation at a photoprocessing operation.  The
process achieved 75 percent reductions of chro-
mate and silver at a cost of $1,100 per month.
DEMONSTRATION RESULTS:

Treatment performance from the SITE demon-
stration was as follows:
  Cadmium
  Copper
  Lead
  Chromium111
Aver. Influ.
Cone, (jug/1)

     537
     917
     578
     426
Percent
Removal

   90
   97
   97
   32
FOR FURTHER INFORMATION:

EPA PROJECT MANAGER:
Carolyn Esposito
U.S. EPA
Risk Reduction Engineering Laboratory
Building 10, MS-106
2890 Woodbridge Avenue
Edison, NJ  08837-3679
908-906-6895
Fax: 908-906-6990

TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPER CONTACTS:
Norman Rainer
Dynaphore, Inc.
2709 Willard Road
Richmond, VA 23294
804-288-7109
Fax: 804-282-1325
                                The SITE Program assesses but does not
                                  approve or endorse technologies.
                                Page 57

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Technology Profile
                   DEMONSTRATION PROGRAM
                              ECOVA CORPORATION
                                    (Bioslurry Reactor)
TECHNOLOGY DESCRIPTION:

ECOVA Corporation's slurry-phase bioremedia-
tion   (bioslurry)   technology   aerobically
biodegrades  creosote-contaminated  materials.
The technology uses batch and continuous flow
bioreactors to process  polynuclear  aromatic
hydrocarbon (PAH)-contaminated soils,  sedi-
ments, and sludges.  The bioreactors are sup-
plemented with oxygen, nutrients, and a specific
inoculum of enriched indigenous microorganisms
to enhance the degradation process.

Because  site-specific  environments  influence
biological  treatment, all chemical, physical, and
microbial factors  are designed into the treatment
process. The ultimate goal is to convert organic
                wastes  into relatively harmless by-products of
                microbial metabolism,  such as carbon dioxide,
                methane, and inorganic salts.  Biological reac-
                tion rates are accelerated  in  a  slurry system
                because oif  the  increased contact efficiency
                between contaminants and microorganisms. The
                photograph below shows the bioslurry reactor.

                WASTE APPLICABILITY:

                Slurry-phase  bioremediation  can treat  highly
                contaminated creosote wastes.  It can also treat
                other  concentrated contaminants that  can be
                aerobically biodegraded,  such  as  petroleum
                wastes.  The bioslurry reactor system must be
                engineered' to maintain parameters such as pH,
                temperature, and dissolved oxygen within ranges
                conducive to the desired microbial activity.
                                      Bioslurry Reactor
Page 58
The SITE Program assesses but does not
  approve or endorse technologies.

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                                                                        November 1994
                                                                      Completed Project
STATUS:

ECOVA Corporation conducted bench-  and
pilot-scale studies to evaluate bioremediation of
PAHs  in creosote-contaminated  soil from the
Burlington Northern Superfund site in Brainerd,
Minnesota. Benchescale studies were conducted
before  pilot-scale  evaluations  to  determine
optimal treatment protocols.  EIMCO Biolift
slurry  reactors  were used for the  pilot-scale
processing. Data from the optimized pilot-scale
program will be used to  establish  treatment
standards for K001 wastes as part of EPA's Best
Demonstrated Available Technology  program.

This technology was accepted into the SITE
Demonstration Program in spring 1991.  From
May through September  1991, EPA conducted
a SITE demonstration using six bioslurry reac-
tors at EPA's Test and Evaluation Facility in
Cincinnati, Ohio.

DEMONSTRATION RESULTS:

Slurry-phase biological treatment significantly
unproved biodegradation rates of carcinogenic 4-
to 6-ring  PAHs.    The pilot-scale  bioslurry
reactor reduced 82 +  15 percent of the  total
soil-bound PAHs in the  first week.   After 14
days,  total PAHs  had been biodegraded by
96 ± 2  percent.   An  overall  reduction  of
97 ± 2  percent  was observed over a 12-week
treatment period,  indicating that almost all
biodegradation occurred within the first 2 weeks
of treatment.  Carcinogenic PAHs were biode-
graded by 93 ±  3.2 percent to 501 ± 103 milli-
grams per kilogram  (mg/kg)  from  levels  of
5,081 + 1,530 mg/kg.
FOR FURTHER INFORMATION:

EPA PROJECT MANAGER:
Ronald Lewis
U.S. EPA
Risk Reduction Engineering Laboratory
26 West Martin"Luther King Drive ,
Cincinnati, OH  45268
513-569-7856
Fax: 513-569-7620

TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPER CONTACT:
William" Mahaffey
ECOVA Corporation
800 Jefferson County Parkway
Golden, CO  80401
303-273-7133
Fax: 303-279-9716
                                The SITE Program assesses but does not
                                  approve or endorse technologies.
                                Page 59

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Technology Profile
                   DEMONSTRATION PROGRAM
                    ELI ECO LOGIC INTERNATIONAL INC.
                         (Gas-Phase Chemical Reduction Process)
TECHNOLOGY DESCRIPTION:

The patented ELI Eco Logic International, Inc.
(Eco Logic), process (see  photograph below)
uses a gas-phase xeduction reaction of hydrogen
with organic and chlorinated organic compounds
at elevated temperatures to convert aqueous and
oily hazardous contaminants into a hydrocarbon-
rich  gas  product.   After  passing  through a
scrubber, the gas product's primary components
are hydrogen, nitrogen, methane, carbon monox-
ide, water vapor,  and other light hydrocarbons.
Soils are handled  within the thermal desorption
unit (TDU), which is operated hi conjunction
with the reduction reactor. For further informa-
tion on the TDU, see the profile in the Demon-
stration Program (Completed Projects Section).

The  gas-phase  reduction reaction  takes place
within a specially-designed reactor.   Separate
nozzles inject gaseous atomized waste, steam,
and hydrogen into the reactor.  As the mixture
swirls down between the  outer reactor wall and
a central  ceramic tube,  it passes  a series of
electric glo-bar heaters, raising the temperature
                to 850 degrees Celsius.  The reduction reaction
                takes place as the gases enter the ceramic tube
                through  inlets at the bottom of the tube and
                travel up toward the scrubber.  The scrubber
                removes hydrogen  chloride,  heat, water, and
                particulate matter.  Scrubber liquid is treated as
                Resource Conservation and Recovery Act waste
                or  recycled through the system for additional
                treatment.

                When processing  waste with  a low  organic
                content,   approximately  95  percent   of  the
                hydrogen-rich gas recirculates to the reactor; the
                remaining 5 percent can be used as a supplemen-
                tary fuel for a propane fired boiler that produces
                steam.   Processing waste with a high  organic
                content produces excess gas product, which can
                be compressed and  stored for later analysis  and
                reuse as supplementary fuel.

                The unit is mounted on two standard, drop-deck,
                highway  trailers.    A computerized  process
                control system allows the operator to  monitor
                process variables such as temperature, pressure,
                hydrogen content, and oxygen levels.   In addi-
                              Gas-Phase Chemical Reduction Process
 Page 60
The SITE Program assesses but does not
  approve or endorse technologies.

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                                                                          November 7994
                                                                        Completed Project
 tion, an on-line mass spectrometer is used to
 monitor selected organic compounds.

 WASTE APPLICABILITY:

 The  Eco Logic  reactor is designed to treat
 aqueous and oily waste streams and soil conta-
 minated with hazardous organic waste such as
 polychlorinated biphenyls (PCB),  polynuclear
 aromatic hydrocarbons, chlorinated dioxins and
 dibenzo-furans,   chlorinated   solvents,
 chlorobenzenes, andchlorophenols.  Wastes with
 high water content can be easily handled by the
 process since water is a good source of hydro-
 gen.

 STATUS:

 In October and November 1992, a SITE demon-
 stration of the Eco Logic Process was conducted
 at  the  Middleground  Landfill in Bay  City,
 Michigan, under a Toxic Substances Control Act
 research and development  permit.   The test
 program was conducted in cooperation with
 Environment Canada and the Ontario Ministry of
 the Environment.  The test was performed using
 PCB-contaminated  wastewater and waste  oil
 from the site.

 Since this demonstration, Eco  Logic has con-
 structed a commercial-scale system (the SE25)
 which has a design capacity to treat 100-300
 tons per day of contaminated soil or sediment
 and 20 tons  per day of PCB liquid.  The  SE25
 combines the reduction reactor,  which treats
 PCB oils and aqueous wastes, with a redesigned
 TDU,  which  treats contaminated  soils  and
 sediments.  The cost of processing these waste
 streams is estimated at $2,000 and $400 per tori,
 respectively.  The first SE25 system has been
exported to Australia where Works Approval has
been granted by the Western Australia Environ-
mental Protection Authority.  Eco  Logic was
successful in winning  1.8 million Australian
dollars in federal and state government funds for
the  destruction of  200  tons  of  obsolete
pesticides. A second SE25 system will be con-
 structed to serve the North American market,
 and will be ready for commercial use by the end
 of 1994.

 DEMONSTRATION RESULTS:

 During testing in Bay City, Michigan, the Eco
 Logic Process achieved the following results:

   •  At least 99.9999 percent destruction and
      removal efficiency for PCBs during all
      test runs
   •  A 99.99 percent destruction efficiency
      for   perchloroethylene,   a   tracer
      compound, during all test runs
   •  Net destruction of trace feedstock dioxin
      and  furan  compounds  during  all test
      runs
   •  Throughput rates as follows, in tons per
      day:

Waste oil
Wastewater
Nominal Design
4
10
Demonstrated
Rate
2.3
7.0
FOR FURTHER INFORMATION:

EPA PROJECT MANAGER:
Gordon Evans
U.S. EPA
Risk Reduction Engineering Laboratory
26 West Martin Luther King Drive
Cincinnati,  OH 45268
513-569-7684
Fax: 513-569-7620

TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPER CONTACT:
Jim Nash
ELI Eco Logic International Inc.
143 Dennis Street
Rockwood,  Ontario, Canada
NOB 2KO
519-856-9591  "
Fax: 519-856-9235
                                The SITE Program assesses but does not
                                   approve or endorse technologies.
                                 Page 61

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Techno/oav Profile
                             DEMONSTRATION PROGRAM
                   ELI ECO LOGIC INTERNATIONAL, INC.
                                 (Thermal Desorption Unit)
TECHNOLOGY DESCRIPTION:

ELI Eco Logic International, Inc.'s (Eco Logic),
thermal desorption unit  (TDU)  is  specially
designed for use with Eco Logic's gas-phase
chemical reduction reactor.  For farther infor-
mation on the reduction reactor, see the profile
in  the  Demonstration  Program  (Completed
Projects Section).

The TDU consists of an externally-heated bath
of molten tin metal (heated with propane) in a
hydrogen  gas atmosphere.   Tin is  used for
several  reasons:   tin and hydrogen are non-
reactive; tin's density allows soils to float on the
molten bath; molten tin is a good fluid for heat
transfer; tin is nontoxic in soil; and tin is used
as a bath medium in the  manufacture of plate
glass.

Contaminated soil is conveyed into  the TDU
feed hopper, where an auger feeds the soil into
the TDU.  A screw feeder provides a gas seal
between the outside air and the hydrogen atmo-
sphere inside the TDU.  The auger's variable
       SITE
       SOILS
     PROPANE.

         AIR-
                           n
                  DESORBED GAS
                  MOLTEN BATH
              TREATED SOILS
             TANK
                     TDU
                         speed drive provides  feed  rate control.  Soil
                         inside the TDU floats on top of the molten tin
                         and is heated to 600 degrees Celsius, vaporizing
                         the water and organic material.  Decontaminated
                         soil is removed from the tin bath into a water-
                         filled quench tank.  The water in the quench
                         tank provides  a gas seal between the TDU's
                         hydrogen atmosphere and the  outside air.  A
                         scraper mechanism removes desorbed soil from
                         the quench tank into drums.

                         After desorption  from the soil,   the  organic
                         contaminants are carried from the TDU to Eco
                         Logic's proprietary gas-phase reduction reactor.
                         In the reactor, the organic contaminants undergo
                         gas-phase  chemical  reduction  reactions  with
                         hydrogen at elevated temperatures.  This reac-
                         tion converts  organic  and  chlorinated organic
                         contaminants into a hydrocarbon-rich gas  prod-
                         uct. After passing through a scrubber, the gas
                         product's primary components are hydrogen,
                         nitrogen, methane,  carbon monoxide,  water
                         vapor, and other lighter hydrocarbons. Most of
                         this gas  product recirculates into  the process,
                         while excess ga» can be used as  supplemental

                                   :    RECIRC. GAS
                                                                35°C
1 	 » 	
\
CTOR

3-C
-/



r




\




? \
S !

-, r
•
*"
r
I

                                                                          GAS
                                                                        BOOSTER
                          SLUDGE AND DECANT
                           WATER SLOWDOWN
                                                                      STACK GAS
                                                    CLEAN STEAM
                                                                               HYDROCARBON
                                                                                  GAS(5%)
                          REACTOR SYSTEM

Schematic Diagram of the Thermal Desorption Unit
 Page 62
          The SITE Program assesses but does not
             approve or endorse technologies.

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                                                                         November 1994
                                                                       Completed Project
 fuel or compressed for later analysis and reuse
 as supplemental fuel. Refer to the profile of the
 Eco Logic gas-phase reduction process for  a
 more complete description.

 WASTE APPLICABILITY:

 The Eco Logic TDU, when used with the gas-
 phase chemical reduction reactor, is designed to
 desorb  soils  and  sludges  contaminated  with
 hazardous organic contaminants such as poly-
 chlorinated biphenyls (PCB), polynuclear aro-
 matic  hydrocarbons,  chlorinated  dioxins and
 dibenzofurans, chlorinated solvents, chloroben-
 zenes, and chlorophenols.  The combined tech-
 nologies  can easily  handle  wastes with  high
 water content since water is a  good source of
 hydrogen.

 STATUS:

 In October and November 1992, a SITE demon-
 stration of the Eco Logic Process, including the
 TDU, was conducted at the Middleground Land-
 fill  in Bay City, Michigan, under a Toxic Sub-
 stances Control Act research and development
 permit.  The formal  test program consisted of
 processing soil containing an average 627 parts
 per million (ppm) PCBs.

 Further research and  development over the last
 18 months has focused on optimizing the process
 for  commercial operations and improving the
 design of the soil/sediment processing unit.
According to the vendor, the TDU design cur-
 rently under construction has achieved excellent
 results in laboratory-scale tests, with soils and
 sediments  desorbed from high ppm to percent
levels down to low parts per billion levels.

A commercial-scale unit of the gas-phase chemi-
cal  reduction process, combining  the reductive
reactor and TDU (SE-25), has been constructed
with a design capacity of 100-300 tons per day
of contaminated soil or sediment and 20 tons per
day of PCB askarel fluid.  The cost of proces-
 sing these waste streams  is estimated at $400
 and  $2,000  per  ton, respectively.   The first
 SE25 system has been exported to Australia for
 the destruction of 200 tons of obsolete pesti-
,-cides. A second  SE25 system will be ready for
 commercial use in North America by the end of
 1994.

 DEMONSTRATION RESULTS:

 During testing in Bay City, Michigan, the Eco
 Logic TDU achieved the following:

   •  Destruction  efficiencies (DE) for PCBs
      from the soil of 93.5 percent in run 1
      and 98.8 percent in run 2..
   •  DE for hexachlorobenzene (a tracer
      corn-pound)  from  the  soil of 72.13
      percent in run 1 and 99.998 percent in
      run 2.
   •  PCB    destruction   and   removal
      efficiencies  (DRE)  for  the combined
      TDU  and reduction reactor system of
      99.9999 percent for run  1  and 99.997
      percent for run 2. PCB throughput for
      run 2 was below the target  value,  so a
      DRE of 99.9999 percent could not be
      achieved.

 FOR FURTHER INFORMATION:

 EPA PROJECT MANAGER:
 Gordon Evans
 U.S. EPA
 Risk Reduction Engineering Laboratory
 26 West Martin Luther King Drive
 Cincinnati, OH 45268
 513-569-7684
 Fax: 513-569-7620

 TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPER CONTACT:
 Jim Nash
 ELI Eco Logic International Inc.
 143 Dennis Street
 Rockwood, Ontario, Canada
 NOB 2KO
 519-856-9591
 Fax: 519-856-9235
                                The'SITE Program assesses but does not
                                   approve or endorse technologies.
                                 Page 63

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Technology Profile
                   DEMONSTRA TION PROGRAM
                                EPOC WATER, INC.
                 (Precipitation, Microfiltration, and Sludge Dewatering)
TECHNOLOGY DESCRIPTION:

The  precipitation,  microfiltration,  and sludge
dewatering treatment process uses a combination
of processes to treat a variety of wastes.  In the
first step of the process, heavy metals are chemi-
cally precipitated..  Precipitates and all particles
larger than 0.2 micron are filtered through a
unique tubular  textile crossflow   microfllter
(EXXFLOW). The concentrate stream  is then
dewatered in an automatic tubular filter press of
the same material (EXXPRESS).

EXXFLOW microfllter modules are fabricated
from  a proprietary tubular woven polyester.
Wastes pumped into the polyester tubes form a
dynamic  membrane,  which  produces  a high
quality filtrate and removes all particle sizes
larger than 0.2  micron.   The flow velocity
continually maintains the membrane, maximizing
treatment efficiency.
               Metals are removed via precipitation by adjust-
               ing the pH in the EXXFLOW feed tank.  Metal
               hydroxides or oxides form a dynamic membrane
               with  any  other  suspended  solids.    The
               EXXFLOW concentrate stream, which contains
               up  to 5 percent solids, enters the EXXPRESS
               modules with the discharge valve closed.  A
               semidry cake, up to 0.25  inch thick, is formed
               inside the tubular filter.  When the discharge
               valve is  opened, rollers on the outside of the
               tubes move to form a venturi within the tubes.
               The venturi creates an area of high velocity
               within the tubes, which aggressively cleans the
               cloth and discharges the cake in chip form onto
               a wedge wire screen.   Discharge water is re-
               cycled to the feed tank. EXXPRESS filter cakes
               are typically 40 to 60 percent solids by weight.
               Other constituents can be removed using seeded
               slurry methods in EXXFLOW. Hardness can be
               removed by using lime.  Oil and grease can be
               removed by adding adsorbents. Nonvolatile
                          EXXFLOW/EXXPRESS Demonstration Unit
 Page 64
The SITE Program assesses but does not
  approve or endorse technologies.

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                                                                         November 1994
                                                                       Completed Project
organics  and solvents can  be removed using
adsorbents,  activated  carbon  or  powdered
ion-exchange results.  -If the  raw feed contains a
high percentage of solids, EXXPRESS can be
used first, with EXXFLOW acting  as a final
polish for the product water.

The EXXFLOW/EXXPRESS demonstration unit
is transportable and is mounted on skids. The
unit  is designed to process approximately  30
pounds of solids per hour  and 10 gallon!? of
wastewater per minute.

WASTE APPLICABILITY:

The EXXFLOW and  EXXPRESS technologies
have treated water containing heavy  metals,
silica, pesticides, ink, oil and  grease, bacteria,
suspended solids, and constituents that can be
precipitated  to particle sizes greater than 0.1
micron.  The  EXXPRESS  system can handle
waste streams containing up to 5 percent solids
to produce a semidry cake of 40 to 60 percent
solids by weight.   Nonvolatile organics  and
solvents can also be removed from the water by
adding powdered adsorbents.

Soils and sludge can be decontaminated through
acid leaching of the metals, followed by precipi-
tation and  microfiltration.   Lime and alum
sludges from municipal,  industrial, and power
plant clarifiers can also be treated.

STATUS:

This technology  was  accepted into  the SITE
Demonstration Program  in  1989.  Bench-scale
tests were conducted in 1990. The SITE demon-
stration was conducted during May and June
1992 on  highly acidic mine drainage from the
Old Number 8 mine seep at the Iron Mountain
Superfund site in  Redding, California.  The
system was successful in removing heavy met-
als.  In  most  cases,  the system used  sodium
hydroxide,  lime, or  magnesium oxide as the
precipitating chemicals to produce no detectable
concentrations of metals in the treated water
samples.  Reports will be available in 1995.
This technology was commercialized  in 1988.
Treatment systems have since been installed at
over 45  sites  worldwide.   System  capacities
range from 1 gallon per minute to over 2 million
gallons per day.

Developer claims  for metal  removals on Old
Number 8, when  neutralizing with NaOH and
Ca(OH)2, were generally met or exceeded except
for aluminum.  This was most likely due to the
difficulty encountered when  using NaOH and
Ca(OH)2 to control thepH of this waste stream.
The claims for all metals, including aluminum,
were exceeded when MgO  was used as  the
neutralizing agent.  In most cases, there were no
detectable concentrations of heavy metals in the
permeate samples.

Filter cake produced from the demonstration test
contained approximately 12 percent, 31 percent,
and 30 percent solids when NaOH,  Ca(OH)2,
and MgO were used as the treatment chemicals,
respectively.   Toxicity characteristic  leaching
procedure (TCLP) leaching tests performed on
the filter cake  showed that teachable  levels of
TCLP metals were below the regulatory limits
for each of the treatment chemicals tested.

FOR FURTHER INFORMATION:

EPA PROJECT MANAGER:
Jack Hubbard
U.S. EPA
Risk Reduction Engineering Laboratory
26 West Martin Luther King Drive
Cincinnati, OH 45268
513-569-7507
Fax: 513-569-7620

TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPER CONTACT:
Rodney Squires
EPOC Water, Inc.
3065 North Sunnyside
Fresno, CA  93727
209-291-8144
Fax: 209-291-4926
                                 The SITE Program assesses but does not
                                   approve or endorse technologies.
                                 Page 65

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Technology Profile
                    DEMONSTRATION PROGRAM
                      FILTER FLOW TECHNOLOGY, INC.
                     (Heavy Metals and Radionuclide Polishing Filter)
TECHNOLOGY DESCRIPTION:

The colloid polishing filter method (CPFM) uses
an inorganic, oxide-based compound of granular
pellets (Filter  Flow 1000) to remove colloidal
and ionic form heavy metals and nontritium
radionuclides  from water.   Contaminants are
removed through  a combination of sorption,
chemical complexing, and filtration. The CPFM
effectively removes inorganic metallic pollutants
from  groundwater or  wastewater,  and  can be
used independently or subsequent to flocculation
and bulk solids removal.

The primary  treatment  and  CPFM process
involves five  basic  steps.     If  necessary,
contaminated water is first pumped to an influent
mixing  tank for chemical preconditioning (pH
adjustment or sodium sulfide addition) to induce
formation  of  colloidal   forms  of pollutants.
Second,  suspended solids are removed by an
                incline  plate mini-clarifier  or filter.   Next,
                microparticles  are  removed  using  overflow
                water.  The low solids then pass through to the
                colloid filter press units, where heavy metals and
                radionuclides are  removed by  the  sorption,
                chemical complexing, and  filtration effects of
                Filter Flow 1000.  Finally, the pH of treated
                water exiting the colloid filters  is adjusted prior
                to discharge.  Following treatment, sludge in the
                miniclarifier is dewatered.  The filter packs are
                dewatered with compressed air to form a cake
                containing 60 to 70 percent solids.  These two
                solid wastes  may be combined for disposal.
                Optional single-use, disposable, and reusable bed
                material designs  have been developed,  with
                emphasis on, easy, safe handling and removal of
                the spent filter pack material. Both batch (up to
                10,000 gallons per run) and continuous (5 to 100
                gallons per minute) treatment systems have been
                designed for application in both mobile field
                equipment and fixed installations.
                       Mobile Colloid Filter Unit, Including Mixing Tanks,
                         Pumps, Filter Apparatus, and Other Equipment
Page 66
The SITE Program assesses but does not
  approve or endorse technologies.

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                                                                         November 1994
                                                                       Completed Project
WASTE APPLICABILITY:

The CPFM efficiently removes heavy metals and
nontritium radionuclides from water to parts per
million or parts per billion levels.  This simple
methodology  can.be used separately to treat
water with low total suspended solids; in a
treatment train downstream from other techno-
logies such as soil washing, organic oxidation,
or as a conventional wastewater treatment that
uses  flocculation and solids removal.

The  CPFM's major advantage is high perfor-
mance and lower cost to treat a wide range of
inorganic metallic pollutants in water, including
monovalent and divalent forms, multivalent and
high valence forms existing as colloids, and
ionic, chelated,  and  complexed forms.  The
same equipment can treat water at different sites,
but the preconditioning chemistry and pH must
be optimized for each site from bench and field
test results.

STATUS:

This technology was  accepted into  the  SITE
Demonstration Program in July 1991. EPA and
the U.S. Department of Energy (DOE) co-spon-
sored the  technology  evaluation.   The  SITE
demonstration occurred at DOE's Rocky Flats
Plant (RFP),  Denver,  Colorado, in September
1993 under a cooperative understanding between
EPA and DOE.  The Demonstration Bulletin
(EPA/540/MR-94/501)  and  Capsule  Report
(EPA/540/R-94/501a) are available from EPA.

DEMONSTRATION RESULTS:

The  CPFM treated about 10,000  gallons of
water that contained about 100 milligrams per
liter  of uranium and 100 picoCuries per liter of
gross alpha-contaminated  groundwater.   The
demonstration was comprised of three tests. The
first test consisted of three runs of 4 hours each,
treating about 5 gallons per minute (gpm).  For
the second test, also run for 4 hours at 5 gpm,
the influent water was pre-treated with sodium
sulfide. The third  test was a 15-hour run de-
signed to determine  the amount of contamination
each filter pack could treat.

The CPFM system removed up to 95 percent
uranium and  94  percent gross  alpha  contami-
nation.  However, due to  the significant varia-
tion in removal efficiencies between runs, aver-
age removal efficiencies were significantly less:
80 percent for uranium, and 72 percent for gross
alpha.  Though removal is  largely attributable to
the colloid filter pack, uranium was significantly
removed in runs 1 and 4 before the colloid filter
unit.  Significant gross alpha was also removed
before colloid filter treatment in runs  1 and 3.
At less than the maximum removal  efficiency,
effluent from the CPFM system did not meet the
extremely strict Colorado Water Quality Control
Commission standards for discharge of waters
from RFP.

FOR FURTHER INFORMATION:

EPA PROJECT MANAGER:
Annette Gatchett
U.S. EPA
Risk Reduction Engineering Laboratory
26 West Martin Luther King Drive
Cincinnati,  OH 45268
513-569-7697
Fax: 513-569-7620

TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPER CONTACT:
Tod Johnson
Filter Flow Technology, Inc.
122 Texas Avenue
League City,  TX 77573
713-332-3438
Fax: 713-332-3644
                                 The SITE F'ro.gram assesses but does not
                                   approve or endorse technologies.
                                 Page 67

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 Technology Profile
                    DEMONSTRATION PROGRAM
                          FUNDERBURK & ASSOCIATES
                               (formerly HAZCON,  INC.)
                           (Dechlorination and Immobilization)
TECHNOLOGY DESCRIPTION:

This technology mixes hazardous wastes with
cement (or fly ash), water, and one of 18 patent-
ed reagents commonly known as "Chloranan" to
immobilize heavy metals.  The developers also
claim that certain chlorinated organics are  de-
chlorinated by the treatment reagents.

Soils, sludges, and sediments can be treated in
situ or excavated and treated ex situ. Sediments
can be treated under water.  Treatment occurs in
batches, with volumetric throughput rated at 120
tons  per hour.  In the finished product, metals
are fixed to a veiy low solubility point.

The   treatment  process   begins  by  adding
Chloranan and water to the blending unit (see
figure below).  Waste is then added and mixed
for 2 minutes.  Cement or  fly ash is added and
mixed for a similar tune.  After 12 hours,  the
treated material hardens into a concrete-like
                mass  that exhibits  unconfined compressive
                strengths (UCS) ranging from  1,000 to 3,000
                pounds per square inch (psi), with permeabilities
                of 10"9 centimeters per second  (cm/sec).   The
                hardened  concrete-like  mass  can  withstand
                several hundred freeze and thaw cycles.

                WASTE APPLICABILITY:

                The technology is applicable to  wastes contain-
                ing heavy metals and organics.  The developers
                claim that the technology has been refined since
                the 1987 SITE demonstration  and can now
                dechlorinate certain chlorinated organics as well
                as immobilize other wastes, including those with
                high levels of metals. The wastes with organic
                and inorganic contaminants can be treated sepa-
                rately or together with no impact on the chemis-
                try of the process.  The process can treat con-
                taminated material with high concentrations (up
                to 25  percent) of oil.
                    CHLORANAN
        WASTE
                                           I
                                                  POZZOLANIC
                                                  COMPOUND
                                                                WATER
                                        FIELD BLENDING UNIT
                                             FINISHED
                                             PRODUCT
                      Dechlorination and Immobilization Treatment Process
Page 68
The SITE Program assesses but does not
  approve or endorse technologies.

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                                                                         November 1994
                                                                       Completed Project
STATUS:

This technology was demonstrated hi October
1987  at a  former  oil  processing plant  in
Douglassville,  Pennsylvania.    The site soil
contained high levels of oil and grease (250,000
parts  per  million [ppm])  and  heavy  metals
(22,000 ppm lead), and low levels of volatile
organic compounds  (VOC)  (100 ppm) and
polychlorinated biphenyls (PCB) at 75 ppm.  An
Applications   Analysis   Report
(EPA/540/A5-89/001) and a Technology Evalu-
ation Report (EPA/540/5-89/001a) are available.
A report on long-term monitoring may  be  ob-
tained from EPA's Risk Reduction Engineering
Laboratory.  The technology has also been used
to remediate  a California Superfund site with
zinc contamination as high as 220,000 ppm.

Since the demonstration in 1987, the technology
has been enhanced through the development of
17  additional  reagent  formulations that  are
claimed  to  dechlorinate  many   chlorinated
organics, including PCBs, ethylene dichloride,
trichloroethene, and pentachlorophenol.

This technology is no longer available through a
vendor. Contact the EPA Project  Manager for
further information.

DEMONSTRATION RESULTS:

Samples were taken after treatment at intervals
of 7 days, 28 days, 9 months, and 22 months.
Analytical  results from  these  samples were
generally favorable.  The physical test results
were good, with UCS between 220 and 1,570
psi. Very low permeabilities (10~9 cm/sec) were
recorded, and the porosity of the treated wastes
was moderate. Durability test results showed no
change hi physical strength after the wet and dry
and freeze and thaw cycles.  The waste volume
increased  by about 120  percent.   However,
refinements  of the technology  now  restrict
volumetric increases to the  15 to 25  percent
range.   Using a smaller  volume of additives
reduces physical strength, but toxicity reduction
is  not affected. Data  obtained since the 1987
SITE demonstration indicate that one or more of
the reagents used in immobilizing heavy metals
may be able to dechlorinate  certain  hazardous
organics such as PCBs.

The  results of the leaching tests were mixed.
The  toxicity characteristic leaching  procedure
(TCLP) results of the stabilized wastes were
very low;  essentially, concentrations  of metals,
VOCs,  and semivolatile  organic compounds
(SVOC) were below  1 ppm.  Lead  leachate
concentrations decreased by a factor of 200 to
below 100 parts per billion.  VOC and SVOC
concentrations in the TCLP leachate were not
affected by treatment. Oil and grease  concentra-
tions were greater in  the treated waste TCLP
leachate (4 ppm)  than in the untreated waste
TCLP leachate (less than 2 ppm).  The physical
properties of the treated waste  include  high
UCS, low permeabilities,  and good weathering
properties.

FOR FURTHER INFORMATION:

EPA PROJECT MANAGER:
Paul dePercin
U.S. EPA
Risk Reduction Engineering Laboratory
26 West Martin Luther King Drive
Cincinnati, OH 45268
513-569-7797
Fax: 513-569-7620
                                 The SITE Program assesses but does not
                                    approve or endorse technologies.
                                  Page 69

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 Technology Profile
                    DEMONSTRATION PROGRAM
                                GENERAL ATOMICS
                               (Circulating Bed Combustor)
TECHNOLOGY DESCRIPTION:

General  Atomics1'  circulating  bed combustor
(CBC) uses high velocity air to entrain circulat-
ing solids and create a highly turbulent combus-
tion zone that destroys toxic hydrocarbons. The
commercial-size, 36-inch combustion chamber
can treat up to 150 tons of contaminated soil
daily, depending on the heating value of the feed
material.

The CBC operates at relatively low temperatures
(1,450 to 1,600 degrees Fahrenheit [°F]), reduc-
ing operating costs and  potential emissions of
such gases as nitrogen oxide (NOJ and carbon
monoxide (CO). Auxiliary fuel can be natural
gas, fuel oil, or diesel.   No  auxiliary fuel  is
needed for waste streams with a net heating
value greater than 2,900 British thermal units
per pound.

The CBC's high turbulence produces a uniform
temperature around the combustion chamber and
hot cyclone.  The CBC  also completely mixes
the waste material during combustion.  Effective
                              (2)
                              COMBUSTION
                              CHAMBER
                 SOLID
                 FEED
                      LIMESTONE
                      FEED
                mixing and relatively low combustion tempera-
                ture also reduce emissions of NOX and CO.

                As shown in the figure below, waste material
                and limestone are fed into the combustion cham-
                ber  along with the recirculating  bed material
                from the hot cyclone. The limestone neutralizes
                acid gases.  A conveyor transports the treated
                ash out of the system for proper disposal.  Hot
                combustion gases pass through a cohvective gas
                cooler and baghouse before they are released to
                the atmosphere.

                WASTE APPLICABILITY:

                The CBC process can treat liquids, slurries,
                solids, and  sludges contaminated  with  corro-
                sives, cyanides, dioxins and furans, inorganics,
                metals,  organics,  oxidizers, pesticides, poly-
                chlorinated  biphenyls  (PCB), phenols,  and
                volatiles. Applications include industrial wastes
                from refineries,  ammunition  and   chemical
                plants, manufacturing sites, and military sites.
                The CBC is permitted under the Toxic Substance
                ControlAct to  burn PCBs  in all  10 EPA re-
                            (8)
                            FLUE GAS
                            (DUST)
                            FILTER
                                                                         STACK
                       FD
                       FAN
                                               COOLING
                                                WATER
                                                                 CONVEYOR
                                                             SYSTEM
                              Circulating Bed Combustor (CBC)
Page 7O
The SITE Program assesses but does not
  approve or endorse technologies.

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                                                                          November 1994
                                                                        Completed Project
gions, having demonstrated a 99.9999 percent
destruction removal efficiency (DRE).

Waste feed for  the CBC must be sized to less
than 1 inch. Metals in the waste do not inhibit
performance, and become less  teachable after
incineration.  Treated  residual  ash can be re-
placed on site or stabilized for landfill disposal
if metals exceed regulatory limits.

STATUS:

The circulating bed combustor (formerly owned
by Ogden Environmental Services) was accepted
into the SITE Demonstration Program in March
1989. A treatability study and demonstration on
wastes from the McColl Superfund site in Cali-
fornia was conducted under the guidance of the
SITE  Program,  EPA Region  9,  and the
California Department of Health Services.  The
pilot-scale  demonstration   was  conducted at
General  Atomies' Research  Facility in San
Diego,  California,  using  a  16-inch-diameter
CBC.

Several 36-inch-diameter CBCs have been built
and successfully  operated.   At  the Swanson
River project in Alaska, over 100,000 tons of
PCB-contaminated soil were successfully treated
to  limits of detectability that were far  below
allowable limits.   The process took just over
three years from mobilization of the transport-
able unit to demobilization. The plant operated
at over 85 percent availability all year, including
the  winter,  when  temperatures  were  below
minus 50 °F. The soil was delisted and returned
to the original  site.  The unit has subsequently
been moved to  a Canadian site.

Another unit of similar size treated soils contam-
inated with #6 fuel oil. Over 14,000 tons of soil
were successfully  treated  and delisted.   Upon
completion, the site  was upgraded to  permit
operation as a merchant facility treating  a wide
range of LUFT materials from other sites. Two
other units of the same size are under construc-
tion in  Germany for treatment  of munitions
wastes consisting of slurried explosives and pro-
pellant.  These units will be operational in fall
1994, and they have been permitted under strin-
gent German regulations.

DEMONSTRATION RESULTS:

The demonstration  successfully  achieved the
following goals:

   • Achieved DRE values of 99.99 percent
     or greater for principal organic hazard-
     ous constituents
   • Minimized  formation of products  of
     incomplete combustion
   • Met Research Facility permit conditions
     and California South Coast Basin emis-
     sion standards
   • Controlled  sulfur oxide emissions by
     -adding limestone and residual materials
  i   (fly ash and bed ash); these emissions
     were  nonhazardous.   No   significant
     levels of hazardous organic  compounds
     were found in the system, the stack gas,
     or in.the bed and  fly ash.   The CBC
     minimized  emissions  of sulfur oxide,   .
     NOX, and particulates. Other regulated
     pollutants were controlled to well below
     permit levels.

FOR FURTHER INFORMATION:

EPA PROJECT MANAGER:
Douglas Grosse
U.S. EPA
Risk Reduction Engineering Laboratory
26 West Martin Luther King Drive
Cincinnati, OH  45268^
513-569-7844
Fax: 513-569-7676

TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPER CONTACT:
Jeffrey Broido
General Atomics
3550 General Atomics Court
San Diego, CA  92121-1194
619-455-4495
Fax: 619-455-4111
                                  The SITE Program assesses but does not
                                    approve or endorse technologies.
                                  Page 71

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Technology Profile
                    DEMONSTRATION PROGRAM
                                    GEO-CON, INC.
                      (In Situ Solidification and Stabilization Process)
TECHNOLOGY DESCRIPTION:

The in situ solidification and stabilization pro-
cess technology immobilizes organic and inor-
ganic compounds in wet  or dry soils, using
reagents  (additives) to produce a cement-like
mass. The basic components of this technology
are: 1) Geo-Con, Inc.'s (GEO-CON), deep soil
mixing system (DSM), to  deliver and mix the
chemicals with the soil hi situ; and 2) a batch
mixing plant to supply International Waste Tech-
nologies'  (IWT) proprietary   additives  (see
figure below).

The proprietary additives generate a complex,
crystalline,  connective network of inorganic
polymers hi a two-phase reaction.  In the first
phase, contaminants  are complexed  hi a fast-
acting reaction.  In the second phase,  macro-
molecules build over a long period of time in a
slow-acting reaction.

The DSM system involves mechanical  mixing
and injection. The system consists of one set of
cutting blades and two sets of mixing blades
attached to a vertical drive auger, which rotates
at approximately 15 revolutions  per minute.
Two conduits hi the auger inject the additive
slurry and supplemental water.  Additives are
injected on the downstroke; the slurry is further
mixed upon  auger withdrawal.  The treated soil
columns  are 36  inches hi  diameter  and  are
positioned hi an overlapping pattern of alternat-
ing primary  and secondary soil columns.
                WASTE APPLICABILITY:

                The hi situ solidification and stabilization pro-
                cess treats  soils,  sediments, and sludge-pond
                bottoms contaminated with organic compounds
                and metals.  The  process has been laboratory-
                tested  on  soils   containing  polychlorinated
                biphenyls (PCB), pentachlorophenol,  refinery
                wastes,  and chlorinated  and nitrated  hydro-
                carbons.  The process can treat any waste for
                which a physical or chemical reagent is applica-
                ble.

                STATUS:

                A SITE  demonstration,  using  one-auger, was
                conducted at the General Electric Service Shop
                site in Hialeah, Florida hi April 1988.  Two 10-
                by-20-foot areas were treated - one to a depth of
                18 feet, and the other to a depth of 14 feet. Ten
                months   after  the  demonstration,  long-term
                monitoring tests were ^performed on the treated
                sectors.   The Technology  Evaluation  Report
                (EPA/540/5-89/004a)  and   the   Applications
                Analysis  Report  (EPA/540/A5-89/004)  have
                been published.  A four-auger process remedi-
                ated the PCB-contaminated Hialeah site during
                the whiter and spring of 1990.   Geo-Con has
                used the process  to complete over 40 hi situ
                stabilization projects  throughout the  United
                States. Several significant projects completed to
                date include:
                                                              Roagent
                      In Situ Solidification Batch Mixing Plant Process Flow
Page 72
The SITE Program assesses but does not
  approve or endorse technologies.

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                                                                           November 1994
                                                                         Completed Project
   • Construction of a 110,000 square foot,
     60-feet deep soil-bentonite DSM wall to
     contain contaminated groundwater from
     a former waste pond. All DSM permea-
     bilities were less  than  10~7  centimeters
     per second, a first for DSM construction
   • Shallow soil mixing and stabilization of
     82,000 cubic yards of contaminated soils
     at a former manufactured gas plant site
     that was ultimately converted to a city
     park

The equipment has been scaled up to diameters
as large as 12 feet.  Typical process costs are
$40 to $50 per cubic yard plus  reagent costs.
To date, Geo-Con has utilized this  process to
treat over one million cubic yards of contami-
nated soils and sludges.

DEMONSTRATION RESULTS:

The SITE demonstration yielded the following
results:

   • PCB immobilization appeared likely, but
     could not be confirmed because of low
     PCB concentrations in the untreated soil.
     Leachate tests on treated and untreated
     soil samples showed mostly undetectable
     PCB levels.  Leachate tests performed 1
     year  later   on  treated soil   samples
     showed no increase in PCB concentra-
     tions, indicating immobilization.
   • Sufficient  data were  unavailable to
     evaluate the system's performance on
     metals or other organic  compounds.
   • Each of the  test samples showed  high
     unconfined compressive strength (UCS),
     low permeability,  and  low porosity.
     These physical  properties  improved
     when retested one year later, indicating
     the potential  for long-term durability.
   • The soil's bulk density increased 21 per-
     cent after treatment.  This treatment in-
     creased the treated soil volume by 8.5
     percent and caused a small ground rise
     of 1 inch per foot of treated soil.
   • The UCS  of treated  soil was satis-
     factory, with values up to 1,500 pounds
     per square inch.
   • The treated soil's permeability was satis-
     factory,  decreasing  to 10'6  and  10"7
     centimeters per second (cps) compared
     to 10'2 cps for untreated soil.
   • The wet and  dry weathering test  on
     treated soil was satisfactory.
   • Data  provided  by  Geo-Con  indicated
     some immobilization  of  volatile  and
     semivolatile organics, which may be due
     to organophilic  clays  present  in  the
     reagent.  Data are insufficient to con-
     firm this immobilization.
   » Performance data are limited outside of
     the SITE Program.  Geo-Con modifies
     the binding agent for different wastes.
     Treatability studies should be performed
     for specific wastes.
   • Process costs were $194 per ton for the
     1-auger machine used in the demonstra-
     tion, and $111 per ton for a commercial
     4-auger operation. More recent experi-
     ence  with  larger   scale  equipment
     reduced process costs to about $140 per
     cubic yard.

FOR FURTHER INFORMATION:

EPA PROJECT MANAGER:
Mary Stinson
U.S. EPA
Risk Reduction Engineering Laboratory
2890 Woodbridge Avenue
Edison, NJ  08837-3679
908-321-6683
Fax: 908-321-6640

TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPER CONTACTS:
Chris Ryan or Linda Ward
Geo-Con, Inc.
4075 Monroeville  Boulevard
Corporate One, .Building II, Suite 400
Monroeville,  PA  15146
412-856-7700
Fax: 412-373-3357
                                 The SITE Program assesses but does not
                                   approve or endorse technologies.
                                 Page 73

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Technology Profile
                   DEMONSTRATION PROGRAM
                              GEOSAFE CORPORATION
                                    (In Situ Vitrification)
TECHNOLOGY DESCRIPTION:

In situ vitrification (ISV) uses an electric current
to melt soil or other earthen materials at high
temperatures ranging from 1,600  to  2,000
degrees Celsius (°C),  destroying organic pollut-
ants by pyrolysis.   Inorganic pollutants are
incorporated within the vitrified glass and crys-
talline mass. Water vapor and organic pyrolysis
products are captured in a hood, which  draws
the  off-gases  into  a  treatment  system  that
removes particulates and other pollutants.

To begin the vitrification process, an  array of
four large electrodes is inserted  into contami-
nated zones containing enough soil for melting
to occur (see photograph below).  Because soil
typically  has low electrical conductivity until
molten, flaked graphite and  glass  frit are  placed
on the  soil surface between the electrodes to
provide a starter path for the  electric current.
The electric current passes  through  the  starter
path and melts tibte soil at the surface. As power
is applied,  the melt  continues downward and
outward at an average rate of 1 to 2 inches per
hour.     The   electrode   array  is  lowered
progressively, as the melt grows, to the desired
treatment  depth.   After cooling,  a  vitrified
                monolith remains, with a glass and microcrystal-
                line structure.  This  monolith possesses high
                strength and excellent weathering and leaching
                properties.   The large-scale ISV system melts
                soil at a rate of 4 to 6 tons per hour.

                Air flow through the hood is controlled to main-
                tain a  negative pressure.    Excess oxygen is
                supplied for combustion of any organic pyrolysis
                by-products.  Off-gases  are treated by quench-
                ing, pH-cohtrolled scrubbing, dewatering (mist
                elimination),  heating  (for  dew point control),
                particulate  filtration, and activated carbon  ad-
                sorption. Thermal oxidation may be employed
                as a final  off-gas  polishing stage in place of
                carbon adsorption.

                Individual melt settings  (each single  placement
                of electrodes) may encompass a total  melt mass
                of up to 1,400 tons and a maximum width of 40
                feet.  Single-setting depths as great  as 22  feet
                below  ground surface  have been  achieved.
                Special settings to reach deeper contamination
                are also possible.  The void volume  in earthen
                materials (30 to 50 percent for typical soils)  and
                volatile materials are removed during proces-
                sing, greatly reducing the waste volume.
                              In Situ Vitrification Process Equipment
 Page 74
The SITE Program assesses but does not
  approve or endorse technologies.

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                                                                           November 1994
                                                                        Completed Project
The  mobile ISV  system is mounted on  three
semi-trailers. Electric power is usually obtained
from a utility distribution system at transmission
voltages  of 12.5  or 13.8 kilovolts.  Typical
power consumption ranges from 800 to 1,000
kilowatt-hours per ton of processed soil.  A
diesel generator may also provide power on site.
The  electrical supply system  has  an isolated
ground circuit to provide safety.

WASTE APPLICABILITY:

The ISV process can destroy or remove organics
and immobilize most inorganics in contaminated
soils, sediments,  sludges, or other earthen
materials.  The process  has been  tested  on a
broad range of volatile and semivolatile organic
compounds, other organics including dioxins and
polychlorinated biphenyls (PCB), and on  most
priority  pollutant metals  and  heavy  metal
radionuclides.

In wet soils or sludges, water is driven off at the
100 °C isotherm moving in advance of the melt.
Water removal increases energy  consumption
and associated costs. Also, sludges, must contain
enough   glass-forming   material  (nonvolatile,
nondestructive solids) to produce a molten mass
that  will  destroy  or remove organic pollutants
and  immobilize  inorganic pollutants.   Most
natural soils can be processed without modifica-
tion.  In isolated cases, fluxing materials may be
necessary to obtain the desired electrical conduc-
tivity.

The effectiveness  of the large-scale ISV process
is limited  by 1) individual void  volumes in
excess of 150 cubic feet, 2) rubble exceeding 20
percent by weight, and 3) combustible organics
in the soil or sludge exceeding 5 to 10 percent
by  weight,  depending on the heating value.
Contaminant processing below the water table
may require some means to limit recharge.  Site
adaptions and/or process and equipment modifi-
cation can be made to accommodate site condi-
tions exceeding these limitations if desired.
STATUS:

The  SITE demonstration of this technology
occurred during March and  April 1994 at the
former Parsons Chemical site (Parsons).  Par-
sons is  a Superfund site  in  Grand  Ledge,
Michigan, where the soil is  contaminated with
pesticides, metals, and low levels of dioxins and
furans.      A  Demonstration   Bulletin
(EPA/540/MR-94/520) is available from EPA.
The Innovative Technology  Evaluation Report
will be available in 1995.

The ISV has treated a broad range of hazardous,
radioactive,  and mixed  wastes, and over  30
different soil  types  from the  United  States,
Canada, Japan, and Australia. The U.S. Depart-
ment of Energy (DOE) Pacific Northwest Labo-
ratory  continues to research and develop the
technology,  including an upcoming large-scale
treatability test on a radioactive  liquid waste
seepage pit at Oak Ridge, Tennessee.  Geosafe
recently completed a 3,100-ton Toxic Substance
Control Act (TSCA) demonstration project on
soils contaminated with PCBs up to 12,000 parts
per million  in support of its application  for a
National TSCA Operating Permit.

FOR FURTHER INFORMATION:

EPA PROJECT MANAGER:
Teri Richardson
U.S. EPA
Risk Reduction Engineering Laboratory
26 West Martin Luther King Drive
Cincinnati, OH  45268
513-569-7949
Fax: 513-569-7620

TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPER CONTACT:
James Hansen
Geosafe Corporation
2950 George Washington Way
Richland, WA  99352
509-375-0710
Fax: 509-375-7721
                                  The SITE: Program assesses but does not
                                    approve or endorse technologies.
                                  Page 75

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Technology Profile
                    DEMONSTRATION PROGRAM
                                 GIS/SOLUTIONS, INC.
                   (GIS/Key™ Environmental Data Management System)
TECHNOLOGY DESCRIPTION:

GIS/Key™ is  a comprehensive environmental
database management system that integrates site
data and graphics, enabling the user to create
geologic cross-sections,  boring logs, potentio-
metric maps,  isopleth maps,  structure maps,
summary tables,  hydrographs, chemical  time
series graphs, and numerous other maps  and line
graphs. The software is menu-driven, making it
relatively simple to use.  All system  outputs
meet Resource Conservation and Recovery Act
(RCRA)  and Comprehensive  Environmental
Response,   Compensation  and Liability  Act
(CERCLA) reporting requirements and  are
consistent with current industry practices.

GIS/Key™ can be a cost-effective tool  to  help
manage hazardous waste  site environmental data
more effectively  and accurately.   GIS/Key™
allows project managers to  focus on problem
solving,  because less time is required to enter,
evaluate, and report the supporting site  data.  It
also provides project managers access  to envi-
ronmental databases traditionally available  only
to computer specialists.
                 WASTE APPLICABILITY:

                 The  GIS/Key™ software can be used  at  any
                 Superfund site to facilitate the collection, report
                 ing, and analysis of site data. The software is
                 designed with numerous checks to assure the
                 quality  of  the  data, including comprehensive
                 quality   assurance/quality  control  protocols.
                 System  outputs, listed in the table below, are
                 presentation-quality  and   meet  RCRA   and
                 CERCLA  reporting requirements.   With an
                 electronic laboratory  delivery ,GIS/Key™ can
                 immediately show where the samples fall outside
                 of historical data  ranges along with federal,
                 state, and local  action levels.

                 STATUS:

                 The  GIS/Key™ software  is  in use at  two
                 Superfund  sites:    the Crazyhorse  site  near
                 Salinas, California, and the Moffett Field site
                 near San Jose, California.

                 This technology was accepted into the SITE
                 Demonstration Program in  summer 1992.  The
                 demonstration was held in August 1993  in San
   Isopleth maps of soil or water quality plan
   or section view
   Graphs
      Time series graphs
   -  Chemical versus chemical and inter-
      well and intra-wsll
      Concentration vursus distance
   -  Summary of statistics
   Trilinear Piper diagrams
   User alerts
   -  When QA/QC results fall outside data
      quality objectives
      When sample results fall outside histo-
      rical ranges
   -  When sample results exceed applicable
      regulatory standards
   Presentation-quality data tables
Completely customizable boring logs
Geologic cross-section maps
Isopach maps
Structure maps
Modflow integration
Density-corrected water level, floating
product, hydraulic conductivity, and
contour maps
Water elevation and floating product
thickness versus time graphs
Flow versus time and chemical flux graphs
Modflow integration
                         Environmental Data Management System Outputs
Page 76
The SITE Program assesses but does not
  approve or endorse technologies.

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                                                                               November 1994
                                                                            Completed Project
Francisco, California,  and December  1993  in
Washington, D.C.  The Demonstration Bulletin
(EPA/540/MR-94/505),   SITE   Technology
Capsule  (EPA/540/SR-94/505), and Innovative
Technology   Evaluation   Report
(EPA/540/R-94/505) are available from EPA.

The U.S.  Air  Force's  Environmental  Data
Management  and  Decision  Support  working
group  is  testing   the effectiveness   of the
GIS/Key™ technology at Norton Air Force Base.
The technology is also being used by consultants
at over 20 other U.S. Air Force bases.

GIS/Solutions has developed a three-dimensional
visualization system that minimizes the number
of sampling  locations required to lower maxi-
mum uncertainty and assess the optimal location
for additional monitoring wells, if needed.
                                                FOR FURTHER INFORMATION:

                                                EPA PROJECT MANAGER:
                                                Richard Eilers
                                                U.S. EPA
                                                Risk Reduction Engineering Laboratory
                                                26 West Martin Luther King Drive
                                                Cincinnati, OH 45268
                                                513-569-7809
                                                Fax: 513-569-7620

                                                TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPER CONTACT:
                                                Charles Tupitza
                                                GIS/Solutions, Inc.
                                                1800 Sutter Street
                                                Suite 830
                                                Concord, CA  94520
                                                510-602-9206
                                                Fax: 510-827-5467
A client server version of GIS/Key™ is available.
    7/21/94    Action Level Check

    Constituent Name          Name Action Level   Result:

                                                         Lab Matrix Spike Results
                                                          Modified Method 602
                                                        Groundwater Sampling Program
                                                           Third Quarter 1990	
    14797-55-3   Nitrate
                     US-PMCL   10 mg/l  12 mg/l
    1481
            Sulfate

                     US-SMCL  250 man  350 mg/l
                                     T-.
                                                        LAB
                                                       MATRIX
                                                       SPIKE
 MATRIX
 SPIKE
DUPLICATE
                                                                          RECOVERY
                                                                            (PR)
                                                                                    PERCENT
                                                                                   DIFFERENCE
                                                                                  	(RPD).
10*885    Toluene.US-PMCL^ 1 mg/r*TTr.p

        JVtene (toted)   US-SMCL  20 ug/l  140
                                                            ^^BJ^SSSSSi^MllJ;^^^
                                                            1160	1040   116	1Q4  »J^pv^gre»^
                                                           Table 4-9
                                                        Water Quality Data
                                                       Volatile Organic Analyis
                                                 Quarterly Groundwater Sampling Program
                                                        1989-1990 Results
          Geo-Chemical Cross Section

          SB-OS   SB-01   MW-02A SB-O2 SB-O4
                                                                 Chemical Isopleth

                                                                   "
                                    < * Not datectad at indicated repotting limits
                                    [) = Concentration is less than reporting limit
                                                     ... = Notsar
                                                     All values re
                               Examples of GIS/Key™ Work Products
                                   The SITE Program assesses but does not
                                      approve or endorse technologies.
                                                                                    Page  77

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Technology Profile
                   DEMONSTRA TION PROGRAM
                             GRACE DEARBORN INC.
                       (DARAMEND™ Bioremediation Technology)
TECHNOLOGY DESCRIPTION:

GRACE Dearborn, Inc.'s organic amendment-
enhanced   bioremediation  technology
(DARAMEND™) is designed to degrade many
organic  contaminants,   including   penta-
chlorophenol   (PCP),   polynuclear  aromatic
hydrocarbons  (PAH),  and  petroleum  hydro-
carbons in industrial soils and sediments.  The
technology treats batches of soil by incorporating
DARAMEND™ soil amendments. These amend-
ments are incorporated with conventional agri-
cultural equipment, followed by regular tilling
and irrigation. DARAMEND™ soil amendments
are solid-phase products prepared from natural
organic materials to have soil-specific particle
size distribution,  nutrient content, and nutrient
release kinetics.    Soil  amendments  sharply
increase the ability of the soil matrix to supply
water and nutrients to the microorganisms that
degrade the hazardous compounds. The amend-
ments can also transiently bind contaminants,
reducing the acute  toxicity of the soil  aqueous
phase. This reduction allows microorganisms to
survive hi soils containing very high concentra-
tions of toxic compounds.
                The technology has been applied to remediate
                soils both in situ and ex situ. In either case, soil
                may be treated in lifts up to two feet deep using
                available mixing equipment.  DARAMEND™
                treatment involves the following three fundamen-
                tal steps:

                  • Preparation of the treatment area for the
                    ex situ approach requires construction of
                    a treatment cell  that will contain any
                    foreseeable  free  water.   The in situ
                    approach requires the treatment area to
                    be cleared and ripped, to  reduce soil
                    compaction.
                  « Soil pretreatment  includes removing
                    debris .larger  than  10  inches, such  as
                    metal or rocks, that may damage  the
                    tilling   equipment.      Sediments
                    undergoing   treatment   must   be
                    dewatered.
                  • The DARAMEND™ soil amendment is
                    incorporated,  usually at 1 percent to  5
                    percent by weight, followed by regular
                    tilling and irrigating.
                                                                                   vtt
                            Daramend™ Bioremediation Technology
Page 78
The SITE Program assesses but does not
  approve or endorse technologies].

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                                                                         NovembBr 1994
                                                                       Completed Project
Soil is tilled with a rotary tiller to reduce the
variation in soil  properties and  contaminant
concentrations.   Tilling also incorporates the
required soil amendments  and helps deliver
oxygen to  contaminant-degrading  microorgan-
isms.

A spray irrigation system is used to maintain soil
moisture in the desired range. If heavy precipi-
tation  results  in  the creation of leachate or
surface run-off waters, they are collected and. re-
applied to the soil as needed.

Equipment needed to implement this technology
is readily  available;' requirements  include  a
rotary tiller, spray  irrigation equipment, and
excavation and screening equipment.

Depending on site-specific factors such as con-
taminant  type  and  initial concentration, and
project schedule and climate, a waterproof cover
may be constructed over the treatment area.

WASTE  APPLICABILITY:

 The DARAMEND™ technology is applicable to
 soils and sediments with a wide range of organic
 contaminants. The technology has proven effec-
 tive on soils with total PAH concentrations of up
 to 20,000 milligrams per kilogram (mg/kg), total
 petroleum hydrocarbon  contamination  up  to
 6,300 mg/kg, and PCP concentrations up to 680
 mg/kg.   Total PAHs  have been consistently
 reduced to below 100 mg/kg with many individ-
 ual PAHs reduced below 10 mg/kg.  Chlorophe-
 nol species have been consistently reduced to
 below 5  mg/kg.   This  performance is  often
 attained within a year; however,  environmental
 and  site-specific  conditions may decrease or
  increase this treatment time.

  Bench- and pilot-scale investigations have dem-
  onstrated the technology's applicability to PAH-
  contaminated sediment. The technology's ability
  to treat chlorinated pesticide contamination is
 under evaluation.   Based on the technology's
 success, the principal target markets are wood
 treating,  manufactured  gas,  and  petroleum
 industries.

 STATUS:

 This technology was  accepted into the  SITE
 Demonstration Program in spring  1993.   An
 evaluation of the ex situ  performance of the
 DARAMEND™ technology began at the Domtar
 Wood Preserving facility in Trenton, Ontario,
 Canada during fall 1993 and was completed in
 summer 1994. Detailed results will be available
 in early 1995.  _.

 The demonstration is one component of a 5,000-
 ton  remediation  project  underway  at  the
 industrial wood  preserving  site in  Canada.
 Internal analyses of treated soil indicated signifi-
 cant reductions  in the concentrations of both
 PAHs and chlorinated phenols.

 FOR FURTHER INFORMATION:

 EPA PROJECT MANAGER:
 Teri Richardson
  U.S. EPA
  Risk Reduction Engineering Laboratory
  26 West Martin Luther King Drive
  Cincinnati, OH 45268
  513-569-7949
  Fax: 513-569-7620

  TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPER CONTACTS:
  Alan Seech or Igor Marvan
  GRACE Dearborn Inc.
  3451 Erindale Station Road
  Mississauga, Ontario, Canada
  L5A3T5
.  905-279-2222, ext. 390
  Fax: 905-279-0020
                                   The SITE Program assesses but does not
                                      approve or endorse technologies.
                                    Page 79

-------
  Technology Profile
                     DEMONSTRA TION PROGRAM
                              GRUPPO ITALIMPRESSE
                  (Developed by SHIRCO INFRARED SYSTEMS, INC.)
                              (Infrared Thermal Destruction)
 TECHNOLOGY DESCRIPTION:

 The infrared thermal destruction technology is a
 mobile thermal processing system  that uses
 electrically-powered silicon carbide rods to heat
 organic  wastes to combustion  temperatures.
 Any remaining combustibles are incinerated in
 an afterburner.   One  configuration for this
 mobile system (see figure below) consists of four
 components:   1) an electric-powered infrared
 primary  chamber;  2) a  gas-fired  secondary
 combustion chamber; 3) an emissions control
 system; and 4) a control center.

 Waste is  fed into  the  primary  chamber and
 exposed to  infrared radiant heat (up to  1,850
 degrees Fahrenheit) provided by silicon carbide
 rods above the belt.  A blower delivers  air to
 selected locations along the belt to control the
 oxidation  rate of the waste feed.

 The ash  material  in  the primary  chamber  is
 quenched  by using scrubber water effluent. The
                 ash is then conveyed to the ash hopper, where it
                 is removed;to a holding area and analyzed for
                 organic contaminants,  such as polychlorinated
                 biphenyls (PCB).

                 Volatile gases from the primary  chamber flow
                 into the secondary chamber, which uses higher
                 temperatures, greater residence time, turbulence,
                 and supplemental energy (if required) to destroy
                 these gases. Gases from the secondary chamber
                 are ducted through the emissions control system.
                 In the emissions control system, the particulates
                 are removed in a venturi scrubber.  Acid vapor
                 is neutralized in a packed tower scrubber.  An
                 induced draft blower draws the  cleaned gases
                 from the scrubber into the free-standing exhaust
                 stack. The scrubber liquid effluent flows into a
                 clarifier, where scrubber sludge settles out for
                 disposal.   The liquid  then flows  through an
                 activated carbon filter for reuse or to a publicly
                 owned treatment works for disposal.

                 WASTE APPLICABILITY:

                 This technology is suitable for soils or sediments
                 with  organic contaminants.   Liquid organic
                 wastes can be treated after mixing with sand or
                 soil.   Optimal    waste characteristics are as
                 follows:

                   •  Particle size, 5 microns to 2  niches
                   •  Moisture content,  up  to  50  percent by
                     weight
                   •  Density, 30 to 130  pounds per cubic
                     foot
                   •  Heating value, up to 10,000 British
                     thermal units per pound
                   •  Chlorine content,  up to  5 percent  by
                     weight
                   •  Sulfur  content,  up  to  5 percent  by
                     weight
                   •  Phosphorus, 0 to 300 parts per million
                     (ppm)
                   •  pH, 5 to 9
                   •  Alkali metals, up to 1 percent by weight
     Mobile Thermal Processing System
Page 8O
The SITE Program assesses but does not
  approve or endorse technologies.

-------
                                                                         November 1994
                                                                       Completed Project
 STATUS:

 EPA conducted two evaluations of the infrared
 system.  A full-scale unit was evaluated during
 August 1987, at the Peak Oil Superfund site in
 Brandon, Florida.   The system treated nearly
 7,000 cubic yards of waste oil sludge containing
 PCBs and lead.  A second pilot-scale demonstra-
 tion took place at the Rose Township-Demode
 Road  Superfund  site  in  Michigan,  during
 November 1987. Organics, PCBs, and metals in
 soil were the target waste compounds to be im-
 mobilized. In addition, the technology has been
.used to  remediate PCB  contamination at  the
 Florida Steel Corporation and the LaSalle Elec-
 tric Superfund sites. Two Applications Analysis
 Reports  (EPA/540/A5-89/010  and
 EPA/A5-89/007) and two Technology Evalua-
 tion   Reports   (EPA/540/5-88/002a  and
 EPA/540/5-89/007a) are available from EPA.

 DEMONSTRATION RESULTS:

 The results from the two SITE demonstrations
 are summarized below.

   • PCBs were reduced to less than  1 ppm
     in the ash, with a destruction removal
     efficiency (DRE) for air emissions great-
     er than 99.99 percent  (based on detec-
     tion limits).
   • In  the pilot-scale demonstration,  the
     Resource  Conservation and  Recovery
     Act (RCRA)  standard for  paniculate
     emissions (180 milligrams per dry stan-
     dard cubic meter) was  achieved.  In the
     full-scale demonstration, however, this
     standard was not met in all runs because
     of scrubber inefficiencies.
   • Lead was not immobilized; however, \\.
     remained  in  the ash,  and significant
     amounts  were  not  transferred  to  the
     scrubber water or emitted to the atmo-
     sphere.
  •  The pilot test demonstrated satisfactory
     performance with  high feed  rate and
     reduced power consumption when fuel
     oil was added to the waste feed and the
     primary  chamber temperature was re-
     duced.

Results from the two demonstrations, plus eight
other case studies, indicate the following:

  •  The process is capable of meeting both
     RCRA and Toxic Substance Control Act
     (TSCA) DRE requirements for air emis-
     sions and particulate emissions. Restric-
     tions in chloride levels in the feed waste
     may be necessary. PCB remediation has
     consistently met the  TSCA  guidance
     level of 2 ppm in ash.
  •  Economic analysis suggests an overall
     waste remediation cost up to $800 per
     ton.

FOR FURTHER  INFORMATION:

EPA PROJECT MANAGER:
Laurel Staley
U.S. EPA
Risk Reduction Engineering Laboratory
26 West Martin Luther King Drive
Cincinnati, OH  45268
513-569-7863
Fax: 513-569-7620

TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPER CONTACT:
Gruppo Italimpresse
Rome, Italy
011-39-06-8802001
Padova, Italy
011-39-049-773490

Note:  This technology is no longer available
through vendors in the United States.
                                 The SITE Program assesses but does not
                                   approve or endorse technologies.
                                 Page 81

-------
 Technology Profile
                    DEMONSTRATION PROGRAM
        HIGH VOLTAGE ENVIRONMENTAL APPLICATIONS, INC.
           (formerly ELECTRON BEAM RESEARCH FACILITY, FLORIDA
           INTERNATIONAL UNIVERSITY, AND UNIVERSITY OF MIAMI)
                            (High-Energy Electron Irradiation)
TECHNOLOGY DESCRIPTION:

High-energy electron irradiation of water solu-
tions and sludges produces  a large  number of
very reactive chemical species, including the
aqueous  electron (e'aq),  the hydrogen radical
(H-), and the hydroxyl radical (OH-).   These
short-lived intermediates react with organic
contaminants, transforming them to nontoxic by-
products.

In the principal reaction, the e~aq ion transfers to
halogen-containing compounds, breaking the
halogen-carbon  bond  and  liberating halogen
anions such as chlorine (Cl~) or bromine (Br).
The hydroxyl radical can undergo addition or
hydrogen abstraction reactions, producing organ-
ic free radicals that decompose  in the presence
of other hydroxyl radicals and water.  In most
cases, organics are converted to  carbon dioxide,
water, and salts.   Lower  molecular  weight
                aldehydes and carboxylic acids form at low
                concentrations in some cases. These compounds
                are biodegradable end products.

                During  the  high-energy  electron irradiation
                process, electricity generates high voltage elec-
                trons.   The electrons are  accelerated by  the
                voltage to approximately 95 percent of the speed
                of light.   They are then directed  into a thin
                stream of water or sludge.  All reactions  are
                complete in less than 0.1 second. The electron
                beam and waste flow are adjusted to deliver the
                necessary dose of electrons.  Although this is a
                form of ionizing radiation, there is no residual
                radioactivity.

                A full-scale facility in Miami, Florida, can treat
                more than 170,000 gallons per day.  This facili-
                ty is equipped to handle tank trucks carrying up
                to 6,000 gallons of waste.  High Voltage  Envi-
                ronmental Applications, Inc., developed a mo-
                                                        CONTROLROOM
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                 The Mobile Electron Beam Hazardous Waste Treatment System
Page 82
The SITE Program assesses but does not
  approve or endorse technologies.

-------
                                                                          November 1994
                                                                        Completed Project
bile facility to demonstrate the treatment process
(see figure previous page).

WASTE APPLICABILITY:

This treatment process can effectively treat more
than 50 common organic  compounds.   These
compounds include the following:
     trihalomethanes (such as chloroform),
     which are found in chlorinated drinking
     water;
     chlorinated solvents, including carbon
     tetrachloride,  trichloroethane,   tetra-
     chloroethene   (PCE),  trichloroethene
     (TCE), ethylene dibromide, dibromo-
     chloropropane,    hexachlorobutadiene,
     and hexachloroethane;
     aromatics found hi gasoline, including
     benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene, and xy-
     lene;
     chlorobenzene and dichlorobenzenes;
     phenol;
     dieldrin, a persistent pesticide;
     polychlorinated biphenyls; and
     a variety of other organic compounds.
The treatment process is appropriate for remov-
ing various hazardous organic compounds from
aqueous waste streams and sludges containing up
to 8 percent solids.

STATUS:

The high-energy electron irradiation process was
accepted into the SITE Emerging Technology
Program in June 1990. Based on results from
the Emerging Technology Program, the process
was invited to participate in the Demonstration
Program.   The treatment process was demon-
strated  at  the  U.S.  Department  of Energy's
Savannah River site  in Aiken, South Carolina
during September  1994.   The demonstration
took place on  a portion of the Savannah River
site known as  M-Area.  Chlorinated  solvents
from fuel and target manufacturing operations
were discharged to an unlined basin at M-Area
for almost 20 years.  Detailed results from the
demonstration will be available in 1995.

Under the  Emerging  Technology  Program,
detailed studies were completed for eight organic
compounds:   TCE, PCE,  chloroform,  carbon
tetrachloride,  methylene  chloride,   benzene,
toluene, and phenol. Removal efficiencies were
determined at  three solute  concentrations and
three pHs (representing varying carbonate/bicar-
bonate concentrations), and in the presence and
absence of 3 percent clay.  Reaction by-products
were determined for all six compounds. For the
most part, the eight compounds were minera-
lized.  Trace  quantities of formaldehyde and
other low  molecular  weight aldehydes were
detected.  Formic acid was also detected at low
concentrations; however, the eight compounds
were not toxic at these concentrations.  Papers
are pending that summarize the study results.

Additional studies are underway to  determine
destruction efficiencies with a higher concen-
tration of solids and characterize carbon tetra-
chloride and methylene chloride by-products.

FOR FURTHER INFORMATION:

EPA PROJECT MANAGER:
Franklin Alvarez
U.S. EPA
Risk Reduction Engineering Laboratory
26 West Martin Luther King Drive
Cincinnati, OH 45268
513-569-7631
Fax: 513-569-7787

TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPER CONTACT:
William Cooper
High Voltage Environmental Applications, Inc.
9562 Doral Boulevard
Miami, PL  33178
305-593-5330
Fax: 305-593-0071
                                 The SITE Program assesses but does not
                                    approve or endorse technologies.
                                  Page 83

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Technology Profile
                    DEMONSTRATION PROGRAM
           HORSEHEAD RESOURCE DEVELOPMENT CO., INC.
                                      (Flame Reactor)
TECHNOLOGY DESCRIPTION:

The Horsehead Resource Development Co., Inc.
(HRD), flame reactor system  is  a patented,
hydrocarbon-fueled, flash-smelting  system that
treats residues iand wastes contaminated with
metals (see figure below). The reactor processes
wastes with hoi;  (greater  than  2,000 degrees
Celsius) reducing gases produced by combusting
solid or gaseous hydrocarbon fuels hi oxygen-
enriched air.  In a compact, low-capital cost
reactor,  the  feed  materials   react  rapidly,
allowing a high waste throughput.  The end
products are a non-leachable, glass-like slag; a
potentially  recyclable,  heavy  metal-enriched
oxide;  and  in  some  cases, a metal  alloy.
Volume reduction (of waste to slag plus oxide)
depends on the chemical and physical properties
of the waste. The volatile metals are fumed and
captured in  a  product  dust  collection system;
nonvolatile metals partition to the slag or may be
separated as a molten alloy. Organic compounds
are destroyed at the elevated  temperature of the
flame reactor technology.
                In general, the system requires that wastes be
                dry enough (less than 5 percent total moisture)
                to be pneumatically-fed, and fine enough (less
                than  200 mesh) to  react rapidly.   Larger
                particles (up to 20 mesh) can be  processed;
                however,  the efficiency of metals recovery is
                decreased.  The test facility has a capacity of up
                to 3  tons per hour.   Individual  units can be
                scaled to a capacity of 7 tons per hour.

                WASTE APPLICABILITY:

                The flame; reactor system can be  applied to
                granular solids, soil,  flue dusts, slags,  and
                sludges that contain heavy metals.  The flame
                reactor  technology has successfully treated the
                following wastes:  1) electric arc furnace dust,
                2) lead  blast furnace slag,  3) soil, 4) iron resi-
                dues, 5)  primary  copper flue dust,  6) lead
                smelter nickel matte, 7) zinc plant leach residues
                and purification residues, 8) brass mill dusts and
                fumes, t and 9) electroplating sludges.
                                               Natural Gas
                                              • Oxygen* Air
                                     RffJE
                                   \    /
                                     SEPARATOR
                        Effluent Slag
                                               Sdld-WasieFeed
                                                              Off Gas
                                                             Oxide Product
                               HRD Flame Reactor Process Flow
Page 84
The SITE Program assesses but does not
  approve or endorse technologies.

-------
                                                                           November 1994
                                                                         Completed Project
The system has successfully treated the follow-
ing metal-bearing wastes:  zinc (up to 40 per-
cent); lead (up to 10 percent); chromium (up to
4 percent); cadmium (up to 3 percent); arsenic
(up to 1  percent);  copper (up to 8  percent);
cobalt; and nickel.  The system can also  treat
soils that are contaminated with metals, with or
without a variety of toxic organics.

STATUS:

This technology was accepted into  the  SITE
Demonstration Program in summer 1990.   Cur-
rently, the prototype flame reactor technology
system operates  with a capacity of 1 to 3 tons
per hour  in a stationary mode at HKD's facility
in  Monaca,  Pennsylvania.   EPA and  HRD
believe that a mobile version of the system could
be designed and constructed for on-site treatment
at hazardous waste sites.

The SITE demonstration was conducted from
March 18 to 23,  1991,  on secondary  lead
smelter-soda  slag from the National  Smelting
and Refining Company (NSR) Superfund site in
Atlanta, Georgia. The test was conducted at the
Monaca,  Pennsylvania facility under a Resource
Conservation and Recovery Act research, devel-
opment, and demonstration permit.  This permit
allows treatment of  wastes  containing   high
concentrations of metals,  but only  negligible
concentrations of organics.

The major objectives of the SITE technology
demonstration were to  investigate  the  reuse
potential  of the recovered metal oxides, evaluate
the levels of contaminants  in the residual slag
and their  leaching potential, and determine the
efficiency and economics of processing.

A  30,000-standard-tons-per-year  commercial
flame reactor plant processes steel mill baghouse
dust (K061) exclusively at  the North Star Steel
Mini Mill near Beaumont, Texas. The plant was
activated  June  1,  1993,  and is capable  of
performing as designed.
 DEMONSTRATION RESULTS:

 Approximately 72 tons of NSR waste material
 were  processed  during the   demonstration.
 Partial test results are shown in the table below.

      Metal Concentration Ranges in Influent and Effluent
            Waste        Effluent       Oxide
            Feed          Slag         Product
           (mg/kg)*       (mg/kg)       (mg/kg)
 Arsenic     428-1040      92.1-1340     1,010-1,170
. Cadmium    356-512      <2.3-13.5     1,080-1,380
 Copper    1,460-2,590    2,730-3,890     1,380-1,780
 Iron     95,600-130,000  167,000-228,000  29,100-35,600
 Lead     48,200-61,700    1,560-11,400  159,000-184,000
 Zinc	3,210-6,810     711-1,680    10,000-16,200

 * milligrams per kilogram

 All effluent slag passed toxicity characteristic
 leaching procedure criteria.  Study of the reuse
 potential of the oxide product  is ongoing.   The
 Technology   Evaluation   Report
 (EPA/540/5-91/005) and the Applications Analy-
 sis Report (EPA/540/A5-91/005) are available
 from EPA.

 FOR FURTHER INFORMATION:

 EPA PROJECT MANAGERS:
 Donald Oberacker and Marta K. Richards
 U.S. EPA
 Risk Reduction Engineering Laboratory
 26 West Martin Luther King Drive
 Cincinnati, OH  45268
 513-569-7510 and 513-569-7692
 Fax: 513-569-7549

 TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPER CONTACT:
 Regis Zagrocki
 Horsehead Resource Development Co., Inc.
 300 Frankfort Road
 Monaca, PA  15061
 412-773-2289
 Fax: 412-773-2273
                                  The SITE Program assesses but does not
                                    approve or endorse technologies.
                                   Page 85

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 Technology Profile
                    DEMONSTRATION PROGRAM
               HRTJBETZ ENVIRONMENTAL SERVICES, INC.
                                   (HRUBOUT® Process)
TECHNOLOGY DESCRIPTION:

The HRUBOUT® process is a thermal,  in situ
and ex situ treatment process designed to remove
volatile organic compounds  (VOC) and semi-
volatile organic compounds (SVOC) from conta-
minated soils. As part of the in situ process,
heated air is injected into the soil below the con-
tamination zone, evaporating soil moisture and
removing volatile and semivolatile hydrocarbons.
As  the water evaporates,  soil  porosity and
permeability increase, further facilitating the air
flow at higher temperatures.  As the soil temper-
ature increases further, the less volatile constitu-
ents volatilize or are thermally oxidized.

Injection wells are drilled hi a predetermined
distribution pattern to depths below the conta-
mination.   The wells are equipped with steel
casing, perforated at the bottom, and cemented
                into the hole above the perforations.  Heated,
                compressed air is introduced at temperatures up
                to 1,200 degrees Fahrenheit (°F), and the pres-
                sure is slowly increased. As the air progresses
                upward through the soil, the moisture is evapo-
                rated, taking with it the VOCs and SVOCs.  A
                surface collection system captures the exhaust
                gases under negative pressure. These gases are
                transferred to a thermal oxidizer,  where the
                hydrocarbons  are  thermally  destroyed   at
                1,500 °F.

                The air is heated in an adiabatic burner at 2.9
                million British thermal units (MMBtu) per hour.
                The incinerator has a rating of 3.1 MMBtu/hour.
                The air blower can deliver up to 8,500 pounds
                per hour.  The units employ a fully-modulating
                fuel train that is fueled by natural gas or pro-
                pane.  All equipment is mounted on custom-
                designed mobile units and operates 24 hours per
                day.
                                                           TO ATMOSPHERE
                             HOT COH&RESSED AIR
                               (250*-1200'F)
          VENT GAS

          COLLECTION
          CHANNELS
                                        HOT AIR INJECTION WELLS
                                           T-250--1200-F
                                           WATER TABLE
                                    HRUBOUT® Process
Page 86
The SITE Program assesses but does not
  approve or endorse technologies.

-------
                                                                          November J994
                                                                        Completed Project
WASTE APPLICABILITY:

The HRUBOUT® process can remediate soils
contaminated  with halogenated  or nqn-halo-
genated  organic  volatiles and  semi-volatiles,
such as gasoline, diesel oil, jet fuel, heating oil,
chemical solvents or  other hydrocarbon com-
pounds.  There is no residual output from the
treatment site, eliminating any future liability.

STATUS:

The HRUBOUT® process was accepted into the
SITE Demonstration Program in July 1992. The
technology was demonstrated at Kelly Air Force
Base  in  San  Antonio,  Texas,  from  January
through February  1993. Preliminary demonstra-
tion results were  published in a demonstration
bulletin (EPA/540/MR-93/524).  This document
is available from EPA.

In 1988,  approximately 80,000 gallons of JP-4
jet fuel spilled from a ruptured,  high-pressure
fuel pipeline on Kelly Air Force Base.  A 30-by-
40-foot area of the spill site  was  chosen as the
treatment area. Six heated air injection wells,
spaced on a 3-by-2  grid  10 feet apart, were
drilled to a depth  of approximately 20 feet.

In September 1993, an in situ project was com-
pleted  at the Canadian Forces military base in
Ottawa, Ontario,  Canada. Levels up to 1900
parts per  million (ppm) of total petroleum hydro-
carbons (TPH) were encountered over an area
about 17-by-17-feet on the base. Five injection
wells were drilled to a depth of 30 feet.  After
12 days of treatment,  borehole samples ranged
from non-detect to 215 ppm  TPH, successfully
meeting closure requirements of 450 ppm TPH
minimum.

The  new  containerized   version  of  the
HRUBOUT® process was tested in July 1993 at
a West Texas site contaminated with Varsol, or
naphtha.  The  soil was excavated so it could be
treated in Hrubetz's insulated container.
The soil tested 1550 ppm of TPH before treat-
ment.  Three loads were treated for about 60-65
hours each.  Post-treatment samples tested from
non-detect to 7 ppm of TPH, meeting the Texas
Water Commission's background target level of
37  ppm.  Large-scale  mobile container units,
holding up to  40 cubic yards, and capable of
treating a load in 8 hours, are now being devel-
oped for ex situ application.

Additional  tests  conducted  by  Hrubetz have
shown that excavated contaminated soils may be
treated by distributing the soils over a horizon-
tal, perforated piping grid.  The process injects
the pressurized, heated  air via the grid system,
collects the resultant vapors beneath an imper-
meable covering, and directs those vapors into
the thermal oxidizer.

Three patents have been granted, and additional
patents are pending.  The process was approved
by  the Texas Natural Resources Conservation
Commission in 1991.

FOR FURTHER INFORMATION:

EPA PROJECT MANAGER:
Gordon Evans
U.S. EPA
Risk Reduction Engineering Laboratory
26 West Martin Luther  King Drive
Cincinnati, OH  45268
513-569-7684
Fax:513-569-7620

TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPER CONTACTS:
Michael Hrubetz or Barbara Hrubetz
Hrubetz Environmental  Services, Inc.
5949 Sherry Lane, Suite 525
Dallas, TX  75225
214-363-7833
Fax: 214-691-8545
                                 The SITE Program assesses but does not
                                   approve or endorse technologies.
                                 Page 87

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Technology Profile
                   DEMONSTRATION PROGRAM
                HUGHES ENVIRONMENTAL SYSTEMS, INC.
                           (Steam Enhanced Recovery Process)
TECHNOLOGY DESCRIPTION:

The Steam Enhanced Recovery Process (SERF)
removes  most  volatile  organic  compounds
(VOC) and semivolatile organic compounds
(SVOC) from contaminated soils in situ both
above and  below the  water table (see  figure
below).  The technology is applicable to the in
situ remediation of contaminated soils  below
ground surface and below or around permanent
structures.  The process accelerates contaminant
removal rates and can be effective in all soil
types.

Steam is forced through the soil by injection
wells to thermally enhance the recovery process.
Extraction wells are used for two purposes: to
pump and treat groundwater, and to transport
steam and vaporized contaminants to the surface.
Recovered nonaqueous liquids are separated by
gravity separation.  Hydrocarbons are collected
for recycling, and water is treated before being
                discharged to a storm drain or sewer.  Vapors
                can be condensed and treated by any of several
                vapor treatment techniques (for example, ther-
                mal oxidation and  catalytic oxidation).   The
                technology uses readily available components
                such as extraction and monitoring wells, mani-
                fold piping, vapor and liquid separators, vacuum
                pumps, and!gas emission control equipment.

                WASTE APPLICABILITY:
                          ',

                The process can extract VOCs and SVOCs from
                contaminated soils  and  perched  groundwater.
                Compounds suitable for treatment are hydrocar-
                bons  such as gasoline and diesel and jet fuel;
                solvents such as trichloroethene, trichloroethane,
                and dichlorobenzene; or a  mixture  of these
                compounds.  After  application of the process,
                subsurface conditions are excellent for biodegra-
                dation of residual contaminants.  The process
                cannot be applied to contaminated soil very near
                the ground surface unless a cap exists.  Denser-
                                 HYDROCARBON
                                    LIQUID
             LIQUIDS
             (HYDROCARBONS/
             WATER)
                                                            SOIL CONTAMINATED
                                                            BY HYDROCARBONS
                              Steam Enhanced Recovery Process
Page 88
The SITE Program assesses but does not
  approve or endorse technologies.

-------
                                                                          November 1994
                                                                        Completed Project
than-water compounds  can be treated only in
low  concentrations  unless  a geologic barrier
exists to prevent downward percolation.

STATUS:

The  SITE demonstration of this  technology
began in August 1991 and was completed in
September  1993.  Soil at the site in Huntington
Beach, California was contaminated by a large
diesel fuel spill.  The  Demonstration Bulletin
(EPA/540/HR-94/510) is  available  from EPA.
The  Innovative Technology Evaluation Report
will be available from EPA in late 1994.

For more information regarding this technology,
see  the Berkeley  Environmental  Restoration
Center  (Completed  Projects),   or  Praxis
Environmental  Technologies, Inc.,  (Ongoing
Projects) profiles in the Demonstration Program
section.  This technology is no longer available
through this vendor.  Contact the EPA Project
Manager for further information.

DEMONSTRATION RESULTS:

Preliminary evaluation of the posttreatment data
suggests the following conclusions:

   •  The geostatistical weighted  average soil
     total   petroleum  hydrocarbons  (TPH)
     concentration in the treatment area was
     2,290 milligrams per kilogram (mg/kg).
     The 90 percent confidence interval for
     this average concentration is 996  mg/kg
     to 3,570 mg/kg, which shows that there
     is a high probability that the technology
     did not meet  the  cleanup criterion.
     Seven percent of soil samples had TPH
     concentrations  in excess  of  10,000
     mg/kg.
   • The geostatistical weighted average soil
     total   recoverable   petroleum
     hydrocarbons (TRPH) concentration was
     1,680  mg/kg  with  a   90   percent
     confidence  interval  of 676 mg/kg to
     2,680  mg/kg.   Levels  of benzene,
     toluene,  ethylbenzene,  and   xylenes
     (BTEX) were below the detection limit
     (6 micrograms per kilogram)  in post-
     treatment  soil  samples;   BTEX  was
     detected at  low mg/kg levels in a few
     pretreatment soil samples.
   • Analysis  of triplicate samples  showed
     marked variability in soil  contaminant
     concentration  over   short  distances.
     Analogous results  for TPH and TRPH
     triplicate- samples   suggest  that  the
     contaminant concentration  variability
     exists within the site soil matrix and is
     not the result of analytical techniques.
     This  variability  is   the  reason  that
     confidence  intervals  for  the   average
     concentrations are so large.
   • The  data  suggests  that  lateral  or
     downward migration of contaminants did
     not occur during treatment.

FOR FURTHER INFORMATION:

EPA PROJECT MANAGER:
Paul dePercin
U.S. EPA
Risk Reduction Engineering Laboratory
26 West Martin Luther King Drive
Cincinnati, OH 45268
513-569-7797
Fax: 513-569-7620
                                 The SITE Program assesses but does not
                                   approve or endorse technologies.
                                 Page 89

-------
Technology Profile
                   DEMONSTRATION PROGRAM
                           IIT RESEARCH INSTITUTE/
                   BROWN AND ROOT ENVIRONMENTAL
                                (Radio Frequency Heating)
TECHNOLOGY DESCRIPTION:

Radio frequency heating (RFH) is an  in situ
process that uses electromagnetic energy to heat
soil and enhance soil vapor extraction  (SVE).
Developed by  IIT  Research Institute (HTRI),
the patented RFH  technique heats a discrete
volume of soil using rows of vertical electrodes
embedded in the soil (or media).  Heated soil
volumes are bounded by two rows of  ground
electrodes with energy applied  to a third row
midway between, the ground rows.  The three
rows act as a buried triplate capacitor.  When
energy is applied, to the electrode array, heating
begins in the top center and proceeds vertically
downward and laterally outward through the soil
               volume.  The technique has heated soil to well
               over 300 degrees Celsius.

               RFH  enhances SVE  for  two  reasons:    1)
               contaminant vapor pressures  are increased by
               heating, and 2) the soil permeability is increased
               by drying.  Extracted vapor can then be treated
               by a variety of existing technologies, such as
               granular activated carbon or incineration.

               WASTE APPLICABILITY:

               RFH enhanced SVE to remove petroleum hydro-
               carbons, volatile  organic compounds (VOC),
               semivolatile organic compounds (SVOC), and
               pesticides from soils.  The technology is most
                                                                   Adjusted in the
                                                                   Field to Match
                            Contaminated Aluminum
                                 RFShield
                     Exciter Electrode
                          Row
                                                                          Vapor from
                                                                           Surface
                                                                        Expanded Metal
                                                                          RF Shield
                                                                      8'
                                                                 ^ Vapor from
                                                                 'Ground Row
                                                                  Electrodes
                                                               Vapor Barrier and
                                                              RF Shield on Surface
                   Sheilding Electrode
                        Rows
                           Radio Frequency In Situ Heating System
Page 90
The SITE Program assesses but does not
  approve or endorse technologies.

-------
                                                                        November 1994
                                                                      Completed Project
efficient   in  subsurface   areas  with   low
groundwater  recharge.   In theory,  the  tech-
nology should be applicable to any polar com-
pound in any non-metallic media.

STATUS:

The RFH technique was accepted into the SITE
Demonstration Program in summer 1992.  The
technique was demonstrated  in summer 1993 at
Kelly Air Force Base (AFB), Texas, as part of
a joint project with the U.S.  Air Force. Brown
and Root Environmental was the prime contrac-
tor for the evaluation and  implementation of
.RFH  for the  U.S. Air Force.  This technique
and an alternative RFH technology developed by
KAI were demonstrated and compared in June
1994 at Kelly AFB. Final technical reports will
be available from Armstrong Laboratory and
EPA in early 1995.  The reports will contain
engineering evaluation of this technique and. the
KAI technology.  For further information on the
KAI  technology,  see  the  profile  in  the
Demonstration  Program  Completed  Project
section.

One additional field test of this technology will
occur within  the next year.   The test will be
conducted at Sandia National Laboratory (SNL)
in Albuquerque, New  Mexico.  The SNL site is
a former chemical waste landfill where silty sand
is contaminated with VOCs and SVOCs.

Two previous field tests were completed using in
situ RFH. The technology was tested  at a fire
training pit,  located at the Volk Air National
Guard Base in Camp Douglas, Wisconsin.  The
sandy soil in the pit was contaminated with jet
fuel.  The second test was completed at Rocky
Mountain Arsenal in Colorado,  where clayey
soil  was contaminated  by  organochlorine-
pesticides.
FOR FURTHER INFORMATION:

EPA PROJECT MANAGER:
Laurel Staley
U.S. EPA
Risk Reduction Engineering Laboratory
26 West Martin Luther King Drive
Cincinnati, OH  45268
513-569-7863
Fax: 513-569-7620

TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPER CONTACTS:
Harsh Dev
JIT Research Institute
10 West 35th Street
Chicago,  IL  60616-3799
312-567-4257
Fax: 312-567-4286

Paul Carpenter
U.S. Air  Force Armstrong Laboratory
Site Remediation Division, AL/EQW
139 Barnes Drive, Suite 2
Tyndall AFB, FL 32043-5319
904-283-6187
Fax: 904-283-6064

Clifton Blanchard
Brown and Root Environmental
800 Oak Ridge Turnpike
Jackson Plaza, A-600
Oak Ridge, TN  37830
615-483-9900
Fax: 615-483-2014
                                The SITE Program assesses but does not
                                  approve or endorse technologies.
                                Page 91

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Technology Profile
                  DEMONSTRATION PROGRAM
                          KAI TECHNOLOGIES, INC./
                   BROWN AND ROOT ENVIRONMENTAL
                              (Radio Frequency Heating)
TECHNOLOGY DESCRIPTION:

Radio frequency heating  (RFH) is an in situ
process that uses electromagnetic energy to heat
soil and enhance soil vapor extraction (SVE).
The patented RFH technique, developed by KAI
Technologies,  Inc.,  uses  an  antenna-like
applicator inserted, hi a single borehole to heat a
volume of soil.  Large volumes can be treated
with arrays of antennas that are  selected and
sequentially positioned within their respective
boreholes by the RFH control system.  When
energy is applied to the antenna, heating begins
near the borehole and proceeds outward.  The
technique  has heated soil to well over 250
degrees Celsius.
               RFH  enhances SVE  for  two reasons:   1)
               contaminant vapor pressures are increased by
               heating; and 2) the soil permeability is increased
               by drying. Extracted vapor can then be treated
               by a variety of existing technologies.

               WASTE APPLICABILITY:

               The RFH technique has been tested on  pilot-
               scale vertical and horizontal antenna orientations
               to remove petroleum hydrocarbons and volatile
               and semivolatile  organics  from  soils.  The
               technology is most efficient in subsurface areas
               with low groundwater recharge. In theory, the
               technology should be applicable to any polar
               compound in any non-metallic media.  The
                                                              CONTAMINATED SOIL

                                                         ANTENNA

                                                 BOREHOLE
                                   KAI Antenna System
Page 92
The SITE Program assesses but does not
  approve or endorse technologies.

-------
                                                                       Novemtier 7994
                                                                     Completed Project
flexible design permits easy access for in situ
treatment  of organics  and pesticides  under
buildings or fuel storage tanks.

STATUS:

The KAI RFH technique was accepted into the
SITE Demonstration Program in summer 1992.
The  technique was   demonstrated  between
January  and March 1994  at Kelly Air Force
Base, Texas, as part of a joint project with the
U.S. Air Force Armstrong Laboratory. Brown
and  Root   Environmental  was  the  prime
contractor for the evaluation and implementation
of RFH for the U.S. Air Force. An earlier field
demonstration of the IIT Research Institute RFH
technology was completed in summer 1993 at
the  same site for  comparison. Final technical
reports  will  be  available  from  Armstrong
Laboratory and EPA in early 1995. The reports
will contain engineering evaluations of both
techniques.
FOR FURTHER INFORMATION:

EPA PROJECT MANAGER:
Laurel Staley
U.S. EPA
Risk Reduction Engineering Laboratory
26 West Martin Luther King Drive
Cincinnati, OH 45268
513-569-7863
Fax: 513-569-7620

TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPER CONTACTS:
Raymond Kasevich
KAI Technologies, Inc.
175 New Boston Street
P.O. Box 3059
Woburn, MA  01801
617-932-3328
Fax: 617-932-0927

Paul Carpenter
U.S. Air Force Armstrong Laboratory
Site Remediation Division, AL/EQW
139 Barnes Drive,  Suite 2
Tyndall AFB,  PL  32043-5319
904-283-6187
Fax: 904-283-6064

Clifton Blanchard
Brown and Root Environmental
800 Oak Ridge Turnpike
Jackson Plaza, A-600
Oak Ridge, TN  37830
615-483-9900
Fax: 615-483-2014
                                The SITE Program assesses but does not
                                  approve or endorse technologies.
                                Page 93

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Technology Profile
                    DEMONSTRATION PROGRAM
                       MAGNUM WATER TECHNOLOGY
                                   (CAV-OX® Process)
TECHNOLOGY DESCRIPTION:

The CAV-OX® process uses a synergistic combi-
nation of hydrodyriamic cavitation and ultraviolet
(UV) radiation to oxidize contaminants hi water.
The  process  is  designed to remove organic
contaminants from wastewater and groundwater
without releasing volatile organic compounds
into the atmosphere.  Contaminants  hi aqueous
waste streams often  meet  discharge limits at
optimal conditions  when treated with the pro-
cess. The CAV-OX® process cannot handle free
product or  highly turbid waste streams, since
these conditions tend to lower the UV reactors'
efficiencies. However, the CAV-OX® cavitation
chamber's efficiency is unaffected in such cases.

Free radicals  are generated  and maintained by
the  system's  combination  of hydrodynamic
cavitation, UV excitation, and, where necessary,
addition of hydrogen peroxide and metal  cata-
lysts.  Neither the cavitation chamber nor the
UV lamp or hydrogen peroxide reaction gener-
ates  toxic by-products or air emissions.  UV
lamp output can be varied from 360 watts to
over 20,000  watts, depending on  the waste
stream.

Magnum Water Technology estimates the cost of
using the CAV-OX® process to be about half the
cost  of other  advanced UV  oxidation systems,
and  substantially  less expensive  than  carbon
                          GROUND WATER
                          HOLDING TANK
               INFLUENT
                adsorption,  j In addition, because the process
                equipment has only one moving part, mainte-
                nance costs are minimal.   The  CAV-OX®
                process does not exhibit the quartz tube scaling
                common with other UV equipment.  Langelier's
                Index of Scaling  is  shifted  negative by  the
                CAV-OX® process.

                WASTE APPLICABILITY:

                The process is designed to treat liquid waste,
                specifically groundwater or wastewater contami-
                nated with organic compounds.  Contaminants
                such as halogenated solvents; phenol; pentachlo-
                rophenol; pesticides; polychlorinated biphenyls;
                explosives; benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene, and
                xylenes; methyl tertiary butyl ether; cyanide;
                and other organic compounds  are suitable for
                this treatment process. Organics such as ben-
                zene can be  treated  to nondetectable  levels;
                others, such as 1,1-dichloroethane, are typically
                reduced  by 96 percent.   Organisms  such  as
                Salmonella  and E.  Coli are also significantly
                reduced.

                STATUS:

                This technology was  accepted  into the SITE
                Demonstration Program in summer 1992, and
                was demonstrated for four weeks in March 1993
                at Edwards Air Force Base Site 16 in California.
                The  Demonstration  Bulletin
                                                               CAV-OX® II
                                                             H.E. U.V. REACTOR
                                                               (OPTIONAL)
                                                                 CAV-OX® I
                                                               L.E. U.V. REACTOR
                                   The CAV-OX® Process
Page 94
The SITE Program assesses but does not
  approve or endorse technologies.

-------
                                                                        November 1994
                                                                      Completed Project
(EPA/540/MR-93/524) is available from EPA.
The   Applications   Analysis   Report
(EPA/540/AR-93/520) was published in May
1994.

The CAV-OX® process has been tested at sever-
al  private and public sites,  including the San
Bernardino and Orange County Water Depart-
ments in California.  Tests at a Superfund site
treated leachate containing 15 different contami-
nants.   Pentachlorophenol, one of the  major
contaminants, was reduced by 96 percent in one
test series.  In other tests, the process success-
fully treated cyanide contamination.  The pro-
cess  has remediated a former  gasoline station
site over a 2-year period.  A  second gasoline
station site is currently being remediated using
this process.

Tests in Mexico on difficult  pharmaceutical
contaminants from a plant process stream were
successful.  The high chemical oxygen demand
(approximately  120,000 parts per million) was
reduced 86 percent. Tests at a California chemi-
cal plant reduced process stream contaminants
by 80 percent.
DEMONSTRATION RESULTS:

The CAV-OX® process achieved removal effi-
ciencies of greater than 99.9 percent for tri-
chloroethene, benzene,  toluene,  ethylbenzene,
and xylenes.  No quartz tubes  scaling was
observed. Preliminary demonstration results for
the CAV-OX® process are shown in the table
below.

FOR FURTHER INFORMATION:

EPA PROJECT MANAGER:
Richard Eilers
U.S. EPA
Risk Reduction Engineering Laboratory
26 West Martin Luther King Drive
Cincinnati, OH 45268
513-569-7809
Fax:  513-569-7620

TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPER CONTACTS:
Dale Cox or Jack Simser
Magnum Wetter Technology
600 Lairport Street
El Segundo, CA  90245
310-322-4143 or 310-640-7000
Fax:  310-640-7005
H202'
Concen-
trations
(mq/L)2
33.1
23.4
4.9
48.3
6.0
4.9
5.9
5.9
6.1
0
0
Flow
(qpm)3
0.5
0.6
1.5
0.6
0.7
1.5
0.5
0.7
1.5
-
-
TCE
99.9
99.9
71.4
99.7
87.8
61.7
96.4
87.1
60.6
-
-
CAV-OX® I
Removal Efficiencies (%)
Benzene Toluene Xylene
>99.9
>99.9
88.6
>99.9
96.9
81.6
99.4
96.5
86.1
-
-
99.4
>99.9
87.4
>99.9
94.5
83.8
99.8
97.6
87.3
-
'-
92.9 |
>99.9 |
65.6 |
>99.9 j
92.1 I
80.2 |
98.9 |
98.1 |
>99.9 |
]
I
Flow
loom)
1.5
2.0
4.0
1.4
1.9
3.9
1.4
1.9
4.0
1.6
1.8
TCE
5-kW 10-kW
99.6
99.7
87.7
99.8
98.4
85.1
99.6
97.8
86.3
94.1
80.6
99.2
99.7
98.1
99.7
99.3
97.1
99.4
99.2
98.9
99.2
97.6
CAV-OX® II
Removal Efficiencies (%)
Benzene Toluene
5-kW 10-kW 5-kW 10-kW
99.4
99.5
89.7
99.8
98.8
89.5
99.6
99.4
93.5
49.1
38.5
98.8
99.6
98.7
99.8
99.3
97.8
99.6
99.5
99.5
68.1
60.5
>99.9
>99.9
88.8
>99.9
96.9
91.8
99.8
99.5
94.5
20.7
48.6
98.6
>99.9
97.1
>99.9
98.6
97.9
99.8
99.7
99.6
54.7
75.2
Xylene
5-kW 10-kW
>99.9
>99.9
78.7
98.7
93.6
90.4
99.5
99.2
95.4
43.3
56.9
>99.9
>99.9
87.2
>99.9
97.0
96.0
99.5
99.7
>99.9
46.7
83.8
' hydrogen peroxide z milligrams per liter  3 gallons per minute  * kilowatts

                     Preliminary CAV-OX® Process Demonstration Results
                                 The SITE Program assesses but does not
                                   approve or endorse technologies.
                                 Page 95

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 Technology Profile
                    DEMONSTRATION PROGRAM
                     MAXYMILLIAN TECHNOLOGIES, INC.
                       (formerly CLEAN BERKSfflRES INC.)
                            (Mobile Thermal Desorption System)
TECHNOLOGY DESCRIPTION:

Maxymillian Technologies, Inc.'s, Mobile Ther-
mal Desorption System (TDS) uses rotary kiln
technology to remove contaminants from soils.
The TDS can remediate soils contaminated with
volatile organic compounds (VOC), semivolatile
organic compounds (SVOC),  and polynuclear
aromatic hydrocarbons  (PAH).   The TDS  is
fully transportable, requires a footprint of 100-
by-140 feet, and can be set up on site in 4 to 6
weeks.  The system combines high throughput
with the  ability to remediate mixed consistency
soil, including sands, silts, clays, and tars.

The TDS consists of the following components
(see figure below):

   • Waste feed system
   • Rotary kiln drum desorber
   • Cyclone
   • Afterburner
                      Quench tower
                      Baghoiise
                      Fan arid exhaust stack
                      Multistage dust suppression system
                      Process control room
                 Soil is first shredded, crushed, and screened to
                 achieve a uniform particle size of less than 0.75
                 inch.   Feed soils are also mixed  to  achieve
                 uniform moisture content and heating value.

                 The thermal treatment process involves two
                 steps:   contaminant  volatilization followed by
                 gas treatment.   During the volatilization step,
                 contaminated materials are exposed to tempera-
                 tures ranging from 600 to 1,000 degrees Fahren-
                 heit (°F) in a co-current flow rotary kiln drum
                 desorber;  contaminants volatilize to  the gas
                 phase.  Clean soils are then discharged through
                 a multi-stage dust suppression  system for re-
                 moisturization,   and  are  then  stockpiled  for
                 testing.
                                                              ATOMIZING AIR
                    KILN
                                                                             MAKE UP WATER
                                    MONITORING POINTS
                          1. Soil Feed Rate            6. Quench Water Flow
                          2. Klin Entry Pressure         7. Quench Exit Temperature
                          3. Win Gas Exit Temperature      8. Baghouse Differential Pressure
                          4. Soil Discharge Temperature     9. ID Fan Differential Pressure
                          5.AB Gas ExitTemperture       10. Stack Gas Flow Rate  '
                                              11. GEM (CO, COz, Cfc, THC)


                               Mobile Thermal Desorption System
Page 96
The SITE Program assesses but does not
  approve or endorse technologies.

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                                                                        November 1994
                                                                      Completed Project
The gas and participate stream passes from the
kiln to the cyclone, where coarse particles are
removed. The stream then enters the afterburn-
er,  which destroys  airborne contaminants  at
temperatures ranging from 1,600 to 2,000 °F.
The gas stream  is cooled by quenching before
passing  through a high-efficiency bag-house,
where fine particles are removed.  The clean gas
is then released to the atmosphere through a 60-
foot stack. Processed soil, after discharge from
the dust suppression system, is stockpiled and
allowed to cool prior to sampling.

WASTE APPLICABILITY:

The TDS is designed to remove a wide variety
of contaminants from soil,  including VOCs,
SVOCs, PAHs,  coal tars, and cyanide.

STATUS:

The TDS was accepted into the SITE Demon-
stration  Program in  1993.  The demonstration
was conducted in November and December  1993
at the Niagara  Mohawk Power  Corporation's
Harbor Point  site, a former gas plant in Utica,
New York.  During the demonstration, the  TDS
processed three  replicate runs  of four separate
waste streams while measuring stack emissions
and processed soil for cleanup levels.

The TDS effectively remediated coal tar soils,
purifier wastes, harbor sediments, and water gas
plant soils while maintaining acceptable emis-
sions.  The TDS removed VOCs, PAHs, and
cyanide from contaminated soils to below detec-
tion limits and achieved destruction and removal
efficiencies greater than 99.99 percent. Detailed
results from the  demonstration will be published
in late 1994.
Since the demonstration, the TDS was reconfig-
ured and transported back to North Adams,
Massachusetts, where it operates as Re-Soil, a
soil recycler for petroleum contaminated soils.
The TDS is available for commercial-scale soil
remediation throughout the country.

FOR FURTHER INFORMATION:

EPA PROJECT MANAGER:
Ronald Lewis
U.S. EPA
Risk Reduction Engineering Laboratory
26 West Martin Luther King Drive
Cincinnati, OH 45268
513-569-7856
Fax: 513-569-7620

TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPER CONTACTS:
James Maxymillian
Maxymillian Technologies, Inc.
1801 East Street
Pittsfield, MA 01201
413-499-3050
Fax: 413-443-0511

Neal Maxymillian
Maxymillian Technologies, Inc.
Ten Post Office Square
Suite 600 South
Boston, MA 02109
800-695-7771
617-695-9770
Fax: 617-695-9790
                                 The SITE Program assesses but does not
                                   approve or endorse technologies.
                                 Page 97

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 Technology Profile
                    DEMONSTRATION PROGRAM
            NORTH AMERICAN TECHNOLOGIES GROUP, INC.
                         (Oleophilic Amine-Coated Ceramic Chip)
TECHNOLOGY DESCRIPTION:

This hydrocarbon recovery technology is based
on an oleophilic amine-coated ceramic chip that
separates suspended and dissolved hydrocarbons,
and mechanical snd  some chemical emulsions
from aqueous solutions.  The oleophilic chip is
manufactured by grafting a hydrophobic amine
to a mineral support, hi  this case a ceramic
substrate. Each granule is 0.6 to 1 millimeter in
diameter, but is very porous and thus has a large
surface area. The hydrophobic property of the
amine coating makes  each granule more electro-
chemically  attractive to hydrocarbons  in  an
unstable emulsion.

The figure below illustrates  the process.  The
pressure-sensitive filtering bed is regenerated by
automatic backflushing. This automatic regener-
ation  eliminates the expense associated with
regeneration of carbon  and  similar filtration
media.  Recovered hydrocarbons are coalesced
and can  thus be  removed by simple gravity
separation
                 Treatment systems incorporating this technology
                 have been designed for various  applications,
                 including the following:

                   • Contaminated  groundwater pump-and-
                     treat systems
                   • In-process oil and water separation
                   • Filtration systems
                   • Combined oil and water separator-filter-
                     coalescer system for on-site waste reduc-
                     tion and material recovery
                   • Treatment of marine wastes  (bilge and
                     ballast! waters)

                 This technology provides cost-effective oil and
                 water separation, removes free and emulsified
                 hydrocarbon  contaminants, recovers up  to 90
                 percent  of ; the  dissolved hydrocarbons,  and
                 significantly reduces hydrocarbon loading to air
                 strippers and carbon systems.  The technology
                 can achieve a concentration of less than 7 parts
                 per million oil and grease in the treated effluent.
Oleofllter
Pressurized
Feed

Pressurized
Clean Water
Out

Backwash and
Partial Draw
Recycled
Upstream of
Primary
Separator

Backwash
Air In

Backwash
Water In Heat
When Viscous
Hydrocarbons
Handled
                                                                      Control
                                                                      Cabinet
                         Schematic Diagram of the Oleofilter Technology
Page 98
The SITE Program assesses but does not
  approve or endorse technologies.

-------
                                                                         November 1994
                                                                       Completed Project
 WASTE APPLICABILITY:

 The amine-coated granules have proven effective
• on a wide variety of hydrocarbons, including
 gasoline; crude oil; diesel fuel; benzene, tolu-
 ene, ethylbenzene and xylene compounds; and
 polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons.  The unit
 removes  chlorinated  hydrocarbons such as
 pentachlorophenol, polychlorinated biphenyls,
 and trichloroethene, as well as vegetable and
 animal oils.

 STATUS:

 This  technology was  accepted  into  the  SITE
 Demonstration Program in December 1992. The
 SITE demonstration was completed in June 1994
 at the Petroleum Products Corporation site in
 Fort Lauderdale, Florida.  Detailed demonstra-
 tion results will be available in late 1994.
The technology has been used on several full-
scale projects. Several separator-filter-coalescers
are in use treating industrial process waters and
oily washwaters.

FOR FURTHER INFORMATION:

EPA PROJECT MANAGER:
Laurel Staley
U.S. EPA
Risk Reduction Engineering Laboratory
26 West Martin Luther King Drive
Cincinnati, OH 45268
513-569-7863
Fax: 513-569-7620

TECHNOLOGY  DEVELOPER CONTACT:
Cathryn Wimberly
Aprotek
3316 Corbin Way
Sacramento,  CA  95827
916-366-6165
Fax: 916-366-7873
                                Separator, Filter, and Coalescer
                                 The SITE Program assesses but does not
                                   approve or endorse technologies.
                                Page 99

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Technology Profile
                   DEMONSTRATION PROGRAM
                                 NOVATERRA, INC.
                     (formerly Toxic TREATMENTS USA, INC.)
                            (In Situ Steam and Air Stripping)
TECHNOLOGY DESCRIPTION:

This technology uses a transportable treatment
unit called the Detoxifier™ for in situ steam and
air  stripping of volatile organic compounds
(VOC) from contaminated soil.  The two main
components of the treatment unit are the process
tower and process train (see figure below).  The
process tower contains two counter-rotating
hollow-stem drills, each with a modified cutting
bit 5 feet in diameter, capable of operating to a
33-foot depth.

Each drill contains two concentric pipes.  The
inner pipe conveys steam to the rotating cutting
blades.  The steam is  supplied by an oil- or
natural  gas-fired   boiler   at   450  degrees
Fahrenheit (°F) and 450 pounds per square inch
gauge  (psig).  The outer pipe conveys air at
about 300  °F and 250 psig to  the rotating
blades. Steam and air are delivered to the top of
the  drills  and injected into  the soil through
                perforations in the cutting blades.  The steam
                heats the soils, increasing the vapor pressure of
                the volatile .contaminants and the rate at which
                they can be stripped.  Volatile and semivolatile
                organic  compounds  form  low boiling point
                azeotropes  with steam,  which  significantly
                increases removal efficiency.

                Both the air and steam convey  these contami-
                nants to the surface.  A metal box, called a
                shroud, seals the process area above the rotating
                cutter bladeis from the outside environment.  A
                blower removes the  contaminant-laden  air and
                steam from the shroud, creating a vacuum that
                carries the air and steam to the process train.

                In the procfess train, the volatile contaminants
                and the water vapor  are removed from the off-
                gas stream;by condensation.  The condensed
                water is separated from the contaminants by
                distillation, then filtered through activated car-
                bon beds  and subsequently used as  make-up





Kelly
Bam
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Mixing
Blades




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f
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~

i Ror.yoleAir
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i
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Cooling Tower
, A
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* Train
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	 Condensed
1 Organios
'Collection
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— Auaers i
                                Detoxifier™ Process Schematic
Page 100
The SITE Program assesses but does not
  approve or endorse technologies.

-------
                                                                         November 1994
                                                                       Completed Project
water for a wet cooling tower.  Steam regener-
ates the activated carbon beds and provides heat
for distilling the volatile contaminants from the
condensed liquid stream. The recovered concen-
trated organic liquid can be recycled or used as
an incinerator fuel.

The Detoxifier™ also treats contaminated soil in
situ by injecting a wide range of reactive chemi-
cals into the soil.  Chemical injection processes
include stabilization/solidification plus  neutral-
ization, oxidation, and bioremediation.  The dual
injection capabilities permit additional versatili-
ty; each kelly bar can deliver two materials to
the augers for injection into the  soil. The injec-
tion systems replace the process  train and are
mounted on the same  chassis that supports the
Detoxifier™ drilling tower.

WASTE APPLICABILITY:

This  technology can  treat VOCs, including
hydrocarbons and solvents, with sufficient vapor
pressure in the soil.   The technology is  not
limited by soil particle size,  initial porosity,
chemical   concentration,  or  viscosity.    The
technology also significantly reduces the concen-
tration of semivolatile  organic  compounds
(SVOC) in soil, primarily by  forming  steam-
organic azeotropes.  This technology also treats
inorganics, heavy metals, and mixed wastes with
stabilization and solidification.

STATUS:

A SITE demonstration was performed in  Sep-
tember 1989 at the Annex  Terminal, San Pedro,
California. Twelve soil blocks  were treated for
VOCs and SVOCs. Liquid samples were col-
lected during the demonstration, and the operat-
ing procedures were  closely  monitored  and
recorded.  In January 1990, six blocks that had
been previously treated in the saturated  zone
were analyzed by EPA methods 8240 and 8270.
The   Applications   Analysis   Report
(EPA/540/A5-90/008)  was published in June
1991.  The technology has successfully been
used at five other contaminated sites.

DEMONSTRATION RESULTS:

The SITE technology demonstration yielded the
following results:

  •  Removal efficiencies were greater than
     85 percent for VOCs present in the soil.
  •  Removal efficiencies were greater than
     55 percent for SVOCs  present in the
     soil.
  •  Fugitive air emissions from the process
     were very low.
  •  No downward migration of contaminants
     resulted from the soil treatment.
  •  The process treated 3 cubic yards of soil
     per hour.

FOR FURTHER INFORMATION:

EPA PROJECT MANAGER:
Paul dePercin
U.S. EPA
Risk Reduction Engineering Laboratory
26 West Martin Luther King Drive
Cincinnati, OH  45268
513-569-7797
Fax: 513-569-7620

TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPER CONTACT:
Phillip LaMori
NOVATERRA, Inc.
1801 Avenue of the Stars
Suite 640
Los Angeles, CA  90067
310-843-3190
Fax: 310-843-3195
                                 The SITE Program assesses but does not
                                   approve or endorse technologies.
                                Page 101

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 Technology Profile
                    DEMONSTRATION PROGRAM
                   RESOURCES CONSERVATION COMPANY
                         (B.E.S.T. Solvent Extraction Technology)
TECHNOLOGY DESCRIPTION:

Solvent extraction treats sludges, sediments, and
soils contaminated with a wide range of hazard-
ous  contaminants  including   polychlorinated
biphenyls (PCB), polynuclear aromatic hydrocar-
bons (PAH), pesticides,  and herbicides.  The
waste matrix is separated into three fractions:
oil, water, and solids.  As the fractions  separate,
organic contaminants are concentrated  hi the oil
fraction. For example, PCBs  are concentrated
in the  oil fraction, while  metals are separated
into the solids fraction. The volume and toxicity
of the original waste is thereby reduced, and the
concentrated  waste streams can be efficiently
treated for disposal.

The B.E.S.T. technology is a mobile solvent
extraction system that uses  amines  (usually
triethylamine) to separate organics  from soils
and  sludges.   Triethylamine  is  hydrophobic
above 20 degrees; Celsius  (°C) and hydrophilic
below 20 °C.  This property allows the process
to extract both aqueous and nonaqueous com-
                 pounds by simply changing the solvent's temper-
                 ature.

                 Because triethylamine is flammable in the pres-
                 ence of  oxygen, the treatment system must be
                 sealed from the atmosphere and operated under
                 a nitrogen blanket.  Before treatment, the waste
                 material's pH must be raised to greater than 10
                 so  that  triethylamine may  be conserved  and
                 recycled. The pH may be adjusted by adding
                 sodium hydroxide.   Pretreatment also includes
                 screening the waste to remove particles larger
                 than 1 inch, in diameter.

                 The  B.E.S;T.  process begins by mixing  and
                 agitating the cold solvent and waste hi a cold
                 extraction tank (see figure below).  Solids from
                 the cold extraction tank are then transferred to
                 the extractory dryer vessel.  Hydrocarbons and
                 water in the waste simultaneously solubilize with
                 the   triethylamine,   creating a  homogeneous
                 mixture.     As   the  solvent   breaks   the
                 oil-water-solid emulsions in the waste, the solids
                 are released and settle by gravity.  The solvent
             PRIMARY
            EXTRACTION/ i
            DEWATERINQ 1
            Soli
                               SOLVENT
                              RECOVERY
                             B.E.S.T. Solvent Extraction Technology
Page 102
The SITE Program assesses but does not
  approve or endorse technologies.

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                                                                         November 1994
                                                                       Completed Project
mixture is decanted from the solids and centri-
fuged to remove fine particles.

The solvent-oil-water mixture is then heated. As
the mixture's temperature increases, the water
separates from the organics and solvent.   The
organics-solvent fraction is decanted and sent to
a solvent evaporator, where the solvent is recy-
cled.  The organics are discharged for recycling
or disposal.  The water passes to a steam strip-
ping column where residual solvent is recovered
for recycling. The water is typically discharged
to a local wastewater treatment plant.

The B.E.S.T. technology is modular, allowing
for on-site treatment. The process significantly
reduces the  hydrocarbon concentration hi the
solids. B.E.S.T. also concentrates the contami-
nants into a smaller volume, allowing for  effi-
cient final treatment and disposal.

WASTE APPLICABILITY:

The B.E.S.T.  technology can remove hydro-
carbon contaminants,  such  as PCBs, PAHs,
pesticides,  and  herbicides   from  sediments,
sludges, or soils.  System performance can be
influenced by the  presence of detergents and
emulsifiers, low pH materials, and reactivity of
the organics with the solvent.

STATUS:

The B.E.S.T. technology was accepted into the
SITE Demonstration Program in  1987.   The
SITE demonstration was completed in July 1992
at  the Grand Calumet River site  in Gary,
Indiana.  The following reports  are  available
from EPA:

.   • Applications Analysis Report
     (EPA/540/AR-92/079)
   • Technology Evaluation Report - Vol I
     (EPA/540/R-92/079a)
   • Technology Evaluation Report - Vol II,
     Part 1 (EPA/540/R-92/079b)
   •  Technology Evaluation Report - Vol II,
   ,  Part 2 (EPA/540/R-92/079c)
   «  Technology Evaluation Report - Vol n,
     Part 3 (EPA/540/R-92/079d)
   •  Technology Demonstration Summary
     (EPA/540/SR-92/079)

The first full-scale B.E.S.T. unit was used at the
General Refining Superfund site in Garden City,
Georgia.    Solvent extraction is the  selected
remedial  action at  the Ewan Property site hi
New  Jersey,  the  Norwood PCBs  site  hi
Massachusetts,  and  is   also  the  preferred
alternative at the F. O'Connor site in Maine.

DEMONSTRATION RESULTS:

The  demonstration showed  that the B.E.S.T.
process could remove greater than 99 percent
PCBs (treated solids contained less than 2 milli-
grams per kilogram PCBs) found hi  river sedi-
ments  without  using  mechanical  dewatering
equipment.  Comparable  removal  efficiencies
were noted for PAHs.

FOR FURTHER INFORMATION:

EPA PROJECT MANAGER:
Mark Meckes
U.S.  EPA
Risk  Reduction Engineering Laboratory
26 West Martin Luther King Drive
Cincinnati, OH  45268
513-569-7348
Fax:  513-569-7676

TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPER CONTACT:
Lanny Weimer
Resources Conservation Company
3630 Cornus Lane
Ellicott City, MD 21042
410-596-6066
Fax:410-465-2887
                                 The SITE Program assesses but does not
                                   approve or endorse technologies.
                               Page  103

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Technology Profile
                                         DEMONSTRATION PROGRAM
                                     RETECH, INC.
                                 (Plasma Arc Vitrification)
TECHNOLOGY DESCRIPTION:

Plasma arc vitrification treatment occurs in a
plasma arc centrifugal treatment (PACT)  fur-
nace, where heat from a transferred plasma arc
torch creates a molten bath that detoxifies the
feed material.  Solids melt and are vitrified in
the molten bath, while metals are retained in this
phase. When cooled, the resulting product is a
nonleachable, glassy residue which meets toxi-
city  characteristic  leaching procedure (TCLP)
criteria.

Waste material is  fed into a sealed centrifuge
where solids are heated to approximately 3,200
degrees Fahrenheit (°F) and gas temperature is
maintained at a minimum of 1,800 °F by a
plasma torch.   Organic material is evaporated
and destroyed.  Off-gases travel through a gas-
slag   separation  chamber  to  a  secondary
combustion chamber, where the temperature is
maintained at  over  2,000 °F for about  2
seconds.  The  off-gases then flow through an
off-gas treatment system.
           Loose Material
           or Drum Feeder
                                     Inorganic material is reduced to a molten phase
                                     that is uniformly heated and mixed by the centri-
                                     fuge and the plasma arc. Material can be added
                                     in-process to control  slag quality.   When the
                                     centrifuge slows, the molten  material is  dis-
                                     charged as a^homogeneous, nonleachable, glassy
                                     slag into a mold or drum in the slag collection
                                     chamber.

                                     The off-gas: treatment system removes particu-
                                     lates, organic vapors, and volatilized  metals.
                                     Off-gas monitoring verifies that all applicable
                                     environmental regulations are met.  The design
                                     of the off-gas treatment system depends on the
                                     waste material.

                                     The entire system  is hermetically sealed  and
                                     operated below atmospheric pressure to prevent
                                     leakage of process gases.  Pressure relief valves
                                     connected to a closed surge tank provide relief
                                     if gas pressures  in the  furnace exceed  safe
                                     levels.   Vented gas  is held  in the tank  and
                                     recycled into the furnace.
                         Liquid Feed
                         Lance
                                                   Plasma Torch
                                                         ^—Relief Valve
                                               Primary Chamber
            Gas/Slag Separation
            Chamber
                                                                 Off-Gas
                                                                 System
Slag Collection
Chamber
                       Plasma Arc Centrifugal Treatment (PACT) Furnace
Page 104
                     The SITE Program assesses but does not
                       approve or endorse technologies.

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                                                                         November 7994
                                                                       Completed Project
WASTE APPLICABILITY:

The technology can process organic and inorgan-
ic wastes.  It is most appropriate for mixed,
transuranic,  and chemical plant wastes;  soil
containing both  heavy metals  and  organics;
incinerator  ash;  and munitions, sludge,  and
hospital waste.

Waste  may  be  loose (shredded or  flotation
process) or contained in 55-gallon or 200-liter
drums.  It can be in almost any physical form:
liquid, sludge, metal, rock, or sand. Mercury in
the waste is recovered by  the off-gas treatment
system.

STATUS:

The PACT-6  furnace,  formerly PCF-6,  was
demonstrated  under the SITE Program in July
1991 at the Component  Development and Inte-
gration  Facility  of  the U.S. Department of
Energy in Butte,  Montana. During the demon-
stration,  the  furnace processed  about  4,000
pounds of waste.  The waste consisted of heavy
metal-bearing soil from Silver Bow Creek Super-
fund site spiked with 28,000 parts per million
(ppm) zinc oxide, 1,000  ppm hexachloroben-
zene, and a 90-to-10 weight ratio of No. 2 diesel
oil. All feed and effluent streams were sampled.
The  Demonstration   Bulletin
(EPA/540/M5-91/007),  Applications Analysis
Report (EPA/540/A5-91/007), and Technology
Evaluation  Report (EPA/540/5-91/OOTb)  are
available from EPA.  During subsequent testing
at the Component Development and Integration
Facility,  the  PACT-6  furnace  achieved  the
following results:

  • Hexachlorobenzene was  at or below
     detection limits in all off-gas samples.
     The  minimum  destruction removal
     efficiency ranged from 99.9968 percent
     to greater than 99.9999 percent.
   •  The treated material met TCLP stan-
     dards for organic and inorganic constitu-
     ents.
   •  The treated material contained  a high
     percentage of metals in the feed soil.
   •  Particulates hi the off-gas exceeded the
     regulatory standard.  The off-gas treat-
     ment system is being modified accord-
     ingly.  Particulate emissions from anoth-
     er PACT-8 furnace in Switzerland were
     measured at l/200th of the U.S. regula-
     tory limit.
   •  Nitrous oxide (NOJ levels  met U.S.
     requirements,  but  can meet stricter
     standards.  The NOX concentration in the
     off-gas from the PACT-8 furnace  in
     Switzerland was reduced to 19 ppm.

FOR FURTHER INFORMATION:

EPA PROJECT MANAGER:
Laurel Staley
U.S. EPA
Risk Reduction Engineering Laboratory
26 West Martin Luther King Drive
Cincinnati, OH  45268
513-569-7863
Fax: 513-569-7620

TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPER CONTACTS:
Ronald Womack or Leroy Leland
Retech, Inc.
P.O. Box 997
100 Henry Station Road
Ukiah, CA  95482
707-462-6522
Fax: 707-462-4103
                                The SITE Program assesses but does not
                                   approve or endorse technologies.
                               Page  105

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Technology Profile
                    DEMONSTRA TION PROGRAM
             RISK REDUCTION ENGINEERING LABORATORY
                          (Base-Catalyzed Decomposition Process)
TECHNOLOGY DESCRIPTION:

The base-catalyzed decomposition (BCD) pro-
cess  is  a chemical dehalogenation technology
developed by the Risk Reduction Engineering
Laboratory  hi  Cincinnati,  Ohio.   BCD  is
initiated  hi a  medium  temperature thermal
desorber (MTTD), at temperatures ranging from
600 to 950 degrees Fahrenheit (°F).  Chemicals
are added to contaminated soils, sediments, or
sludge matrices containing hazardous chlorinated
organics including polychlorinated  biphenyls
(PCB) and polychlorinated dioxins and furans.
BCD  then chemically detoxifies the condensed
organic contaminants by removing chlorine from
the contaminant and replacing it with hydrogen.
Because  the chlorinated organics  have some
volatility, there is a degree of volatilization that
takes  place in parallel with chemical dechlori-
nation.   The  result is a clean,  inexpensive,
                permanent  remedy where all process residuals
                (including dehalogenated organics) are recyclable
                or recoverable.

                ETG Environmental, Inc. (ETG), and Separation
                and  Recovery  Systems (SRS) developed the
                THERM-O-DETOX® and SAREX® systems and
                combined them with the BCD process chemistry.
                The  combined process begins by initiating solid
                phase dechlorination in the MTTD  step  (see
                figure below). Organics are thermally desorbed
                from the matrix, and are condensed and sent to
                the BCD liquid tank reactor.  Reagents are then
                added and  heated to 600 to  650 °F for 1 to 3
                hours to dechlorinate the remaining organics.
                The  treated residuals are recycled or disposed of
                using standard, commercially available methods,
                including solvent reuse and  fuel substitution.
                Treated, clean soil  can be recycled as on-site
                backfi!'     i
       CONTAMINATED
        MATERIALS
     OR SCREENED SOILS
                                 VAPOR DISCHARGES
                   BCD SOLIDS REACTOR
                   MEDIUM TEMPERATURE
                   THERMAL DESORPTION
                       (MTTD)
                     COOLING WATER
                         VAPOR RECOVERY SYSTEM
                                                   OIL      WATER   CONDENSING
                                                 SCRUBBERS  SCRUBBERS     UNIT
                                                TO    I
                                             ATMOSPHERE I
           ON-SITE BACKFILL
               OR    -—-
           OFF-SITE DISPOSAL
x
„
:ONDENSER


BCD
LIQUID
REACTOR
(LTR)
&
^* 	 ^

                                                                             RECYCLED OFF-SITE
                                              O             :
                          Base-Catalyzed Dechlorination (BCD) Process
Page 106
The SITE Program assesses but does not
  approve or endorse technologies.

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                                                                        November 1994
                                                                      Completed Project
WASTE APPLICABILITY:

The BCD process can treat soils, sediments, and
sludges contaminated with the following chlori-
nated compounds:

  •  Halogenated volatile organic compounds
  •  Halogenated semivolatile organic com-
     pounds, including herbicides  and pesti-
     cides
  •  PCBs
  •  Pentachlorophenol (PCP)
  •  Polychlorinated dioxins and furans

STATUS:

The  combined BCD process was successfully
demonstrated   at  the  Koppers  Company
Superfund Site in Morrisville, North Carolina,
from August  through  September  1993.  The
process  removed  PCP  and polychlorinated
dioxins and furans from clay soils to levels well
below those specified in the Record of Decision.
As a result, EPA Region 4 approved BCD for
the full-scale site remediation.

For information on the SAREX® system, see the
SRS profile in this document.

DEMONSTRATION RESULTS:

The  demonstration consisted of four replicate
test  runs in the MTTD  and two  replicate test
runs in the liquid tank reactor (LTR). Feed soil
consisted of a dry, clayey silt which was pro-
cessed at a rate of 250 pounds per hour in the
MTTD at 800 °F; retention time  was approxi-
mately one hour.  The oil in each  LTR test ran
was  batch-processed for six hours  at 650 °F.

Based  on preliminary analytical  results, key
findings from the SITE demonstration are sum-
marized as follows:
  • The MTTD  removed  99 percent of
    penta-chlorophenol  (PCP),  and   92
    percent of dioxins and furans in the soil.
  • Treated soil met the cleanup goals of 95
    parts per million for PCP and  7 parts
    per billion for dioxins and furans.
  • All  semivolatile  organic  compounds
    were well below toxicity characteristic
    leaching procedure limits in treated soil.
  • The LTR  batch tests  reduced PCP
    concen-trations  by  97  percent,  and
    dioxin and furan concentrations by 99
    percent.

FOR FURTHER INFORMATION:

EPA PROJECT  MANAGER:
Terrence Lyons
U.S. EPA
Risk Reduction Engineering Laboratory
26 West Martin  Luther King Drive
Cincinnati, OH  45268
513-569-7589
Fax: 513-569-7676

TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPER CONTACTS:
Carl Brunner
U.S. EPA
Risk Reduction Engineering Laboratory
26 West Martin  Luther King Drive
Cincinnati, OH  45268
513-569-7655
Fax: 513-569-7787 or 7677

Yei-Shong Shieh or Steven Detwiler
ETG Environmental, Inc.
660 Sentry Parkway
Blue Bell, PA  19422
610-832-0700
Fax: 610-828-6976
                                 The SITE Program assesses but does not
                                   approve or endorse technologies.
                               Page 107

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   Technology Profile
                      DEMONSTRA TION PROGRAM
               RISK REDUCTION ENGINEERING LABORATORY
                                  (Volume Reduction Unit)
  TECHNOLOGY DESCRIPTION:

  The volume reduction unit (VRU) is a pilot-
  scale, mobile soil washing system designed to
  remove organic contaminants from soil through
  particle size separation and solubilization.  The
  VRU can process 100 pounds  of soil  (dry
  weight) per hour.

  The process  subsystems include  soil  handling
  and conveying, soil washing and coarse screen-
  ing, fine particle separation, flocculation/
                  clarification, water treatment, and utilities. The
                  VRU is controlled and monitored with conven-
                  tional  industrial process instrumentation and
                  hardware.;

                  WASTE APPLICABILITY:

                  The VRU can treat soils that contain organics
                  such  as  creosote, pentachlorophenol (PCP),
                  pesticides, polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons
                  (PAH), volatile organic compounds, semivolatile
                  organic compounds, and metals.
                                   Storage         Water Healer,

                                           Makeup Water Tank
                            Office/Lab
         Decon traitor
    Electric Generator    Floc-Clarllier
                 Filler Pccfcaga
                                    "V\       Grialy

                                   Screened Soil Fractions
                               Typical VRU Operational Setup
Page 1O8
The SITE Program assesses but does not
  approve or endorse technologies.

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                                                                      No vember 1994
                                                                    Completed Project
STATUS:

The VRU was accepted into the SITE Demon-
stration Program in summer 1992. The demon-
stration was conducted hi November 1992 at the
former  Escambia   Treating  Company   in
Pensacola, Florida.  The facility used PCP and
creosote PAHs to treat wood products from
1943 to 1982. The Applications Analysis Report
(EPA/540/AR-93/508) is available from EPA.

DEMONSTRATION RESULTS:

During the demonstration, the VRU operated at
a feed rate  of approximately 100 pounds  per
hour and a wash water-to-feed ratio  of about 6
to 1. The following physical wash water condi-
tions were created by varying the surfactant, pH,
and temperature:

  •  Condition 1 -  no surfactant,  no pH
     adjustment, no temperature adjustment
  •  Condition 2 - surfactant addition, no pH
     adjustment, no temperature adjustment
  •  Condition 3 - surfactant addition, pH ad-
     justment, and temperature adjustment

The  table below summarizes the preliminary
analytical data.
FOR FURTHER INFORMATION:

EPA PROJECT MANAGER:
Teri Richardson
U.S. EPA
Risk Reduction Engineering Laboratory
26 West Martin Luther King Drive
Cincinnati, OH 45268
513-569-7949
Fax: 513-569-7620

TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPER CONTACT:
Richard Griffiths
U.S. EPA
Risk Reduction Engineering Laboratory
Building 10, MS-104
2890 Woodbridge Avenue
Edison, NJ  08837-3679
908-321-6629
Fax: 908-321-6640

Average PCP Removal
Average PAH Removal
Feed soil returned as washed soil
Mass balance of total mass
Mass balance of PCPs
Mass balance of PAHs
Condition (%)
1
80
79
96
104
108
87
2
93
84
96
113
60
60
3
97
96
81
98
24
17
                                     Preliminary Data
                                The SITE Program assesses but does not
                                  approve or endorse technologies.
                              Page 109

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 Technology Profile
                    DEMONSTRATION PROGRAM
              RISK REDUCTION ENGINEERING LABORATORY
                               AND IT CORPORATION
                                  (Debris Washing System)
TECHNOLOGY DESCRIPTION:

This technology was developed by EPA's Risk
Reduction Engineering Laboratory (RREL) and
IT Corporation (IT) for on-site decontamination
of metallic and masonry debris at Comprehen-
sive Environmental Response, Compensation and
Liability Act sites.  The full-scale debris wash-
ing system (DWS) consists of dual 4,000-gallon
spray-wash chambers that are connected to a
detergent solution holding tank and rinse water
holding tank.  Debris is placed into one of two
1,200-pound baskets, which in turn is placed
into one of the spray-wash chambers using a 5-
ton crane integral to the DWS. If debris pieces
are large enough, the crane places  the debris
directly into one of the two chambers. Process
water is heated to 160 degrees Fahrenheit using
a diesel-fired, 2,000,000-British-thermal-unit-
                      Baiket
                 per-hour (Btu/hr) water heater and is continuous-
                 ly  reconditioned using  particulate  filters,  an
                 oil/water separator, and other devices such as
                 charcoal columns  or ion exchange columns.
                 About 8,000  to 10,000 gallons  of water is
                 required for the decontamination process. The
                 system is controlled by an operator stationed in
                 a trailer-mounted  control room.   The  entire
                 system is mounted on three 48-foot flatbed semi-
                 trailers and can be readily transported from site
                 to site.

                 WASTE APPLICABILITY:

                 The DWS can be applied on site to various types
                 of debris (scrap metal, masonry, or other solid
                 debris such as stones) contaminated with hazard-
                 ous chemicals such as pesticides, dioxins, poly-
                 chlorinated  biphenyls  (PCB),  or  hazardous
                 metals.
                                                       Basket
                   Large Debris
                     Loading
                    Large Debris
                     Loadhg
                                                            ..--. Slept-WashCyde
                                                            _ _ Step 2-SprayCycle
                                                            .	 Step 3-Rinse Cyde
                                                            •	Water Treatment Step
                                                             rfj&Pump
                               Pilot-Scale Debris Washing System
Page  110
The SITE Program assesses but does not
  approve or endorse technologies.

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                                                                         Novembar 1994-
                                                                       Completed Project
STATUS:

The  first  pilot-scale  tests  were performed in
September  1988  at the  Carter  Industrial
Superfund site  in Detroit, Michigan.   PCB
reductions averaged 58 percent in batch 1 and 81
percent in batch 2.   Design changes based on
these tests were made to the DWS before addi-
tional field testing.

An upgraded pilot-scale  DWS was tested at a
PCB-contaminated   Superfund  site  in
Hopkinsville, Kentucky,  in  December  1989.
PCB levels  on  the surfaces of metallic trans-
former casings  were reduced to  less  than or
equal to  10  micrograms PCB per  100 square
centimeters  (/Ltg/cm2).   All  75  contaminated
transformer casings on site were decontaminated
to EPA cleanup criteria and  sold to  a  scrap
metal dealer.

The DWS was also field tested in August 1990
at the Shaver's Farm Superfund site in Walker
County, Georgia.  The contaminants of concern
were benzonitrile and Dicamba.  After being cut
into  sections, 55-gallon  drums  were decon-
taminated in the DWS. Benzonitrile and Dicam-
ba levels  on the drum surfaces were  reduced
from the average pretreatment concentrations; of
4,556 and 23  /ig/100 cm2  to  average con-
centrations of 10 and 1 /*g/100  cm2,  respec-
tively.

Results have been published in a Technology
EvaluationReport (EPA/540/5-91/006a), entitled
"Design  and Development  of  a  Pilot-Scale
Debris Decontamination System."

A manual version of the full-scale DWS was
used to treat PCB-contaminated scrap metal at
the Summit Scrap Yard in Akron, Ohio.
During the 4-month site remediation, 3,000 tons
of PCB-contaminated scrap metal (motors, cast
iron blocks) were cleaned on site.   The target
level of 7.7 /ig/100 cm2 or less was met, in most
cases, after a single treatment with the DWS.
The cleaned scrap was purchased by  a scrap
smelter for $52/ton.  The net costs for the on-
site debris decontamination ranged from $50 to
$75 per ton.

The automated, trailer-mounted DWS is sched-
uled for deployment to a hazardous waste site in
The Netherlands for an initial demonstration of
the new system. RREL and IT estimate that the
system can decontaminate  50 to 120  tons of
typical debris per day.

FOR FURTHER INFORMATION:

EPA PROJECT MANAGER:
Donald Sanning
U.S. EPA
Risk Reduction Engineering Laboratory
26 West Martin Luther King Drive
Cincinnati,  OH 45268
513-569-7875
Fax: 513-569-7620

TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPER CONTACTS:
Michael Taylor or Majid Dosani
IT Corporation
11499 Chester Road
Cincinnati,  OH 45246-4012
513-782-4700
Fax: 513-782-4807
                                 The SITE Program assesses but does not
                                   approve or endorse technologies.
                                Page 111

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Technology Profile
                   DEMONSTRATION PROGRAM
             RISK REDUCTION ENGINEERING LABORATORY
               and USDA FOREST PRODUCTS LABORATORY
                             (Fungal Treatment Technology)
TECHNOLOGY DESCRIPTION:

This biological treatment system uses white rot
fungi to treat soils in situ.  These lignin-degrad-
ing fungi bioremediate  certain  organic  con-
taminants.

Organic materials inoculated with the fungi are
mechanically mixed into the contaminated soil.
Using  enzymes normally produced for  wood
degradation as well as other enzyme systems, the
fungi break down soil contaminants.

Because this technology uses a living organism,
the greatest degree of success occurs with opti-
mal growing conditions.  Moisture control is
necessary, and temperature and  aeration may
also be controlled.   Organic nutrients such as
peat may be added  to soils deficient in organic
carbon.

WASTE APPLICABILITY:

This biological treatment system was initially
developed to treat soil contaminated  with chemi-
cals  found  in  the  wood  preserving industry.
These contaminants include chlorinated organics
and polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH).
The system may remediate different contami-
nants  and combinations  of contaminants  with
varying degrees of success.  In particular, the
                SITE Demonstration Program evaluated how
                well white rot fungi degrades pentachlorophenol
                (PCP) in combination with creosote PAHs.

                STATUS:1

                This biological treatment  system was accepted
                into the SITE Demonstration Program in April
                1991.  In September 1991, a treatability study
                was conducted at the Brookhaven Wood Preserv-
                ing site in Brookhaven, Mississippi.  Site soils
                were contaminated with 700 parts per million
                (ppm) PCP and 4,000 ppm PAH.  Study results
                showed that  one lignin-degrading fungus re-
                moved 89 percent of PCP and 70 percent of
                total PAHs during a 2-month period.

                A full-scale demonstration of this fungus was
                completed  in  November  1992  to  obtain
                economic data.   The Demonstration Bulletin
                (EPA/540/MR-93/505) is available from EPA.
                         i
                The full-scale project involved a 1/4-acre plot of
                contaminated soil and two  smaller control plots.
                The soil was inoculated with Phanaerochaete
                sordida,  a species of white rot fungus.   No
                woodchips or other bulking agents were added to
                the  prepared soil.   Field activities included
                tilling and watering all plots. No nutrients were
                added.    ',
                    In Situ White Rot Fungal Treatment of Contaminated Soil
Page  112
The SITE Program assesses but does not
  approve or endorse technologies.

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                                                                         November 1994
                                                                       Completed Project
Air emissions data showed no significant hazards
to field technicians due to soil tilling activities.
Contaminated soil, underlying sand, and leachate
had no significant contamination.

Initial results showed a 70 percent reduction in
contaminants, both in the  plot containing  the
fungal treatment and in the plot containing a
nonfungal, organic amendment.   Unidentified,
indigenous fungal species may have significantly
reduced contaminants in the nonfungal plot.
About 13 percent of contamination was removed
from the nonamended (soil-only) control  plot.

DEMONSTRATION RESULTS:

Some key findings from the demonstration are as
follows:

   •  Levels  of  PCP  and the target  PAHs
     found in the underlying sand layer  and
     the leachate from each of the plots were
     insignificant, indicating low teachability
     and loss of these contaminants due to
     periodic irrigation of the soil and heavy
     rainfall.
   •  Levels  of PCP,  the target  PAHs,  and
     dioxins  in  the  active  air  samples
     collected during the soil tilling events
     were insignificant, indicating a very  low
     potential  for   airborne  contaminant
     transport.
 FOR FURTHER INFORMATION:

 EPA PROJECT MANAGER:
 Teri Richardson
 U.S. EPA
 Risk Reduction Engineering Laboratory
 26 West Martin Luther King Drive
 Cincinnati, OH 45268
 513-569-7949
 Fax: 513-569-7620

 TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPER CONTACTS:
 John Glaser
 U.S. EPA
 Risk Reduction Engineering Laboratory
 26 West Martin Luther King Drive
 Cincinnati, OH 45268
 513-569-7568
 Fax: 513-569-7105

 Richard Lamar
 USDA Forest Products Laboratory
 One Gifford Pinchot Drive
Madison, WI  53705-2398
 608-231-9469
 Fax: 608-231-9262
                                 The SITE Program assesses but does not
                                   approve or endorse technologies.
                                Page 113

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Technology Profile
                   DEMONSTRATION PROGRAM
             RISK REDUCTION ENGINEERING LABORATORY,
             THE UNIVERSITY OF CINCINNATI, and FRX, INC.
                                  (Hydraulic Fracturing)
TECHNOLOGY DESCRIPTION:

Hydraulic fracturing is a physical process that
creates fractures in soils to enhance fluid or
vapor flow hi the subsurface. The technology
places fractures at discreet depths with hydraulic
pressurization at the base of a borehole.  These
fractures are placed at  specific locations and
depths to increase the effectiveness of treatment
technologies such as soil vapor extraction, in
situbioremediation, andpump-and-treat systems.
The technology  is designed to enhance remedi-
ation in less permeable geologic formations.

The fracturing process  begins by injecting water
into a sealed borehole until the water pressure
exceeds a critical value and a fracture is nucleat-
ed (see photograph below).  A slurry composed
of a  coarse-grained  sand,  or other granular
material, and guar gum gel is then injected as
the fracture grows  away from the well.   After
pumping, the grains hold the fracture open while
an enzyme  additive breaks down the viscous
fluid. The thinned fluid is pumped from the
                fracture, forming a permeable subsurface chan-
                nel suitable for delivering or recovering a vapor
                or liquid. These fractures function as pathways
                for fluid movement, potentially increasing the
                effective area available for remediation.

                The hydraulic fracturing process  is used  in
                conjunction with soil vapor extraction tech-
                nology to enhance recovery of contaminated soil
                vapors.  Hydraulic fractures have recently been
                used to improve recovery of light non-aqueous
                phase  liquids  by increasing recovery of free
                product and controlling the influence of under-
                lying water. Hydraulically-induced fractures are
                used as channels for fluids and nutrients during
                in situ bio-remediation. The technology has the
                potential to deliver solids useful in bioreme-
                diation to  the subsurface.  Solid nutrients  or
                oxygen-releasing granules can be injected into
                the fractures.

                Real  time techniques for  measuring ground
                surface deformation have been developed  to
                monitor the fracture positions in the subsurface.
                  Hydraulic Fracturing Process (Well is at Center of Photograph)
 Page 114
The SITE Program assesses but does not
  approve or endorse technologies.  ,

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                                                                          November 7994
                                                                        Completed Project
WASTE APPLICABILITY:

Hydraulic fracturing is appropriate for enhancing
soil  and groundwater remediation.  The tech-
nology can channel contaminants or wastes for
soil vapor extraction, bioremediation, or pump-
and-treat systems.

STATUS:

The hydraulic fracturing technology entered the
SITE Demonstration  Program  in July  1991.
Demonstrations have  been conducted in Oak
Brook, Illinois, and Dayton, Ohio. The hydrau-
lic fracturing process has been integrated with
soil vapor extraction at the Illinois site and with
in situ bioremediation at the Ohio  site.  The
project was completed in September 1992. The
Technology Evaluation and Applications Analy-
sis  reports were published under  one  cover
(EPA/540/R-93/505).  The Technology Demon-
stration Summary (EPA/540/SR-93/505) is also
available. FRX, Inc., has conducted additional
demonstrations of hydraulic fractures.

DEMONSTRATION RESULTS:

The  first demonstration was conducted at  a
Xerox Corporation site in Oak Brook, Illinois,
where a vapor extraction system has been oper-
ating since early 1991. The site is contaminated
with   ethylbenzene,   1,1-dichloroethane,
trichloroethene, tetrachloroethane, 1,1,1-trichlo-
roethane, toluene,  and xylene.  In July  1991,
hydraulic fractures were created in two of the
four wells, at depths of 6, 10, and 15 feet below
ground  surface.    The vapor  flow  rate, soil
vacuum,  and  contaminant yields from the frac-
tured and unfractured  wells  were  monitored
regularly. Results from this demonstration are
as follows:

  •  Over a one year period, the vapor yield
     from hydraulically  fractured  wells was
     one order of magnitude greater than
     from unfractured wells.
  •  The   hydraulically  fractured  wells
     enhanced remediation over an area 30
     times greater than the unfractured wells.
   • The  presence of pore water decreased
     the vapor yield from  wells; therefore,
     water   must   be  prevented   from
     infiltrating areas where vapor extraction
     is underway.

The technology was also demonstrated at a site
near Dayton, Ohio, where in situ bioremediation
was cleaning up an underground storage tank
spill.   The site is  contaminated with benzene,
toluene, ethylbenzene, and xylene (BTEX), and
other petroleum hydrocarbons. In August 1991,
hydraulic  fractures were created in one of two
wells  at 4,  6,  8,  and 10  feet  below ground
surface.   Sampling was conducted before the
demonstration and twice during  the demon-
stration at locations 5, 10, and 15 feet north of
the fractured and unfractured wells.   Results
from this demonstration are as follows:

   • The flow of water into the fractured well
    was  two orders  of  magnitude greater
    than  in the unfractured well.
   • The  bioremediation  rate  near  the
    fractured well was 75 percent higher for
    BTEX and 77 percent higher for total
    petroleum hydrocarbons compared to the
    rates  near the unfractured well.

FOR FURTHER INFORMATION:

EPA PROJECT MANAGER:
Michael Roulier
U.S. EPA
Risk Reduction Engineering Laboratory
26 West Martin Luther King Drive
Cincinnati, OH 45268
513-569-7796
Fax: 513-569-7620

TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPER CONTACT:
William Slack
FRX Inc.
P.O. Box  37945
Cincinnati, OH 45222
513-556-2526
Fax: 513-556-2522
                                 The SITE Program assesses but does not
                                   approve or endorse technologies.
                                Page 115

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Technology Profile
                   DEMONSTRATION PROGRAM
                   ROCHEM SEPARATION SYSTEMS, INC.
                          (Rochem Disc Tube™ Module System)
TECHNOLOGY DESCRIPTION:

The Rochem Disc Tube™ Module System uses
membrane separation to treat aqueous solutions
ranging from seawater to leachate contaminated
with organic solvents. The system uses osmosis
through a semipermeable membrane to separate
pure water from contaminated liquids.

Osmotic theory implies  that  a saline solution
may be separated from pure water by a semiper-
meable membrane.  The higher osmotic pressure
of the  salt solution (because of its higher salt
concentration)  causes  the water  (and  other
compounds having  high diffusion rates through
                the selected membrane) to diffuse through the
                membrane into the salt water.  Water will con-
                tinue to permeate into the salt solution until the
                osmotic pressure of the salt solution equals the
                osmotic pressure  of the pure water.  At this
                point, the salt concentrations of the two solutions
                are equal,  .eliminating  any additional driving
                force for mass  transfer across the membrane.
                However, if an external pressure  is exerted on
                the salt solution, water will flow in the reverse
                direction from the salt solution into the pure
                water.

                This phenomenon, known as reverse osmosis
                (RO), can separate pure water from contaminat-
                      CENTRIRJGAL
                         PUMP
      PRE-FILTER
       SYSTEM
             "HIGH-PRESSURE
               FEED PUMP
                              REVERSE bsMOSIS MODULE BLOCK

                              -J      '
LEGEND
	
Indicates Permeate
Row Path
Indicates Brine
Flow Path
              HIGH-PRESSURE
              BOOSTER PUMP
                         HIGH PRESSURE R
              HIGH-PRESSURE
              BOOSTER PUMP
                 120 Bar
                              REVERSE OSMOSIS MO
                                              DULE BLOCK
                              PERMEATE
                                TANK
                        Three Stage Reverse Osmosis Flow Path Diagram
Page 116
The SITE Program assesses but does not
  approve or endorse technologies.

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                                                                          November 7994
                                                                        Completed Project
 ed matrices.  RO can treat hazardous wastes by
 concentrating the hazardous chemical constitu-
 ents in an aqueous brine, while recovering pure
 water on the other side of the membrane.

 Fluid dynamics and system construction result in
 an open-channel, fully  turbulent  feed  and
 water-flow system. This configuration prevents
 accumulation of suspended solids on the separa-
 tion membranes, ensuring high efficiency filtra-
 tion for water and  contaminants.   Also, the
 design of the disc tubes allows for easy cleaning
 of the filtration medium, providing a long ser-
 vice life for the system's membrane components.

 A general schematic  of the RO equipment as it
 will be  applied at the SITE demonstration is
 provided in the figure on the previous  page.
 Waste feed, process  permeate, and  rinsewater
 are potential feed materials to the RO modules.
 The modules are skid-mounted and consist of a
 tank and a high-pressure feed system.  The high-
 pressure feed system consists of a centrifugal
 feed pump, a prefilter cartridge housing,  and a
 triplex plunger pump to feed the RO modules.
 The processing units are self-contained and need
 only  electrical  and  interconnection  process
 piping before operation.

 WASTE APPLICABILITY:

 Many types of waste material can be treated with
this system, including sanitary and  hazardous
 landfill  leachate containing  both organic and
 inorganic chemical species.
STATUS:

This  technology was accepted  into the SITE
Demonstration  Program in July  1991.   A
Demonstration was conducted in August 1994 at
the Central Landfill Superfund Site in Johnston,
Rhode Island.  The system cleaned up landfill
leachate  from  a  hazardous  waste  landfill.
During the  demonstration,  approximately 4
gallons per minute of contaminated waste was
processed over  a 3-week period. All feed and
residual  effluent  streams  were  sampled to
evaluate  the  performance  of this technology.
Results from the demonstration will be available
in spring 1995.

FOR FURTHER INFORMATION:

EPA PROJECT MANAGER:
Douglas Grosse
U.S. EPA
Risk Reduction  Engineering Laboratory
26 West Martin Luther King  Drive
Cincinnati, OH  45268
513-569-7844
Fax: 513-569-7676

TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPER CONTACT:
David LaMonica
Rochem Separation Systems,  Inc.
3904 Del Amo Boulevard, Suite  801
Torrance, CA 90503
310-370-3160
Fax: 310-370-4988
                                 The SITE Program assesses but does not
                                   approve or endorse technologies.
                               Page 117

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Technology Profile
                  DEMONSTRATION PROGRAM
                      RUST REMEDIAL SERVICES,  INC.
           (formerly offered by CHEMICAL WASTE MANAGEMENT, INC.)
                            (X*TRAX™ Thermal Desorption)
TECHNOLOGY DESCRIPTION:

The X*TRAX™ technology is a patented thermal
desorption process that removes organic contam-
inants from soils, sludges, and other solid media
(see  photograph  below).  X*TRAX™ is  not,
however, an incinerator or a pyrolysis system.
Chemical oxidation and reactions are discour-
aged by maintaining an inert environment and
low treatment temperatures.  Combustion by-
products  are riot formed  hi X*TRAX™, as
neither a flame nor combustion gases are present
in the desorption chamber.

The  organic contaminants are  removed as a
condensed liquid, which is characterized by a
high heat rating.  This liquid may then be de-
stroyed hi a permitted incinerator or used as a
supplemental fuel.  Because  of low operating
temperatures of 400 to 1,200 degrees Fahrenheit
               (°F) and low gas flow rates, this process offers
               cost effective treatment of contaminated media.

               An externally-fired rotary dryer volatilizes the
               water and organic contaminants from the conta-
               minated media into an inert carrier gas stream.
               The processed solids are then cooled with water
               to eliminate dusting.  The solids can then be re-
               placed and compacted in their original locations.

               The  inert' nitrogen  carrier  gas transports the
               organic contaminants and water vapor out of the
               dryer.   It  flows through a  duct to   the gas
               treatment system, where organic vapors, water
               vapors', and dust particles are removed and
               recovered.  The gas first passes through a high-
               energy scrubber,  which removes dust particles
               and  10 to 30 percent of the  organic  contami-
               nants.  The gas then passes through two con-
               densers in series,  where it is cooled to  less than
               40 °F.
                                 Full-Scale X*TRAX™ System
 Page 118
The SITE Program assesses but does not
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                                                                          November 1994
                                                                        Completed Project
Most of the carrier gas is reheated and recycled
to the dryer.  About 5 to 10 percent of the gas
is separated  from the  main  stream,  passed
through a particulate filter and a carbon adsorp-
tion system, and then discharged to the atmo-
sphere.  This discharge allows addition of make-
up  nitrogen to  the  system to  keep oxygen
concentrations below 4 percent (typically below
1 percent).  The discharge also helps maintain a
small negative pressure within the  system  and
prevents  potentially contaminated  gases from
leaking.  The volume  of gas released  from  this
process  vent is approximately 700 times  less
than an equivalent capacity incinerator.

WASTE APPLICABILITY:

The X*TRAX™ process removes 1) chlorinated
and non-chlorinated volatiles and semi-volatiles,
such  as  solvents, polychlorinated biphenyls
(PCB), and dioxins; 2) organics;  and 3) heavy
metals such as mercury, from soils, sludges,  and
sediments. X*TRAX™has successfully removed
PCBs from soil  in a  full-scale demonstration;
bench- and pilot-scale  systems have removed a
variety of contaminants from soils, sludges,  aind
sediments.  In most cases, volatile organics are
reduced to below 1 part per million (ppm),  aind
frequently to below  the laboratory  detection
level.    Semivolatile  organics  are  typically
reduced to less  than  10 ppm and frequently
below 1 ppm.  Soils containing 120 to 24,000
ppm PCB have been reduced to less than 2 ppm.
Removal efficiencies from 96 to over 99 percent
have been demonstrated for soils  contaminated
with various organic pesticides.  Mercury  has
been reduced from 5,100 ppm to 1.3 ppm.   For
most materials, the system  can process 120 to
280 tons per day.

STATUS:

This technology was  accepted into the SITE
Demonstration Program in summer  1989.  The
full-scale X*TRAX™ system, Model 200,  suc-
cessfully remediated 53,000 tons of PCB-conta-
minated soil at the Re-Solve, Inc., Superfund
site in Massachusetts.  The system has.treated up
to 280 tons of soil per day to less than 2 ppm
PCB; the site's treatment standard is  25 ppm.
EPA conducted a SITE demonstration in May
1992,  during  this remediation.   During  the
demonstration,  the system operated  reliably.
Average PCB concentrations in the treated soils
were 0.13 milligrams per kilogram; no dioxins
or dibenzofurans were formed during treatment.
The vent gas met all appropriate permit require-
ments and emitted less than 0.4 grams of orga-
nics per day to the atmosphere.  The Applica-
tions Analysis Report will  be published in late
1994.

RUST   Remedial   Services   currently  has
laboratory-,  pilot-, and full-scale X*TRAX™
systems. Two laboratory-scale, continuous pilot
systems are available for  treatability studies.
Both systems are operated at RUST's  Clemson
Technical in South Carolina:  one treats mixed
Resource  Conservation and  Recovery  Act
(RCRA)/radioactive  wastes;  the other  treats
RCRA  and  Toxic  Substances Control  Act
wastes.   More than  108  tests  have been
completed since January 1988.

FOR FURTHER INFORMATION:

EPA PROJECT MANAGER:
Paul dePercin
U.S. EPA
Risk Reduction Engineering Laboratory
26 West Martin Luther King Drive
Cincinnati, OH 45268
513-569-7797
Fax: 513-569-7620

TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPER CONTACT:
Chetan Trivedi
RUST Remedial Services, Inc.
7250 West College Drive
Palos Heights, IL 60463
708-361-7520/8400
Fax: 708-361-9545
                                 The SITE Program assesses but does not
                                   approve or endorse technologies.
                                Page 119

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Technology Profile
                   DEMONSTRATION PROGRAM
                            SBP TECHNOLOGIES, INC.
                        (Membrane Filtration and Bioremediation)
TECHNOLOGY DESCRIPTION:

SBP Technologies, Inc. (SBP), has developed a
hazardous waste treatment system consisting of
1) a membrane filtration unit that extracts and
concentrates contaminants from  groundwater,
surface water,  wash water, or slurries, and 2) a
bioremediation system that treats concentrated
groundwater, wash water, and soil slurries (see
photograph below).  These two systems treat a
wide range of waste materials separately or as
parts of an integrated waste handling system.

The membrane filtration unit removes and con-
centrates contaminants by pumping contaminated
liquids  through porous  stainless-steel  tubes
coated with specifically formulated membranes.
Contaminants  are  collected  inside the tube
                membrane,  while  "clean" water permeates the
                membrane 'and tubes.   Depending on  local
                requirements and regulations, the clean permeate
                can be discharged to the sanitary sewer for
                further treatment at a publicly owned treatment
                works (POTW). The concentrated contaminants
                are collected in a  holding tank and fed to the
                bioreactor system.

                Contaminated  water  or  slurry can  also feed
                directly into the bioreactor and be polished with
                the membrane filtration unit. The bioreactor, or
                series of bioreactors, are inoculated with special-
                ly-selected,  usually indigenous microorganisms
                to produce  effluent with low to nondetectable
                contaminant levels.   Integrating the two  units
                allows removal and destruction of many contam-
                inants.
                            Membrane Filtration and Bioremediation
Page 120
The SITE Program assesses but does not
  approve or endorse technologies.

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                                                                        November 1994
                                                                      Completed Project
WASTE APPLICABILITY:

The  membrane filtration system concentrates
contaminants and reduces the volume of contam-
inated  materials  from  a number  of  waste
streams, including contaminated groundwater,
surface water, storm water, landfill  leachates,
and industrial process wastewater.

The  bioremediation system can treat a  wide
range  of  organic  contamination,   especially
wood-preserving wastes and solvents.  A modi-
fied version can also treat polynuclear aromatic
hydrocarbons (PAH) such as creosote and coal
tar; pentachlorophenol; petroleum hydrocarbons;
and   chlorinated   aliphatics,   such   as
trichloroethene.

The two technologies can be used separately or
combined, depending on site characteristics and
waste treatment needs. For example, on waste-
waters or slurries contaminated with inorganics
or materials not easily bioremediated, the mem-
brane filtration unit can separate the material for
treatment by another process.  Both  the mem-
brane filtration system and the bioremediation
system can be used as  part of a soil cleaning
system to handle residuals and contaminated
liquids.

STATUS:

The membrane filtration system, accepted into
the SITE Program in 1990, was demonstrated in
October 1991 at the American Creosote Works
in Pensacola, Florida.

A full-scale SITE Program demonstration of the
bioremediation system was cancelled.  However,
a smaller-scale field study was conducted at the
site; results are available through the developer.
A  demonstration  bulletin   describing   the
membrane filtration performance  is available
(EPA/540/MR-92/014) from EPA.
SBP is marketing its bioremediation and mem-
brane filtration systems to industrial and govern-
mental clients for on-site treatment of contami-
nated soil, sludge, and water.

DEMONSTRATION RESULTS:

Results  from  the SITE  demonstration  are
summarized as follows:

  •  The system effectively concentrated the
     PAHs into  a smaller volume.
  •  The process removed 95 percent of the
     PAHs found  in creosote from the feed
     and produced a permeate stream that
     was  acceptable   for  discharge  to a
     publicly owned treatment works facility.
  •  The  membrane   removed  25 to  35
     percent of smaller phenolic compounds.
  •  The  system  removed  an average of
     about  80   percent   of  the  total
     concentrations of creosote constituents
     (phenolics and PAHs) in the feedwater
     and permeate.

FOR FURTHER INFORMATION:

EPA PROJECT  MANAGER:
John Martin
U.S. EPA
Risk Reduction Engineering Laboratory  "
26 West Martin  Luther King Drive
Cincinnati, OH  45268
513-569-7758
Fax: 513-569-7620

TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPER CONTACT:
Clayton Page
SBP Technologies, Inc.
6149 North Shore Drive
Baton Rouge,  LA  70817
504-753-5255
Fax: 504-753-5256
                                 The SITE Program assesses but does not
                                   approve or endorse technologies.
                               Page  121

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Technology Profile
                   DEMONSTRATION PROGRAM
                                    J.R. SIMPLOT
                                  (The SABRE™ Process)
TECHNOLOGY DESCRIPTION:

Anaerobic microbial mixtures have been discov-
ered that degrade both dinoseb (2-sec-butyl-4,6-
dinitrophenol) and trinitrotoluene (TNT). These
microbes completely degrade their target mole-
cules to simple nonaromatic  products within a
few days.

The Simplot Anaerobic Biological Remediation
(SABRE™) process  offers reduced liability from
on-sitebioremediation of soils contaminated with
the pesticide dinoseb or  nitroaromatic  explo-
sives. The biodegradation process begins when
contaminated soil is placed in a bioreactor with
water hi a one-to-one ratio by weight.  Small
amounts  of  phosphorus buffers, a  source of
carbon (a J.R. Simplot potato waste by-product),
and a consortium of enhanced nitro-aromatic-
degrading anaerobic bacteria are introduced to
the bioreactor.  The developer continuously
monitors the bioreactor temperature, pH, and
redox potential.

Mixing  systems  have  been   engineered  to
accommodate most soil types and  bioreactor
sizes.   System design  is  site-specific  and
determined by treatability studies.
                WASTE APPLICABILITY:

                This technology is designed to treat soils con-
                taminated with nitroaromatic pollutants.

                STATUS:

                This  technology was accepted  into the SITE
                Emerging Technology Program in January 1990.
                Based on bench- and pilot-scale results from the
                Emerging Technology Program, this technology
                was accepted  in the SITE Demonstration Pro-
                gram in winter 1992.

                The technology was demonstrated on  TNT at
                The Weldon Spring Ordnance Works, an aban-
                doned explosives manufacturing site in Weldon
                Spring, Missouri.  The demonstration began in
                late September  1993 and  was completed  in
                February 1994.  Final results of the  Weldon
                Spring demonstration will be available in late
                1994.     I    .

                Preliminary results show reductions of  TNT
                from average  concentrations of 1507 parts per
                million (ppm) to an average of 11 ppm, for an
                average removal rate of 99.27 percent.  The
                Weldon Spring demonstration shows the effec-
                        The SABRE™ Process for Remediation of Dinoseb
                                  at Ellensburg, Washington
Page 122
The SITE Program assesses but does not
  approve or endorse technologies.

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                                                                         November 1994
                                                                       Completed Project
tiveness  of this process  even in unfavorable
conditions. The demonstration was delayed by
unseasonably   cool   ambient   temperatures;
temperatures in the bioreactor were as low as 4
degrees Celsius (°C). Ideal temperatures for the
Simplot process are from 35 to 37 °C.

The technology was demonstrated on dinoseb at
Bowers Field  in Ellensburg, Washington, and
was completed in July 1993.  Detailed demon-
stration results will be available in late 1994. In
the field,  dinoseb was reduced from 27.3 ppm to
below the detection limit, or a greater than 99.8
percent removal..  Other  pesticides were also
degraded in this process, highlighting the effec-
tiveness of the process even in the presence of
co-contaminants. The process was completed in
23 days in spite of 18 °C temperatures.  Toxi-
city studies are being performed on the TNT
soil; results are pending.
FOR FURTHER INFORMATION:

EPA PROJECT MANAGER:
Wendy Davis-Hoover, Ph.D.
U.S. EPA
Risk Reduction Engineering Laboratory
26 West Martin Luther King Drive
Cincinnati, OH 45268
513-569-7206
Fax: 513-569-7879

TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPER CONTACT:
Russell Kaake
J.R. Simplot
P.O. Box 912
Pocatello,  ID  83204
208-234-5367
Fax: 208-234-5339
Contaminated
Soil
i
f
Carbon
Source


                            Homogenization
                                                        Water
Vibrating
Screen
i
f


                                                    Contaminated
                                                      Oversize
                             Clean
                            Oversize
   Contaminated
      Water

Contaminated
Soil
	 >•
Y v
Bioreactor

pH Buffer
& Nutrient
Supplements

                          Schematic Diagram of the SABRE™ Process
                                 The SITE Program assesses but does not
                                   approve or endorse technologies.
                               Page 123

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Technology Profile
                    DEMONSTRATION PROGRAM
                          SOILTECH ATP SYSTEMS, INC.
                              (Anaerobic Thermal Processor)
TECHNOLOGY DESCRIPTION:

The SoilTech ATP Systems, Inc. (SoilTech),
anaerobic thermal processor (ATP) uses a rotary
kiln unit  to  desorb,  collect, and recondense
contaminants  from  feed material  (see figure
below). The  ATP can also be used in conjunc-
tion with a dehalogenation process to chemically
destroy halogenated  hydrocarbons at elevated
temperatures.

The proprietary kiln contains four separate inter-
nal thermal zones:  preheat, retort, combustion,
and cooling.   In the preheat zone, water and
volatile organic compounds (VOC) are vaporiz-
ed. The hot solids and heavy hydrocarbons then
pass through a proprietary sand seal to the retort
zone.  The sand seal allows solids to pass and
inhibits gas and contaminant movement from one
zone to the other. Concurrently, hot treated soil
from the combustion zone enters the retort zone
through a second sand seal.  This hot treated soil
provides the thermal energy necessary to desorb
the heavy organic contaminants.  The vaporized
contaminants  are removed under slight vacuum
to the gas handling system.  After cyclones
                remove dust from  the  gases,  the  gases  are
                cooled, and condensed oil and water are separat-
                ed into their various fractions.

                The coked soil passes through a third sand seal
                from the retort zone to the combustion zone.
                Some ofxthe hot treated soil is recycled to the
                retort zone  through the second sand seal  as
                previously described. The remainder of the soil
                enters the cooling zone.

                As the hot combusted  soil enters the cooling
                zone, it is cooled in the annular space between
                the outside  of the preheat zone and the kiln
                shell.  Here, .the heat from the combusted soils
                is transferred indirectly  to  the soils  in  the
                preheat zone.  The  cooled, treated soil exiting
                the cooling  zone is quenched with  water and
                conveyed to a storage pile.

                Flue gases  from the  combustion  zone  pass
                through the cooling zone to an emission control
                system. The  system consists of a cyclone and
                baghouse to remove particulates, a wet scrubber
                to remove acid gases, and a carbon  adsorption
                bed to remove trace organic compounds.
                                      CLEAN
                                    STACK GAS
                                    DISCHARGE TO
                                    ATMOSPHERE
                    CLEAN SOILTO
                  BACKFILL OR OFF-SITE
                     LANDFILL
                                                                    (NON-HAZARDOUS)
             FEED
                              Anaerobic Thermal Processor (ATP)
Page 124
The SITE Program assesses but does not
  approve or endorse technologies.

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                                                                        November 1994
                                                                      Completed Project
When the ATP system dechlorinates contami-
nants,  an  oil  mixture  containing  alkaline
dehalogenation reagents is sprayed on the con-
taminated soil as it enters the preheat zone. The
reagents dehalogenate or chemically break down
chlorinated compounds,  including polychlori-
nated biphenyls (PCS), in the ATP system.

WASTE APPLICABILITY:

The  ATP system  was originally developed to
recover oil from  tar sands and shales.  The
system is now also used to dechlorinate PCBs
and chlorinated pesticides in soils and sludges;
to separate oils and water from refinery wastes
and spills; and, in general, to remove hazardous
VOCs  and  semivolatile  organic  compounds
(SVOC)  from soils and sludges.   The ATP
technology has also been selected to remediate
contaminated soil at two Superfund sites contam-
inated with polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons,
pesticides, dioxins, and furans.

STATUS:

The ATP system has been demonstrated  at two
sites. At the first demonstration, in May 1991,
a full-scale unit dechlorinated PCB-contaminated
soil at the Wide Beach Development Superfund
site in Brant, New York.  At the second demon-
stration,  completed in June 1992, a full-scale
unit  remediated  soils and sediments  at the
Waukegan Harbor Superfund site in Waukegan,
Illinois. The technology has since treated PCB,
polychlorinated  aromatic  hydrocarbons,  and
pesticide-contaminated soils at two additional
Superfund sites. Two additional Superfund sites
have since been remediated by the ATP system
in Ohio and Kentucky.

DEMONSTRATION RESULTS:

Test results from both SITE demonstrations
indicate the following:

   •  The SoilTech ATP system removed over
     99  percent   of the  PCBs  in  the
     contaminated soil, resulting in PCB
     levels below 0.1 parts per million (ppm)
     at the Wide Beach Development site and
     averaging 2 ppm  at  the Waukegan
     Harbor Superfund site.
  •  Dioxin and  furan stack gas emissions
     were below the site-specific standards.
  .•  PCB  stack  gas   emissions   were
     equivalent   to   99.9999  percent
     destruction and removal efficiency at the
     Waukegan Harbor site.
  •  No  volatile  or  semivolatile  organic
     degradation  products were detected in
     the  treated  soil.   Also, no leachable
     metals, VOCs, or SVOCs were detected
     in the treated soil.
  •  For the Wide Beach Development and
     Waukegan Harbor remediation projects,
     soil treatment costs were approximately
     $265 and $155  per ton,  respectively.
     The regulatory support,  mobilization,
     startup, and demobilization costs totalled
     about $1,400,000 for each site.

FOR FURTHER INFORMATION:

EPA PROJECT MANAGER:
Paul dePercin
U.S. EPA
Risk Reduction Engineering Laboratory
26 West Martin Luther King Drive
Cincinnati, OH 45268
513-569-7797
Fax: 513-569-7620

TECHNOLOGY  DEVELOPER CONTACTS:
Alistair Montgomery
Canonic Environmental Services Corp.
94 Inverness Terrace East, Suite 100
Englewood, CO  80112
303-790-1747
Fax: 303-799-0186

Joseph Hutton
SoilTech ATP Systems, Inc.
800 Canonic Drive
Porter, IN  46304
219-929-4343
Fax: 219-929-1776
                                 The SITE Program assesses but does not
                                   approve or endorse technologies.
                               Page 125

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Technology Profile
                    DEMONSTRATION PROGRAM
                                  SOLIDITECH, INC.
                              (Solidification and Stabilization)
TECHNOLOGY DESCRIPTION:

This  solidification  and  stabilization  process
immobilizes contaminants in soils and sludges by
binding them in a concrete-like, leach-resistant
matrix.    Contaminated  waste materials  are
collected, screened to remove oversized materi-
al, and introduced to the batch mixer (see figure
below). The waste material is then mixed with
water; Urrichem, a  proprietary  chemical re-
agent; proprietary additives;  and pozzolanic
material (fly ash), kiln dust, or cement.  After it
is thoroughly mixed,  the treated waste is dis-
charged from the mixer.  Treated waste is a
solidified  mass with  significant  unconfined
compressive strength (UCS), high stability, and
a rigid texture similar to that of concrete.
                WASTE APPLICABILITY:

                This process treats soils and sludges contaminat-
                ed with organic compounds, metals, inorganic
                compounds, and oil and grease. Batch mixers of
                various capacities can treat different volumes of
                waste.

                STATUS:

                The solidification and stabilization process was
                demonstrated in December 1988 at the Imperial
                Oil  Company/Champion  Chemical  Company
                Superfund  site  in  Morganville,  New Jersey.
                This location formerly contained both chemical
                processing and oil reclamation facilities. Soils,
                filter cake, and oily wastes from an old storage
                                                                 INTERNAL VIEW OF MIXER
                                                          FRONT END LOADER
                                                      {LOADING CONTAMINATED SOIL)
                               Soliditech Processing Equipment
Page  126
The SITE Program assesses but does not
  approve or endorse technologies.

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                                                                          November  1994
                                                                        Completed Project
tank were  treated during the demonstration.
These wastes were contaminated with petroleum
hydrocarbons, polychlorinated biphenyls (PCB),
other organic chemicals, and heavy metals.

A   Technology   Evaluation   Report
(EPA/540/5-89/005a), an Applications Analysis
Report (EPA/540/A5-89/005), and a Demonstra-
tion Bulletin (EPA/540/M5-89/005) are available
from EPA.  Long-term chemical and physical
monitoring  and  mineralogic  analyses  are
currently underway.

This technology is no longer available through a
vendor.  Contact the EPA Project Manager for
further information.

DEMONSTRATION RESULTS:

Key findings from the Soliditech demonstration
are summarized below:

   • Extract and  leachate analyses  showed
     that heavy metals in the untreated waste
     were immobilized.
   • The process solidified both solid and
     liquid wastes with high organic content
     (up to 17 percent),  as well as oil and
     grease.
   • Volatile organic compounds in the origi-
     nal waste were not detected in the treat-
     ed waste.
   • Physical  test results of the solidified
     waste showed:  1) UCS ranging from
     390 to 860 pounds per square inch (psi);
     2) very little weight loss after 12 cycles
     of wet and  dry and freeze and thaw
     durability tests; 3) low permeability of
     the treated  waste;  and  4) increased
     density after treatment.
   • The solidified waste increased in volume
     by an average of  22 percent.  Because
     of solidification, the bulk density of the
     waste material  increased by about 35
     percent.
  •  Semivolatile  organic compounds  (phe-
     nols) were detected in the treated waste
     and the toxicity characteristic leaching
     procedure  (TCLP) extracts  from the
     treated waste, but not in the untreated
     waste or its TCLP extracts.  The pres-
     ence of these compounds is believed to
     result from chemical reactions in the
     waste treatment mixture.
  •  The oil and  grease content of the un-
     treated waste ranged from  2.8 to 17.3
     percent (28,000 to 173,000 parts per
     million [ppm]). The oil and grease con-
     tent  of the  TCLP extracts  from the
     solidified waste ranged from 2.4  to 12
     ppm.
  •  The pH of the solidified waste ranged
     from  11.7 to 12.0.   The pH of the
     untreated waste ranged from 3.4 to 7.9.
  •  PCBs were not detected in  any extracts
     or leachates from the treated waste.
  «  Visual observation of solidified waste
     revealed dark inclusions about 1 mil-
     limeter in diameter.   Ongoing micro-
     structural studies are expected to con-
     firm that these inclusions are encap-
     sulated wastes.

FOR FURTHER INFORMATION:

EPA PROJECT MANAGER:
Jack Hubbard
U.S. EPA
Risk Reduction Engineering Laboratory
26 West Martin Luther King Drive
Cincinnati, OH 45268
513-569-7507
Fax: 513-569-7620
                                  The SITE Program assesses but does not
                                    approve or endorse technologies.
                                Page 127

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Technology Profile
                    DEMONSTRATION PROGRAM
                                   SONOTECH, INC.
                      (Frequency-Tunable Pulse Combustion System)
TECHNOLOGY DESCRIPTION:

Pulse combustion can potentially improve the
performance of various incineration and energy-
intensive processes.  The Sonotech, Inc.,  fre-
quency-tunable pulse combustion system (FTPC)
can significantly improve batch- and continuous-
mode incinerator performance by creating large-
amplitude,   resonant  pulsations  inside  the
incinerator.  This technology can be applied to
new  or existing systems.  The  technology is
proven  and used hi fossil  fuel combustion
devices,  residential  natural gas furnaces,  and
industrial combustion systems.  It should prove
to be similarly beneficial to hazardous  waste
incineration and soil remediation applications.

The FTPC is a burner system that consists of an
air inlet, a combustion section or a  tailpipe, a
                control panel, and a safety system (see photo-
                graph  below).  The FTPC improves an incin-
                erator's performance by 1) increasing mixing
                rates between the fuel  and air, 2) increasing
                mixing rates between reactive gas pockets and
                ignition sources  (for example, flamelets or hot
                gases), and 3) increasing rates of heat and mass
                transfer between the gas and the burning waste.
                These  improvements  should  1)  reduce the
                amount of excess air required to completely burn
                the waste, 2) increase destruction and removal
                efficiencies  of  principal  organic  hazardous
                constituents,  3)  minimize the  formation  of
                products of  incomplete combustion, and  4)
                eliminate or minimize detrimental emissions or
                "puffs."

                The FTPC can excite axial, transverse, or three-
                dimensional acoustic mode oscillations within an
                      Frequency-Tunable Pulse Combustion System Installed
                             at EPA's Incineration Research Facility
Page  128
The SITE Program assesses but does not
  approve or endorse technologies.

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                                                                          November 1394
                                                                        Completed Project
industrial enclosure.   The FTPC has achieved
amplitudes as high as 170 decibels and frequen-
cies of 50 to 500 Hertz.  The high frequencies
and velocities of these gas oscillations help mix
the gases in the chamber and reduce or eliminate
stratification effects.

The FTPC can function alone or as a supple-
mental retrofit to an existing combustion system.
In the latter application, the FTPC can supply
between 2 to 10 percent of energy requirements.
After retrofitting, the  total fuel supplied to the
main burner and the FTPC is generally less than
the amount of fuel supplied to the main burner
before retrofitting.

WASTE APPLICABILITY:

This technology can be used with any material
that can be treated in a conventional incinerator.
The technology has improved the incineration of
hazardous solid  wastes in an EPA small-scale
rotary  kiln  incinerator  in  Research Triangle
Park, North Carolina.  Sonotech, Inc., believes
that the technology is  ready for incineration of
contaminated soils and medical waste.

STATUS:

This technology was  accepted  into the SITE
Demonstration Program in summer 1992. The
6-week demonstration tested whether the tech-
nology could improve the performance of larger
scale incineration systems. To meet this goal, a
pulse combustion retrofit system for  EPA's
Incineration Research Facility (IRF) in Jefferson,
Arkansas was developed, and testing began in
summer 1994.  Results from the demonstration
will be available in early 1995.
The  IRF pilot-scale rotary kiln  incinerator is
larger than EPA's rotary kiln incinerator simula-
tor unit  that was  previously tested with the
FTPC burner.  The retrofitted incinerator was
used to treat coal-gasification wastes, traditional-
ly incinerated with conventional, steady-state
technology using air or oxygen enrichment.

FOR FURTHER INFORMATION:

EPA PROJECT MANAGER:
Marta K. Richards
U.S. EPA
Risk Reduction Engineering Laboratory
26 West Martin Luther King Drive
Cincinnati,  OH 45268
513-569-7692
Fax: 513-569-7549

TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPER CONTACT:
Zin Plavnik
Sonotech, Inc.
575 Travis Street, NW
Atlanta, GA 30318
404-525-8530
Fax: 404-525-8533
                                 The SITE Program assesses but does not
                                    approve or endorse technologies.
                                Page  129

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Technology Profile
                   DEMONSTRATION PROGRAM
                                 STC  OMEGA, INC.
                 (formerly SILICATE TECHNOLOGY CORPORATION)
                (Chemical Fixation/Solidification Treatment Technologies)
TECHNOLOGY DESCRIPTION:

STC Omega, Inc. (STC Omega), has developed
both chemical organic destruction and chemical
fixation/solidification technologies  that  treat
inorganic and organic solid hazardous wastes.
STC  Omega's  chemical organic  destruction
technology oxidizes  or  dechlorinates selected
organic compounds to reduce total contaminant
concentrations   by  more  than  95  percent.
Leachable organic  contaminant  concentrations
are also reduced to well below regulatory limits.

STC Omega's  inorganic contaminant  chemical
fixation/solidification technology forms insoluble
chemical compounds, reducing leachable inor-
ganic contaminant  concentrations in soils and
sludges.   STC  Omega's inorganic treatment
technologies are more efficient  and often less
costly than generic cementitious processes.
                STC Omega's technology has been successfully
                implemented on numerous full-scale hazardous
                waste  remediation  projects involving  up  to
                100,000 cubic yards of waste.   These  sites
                include  Superfund  sites and  industrial  sites
                across the United States and in Italy.

                STC Omega  has evaluated various  materials
                handling and  mixing  systems for use on full-
                scale remediation projects.  Materials handling
                processes include pretreatment processes for
                screening and crushing contaminated soils, and
                placement and conveying systems for handling
                treated material.    Mixing  systems include
                various batching plants, pug mills, and high-
                shear batch mixing systems to properly meter
                and mix reagents with contaminated soils.  STC
                Omega provides full on-site technical support to
                ensure  effective  application of the  treatment
                technologies, documentation, and
                                Treatment of Contaminated Soil
Page 130
The SITE Program assesses but does not;
  approve or endorse technologies.

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                                                                         November 7994
                                                                       Completed Project
quality  assurance/quality  control  procedures
during the treatment process.

WASTE APPLICABILITY:

STC  Omega's  technology  can treat a  wide
variety   of  hazardous  soils,   sludges,   and
wastewaters, including the following:

   •  Soils and sludges  contaminated  with
     inorganics,   including  most  metals,
     cyanides,   fluorides,   arsenates,
     chromates, and selenium
   •  Soils and sludges  contaminated  with
     organics, including halogenated aromat-
     ics, polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons
     (PAH), and aliphatic compounds
   •  Wastewaters contaminated  with heavy
     metals  and  emulsified and dissolved
     organic  compounds,   excluding  low-
     molecular-weight organic contaminants
     such as alcohols, ketones, and glycols

STATUS:

STC  Omega's  demonstration  project   was
completed in  November 1990  at  the Selma
Pressure Treating (SPT)  Superfund site in
Selma,  California.   STC  Omega was subse-
quently selected for the full-scale remediation of
the SPT  site,  which  is  contaminated  with
organics, mainly pentachlorophenol  (PCP), and
inorganics, mainly arsenic, chromium,  and
copper.   The  SPT site   was successfully
remediated in 1993 using STC Omega's treat-
ment process at a considerable cost savings over
competing technologies. The Applications Anal-
ysis Report (EPA/540/AR-92/010) and a demon-
stration videotape are available.
DEMONSTRATION RESULTS:

The demonstration had the following results:

   • The STC Omega process reduced total
     PCP concentrations up  to 97 percent.
     The  STC  Omega chemical  fixation
     process  stabilized  the  residual  PCP
     concentrations  to  very  low leachable
     levels (from 5 to  less  than 0.3 mil-
     ligrams per liter).
   • STC Omega's technology immobilized
     arsenic and copper, while  chromium
     remained well within regulatory limits.
   • The treated wastes had moderately high
     unconfined  compressive  strength,
     averaging 300 pounds per square inch
     (psi) after 28 days, increasing to more
     than 700 psi after 18 months.
   • Permeability of the treated waste was
     low (less than 1.7 x 10"7 centimeters per
     second). The relative cumulative weight
     loss after 12 wet/dry and 12 freeze/thaw
     cycles was negligible (less than 1 per-
     cent).
   • The STC Omega technology's treatment
     costs   depend  on  specific   waste
     characteristics.

FOR FURTHER INFORMATION:

EPA PROJECT MANAGER:
Edward Bates
U.S. EPA
Risk Reduction Engineering Laboratory
26 West Martin Luther King Drive
Cincinnati, OH  45268
513-569-7774
Fax: 513-569-7676

TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPER CONTACTS:
Stephen Pelger or Scott Larsen
STC Omega, Inc.
7655 East Gelding Drive, Suite B-2
Scottsdale, AZ  85260
602-948-7100
Fax: 602-991-3173
                                 The SITE Program assesses but does not
                                   approve or endorse technologies.
                               Page 131

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Technology Profile
                        DEMONSTRATION PROGRAM
                    TERRA-KLEEN RESPONSE GROUP, INC.
                           (Solvent Extraction Treatment System)
TECHNOLOGY DESCRIPTION:

The solvent  extraction treatment system was
developed by Terra-Kleen Response Group, Inc.
(Terra-Kleen), to remove semivolatile and non-
volatile organic contaminants  from soil.  This
batch process system uses a proprietary solvent
blend to separate hazardous constituents  from
soils, sediments,  sludge, and debris.  The U.S.
EPA Office of Pesticides and Toxic Substances
has made a written finding that the Terra-Kleen
solvent is nontoxic.
                    tanks and pumped into the sedimentation tanks.
                    Suspended solids settle or are flocculated in the
                    sedimentation tank, and are then removed.

                    Following solvent extraction of the organic con-
                    taminants, any residual  solvent in the soil is
                    removed using soil vapor extraction and biologi-
                    cal treatment.  Soil vapor extraction removes the
                    majority of the residual solvent, while biological
                    treatment  reduces  residual  solvent  to trace
                    levels.  The treated soils are then removed from
                    the extraction tanks.
A schematic diagram of the Terra-Kleen treat-
ment system is shown below. Treatment begins
after excavated soil is loaded into the extraction
tanks.  Clean solvent from the solvent storage
tank is pumped into the extraction tanks.  The
soil and solvent mixture is held in the extraction
tank for a tune period sufficient to solubilize
organic contaminants into the solvent, separating
them from the  soil.   The contaminant-laden
solvent is  then  removed  from the extraction
                    The solvent regeneration process begins  by
                    pumping  contaminant-laden  solvent from the
                    sedimentation tank through a microfiltration unit
                    and a proprietary solvent purification station.
                    The microfiltration unit first removes any fines
                    remaining in the solvent.  The solvent purifica-
                    tion station separates organic contaminants from
                    the solvent and concentrates them, reducing the
                    amount of hazardous waste for off-site disposal.
                    The regenerated solvent is pumped into the clean
                    1Ton
                 Untreated Soil
  1Ton
Untreated Soil
  1Ton
Untreated Soil
        CONTMWANT4AOEN
           SOLVENT
              VACUy_M_BJT_RACTJ_qN_SYSJEM

        VENT _,
         TO <•••••»
      ATMOSPHERE
              LEC3END
                      . Untreated Soil
                      • Wash Solvent
                  •••••}>• Air and Solvent Vapor
                       MICROFILTRATION  SOLVENT
                           UNIT    PURIFICATION
                                    STATION
                                                                                CLEAN SOLVENT
                                                                                STORAGE TANK
                               Solvent Extraction Treatment System
 Page 132
    The SITE Program assesses but does not
      approve or endorse technologies.

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                                                                         November 1994
                                                                       Completed Project
solvent storage tank for use in treating additional
soil.

WASTE APPLICABILITY:

The Terra-Kleen solvent  extraction treatment
system is a waste minimization process designed
to remove the following organic contaminants
from soils:  polychlorinated biphenyls (PCB),
chlorinated  pesticides,  polycyclic  aromatic
hydrocarbons (PAH), pentachlorophenol, creo-
sote, polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins (PCDD),
and polychlorinated dibenzofurans (PCDF). The
technology  also has the  capacity  to  remove
organic contaminants, such as PCBs, from low-
level radioactive wastes.

The Terra-Kleen solvent extraction system does
not require soil screening equipment to remove
debris or large objects from the contaminated
soil  before treatment.   The system  is trams-
portable and can be configured to  treat  small
quantities of soil (1 to 1,000 cubic yards) as well
as large volumes generated at remedial sites,

STATUS:

Terra-Kleen demonstrated its solvent extraction
treatment system under the  SITE Demonstration
Program between May 16  and June 11, 1994.
The technology was demonstrated at the Na.val
Air Station North Island Site 4, in San Diego,
California. Soils at Site 4 are contaminated with
heavy  metals,   volatile  organic  compounds
(VOC), semivolatile organic compounds (SVOC)
(including  PAHs), PCBs  (Aroclor  1260),
dioxins, and furans.

DEMONSTRATION RESULTS:

Preliminary findings from the Terra-Kleen SITE
demonstration are summarized as follows:

   • PCB Aroclor  1260 concentrations were
     reduced from a maximum of 170 milli-
     grams per kilogram (mg/kg) in untreated
     soil to approximately 2 mg/kg in treated
     soil.  The average removal efficiency
     was 98.39 percent.
   « The system can efficiently concentrate
     PCBs  into a smaller waste volume for
     off-site disposal.
   • The treatment system's  PCB  removal
     efficiency  was reproducible   for  all
     batches run during this demonstration.

To provide additional information on the tech-
nology's capabilities, samples were also collect-
ed and analyzed for VOCs, SVOCs, PCDD, and
PCDF.  The analytical data from these samples
are not yet available.   All  findings of the
Terra-Kleen SITE  demonstration,  including
sample analytical results, will be discussed in the
SITE technology  capsule and the  innovative
technology evaluation report.

Additional data is being collected at the Naval
Communication Station in Stockton, California.
The system is  treating soil  contaminated  with
chlorinated pesticides at concentrations up to 600
mg/kg.  Preliminary data indicates that target
levels of 1 mg/kg are being achieved.

FOR FURTHER INFORMATION:

EPA PROJECT MANAGER:
Mark Meckes
U.S. EPA
Risk Reduction Engineering  Laboratory
26 West Martin Luther King Drive
Cincinnati, OH  45268
513-569-7348
Fax: 513-569-7676   .

TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPER CONTACT:
Alan Cash
Terra-Kleen Response Group, Inc.
7321 North Hammond Avenue
Oklahoma City, OK 73132
405-728-0001
Fax: 405-728-0016
                                 The SITE Program assesses but does not
                                   approve or endorse technologies.
                               Page 133

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Technology Profile
                    DEMONSTRATION PROGRAM
                                  TERRA VAC,  INC.
                                (In Situ Vacuum Extraction)
TECHNOLOGY DESCRIPTION:

In situ vacuum extraction is a  process  that
removes volatile organic compounds  (VOC)
from  the vadose, or  unsaturated soil zone.
These  compounds can  often be removed from
the vadose zone before they contaminate ground-
water.   This extraction process is patented and
licensed to Terra Vac,  Inc. (Terra Vac), and
others.

The  extraction process uses  readily  available
equipment, including extraction and monitoring
wells,  manifold piping, a vapor and liquid
separator, a vacuum pump,  and an emission
control device,  such as an  activated  carbon
adsorption filter. After the contaminated area is
completely defined, extraction wells are installed
and connected by piping to the vacuum extrac-
tion and treatment system.

First, a vacuum pump draws the subsurface con-
taminants from the extraction wells to the liquid/
gas separator.  The vapor-phase  contaminants
are then treated with an activated carbon adsorp-
                tion filter or a catalytic oxidizer before the gases
                are discharged to the atmosphere.  Subsurface
                vacuum and soil vapor concentrations are moni-
                tored with vadose zone monitoring wells.

                The technology is effective in most hydrogeolog-
                ical settings,  and can reduce soil contaminant
                levels from saturated conditions to nondetec-
                table. The process even works in less permeable
                soils (clays)  with sufficient  porosity.    Dual
                vacuum extraction of groundwater and vapor
                quickly restores groundwater quality to drinking
                water standards.  In addition,  the technology is
                less expensive than other remediation methods,
                such as incineration.  The figure below  illus-
                trates the process.

                Typical contaminant recovery rates range from
                20 to 2,500 pounds per  day, depending on the
                degree of site contamination.

                WASTE APPLICABILITY:

                The vacuum  extraction  technology effectively
                treats soils containing virtually any VOC and has
                                                           VAPOR PHASE
                                                         CARBON CANISTERS
                                               TO
                                            ATMOSPHERE
                                                       PRIMARY SECONDARY
                                                       CARBON  CARBON  VAPOR EMISSIONS UNIT
                                                             GROUNDWATER AND
                                                              LIQUID DISPOSAL
               DUALVACUUM
             EXTRACTION WELLS
                               In Situ Vacuum Extraction Process
Page 134
The SITE Program assesses but does not
  approve or endorse technologies.

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                                                                         November 1994
                                                                       Completed Project
successfully removed over 40 types of chemicals
from soils and groundwater, including solvents
and gasoline- and diesel-range hydrocarbons.

STATUS:

The vacuum extraction process was first demon-
strated at a Superfund site in Puerto Rico. Terra
Vac has since applied the technology at fifteen
additional Superfund sites and at more than 400
other waste sites throughout the United States,
Europe, and Japan.

The process was demonstrated under the SITE
Demonstration Program at the Groveland Wells
Superfund site  in  Groveland,  Massachusetts,
from December 1987 through April 1988.  The
technology successfully remediated soils con-
taminated by trichloroethene (TCE).  The Tech-
nology Evaluation Report (EPA/540/5-89/003a)
and   Applications   Analysis   Report
(EPA/540/A5-89/003) have been published.

DEMONSTRATION RESULTS:

During the Groveland Wells demonstration, four
extraction wells  pumped contaminants to the
process  system.  During a 56-day operational
period,  1,300 pounds of VOCs, mainly TCE,
were extracted from both highly permeable strata
and less permeable clays.  The vacuum extrac-
tion process achieved nondetectable VOC levels
at some locations, and reduced the VOC concen-
tration in soil gas  by  95  percent.  Average
reductions were 92 percent for sandy soils and
90 percent for clays.   Field evaluations  have
yielded the following conclusions:

  • VOCs can be reduced to nondetectable
    levels;  however,  some residual  VOC
    concentrations  usually remained in the
    treated soils.
   •  Volatility of the contaminants and site
     soils is  a major  consideration  when
     applying   this  technology.     Ideal
     measured  permeabilities are  10"4  to
     10"8 centimeters per second.
   •  Pilot demonstrations are necessary  at
     sites with complex geology or contami-
     nant distributions.
   •  Treatment costs are typically $40 per
     ton  of soil, but can range from $10  to
     $150 per  ton  of  soil,  depending on
     requirements for gas effluent or waste-
     water treatment.
   •  Contaminants should have a Henry's
     constant of 0.001 or higher.

FOR FURTHER INFORMATION:

EPA PROJECT MANAGER:
Mary Stinson
U.S. EPA
Risk Reduction Engineering Laboratory
Building  10, MS-104
2890 Woodbridge  Avenue
Edison, NJ  08837-3679
908-321-6683
Fax: 908-321-6640

TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPER CONTACT:
James Malot
Terra Vac, Inc.
356 Fortaleza Street
P.O. Box 1591
San Juan, PR  00903
809-723-9171
Fax: 809-725-8750
                                 The SITE Program assesses but does not
                                   approve or endorse technologies.
                               Page  135

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Technology Profile
                    DEMONSTRATION PROGRAM
                                     TEXACO INC.
                                (Entrained-Bed Gasification)
TECHNOLOGY DESCRIPTION:

The Texaco entrained-bed gasification process is
a noncatalytic, partial oxidation process in which
carbonaceous substances react at elevated tem-
peratures and pressures, producing  a gas con-
taining mainly carbon monoxide and hydrogen
(see figure below). This product, called synthe-
sis gas, can be used to produce other chemicals
or burned as fuel.  Feed ash melts and is  re-
moved as a glass-like slag.  Applying this tech-
nology to the treatment of hazardous waste is an
extension of Texaco's conventional gasification
technology,  which has operated commercially
for over 40 years with feedstocks such as natural
gas, heavy oil, coal, and petroleum coke.

The Texaco  gasification process  (TOP) treats
waste  material   at   pressures   above   20
atmospheres  and temperatures between 2,200
and 2,800 degrees Fahrenheit.
                Slurried wastes are pumped to a specially de-
                signed burner mounted at the top of a refractory-
                lined pressure vessel.  The waste feed, contain-
                ing oxygen and ail auxiliary fuel such as coal,
                reacts and flows downward through the gasifier
                to a quench chamber that collects the slag.  The
                slag is eventually removed through  a lockhop-
                per.  A scrubber farther cools and cleans the
                synthesis gas.  Fine particulate matter removed
                by the scrubber may be recycled to the gasifier;
                a sulfur recovery system may also be added.

                After the TOP  converts organic materials into
                synthesis  gas,  the  cooled,   water-scrubbed
                product gas, consisting mainly of hydrogen and
                carbon  monoxide, should  contain  no hydro-
                carbons heavier than methane. Metals and other
                ash constituents become part of the glassy slag.

                Texaco  is designing a transportable system to
                treat about 100 tons of hazardous waste per day.
         Oxldant
         Water....
        Feed-
          Recycle
Grinding
Mill

Slu
Ta



rry
nk







<=


T
=>
                 |  Burner
                                                                       Solids-Free
                   Slag to
                  Disposal
                                                                             Purge Water
                                                                             to Treatment
                                                                             or Recycle
                                      Solids to Disposal
                                         or Recycle
                               Entrained-Bed Gasification Process
Page 136
The SITE Program assesses but does not
  approve or endorse technologies.

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                                                                          November 1394
                                                                        Completed Project
This system would produce about 6 million stan-
dard cubic feet of usable synthesis gas per day
with a heat content of 250 British thermal units
per standard cubic foot.

WASTE APPLICABILITY:

Examples of wastes that the gasification system
can treat are:

   • contaminated   soils,   sludges,   and
     sediments that contain both organic and
     inorganic constituents
   • chemical wastes
   • petroleum residues

Solids in the  feed must be ground and pumped
in a slurry containing 40 to 70 percent solids by
weight and 30 to 60  percent liquid, usually
water.

Texaco  has demonstrated  gasification of coal
liquefaction residues,  petroleum production tank
bottoms, municipal sewage sludge, and surrogate
contaminated  soil.   Texaco plans to  build a
gasification power facility  at  its  El Dorado,
Kansas refinery that will convert about 170 tons
of noncommercial petroleum coke and refinery
wastes per day into clean synthesis gas.

STATUS:

The gasification  system was accepted  into the
SITE Demonstration Program in July 1991.  A
demonstration was conducted in January 1994 at
Texaco's Montebello Research Laboratory using
a mixture of clean soil, coal, and soil from the
Purity Oil Sales Superfund Site, located  in
Fresno,  California.   The mixture was slurried
and spiked with  lead, barium,  and chloroben-
zene.  Forty  tons of  slurry were  treated  in
preparation for and during three demonstration
runs.  Detailed  demonstration results will be
published in late  1994.
DEMONSTRATION RESULTS:

Preliminary findings from the demonstration are
summarized below:

   •  The  average  composition  of the dry
     synthesis gas product from the TOP
     consisted of 37 percent hydrogen, 36
     percent carbon monoxide, and 21 per-
     cent carbon dioxide. The only remain-
     ing organic contaminant greater than 0.1
     parts per million (ppm) was methane at
     55 ppm.
   •  The destruction and removal efficiency
     for  the   volatile   organic    spike
     (chlorobenzene) was greater than the
     99.99-percent goal.
   •  Samples of the primary  TGP  solid
     product, coarse slag, averaged below the
     toxicity characteristic leaching procedure
     (TCLP)  regulatory values  for lead (5
     milligrams per liter [mg/L]) and barium
     (100  mg/L).   Volatile  heavy metals
     tended to partition to and concentrate in
     the secondary TGP solid products, fine
     slag  and   clarifier  solids.,    These
     secondary  products were   above the
     TCLP regulatory value for lead.

FOR FURTHER INFORMATION:

EPA PROJECT MANAGER:
Marta K. Richards
U.S. EPA
Risk Reduction Engineering Laboratory
26 West Martin Luther King Drive
Cincinnati, OH  45268
513-569-7692
Fax: 513-569-7549

TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPER CONTACT:
Richard Zang, P.E.
Texaco Inc.
2000 Westchester Avenue
White Plains, NY 10650
914-253-4047
Fax: 914-253-7744
                                 The SITE Program assesses but does not
                                   approve or endorse technologies.
                                Page 137

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Technology Profile
                    DEMONSTRATION PROGRAM
                      TORONTO HARBOUR COMMISSION
                                      (Soil Recycling)
TECHNOLOGY DESCRIPTION:

The Toronto Harbour Commission's soil recycl-
ing process removes inorganic and organic con-
taminants  from soil to produce a reusable fill
material.  The process involves three techno-
logies operating in series.

The first technology is a soil washing process
that reduces the volume of treatable  material by
concentrating  contaminants  in  a  fine slurry
mixture. The second technology removes heavy
metals from the slurry by dissolving the metals
with acid and selective chelation.  The metal
dissolution process recovers all  metals in their
pure forms.   The third technology,  chemical
hydrolysis  accompanied by bioslurry reactors,
destroys organic contaminants concentrated  in
the slurry.  The three integrated technologies are
                capable of cleaning contaminated soil for reuse
                on industrial sites.

                WASTE APPLICABILITY:

                This technology is applicable to soil contaminat-
                ed with inorganics and organics.

                STATUS:

                Toronto Harbour Commission's  soil recycling
                process was accepted into the SITE Demonstra-
                tion Program in 1991.  The soil recycling pro-
                cess  was  demonstrated  at  a site within the
                Toronto Port Industrial District that had been
                used for metals finishing and refinery products
                and petroleum storage. Demonstration sampling
                took place in April and May 1992.
                  Soil Washing Plant (Metal Extraction Screwtubes in Foreground
                             and Bioslurry Reactors in Background)
Page 138
The SITE Program assesses but does not
  approve or endorse technologies.

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                                                                        November 1994
                                                                      Completed Project
The objective of the SITE demonstration was to
evaluate the process'  ability to achieve  the
modified Ontario Ministry of the Environment
(MOE)  criteria for commercial  and industrial
sites.  Detailed results have been published in a
Demonstration Bulletin (EPA/520-MR-92/015),
an   Applications   Analysis   Report
(EPA/540-AR-93/517), a Technology Evaluation
Report (EPA/540/R-93/517), and a Technology
DemonstrationSummary(EPA/540/SR-93/517).
These reports are available from EPA.
DEMONSTRATION RESULTS:

The  demonstration  results  showed  that soil
washing effectively produced clean coarse soil
fractions and concentrated the contaminants in
the fine slurry (see Table 1).
Table 1 - Soil Washing Process

Oil & Grease
Naphthalene
Benzo(a)pyrene
Feed
.8 mg/kg*
1 1 mg/kg
2 mg/kg
Clean Sand
.2 mg/kg
2 mg/kg
.5 mg/kg
Contaminated
Fine Slurry
4 mg/kg
52 mg/kg
1 0 mg/kg
  milligrams per kilogram


The  heavy metals  process  effectively  treated
samples of contaminated soil  from the Port
Industrial Area, lead-contaminated soil  from a
lead  smelter site, contaminated harbour sedi-
ments, municipal sewage sludge, and municipal
sewage incinerator ash (see Table 2).
Table 2 - Heavy Metals Process
Metal
Sample #1623 -Lead
Sample #1631 -Lead
Lead Smelter
Soil Fines Input
2949 mg/kg
612 mg/kg
Treated Fines
Output
877 mg/kg
1 83 mg/kg
The heavy metals process has been licensed to
Metanetix Corporation for worldwide applica-
tion.  It is being applied commercially to selec-
tive mine metals from acid mine drainage at the
Anaconda copper mine in Butte, Montana. The
chemical   treatment  process   and  bioslurry
reactors achieved  a 90  percent reduction  in
polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbon compounds
such as naphthalene, but slightly exceeded the
MOE criteria for benzo(a)pyrene (see Table 3).
Table 3 - Chemical and Bioremediation Process

Naphthalene
Benzo(a)pyrene
Contaminated
Fine Slurry
52 mg/kg
10 mg/kg
Treated Fine Slurry
<5 mg/kg
2.6 mg/kg
FOR FURTHER INFORMATION:

EPA PROJECT MANAGER:
Teri Richardson
U.S. EPA
Risk Reduction Engineering Laboratory
26 West Martin Luther King Drive
Cincinnati, OH  45268
513-569-7949
Fax: 513-569-7620

TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPER CONTACT:
Carol Moore
The Toronto Harbour Commissioners
60 Harbour Street
Toronto, Ontario,  Canada
M5J 1B7
416-863-2071
Fax: 416-863-4830
                                 The SITE Program assesses but does not
                                   approve or endorse technologies.
                               Page  139

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Technology Profile
                     DEMONSTRATION PROGRAM
     ULTRO'X, A DIVISION OF ZIMPRO ENVIRONMENTAL, INC.
                          (Ultraviolet Radiation and Oxidation)
TECHNOLOGY DESCRIPTION:

This ultraviolet (UV) radiation and oxidation
process  uses  UV radiation,  ozone (O3),  and
hydrogen  peroxide  (H2C>2) to destroy toxic
organic  compounds,  particularly  chlorinated
hydrocarbons, in water.  The process oxidizes
compounds that are toxic or refractory (resistant
to biological  oxidation) to parts per  million
(ppm) or parts per billion (ppb) levels.

The UV radiation and oxidation system consists
of a treatment tank module, an air compressor
and ozone  generator module,  and  a hydrogen
peroxide feed system (see figure below).  The
system is skid-mounted and portable, and per-
mits on-site treatment of a wide variety of liquid
wastes, such as industrial wastewater, groundwa-
                 ter,  and leachate.    Treatment tank size  is
                 determined by the expected wastewater flow rate
                 and  the necessary  hydraulic  retention  time
                 needed to treat the contaminated water.  The
                 approximate UV  intensity,  and  ozone and
                 hydrogen peroxide doses,  are  determined by
                 pilot-scale studies.

                 Treatment tank influent is simultaneously ex-
                 posed to UV radiation, ozone,  and hydrogen
                 peroxide to oxidize the organic compounds.
                 Off-gas  from the treatment tank passes through
                 an ozone destruction Decompozon™ unit, which
                 reduces  ozone levels before air venting.  The
                 Decompozon™ unit also destroys volatile organic
                 compounds (VOC) stripped off in the treatment
                 tank.  Effluent from the treatment tank is tested
                 and analyzed before disposal.
                                             Treated Off-Gas
                                   Catalytic Ozone
                                    Decomposer
                           Ozone
                          Generator
              Compressed'
                  Air
                                                                              Treated
                                                                              Effluent
Dryer
                                           Groundwater
                                                                     ULTROX®
                                                                 UV/Oxidation Reactor
                                                             Hydrogen Peroxide
                                                              from Feed Tank
                               Ultrox System (Isometric View)
Page  140
 The SITE Program assesses but does not
    approve or endorse technologies.

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                                                                         November 1994
                                                                       Completed Project
WASTE APPLICABILITY:

The UV radiation and oxidation system treats
contaminated groundwater,  industrial waste-
waters,  and leachates containing  halogenated
solvents, phenol, pentachlorophenol, pesticides,
polychlorinated biphenyls, explosives, benzene,
toluene, ethylbenzene, xylene, methyl  tertiary
butyl ether, and other organic compounds.  The
system also treats low level total organic com-
pounds, chemical oxygen demand, and biological
oxygen demand.

STATUS:

A field-scale demonstration was completed in
March 1989 at  the  Lorentz Barrel and Drum
Company site in San Jose, California. The test
program was designed  to   evaluate  system
performance for several combinations  of five
operating   parameters:      1) influent   pH,
2) retention time, 3) ozone dose,  4) hydrogen
peroxide dose, and  5) UV radiation intensity.
The   Technology   Evaluation  Report   v/as
published in January 1990 (EPA/540/5-89/012).
The Applications Analysis Report was published
in September 1990 (EPA/540/A5-89/012).

The technology  is fully commercial,  with over
30 systems installed. Flow rates ranging from
5 gallons per minute (gpm) to  1,050 gpm are in
use at various industries and site remediations,
including aerospace, U.S. Department of Ener-
gy, U.S. Department of Defense, petroleum,
pharmaceutical,  automotive, woodtreating, and
municipal facilities.

UV oxidation technology has  been included in
Records of Decision for several Superfund sites
where groundwater pump-and-treat remediation
methods will be used.
DEMONSTRATION RESULTS:

Contaminated groundwater treated by the system
met  regulatory standards  at  the  appropriate
parameter levels. Out of 44 VOCs in the waste-
water, trichloroethene, 1,1-dichloroethane, and
1,1,1-trichloroethane were  chosen  as indicator
parameters. All three are relatively refractory to
conventional oxidation.

The Decompozon™ unit reduced ozone to less
than 0.1 ppm,  with efficiencies greater then
99.99 percent.  VOCs present  in the air within
the treatment system were not  detected after
passing  through the Decompozon™ unit.   The
Ultrox  system produced no harmful  air emis-
sions.  Total organic carbon removal was low,
implying partial oxidation of organics  without
complete conversion to carbon  dioxide  and
water.

FOR FURTHER INFORMATION:

EPA PROJECT MANAGER:
Norma Lewis
U.S. EPA
Risk Reduction  Engineering Laboratory
26 West Martin Luther King Drive
Cincinnati, OH  45268
513-569-7665
Fax: 513-569-7620

TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPER CONTACT:
David Fletcher
Ultrox,  A Division of
  Zimpro Environmental, Inc.
2435 South Anne Street
Santa Ana, CA  92704-5308
714-545-5557
Fax: 714-557-5396
                                 The SITE F'rogram assesses but does not
                                   approve or endorse technologies.
                                Page 141

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Technology Profile
                  DEMONSTRATION PROGRAM
     UNITED STATES ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY
                (Excavation Techniques and Foam Suppression Methods)
TECHNOLOGY DESCRIPTION:

These excavation techniques and foam suppres-
sion methods were  developed through a joint
EPA effort involving the Risk Reduction Engi-
neering Laboratory (Cincinnati, Ohio), Air and
Energy Engineering Research Laboratory (Re-
search Triangle Park, North Carolina), and EPA
Region 9 to evaluate control technologies during
excavation operations.

In general, excavating soil  contaminated with
volatile organic  compounds (VOC) results in
fugitive air emissions. The area to be excavated
is  surrounded by a temporary enclosure  (see
photograph below).   Air from the enclosure is
vented through  an  emission control system
before being  released to the atmosphere.  For
example, in the case of hydrocarbon and sulfur
               dioxide emissions, a scrubber  and a carbon
               adsorption unit would be used to treat emissions.
               As an additional  emission control method,  a
               vapor suppressant foam can be applied to the
               soil before and after excavation.

               WASTE APPLICABILITY:

               This technology is suitable for controlling VOC
               emissions during  excavation of contaminated
               soil.

               STATUS:

               This technology was demonstrated at the McColl
               Superfund site in Fullerton, California, in June
               and July 1990.  An enclosure 60 feet wide, 160
               feet long, and 26 feet high was erected over an
               area  contaminated  with  VOCs  and  sulfur
                                Excavation Area Enclosure
Page  142
The SITE Program assesses but does not
  approve or endorse technologies.

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                                                                        November 1994
                                                                      Completed Project
dioxide.   A backhoe removed the overburden
and excavated underlying waste. Three distinct
types of waste were encountered during excava-
tion:  oily mud, tar, and hard coal-like char.

The following documents contain results of the
demonstration and are available from EPA:

   •  Applications Analysis Report
     (EPA/540/AR-92/015)
   •  Technology Evaluation Report
     (EPA/540/R-93/015)
   •  Demonstration Summary
     (EPA/540/SR-92/015)

DEMONSTRATION RESULTS:

During excavation, the 5-minute average air
concentrations within the enclosed area were up
to 1,000 parts  per million (ppm)  for sulfur
dioxide and up to 492 ppm for total hydrocar-
bons (THC).  The air pollution control system
removed up to 99 percent of the sulfur dioxide
and up to 70 percent of the THCs.

The concentrations of air contaminants inside the
enclosure were  higher than expected.   These
high  concentrations were due  in part to the
vapor suppressant foams'  inability to  form an
impermeable membrane  over the exposed
 wastes. The foam reacted with the highly acidic
 waste, causing the foam to degrade.  Further-
 more, purge water from foaming activities made
 surfaces slippery for workers and equipment.

 A total of 101 cubic yards of overburden and
 137  cubic yards  of contaminated  waste  was
 excavated.   The tar  waste was solidified and
 stabilized by mixing it with fly ash, cement, and
 water in a pug mill.  The char wastes did not
 require further processing.

 FOR FURTHER INFORMATION:

 EPA PROJECT MANAGER:
 Jack Hubbard
 U.S. EPA
 Risk Reduction Engineering Laboratory
 26 West Martin Luther King Drive
 Cincinnati, OH  45268
 513-569-7507
 Fax: 513-569-7620

 TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPER CONTACT:
 John Blevins
 U.S. EPA, Region 9
 Mail Code H-7-1
 75 Hawthorne Avenue
 San Francisco, CA 94105
415-744-2400
                                The SITE Program assesses but does not
                                  approve or endorse technologies.
                               Page 143

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Technology Profile
                 DEMONSTRA TION PROGRAM
                VULCAN PEROXIDATION SYSTEMS, INC.
                    (formerly PEROXIDATION SYSTEMS, INC.)
                    (perox-pure™ Chemical Oxidation Technology)
TECHNOLOGY DESCRIPTION:

The perox-pure™ treatment system is designed
to  destroy  dissolved organic contaminants in
groundwater or wastewater with an advanced
chemical oxidation process that uses ultraviolet
(UV) radiation and hydrogen peroxide. Hydro-
gen peroxide is added to the contaminated water,
and the mixture is then fed into the treatment
system.

The  treatment  system's  oxidation chamber
contains  one  or more compartments.   Each
              compartment contains  one high-intensity  UV
              lamp mounted in a quartz tube. The contaminat-
              ed water flows in the space between the chamber
              wall and the quartz tube in which each UV lamp
              is mounted.  The perox-pure™ equipment in-
              cludes circular wipers attached to the  quartz
              tubes.  These wipers periodically remove solids
              that may accumulate on the tubes, a feature
              designed to maintain treatment efficiency.

              UV light catalyzes chemical oxidation of organic
              contaminants in water by affecting the organics
              and reacting with hydrogen peroxide.  Many
                       perax-pure,
                       ilWIS DESTOUCTraNlpROCESS
                              perox-pure™ Model SSB-30
 Page 144
The SITE Program assesses but does not
  approve or endorse technologies.

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                                                                          November 1994
                                                                        Completed Project
 organic  contaminants  that  absorb  UV  light
 change chemically or become more reactive with
 chemical oxidants. More importantly, UV light
 catalyzes  hydrogen  peroxide  breakdown  to
 produce hydroxyl radicals, which are powerful
 chemical oxidants. Hydroxyl radicals react with
 and destroy  organic contaminants,  ultimately
 producing harmless by-products such as carbon
 dioxide,  halides, and  water.   The treatment
 system produces no hazardous by-products or air
 emissions.

 WASTE APPLICABILITY:

 The perox-pure™ technology treats groundwater
 and wastewater  contaminated with chlorinated
 solvents, pesticides, polychlorinated biphenyls,
 phenolics, fuel hydrocarbons, and other organic
 compounds at concentrations ranging from a few
 thousand milligrams per liter to one microgrann
 per liter or lower. In some cases, the treatment
 system can combine with air stripping, steam
 stripping,  or biological treatment to  optimize
 treatment results.

 STATUS:

 The perox-pure™ technology was accepted into
 the SITE Demonstration Program in April 1991.
 A Model SSB-30 was demonstrated in Septem-
 ber 1992 at the  Lawrence Livermore National
 Laboratory Site 300 Superfund site in California.
 The purpose of this demonstration was to mea-
 sure how  well  the perox-pure™ technology
 removed  volatile organic compounds (VOC)
 from contaminated groundwater at the site.

 This technology has been successfully applied to
over 80  sites throughout the United States,
 Canada, and Europe.   The treatment units at
these sites have treated contaminated groundwa-
ter, industrial wastewater,  landfill leachates,
potable water,  and industrial  reuse  streams.
Equipment  capacities range up to several thou-
sand gallons per  minute.
 DEMONSTRATION RESULTS:

 During the demonstration, the treatment system
 operated at a variety of operating parameters.
 Three reproducibility tests were performed at the
 optimum  operating  conditions,  which were
 selected from the initial test runs.

 In  most cases,  the perox-pure™  technology
 reduced   trichloroethene,   tetrachloroethene,
 chloroform, trichloroethane, and dichloroethane
 to below analytical detection limits.  For each
 organic contaminant,  the perox-pure™ tech-
 nology complied with California action levels
 and federal drinking  water maximum conta-
 minant levels at the 95 percent confidence level.
 The quartz tube  wipers effectively cleaned the
 tubes and eliminated the interference caused by
 tube scaling. The Applications Analysis Report
 (EPA/540/AR-93/501), the Technology Evalua-
 tion Report (EPA/540/R-93/501) and the Tech-
 nology Demonstration Summary (EPA/540/SR-
 93/501) are available from EPA.

 FOR FURTHER INFORMATION:

 EPA PROJECT MANAGER:
 Norma Lewis
 U.S. EPA
 Risk Reduction Engineering  Laboratory
 26 West Martin Luther King Drive
 Cincinnati,  OH  45268
 513-569-7665
 Fax: 513-569-7620

 TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPER CONTACT:
 Chris Giggy
Vulcan Peroxidation Systems, Inc.
5151 East Broadway, Suite 600
Tucson, AZ 85711
602-790-8383
Fax: 602-790-8008
                                 The SITE Program assesses but does not
                                   approve or endorse technologies.
                               Page 145

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Technology Profile
                   DEMONSTRATION PROGRAM
                                   WASTECH, INC.
                              (Solidification and Stabilization)
TECHNOLOGY DESCRIPTION:

This solidification and stabilization technology
applies  proprietary  bonding  agents  to  soils,
sludge,  and liquid  wastes  contaminated  with
organic and inorganic contaminants.  The tech-
nology uses a reagent to chemically bond with
contaminants hi wastes.  The waste and reagent
mixture is then mixed with pozzolanic, cemen-
titious materials, which combine to form  a
stabilized matrix. Reagents are selected based
on target waste characteristics. Treated material
is a nonleaching, high-strength, stabilized end-
product.

WASTECH,  Inc.'s  (WASTECH), technology
uses  standard  engineering and  construction
equipment.  As the type and dose of reagents
depend on waste  characteristics, treatability
studies and site investigations must be conducted
to determine the proper treatment formula.

Treatment usually begins with waste excavation.
Large pieces of debris  in  the waste  must be
screened and removed. The waste is then placed
               into a high shear mixer, along with premeasured
               quantities of water and SuperSet®, WASTECH's
               proprietary reagent (see figure below).

               Next,  pozzolanic,  cementitious  materials are
               added to the waste-reagent mixture, stabilizing
               the waste and completing the treatment process.
               WASTECH's  treatment technology  does not
               generate by-products.  The process may also be
               applied in situ.

               WASTE APPLICABILITY:

               WASTECH's  technology can treat a wide vari-
               ety of waste streams consisting of soils, sludges,
               and raw organic streams, including lubricating
               oil, aromatic  solvents,  evaporator  bottoms,
               chelating agents, and ion exchange  resins, with
               contaminant concentrations ranging from parts
               per million levels to 40 percent by volume.  The
               technology can also treat wastes generated by the
               petroleum, chemical,  pesticide, and wood-pre-
               serving industries, as well as wastes  generated
               by many  other chemical  manufacturing and
               industrial processes.  WASTECH's technology
    WASTE MATERIAL SIZING
                                                          POZZOLANS
                                            PROCESSED
                                             MATERIALS
                                             PLACED TO
                                           SPECIFICATIONS
                        WASTECH Solidification and Stabilization Process
 Page  146
The SITE Program assesses but does not
  approve or endorse technologies.

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                                                                       November 1994
                                                                     Completed Project
can also be applied to mixed wastes containing
organic,  inorganic,  and radioactive  contami-
nants.

STATUS:

The  technology was accepted into  the  SITE
Demonstration Program in spring 1989. A field
demonstration at Robins Air Force Base in
Warner Robins,  Georgia was completed in
August  1991.   The WASTECH technology
treated high level organic and inorganic wastes
at an industrial sludge pit. WASTECH subse-
quently  conducted a bench-scale study under
glovebox conditions to develop a detailed mass
balance  of volatile organic compounds in late
1992.  The technology is being commercially
applied to treat hazardous wastes  contaminated
with various organics, inorganics, and mixed
wastes.  The Innovative Technology Evaluation
Report will be available in 1995.
FOR FURTHER INFORMATION:

EPA PROJECT MANAGER:
Terrence Lyons
U.S. EPA
Risk Reduction Laboratory
26 West Martin Luther King Drive
Cincinnati, OH 45268
513-569-7589
Fax: 513-569-7676

TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPER CONTACT:
Benjamin Peacock
WASTECH, Inc.
P.O. Box 4638
1021 D Alvin Weinberg Drive
Oak Ridge,  TN 37831-4638
615-483-6515
Fax: 615-483-4239
                                The SITE Program assesses but does not
                                  approve or endorse technologies.
                              Page  14-7

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Technology Profile
                   DEMONSTRATION PROGRAM
                               ROY F. WESTON, INC.
                  (Low Temperature Thermal Treatment [LT3®] System)
TECHNOLOGY DESCRIPTION:

The Roy F. Weston, Inc. (Weston), low temper-
ature thermal treatment (LT3®) system thermally
desorbs organic compounds from contaminated
soil without heating the  soil to combustion
temperatures.   The transportable system  is
assembled on three flat-bed trailers and requires
an area of about  5,000 square feet, including
ancillary and support equipment.  The LT3®
system consists of three segments: soil treat-
ment, emissions control, and water treatment
(see figure below).

The LT3® thermal  processor consists of two
jacketed troughs,  one above the other.   Each
trough houses four  intermeshed,  hollow screw
conveyors.  A  front-end loader  feeds  soil  or
sludge onto a conveyor that discharges into a
                surge hopper above the thermal processor. Hot
                oil circulating through the troughs  and screws
                heats the soil to 400 to 500 degrees  Fahrenheit,
                removing contaminants. Soil is discharged from
                the thermal processor into a conditioner where a
                water spray cools the soil and minimizes dust
                emissions.

                A fan draws desorbed organics from the thermal
                processor through  a fabric  filter  baghouse.
                Depending on contaminant characteristics, dust
                collected on the fabric filter may be retreated,
                combined with treated material, or drummed
                separately for off-site disposal.  Exhaust gas
                from the fabric filter is drawn into an air-cooled
                condenser to remove  most  of the water vapor
                and organics.  The gas is  then passed through a
                second, refrigerated condenser and treated by
                carbon adsorption.
                          Low Temperature Thermal Treatment System
 Page 148
The SITE Program assesses but does not
  approve or endorse technologies.

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                                                                        November 1994
                                                                      Completed Project
Condensate streams are  typically treated in  a
three-phase oil-water separator to remove light
and heavy organic phases from the water phase,
which is then treated in  the carbon adsorption
system to remove residual organic contaminants.
Treated  condensate is often used for soil condi-
tioning,  and only the  organic phases  are dis-
posed of off site.

WASTE APPLICABILITY:

This system  treats soils  contaminated  with
volatile  and semivolatile organic  compounds
(VOC and  SVOC). Bench-, pilot-, and full-
scale LT3® systems have treated soil contaminat-
ed with the following wastes: coal tar, drill cut-
tings (oil-based mud), No. 2 diesel fuel, JP-4 jet
fuel, leaded and unleaded gasoline, petroleum
hydrocarbons, halogenated  and nonhalogenated
solvents, VOCs, SVOCs, and polynuclear aro-
matic hydrocarbons.

STATUS:

The LT3® system was  accepted into the SITE
Demonstration Program in September 1991. In
November and December 1991, the LT3® system
was demonstrated under the SITE Program as
part  of  a proof-of-process test  for full-scale
remediation  of  the  Anderson  Development
Company  (ADC) Superfund site  in  Adrian,
Michigan.   The system was tested  on lagoon
sludge from the ADC  site. This sludge was
contaminated with VOCs and SVOCs, including
4,4-methylene bis(2-chloroaniline) (MBOCA).

DEMONSTRATION RESULTS:

The SITE demonstration  yielded  the following
results:

  •  The LT3® system removed VOCs to
     below method detection limits (less than
     0.060 milligrams per kilogram [mg/kg]
     for most compounds).
   • The  LT3® system  achieved MBOCA
     removal efficiencies greater  than 88
     percent; MBOCA concentrations in the
     treated sludge ranged from 3.0 to  9.6
     mg/kg.
   • The  LT3® system decreased the  con-
     centrations of all SVOCs in the sludge,
     with  the exception of phenol,  which
     increased as  a result of the chloroben-
     zene  decrease.
   • Stack emissions of non-methane total
     hydrocarbons increased from 6.7 to 11
     parts per million by volume during the
     demonstration;  the maximum emission
     rate was 0.2 pounds per day (ppd).  The
     maximum particulates emission rate was
     0.02  ppd, and no chlorides were mea-
     sured in stack gases.

The  Demonstration   Bulletin
(EPA/540/MR-92/019) and Applications Analy-
sis Report (EPA/540/AR-92/019) are available
from EPA. The Technology Evaluation Report
will be available in late 1994.

FOR FURTHER INFORMATION:

EPA PROJECT MANAGER:
Paul dePercin
U.S. EPA
Risk Reduction Engineering Laboratory
26 West Martin Luther King Avenue
Cincinnati, OH 45268
513-569-7797
Fax: 513-569-7620

TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPER CONTACT:
Mike Cosmos
Roy F. Weston, Inc.
1 Weston Way
West Chester, PA  19380-1499
610-701-7423
Fax: 610-701-5035
                                The SITE Program assesses but does not
                                  approve or endorse technologies.
                               Page 149

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Technology Profile
                   DEMONSTRATION PROGRAM
                ROY F. WESTON, INC./IEG TECHNOLOGIES
                             (UVB - Vacuum Vaporizing Well)
TECHNOLOGY DESCRIPTION:

The Unterdruck-Verdampfer Brunnen  (UVB)
vacuum vaporizing well is an in situ system for
remediating contaminated aquifers, especially
those contaminated with  volatile organic com-
pounds. The UVB system uses a combination of
chemical, physical and biological processes.

A UVB system consists of a specially adapted
groundwater well, a negative pressure stripping
reactor, an aboveground mounted blower, and a
waste air decontamination system such as dispos-
able activated carbon beds (see figure below).

The water level rises about 1 foot inside the well
due to negative pressure generated by a blower.
Fresh air  is drawn into  the system through a
                pipe leading to the stripping reactor and passes
                up through the raised water.  The rising air
                bubbles enhance the suction effect at the bottom
                of the well, creating an air-lift pump.  A specific
                flow  direction can  be  induced  by adding a
                support pump to produce an up or down vertical
                flow  either upward or downward within the
                well.

                As a result of the  concentration gradient, the
                contaminants vaporize into the air bubbles and
                are removed from the well by the air flow. The
                oscillating hydraulic pressure forces the water
                horizontally into the aquifer through the top
                screened  well  segment.   In the surrounding
                aquifer,  a  circulation system develops,  water
                enters at  the well base and  leaves through the
                upper screened segment, or vice versa, depend-
                ing on the desired flow direction.
             Activated Carbon Filter
                                Blower
                                             Ambient Air
                                                                        Resting GW Level
                                                           Negative Pressure


                                                        Working GW Level
        ;••:„••..•.•-.•.•"•.••:•."•/       ft.;:;.A:;;^'Arti'fioiai'pack'
                                   UVB Standard Circulation
 Page 150
The SITE Program assesses but does not
  approve or endorse technologies.

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                                                                         November 1994
                                                                       Completed Project
A flow pattern with a calculable horizontal and
vertical component is produced in the aquifer to
compensate for the directed water flow within
the UVB well.    Thus,  treated groundwater
circulates through the sphere of influence within
the aquifer before returning to the well.

The UVB technology can extract soil gas during
groundwater treatment.  The amount of soil gas
and groundwater passing through the decontami-
nation system can be adjusted according to the
type of contamination and the well construction.

WASTE APPLICABILITY:

The UVB technology is  designed to  remove
volatile organic compounds from groundwater.
Depending  on  the circumstances,  the UVB
system may also  remediate semivolatile com-
pounds and heavy metals.

STATUS:

This technology was accepted into the SITE
Demonstration Program in  1993.  The 6-month
demonstration  at  March  Air  Force  Base,
California was extended for one year,  and was
completed in May 1994.

DEMONSTRATION RESULTS:

Demonstration results indicate that trichloro-
ethene (TCE) was reduced on average by greater
than 94 percent in groundwater discharged from
the UVB treatment system.   The mean TCE
concentration in the discharged groundwater was
approximately 3 micrograms  per liter (pg/L),
with only one event above  5 j^g/L.  The UVB
system's ability to remove dichloroethene (DCE)
could not be established due to the low (less than
4 Mg/L) influent concentration of DCE.
Based on  the dye-tracer study,  the  radius of
influence was measured to be at least  40 feet.
 Modeling of the radius of influence by Roy F.
 Weston,  Inc., suggests that it may extend to a
 distance of approximately 83 feet; however, site-
 specific  data  obtained  from  aquifer testing
 indicate that the radius of influence is probably
 between 60 and 80 feet.

 In general, TCE and DCE  in the shallow and
 intermediate screen wells showed a concentration
 reduction both vertically and horizontally over
 the duration of the pilot study.  Target  com-
 pound concentrations in these zones appeared to
 homogenize as indicated by the convergence and
 stabilization of TCE and DCE concentrations.
 Variations in target compound concentrations
 were noted in the deep screened wells; however,
 there was no evidence of reduction or homogeni-
 zation of the TCE or DCE in these wells.  This
 may be  due to  the limited duration of well
 monitoring.

 FOR FURTHER IPflFORMATION:

 EPA PROJECT MANAGER:
 Michelle  Simon
 U.S. EPA
 Risk Reduction Engineering Laboratory
 26 West Martin Luther King Drive
 Cincinnati, OH  45268
 513-569-7469
 Fax: 513-569-7676

 TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPER CONTACTS:
Jeff Bannon
 Roy F. Weston, Inc.
 6400 Canoga Avenue, Suite  100
Woodland Hills, CA 91367-2425
 818-596-6900
 Fax: 818-556-6895

 Eric Klingel
IEG Technologies
 1833-D Crossbeam Drive
 Charlotte, NC  28217
704-357-6090
Fax:704-357-6111
                                The SITE Program assesses but does not
                                   approve or endorse technologies.
                               Page  151

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Technology Profile
                  DEMONSTRATION PROGRAM
              WHEELABRATOR CLEAN AIR SYSTEMS, INC.
                (formerly CHEMICAL WASTE MANAGEMENT, INC.)
                              (PO*WW*ER™ Technology)
TECHNOLOGY DESCRIPTION:

The PO*WW*ER™ technology is used to treat
and reduce complex industrial and hazardous
wastewaters containing mixtures of inorganic
salts, metals, volatile and nonvolatile organics,
volatile  inorganics,  and  radionuclides.   The
proprietary technology combines  evaporation
with catalytic  oxidation to  concentrate and
destroy contaminants, producing a high-quality
product condensate.

Wastewater is first pumped into an evaporator
where most of the water  and contaminants are
vaporized and removed, concentrating the con-
taminants into a small volume for further treat-
ment or disposal. The contaminant vapors then
pass over a bed of proprietary robust catalyst,
where the pollutants are oxidized and destroyed.
Depending  upon  the  composition,  effluent
vapors from the oxidizer may be treated in a
scrubber.  The vapors are then condensed to
produce water (condensate) that can be used as
               either boiler or cooling tower make-up water, if
               appropriate. Hazardous wastewater is thus sepa-
               rated into a small contaminant stream and a
               large clean water stream without using expensive
               reagents  or increasing the volume of the total
               stream.  The  photograph  below illustrates  a
               PO*WW*ER™-basedwastewatertreatmentplant.

               WASTE APPLICABILITY:

               The PO*WW*ER™ technology can treat waste-
               waters containing a mixture  of the following
               contaminants:
Organic
« Halogenated volatiles
• Halogenated semivolatiles
* Nonhalogenated volatiles
« Nonhalogenated semi-
volatiles
• Organic pesticides/
herbicides
« Solvents
• Benzene, toluene, ethyl-
benzene, and xylene
• Organic cyanides
• Nonvolatile organics
Inorganic
Heavy metals
Nonmetallic
toxic elements
Cyanides
Ammonia
Nitrates
Salts





Radioactive
Plutonium
Americium
Uranium
Technetium
Thorium
Radium
Barium





                       PO*WW*ER™-Based Wastewater Treatment Plant
 Page 152
The SITE Program assesses but does not
  approve or endorse technologies.

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                                                                        November 1994
                                                                      Completed Project
Suitable waste-waters include landfill leachates,
contaminated  groundwaters,   process  waste-
waters, and low-level radioactive mixed wastes.

STATUS:

The technology was accepted  into the  SITE
Demonstration Program in 1991, and was tested
on  landfill leachate in September 1992 at the
developer's  pilot  plant  in  Lake  Charles,
Louisiana (see photograph below). The Applica-
tions Analysis Report (EPA/540/AR-93/506) and
the   Technology   Evaluation  Report
(EPA/540/R93/506) are available from EPA.

A commercial  system  (50 gallons per minute
capacity)  is  in operation at Ysing Yi Island,
Hong Kong.  A pilot-scale unit (1 to 1.5 gallons
per  hour) is  available  at  RUST  Remedial
Services'  Clemson Technical  Center in South
Carolina and can treat both radioactive, hazard-
ous, and mixed waste streams.
FOR FURTHER INFORMATION:

EPA PROJECT MANAGER:
Randy Parker
U.S. EPA
Risk Reduction Engineering Laboratory
26 West Martin Luther King Drive
Cincinnati, OH  45268
513-569-7271
Fax: 513-569-7620

TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPER CONTACT:
Annamarie Connolly
Wheelabrator Clean Air Systems, Inc.
1501 East Woodfield Road,
Suite 200 West
Schaumberg, IL 60173
708-706-6900
Fax: 708-706-6996
    PO*WW*ER™ Pilot Plant at Chemical Waste Management's Lake Charles, Louisiana Facility
                                The SITE Program assesses but does not
                                  approve or endorse technologies.
                              Page 153

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                                                   TABLE 2
                 Ongoing SITE Demonstration Program Projects as of October 1994
Developer
Accutech Remedial Systems,
Inc.,*
Keyport, NJ (005)"
AlliedSignal Environmental
Systems and Services,
Des Plaines, IL (003)
Andco Environmental
Processes, Inc.,
Buffalo, NY (007)
Aprotek,
Sacramento, CA (008)
ASI Environmental
Technologies, Inc./
Dames & Moore,
Brandon, FL (005)
BioGenesis Enterprises, Inc.,*
Springfield, VA (009)
CF Systems Corporation,*
Woburn, MA (008)
Colorado Department of Public
Health and Environment
(developed by Colorado
School of Mines),*"
Denver, CO (005)/(E01)
Technology
'neumatic Fracturing
Extraction™ and Catalytic
Oxidation
immobilized Cell
Bioreactor Biotreatment
System
alectrochemical In Situ
Chromate Reduction and
Heavy Metal
Immobilization
[on Conduction
Agglomeration System
Hydrolytic Terrestrial
Dissipation
BioGenesis3" Soil and
Sediment Washing
Process
Liquified Gas Solvent
Extraction (LG-SX)
Technology
Wetlands-Based
Treatment
Technology
Contact
fohn Liskowitz
908-739-6444
P. Stephen Lupton
708-391-3224
Conrad Kempton
201-455-5531
Michael Laschinger
716-691-2100
Cathryn Wimberly
916-366-6165
Stoddard Pickrell
813-653-3376
Thomas Rougeux
703-913-9700
Chris Shallice
617-937-0800
Rick Brown
303-692-3383
EPA Project
Manager
Jwe Frank
908-321-6626
lonald Lewis
513-569-7856
Douglas Grosse
513-569-7844
Jack Hubbard
513-569-7507
Ronald Lewis
513-569-7856
Annette Gatchett
513-569-7697
Mark Meckes
513-569-7348
Edward Bates
513-569-7774
Waste Media
Soil, Rock
Groundwater,
Wastewater
Groundwater
Groundwater,
Wastewaster,
Mining Effluents
Soil
Soil
Soil, Sludge,
Wastewater
Acid Mine
Drainage
Applicable Waste
Inorganic
Not Applicable
Not Applicable
Heavy Metals, Hexavalent
Chromium
Metals
Not Applicable
Not Applicable
Not Applicable
Metals
Organic
Halogenated and
Nonhalogenated VOCs and
SVOCs
Readily Biodegradable
Organic Compounds,
PAHs, Diesel Fuel,
Chlorobenzene
Not Applicable
Not Applicable
Toxaphene and Other
Pesticides
Volatile and Nonvolatile
Hydrocarbons, PCBs
VOCs, SVOCs, PAHs,
PCBs, Dioxins,
Pentachlorophenol
Not Applicable
An additional demonstration is planned for this technology. Refer to the profile in the Demonstration Program (completed projects) section for more information.
Solicitation Number
From Emerging Technology Program

-------
                                                    TABLE 2 (continued)
                         Ongoing SITE Demonstration Program  Projects as of October  1994
Developer
EET, Inc.,
Bellaire, TX (009)
Electrokinetics Inc.,
Baton Rouge, LA (009)/(E03)
EnviroMetal Technologies Inc.,
Guelph, Ontario, Canada (008)
GEOCHEM, A Division of
Terra Vac,
Lakewood, CO (007)
Horsehead Resource
Development Co., Inc.,*
Monaca.PA (008)
Hydrologies, Inc.,
Englewood, CO (008)
IT Corporation,
San Bernardino, CA (007)
Matrix Photolytic Inc.
(formerly Nutech
Environmental),"*
London, Ontario, Canada
(009)/(E05)
Technology
Extraction of PCBs from
Porous Surfaces Using
the TECHXTRACT™
Process
Electro-Klean™
Electrokinetic Soil
Processing
In Situ Metal Enhanced
Abiotic Degradation of
Dissolved Halogenated
Organic Compounds in
Groundwater
In Situ Remediation of
Chromium in
Groundwater
Flame Reactor
CURE®-
Electrocoagulation
Wastewater Treatment
System
In Situ Groundwater
Treatment System
Photocatalytic Water
Treatment
Technology
Contact
Tim Tarrillion
713-662-0727
Yalcin Acar and
Robert Marks
504-388-3992
John Vogan
519-824-0432
Jim Rouse
303-988-8902
Regis Zagrocki
412-773-2289
Carl Dalrymple
303-761-6960
Walter Grinyer
909-799-6869
Bob Henderson
519-660-8669
EPA Project
Manager
Richard Eilers
513-569-7809
Randy Parker
513-569-7271
Chien Chen
908-906-6985
Douglas Grosse
513-569-7844
Donald Oberacker
513-569-7510
Marta K. Richards
513-569-7692
Annette Gatchett
513-569-7697
Michelle Simon
513-569-7469
Richard Eilers
513-569-7809
Waste Media
Solids
Soil
Groundwater
Groundwater
Soil, Sludge,
Industrial Solid
Residues
Water
Groundwater
Wastewater,
Groundwater,
3rocess Water
Applicable Waste
Inorganic
Heavy Metals, Radionuclides
Heavy Metals and Other
Inorganics, Radionuclides
Not Applicable
Hexavalent Chromium,
Uranium, Selenium, Arsenic
Metals
Aluminum, Arsenic, Barium,
Cadmium, Chromium,
Cyanide, Lead, Nickel,
Uranium, and Zinc
Mot Applicable
Nonspecific Inorganics
Organic
PCBs, Hydrocarbons
Nonspecific Organics
Halogenated Organic
Compounds
Not Applicable
Not Applicable
Mot Applicable
VOCs
PCBs, PCDDs, PCDFs,
Chlorinated Alkenes,
Chlorinated Phenols
01
      An additional demonstration is planned for this technology.  Refer to the profile in the Demonstration Program (completed projects) section for more information.
     ' From Emerging Technology Program

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8
                                       TABLE 2 (continued)
                   Ongoing SITE Demonstration Program Projects as of October 1994
Developer
viorrison Knudsen Corporation/
Spetstamponazhgeologia
Enterprises (STG),
Boise, ID (009)
New York State Department of
Environmental Conservation,
Mbany, NY (009)
<[orth American Technologies
Group, Inc.,
Sacramento, CA (008)
Pintail Systems Incorporated,
Aurora, CO (009)
Praxis Environmental
Technologies, Inc.,
Burlingame, CA (008)
Process Technologies, Inc.,
Boise, ID (009)
Purus, Inc.,
San Jose, CA (006)
Remediation Technologies, Inc.
Seattle, WA (002)
Technology
High Clay Grouting
'echnology
Multi-Vendor
Jioremediation
BioTreat™ System
Spent Ore Bioremediation
Process
In Situ Thermal
Extraction Process
Photolytic Destruction fo
SVE Off-Gases
PurCycle™ Vapor
Treatment Process
Liquid and Solids
Biological Treatment
Technology
Contact
Cathryn Levihn or
R. Mac Hartley
208-386-6115
Nick Kolak
518-485-8792
Cathryn Wimberly
916-366-6165
^eslie Thompson
303-367-8843
Lloyd Stewart
415-548-9288
Paul Carpenter
904-283-6187
Mike Swan
208-385-0900
Steve Hodge
916-643-0830
Bart Mass
408-955-1000
Merv Cooper
206-624-9349
EPA Project
Manager
ack Hubbard
513-569-7507
Annette Gatchett
513-569-7697
Mary Stinson
908-321-6683
Jack Hubbard
513-569-7507
Paul dePercin
513-569-7797
Laurel Staley
513-569-7863
Norma Lewis
513-569-7665
Ronald Lewis
513-569-7856

Waste Media
Groundwater
Soil
Soil, Sludge,
Mixed Media
Spent Ore Heaps,
Waste Rock
Dumps, Mine
Tailings, Process
Water
Soil, Groundwater
Air, Gases
Soil, Groundwater
Air
Soil, Sediment,
Sludge
Applicable Waste
Inorganic
Heavy Metals
Not Applicable
Not Applicable
Cyanide
Not Applicable
Not Applicable
Not Applicable
Not Applicable
Organic
Nonspecific Organics
VOCs
Gasoline, Jet Fuel, Diesel
Fuel, Motor Oil, Crude
Oil, PAHs, BTEX, Methyl
Isobutyl Ketone, TCE,
PCP, Creosotes
Not Applicable
VOCs and SVOCs,
Hydrocarbons, Solvents
VOCs, Chlorinated VOCs,
CFCs
Fuel Hydrocarbons, VOCs,
SVOCs, Chlorinated
Solvents
Biodegradable Organics,
Creosote, PCP, PAHs

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                                                 TABLE 2 (continued)
                    Ongoing  SITE Demonstration Program Projects as of October 1994
Developer
Risk Reduction
Engineering Laboratory,*
Cincinnati, OH (009)
Risk Reduction
Engineering Laboratory,
Cincinnati, OH (006)
RKK, Ltd.,
Arlington, WA (009)
Sandia National Laboratory,* "
Albuquerque, NM (009)
Separation and Recovery
Systems, Inc.,
Irvine, CA (002)
Sevenson Environmental
Services, Inc.,
Munster, IN (009)
SIVE Services,
Dixon, CA (009)
TechTran Environmental, Inc.,
Houston, TX (005)
MWaste Reduction Services,
Inc.,**"
Calgary, Alberta, Canada (009)
Technology
Base-Catalyzed
Decomposition Process
Bioventing
CYROCELL™
Electrokinetic Extraction
in Unsaturated Soils
SAREX Chemical
Fixation Process
MAECTITE® Chemical
Treatment Process
Steam Injection and
Vacuum Extraction-
Linear Flow (SIVE-LF)
Process
Combined Chemical
Precipitation, Physical
Separation, and Binding
Process for Radionuclides
and Heavy Metals
Thermal Phase Separator
and TRACE Soil
Washing Unit
Technology
Contact
Carl Brunner
513-569-7655
Yei-Shong Shieh or
G. Steven Detwiler
610-832-0700
Paul McCauley
513-569-7444
Christopher Reno
206-653-4844
Eric Lindgren
505-844-3820
Brad Miller
714-261-8860
Karl Yost
219-836-0116
Douglas Dieter
916-678-8358
E.B. (Ted) Daniels
713-680-8833
Phil Carson
403-234-3229
EPA Project
Manager
Terrence Lyons
513-569-7589
Jack Hubbard
513-569-7507
Annette Gatchett
513-569-7697
Randy Parker
513-569-7271
Jack Hubbard
513-569-7507
Jack Hubbard
513-569-7507
Michelle Simon
513-569-7469
Annette Gatchett
513-569-7697
Gordon Evans
513-569-7684
Waste Media
Soil, Sediment,
Sludge
Soil
Soil, Groundwater,
Leachate
Soil
Soil, Sludge
Soil, Sludge,
Sediment, Solids
Soil
Water, Soil,
Sludge
Soil
Applicable Waste
Inorganic
Not Applicable
Not Applicable
Non-specific Inorganics
Hexavalent Chromium
Low-Level Metals
Lead, Other Heavy Metals
Not Applicable
Heavy Metals, Radionuclides
Copper, Lead, Zinc
Organic
PCBs, PCPs, Halogenated
Compounds
Biodegradable Organics
Non-specific Organics
Not Applicable
Nonspecific Organics
Not Applicable
VOCs, SVOCs
Not Applicable
Chlorinated Compounds,
PCBs, Hydrocarbons
^ additional demonstration is planned for this technology. Refer to the profile in the Demonstration Program (completed projects) section for more information.
From Emerging Technology Program
This technology is not profiled in this document. For further information, please contact the Technology Contact or the EPA Project Manager.

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I
S3
0)
                      TABLE 2 (continued)
Ongoing SITE Demonstration Program Projects as of October 1994
Developer
Vortec Corporation,"*
Collegeville, PA (009)/(E04)
Western Research Institute,*" '
Laramie, WY (005)/(E01)
Wheelabrator Technologies Inc.,
Hampton, NH (008)
Xerox Corporation,
Webster, NY (009)
Zenon Environmental Inc.,"*
Burlington, Ontario, Canada
(007)/(E02)
Zenon Environmental Inc.,
Burlington, Ontario, Canada
(007)
Zimpro Environmental, Inc.,
Rothschild, WI (002)
Technology
Oxidation and
Vitrification Process
Contained Recovery of
Oily Wastes (CROW™)
WES-PHix Stabilization
Process
Two-Phase Extraction
Process
Cross-Flow
Pervaporation System
ZenoGem™ Process
PACT® Wastewater
Treatment System
Technology
Contact
fames Hnat
610-489-2255
Lyle Johnson
307-721-2281
Mark Lyons
603-929-3000
Ron Hess
716-422-3694
Bud Hoda
916-643-1742
Philip Canning
905-639-6320
Tony Tonelli
905-639-6320
William Copa
715-359-7211
EPA Project
Manager
Ten Richardson
513-569-7949
Bugene Harris
513-569-7862
Chien Chen
908-321-6985
Laurel Staley
513-569-7863
Ronald Turner
513-569,7775
Daniel Sullivan
908-321-6677
John Martin
513-569-7758
Waste Media
Soil, Sludge,
Sediment, Mill
Tailings
Soil, Water
Municipal Waste
Combustion Ash,
Soil, Sludge
Groundwater, Soil
Groundwater,
Lagoons,
Leachate,
Rinsewater
Groundwater,
Leachate
Groundwater,
Industrial
Wastewater,
Leachate
Applicable Waste
Inorganic
Metals, Other Nonspecific
Inorganics
Not Applicable
Heavy Metals, Lead,
Cadmium, Copper, Zinc
Not Applicable
Not Applicable
Not Applicable
Not Applicable
Organic
Nonspecific Organics
Coal Tar Derivatives,
Petroleum By-products,
PCP
Not Applicable
VOCs
Solvents, Degreasers,
Gasoline, VOCs
Nonspecific Biodegradable
Organics
Biodegradeable VOCs and
SVOCs
     From Emerging Technology Program

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Technology Profile
                  DEMONSTRATION PROGRAM
     ALLBEDSIGNAL ENVIRONMENTAL SYSTEMS AND SERVICES
                   (Immobilized Cell Bioreactor Biotreatment System)
TECHNOLOGY DESCRIPTION:

The  immobilized  cell bioreactor (ICB) bio-
treatment system is an aerobic, anaerobic, or
combined aerobic/anaerobic fixed-filmbioreactor
system designed to remove organic contaminants
(including  nitrogen-containing compounds -and
chlorinated solvents) from process wastewater,
contaminated groundwater, and other aqueous
streams.  This biotreatment system offers un-
proved treatment efficiency by using  1) a uni-
que, proprietary reactor medium that maximizes
biological activity in the reactor, and 2) a pro-
prietary reactor design that maximizes contact
between the  biofilm and the contaminants.
These features result in quick, complete degrada-
tion of target contaminants to  carbon dioxide,
water,  and biomass.   Additional advantages
include 1)  high treatment capacity, 2) compact
system design, and 3) reduced operations and
maintenance  costs resulting  from simplified
operation and low sludge production.
               Basic system components include the bioreac-
               tor(s), media, mixing tanks  and pumps, feed
               pump,  recirculation  pump,  and a  blower to
               provide air to the aerobic bioreactor.  The figure
               below is a schematic  of the system.

               Depending  on the  specifics of the influent
               streams, some standard pretreatments, such as
               pH adjustment or oil  and water separation, may
               be required.  Effluent clarification is not re-
               quired for the system to operate, but may be
               required, to meet specific discharge requirements.
               The  system is designed to treat 10 million
               gallons  per day of  contaminated  aqueous
               streams.
               WASTE APPLICABILITY:

               The ICB biotreatment system has been success-
               fully  applied  to  industrial  wastewater  and
               groundwater containing a wide range of organic
        pH System Nutrients System
                                       Anaerobic ICB
                                                                         Cometabolic
                                                                         Substrates
                          Dual Anaerobic/Aerobic ICB Flow Diagram
 Page 160
The SITE Program assesses but does not
  approve or endorse technologies.

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                                                                             November  1994
                                                                             Ongoing Project
 contaminants,  including  polynuclear  aromatic
 hydrocarbons (PAH), phenols, gasoline, chlori-
 nated solvents, diesel fuel, and chlorobenzene.
 Industrial streams amenable to treatment include
 wastewaters generated from chemical manufac-
 turing,  petroleum refining, wood treating, tar
 and pitch manufacturing, food processing, and
 textile  fabricating.   AlliedSignal,  Inc.,  has
 obtained organic chemical removal efficiencies
 of greater than 99 percent.  The ICB  biotreat-
 ment system, because of its proprietary medium,
 is also very effective in remediating contaminat-
 ed groundwater streams containing trace organic
 contaminants.

 The ICB biotreatment system can be provided as
 a complete  customized facility for specialized
 treatment needs or as a packaged modular unit.
 The technology can be retrofitted to  existing
 bioreactors  by adding  the necessary  internal
 equipment and proprietary media.  The  table
 below summarizes recent applications.
                               This biotreatment system has  a  completely
                               enclosed headspace, eliminating the possibility of
                               air stripping of volatile organics or intermedi-
                               ates. The process was tested both in the labora-
                               tory and at pilot scale and reduced high levels of
                               TCE (greater than 100 ppm) to low parts-per-
                               billion levels.

                               A  Demonstration Plan will be developed  in
                               1994; the demonstration will be conducted at a
                               later date.

                               FOR FURTHER INFORMATION:

                               EPA PROJECT MANAGER:
                               Ronald Lewis
                               U.S. EPA
                               Risk Reduction Engineering Laboratory
                               26 West Martin Luther King Drive
                               Cincinnati, OH  45268
                               513-569-7856
                               Fax:  513-569-7620
     Applications
   Pipeline Terminal Waste-
   water
   Specialty Chemical
   Wastewater

   Groundwater
   Coal Tar Distillation Plant
   Wastewater
   Wood Treating Waste-
   water
                     Contaminants
Chemical oxygen
demand, Benzene,
Methyl Tertiary
Butyl Ether
(MTBE), Xylenes

Cresols, MTBE,
PAH, Phenolics

Chlorobenzene,
TCE

Phenol, Cyanide,
Ammonia

Phenolics,  Creo-
sote
• Commercial





• Commercial


• Pilot


• Commercial


• Commercial
STATUS:

A dual ICB anaerobic/aerobic system for biore-
mediation of chlorinated solvents will be demon-
strated in the near future at a site,contaminated
with  trichloroethene (TCE)  in  St.  Joseph,
Michigan.
TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPER CONTACT:
Stephen Lupton
AlliedSignal Environmental
  Systems and Services
50 East Algonquin Road
P.O. Box 5016
Des Plaines, IL 60017-5016
708-391-3224
800-462-4544
Fax: 708-391-3291

TECHNOLOGY VENDOR CONTACT:
Conrad Kempton
AlliedSignal Environmental
  Systems and Services
P.O. Box 1053
Morristown, NJ 07962-1053
201-455-5531
800-626-4974
Fax: 201-455-5722
                                  The SITE Program assesses but does not
                                    approve or endorse technologies.
                                                               Page  161

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Technology Profile
                   DEMONSTRATION PROGRAM
               ANDCO ENVIRONMENTAL PROCESSES, INC.
                      (Electrochemical In Situ Chromate Reduction
                            and Heavy Metal Immobilization)
TECHNOLOGY DESCRIPTION:

The electrochemical in situ chromate reduction
and heavy metal immobilization process uses
electrochemical reactions that generate ions for
removal  of  hexavalent chromium and  other
metals from groundwater.  With regard to hexa-
valent  chromium, as  contaminated  water  is
pumped from an aquifer though the treatment
cell (see figure below), electrical current passes
from electrode to electrode through the process
water.   The electrical exchange induces  the
release of ferrous and hydroxyl ions from oppo-
site sides of each electrode.  A small  gap size,
coupled  with  the  electrode  potentials   of
hexavalent chromium and ferrous ion, cause an
almost instantaneous  reduction of hexavalent
chromium.

Depending on the groundwater's pH, various
solids may form. These solids include chromi-
um hydroxide,  hydrous ferric oxide,  and a
chromium-substituted hydrous iron complex.
               For in situ chromate reduction to occur, a slight
               excess of ferrous iron must be provided. This
               ferrous iron concentration is determined based
               on 1) the hexavalent chromium concentration in
               the groundwater, 2) site-specific hydraulics, and
               3) the target rate of site cleanup.

               Dilution is avoided by introducing ferrous ions
               in situ and using the aquifer's water to convey
               them. Following injection, soluble ferrous ions
               circulate until they contact chromate containing
               solids or chromate ions.  In conventional pump-
               and-treat schemes, chromate dragout results in
               long treatment tunes. Through in situ reduction
               of chromates that are adsorbed on the soil matrix
               and  contained in precipitates, treatment times
               should be reduced by more than 50 percent.

               If implemented  properly  under  favorable  pH
               conditions, chromate can be completely reduced
               without producing sludge. As chromate reduc-
               tion occurs, iron and chromium  solids are  fil-
               tered out  and stabilized  in the  soil.  When
                               r-rl
               ANDCO
         ELECTROCHEMICAL
              PROCESS
                                                                             GROUND
                                                                             SURFACE
                                                                           UNCONFINED
                                                                              AQUIFIER
                                                                           CONFINED
                                                                           AQUIFIER
        Electrochemical In Situ Chromate Reduction and Heavy Metal Immobilization Process
 Page 162
The SITE Program assesses but does not
  approve or endorse technologies.

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                                                                         November 1994
                                                                          Ongoing Project
precipitates do not form due to unfavorable pH,
the system can easily be operated as part of a
pump-and-treat process until chromium removal
goals are achieved.  Eliminating dragout short-
ens cleanup time and minimizes sludge handling.
Another option is to combine a pump-and-treat
scheme with in situ chromate reduction to maxi-
mize the cleanup rate, reduce aquifer contami-
nant loads, and provide water for irrigation or
industry.

Another benefit of this reduction method is that
hydrous iron oxide adsorbs heavy metals. When
iron solids are immobilized in the soil, concen-
trations of other metallic contaminants  in  the
groundwater  decrease  significantly  due   to
adsorption and coprecipitation.

WASTE APPLICABILITY:

A pilot-scale process unit has been designed to
treat groundwater contaminated with hexavalent
chromium ranging from 1 to 50 parts per million
(ppm) and other heavy metals (2 to 10 pprn),
including zinc, copper, nickel, lead, and antimo-
ny.  A full-scale system can be engineered to
handle any flow rate as well as elevated contami-
nant loads.  Each system will be designed to
achieve all site-specific remediation objectives.
STATUS:

This technology was  accepted into  the  SITE
Demonstration Program hi June 1992.  Sites are
being screened for the demonstration in EPA
Regions 2 and 10.  Although the process can
remediate   both  confined  and  unconfined
aquifers, water from an unconfined source will
be treated during the demonstration.

FOR FURTHER INFORMATION:

EPA PROJECT MANAGER:
Douglas Grosse
U.S. EPA
Risk Reduction Engineering Laboratory
26 West Martin Luther King Drive
Cincinnati, Ohio 45268
513-569-7844
Fax: 513-569-7676

TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPER CONTACT:
Michael Laschinger
Andco Environmental Processes, Inc.
595 Commerce Drive
Buffalo, NY 14228-2380
716-691-2100
Fax: 716-691-2880
                                 The ISITE Program assesses but does not
                                   approve or endorse technologies.
                               Page 163

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Technology Profile
                    DEMONSTRATION PROGRAM
                                        APROTEK
                          (Ion Conduction Agglomeration System)
TECHNOLOGY DESCRIPTION:

The high tension Ion Conduction Agglomeration
(INCA) system is an electrolytic recovery pro-
cess that removes or recovers soluble and partic-
ulate  metals  from aqueous solutions such  as
mining  effluents, process  waters, and  waste-
waters.   Each INCA  module is  individually
configured to recover a desired element or series
of elements in a separate stream. This adaptabil-
ity  is particularly important  when  the waste
stream contains a combination of valuable and
hazardous materials, common in mining effluent.

The standard flow-through system is  a modular
unit that can process up to 2,000 gallons per
minute.  Larger volumes can be processed by
increasing unit size or adding additional mod-
ules.

The INCA system includes an ion destabilizer
that features a unique anode and cathode config-
uration.   Unlike  other types of electrolytic
                technologies in which the cathodes are made of
                stainless steel, INCA system cathodes are made
                of  a specially-coated material.   Proprietary
                coatings are  grafted on the tubular  collection
                units; these coatings are specific to the metals to
                be  collected  by the system.   When power is
                applied, the  applicable metallic  ions  in  the
                solution destabilize and agglomerate to the tubes.

                The metals are collected  on a  special plate
                system,  where  they  are  consolidated  into  a
                sludge  and fall  into a collection vessel.  The
                sludges, which contain approximately 66 percent
                water, are drained and dried in a  drum dryer.
                The remaining metal powder is sent for process-
                ing or disposal  as appropriate.

                The INCA system can process aqueous solutions
                efficiently and greatly reduces  costs for two
                major reasons:   1) the technology costs much
                less than traditional treatment methods,  and 2)
                the value of  precious metals recovered  during
                the process may offset the cost of remediation
          Influent
                                                                   Clean effluent
                                                                   water
                                Reclaimed metal sludga collection trays
                                         INCA System
Page 164
The SITE Program assesses but does not
  approve or endorse technologies.

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                                                                       November 1994
                                                                        Ongoing Project
and could turn the treatment system into a profit
center.

WASTE APPLICABILITY:

The  INCA system can recover virtually any
target metal in any aqueous waste stream con-
taining up to  60 percent solids.   Applications
include on-site remediation for mining effluents
and  contaminated groundwater.   The  INCA
system can also be used as an in-process treat-
ment system for manufacturing processes where
metals in solution are a problem.  The modular
unit  can  easily be used in  tandem with other
technologies, such as those that remove hydro-
carbons, to constitute a total treatment train.

STATUS:

This technology  was accepted into  the SITE
Demonstration Program in February 1993.  A
SITE demonstration is scheduled for late 1994.
The location of the demonstration has not been
identified.
FOR FURTHER INFORMATION:

EPA PROJECT MANAGER:
Jack Hubbard
U.S. EPA
Risk Reduction Engineering Laboratory
26 West Martin Luther King Drive
Cincinnati, OH 45268
513-569-7507
Fax: 513-569-7620

TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPER CONTACT:
Cathryn Wirnberly
Aprotek
3316 Corbin Way
Sacramento, CA 95827
916-366-6165
Fax: 916-366-7873
                                The SITE Program assesses but does not
                                  approve or endorse technologies.
                              Page 165

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Technology Profile
                   DEMONSTRATION PROGRAM
               ASI ENVIRONMENTAL TECHNOLOGIES, INC./
                                  DAMES & MOORE
                            (Hydrolytic Terrestrial Dissipation)
TECHNOLOGY DESCRIPTION:

The Hydrolytic Terrestrial Dissipation (HTD)
process  was   developed  for  use  at  the
Chemairspray  site  in Palm  Beach  County,
Florida.  An estimated 11,500 cubic yards of
surface soils at the  site are contaminated with
toxaphene (a chlorinated pesticide)  and metal
fungicides, primarily copper.

After excavation, the HTD process  mixes and
grinds soils to uniformly  distribute metal com-
plexes and organic chemicals.  During mixing,
caustics are added to raise the soil pH to 8.0 or
greater, although slower  reactions should still
occur at lower pHs.  Soil moisture levels are
maintained during mixing to prevent adsorption
and fugitive dust.

The prepared  mixture is  then distributed in a
thin veneer (4 to 7 centimeters) over a soil bed
and exposed to heat and ultraviolet  (UV) light
from the sun to facilitate dissipation.  Sodium
                metabisulfite (a reducing  agent),  caustics, and
                moisture are added at intervals to maintain the
                reactions  and ensure that metal  catalysts  are
                available to further the hydrolysis.  As hydroly-
                sis proceeds, toxaphene with 5 to 11 chlorine
                atoms per molecule transforms to lower molecu-
                lar weights through dechlorination and other
                processes. UV light within the visible spectrum
                is also known to cleave the carbon-chloride bond
                as well as other  chemical bonds.  As  lower
                weight toxaphene  moieties occur at the surface
                of the soil mixture, the  molecular  structure
                should further  degrade to still lower  weight
                compounds.

                HTD  uses metal-catalyzed alkaline hydrolysis
                reactions with a reducing agent to liberate chlo-
                rine ions from the toxaphene's molecular struc-
                ture.  Depending on numerous factors, including
                the nature of the contaminated media,  liberated
                chlorine ions probably  mineralize in  the soil.
                HTD  is a slowly occurring process that  should
                degrade toxaphene to  camphene (C10H16)  or
                             ADDITIVES
                                                                           HEAT AND
                                                                       ULTRAVIOLET LIGHT
                                                   ADDITIVE REPLACEME
                                                     BED STERILIZATION
                               HEATAND
                            ULTRAVIOLET LIGHT
                                                          AGRICULTURAL PRODUCTION

                                Hydrolytic Terrestrial Dissipation
 Page 166
The SITE Program assesses but does not
  approve or endorse technologies.

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                                                                           November
                                                                           Ongoing Project
similar innocuous compounds, which ultimately
break down to water and other carbon oxides
(COx).    The  figure  on the  previous  page
illustrates the process.

Soils in the  distribution bed  are  periodically
sampled to evaluate any residual contamination.
Also, the quality of underlying groundwater is
monitored during operation.  After  treated soils
meet established criteria,  the land  may  be
returned to beneficial use.  One staging unit can
treat about 5,000 to 6,000 cubic yards per year.

WASTE APPLICABILITY:

HTD is a process designed around  the physical
chemistry of the contaminant and  its  environ-
ment.  Depending upon the site and contami-
nant, metal  catalysts, reducing  (or  perhaps
oxidizing) compounds, conditions of the process,
and other parameters may be altered within the
HTD design to provide effective treatment under
a wider range of applications.  HTD's current
design can treat large amounts of soil conta-
minated by small amounts  (less than 1 percent)
of toxaphene and other pesticides. The physical
chemistry of the target contaminants dictates
modifications for other applications; however,
the process should only be designed with suffi-
cient time for reactions to occur.  Although set-
up for HTD implementation may be reasonably
inexpensive  compared  with  other  remedial
programs, the process can require large amounts
of land for its distribution bed. Of its potential
applications, agricultural or other large land uses
are currently  preferable sites.  HTD may also
have  applications  when  coupled  with  other
passive technologies,  such as bioremediation, to
provide an integrated remedial activity.
STATUS:

The HTD process was accepted into the SITE
Demonstration  Program  in  spring  1991.   A
simulation tank has been constructed to evaluate
hydrolysis  under  laboratory conditions.   A
quality  control program validated  laboratory
results.

Soil moisture may play a major role in releasing
toxaphene from its bound  state and allowing
degradation. Treatability studies  were conducted
with soil moisture at about 50 percent, soil pH
at 8.5, air  temperature at 102 to 105 degrees
Fahrenheit, and a UV wavelength of 356 nano-
meters (nm).

Under simulated conditions, these studies also
show that HTD methods slowly degrade organo-
chlorine  and  other pesticides in contaminated
soils.  Additional studies under similar condi-
tions that include  a reducing agent and slightly
higher frequency UV light (256  nm), show that
it  is possible to enhance and accelerate toxa-
phene's degradation reactions.

FOR FURTHER INFORMATION:

EPA PROJECT MANAGER:
Ronald Lewis
U.S. EPA
Risk Reduction  Engineering Laboratory
26 West Martin Luther King Drive
Cincinnati,  OH  45268
513-569-7856
Fax: 513-569-7620

TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPER  CONTACT:
Stoddard Pickrell, Jr.
HydroScience, Inc.
P.O. Box 2856
Brandon, PL  33509-2856
813-653-3376
Fax: 813-684-3384
                                 The SITE Program assesses but does not
                                    approve or endorse technologies.
                                Page  167

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Technology Profile
                   DEMONSTRATION PROGRAM
             COLORADO DEPARTMENT OF PUBLIC HEALTH
                               AND ENVIRONMENT
                   (Developed by COLORADO SCHOOL OF MINES)
                              (Wetlands-Based Treatment)
TECHNOLOGY DESCRIPTION:

The constructed wetlands-based treatment tech-
nology uses natural geochemical and biological
processes  inherent  in a  man-made  wetland
ecosystem to accumulate  and  remove metals
from influent waters (see figure below).  The
treatment  system incorporates principal eco-
system components found in wetlands, including
organic materials (substrate), microbial fauna,
and algae.

Influent waters, with low pH and contaminated
with high metal concentrations, flow through the
aerobic and  anaerobic zones of the wetland
ecosystem.    Metals  are  removed  by  ion
exchange, adsorption, absorption, and precipi-
tation by geochemical and microbial oxidation
and reduction. Ion exchange occurs as metals in
the water contact humic or other organic sub-
stances in the soil medium.   Oxidation and
reduction reactions that occur in the aerobic and
anaerobic zones, respectively, precipitate metals

                    7oz. GEOFABRIC
                    GEOGRID
                    7oz. GEOFABRIC

                    PERF EFFLUENT
                    PIPING TIE  TO
                    GEOGRID
                    PERF. INFLUENT
                    PIPING
               as hydroxides and  sulfides.   Precipitated and
               adsorbed metals settle in quiescent ponds, or are
               filtered out as the water percolates through the
               soil or substrate.

               WASTE APPLICABILITY:

               The wetlands-based treatment process is suitable
               for acid mine drainage  from metal or  coal
               mining activities.  These wastes typically contain
               high metals concentrations and low pH.   Wet-
               lands treatment  has been applied with  some
               success  to  wastewater in the eastern United
               States. The process may have to be adjusted to
               account for differences in geology, terrain, trace
               metal composition, and climate  in the metal
               mining regions of the western United States.

               STATUS:

               Based on the SITE Emerging Technology Pro-
               gram results, this process has been selected for
               the SITE Demonstration Program.
            SUBSTRATE-
                    7oz. GEOFABRIC
                    GEONET
                    HOPE LINER

                    GEOSYNTHETIC,
                    CLAY LINER

                    16oz. GEOFABRIC-
                        Schematic Cross Section of Upflow Pilot Cell
Page 168
The SITE Program assesses but does not
  approve or endorse technologies.

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                                                                         November 1994
                                                                          Ongoing Project
The  project's  final  year  under the  Emerging
Technology Program was 1991.  Study results of
drainage from the Big Five Tunnel near Idaho
Springs, Colorado indicated that removal effi-
ciency of heavy metals can approach the removal
efficiency  of chemical  precipitation treatment
plants.

A final  goal of the Emerging Technology Pro-
gram project  was  developing  a manual that
discusses design and operating criteria for con-
structing a full-scale wetland to treat acid mine
discharges.   The "Wetland Designs for Mining
Operations" manual is available from the Nation-
al Technical Information Service.

The Demonstration Program is currently evaluat-
ing the  effectiveness and biogeochemical pro-
cesses at the Burleigh Tunnel mine discharge,
near Silver Plume, Colorado. Treatment of the
Burleigh Tunnel  is part of the  remedy for the
Clear Creek Central City Superfund site. Con-
struction of a  pilot treatment system began in
summer 1993  and  was completed in October
1993.

The  pilot  treatment  system is  approximately
4200 square-feet and consists of an upflow (see
figure on previous  page) and  downflow cell.
Each cell is treating about  10 gallons per minute
of flow.   Preliminary  results indicate  high
removal efficiency (greater than 90 percent) for
zinc, the primary contaminant in the discharge.
FOR FURTHER INFORMATION:

EPA PROJECT MANAGER:
Edward Bates
U.S. EPA
Risk Reduction Engineering Laboratory
26 West Martin Luther King Drive
Cincinnati, OH 45268
513-569-7774
Fax: 513-569-7676

TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPER CONTACT:
Rick Brown
Colorado Department of Health
4300 Cherry Creek Drive South
HMWMD-RP-B2
Denver, CO  80220-1530
303-692-3383
Fax: 303-759-5355
                                 The SITE Program assesses but does not
                                   approve or endorse technologies.
                               Page 169

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Technology Profile
                    DEMONSTRATION PROGRAM
                                       EET,  INC.
                          (Extraction of Polychlorinated Biphenyls
                 from Porous Surfaces Using the TECHXTRACT™ Process)
TECHNOLOGY DESCRIPTION:

The TECHXTRACT™ process employs proprietary
chemical formulations  hi successive steps to
remove polychlorinated biphenyls (PCB), toxic
hydrocarbons, heavy metals, and radionuclides
from the subsurface of porous materials such as
concrete,  brick,  steel,  and  wood.    Each
formulation consists of chemicals from up to 14
separate chemical groups, and can be specifically
tailored to each contaminated site.

The process is performed in multiple cycles, and
each  cycle  includes  three  stages:   surface
preparation, extraction, and rinsing. Each stage
employs a specific chemical mix.
                The surface preparation step uses a solution that
                contains buffered organic and inorganic acids,
                sequestering agents, wetting agents, and special
                hydrotrope chemicals.  The extraction formula
                includes macro- and microemulsifiers in addition
                to electrolyte, flotation, wetting,  and seques-
                tering agents.  The rinsing formula is pH-bal-
                anced  and contains wetting  and  complexing
                agents.  Emulsifiers in all the formulations help
                eliminate  fugitive  releases  of volatile organic
                compounds or other vapors.

                The formulation  in each stage is sprayed on the
                contaminated surface as a fine mist and worked
                into the surface with a stiff bristle brush or floor
                scrubber.  The chemicals are allowed to pene-
                     I .  EET's proprietary
                        blends are applied
                        in sequence.
                           5.  Contaminants
                              entrained in spent
                              solution are
                              vacuumed and
                              drumed for disposal.
                   Chemicals
                   penetrate
                   through pores
                   and capillaries.
                                        Contaminants
                                        are released
                                        from substrate
                                        and drawn to
                                        surface.
                                         Electrochemical bonds holding
                                         contaminants to substrate are
                                         attacked and broken.
                        Schematic Diagram of the TECHXTRACT™ Process
Page 170
The SITE Program assesses but does not
  approve or endorse technologies.

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                                                                          November 1994
                                                                          Ongoing Project
 trate into the subsurface, and are then rinsed or
 vacuumed from the surface with a high-efficien-
 cy particulate air-filtered barrel-vacuum.  No
 major capital equipment is required.

 Contaminant levels can be reduced from 60 to
 90 percent per cycle.  One cycle can take up to
 24 hours. The total number of cycles is deter-
 mined  from initial contaminant concentrations
 and final concentration target levels.

 WASTE APPLICABILITY:

 The TECHXTRACT™ process is designed to treat
 porous solid materials  contaminated with PCBs;
 toxic hydrocarbons; heavy metals, including lead
 and arsenic; and radionuclides. By extracting
 the contaminants from the surface, the materials
 can be left in place, reused, or recycled.  After
 treatment, the contaminants are concentrated hi
 a small volume of liquid waste.

 In commercial  applications,  the  process has
 reduced  PCS  concentrations  from  1,000,000
 micrograms per one hundred square centimeters
 (jug/100 cm2), to concentrations less than 0.2
 jKg/100 cm2.  TECHXTRACT™ has been used on
 concrete  floors, walls, and ceilings, tools and
 machine parts, internal piping, valves, and lead
 shielding.  TECHXTRACT™  has  removed lead,
 arsenic, technetium, uranium, cesium, tritium,
 and thorium.

 STATUS:

This technology was  accepted  into the  SITE
Demonstration Program in summer 1994, with
an expected demonstration  date of December
 1994.  The  demonstration should verify PCB
extraction depth from concrete surfaces and
quantify contaminant removal from the subsur-
face.
 The technology has been  used in over 200
 successful decontamination projects for the U.S.
 Department of Energy,  U.S. Department  of
 Defense, electric utility industry, heavy manu-
 facturing  industry,  steel industry,  aluminum
 industry, and  other applications.  Further re-
 search is underway to apply the technology on
 soil, gravel, and other loose material. Addition-
 al research is planned to remove or concentrate
 metals in the extracted liquids.

 FOR FURTHER INFORMATION:

 EPA PROJECT MANAGER:
 Richard Eilers
 U.S. EPA
 Risk Reduction Engineering Laboratory
 26 West Martin Luther King Drive
 Cincinnati, OH 45268
 513-569-7809
 Fax: 513-569-7620

TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPER CONTACT:
Tim Tarrillion
EET, Inc.
4710 Bellaire, Suite 300
Bellaire, TX 77401
713-662-0727
Fax: 713-662-2322
                                 The SITE Program assesses but does not
                                   approve or endorse technologies.
                               Page 171

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Technology Profile
                                                DEMONSTRATION PROGRAM
                             ELECTROKINETICS INC.
                      (Electro-KIean™ Electrokinetic Soil Processing)
TECHNOLOGY DESCRIPTION:

The Electro-KIean™ electrokinetic soil process
separates and extracts heavy metals and organic
contaminants from soils. Electro-KIean™ can be
applied in situ or ex situ, and uses direct cur-
rents with electrodes placed on each side of the
contaminated soil mass.   Conditioning fluids
such as suitable acids may be used for electrode
(cathode) depolarization to enhance the process.

The figure below illustrates the field processing
scheme and  the flow  of ions to respective bore
boles  (or trenches).  Conditioning pore fluids
may be added or circulated at the electrodes to
control process electrochemistry.  Contaminants
are electroplated oh the electrodes or separated
in a posttreatment unit.
                                            An acid front migrates towards the negative
                                            electrode (cathode) and contaminants are extract-
                                            ed  through electrosrriosis (EO) and  electro-
                                            migration (EM).  The concurrent mobility of the
                                            ions and pore fluid decontaminates the soil mass.
                                            The EO and EM supplement or replace conven-
                                            tional pump-and-treat technologies.

                                            Bench-scale results show that the process works
                                            in both unsaturated and saturated soils.  Pore
                                            fluid flow moves from the positive electrodes
                                            (anodes) to the cathodes under the effect  of the
                                            EO and EM forces.    Electrode selection is
                                            important, since many metal or carbon anodes
                                            will rapidly  dissolve from attack  of strong
                                            oxidants.
                                                                     ASE FRONT
                                                                    and/or CATHODIC
                                                                     ROCESS FLUID
ACID FRONT
and/or ANODIC
PROCESS FLUID
                               Electrokinetic Remediation Process
Page 172
                            The SITE Program assesses but does not
                              approve or endorse technologies.

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                                                                           November 1994
                                                                           Ongoing Project
 WASTE APPLICABILITY:

 Electro-Klean™ extracts heavy metals, radio-
 nuclides, and  other  inorganic  contaminants
 below their solubility limit.  Bench-scale tests
 have  removed arsenic,  benzene,   cadmium,
 chromium, copper, ethylbenzene, lead, nickel,
 phenol,  trichloroethene, toluene, xylene,  and
 zinc from soils.  Bench-scale studies under the
 SITE  Program demonstrated the  feasibility of
 removing uranium and thorium from kaolinite.

 Limited pilot-scale field tests resulted in zinc and
 arsenic removal from clays and saturated and
 unsaturated  sandy  clay  deposits.   Lead  and
 copper were  also removed from dredged sedi-
 ments.   Treatment efficiency depended on the
 specific chemicals, their concentrations, and the
 buffering capacity of the soil.  The technique
 proved 85 to 95 percent efficient when removing
 phenol at concentrations of 500 parts per mil-
 lion.   In addition, the  removal efficiency for
 lead,  chromium,  cadmium,  and uranium at
 levels up to 2,000 micrograms per gram (/tg/g),
 ranged between 75 and 95 percent.

 STATUS:

 Bench-scale   laboratory  studies   investigating
 heavy metal, radionuclide, and organic contami-
 nant removal  are  complete, and  radionuclide
 removal  studies are complete under  the SITE
 Emerging Technology Program.  A  pilot-scale
 laboratory study investigating removal of 2,000
 /tg/g lead loaded onto kaolinite was completed in
May 1993.  Removal efficiencies  of 90 to 95
percent were obtained.   The electrodes were
placed 3 feet apart in a 2-ton kaolinite specimen
for 4 months, at an energy cost of about $15 per
 ton.  The results of a second pilot-scale labora-
 tory study using 5000 /*g/g of lead adsorbed on
 kaolinite showed similar efficiency results as the
 earlier study.  Bench-scale treatability studies
 and process enhancement schemes using condi-
 tioning fluids  continue.   Ongoing pilot-scale
 studies and  a  field  study  demonstrating  lead
 removal from  a  military firing range will be
 conducted during 1994 and 1995;  a new elec-
 trical separation process of extractive electrolysis
 will be pilot-tested  for  removal  of  multiple
 heavy metals.

 Based on results from the Emerging Technology
 Program,  the Electro-Klean™ soil process  was
 invited to participate in the SITE Demonstration
 Program.  A suitable demonstration site is being
 sought.

 FOR FURTHER INFORMATION:

 EPA PROJECT MANAGER:
 Randy Parker
 U.S. EPA
 Risk Reduction Engineering Laboratory
 26 West Martin Luther King Drive
 Cincinnati, OH 45268
 513-569-7271
 Fax: 513-569-7620

 TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPER CONTACTS:
 Yalcin Acar or Robert Marks
 Electrokinetics Inc.
 Louisiana Business and Technology Center
 Louisiana State  University, Suite 155
 South Stadium Drive
Baton Rouge, LA 70803-6100
 504-388-3992
Fax: 504-388-3928
                                 The SITE Program assesses but does not
                                   approve or endorse technologies.
                               Page 173

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Technology Profile
                   DEMONSTRATION PROGRAM
                    ENVIROMETAL TECHNOLOGIES INC.
                     (In Situ Metal Enhanced Abiotic Degradation of
               Dissolved Halogenated Organic Compounds in Groundwater)
TECHNOLOGY DESCRIPTION:

This remedial technology,  developed by the
Waterloo Center for Groundwater Research and
EnviroMetal Technologies, Inc., dehalogenates
dissolved  halogenated organic compounds in
groundwater with  an in situ permeable wall
containing reactive metal (iron) that is installed
across a contaminant plume (see figure below).
As the water passes through the wall, the halo-
genated  organics  are  degraded,  preventing
contaminants   from  migrating   further
downstream.

Recent research has indicated that certain zero-
valence metals, notably iron, can help degrade a
wide variety of dissolved halogenated solvents.
The permeable reaction wall contains a specially
prepared mixture of iron and an inert support
material. Observed degradation rates are several
tunes higher than those reported  for natural
abiotic degradation processes.

In most in situ applications of this technology,
groundwater moves through the permeable wall
naturally or is directed by flanking impermeable
sections such as sheet piles or slurry walls (see
                figure on next page). This passive remediation
                method  is a cost-effective alternative to conven-
                tional pump-and-treat methods.

                Process residuals may include dissolved ethane,
                ethene,   methane,  hydrogen  gas,  and  small
                amounts of chloride and dissolved ferrous iron.
                Because contaminants are degraded in situ and
                not transferred to another medium, this process
                eliminates the need for waste treatment or dis-
                posal. Future applications are expected  to in-
                clude aboveground reactor vessels, which may
                replace or add to conventional pump-and-treat
                systems.

                WASTE APPLICABILITY:

                The process  was developed to treat  dissolved
                halogenated organic compounds in groundwater.
                The technology has degraded a wide variety of
                chlorinated  alkanes and   alkenes,   including
                trichloiroethene (TCE),  tetrachlorethene (PCE),
                vinyl chloride, 1,1,1,-trichloroethane, and 1,2-
                dichloroethene (DCE).   The technology also
                degrades other organic contaminants,  including
                Freon-113, ethylene dibromide,  certain  nitro-
                aromatics, and N-nitrosodimethylamine.
                                        VOC-beanng
                                        Groundwater
                                                                        Permeable
                                                                        Treatment
                                                                          Wall
                     Schematic View of an In Situ Permeable Treatment Wall
 Page 174
The SITE Program assesses but does not
  approve or endorse technologies.

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                                                                          November 1394
                                                                          Ongoing Project
 STATUS:

 This  technology was accepted  into the SITE
 Demonstration  Program  in  spring  1993.   A
 pilot-scale  demonstration of the aboveground
 reactor technology is scheduled for fall 1994 at
 an  industrial facility in New Jersey, once the
 groundwater collection system is constructed.
 The overburden and shallow fractured bedrock
 beneath the  facility contain dissolved TCE and
 PCE.  The flow system prevents  installation of
 a "standard" in situ reactive wall; consequently,
 groundwater collected in trenches installed in the
 shallow bedrock will pass through a treatment
 unit containing  a high  percentage of iron at a
 velocity of 5 feet per day.

 A  second  SITE   demonstration  project  is
 scheduled to begin  in New York in winter 1994
 or spring 1995.  An in situ permeable wall will
 be installed in a shallow sand aquifer containing
 TCE, DCE, and 1,1,1-trichloroethane.

 A successful permeable in situ wall was installed
 at the Canadian Forces  Base Borden test site in
June 1991.   Approximately 90 percent of TCE
and PCE was removed  from groundwater pas-
 sing through the wall.   Over 20  successful
 bench-scale feasibility tests simulating flow in
 situ conditions  have  been completed  using
 groundwater  from industrial  and government
 facilities in the United States and Canada.

 FOR FURTHER INFORMATION:

 EPA PROJECT MANAGER:
 Chien Chen
 U.S. EPA
 Risk Reduction Engineering Laboratory
 2890 Woodbridge Avenue
 Building 10, MS-104
 Edison, NJ 08837-3679
 908-906-6985
 Fax: 908-321-6640

 TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPER CONTACT:
John Vogan
EnviroMetal Technologies Inc.
42 Arrow Road
Guelph, Ontario, Canada
NIK 1S6
519-824-0432
Fax: 519-763-2378
                                                    Permeable
                                                    Treatment
                                                     Section
                                          Impermable
                                          Sheet Piling/
                                          Slurry Wall

                    Schematic View of In Situ Permeable Treatment Section
                      Installed in Conjunction  with an Impermeable Barrier
                                The SITE Program assesses but does not
                                   approve or endorse technologies.
                               Page 175

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Technology Profile
                  DEMONSTRATION PROGRAM
                       GEOCHEM, A Division of Terra Vac
                  (In Situ Remediation of Chromium in Groundwater)
TECHNOLOGY DESCRIPTION:

The  GEOCHEM treatment  process removes
chromium from contaminated groundwater using
a  variation   of  traditional  pump-and-treat
methods.  As part of GEOCHEM's approach,
contaminated  groundwater is brought  to the
surface and treated using conventional treatment
systems, such as ferrous ion (see figure below).
Next, a reductant is added to the treated water,
which is reinjected around the plume margin.
Here it reacts with and reduces residual levels of
chromium,  forming a  precipitate.   Such rein-
jection  creates  a "barrier"  of elevated water
levels around the plume, enhancing the gradient
and associated  hydraulic  control.   The rein-
jection  also allows for in situ reduction and
subsequent fixation of residual chromium.

Most aquifer solids naturally contain chromium
(primarily trivalent) at levels of 15 parts per
million (pPm)  or more-  The precipitation of
residual chromium  from  the water does not
               materially add to the concentration of chromium
               in the aquifer solids since most contaminated
               zones contain only a few ppm of chromium, and
               the precipitation of such material onto  the
               aquifer  solids  does not  change the overall
               chromium concentration in the aquifer.

               Geochemical conditions will be evaluated under
               the SITE Program to ensure that the precipitated
               chromium does not become remobilized.  Data
               from two different soil treatment approaches are
               shown on the next page, indicating that using a
               reductant dosed water is  more  effective  than
               using demineralized water.

               WASTE APPLICABILITY:

               The GEOCHEM process is capable of treating
               dissolved hexavalent chromium in groundwater
               at concentrations  ranging  from the  detection
               limit to several hundred ppm.  The process is
               applicable to wood preserving  and  chromium
               chemicals manufacturing sites, as well as plating
                                       REDUCTANT TREATED WATER
                                      CONTAMINATED GROUND WATER
?                                                                   TREATMENT
                                                                     PLANT
                      CONTAMINATION
                         SOURCE
                                                       PUMPING
                                                      WATER TABLE
         ORIGINAL
       WATER TABLE
                       IN-SITU Cr +3
                        FIXATION
                                            Cr+6
                                        CONTAMINATED
                                        GROUNDWATER
                                    ADVANCING FRONT
                                    REDUCTANT TREATED WATER
                        In Situ Remediation of Chromium in Groundwater
 Page 176
The SITE Program assesses but does not
  approve or endorse technologies.

-------
                                                                       November 1994
                                                                        Ongoing Project
and other facilities using hexavalent chromium.
In addition,  treatment of such  groundwater
contaminants as uranium, selenium, and arsenic
is possible.   The  technology  also  has  an
operational history at mine sites.

STATUS:

GEOCHEM was accepted into the SITE Demon-
stration Program in summer 1992. Numerous
sites    were  evaluated   for   demonstrating
GEOCHEM's technology.  The technique has
been accepted by the  Indiana Department of
Environmental Management for a voluntary full-
scale site remediation.  Arrangements are being
made  to demonstrate the technology in  early
1995  at the  Valley  Wood Treating  site in
Turlock, California.  EPA Region  9 has issued
notice of intent to apply the technique over the
entire Valley Wood site.
FOR FURTHER INFORMATION:

EPA PROJECT MANAGER:
Douglas Grosse
U.S. EPA
Risk Reduction Engineering Laboratory
26 West Martin Luther King Drive
Cincinnati, OH 45268
513-569-7844
Fax: 513-569-7676

TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPER CONTACT:
Jim Rouse
GEOCHEM, A Division of Terra Vac
12596 West Bayaud, Suite 205
Lakewood, CO 80228
303-988-8902
Fax: 303-988-0288
                      {Chromium, ppm |

                         10000.00
                          1000.00
                           100.00
                             10.00
                              1.00
          Chromium Cleanup
          Standard 0.05 ppm
          »e.**^

     Chromium Reduction as a Function of Water Flush Method and Pore Volume Throughput
                               The SITE Program assesses but does not
                                 approve or endorse technologies.
                              Page 177

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Technology Profile
                  DEMONSTRATION PROGRAM
                               HYDROLOGICS,  INC.
               (CURE®-EIectrocoagulation Wastewater Treatment System)
TECHNOLOGY DESCRIPTION:

The CURE®-Electrocoagulation (CURE®) system
is designed to remove ionic metal species and
other charged particles from water (see figure
below). Because many toxic metal ions includ-
ing nickel, lead,  and chromates  are held in
solution by electrical charges, they will precipi-
tate out of solution if they are neutralized with
oppositely-charged ions.  The CURE® system is
effective at breaking oily emulsions and remov-
ing suspended solids.  The CURE® system is an
improvement  over previous electrocoagulation
methods because of a unique geometrical config-
uration.

The CURE® system patented geometry maximiz-
es liquid surface contact between the anode and
concentric cathode electrocoagulation tubes, thus
minimizing the power requirements for efficient
operation.  The CURE® system allows the con-
taminated  water to flow continuously through the
               cathode tube, enabling a direct current to pass
               uniformly through a water stream.  The conta-
               minated water then passes through the annular
               space between the cathode and anode tubes and
               is  exposed to sequential positive and  negative
               electrical fields.  Typical retention time is less
               than 20 seconds. Water characteristics such as
               pH,  redox potential, and conductivity can be
               adjusted to achieve maximum removal efficien-
               cies for specific contaminants.

               After the treated water exits the electrocoagu-
               lation tubes, the destabilized colloids are allowed
               to flocculate and are then  separated with an
               integrated clarifier system.   Polymers can be
               added to enhance flocculation, but in most cases
               they are not  required.  The sludge produced by
               this  process is usually very  stable and  acid-
               resistant.  Tests have shown that sludges pro-
               duced by the CURE® system pass the toxicity
               characteristic leaching procedure and  are often
               disposed of as nonhazardous waste.
CURE TUBES


  INFLUENT
                   ft
                                                     k^
I-



S"^
V J
CLARIFIER



£=A
SLUDQE PUMP
                                                                                   EFFLUENT
                                                       *?
                   Schematic Diagram of the CURE®-Electrocoagulation System
 Page  178
The SITE Program assesses but does not
  approve or endorse technologies.

-------
                                                                       November 1994
                                                                        Ongoing Project
WASTE APPLICABILITY:

The CURE® system is applicable to an extreme-
ly broad range of dissolved metals, including
aluminum,   arsenic,    barium,   cadmium,
chromium,  cyanide, lead, nickel, uranium, and
zinc.    Because electrocoagulation can  also
remove other suspended materials from solution,
this technology can also  treat mining,  electro-
plating, industrial wastewaters, and contaminated
groundwater.  The  system can also  pretreat
water  for  reverse  osmosis systems  since  it
reduces silica, calcium, and suspended solids.

STATUS:

This technology was accepted  into the SITE
Demonstration  Program  in summer  1993.
Bench-testing has been completed for a specific
site.  Negotiations are underway to use this site
for the demonstration.
FOR FURTHER INFORMATION:

EPA PROJECT MANAGER:
Annette Gatchett
U.S. EPA
Risk Reduction Engineering Laboratory
26 West Martin Luther King Drive
Cincinnati, OH  45268
513-569-7697
Fax: 513-569-7620

TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPER CONTACT:
Carl Dalrymple
Hydrologies, Inc.
3101 South Platte River Drive
Englewood, CO 80110
303-761-6960
Fax: 303-761-0146
                               The SITE Program assesses but does not
                                  approvEi or endorse technologies.
                              Page  179

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Technology Profile
                                                 DEMONSTRATION PROGRAM
                                   IT CORPORATION
                          (In Situ Groundwater Treatment System)
TECHNOLOGY DESCRIPTION:

IT Corporation's in situ groundwater treatment
system  removes volatile  organic  compounds
(VOC) from groundwater by transferring them
to a vapor phase and destroying them with a
photocatalytic oxidation (PCO) unit. The halo-
genated or non-halogenated VOCs may also be
additionally  treated  with granular  activated
carbon.

The groundwater treatment system consists of
three stages:  1) an airlift pumping technique, 2)
an in situ vapor stripping method,  and 3) air
sparging (see figure below). An extraction unit
well is installed to the bottom of the conta-
                                              minated aquifer. Air is injected into an eductor
                                              pipe,  lifting the contaminated groundwater up
                                              through the pipe.  The  lifting action displaces
                                              groundwater from the lower section of the well,
                                              replacing it with contaminated groundwater from
                                              the lower aquifer.

                                              In the first stage, air bubbles and water mix as
                                              they move up the eductor pipe.  As the bubbles
                                              travel upward,  some of the chlorinated VOCs
                                              transfer from the water  phase to  the  vapor
                                              phase. The vacuum system then removes these
                                              vaporized VOCs.

                                              In the second stage, groundwater that has been
                                              lifted to the top of the  well is  sprayed as fine
                                                         75 teet—>| 100 feet—H125 feet->)
(a) Depth to water: 55.5 feet
(b) Depth to bedrock: 155 to 161 feet
v-1 set at 75-fest from system well, screened at 15 to 25 feet (bgs)
FW-1 screened from 48.7 to 68.7 feet (bgs)
PW-2 screened from 114 to 124 feet (bgs)
PW-3 scrooend from 140 to 155 feet (bgs)
PW-4 screened from 50.3 to 70.3 feet (bgs)
PW-5 screened from 120 to 130 feet (bgs)
PW-6 screened from 150 to 165 feet (bgs)
AH cluster wells are set 5 feet apart
                                          NOT TO SCALE
                    Schematic Diagram of In Situ Groundwater Treatment System
 Page 180
                              The SITE Program assesses but does not
                                approve or endorse technologies.

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                                                                         November 1994
                                                                         Ongoing Project
 droplets inside the well casing. Countercurrent
 air flow strips additional chlorinated VOCs from
 the  water,  similar  to standard  air  stripping
 systems.

 Water is sparged as it collects in the upper well,
 at the water table. A packer separates the upper
 well from the lower, forcing water to recharge
 at the water table. Fine bubble aerators transfer
 large volumes of air through the water, aerating
 and stripping off remaining VOCs. Throughout
 this process, a slight vacuum in the upper well
 draws stripped VOCs to the PCO  unit.

 Water  from the lower portion of the aquifer
 flows into the well to replace  the air-lifted
 water,  causing drawdown.   Thus, water is
 circulated  from the lower portion of the aquifer
 into the well and then back to the upper portion
 of the aquifer, establishing a recirculating treat-
 ment zone.  Multiple treatment stages are used
 to achieve maximum cleanup efficiencies. The
 system is designed to remove chlorinated VOCs
 below maximum contaminant levels in the first
pass.   Therefore,  water  reihtroduced to the
upper aquifer should not degrade water quality.

WASTE APPLICABILITY:

The  in situ groundwater  treatment system is
designed to remove VOCs, including trichloro-
ethene,  benzene,   and   chloroform,  from
groundwater.
 STATUS:

 This technology was  accepted into  the SITE
 Demonstration Program in 1993.  The demon-
 stration is on hold pending selection of a new
 location at Site 2  of  March Air Force Base,
 California.

 FOR FURTHER INFORMATION:

 EPA PROJECT MANAGER:
 Michelle Simon
 U.S. EPA
 Risk Reduction Engineering Laboratory
 26 West Martin Luther King Drive
 Cincinnati, Ohio 45268
 513-569-7469
 Fax: 513-569-7676

 TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPER CONTACT:
Walter Grinyer
IT Corporation
 1425 South Victoria Court, Suite A
San Bernardino, CA 92408-2923
909-799-6869
Fax: 909-799-7604
                                The SITE Program assesses but does not
                                  approve or endorse technologies.
                               Page 181

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Technology Profile
                  DEMONSTRATION PROGRAM
                      MATRIX PHOTOCATALYTIC INC.
                       (formerly NUTECH ENvmoNMENTAL)
                            (Photocatalytic Water Treatment)
TECHNOLOGY DESCRIPTION:

The Matrix Photocatalytic Inc. (Matrix), former-
ly Nutech Environmental, photocatalytic oxida-
tion system, shown  in the photograph below,
efficiently  removes   and  destroys dissolved
organic contaminants from water in a continuous
flow process at ambient temperatures.  When
excited by  light,  the titanium  dioxide (TiG^)
semiconductor catalyst generates hydroxyl radi-
cals that oxidatively  break the carbon bonds of
hazardous organic compounds. The catalyst also
generates electron holes, which are powerful
reducing species.

The Matrix system, when given sufficient time,
converts  organics  such  as  polychlorinated
               biphenyls (PCB);  phenols; benzene,  toluene,
               ethylbenzene, and xylene (BTEX); and others to
               carbon dioxide and water. Typically, efficient
               destruction occurs between 30 seconds and 2
               minutes  actual exposure  tune.  Total  organic
               carbon removal takes longer, depending on the
               other  organic molecules and their molecular
               weights.

               The Matrix system was initially  designed to
               destroy  organic pollutants or to remove total
               organic carbon hi drinking water, groundwater,
               and plant process water.  The Matrix  system
               also destroys organic pollutants such as PCBs,
               polychlorinated dibenzodioxins, polychlorinated
               dibenzofurans, chlorinated alkenes, chlorinated
               phenols, chlorinated benzenes, alcohols, ketones,
                   10-gpm TiO2 Photocatalytic System Treating BTEX in Water
 Page 182
The SITE Progrem assesses but does not
  approve or endorse technologies.

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                                                                          November 1994
                                                                          Ongoing Project
aldehydes, and amines.   Inorganic pollutants
such as cyanide, sulphite, and nitrite ions can be
oxidized to cyanate ion, sulphate ion, and nitrate
ion, respectively.

WASTE APPLICABILITY:

The Matrix system can treat a wide range of
concentrations of organic pollutants in industrial
wastewater, and can be applied to the ultrapure
water industry and the drinking water industry.
The Matrix system can also  remediate  ground-
water.

STATUS:

The Matrix system was accepted into the SITE
Emerging Technology Program in May  1991.
Based on results from the Emerging Technology
Program, the technology was invited to partici-
pate in the Demonstration Program. A demon-
stration site at DOE's  Oak  Ridge, Tennessee
complex has been established.

Technological advances since that time include
the following:

   • The Matrix system has treated effluents
    with contaminants, such as solvents and
    alcohols, as  high  as  30,000  parts per
    million (ppm), and has achieved effluent
    qualities as low as 5 parts per trillion.
   • Performance  has quadrupled over  1992
    standards.
   • Numerous extended  field trials  have
    been conducted on raw effluent conta-
    minated with a  variety of  organics,
    mainly  BTEX,  trichloroethene,  and
    methyl tertiary butyl ether.   Average
    treatment time was 60 seconds  at a
    direct operating cost  of $1  to $2 per
    1,000 gallons.
   • The technology was used for 6 months
    in a sustained field operation on ground-
    water contaminated with 1 ppm ferrous
    ion  (Fe+2)  with no  appreciable  iron
    fouling.
   • Modular systems  have been developed
     for high flow rates with capacity incre-
     ments of 5 gallons per minute.  Capital
     costs are highly competitive with ultravi-
     olet/hydrogen  peroxide   technologies
     while operating costs  are usually  one-
     fifth to one-third less.
   • Matrix  has  successfully designed and
     field tested  support systems for unat-
     tended operation.
   « The Matrix  system has  successfully
     treated highly turbid effluents and  dyes
     in plant  operations.

The research under the Emerging Technology
Program was completed  in September 1993.
Two peer-reviewed journal articles are available
through National Technical Information Services
(NTIS),  document  Nos.   PB93-222883  and
PB93-130184.  For a comprehensive  biblio-
graphy of TiO2 research, please obtain NTIS
document No. DE94-006906.

FOR FURTHER INFORMATION:

EPA PROJECT MANAGER:
Richard Eilers
U.S. EPA
Risk Reduction Engineering Laboratory
26 West Martin Luther  King Drive
Cincinnati, OH 45268
513-569-7809
Fax: 513-569-7620

TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPER CONTACT:
Bob Henderson
Matrix Photocatalytic Inc.
22 Pegler Street      ,-:.
London, Ontario, Canada
N5Z2B5
519-660-8669
Fax: 519-660-8525
                                 The SITE Program assesses but does not
                                   approve or endorse technologies.
                               Page 183

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Technology Profile
                            DEMONSTRATION PROGRAM
                    MORRISON KNUDSEN CORPORATION/
           SPETSTAMPONAZHGEOLOGIA ENTERPRISES (STG)
                             (High Clay Grouting Technology)
TECHNOLOGY DESCRIPTION:

Morrison Knudsen Corporation (MK) is working
under   a  joint   venture   agreement  with
Spetstamponazhgeologia Enterprises (STG) of
Ukraine to demonstrate the effectiveness of a
clay-based grouting technology. This technology
uses clay slurries as a base for grout solutions
which are injected into fissures, fractures, or
intergranular spaces in rock to inhibit or elimi-
nate groundwater flow in these pathways.  The
clay slurries may also be used as a base  for
slurry wall construction.

The MK/STG clay-based grouting technology is
an integrated method  involving three primary
phases:  obtaining detailed information about site
characteristics; developing a site-specific grout
formulation; and placing the grout.
                         The first phase, site characterization, includes
                         obtaining geophysical, geochemical, mineralogi-
                         cal, and hydrogeological information about the
                         target area.  The  second phase, grout formu-
                         lation, follows the characterization/investigation
                         phase.  The overall  properties of clay-based
                         grouts depend on  the physical  and mechanical
                         properties of the  clay, cement, and  chemical
                         reagents added.  Formulated clay-based grouts
                         are viscoplastic systems comprised primarily of
                         structure-forming  cement and clay  mineral
                         mortar.  The clay is a kaolin/illite obtained from
                         a local source, and the other additives are chem-
                         ically analyzed and laboratory-tested  to deter-
                         mine their reactions and suitabilities.  Through-
                         out the stabilization period, the clay-based grout
                         retains its plasticity and does  not crystallize,
                         unlike cement-based grouts.
                 PULVERIZED
                 CLAY SUPPLY
        ADDmVE(S)
          BIN
                Y
         ADDmVE(S)|   I
CLAY
 BIN
Y  CLAY
D   FEEDER &
    WEIGH
   BATCHER

Y
                                                     WATER
                                                     SUPPLY
                                                     PUMP
                                                                      SODIUM SIUOATE
                                                                        SUPPLY
                                                                          CEMENT
                                                                          SUPPLY
CEMENT
FEEDER
                    Schematic Diagram of the High Clay Grouting Technology
 Page 184
          The SITE Program assesses but does not
            approve or endorse technologies.

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                                                                        November 7994
                                                                         Ongoing Project
The third phase is grout placement.  The bore-
holes drilled during the geological/hydrological
study may be used for grout placement, along
with any additional required holes.  A quality
assurance program ensures that placement and
project objectives are met.

WASTE APPLICABILITY:

This  technology is suitable for  providing  a
barrier to groundwater flows contaminated with
both heavy metals and organics, and  can be
formulated, to withstand detrimental conditions
such as low pH. The technology will be demon-
strated on a stream and associated groundwater
flowing into a disused mine site that produces
acid mine drainage. Other potential applications
include  liquid  effluent  control  from landfills,
containment   of   chemically-or-radioactively
contaminated  groundwater,  and reduction of
brine inflows.

STATUS:

This technology was accepted  into the SITE
Demonstration Program in winter 1993.  It will
be evaluated at the abandoned Mike Horse Mine
site in Montana in fall 1994.
FOR FURTHER INFORMATION:

EPA PROJECT MANAGER:
Jack Hubbard
U.S. EPA
Risk Reduction Engineering Laboratory
26 West Martin Luther King Drive
Cincinnati, OH  45268
513-569-7507
Fax: 513-569-7620

TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPER CONTACT:
Kathryn Levihn
R. Mac Hartley
Morrison Knudsen/STG
P.O. Box 73
Boise, ID 83729
208-386-6115
Fax: 208-386-6669
                                The SITE Program assesses but does not
                                  approve or endorse technologies.
                              Page 185

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Technology Profile
                   DEMONSTRATION PROGRAM
                     NEW YORK STATE DEPARTMENT OF
                      ENVIRONMENTAL CONSERVATION
                              (Multi-Vendor Bioremediation)
TECHNOLOGY DESCRIPTION:

This project will demonstrate the effectiveness of
three   similar   innovative   bioremediation
technologies at an inactive hazardous waste site
in Sweden, New York.  The pilot-scale, multi-
vendor  treatability demonstration (MVTD) is
jointly  sponsored by  the New York State
Department  of Environmental  Conservation
(NYSDEC),  the New  York State Center for
Hazardous Waste Management (NYS Center),
and the SITE Program.

The three vendors and technologies that will be
demonstrated are:

   • SBP  Technologies,   Inc.   (SBP),   and
     Environmental   Laboratories,   Inc.,
     Vacuum-Vaporized Well (UVB) system
   • R.E. Wright Associates, Inc., In Situ Field
     Bioremediation Treatment System
   • ENSR Consulting and Engineering  and
     Larson Engineers  Ex Situ Biovault
                                Monlanng W*U«
                The SBP and Environmental Laboratories, Inc.,
                process   consists   of  a   specially  adapted
                groundwater well, a negative pressure stripping
                reactor,  an in situ bioreactor,  and an above-
                ground vapor-phase bioreactor.   The process
                removes  volatile  contaminants from the soil
                above the watertable and from groundwater.
                The contaminants are then treated biologically.

                The R.E. Wright Associates, Inc., process uses
                a bioventing  technology  where injection and
                extraction wells allow the developer to regulate
                oxygen and nutrient levels to stimulate the native
                bacteria  in  the  soil  into biodegrading the
                contaminants of concern.

                ENSR Consulting and Engineering and Larson
                Engineers process is  based on construction of
                two identical biovaults.  Contaminated soils are
                placed in each biovault where nutrient, moisture,
                and oxygen levels can be controlled. The first
                biovault is operated under aerobic  conditions.
                The second, biovault is operated back and forth
                between aerobic and anaerobic conditions.

                The objectives of the MVTD are to generate
                field  data  to simultaneously  compare  three
                biological processes,  and evaluate  the perfor-
                                                    Water Phase
                                                    Carbon Units"
                                                            Water Row
                                 Amendment
                                Injection Port

                                  Extraction/
                                /Injection Unit

                                 Air Flow Adjust Valve (TYP.)
                                                    Water:
                                                    Carbon Units J   f

                                                       Atmospheric
                                                         Intake	'
                                                        Injection
                                                        ManHold-
                                                        Bloventlng ^
                                                        Manifold"^1
      Vacuum-Vaporized Well (UVB) System
               Standard Circulation
                     Schematic Diagram of the In Situ
                  Field Bioremediation Treatment System
 Page 186
The SITE Program assesses but does not
  approve or endorse technologies.

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                                                                      November 1994
                                                                      Ongoing Project
mance of each biological approach in meeting
the cleanup goals.

WASTE APPLICABILITY:

All three technologies can treat soil contaminated
with volatile organic compounds.

STATUS:

The MVTD  is occurring at the  Sweden  3-
Chapman site  in Sweden, New York.   The
demonstration is coinciding with the on-going
remediation at the  site, where approximately
2,500 drums of hazardous waste and contamina-
ted soil have already been removed.  Field work
began in July  1994 and is expected to be com-
pleted by December 1994.  Final reports from
the demonstration will be available in July 1995.
                            Water Piping (Top)
FOR FURTHER INFORMATION:

EPA PROJECT MANAGER:
Annette Gatchett
Risk Reduction Engineering Laboratory
U.S. EPA
26 West Martin Luther Drive
Cincinnati, OH 45268
513-569-7697
Fax: 513-569-7620

NYSDEC CONTACT:
Nick Kolak
NYSDEC
Technology Section
50 Wolf Road, Room 208
Albany, NY 12233-7010
518-485-8792
Fax: 518-457-7743

TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPER CONTACTS:
Richard Desrosiers
Environmental Laboratories, Inc.
142 Temple Street
New Haven, CT 06510
203-789-1260
Fax: 203-789-8261

Richard Cronce
R.E. Wright Associates, Inc.
3240 Schoolhouse Road
Middletown, PA 17057-3595
717-944-5501
Fax: 717-944-5642

Gil Long
ENSR Consulting and  Engineering
3000 Richmond Avenue
Houston, TX 77098
713-520-9900
Fax: 713-520-6802
                          L Air Piping (Bottom and Top)
         Schematic Diagram of the
          Ex Situ Biovault System
                               The SITE Program assesses but does not
                                 approve or endorse technologies.
                              Page 187

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Technology Profile
                            DEMONSTRATION PROGRAM
           NORTH AMERICAN TECHNOLOGIES GROUP, INC.
                                   (BioTreat™ System)
TECHNOLOGY DESCRIPTION:

The proprietary BioTreat™ System features a
series of multicomponent,  functional, and bio-
chemical systems that provide for customized
treatment of organic contaminants  in  a wide
variety of host environments.   Each  system
consists of a  contaminant-specific microbial
ecosystem.  Treatment bacteria are dispersed in
a custom-blended nutrient mixture  which is
delivered by an enhanced  polyphasic colloidal
emulsifier when conditions require.

The BioTreat™ System is designed to accelerate
the naturally-occurring biodegradation process.
It can be used hi fixed biocells or applied direct-
ly as an in situ treatment method.  The system
overcomes traditional bioremedial limitations by
using indigenous bacteria with specially-selected
enzymes.
                         The enzymes first break down the physical and
                         chemical bonds between clay lenses by neutra-
                         lizing inherent electrical  charges.  This step
                         drastically improves permeability and releases
                         trapped contaminants.  Second,  the enzymes
                         chemically bind to the hydrocarbons, resulting in
                         enzyme-catalyzed metabolic  remediation that
                         significantly reduces treatment times.  In most
                         projects completed to date, contamination was
                         reduced to below action levels within 30 days.
                         The figure below illustrates remediation tunes
                         for the BioTreat™ System compared  to  land-
                         farming and conventional bioremediation tech-
                         niques.

                         The BioTreat™ System is designed to destroy on
                         site contaminants through biological oxidation.
                         Four  proprietary  bioremedial  agents  assist
                         biotreatment; each of these agents is specific to
                         individual soil and contaminant characteristics
          100000
 TPH
  in
 ppm
Lag Phase
                                                       LANDFARMING
                                                       (Passive Bioremediation)
                                   Low Performance
                                                                      CONVENTIONAL
                                                                      BIOREMEDIATION
                                                         IHiph Performance
                                           BIO-TREAI  b
                                     (Enzyme Catalyzed Remediation)
                          1      5        10           100

                                  Remediation Time (v/eeks)
                                                1000
                            BioTreat™ System Remediation Times
Page 188
          The SITE Program assesses but does not
            approve or endorse technologies.

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                                                                        November 1994
                                                                        Ongoing Project
such as size, depth, density, and concentration.
In each case, indigenous bacteria are cultivated
for remediation.

WASTE APPLICABILITY:

The BioTreat™ System can treat most organic
contaminants in a variety of media, including
sludges, soils and mixed media.  Soils with high
clay  content traditionally represent the most
difficult  treatment   matrix;   however,   the
BioTreat™ System has proved most effective in
clays.  The BioTreat™ System can remediate
hydrocarbons such as gasoline, jet fuel, diesel
fuel, motor oil, crude oil, polynuclear aromatic
hydrocarbons, and single-ring  aromatic com-
pounds such as  benzene, toluene, xylene, and
ethylbenzene.   Other compounds  amenable to
treatment  include methyl  isobutyl  ketone,
trichloroethene,  pentachlorophenol, and creo-
sotes.   Treatment of chlorinated  compounds
requires an additional step in the bioremediation
process, increasing the total treatment  tune by
60 or more days.

STATUS:

This technology  was accepted  into the  SITE
Demonstration Program in early 1993.  EPA is
seeking a suitable site for the demonstration.
FOR FURTHER INFORMATION:

EPA PROJECT MANAGER:
Mary Stinson
U.S. EPA
Risk Reduction Engineering Laboratory
2890 Woodbridge Avenue
Edison, NJ 08837
908-321-6683
Fax: 908-321-6640

TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPER CONTACT:
Cathryn Wimberly
Aprotek
3316CorbinWay
Sacramento, CA 95827
916-366-6165
Fax: 916-366-7873
                                The SITE Program assesses but does not
                                  approve or endorse technologies.
                               Page 189

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Technology Profile
                    DEMONSTRATION PROGRAM
                      PINTAIL SYSTEMS INCORPORATED
                            (Spent Ore Bioremediation Process)
TECHNOLOGY DESCRIPTION:

This technology uses microbial detoxification of
cyanide hi heap leach processes to reduce cya-
nide levels hi spent ore and process solutions.
The biotreatment  populations of  natural soil
bacteria are grown to elevated concentrations
and  applied to spent ore hi  a drip  or  spray
irrigation.  Process solutions  are  treated with
bacteria concentrates hi continuous  or  batch
applications.   This method  may also enhance
metal  remineralization,  reducing  acid   rock
drainage and enhancing precious metal recovery
to offset treatment costs.

Biotreatment  of cyanide  hi  spent  ore and ore
processing solutions is developed by identifying
some of the bacteria that will grow hi the  waste
source, and that use the cyanide for normal cell
building reactions.  Native isolates are ideally
adapted to the spent ore environment, the  avail-
able nutrient  pool,  and potential toxic compo-
nents of the heap  environment.  The cyanide-
detoxifying bacteria are typically a small fraction
of the overall population  of cyanide-tolerant
species.
                 For this  reason,  native bacteria isolates  are
                 extracted  from the ore and tested for cyanide
                 detoxification potential as individual  species.
                 Any  natural detoxification potentials  demon-
                 strated in flask cyanide decomposition tests are
                 preserved and  submitted for bioaugmentation.
                 Bioaugmentation of the cyanide  detoxification
                 population eliminates  non-working species of
                 bacteria and enhances the natural  detoxification
                 potential  by growth in waste  infusions  and
                 chemically  defined  media.   Pintail Systems
                 Incorporated (PSI) maintains a bacterial library
                 of some 2,5000 strains of microorganisms and a
                 database of their characteristics.

                 The working population of treatment bacteria is
                 grown in  spent ore infusion broths and process
                 solutions to adapt to field operating conditions.
                 The cyanide in the spent ore serves as the prima-
                 ry carbon and/or nitrogen source for  bacteria
                 nutrition.   Other required trace  nutrients  are
                 provided in the chemically defined broths. The
                 bacterial consortium is then tested on spent ore
                 in a 6 inch by 10 foot column in the field or in
                 the laboratory.  By mimicking leach pile condi-
                                                          /
                                                           '                  /\
                                                        Cyanide-Leached Ore Residue
                                   Sump
                             Application Bacteria
                         Leachate Solution Collection
                                Spent Ore Bioremediation Process
Page 190
The SITE Program assesses but does not
  approve or endorse technologies.

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                                                                          November 1994
                                                                          Ongoing Project
tions, detoxification rates, process completion,
and effluent quality can be verified.  Following
column tests, a field test may be conducted to
verify column results.

The remediation of spent ore is accomplished by
setting up a stage culturing system to establish
working populations of cyanide-degrading bacte-
ria at the mine site. Bacteria solutions are then
applied directly to the  heap using the same
system  originally designed to  deliver cyanide
solutions to the heap leach pads (see figure on
previous page).   Cyanide  concentrations  and
leachable metals are then measured in heap leach
solutions.   This method of cyanide degradation
in spent ore leach pads has the advantage of
treating the cyanide at the source of contami-
nation, the leach pad, resulting in a much faster
rate of cyanide degradation than methods which
treat only  rinse solutions from the pad.  In
addition to  cyanide  degradation,  biological
treatment of heap leach pads has also shown a
significant  biomineralization and reduction of
leachable metals in heap leachate solutions.

WASTE APPLICABILITY:

The PSI biotreatment process is applicable to the
treatment of spent ore heaps, waste rock dumps,
mine tailings, and process water from gold and
silver mining operations.
STATUS:

This technology was  accepted into the SITE
Demonstration Program in May 1994.  PSI has
completed two full-scale cyanide detoxification
projects. A SITE Demonstration is planned at
the Summitville Mine Superfund Site in Colora-
do for spring 1995.

FOR FURTHER INFORMATION:

EPA PROJECT MANAGER:
Jack Hubbard
U.S. EPA
26 West Martin Luther King Drive
Cincinnati,  OH 45268
513-569-7507
Fax: 513-569-7620

TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPER CONTACT:
Leslie Thompson
Pintail Systems Incorporated
11801 East 33rd Avenue, Suite C
Aurora, CO 80010
303-367-8443
Fax: 303-364-2120
                                 The SITE Program assesses but does not
                                   approve or endorse technologies.
                               Page 191

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Technology Profile
                  DEMONSTRATION PROGRAM
            PRAXIS ENVIRONMENTAL TECHNOLOGIES, INC.
                          (In Situ Thermal Extraction Process)
TECHNOLOGY DESCRIPTION:

The in situ thermal extraction process enhances
pump-and-treat and soil vapor extraction pro-
cesses used to treat volatile organic compounds
(VOC)  and semivolatile  organic  compounds
(SVOC).  Heating the soil with steam injection
is an effective and relatively inexpensive tech-
nique to raise a target soil volume to a  nearly
uniform temperature.

As  illustrated  in the figure below, steam is
introduced to the soil through injection wells
screened in contaminated zones both above and
below the water table. The steam flow sweeps
contaminants to extraction wells. Groundwater
and liquid contaminants are pumped from the
extraction wells; steam,  air,  and vaporized
contaminants are then extracted under vacuum.
               After the soil is heated by steam injection, the
               injection wells can introduce additional agents to
               facilitate the cleanup.

               Recovered vapors pass through a condenser.
               The  resulting  condensate  is  combined  with
               pumped liquids for processing  in  separation
               equipment.  Separated nonaqueous phase liquids
               (NAPL) can be recycled or disposed of, and the
               water is treated prior to discharge.  The non-
               condensible gases are directed to a vapor treat-
               ment system consisting of  1) oxidation equip-
               ment, 2) activated carbon filters, or 3) treated on
               site in a catalytic destruction process.  The in
               situ thermal extraction process uses conventional
               injection, extraction and monitoring  wells, off-
               the-shelf piping, steam generators, condensers,
               heat exchangers, separation equipment, vacuum
               pumps, and vapor emission control equipment.
                                          VACUUM PUMP
                        WATER
               FUEL
                 STEAM TO
                 INJECTION
                 WELLS
                                                                 •>• WATER
                                                                     NAPL
                              STEAM TO
                              INJECTION
                              WELLS
                                     CLAY       CLAY


                              In Situ Thermal Extraction Process
 Page 192
The SITE Program assesses but doss not
  approve or endorse technologies.

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                                                                         November 1994
                                                                         Ongoing Project
 WASTE APPLICABILITY:

 The in situ thermal extraction process removes
 VOCs and SVOCs from contaminated soils and
 groundwater.   The  process  primarily treats
 chlorinated  solvents  such  as trichloroethene
 (TCE), perchloroethene(PCE), anddichloroben-
 zene; hydrocarbons such as gasoline, diesel, and
jet fuel; and mixtures of these compounds.  The
process  can  be applied  to rapid cleanup of
 source areas such as dense NAPL pools below
the water table surface,  light NAPL pools float-
ing on the water table surface, and NAPL conta-
mination remaining after conventional pumping
techniques. Subsurface  conditions are amenable
to biodegradation of residual  contaminants, if
necessary,  after  application  of the thermal
process.   A cap must  exist to implement the
process  near the  surface.   For dense NAPL
compounds in high concentrations,  a  barrier
must be present or created to prevent downward
percolation of  the NAPL.    The process is
applicable in less  permeable soils using novel
delivery systems such as horizontal wells.

STATUS:

This technology was accepted into the SITE
Demonstration  Program  in  August   1993.
Through a cooperative effort with EPA, Ogden
Air Logistics Center Environmental Management
Office, and Armstrong  Laboratory at Tyndall
Air Force Base (AFB), Florida, the demonstra-
tion will occur at Hill AFB,  Utah in spring
1995.
 During the period 1967-1979, unknown quan-
 tities of various chlorinated solvents including
 TCE and PCE were disposed of in two unlined
 trenches at Hill AFB. These dense NAPL com-
 pounds migrated down through  the  soil and
 shallow groundwater. The NAPL pooled on top
 of a natural clay layer about 50 to 60 feet below
 the surface.  The technology demonstration will
 be  performed  in this  area  after the NAPL
 recovery by conventional pumping diminishes.

 For more information about this technology, see
 the Hughes Environmental Systems, Inc., or the
 Berkeley  Environmental  Restoration  Center
 profiles   in   the   Demonstration  Program
 (Completed Projects) section.

 FOR FURTHER INFORMATION:

 EPA PROJECT MANAGER:
 Paul dePercin
 U.S. EPA
 Risk Reduction Engineering Laboratory
 26 West Martin Luther King Drive
 Cincinnati, OH 45268
 513-569-7797
 Fax: 513-569-7620

 TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPER CONTACT:
 Lloyd Stewart
Praxis Environmental Technologies, Inc.
 1440 Rollins Road
Burlingame, CA 94010
415-548-9288
Fax: 415-548-9287

Paul Carpenter
U.S. Air Force
Armstrong Laboratory
Site Remediation Division (AL/EQW)
 139 Barnes Drive
Tyndall AFB, FL 32403-5319
904-283-6187
Fax: 904-283-6064
                                The SITE Program assesses but does not
                                  approve or endorse technologies.
                               Page 193

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Technology Profile
                   DEMONSTRATION PROGRAM
                        PROCESS TECHNOLOGIES,  INC.
                        (Photolytic Destruction for SVE Off-Gases)
TECHNOLOGY DESCRIPTION:

Process Technologies, Inc.'s (PTI), halocarbon
and volatile organic compound (VOC) destruc-
tion  technology  photolyzes vapor-phase halo-
gens. The resulting radicals react with cementi-
tious liners to produce a clean air stream.  One
of the key features and advantages of the tech-
nology is its simplicity - there are no moving
parts, and  its modular design  allows for  easy
scale-up.

During  the demonstration,  off-gas  from  an
existing soil vapor extraction system (SVE) will
be treated by the PTI photolytic process. PTI's
equipment operates using low pressure mercury
lamps. High intensity UV light at 185 and 254
               nanometers  generated by  the  mercury lamps
               destabilizes  and facilitates  the breakdown  of
               VOC contamination  in  the  SVE exhaust gas
               stream. A proprietary liner material present in
               the  light  zone  captures and  neutralizes  the
               resulting process by-products. Extensive testing
               has proven that the use of the cementitious liner
               material prevents the formation of undesirable
               species, such as chlorine, phosgene, and hydro-
               chloric acid.  This design  is unique to PTI's
               photolytic  process.   The  gaseous  products
               exiting the system include air, water vapor, and
               carbon dioxide.   The liners  are replaced  as
               needed and PTI claims that the cementitious
               material  can be recycled  as an ingredient in
               cement or disposed of as nonhazardous waste,
               regulations permitting.
                                                                     UNER PANEL
        DILUTION AIR PIPE
                                                                                DILUTION AIR PIPE
    VOC-S FROM DEEP SVE WELLS
                                                                             TO CATALYTIC
                                                                             OXIDIZERAND
                                                                              SCRUBBER
                    AIR/WATER SEPARATOR
                           Simplified Schematic Process Flow Diagram
                                    of Photolytic Destruction
 Page 194
The SITE Program assesses but does not
  approve or endorse technologies.

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                                                                    November 1994
                                                                     Ongoing Project
WASTE APPLICABILITY:

The PTI technology treats air and gases conta-
minated with  VOCs,  including chlorinated
VOCs, and chlorofluorocarbons.

STATUS:

The PTI technology was accepted into the SITE
Demonstration Program hi summer 1994.  The
demonstration began in September  1994  at
McClellan Air Force  Base, in Sacramento,
California.
FOR FURTHER INFORMATION:

EPA PROJECT MANAGER:
Laurel Staley
U.S. EPA
Risk Reduction Engineering Laboratory
26 West Martin Luther King Drive
Cincinnati, OH 45268
513-569-7863
Fax: 513-569-7620

TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPER CONTACT:
Mike Swan
Process Technologies, Inc.
P.O. Box 476
Boise, ID 83701-0476
208-385-0900
Fax: 208-385-0994

Steve Hodge
SM-ALC/EMR
5050 Dudley Boulevard
Suite 3
McClellan AFB,  CA 95652-1389
916-643-0830
Fax: 916-643-0827
                              The SITE Program assesses but does not
                                approve or endorse technologies.
                             Page 195

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Technology Profile
                   DEMONSTRATION PROGRAM
                                     PURUS, INC.
                          (PurCycle™ Vapor Treatment Process)
TECHNOLOGY DESCRIPTION:

The  Purus, Inc.  (Purus), PurCycle™ vapor
treatment process purifies air streams contami-
nated with volatile organic compounds (VOC).
PurCycle™  works directly  from soil extraction
wells or from groundwater (or wastewater) air
strippers.

The  PurCycle™ process traps the contaminants
using filter beds that contain a proprietary resin.
This regenerative adsorption method involves
one on-line treatment bed for influent air, while
another bed undergoes a desorption cycle (see
figure below).   An on-board controller system
automatically switches between adsorption and
desorption cycles.  The desorption cycle uses a
                combination of temperature, pressure, and purge
                gas (Nj) to desorb VOCs trapped in the adsor-
                bent bed.   The contaminants  are removed,
                condensed, and transferred as  a  liquid  to a
                storage tank.  Thus, the recovered material can
                be easily reclaimed.

                Historically,  activated  carbon  has been  the
                principal medium for separating organic  com-
                pounds from an air stream.  However, because
                the carbon beds are difficult to regenerate on
                site, most treatment technologies use a passive
                carbon system that requires hauling the  spent
                carbon  off  site for  disposal  or treatment.
                Another  problem  with activated  carbon  is
                decreased  treatment efficiency resulting  from
                moisture in the waste stream.   Moisture  in
                                                                       CLEAN AIR
                                                      PADRE™  TO STACK
                                                        ASTE PRODUCT
                                                       STORAGETANK
       SOIL VAPOR     GROUNDWATER
          INLET           INLET
                                   NOTE: EXACT
                                   SCHEMATIC
                                   SUBJECT TO SITE
                                   REQUIREMENTS
                              PurCycle™ Vapor Treatment Process
Page 196
The SITE Program assesses but does not
  approve or endorse technologies.

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                                                                          November  7994
                                                                           Ongoing Project
humid contaminated air dramatically reduces the
carbon's ability to adsorb organic contaminants;
treatment efficiency declines  to  30 percent of
original efficiency as the relative humidity (RH)
exceeds 75 percent.

Adsorbent beds used in the PurCycle™ process
have been recycled on a test stand more than
1,000  times  with  no measurable loss  of ad-
sorption capacity.  In addition, the PurCycle™
resin has a relatively  high tolerance for water
vapor, allowing efficient treatment of air streams
with an RH greater than 90 percent. These two
capabilities make on-site treatment of VOCs
possible with substantially lower operating costs.

WASTE APPLICABILITY:

The PurCycle™ vapor treatment process controls
VOC  emissions at  site remediation  projects,
industrial wastewater facilities, and industrial air
processing sites.  Site remediation usually in-
volves  vacuum extraction of solvents or fuels
from soils, as well as the pumping and treatme:nt
of groundwater by air stripping. The PurCycle™
process has also treated industrial waste contain-
ing solvents using an emission-free, closed-loop
air  stripping process.   For  the Demonstration
Program, the PurGycle™ vapor treatment process
will simultaneously treat vapors from soil vacu-
um extraction  wells  and  a  groundwater  air
stripper.
STATUS:

Purus, Inc., has over 18 PurCycle™ systems in
the field for various applications.  Under the
SITE  demonstration,  operating  data  will  be
collected from a combined,  closed loop, air
stripper/soil vacuum extractor system.  A suit-
able demonstration site is being selected.

FOR FURTHER INFORMATION:

EPA PROJECT MANAGER:
Norma Lewis
U.S. EPA
Risk Reduction Engineering Laboratory
26 West Martin Luther King Drive
Cincinnati, OH 45268
513-569-7665
Fax: 513-569-7620

TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPER CONTACT:
Bart Mass
Purus, Inc.
2713 North First Street
San Jose, CA  95134-2010
408-955-1000
Fax: 408-955-1010
                                 The SITE Program assesses but does not
                                   approve or endorse technologies.
                               Page 197

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Technology Profile
                      DEMONSTRATION PROGRAM
                     REMEDIATION TECHNOLOGIES, INC
                          (Liquid and Solids Biological Treatment)
TECHNOLOGY DESCRIPTION:

Liquid and solids biological treatment (LST) is
a process  that  remediates soils and sludges
contaminated with biodegradable organics (see
figure  below).   The process  is  similar  to
activated sludge treatment of municipal and
industrial wastewaters, but it  treats suspended
solids  concentrations  greater  than 20 percent.
First, an aqueous slurry of the waste material is
prepared, and environmental conditions such as
nutrient concentrations, temperature, andpH are
optimized for biodegradation.  The slurry is then
mixed and aerated for a sufficient tune to de-
grade the target waste constituents.

Several  physical  process configurations  are
possible depending on site- and waste-specific
conditions.  Waste can be treated continuously
or in batches in impoundment-based reactors.
This configuration is sometimes the only practi-
cal option for very large projects (greater than
10,000 cubic yards).  Alternatively, tank-based
systems may be constructed.
                  Constituent losses due to volatilization must be
                  controlled  during LST operations.  The poten-
                  tial for emissions is greatest in batch treatment
                  systems and lowest in continuously stirred tank
                  reactor systems, particularly those with  long
                  residence tunes.  Technologies such as  carbon
                  adsorption  and biofiltration can control emis-
                  sions.

                  LST may require pre- and posttreatment opera-
                  tions.  However, in situ applications that store
                  treated sludge residues do not require multiple
                  unit operations.

                  Overall bioremediation in a hybrid system con-
                  sisting of LST and land treatment systems can
                  provide  an  alternative  to  landfilling  treated
                  solids.   This combination  rapidly  degrades
                  volatile  constituents  in a  contained  system,
                  rendering the waste suitable for landfilling.

                  Remediation Technologies,  Inc.  (ReTeC), has
                  constructed a mobile LST pilot system for field
      Contaminated
         Soil
 Water
Nutrients
Microbes


Cleaned
Soil
Dewaterincj


Return Soils
to Site
                     Air
                              Liquid and Solids Biological Treatment
 Page  198
  The SITE Program assesses but does not
     approve or endorse technologies.

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                                                                         November 1994-
                                                                         Ongoing Project
demonstrations.  The system consists of two
reactors, two 2,000-gallon holding tanks, and
associated process equipment.  The reactors are
aerated using coarse bubble diffusers and mixed
using axial flow turbine mixers.  The reactors
can operate separately, or as batch or continuous
systems.   Oxygen and pH  are continuously
monitored and  recorded.  Additional features
include  antifoaming  and temperature  control
systems.

WASTE APPLICABILITY:

The technology treats sludges, sediments, and
soils containing biodegradable organic materials.
To date, the process has mainly treated sludges
containing  petroleum and wood preservative
organics such as creosote and pentachlorophenol
(PCP). LST has successfully treated polynuclear
aromatic hydrocarbons, PCP, and a broad range
of petroleum hydrocarbons hi the laboratory and
the field.

STATUS:

This technology was  accepted into the SITE
Demonstration Program in  1987.   A 50,000
gallon slurry bioreactor system will be construct-
ed next spring  at  Utica, New  York to treat
sediments from  the barge harbor contaminated
with polycyclic  aromatic hydrocarbons  from
municipal town gas wastes.
ReTeC has applied the technology in the field
over a dozen tunes to treat wood preservative
sludges with  impoundment-type  LST systems.
In addition, LST has treated petroleum refinery
impoundment sludges  in two field-based pilot
demonstrations and several laboratory treatability
studies.

FOR FURTHER INFORMATION:

EPA PROJECT MANAGER:
Ronald Lewis
U.S. EPA
Risk Reduction Engineering Laboratory
26 West Martin Luther King Drive
Cincinnati, OH 45268
513-569-7856
Fax: 513-569-7620

TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPER CONTACT:
Merv Cooper
Remediation Technologies,  Inc.
1011 S.W. Klickitat Way, Suite 207
Seattle, WA 98134
206-624-9349
Fax: 206-624-2839
                                 The SITE Program assesses but does not
                                   approve or endorse technologies.
                               Page  199

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Technology Profile
                   DEMONSTRATION PROGRAM
             RISK REDUCTION ENGINEERING LABORATORY
                                       (Bioventing)
TECHNOLOGY DESCRIPTION:

Lack of oxygen in contaminated soil often limits
aerobic microbial  growth.    The  bioventing
biological system treats contaminated soil in situ
by injecting atmospheric air.  This air provides
a continuous oxygen source, which enhances the
growth of microorganisms naturally present in
the soil.  Additional additives, such as ozone or
nutrients, may also be added to stimulate micro-
bial growth.

Bioventing technology uses an air pump attached
to one of a series of air  injection probes  (see
                figure below).   The air pump operates at ex-
                tremely  low pressures,  providing  inflow  of
                oxygen without significantly volatilizing soil
                contaminants.  The treatment capacity depends
                on the number of  injection probes, the size of
                the air pump, and site characteristics such as soil
                porosity.

                WASTE APPLICABILITY:

                Bioventing is typically used to treat soil contami-
                nated by industrial processes, and can treat any
                contamination  subject  to  aerobic  microbial
                degradation.  Bioventing treats contaminants and
                         Pressure Gauge
                        Air Pump
                                       Row
                                       Control
                                       Rotometer
                  Pressure Gauge
                      3-Way Ball
                      Valve  -
                                                           Stainless Steel Probe
                                                           1 cm ID
                                                           2cmOD
                                                         .Screened
                                                          Section
                                              _L a

                                     Bioventing System
Page 200
The SITE Program assesses but does not
  approve or endorse technologies.

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                                                                       November 1994
                                                                        Ongoing Project
combinations of contaminants with varying de-
grees of success.  The SITE  Demonstration
Program is testing bioventing's effectiveness at
degrading polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons.

STATUS:

This technology  was accepted  into the  SITE
Demonstration Program  in  July  1991.   The
demonstration of this process began in Novem-
ber 1992 at the Reilly Tar site in St. Louis Park,
Minnesota.    Preliminary  findings after  27
months  of bioventing indicated  higher than
predicted microbial respiration  rates.    The
project will be completed in November  1995.
FOR FURTHER INFORMATION:

EPA PROJECT MANAGER:
Jack Hubbard
U.S. EPA
Risk Reduction Engineering Laboratory
26 West Martin Luther King Drive
Cincinnati, OH 45268
513-569-7507
Fax: 513-569-7620

TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPER CONTACT:
Paul McCauley
U.S. EPA
Risk Reduction Engineering Laboratory
26 West Martin Luther King Drive
Cincinnati, OH 45268
513-569-7444
Fax: 513-569-7105
                                The SITE Program assesses but does not
                                  approve or endorse technologies.
                              Page 201

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Technology Profile
                    DEMONSTRATION PROGRAM
                                        RKK, Ltd.
                                      (CRYOCELL®)
TECHNOLOGY DESCRIPTION:
CRYOCELL® is a frozen soil barrier that com-
pletely contains waste migration to the soil or
isolates a contaminated area during an in  situ
remediation program. The CRYOCELL® design
involves installing  freeze pipes  hi  an array
outside and beneath the contaminated zone to
completely surround the waste source or ground-
water plume.  Standard well drilling equipment
is used to  drill or  drive  the freeze pipes  into
place.   Once  installed, the  array of pipes is
connected to a freeze plant by a distributive
manifold.  The pipes carry a cooled brine'  in a
completely closed system, which freezes  the
entire inner volume between the pipes, and the
adjacent earth to  the outside  of the row(s) of
pipes.

The barrier thickness and temperature may be
varied to  suit site conditions.   RKK,  Ltd.
(RKK), reports that barriers can be established
at depths of 1,000 feet or more and may vary in
thickness from 15 to 50 feet.
                CRYOCELL® engineering  is site-specific and
                considers many factors, including waste type,
                topography, soil condition, thermal conductivity,
                and groundwater movement. A computer pro-
                gram incorporates all site characteristics into a
                three-dimensional model  that planners use  to
                design and estimate costs of CRYOCELL® costs
                for a specific site.

                A, thick ice barrier offers a number of advan-
                tages for confining hazardous waste.  The ice
                does not degrade or weaken over time and is
                reparable in situ. If ground movement fractures
                the  barrier,  the  fissures  can  be  filled and
                resealed.  quickly.    Maintenance  costs  are
                extremely  low,  allowing  continued  use  for
                extended periods.  In addition, the frozen barrier
                is environmentally benign.   When  the site is
                decontaminated, tiie ice is allowed to melt and
                the pipes are removed.   The technique is  an
                alternative to conventional containment systems
                using steel, concrete, slurry walls, or grout
                curtains.   The figure below provides an illus-
                tration of a typical containment system.
                      Brtnolonk  Refrtgorotton Ptanh Manifold ft Bonn*

                                  a
                              Schematic Diagram of CRYOCELL®
Page 202
The SITE Program assesses but does not
  approve or endorse technologies.

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                                                                          November  1994
                                                                           Ongoing Project
 WASTE APPLICABILITY:

 RKK reports  that CRYOCELL® can provide
 subsurface containment for a variety of sites and
 wastes, including  underground tanks; nuclear
 waste  sites; hazardous  or mixed-waste sites;
 plume control; burial trenches, pits, and ponds;
 in situ waste treatment areas; chemically-contam-
 inated sites;   and  spent fuel storage  ponds.
 CRYOCELL® is designed to contain all known
 biological, chemical,  or radioactive contami-
 nants.   Design criteria (for  example,  barrier
 thickness and temperature) are site specific and
 depend upon  factors  such as type  of  waste
 involved,  overall site hydrogeology, soil mois-
 ture content, and soil types.  Frozen soil barriers
 are adaptable to any geometry; drilling technolo-
 gy presents the only constraint.

 RKK reports  that  the technology  can isolate
 sensitive areas  within large active operations (for
 example,  sites within chemical and nuclear
 facilities), smaller raw material and waste man-
 agement unites (for example, tank farms, land-
 fills, and waste treatment lagoons), and former
 or operational chemically contaminated  sites,
 such as chemical plants, refineries, and substa-
 tions.  The technology  can also contain new
 waste storage  areas and subsurface contamina-
 tion during a remediation project. The technolo-
 gy can also provide a redundant barrier for other
 cutoff containment  processes, and reduces flow
 of groundwater into a contaminated zone.

 Contaminants are contained in situ, with native
 soils serving as the containment medium.  Thick
 ice barriers are impervious to chemical  attack
and are virtually impermeable at subzero tem-
peratures.  In  addition, ice barriers have great
inertia, so they can remain frozen for as long as
two years without refrigeration. CRYOCELL®
is economically favorable for  intermediate and
long term containment at large sites, and mainte-
nance costs are extremely low. CRYOCELL®
generates no waste  streams or residues.
 STATUS:

 This  technology was accepted  into the SITE
 Demonstration Program in summer 1994.  EPA
 is seeking a suitable site for this demonstration.

 RKK technologies  are being considered by the
 U.S.  Department of Energy (DOE) for many
 hazardous waste sites including  containment of
 Hanford's single-shell tanks, the nation's most
 costly waste site. RKK receives academic, tech-
 nical, and scientific support through a coopera-
 tive and licensing agreement with the University
 of Washington.  RKK has an agreement  with
 Scientific Ecology Group, Inc. (SEG), a subsidi-
 ary of the Westinghouse  Electric Corporation.
 This  agreement encompasses  DOE  weapons
 complex sites.

 FOR FURTHER INFORMATION:

 EPA PROJECT MANAGER:
 Annette Gatchett
 U.S. EPA
 Risk Reduction Engineering Laboratory
 26 West Martin Luther King Drive.
 Cincinnati, OH  45268
 513-569-7697
 Fax: 513-569-7620

 TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPER CONTACT:
 Christopher Reno
RKK, Ltd.
 16404 Smokey Point Boulevard,  Suite 303
Arlington, WA  98223
206-653-4844
Fax: 206-653-7456
                                 The SITE Program assesses but does not
                                   approve or endorse technologies.
                               Page 203

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Technology Profile
                   DEMONSTRATION PROGRAM
               SEPARATION AND RECOVERY SYSTEMS, INC.
                            (SAREX Chemical Fixation Process)
TECHNOLOGY DESCRIPTION:

The SAREX chemical  fixation process (CFP),
developed by Separation and Recovery Systems,
Inc. (SRS),  is a thermal and chemical reactive
(fixation) process that removes volatile organic
compounds  (VOC)  and  selected semivolatile
organic compounds  (SVOC), and stabilizes the
remaining organic and inorganic constituents in
sludges or soils (see figure below). The SAREX
CFP uses specially-prepared lime and propri-
etary,  nontoxic  chemicals (a reagent blend)
mixed proportionally to catalyze and control the
reactions.  The treated product displays chemical
properties which conform to EPA standards for
resource recovery and site restoration. The pro-
duct also exhibits high structural integrity, with
a fine, granular, soil-like consistency, of limited
solubility.  The treated product is free-flowing
until compacted (50 to 80 pounds  per square
inch), isolating the remaining constituents from
environmental influences.  The treated product
can be easily backfilled and compacted on site.

Depending on the characteristics of the waste
material, the waste may be covered with a liquid
neutralizing reagent that initiates the chemical
reactions and helps prevent vapor emissions.  If
                required, the waste material may be moved to
                the neutralization  (blending) tank,  where  a
                make-up reagent slurry is added, depending on
                material characteristics.   The  waste is  then
                placed in the feed hopper.

                The  reagent is measured and  placed on the
                transfer conveyor so that the reagent and waste
                mixture would  advance  to the  single-screw
                homogenizer, where the waste components are
                thoroughly blended  to  a  uniform  consistency.
                The reagent blend reacts exothermically with the
                hazardous constituents  to  begin removing the
                lighter organics.  The  process,  now about 70
                percent complete, continues in the  multi-screw,
                jacketed, noncontacting processor for curing (a
                predetermined  curing time allows reactions to
                occur within a controlled environment).

                In the processor, the mixture can  be thermally
                processed at a high temperature to  complete the
                process  and meet stringent cleanup standards.
                The processed material exits the processor onto
                a  conveyor for  discharge into  sealed storage
                containers.

                Contaminant loss into the air during processing
                is eliminated by use of a specially designed
                     EXCAVATOR
                        #1
                           NEUTRALIZATION TANK
                         V4" PLATE 16' DIA. X B1 INSETS
                                                                      TREATED
                                                                      PRODUCT
                                                                     CONTAINER
                    HQHSl
                    1. EXCAVATION/NEUTRALIZATION/VAPOR CONTROL
                    2. PRE-PROCESS BLENDING/NEUTRALIZATION
                    3. WASTE FEED TO PROCESSOR
                    4. HOMOGENIZING
                    5. PROCESSING
                    8. DISCHARGE CONVEYOR
                    7. VAPOR RECOVERY SYSTEM (ra)
                               SAREX Chemical Fixation Process
 Page 204
The SITE Program assesses but does not
  approve or endorse technologies.

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                                                                           November 7994
                                                                            Ongoing Project
 SAREX vapor recovery system. Dust particles
 can be removed in a baghouse, and vapors are
 routed through a  series  of water scrubbers,
 which  cool the vapors  (below  120 degrees
 Fahrenheit  [°FJ) and remove any condensates.
 The vapors then pass through two demisters to
 remove water vapor, and a positive displacement
 blower to remove  additional condensates.  If
 needed, a freon chilling unit (37  °F)  cools the
 remaining vapors, which  are sent to  a storage
 tank.  The final noncondensible vapor  stream is
 treated using two  charcoal vapor packs  or a
 thermal oxidizer before release.

 WASTE APPLICABILITY:

 The SAREX CFP may be applied to a wide vari-
 ety of organic  and  inorganic materials.  These
 materials include sludges that contain high con-
 centrations  of hazardous constituents, with no
 upper limit  of oil or organic content.  No con-
 stituents interfere with the fixation reactions, and
 water content is not an obstacle,  although the
 exothermic reactions may cause steaming.  The
 following material types can be processed by the
 SAREX CFP:
     Large crude oil spills
     Refinery sludges
     Hydrocarbon-contaminated soils
     Lube oil acid sludges
     Tars
     Halocarbon-contaminated sludges
     or soils
In  addition,  metals are captured within the
treated matrix and pass the toxicity characteristic
leaching procedure.  This is  advantageous be-
cause most on-site cleanup programs focus on
sludge ponds, impoundments, and underlying
soils which have received many different types
of compounds and debris over several years.

STATUS:

SRS has completed at least five full-scale pro-
jects using the SAREX CFP.  These projects
 included stabilizing 2,000- to 20,000- cubic-yard
 quantities of lubricating oil acid sludges, petro-
 leum hydrocarbon-impacted soils, and oil pro-
 duction wastes.

 Additionally, SRS has conducted numerous pilot-
 scale field demonstrations.  In 1987, SRS con-
 ducted pilot testing for stabilizing hazardous
 refining   sludges  at  a  Superfund  site  in
 Oklahoma.  Over 400 cubic yards  of sludges
 were stabilized during these tests.  Results were
 favorable,  and  a  Record  of Decision  was
 recently issued for the use of chemical fixation
 as the remedial technology.

 SRS expects to conduct a SITE demonstration in
 fall  1994 at a Superfund site in  New Jersey.
 This site has numerous sludge lagoons contain-
 ing  elevated  levels of  organics (principally
 benzene,  toluene,  ethylbenzene,  and xylene;
 chlorobenzenes; andpolynuclear aromatic hydro-
 carbons) and heavy metals (lead, zinc, and chro-
 mium).  SRS has completed bench-scale testing
 on samples collected from three lagoons.  The
 test results were  favorable.

 FOR FURTHER INFORMATION:

 EPA PROJECT MANAGER:
Jack Hubbard
U.S. EPA
Risk Reduction Engineering Laboratory
26 West Martin Luther King Drive
Cincinnati, OH 45268
513-569-7507
Fax: 513-569-7620

TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPER CONTACT:
Brad Miller                    -,
Separation and Recovery Systems,  Inc.
 1762 McGaw Avenue
Irvine, CA 92714-4962
714-261-8860
Fax: 714-261-6010
                                 The SITE Program assesses but does not
                                    approve or endorse technologies.
                                Page 205

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Technology Profile
                   DEMONSTRATION PROGRAM
               SEVENSON ENVIRONMENTAL SERVICES, INC.
                       (MAECTITE® Chemical Treatment Process)
TECHNOLOGY DESCRIPTION:

The patented MAECTITE® chemical treatment
process for lead and other heavy metals utilizes
reagents  and processing equipment to  render
soils,  waste and other materials  nonhazardous
for the characteristic definition of toxicity under
Resource Conservation and Recovery Act. The
MAECTITE® process reduces teachable lead to
below  treatment  standards  for listed  waste
treatment limits required for land-ban regulations
(September 19, 1994 40 CFR Parts 268, Final
Rule).  Lead in treated material complies with
leach limits established by EPA as determined
by approved methods in SW-846, including, but
not limited  to toxicity characteristic leaching
procedure (TCLP),  EP Toxicity test,  and the
Multiple Extraction Procedure.
 500-Ton Per Day MAECTITE® Processing System
                Chemical treatment by the MAECTITE® process
                converts leachable lead into insoluble minerals
                and mixed mineral forms within the material or
                waste matrix.  MAECTITE® reagents stimulate
                the nucleation of crystals by chemical bonding to
                yield mineral compounds in molecular forms.
                These are resistant  to  leaching and physical
                degradation from environmental forces.  Dura-
                bility of traditional monolithic  solidification/
                stabilization  process  end-products  is   often
                measured by geotechnical tests such as wet/dry,
                freeze/thaw,   permeability,  and  unconfined
                compressive strength.  Sinpe the MAECTITE®
                process  does not use physical binders,  is not
                pozzolanic or siliceous, and does not rely on the
                formation of metallic hydroxides using hydration
                mechanisms, these  tests  are  not  relevant to
                MAECTITE®   product   chemical  stability.
                MAECTITE®  does  not  utilize  adsorption,
                absorption,  entrapment,  lattice  containment,
                encapsulation,   or  other  physical  binding
                principles  for  treatment  success.   Effective
                treatment  is  not pH dependent  and is  a true
                chemical reaction process where the treated
                material is altered in structure and properties
                yielding stable compounds.

                The  MAECTITE®  process uses  water as a
                mixing  lubricant.   However, the dehydration
                characteristic of the process liberates  water
                present in waste prior to treatment (absorbed and
                hydrated forms) to a free state where it  can be
                removed from the waste matrix by evaporation
                and capillary drying principles.  The ability of
                treated  material to  readily  lose  water,  the
                formation of dense mineral  crystals, and the
                restructuring  of the material as  a result of
                MAECTITE® treatment (where interstitial space
                is minimized), all contribute to  reduced waste
                volume and weight.

                Ex situ MAECTITE®  processing equipment
                generally utilizes material screening and sizing
                components, liquid and solid reagent storage
                delivery subsystems, and a mixing unit such as
 Page 206
The SITE Program assesses but does not
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                                                                           November 1994
                                                                           Ongoing Project
 a pugmill.  Equipment is  mobile, but can be
 modified  for fixed system  operations.  In situ
 MAECTITE®  processing  equipment  is  also
 available  with system selection largely dictated
 by  contaminant  plume   configuration,  soil
 characteristics, and site space limitations.

 WASTE APPLICABILITY:

 By  selecting  proper MAECTITE®  treatment
 chemicals from families of reagents, varying
 their dosage, and applying appropriate material
 handling  procedures,  all  material  matrices
 historically  subjected  to  the  MAECTITE®
 process   have   been   successfully   treated.
 Materials  including  soils, sludges, sediments,
 battery  contents  including casings,  foundry
 sands, filtercake, furnace slag and matte, debris
 and construction rubble, carbon dross, wire fluff
 and chop,  shooting range sand with spent projec-
 tiles, blasting sand with lead-based paint chips,
 auto fluff, bird and buck shot, electronic compo-
 nents,  glass, fire brick, coatings, and oxide
 pigments  have  been rendered nonhazardous.
 Oversize material can be treated with the process
 as debris (best demonstrated achievable techno-
 logy for lead, i.e., chemical treatment), but size
 reduction often makes processing more efficient.
 To date, no material has been found resistant to
 treatment  by the MAECTITE® process.  Even
 sludges with free liquids (as determined by the
paint filter  test)  have been treated to TCLP
 compliance when excess fluids are present.

The  range of lead levels effectively treated has
not been fully determined;  however,  soil with
total lead  as high as 30 percent (weight) with
TCLP values over 4,000 milligrams per liter
(mg/1)  was  not problematic.   Common  lead
levels encountered  have averaged from 200
milligrams per kilogram (mg/kg) to 6500 mg/kg
with TCLP averaging 20 to 400 mg/1.  Material
geochemistry   most   often   dictates    final
MAECTITE® treatment designs.  Furthermore,
correlation-ships between total lead and regu-
lated leachable lead levels are inconsistent, with
^treatment  efforts  more  strongly  related  to
 waste/material geochemical characteristics.

 STATUS:

 The patented MAECTITE® chemical treatment
 technology was initially accepted into the SITE
 Demonstration   Program  in  March  1992.
 Sevenson Environmental Services, Inc. acquired
 the MAECTITE® technology in 1993.  Com-
 bining ex situ and in situ quantities treated, over
 250,000 tons of material have been successfully
 processed.  Treatability studies have been con-
 ducted on over 50 different materials (including
 all types of soils)  in over 20 states,  Canada,
 Italy, and  Mexico.   MAECTITE® has been
 applied at full-scale demonstration and remedial
 projects in 14 states.

 MAECTITE®  chemical  treatment is  a  cost-
 effective  technology   when   compared  to
 traditional offsite options or to  other  onsite
 treatment alternatives.  With its MAECTITE®
 process, Sevenson has been formally accepted in
 the EPA's  PQOPS  program  for  the fixation/
 stabilization of inorganic species.

 FOR FURTHER INFORMATION:

 EPA PROJECT MANAGER:
 Jack Hubbard
 U.S. EPA
 Risk Reduction Engineering Laboratory
 26 West Martin Luther King Drive
 Cincinnati, OH  45268
 513-569-7507
 Fax: 513-569-7620

 TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPER CONTACT:
Karl Yost
 Director of Treatment Services
 Sevenson Environmental Services,  Inc.
 9425 Calumet Avenue,  Suite 101
Munster, IN 46321
219-836-0116
Fax: 219-836-2838
                                 The SITE Program assesses but does not
                                   approve or endorse technologies.
                                Page 2O7

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Technology Profile
                    DEMONSTRATION PROGRAM
                                      SIVE Services
        (Steam Injection and Vacuum Extraction-Linear Flow [SIVE-LF] Process)
TECHNOLOGY DESCRIPTION:

SIVE-LF  is an  enhanced steam injection and
vacuum extraction method especially designed
for in situ treatment of contaminated soil  at
relatively shallow depths.

Steam is  forced  to  flow  horizontally  and
uniformly  from  one  trench,  through  the
contaminated zone to another trench, where it is
then extracted.  The large open  area of the
trench faces  allow  for  high  injection  and
extraction rates, which promote low treatment
duration.  The trenches also allow for installa-
tion of an impermeable barrier, such as a poly-
ethylene  liner, against one face of the  open
trench before the  trench is backfilled.  Thus,
reducing the flow of injected or extracted fluid
outside the area of the targeted zones. A surface
covering for the treatment  area prevents short-
circuiting the injected steam to the atmosphere,
and prevents  atmospheric air  from entering the
extraction trench.
                The injected steam strips contaminants from the
                soil as it is forced across the contaminated zone.
                The steam  raises the soil temperature, which
                increases mass transfer and phase change rates,
                reduces  liquid  viscosities,  and  accelerates
                desorption of contaminants from the soil.   The
                moisture and warmth of the steam also acceler-
                ates biodegradation of residual contaminants. As
                a result, contaminants are extracted or degraded
                at increased rates,  compared  to  conventional
                isothermal vapor and liquid extraction systems.

                Surface equipment  for the  SIVE-LF process
                includes  the steam  generation and a  delivery
                system and the vacuum extraction system.  The
                steam generation and delivery system consists of
                standard steam heating equipment, related steam
                piping, and monitoring equipment.  The extrac-
                tion system is a solvent recovery system that
                includes  a  vacuum  blower, steam condenser,
                other  cooling  equipment, and carbon filters.
                The condensate requires further treatment or off-
                site disposal.
                                    Injection
                                                                Optional Side Wall
                           Schematic Diagram of the SIVE-LF Process
 Page 208
The SITE Program assesses but does not
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                                                                        November 1994
                                                                        Ongoing Project
 The reliability of the equipment and automatic
 controls allows the SIVE-LF process to operate
 without constant direct supervision.

 WASTE APPLICABILITY:

 The SIVE-LF process is designed to treat soils
 contaminated  with  semivolatile  and  volatile
 organic compounds to depths of 30 feet.  Be-
 cause highly volatile contaminants are readily
 air-stripped without the added effects of steam,
 the steam-stripping effect will be greatest on the
 heavier, less volatile contaminants. Soils with
 contaminant concentrations as low as 100 parts
per  million   can   be effectively stripped.
 SIVE-LF can also remove second phase liquids,
such as fuels and oils, from the tops of under-
ground water tables.

STATUS:

This technology  was accepted into the  SITE
Demonstration  Program in summer 1994.  A
suitable site for  the demonstration is being
sought.
FOR FURTHER INFORMATION:

EPA PROJECT MANAGER:
Michelle Simon
U.S. EPA
Risk Reduction Engineering Laboratory
26 West Martin Luther King Drive
Cincinnati, OH  45268
513-569-7469
Fax: 513-569-7676

TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPER CONTACT:
Douglas Dieter
SIVE Services
555 Rossi Drive
Dixon, CA  95620
916-678-8358
Fax: 916-678-8358 (call first)
                               The SITE Program assesses but does not
                                  approve or endorse technologies.
                              Page 209

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Technoloav Profile
                   DEMONSTRA TION PROGRAM
                     TECHTRAN ENVIRONMENTAL, INC.
    (Combined Chemical Precipitation, Physical Separation, and Binding Process for
                            Radionuclides and Heavy Metals)
TECHNOLOGY DESCRIPTION:

This technology removes heavy  metals  and
radionuclides from contaminated waters.   The
process  combines the proprietary RHM-1000
powder, as well as a complex mixture of oxides,
silicates, and other reactive binding agents, with
a  contaminated  water  stream.    Selectively
enhanced complexing and sorption processes
form  flocculants  and  colloids,  which  are
removed through  precipitation and  physical
filtration. ThepH, mixing dynamics, processing
rates, and powder constituents are optimized
through chemical modeling studies and labora-
tory tests.  The contaminants are concentrated in
a stabilized filter and precipitate sludge, which
is then dewatered.  The dewatered sludge meets
toxicity characteristic leaching procedure criteria
and may,  depending  on the  contaminant, be
classified as nonhazardous.
               The  figure below illustrates the skid-mounted
               field pilot  unit which  consists  of  four main
               components: 1) pump unit, 2) feed and eductor
               unit, 3) mixing tank, and 4) clarifier tank. The
               centrifugal  pump unit  can  deliver  up  to  50
               gallons per minute (gpm) to the system.  Water
               from the pump passes through a restrictor nozzle
               in the  feed and eductor unit, reducing the  air
               pressure at the outlet of an attached hopper unit.
               RHM-1000  powder is placed  in  the  upper
               hopper, which is powered by  compressed air.
               The upper hopper delivers a controlled and very
               low volume of RHM-1000 to the lower hopper.
               Reduced  air pressure draws it into the water
               stream. The water passes through a two-stage
               mixing process and is then  sent to the mixing
               tank. A diaphragm pump, driven by compressed
               air, draws water from the tank's base and rein-
               jects it through a jet nozzle which  also draws
               surrounding water through holes in its base.
           PUMP UNIT
                                TechTran RHM-1000 Pilot Plant
 Page 210
The SITE Program assesses but does not
  approve or endorse technologies.

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                                                                         November  1994
                                                                          Ongoing Project
 The mixed water and RHM-1000 powder pass
 over a weir into the clarifier tank and through a
 block of inclined coalescing tubes. Precipitates
 collect in the tank's base and are drained off.
 Additional conventional filters can be added to
 the system outflow as required.  The process is
 designed for continuous operation and can be
 expanded from 25 to 1,500 gpm.

 This process removes heavy metals and radionu-
 clides to drinking water standards.  It can also
 treat trace  levels of naturally occurring radio-
 active materials (NORM) and low-level radio-
 active wastes, as well as more heavily contami-
 nated waters.

 WASTE APPLICABILITY:

 This technology can be used to 1) remediate
 water,  sludges  and soils contaminated  with
 radionuclides and  heavy metals,  2) restore
 groundwater  from  mining operations,  3) treat
 NORM in water or scale from petroleum opera-
 tions, and 4)  remediate manmade radionuclides
 stored in tanks, pits, barrels, or other containers.

 STATUS:

 The process was accepted into the SITE Demon-
 stration Program in July 1991. The demonstra-
tion  is scheduled  for  late  1994 at a uranium
mine facility in Texas.
FOR FURTHER INFORMATION:

EPA PROJECT MANAGER:
Annette Gatchett
U.S. EPA
Risk Reduction Engineering Laboratory
26 West Martin Luther King Drive
Cincinnati, OH 45628
513-569-7697
Fax: 513-569-7620

TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPER CONTACT:
E.B. (Ted) Daniels
TechTran Environmental, Inc.
9800 Northwest Freeway, Suite 302
Houston, TX  77092
713-680-8833
Fax: 713-683-8820
                                The SITE Program assesses but does not
                                  apprpve or endorse technologies.
                              Page 211

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Technology Profile
                   DEMONSTRATION PROGRAM
                              VORTEC CORPORATION
                            (Oxidation and Vitrification Process)
TECHNOLOGY DESCRIPTION:

Vortec Corporation (Vortec) has developed an
oxidation and vitrification process for remedia-
ting soils, sediments, sludges,  and mill tailings
that have organic, inorganic, and heavy metal
contamination.   The process  can oxidize and
vitrify materials introduced as dry granulated
materials or slurries.

The figure below illustrates the Vortec oxidation
and vitrification process.  The basic elements of
this system include:  1) a combustion and melt-
ing system (CMS); 2)  a material  handling,
storage,  and feeding subsystem; 3) a vitrified
product separation and reservoir assembly; 4) a
waste heat recovery air preheater (recuperator);
5) a flue gas cleanup subsystem; and 6) a vitri-
fied product handling subsystem.

The Vortec CMS is the primary thermal process-
ing system and consists of two major assemblies;
a  counter-rotating vortex in-flight  suspension
preheater, and a cyclone melter. First, slurried
or dry contaminated soil is introduced into the
counter rotating vortex (CRV) combustor.  The
CRV does the following:  1) burns the auxiliary
                fuel introduced directly into the CRV combus-
                tor; 2) preheats the suspended waste materials
                along with any glass-forming additives mixed
                with oil; and 3) oxidizes any organic constituents
                in the soil.  The average temperature of materi-
                als  leaving the CRV combustion chamber is
                between 2,200 and 2,800 degrees Fahrenheit,
                depending  on the processed  soils'  melting
                characteristics.

                The  preheated solid materials  exit the CRV
                combustor and enter the cyclone melter, where
                they are dispersed to the chamber walls to form
                a molten glass product.   The vitrified, molten
                glass  product  and the exhaust gases  exit the
                cyclone melter through a tangential exit channel
                and enter a glass- and gas-separation chamber.

                The exhaust gases then enter an air preheater for
                waste heat recovery and are subsequently deli-
                vered to an air pollution control subsystem for
                particulate and acid gas removal.  The molten
                glass product exits the glass- and gas-separation
                chamber through the tap, and is delivered  to a
                water quench assembly for subsequent disposal.

                Unique features  of the Vortec oxidation  and
                vitrification process include the following:
                       RECVOH)
                       RESCUE
               I	IVCflTEC
               I	1 CMS
                             Vortec Oxidation and Vitrification Process
 Page 212
The SITE Program assesses but does not
  approve or endorse technologies.

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                                                                           November 7994
                                                                            Ongoing Project
   •  Processes solid waste contaminated with
      both organic and heavy metal contami-
      nants
   •  Uses various  fuels,  including gas, oil,
      coal, and waste
   •  Handles waste quantities ranging from 5
      tons per day to more than 400 tons per
      day
   •  Recycles particulate residue collected in
      the air pollution control subsystem back
      into the CMS  process.  These recycled.
      materials are incorporated into the glass
      product, resulting in zero  solid waste
      discharge
   •  Produces  a vitrified  product  that  is
      nontoxic according to the EPA's toxicity
      characteristic  leaching  procedure
      (TCLP) standards,  immobilizes  heavy
     metals,  and has long-term stability

WASTE APPLICABILITY:

The Vortec oxidation and vitrification system
treats soils, sediments, sludges, and mill tailings
containing organic,  inorganic,  and heavy metal
contamination.  Organic materials included with
the waste are successfully oxidized by the high
temperatures  in the combustor. The inorganic
constituents in the waste material will determine
the amount and type of glass-forming additives
required to produce a vitrified product.  This
process can be modified to produce a glass cullet
that consistently meets TCLP requirements.

STATUS:

The  Vortec technology  was accepted into the
SITE Emerging  Technology Program in May
1991.  Research was completed in winter 1994
and  the  technology  has  been  invited  to
participate in the SITE Demonstration Program.
The  research results will be published  in the
Journal of Air and Waste Management  article
entitled "Vitrification of Soils Contaminated by
Hazardous and/or  Radioactive Waste."   An
Emerging Technology Summary  is available
from EPA.
 The technology has been under development by
 the  U.S. Department of Energy (DOE)  and
 others since 1985. A 20-ton-per-day pilot-scale
 test facility has been processing nonhazardous
 industrial waste material since 1988; the vitrified
 product  generated in these tests passes TCLP
 standards. A preliminary system with a treat-
 ment rate of up to 400 tons per day has also
 been designed.  The pilot-scale facility processed
 a surrogate soil spiked with arsenic, cadmium,
 chromium, copper, lead, nickel, and zinc com-
 pounds .  Pilot-testing with a dry, granulated feed
 stream was  completed in June 1992, and the
 glass product successfully passed TCLP tests.
 Additional testing  with a slurry feedstock was
 completed in 1993.  Transportable systems are
 being designed  for DOE soil remediation.

 A transportable demonstration unit for treating
 contaminated soil  will be  designed in 1994;
 construction is  scheduled for 1995. Vortec is
 offering commercial systems and licenses for the
 CMS technology.

 FOR FURTHER INFORMATION:

 EPA PROJECT MANAGER:
 Teri Richardson
 U.S. EPA
 Risk Reduction Engineering Laboratory
 26 West Martin Luther King Drive
 Cincinnati, OH 45268
 513-569-7949
 Fax: 513-569-7620

TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPER CONTACT:
James Hnat
Vortec Corporation
3770 Ridge Pike
Collegeville, PA 19426-3158
610-489-2255
Fax: 610-489-3185
                                 The SITE Program assesses but does not
                                    approve or endorse technologies.
                                Page 213

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Technolociv Profile
                  DEMONSTRATION PROGRAM
                       WESTERN RESEARCH INSTITUTE
                     (Contained Recovery of Oily Wastes [CROW™])
TECHNOLOGY DESCRIPTION:

The contained recovery of oily wastes (CROW™)
process recovers oily wastes from the ground by
adapting a technology presently used for secon-
dary petroleum recovery and primary production
of heavy oil and tar sand bitumen.  Steam or hot
water  displacement moves  accumulated  oily
wastes and water to production wells for above-
ground treatment.

Injection and production wells are first installed
in soil contaminated with oily wastes (see figure
below). If contamination has penetrated into or
below the aquifer,  low-quality steam can be
injected below the organic liquids to dislodge
and sweep them upward into the more permeable
aquifer soil regions. Hot water is injected above
the impermeable soil regions to heat and mobi-
lize the oil waste accumulation. The mobilized
               wastes are then recovered by hot water displace-
               ment.

               When the organic wastes are displaced, organic
               liquid saturation in the subsurface pore space
               increases, forming a free-fluid bank.  The hot
               water injection displaces the free-fluid bank to
               the production well. Behind the free-fluid bank,
               the contaminant saturation is  reduced  to  an
               immobile residual saturation in the subsurface
               pore  space.   The  extracted contaminant  and
               water are treated for reuse or discharge.

               In situ  biological  treatment may follow the
               displacement, which continues until groundwater
               contaminants  are.no  longer detected in water
               samples from the site.  During treatment,  all
               mobilized organic liquids  and -water-soluble
               contaminants  are contained within the original
               boundaries of waste accumulation.  Hazardous
         Steam-Stripped
             Water
         Low-Quality
           Steam
                        Injection Well
                                                         Production Well
                                        Oil and Water
                                         Production
                                     Steam
                                    Injection
                                CROW™ Subsurface Development
 Page 214
The SITE Program assesses but does not
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                                                                          November 1994
                                                                           Ongoing Project
materials are contained laterally by groundwater
isolation and vertically by organic liquid flota-
tion.  Excess water is treated in compliance with
discharge regulations.

The CROW™ process removes large portions of
contaminant accumulations; stops the downward
and lateral migration of organic contaminants;
immobilizes any remaining organic wastes as a
residual  saturation;  and  reduces the  volume,
mobility, and toxicity of the contaminants. The
process can be used for shallow and deep areas,
and can  recover light and dense  nonaqueous
phase liquids. The system uses readily available
mobile equipment. Contaminant removal can be
increased by adding small quantities of selected
biodegradable chemicals in the hot water injec-
tion.

WASTE APPLICABILITY:

The CROW™ process can be applied to manufac-
tured  gas plant sites, wood treating sites, petro-
leum-refining facilities, and  other areas with
soils  and aquifers  containing light to dense
organic liquids  such as coal tars, pentachloro-
phenol (PCP) solutions,  chlorinated solvents,
creosote, and petroleum by-products.  Depth to
the contamination is not a limiting factor.

STATUS:

The CROW™ process was tested hi the labora-
tory and at pilot scale under the SITE Emerging
Technology Program. The process demonstrated
the effectiveness of hot water  displacement and
the benefits of including chemicals with the hot
water.  Based on these results, the CROW™
process was invited to participate in the SITE
Demonstration Program.  The process  is being
demonstrated at the Pennsylvania  Power and
•Light (PP&L) Brodhead Creek Superfund site at
Stroudsburg, Pennsylvania.  The site contains an
area with high  concentrations of by-products
from past operations. The demonstration began
in September 1994 and will last for 4 months.
Sponsors for this program, in addition to EPA
and PP&L, are the Gas Research Institute, the
Electric Power Research Institute, and the U.S.
Department of Energy. Remediation Technolo-
gies, Inc., is assisting Western Research Institute
with the demonstration, with emphasis on bio-
logical treatment of the produced fluids.

A pilot-scale technology demonstration was
completed at a wood treatment site in Minneso-
ta. Over 80 percent of nonaqueous phase liquids
were removed in the pilot test, as predicted by
treatability  studies,  and  PCP  concentrations
decreased 500 percent.  The full-scale remedi-
ation for this site is underway and will include a
progressive series of individual but interconnect-
ed well patterns.  Several other sites are being
evaluated.

FOR FURTHER INFORMATION:

EPA PROJECT MANAGER:
Eugene Harris
U.S. EPA
Risk Reduction Engineering Laboratory
26 West Martin Luther King Drive
Cincinnati, OH 45268
513-569-7862
Fax: 513-569-7676

TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPER CONTACT:
Lyle Johnson
Western Research Institute
365 North 9th
Laramie, WY  82070-3380
307-721-2281
Fax: 307-721-2233
                                 The SITE Program assesses but does not
                                    approve or endorse technologies.
                                Page 215

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Technology Profile
                    DEMONSTRATION PROGRAM
                   WHEELABRATOR TECHNOLOGIES INC.
                             (WES-Phix Stabilization Process)
TECHNOLOGY DESCRIPTION:

WES-Phix is a patented stabilization process that
significantly reduces the solubility  of  certain
heavy metals in solid waste streams by altering
the chemical composition of the waste material.
The process does not produce a solidified mass,
unlike most other stabilization technologies.

In the first step of the process, waste is fed at a
controlled rate into a mixing device, such as a
pug mill. The full-scale WES-Phix process uses
a pug mill with a capacity of 40 to 200 tons per
hour. The stabilization reagent is then added to
and mixed  with the waste for about 1 minute.
Once stabilized, the waste  is removed by  a
conveyor from the end of the mixer.  For some
wastes containing cadmium, small amounts  of
lime must also be added.

The WES-Phix process uses a proprietary form
of soluble  phosphate to  form insoluble and
highly  stable metal phosphate minerals.   An
important innovative feature of this  process is
that reaction kinetics are rapid; thus, no curing
                step is necessary. As a result, treated waste will
                immediately pass toxicity characteristic leaching
                procedure (TCLP) requirements for the targeted
                metals.  In addition, using small quantities of
                liquid phosphate reagent does not increase the
                stabilized waste volume.

                Equipment  requirements  include a metering
                device  for  measuring waste  stream delivery
                rates, a mixer, and a storage tank for the liquid
                reagent  (see figure below).   Oversized items
                such as boulders or wood debris require crush-
                ing or screening before treatment.  No posttreat-
                ment is  necessary with this process other than
                transporting the treated material from the mixer
                to a staging  area.  Treated residuals  can be
                transported for final disposal with dump trucks
                or roll-off container vehicles.

                WASTE APPLICABILITY:

                This process was originally developed  to treat
                municipal  waste  combustion  ash  containing
                heavy metals. The commercial-scale process has
                successfully treated over 3 million tons of ash.
                                                           Pump
                Contaminated
                  Waste
                                     Storage
                                      Bin
                                             Treatment
                                               Unit
                                                  Treated Waste
                                                    Discharge
                                WES-Phix Stabilization Process
Page 216
The SITE Program assesses but does not
  approve or endorse technologies.

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                                                                       November 7994
                                                                       Ongoing Project
However, data indicate that the technology can
also  treat contaminated soils,  sludges,  and
baghouse dusts. Recent research indicates that
the process is particularly effective at stabilizing
lead, cadmium, copper, and zinc in a variety of
media, as measured by TCLP and other labora-
tory leaching tests.

STATUS:

The WES-Phix process  was accepted into the
SITE  Demonstration Program in spring 1993.
A suitable demonstration site is being selected.
FOR FURTHER INFORMATION:

EPA PROJECT MANAGER:
Chien Chen
U.S. EPA
Risk Reduction Engineering Laboratory
Building 10, MS-104
2890 Woodbridge Avenue
Edison, NJ 00837-3679
908-321-6985
Fax: 908-321-6640

TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPER CONTACT:
Mark Lyons
Wheelabrator Technologies Inc.
Liberty Lane
Hampton, NH  03842
603-929-3000
Fax: 603-929-3123
                               The SITE Program assesses but does not
                                 approve or endorse technologies.
                              Page 217

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Technology Profile
                       DEMONSTRATION PROGRAM
                               XEROX CORPORATION
                               (Two-Phase Extraction Process)
TECHNOLOGY DESCRIPTION:

The two-phase extraction process was developed
as an alternative to conventional pump-and-treat
technology, particularly  in  low  conductivity
formations such as silts and  clays that are im-
pacted by volatile organic compounds (VOC).
Two-phase extraction uses a high-vacuum source
applied to an extraction tube within a water well
to increase groundwater removal rates (conse-
quently the dissolved  phase  of  contamination)
and to volatilize  and extract that portion of
                   contaminant from  the  sorbed or free  product
                   phases.  Vacuum lift of water is not a  limiting
                   factor in  the application of the  technology.
                   Since a mixed vapor/liquid column is extracted
                   from  the well, the two-phase extraction tech-
                   nology allows a single piece of equipment (a
                   high-vacuum source) to remove contaminants in
                   both the liquid and vapor phases.

                   To extract both groundwater and soil vapor from
                   a single extraction well, the two-phase extraction
                   system uses  a vacuum  pump to apply a high
                            Extracted
                          Groundwater
                          & Soil Vapor
                                                                       Extracted
                                                                     Water to Existing
                                                                       Treatment
                                                                        System
                                                                     LEGEND
                                                                  Sample Port for Extracted Water
                                                                  Sample Port for Extracted Vapor
                                  Two Phase
                                   Extraction
                                    Well
                                               Static Water
                                                 Level
Screened
 Interval
                                                                  Water Stream

                                                                  Combined Water and Vapor Stream

                                                                  Vapor Stream
                                                                                 *. Vapor. Phase
                                                                                 Carbon Treatment
                        Process Schematic of the 2-Phase Extraction System
 Page 218
   The SITE Program assesses but does not
     approve or endorse technologies.

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                                                                         November 1994
                                                                          Ongoing Project
vacuum through a central extraction tube, which
extends down the well.  Soil vapor drawn into
the well by the vacuum  provides for a high-
velocity vapor stream at the bottom tip of the
extraction tube, which entrains the contaminated
groundwater and lifts it to the ground surface.
As the groundwater moves ,up the tube, more
than 90 percent of the VOCs in the water phase
are reportedly transferred to the vapor phase.
The vapor and water phases are then separated
at the surface  in a knockout tank.  The water
phase then requires only carbon polishing prior
to discharge, provided that the compounds  are
adsorbable.  The vapor phase is then subjected
to  carbon  treatment,  bioremediation,  resin
regeneration, catalytic oxidation, or other vapor
phase treatment (based on contaminant character-
istics, mass loadings, and economics),  prior to
release to the atmosphere.

A kick start system can induce flow and help de-
water the well.  The flow of atmospheric air  can
be regulated by adjustment of the gate valve to:
1) optimize the air-to-water flow ratio to mini-
mize water "slug" production .at start-up (the
term "slug" refers to an irregular pulsation of
water through the extraction tube which indicates
irregular water flow); 2) maximize tube penetra-
tion into the saturated zone; and 3) maximize the
groundwater flow rate by optimizing the applied
vacuum to the well's annular space.

Typical installation activities require connection
of a power supply, piping and vacuum system
leveling, connection to the extraction well(s) and
connection of vapor-and liquid-phase discharge
connections to  final treatment process(es).

WASTE APPLICABILITY:

This technology removes  VOCs from ground-
water and/or soils.
STATUS:

The Xerox two-phase extraction process was
accepted into the SITE Demonstration Program
in summer 1994.  The demonstration began in
August 1994 at a contaminated groundwater site
at McClellan Air Force Base hi Sacramento,
California. The demonstration is expected  to
continue for 2 to 6 months.

FOR FURTHER INFORMATION:

EPA PROJECT MANAGER:
Laurel Staley
U.S. EPA
Risk Reduction Engineering Laboratory
26 West Martin Luther King Drive
Cincinnati, OH  45268
513-569-7863
Fax: 513-569-7620

TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPER CONTACT:
Ron Hess
Xerox Corporation
800 Phillips Road
Building 304-13S
Webster, NY  14580
716-422-3694
Fax: 716-422-9211

Bud Hoda
SM-ALC/EMR
5050 Dudley Boulevard
Suite 3
McClellan AFB, CA  95652-1389
916-643-1742, ext. 355
Fax: 916-643-0827
                                 The SITE Program assesses but does not
                                   approve or endorse technologies.
                               Page 219

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Technology Profile
                   DEMONSTRATION PROGRAM
                        ZENON ENVIRONMENTAL INC.
                           (Cross-Flow Pervaporation System)
TECHNOLOGY DESCRIPTION:

Pervaporation is a membrane process for remov-
ing volatile  organic compounds  (VOC)  from
contaminated water.   Permeable membranes
selectively remove VOCs from the contaminated
water.  VOCs diffuse from the membrane-water
interface through the membrane.  A condenser
traps and contains the permeating vapors, con-
densing vapors to liquid, and alleviating fugitive
emissions.   The condensed organic materials
represent only a very small fraction of the initial
               wastewater volume and may be subsequently
               disposed of at significant cost savings.  This
               process  may also treat industrial waste streams
               and recover organics for later use.

               Zenon Environmental Inc.  (Zenon) has deve-
               loped and built  a  pilot-scale pervaporation
               system for Environment Canada's Emergencies
               Engineering Division that is skid-mounted and
               compact. The membrane modules in this system
               consist of hollow fibers that are configured for
               maximum mass transfer efficiency. Removal to
                            Pilot Cross-Flow Pervaporation System
Page 220
The SITE Program assesses but does not
  approve or endorse technologies.

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                                                                         November 1994
                                                                          Ongoing Project
levels less than one part per billion {ppb) has
been demonstrated.  For flow rates of less than
1 gallon per minute, this unit can remove 99.99
percent of VOCs.  This high removal capacity,
plus containment  of  fugitive  emissions   and
minimal  pretreatment  requirements, are  the
primary  advantages of  this technology when
compared with air stripping followed by  gas-
phase carbon adsorption.

WASTE APPLICABILITY:

Pervaporation can be applied to  aqueous waste
streams such as groundwater, lagoons, leachate,
and  rinsewaters that  are  contaminated  with
VOCs like solvents, degreasers, and gasoline.
The  technology  is applicable to the types of
aqueous  wastes  currently  treated  by  carbon
adsorption, air stripping, and steam stripping.

STATUS:

This technology was  accepted into  the SITE
Emerging Technology Program in January 1989.
Based on results from the Emerging Technology
Program, Zenon was invited to demonstrate the
technology in the Demonstration Program.

Under the  1992 SITE Emerging  Technology
Program, Wastewater Technology Centre com-
pared costs for Zenon's technology versus air
stripping and activated carbon.  The comparison
showed that pervaporation can be competitive
with air  stripping and activated carbon.  The
cost competitiveness of pervaporation increases
with VOC concentration.
A pilot-scale pervaporation unit was field tested
in late 1993, near Burlington, Ontario, Canada,
at a site containing groundwater contaminated
with low concentrations of petroleum hydrocar-
bons. The unit's contaminant removal efficiency
was better than 99 percent.

A full-scale SITE demonstration is scheduled for
fall 1994 at Naval  Air Station North Island in
San Diego, California.   The technology  will
treat 100,000 gallons of groundwater contami-
nated with waste solvents, waste paint materials,
electroplating  wastes, and  various  petroleum
hydrocarbons.

FOR FURTHER INFORMATION:

EPA PROJECT MANAGER:
Ronald Turner
U.S. EPA
Risk Reduction Engineering Laboratory
26 West Martin Luther King Drive
Cincinnati, OH 45268
513-569-7775
Fax: 513-569-7787

TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPER CONTACT:
Philip Canning
Zenon Environmental Inc.
845 Harrington Court
Burlington, Ontario, Canada
L7N 3P3
9Q5-639-6320
Fax: 905-639-1812
                                 The SITE Program assesses but does not
                                   approve or endorse technologies.
                               Page 221

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Technology Profile
                   DEMONSTRATION PROGRAM
                        ZENON ENVIRONMENTAL INC.
                                   (ZenoGem™ Process)
TECHNOLOGY DESCRIPTION:

ZenonEnvironmental Inc. 's, ZenoGem™Process
consists of a bioreactor combined with an ultra-
filtration membrane  system (see  photograph
below). Combining these technologies yields a
system that treats high strength wastes at long
sludge retention time but  very short hydraulic
residence time. As a result, the bioreactor's size
is  significantly reduced.   Membrane filtration
reduces the turbidity of the treated waste to less
than 1 nephelometric turbidity unit.

During  the  ZenoGem™  Process,  wastewater
contaminated with  organic  compounds  first
enters the bioreactor, where contaminants are
biologically degraded.  Next, the process pump
circulates the biomass through the ultrafiltration
membrane system, or ultrafilter.  The ultrafilter
                separates treated water from biological solids
                and soluble materials with higher molecular
                weights, including emulsified  oil.   The solids
                and soluble materials are then recycled to the
                bioreactor.  The ZenoGem™ Process  captures
                higher molecular  weight materials that would
                otherwise pass  through conventional clarifiers
                and filters.

                The ZenoGem™ Process mobile unit is mounted
                on a 48-foot trailer and consists of the following
                seven components:

                  • Pretreatment system:  reduces contami-
                    nants to  limits required for optimum
                    ultrafilter performance.
                  • Polyethylene equalization tank: reduces
                    the normal flow concentration fluctu-
                    ations in the system.
                                     ZenoGem™ Process
Page 222
The SITE Program assesses but does not
  approve or endorse technologies.

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                                                                         November 1994
                                                                          Ongoing Project
   • Polyethylene bioreactor tank:  contains
     the bacterial culture that breaks down
     organic contaminants. Air may be parti-
     ally recycled to  the reactor to reduce
     volatile  organic  emissions,   when
     necessary.
   • Process pump: ensures proper flow and
     pressure   for   optimum   system
     performance.
   • Ultrafiltration system: contains rugged,
     clog-free, tubular membrane modules.
   • Clean-in-place tank:  includes  all the
     necessary valves,  instrumentation,  and
     controls to clean the membrane filters.
   • Control panel and computer:  monitors
     remote and local data and alarms.

The system's capacity  is about 500 to 1,000
gallons  of wastewater per  day.  The capacity
depends on  the ultrafilters'  flux rates and  the
required hydraulic retention  time  for   the
bioreactor.

WASTE APPLICABILITY:

The ZenoGem™ Process is designed to remove
biodegradable materials, including most organic
contaminants, from wastewater to  produce a
high quality effluent. The process  consistently
nitrifies organics, and can also denitrify organics
with the addition of an anoxic bioreactor. The
process  is limited to aqueous media and may be
used to treat leachates and contaminated ground-
water.  Soils can be treated indirectly by treating
the effluents from soil washing operations.
STATUS:

The ZenoGem™ Process was accepted into the
SITE Demonstration Program in summer 1992.
The demonstration is underway at the Nascolite
Superfund site hi Millville, New Jersey and will
be completed in November 1994.

FOR FURTHER INFORMATION:

EPA PROJECT MANAGER:
Daniel Sullivan
U.S. EPA
Risk Reduction Engineering Laboratory
Building 10, MS-104
2890 Woodbridge  Avenue
Edison, NJ 08837-3679
908-321-6677
Fax: 908-321-6640

TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPER CONTACT:
F.A. (Tony) Tonelli
Zenon Environmental Inc.
845 Harrington Court
Burlington, Ontario, Canada
L7N 3P3
905-639-6320
Fax: 905-639-1812
                                 The SITE Program assesses but does not
                                   approve or endorse technologies.
                               Page 223

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Technology Profile
                   DEMONSTRATION PROGRAM
                       ZIMPRO ENVIRONMENTAL, INC.
                         (PACT® Wastewater Treatment System)
TECHNOLOGY DESCRIPTION:

Zimpro  Environmental, Inc. (Zimpro),  has
adapted the PACT® wastewater treatment system
to treat contaminated groundwaters encountered
at many Superfund sites. The system combines
biological  treatment  and powdered activated
carbon (PAC) adsorption to achieve treatment
standards not readily attainable  with  conven-
tional technologies. The mobile, trailer-mounted
system can treat  2,500  to 10,000  gallons of
wastewater per day.  Larger stationary systems,
treating  up to 53  million gallons per day, are
already in operation.

Living microorganisms  (biomass)  and PAC
contact the wastewater in the aeration tank. The
biomass removes biodegradable organic contami-
nants, while PAC enhances the  adsorption of
                toxic organic compounds.   The figure below
                depicts a flow diagram of a single-stage PACT®
                wastewater treatment system.

                The system's removal efficiency depends on the
                influent waste characteristics and the  system's
                operating parameters.  Important characteristics
                include   biodegradability,  adsorbability,   and
                concentrations of-toxic inorganic compounds,
                such as heavy metals.

                The technology  adjusts to  the specific  waste
                stream by controlling the flow rate of the influ-
                ent .waste, recycle streams, and air.  The system
                is controlled by varying the concentration of
                PAC in the system, adjusting the retention tune
                of the PAC-biomass mixed liquid, and adjusting
                the waste to biomass  ratio.  If necessary, the
                temperature and  pH of incoming waste can be
                adjusted  and nutrients added.
                             VIRGIN
                             CARBON
                             STORAGE
               POLYELECTROLYTE
               STORAGE
                                                                  FILTRATION
                                                                  (OPTIONAL)
    INFLUENT
   WASTEWATER
                                                                                EFFLUENT
                                           .CARBON
                                            TO REGENERATION
                                            OR DISPOSAL
                            PACT® Wastewater Treatment System
Page 224
The SITE Program assesses but does not
  approve or endorse technologies.

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                                                                          November T994
                                                                          Ongoing Project
After the aeration cycle is completed, PAC with
adsorbed organics, biomass, and inert solids are
removed from the settling tank.  A portion of
the removed solids are returned to the contact-
aeration tank.  Excess solids are diverted to the
thickener, where the solids are concentrated.
Overflow from the thickener is returned to the
contact-aeration tank, and the concentrated solids
are removed.  Dewatered solids may be regener-
ated to recover PAC.

A two-stage PACT®  system can be used where
environmental regulations require virtual elimi-
nation of organic priority pollutants or toxicity
in the treated effluent. In the first stage contact-
aeration tank,  a high concentration of biomass
and PAC removes most of the contaminants.
The second-stage contact-aeration tank polishes
the first-stage  effluent.  Virgin PAC is added
just ahead of the second stage  and solids are
returned  to the first stage to increase  overall
process efficiency. Excess solids removed from
the first  stage are treated as  described in the
single-stage PACT®  system.   Zimpro has also
developed anaerobic and multi-staged anaerobic-
aerobic PACT® systems.

WASTE APPLICABILITY:

The PACT® system can be applied to municipal
and industrial wastewaters, as well as ground-
water and leachates containing hazardous organic
pollutants. The PACT® has successfully treated
various industrial wastewaters, including chemi-
cal  plant, dye  production,  pharmaceutical,
refinery,  and synthetic fuel wastewaters, in ad-
dition to  contaminated groundwater and mixed
industrial and municipal wastewater.
In general, the system can treat liquid wastes
with a chemical oxygen demand of up to 60,000
parts per million (ppm), including toxic volatile
organic compounds up to 1,000 ppm.  Treat-
ability studies indicate that the system can re-
duce the organics in contaminated groundwater
from several hundred ppm to below  detection
limits (parts per billion range).

STATUS:

The PACT® system was accepted into the SITE
Program in 1987.   Contaminated groundwater
from several sites has been tested and found
suitable  for treatment.   A treatability  study
report has been prepared.   Site-specific condi-
tions  have  prevented demonstration testing in
several instances; however, additional sites are
now being evaluated for a full-scale demonstra-
tion of the PACT® system.

FOR FURTHER INFORMATION:

EPA PROJECT MANAGER:
John Martin
U.S. EPA
Risk Reduction Engineering Laboratory
26 West Martin Luther King Drive
Cincinnati,  OH 45268
513-569-7758
Fax: 513-569-7620

TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPER CONTACT:
William Copa
Zimpro Environmental, Inc.
301 West Military Road
Rothschild, WI 54474
715-359-7211
Fax: 715-355-3219
                                 The SITE Program assesses but does not
                                   approve or endorse technologies.
                                Page 225

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TEOHH0M)GV
                                                                                          1
The Emerging Technology Program provides an opportunity to research and develop technologies at
bench- and pilot-scale levels.  The goal  is to promote and support the development of alternative
technologies for field applications at Superfund site remediations.

Technologies are solicited  yearly for the Emerging Technology  Program  through  Requests for
Preproposals.  After a technical review of the preproposals, selected candidates are invited to submit a
Cooperative Agreement Application and detailed project proposal that undergoes another full technical
review. The Cooperative Agreement between EPA and the technology developer requires cost sharing.
Projects are considered  for either a  1- or 2-year developmental  effort, providing awards of up to
$150,000 per year,  with a  maximum of $300,000 over  2  years.  Second-year funding  depends on
achieving significant progress during the  first year.  After the second year or  significant progress,
emerging technologies may be considered for the SITE Demonstration Program.

To  enable EPA to accept additional technologies into the Emerging Technology Program,  Interagency
Agreements have been made between EPA and the U.S. Department of Energy (DOE) and the U.S. Air
Force (USAF).  DOE has helped fund 21 projects, and USAF has helped fund eight projects.

Eight solicitations have been issued: November 1987 (E01), July 1988 (E02), July 1989 (E03), July 1990
(E04),  July 1991 (EOS), July 1992 (E06), and July 1993 (E07), and July 1994 (EOS).

Thirty-nine Emerging Technology projects have been completed, and several more will be completed in
1995.  Four  technologies,  Babcock  & Wilcox Co.'s Cyclone Furnace, Cognis, Inc.'s, Chemical
Treatment, High Voltage Environmental Applications, Inc.'s, High-Energy Electron Beam Irradiation
technology,  and J.R.  Simplot's  SABRE™  Process, have  been  demonstrated  under  the SITE
Demonstration Program.   Fifteen more Emerging  Technology projects  are  participating in the
Demonstration Program.

Completed Emerging Technology Program participants are presented in alphabetical order in Table 3 and
in the technology profiles that follow; ongoing program participants are presented in alphabetical order
in Table 4 and in the profiles that follow.
                                                                                Page  227

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                                                   TABLE 3
                 Completed SITE Emerging Technology Program Projects as of October 1994
Develooer
ABB Environmental
Services, Inc.,
Wakefield, MA (E03)*
ABA Technology, National
Environmental Technology •
Centre (formerly Warren
Spring Laboratory),
Abingdon, England (E04)
Allis Mineral Systems,
Waukesha, WI (EOS)
Aluminum Company of America
(formerly ALCOA Separation
Technology, Inc.),"
Pittsburgh, PA (EOS)
ART International, Inc. (formerly
Enviro-Sciences, Inc.),
Denville, NJ (EOS)
Atomic Energy of Canada,
Limited,
Chalk River, Ontario, Canada
(HOI)
Babcock & Wilcox Co.,"
Alliance, OH (E02)
Battelle Memorial Institute,
Columbus, OH (E01)
Bio-Recovery Systems, Inc.,"
Las Graces, NM (E01)
Technoloav
Two-Zone, Plume
Interception, In Situ
Treatment Technology
Soil Separation and
Washing Process
PYROKILN
THERMAL
ENCAPSULATION
Process
Bioscrubber
Low-Energy Extraction
Process
Chemical Treatment
and Ultrafiltration
Cyclone Furnace
In Situ Electroacoustic
Soil Decontamination
Biological Sorption
Technology
Contact
Jaret Johnson
617-245-6606
Peter Wood
011-44-235-463194
John Lees
414-798-6265
Glenn Heian
414-762-1190
Paul Liu
412-826-3711
Werner Sterner
201-627-7601
Leo Buckley
613-584-3311
Phil Campbell
800-872-2325
Dorothy Haidet
2.16-829-7395
Satya Chauhan
614-424-4812
Mike Hosea
505-523-0405
800-697-2001
EPA Project
Manaqer
Ronald Lewis
513-569-7856
Mary Stinson
908-321-6683
Marta K. Richards
513-569-7692
Paul dePercin
513-569-7797
Jack Hubbard
513-569-7507
John Martin
513-569-7758
Laurel Staley
513-569-7863
Jonathan Herrmann
513-569-7839
Ronald Lewis
513-569-7856
Waste Media
Groundwater,
Wastewater, Soil
Soil, Sludge,
Sediment
Soil, Sludge
Airstreams from
Soil, Water, and
Air Decontamina-
tion Processes
Soil, Sludge,
Sediment
Groundwater,
Leachate,
Wastewater
Solids, Soil,
Sludge
Soil
Groundwater,
Leachate,
Wastewater
Applicable Waste
Inorganic
Inorganic Chloride
Metals
Most Metallic Compounds
Not Applicable
Not Applicable
Heavy Metals
Heavy Metals,
Radionuclides
Nonspecific Metals
Heavy Metals, Uranium
Organic
Chlorinated and
Nonchlorinated Solvents
Petroleum Hydrocarbons,
PAHs
Halogenated and
Nonhalogenated Organics,
Petroleum Products
Most Volatile Organics
Tar, Creosote, PCBs,
Chlorinated Hydrocarbons,.
PAHs, Pesticides
Not Applicable
Nonspecific Organics
Nonspecific Hydrocarbons
Not Applicable
IS
03
     Solicitation Number
     Invited to participate in the SITE Demonstration Program

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                                            TABLE 3 (continued)

                 Completed SITE Emerging Technology Program Projects as of October 1994
Developer
BioTrol, Inc.,
Eden Prairie, MN (EOS)
Center for Hazardous Materials
Research,
Pittsburgh, PA (E03)
Center for Hazardous Materials
Research,
Pittsburgh, PA (E04)
Cognis, Inc.,"
Santa Rosa, CA (EOS)
Colorado School of Mines,"
Golden, CO (E01)
Electrokinetics Inc.,"
Baton Rouge, LA (EOS)
Electron Beam Research Facility,
Florida International
University, and University of
Miami,"
Miami, FL (EOS)
Electro-Pure Systems, Inc.,
Amherst, NY (E02)
Energy and Environmental
Engineering, Inc.,
East Cambridge, MA (E01)
Energy and Environmental
Research Corporation,
Irvine, CA (EOS)
Technoloqv
Methanotrophic
Bioreactor System
Acid Extraction
Treatment System
Smelting Lead-
Containing Waste
Chemical Treatment
Constructed
Wetlands-Based
Treatment
Electro-Klean™
Electrokinetic Soil
Processing
High-Energy Electron
Irradiation
Alternating Current
Electrocoagulation
Technology
PhotoCAT™ Process
Hybrid Fluidized Bed
System
Technology
Contact
Durrell Dobbins
612-942-8032
Stephen Paff
412-826-5321
Stephen Paff
412-826-5321
Bill Fristad
707-576-6235
Thomas Wildeman
303-273-3642
Yalcin Acar and
Robert Marks
504-388-3992
William Cooper
305-348-3049
Charles Kurucz
305-284-6595
Thomas Waite
305-593-5330
James LaDue
716-691-2610
716-691-2613
James Porter
617-666-5500
Richard Koppang
714-859-8851
EPA Project
Manaqer
David Smith
303-293-1475
George Moore
513-569-7991
Laurel Staley
513-569-7863
Michael Royer
908-321-6633
Edward Bates
513-569-7774
Randy Parker
513-569-7271
Franklin Alvarez
513-569-7631
Randy Parker
513-569-7271
Ronald Lewis
513-569-7856
Teri Richardson
513-569-7949
Waste Media
Water
Soil
Solids, Lead-
Containing Waste
Soil, Sludge,
Sediment
Acid Mine
Drainage
Soil
Water Streams,
Sludge
Ground water,
Wastewater,
Leachate
Groundwater,
Wastewater
Solids, Sludge
Applicable Waste
Inorganic
Not Applicable
Heavy Metals
Lead
Heavy Metals, Lead
Metals
Heavy Metals and Other
Inorganics, Radionuclides
Not Applicable
Heavy Metals
Not Applicable
Volatile Inorganics
Organic
Halogenated Hydrocarbons
Not Applicable
Not Applicable
Not Applicable
Not Applicable
Nonspecific Organics
Most Organics
Petroleum By-products,
Coal-Tar Derivatives
Various Organics, PCP,
PCBs, Dioxins, Pesticides
Nonspecific Organics

Jo
<0
   ** Invited to participate in the SITE Demonstration Program

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!
                           TABLE 3 (continued)
Completed SITE Emerging Technology Program Projects as of October 1994

Ferro Corporation,
Independence, OH (E03)
Hazardous Substance
Management Research Center
at New Jersey Institute of
Technology,
Newark, NJ (E04)
Institute of Gas Technology,"
Des Plaines, IL (E04)
Institute of Gas Technology,"
Des Plaines, IL (E03)
IT Corporation,
Knoxville, TN (E02)
IT Corporation,
Knoxville, TN (EOS)
Matrix Photocatalytic Inc.
(formerly Nutech
Environmental),**
London, Ontario, Canada (E05)
Membrane Technology and
Research, Inc.,
Menlo Park, CA (E02)
Montana College of Mineral
Science & Technology,
Butte, MT (EOS)
^^^^^^^^^K^^HI^^^^^^Hl

Waste Vitrification
Through Electric
Melting
Pneumatic Fracturing/
Bioremedation
Chemical and
Biological Treatment
Fluid Extraction -
Biological Degradation
Process
Batch Steam
Distillation and Metal
Extraction
Photolytic and
Biological Soil
Detoxification
Photocatalytic Water
Treatment
VaporSep™ Membrane
Process
Air-Sparged
Hydrocyclone
^^•^^•i^^^^^M
Technology
Contact
imilio Spinosa
216-641-8580
Fohn Semiring
201-596-5849
Robert Kelley
708-768-0722
Robert Paterek
708-768-0500
Robert Fox
615-690-3211
Robert Fox
615-690-3211
Bob Henderson
519-660-8669
David Dortmundt or
Marc Jacobs
415-328-2228
Theodore Jordan
406-496-4112
406496-1473
I^^^MB^^HBiM
EPA Project
Manaaer
Randy Parker
513-569-7271
Uwe Frank
908-321-6626
Ronald Lewis
513-569-7856
Annette Gatchett
513-569-7697
Ronald Lewis
513-569-7856
Randy Parker
513-569-7271
John Ireland
513-569-7413
Paul dePercin
513-569-7797
Euguene Harris
513-569-7862

Waste Media
Soil, Sludge,
Sediment
Soil
Soil, Sludge,
Groundwater,
Surface Water
Soil, Solids
Soil, Sludge
Soil
Wastewater,
Groundwater,
Process Water
Gaseous Waste
Streams
Aqueous Solutions
Applicable Waste
Inorganic
Nonspecific Inorganics
Not Applicable
Not Applicable
Not Applicable
Heavy Metals, Nonspecific
Inorganics
Not Applicable
Nonspecific Inorganics
Not Applicable
Low-Concentration Metals
Organic
Nonspecific Organics
Petroluem Hydrocarbons,
Benzene, Toluene, Xylene
Most Organics
Hydrocarbons,
Nonhalogenated Aliphatic
Hydrocarbons, PAHs
Nonspecific Organics
PCBs, Dioxins, PAHs,
Other Nonspecific
Organics
PCBs, PCDDs, PCDFs,
Chlorinated Alkenes,
Chlorinated Phenols
Halogenated and
Nonhalogenated Organics
Not Applicable
    " Invited to participate in the SITE Demonstration Program

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                                            TABLE 3 (continued)

                 Completed SITE Emerging Technology Program Projects as of October 1994
Developer
Montana College of Mineral
Science and Technology,
Butte, MT (EOS)
New Jersey Institute of
Technology,
Newark, NJ (EOS)
PSI Technologies, A Division of
Physical Sciences Inc.,
Andover, MA (E04)
Pulse Sciences, Inc.,
San Leandro, CA (E04)
Purus, Inc.,"
San Jose, CA (E04)
J.R. Simplot,"
Pocatello, ID (E03)
Trinity Environmental
Technologies, Inc.,
Mound Valley, KS (EOS)
University of Washington,
Seattle, WA (E02)
Vortec Corporation,"
Collegeville, PA (E04)
Wastewater Technology Centre,"
Burlington, Ontario, Canada
(E02)
Technoloov
Campbell Centrifugal
Jig
GHEA Associates
Process
Metals Immobilization
and Decontamination
of Aggregate Solids
X-Ray Treatment of
Aqueous Solutions
Photolytic Oxidation
Process
The SABRE™ Process
PCB- and
Organochlorine-
Contaminated Soil
Detoxification
Adsorptive Filtration
Oxidation and
Vitrification Process
Cross-Flow
Pervaporation System
Technology
Contact
Gordon Ziesing
406-496-4112
406-496-1473
Itzhak Gotlieb
201-596-5862
Joseph Morency
508-689-0003
Vernon Bailey
510-632-5100
Bart Mass
408-955-1000
Russell Kaake
208-234-5367
Duane Koszalka
316-328-3222
Mark Benjamin
206-543-7645
James Hnat
610-489-2255
Rob Booth
905-336-4689
R. Philip Canning
905-639-6320
EPA Project
Manaqer
Jack Hubbard
513-569-7507
Annette Gatchett
513-569-7697
Mark Meckes
513-569-7348
Esperanza Piano
Renard
908-321-4355
Norma Lewis
513-569-7665
Wendy Davis-Hoover
513-569-7206
Paul dePercin
513-569-7797
Norma Lewis
513-569-7665
Ten Richardson
513-569-7949
John Martin
513-569-7758
Waste Media
Soil, Mine
Tailings
Soil, Sludge,
Sediment, Water,
Industrial Effluent
Soil, Sludge,
Sediment
Water
Soil, Groundwater
Soil, Sludge
Solids, Sludge
Aqueous Waste
Streams
Soil, Sludge,
Sediment, Mill
Tailings
Groundwater,
Leachate,
Wastewater
Applicable Waste
Inorganic
Heavy Metals
Heavy Metals
Heavy Metals, Volatile
Metals
Not Applicable
Not Applicable
Not Applicable
Not Applicable
Metals, Other Nonspecific
Inorganics
Metals, Other Nonspecific
Inorganics
Not Applicable
Organic
Not Applicable
Most Organics, VOCs,
SVOCs
Low Volatile Organics,
Organometallics
VOCs, SVOCs
VOCs
Nitroaromatics
PCBs, PCP, and Other
Chlorinated Hydrocarbon
Compounds
Not Applicable
Nonspecific Organics
VOCs, Solvents,
Petroleum Hydrocarbons
,
18

t!
   " Invited to participate in the SITE Demonstration Program

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                                                   TABLE  3 (continued)
                Completed SITE Emerging  Technology Program  Projects  as of October 1994
       Develc
   Technology
                                            Technology
                                              Contact
                   EPA Project
                     Manager
                                                   Waste Media
                                                                                                     Applicable Waste
                                                                      Inorganic
                                                          Organic
Western Research Institute;"
Laramie, WY  (E01)
Contained Recovery of
Oily Wastes (CROW™)
Lyle Johnson
  307-721-2281
Eugene Harris
  513-569-7862
                                                                           Soil, Water
                                                                Not Applicable
Coal Tar Derivatives,
Petroleum By-products,
Pentachlorophenol
Solutions, Chlorinated
Solvents, Creosote
Invited to participate in the SITE Demonstration Program

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Technology Profile
         EMERGING  TECHNOLOGY PROGRAM
                   ABB ENVIRONMENTAL SERVICES, INC.
               (Two-Zone, Plume Interception, In Situ Treatment Strategy)
TECHNOLOGY DESCRIPTION:

The two-zone, plume interception, in situ treat-
ment strategy is designed to treat chlorinated and
nonchlorinated organic compounds in saturated
soils  and  groundwater  under   sequencing
anaerobic/aerobic conditions.  An in situ anaero-
bic/aerobic system will be applied to constitute
a treatment tram that biodegrades a wide assort-
ment  of chlorinated  and  nonchlorinated com-
pounds.

Anaerobic and aerobic conditions are produced
in two distinct hydraulically-controlled saturated
soil zones.  Groundwater passes through each
zone as it is recirculated through the treatment
area.   The first  zone,  the anaerobic zone,  is
designed to partially dechlorinate highly chlori-
nated solvents such as tetrachlorethene (PCE),
trichloroethene  (TCE),   and  1,1,1-trichloro-
ethane (TCA) with natural biological processes.
The second zone, the aerobic zone,  is designed
to biologically oxidize the partially dechlorinated
                products from the first zone, as well as other
                compounds  that were not susceptible  to the
                anaerobic treatment phase.

                The first stage of the two-zone, plume intercep-
                tion, in situ treatment strategy encourages anaer-
                obic (reducing) conditions in the aquifer.  An-
                aerobic conditions  are produced or enhanced in
                the target treatment zone by introducing a prima-
                ry carbon source,  such as glucose or acetate,
                and mineral nutrients,  such as nitrogen and
                phosphorus.  When proper anaerobic conditions
                are  attained  in the anaerobic zone, the target
                contaminants are reduced.  For example, PCE is
                dechlorinated to TCE, and TCE is dechlorinated
                to dichloroethene (DCE) and vinyl chloride.

                The second  stage  of the treatment strategy is
                designed to promote aerobic biodegradation in
                the aquifer.  Aerobic conditions are produced or
                enhanced in the target treatment zone by intro-
                ducing oxygen, mineral nutrients such as nitro-
                gen and phosphorus, and possibly an additional
                                                            NUTRIiOTS,
                                                            GLUCOSE
         CONTAMINANT
           SOURCE
                     Two-Zone Plume Interception In Situ Treatment Strategy
Page 234-
The SITE Program assesses but does not
  approve or endorse technologies.

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                                                                          November 1994
                                                                        Completed Project
carbon source., such as methane.  When proper
aerobic conditions are attained in the aerobic
zone, partially dechlorinated products and other
target compounds from the first zone will be
oxidized.  For example, less-chlorinated ethenes
such  as  DCE  and  vinyl chloride  will be
cometabolized during the aerobic microbiological
degradation of methane.

The treatment strategy is designed to biologically
remediate  subsoils ,by  enhancing  indigenous
microorganism activity. In the event that indige-
nous bacteria populations do not provide the
adequate anaerobic or aerobic results, specially-
adapted cultures  can be introduced to the aqui-
fer.  These cultures are introduced using media-
filled trenches that can support  added microbial
growth.

WASTE APPLICABILITY:

The two-zone, plume interception, in situ treat-
ment strategy treats  groundwater and saturated
soils containing chlorinated and nonchlorinated
organic compounds,  biomass,  and  inorganic
chloride.

STATUS:

The two-zone, plume interception, in situ treat-
ment  strategy was   accepted  into   the  SITE
Emerging Technology Program in July 1989.
Optimal treatment parameters for field testing
were  investigated in  bench-scale soil aquifer
simulators.  The bench-scale tests'  objectives
were to 1) determine factors affecting the devel-
opment of each zone, 2) evaluate  indigenous
bacterial communities, 3) demonstrate treatment
of chlorinated and nonchlorinated solvent mix-
tures, and 4) develop a model  for the field
remediation design. A final report on the bench-
scale testing results will be available  from EPA
in early 1995.   The  developer is currently
evaluating several sites for a field demonstration
of this technology.
FOR FURTHER INFORMATION:

EPA PROJECT MANAGER:
Ronald Lewis
U.S. EPA
Risk Reduction Engineering Laboratory
26 West Martin Luther King Drive
Cincinnati, OH 45268
513-569-7856
Fax: 513-569-7620

TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPER CONTACT:
Jaret Johnson
ABB Environmental Services, Inc.
Corporate Place 128
107 Audubon Road
Wakefield, MA 01880
617-245-6606
Fax: 617-246-5060
                                 The SITE Program assesses but does not
                                   approve or endorse technologies.
                                Page 235

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Technology Profile
         EMERGING TECHNOLOGY PROGRAM
           AEA TECHNOLOGY, NATIONAL ENVIRONMENTAL
                             TECHNOLOGY CENTRE
                     (formerly WARREN SPRING LABORATORY)
                          (Soil Separation and Washing Process)
TECHNOLOGY DESCRIPTION:

The National Environmental Technology Centre
of AEA Technology  is investigating potential
mineral processing techniques for soil separation
and washing.  The process can be used 1) as a
stand alone volume  reduction  process where
contaminated products are disposed of in land-
fills; or 2) as a pretreatment technology before
secondary treatment or disposal. The process is
based on mineral processing equipment; a sche-
matic diagram of  the process is shown hi the
figure below.
               The process  combines  equipment  for size
               fractionation,  density separation,  and froth
               flotation.  The exact combination and sequence
               of  equipment  depends  on the nature of the
               specific material to be treated and contaminant
               distribution. Material content and contaminant
               distribution are determined by customized labo-
               ratory characterization procedures.

               A typical operation involves wet screening at 50
               millimeters (mm) with high pressure water jets.
               Material measuring  less  than 50 mm enters  a
               washing mill containing  a  scrubbing medium.
                                                        High Pressure Water
                                                           Feed Soil
                                                                50mm Screening

                                                                   >50mm Debris
           1050mm
           oversize
            1-IOmm
           (batched lor
            jigging)
                                                                           Slimes lor Flocculalion and
                                                                         *- Sedimentation
                                                                         ^ > O.Smm
                                                                           Contaminated
                                                                           Product
                  Schematic Diagram of the Soil Separation and Washing Process
 Page 236
The SITE Program assesses but does not
  approve or endorse technologies.

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                                                                           November 1994
                                                                         Completed Project
 The mill overflow is screened at 1 mm, again
 under a water jet. Material measuring 1 to 50
 mm is further screened at  10 mm.  Material
 measuring  less  than 1  mm enters a  hydro-
 cyclone operating to separate at  approximately
 10 micrometers  (jum).  The fraction measuring
 10 mm to less than 1 mm is partially dewatered
 using a spiral classifier prior to a separation
 stage based on the combined parameters of size
 and  density.   A hydrosizer, or  alternatively a
 spiral, can be used for this process.  The silice-
 ous  course product from the hydrosizer is de-
 watered and  stockpiled without further  treat-
 ment. The medium product from the hydrosizer
 is screened at 500 jwn prior to entering a mag-
 netic separator,  while the fine/light product  is
 hydrocycloned prior to entering the magnetic
 separator.  Following magnetic separation, the
 material  enters  one  or  more  froth  flotation
 stages, or alternatively a gravity separation stage
 using a multi-gravity separator.  These stages
 produce a contaminant concentrate and leave the
 remaining material relatively contaminant free.

 WASTE APPLICABILITY:

 The  technology  is being developed to remove
 metals,  petroleum  hydrocarbons,   and  poly-
 nuclear aromatic hydrocarbons from soil.  Sedi-
ments  and certain  industrial wastes  such as
 sludges may also be candidates for treatment.

The  soil selected for a pilot-scale operation is
from a gasworks; other applications include soils
from petrochemical  plants,  pickling  plants,
industrial chemical plants, coke manufacturers,
iron   and  steel manufacturing  plants  and
foundries.
 STATUS:

 The technology was accepted into  the  SITE
 Emerging Technology Program in July 1991.

 The project consisted of the initial characteri-
 zation in the laboratory of  contaminated soils
 from three different locations.  One soil, from a
 gasworks, was then selected for a pilot-scale
 operation using a circuit designed to exploit
 differences   in   contamination   distribution
 identified in the  soil during  the laboratory
 characterization.

 The pilot-scale  operation was  conducted  on
 about 30 tons of soil at a throughput of about
 0.5-1 ton per hour.   Several  test runs  were
 conducted to permit a comparison of the effec-
 tiveness of different equipment combinations.

 FOR FURTHER INFORMATION:

 EPA PROJECT MANAGER:
 Mary Stinson
 U.S. EPA
 Risk Reduction Engineering Laboratory
 Building 10, MS-104
 2890 Woodbridge Avenue
 Edison, NJ  08837-3679
 908-321-6683
 Fax: 908-321-6640

 TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPER CONTACT:
 Peter Wood
AEA Technology,
National Environmental Technology Centre
Culham
Abingdon, Oxfordshire
OX143DB
England
011-44-235-463194
Fax: 011-44-235-463010
                                 The SITE Program assesses but does not
                                   approve or endorse technologies.
                                Page 237

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Technology Profile
         EMERGING TECHNOLOGY PROGRAM
                            ALLIS MINERAL SYSTEMS
                  fPYROKILN THERMAL ENCAPSULATION Process)
TECHNOLOGY DESCRIPTION:

The   PYROKILN  THERMAL   ENCAPSU-
LATION Process is designed to improve con-
ventional rotary kiln hazardous waste incinera-
tion by introducing inorganic additives (fluxing
agents)  with the waste to promote incipient
slagging or "thermal  encapsulating"  reactions
near the kiln discharge end.  The thermal encap-
sulation is  augmented using other additives in
either the kiln or in the air pollution control
baghouse to stabilize the metals in the fly ash.
The process is designed to thermally treat soils
and sludges contaminated with both organics and-
metals.  The advantages of this process include
1) immobilizing the metals remaining in the kiln
ash,  2) producing an  easily  handled nodular
form of ash, and 3) stabilizing metals in the fly
ash,  while  avoiding  the problems  normally
experienced with higher temperature "slagging
kiln" operations (see figure below).

The basis of this process is thermal encapsu-
lation. Thermal encapsulation traps metals in a
               controlled  melting  process  operating  in  the
               temperature  range  between  slagging   and
               nonslagging modes, producing ash nodules  that
               are 0.25 to 0.75 inch hi diameter.

               Wastes containing organic and metallic contami-
               nants are incinerated in a rotary kiln.  Metals (in
               particular,  those with high melting points) are
               trapped in the bottom ash from the kiln through
               the use of fluxing agents that promote agglomer-
               ation with  "controlled nodulizing."

               The  PYROKILN  THERMAL  ENCAPSU-
               LATION Process may reduce metals leaching to
               levels below EPA limits as proved by toxicity
               characteristic leaching procedure tests.  Metals
               with low melting and vaporization temperatures,
               such as arsenic, lead,  and zinc, are expected to
               partially volatilize,  partitioning  themselves be-
               tween the  bottom ash and the fly ash.   Those
               that  are concentrated in the fly  ash  may be
               stabilized,  if necessary, by adding reagents to
               the kiln and to the air pollution control system to
               reduce metals leaching to below EPA limits.
                                                                                Clean Gas
                                                                                 to Stack
        Contaminated
        Bulk Materials
                                      Secondary
                                      Combustion
                                      Chamber
                Reagent
                Addition
                 and
               Feed-Stock
              Preprocessing
             Fuel
                           Rotary Kiln
                      PYROKILN THERMAL ENCAPSULATION Process
                                                                           Decontaminated
                                                                             Materials
 Page 238
The SITE Program assesses but does not
  approve or endorse technologies.

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                                                                            November 1994
                                                                          Completed Project
 This process may also reduce the total dust load
 to the air pollution control  system  and the
 amount of particulate emissions from the stack.

 The use of fluxing reagents is a key element in
 this technology.  The fluxing agents are intro-
 duced into the kiln  in the proper amount  and
 type to lower the ash's softening temperature.
 Proper kiln design is required to allow the kiln
 outlet to function as an ash agglomerator.  Good
 temperature  control  is required to keep  the
 agglomerates at the correct particle size, yielding
 the desired 0.25- to 0.75-inch nodules.   By
 producing nodules, rather than a molten slag, the
 process is expected to prevent operating prob-
 lems such as ash quenching, overheating, and
 premature refractory  failure.    The  process
 should  also  simplify cooling, handling, and
 conveying of the  ash.

 The controlled nodulizing process should immo-
 bilize metals with high boiling points.  Lead,
 zinc, and other metals with lower vaporization
 temperatures tend to leave the kiln as a fine
 fume and can be removed in the air pollution
 control system.   Reagents can be injected into
 the kiln, the air pollution  control devices, or a
 final solids mixer to stabilize fines collected
 from the gas stream.

 WASTE APPLICABILITY:

 The technology is intended for soils and sludges.
 As with other rotary kiln systems, the process is
 expected""I6~~desffoy 'aTbroacl range  of  organic
 species,  including halogenated  and nonhalo-
 genated  organics and  petroleum   products.
 Metallic compounds that may be encapsulated or
 stabilized include antimony, arsenic, barium,
beryllium, cadmium, chromium, copper, lead,
nickel, selenium,  silver, thallium, and zinc.

 STATUS:

This technology  was accepted into  the SITE
Emerging Technology Program in March 1990.
 Allis Mineral System's Synthetic Soil, a synthet-
 ic soil matrix,  was created for the batch rotary
 kiln  tests.   These tests yielded nodules  with
 appropriate crush strength.  Feed preparation
 was  a key element  in  nodule production.  A
 correlation was  found of decreasing  toxicity
 characteristic leaching procedure metal  leachate
 levels with increasing crush strength.

 An analytical procedure was  selected that uses
 microwave-aided digestion to  evaluate  samples
 produced hi a,second batch kiln test prograrn.
 This  method  provided excellent,  consistent
 results, indicating leachability below EPA limits.

 A final report has been prepared.  A technical
 paper summarizing the project was presented at
 the Air and Waste Management Association 87th
 Annual Meeting and Exhibition in Cincinnati,
 Ohio, June 19-24, 1994.

 FOR FURTHER INFORMATION:

 EPA  PROJECT MANAGER:
 Marta K. Richards
 U.S.  EPA
 Risk Reduction Engineering Laboratory
 26 West Martin Luther King Drive
 Cincinnati, OH 45268
 513-569-7692
 Fax: 513-569-7549

 TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPER CONTACTS:
John Lees
Allis Mineral Systems
20965 Crossroads Circle
Waukesha, WI  53186
414-798-6265
Fax: 414-798-6211

Glenn Heian
Allis Mineral Systems
Process Research and Test Center
9180 Fifth  Avenue
Oak Creek, WI 53154
414-762-1190
Fax:  414-764-3443
                                 The SITE Program assesses but does not
                                    approve or endorse technologies.
                                Page 239

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Techno/oav Profile
         EMERGING TECHNOLOGY PROGRAM
                     ALUMINUM COMPANY OF AMERICA
               (formerly ALCOA SEPARATION TECHNOLOGY, INC.)
                                       (Bioscrubber)
TECHNOLOGY DESCRIPTION:

This bioscrubber technology digests hazardous
organic emissions generated by soil, water, and
air decontamination processes. The bioscrubber
consists of a  filter with an  activated carbon
medium that supports microbial growth.  This
unique medium, with increased microbial popu-
lation and enhanced bioactivity, converts diluted
organics into carbon dioxide, water, and other
nonhazardous compounds.  The filter removes
biomass, supplies nutrients, and adds moisture.
A pilot-scale unit with a 4-cubic-foot-per-minute
capacity is being field-tested (see figure below).

In addition to efficient degradation, the bioscrub-
ber provides an effective sink to mitigate feed
fluctuations.  During an  11-month  bench-scale
test,  the  bioscrubber  consistently  removed
               contaminants such as petroleum hydrocarbons,
               alcohol, and key tone amines from the waste feed
               at levels ranging from less than 5 to 40 parts per
               million (ppm).

               The  bioscrubber provides several advantages
               over conventional activated carbon adsorbers.
               First,  bioregeneration  keeps  the maximum
               adsorption  capacity  constantly  available; thus,
               the mass transfer zone  remains stationary and
               relatively short.  The carbon does not require
               refrigeration and the required bed  length  is
               greatly reduced.  These features reduce capital
               and  operating expenses.    The bioscrubber's
               advantages  would be fully utilized when the off-
               gas contains weakly adsorbed contaminants, such
               as chromethylene chloride, or adsorbates com-
               peting with moisture in the stream.  Finally the
               chromatographic effect (premature desorption)
            House Air





Mass Row
/\




,




Mass Row
Controllers




— i i —
                                    Strip Chart
                                     Recorder
                                  Bioscrubber Pilot-Scale Unit
 Page 240
The SITE Program assesses but does not
  approve or endorse technologies.

-------
                                                                          November  1994
                                                                        Completed Project
 common in an adsorber is eliminated because the
 maximum capacity is available constantly.  The
 bioscrubber may  replace activated carbon in
 some applications.

 WASTE APPLICABILITY:

 The bioscrubber technology removes organic
 contaminants in airstreams from soil, water, or
 air decontamination processes. The technology
 is especially suited to treat streams containing
 aromatic  solvents,  such as  benzene,  toluene,
 xylene, alcohols,  ketones,  hydrocarbons,  and
 others.  The technology will have a wide spec-
 trum of applications to Superfund sites, includ-
 ing 1) organic emission control for groundwater
 decontamination using air strippers, 2) emission
 control for biological treatment of ground  and
 surface water, and 3) emission control for  soil
 decontamination.    These primary treatment
 processes  have not been designed to prevent
 volatile organic compound discharges  into the
 atmosphere.  The proposed technology  is an
 ideal posttreatment for these processes because
 it handles trace organic volatiles economically
 and effectively.

 STATUS:

 This technology was  accepted into the  SITE
 Emerging  Technology Program in July 1990.
 Bench-scale bioscrubbers operated continuously
 for more than 11 months to treat an air stream
with trace  concentrations of toluene at about 10
to 20 ppm.  The bioscrubbers accomplished a
removal efficiency  of greater than 95 percent.
The filter had a biodegradation efficiency 40 to
80 times  greater than existing filters.   The
project was completed in June 1993.
 Demonstration results have been published in the
 report "Bioscrubber for  Removing  Hazardous
 Organic Emissions from Soil, Water and Air
 Decontamination   Processes"
 (EPA540/R-93/521).  This report is available
 from the National Technical Information Ser-
 vice. Other reports available are the Technology
 Bulletin (EPA/540/F-93/507) and the Technolo-
 gy Summary (EPA/540/SR-93/521).  An article
 was also  published in the Journal of Air and
 Waste Management, Vol. 44, March 1994, pp.
 299-303.

 The pilot unit has been tested by  treating  2
 standard cubic feet  per  minute of discharge
 containing from less than 10 ppm up to 200 ppm
 toluene from an air stripping tower.  The unit
 demonstrated the effectiveness,  efficiency and
 reliability of its design.  Additional tests  are
 underway to confirm results at higher flow rates
 and with other contaminants.

 FOR FURTHER INFORMATION:

 EPA PROJECT MANAGER:
 Paul dePercin
 U.S. EPA
 Risk Reduction Engineering Laboratory
 26 West Martin Luther King Drive
 Cincinnati, OH 45268
 513-569-7797
 Fax: 513-569-7620

 TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPER CONTACT:
 Paul Liu
 Media and Process Technology, Inc.
 1155 William Pitt Way
Pittsburgh, PA  15238
412-826-3711
Fax: 412-826-3720
                                 The SITE Program assesses but does not
                                   approve or endorse technologies.
                               Page 241

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Technoloav Profile
         EMERGING  TECHNOLOGY PROGRAM
                           ART INTERNATIONAL, INC.
                         (formerly ENvmo-SciENCES, INC.)
                             (Low-Energy Extraction Process)
TECHNOLOGY DESCRIPTION:

The  patented Low-Energy Extraction Process
(LEEP®) uses  common  organic  solvents to
concentrate and extract organic pollutants from
soil, sediments, and sludges.  LEEP® can treat
contaminated solids to the stringent cleanup
levels  mandated  by  regulatory  agencies.
LEEP® includes  pretreatment,  washing,  and
concentration processes.

During pretreatment, particles measuring up to
8 inches in diameter are removed in a gravity
settle-floater.   The settler-floater  includes a
metal detector and remover, a crusher, and a
metering feeder.  Floating material often found
at remediation sites, such as wood chips, grass,
or root material, is also removed.

After pretreatment, the solid matrix is washed in
a unique, dual solvent process  that uses  both
hydrophilic and  hydrophobic solvents.   The
combination of these proprietary solvents guar-
antees efficient contaminant removal.
               The extracted pollutants are then concentrated in
               a sacrificial solvent by liquid-liquid extraction or
               by distillation, and are removed from the pro-
               cess  for off-site  disposal or recycling.   The
               treated solids can be returned to the site as clean
               fill.

               The LEEP® technology is a low-pressure process
               operated  under a nitrogen  blanket at  near
               ambient conditions.  It is designed as a closed-
               loop, self-contained, mobile unit consisting of
               proven heavy-duty equipment.  The relatively
               inexpensive  solvents used in the process are
               internally recycled. The solvents are applicable
               to almost every type of organic contaminant, and
               their physical properties enhance clay and silt
               particle settling.

               WASTE APPLICABILITY:

               LEEP®  can treat most  contaminants  in soil,
               sediment,  and sludge, including tar, creosote,
               chlorinated hydrocarbons, polynuclear aromatic
               hydrocarbons, pesticides, and wood preserving
                                                                             DEBRIS
       (CONTAMINATE™	*•
       VSOUDS/
PRETREATMENT



HYDROPHILIC &
HYDROPHOBIC
LEACHING
I '
i^

RESIDUAL
SOLVENT
RECOVERY
1
Clean Solvent /'S
                                                                          /"  CLEAN  "\
                                                                     	J    SOLIDS    )
       / SACRIFICIAL
       I   SOLVENT
                                                                           /CONCENTRATED^
                                                                               TAMINANTS/
                                 LEEP® Technology Schematic
 Page 242
The SITE Program assesses but does not
  approve or endorse technologies.

-------
                                                                          November 1994
                                                                        Completed Project
chlorophenol formulations.  Bench- and pilot-
scale experiments  have  shown that LEEP®
effectively treats  tar-contaminated solids from
manufactured gas plant sites, soils and sediments
contaminated with  polychlorinated  biphenyls,
refinery waste sludges, and soils contaminated
with petroleum hydrocarbons.

STATUS:

LEEP® was accepted into the Emerging Tech-
nology Program  in July  1989.   Bench-scale
studies  for process development  have been
completed. In addition, ART International, Inc.,
routinely conducts bench-scale treatability studies
for government and industrial clients,  and has
obtained  Toxic Substances Control Act,  Re-
source Conservation and Recovery Act, and air
permits for the technology. Other developments
include the following:

   •  Construction of a 200-pound-per-hour
     pilot plant
   •  Completion of pilot-plant tests indicated
     that LEEP® can treat soil from manufac-
     tured gas plant sites containing up to 5
     percent tar
   • Completion  of  pilot-plant  tests  for
     scaling up to a commercial plant
   « Completion of commercial design cri-
     teria and a turnkey bid package
   • Commercialization activities for a full-
     scale unit are underway

FOR FURTHER INFORMATION:

EPA PROJECT MANAGER:
Jack Hubbard
U.S. EPA
Risk Reduction Engineering Laboratory
26 West Martin Luther King Drive
Cincinnati, OH 46268
513-569-7507
Fax: 513-569-7620

TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPER CONTACTS:
Werner Steiner
ART International, Inc.
100 Ford Road, Suite C-4
Denville, NJ  07834
201-627-7601
Fax: 201-627-6524
                                The SITE Program assesses but does not
                                   approve or endorse technologies.
                               Page 243

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Technology Profile
         EMERGING TECHNOLOGY PROGRAM
                  ATOMIC ENERGY OF CANAJDA, LIMITED
                         (Chemical Treatment and Ultrafiltration)
TECHNOLOGY DESCRIPTION:

The  Atomic  Energy  of  Canada,   Limited
(AECL), process uses chemical pretreatment and
ultrafiltration to remove trace concentrations of
dissolved metals from wastewater, contaminated
groundwater, and leachate. The process selec-
tively removes metal contaminants and produces
a  volume-reduced  water  stream  for  further
treatment and disposal.

The installed unit's overall dimensions are 5 feet
wide by 7 feet long by 6 feet high. The skid-
mounted unit consists of 1) a bank of 5-micron
cartridge prefilters, 2) a feed conditioning sys-
tem with polyelectrolytes and chemicals for pH
adjustment,   3) two  banks  of  hollow-fiber
ultrafilters, 4) a backflush system for cleaning
the membrane unit, and 5) associated tanks and
instrumentation.

Wastewater enters the prefilter through the feed
tank, where  suspended particles  are removed
from the feed. The filtered waste stream is then
routed to conditioning tanks where the solution
               pH is adjusted. Water-soluble macromolecular
               compounds are then added to the wastewater to
               form complexes with heavy metal ions. Next, a
               relatively  high  molecular  weight  polymer,
               generally a commercially available polyelectro-
               lyte, is added to the wastewater to form selective
               metal-polymer complexes at the desired pH and
               temperature.   The necessary  polyelectrolyte
               quantities depend on the metal ion concentration.
               Therefore, separated metal ions should generally
               be in the parts per million (ppm) range.

               The treated waste stream then passes through a
               cross-flow ultrafiltration membrane system by
               way of a recirculation loop.  The ultrafiltration
               system provides a total membrane surface area
               of 265 square  feet and a permeate rate of about
               6 gallons per  minute (gpm).  The membranes
               retain the metal complexes (concentrate), while
               allowing uncomplexed ions to pass through the
               membrane with the filtered water.   The filtered
               water is continuously withdrawn, while the con-
               centrate stream,  containing most of the conta-
               minants, is  recycled through the  recirculation
               loop until  it  meets the target concentration.
    pH CHEMICAL
     ADDITION
                         	|PREFILTRATION[-
                           POLYELECTROLYTE
                             ADDITION
                                                               CIRCULATION LOOP



METAL
DOMPLEXATION
REACTION
TANK
                                                                <100to150L/m!n
                  CIRCULATION
                     PUMP

                  = 20L/min
                                                 HJ
                    FEED
                    PUMP
                              ULTRAFILTRATION
                                  SYSTEM
                                (265 sq ft Bank)
                                                                 ' 20 L/min
                                                                    PERMRATE
«0.2 to 1.0 L/min
   BLEED
CONCENTRATE
                    Srngle-Stage Chemical Treatment and Ultrafiltration Process
 Page 244
The SITE Program assesses but does not
  approve or endorse technologies.

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                                                                          November 1994
                                                                        Completed Project
 After reaching the target concentration, the con-
 centrate stream  is withdrawn for further treat-
 ment, such as solidification.   It can then be
 safely disposed of. The clean filtered water is
 discharged.

 WASTE APPLICABILITY:

 The process treats groundwater, leachate, and
 surface runoff water contaminated  with trace
 levels of toxic heavy metals.  The process also
 treats  effluents  from  1) industrial  processes,
 2) production and processing  of base metals,
 3) smelters,  4) electrolysis  operations,  and
 5) battery manufacturing. Potential applications
 include removal of metals such as cadmium,
 lead,  mercury,  uranium,  manganese,  nickel,
 chromium, and silver.

 The process can treat  influent with dissolved
 metal concentrations from  several  ppm  up to
 about  100  ppm.   In  addition,  the  process
 removes other inorganic and organic materials
 present  as suspended or colloidal solids.  The
 sole residue is the ultrafiltration concentrate,
 which generally  constitutes 5 to 20  percent of
 the feed volume.

 STATUS:

The AECL process was accepted into the SITE
Program in 1988. During initial bench-scale and
pilot-scale tests, the AECL process successfully
removed cadmium, lead, and mercury.  These
results were used to design and construct the
mobile unit.
 The mobile unit has been tested at the Chalk
 River Laboratories and a uranium mine tailings
 site in Ontario,  Canada.   The field demonstra-
 tion indicated that process water characteristics
 needed further study; pretreatment schemes are
 being evaluated.  The mobile unit, which  is
 capable of treating influent flows ranging from
 1,000 to 5,000 gallons per day, is available for
 treatability tests  and on-site applications.   A
 technology  bulletin  (EPA/540/F-92/002)   is
 available.

 FOR FURTHER INFORMATION:

 EPA PROJECT MANAGER:
 John Martin
 U.S. EPA
 Risk Reduction Engineering Laboratory
 26 West Martin Luther King Drive
 Cincinnati, OH 45268
 513-569-7758
 Fax: 513-569-7676

 TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPER CONTACTS:
 Leo Buckley
 Atomic Energy of Canada, Limited
 Waste Management Systems
 Chalk River Laboratories
 Chalk River, Ontario, Canada
 KOJ no
 613-584-3311
 Fax: 613-584-1438

Phil Campbell
AECL Technologies
9210 Corporate Blvd, Suite 410
Rockville, MD 20850
800-872-2325
Fax: 301-417-0746 .
                                 The SITE Program assesses but does not
                                   approve or endorse technologies.
                               Page 245

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Technoloav Profile
         EMERGING TECHNOLOGY PROGRAM
                            BABCOCK & WILCOX CO.
                                     (Cyclone Furnace)
TECHNOLOGY DESCRIPTION:

The Babcock  &  Wilcox  Co.  (Babcock  &
Wilcox) cyclone furnace is designed to combust
high  inorganic  (high-ash)   coal.   Through
cofiring, the cyclone furnace can also  accom-
modate  highly contaminated wastes  containing
heavy metals and organics hi soil  or  sludge.
High heat-release rates of 45,000 British thermal
units (Btu)  per foot of coal ensure the high
temperatures required to melt the high-ash fuels.
The inert ash exits the cyclone furnace as a
vitrified slag.

The furnace is  water-cooled and simulates the
geometry of Babcock & Wilcox's single-cyclone,
ftont-wall-fired cyclone boilers.    The pilot
cyclone furnace, shown hi the figure below, is a
scaled-down version of a commercial coal-fired
cyclone with a restricted exit (throat). The fur-
nace geometry is a horizontal cylinder (barrel).

Natural gas and preheated combustion air  are
heated to 820 degrees Fahrenheit (°F) and enter
tangentially into the cyclone burner.  For dry

                           Combustion
                           air
               soil processing, the soil matrix and natural gas
               enter tangentially along the cyclone furnace bar-
               rel.  For wet soil processing, an atomizer uses
               compressed air to  spray the soil paste directly
               into the furnace. The soil or sludge and inorga-
               nics  are captured and melted, and organics are
               destroyed in the gas phase or in the molten slag
               layer.  This slag layer is formed and retained on
               the furnace barrel wall by centrifugal action.

               The  soil melts, exits the  cyclone furnace from
               the tap at the cyclone throat, and drops  into a
               water-filled  slag tank where it solidifies.  A
               small quantity of soil also exits as fly ash with
               the flue gas from the furnace and is collected in
               a baghouse.  In principle,  this fly ash can be
               recycled to the furnace to  increase the capture of
               metals, and  to minimize  the volume of  the
               potentially hazardous waste stream.

               The energy  requirements for vitrification  are
                15,000 Btu/pound (Ib) of soil treated. Given the
               much  larger surface-to-volume ratio  of  the
               relatively small pilot unit and its cool surface, a
               full-scale unit can be expected to have proper-
                           Natural gas
                           Injectors
                                                                         Natural gas
                                                                       Soil Injector
                                                       Cyclone
                                                       barre|
                                 Slag
                                 quenching
                                 tank
                                        Cyclone Furnace
 Page 246
The SITE Program assesses but does not
  approve or endorse technologies.

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                                                                          November 1994
                                                                        Completed Project
 tionally lower  energy  requirements.   The cy-
 clone furnace can be operated with gas, oil, or
 coal as the supplemental fuel. The waste may
 also supply a significant portion of the required
 heat input.

 Particulates  are controlled by a baghouse.  To
 maximize the capture of metals, a heat exchang-
 er is used to cool the stack gases to approximate-
 ly 200 °F before they enter the baghouse.

 WASTE APPLICABILITY:

 The cyclone vitrification technology is applicable
 to  highly  contaminated inorganic  hazardous
 wastes, sludges,  and soils  that contain  heavy
 metals and  organic constituents.  The wastes
 may be solid, a soil slurry (wet soil),  or liquid.
 To be treated in the cyclone furnace, the ash or
 solid matrix must melt (with or without addi-
 tives) and flow  at cyclone furnace temperatures
 (2,400 to  3,000 °F).   Because of the techno-
 logy's ability to capture heavy metals in the slag
 and render them nonleachable, the technology is
 an important treatment  application for soils that
 contain lower-volatility radionuclides such  as
 strontium and transuranics.

 STATUS:

 The 6-million-Btu/hour  (hr) cyclone furnace was
 successfully  used in a  2-year SITE Emerging
 Technology Program project to melt and vitrify
 an  EPA-supplied  synthetic  soil matrix (SSM)
 spiked with 7,000 parts per million (ppm) lead,
 1,000 ppm cadmium, and 1,500 ppm chromium.
In addition to destroying organic wastes, vitrifi-
cation products  capture and  do not leach heavy
metals;  other thermal  treatments  do.  When
operated at 50 to 150 pounds per hour  (Ib/hr) of
dry SSM feed and 100 to 300 Ib/hr of wet SSM
feed, the cyclone fcmace produced a nonleach-
able product (as  measured by the toxicity charac-
teristic leaching procedure) for lead, cadmium,
and chromium.
 From 95  to 97 percent of the dry SSM was
 incorporated within the slag.  Cyclone operation
 stabilized during the two projects, and processed
 over 6 tons of clean, unspiked SSM and 5 tons
 of spiked SSM. During the thermal vitrification
 process, the heavy metals partitioned between
 the vitrified slag and the stack fly ash. Retained
 metal percentages for vitrified slag at 200 Ib/hr
 were  12 to 23 percent for cadmium, 38 to  54
 percent for lead, and 78 to 95 percent for chro-
 mium.  Heavy metal  captured in the slag in-
 creased with feed rate and decreased with metal
 volatility.

 These results suggest that the cyclone vitrifica-
 tion process will show a high capture rate for
* very low volatility contaminants, such as many
 radionuclides (for example, uranium and thori-
 um).   The SSM treatment resulted  in a dry
 volume reduction of 25 to 35 percent. Vitrifica-
 tion yields hi an easily-crushed, glassy product.

 EPA  has   published   a   bulletin
 (EPA/540/F-92/010),   a   final  report
 (EPA/540/R-93/501),   and   a   summary
 (EPA/540/SR-93/507) detailing results from this
 project.

 FOR FURTHER INFORMATION:

 EPA PROJECT MANAGER:
 Laurel Staley
 U.S. EPA
 Risk Reduction Engineering Laboratory
 26 West Martin Luther King Drive
 Cincinnati, OH  45268
 513-569-7863
 Fax: 513-569-7620

 TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPER CONTACT:
 Dorothy Haidet
 Babcock & Wilcox Co.
 1562 Beeson Street
 Alliance, OH 44601-2196
 216-829-7395
 Fax: 216-829-7801
                                 The SITE Program assesses but does not
                                   approve or endorse technologies.
                                Page 247

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Technology Profile
         EMERGING TECHNOLOGY PROGRAM
                       BATTELLE MEMORIAL E^STTTUTE
                       (In Situ Electroacoustic Soil Decontamination)
TECHNOLOGY DESCRIPTION:

The patented in situ electroacoustic soil decon-
tamination (BSD) technology treats soils contain-
ing hazardous organics by applying direct cur-
rent electrical and acoustic fields. Direct current
facilitates liquid transport through soils.  The
technology consists of electrodes, an anode and
a cathode, and an acoustic  source (see figure
below).

The double-layer boundary theory is important
when an electric potential is applied to soils.
For soil particles, the double layer consists of a
fixed layer of negative ions that are firmly held
to the solid phase, and a diffuse layer of cations
and anions that are more loosely held. Applying
an electric potential to the double layer displaces
the loosely held ions to their respective  elec-
trodes.   The cations  take water with  them as
they move toward the cathode.

Besides BSD water transport through wet soils,
the direct current produces other effects, such as
                ion transfer, pH gradients development, electro-
                lysis, oxidation and reduction, and heat genera-
                tion. Heavy metals present in contaminated soils
                can be leached or precipitated out of solution by
                electrolysis, oxidation and reduction reactions,
                or ionic migration. The soil contaminants may
                be 1) cations, such as cadmium, chromium, and
                lead; or 2) anions, such as  cyanide, chromate,
                and dichromate.  The existence of these ions in
                their respective oxidation states depends on soil
                pH and concentration gradients.  Direct current
                is  expected to increase the leaching rate and
                precipitate the heavy metals out of solution by
                establishing appropriate pH and osmotic gradi-
                ents.

                When properly applied in conjunction with an
                electric  field  and  water flow, an acoustic field
                can enhance waste dewatering or leaching. This
                phenomenon  is not fully understood.  Another
                possible application involves unclogging recov-
                ery wells.    Since contaminated  particles  are
                driven to  the recovery  well,  the  pores and
                interstitial  spaces in the soil  can close.  This
                                                                           Contaminants
                                                                         Water (Optional)
                              Profile
                     In Situ Electroacoustic Soil Decontamination (BSD) Process
 Page 248
The SITE Program assesses but does not
  approve or endorse technologies.

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                                                                       November 1994
                                                                     Completed Project
technology could be used to clear these clogged
spaces.

WASTE APPLICABILITY:

The technology's potential for improving non-
aqueous phase liquid contaminant recovery and
in situ removal of heavy metals needs to be
tested on a pilot scale using clay soils.

STATUS:

Phase I results indicate that BSD is technically
feasible to remove inorganic species such as zinc
and cadmium from clay soils, and only margin-
ally effective for  hydrocarbon  removal.   A
modified BSD process for more effective hydro-
carbon removal has been developed but not
tested. An EPA report (EPA/540/5-90/004) for
the 1-year investigation  can  be  purchased
through  the  National  Technical Information
Service,  document  No.  PB 90-204 728/AS.  A
summary (EPA/540/S5-90/004) is also available.
FOR FURTHER INFORMATION:

EPA PROJECT MANAGER:
Jonathan Herrmann
U.S. EPA
Risk Reduction Engineering Laboratory
26 West Martin Luther King Drive
Cincinnati, OH 45268
513-569-7839
Fax: 513-569-7787

TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPER CONTACT:
Satya Chauhan
Battelle Memorial Institute
505 King Avenue
Columbus, OH 43201
614-424-4812
Fax: 614-424-3431
                               The SITE Program assesses but does not
                                 approve or endorse technologies.
                              Page 249

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Technology Profile
         EMERGING TECHNOLOGY PROGRAM
                        BIO-RECOVERY SYSTEMS, INC.
                                   (Biological Sorption)
TECHNOLOGY DESCRIPTION:

The AlgaSORB® sorption process uses algae to
remove heavy metal  ions from  aqueous solu-
tions.  The process takes advantage of the natu-
ral affinity for heavy metal ions exhibited by
algal cell structures.

The photograph below shows a prototype por-
table effluent treatment equipment (PETE) unit,
consisting of two columns operating in series or
in parallel.  Each column contains 0.25 cubic
foot of AlgaSORB®, the treatment matrix.  The
PETE  unit shown below can treat waste  at a
flow rate of approximately  1 gallon per minute
(gpm).  Larger systems have been designed and
manufactured to treat  waste at flow  rates greater
than 100 gpm.

The AlgaSORB® medium consists of dead algal
cells immobilized in a silica gel polymer.  This
               immobilization  serves  two purposes:    1) it
               protects the algal cells from decomposition  by
               other microorganisms, and 2) it produces a hard
               material that can be packed into chromatographic
               columns  that,  when pressurized, still  exhibit
               good flow characteristics.

               The system  functions  as a  biological  ion-
               exchange resin to  bind both metallic  cations
               (positively charged ions, such as mercury, Hg+2)
               and metallic  oxoanions (negatively charged,
               large, complex, oxygen-containing ions, such as
               selenium oxide  [SeO4~2]).    Anions such  as
               chlorides or sulfates are only weakly bound or
               not bound at all.

               Like ion-exchange resins, the algae-silica system
               can be recycled. However, in contrast to cur-
               rent ion-exchange technology, divalent cations
               typical of hard water, such as calcium (Ca+2)
               and magnesium (Mg+2), or monovalent  cations,
                       Portable Effluent Treatment Equipment (PETE) Unit
 Page 250
The SITE Program assesses but does not
  approve or endorse technologies.

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                                                                         November 1994
                                                                       Completed Project
 such as sodium (Na+) and potassium (K+), do
 not significantly interfere with the binding of
 toxic heavy metal ions to the algae-silica matrix.

 After the matrix is  saturated, the metals are
 stripped from the  algae with acids, bases, or
 other suitable reagents.  This stripping process
 generates a small volume of solution containing
 highly concentrated metals  that must undergo
 treatment.

 WASTE APPLICABILITY:

 This technology can remove metal ions from
 groundwater or surface leachates that are "hard"
 or contain high levels of dissolved solids.  The
 process can also treat rinse waters from electro-
•plating,  metal  finishing, and  printed  circuit
 board manufacturing industries.

 The system can remove heavy metals,  such as
 aluminum, cadmium, chromium, cobalt, copper,
 gold,   iron,    lead,   manganese,   mercury,
 molybdenum, nickel, platinum, silver, uranium,
 vanadium, and zinc.

 STATUS:

 Under the Emerging Technology Program, the
 AlgaSORB®  sorption process  was tested on
 mercury-contaminated groundwater at a haz-
 ardous waste site in Oakland, California, in fall
 1989.   Testing was designed  to determine
 optimum flow rates, binding capacities, and the
 efficiency of stripping agents. The Final Report
 (EPA/540/5-90/005a),   a   Summary
 (EPA/540/S5-90/005),   and   a  Bulletin
 (EPA/540/F-92/003) are available from EPA.
 An article was also published in the Journal of
 Air and Waste Management,  Vol. 41, No. 10,
 October  1991.   Based  on  results from the
 Emerging Technology Program, Bio-Recovery
 Systems, Inc., was invited to participate in the
 SITE Demonstration Program. A suitable site is
 being sought.
The process is being commercialized for ground-
water  treatment and  industrial point source
treatment.

FOR FURTHER INFORMATION:

EPA PROJECT MANAGER:
Ronald Lewis
U.S. EPA
Risk Reduction Engineering Laboratory
26 West Martin Luther King Drive
Cincinnati, OH  45268
513-569-7856
Fax: 513-569-7620

TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPER CONTACT:
Mike Hosea
Bio-Recovery Systems, Inc.
2001 Copper Avenue
Las Cruces, NM 88005
505-523-0405
800-697-2001
Fax: 505-523-1638
                                 The SITE Program assesses but does not
                                   approve or endorse technologies.
                               Page 251

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Technology Profile
         EMERGING TECHNOLOGY PROGRAM
                                   BIOTROL, INC.
                           (Methanotrophic Bioreactor System)
TECHNOLOGY DESCRIPTION:

The  methanotrophic bioreactor  system  is  an
aboveground  remedial  technology  for  water
contaminated  with halogenated hydrocarbons.
Trichloroethene (TCE) and related compounds
pose a new and difficult challenge to biological
treatment.  Unlike aromatic hydrocarbons, for
example, TCE cannot serve as a primary sub-
strate for bacterial growth. Degradation depends
on cometabolism,  which is  attributed to the
broad substrate specificity of certain bacterial
enzyme systems (see figure below).  Although
many  aerobic  enzyme  systems  reportedly
cooxidize TCE and related compounds, BioTrol,
Inc.   (BioTrol),  claims   that  the  methane
monooxygenase  (MMO)  of methanotrophic
bacteria is the most promising.

Methanotrophs are bacteria that can use methane
as  a  sole  source of  carbon   and energy.
               Although  certain  methanotrophs  can express
               MMO in either a  soluble or particulate (mem-
               brane-bound) form, BioTrol-sponsored research
               has discovered  that the soluble  form induces
               extremely rapid TCE degradation rates.   Two
               patents have been obtained and an additional
               patent is pending on the process.

               BioTrol has also developed  a colorimetric assay
               that verifies the desired enzyme's presence in the
               bioreactor culture.  Results from experiments
               with Methylosinus trichosporiumOB3b indicate
               that the maximum  specific TCE degradation rate
               is 1.3 grams of TCE per  gram of cells (dry
               weight) per hour,  which is 100 to 1,000 times
               faster than reported TCE degradation rates for
               nonmethanotrophs.  This  species of methano-
               trophic bacteria  reportedly removes various
               chlorinated aliphatic compounds  by more than
               99.9 percent.
          Carbon Dioxide                                      Carbon Dioxide, Chloride

                                      Water
                                  Methanotroph
                                     Oxygen
        Methane
                                                          Trichloroethene
                                    Cometabolism of TCE
 Page 252
The SITE Program assesses but does not
  approve or endorse technologies.

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                                                                        November 7994
                                                                      Completed Project
WASTE APPLICABILITY:

The bioreactor system can treat water contami-
nated with halogenated aliphatic hydrocarbons,
including TCE, dichloroethene isomers, vinyl
chloride, dichloroethane isomers, chloroform,
dichloromethane  (methylene  chloride),  and
others.  In the case of groundwater treatment,
bioreactor effluent can either be reinjected  or
discharged to a sanitary sewer or a National
Pollutant Discharge Elimination System.

STATUS:

This technology was accepted  into the SITE
Emerging Technology Program in July  1990.
Both bench- and pilot-scale tests were conducted
using  a  continuous-flow,  dispersed-growth
system.   As shown in the  figure below, the
pilot-scale reactor displayed first-order TCE
degradation kinetics. An article on the pilot-scale
demonstration  is  expected  to  appear  in the
Journal of the Air and Waste Management
Association in late  1994. A Technology Bulletin
(EPA/540/F-93/506) and a  Technology Sum-
mary (EPA/540/SR-93/505)  are available from
EPA.

FOR FURTHER INFORMATION:

EPA PROJECT MANAGER:
David Smith
U.S. EPA
Region 8
999 18th Street
Denver, CO 80202
303-293-1475
Fax: 303-294-1198

TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPER CONTACT:
Durell Dobbins
BioTrol, Inc.
10300 Valley View Road, Suite 107
Eden Prairie, MN  55344-3546
612-942-8032
Fax: 612-942-8526
                  y
                  s
                     2000
                     1500
                     1000 —
                      500 —
                               I     I      I     I      I
                              10    20    30    40    50    60
                                       HRT(mln)

                             Pilot-Scale Continuous-Flow Results
                                The SITE Program assesses but does not
                                  approve or endorse technologies.
                              Page 253

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Technology Profile
         EMERGING  TECHNOLOGY PROGRAM
           CENTER FOR HAZARDOUS MATERIALS RESEARCH
                           (Acid Extraction Treatment System)
TECHNOLOGY DESCRIPTION:

The  acid extraction treatment system (AETS)
uses  hydrochloric acid to extract heavy metal
contaminants from soils.  Following treatment,
the clean soil may be returned to the site or used
as fill.

A simplified block flow diagram of the AETS is
given in the figure  below.   First, soils are
screened to remove coarse solids.  These solids,
typically greater than 4 millimeters hi size, are
relatively clean and require  at most a simple
rinse with water or detergent to remove smaller
attached particles.

After coarse particle removal, the remaining soil
is scrubbed in an attrition scrubber to break up
agglomerates and cleanse surfaces. Hydrochlo-
ric acid is then introduced into the soil in the
extraction unit.  The residence time in the unit
varies depending on the soil type, contaminants,
and  contaminant concentrations, but generally
ranges between 10 and 40 minutes.  The soil-
extractant mixture is continuously pumped out of
the mixing tank, and the soil and extractant are
separated using hydrocyclones.

When  extraction  is  complete, the solids are
transferred to the rinse system.  The soils are
rinsed with water to remove entrained acid and
metals.  The extraction solution and rinsewaters
are regenerated using a proprietary technology
that  removes the metals and reforms the acid.
                The heavy metals  are concentrated in a form
                potentially suitable for recovery.  During the
                final  step, the soils are mixed  with lime and
                fertilizer to neutralize any residual acid.   No
                wastewater streams are generated by the process.

                WASTE APPLICABILITY:

                The main application of AETS is extraction of
                heavy metals from soils.  The system has been
                tested using a variety of soils, containing one or
                more of the following: arsenic, cadmium, chro-
                mium, copper, lead, nickel, and zinc.  The treat-
                ment capacity is expected to range up to 30 tons
                per hour.   AETS  can treat  all soil fractions,
                including fines.

                The major residuals from AETS treatment in-
                clude the cleaned soil, which is suitable for fill
                or for return to the site, and the  heavy metal
                concentrate.  Depending on the concentration of
                heavy metals, the mixtures of heavy  metals
                found at the site, and the presence of other com-
                pounds (calcium, sodium) with the metals, heavy
                metals may be reclaimed from the  concentrate.

                STATUS:

                Under the Emerging Technology Program, lab-
                oratory-scale and bench-scale tests were conduct-
                ed to develop the AETS technology. The bench-
                scale pilot system was  constructed to process
                between 20 and 100 kilograms of soil per hour.
SCREENING
1
EXTRACTION
UNIT
1
RINSE
1
NEUTRALIZATION
COARSE SOIL
^ 	 .._ PARTICLES
REGENERATED ACID
BCTRACTANT 1
ACID
RINSATE REGENERATION
EHTTWINE5
< ..S*» __l 1
1
HEAVY METALS
	 *- TREATED SOIL
                        Acid Extraction Treatment System (AETS) Process
 Page 254
The SITE Program assesses but does not
  approve or endorse technologies.

-------
                                                                            November 1994
                                                                          Completed Project
 Five soils were tested, including an EPA syn-
 thetic soil matrix (SSM),  and soils from four
 Superfund  sites,  including  NL Industries in
 Pedricktown, New Jersey; King of Prussia site
 in Winslow Township, New Jersey;  a smelter
 site in Butte, Montana; and Palmerton Zinc site
 in Palmerton, Pennsylvania.  These soils con-
 tained elevated concentrations of some or all of
 the  following:  arsenic, cadmium, chromium,
 copper, lead, nickel, and zinc.  The table below
 summarizes soil treatability results based on the
 EPA Resource Conservation and Recovery Act
 (RCRA) hazardous waste requirements for toxi-
 city characteristic leaching procedure (TCLP)
 and the California standards  for  total metal
 concentrations.  Detailed results from the study
 have been published by EPA hi a Final Report
 (EPA/540/R-94/513)   and   a   Summary
 (EPA/540/SR-94/513).

 The results of the study are summarized below:

   • AETS can treat a wide range of soils
     containing a wide range of heavy metals
     to reduce the TCLP below the RCRA
     limit.  AETS can also reduce the total
     metals concentrations below the Califor-
     nia-mandated total metals limitations.
   • In most cases, AETS can treat the entire
     soil, without separate stabilization and
     disposal for fines or  clay particles, to
     the required TCLP and total metal lim-
     its.  The only exception was the SSM,
     which may require separate stabilization
     and disposal of 20 percent of the  soil to
     reduce the total TCLP lead concentra-
                    tions  appropriately.  However,  AETS
                    successfully treated arsenic, cadmium,
                    chromium, copper,  nickel, and zinc in
                    the soil.
                  • Treatment costs under expected process
                    conditions range from $100 to $180 per
                    cubic yard of soil, depending on the site
                    size, soil types and contaminant concen-
                    trations.  Operating costs  ranged from
                    $50 to $80 per cubic yard.  These costs
                    are competitive with  alternative  tech-
                    nologies.

               The Center for Hazardous Materials Research is
               looking for additional partners interested  hi
               finding a suitable site to demonstrate the technol-
               ogy.

               FOR FURTHER INFORMATION:

               EPA PROJECT MANAGER:
               George Moore
               U.S. EPA
               Risk Reduction Engineering Laboratory
               26 West Martin Luther King Drive
               Cincinnati, OH 45268
               513-569-7991
               Fax: 513-569-7276

               TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPER CONTACT:
               Stephen Paff
               Center for Hazardous Materials Research
               320 William Pitt Way
               Pittsburgh, PA  15238
               412-826-5321,  ext. 233
               Fax: 412-826-5552

Metal
As
Cd
Cr
Cu
Nl
Pb
Zn

SS*1
*, T, L
*, T
*, T, L
*, T, L
*, T, L
#
*,T, L
™ .• ' ~',
; - &•««.
*, T, L


*. T. L

*, T, L
*, T, L
soit 	 ""'"' 	 ^' 	
King of &ix$st&


*.T, L
*, T, L
*, T, L


« Pedncktovstt


*, T, L


*, T, L
*, T, L
Palmerton

*, T, L

*, T, L

*, T, L
*, T, L
Key:  * — Metal is present in that soil
    T — Successful treatment for total metals
    L -- Reduction in teachability to below standards
Boldface and larger fonts indicate high initial metals concentration
     (at least double the regulatory standards)
                                  The SITE Program assesses but does not
                                    approve or endorse technologies.
                                               Page 255

-------
Technology Profile
         EMERGING  TECHNOLOGY PROGRAM
           CENTER FOR HAZARDOUS MATERIALS RESEARCH
                            (Smelting Lead-Containing Waste)
TECHNOLOGY DESCRIPTION:

Secondary lead smelting is a proven technology
that reclaims lead from lead-acid battery waste
sites.   The Center for  Hazardous Materials
Research  (CHMR) and Exide  Corporation
(Exide) have demonstrated the use of secondary
lead  smelting  to  reclaim  usable lead from
various types of waste materials.

Reclamation of lead from Superfund and other
lead-containing sites is based on  existing lead
smelting procedures and basic pyrometallurgy.
A general schematic for the technology is pro-
vided in the figure below.  Waste material is
first excavated from Superfund sites or collected
from other sources. The waste is then prepro-
cessed to  reduce particle size  and to remove
rocks, soil, and other debris. Next, the waste is
transported to the smelter.

At the smelter, waste is fed  to reverberatory or
blast furnaces, depending on particle size or lead
content.  The two reverberatory furnaces nor-
mally treat lead from waste lead-acid batteries,
as well as other  lead-containing material. The
furnaces are periodically tapped to remove slag,
               which contains 60 to 70 percent lead, and a soft
               pure lead product.

               The two blast furnaces treat slag generated from
               the  reverberatory furnaces,  as well  as larger-
               sized lead-containing waste.  These furnaces are
               tapped continuously for lead and tapped intermit-
               tently to remove slag, which is transported off-
               site for disposal.  The reverberatory and blast
               furnace combination at Exide can reclaim lead
               from batteries and waste with greater than 99
               percent efficiency.

               WASTE APPLICABILITY:

               The process has been demonstrated  to reclaim
               lead from a variety of solid materials, including
               rubber battery  case material, lead dross, iron
               shot abrasive blasting material, and wood from
               demolition  of houses coated with lead  paint.
               The technology is applicable to  solid  wastes
               containing more than 2 percent lead, provided
               that they do not contain excessive amounts  of
               calcium.,  silica, aluminum, or  other  similar
               constituents. Explosive and flammable  liquids
               cannot be processed in the furnace.  As tested,
               this technology  is  not applicable to soil
               remediation.
        EXCAVATION OR
          COLLECTION
 PREPROCESSING     TRANSPORT OF MATERIAL
                               ROCKS, SOILS, DEBRIS      \-SQ Q
                  SLAG TO

;
LEAD TO
BATTERY «r ....

PLANT NV
\S


ii^pn^Al •** ;

; 	
SMELTEF

REVEERB
Cl IDKI Af^C
rUHNAUt

LAGJ.
T
BLAST
CI IRMAPP
rUrllMML/C

*




DR






i







1
	 1
                            Smelting Lead-Containing Waste Process
 Page 256
The SITE Program assesses but does not
  approve or endorse technologies.

-------
                                                                          November 7994
                                                                        Completed Project
STATUS:

This  technology was accepted  into the SITE
Emerging Technology Program in July 1991.
Field work for the project was completed in
February 1993. Reports are available for many
of the demonstrations, and CHMR is completing
the final technology report. An article about the
technology will be published by the Journal of
Hazardous Materials in fall 1994.

The process was tested at three Super fund sites.
Materials  obtained  from two additional  sites
were also used for these tests.

Results  from the Emerging Technology  Pro-
gram, presented in the table below,  show that
the process  is applicable to waste materials at
each site and economically feasible for all but
the demolition material from the Laurel House
site.

Specific technical problems encountered included
1) loss of furnace  production due to material
buildup within the  furnaces,  2) breakdowns in
the  feed system due to mechanical overloads,
and 3) increased  oxygen  demands inside  the
furnaces. All of these problems were solved by
adjusting material feed rates or furnace parame-
ters.
Based on these tests, CHMR has concluded that
secondary  lead  smelting  is  an  economical
method of reclaiming lead from lead-containing
waste material collected at Superfund sites and
other sources.

FOR FURTHER INFORMATION:

EPA PROJECT MANAGER:
Laurel Staley
U.S. EPA
Risk Reduction Engineering Laboratory
26 West Martin Luther King Drive
Cincinnati,  OH 45268
513-569-7863
Fax: 513-569-7620

TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPER CONTACT:
Stephen Paff
Center for Hazardous Materials Research
320 William Pitt Way
Pittsburgh,  PA  15238
412-826-5321,  ext. 233
Fax: 412-826-5552
Source of Material
Type of Material Tested
Tonolli Superfund site (PA)
Battery Cases
Hebalka Superfund Site (PA)
Battery Cases
Pedricktown Superfund Site (NJ)
Battery Cases; lead containing dross,
residue and debris
Laurel House Women's Shelter (PA)
Demolition material contaminated with
lead-based paint.
PennDOT
Abrasive Bridge Blasting Material
% Lead
3 to 7
10
45
1
3 to 5
Economical*
Yes
Yes
Yes
No
Yes
Test Results
Lead can be reclaimed in secondary lead smelter.
Incorporate into regular blast furnace feed stock.
Lead can be reclaimed in secondary lead smelter.
Reduce in size and incorporate into regular reverbera-
tory furnace feed stock.
Lead can be reclaimed in secondary lead smelter.
Screen and incorporate into regular reverberatory and
blast furnace feed stocks.
Lead can be reclaimed in secondary lead smelter.
However, the cost of processing the material was
estimated to be very high.
Lead can be reclaimed in secondary lead smelter.
Incorporate into regular blast furnace feed stock.
 ' Economical compared to stabilization or landfilling.
           Results from Field Tests of the Smelting Lead-Containing Waste Technology
                                 The SITE Program assesses but does not
                                   approve or endorse technologies.
                               Page 257

-------
Technology Profile
         EMERGING TECHNOLOGY PROGRAM
                                     COGNIS, INC.
                                   (Chemical Treatment)
TECHNOLOGY DESCRIPTION:

The COGNIS, Inc. (COGNIS), TERRAMET® soil
remediation system leaches and  recovers lead
and other metals from contaminated soil, dust,
sludge, or sediment.  The system uses a propri-
etary aqueous leachant that is optimized through
treatability tests for the soil and the contaminant.
The TERRAMET® system can treat most types of
lead contamination,  including  metallic lead,
soluble ions, and insoluble lead oxides and salts.
These contaminants are  often tightly bound by
fine soil  constituents such as clay,  manganese,
iron oxides, and humus.

During the first processing stage, dry screening
removes  oversized material.  Next, solids are
separated by wet particle size classification. If
the contamination resides in the soil fines (silt,
                clay, and humus), gravel and sand are quickly
                cleaned  and separated from the  fines, which
                require different leaching conditions to remove
                the metals.  A fines-only leaching example is
                illustrated in the figure below.  When the conta-
                mination is distributed throughout the soil frac-
                tions, all of the soil is leached.

                After the lead contaminants  are dissolved,  lead
                ions are recovered from the aqueous leachate by
                liquid ion  exchange, resin ion exchange,  or
                reduction.  The aqueous leaching solution  can
                then be reused. If a liquid or resin ion exchange
                agent is used, it is stripped of the bound lead,
                fully regenerated, and recycled.   The lead is
                recovered in concentrated form as solid metal or
                a metal salt suitable for recycling.  The  lead
                recovery method depends on the lead concentra-
                tion and other metals present.
                                    Leachant
     Soil
                                                      Clean Soil
                                                                       Recovered Metal
                   TERRAMET® Lead Removal Process (Fines Leaching Example)
 Page 258
The SITE Program assesses but does not
  approve or endorse technologies.

-------
                                                                          November 1994
                                                                        Completed Project
 Important  characteristics of the leachant  and
 extractant combination are as follows:

   • The leachant is tailored to the substrate
     and the contaminant
   • The leachant is fully reusable
   • Leachant materials  are readily available
   • The process uses commercially proven
     metals recovery techniques

 WASTE APPLICABILITY:

 The COGNIS TERRAMET®  metals  leaching
 system can treat soil, sediment, and sludge con-
 taminated with lead and  other heavy metals, or
 metal mixtures. Appropriate sites include conta-
 minated  battery recycling  centers,  scrapyards,
 metal plating shops, and chemical manufacturing
 facilities. The system can treat metallic  lead as
 well as  soluble and insoluble salts and oxides.
 Certain  lead compounds, such  as lead sulfide,
 are not amenable to treatment. The process can
 be modified to  leach and recover other metals,
 such as  cadmium, zinc,  copper, and mercury.
 End products  include clean soil and recycled
 metal or metal salts.  No wastewater streams are
 generated.

 STATUS:

 The COGNIS  TERRAMET® metals  leaching
 system was accepted into the SITE Emerging
Technology Program in August 1992. COGNIS
conducted bench-scale testing to enter the SITE
Demonstration Program, and pilot-scale  equip-
ment has been assembled  that will treat  250
kilograms of soil per batch.   To  date, lead-
contaminated soil  samples at concentrations of
 17,000 parts per million (ppm) have been treated
to less than 300 ppm residual lead.  The system
 has also removed metals to below background
 concentrations; for example, from greater than
 400 ppm lead to less than 8 ppm lead. Bench-
 scale leaching has been conducted with several
 samples from state Superfund sites.   Reports
 detailing study results are underway.  A full-
 scale unit was constructed and operated at Twin
 Cities Army Ammunition Plant, New Brighton,
 Minnesota. For further information on the full-
 scale system,  see  the profile in the  Demon-
 stration Section (completed projects).

 FOR FURTHER INFORMATION:

 EPA PROJECT MANAGER:
 Michael Royer
 U.S. EPA
 Risk Reduction Engineering Laboratory
 2890 Woodbridge Avenue
 Building #10, MS-104
 Edison, NJ 08837-3679
 908-321-6633
 Fax: 908-321-6640

 TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPER CONTACT:
Bill Fristad
 COGNIS, Inc.
2330 Circadian Way
Santa Rosa, CA  95407
707-576-6235
Fax: 707-575-7833
                                The SITE Program assesses but does not
                                   approve or endorse technologies.
                               Page 259

-------
Technology Profile
         EMERGING  TECHNOLOGY PROGRAM
                         COLORADO SCHOOL OF MINES
                         (Constructed Wetlands-Based Treatment)
TECHNOLOGY DESCRIPTION:

The constructed wetlands-based treatment tech-
nology uses natural geochemical and biological
processes   inherent in  an  artificial  wetland
ecosystem to accumulate and remove metals and
other contaminants  from influent  waters  (see
figure below).  Although these treatment systems
incorporate principal  ecosystem  components
found  hi  wetlands,  including organic soils,
microbial  fauna,  algae,  and  vascular  plants,
microbial activity is responsible for most of the
remediation.

Influent waters with high metal concentrations
and low pH flow through the aerobic and anaer-
obic zones of the wetland ecosystem. Metals are
removed through ion  exchange,  adsorption,
absorption,  and precipitation with geochemical
and microbial  oxidation and  reduction.  Ion
exchange occurs as metals hi the water contact
humic or other organic substances in the soil
                medium.   Oxidation and  reduction reactions
                catalyzed by bacteria that occur in the aerobic
                and anaerobic zones, respectively, play a major
                role hi precipitating metals as hydroxides and
                sulfides. Precipitated and adsorbed metals settle
                in quiescent ponds or are filtered out as  water
                percolates through the soil or the plant substrate.

                WASTE APPLICABILITY:

                The wetlands-based treatment process has been
                developed for acid mine drainage generated by
                metal  or  coal mining activities.  These wastes
                typically contain high metals concentrations and
                are acidic. The process can be adapted to treat
                neutral and basic tailings solutions.  Wetlands
                treatment has been applied with some success to
                wastewater in the eastern United States.  The
                process has  been adjusted to  account for dif-
                ferences in geology, terrain, trace metal compo-
                sition, and climate in the metal mining regions
                of the western United States.
                                    Anaerobic
                                      Zone
                                                                   /-• '.r'.* •&*   ^'.  , •-.

                                                                  ^V~fe^<^
                                                                  V',i>'.^  >   ^ ^/^'.
                                   Typical Wetland Ecosystem
 Page 260
The SITE Program assesses but does not
  approve or endorse technologies.

-------
                                                                           November 7994
                                                                         Completed Project
 STATUS:

 Based on the results from the SITE Emerging
 Technology  Program, this  process has been
 selected to participate in the SITE Demonstration
 Technology.   The final year of funding for the
 project under the Emerging Technology Program
 was completed in 1991.  The funding was used
 to build, operate, monitor, and assess the effec-
 tiveness of a constructed wetlands in treating a
 portion of acid mine drainage from the Big Five
 Tunnel site near Idaho Springs, Colorado.  A
 final report (EPA/540/R-93/523), a Summary
 (EPA/540/SR-92/523),   and  a   Bulletin
 (EPA/540/F-92/001) are available.

 Study results  indicated that heavy metal removal
 efficiency can approach the removal efficiency
 of chemical precipitation treatment plants. Some
 of the  optimum results  from the  3 years of
 operation are listed below.

   • pH was  raised from  2.9 to 6.5
   • Dissolved aluminum, cadmium,  chromi-
     um,  copper,  and zinc  concentrations
     were reduced by 99  percent or more
   • Iron was reduced by 99 percent
   • Lead was reduced  by 94 percent or
     more
   • Nickel was reduced by 84 percent or
     more
   • Manganese removal  was relatively low,
     with reduction between 9 and 44 percent
   • Biotoxicity to fathead  minnows  and
     water fleas was reduced by factors of 4
     to 20

Because wetland removal processes are primarily
microbial, the technology  can be developed with
traditional  process  engineering  approaches.
Laboratory studies can indicate whether remedia-
tion is possible, while bench-scale experiments
can determine the proper loading and reactor
design.   Using this approach, five  laboratory
proof-of-principle studies  and three bench-scale
studies have been performed, and at least four
successful demonstration reactors have been built
 to remove heavy metals from different types of
 water.

 A final project goal was to develop a manual
 that discusses design and operating criteria for
 constructing  a full-scale wetland  to treat  acid
 mine discharges.  The "Wetland Designs  for
 Mining Operations" manual is available from the
 National Technical Information Service.

 The demonstration program  is currently evalu-
 ating the effectiveness of biogeochemical proces-
 ses at the Burleigh Tunnel mine discharge, near
 Silver Plume, Colorado. Treatment of Burleigh
 Tunnel discharge is part of the remedy for the
 Clear  Creek Central   City  Superfund  site.
 Construction  of a pilot treatment system began
 in summer 1993 and was completed in October
 1993.

 The pilot treatment  system is approximately
 4200 square feet and consists of an upflow and
 downflow cell (see figure on previous page).
 Each cell treats about 10 gallons per minute of
 flow.   Preliminary results  show a  removal
 efficiency of  greater than 90 percent for zinc,
 the primary contaminant in the discharge.

 FOR FURTHER INFORMATION:

 EPA PROJECT MANAGER:
 Edward Bates
 U.S. EPA
Risk Reduction Engineering Laboratory
26 West Martin Luther  King  Drive
Cincinnati, OH 45268
513-569-7774
Fax: 513-569-7676

TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPER CONTACT:
Thomas Wildeman
Department of Chemistry and Geochemistry
Colorado School of Mines
 14th and Illinois Streets
Golden, CO   80401
303-273-3642
Fax: 303-273-3629
                                 The SITE Program assesses but does not
                                   approve or endorse technologies.
                                Page 261

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Technology Profile
                                 EMERGING TECHNOLOGY PROGRAM
                             ELECTROKINETICS INC.
                      (Electro-Klean™ Electrokinetic Soil Processing)
TECHNOLOGY DESCRIPTION:

The Electro-Klean™ electrokinetic soil process
separates and extracts heavy metals and organic
contaminants from soils.  Electro-Klean™ can be
applied in situ or ex situ, and uses direct cur-
rents with electrodes placed on each side of the
contaminated soil mass.   Conditioning fluids
such as suitable acids may be used for electrode
(cathode) depolarization to enhance the process.

The figure below illustrates the field processing
scheme and  the flow of ions to respective bore
boles (or  trenches).  Conditioning pore fluids
may be added or circulated at the electrodes to
control process electrochemistry. Contaminants
are electroplated  on the electrodes or separated
in a posttreatment unit.

An acid  front migrates towards the  negative
electrode (cathode) and contaminants are extract-
                                       ed  through  electrosmosis  (EO)  and electro-
                                       migration (EM). The concurrent mobility of the
                                       ions and pore fluid decontaminates the soil mass.
                                       The EO and EM supplement or replace conven-
                                       tional pump-and-treat technologies.

                                       Bench-scale results show that the process works
                                       in both unsaturated  and saturated soils.  Pore
                                       fluid flow moves from the  positive electrodes
                                       (anodes) to the cathodes under the effect of the
                                       EO and EM forces.   Electrode selection is
                                       important, since many metal or carbon anodes
                                       will rapidly  dissolve  from attack of strong
                                       oxidants.

                                       WASTE APPLICABILITY:

                                       Electro-Klean™  extracts heavy metals,  radio-
                                       nuclides,  and other  inorganic  contaminants
                                       below their solubility limits. Bench-scale tests
                                       have  removed  arsenic,  benzene,  cadmium,
                                                                        ASEFRONT
                                                                        nd/orCATHODIC
                                                                        PROCESS FLUID
ACID FRONT
and/or ANODIC
PROCESS FLUID
                               Electrokinetic Remediation Process
 Page 262
                        The SITE Program assesses but does not
                          approve or endorse technologies.

-------
                                                                           November  1994
                                                                         Completed Project
chromium, copper, ethylbenzene, lead, nickel,
phenol, trichloroethene,  toluene, xylene, and
zinc from soils.  Bench-scale studies under the
SITE Program demonstrated the feasibility of
removing uranium and thorium from kaolinite.

Limited pilot-scale field tests resulted in zinc and
arsenic removal from clays and saturated and
unsaturated  sandy  clay  deposits.   Lead and
copper were also removed from dredged sedi-
ments.  Treatment efficiency depended on the
specific chemicals, their concentrations, and the
buffering capacity of the soil.  The technique
proved 85 to 95 percent efficient when removing
phenol at concentrations  of 500 parts per mil-
lion.   In addition, the removal  efficiency for
lead,  chromium,  cadmium,  and uranium at
levels up to 2,000 micrograms per gram 0*g/g),
ranged between 75 and 95 percent.

STATUS:

Bench-scale  laboratory   studies   investigating
heavy metal, radionuclide, and organic contami-
nant removal  are  complete,  and radionuclide
removal studies  are complete  under the  SITE
Emerging  Technology Program.   A pilot-scale
laboratory study investigating removal of 2,000
jttg/g lead loaded onto kaolinite was completed in
May 1993.  Removal efficiencies of 90 to 95
percent were obtained.   The  electrodes  were
placed 3 feet apart in a 2-ton kaolinite specimen
for 4 months, at an energy cost of about $15 per
ton.  The results of a second pilot-scale laborato-
ry study using 5000 (ig/g of lead adsorbed on
kaolinite showed similar efficiency results as the
earlier study.  Bench-scale treatability studies
and process enhancement schemes using condi-
tioning  fluids continue.   Ongoing pilot-scale
studies and a field demonstration of removing
lead from a military firing range will be con-
ducted during 1994 and 1995;  a new electrical
separation process of extractive electrolysis will
be pilot-tested for removal of multiple heavy
metals.

FOR FURTHER INFORMATION:

EPA PROJECT MANAGER:
Randy Parker
U.S. EPA
Risk Reduction Engineering Laboratory
26 West Martin Luther King Drive
Cincinnati, OH  45268
513-569-7271
Fax: 513-569-7620

TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPER CONTACTS:
Yalcin Acar or Robert Marks
Electrokinetics Inc.
Louisiana Business and Technology Center
Louisiana State University, Suite 155
South Stadium Drive
Baton Rouge, LA 70803-6100
504-388-3992
Fax: 504-388-3928
                                 The SITE Program assesses but does not
                                    approve or endorse technologies.
                                Page 263

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Technology Profile
         EMERGING TECHNOLOGY PROGRAM
                 ELECTRON BEAM RESEARCH FACILITY,
               FLORIDA INTERNATIONAL UNIVERSITY, and
                            UNIVERSITY OF MIAMI
                           (High-Energy Electron Irradiation)
TECHNOLOGY DESCRIPTION:

High-energy electron irradiation of water solu-
tions and sludges produces a large number of
very reactive chemical  species,  including the
aqueous electron (e-aq), the hydrogen radical
(H-), and the hydroxyl  radical (OH-).  These
short-lived  intermediates  react  with  organic
contaminants, transforming them to nontoxic by-
products.

In the principal reaction, the e'aq ion transfers to
halogen-containing  compounds,  breaking the
halogen-carbon  bond and  liberating  halogen
anions, such as chloride (Cl~) or bromide (Br).
The hydroxyl radical can undergo addition or
hydrogen abstraction reactions, producing organ-
ic free  radicals that decompose hi the presence
of other hydroxyl radicals and water.  In most
cases, organics are converted to carbon dioxide,
water,  and  salts.    Lower molecular weight
aldehydes  and carboxylic  acids  form at low
concentrations in some cases. These compounds
are biodegradable end products.
               During  the high-energy  electron irradiation
               process, electricity generates high voltage elec-
               trons.   The electrons are accelerated by  the
               voltage to approximately 95 percent of the speed
               of light.  They are then  directed into a thin
               stream of water or sludge.  All reactions  are
               complete in less than 0.1 second.  The electron
               beam and waste flow are adjusted to deliver the
               necessary dose of electrons.  Although this is a
               form of ionizing radiation, there is no residual
               radioactivity.

               A full-scale facility can treat more than 170,000
               gallons  per day.   This facility  is equipped to
               handle tank trucks carrying up to 6,000 gallons
               of waste. The figure below is a schematic of the
               Electron Beam Research  Facility in  Miami,
               Florida.

               WASTE APPLICABILITY:

               This treatment process can effectively  treat in
               excess  of  50  common organic compounds.
               These compounds include the following:
      Window
      Exhaust Fan
               Vault Exhaust Fan
  I——m-
                                        v-
                                   Voltage Regulator
                                            5-Ton Crane
                  Vault Exhaust Duct
                               Electron Beam Research Facility
Page 264
The SITE Program assesses but does not
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                                                                         November 1994
                                                                       Completed Project
     Trihalomethanes  (such as  chloroform),
     which are found in chlorinated drinking
     water
     Chlorinated  solvents,  including carbon
     tetrachloride,   trichloroethane,  tetra-
     chloroethene   (PCE),  trichloroethene
     (TCE),   ethylene   dibromide,   dibro-
     mochloropropane,   hexachlorobutadiene,
     and hexachloroethane
     Aromatics found  in gasoline,  including
     benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene, and xylene
     Chlorobenzene and dichlorobenzenes
     Phenol
     Dieldrin, a persistent pesticide
     Pentachlorophenol
     Polychlorinated biphenyls
     A variety of other organic compounds
The treatment process is appropriate for remov-
ing various hazardous organic compounds from
aqueous waste streams.and sludges containing up
to 8 percent solids.

STATUS:

The high-energy electron irradiation process was
accepted into the SITE Emerging Technology
Program in June 1990.  Studies have now been
completed for six organic compounds:  TCE,
PCE, chloroform, benzene, toluene, and phenol.
Removal efficiencies have been determined  at
three solute concentrations and three pHs (repre-
senting varying carbonate/bicarbonate concentra-
tions),  and in the presence and absence of 3
percent  clay.   Reaction by-products have been
determined for all six compounds.  Trace quanti-
ties of formaldehyde and other low molecular
weight aldehydes have been detected.  Formic
acid has also been detected at low concentra-
tions.  However, none of these compounds are
toxic at these concentrations. Final reports titled
"Removal of Phenol from Aqueous Solutions
Using High Energy Electron Beam Irradiation"
(EPA/540/F-93/509), "ElectronBeamTreatment
for Trichlorethylene and Tetrachloroethyle from
Aqueous  Streams"  (EPA/540/F-92/009),  and
"Electron Beam  Treatment  for  Removal  of
Benzene and Toluene from Aqueous Streams and
Sludges" (EPA/540/F-93/502) are available from
EPA.

Additional studies are underway to determine
destruction  efficiencies  and  to  characterize
reaction by-products of carbon tetrachloride and
methylene chloride.

Based on results from the Emerging Technology
Program, this  technology has been invited to
participate in the SITE Demonstration Program
under the company  name  of High Voltage
Environmental Applications, Inc.

FOR FURTHER INFORMATION:

EPA PROJECT MANAGER:
Franklin Alvarez
U.S. EPA
Risk Reduction Engineering Laboratory
26 West Martin Luther King Drive
Cincinnati, OH 45268
513-569-7631
Fax: 513-569-7787

TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPER CONTACTS:
William Cooper
Drinking Water Research Center
Florida International University
Miami, FL  33199
305-348-3049
Fax: 305-348-3894

Charles  Kurucz
Management Science
University of Miami
Coral Gables, FL 33124
305-284-6595
Fax: 305-284-2321

Thomas Waite
High Voltage Environmental Applications, Inc.
9562 Doral Boulevard
Miami,  FL  33178
305-593-5330
Fax:305-593-0071
                                 The SITE Program assesses but does not
                                   approve or endorse technologies.
                                Page 265

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Technology Profile
          EMERGING  TECHNOLOGY PROGRAM
                         ELECTRO-PURE SYSTEMS, INC.
                   (Alternating Current Electrocoagulation Technology)
TECHNOLOGY DESCRIPTION:

The alternating current electrocoagulation (ACE)
technology offers an alternative to metal salts or
polymer and polyelectrolyte addition for break-
ing stable emulsions and suspensions. The tech-
nology  also removes  certain metals and  other
soluble  pollutants in  the polishing  step of
effluent treatment.

Electrocoagulation introduces highly  charged
polyhydroxide aluminum  species that prompt
flocculation of colloidal particles and destabilize
oil-in-water emulsions.  The resulting sludges,
achieving liquid-liquid  and solid-liquid phase
separations, can be filtered and dewatered more
readily  than those formed by adding  chemical
flocculents.   ACE can break stable  aqueous
suspensions containing submicron-sized particles
of up to  10 percent total solids,  and stable
aqueous emulsions containing up to 5 percent
oil.

The figure below depicts  the basic  ACE tech-
nology  process.   Electrocoagulation occurs in
either a batch or continuous (one-pass) mode in
an ACE Separator™ apparatus of one of two
                 designs:   1) cylindrical chambers containing
                 fluidized  beds  of  aluminum  alloy  pellets
                 entrained between a series of noble metal elec-
                 trodes, or 2) an upright box containing alumi-
                 num plate  electrodes  spaced at 0.5- to 2-inch
                 intervals. The working volume of the parallel
                 plate unit is 70 liters, and that of the fluidized
                 bed cell, excluding the external plumbing, is 1.5
                 liters.  Neither apparatus has moving parts,  and
                 each  can be easily  integrated into a process
                 treatment train for effluent, pretreatment,  or
                 polishing.

                 Coagulation and flocculation occur simultaneous-
                 ly within the ACE Separator™ as the effluent is
                 exposed to the electric field  and  aluminum
                 dissolves from the electrodes.  This activity
                 usually  occurs within  30  seconds for most
                 aqueous suspensions. After charges are neutral-
                 ized and coagulation begins, the gravity flow
                 transfers the suspension and  emulsion to  the
                 product separation step.

                 Product  separation occurs in conventional gra-
                 vity-separation,  decant  vessels,   or  through
                 pressure or vacuum filtration.  Coagulation  and
                 flocculation continue until the phases  are com-
                                        Vent or
                                       Treat Gas
        Aqueous
        Suspension

        or Emulsion
                                        A.C.
                                    COAGULATOR
                                                                                 Solid
                                                         Air for
                                                        Turbulence
                          Alternating Current Electrocoagulation (ACE)
Page 266
The SITE Program assesses but does not
  approve or endorse technologies.

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                                                                          November 1994
                                                                        Completed Project
pletely separated.   Each oil, water,  and solid
phase is  removed for reuse, recycling, further
treatment, or disposal.  Waste is removed by
surface skimming, bottom scraping, and decant-
ing.

The ACE technology can be used with conven-
tional water treatment systems,  including those
relying on metal precipitation, membrane separa-
tion technologies, mobile dewatering and incin-
eration units, and soil extraction systems.  A
typical decontamination application, for exam-
ple, would produce  a water phase that could be
discharged directly  to a stream or local waste-
water treatment plant for further treatment.  The
solid phase would be shipped off site for dispos-
al,  and the dewatering filtrate would be recy-
cled.  Any floatable  material would  be re-
claimed,  refined, or  disposed of.  The prototype
system can treat 700 gallons of contaminated
liquid per minute.

WASTE APPLICABILITY:

The ACE  technology treats  aqueous-based
suspensions and emulsions such as contaminated
groundwater, surface runoff, landfill leachate,
truck wash, scrubber solutions, treated effluents,
and extract solutions.  The suspensions include
solids such as inorganic and organic pigments,
clays, metallic powders, metal ores, and natural
colloidal  matter.    The  emulsions  include  a
variety of organic solid and liquid contaminants,
including petroleum-based by-products.

The technology reduced aqueous clay, latex, and
titanium  dioxide suspension loadings over 90
percent.  The chemical oxygen demand and total
organic carbon contents  of diesel fuel-spiked
slurries have been reduced by over 80 percent.
The technology  has also removed up to 56
percent lead, 96 percent copper, 91 percent zinc,
97 percent phosphate, and 56 percent fluoride.

ACE technology has  recovered fine-grained
products  such  as latex, titanium dioxide,  and
edible oil solids (animal fats and vegetable oils)
from industrial process  streams that would
otherwise have been discharged to the sewer
system.

STATUS:

The ACE technology was accepted into the SITE
Emerging Technology Program  in July 1988.
The second year of laboratory-scale testing and
development   is  complete.     The  Bulletin
(EPA/540/F-92/011) and Emerging Technology
Summary  (EPA/540/S-93/504)   have   been
submitted to  EPA.  The  research results are
described in the Journal of Air and Waste Man-
agement, Vol.  43, May  1993,  pp.  784-789,
"Alternating  Current Electrocoagulation  for
Superfund Site Remediation."

Experiments on end-member metals and complex
synthetic soil  slurries have defined major oper-
ating parameters for broad classes of effluents.
The technology has been modified to  both
minimize electric power consumption and maxi-
mize effluent throughput rates.  Results indicate
that electrocoagulation produces aqueous  and
solid separations comparable to those produced
by  chemical   flocculent   addition,  but  with
reduced filtration times and sludge volumes.

FOR FURTHER INFORMATION:

EPA PROJECT MANAGER:
Randy Parker
U.S. EPA
Risk Reduction Engineering Laboratory
26 West Martin Luther King Drive
Cincinnati, OH 45268
513-569-7271
Fax: 513-569-7620

TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPER CONTACT:
James LaDue
Electro-Pure Systems, Inc.
10 Hazelwood Drive, Suite 106
Amherst, NY  14228-2298
Office: 716-691-2610
Laboratory: 716-691-2613
Fax: 716-691-2617
                                 The SITE Program assesses but does not
                                    approve or endorse technologies.
                                Page 267

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Technology Profile
         EMERGING  TECHNOLOGY PROGRAM
         ENERGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING, INC.
                                   (PhotoCAT™ Process)
TECHNOLOGY DESCRIPTION:

The  PhotoCAT™ Process technology photo-
chemically  oxidizes  organic  compounds  in
wastewater using a chemical oxidant, ultraviolet
(UV) radiation, and a photocatalyst. The photo-
chemical reaction reduces saturated concentra-
tions  of organics  hi water  to nondetectable
levels.  The energy is predominantly absorbed
by the  organic  compound and  the  oxidant,
making both species reactive.  The process can
be used  as  a final treatment  step to reduce
organic  contamination hi industrial wastewater
and groundwater to acceptable discharge limits.

The existing bench-scale system treats solutions
containing up to several  hundred parts per
million (ppm) of total organic carbon at a rate of
3 gallons per minute.  The bench-scale system
consists  of  a photochemical  reactor,  where
oxidation occurs, and associated tanks, pumps,
and controls.  The UV lamps are high intensity
lamps that penetrate the wastewater more effec-
tively.  The  portable,  skid-mounted  system's
design depends on the chemical composition of
the wastewater or groundwater being treated.

Typically,  the  contaminated  wastewater  is
pumped through a filter unit to remove suspend-
ed particles.  Next, the filtrate is mixed with
stoichiometric quantities of hydrogen peroxide.
Finally, this mixture is fed to the photochemical
reactor and irradiated.  The overall reaction is as
                follows:
[2a + 0.5(b - 1)JH202 -*
aC02 + [2a+ (b- 1)]H2O
                                                      HX
                where CaHt,X represents a halogenated contami-
                nant in the aqueous phase.  Reaction products
                are carbon dioxide, water, and the appropriate
                halogen acid.

                Reaction  kinetics  depend  on 1) contaminant
                concentration,   2) peroxide   concentration,
                3) irradiation dose,  and  4) radiation  spectral
                frequency.

                WASTE APPLICABILITY:

                The  PhotoCAT™  process  treats  industrial
                wastewater and groundwater containing organics
                at concentrations up to several hundred parts per
                million (ppm).  Destruction efficiencies greater
                than two orders of magnitude have been ob-
                tained for chlorobenzene,  chlorophenol, and
                phenol, with low  to moderate dose rates and
                initial concentrations of 200 ppm. Destruction
                efficiencies of three orders of magnitude have
                been demonstrated on simulated industrial waste
                streams  representative of textile dying opera-
                tions,  with higher dose rates  and  an  initial
                concentration  of  200 ppm.    Representative
                results  from recent trials using  the UV lamp
                system are summarized  in the  table on  the
                previous page. Results from the dye decontami-
                nation runs are shown in the figure below.
Contaminant Molecular
Species Weight
Chlorobenzene
Benzene/Toluene
Yellow 106
Yellow 49
Blue 41
Red 83
112
78/93
1374
438
463
1025
Feed Cone
(ppm)7
50
100/100
110
110
115
140
Equivalence
Ratio
3.3
3.5
4.2
1.0
0.6
1.0
Residence Time
(seconds)
3.7
3.8
7.7
23.0
11.5
7.7
Product Cone
C/GO
0.04
0.4/0.4
0.08
0.007
0.001
0.008
         parts per million by weight

               Representative Results from Recent Trials Using the UV Lamp System
Page 268
The SITE Program assesses but does not
  approve or endorse technologies.

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                                                                         November 1994
                                                                       Completed Project
STATUS:

The PhotoCAT™ process was accepted into the
SITE Emerging Technology Program and has
been invited to participate in the SITE Demon-
stration   Program.      A  Final   Report
(EPA/540/SR-92/080),   a   Bulletin
(EPA/540/F-92/004),  and   a   Summary
(EPA/540/SR-92/080) are  available from the
EPA. Subsequent work, based upon an ultravio-
let  lamp  source for  ultraviolet  energy,  is
currently underway under EPA Small Business
Industry Research Phase II funding.

Energy and Environmental  Engineering, Inc.,
has made significant improvements  on the tech-
nology from that presented  in the  earlier EPA
report. These improvements include the follow^
ing:

  •  Using the ultraviolet lamp as the energy
     source
  •  Improving the photochemical reactor de-
     sign
  •  Improving the lamp's design,  including
     lamp   intensity   and   spectral
     characteristics
  •  Fixing the catalyst

This  unproved   technology  is   called  the
PhotoCAT™ process.  A cost competitive system
that completes mineralization can be designed
and built to treat industrial strength wastewater
at 10 to 1000 ppm contaminant concentration
levels.

Energy  and  Environmental Engineering, Inc.,
has formed a new company, UV technologies,
inc., to  commercialize the technology.  Energy
and  Environmental  Engineering,  Inc., will
conduct  treatability  studies  for  prospective
clients, and is seeking funding to commercialize
the venture.

FOR FURTHER INFORMATION:

EPA PROJECT MANAGER:
Ronald Lewis
U.S. EPA
Risk Reduction Engineering Laboratory
26 West Martin Luther King Drive
Cincinnati, OH  45268
513-569-7856
Fax: 513-569-7620

TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPER CONTACT:
James Porter
Energy and Environmental Engineering, Inc.
P.O. Box 410215
East Cambridge, MA 02141-0002
617-666-5500
Fax: 617-666-5802
                                 \x
                                   Radiation Dose (kwhr/gmolo of contaminant)
                           » Y10e,E4,1IOp   ...Y49.E1.110p   . B41.E0.6,116p ® R83, E1, WOp I
                        Experimental Results - Simulated Dye Solutions
                                The SITE Program assesses but does not
                                  approve or endorse technologies.
                               Page 269

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Technology Profile
         EMERGING TECHNOLOGY PROGRAM
     ENERGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH CORPORATION
                               (Hybrid Fluidized Bed System)
TECHNOLOGY DESCRIPTION:

The Hybrid Fluidized Bed (HFB) system treats
contaminated solids and sludges by incinerating
organic compounds and extracting and detoxify-
ing volatile metals. The system consists of three
stages:  a spouted bed, a fluidized afterburner,
and a high-temperature particulate soil extraction
system.

First, the spouted bed rapidly heats solids and
sludges to allow  extraction of volatile organic
and inorganic compounds.   The spouted bed
retains larger soil clumps until they are reduced
in size, but allows fine material to quickly pass
through.  This segregation process is beneficial
because organic contaminants in fine particles
vaporize rapidly.  The decontamination time for
large particles is  longer due  to heat and mass
transfer limitations.

The central spouting region is operated with an
inlet gas velocity of greater than 150 feet  per
second.  This velocity creates an abrasion and
grinding action, rapidly reducing the size of the
feed materials through attrition.  The spouted
bed operates  between 1,500 and 1,700 degrees
Fahrenheit, under oxidizing conditions.

Organic vapors,  volatile metals,  and fine soil
particles  are  carried  from  the  spouted bed
through  an open-hole type distributor,  which
forms  the bottom of the second stage, the fluid-
ized bed afterburner.  The afterburner provides
sufficient retention tune and mixing to incinerate
                the organic compounds that escape the spouted
                bed,  resulting in a  destruction and  removal
                efficiency greater than 99.999  percent.   In
                addition, the afterburner contains bed materials
                that absorb metal vapors, capture fine particles,
                and promote formation of insoluble metal  sili-
                cates.  A slightly sticky bed is advantageous
                because of its particle retention properties.

                In the  third stage, the high temperature parti-
                culate  soil extraction  system removes clean
                processed soil from the effluent gas stream with
                one or two hot cyclones.  The clean soil  is
                extracted hot to prevent unreacted volatile metal
                species from condensing in the soil.  Off-gases
                are then quenched and passed through a conven-
                tional baghouse to capture the condensed metal
                vapors.

                Generally, material  handling  problems  create
                major  operational difficulties  for soil cleanup
                devices.   The HFB  uses  a specially designed
                auger  feed system.   Solids  and  sludges are
                dropped through a lock hopper system into an
                auger shredder, which is a rugged, low-revolu-
                tions   per minute   feeding-grinding  device.
                Standard augers are simple and reliable, but are
                susceptible to clogging from feed compression in
                the auger. In the HFB system, the auger shred-
                der is close-coupled to the spouted bed to reduce
                compression and clump formation during feed-
                ing.  The close couple arrangement locates the
                tip of  the auger screw several inches from the
                internal surface of the spouted bed, preventing
                soil plugs formation.
 Page 270
The SITE Program assesses but does not
  approve or endorse technologies.

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                                                                     November 1994
                                                                   Completed Project
WASTE APPLICABILITY:

This technology  is  applicable to  soils  and
sludges contaminated with organic and volatile
inorganic contaminants. Nonvolatile inorganics
are not affected.

STATUS:

This technology was accepted into the SITE
Emerging Technology Program in January 1990.
Design and  construction of the  commercial
prototype HFB and a limited shakedown are
completed. An Emerging Technology Bulletin
(EPA/540/F-93/508) is available from EPA.
FOR FURTHER INFORMATION:

EPA PROJECT MANAGER:
Teri Richardson
U.S. EPA
Risk Reduction Engineering Laboratory
26 West Martin Luther King Drive
Cincinnati, OH 45268
513-569-7949
Fax: 513-569-7620

TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPER CONTACT:
Richard Koppang
Energy and Environmental Research
  Corporation
18 Mason Street
Irvine, CA 92718
714-859-8851
Fax: 714-859-3194
                              The SITE Program assesses but does not
                                approve or endorse technologies.
                             Page 271

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Technology Profile
         EMERGING TECHNOLOGY PROGRAM
                              FERRO CORPORATION
                      (Waste Vitrification Through Electric Melting)
TECHNOLOGY DESCRIPTION:

Vitrification technology converts contaminated
soils, sediments, and sludges into oxide glasses,
chemically rendering them nontoxic and suitable
for  landfilling  as  nonhazardous  materials.
Successful vitrification of soils,  sediments, and
sludges requires 1) development of glass com-
positions  tailored to a specific waste,  and 2)
glass melting technology that can convert the
waste and additives into a stable glass without
producing toxic emissions.  Because of its low
toxic emission  rate, an electric melter may be
more beneficial than a fossil  fuel melter for
vitrifying toxic wastes.
               In an electric melter, glass — an ionic conductor
               of relatively high electrical resistivity — stays
               molten with joule heating. Such melters process
               waste under a relatively thick blanket of feed
               material, which  forms  a counterflow scrubber
               that limits volatile emissions (see figure below).
               In contrast, fossil fuel  melters have large, ex-
               posed molten  glass surface areas from which
               hazardous constituents can volatilize. Commer-
               cial electric melters have significantly reduced
               the loss of inorganic volatile constituents such as
               boric anhydride (B2O3) or lead  oxide  (PbO).
               Because of its  low  emission rate  and small
               volume of exhaust gases, electric melting is a
               promising  technology for incorporating waste
               into a stable glass.
                       GLASS-MAKING
                         MATERIALS
                   Electrode
                                                                    Steel
                                 |   FRIT.  MARBLES,  etc.
                                                    Jm>
                            DISPOSAL
                                  Electric Furnace Vitrification
 Page 272
The SITE Program assesses but does not
  approve or endorse technologies.

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                                                                         November 1994
                                                                       Completed Project
 WASTE APPLICABILITY:

 Vitrification  stabilizes inorganic components
 found in hazardous waste. In addition, the high
 temperature involved in glass production (about
 1,500 degrees Celsius) decomposes anthracene,
 bis(2-ethylhexyl  phthalate),  and  pentachloro-
 phenol in the waste.  The decomposition prod-
 ucts can easily be removed from the low volume
 of melter off-gas.

 STATUS:

 Several glass compositions suitable for proces-
 sing synthetic soil matrix IV  (SSM-IV) have
 been developed and subjected to toxicity charac-
 teristic leaching procedure testing (TCLP). Ten
 independent  replicates   of   the  preferred
 composition produced the following results:

Metal
As
Cd
Cr
Cu
Pb
Ni
Zn
1TCLP analyte concentration,
parts per million
Remediation
Limit
5
1
5
5
5
5
5
Mean of Glass
Replicates
<0.100
<0.010
0.019
0.355
0.130
<0.010
0.293
 SSM-IV and additives (sand, soda ash, and other
 minerals)  required to convert  SSM-IV to the
 preferred glass composition have been processed
 in a  laboratory-scale  electric  melter.   Three
 separate campaigns have produced glass at 17
 pounds per hour at a fill of 67 percent SSM-IV
 and 33 percent glass-making additives.  Ferro
 Corporation's   experience   indicates  that  an
 equivalent rate  would  be 1 ton per hour in an
 electric melter  used  to  treat wastes  at  a
 Superfund site.

 FOR FURTHER INFORMATION:

 EPA PROJECT MANAGER:
 Randy Parker
 U.S. EPA
 Risk Reduction Engineering Laboratory
 26 West Martin Luther King Drive
 Cincinnati, OH 45268
 513-569-7271
 Fax: 513-569-7620

 TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPER CONTACT:
 Emilio Spinosa
 Ferro Corporation
 Corporate  Research
 7500 East Pleasant Valley Road
Independence, OH 44131
216-641-8580
Fax: 216-524-0518
The mean analyte concentrations were less than
10 percent of the remediation limit at a statistical
confidence of 95 percent.
                                The SITE Program assesses but does not
                                   approve or endorse technologies.
                               Page 273

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 Technology Profile
         EMERGING  TECHNOLOGY PROGRAM
   HAZARDOUS SUBSTANCE MANAGEMENT RESEARCH CENTER
              at NEW JERSEY INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY
                         (Pneumatic Fracturing/Bioremediation)
TECHNOLOGY DESCRIPTION:

This technology integrates two innovative tech-
niques — pneumatic fracturing and bioremedia-
'tion — to enhance in situ remediation of soils
contaminated with petroleum contaminants. For
pneumatic fracturing, high pressure air or gas is
injected into soil formations at controlled flow
rates and  pressures.  In less permeable soils,
pneumatic fracturing creates conductive channels
in soil formations.  These channels increase soil
permeability and exposed surface area, accel-
erating contaminant treatment and removal.  In
more  permeable  soils,  pneumatic  fracturing
provides a means for rapidly  aerating the soil
formation.
               Pneumatic fracturing enhances microbial pro-
               cesses by staggering spatial  distribution for
               maximum effectiveness (see  figure  below).
               Aerobic   processes  dominate  at  the  fracture
               interfaces and for a limited distance away from
               the fracture.  Oxygen depletion during aerobic
               biodegradation   allows  methanogenic   and
               denitrifying populations to  form at  greater
               distances from the fractures.   Contaminants
               diffuse toward the fracture, serving as a sub-
               strate for various microbial populations.  This
               stacking arrangement enhances growth of aero-
               bic microbial populations by reducing substrate
               concentrations   in  the   denitrifying   and
               methanogenic zones (see figure on next page).
                                               .Injection
                                                (nutrients, air, etc.)
                                                               Supplemental
                                                               Nutrients
                                                                Vadose Zone
                                                                   Detail "A"
                                                                Aquifer
                 Vadose Zone Biodegradation With Fracturing and Vapor Stripping
 Page 274
The SITE Program assesses but does not
  approve or endorse technologies.

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                                                                      November 1994
                                                                    Completed Project
WASTE APPLICABILITY:

This technology remediates  soil  contaminated
with petroleum hydrocarbons, benzene, toluene,
and xylene.

STATUS:

This technology was accepted into the SITE
Emerging Technology Program in July 1991,
and will be demonstrated  at Marcus Hook,
Pennsylvania. Site characterization is complete;
pilot-scale  field testing is  underway  and is
scheduled for completion in July 1994.
FOR FURTHER INFORMATION:

EPA PROJECT MANAGER:
Uwe Frank
U.S. EPA
Risk Reduction Engineering Laboratory
Building 10, MS-104
2890 Woodbridge Avenue
Edison, NJ 08837-3679
908-321-6626
Fax: 908-960-6990

TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPER CONTACT:
John Schuring
Hazardous Substance Management Research
  Center
New Jersey Institute of Technology
138 Warren Street
Newark, NJ 07102
201-596-5849
Fax: 201-802-1946
                              Bulk
                              Convection —
                      Nutrients
                  X-0
                                                            Contaminant
                                                             Aerobic
                                                             Denitrifying
                                                             Methanogenlc
                 Contaminant, Oxygen, Nutrient, and Reaction Product Fluxes
                               The SITE Program assesses but does not
                                 approve or endorse technologies.
                              Page 275

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Technology Profile
         EMERGING TECHNOLOGY PROGRAM
                      INSTITUTE OF GAS TECHNOLOGY
                           (Chemical and Biological Treatment)
TECHNOLOGY DESCRIPTION:

The Institute of Gas Technology's (IGT) chem-
ical and biological treatment  (CBT)  process
remediates sludges and soils contaminated with
organic pollutants, such as polyaromatic hydro-
carbons (PAHs) and polychlorinated biphenyls
(PCBs).  The treatment system combines two
remedial techniques:  1) chemical oxidation as
pretreatment, and 2) biological treatment using
aerobic and anaerobic biosystems in sequence or
alone,  depending  on the waste (see figure be-
low).   The  CBT process uses mild chemical
treatment to produce  intermediates that are
biologically degraded, reducing the cost  and risk
associated with a more severe treatment process,
such as incineration.

The  contaminated material is treated  with a
chemical reagent  that  degrades the  organo-
pollutants to  carbon dioxide, water, and more
biodegradable partially-oxidized intermediates.
In the second  stage  of the CBT  process,
biological systems degrade the hazardous residu-
               al materials and the partially-oxidized material
               from the first stage.  Chemically-treated wastes
               are subject to cycles of aerobic and anaerobic
               degradation if aerobic  or anaerobic treatment
               alone is not sufficient.  Several cycles of chemi-
               cal and biological treatment are also used for
               extremely recalcitrant contaminants.

               WASTE APPLICABILITY:

               The CBT process can be applied to 1) soils and
               sludges containing high waste concentrations that
               would  typically inhibit bioremediation, and 2)
               low waste concentrations when bioremediation
               alone is too slow.  The process is not adversely
               affected  by  radionuclides or heavy  metals.
               Depending on the types of heavy metals present,
               these metals  will either bioaccumulate  in the
               biomass,  complex  with organic or inorganic
               material in the soil slurries, or solubilize in the
               recycled water.   The CBT  process  can be
               applied to a wide range of organic pollutants,
               including  alkenes, chlorinated alkenes, aromat-
               ics,  substituted   aromatics,    and   complex
            Contaminated
                 Soil
                               Biological
                               Treatment
                                               Clean Soil
                        Chemical and Biological Treatment (CBT) Process
 Page 276
The SITE Program assesses but does not
  approve or endorse technologies.

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                                                                           November 1994
                                                                         Completed Project
 aromatics.   Applicable matrices include soil,
 sludge, groundwater, and surface water.

 STATUS:

 IGT evaluated the CBT process under the SITE
 Emerging  Technology Program for two years.
 This evaluation included bench-scale studies of
 important  operational parameters for applying
 the CBT technology to soils and sludges conta-
 minated with PCBs. Results indicated that this
 technology can treat various PCB-contaminated
 matrices with modifications to the original treat-
 ment protocol that increases  the availability of
 the PCBs.  Results are available in the Emerging
 Technology Bulletin (EPA/540/F-94/504).

 The standard reagent concentration of 2.5 per-
 cent H2O2  and ferrous  sulfate resulted  in the
 greatest degradation in both the lower and high
 chlorinated compounds.  When compared to the
 control, 40 percent of total PCBs were removed
 by chemical degradation  and as much  as 90
 percent of some PCB congeners were removed.
 As the reagent  concentration increases,  the
 degradation of PCBs increases; however, the
 PCBs with less than five chlorine groups are
 more susceptible  than PCBs  with greater  than
 five chlorine groups. This pattern complements
 the anaerobic and aerobic  biodegradation of
 PCBs in that it aggressively attacks  the inter-
 mediate biphenyl  compounds  with three to five
 chlorine groups, anaerobic biodegradation effec-
 tively reduces the concentration of higher chlori-
 nated biphenyls (four to eight chlorine groups)
 by 44 to 70 percent and aerobic biodegradation
 efficiently  removes mono- and  di-chlorinated
biphenyls.  Experiments conducted using actual
 contaminated soil  demonstrated greater than 50
percent removal of all congeners with a  single
 cycle  of   the  integrated  chemical/biological
degradation.

IGT's   CBT  technology  continues to   be
successfully applied to PAH-contaminated soils.
The CBT process  consistently outperforms con-
 ventional bioremediation, especially with multi-
 ring (four to six) PAH compounds.  The CBT
 process  increases  both the  rate and extent of
 contaminant removal from various types of soils.
 Two successful field tests, one solid-phase land
 treatment and one  soil slurry treatment, have
 been conducted under other gas industry-sup-
 ported programs. The field experiment showed
 that the integrated treatment system  removed
 about 50 percent more total PAHs  and 90 per-
 cent more carcinogenic PAHs than those conven-
 tionally  biotreated.   The integrated  system's
 results exceed the  treatment goals  which had
 been established and were reached in 42 days.
 This field study verified the effectiveness of the
 integrated biological-chemical treatment process
 on a large-scale demonstration.  Also,  the field
 data show that the integrated process results in
 higher cleanup  levels at faster rates compared
 with biological treatment alone.

 IGT was invited to  participate in the SITE
 Demonstration Program based on results from
 the Emerging Technology  Program.  IGT  is
 evaluating possible sites for a full-scale demon-
 stration.

 FOR FURTHER  INFORMATION:

 EPA PROJECT MANAGER:
 Ronald Lewis
 U.S. EPA
 Risk Reduction Engineering Laboratory
 26 West Martin Luther King Drive
 Cincinnati, OH  45268
 513-569-7856
 Fax: 513-569-7620

 TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPER CONTACT:
Robert Kelley
Institute of Gas Technology
 1700 South Mount Prospect Road
Des Plaines, IL  60018-1804
708-768-0722
Fax: 708-768-0546
                                 The SITE Program assesses but does not
                                   approve or endorse technologies.
                                Page 277

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Technology Profile
         EMERGING TECHNOLOGY PROGRAM
                        INSTITUTE OF GAS TECHNOLOGY
                      (Fluid Extraction-Biological Degradation Process)
TECHNOLOGY DESCRIPTION:

The  fluid   extraction-biological  degradation
(FEED)  process is a  three-step process that
remediates organic contaminants from soil (see
figure below).   The  process combines three
distinct technologies: 1) fluid extraction, which
removes  the organics from contaminated solids;
2) separation,  which  transfers  the  pollutants
from the extract  to a biologically-compatible
solvent  or  activated  carbon  carrier;  and
3) biological degradation, which destroys  the
pollutants and leaves innocuous end-products.

In the fluid extraction step, excavated soils are
placed in a pressure vessel and extracted with a
recirculated  stream of supercritical  or near-
supercritical carbon dioxide.  An extraction co-
solvent may be added to enhance the removal of
additional contaminants.
                During separation,  organic  contaminants  are
                transferred to a biologically-compatible separa-
                tion solvent such as water or a water-methanol
                mixture. The separation solvent is then sent to
                the final stage of the process, where bacteria
                degrade the waste to carbon dioxide and water.
                Clean extraction solvent is then recycled for use
                in the extraction stage.

                Organic contaminants are biodegraded in above-
                ground aerobic bioreactors, using mixtures of
                bacterial  cultures  capable  of  degrading  the
                contaminants.  Selection of cultures is based on
                site characteristics.   For  example, if a site is
                contaminated mainly with polynuclear aromatic
                hydrocarbons (PAH), cultures able to metabolize
                or  co-metabolize these hydrocarbons are used.
                The bioreactors can be configured to enhance the
                rate and extent of biodegradation.
                                              Pressure
                                              Reducing
                                               Valve
            Contaminated
             Sediments
                              Extraction Solvent
                              with Contaminants
                Stage 1

              EXTRACTION
            Decontaminated
              Sediments
                             Extraction
                              Solvent
                                     Compressor
                                                                     Separation
                                                                      Solvent
                          Stage 2

                        SEPARATION
                                                  Recycled
                                                 or Cleaned
                                                  Extraction
                                                   Solvent
                                                  Make-up
                                                  Extraction
                                                   Solvent
                                      Separation Solvents
                                       with Contaminants
                                        Stage 3

                                       BIOLOGICAL
                                      DEGRADATION
                                Water, Carbon
                                 Dioxide, and
                                  Biomass
                           Fluid Extraction-Biological Degradation Process
 Page 278
The SITE Program assesses but does not
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                                                                          November 1994
                                                                        Completed Project
 Research  continues on using  bound activated
 carbon in a carrier system during the separation
 step.  Bound activated carbon should allow high
 pressure conditions to be maintained in the fluid
 extraction step, enhancing extraction efficiency
 and decreasing extraction time.  Bound activated
 carbon should  also  limit the loss of carbon
 dioxide, thereby decreasing costs. The activated
 carbon containing the bound PAHs could then be
 treated in the biodegradation step by converting
 the carrier system  to a biofilm reactor.   These
 activated carbon carrier systems  could then be
 recycled back into the high pressure system of
 the extraction and separation steps.

 WASTE APPLICABILITY:

 This technology removes organic  compounds
 from contaminated solids. It is more effective
 on  some classes of  organics,  such as  hydro-
 carbons (for example, gasoline and fuel oils),
 than on others, such as halogenated solvents and
polychlorinated biphenyls. The process has also
been   effective  in  treating  nonhalogenated
aliphatic hydrocarbons and PAHs.

STATUS:

This technology was  accepted into the SITE
Emerging Technology Program in  June 1990.
The Institute of Gas Technology has evaluated
all three stages of the technology with soils from
a Superfund site and from three town gas sites.
These soils exhibited a variety of physical  and
chemical characteristics.  Approximately 85 to
99 percent of detectable PAHs, including two- to
six-ring compounds,  were removed from  the
soils.
 The measurable PAHs were biologically con-
 verted in both batch-fed and continuously-fed,
 constantly stirred tank reactors. The conversion
 rate and  removal  efficiency  were high in all
 systems.  The PAHs were biologically removed
 or  transformed  at short  hydraulic  retention
 times.  All PAHs, including four- to six-ring
 compounds,  were  susceptible  to  biological
 removal.

 Results from this project were published in an
 Emerging Bulletin (EPA/540/F-94/501), which
 is available from EPA. An article was submit-
 ted to the Journal of Air and Waste Manage-
 ment.

 Potential users of this technology have expressed
 interest in continuing research.  This technology
 will be considered for the SITE Demonstration
 Program for application to town gas sites, wood
 treatment sites, and other contaminated soils and
 sediments.

 FOR FURTHER INFORMATION:

 EPA PROJECT MANAGER:
 Annette Gatchett
 U.S. EPA
Risk Reduction Engineering Laboratory
26 West Martin Luther King Drive
Cincinnati, OH  45268
513-569-7697
Fax: 513-569-7620

TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPER CONTACT:
J. Robert Paterek
Institute of Gas Technology
 1700 South Mount Prospect Road
Des Plaines, IL  60018-1804
708-768-0500
Fax: 708-768-0501
                                 The SITE Program assesses but does not
                                   approve or endorse technologies.
                                Page 279

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Technology Profile
         EMERGING TECHNOLOGY PROGRAM
                                   IT CORPORATION
                      (Batch Steam Distillation and Metal Extraction)
TECHNOLOGY DESCRIPTION:

The batch steam distillation and metal extraction
treatment process is a two-stage system  that
treats  soils contaminated  with  organics  and
inorganics.   This  system uses  conventional,
readily available  process equipment,  and does
not produce hazardous  combustion  products.
Hazardous materials are separated from soils as
concentrates, which can then be disposed of or
recycled. The treated soil can be returned to the
site.

During treatment, waste soil is slurried in water
and heated to 100 degrees Celsius.   This  heat
vaporizes volatile organic compounds (VOC)
and produces an amount of steam equal to  5 to
10  percent of the slurry  volume.   Resulting
vapors are condensed and  decanted to separate
organic contaminants from the aqueous  phase.
Condensed water from this step can be recycled
through  the system after  further treatment to
                remove soluble organics. The soil is then trans-
                ferred as a slurry to the metals extraction step.

                In the metals extraction step, the soil slurry is
                washed with hydrochloric acid.  Subsequent
                countercurrent   batch   washing  with   water
                removes residual acid from the soil. The solids
                are then separated from the final wash solution
                by  gravimetric  sedimentation.   Most  heavy
                metals are converted to chloride salts  in this
                step.  The acid extract stream is then routed to
                a batch distillation system, where excess hydro-
                chloric acid  is  recovered  (see figure below).
                Bottoms  from the still, which  contain  heavy
                metals, are precipitated as hydroxide salts and
                drawn off as a  sludge  for off-site disposal or
                recovery.

                As a batch process, this treatment technology is
                targeted at sites with less than 5,000 tons of soil
                requiring treatment.  Processing tune depends on
                equipment size and batch cycle times; roughly
                   Recycle water from
                   extraction step
                  Contaminated Soil
                   Steam
                                                             A
                                                                        Off-site disposal
                                Steam
                                stripper
                                                           To recycle water
                                                                       Soil slurry to
                                                                       metal extraction
                                                                       or dewatering vessel
                                   Batch distillation vessel
                                   Batch Steam Distillation Step
 Page 280
The SITE Program assesses but does not
  approve or endorse technologies.

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                                                                         November 1994
                                                                       Completed Project
 one batch of soil can be  treated every four
 hours.  Estimated treatment costs per ton, in-
 cluding capital recovery,  for the two treatment
 steps are as follows:
Batch Steam Distillation
500-ton site
2,500-ton site
Metals Extraction
(including acid recovery)
500-ton site
2,500-ton site
$299-393/ton
$266-350/ton
$447-619/ton
$396-545/ton
WASTE APPLICABILITY:

This process may be applied to soils and sludges
contaminated with  organics,  inorganics,  and
heavy metals.

STATUS:

The batch steam distillation and metal extraction
process was accepted into  the SITE Emerging
Technology Program in January 1988.  Under
the program, three pilot-scale tests have been
completed on three soils,  for a total of nine
tests. The removal rates for benzene, toluene,
ethylbenzene, and xylene were greater than 99
percent.   The  removal  rates for chlorinated
solvents ranged from 97 percent to 99 percent.
One acid extraction and  two water  washes
resulted in a 95 percent removal rate for heavy
metals.  Toxicity characteristic leaching proce-
dure tests on the treated soils showed that soils
from eight of the nine tests met leachate criteria.
Data were also collected on the recovery rate for
excess  acid and the removal rate for precipita-
tion of heavy metals into a concentrate.
FOR FURTHER INFORMATION:

EPA PROJECT MANAGER:
Ronald Lewis
U.S. EPA
Risk Reduction Engineering Laboratory
26 West Martin Luther King Drive
Cincinnati, OH 45268
513-569-7856
Fax: 513-569-7620

TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPER CONTACT:
Robert Fox
IT Corporation
312 Directors Drive
Knoxville, TN 37923-4709
615-690-3211
Fax: 615-690-3626
                                The SITE Program assesses but does not
                                   approve or endorse technologies.
                               Page 281

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Technology Profile
          EMERGING TECHNOLOGY PROGRAM
                                  IT CORPORATION
                       (Photolytic and Biological Soil Detoxification)
TECHNOLOGY DESCRIPTION:

This technology is a two-stage, in situ photolytic
and biological detoxification process for shallow
soil contamination. The first step in the process
degrades the organic contaminants with ultravio-
let (UV) radiation.  The photolytic degradation
rate  is several times faster with artificial UV
light than with natural sunlight.  The degradation
process is  enhanced by  adding detergent-like
chemicals (surfactants) to mobilize the contami-
nants.  Photolysis of the contaminants converts
them to more  easily degraded compounds.
Periodic sampling and analysis determines when
photolysis  is complete.   Biodegradation, the
second step,  further destroys organic contami-
nants and detoxifies the soil.
                When sunlight is used to treat shallow soil con-
                tamination, the soil is first tilled with a power
                tiller and sprayed with  surfactant.  The soil is
                tilled  frequently to  expose new surfaces  and
                often  sprayed.  Water  may  also be added to
                maintain soil moisture.

                When UV lights are  used, parabolic reflectors
                suspended over the soil increase the amount of
                UV irradiation (see figure below). After photol-
                ysis is complete, biodegradation is enhanced by
                adding microorganisms and nutrients and further
                tilling the soil.

                When these techniques are applied to soils with
                deep contamination, excavated soil is treated in
                a specially constructed shallow treatment basin
                         Photolytic Degradation Process Using UV Lights
 Page 282
The SITE Program assesses but does not
  approve or endorse technologies.

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                                                                          November 7994
                                                                        Completed Project
 that meets Resource Conservation and Recovery
 Act requirements.  When soil contamination is
 shallow, photolysis and housing prevent conta-
 minants from moving down to groundwater.

 The only treatment residuals are soil contami-
 nated with surfactants and the end metabolites of
 the biodegradation processes.  The end metabo-
 lites depend on the original contaminants. The
 surfactants  are common materials used in agri-
 cultural formulations.

 WASTE APPLICABILITY:

 This photolytic and biological soil detoxification
 process destroys organics, particularly dioxins
 such  as  tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin  (TCDD),
 polychlorinated   biphenyls   (PCB),   other
 polychlorinated  aromatics,  and  polynuclear
 aromatic hydrocarbons.

 STATUS:

 Bench-scale tests  conducted on about  5,000
 cubic yards of PCB- or dioxin-contaminated soil
 showed that the effectiveness of surface irradia-
 tion to  destroy TCDDs  or PCBs  is strongly
 influenced by soil  type.  Early tests  on sandy
 soils showed greater than 90 percent  removals
 for both TCDDs and PCBs.  However, a high
humic content decreased the effectiveness of the
 UV photolysis.  Soil contaminated with PCBs in
the bench-scale tests had a high clay content.
The highest removal rate for these soils was 30
percent, measured over a 16-hour irradiation
time.

The bench-scale tests used a medium-pressure
mercury UV lamp;  sunlight was ineffective. No
significant improvement in PCB destruction was
achieved using a pulsed UV lamp.

The process  was  also  tested  with  Fenton's
Reagent chemistry as an alternate  method  of
degrading PCBs to  more easily biodegraded
compounds. PCB destruction ranged from
 nondetectable to 35 percent.  Preliminary data
 indicate that no significant change in PCB chlor-
 ine level distribution occurred during treatment.

 Other studies examined PCB biodegradability in
 1) soil treated with a surfactant  and  UV radi-
 ation, 2) untreated soil, and 3) soil known to
 have PCB-degrading organisms.  Study results
 were as follows:

   • PCB removal in the UV-treated soil,  un-
     treated soil, and soil with known biological
     activity was higher when augmented with
     an isolated PCB degrader (microorganism).
   • In the untreated soil, biphenyl was more
     efficient at inducing PCB degradation
     than 4-bromobiphenyl.
   • For the treated soil, surfactant treatment
     may have inhibited microbial  activity
     due to high total organic carbon and low
     pH.

Isolation and enrichment techniques have made
it possible to isolate microorganisms capable of
biodegrading PCBs hi contaminated soil.

A   bulletin  (EPA/540/F-94/502),  containing
results from the study, is available from EPA.

FOR FURTHER INFORMATION:

EPA PROJECT MANAGER:
Randy Parker
U.S. EPA
Risk Reduction Engineering Laboratory
26 West Martin Luther King Drive
Cincinnati, OH 45268
513-569-7271
Fax: 513-569-7620

TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPER CONTACT:
Robert Fox
IT Corporation
312 Directors Drive
Knoxville, TN 37923-4709
615-690-3211
Fax: 615-694-3626
                                 The SITE Program assesses but does not
                                   approve or endorse technologies.
                                Page 283

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Technology Profile
         EMERGING TECHNOLOGY PROGRAM
                       MATRIX PHOTOCATALYTIC INC.
                       (formerly NUTECH ENVIRONMENTAL)
                            (Photocatalytic Water Treatment)
TECHNOLOGY DESCRIPTION:

The Matrix Photocatalytic Inc. (Matrix), former-
ly Nutech Environmental, photocatalytic oxida-
tion system, shown in the photograph below,
efficiently  removes  and  destroys  dissolved
organic contaminants from water in a continuous
flow process at ambient temperatures.  When
excited by  light,  the titanium  dioxide (TiOj)
semiconductor catalyst generates hydroxyl radi-
cals that oxidatively break the carbon bonds of
hazardous organic compounds. The catalyst also
generates electron holes,  which are powerful
reducing species.

The Matrix system, when given sufficient time,
converts  organics  such   as  polychlorinated
               biphenyls (PCB); phenols;  benzene,  toluene,
               ethylbenzene, and xylene (BTEX); and others to
               carbon dioxide and water.  Typically, efficient
               destruction occurs between  30 seconds and  2
               minutes actual exposure time.   Total organic
               carbon removal takes longer, depending on the
               other organic molecules  and their molecular
               weights.

               The Matrix system was  initially designed to
               destroy organic pollutants or to  remove  total
               organic carbon in drinking water, groundwater,
               and plant process water.  The Matrix system
               also destroys organic pollutants such as PCBs,
               polychlorinated dibenzodioxins, polychlorinated
               dibenzofurans, chlorinated alkenes, chlorinated
               phenols, chlorinated benzenes, alcohols, ketones,
             l6-gallon-per-minute TiO2 Photocatalytic System Treating BTEX in Water
Page 284
The SITE Program assesses but does not
  approve or endorse technologies.

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                                                                          November 1994
                                                                        Completed Project
aldehydes, and amines.   Inorganic pollutants
such as cyanide, sulphite, and nitrite ions can be
oxidized to cyanate ion, sulphate ion, and nitrate
ion, respectively.

WASTE APPLICABILITY:

The Matrix system can treat a wide range of
concentrations of organic pollutants in industrial
wastewater, and can be applied to the ultrapure
water industry and the drinking water industry.
The Matrix system can also  remediate  ground-
water.

STATUS:

The Matrix system was accepted into the SITE
Emerging Technology Program in May  1991.
Technological advances since that time include
the following:

   • The Matrix system has treated effluents
    with contaminants, such as solvents and
    alcohols, as  high  as  30,000  parts per
    million (ppm), and has achieved effluent
    qualities as low as 5 parts per trillion.
   • Performance  has quadrupled over  1992
    standards.
   • Numerous  extended  field trials  have
    been conducted on raw effluent conta-
    minated with a  variety of  organics,
    mainly BTEX,  trichloroethene,  and
    methyl tertiary butyl  ether.   Average
    treatment time was 60 seconds  at a
    direct operating cost  of $1  to  $2 per
    1,000 gallons.
   • The technology was used for 6 months
    in a sustained field operation on ground-
    water contaminated with 1 ppm ferrous
    ion  (Fe+2) with  no  appreciable  iron
    fouling.
   • Modular systems have been developed
   ,  for high flow rates with capacity incre-
     ments of 5 gallons per minute. Capital
     costs are highly competitive with ultravi-
     olet/hydrogen   peroxide  technologies
     while operating  costs are usually one-
     fifth to one-third less.
   • Matrix  has  successfully designed and
     field tested  support  systems for unat-
     tended operation.
   • The Matrix  system has  successfully
     treated highly turbid  effluents and dyes
     in plant  operations.

The research was completed in September 1993.
Two peer-reviewed journal articles are available
through National Technical Information Services
(NTIS),  document   Nos.   PB93-222883   and
PB93-130184.  For a comprehensive biblio-
graphy of TiO2 research,  please obtain NTIS
document No. DE94-006906.

FOR FURTHER INFORMATION:

EPA PROJECT MANAGER:
John Ireland
U.S. EPA
Risk Reduction Engineering Laboratory
26 West Martin Luther King Drive
Cincinnati, OH 45268
513-569-7413
Fax: 513-569-7185

TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPER CONTACT:
Bob Henderson
Matrix Photocatalytic Inc.
22 Pegler Street
London, Ontario, Canada
N5Z 2B5
519-660-8669
Fax: 519-660-8525
                                The SITE Program assesses but does not
                                   approve or endorse technologies.
                               Page 285

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Techno/oav Profile
         EMERGING TECHNOLOGY PROGRAM
           MEMBRANE TECHNOLOGY AND RESEARCH, INC.
                            (VaporSep™ Membrane Process)
TECHNOLOGY DESCRIPTION:

Membrane Technology and Research, Inc.'s,
VaporSep™  system  uses  synthetic  polymer
membranes to remove organic vapors from con-
taminated air streams (see photograph below).
The process  generates a clean air stream  and a
liquid organic stream for reuse or disposal.

Air laden with organic vapor contacts one side
of a membrane that is  10  to 100 tunes  more
permeable to the organic compound than to air.
The  membrane separates  the  gas into two
streams:  a permeate stream containing most of
the organic  vapor,  and a clean* residual  air
stream.  The organic vapor is  condensed and
removed as a liquid; the purified air stream may
be vented or recycled.
               The VaporSep™ system maintains a lower vapor
               pressure on the permeate side of the membrane
               to drive the permeation process.  This pressure
               difference can be created by either compressing
               the feed stream or using a vacuum pump on the
               permeate stream-

               Over 40 VaporSep™ systems have been built or
               are under construction.  These systems range in
               capacity from 1 to 100 standard cubic feet per
               minute.  VaporSep™ systems are significantly
               smaller than carbon adsorption  systems  of
               similar capacity, and can be configured to treat
               a wide range of feed flow rates and compo-
               sitions. The  VaporSep™ system has been tested
               on air streams contaminated with a wide range
               of organic compounds at concentrations of 100
               to over 100,000 parts per million.
                    A VaporSep™ Membrane Organic Vapor Recovery System
 Page 286
The SITE Program assesses but does not
  approve or endorse technologies.

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                                                                         November 1994
                                                                       Completed Project
 WASTE APPLICABILITY:

 VaporSep™ systems can treat most air streams
 containing flammable or nonflammable halogen-
 ated and  nonhalogenated organic compounds,
 including  chlorinated  hydrocarbons,  chloro-
 fluorocarbons  (CFC), and fuel  hydrocarbons.
 Typical applications include the following:

   • Reduction of process vent emissions,
     such as those regulated by EPA's source.
     performance standards for the synthetic
     organic chemical manufacturing industry
   • Treatment of air stripper exhaust before
     discharge to the atmosphere
   • Recovery  of, CFCs and hydrochloro-
     fluorocarbons

 The VaporSep™ system removes between 90 and
 99 percent of the organic vapor, depending on
 the class of organic compound and the system
 design.   The  system does  not produce any
 secondary wastes,  and  only  produces a small
 volume  of organic condensate. The concentra-
 tion of  organics in the purified air stream is
 generally low enough for discharge to the atmo-
 sphere.

 STATUS:

 This technology was accepted  into the SITE
 Emerging Technology Program in January 1990.
 The process, demonstrated at both the bench-
 and pilot-scales, achieved removal efficiencies of
 over 99.5 percent for  selected  organic  com-
pounds.
 Over twenty VaporSep™  systems  have been
 successfully installed for the following industrial
 processes:

   • CFC and halocarbon recovery from pro-
     cess vents and transfer operations
   • CFC   recovery   from   refrigeration
     systems
   • Vinyl chloride monomer recovery from
     polyvinyl chloride manufacturing opera-
     tions
   • CFC-12/ethylene oxide  recovery  from
     sterilizer emissions

 The VaporSep™ system successfully treated an
 air stream from a soil vacuum extraction opera-
 tion at a U.S. Department of Energy site.

 FOR FURTHER INFORMATION:

 EPA PROJECT MANAGER:
 Paul dePercin
 U.S. EPA
 Risk Reduction Engineering Laboratory
 26 West Martin Luther King Drive
 Cincinnati,  OH 45268
 513-569-7797
 Fax: 513-569-7620

 TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPER CONTACTS:
 David Dortmundt or Marc Jacobs
 Membrane Technology and Research, Inc.
 1360 Willow Road, Suite 103
 Menlo Park, CA  94025-1516
415-328-2228
 Fax: 415-328-6580
                                The SITE Program assesses but does not
                                  approve or endorse technologies.
                               Page 287

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Technology Profile
         EMERGING TECHNOLOGY PROGRAM
   MONTANA COLLEGE OF MINERAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY
                                (Air-Sparged Hydrocyclone)
TECHNOLOGY DESCRIPTION:

The air-sparged hydrocyclone (ASH) was devel-
oped at the University of Utah during the early
1980s to achieve fast flotation of fine particles in
a centrifugal field.  The ASH consists of two
concentric right-vertical tubes with a convention-
al cyclone header at the top and a froth pedestal
at the bottom (see figure below). The inner tube
is a porous tube through which air is sparged.
The outer tube serves as an air jacket to evenly
distribute air through the porous inner tube.

Slurry is fed tangentially through the convention-
al cyclone header to develop a swirl flow of a
certain thickness  in  the radial  direction (the
swirl-layer  thickness). The swirl is discharged
through an annular opening between the porous
tube wall and the froth pedestal.  Air is sparged
through  the  porous  inner tube wall  and is
sheared into small bubbles. These bubbles are
                then radially transported, together with attached
                hydrophobic particles, into a  froth phase that
                forms on the cyclone axis. The froth phase is
                stabilized and constrained by the* froth pedestal
                at  the  underflow,  moved toward  the vortex
                finder of the cyclone header, and discharged as
                an overflow product.  Water-wetted hydrophilic
                particles generally  remain in the slurry phase
                and are discharged as an underflow product
                through the annulus created by the froth pedes-
                tal.

                During the past decade, large mechanical  flota-
                tion cells, such as aeration-stirred tank reactors,
                have been designed, installed,  and operated for
                mineral processing.  In addition, considerable
                effort has been made to develop column flotation
                technology in the United States and elsewhere;
                a  number have been installed  in  industries.
                Nevertheless, for both mechanical and column
                cells, the specific flotation capacity is generally
                     Overflow
              Vortex Finder
                                                          Overflow Froth
                                                                        Porous
                                                                        Cylinder
                                   Air-Sparged Hydrocyclone
 Page 288
The SITE Program assesses but does not
  approve or endorse technologies.

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                                                                            November 7994
                                                                         Completed Project
 limited to 1 to 2 tons per day (tpd) per cubic
 foot of cell volume.  In contrast, the ASH has a
 specific flotation capacity of at least 100 tpd per
 cubic foot of cell volume.

 WASTE APPLICABILITY:

 Standard flotation techniques used in industrial
 mineral processing are effective ways of con-
 centrating  materials.   However,  metal  value
 recovery  is  never complete.   The  valuable
 material escaping the milling process is frequent-
 ly concentrated in the very fine particle fraction.

 The ASH can remove fine mineral particles that
 are amenable to the  froth flotation  process.
 These  particles are generally sulfide minerals,
 such as galena (lead  sulfide), sphalerite (zinc
 sulfide) and  chalcopyrite (copper-iron-sulfide).
 Finely-divided mining wastes containing these
 minerals oxidize  and release the metallic ele-
 ments as dissolved sulfates into the groundwater.
 Particularly applicable are tailings from older
 operations conducted before the development of
 froth  flotation.   Earlier operations recovered
 minerals by gravity concentration, which did not
 effectively capture fine particles, and left tailings
 with relatively  large  concentrations  of  fine
 sulfide minerals.

 STATUS:

 This technology was  accepted into the SITE
 Emerging Technology Program in June 1990. A
pilot plant has  operated for the past 4 years.
 The most  recent  pilot plant trials on  tailings
 generated  by gravity  concentration have con-
 firmed both the device's  ability1 to recover
 sulfide minerals and the high throughput capa-
 city claimed  by proponents of the ASH.  The
 SITE-sponsored test program was completed on
 August 12, and a journal article is pending.  The
pilot plant is still intact and the investigators are
 in search of waste sites to which the technology
might be applied.
FOR FURTHER INFORMATION:

EPA PROJECT MANAGER:
Eugene Harris
U.S. EPA
Risk Reduction Engineering Laboratory
26 West Martin Luther King Drive
Cincinnati, OH 45268
513-569-7862
Fax: 513-569-7676

TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPER CONTACT:
Theodore Jordan
Montana College of Mineral Science &
  Technology
West Park Street
Butte, MT  57901
406-496-4112
406-496-1473
Fax: 406-496-4133
                                 The SITE Program assesses but does not
                                    approve or endorse technologies.
                                Page 289

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Technology Profile
         EMERGING  TECHNOLOGY PROGRAM
    MONTANA COLLEGE OF MINERAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY
                                 (Campbell Centrifugal Jig)
TECHNOLOGY DESCRIPTION:

The Campbell  Centrifugal Jig  (CCJ)  is  a
mechanical device that uses centrifugal force to
separate fine heavy mineral and metal particles
from waste materials.   The CCJ  combines
jigging and centrifuging to separate these parti-
cles from a fluid slurry. TransMar, Inc., owns
the patents and rights to the CCJ technology.

Standard jigs separate solids of different specific
gravities by differential settling hi a pulsating
bed and gravitational  field.  Jigs operating in
this mode can recover solids larger than about
150 mesh (105 microns). Centrifuges are effec-
tive in separating solids from liquids but are not
effective in separating solids from solids.
                The CCJ, shown in the figure below, combines
                the continuous flow and pulsating bed  of the
                standard jig with the high acceleration forces of
                a centrifuge to segregate and concentrate heavy
                particles from the waste.  The CCJ can recover
                particles ranging in size from 1 to about 500
                microns, depending on whether the particles are
                sufficiently disaggregated from the host material.
                The disaggregated particle should have a specific
                gravity at least 50 percent greater than the waste
                material.  The CCJ does not need chemicals to
                separate the solids.

                Appropriately-sized, slurried material is fed into
                the CCJ through a hollow shaft inlet at the top
                of the machine. The slurried material discharges
                from the shaft onto a diffuser plate,  which has
                                  Slurry Inlet
                                                                     Bull Wheel
                Pulse Water Inlet
      Cone Shroud
          Hutch Area
    Pulse Water Outlet1
                                             Tails Outlet     Discharge
                                                                                   Access
                                                                                   Doors
                                -Con Outlet
                                 Campbell Centrifugal Jig (CCJ)
 Page 290
The SITE Program assesses but does not
  approve or endorse technologies.

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                                                                           November 1994
                                                                         Completed Project
 vanes that distribute the material radially to the
 jig bed.  The jig bed's surface is composed of
 stainless-steel shot ragging that is slightly coars-
 er  than the  screen aperture.   The jig bed is
 pulsated by pressurized water admitted through
 a screen by four  rotating  pulse blocks.  The
 pulsing  water intermittently fluidizes the bed,
 causing  heavier particles to move through the
 ragging and screen to the concentrate port, while
 lighter particles continue across the face of the
 jig  bed to the tailings port.

 The separation's effectiveness depends on how
 well the original solids are disaggregated from
 the waste material, and the specific gravity of
 each  solid.  The  slurried  feed material  may
 require grinding to ensure disaggregation of the
 heavy metals.   Operating  parameters include
 pulse pressure, rotation speed or g-load, screen
 aperture, ragging type and size, weir height, and
 feed percent solids.

 The CCJ process  produces heavy mineral  or
 metal concentrates which, depending upon the
 waste material,  may be  further processed for
 extraction or sale.  A clean  tailings stream may
 be returned to the environment.

 WASTE APPLICABILITY:

 The CCJ can separate  and  concentrate a wide
 variety of materials, ranging from base metals to
 fine coal ash and fine (1 micron) gold particles.
 Applications  include 1) remediation of heavy
 metal-contaminated  soils, tailings,  or harbor
 areas containing spilled  concentrates; 2) removal
 of pyritic sulfur  and ash from fine coal; and 3)
treatment of some sandblasting grit.

 STATUS:

The CCJ was accepted  into the SITE Emerging
Technology Program in May 1992.  The CCJ
has  been evaluated at the Montana College of
Mineral  Science  and  Technology  Research
Center (Montana Tech).   Montana Tech has
equipped a pilot plant to evaluate the Series 12
 CCJ, which has a capacity of 1 to 3 tons per
 hour.  Tests were completed in August 1994 on
 base-metal mine tailings from various locations
 in western Montana.  A report on these tests is
 pending.

 In  addition, under  the  U.S. Department of
 Energy (DOE) Integrated Demonstration  Pro-
 gram, the CCJ was tested on clean Nevada test
 site soil spiked with bismuth as a surrogate for
 plutonium  oxide.  These tests occurred at the
 University of Nevada, Reno, during August and
 September 1994.  In the future, the CCJ will be
 tested for its capability to remove radioactive
 contamination from soils from  several DOE
 sites.

 FOR FURTHER INFORMATION:

 EPA PROJECT MANAGER:
 Jack Hubbard
 U.S. EPA
 Risk Reduction Engineering Laboratory
 26 West Martin Luther King Drive
 Cincinnati, OH 45268
 513-569-7507
 Fax: 513-569-7620

 TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPER CONTACT:
 Gordon Ziesing
 Montana College of Mineral Science
    and Technology
West Park Street
Butte, MT  59701
406-496-4112
406-496-1473
Fax: 406-496-4133
                                 The SITE Program assesses but does not
                                   approve or endorse technologies.
                                Page 291

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Technology Profile
         EMERGING TECHNOLOGY PROGRAM
                NEW JERSEY INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY
                                (GHEA Associates Process)
TECHNOLOGY DESCRIPTION:

The GHEA Associates Process applies surfac-
tants and additives to soil washing and waste-
water treatment to make organic and metal
contaminants  soluble.  In soil washing, soil is
first excavated, washed, and rinsed to produce
clean  soil.   Wash and  rinse liquids are  then
combined and treated to separate surfactants and
contaminants  from  the  water.   Next, conta-
minants are separated from the surfactants by
desorption  and isolated  as  a  concentrate.
Desorption regenerates the surfactants for repeat-
ed use in the process.

The liquid  treatment consists of a sequence of
steps involving phase separation, ultrafiltration,
and air  flotation.   The treated water meets all
National Pollutant Discharge Elimination System
groundwater discharge criteria, allowing it to be
1) discharged  without  further treatment,  and
                2) reused in the process  itself or reused as  a
                source of high quality water for other users.

                In wastewater treatment applications, surfactants
                added to the wastewater  adsorb contaminants.
                The mixture is then treated in the same manner
                as  described above  for  1) water  purification,
                2) separation of the contaminants, and  3) re-
                covery of the surfactants.  The treatment process
                yields clean soil, clean water, and a highly con-
                centrated fraction of contaminants.  No other
                residues, effluents, or emissions are produced.
                The figure below illustrates the GHEA process.

                WASTE APPLICABILITY:

                This technology can be applied to soil, sludges,
                sediments, slurries, groundwater, surface water,
                end-of-pipe industrial effluents, and in situ soil
                flushing.   Contaminants that can be treated
                include both organics and heavy  metals, non-
Contaminated
Soil
Surfactant
Extraction
t


Liquid
Rinse
	 ^

Clean
Soil
                                  Recycle
             Recycle
              i
                   Clean
                   Water
                                                                         Contaminant
                                GHEA Process for Soil Washing
 Page 292
The SITE Program assesses but does not
  approve or endorse technologies.

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                                                                         November
                                                                      Completed Project
volatile and volatile compounds,  and highly
toxic refractory compounds.

STATUS:

The  technology was accepted into the SITE
Emerging Technology Program in June 1990.
Treatability tests  were conducted  on various
matrices, including soils with high clay contents,
industrial  oily  sludges,  industrial  wastewater
effluents,  and  contaminated groundwater (see
table below).   In situ soil flushing tests  have
shown a 20-fold enhancement of contaminant
removal rates.   Tests using a 25-gallon pilot-
plant have also been conducted.   A  Bulletin
(EPA/540/F-94/509) is available from EPA; a
final report will be available in late 1994.  Costs
for treatment range from  $50 to $80 per ton.
FOR FURTHER INFORMATION:

EPA PROJECT MANAGER:
Annette Gatchett
U.S. EPA
Risk Reduction Engineering Laboratory
26 West Martin Luther King Drive
Cincinnati, OH  45268
513-569-7697
Fax: 513-569-7620

TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPER CONTACT:
Itzhak Gotlieb
New Jersey Institute of Technology
  Department of Chemical Engineering
Newark, NJ  07102
201-596-5862
Fax: 201-802-1946
SUMMARY Of- TRfiATABEITY TEST RESULTS
MATRIX:
Volatile Organic Compounds (VOC): trichloroethylene;
1 ,2-dichloroethylene; Benzene; Toluene
Soil, parts per million (ppm)
Water, parts per billion (ppb)
Total Petroleum Hydrocarbons (TPH):
Soil, ppm
Polychlorinated Biphenyls (PCB):
Soil, ppm
Water, ppb
Trinitrotoluene in Water, ppm
Coal Tar Contaminated Soil (ppm):
Benzo[a]pyrene
Benzo[k]fluoranthene
Chrysene
Benzanthracene
Pyrene
Anthracene
Phenanthrene
Fluorene
Dibenzofuran
1 -Methylnaphthalene
2-Methylnaphthalene
Heavy Metals In Soil:
Chromium, ppm
Iron (III) in Water, ppm:
UNTREATED
SAMPLE


20.13
109.0
13,600

380.00
6,000.0
180.0

28.8
24.1
48.6
37.6
124.2
83.6
207.8
92.7
58.3
88.3
147.3
21,000
30.8
TREATED SAMPLE


0.05
2.5
80

0.57
<0.1
<.08

<0.1
4.4
<0.1
<0.1
<0.1
<0.1
<0.1
<0.1
<0.1
1.3
<0.1
640
0.3
PERCENT
REMOVAL


99.7%
97.8%
99.4%

99.8%
>99.9%
>99.5%

>99.7%
81.2%
>99.8%
>99.7%
>99.9%
>99.8%
>99.9%
>99.9%
>99.8%
98.5%
>99.9%
96.8%
99.0%
                                The SITE Program assesses but does not
                                  approve or endorse technologies.
                               Page 293

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Technology Profile
         EMERGING TECHNOLOGY PROGRAM
                               PSI TECHNOLOGIES,
                        A Division of Physical Sciences Inc.
            (Metals Immobilization and Decontamination of Aggregate Solids)
TECHNOLOGY DESCRIPTION:

PSI  Technologies has  developed  a  metals
immobilization and decontamination of aggregate
solids (MelDAS) process  (see figure below).
The technology involves a modified incineration
process  in which high temperatures  destroy
organic  contaminants  hi soil and concentrate
metals into fly ash. The bulk of the soil ends up
as bottom ash and is rendered nonleachable.
The  fly ash is then treated with a sorbent to
immobilize the  metals, as determined by the
toxicity  characteristic leaching procedure.  The
MelDAS process requires a sorbent fraction of
less than 5 percent by soil weight.

Standard air pollution control devices clean the
effluent  gas stream.   Hydrogen chloride and
sulfur dioxide, which may be formed from the
oxidation of chlorinated  organics  and sulfur
               compounds in the waste, are cleaned by alkaline
               scrubbers.  Fly ash is captured by a particulate
               removal  device,  such  as  an  electrostatic
               precipitator or baghouse.  The only solid resi-
               dues exiting the process are treated,soils, which
               no longer contain organics  and  will not leach
               toxic metals.

               WASTE APPLICABILITY:

               The MelDAS process treats  organics and heavy
               metals in soils, sediments  and  sludges.  The
               process has been effective in treating arsenic,
               cadmium, chromium, lead, nickel, and zinc.

               The MelDAS process  is applicable to  wastes
               contaminated with a  combination  of volatile
               metals and complex  organic  mixtures of low
               volatility.  Possible MelDAS  process appli-
               cations include battery waste sites and urban
                                            (1) PAHTICULATE REMOVAL
                                            (2) ACID-GAS SCRUBBER
          BURNER
                                                AIR POLLUTION
                                              CONTROL EQUIPMENT
              TREATED
             SOIL/FLY ASH
             DISCHARGE
                                       MelDAS Process
 Page 294
The SITE Program assesses but does not
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                                                                         November 1994
                                                                       Completed Project
sites containing lead paint or leaded gasoline, or
a site contaminated with organometallics from
disposal practices at chemical or pesticide manu-
facturing facilities.

STATUS:

This technology was accepted into the SITE
Emerging Technology Program  in July 1991.
Initial testing,  conducted under an EPA Small
Business Innovative  Research  program,  has
demonstrated the feasibility of treating wastes
containing arsenic, cadmium, lead, and zinc.
Bench-scale testing under the SITE Program was
completed in July 1992.  This study demonstrat-
ed that organic, lead, and arsenic wastes could
be successfully treated with less sorbent (1 to 10
percent of the  soil  by weight) than previously
anticipated. Pilot-scale testing occurred October
1992  and was  completed  in May  1993.   A
demonstration of the MelDAS Process is in the
planning stage.
FOR FURTHER INFORMATION:

EPA PROJECT MANAGER:
Mark Meckes
U.S. EPA
Risk Reduction Engineering Laboratory
26 West Martin Luther King Drive
Cincinnati, OH  45268
513-569-7348
Fax: 513-569-7676

TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPER CONTACT:
Joseph Morency
PSI Technologies
A Division of Physical Sciences Inc.
20 New England Business Center
Andover, MA  01810
508-689-0003
Fax: 508-689-3232
                                The SITE Program assesses but does not
                                   approve or endorse technologies.
                               Page 295

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Technology Profile
          EMERGING TECHNOLOGY PROGRAM
                               PULSE SCIENCES, INC.
                         (X-Ray Treatment of Aqueous Solutions)
TECHNOLOGY DESCRIPTION:

X-ray  treatment  of  organically contaminated
aqueous  solutions is based  on the  in-depth
deposition of ionizing radiation. X-rays collide
with matter, generating a  shower  of  lower
energy secondary electrons within the contami-
nated waste material.  The secondary electrons
ionize and excite the atomic electrons, break up
the complex contaminant molecules,  and form
radicals.  These radicals react with the volatile
organic compounds  (VOC)  and semi-volatile
organic compounds (SVOC) to form nontoxic
by-products such as water, carbon dioxide, and
oxygen.

High energy X-rays and electrons transfer their
energy to  the  background media  by  similar
interactions,  which  makes  X-ray processing
similar to  direct  electron beam processing, a
highly effective method used to destroy organic
contaminants hi aqueous solutions. The X-ray's
effective  penetration, however, is much deeper
than that of an electron of the same  energy.  X-
ray  treatment  alleviates  material  handling
problems and allows  treatment of much thicker
waste volumes.

A high-power linear induction accelerator (LIA)
plus X-ray converter generates the X-rays used
in the treatment process (see figure below).  The
LIA energy is between 1 million electron volts
(MeV) and 10 MeV; the upper limit depends on
                the application and is chosen small enough to
                avoid activation. A pulse of electrons 50 to 100
                nanoseconds  long is  directed  onto  a cooled
                converter of high atomic number to efficiently
                generate X-rays.  The X-rays then penetrate the
                container and waste material.

                Based on coupled electron/photon Monte Carlo
                transport code calculations, the effective pene-
                tration depth of X-rays produced by converting
                10 MeV electrons is predicted to be 32 centi-
                meters  when  passed  through  the  side  of a
                rotating  55-gallon  drum  filled with water.
                Therefore, large  contaminant volumes can be
                easily treated  without  absorbing a significant
                fraction of the ionizing radiation in the container
                walls.  Either  flowing waste or contaminated
                waste can be treated. No additives are required
                for the  process, and in situ treatment is  also
                feasible. Moreover, electron accelerators offer
                a high level of safety;  the X-ray output of the
                LIA is  easily  turned off by disconnecting the
                electrical power.  The  cost of high throughput
                X-ray processing is estimated to be competitive
                with alternative processes.

                WASTE APPLICABILITY:

                X-ray processing can treat a large number of
                contaminants without expensive waste extraction
                or preparation.  The technology has  successfully
                treated the following contaminants:
                                                          Waste
                                                         Treatment
                                                           Area
                                     Conveyor
                                                  Waste
                                                  Storage
UA
1-10 MeV


Electron
Beam


X-Ray
Converter
(Ta)


X-Rays
                                                                                Disposal
                                   X-Ray Treatment Process
Page 296
The SITE Program assesses but does not
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                                                                          November  1994
                                                                        Completed Project
     trichloroethylene (TCE)
     tetrachloroethylene (PCE)
     chloroform
     methylene chloride
     trans and cis-1,2 dichloroethene
     1,1,1-trichloroethane
     carbon tetrachloride
     benzene
     toluene
     ethylbenzene
     xylene
     1,1-dichloroethane
     1,1-dichloroethene
     1,2- dichloroethane
     Freon
The X-ray's deep penetration  and high flux
allow waste to be treated in containers, flowing
systems, or in situ.

STATUS:

This technology was  accepted  into the SITE
Emerging Technology Program in May 1991
and demonstrated in April 1994. A 1.2 MeV,
800 ampere, 55 nanosecond LIA operating at
one pulse per second gave a dose rate of 5-10
rads per second.  Twelve different VOCs and
SVOCs found in Superfund sites  were irradiated
in 21  aqueous  matrices.   The  matrices were
prepared with a neat solution of the contaminant
in reagent grade water.  All VOC and SVOC
contaminant concentrations were  significantly
reduced during X-ray irradiation.  Contamina-
tion concentrations of 200 to  10,000 parts per
billion (ppb) were reduced to less than 0.1 to 1
ppb by X-ray doses of 5 to 70 kilorads for con-
taminants that react strongly with the hydroxyl
radical.  For contaminants that did not react as
strongly with the hydroxyl radical, doses of 100
to 200 kilorads were required to destroy initial
concentrations of 180 to 2,000 ppb.

Two sets of experiments  were completed with
contaminated well water from a  Superfund site
located  at  the  Lawrence Livermore National
Laboratory (LLNL). Samples contaminated with
  10 to 3,400 ppb were reduced to less than 2 ppb
 '. by an X-ray dose of 150 kilorads.  For the more
  highly contaminated LLNL well water samples
  (10 to 5000 ppb), the dose to reduce all conta-
  minants to less than 5 ppb was estimated to be
  500 kilorads, based on experimental data.

  Analysis of experiments with high concentrations
  of TCE  and PCE  (10,000 to  64,000 ppb)
  showed no evidence of chlorinated hydrocarbons
  or aldehydes during remediation  of TCE and
  PCE.  However, analysis  showed formation of
  formic  acid,  which  was subsequently decom-
  posed after destruction of high concentrations of
  TCE  and PCE.

  The rate coefficients which were determined
  from  the data, can in  principle,  be used to
  estimate the dose  level  required to destroy
  mixtures of multiple VOC contaminants  and
  hydroxyl radical scavengers.  However, based
  on the results of this and other programs, these
  estimates should be applied judiciously.  Only
  the experimentally determined destruction cur-
  ves, based on the remediation of test samples of
  actual mixtures, can be used with confidence at
  the present.

  FOR FURTHER INFORMATION:

  EPA PROJECT MANAGER:
  Esperanza Piano Renard
  U.S. EPA
  Risk Reduction Engineering Laboratory
  Building 10, MS-104
  2890 Woodbridge Avenue
  Edison, NJ 08837-3679
  908-321-4355
  Fax: 908-321-6640

  TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPER CONTACT:
  Vernon Bailey
  Pulse Sciences, Inc.
  600 McCormick Street
  San Leandro, CA 94577
  510-632-5100
' Fax: 510-632-5300
                                 The SITE Program assesses but does not
                                   approve or endorse technologies.
                                 Page 297

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Technology Profile
         EMERGING TECHNOLOGY PROGRAM
                                     PURUS, INC.
                              (Photolytic Oxidation Process)
TECHNOLOGY DESCRIPTION:

The Purus, Inc. (Purus), photolytic oxidation
process  indirectly destroys  volatile organic
compounds (VOC) in  soil and groundwater.
The process uses a xenon pulsed-plasma flash-
lamp  that emits short wavelength ultraviolet
(UV) light at very high intensities.  The process
strips the contaminants into the vapor phase, and
the UV  treatment converts the VOCs into less
hazardous  compounds.

Contaminants are directly photolyzed when they
absorb sufficient UV light energy, transforming
electrons to higher energy states and breaking
molecular  bonds (see figure below).  Hydroxyl
radicals, however, are not formed.  The process
requires the UV light source to emit wavelengths
in the regions absorbed by the contaminant. An
innovative feature of this technology is its ability
to shift  the UV spectral output to optimize the
photolysis.

The  process  uses vacuum  extraction or  air
stripping  to  volatilize VOCs  from  soils or
groundwater, respectively.  VOCs then enter the
photolysis reactor, where a xenon flashlamp
generates UV light. The plasma is produced by
pulse  discharge of electrical energy across two
electrodes hi the lamp.   Ninety-nine percent
destruction occurs within seconds,  allowing
continuous operation.   Because organics are
destroyed  in the vapor phase, the process uses
                less energy than a system treating dissolved
                organics.

                WASTE APPLICABILITY:

                The Purus photolytic oxidation process is de-
                signed to destroy  VOCs, including dichloro-
                ethene   (DCE),   tetrachloroethene   (PCE),
                trichloroethene (TCE), and vinyl chloride volati-
                lized from soil or groundwater. Destruction of
                other VOCs, such as  benzene,  carbon tetra-
                chloride,  and 1,1,1-trichloroethane, is under
                investigation.

                STATUS:

                The photolytic oxidation process  was accepted
                into the SITE Emerging Technology Program in
                March 1991. Field testing of a full-scale proto-
                type began in October 1991.  The test was con-
                ducted  at  the Lawrence Livermore  National
                Laboratory  Superfund   site  in   Livermore,
                California.  The site contains soil zones highly
                contaminated with  TCE.  A vacuum extraction
                system delivered contaminated air to the Purus
                unit at air flows up to 500 cubic feet per minute
                (cfm).  Initial TCE concentrations in  the air
                were approximately 250  parts per million by
                volume.  The contaminant removal goal for the
                treatment was 99 percent.  Vapor phase carbon
                filters were placed downstream of the Purus unit
                to satisfy California Air Quality emission control
                requirements during the field test.  Test results
            ci
  \(
CI/
pi

 H
                  TCE
                                            UV
                                 CO2+  HCI
                                Purus Advanced UV.Photolysis
 Page 298
The SITE Program assesses but does not
  approve or endorse technologies.

-------
                                                                        November 1994
                                                                      Completed Project
 are shown in the table below. The Final Report
 (EPA/540/R-93/516),   a   Summary
 (EPA/540/SR-93/516),   and   a  Bulletin
 (EPA/540/F-93/501) have been published.

 The low-wavelength  UV emissions  allowed
 direct photolysis of many VOCs, particularly
 chlorinated compounds and freons, that would
 not have been possible with commercial mercury
 vapor lamps. TCE, PCE, and DCE were quick-
 ly destroyed.  To be rapidly photolyzed, some
 VOCs  require  photosensitization or an  even
 lower-wavelength light source.

 TCE removal yielded undesirable intermediates.
 Greater than 85 percent of the TCE chain photo-
 oxidation  product  is  dichloroacetyl chloride
 (DCAC).  Further oxidation of DCAC is about
 100 times  slower than TCE  photolysis, and
 forms  dichlorocarbonyl  (DCC)  at about 20
 percent yield. At this treatment level, the DCC
 concentration may be excessive, requiring addi-
 tional treatment. Further studies should focus
 on 1) the effectiveness of dry or  wet scrubbers
 for removing acidic photo-oxidation products, 2)
 developing  thermal  or other methods for post-
 treatment of products such as DCAC, and 3)
 examining the  use  of shorter-wavelength UV
          lamps or catalysts to treat a broader range of
          VOCs.  Purus will examine  several of these
          issues with Argonne  National Laboratory in
          continued demonstrations at the U.S. Depart-
          ment of Energy Savannah River site in Aiken,
          South Carolina.

          FOR FURTHER INFORMATION:

          EPA PROJECT MANAGER:
          Norma Lewis
          U.S EPA
          Risk Reduction Engineering Laboratory
          26 West Martin Luther King Drive
          Cincinnati,  OH 45268
          513-569-7665
          Fax: 513-569-7620

          TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPER CONTACT:
          Bart Mass
          Purus, Inc.
          2713 North First Street
          San Jose, CA  95134-2010
          408-955-1000
          Fax:408-955-1010
TCE PHOTOLYSIS FIELD TEST RESULTS

Freq.
(Hz)
30
30
30
30
15
15
5
5
1
1

No. of
chambers
4
4
4
2
4
2
4
2
4
2

Flow
(cfm)
103
97
95
106
97
103
95
103
106
103
Res.
time
(sec)
9.6
10.1
10.4
4.6
10.1
4.8
10.4
4.8
9.3
4.8
TCE
input
(ppmv)
78.4
108.5
98.3
91.7
106.8
101.3
104.9
101.4
101.7
98.5
TCE
output
(ppmv)
dl
dl
dl
0.07
dl
dl
dl
dl
0.85
13.23
TCE
destruction
(%)
>99.99
Si 99.99
2:99.99
99.92
3:99.99
3>99.99
>99.99
3:99.9
99.16
86.57
DCC
yield
(ppmv)
nd
21.3
25.6
15.9
22.8
12.6
8.7
9.4
12.5
6.8
DCAC
yield
(ppmv)
20.2
26.5
34
49.2
nd
65.3
75.7
76.3
83.2
84.9
Chlorine
balance
(Mole%)
78.8
106.2
114.5
91.1
nd
86.2
90.0
88.8
90.3
93.3
Notes:   Hz  = Hertz
       cfm = cubic feet per minute
       sec = seconds
       ppmv = parts per million volume
dl = detection limit
nd = not detected
                                The SITE Program assesses but does not
                                  approve or endorse technologies.
                                        Page 299

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Technology Profile
         EMERGING  TECHNOLOGY PROGRAM
                                     J.R. SIMPLOT
                                  (The SABRE™ Process)
TECHNOLOGY DESCRIPTION:

The J.R. Simplot Company  (Simplot) Simplot
Anaerobic Biological  Remediation (SABRE™)
Process offers a bioremediation alternative to
cleaning  soils and water contaminated  with
nitroaromatics.   Nitroaromatics  have become
serious  environmental contaminants  at  both
private  and  military locations  nationwide.
Nitroaromatic contaminants include nitrotoluene
explosives and many pesticides, including dino-
seb, an herbicide banned for  health concerns.

Researchers  recently discovered that  anaerobic
microbial mixtures can completely destroy many
chemicals. These chemicals include chloroform,
benzene, and chlorophenols,  that  had  been
considered nonbiodegradable under such condi-
tions.

The SABRE™ Process begins when contaminated
soil  is placed in a bioreactor with specially
prepared water in a one-to-one weight ratio. A
pH buffer, a carbon source (a  Simplot potato
starch  by-product),  and  a  consortium  of
enhanced dinoseb-degrading  anaerobic bacteria
are introduced into the bioreactor.   Research
indicates that these  bacteria  can completely
mineralize nitroaromatic contaminants.
                The University of Idaho has developed anaerobic
                microbial mixtures  for  Simplot  to  treat the
                pesticide dinoseb(2-sec-buty!4,6-dinitro-phenol)
                and trinitrotoluene (TNT). This mixture consists
                of a variety  of microbial  genera,  including
                clostridia.    The  mixture activates   a  redox
                potential of -200 millivolts or lower.

                The  initial step in  nitroaromatic  compound
                metabolism is a reduction of the nitrosubsti-
                tuents to amino groups, producing diaminonitro
                isomers.  Reduction of  the third nitro group
                occurs only under strictly anaerobic conditions.
                These intermediates  are  further  degraded to
                simple  organic compounds  such as methyl-
                phloroglucinol and p-cresol. These compounds
                can be subsequently mineralized by indigenous
                aerobic bacteria.

                WASTE APPLICABILITY:

                The SABRE™ Processes designed to  treat soils
                contaminated  with nitroaromatic contaminants.
                Anaerobic microbial mixtures have been deve-
                loped for the pesticide dinoseb and  for TNT.
                These contaminants can be reduced to less than
                1 part per million in most soils.

                                                         §L::
                                                         a3~at--3&. .^g-.v.a,--;s-b.--.V:.!. ^ .^^^.-^^S^^SSl^j^tf^^^g^J^^^
                        The SABRE™ Process for Remediation of Dinoseb
                                   at Ellensburg, Washington
 Page 300
The SITE Program assesses but does not
  approve or endorse technologies.

-------
                                                                         November
                                                                       Completed Project
STATUS:
  FOR FURTHER INFORMATION:
The SABRE™ Process was  accepted into  the
SITE Emerging Technology Program in January
1990.     Under  the  program,  bench-scale
processes have been developed for both dinoseb
and TNT.

A pilot-scale system treated a total of 11.5 cubic
yards of dinoseb-contaminated soils from a site
in Idaho. An initial field test was performed on
25 kilograms of dinoseb-contaminated soil from
a spill site in Ellensburg, Washington.

During bench-scale tests, soil contaminated with
percent quantities of TNT was treated to below
detectable limits.   Degradation intermediates
were monitored by liquid chromatography.
  EPA PROJECT MANAGER:
  Wendy Davis-Hoover, Ph.D.
  U.S. EPA
  Risk Reduction Engineering Laboratory
  26 West Martin Luther King Drive
  Cincinnati, OH 45268
  513-569-7206
  Fax: 513-569-7879

  TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPER CONTACT:
  Russell Kaake, Ph.D.
  J.R. Simplot
  P.O. Box 912
  Pocatello,  ID 83204
  208-234-5367
  Fax: 208-234-5339
Based  on these  results, this technology  was
accepted into the SITE Demonstration Program
in winter 1992.
                         Contaminated
                            Soil
                          Vibrating
                           Screen
Carbon
Source


                        Homogenization
   Water
Contaminated
  Oversize
 Clean
Oversize
Contaminated
   Water
      Contaminated
         Soil
                                        Bioreactor
                       pH Buffer
                       & Nutrient
                      Supplements
                          Schematic Diagram of the SABRE™ Process
                                The SITE Program assesses but does not
                                   approve or endorse technologies.
                                 Page 301

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Technology Profile
         EMERGING TECHNOLOGY PROGRAM
            TRINITY ENVIRONMENTAL TECHNOLOGIES, INC.
              (PCB- and Organochlorine-Contaminated Soil Detoxification)
TECHNOLOGY DESCRIPTION:

This technology uses an aptotic solvent, other
reagents, and heat to dehalogenate polychlorin-
ated biphenyls  (PCB)  to  inert biphenyl and
chloride salts.  First, solid material is sized to
allow better contact between the reagents and
PCBs. In a continuous flow reactor, the soils
are heated to drive off excess water.  Reagents
are then added to destroy the PCBs.

The reagent, consisting of a  solvent and  an
inorganic  alkali  material,  completely  strips
chlorine from the PCB molecule.  Excess alkali
can be easily neutralized.   The solvent has a
higher boiling point than water and is reusable hi
the process.  Treated soil can be returned to the
excavation  once analytical results show that
PCBs have been destroyed.  Moderate proces-
sing temperatures ensure that the soil's physical
structure is not appreciably changed.

Gas chromatography/mass spectroscopy analyses
of processed PCB materials show that the pro-
cess produces no  toxic or  hazardous  products.
               A chlorine  balance  confirms  that PCBs  are
               completely dehalogenated.  To further confirm
               chemical dehalogenation,  inorganic and total
               chloride analyses are also  used.  The average
               total chloride recovery for treated soils is greater
               than 90 percent.

               The commercial  process is expected to be less
               costly than incineration but more expensive than
               land  disposal.   Since no  stack emissions  are
               produced, permitting the process for a remedia-
               tion would be easier than incineration.

               WASTE APPLICABILITY:

               The process has  treated PCB Aroclor mixtures,
               specific PCB congeners, pentachlorophenol,  and
               individual chlorinated dioxin isomers. However,
               other chlorinated hydrocarbons  such as pes-
               ticides, herbicides, and  polychlorinated diben-
               zofurans could  also be treated by this tech-
               nology.  The process can treat many different
               solid and sludge-type materials, provided they
               are compatible with the solvent.
PCB-
Contamlnated
Soil


Soil Particle
Sizing
1

Particle
Screening
>
i






Caustic
Reagent
1
Soil Heated
to Remove
Moisture
1
PCBs
Removed
From Water
i
PCB Solids
Into Process




Aprotic
Solvent
1
Heat
Maintained
to Promote
Dehalogenation
Reaction







Solvent Purified
to Remove
Any Soil Fines
T
Solvent
Recovered from
Non-PCB Soil

Excess Caustic
in Non-PCB Soil
— > is Neutralized


Water
Acidified
T
Acid
Acidified Water


                                PCB Soil Detoxification Process
 Page 302
The SITE Program assesses but does not
  approve or endorse technologies.

-------
                                                                           November 1994
                                                                         Completed Project
 STATUS:

 This technology was  accepted into the  SITE
 Emerging  Technology Program in July  1990.
 The current system was developed by research-
 ers in early  1991,  after the original, aqueous,
 caustic-based system proved ineffective at de-
 stroying PCBs.

 In bench-scale studies, synthetically contaminat-
 ed materials  have been processed to eliminate
 uncertainties  in initial PCB concentration.  This
 chemical process has reduced PCB concentra-
 tions from  2,000 parts per million (ppm) to less
 than 2 ppm in about 30 minutes using moderate
 power input.  Further laboratory experiments are
 underway to isolate the reaction mechanism and
 to enhance PCB destruction. Through additional
 experimentation, Trinity Environmental Technol-
 ogies,  Inc., expects to reduce processing time
 through better temperature control, more effi-
 cient  mixing, and  possibly  more  aggressive
 reagents.

 A modular  pilot-scale  processor  has  been
 planned that uses several heating zones  to pre-
 heat and dry the  contaminated soil, followed by
 PCB destruction. The pilot process  would be
 capable of  processing 1 ton per hour initially.
 Additional  modules  could be added to increase
process capacity, as needed. Contaminated soils
 from actual sites will be used  for these  tests
instead of the synthetically contaminated  soils
used in bench-scale testing.
 The SITE project terminated in 1992.   The
 developer is investigating further improvements
 to the technology. Due to cost limitations, no
 commercialization of the investigated process is
 expected. A final report will not be published.

 FOR FURTHER INFORMATION:

 EPA PROJECT MANAGER:
 Paul dePercin
 U.S. EPA
 Risk Reduction Engineering Laboratory
 26 West Martin Luther King Drive
 Cincinnati, OH 45268
 513-569-7797
 Fax: 513-569-7620

 TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPER CONTACT:
 Duane Koszalka
 Trinity Environmental Technologies, Inc.
 62 East First  Street
Mound Valley, KS 67354
316-328-3222
Fax:316-328-2033
                                 The SITE Program assesses but does not
                                   approve or endorse technologies.
                               Page 303

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Techno/oc/v Profile
         EMERGING TECHNOLOGY PROGRAM
                         UNIVERSITY OF WASHINGTON
                                   (Adsorptive Filtration)
TECHNOLOGY DESCRIPTION:

Adsorptive filtration removes inorganic contami-
nants (metals) from aqueous waste streams.  An
adsorbent ferrihydrite is applied to the surface of
an inert substrate such as sand, which is then
placed in a vertical column (see figure below).
The contaminated waste stream is adjusted to a
pH of 9 to 10 and passed through the column.
The iron-coated sand grains in the column act
simultaneously as a filter and adsorbent.  When
the column's filtration capacity is reached (indi-
cated by particulate breakthrough or column
blockage), the column is backwashed.  When the
adsorptive capacity of the column  is reached
(indicated by breakthrough of soluble metals),
the metals are removed and concentrated for
subsequent   recovery   with  a   pH-induced
desorption process.
               Sand can be coated with either iron nitrate or
               iron chloride salt, and in some cases sodium
               hydroxide.   The resulting ferrihydrite-coated
               sand is insoluble at pH above about  1; thus,
               acidic solutions can be used in the regeneration
               step to  ensure complete metal recovery.  The
               system  does not appear to lose treatment effi-
               ciency  after numerous  regeneration  cycles.
               Anionic metals such as arsenate, chromate, and
               selenite can be removed from the solution by
               treating it at a pH near 4 and regenerating it at
               a high pH.  The system has an empty bed reten-
               tion time of 2 to 5 minutes.

               This technology's advantages over conventional
               treatment technologies  include its,ability to 1)
               remove both dissolved and suspended contami-
               nants  from the  waste stream,  2) remove a
               variety  of  complex metals,  3) work in  the
                                                                               Influent
                                                                               p) PUMP

                                                                       ^, To Metal Recovery
        Effluent to Discharge
           or Recycle
                             Adsorptive Filtration Treatment System
 Page 304
The SITE Program assesses but does not
  approve or endorse technologies.

-------
                                                                          November 1994
                                                                        Completed Project
 presence of high concentrations of background
 ions, and 4) remove anions.

 WASTE APPLICABILITY:

 This adsorptive filtration process removes inor-
 ganic contaminants, consisting mainly of metals,
 from aqueous waste streams.  It can be applied
 to aqueous waste streams with a wide  range of
 contaminant concentrations  and pH values.

 STATUS:

 This technology  was  accepted  into the SITE
 Emerging Technology Program in January 1988.
 Synthetic solutions containing cadmium, copper,
 or lead at concentrations of  0.5 part per million
 (ppm) were treated in packed columns using 2-
 minute retention  tunes.  After approximately
 5,000  bed volumes  were treated, effluent con-
 centrations were  about 0.025 ppm for  each
 metal, or a 95 percent removal efficiency.  The
 tests were stopped, although  the metals were still
 being removed. In other experiments, the media
 adsorbed  about   7,000  milligrams  per  liter
 (mg/L) copper.

 The first batch of regenerant solutions contained
 cadmium and lead at concentrations of about 500
ppm.  With  initial concentrations of 0.5 ppm,
this represents a concentration factor of about
 1,000 to  1.  Data for the copper removal test
have not been analyzed.  At a flow rate yielding
a 2-minute retention time, the test would have
taken about 7 days of continuous flow operation
to treat 5,000 bed volumes.  Regeneration took
about 2 hours.
 The system has also been tested for treatment of
 rinse waters from a copper-etching process at a
 printed circuit board shop. The coated sand was
 effective  in  removing mixtures of  soluble,
 complexed, and particulate copper,  as well as
 zinc and lead, from these waters.   When two
 columns were used in  series,  the treatment
 system was able to handle fluctuations in influent
 copper concentration from less than 10 mg/L up
 to several hundred mg/L.

 Groundwater from Western Processing, a Super-
 fund site near Seattle, Washington, was treated
 successfully to remove both soluble and par-
 ticulate zinc.

 The   Final   Report   (EPA/540/R-93/515),
 Summary  (EPA/540/SR-93/515), and Bulletin
 (EPA/540/F-92/008) are available from EPA.

 FOR FURTHER INFORMATION:

 EPA PROJECT MANAGER:
 Norma Lewis
 U.S. EPA
 Risk Reduction Engineering Laboratory
 26 West Martin Luther  King Drive
 Cincinnati,  OH 45268
 513-569-7665
 Fax: 513-569-7620

 TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPER CONTACT:
 Mark Benjamin
 University of Washington
 Department of Civil Engineering
 Seattle, WA 98195
206-543-7645
Fax: 206-543-1543
                                The SITE Program assesses but does not
                                  approve or endorse technologies.
                               Page 305

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Tf>nhnoloav Profile
         EMERGING TECHNOLOGY PROGRAM
                              VORTEC CORPORATION
                            (Oxidation and Vitrification Process)
TECHNOLOGY DESCRIPTION:

Vortec Corporation (Vortec) has developed an
oxidation and vitrification process for remedia-
ting soils, sediments, sludges, and mill tailings
that have organic, inorganic, and heavy metal
contamination.   The process can oxidize and
vitrify materials introduced as  dry granulated
materials or slurries.

The figure below illustrates the Vortec oxidation
and vitrification process.  The basic elements of
this system include 1) a combustion and melting
system (CMS); 2) a material handling, storage,
and feeding  subsystem;  3) a vitrified  product
separation  and reservoir assembly;  4)  a waste
heat recovery air  preheater (recuperator);  5)  a
flue gas cleanup  subsystem; and 6)  a vitrified
product handling  subsystem.

The Vortec CMS is the primary thermal process-
ing system and consists of two major assemblies:
a counter-rotating vortex in-flight  suspension
preheater, and a cyclone  melter. First, slurried
or dry contaminated soil is introduced into the
counter-rotating vortex (CRV) combustor.  The
CRV  1) burns the auxiliary  fuel  introduced
               directly into the CRV combustor; 2) preheats the
               suspended waste materials along with any glass-
               forming additives  mixed  with  oil;   and 3)
               oxidizes any organic constituents  in the  soil.
               The average temperature of materials leaving the
               CRV combustion chamber is between 2,200 and
               2,800 degrees  Fahrenheit, depending  on the
               processed soils' melting characteristics.

               The  preheated solid  materials exit the  CRV
               combustor and enter the cyclone melter, where
               they are dispersed to the chamber walls to form
               a molten glass product.  The vitrified, molten
               glass product and  the  exhaust gases exit the
               cyclone melter through a tangential exit channel
               and enter a glass- and gas-separation chamber.

               The exhaust gases then enter an air preheater for
               waste heat recovery and are  subsequently deli-
               vered to an air pollution control subsystem for
               particulate and acid gas removal.  The molten
               glass product exits the glass-  and gas-separation
               chamber through the tap, and is delivered to a
               water quench assembly for subsequent disposal.

               Unique features of the Vortec oxidation and
               vitrification process include the following:
                                                       RUE GAS
                                                       CLEANUP
                                                      SUB-SYSTEM
                        RECTOED
                        BESCUE
                 |	1 VORTEC
                 I	I CMS
                             Vortec Oxidation and Vitrification Process
 Page 306
The SITE Program assesses but does not
  approve or endorse technologies.

-------
                                                                           November 1994
                                                                         Completed Project
    •  Processes solid waste contaminated with
      both organic and heavy metal contami-
      nants
    •  Uses various  fuels,  including gas, oil,
      coal, and waste
    •  Handles waste quantities ranging from 5
      tons per day to more than 400 tons per
      day
    •  Recycles particulate residue collected in
      the air pollution control subsystem back
      into the CMS  process.  These recycled
      materials are incorporated into the glass
      product, resulting hi zero  solid waste
      discharge
   •  Produces  a vitrified product  that  is
      nontoxic according to the EPA's toxicity
      characteristic  leaching  procedure
      (TCLP)  standards,  immobilizes  heavy
      metals, and has long-term stability

WASTE APPLICABILITY:

The Vortec oxidation and vitrification system
treats soils, sediments, sludges, and mill tailings
containing organic,  inorganic,  and heavy metal
contamination.  Organic materials included with
the waste are successfully oxidized by the high
temperatures in the  combustor. The inorganic
constituents in the waste material will determine
the amount and type of glass-forming additives
required to produce a vitrified product.  This
process can be modified to produce a glass cullet
that consistently meets TCLP requirements.

STATUS:

The Vortec Technology was accepted into the
SITE Emerging Technology Program in May
1991.  Research was completed in winter 1994
and  the  technology  has  been  invited  to
participate in the SITE Demonstration Program.
The research results will  be published in the
Journal of Air and  Waste Management article
entitled "Vitrification of Soils Contaminated by
Hazardous  and/or Radioactive Waste."   An
Emerging  Technology Summary  is  available
from EPA.
 The technology has been under development by
 the U.S.  Department of Energy (DOE)  and
 others since 1985. A 20-ton-per-day pilot-scale
 test facility has been processing nonhazardous
 industrial waste material since 1988; the vitrified
 product generated in these tests passes TCLP
 standards. A preliminary system with a treat-
 ment rate of up to 400 tons per day has also
 been designed.  The pilot-scale facility processed
 a surrogate soil spiked with arsenic, cadmium,
 chromium, copper, lead, nickel, and zinc com-
 pounds. Pilot-testing with a dry, granulated feed
 stream  was completed in June 1992, and the
 glass product successfully passed TCLP tests.
 Additional testing  with a slurry feedstock was
 completed in 1993.  Transportable systems are
 being designed  for DOE soil remediation.

 A transportable demonstration unit for treating
 contaminated soil  will be  designed in 1994;
 construction is  scheduled for 1995. Vortec is
 offering commercial systems and licenses for the
 CMS technology.

 FOR FURTHER INFORMATION:

 EPA PROJECT MANAGER:
 Teri Richardson
 U.S. EPA
 Risk Reduction  Engineering Laboratory
 26 West Martin Luther King Drive
 Cincinnati, OH  45268
 513-569-7949
 Fax: 513-569-7620

 TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPER CONTACT:
James Hnat
Vortec Corporation
 3770 Ridge Pike
Collegeville, PA 19426-3158
610-489-2255
Fax: 610-489-3185
                                 The SITE Program assesses but does not
                                   approve or endorse technologies.
                                Page 307

-------
Techno/oav Profile
        EMERGING TECHNOLOGY PROGRAM
                   WASTEWATER TECHNOLOGY CENTRE
                           (Cross-Flow Pervaporation System)
TECHNOLOGY DESCRIPTION:

Pervaporation is a process for removing volatile
organic compounds (VOC) from contaminated
water. Permeable membranes that preferentially
adsorb VOCs are used to partition VOCs from
the contaminated water. VOCs diffuse from the
membrane-water interface through the membrane
by vacuum.  Upstream of the system's vacuum
vent, a condenser traps and contains the perme-
ating  vapors, condensing  the  vapor  to liquid
while alleviating fugitive emissions.   The con-
densed organic materials represent only a frac-
tion of the initial wastewater volume and may be
subsequently  disposed  of  at  significant cost
savings.  Industrial waste streams may also be
treated with this process, and  solvents may be
recovered for reuse.

The membrane modules consist of hollow fibers
with well-defined alignment that results in high
mass  transfer  efficiencies, minimal pressure
drop, and low operating costs per 1,000 gallons
of treated wastewater. VOC removals have been
               demonstrated to less than 5 parts per billion, or
               better than 99.99 percent removal  efficiency.
               High removal  capacity and  containment  of
               fugitive emissions are the primary advantages of
               this technology, as  compared to  air stripping
               followed by gas-phase carbon adsorption.

               WASTE APPLICABILITY:

               Pervaporation can be applied to aqueous waste
               streams such as groundwater, lagoons, leachate,
               and rinsewater that are contaminated with VOCs
               such as solvents, degreasers, and gasoline.  The
               technology is applicable to the types of wastes
               currently treated by  carbon  adsorption,  air
               stripping, and steam stripping.

               STATUS:

               This technology was  accepted into the  SITE
               Emerging Technology Program in January 1989.
               A cost comparison performed by the Wastewater
               Technology Centre in 1992  showed that perva-
               poration can be competitive with air stripping
                                         Module(s)
             Contaminated
                Water
                                        Treated
                                         Water
                                                                       Vacuum
                                                                        Pump
                                               VOC-Rich
                                               Condensate
                               Cross-Flow Pervaporation System
 Page 308
The SITE Program assesses but does not
  approve or endorse technologies.

-------
                                                                       November 1994
                                                                     Completed Protect
 and activated carbon to treat low VOC concen-
 trations.

 Based on results from the Emerging Technology
 Program, the cross-flow pervaporation system
 was invited to participate in the SITE Demon-
 stration Program. A pilot system built by Zenon
 Environmental Inc. for Emergencies Engineering
 Division of Environment Canada was evaluated
 in-house  and field  tested in late  1993 in the
preliminary phase of the SITE demonstration.
The system removed more than 99 percent of
VOCs from the wastewater.  A full-scale demon-
stration is  scheduled for 1994 at Naval Air
Station North Island in  San Diego, California.

A  Bulletin   (EPA/540/F-93/503),  Summary
(EPA/540/SR-94/512),    and   Final  Report
(EPA/540/R-94/512), and National  Technical
Information  Service   (PB94-170230)   are
available.
 FOR FURTHER INFORMATION:

 EPA PROJECT MANAGER:
 John Martin
 U.S. EPA
 Risk Reduction Engineering Laboratory
 26 West Martin Luther King Drive
 Cincinnati, OH 45268
 513-569-7758
 Fax: 513-569-7676

 TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPER CONTACTS:
 Rob Booth
 Wastewater Technology Centre
 867 Lakeshore Road, Box 5068
 Burlington, Ontario, Canada
 L7R 4L7
 905-336-4689
 Fax: 905-336-4765

 R. Philip Canning
 Zenon Environmental Inc.
 845 Harrington, Court
Burlington, Ontario, Canada
L7N 3P3
905-639-6320
Fax: 905-639-1812
                               The SITE Program assesses but does not
                                 approve or endorse technologies.
                              Page 309

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Technofoav Profile
        EMERGING  TECHNOLOGY PROGRAM
                       WESTERN RESEARCH INSTITUTE
                     (Contained Recovery of Oily Wastes [CROW™])
TECHNOLOGY DESCRIPTION:

The  Contained  Recovery  of Oily  Wastes
(CROW™) process recovers oily wastes from the
ground by adapting a technology used for sec-
ondary petroleum recovery and primary produc-
tion of heavy oil and tar sand bitumen.  Steam
and hot water displacement move  accumulated
oily wastes and water to production wells for
aboveground treatment.

Injection and production wells are first installed
in soil contaminated with oily wastes (see figure
below).   Low-quality  steam is then injected
below the waste. The steam condenses, causing
rising hot water to dislodge the waste upward
into the more permeable soil regions. Hot water
is injected above the impermeable soil regions to
heat and mobilize the oil waste accumulations,
               which are recovered by hot water displacement.

               The displaced oily wastes form an oil bank that
               the  hot  water  injection  displaces  to  the
               production well.  Behind  the oil bank, the oil
               saturation becomes immobile in the subsurface
               pore space.  The oil and  water are treated for
               reuse or discharge.

               In situ  biological  treatment may  follow the
               displacement and is continued until groundwater
               contaminants  are no longer detected.  During
               treatment, all mobilized  organic  liquids and
               water-soluble contaminants are contained within
               the original boundaries of the oily waste. Haz-
               ardous  materials  are contained laterally by
               groundwater isolation and vertically by organic
               liquid flotation.   Excess water  is  treated  in
               compliance with discharge regulations.
                          Injection Well
                                                           Production Well
           Steam-Stripped
              Water
           Low-Quality
             Steam
                                         Oil and Water
                                          Production
                                                              Original Oil
                                                             Accumulation
                                                   ttx'ivttttK'ttx Hot Water:
                                                   ••••••••••••••••••:•:•:•:•:•:•:• Flotation '
                                      Steam
                                      Injection
                                CROW™ Subsurface Development
 Page 310
The SITE Program assesses but does not
  approve or endorse technologies.

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                                                                          November J994
                                                                        Completed Project
 The process 1) removes large portions of oily
 waste,  2) stops  the  downward migration of
 organic  contaminants, 3) immobilizes residual
 oily waste, and 4) reduces the volume, mobility,
 and toxicity of oily waste.  It can be used for
 shallow  and  deep contaminated  areas.  The
 process uses mobile equipment.

 WASTE APPLICABILITY:

 This technology can treat wastes from manufac-
 tured gas plant sites, wood-treating sites, and
 other sites  with soils and  aquifers containing
 light to dense organic liquids, such as coal tars,
 pentachlorophenol    solutions,    chlorinated
 solvents, creosote, and petroleum by-products.
 Depth to the  contamination is not a limiting
 factor.

 STATUS:

 This technology was tested both at the labora-
 tory- and pilot-scale under the SITE Emerging
 Technology Program.   These tests showed the
 effectiveness of the hot water displacement and
 displayed the  benefits  of including chemicals
 with the  hot  water.    Evaluation under  the
 Emerging Technology Program is complete, and
 the final report has been submitted to EPA.

 Based on the results of the Emerging Technolo-
 gy  Program, this technology  was invited to
participate in the SITE Demonstration Program.
The technology is being demonstrated at the
Pennsylvania Power and Light (PP&L) Brodhead
Creek site in Stroudsburg, Pennsylvania.  The
project should be completed in early 1995.
 Remediation Technologies, Inc., is participating
 in the project.   Other sponsors,  in addition to
 EPA and PP&L, are the Gas Research Institute,
 the Electric Power Research Institute, and the
 U.S. Department of Energy.

 This technology has been demonstrated at the
 pilot scale at a wood treatment site in Minnesota
 outside of the SITE Program.  A 2-year full-
 scale remediation program is presently underway
 at this  site.   The developer is  conducting
 screening studies  for additional sites  and is
 investigating the use of chemicals with the hot
 water displacement.  Nonaqueous phase liquid
 removal rates  of 60 to  over 80 percent have
 been  achieved   with  hot  water   injection.
 Chemical addition significantly increased recov-
 ery.

 FOR FURTHER INFORMATION:

 EPA PROJECT MANAGER:
 Eugene Harris
 U.S. EPA
 Risk Reduction Engineering Laboratory
 26 West Martin Luther King Drive
 Cincinnati, OH  45268
 513-569-7862
 Fax: 513-569-7676

 TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPER CONTACT:
Lyle Johnson
Western Research Institute
365 North 9th
Laramie, WY 82070-3380
307-721-2281
Fax:  307-721-2233
                                 The SITE Program assesses but does not
                                   approve or endorse technologies.
                               Page 311

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GO
•«*
NJ
                                               TABLE 4

                 Ongoing SITE Emerging Technology Program Projects as of October 1994
' — — "- 	 "• 	 •"-
Developer
ABB Environmental
Services, Inc.,
Wakefield, MA (EOT)*
Arizona State University/
IT Corporation,
Tempe, AZ/KnoxvUle, TN (E06)
Atomic Energy of Canada
Limited,
Chalk River, Ontario, Canada
(E06)
Center for Hazardous Materials
Research,
Pittsburgh, PA (EOS)
COGNIS, Inc.,
Santa Rosa, CA (EOS)
Davy International Energy and
Environmental Division
(formerly Davy Research and
Development, Limited),
Stockton-on-Tees, England (E04)
M,L. ENERGIA, Inc.,
Princeton, NJ (EOS)
M.L. ENERGIA, Inc.,
Princeton, NJ (E07)
=======
Technology
Anaerobic/Aerobic
Sequential
Bioremediation of PCE
'hotocatalytic
Oxidation with Air
Stripping
Ultrasonic-Aided
Leachate Treatment for
Mixed Wastes
Organics Destruction
and Metals
Stabilization
Biological/Chemical
Treatment
Chemical Treatment
Reductive Photo-
Dechlorination
Treatment
Reductive Thermal and
Photo-Thermal
Oxidation Processes
for Enhanced
Conversion of
Chlorocarbons
—
Technology
Contact
Willard Murray
617-245-6606
Gregory Raupp
602-965-2828
Richard Miller
615-690-3211
S. Vijayan and
L. A. Moschuk
613-584-3311
Phil Campbell
800-872-2325
Bruce King
412-826-5320
Ron Wilson
707-576-6231
Graham Wightman
OH-44-642-602221
Moshe Lavid
609-799-7970
Moshe Lavid
609-799-7970
EPA Project
Manager
Ronald Lewis
513-569-7856
Norma Lewis
513-569-7665
Joan Mattox
513-569-7624
Randy Parker
513-569-7271
Steven Rock
513-569-7149
Mary Stinson
908-321-6683
Michelle Simon
513-569-7469
Michelle Simon
513-569-7469
— — •
Waste Media
Groundwater
Air Streams
Acid Mine
Drainage
Soil, Sediment
Soil
Soil, Sediment
Liquid, Gas
Air
Applicable Waste
Inorganic
Not Applicable
Not Applicable
Heavy Metals,
Eladionuclides
Heavy Metals
Heavy Metals
Heavy Metals
Not Applicable
Not Applicable
Organic
PCE, TCE, Vinyl Chloride
VOCs
Not Applicable
Nonspecific Organics
PAHs, Petroleum
Hydrocarbons
Chlorinated Solvents,
Pesticides, PCBs
Volatile Chlorinated Wastes
Volatile Hydrocarbons
    * Solicitation Number

-------
                                        TABLE 4 (continued)

                Ongoing SITE Emerging Technology Program Projects as of October 1994
Developer
Energy and Environmental
Research Corporation,
Irvine, CA (E06)
Environmental BioTechnologies,
Inc.,
Menlo Park, CA (E06)
General Atomics, Nuclear
Remediation Technologies
Division,
San Diego, CA (E06)
Geo-Microbial Technologies,
Inc.,
Ochelata, OK (E07)
Groundwater Technology
Government Services, Inc.,
Concord, CA (E04)
High Voltage Environmental
Applications, Inc.,
Miami, PL (E06)
Institute of Gas Technology,
Des Plaines, IL (E03)
Institute of Gas Technology,
Des Plaines, IL (E07)
IT Corporation,
Cincinnati, OH (E07)
IT Corporation,
San Bernardino, CA (E06)
IT Corporation,
Knoxville, TN (E04)
Technology
Reactor Filter System
Microbial Composting
Process
Acoustic Barrier
Paniculate Separator
Metals Release and
Removal from Wastes
Below-Grade
Bioremediation of
Chlorinated Cyclodiene
Insecticides
High Energy Electron
Beam Irradiation
Fluidized-Bed
Cyclonic
Agglomerating
Combustor
Supercritical
Extraction/Liquid
Phase Oxidation
Chelation/Electro-
deposition of Toxic
Metals from Soils
Eimco Biolift™ Slurry
Reactor
Mixed Waste
Treatment Process
Technology
Contact
Wm. Randall Seeker
714-859-8851
Douglas Munnecke
415-462-6712
Robert Goforth
619-455-2499
Donald Hitzman
918-535-2281
Rod Venterea
510-671-2116
William Cooper
305-593-5330
Amir Rehmat
708-768-0588
Michael Mensinger
708-768-0602
Michael Mensinger
708-768-0602
E. Radha Krishnan
513-782-4700
Kandi Brown
909-799-6869
Ed Alperin
615-690-3211
EPA Project
Manager
Joyce Perdek
908-321-4380
Ronald Lewis
513-569-7856
Laurel Staley
513-569-7863
Jack Hubbard
513-569-7507
Ronald Lewis
513-569-7856
Mary Stinson
908-321-6683
Teri Richardson
513-569-7949
Annette Gatchett
513-569-7697
George Moore
513-569-7991
Brunilda Davila
513-569-7849
Douglas Grosse
513-569-7844
Waste Media
Gas Streams
Soil, Sediment
Gas Streams
Soil, Sludge,
Sediment
Soil, Sludge,
Sediment
Soil, Sediment,
Sludge
Solid, Liquid,
Gas, Soil, Sludge
Soil, Sludge
Soil, Sludge
Soil, Sludge
Soil
Applicable Waste
Inorganic
Volatile Toxic Metals
Not Applicable
Radioactive Particles
Metals
Not Applicable
Not Applicable
Nonvolatile Inorganics
Not Applicable
Metals
Not Applicable
Nonspecific Inorganics,
Radioactive Material
Organic
Condensed-Phase Organics
Coal Tar Wastes, PAHs
SVOCs, PCBs
Hydrocarbons, Other
Organic Pollutants
Biodegradable Organic
Compounds
Pesticides, Insecticides,
Petroleum Residues, PCBs
Nonspecific Organics
PAHs, PCBs
Not Applicable
PAHs
Nonspecific Organics
CO
«*
Co

-------
                                            TABLE 4 (continued)
                  Ongoing SITE Emerging Technology Program Projects as of October 1994
Developer
Lewis Environmental Services,
Inc./Hickson Corporation,
Pittsburgh, PA (E06)
Matrix Photocatalytic Inc.
(formerly Nutech
Environmental),"
London, Ontario, Canada (EOS)
Merabran Corporation,
Minneapolis, MN (E07)
OHM Remediation Services
Corporation,
Findlay, OH (E05)
Pulse Sciences, Inc.,
San Leandro, CA (E06)
Remediation Technologies, Inc.,
Seattle, WA (E05)
State University of New York at
Oswego,
Oswego, NY (E06)
Thermo Analytical,
Oak Ridge, TN (E07)
University of Dayton Research
Institute,
Dayton, OH (EOS)
Technology
Chromated Copper
Arsenate Soil Leaching
Process
Ti02 Photocatalytic Air
Treatment
Membrane Gas
Transfer in Waste
Remediation
Oxygen Microbubble
In Situ Bioremediation
X-Ray Treatment of
Organically
Contaminated Soils
Chlorinated Gas
Treatment Biofilm
Reactor
Photocatalytic
Degradation of PCB-
Contaminated
Sediments and Waters
Segmented Gate
System (SGS)
Photothermal
Detoxification Unit
Technology
Contact
Tom Lewis III
412-322-8100
Bob Henderson
519-660-8669
Charles Gantzer
612-378-2160
Douglas Jerger
419-424-4932
Vernon Bailey
510-632-5100
Hans Stroo
206-624-9349
Ronald Scrudato and
Jeffrey Chiarenzelli
315-341-3639
Jeffrey Brown
615-481-0683
Barry Dellinger and
John Graham
513-229-2846
EPA Project
Manager
Randy Parker
513-569-7271
John Ireland
513-569-7413
Paul dePercin
513-569-7797
Ronald Lewis
513-569-7856
George Moore
513-569-7991
Ronald Lewis
513-569-7856
Hector Moreno
513-569-7882
Joan Mattox
513-569-7624
Chien Chen
908-906-6985
Waste Media
Soil
Air
Air
Groundwater
Soil
Gas
Soil, Sludge,
Sediment
Soil, Sludge,
Sediment, Sand
Soil, Sludge,
Sand, Aqueous
Streams
Applicable Waste
Inorganic
Heavy Metals, Nonspecific
Inorganics
Not Applicable
Not Applicable
Not Applicable
Not Applicable
Not Applicable
Not Applicable
Radionuclides
Not Applicable
Organic
Nonspecific Organics
VOCs
Petroleum Hydrocarbons,
Chlorinated Solvents
Petroleum Hydrocarbons,
Organic Solvents,
Creosote, PCP
Benzene, Toluene, Xylene,
TCA, TCE, Carbon
Tetrachloride, Chloroform,
PCBs
Chlorinated Volatile
Hydrocarbons
PCBs, Other Chlorinated
Organics, VOCs, SVOCs
Not Applicable
PCBs, PCDDs, PCDFs,
Aromatic and Aliphatic
Ketones, Aromatic and
Chlorinated Solvents
CO
    Invited to participate in the SITE Demonstration Program

-------
                                        TABLE 4 (continued)
                Ongoing SITE Emerging TechnoJogy Program Projects as of October 1994
Developer
University of Houston,
Houston, TX (E07)
University of South Carolina,
Columbia, SC (E03)
Western Product Recovery
Group, Inc.,
Houston, TX (E04)
Roy F. Weston, Inc.,
West Chester, PA (E06)
=^=^==^=^==
Technology
Concentrated-Chloride
Extraction and
Recovery of Lead
In Situ Mitigation of
Acid Water
CCBA Physical and
Chemical Treatment
Ambersorb® 563
Adsorbent
^=^=^=^=
Technology
Contact
Dennis Clifford
713-743-4266
Tun Newed
713-743-4292
Frank Caruccio
803-777-4512
Donald Kelly
713-493-9321
Russ Turner
610-701-3097
Deborah Plantz
215-641-7478
=====
EPA Project
Manager
Eugene Harris
513-569-7862
Roger Wilmoth
513 569 7509
Mark Meckes
513-569-7348
Ronald Turner
513-569-7775
=====
Waste Media
Soil
Acid Mine
Drainage
Wastewater, Soil,
Sludge, Sediment
Water
—
1
Applicable Waste
Inorganic
Lead
Most Metals
Heavy Metals
Not Applicable
Organic
Not Applicable
Not Applicable
Nonspecific Mixed
Organics
VOCs
CO

-------
Technoloav Profile
        EMERGING TECHNOLOGY PROGRAM
                  ABB ENVIRONMENTAL SERVICES, INC.
                 (Anaerobic/Aerobic Sequential Bioremediation of PCE)
TECHNOLOGY DESCRIPTION:

ABB Environmental Services, Inc.'s (ABB-ES),
research has demonstrated that sequential anaer-
obic/aerobic biodegradation of tetrachloroethyl-
ene (PCE)  is feasible if the proper  conditions
can be established. The anaerobic process can
potentially   completely   dechlorinate   PCE.
However, conversion of vinyl chloride (VC) to
ethylene is the slowest step in this process. Of
the chlorinated ethenes, VC is the most amen-
able to treatment by  aerobic methanotrophic
processes.   Therefore,  a two-step  process is
thought to be the most efficient.  The first step
is anaerobic,  which rapidly dechlorinates PCE
and  trichloroethylene (TCE)  to breakdown
products  1,2-dichloroethylene (DCE) and VC.
Since the anaerobic dechlorination of DCE and
VC to ethylene  can be  quite slow, a second
aerobic step  is  implemented that  can  more
quickly complete the remediation process. The
schematic  diagram  below  illustrates  this
technology.
               The goal of this project is to field test the
               effectiveness  of creating  and maintaining the
               proper in situ conditions for chlorinated ethene
               degradation in an aquifer.  To achieve this goal,
               ABB-ES will test methods of carbon and mineral
               nutrient  injection and delivery into an aquifer
               contaminated with PCE or TCE.  Groundwater
               chemical conditions will  be monitored within
               and downgradient of the anaerobic treatment
               zone to  gauge  the efficiency  of the anaerobic
               process.  If volatile organic compound analyses
               show that the resulting downgradient breakdown
               products include  TCE, DCE, or VC, oxygen
               and methane will be added to the groundwater to
               stimulate aerobic degradation by  indigenous
               methanotrophic bacteria.

               WASTE APPLICABILITY:

               This technology removes PCE, TCE, DCE, and
               VC from groundwater.
                                                           NUTRIEOTS,
         COHTAMINANr
          SOURCE
                                                                               NUTRIENTS,
                                                                               OXYOEN
                                                                               (METHANE)
                          Schematic Diagram of the Anaerobic/Aerobic
                            •  Sequential Bioremediation of PCE
 Page 316
The SITE Program assesses but does not
  approve or endorse technologies.

-------
                                                                   November 1994
                                                                   Ongoing Project
STATUS:

This  technology was  accepted  into the SITE
Emerging Technology Program in July 1994.
FOR FURTHER INFORMATION:

EPA PROJECT MANAGER:
Ronald Lewis
U.S. EPA
Risk Reduction Engineering Laboratory
26 West Martin Luther King Drive
Cincinnati, OH 45268
513-569-7856
Fax: 513-569-7620

TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPER CONTACT:
Willard Murray
ABB Environmental Services, Inc.
Corporate Place 128
107 Audubon Road
Wakefield, MA 01880
617-245-6606
Fax: 617-246-5060
                             The SITE Program assesses but does not
                               approve or endorse technologies.
                            Page 317

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Technology Profile
         EMERGING TECHNOLOGY PROGRAM
                   ATOMIC ENERGY OF CANADA LIMITED
                 (Ultrasonic-Aided Leachate Treatment for Mixed Wastes)
TECHNOLOGY DESCRIPTION:

The ultrasonic-aided leachate treatment process
involves enhanced chemical treatment of acidic
soil leachate solutions.   These solutions, also
known as acid mine drainage, are caused by the
oxidation and dissolution  of sulfide-bearing
wastes, which produces  sulfuric  acid.   The
resulting acidic water leaches metal contaminants
from the exposed waste rock and tailings, creat-
ing large volumes of acidic leachates.

The ultrasonic-aided leachate treatment uses an
ultrasonic field to improve contaminant removal
through precipitation, coprecipitation, oxidation,
ion scavenging, and sorption (see figure below).
These  processes  are followed by  solid-liquid
                separation by filtration equipment using a filter
                press and a cross-flow microfilter connected in
                series.  The time required for treatment depends
                on 1) the nature of acidic waste to be treated, 2)
                the treated water quality with respect to contami-
                nant concentration, and 3) the rate at which the
                physical  and chemical processes occur.   The
                treatable  leachate volume is scalable.

                The major difference between this technology
                and conventional processes is the use of ultra-
                sonic mixing instead of mechanical agitation in
                large tanks.  Research indicates that an ultra-
                sonic field significantly increases the conversion
                rate of dissolved contaminants to precipitates and
                the rate of oxidation and ion exchange.  Earlier
                studies by  Atomic Energy of Canada Limited
Chemical Reagents Addition
pH Chemical
Oxidant
Precipitant
                                                                              Concentrate
                                                                             (1 To 2% Solids)
                         \      Suspended Solids)
                                                      Wet Cake
                                                      (20 To 35% Solids)
 Addle Sou Leachate Feed
 Percent Dissolved Solids:
       5.000 To 10,000 ppm
 Primary Contaminants:
 (Heavy Metals & Radionudides)
       1,000 To 2,000 ppm
                                                   To Disposal
                               Ultrasonic-Aided Leachate Treatment
                                 for Acidic Soil Leachate Solutions
 Page 320
The SITE Program assesses but does not
  approve or endorse technologies.

-------
                                                                         November 1994
                                                                          Ongoing Project
 (AECL)  revealed  that  the  time  required  to
 precipitate heavy metals from aqueous solutions
 decreased by  an order of  magnitude  in  the
 presence of an ultrasonic field.

 The ultrasonic-aided leachate treatment process
 is  compact,  portable,  and  energy-efficient.
 Safety and process controls are built in as neces-
 sary for  handling mixed radioactive solutions.
 This  process also  generates minimal  fugitive
 emissions and produces  a  treated  effluent that
 meets applicable discharge limits.  The process
 may be  able to treat waste containing small
 amounts  of dissolved or suspended organics.

 WASTE APPLICABILITY:

 The ultrasonic-aided leachate treatment process
 treats acid mine drainage  contaminated with
 heavy metals and radionuclides.  The process
 can also  combine  with  soil and groundwater
 remediation technologies.

 STATUS:

The ultrasonic-aided leachate treatment process
was accepted into the SITE Emerging Technolo-
gy  Program in 1993.   Under  this program,
AECL plans to develop and test a pilot-scale unit
to treat acidic soil leachate solutions containing
low levels of metals and radionuclides.

AECL plans to use waste from the Nordic Mine
Tailings site near Elliot Lake, Ontario, Canada,
and the Berkeley Pit near Butte, Montana in its
research.
FOR FURTHER INFORMATION:

EPA PROJECT MANAGER:
Joan Mattox
U.S. EPA
Risk Reduction Engineering Laboratory
26 West Martin Luther King Drive
Cincinnati, OH 45268
513-569-7624
Fax: 513-569-7620

TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPER CONTACTS:
S. Vijayan and L.A. Moschuk
Atomic Energy of Canada Limited
Chalk River Laboratories
Chalk River, Ontario, Canada
KOJUO
613-584-3311, ext. 3220/6057
Fax: 613-584-1438

Phil Campbell
AECL Technologies
9210 Corporate Blvd.
Suite 410
Rockville, MD 20850
800-872-2325
Fax: 301-417-0746
                                The SITE Program assesses but does not
                                   approve or endorse technologies.
                               Page 327

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Technology Profile
         EMERGING TECHNOLOGY PROGRAM
           CENTER FOR HAZARDOUS MATERIALS RESEARCH
                     (Organics Destruction and Metals Stabilization)
TECHNOLOGY DESCRIPTION:

This technology is designed to destroy hazardous
organics in soils while simultaneously stabilizing
metals and metal ions (see figure below). The
technology causes contaminated liquids, soils,
and sludges  to react with elemental sulfur at
elevated temperatures, since all organic com-
pounds react with sulfur.   Hydrocarbons are
converted  to  an  inert  carbon-sulfur powdered
residue  and hydrogen  sulfide  gas.   Treated
chlorinated hydrocarbons  also produce hydro-
               chloric acid gas. These acid gases are recovered
               from the  off-gases, and sulfur  recovered for
               reuse by oxidation of the hydrogen sulfide in a
               conventional acid gas treating unit (such as ARI
               Technologies LO-CAT™).

               In addition to destroying organic compounds, the
               technology converts heavy metals to  sulfides,
               which are rendered less leachable.  If required,
               the  sulfides can  be further stabilized before
               disposal.  Thus, this process offers the potential
               to stabilize heavy metals in the same process
               step as the organics destruction.
                                             Treated
                                              Gas
                      LO-CAT-II
               Makeup
               Sulfur
                                                                        Treated
                                                                       * Soil
                          Organics Destruction and Metals Stabilization
 Page. 322
The SITE Program assesses but does not
  approve or endorse technologies.

-------
                                                                           November 1994
                                                                            Ongoing Project
The  technology's  main  process  components
include the following:

   • A prereaction mixer where the solid and
     reagent are mixed
   • An indirectly  heated, enclosed reactor
     that includes a preheater section to drive
     off water,  and two  integrated reactor
     sections to react liquid sulfur  with the
     solids and  further react desorbed orga-
     nic compounds with vapor phase sulfur
   » An acid  gas treatment  system that
     removes  the acid gases  and  recovers
     sulfur by oxidizing the hydrogen sulfide
   • A treated  solids  processing  unit that
     recovers excess reagent and prepares the
     treated product to  comply with on-site
     disposal requirements

Initial pilot-scale testing of the technology has
demonstrated that organic contaminants can be
destroyed in the vapor phase  with elemental
sulfur.  Tetrachlorethene, trichloroethene, and
polychlorinated  biphenyls were  among  the
organic compounds  destroyed.

Batch  treatability  tests of  contaminated  soil
mixtures have demonstrated organics destruction
and  immobilization of  various heavy metals.
Immobilization of heavy metals is determined by
the  concentration  of  the metals  in  leachate
compared to the EPA toxicity characteristic
leaching procedure  (TCLP)  regulatory limits.
Following treatment, cadmium,  copper,  lead,
nickel,  and zinc were significantly  reduced
compared to TCLP  values. In treatability tests
with approximately 700 parts per  million of
Aroclor 1260,  destruction levels  of 99.0 to
99.95 percent were achieved.

The experimental program currently in progress
is  providing a more detailed definition of the
process limits,  metal concentrations,  and soil
types for stabilization of various heavy metals to
meet the limits specified by TCLP.  In addition,
several process enhancements have been identi-
fied and are being evaluated to expand the range
of applicability.

WASTE APPLICABILITY:

The technology  is  applicable  to  soils  and
sediments contaminated with both organics and
heavy metals.

STATUS:

This technology was accepted into  the SITE
Emerging Technology Program and work began
in January 1993.  Bench-scale testing in batch
reactors was completed  in 1993.   The current
pilot-scale program is directed at integrating the
process concepts and obtaining process data in a
continuous unit.  This program is scheduled to
be completed in early 1995.

FOR FURTHER INFORMATION:

EPA PROJECT MANAGER:
Randy Parker
U.S. EPA
Risk Reduction Engineering Laboratory
26 West Martin Luther King Drive
Cincinnati, OH 45268
513-569-7271
Fax: 513-569-7620

TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPER CONTACT:
A. Bruce King
Center for Hazardous Materials Research
320 William Pitt Way
Pittsburgh, PA  15238
412-826-5320
Fax: 412-826-5552
                                 The SITE Program assesses but does not
                                   approve or endorse technologies.
                                Page 323

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Technology Profile
          EMERGING  TECHNOLOGY PROGRAM
                                      COGNIS, INC.
                              (Biological/Chemical Treatment)
TECHNOLOGY DESCRIPTION:

COGNIS, Inc.'s, biological/chemical treatment
is a two-stage process that treats contaminated
soils, sediments, and other  media containing
both metals  and organics.    Metals  are first
removed from the contaminated matrix by a
chemical leaching process.   The organics are
then removed by bioremediation.

Although metals removal usually occurs in the
first stage, bioremediation may be performed
first if organic contamination levels are found to
inhibit the metals extraction process.  Bioremedi-
ation is more effective if the metal concentra-
tions in the soil are sufficiently low so as not to
inhibit the microbial population. However, even
in the presence  of inhibitory metal concentra-
tions, a microbe population may be enriched to
perform the necessary bioremediation.

The soil handling requirements for  both stages
are similar,  so  the unit operations  are fully
reversible.   The final treatment products are a
recovered metal  or  metal salt, biodegraded
                organic compounds, and clean soil.

                The contaminated  soil is first exposed  to  a
                leachant solution and classified by particle size
                (see figure below).   Size classification allows
                oversized rock, gravel, and sand to be quickly
                cleaned and separated from the sediment  fines
                (silt,  clay, and humus), which require longer
                leaching times. Typically, organic pollutants are
                also attached to the fines.

                After dissolution of the metal  compounds, the
                metal ions, such as zinc, lead, and cadmium, are
                removed from the aqueous leachate by liquid ion
                exchange, resin ion exchange, or reduction.  At
                this point, the aqueous leaching solution is  freed
                of metals, and can be reused to leach additional
                metal from the contaminated soil.  If an extrac-
                tion agent is  used, it is  later stripped of the
                bound metal under conditions in which the  agent
                is fully regenerated and recycled.  The heavy
                metals are recovered in a saleable, concentrated
                form as solid metal or a metal salt. The method
                of metals recovery depends on the metals present
                and their concentrations.
                       Leachant
                                                           Leachant Recycle
       Contaminated
         Sol	>
                                                                                      Metal
                                                                             Bloaugment
                                                                              Fertilizer
                                                                             pH Adjust
                  Bioremediation
                            Metal Leaching and Bioremediation Process
Page 324
The SITE Program assesses but does not
  approve or endorse technologies.

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                                                                          November 1994
                                                                          Ongoing Project
 After metals extraction is complete, the "mud"
 slurry settles and  is neutralized.  Liquids are
 returned to the  classifier,  and the partially
 treated soil is transferred to a slurry bioreactor,
 a slurry-phase treatment lagoon, or a closed land
 treatment cell for bioremediation. This soil and
 residual  leachate solution are treated to maxi-
 mize contaminant biodegradation. Micro-nutri-
 ents are added to support microbial growth, and
 the most readily biodegradable organic com-
 pounds are aerobically degraded.

 Bench-scale tests indicate that this process can
 remediate a variety of heavy metals and organic
 pollutants.  The combined process is less expen-
 sive than separate metal removal and organic
 remediation.

 WASTE APPLICABILITY:

 This remediation process can treat combined-
 waste soils contaminated by heavy metals and
 organic pollutants.  The process can treat  con-
 taminants including lead, cadmium,  zinc, and
 copper, as well  as petroleum hydrocarbons and
 polynuclear  aromatic hydrocarbons  that are
 subject to aerobic microbial degradation.  The
 combined process can also be modified to extract
 mercury  and other  metals,  and  degrade more
 recalcitrant halogenated hydrocarbons.

 STATUS:

 This remediation process was accepted into the
 SITE Emerging  Technology Program hi August
 1992.  Bench-  and pilot-scale testing of the
bioremediation process is under  way.  A full-
scale field test of the metals extraction process is
in progress.
FOR FURTHER INFORMATION:

EPA PROJECT MANAGER:
Steven Rock
U.S. EPA
Risk Reduction Engineering Laboratory
26 West Martin Luther King Drive
Cincinnati, OH 45208
513-569-7149
Fax: 513-569-7620

TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPER CONTACT:
Ron Wilson
COGNIS,  Inc.
2330 Orcadian Way
Santa Rosa, CA  95407
707-576-6231
Fax: 707-575-7833
                                The SITE Program assesses but does not
                                   approve or endorse technologies.
                               Page 325

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Technology Profile
         EMERGING TECHNOLOGY PROGRAM
DAVY INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL DIVISION
           (formerly DAVY RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT, LIMITED)
                                  (Chemical Treatment)
TECHNOLOGY DESCRIPTION:

This treatment employs resin-in-pulp (RIP) or
carbon-in-pulp (CIP) technologies to treat soils,
sediments, dredgings, and solid residues con-
taminated with organic and inorganic material.
These  technologies  are  based on  resin ion
exchange and resin or carbon adsorption of con-
taminants from a leached soil-slurry mixture.

RIP and CIP processes are used on a commer-
cial scale to recover metals from ores. The RIP
process is well  established in the recovery of
uranium and uses anion exchange resins to
adsorb uranium ions leached from ore. The CIP
process is  commonly used to recover precious
metals. In this process, activated carbon adsorbs
gold and silver leached as cyanide complexes.

The  figure  below  illustrates the process  for
metals and  other inorganically  contaminated
               soils.  Incoming material is screened, and over-
               sized material is crushed.  The two fractions are
               then combined  and leached in an agitated tank,
               where  the contaminants  are  extracted.   The
               leached solids are then passed to cyclones that
               separate coarse and fine material.  The coarse
               material is washed free of contaminants, and the
               wash liquors containing  the contaminants are
               passed to the contaminant recovery section.  The
               leached fine fraction passes to the RIP or CIP
               contactor,  where  ion   exchange  resins  or
               activated carbon remove the contaminants.  The
               difficult fines washing step is thereby eliminated.

               The resins and carbons are eluted and recycled
               in the  extraction step, and  the concentrated
               contaminants in the eluate pass to the recovery
               section. In the recovery section, precipitation
               recovers contaminants from the wash and eluate
               solutions.  The precipitation  yields a concen-
               trated solid material and can be disposed of or
                 Contaminated
                     Soil
                                                                  Wash
                                                                  Water
      Lsach_
     Reagent
                                               Decontaminated Fines Fraction
                                 Chemical Treatment Process
 Page 326
The SITE Program assesses but does not
  approve or endorse technologies.

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                                                                         November 1994
                                                                          Ongoing Project
treated to recover metals or other  materials.
The liquid effluent from the recovery section can
be recycled to the process.

For organically contaminated feeds, the in-pulp
or slurry process treats the whole leached solid.
Organic contaminants eluted from the resin or
carbon should be treated appropriately.

Both the RIP and CIP commercial scale process-
es operate in multistage, continuous, countercur-
rent contactors arranged horizontally.

WASTE APPLICABILITY:

This chemical treatment technology treats soils
and other materials contaminated with inorganic
and organic wastes.  Inorganics include heavy
metals such as copper, chromium, zinc, mercu-
ry, and arsenic.  Potential applications include
treatment of materials containing organics such
as chlorinated solvents,  pesticides,  and poly-
chlorinated biphenyls by selecting appropriate
extractant reagents and sorbent materials.

STATUS:

Davy International Energy and  Environmental
Division  has developed proprietary RIP and CIP
processes that  are more  compact and easier to
use than conventional equipment. The size of a
plant can be reduced about 80 percent.

This technology was accepted  into the SITE
Emerging Technology Program in July 1991.
Laboratory studies have been underway since
January  1991.   Bench-scale tests have  suc-
cessfully met  targets  for removal of several
heavy metal contaminants.
Arsenic and mercury have proved more difficult
to remove;  however,  laboratory  tests  have
reduced arsenic  to below 30  milligrams per
kilogram (mg/kg) in soil and mercury to 0.5
mg/kg in soil in  the major fraction of the soil.
A location to demonstrate a small pilot plant is
being sought.

FOR FURTHER INFORMATION:

EPA PROJECT MANAGER:
Mary Stinson
U.S. EPA
Risk Reduction Engineering Laboratory
Building 10, MS-104
2890 Woodbridge Avenue
Edison, NJ 08837-3679
908-321-6683
Fax: 908-321-6640

TECHNOLOGY  DEVELOPER CONTACT:
Graham Wightman
Davy International Energy
  and Environmental Division
Ashmore House
Richardson Road
Stockton-on-Tees
Cleveland  TS18  3RE
England
011-44-642-602221
Fax: 011-44-642-341001
                                 The SITE Program assesses but does not
                                   approve or endorse technologies.
                                Page 327

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 Technology Profile
          EMERGING  TECHNOLOGY PROGRAM
                                M.  L. ENERGIA, INC.
                        (Reductive Photo-Dechlorination Treatment)
TECHNOLOGY DESCRIPTION:

The  Reductive  Photo-Dechlorination  (RPD)
treatment uses ultraviolet (UV) light hi a reduc-
ing atmosphere and at moderate temperatures to
treat waste streams containing chlorinated hydro-
carbons (C1HC). Because ClHCs are destroyed
in a reducing environment, the only products are
hydrocarbons and hydrogen chloride (HC1).

The RPD process  is schematically depicted hi
the figure below.  The RPD process consists of
five main units: 1) input/mixer; 2) photo-thermal
chamber; 3) HC1 scrubber; 4) separator; and 5)
product  storage and  recycling.    Chlorinated
wastes may be introduced into the process hi one
of three ways: as a vapor, a liquid, or bound to
an  adsorbent,  such as activated carbon.   Air
laden with chlorocarbon vapors is first passed
through a separator, which removes chlorinated
materials as a liquid.  Chlorocarbon liquids are
fed into a vaporizer, mixed'with a reducing gas,
and passed into the  photo-thermal chamber.
                 Chlorinated   contaminants   adsorbed   onto
                 activated carbon are purged with reducing gas
                 and mildly heated to induce vaporization.  The
                 ensuing vapors  are  then  fed  into the photo-
                 thermal chamber.

                 The photo-thermal chamber is the heart of the
                 RPD process because all reactions central to the
                 process occur in this  chamber.   Saturated,
                 olefinic, or aromatic chlorocarbons with one or
                 more carbon-chlorine bonds are exposed to UV
                 light, heat, and a reducing atmosphere, such as
                 hydrogen gas or methane (natural gas).  Carbon-
                 chlorine bonds are broken, resulting in chain-
                 propagating hydrocarbon reactions.   Chlorine
                 atoms are eventually stabilized as HC1. Hydro-
                 carbons  may hold  their  original  structures,
                 rearrange, cleave, couple,  or go through addi-
                 tional hydrogenation. Hydrocarbons produced
                 from the dechlorination of wastes include ethane,
                 acetylene, ethylene,  and methane;   Valuable
                 hydrocarbon products are stored or sold.  Op-
                 tionally, the  hydrocarbons may be recycled as
                 auxiliary fuel to heat the photo-thermal chamber.
                                                 Reducing Gas
                                                    Recycle
Chlorocarbons
>».
^
Waste Stream
I
Input/
Mixer


UV
,JUgM
^
Photo-thermal
Chamber
>,


HCI
Scrubber

>_.
*
t
Separator
1
                          t
                      Reducing Gas
                        Make-up
                    Hydrocarbons
                   	<	
                        keductive Photo-Dechlorination (RPD) Treatment
Page 328
The SITE Program as.sesses but does not
  approve or endorse technologies.

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                                                                          November 1994
                                                                          Ongoing Project
WASTE APPLICABILITY:

The RPD process is designed specifically to treat
volatile chlorinated  wastes  in the liquid  or
gaseous state.  The RPD process was tested for
trichlorethylene,  trichloroethane  (TCA),  di-
chloroethylene, dichloroethane, vinyl chloride,
ethyl  chloride, dichloromethane,  and chloro-
form.  The process may also be applicable to
tetrachloroethylene,  carbon tetrachloride, and
chlorinated aromatics, which will be tested under
the Emerging Technology Program.

Field applications include treatment of organic
wastes, discharged soil venting operations, and
contaminants adsorbed on activated carbon. The
process can be used for treatment of gas streams
containing chlorinated hydrocarbons, and to pre-
treat gas streams entering  catalytic oxidation
systems,  reducing chlorine content and protec-
ting the catalyst against poisoning.

STATUS:

The RPD technology was accepted into the SITE
Emerging Technology Program in summer 1992.
Since then, the RPD technology has successfully
completed the bench-scale developmental  stage,
from which a pilot-scale prototype unit is  under
construction.   Experimental results on a  repre-
sentative   chlorocarbon    contaminant   (for
example, TCA) have  demonstrated greater than
99 percent conversion and dechlorination, with
high selectivity towards two valuable  hydro-
carbon products  (C2H6  and  CH4).   Similar
favorable results have been obtained for other
saturated and unsaturated chlorocarbons  treated
by the RPD process.  Preliminary cost analysis
shows  that  the  process  is  extremely cost-
competitive with other remedial processes; the
estimated cost is less than $1  per pound  of
treated chloro-carbon. A SITE demonstration is
scheduled, after which the RPD technology will
be available for commercialization.

FOR FURTHER INFORMATION:

EPA PROJECT MANAGER:
Michelle Simon
U.S. EPA
Risk Reduction Engineering Laboratory
26 West Martin Luther King Drive
Cincinnati, OH 45268
513-569-7469
Fax: 513-569-7676

TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPER CONTACT:
Moshe Lavid
M. L. ENERGIA, Inc.
P.O. Box 470
Princeton, NJ  08542-0470
609-799-7970
Fax: 609-799-0312
                                 The SITE Program assesses but does not
                                   approve or endorse technologies.
                                Page 329

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Technology Profile
          EMERGING  TECHNOLOGY PROGRAM
                                M.L. ENERGIA, INC.
               (Reductive Thermal and Photo-Thermal Oxidation Processes
                       for Enhanced Conversion of Chlorocarbons)
TECHNOLOGY DESCRIPTION:

Two innovative processes, Reductive Thermal
Oxidation (RTO) and Reductive Photo-Thermal
Oxidation (RPTO),  safely and cost-effectively
convert chlorinated  hydrocarbons (C1HC) into
environmentally benign and useful  materials.
Both processes treat  air streams laden with
ClHCs. RTO converts ClHCs at moderate tem-
peratures by cleaving C-C1 bond in the absence
of ultraviolet light. RPTO operates under similar
conditions in the presence of ultra-violet light.
Subsequent reactions between ensuing radicals
and the reducing gas  results hi chain-propagation
reactions. The presence of air (oxygen) during
the conversion process accelerates the overall
reaction rate without significant oxidation.  The
final products  are  useful  hydrocarbons and
environmentally-safe    materials   including
hydrogen chloride, carbon dioxide, and water.

A schematic of the RTO/RPTO processes  is
shown  in the figure below. The process consists
                 of six main units:  1) input/mixer; 2) photo-
                 thermal chamber; 3) scrubber; 4) separator; 5)
                 storage/sale; and 6) conventional catalytic oxida-
                 tion unit.  Air laden with ClHCs is mixed with
                 reducing gas and passed into a photo-thermal
                 chamber, which is the heart of the RTO/RPTO
                 technology.   In this chamber, the mixture is
                 heated to moderate temperatures to sustain the
                 radical  chain  reactions.   Depending on the
                 physical/chemical characteristics of the particular
                 ClHCs treated, conversion can take place in two
                 ways:  the RTO process is pure thermal, and the
                 RPTO process is photo-thermal. After suitable
                 residence time, HC1 is removed by passing the
                 stream  through an aqueous  scrubber.   The
                 stream can then be treated in an optional second
                 storage, or separated and sent to storage.

                 Excess reducing gas is  recycled, and residual
                 (sub parts per million) ClHCs, HCs, and CO are
                 treated by catalytic oxidation.  Volatile hydro-
                 carbons can also be recycled as an energy source
                 for process heating, if partial oxidation at the
                               Reducing Gas
                                 Recycle
  Laden with
 Chlorocarbons
-^
UV
Light
-- — '
^-
Photo-thermal
Chamber

Separator
«ir ^_

Residuals

Conventional
Catalytic
Oxidation Unit
^
                                                                                    Exhaust
             Reducing Gas
               Make-up
Hydrocarbons(Optional)
                        ENERGIA's Reductive Thermal Oxidation (RTO)
                        and Photo-Thermal Oxidation (RPTO) Processes
Page 330
The SITE Program assesses but does not
   approve or endorse technologies.

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                                                                        November 1994
                                                                         Ongoing Project
photo-thermal chamber does not generate enough
heat.

WASTE APPLICABILITY:

This technology removes volatile hydrocarbons
from air streams.   Field applications include
direct treatment (no air separation) of air streams
contaminated with chlorocarbons,  wastes dis-
charged from  soil vapor extraction or vented
from industrial hoods and  stacks, and those
adsorbed on granular activated carbon.  The
process can also be applicable for in situ treat-
ment of  sites containing contaminated ground
and surface waters.

STATUS:

This technology  was accepted into the SITE
Emerging Technology Program hi July  1994.
Laboratory-scale tests have been conducted on
two  representatives  of   saturated  ClHCs
(dichloromethane and trichloroethane), and on
two representatives of unsaturated ClHCs (1,2-
dichloroethylene and trichloroethylene).   The
RTO and RPTO processes have demonstrated 99
percent or more conversion/dechlorination with
high selectivity towards valuable  hydrocarbon
products (CH4 and C2H6).
FOR FURTHER INFORMATION:

EPA PROJECT MANAGER:
Michelle Simon
U.S. EPA
Risk Reduction Engineering Laboratory
26 West Martin Luther King Drive
Cincinnati, OH  45268
513-569-7469
Fax: 513-569-7676

TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPER CONTACT:
Moshe Lavid
M.L. ENERGIA, Inc.
P.O. Box 470
Princeton, NJ 08542-0470
609-799-7970
Fax: 609-799-0312
                                The SITE Program assesses but does not
                                  approve or endorse technologies.
                               Page 331

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Technology Profile
         EMERGING TECHNOLOGY PROGRAM
     ENERGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH CORPORATION
                                 (Reactor Filter System)
TECHNOLOGY DESCRIPTION:

The  Reactor  Filter System (RFS) technology
controls gaseous and entrained participate matter
emissions generated from the primary thermal
treatment of sludges, soils, and sediments. Most
Superfund  sites  are  contaminated with toxic
organic chemicals and metals.  Currently avail-
able  thermal treatment systems  for detoxifying
these materials release products of incomplete
combustion (PIC)  and volatile toxic  metals.
Also,  large  air  pollution  control   devices
(APCD), often required to control PICs  and
metals, are generally not suited  for transport to
remote Superfund sites.  Energy and Environ-
mental Research Corporation (EER) is currently
developing the RFS to avoid some of the logisti-
cal  problems  associated  with  conventional
APCD.
               The RFS uses a fabric filter immediately down-
               stream  of  the  thermal  treatment process to
               control toxic metals, particulates, and unburned
               organic species.  The RFS  involves the fol-
               lowing three steps:

                  • First,  solids  are treated  with a primary
                    thermal process, such as a rotary kiln,
                    fluidized bed, or other system.
                  • Next,  a low-cost, aluminosilicate sor-
                    bent such as kaolinite is injected into the
                    flue gases at temperatures near 1,300
                    degrees  Celsius  (°C)  (2,370 degrees
                    Fahrenheit [°F]).   The sorbent  reacts
                    with volatile metal species such as lead,
                    cadmium, and arsenic in the gas stream
                    and chemically adsorbs onto the surfaces
                    of the sorbent particles.  This reaction
                    forms insoluble, nonleachable alumino-
                                                           Reactor Filter System
                                                  abric
                                                 Filter BagsJ
                                                JIOOCTC)
                                            Exhaust
                            Example Application of RFS Equipment
 Page 332
The SITE Program assesses but does not
  approve or endorse technologies.

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                                                                           November 1994
                                                                           Ongoing Project
     silicate  complexes similar to cementi-
     tious species.
   • Finally, high-temperature fabric filtra-
     tion up to 1,000 °C (1,830 °F) provides
     additional residence time for the sorbent/
     metal reaction to produce nonleachable
     by-products.   This step also provides
     additional time for destruction of organ-
     ic compounds  in particulate  matter,
     reducing ash toxicity.  Because of the
     established link between PIC formation
     and gas-particle chemistry, this process
     can also  virtually eliminate  potential.
     polychlorinated dioxin formation.

The RFS can dramatically improve the perfor-
mance of existing thermal treatment systems  for
Superfund  wastes  that  contain  metals and
organics.     During  incineration,  hazardous
organics are  often  attached to  the particulate
matter that escapes burning in the primary zone.
The RFS provides sufficient residence time at
sufficiently high temperatures to destroy such
organics.  Also, the-system can decrease metal
emissions by increasing gas-solid contact para-
meters, and preventing the release of metals as
vapors  or  as retained  material  on  entrained
particles.

The figure on the previous page shows the RFS
installed immediately downstream of the primary
thermal treatment zone at  EER's Spouted Bed
Combustion Facility.  Because the spouted bed
generates a highly particulate-laden gas stream,
a high temperature cyclone removes coarse parti-
culate matter upstream of the RFS. Sorbent is
injected into the flue gas upstream of the high
temperature fabric filter. A conventional bag-
house is available to compare RFS performance
during the demonstration, but is not needed in
typical RFS applications.

WASTE APPLICABILITY:

The RFS  is  designed to remove  entrained
particulates,  volatile toxic metals,  and con-
densed-phase organics  generated by thermal
treatment of contaminated soils, sludges, and
sediments from high temperature (800 to 1,000
°C) gas streams. Many conventional treatments
can be combined  with the RFS  technology.
Process residuals consist of nonleachable particu-
late  that  is  essentially   free   of  organic
compounds,  thus  reducing  toxicity, handling
risks, and landfill disposal.

STATUS:

The RFS was accepted into the Emerging Tech-
nology Program in 1993.  The pilot-scale RFS
will be designed and demonstrated during the
two-year program.  EER developed the pilot-
scale process through a  series of screening
studies, completed in September 1994,  which
guided  the  sorbent selection  and operating
conditions  for  the pilot-scale  demonstration.
The pilot-scale RFS demonstration is scheduled
for early 1995.

FOR FURTHER INFORMATION:

EPA PROJECT MANAGER:
Joyce Perdek
U.S. EPA
Risk Reduction Engineering Laboratory
Building 10, MS-106
2890 Woodbridge Avenue
Edison, NJ 08837-3679
908-321-4380
Fax: 908-906-6990

TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPER CONTACT:
Wm. Randall Seeker
Energy and Environmental
 Research Corporation
18 Mason Street
Irvine, CA 92718
714-859-8851
Fax: 714-859-3194
                                 The SITE Program assesses but does not
                                   approve or endorse technologies.
                                Page 333

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Technology Profile
         EMERGING TECHNOLOGY PROGRAM
               ENVIRONMENTAL BIOTECHNOLOGIES, INC.
                             (Microbial Composting Process)
TECHNOLOGY DESCRIPTION:

Environmental BioTechnologies,  Inc.  (EBT),
investigated the bioremediation of contaminants
associated with former manufactured gas plant
(MGP) sites  in  programs sponsored  by  the
Electric Power Research Institute (EPRI).   In
EBT's program, initial screening of over 15,000
fungi of the Basidiomycetes class (mostly brown
and white rot fungi) led  to 500  cultures that
were selected for a laboratory-automated screen-
ing program.

This program tested these diverse fungi  for
metabolic activity against a wide range of organ-
ic pollutants associated with the utilities indus-
try.  The program also examined the effects of
environmental conditions (pH and nutrients) on
fungal metabolic  activities.     Well-studied
cultures such  as Phanerochaete chrysosporium
and Coriolus versicolor were used to determine
which fungal  cultures displayed  potential  for
environmental applications.
                Another EPRI  contractor, Michigan  Biotech-
                nology Institute (MBI), developed a method to
                treat soils contaminated withpolycyclic aromatic
                wastes from MGP sites.  This method involves
                providing the proper environmental conditions to
                allow proliferation of fungi, which were selected
                based on their ability to degrade coal tar compo-
                nents.  Selected cultures from the EBT screening
                program performed well in MBI's soil treatment
                bioreactors. This process is focused  on treat-
                ment in prepared bed systems and in situ treat-
                ment.

                Due to the wide variability hi environmental
                conditions and the structure and partitioning of
                organic contaminants,  no single microorganism
                exists that is applicable to every site.  Therefore,
                EBT and MBI have developed a relatively rapid
                method to screen for a group of organisms with
                the desired traits and  degradation capabilities.
                One or several appropriate organisms  can then
                be selected for a development program. The
                                  Computer Screening of over 15,000 Fungal Cultures
Culture Selection
                                      Laboratory Robotics Testing of 500 Cultures
                                          for Specific Chemicals/Conditions
                                               Testing of Bioreators in
                                                 1 -Liter Soil Samples
Optimization
Process Design/Development
                                            Identification of Top 25 cultures
                                           for Specific Chemicals/Conditions
                                   Optimization of Culture and Process Conditions
                                     Process Scaleup at Laboratory Level 1 yd'
Field Implementation
    Full Scale Demonstration of Microbial Process
                      Pathway of Fungal Technology Development Program
Page 334
The SITE Program assesses but does not
  approve or endorse technologies.

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                                                                           November 1994
                                                                            Ongoing Project
 overall strategy involves culture screening and
 development along with process optimization and
 design, as shown in the figure on the previous
 page.  As process development proceeds, fungal
 and bacterial consortia are evaluated and process
 conditions optimized to  support the desired
 degradative function.

 During the screening program,  EBT identified
 top  fungal cultures  for  polycyclic  aromatic
 hydrocarbon (PAH) degradation.  Selected cul-
 tures tested in bench-scale bioreactors  indicated
 that fungi selected  based on screening  assays
 performed better than other well-studied fungi.
 PAH degradation significantly improved when
 three fungi were added to  contaminated soil
 along  with lignocellulosic  co-substrates and
 humic-based fertilizer. However, more informa-
 tion is needed on factors such as optimal cultures
 for specific applications, aeration, mixing re-
 quirements, timing  of microbial  and nutrient
 augmentation,  and bioavailability  of hazardous
 compounds. These parameters will help develop
 fungal composting  as a reliable method for
 degrading PAHs. Also, different types of soil
 may impact fungal activity.

 WASTE APPLICABILITY:

 This technology is being developed to treat soil
 and sediment contaminated with coal tar wastes
 (PAHs) from former MGP sites.  The  program
 results and technology will also be applicable to
 aqueous systems.

 STATUS:

 EBT was  accepted into the  SITE  Emerging
Technology Program  in 1993,  and started
laboratory studies in 1994.  The overall  objec-
tives of testing under this program are  to 1)
identify fungal and bacterial cultures capable of
efficiently  degrading coal tar  wastes, and 2)
develop and demonstrate a pilot-scale process
that can be commercialized for utility  industry
applications.
 EBT will initially work with PAH-spiked water
 and soils.  EBT  will then  test selected soil
 cultures from several MGP sites under optimized
 conditions, as identified by New England Elec-
 tric Services, a utility company sponsor.  Cur-
 rent testing has identified several possibly supe-
 rior fungal cultures to degrade PAHs.  Cultures
 identified exhibited degradative preferences for
 either lower molecular-weight or higher molecu-
 lar-weight PAHs,  suggesting a consortia as a
 possible best approach. These cultures are now
 being examined in nutrient-supplemented  sys-
 tems to  determine optimal PAH  degradation
 rates.

 A bench-scale composter  system will determine
 optimal moisture content, soil  amendment  re-
 quirements,  and  inoculation procedures  for
 accelerating degradation of PAHs in these coal
 tar-contaminated soils. In the second year, small
 (less than one cubic yard)  plots of MGP-site soil
 will test the  optimized process in laboratory
 studies before a field demonstration is  conduct-
 ed.

 FOR FURTHER INFORMATION:

 EPA PROJECT MANAGER:
 Ronald Lewis
 U.S. EPA
 Risk Reduction Engineering Laboratory
 26 West Martin Luther King Drive
 Cincinnati, OH 45268
 513-569-7856
 Fax: 513-569-7620

 TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPER CONTACT:
 Douglas Munnecke
Environmental BioTechnologies, Inc.
4040 Campbell Avenue
Memo Park, CA 94025
415-462-6712
Fax: 415-462-6710
                                 The SITE Program assesses but does not
                                   approve or endorse technologies.
                                Page 335

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Technology Profile
         EMERGING TECHNOLOGY PROGRAM
                               GENERAL ATOMICS,
          NUCLEAR REMEDIATION TECHNOLOGIES DIVISION
                         (Acoustic Barrier Particulate Separator)
TECHNOLOGY DESCRIPTION:

The acoustic barrier particulate separator sepa-
rates particulates in a high temperature gas flow.
The separator produces an acoustic waveform
directed against the gas flow, causing particu-
lates to move opposite the flow. Eventually, the
particulates drift to the wall of the separator,
where they aggregate with other particulates and
precipitate into a collection hopper. The acous-
tic barrier separator differs from other separators
by combining  both high efficiency  and high
temperature capabilities.

The figure below presents a conceptual design.
High temperature gas flows through a muffler
chamber and an agglomeration segment before
entering the separation chamber. In the separa-
tion chamber,  particulates  stagnate due to the
acoustic  force  and drift to the chamber wall,
where they collect as a dust cake that falls into
a collection hopper. The solids are transported
from the collection hopper against a clean purge
gas counterflow. The purge gas cools the solids
as the gas is heated and guards against contami-
               nation of particulates by volatiles in the process
               stream.  A screw-type conveyor helps transport
               the solids.

               The gas flows past an acoustic horn and leaves
               the chamber through an exit port.  The gas then
               passes through another  muffler chamber and
               flows through sections where it is cooled and
               gas-borne particulate samples are  collected.
               Finally, the gas is further scrubbed or filtered as
               necessary before it is discharged.

               The separator can remove the entire range of
               particle sizes; it has a  removal  efficiency of
               greater than 90 percent for submicron particles
               and an overall removal efficiency of greater than
               99 percent.   Due to the large diameter of the
               separator, the system is not prone to  fouling.

               WASTE APPLICABILITY:

               This technology  can treat off-gas  streams from
               thermal desorption, pyrolysis, and incineration
               of soil, sediment,  sludges, other  solid wastes,
               and liquid wastes.  The acoustic barrier partic-
                     OUTLET
                       GAS •
                                                  SEPARATOR
                      INLET
                       GAS"
                   PURGE
                    GAS
                                            SOLIDS
                  Schematic Diagram of the Acoustic Barrier Particulate Separator
 Page 336
The SITE Program assesses but does not
  approve or endorse technologies.

-------
                                                                         November 1994
                                                                          Ongoing Project
ulate separator  is a  high temperature,  high
throughput process with a high removal efficien-
cy  for  fine dust and fly  ash.   The acoustic
barrier separator is particularly suited for ther-
mal processes where high temperatures must be
maintained to prevent condensation onto particu-
lates. Applications include removal of gas-borne
solids during thermal treatment of semivolatile
organics, such as polychlorinated biphenyls, and
gas-phase separation  of radioactive particles
from condensible hazardous materials.

STATUS:

The acoustic barrier particulate separator was
accepted into the SITE  Emerging Technology
Program hi  1993.  The principal objective of
this project will be to design, construct, and test
a pilot-scale acoustic barrier separator that is
suitable for parallel  arrangement into  larger
systems.  The separator  will be designed for a
flow of 300 cubic  feet per minute and will be
tested using  a simulated flue gas composed of
heated gas and injected dust.
FOR FURTHER INFORMATION:

EPA PROJECT MANAGER:
Laurel Staley
U.S. EPA
Risk Reduction Engineering Laboratory
26 West Martin Luther King Drive
Cincinnati, OH 45268
513-569-7863
Fax: 513-569-7620

TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPER CONTACT:
Robert Goforth
Nuclear Remediation Technologies Division
General Atomics
MS 2/633
P.O. Box 85608
San Diego, CA 92186-9784
619-455-2499
Fax: 619-455-3233
                                The SITE Program assesses but does not
                                   approve or endorse technologies.
                               Page 337

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Technology Profile
         EMERGING  TECHNOLOGY PROGRAM
                   GEO-MICROBIAL TECHNOLOGIES,  INC.
                        (Metals Release and Removal from Wastes)
TECHNOLOGY DESCRIPTION:

A novel anaerobic biotreatment technology has
been developed by Geo-Microbial Technologies,
Inc., to release metals from spent coal lique-
faction catalyst wastes that are also contaminated
with complex organic compounds.  This new
biotreatment technology may be adapted to treat
other wastes  that are  contaminated by toxic
metals.  The objective of this project is to dem-
onstrate the capabilities of this anaerobic process
to release toxic metal from contaminated soil.

Biological treatment  diversity offers the oppor-
tunity to select the biological system that is most
effective for  the targeted pollutant.    This
technology targets wastes including toxic metal-
contaminated  soils,  sludges,  and  sediments
contaminated with other  wastes, including hy-
drocarbons and organic pollutants.  While metals
are the primary pollutant that will be treated, the
biological system is also designed to degrade and
remove associated organic contaminants.

Current prominent biohydrometallurgy systems
use  aerobic  acidophilic bacteria,  which are
capable  of  oxidizing mineral sulfides while
solubilizing metals and forming copious amounts
of acid.  This aerobic process can lead to the
production  of acidic  drainage  from  natural
sources of metal sulfides.  For example, acido-
philic bacteria convert the pyrite and iron-con-
taining minerals hi coal into oxidized iron and
sulfuric acid.  The acid then further solubilizes
the pyrite and other sulfide minerals. The result
is contamination of streams and lakes due to
                acidification and an increase in soluble heavy
                metals.

                Geo-Microbial  Technologies,  Inc.,  has  dis-
                covered and  developed  a new and  different
                approach to release and  remove toxic metals.
                This system operates anaerobically and at a near
                neutral pH, employing anaerobic Thiobacillus
                cultures  in   consortium  with heterotrophic
                denitrifying cultures.  Controlled manipulations
                of the anaerobic environment  by addition  of
                simple  alternate electron acceptor  nutrients
                stimulates the denitrifying microbial populations.
                The diversity of the ubiquitous denitrifers allows
                multiple carbon sources, including some organic
                pollutants, to  be utilized and treated.   The
                elimination of the requirements for oxygen and
                aerobic conditions offers the potential for in situ,
                heap  leaching,  and bioslurry  operations.   A
                greater range of treatment applications is offered
                for environmental waste situations that previous-
                ly were considered difficult to  treat.  The bio-
                treatment action releases  no acid or toxic gases,
                thus offering an environmentally benign process.

                WASTE APPLICABILITY:

                This  technology  treats  soils, sludges,  and
                sediments contaminated  with  metals,  hydro-
                carbons, and organic pollutants.

                STATUS:

                This  technology was  accepted into the SITE
                Emerging Technology Program in July 1994.
 Page 338
The SITE Program assesses but does not
  approve or endorse technologies.

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                                                                   November 1994
                                                                   Ongoing Project
FOR FURTHER INFORMATION:

EPA PROJECT MANAGER:
Jack Hubbard
U.S. EPA
Risk Reduction Engineering Laboratory
26 West Martin Luther King Drive
Cincinnati, OH 45268
513-569-7507
Fax: 513-569-7620

TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPER CONTACT:
Donald Hitzman
Geo-Microbial Technologies, Inc.
East Main Street
P.O. Box 132
Ochelata, OK  74051
918-535-2281
Fax: 918-535-2564
                             The SITE Program assesses but does not
                               approve or endorse technologies.
Page 339

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Technology Profile
           EMERGING TECHNOLOGY PROGRAM
  GROUNDWATER TECHNOLOGY GOVERNMENT SERVICES, INC.
                            (Below-Grade Bioremediation of
                          Chlorinated Cyclodiene Insecticides)
TECHNOLOGY DESCRIPTION:

This technology adds strains of naturally-occur-
ring fungus to pesticide-contaminated soil, which
is then treated in a below-grade active aeration
bioremediation cell.

Cyclodiene insecticides, such as chlordane and
heptachlor, have been applied for years to pro-
tect wood frame structures against  termites.
This compound group is one of the top 50 most
frequently found contaminants at Superfund
sites.  Because of the high stability in soils, low
aqueous solubility and relatively low volatility of
this compound group, there is a great need to
develop effective and cost-efficient remediation
technologies.    Several  species  of lignin-
degrading fungi degrade recalcitrant organic
contaminants,  including  chlorinated  aromatic
hydrocarbons,  under   select   conditions.
Apparently, these fungi generate enzymes that
                 metabolize   naturally   occurring  complex
                 polymers  such as lignin.   This  study will
                 examine the ability of certain fungal strains to
                 metabolize chlordane and heptachlor in a soil
                 matrix.

                 Phase I of the study was designed to select a
                 fungal  strain which demonstrated the best
                 performance in laboratory microcosm tests.  A
                 comparative evaluation of three lignin-degrading
                 fungi was performed in soil microcosm experi-
                 ments  using  Phanerochaete  chrysosporium,
                 Trametes  versicolor,  or  Bjerckendera  adusta.
                 During Phase II, the chemical  and physical
                 conditions required  for optimum growth and
                 degradation will be determined for the selected
                 strain. In Phase III, a small pilot-scale treatment
                 system will be tested, using the fungal strain
                 applied to a simulated  below-grade bioreme-
                 diation cell, with the goal of demonstrating the
                 effectiveness  of  fungal bioremediation under
                                               Treated Contaminated Soils
 Aeration and Vapor  Abatement System
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 Page 340
  The SITE Program assesses but does not
    approve or endorse technologies.

-------
                                                                            November 1994
                                                                            Ongoing Project
  field conditions.   The figure  on the previous
  page' illustrates the technology.

  WASTE APPLICABILITY:

  Applicable waste media include soil, sludge, and
  sediment impacted with chlordane and/or hepta-
  chlor. Technical-grade chlordane is  actually a
  mixture of over 20 chemicals,  including hepta-
  chlor. This study will examine the treatability
  of the predominant  individual  constituents as
  well as the mixture taken as a whole,  since it is
  in this form that the environmental contamina-
  tion is  most  often  found.   Because of the
  sensitivity of certain fungal strains to chemical
  and  physical   conditions,  properties  of the
 particular waste matrix are expected  to have a
  significant influence on the technology's effec-
 tiveness.

 STATUS:

 This technology was accepted  into  the SITE
 Emerging Technology Program in summer 1991.
 Results of  Phase  I tests  demonstrated  greater
, than 87 percent removal  of heptachlor  and 70
 percent removal of fnms-chlordane after 90 days
 of treatment.  Removal efficiencies of 40 to 60
 percent   were  observed  for  cw-chlordane.
 Reductions in control microcosms amended with
 sterilized inoculum and subjected to  the same
 aeration schedule were 30 percent for the chlor-
 dane isomers and 50 percent for heptachlor.  T,
 versicolor removed the greatest amount of the
 two  chlordane  isomers   and total  chlordane
 constituents, while P. chrysosporium removed
 the greatest aiftount of heptachlor.

 Additional observations were made regarding
 differences in macroscopic growth characteristics
 and growth durability between fungal  strains
 once inoculated to soil.  These traits may have
 important implications with respect to full-scale
 soil treatment. P. chrysosporium grew primarily
 in concentrated areas within the soil mass. B.
 adusta was well-distributed throughout the soil
 surface, with some penetration into the depths of
 the  soil  mass.    The  growth pattern of T.
 versicolor was intermediate  between the two
 extremes,  with  some  growth  occurring in
 discrete areas and some diffusion and connection
 between these  areas.   Differences in growth
 persistence  between fungal strains were  also
 observed,  with  P.  chrysosporium  and T.
 versicolor showing much greater persistence than
 B. adusta when provided with regular additions
 of carbon and mineral nutrients. Based on these
 observations and the  degradation  data, T.
 versicolor, was  selected for use in subsequent
 optimization and pilot-scale experimentation.

 FOR FURTHER INFORMATION:

 EPA PROJECT MANAGER:
 Ronald Lewis
 U.S. EPA
 Risk Reduction Engineering Laboratory
 26 West Martin Luther King Drive
 Cincinnati, OH 45268
 513-569-7856
 Fax: 513-569-7620

 TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPER CONTACT:
 Rod Venterea
 Groundwater Technology Government
   Services, Inc.
4080 Pike Lane
Concord, CA 94520
510-671-2116
Fax: 510-687-0843
                                  The SITE Program assesses but does not
                                    approve or endorse technologies.
                                Page 341

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Technology Profile
         EMERGING TECHNOLOGY PROGRAM
       fflGH VOLTAGE ENVIRONMENTAL APPLICATIONS, INC.
                         (High Energy Electron Beam Irradiation)
TECHNOLOGY DESCRIPTION:

The  high  energy electron  beam  irradiation
technology is  a low temperature method  for
destroying  complex  mixtures  of hazardous
organic chemicals in solutions containing solids.
These solutions include slurried soils, river or
harbor sediments, and sludges.  The technology
can also treat contaminated soils and groundwa-
ter.

The figure below illustrates the mobile electron
beam treatment system. The system consists of
a computer-automated, portable electron beam
accelerator and a delivery system.  The 500-
kilovolt electron accelerator produces a continu-
ously variable beam current from 0 to 40 milli-
amperes.  At full power, the system is rated at
20 kilowatts. The flow rate can be adjusted up
to 50 gallons per minute.   The flow rate  and
               beam current can be varied to obtain doses of up
               to 2,000 kilorads in a one-pass,  flow-through
               mode.

               The system is trailer-mounted and is completely
               self-contained, including a 100 kilowatt  gene-
               rator for remote  locations or line connectors
               where power is available. The system requires
               only a mixing tank to slurry the treatable solids.
               The system also  includes all  necessary safety
               checks.

               The computerized control system continuously
               monitors  the  flow   rate,   absorbed   dose,
               accelerator  potential, beam current,  and all
               safety  shutdown  features.  The flow rate  is
               monitored with a calibrated flow valve.   The
               absorbed dose  is estimated based on  the dif-
               ference in the temperature of the waste stream
               before and  after  irradiation.   The  system  is
              PUMPING SYSTEM
                                 ELECTRON ACCELERATOR
                                                          CONTROLROOM
                                                            OFFICE/LAB







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                    Mobile Electron Beam Hazardous Waste Treatment System
 Page 342
The SITE Program assesses but does not
  approve or endorse technologies.

-------
                                                                         November 1994
                                                                          Ongoing Project
equipped with monitoring devices that measure
the waste stream temperature before  and  after
irradiation.  Both the accelerating potential and
the beam current are obtained directly from the
transformer.   Except  for slurrying, this tech-
nology does not require pretreatment of wastes.

WASTE APPLICABILITY:

This  technology  treats  a variety  of organic
compounds, including  wood treating chemicals,
pesticides, insecticides, petroleum residues, and
polychlorinated biphenyls (PCB)   in slurried
soils, sediments, and sludges.

STATUS:

High Voltage  Environment Applications,  Inc.
(HVEA), was accepted into the SITE Emerging
Technology Program  in 1993.   Under  this
program,  HVEA  will demonstrate its mobile
pilot plant on soils, sediments or sludges  at
various hazardous waste sites.  Candidate  sites
are being identified.  On-site studies will last up
to 2 months.

Initial studies by HVEA have shown that elec-
tron beam irradiation removes greater than 99
percent  of trichloroethene, tetrachloroethene,
chloroform, benzene,  toluene, and phenol  in
aqueous streams. HVEA has also demonstrated
effective removal  of 2,4,6-trinitrotoluene from
soil slurries.

In a recent bench-scale study, a  multisource
hazardous waste leachate containing 1 percent
dense nonaqueous phase liquid was successfully
treated.  In another bench-scale study, a leachate
containing  a light  nonaqueous phase  liquid
contaminated with PCBs was treated to F039
standards.
FOR FURTHER INFORMATION:

EPA PROJECT MANAGER:
Mary Stinson
U.S. EPA
Risk Reduction Engineering Laboratory
MS-104, Building 10
2890 Woodbridge Avenue
Edison, NJ 08837-3679
908-321-6683
Fax: 908-321-6640

TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPER CONTACT:
William Cooper
High Voltage Environmental Applications, Inc.
9562 Doral Boulevard
Miami, FL 33178
305-593-5330
Fax: 305-593-0071
                                 The SITE Program assesses but does not
                                   approve or endorse technologies.
                               Page 343

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Technology Profile
          EMERGING TECHNOLOGY PROGRAM
                       INSTITUTE OF GAS TECHNOLOGY
                    (Fluidized-Bed Cyclonic Agglomerating Combustor)
TECHNOLOGY DESCRIPTION:

The  Institute  of Gas  Technology  (IGT) has
developed a two-stage, fiuidized-bed cyclonic
agglomerating combustor based on a combina-
tion of IGT technologies (see figure below).  In
the combined system, solid, liquid, and gaseous
organic wastes  can be efficiently  destroyed.
Solid,  nonvolatile, inorganic contaminants are
combined within a glassy matrix consisting of
discrete  pebble-sized  agglomerates   that  are
suitable for disposal in a landfill.

The  first stage of the  combustor is  an agglo-
merating  fluidized-bed  reactor,  which  can
operate under substoichiometric conditions  or
with excess air.  This system can operate from
low temperature (desorption) to high temperature
(agglomeration).   This system can also gasify
                materials with high calorific values (for exam-
                ple, municipal solid wastes).  With a unique fuel
                and air distribution, most of the fluidized bed is
                maintained at 1,500 to 2,000 degrees Fahrenheit
                (°F), while the central spout temperature can be
                varied between 2,000 and 3,000 °F.

                When contaminated soils and sludges  are  fed
                into the fluidized bed, the combustible  fraction
                of the waste is rapidly gasified and combusted.
                The  solid fraction,  containing inorganic and
                metallic  contaminants,  undergoes a chemical
                transformation in the hot zone and is agglome-
                rated  into glassy  pellets.   These  pellets  are
                essentially nonleachable under the conditions of
                the toxicity  characteristic leaching procedure
                (TCLP). The product gas from the fluidized bed
                may  contain unburned  hydrocarbons,  furans,
                dioxins, and carbon monoxide as well as carbon
                                   NATURAL GAS, OXIDANT
                                   AND COFIRED
                                   GASEOUS WASTE
                       SOUD,
                       SLUDGE,
                       AND LIQUID
                       WASTE'
                     FLUIDIZED-BED
                     COMBUSTOR
                     1500°-2000°F
                      AGGLOMERATED
                           RESIDUE
                                                           FLUE GAS TO
                                                           HEAT RECOVERY
                                                           OR TREATMENT
                                                           CYCLONIC
                                                           COMBUSTOR
                                                           1800°-2400°F
                   CYCLONE FINES
                   FOR RECIRCULATION
                   OR DISPOSAL
      HOT ZONE
      2000° - 3000°F

       — FLUIDEING
         GAS
                                          CLASSIFICATION
                                          ZONE GAS
                                        NATURAL GAS + OXIDANT
                   Two-Stage Fluidized-Bed/Cyclonic Agglomerating Combustor
 Page 344
The SITE Program assesses but does not
  approve or endorse technologies.

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                                                                           November 1994
                                                                           Ongoing Project
 dioxide and  water, the products of complete
 combustion.

 The product  gas from the fluidized bed is fed
 into the second stage of the combustor, where it
 is further combusted at a temperature of 1,800
 to 2,400  °F.  The second  stage is a cyclonic
 combustor and separator that provides sufficient
 residence time (0.25 seconds) to oxidize carbon
 monoxide and organic compounds to carbon
 dioxide and  water vapor.   This stage  has  a
 combined destruction  and  removal efficiency
 greater than 99.99 percent.   Volatilized metals
 are collected  downstream in the flue gas scrub-
 ber condensate.

 The two-stage fluidized-bed cyclonic  agglom-
 erating combustor is based on IGT's experience
 with other fluidized-bed and cyclonic combustion
 systems.  The patented sloping-grid design and
 ash discharge port  in this process were initially
 developed for IGT's U-GAS coal  gasification
 process.  The cyclonic combustor and separator
 is a modification of IGT's low emissions com-
 bustor.

 WASTE APPLICABILITY:

 This two-stage combustor can destroy organic
 contaminants   in  gaseous,  liquid,   and  solid
 wastes, including soils and sludges.  Gaseous
 wastes can be fired directly into the cyclonic
 combustor. Liquid, sludge, and solid wastes can
be co-fired directly into the  fluidized bed.  The
 solids particle size must  be less than about  6
millimeters to support fluidized bed operation;
therefore, certain wastes may require grinding or
pulverization  prior  to remediation.

Because the solid components in the waste are
heated above fusion  temperature  during  the
 agglomeration process, metals and  other inor-
ganic materials are encapsulated and immobi-
lized within the glassy matrix.
 STATUS:

 This  technology was accepted into the SITE
 Emerging Technology Program in July 1990.
 Since then, tests conducted in the batch 6-inch
 diameter fluidized-bed unit have demonstrated
 that agglomerates can be formed from the soil.
 The agglomerates, produced at several  different
 operating conditions,  exhibit  low teachability;
 however, the TCLP test results were inconclu-
 sive.

 A pilot-plant combustor with a capacity  of 6 tons
 per day has  been constructed and testing is
 underway. Initial pilot plant tests have produced
 samples  of agglomerated soil.  The focus of
 future testing will be the sustained and  continu-
 ous operation of the  pilot  plant.   Tests  with
 organic and inorganic hazardous waste surro-
 gates  admixed with the feed  soilwill  also be
 conducted.

 FOR FURTHER INFORMATION:

 EPA PROJECT MANAGER:
 Teri Richardson
 U.S. EPA
 Risk Reduction Engineering Laboratory
 26 West Martin Luther King Drive
 Cincinnati, OH 45268
 513-569-7949
 Fax: 513-569-7620

TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPER CONTACTS:
Amir  Rehmat or Michael Mensinger
Institute of Gas Technology
 1700 South Mount Prospect Road
Des Plaines, IL 60018-1804
708-768-0588 or 708-768-0602
Fax: 708-768-0600
                                 The SITE Program assesses but does not
                                   approve or endorse technologies.
                                Page 345

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Technology Profile
         EMERGING  TECHNOLOGY PROGRAM
                      INSTITUTE OF GAS TECHNOLOGY
                    (Supercritical Extraction/Liquid Phase Oxidation)
TECHNOLOGY DESCRIPTION:

The Institute of Gas Technology's (IGT) Super-
critical  Extraction/Liquid  Phase   Oxidation
(SELPhOx) process removes organic contami-
nants from soils and sludges and destroys them.
SELPhOx combines two processing steps:   1)
supercritical fluid extraction (SCE) of organic
contaminants, and 2) wet air oxidation (WAO)
destruction of the contaminants.  The two-step
process, linked by a phase separation stage,
offers  great  flexibility  for  removing  and
destroying both high and low concentrations of
organic contaminants.

IGT's  primary objectives are to  1) evaluate
SCE's contaminant removal efficiency, 2) deter-
mine the  potential for carbon dioxide (COz)
recovery and reuse, and 3) determine destruction
                efficiencies  of extracted contaminants  in the
                WAO process.   Analytical results from the
                project will provide the necessary information
                for the full-scale process design.

                Combining SCE and WAO in a single two-step
                process allows development of a highly efficient
                and economical process for remediating contami-
                nated  soils.  Supercritical extraction with CO2
                can remove organic  contaminants  and leave
                much of the original soil organic matrix in
                place.  The contaminants can then be collected
                and transported in an aqueous stream and fed to
                a WAO reactor for destruction. Concentrating
                the organic contaminants in water provides the
                proper matrix for a  WAO  feed  stream,  and
                improves process economics by decreasing the
                WAO reactor's size.
                           RECIRCULATING
                              CO2LOOP
                      RECIRCULATING
                        WATER LOOP
         CONTAMINATED
             SOIL
         MODIFIER.
   MAKEUP
   "CARBON DIOXIDE
MAKEUP
WATER
            IVESSELHEATERS
             IGT's Supercritical Extraction/Liquid Phase Oxidation (SELPhOx) Process
 Page 346
The SITE Program assesses but does not
  approve or endorse technologies.

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                                                                        November 1994
                                                                        Ongoing Project
The SELPhOx process requires only water, air,
and the extractant (CO;j).   Primary treatment
products include cleaned soil, water, nitrogen
(from the air fed to the WAO step), and CO2.
Organic  sulfur, nitrogen,  and  chloride com-
pounds that may be present in the original soil
or sludge matrix are transformed to relatively
innocuous compounds in  the product  water.
These  compounds include  sulfuric acid  and
hydrogen chloride, or their salts. The  treated
soil can be returned to the original site, and the
water can be  safely  discharged after thermal
energy recovery and minor secondary treatment.
The gas can be depressurized by a turbo expand-
er for energy recovery and then vented through
a filter.

WASTE APPLICABILITY:

The  SELPhOx  process   removes organic
contaminants from soils and sludges, including
chlorinated   and  nonchlorinated  polynuclear
aromatic   hydrocarbons,   polychlorinated
biphenyls, and other organic contaminants.
STATUS:

The SELPhOx process  was accepted into the
SITE Emerging Technology Program in July
1994.

FOR FURTHER INFORMATION:

EPA PROJECT MANAGER:
Annette Gatchett
U.S. EPA
Risk Reduction Engineering Laboratory
26 West Martin Luther King Drive
Cincinnati, OH 45268
513-569-7697
Fax: 513-569-7620

TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPER CONTACT:
Michael Mensinger
Institute of Gas Technology
1700 South Mount Prospect Road
Des Plaines, IL 60018-1804
708-768-0602
Fax: 708-568-0600
                                The SITE Program assesses but does not
                                  approve or endorse technologies.
                              Page 347

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Technology Profile
         EMERGING TECHNOLOGY PROGRAM
                                  IT CORPORATION
                 (Chelation/Electrodeposition of Toxic Metals from Soils)
TECHNOLOGY DESCRIPTION:

IT Corporation has conducted laboratory-scale
research on an innovative process that removes
heavy  metals from contaminated  soils  and
sludges by forming a soluble chelate. The metal
and chelating compound are then separated from
the soils and recovered.

Soils are screened before the chelation step to
remove large particles  such as wood, metal
scrap, and large rocks.  The  treatment employs
two  key  steps:    1) using  a water  soluble
chelating agent, such as ethylene-diaminetetra-
acetic acid, to bond with heavy metals and form
a chelate; and 2) recovering the heavy metals
from the chelate and regenerating the chelating
agent in an electromembrane reactor (EMR).

Dewatering is performed to  separate the water
soluble chelate that contains heavy metals from
the solid phase.  The resulting liquid is treated
hi an EMR, consisting of an electrolytic cell
                with a cation transfer membrane separating the
                cathode and anode chambers (see figure below).
                This demonstration  will establish appropriate
                conditions for removal of specific metals from
                various types of hazardous wastes.

                Previous research has focused primarily  on the
                technology's applicability for treating and re-
                moving  lead  from  contaminated  soils  and
                sludges. Limited work has also been conducted
                to  determine  the applicability  for  removing
                cadmium from soils and sludges.

                WASTE APPLICABILITY:

                The technology  is  potentially  applicable for
                treating  a wide variety of metal-contaminated
                hazardous wastes, including soils and sludges.

                STATUS:

                This technology was accepted  into the SITE
                Emerging Technology Program in July 1994.
 Contaminated Soil
SCREENING/
CLASSIFICATION
>,

                                               Regenerated Chelating Agent
                                                                      ELECTROMEMBRANE
                                                                       REACTORfEMR)
                                                             "Clean" Soil
                                                             (Solid Phase)
                                                    T
                                                Wastewater

                                              Plated Metal(s)
              Simplified Process Flow Diagram of Overall Proposed Treatment Process
 Page 348
The SITE Program assesses but does not
  approve or endorse technologies.

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                                                                  November 1994
                                                                   Ongoing Project
FOR FURTHER INFORMATION:

EPA PROJECT MANAGER:
George Moore
U.S. EPA
Risk Reduction Engineering Laboratory
26 West Martin Luther King Drive
Cincinnati, OH  45268
513-569-7991
Fax:513-569-7620

TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPER CONTACT:
E. Radha Krishnan
IT Corporation
11499 Chester Road
Cincinnati, OH  45246-4012
513-782-4700
Fax: 513-782-4807
                             The SITE Program assesses but does not
                               approve or endorse technologies.
Page 349

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Technology Profile
                          EMERGING TECHNOLOGY PROGRAM
                                   IT  CORPORATION
                               (Eimco  Biolift™ Slurry Reactor)
TECHNOLOGY DESCRIPTION:

IT Corporation (IT) has used the Eimco Biolift™
Slurry Reactor  (developed by Eimco Process
Equipment Company, Salt Lake City, Utah) to
successfully treat polynuclear aromatic hydro-
carbons (PAH)  in soil.  Traditional biological
treatments,  such  as  landfarming  and  in  situ
bioremediation,  may not reduce PAHs in soil to
target levels in a timely manner.  Slurry reactors
are more efficient for bioremediation and more
economical   than  thermal  desorption   and
incineration.

During the project, IT will operate two 60-liter
Eimco Biolift™ reactors (see figure below) and a
10-liter fermentation  unit  in semicontinuous,
                                plug-flow mode.  The first 60-liter reactor will
                                receive fresh feed  daily  and supplements  of
                                salicylate and succinate.

                                Salicylate induces the naphthalene degradation
                                operon on PAH plasmids.  This system has been
                                shown to degrade phenanthrene and anthracene.
                                The naphthalene pathway may also play a role in
                                carcinogenic PAH (CPAH) metabolism.

                                Succinate  is  a  by-product  of  naphthalene
                                metabolism  and  serves as a general  carbon
                                source.  The first reactor hi series will remove
                                easily degradable carbon and increase biological
                                activity  against more recalcitrant  PAHs (i.e.,
                                three-ring compounds and higher).
                                 MANUAL

                               ADJUSTMENT
                                                                                      ATMOSPHERE
                                 EFFLUENT PROCESS WATEB (MANUAL TRANSFERRING)
               LEGEND:
                fT\ SAMPLE PORT
            (PR) PRESSURE REGULATOR
                (^PRESSURE INDICATOR  (S) TIMER
            M-1
            FEED
            MIXER
B-1
AIR
BLOWER
                                     H-2ABC
R-1
AIR       	
ROTAMETER  MKER
                                             (SOIL)
           T-1       p.1       S-1
           FEED      FEED PUMP  AIR
           CONTAINER  (121VDAY)   FILTER
           (SOL)
                 T-6        T-8
                 BIOREACTOR1 BIOREACTOR3
                 (SOIL)      (SOIL)
                                                        Z-1
BIOREACTOR  BIOREACTOR2  CARBON
                   ADSORPTION  PUMP
                            P-5      Z-2
                            EFFLUENT  AIR
                            P-6
                            SLURRY
                            PUMP
                            T-2
                            CLARIFIER
SAMPLING
DEVICE

T-5
EFFLUENT
CONTAINER
(20L)
                               Eimco Biolift™ Slurry Reactor System
 Page 350
                The SITE Program assesses but does not
                  approve or endorse technologies.

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                                                                          November 1994
                                                                          Ongoing Project
Effluent from the first reactor will overflow to
the second  10-liter  reactor in series, where
Fenton's reagent will be added to accelerate
oxidation for four- to six-ring PAHs.  Fenton's
reagent (hydrogen peroxide in the presence of
iron salts) produces a  free  radical  that  can
effectively oxidize multi-ring aromatic hydrocar-
bons.

The third 60-liter reactor in series will be used
as a polishing reactor to remove any partially-
oxidized contaminants remaining after Fenton's
reagent is added.  Slurry will be removed from
this reactor and clarified using gravity settling
techniques.

Operation of the  reactors as  described  will
increase the rate and extent of PAH biodegrada-
tion, making bioslurry treatment  of impacted
soils and sludges a more effective and economi-
cally attractive remediation option.

WASTE APPLICABILITY:

This technology  is  applicable to PAH-con-
taminated soils and sludges that can be readily
excavated  for slurry  reactor treatment.   Soils
from  coal  gasification  sites,  wood treating
facilities,  petrochemical  facilities, and  coke
plants are typically contaminated with PAHs.
STATUS:

IT's slurry reactor system was accepted into the
SITE Emerging Technology Program in 1993.
Under this program, IT will conduct a pilot-
scale investigation  of three  slurry reactors
operated in series.   A suitable soil  will be
obtained and screened on site during summer
1994. The primary objective of the investigation
is to achieve CPAH removal greater than 80
percent.

FOR FURTHER INFORMATION:

EPA PROJECT MANAGER:
Brunilda Davila
U.S. EPA
Risk Reduction Engineering Laboratory
26 West Martin Luther King Drive
Cincinnati, OH 45268
513-569-7849
Fax: 513-569-7879

TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPER CONTACT:
Kandi Brown
IT Corporation
1425 South Victoria Court, Suite A
San Bernardino, CA 92408-2923
909-799-6869
Fax: 909-799-7604
                                 The SITE Program assesses but does not
                                   approve or endorse technologies.
                               Page 351

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Technology Profile
          EMERGING TECHNOLOGY PROGRAM
                                   IT  CORPORATION
                             (Mixed Waste Treatment Process)
TECHNOLOGY DESCRIPTION:

The mixed waste treatment process treats soils
contaminated with hazardous and radioactive
constituents.    The process  separates  these
contaminants into distinct organic and inorganic
phases.  The separated streams can then be
further minimized, recycled,  or destroyed at
commercial disposal facilities, and the  decon-
taminated soil can be returned to the site.

This  process integrates  thermal   desorption,
gravity separation, water treatment, and chelant
extraction technologies.  Each of these technolo-
gies has been  individually  demonstrated on
selected contaminated materials.   The process
flow diagram below shows how the technologies
have  been integrated  to  treat  mixed waste
streams.

During the initial treatment step,  feed  is pre-
pared with  standard techniques and bulk contam-
inated soil is processed by crushing and grinding
oversized material.
                Thermal treatment removes volatile and semi-
                volatile organics from the soil.  Soil is indirectly
                heated in a rotating chamber, volatilizing  the
                organic contaminants and any moisture in  the
                soil.  The soil passes through the chamber and
                is collected as a dry  solid.   The volatilized
                organics and water are condensed into separate
                liquid phases.   The  organic phase is decanted
                and removed for disposal.  The  contaminated
                aqueous phase is passed through activated car-
                bon,  which removes soluble  organics  before
                combining with the thermally treated soil.

                Inorganic contaminants are removed by three
                physical and  chemical separation techniques:
                1) gravity separation of high density particles;
                2) chemical precipitation of soluble metals; and
                3) chelant  extraction  of  chemically   bound
                metals.

                Gravity separation is used to separate higher
                density particles from common soil.  Radio-
                nuclide contaminants are typically found in this
                                      Organic Phase
                                  Water and
                                 Conditioning
                                   Agents
                                                               Radionuclldes
                                                                 on Resin
                                 Mixed Waste Treatment Process
 Page 352
The SITE Program assesses but does not
  approve or endorse technologies.

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                                                                           November 1994
                                                                            Ongoing Project
 fraction.  The gravity separation device (shaker
 table, jig, cone, or spiral) depends on contami-
 nant distribution and the thermally treated soil's
 physical properties.

 Many radionuclides and other heavy metals are
 dissolved or suspended in the aqueous separation
 media.  These contaminants are separated from
 the soils  and are precipitated.  A potassium
 ferrate  formulation precipitates  radionuclides.
 The" resulting  microcrystalline  precipitant  is
 removed,  allowing the  aqueous stream to be
 recycled.

 Some insoluble radionuclides remain  with the
 soil  through the  gravity  separation  process.
 These  radionuclides are removed  by chelant
 extraction.  The chelant solution  then  passes
 through an  ion exchange resin to  remove the
 radionuclides and is recycled to the soil extrac-
 tion step.

 The contaminants are collected as concentrates
 from all waste process streams for recovery or
 off-site disposal at commercial hazardous waste
 or radiological waste facilities.  The  deconta-
minated soil is then returned to the site as clean
fill.

WASTE  APPLICABILITY:

This process  treats  soils  contaminated with
organic, inorganic, and radioactive material.

STATUS:

The mixed waste treatment process was selected
for the SITE Emerging Technology Program in
October 1991. Bench- and pilot-scale testing is
planned for late 1994.  Individual components of
the treatment process have been demonstrated on
various wastes from U.S. Department of Energy
 (DOE), U.S. Department of Defense, and com-
 mercial sites.  Thermal separation has removed
 and recovered PCBs from  soils contaminated
 with uranium and technetium.  These soils were
 from two separate DOE gaseous diffusion plants.

 Gravity separation of radionuclides has been
 demonstrated  at  the pilot scale  on Johnston
 Atoll,  Guam.   Gravity separation  successfully
 removed plutonium from native coral soils.

 Water  treatment  using  the potassium ferrate
 formulations has  been demonstrated at several
 DOE facilities in laboratory and full-scale tests.
 This treatment reduced cadmium, copper, lead,
 nickel, plutonium, silver, uranium, and zinc to
 dischargeable levels.

 Chelant  extraction  has   successfully  treated
 surface contamination in the nuclear industry for
 more than 20 years. Similar results are expected
 for subsurface contamination.

 FOR FURTHER INFORMATION:

 EPA PROJECT MANAGER:
 Douglas Grosse
 U.S. EPA
 Risk Reduction Engineering Laboratory
26 West Martin Luther King Drive
Cincinnati,  OH 45268
513-569-7844
Fax: 513-569-7676

TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPER CONTACT:
Ed Alperin
IT Corporation
312 Directors Drive
Knoxville, TN 37923-4709
615-690-3211
Fax: 615-694-9573
                                 The SITE Program assesses but does not
                                    approve or endorse technologies.
                                Page 353

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Technology Profile
           EMERGING TECHNOLOGY PROGRAM
                 LEWIS ENVIRONMENTAL SERVICES, INC./
                             fflCKSON CORPORATION
                   (Chromated Copper Arsenate Soil Leaching Process)
TECHNOLOGY DESCRIPTION:

Lewis Environmental Services, Inc. (Lewis), has
developed a soil leaching process to remediate
soils contaminated with heavy metals including
chromium, copper, cadmium, mercury, arsenic,
and lead.   This process can treat soils conta-
minated with inorganics, some organics, heavy
metal hydroxide sludges, and sediments.

The soil leaching process  consists of leaching
contaminated soil  in  a  countercurrent stirred
reactor  system (see figure below).   A screw
feeder delivers the soil into the reactor, where it
is leached with sulfuric acid for 30 to 60  min-
utes. The sulfuric acid solubilizes the inorganics
and heavy metals into the leaching  solution.
The processed soil is then separated and washed
with water and air-dried. Any organic contami-
nants are separated and decanted from the leach-
ing acid,   using  strong acid  leachate,  space
separation, and skimming.
                  The wash water is then treated with Lewis'
                  ENVIRO-CLEAN process, which consists of a
                  granulated activated carbon system followed by
                  an  electrolytic   recovery   system.      The
                  ENVIRO-CLEAN process recovers the heavy
                  metals from the leaching stream and wash water
                  and produces an effluent that meets EPA-dis-
                  charge  limits for heavy metals.   The treated
                  wash water can then be reused in the soil wash-
                  ing step.  The leaching  solution  can also be
                  treated by the ENVIRO-CLEAN process or can
                  be returned directly to the stirred reactor system,
                  depending on its metals concentration.

                  Contaminated soil must be properly sized and
                  screened to  facilitate leaching in the  stirred
                  reactor system. Large pieces of debris such as
                  rocks, wood, and bricks must be removed before
                  treatment. Standard screening and classification
                  equipment, such as that used in municipal waste
                  treatment plants,  is suitable for this purpose.
          Soil Contaminated
          with Heavy Metals
Extraction
 Solution
                    Countercurrent
                    Processing Unit
               Metal Loaded Extraction Solution
           Recycled/Reuse
             Extraction
              Solution
                                       Reprocessed Activated
                                            Carbon
                                      Heavy-Metal
                                      By-Product
                        Chromated Copper Arsenate Soil Leaching Process
Page 354
  The SITE Program assesses but does not
    approve or endorse technologies.

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                                                                          November  1994
                                                                           Ongoing Project
 The soil  leaching process does  not  generate
 appreciable quantities of treatment by-products
 or waste streams containing heavy metals.  The
 treated soil meets toxicity characteristic leaching
 procedure (TCLP) criteria, and can be returned
 to the site  or disposed of at a nonhazardous
 landfill.  The granular activated carbon requires
 disposal after about 20  to 30 treatment  cycles
 and should also pass TCLP criteria, simplifying
 disposal.

 WASTE APPLICABILITY:

 The soil leaching process can treat solid wastes
 generated by the wood preserving and  metal
 plating industries, battery waste sites, and urban
 lead sites.  The advantages of this process over
 traditional   waste  treatment  schemes  for
 chromated copper arsenate (CCA) wastes  are as
 follows:

  •  Treated soils pass TCLP criteria and  can
     be reapplied on site.
  •  Treatment by-products do not require
     disposal as hazardous waste.
  •  Land disposal of large volumes of soil is
     eliminated.
  •  Heavy metals are recovered  by  the
     ENVIRO-CLEAN process and can be
     reused by industry.

 STATUS:

 The Soil Leaching Process was accepted into the
 Emerging Technology Program in 1993. Labor-
atory-scale  tests have  shown  that the process
successfully treats  soil contaminated with CCA.
In 1992, Lewis treated  a  5-gallon sample of
CCA-contaminated soil from Hickson Corpora-
 tion (Hickson), a major CCA chemical manufac-
 turer.   The treated soil passed TCLP criteria,
 with chromium and arsenic, the two main leach
 constituents,  averaging  0.8  milligrams  per
 kilogram (mg/kg) and 0.9 mg/kg, respectively.
 Analysis also revealed 3,330 milligrams per liter
 (mg/L) of chromium, 13,300 mg/L of copper,
 and 22,990  mg/L of iron in the leaching solu-
 tion. In addition, analysis indicated 41.4 mg/L
 of  chromium, 94.8 mg/L of copper,  and 3.0
 mg/L  of arsenic present in  the  wash water.
 After treatment, the wash water contained metals
 levels   below  0.1  mg/L   for  copper  and
 chromium.

 Lewis plans further laboratory-scale testing at its
 Pittsburgh,  Pennsylvania facility,  followed  by
 bench- or pilot-scale testing at Hickson's facility
 in Conley, Georgia.

 FOR FURTHER INFORMATION:

 EPA PROJECT MANAGER:
 Randy Parker
 U.S. EPA
 Risk Reduction Engineering Laboratory
 26 West Martin Luther King Drive
 Cincinnati, OH 45268
 513-569-7271
 Fax: 513-569-7620

 TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPER CONTACT:
 Tom Lewis HI
 Lewis Environmental Services, Inc.
 R.J. Casey Industrial Park
Preble and Columbus Streets
Pittsburgh, PA  15233
412-322-8100
Fax: 412-322-8109
                                 The SITE Program assesses but does not
                                   approve or endorse technologies.
                               Page 355

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Technology Profile
         EMERGING  TECHNOLOGY PROGRAM
                      MATRIX PHOTOCATALYTIC INC.
                       (formerly NUTECH ENVIRONMENTAL)
                          (TiO2 Photocatalytic Air Treatment)
TECHNOLOGY DESCRIPTION:

Matrix Photocatalytic  Inc.,  formerly  Nutech
Environmental, is developing a titanium dioxide'
(TiO^ photocatalytic air treatment technology
that removes and destroys volatile organic com-
pounds (VOC) and semivolatile organic com-
pounds from air streams.  During treatment,
contaminated air at ambient temperatures flows
through a fixed TiO2 catalyst bed activated by
light.   Typically,  organic  contaminants are
destroyed hi fractions of a second.

Major technology advantages include the fol-
lowing:
     Very robust equipment
     No residual toxins
     No ignition source
     Unattended operation
     Low direct treatment cost
               The technology has  been tested on benzene,
               toluene,  ethylbenzene,  and xylene; trichloro-
               ethene(TCE); tetrachlorethene(PCE); isopropyl
               alcohol;  acetone; chloroform;  methanol;  and
               methyl ethyl ketone.  Some full-scale and field-
               scale systems are shown in the figures below and
               on the next page, respectively.

               WASTE APPLICABILITY:

               The TiO2 photocatalytic air treatment technology
               can effectively treat dry or moist air.   The
               technology has  been demonstrated to purify
               steam directly,  thus eliminating the  need to
               condense. Systems of 100 cubic feet per minute
               have been successfully tested on vapor extraction
               operations, air stripper emissions, steam  from
               desorption processes, and VOC emissions  from
               manufacturing  facilities.   Other potential ap-
               plications  include odor  removal,  stack gas
                         Full-Scale Photocatalytic Air Treatment System
 Page 356
The SITE Program assesses but does not
  approve or endorse technologies.

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                                                                        November 1994
                                                                         Ongoing Project
treatment, soil venting, and manufacturing ultra-
pure air for residential, automotive, instrument,
and medical needs.  Systems up to about 1000
cubic foot per meter can be cost  competitive
with thermal destruction systems.

STATUS:

The  TiO2 photocatalytic  air technology  was
accepted into SITE Emerging Technology Pro-
gram in October 1992. Program advancements
include the following:

  •  Ability to destroy carbon tetrachloride
     and other saturated compounds
  •  Sustained destruction of PCE and TCE
     of high concentration without generating
     phosgene
  •  Effective destruction  of  oxygenates
     (ketones, alcohols)
FOR FURTHER INFORMATION:

EPA PROJECT MANAGER:
John Ireland
U.S. EPA
Risk Reduction Engineering Laboratory
26 West Martin Luther King Drive
Cincinnati, OH  45268
513-569-7413
Fax: 513-569-7185

TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPER CONTACT:
Bob Henderson
Matrix Photocatalytic Inc.
22 Pegler Street
London, Ontario, Canada
N5Z 2B5
519-660-8669
Fax: 519-660-8525
                                                                            '• \
             Field-Scale Photocatalytic Air Treatment System Treating TCE and PCE
                      on a Soil Vapor Extraction Site at Savannah River
                               The SITE Program assesses but does not
                                  approve or endorse technologies.
                              Page 357

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Technology Profile
         EMERGING  TECHNOLOGY PROGRAM
                            MEMBRAN CORPORATION
                     (Membrane Gas Transfer in Waste Remediation)
TECHNOLOGY DESCRIPTION:

Oxygen dissolution is a fundamental process in
the design of aerobic biological treatment pro-
cesses.   Conventional gas  dissolution devices
produce  a  large quantity  of small bubbles.
These  bubbles provide a  large surface area
across  which gas transfer can take place. The
limitations of bubble technologies include poor
gas  transfer  efficiencies,  poor performance
control,  and  atmospheric  release  of volatile
organic compounds.  Membrane technology can
dissolve gases without bubbles, eliminating many
of the problems associated with conventional gas
transfer devices.

A fluidized, hollow-fiber membrane technology
can  dissolve high concentrations of oxygen,
methane, or hydrogen into  water by exploiting
the  high gas  permeabilities  of hollow-fiber
microporous membranes.   Direct,  bubble-free
gas dissolution occurs in pipes, called modules,
that contain thousands of sealed, hollow, gas-
permeable  fibers filled  with pressurized pure
gases (see figure below). The upstream ends of
                the fibers are potted into a manifold that distrib-
                utes the pressurized gas to the inside of each
                hollow fiber. The downstream ends of the fibers
                are individually sealed so they can move freely
                in the turbulent waterflow inside the pipe.  Gas
                diffuses  across the  fiber walls and dissolves
                directly into the flowing water. Gas-dissolution
                is controlled by changing the water flow rate and
                the gas pressure.

                The membrane module's ability to dissolve high
                concentrations  of gaseous substrates  without
                using  bubbles has  several   operational  and
                economic advantages.  First, bubble-free gas
                dissolution means that all of the gas  applied to
                the device is dissolved, eliminating gas wastage.
                Second,  since many hazardous compounds are
                volatile, the ability  to supply oxygen to  an
                aerobic  bioreactor  without bubbles  means no
                emissions and no need for installation of costly
                air pollution control equipment. Third, combus-
                tible gases such as  hydrogen and methane dis-
                solve  into water without bubbles and without a
                subsequent release of the bubbles  into confined
                spaces.  Consequently, the economic advantage
                       Pressurized Gas
                       Supplied to Fibers
                                                                Sealed Hollow-Fiber
                                                                Membranes
                                                                            Standard
                                                                            Union
                Schematic Diagram of a Membrane Bubbleless Gas-dissolution Device
 Page 358
The SITE Program assesses but does not
  approve or endorse technologies.

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                                                                          November 1994
                                                                          Ongoing Project
offered by these gaseous substrates can now be
safely exploited.

The project has two major objectives.  The first
objective is to quantify the long-term gas trans-
fer performance of various untreated and treated
sealed  hollow-fiber  membranes in  different
adverse environments. The second objective is
to determine the performance of the membrane
devices  in  emission-free bioreactors that  use
oxygen, methane and oxygen, and hydrogen as
gaseous substrates. These gases will be used in
the bioreactors, because they offer substantial
cost savings compared to alternative substrates in
the biological treatment of petroleum hydrocar-
bons and chlorinated solvents.

WASTE APPLICABILITY:

The bubbleless gas-dissolution  technology may
be applied to the on-site biological treatment of
various  wastewaters,  including  contaminated
groundwater, and to the in situ bioremediation of
contaminated aquifers. The gas dissolved by the
membrane technology determines the types of
organic and inorganic contaminants that can be
biodegraded. With oxygen, treatable biological
contaminants include gasoline, creosote compo-
nents, phenolics, and other petroleum hydrocar-
bons.  With  oxygen and  methane,  treatable
biological contaminants include various haloge-
nated   aliphatic  hydrocarbons   such   as
trichloroethene (TCE), dichloroethene isomers,
vinyl chloride, dichloroethane isomers,  chloro-
form, and dichloromethane (methylene chloride).
The biological processes that can be supported
with hydrogen include denitrification (nitrate
removal) of  ground and  surface waters and
reductive dehalogenation  of chlorinated com-
pounds  in  contaminated  water.    Biological
reductive  dehalogenation  treats  tetrachloro-
ethene, TCE, carbon tetrachloride, chloroform,
and various polychlorinated biphenyl congeners.

STATUS:
                      /
This technology was  accepted into the SITE
Emerging Technology Program in July 1994.

FOR FURTHER INFORMATION:

EPA PROJECT MANAGER:
Paul dePercin
U.S. EPA
Risk Reduction Engineering Laboratory
26 West Martin Luther King Drive
Cincinnati, OH 45268
513-569-7797
Fax: 513-569-7620

TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPER CONTACT:
Charles Gantzer
Membran Corporation
1037 10th Avenue, SE
Minneapolis,  MN 55414
612-378-2160
Fax: 612-378-6091
                                  The SITE Program assesses but does not
                                    approve or endorse technologies.
                                Page 359

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Technology Profile
          EMERGING TECHNOLOGY PROGRAM
             OHM REMEDIATION SERVICES CORPORATION
                     (Oxygen Microbubble In Situ Bioremediation)
TECHNOLOGY DESCRIPTION:

This process uses  oxygen microbubbles for in
situbioremediation of contaminated groundwater
in the saturated zone.   The  difficulty  with
bioremediation lies in the delivery of oxygen,
nutrients, and microorganisms to  the treatment
zone. Oxygen microbubbles can be continuously
generated by mixing a concentrated surfactant
stream with clean water under pressure to pro-
duce a 125- to  150-parts-per-million solution.
This solution is then mixed with a continuous
supply of oxygen under pressure.  After passing
through the generator, the resulting 65 percent
dispersion of bubbles hi the size range of 45 ±
40 microns can be delivered and injected into a
saturated soil matrix under pressure.
                The microbubble dispersion is pumped through
                a  slotted,  porous well delivery section into a
                laminated  coarse sand or clay layer treatment
                zone.  The oxygen microbubbles tend to flow
                into areas with high permeability, such as the
                coarser zones. Contaminated groundwater flows
                through the treatment zone and is bioremediated
                using the available oxygen. Indigenous microor-
                ganisms and indigenous or introduced nutrients
                provide the environment for in situ biodegrada-
                tion of contaminants in groundwater or soil.

                WASTE APPLICABILITY:

                The process has successfully treated groundwater
                contaminated with a number  of organic com-
                pounds  including  petroleum  hydrocarbons,
                organic solvents, creosote, and pentachlorophenol.
   WATER TABLE
                                                               SEPARATE EXYGEN
                                                            MICROBUBBLE INJECTORS
                                                                  (HORIZONTAL)
                                                               (VERTICAL)
                                                                      TREATED
                                                                   GROUNDWATER
                  Oxygen Microbubble In Situ Bioremediation of Groundwater
Page 360
The SITE Program assesses but does not
  approve or endorse technologies.

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                                                                    November 1994
                                                                     Ongoing Project
STATUS:

The Oxygen Microbubble In Situ Bioremediation
process was  accepted  into the SITE Demon-
stration Program in summer 1992. This process
will be demonstrated at a jet fuel spill site at
Tyndall  Air Force  Base in Panama  City,
Florida.
FOR FURTHER INFORMATION:

EPA PROJECT MANAGER:
Ronald Lewis
U.S. EPA
Risk Reduction Engineering Laboratory
26 West Martin Luther King Drive
Cincinnati, OH 45268
513-569-7856
Fax: 513-569-7620

TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPER CONTACT:
Douglas Jerger
OHM Remediation Services Corporation
16406 U.S. Route 224 East
P.O. Box 551
Findlay, OH 45840
419-424-4932
Fax: 419-425-6031
                               The SITE Program assesses but does not
                                 approve or endorse technologies.
                              Page 361

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Technology Profile
          EMERGING TECHNOLOGY PROGRAM
                               PULSE SCIENCES, INC.
                  (X-Ray Treatment of Organically Contaminated Soils)
TECHNOLOGY DESCRIPTION:

X-ray technology treatment of organically conta-
minated soils is based on in-depth deposition of
ionizing radiation. Energetic photons (X-rays)
collide with  matter  to  generate a shower of
lower energy secondary electrons within the
contaminated waste material.  These secondary
electrons ionize and excite the atomic electrons,
breaking up the complex contaminant molecules,
and form radicals that react with contaminants to
form compounds such as water, carbon dioxide,
and oxygen.  Other  sources of ionizing radia-
tion,  such as  ultraviolet  radiation or direct
electron processing, do not penetrate the treat-
able material deeply enough.  Ultraviolet radia-
tion heats only the surface layer, while a 1.5
million electron volt  (MeV) electron penetrates
about 4 millimeters into soil. X-rays, however,
penetrate up to 20 centimeters,  allowing treat-
ment  of thicker samples.   In  situ treatment,
which reduces material handling requirements,
may also be possible  with X-ray treatment.
                A high power linear induction accelerator (LIA)
                plus X-ray converter, shown in the figure below,
                generates the X-rays used in  the treatment pro-
                cess.  The LIA energy is between 1 MeV and 10
                MeV; the upper limit depends on the application
                and is small enough to avoid activation. A pulse
                of electrons 50 to 100 nanoseconds long is
                directed onto  a cooled high  atomic number
                converter to efficiently generate X-rays.  The X-
                rays penetrate and treat the  organically conta-
                minated soils.

                The  physical  mechanism  by  which volatile
                organic compounds (VOC)  and  semivolatile
                organic compounds (SVOC)  are removed  pri-
                marily depends  on the contaminant  present.
                Because of the moisture in contaminated soil,
                sludge, and sediments, the shower of secondary
                electrons resulting from X-ray deposition pro-
                duces both highly oxidizing  hydroxyl radicals
                and highly reducing aqueous electrons. While
                hazardous by-products may form during X-ray
                treatment, contaminants and by-products may be
                                                          Waste
                                                         Treatment
                                                           Area
                                      Conveyor
                                                    Waste
                                                    Storage
LJA
1-10 MeV


Electron
Beam


X-Ray
Converter
(Ta)


X-rays
                                                                                 Disposal
                                   X-Ray Treatment Process
Page 362
The SITE Program assesses but does not
  approve or endorse technologies.

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                                                                          November 1994
                                                                           Ongoing Project
completely converted at sufficiently high dose
levels without undesirable waste residuals or air
pollution.

Since X-rays penetrate about 20 centimeters into
soil, they can more easily treat large soil  vol-
umes,  and  standard container  walls will not
absorb  a significant fraction of the  ionizing
radiation.  X-rays can treat solid waste  on a
conveyor or waste contained in disposal barrels.
Pulse Sciences, Inc., estimates that the cost of
high throughput X-ray processing is competitive
with alternative processes.

WASTE APPLICABILITY:

X-ray  treatment of  organically contaminated
soils technology can potentially treat large num-
bers of contaminants with minimum waste hand-
ling or preparation.  Treatable organic  con-
taminants include  benzene, toluene,  xylene,
trichloroethylene, tetrachloroethylene,  carbon
tetrachloride, chloroform,  and polychlorinated
biphenyls.

STATUS:

The X-ray treatment of organically contaminated
soils technology was accepted  into the SITE
Emerging Technology Program in 1993. A 1.2
MeV, 800-amp, 50 watt LIA and a 10.8 MeV,
0.2 amp, 10,000 watt radio frequency (RF) linac
will be  used in the program.  The program's
primary objective is to demonstrate that X-ray
treatment can reduce VOC and SVOC levels hi
soils to  acceptable levels,  and  determine  any
hazardous by-product that may be produced.
Samples with identical initial contaminant con-
centration levels will be irradiated at increasing
dose levels to determine 1) the rate (concentra-
tion versus dose) at which the contaminants are
being destroyed, and 2) the X-ray dose required
'to reduce organic  contamination to  acceptable
levels.  The 10.8 MeV RF linac, which produc-
es  more penetrating  X-rays,  should provide
information on the optimum X-ray energy for
the treatment process.  Increasing the accelerator
energy allows a more efficient conversion from
electrons to X-rays in the  converter,  but  an
upper limit (about 10 MeV) restricts the energy
treatment, since higher energy activates the soil.
The experimental  database will develop a con-
ceptual  design  and cost  estimate for  a high
throughput X-ray treatment system.

FOR FURTHER INFORMATION:

EPA PROJECT MANAGER:
George  Moore
U.S. EPA
Risk Reduction Engineering Laboratory
26 West Martin Luther King Drive
Cincinnati, OH 45268
513-569-7991
Fax: 513-569-7620

TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPER CONTACT:
Vernon  Bailey
Pulse Sciences, Inc.
600 McCormick Street
San Leandro, CA  94577
510-632-5100
Fax: 510-632-5300
                                 The SITE Program assesses but does not
                                   approve or endorse technologies.
                                Page 363

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Technology Profile
         EMERGING  TECHNOLOGY PROGRAM
                    REMEDIATION TECHNOLOGIES, INC.
                      (Chlorinated Gas Treatment Biofilm Reactor)
TECHNOLOGY DESCRIPTION:

The Remediation Technologies, Inc., biological
treatment technology uses aerobic cometabolic
organisms in fixed-film biological  reactors to
treat gases contaminated with volatile chlorinated
hydrocarbons.   Contaminated gases enter the
bottom of the 6-foot tall reactor column and
flow up  through a medium that has a high
surface  area  and favorable  porosity for gas
distribution. Both methanotrophic and phenol-
degrading organisms may be evaluated  within
the reactor (see figure below).

In methanotrophic columns, methane and nutri-
ents are added to grow the organisms capable of
                degrading  volatile  chlorinated  hydrocarbons.
                The organisms degrade these compounds into
                acids and  chlorides  that can be subsequently
                degraded  to  carbon  dioxide  and  chloride.
                Because of intermediate toxicity and competitive
                inhibition,  methane-volatile organic compound
                (VOC)  feeding strategies are critical to obtain
                optimum VOC degradation over the long term.

                Methanotrophic bacteria from various soils were
                tested to determine potential VOC compound
                degradation.   The  optimal  culture from this
                testing was isolated and transferred to a bench-
                scale biofilm  reactor,  where substrate degra-
                dation rates per unit of biofilm surface area were
                determined. Four pilot-scale biofilters were then
                                     Gas Effluent
                                           I > Nutrients
                                 Column Ht - 6'
                                 Dia-5"
                               Methane  Toxic
                        Humidified
                          Air
                                              I
                                           A
                                            A4
                                                  Sample
                                                  Taps
                                                3' media
                                             T
                                              YDiain
                4" gravel
                                Methanotrophic BioFilm Reactor
Page 364
The SITE Program assesses but does not
  approve or endorse technologies.

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                                                                         November 1994
                                                                         Ongoing Project
established, with feeding strategies and retention
times based on earlier testing.

The  following  issues  are investigated in the
methanotrophic biofilters:

   •  Comparison of different media types
   •  Trichloroethylene (TCE) removal across
     the columns
   •  TCE degradation rates

In addition to studies of the methanotrophic bio-
filters,  a column was seeded with a filamentous
phenol-degrading consortia that grows well on
phenol in a  nitrogen-limited solution.  Phenol
also  induces enzymes capable of rapid cometa-
bolic degradation of TCE.

WASTE APPLICABILITY:

This technology can treat gaseous  streams of
chlorinated volatile hydrocarbons. These waste
streams may result from air stripping of conta-
minated  groundwater  or industrial process
streams,  or extracted gas from in situ site
remediation by vacuum extraction.

STATUS:

This technology was accepted into the  SITE
Emerging Technology Program in summer 1992.
TCE degradation rates in the pilot-scale biofilter
have been well below those previously measured
in laboratory testing or those reported in the
literature for pure  cultures.
The phenol-fed column was started on a eelite
medium.  TCE  removal  was superior to the
methanotrophic columns, even with sub-optimal
biomass  development.    Further  testing  is
underway to determine optimal phenol-feeding
strategies, TCE removal,  degradation of other
VOCs, and the effect of mixtures.

FOR FURTHER INFORMATION:

EPA PROJECT MANAGER:
Ronald Lewis
U.S. EPA
Risk Reduction Engineering Laboratory
26 West Martin Luther King Drive
Cincinnati,  OH 45268
513-569-7856
Fax: 513-569-7620

TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPER CONTACT:
Hans Stroo
Remediation Technologies, Inc.
1011 S.W. Klickitat Way, Suite 207
Seattle, WA 98134
206-624-9349
Fax: 206-624-2839
                                 The SITE Program assesses but does not
                                   approve or endorse technologies.
                               Page 365

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Technology Profile
         EMERGING  TECHNOLOGY PROGRAM
             STATE UNIVERSITY OF NEW YORK AT OSWEGO
        (Photocatalytic Degradation of PCB-Contammated Sediments and Waters)
TECHNOLOGY DESCRIPTION:

The State University of New York at Oswego
(SUNY) has developed a photocatalytic system
that treats sediments contaminated with  poly-
chlorinated biphenyls (PCB) and other chlori-
nated  organic  contaminants.  This system in-
cludes a reactor that consists of three chambers
connected in series (see figure below). Each of
the chambers  is  covered  with a  transparent
material that allows sunlight and artificial light
penetration.

In Chamber A, the sediment is continuously agi-
tated to allow  separation of the suspended and
bottom sediment fractions,  and a titanium diox-
ide (TiOz) catalyst is added. As agitation pro-
ceeds, the suspended fraction is irradiated at the
slurry-air surface to promote photocatalysis.

The suspended sediment fraction is then slowly
discharged to Chamber B,  exposing the bottom
sediments in Chamber A to the light sources.  A
tank baffle in  Chamber A agitates the bottom
sediments to maximize contact with the catalyst,
promoting catalytic degradation.

Following continued treatment hi Chamber B,
the suspended  sediment fraction is  gravity-dis-
charged to Chamber C, where additional TiO2 is
added for continued treatment and eventual
                discharge.   The sediment can be recirculated
                through Chamber B if additional treatment is
                needed.  When treatment is complete, the sedi-
                ment is discharged to a settling tank or disposed
                of.   Make-up  water can be  pumped  back to
                Chamber A if needed.  Once the bottom sedi-
                ments hi Chamber A are adequately treated, they
                are also removed for further treatment or dispos-
                al.  Any gases produced during treatment are
                trapped with a vacuum system, which  draws
                volatiles through a carbon filter.

                This technology offers  the following  benefits
                over extraction, solidification/stabilization,  and
                decomposition:

                  •  The reactor  can operate  at ambient
                     pressure and temperature without organ-
                     ic solvents additions.
                  •  The catalyst, TiO2, is environmentally
                     inert.
                  •  The photocatalytic process can  use
                     sunlight  or   artificially   produced
                     ultraviolet light.
                  •  The technology  requires little energy
                     and may be applied in situ.
                  •  The   technology   can  also   treat
                     contaminated  dredge   materials  by
                     subjecting the contaminated sediments to
                     the photocatalytic process as an integral
                     part of the dredging operation.
                                                                   (G)
                                                                   [»-
                                                                TO DISPOSAL
                                    PCB Treatment System
Page 366
The SITE Program assesses but does not
  approve or endorse technologies.

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                                                                          November 1994
                                                                          Ongoing Project
 WASTE APPLICABILITY:

 This technology is  designed to treat sediment
 contaminated with PCBs and other chlorinated
 organic contaminants on site.  The technology
 may reduce levels of PCBs to  below detection
 limits, or it may be used as a pretreatment in
 conjunction with technologies  like microbial
 degradation.

 Although this technology was developed to de-
 grade PCB-contaminated sediments, the process
 can also treat a host of other organically contam-
 inated solids, including volatile and semivolatile
 organic compounds.  The technology can also
 pretreat inorganically contaminated solids such
 as soils and sludges.

 STATUS:

 SUNY was accepted into the SITE Emerging
 Technology Program in  1993.  During experi-
 ments conducted from June to September 1992,
 the photocatalytic technology reduced PCBs in
 sediment by 62  and 68  percent after 4 and 6
 hours  of  sunlight  irradiation,  respectively.
 SUNY also conducted experiments on PCB-
 contaminated sediments from a Massena, New
 York area federal Superfund Site. The technolo-
gy degraded more than 90 percent of the PCBs
in a 48-hour period. In August 1994, a second
generation  pilot-scale  photoreactor  was con-
 structed at a state Superfund Site.  This reactor
 is self-contained, mobile, and capable of treating
 up to 2 tons of contaminated soils and/or sedi-
 ments  hi  batch mode (see figure below). The
 second generation photoreactor uses a mixing
 motor to agitate sediment. Contaminants and the
 catalyst are exposed to artificial lights immedi-
 ately below the reactor cover at the slurry-air
 interface.   In October  1994,  the pilot-scale
 photoreactor degraded PCB-contaminated casting
 sands at a state Superfund Site.

 FOR FURTHER INFORMATION:

 EPA PROJECT MANAGER:
 Hector Moreno
 U.S. EPA
 Risk Reduction Engineering Laboratory
 26 West Martin Luther King Drive
 Cincinnati, OH  45268
 513-569-7882
 Fax: 513-569-7879

 TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPER CONTACTS:
 Ronald Scrudato
Jeffrey Chiarenzelli
Environmental Research Center
319 Piez Hall
State University of New York at Oswego
Oswego, NY  13126
315-341-3639
Fax: 315-341-5346
                                           I
                                        Coarse Sediment

                          Cross-Sectional Schematic of Three-Phased
                            Treatment of Contaminated Sediments
                                The SITE Program assesses but does not
                                   approve or endorse technologies.
                               Page 367

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Technology Profile
         EMERGING TECHNOLOGY PROGRAM
                             THERMO ANALYTICAL
                             (Segmented Gate System [SGS])
TECHNOLOGY DESCRIPTION:

TMA has conducted many radiological surveys
of soil contaminated with low and intermediate
levels of radioactivity.  Cleanup of these sites is
a  highly   labor-intensive  process  requiring
numerous  personnel to conduct  radiological
surveys  with portable hand-held instruments.
When contamination is encountered, an attempt
is  made to  manually excise it.  When surveys
disclose larger areas of contamination,  heavy
equipment is used to remove the contaminated
material. Since it is difficult to perform pinpoint
excision  with  earthmoving equipment, large
               amounts of uncontaminated soil are removed
               along with the contaminant.   Few  sites have
               been characterized to be uniformly and/or homo-
               geneously  contaminated above release criteria
               over the entire site area.

               As a result, TMA developed the Segmented Gate
               System (SGS) to physically separate and segre-
               gate radioactive material from otherwise "clean"
               soil. The SGS removes only a minimal amount
               of  clean soil with  the radioactive  particles,
               significantly reducing  the  overall amount  of
               material requiring disposal.  The SGS works by
               conveying  radiologically-contaminated   feed
                                              Contaminated Material
                                TMA's Segmented Gate System
 Page 368
The SITE Program assesses but does not
  approve or endorse technologies.

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                                                                          November 1994
                                                                           Ongoing Project
 material on moving conveyor  belts under an
 array  of sensitive radiation detectors.   The
 moving  material is assayed, and radioactivity
 content  is  logged.    Copyrighted  computer
 software tracks the radioactive material as it is
 transported  by  the conveyor,  and triggers a
 diversion by one or more of the Segmented Gate
 chutes when the material reaches the end of the
 conveyor. Clean soil goes in one direction, and
 contaminated material in another.

 The key advantage to this system is automation,
 which affords a much higher degree of accuracy
 compared to manual methods. Contaminants can
 be  isolated  and removed by  locating small
 particles   of  radioactive  material  dispersed
 throughout the soil. All of the soil is analyzed
 continuously during processing to document the
 level  of radioactivity  in  the  waste and  to
 demonstrate that  cleaned  soil  meets  release
 criteria.  This automation and analysis results in
 a significant cost reduction for special handling,
 packaging, and disposal of the site's radioactive
 waste.

 WASTE APPLICABILITY:

 The SGS locates, analyzes, and removes gamma-
 ray emitting radionuclides  from  soil, sand, dry
 sludge, or any host matrix  that can be trans-
ported by conveyor belts. The SGS can identify
hot particles,  which are assayed in units  of
picoCuries, and can quantify distributed radio-
activity, which is assayed in units of picoCuries
per gram (pCi/g) of host material.  The lower
limit of detection (LLD) for the system is depen-
dent on  the ambient  radiation  background,
conveyor belt speed, thickness of host material
on  conveyor,  and  contaminant   gamma-ray
energy and abundance.  However, LLDs for
americium-241 of 2 pCi/g and for radium-222 of
5 Pci/g have been successfully demonstrated.
 STATUS:

 This  technology was accepted  into the SITE
 Emerging Technology Program in July 1994. A
 similar system has been used on Johnston Atoll,
 Guam since January 1,  1992, and is currently
 under contract to the Defense Nuclear Agency to
 process coral soil contaminated with plutonium
 and americium. Pilot- and field-scale tests using
 TMA-owned mobile equipment are planned for
 federal and commercial  sites in the continental
 U.S.  beginning January  1995.  These tests will
 demonstrate the technology's  applicability  to
 other radionuclides and other host matrices.

 FOR FURTHER INFORMATION:

 EPA PROJECT MANAGER:
 Joan Mattox
 U.S. EPA
 Risk Reduction Engineering Laboratory
 26 West Martin Luther King Drive
 Cincinnati, OH 45268
 513-569-7624
 Fax: 513-569-7620

 TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPER CONTACT:
Jeffrey Brown
Thermo Analytical
601 Scarboro Road
Oak Ridge, TN 37830
615-481-0683
Fax: 615-483-4621
                                 The SITE Program assesses but does not
                                   approve or endorse technologies.
                               Page 369

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Technology Profile
         EMERGING TECHNOLOGY PROGRAM
             UNIVERSITY OF DAYTON RESEARCH INSTITUTE
                            (Photothermal Detoxification Unit)
TECHNOLOGY DESCRIPTION:

Photolytic reactions (reactions induced by ex-
posure to ultraviolet (UV) light) can destroy
certain hazardous organic wastes at relatively
low temperatures.   Unfortunately, attempts to
exploit these reactions for large-scale hazardous
waste remediation have experienced only limited
success.  Specifically, most photochemical pro-
cesses offer relatively limited throughput  rates
and exhibit an inability to completely mineralize
the targeted wastes. For special cases, such as
aqueous  waste  streams, these problems  have
been partially addressed by using indirect photo-
chemical reactions involving  a highly reactive
photolytic initiator such as hydrogen peroxide or
heterogeneous   catalysts.      Recently,   the
University of Dayton Research Institute deve-
loped a photolytic detoxification process that is
clean and  efficient and offers  the speed and
general applicability of a combustion process.

The photothermal detoxification unit (PDU) uses
photothermal reactions  conducted at tempera-
tures  higher  than  those used in conventional
               photochemical processes  (200 to  500 degrees
               Celsius [°C] versus 20 °C), but lower than com-
               bustion temperatures (typically greater  than
               1,000  °C).  At  these elevated temperatures,
               photothermal reactions are energetic enough to
               destroy wastes  quickly and efficiently without
               producing complex and potentially hazardous by-
               products.

               The PDU is a relatively simple device, consis-
               ting of an insulated reactor vessel illuminated
               with high-intensity UV lamps.  As  shown in the
               figure below, the lamps are mounted externally
               for  easy  maintenance and  inspection.   Site
               remediation technologies  that generate  high
               temperature gas streams, such as thermal desorp-
               tion or in situ steam stripping, can incorporate
               the PDU with only slight equipment  modifica-
               tions.   The PDU can be equipped with a pre-
               heater for  use with low temperature extraction
               technologies.   Furthermore,  the PDU can be
               equipped with conventional air pollution control
               devices for removal of acids and suspended
               particulates from  the treated process stream.
               The PDU  shown in the figure is also equipped
                 Thermally Insulated
                 Reaction Vessel
    Mounting
    Range
             External Lamp
             Assemblies (3)
      Gas Inlet
                                                                           Exhaust
            Sampling Ports (4)
                                  Support/Transportation
                                  Pallet
                              Sampling Ports (4)
                             Photothermal Detoxification Unit (PDU)
 Page 370
The SITE Program assesses but does not
  approve or endorse technglogies.

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                                                                           November 1994
                                                                            Ongoing Project
 with built-in sampling ports for monitoring and
 quality assurance and quality control.

 WASTE APPLICABILITY:

 The PDU has proven extremely effective  at
 destroying  the  vapors   of polychlorinated
 biphenyls,   polychlorinated  dibenzodioxins,
 polychlorinated  dibenzofurans,  aromatic  and
 aliphatic ketones, and aromatic and chlorinated
 solvents,  as  well as brominated  and nitrous
 wastes  found in soil,  sludges,  and aqueous
 streams.  The PDU can be incorporated with
 most existing and proposed remediation process-
 es for clean, efficient, on-site destruction of the
 off-gases.  More specifically, high-temperature
 processes can directly  incorporate the PDU;
 low-temperature vapor extraction technologies
 can use the PDU fitted with a preheater;  and
 groundwater remediation processes can use the
 PDU in conjunction with air stripping.

 STATUS:

 The technology was accepted into the Emerging
 Technology Program  in  August  1992,  and
development  work began in December 1992.
Through prior programs with the U.S. Depart-
ment of Energy, the process's effectiveness has
been thoroughly investigated using relatively
long wavelength UV light, which is concentrated
sunlight with wavelengths greater than 300 nano-
meters). Limited data have  also been generated
at  shorter wavelengths (higher energy) using
available industrial UV illumination systems.
 Emerging Technology Program data indicated
 that the technology performs as expected for
 chlorinated aromatic wastes, such as dichloro-
 benzene and tetrachlorodibenzodioxin, and better
 than expected for  relatively light  chlorinated
 solvents,  such as trichloroethylene (TCE) and
 tetrachloroethylene.  Further tests with selected
 mixtures,  including benzene,  toluene,  ethyl-
 benzene,  xylene, TCE,  dichlorobenzene, and
 water vapor, show that the process is effective at
 treating wastes typically found in many remedi-
 ation sites.  Adequate scaling and performance
 data are  now available  to proceed  with the
 design and development of prototype full-scale
 units for field testing and evaluation.

 FOR FURTHER  INFORMATION:

 EPA PROJECT MANAGER:
 Chien Chen
 U.S. EPA
 Risk Reduction Engineering Laboratory
 Building 10, MS-104
 2890 Woodbridge Avenue
 Edison, NJ  08837-3679
 908-906-6985
 Fax: 908-321-6640

 TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPER  CONTACT:
 Barry Dellinger or John Graham
 Environmental Sciences and
  Engineering Group
University of Dayton Research Institute
 300 College Park
Dayton, OH 45469-0132
513-229-2846
Fax: 513-229-3433
                                 The SITE Program assesses but does not
                                   approve or endorse technologies.
                               Page 371

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Tf>chno/oav Profile
         EMERGING TECHNOLOGY PROGRAM
                            UNIVERSITY OF HOUSTON
                (Concentrated-Chloride Extraction and Recovery of Lead)
TECHNOLOGY DESCRIPTION:

This technology is designed to recover lead from
soils using an aqueous solvent extraction pro-
cess.  The extraction process takes advantage of
the high solubility  of chloro-complexes of lead.
The figure below depicts  a  counter-current
extraction process  that may be used in a pilot-
scale unit.

First, soil is sieved to remove particles greater
than 4 millimeters  in diameter.  The soil  is then
placed in the chloride extraction tank and  ex-
tracted with concentrated (greater than 4  molar)
chloride solution with a residence time  of less
than 1  hour (perhaps less  than 15  minutes).
This slurry then enters a thickener.  The bottoms
of the thickener are sent by a sand pump to the
second  chloride extraction  tank,  where they
contact fresh solvent.
               After contacting fresh solvent for less than one
               hour, the solution exiting the second chloride
               extraction tank is sent to the second thickener.
               The bottoms of the second thickener are sent to
               the soil rinse  system to remove  excess salt
               before the clean soil is placed back on site.  The
               overflows from the second thickener are sent to
               the first chloride extraction tank, and the over-
               flows from the first thickener are sent to the lead
               precipitation system.  After lead hydroxide is
               removed, the spent chloride solution is sent to
               the solvent makeup unit, where it is prepared for
               reuse. This system will operate in a continuous
               fashion and is expected to  treat up to 10 kilo-
               grams per hour (kg/hr) of soil at pilot-scale.

               Concentrated-chloride extraction has been used
               on actual lead battery waste site (LEWS) soil at
               laboratory scale.  Lead removals of greater than
               97 percent were achieved on LEWS soil conta-
   Contaminated Soil
   (sieved to remove
   large particles)
                          Concentrated Chloride Extraction and Recovery
                                of Lead Process for Soil Treatment
 Page 372
The SITE Program assesses but does not
  approve or endorse technologies.

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                                                                          November 1994
                                                                           Ongoing Project
 minated with up to 20 percent lead using only a
 single-step sodium chloride (NaCl) batch extrac-
 tion. Following these NaCl extraction tests, the
 treated soils consistently passed the  toxicity
 characteristic leaching procedure test.

 This project's main objective is to scale up the
 extraction process to a mobile, pilot-scale unit
 after optimizing the process at laboratory scale.
 Four preliminary project goals are to 1) optimize
 the  technology  at laboratory  scale by deter-
 mining the  effects of varying several process
 parameters,  2) determine  the extraction process
 mechanism, 3) examine the ability of the process
 to  decontaminate  lead-contaminated soils  of
 different soil types, and 4) determine the ability
 to recycle and reuse the lead-saturated chloride
 solution. The pilot-scale  unit will be designed,
 constructed, and demonstrated after the  project
 goals have been achieved.

 WASTE APPLICABILITY:

 This technology removes lead from soil, particu-
 larly at battery waste sites.   However, this
project will also study the feasibility of remov-
ing lead from other wastes and removing metals
such as cadmium, mercury, silver, copper, and
zinc from contaminated soil.
 STATUS:

 This technology  was accepted into  the SITE
 Emerging Technology Program  in July 1994.
 The University of Houston will conduct bench-
 scale experiments to determine  the optimum
 operating parameters  for  a pilot-scale  unit.
 Once optimum operating conditions are deter-
 mined,  a mobile pilot-scale unit will be con-
 structed to treat up to 10 kg/hr  of soil.  Two
 LEWS in the Houston are being considered for
 the pilot-scale tests.

 FOR FURTHER INFORMATION:

 EPA PROJECT MANAGER:
 Eugene Harris
 U.S. EPA
 Risk Reduction Engineering Laboratory
 26 West Martin Luther King Drive
 Cincinnati, OH 45268
 513-569-7862
 Fax: 513-568-7676

TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPER CONTACT:
Dennis Clifford or Tim Newed
Department of Civil and
 Environmental Engineering
University of Houston
Houston, TX 77204-4791
713-743-4266 or 713-743-4292
Fax: 713-743-4260
                                 The SITE Program assesses but does not
                                   approve or endorse technologies.
                               Page 373

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Technology Profile
        EMERGING  TECHNOLOGY PROGRAM
                      UNIVERSITY OF SOUTH CAROLINA
                            (In Situ Mitigation of Acid Water)
TECHNOLOGY DESCRIPTION:

The  in situ  acid water mitigation process  ad-
dresses the  acid drainage problem  associated
with  exposed sulfide-bearing  minerals  from
sources including mine waste  rock  and  aban-
doned metallic mines.  Acid  drainage forms
under natural conditions when iron disulfides are
exposed  to  the atmosphere and water,  spon-
taneously oxidizing them to produce  a complex
of highly soluble iron sulfates and salts. These
salts hydrolyze to produce an acid-,  iron-,  and
sulfate-enriched drainage that adversely affects
the environment.
               The  in  situ mitigation strategy modifies the
               hydrology and geochemical conditions of the site
               through land surface reconstruction and selective
               placement of limestone.

               Limestone is used as the alkaline source material
               because it has long-term availability, is generally
               inexpensive, and is  safe to handle.  For the
               chemical balances to be effective, the site must
               receive  enough rainfall  to  produce seeps or
               drainages that continually contact the limestone.
               Rainfall, therefore, helps to  remediate the site,
               rather than  increasing the acid drainage.
                                                                  f:'.!5«'^-.".;'~J-.r w< -sJfij? •;-.--•• «.,M -_•.. /-~/- •  .
                                  Overview of Site Lysimeters
 Page 374
The SITE Program assesses but does not
  approve or endorse technologies.

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                                                                           November 1994
                                                                            Ongoing Project
 During mine construction, surface depressions
 and limestone chimneys are installed to collect
 surface runoff and funnel it into the waste rock
 dump.  Acidic material is capped with imper-
 meable material to divert water from the acid
 cores.  With this design, the net acid load will
 be  lower than the alkaline load,  resulting  in
 benign, nonacid drainage.

 WASTE APPLICABILITY:

 The technology mitigates acid drainage from
 abandoned waste dumps and mines.  It can be
 applied to any site in a humid area where lime-
 stone is available.

 STATUS:

 This  technology  was accepted into the SITE
 Emerging Technology Program in March 1990.
 Six large-scale lysimeters  (12 feet wide, 8 feet
 high, and 16 feet deep) were constructed and
 lined with 20-mil polyvinyl chloride plastic (see
 photograph on previous page).  The lysimeters
 drained through an outlet pipe into 55-gallon
 collection barrels.  Piezometers in the lysimeter
 floor monitored the hydrology and chemistry of
 the completed lysimeter. During June 1991, 50
 tons of acid-producing mine waste rock were
packed into each lysimeter.

 The effluent from each lysimeter was monitored
 for 1 year to establish a quality baseline. In the
 second phase of the study, selected lysimeters
 were  topically  treated, maintaining two lysi-
meters as controls to compare the efficacy of the
 acid abatement strategy.   In addition,  a rain
gauge was installed at the site for mass balance
measurements.   An ancillary study correlating
laboratory and field results is complete.  In the
last  phase of the 3-year study, little  if any
leachate was collected due to drought conditions
in the Southeast.

With the  return of normal  rainfall, sufficient
leachate was collected to compare  the treated
cells  against  the  controls  to  evaluate  the
treatment's effectiveness.  The treated cells, in
general, showed a 20 to 25 percent reduction in
acid formation.  The acidities measured about
10,000  milligrams  per  liter  (mg/L) for  the
untreated bins, while acidities from the treated
bins measured about 7,000 mg/L.   This study
was  conducted on a very high acid-producing
waste rock, representing almost a  worst-case
situation.    The  process   should  be  more
successful on milder acid sources.

FOR FURTHER INFORMATION:

EPA PROJECT MANAGER:
Roger Wilmoth
U.S. EPA
Risk Reduction Engineering Laboratory
26 West Martin Luther King Drive
Cincinnati, OH  45268
513-569-7509
Fax: 513-569-7787

TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPER CONTACT:
Frank Caruccio
Department of Geological Sciences
University of South Carolina
Columbia, SC  29208
803-777-4512
Fax: 803-777-6610
                                 The SITE Program assesses but does not
                                    approve or endorse technologies.
                                Page 375

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Technology Profile
         EMERGING TECHNOLOGY PROGRAM
              WESTERN PRODUCT RECOVERY GROUP, INC.
                        (CCBA Physical and Chemical Treatment)
TECHNOLOGY DESCRIPTION:

The  coordinate,  chemical  bonding and ad-
sorption (CCBA) process converts heavy metals
in soils, sediments, and sludges to nonleaching
silicates.  The process can also oxidize organics
in the waste stream and incorporate the ash into
the  ceramic pellet matrix  (see figure below).
The solid residual consistency varies from a soil
and sand density and size distribution to a con-
trolled size distribution ceramic aggregate form.
The residue can be placed back in its original
location, or used as a substitute for conventional
aggregate.  The process uses clays with specific
cation exchange capacity as  sites for physical
and chemical bonding of heavy metals  to the
clay.

The process is designed for continuous  flow.
The input sludge and soil stream are carefully
ratioed with specific clays and then mixed in a
               high intensity mechanical mixer. The mixture is
               then densified and formed into green or.unfired
               pellets of a desired size. The green pellets are
               then direct-fired hi  a rotary kiln for approxi-
               mately  30 minutes.   The  pellet  temperature
               slowly rises to 2,000 degrees Fahrenheit (°F),
               creating  the  fired   pellet's  ceramic  nature.
               Organics on the pellet's surface are oxidized,
               and organics inside the pellet are pyrolyzed as
               the temperature rises.  As the pellets  reach
               2,000  °F, the available silica sites in the clay
               chemically react with the heavy metals in the
               soil and sludge to form the final metal silicate
               product.

               The process residue is an inert ceramic product,
               free of organics, with metal silicates providing
               the molecular  bonding structure  to  preclude
               leaching. The kiln off-gas is processed in an
               afterburner and wet  scrub  system before it is
               released into  the atmosphere.  Excess  scrub
                                                               To Slack
                                          Recycled Scrub
                                            Solution

Soils/
Sludges/ 	 ^
Sediments
MIXER


PELLET
FORMER


ROTARY
KILN
1
                                                                   Residual
                                                                   Product
                                        CCBA Process
 Page 376
The SITE Program assesses but does not
  approve or endorse technologies.

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                                                                       November  1994
                                                                       Ongoing Project
solution is recycled to the front-end mixing
process.

WASTE APPLICABILITY:

The CCBA process  has been  demonstrated
commercially on metal hydroxide sludges at a
throughput of 70 wet tons per month, based on
an 8-hour  day, at 25 percent by  solid weight.
This process can  treat  wastewater  sludges,
sediments, and  soils contaminated  with most
mixed organic and heavy metal wastes.

STATUS:

The CCBA process was accepted into the SITE
Emerging Technology Program hi January 1991.
Under this program, the CCBA technology will
be modified to include soils contaminated with
both heavy metals  and  most organics.   The
initial SITE studies  will be completed at a pilot
facility with a capacity of 10 pounds per hour;
the resulting data will then be used to design a
transportable production unit.
FOR FURTHER INFORMATION:

EPA PROJECT MANAGER:
Mark Meckes
U.S. EPA
Risk Reduction Engineering Laboratory
26 West Martin Luther King Drive
Cincinnati, OH 45268
513-569-7348
Fax: 513-569-7676

TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPER CONTACT:
Donald Kelly
Western Product Recovery Group, Inc.
P.O. Box 79728
Houston, TX 77279
713-493-9321
Fax: 713-493-9434
                               The SITE Program assesses but does not
                                 approve or endorse technologies.
                              Page 377

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Technology Profile
         EMERGING TECHNOLOGY PROGRAM
                             ROY F. WESTON, INC.
                             (Ambersorb® 563 Adsorbent)
TECHNOLOGY DESCRIPTION:

The Ambersorb® 563 adsorbent is a regenerable
adsorbent that treats groundwater contaminated
with hazardous  organics (see figure below).
Ambersorb 563 adsorbent has 5 to 10 times the
capacity of granular activated carbon (GAG) for
low  concentrations  of volatile organic com-
pounds (VOC).

Current GAG adsorption techniques are well
established for groundwater remediation,  but
require either disposal or thermal regeneration of
the spent carbon.  In these cases, the GAG must
be removed  from the site and shipped  as a
hazardous material to the disposal or regenera-
tion facility.
               Ambersorb 563 adsorbent has unique properties
               that result in several key performance benefits:

                 • Ambersorb 563 adsorbent can be regen-
                   erated on site using steam, thus elimi-
                   nating the liability and cost of off-site
                   regeneration or disposal associated with
                   GAG treatment.   Condensed contami-
                   nants are recovered through  phase
                   separation.
                 • Because Ambersorb 563 adsorbent has a
                   much  higher  capacity   for  volatile
                   organics than GAG (at low concentra-
                   tions), the process can operate for sig-
                   nificantly longer service cycle  times
                   before regeneration is required.
             STEAM SUPPLY-
             (REGENERATION
             CYCLE)
                  Vs.-1
                                   h—--n
                                     AMBERSORB if
                                     ADSORBENT ii
                                      COLUMNS   |
  t_
                          TREATED WATER
                                                           SATURATED
                                                           AQUEOUS
                                                           PHASE
                                                CONDENSER
               CONTAMINATED
               GROUNDWATER
                           CONCENTRATED
                           ORGANIC PHASE
                                 Ambersorb® 563 Adsorbent
 Page 378
The SITE Program assesses but does not
  approve or endorse technologies.

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                                                                         November 1994
                                                                          Ongoing Project
   • Ambersorb 563 adsorbent can operate at
     higher flow rate loadings compared with
     GAC, which translates into a smaller,
     more compact system.
   • Ambersorb  563  adsorbents are  hard,
     nondusting,  spherical beads with excel-
     lent physical integrity, eliminating han-
     dling problems and attrition losses typi-
     cally associated with GAC.
   • Ambersorb 563 adsorbent is not prone
     to bacterial fouling.
   • Ambersorb   563   adsorbents   have
     extremely low ash levels.

In addition, the  Ambersorb 563 carbonaceous
adsorbent-based   remediation  process  could
eliminate the need to dispose of. by-products.
Organics can be recovered in a form potentially
suitable for immediate reuse.   For example,
removed organics could be burned for energy in
a power plant.  Reclamation of waste organics is
an  important benefit, as recovered materials
could be used as resources instead of disposed of
as wastes.

This combination of benefits may result in a
more  cost-effective  alternative to  currently
available treatment technologies for low-level
VOC-contaminated groundwater.

WASTE APPLICABILITY:

Ambersorb 563 adsorbent is applicable to any
water stream containing contaminants that can be
treated with GAC, such as 1,2-dichloroethane,
1,1,1-trichloroethane,  tetrachloroethene, vinyl
chloride, xylene, toluene, and other VOCs.
 STATUS:

 This technology  was accepted  into the SITE
 Emerging Technology Program in 1993. Field
 demonstration testing was conducted in spring
 and summer 1994.  Results will be available in
 late 1994.

 FOR FURTHER INFORMATION:

 EPA PROJECT MANAGER:
 Ronald Turner
 U.S. EPA
 Risk Reduction Engineering Laboratory
 26 West Martin Luther King Drive
 Cincinnati, OH 45268
 513-569-7775
 Fax: 513-569-7787

•TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPER CONTACT:
 Russ Turner
 Roy F.  Weston, Inc.
 1 Weston Way
 West Chester, PA  19380-1499
 610-701-3097
 Fax: 610-701-3158

 Deborah Plantz
 Business Development Manager
 Rohm and Haas Company
 727 Norristown Road
 P.O. Box 904
 Spring House, PA  19477-0904
 215-641-7478
 Fax: 215-619-1613

 Note: Ambersorb® is a registered trademark
 of the Rohm and Haas Company.
                                The SITE Program assesses but does not
                                  approve or endorse technologies.
                               Page 379

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                                                     TECHNOLOQIES
The purpose of the Monitoring and Measurement Technologies Program (MMTP) is to accelerate the
development, demonstration, and use  of innovative monitoring, measurement,  and characterization
technologies at Superfund sites.   These  technologies are used to assess  the nature and extent of
contamination and evaluate the progress and effectiveness of remedial actions.  The MMTP places high
priority on technologies  that provide cost-effective, faster, and safer  methods  than  conventional
technologies for producing real-tune or near-real-time data.

TheMMTP is interested in new or modified technologies that can detect, monitor, and measure hazardous
and toxic  substances in the surface (soil and sediment), subsurface (saturated and vadose zones), air,
biological tissues, wastes, and  surface waters, as well as technologies that characterize the physical
properties  of sites.  Technologies  of interest include chemical  sensors for in situ  measurements;
groundwater sampling devices; soil and  core sampling devices; soil gas sampling devices; fluid sampling
devices for the vadose zone; in situ and field-portable analytical methods; and other systems that support
field sampling or  data acquisition and analysis.

The identification of candidate technologies is ongoing; therefore, technology developers are encouraged
to submit new and updated information at any time.  This information  is reviewed,  cataloged, and
incorporated into  a technology matrix, from which EPA makes a preliminary determination of possible
candidates for participation.  Developers interested in participating should  contact  Stephen Billets at
703-798-2232.

Evaluations or demonstrations have been completed for 27 projects in the MMTP.  These technologies
are presented in alphabetical order in Table 4, and are included in the technology profiles that follow.
                                                                                  Page 381

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I
po
N)
                                       TABLE 5

Completed SITE Monitoring and Measurement Technologies Program Projects as of October 1994
Developer
Analytical and Remedial
Technology, Inc.,
Menlo Park, CA
Asoma Instruments,
Moorpark, CA
Bruker Instruments,
Billerica, MA
Dexsil Corporation,
Hamden, CT
(2 Demonstrations)
EnSys, Inc.,
Research Triangle Park, NC
(2 Demonstrations)
Geoprobe Systems,
Salina, KS
Graseby Ionics, Ltd., and PCP,
Inc.,
Watford, Hertsfordshire,
England/West Palm Beach, PL
(2 Demonstrations)
HNU Systems, Inc.,
Newton, MA
HNU Systems, Inc.,
Newton, MA
HNU Systems, Inc.,
Newton, MA
Technology
Automated Volatile
Organic Analytical
System
Model 200 XRF
Analyzer
Bruker Mobile
Environmental Monitor
Environmental Test
Kits
Penta RISc Test
System
Geoprobe Conductivity
Sensor
Ion Mobility
Spectrometry
HNU-Hanby PCP Test
Kit
HNU Source Excited
Fluorescence Analyzer-
Portable (SEFA-P)
XRF Analyzer
Portable Gas
Chromatograph
Technology
Contact
D. MacKay
415-324-2259
Bob Friedl
805-529-7123
John Wronka
508-667-9580
Steve Finch
203-288-3509
Aisling Scallan
919-941-5509
Collin Christy
or Tom Christy
913-825-1842
John Brokenshire
011-44-923-816166
Martin Cohen
407-683-0507
Jack Driscoll
617-964-6690
Jack Driscoll
617-964-6690
Ed Lazaruck
617-964-6690
EPA Project
Manager
Stephen Billets
702-798-2272
Harold Vincent
702-798-2129
Stephen Billets
702-798-2272
J. Lary Jack
702-798-2373
J. Lary Jack
702-798-2373
J. Lary Jack
702-798-2373
Eric Koglin
702-798-2432
J. Lary Jack
702-798-2373
Harold Vincent
702-798-2272
Richard Berkley
919-541-2439
Waste
Media
Water, Air
Streams
Solids, Liquids,
Slurries, Powders,
Pastes, Films
Air Streams,
Water, Soil,
Sludge, Sediment
Soil, Sediment,
Transformer Oils
Groundwater, Soil
Soil, Rock,
Hydrogeologic
Fluids
Air Streams,
Vapor, Soil,
Water
Soil
Solids, Liquids,
Slurries, Powders
Air Streams
Applicable Waste
Inorganic
Not Applicable
Nonspecific
Inorganics
Not Applicable
Not Applicable
' Not Applicable
Nonspecific
Inorganics
Not Applicable
Not Applicable
Nonspecific
Inorganics
Not Applicable
Organic
VOCs
Not Applicable
VOCs, SVOCs, PCBs, and
PAHs
PCBs
PCP
Nonspecific Organics
VOCs
PCPs
Not Applicable
VOCs, Aromatic
Compounds, Halocarbons

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                                 TABLE 5 (Continued)
Completed SITE Monitoring and Measurement Technologies Program Projects as of October 1994
Developer
Idetek, Inc.
(formerly Binax Corporation,
Antox Division),
Sunnyvale, CA
MDA Scientific, Inc.
Norcross, GA
Microsensor Systems,
Incorporated,
Bowling Green, KY
Millipore Corporation,
Bedford, MA
Millipore Corporation,
Bedford, MA
MTI Analytical Instruments
(formerly Microsensor
Technology, Incorporated),
Fremont, CA
Ohmicron Corporation,
Newtown, PA
Outokumpu Electronics, Inc.,
Langhorne, PA
Photovac International, Inc.,
Deer Park, NY
SCITEC Corporation,
Kennewick, WA
Sentex Sensing Technology, Inc.,
Ridgefield, NJ
Technology
Equate® Immunoassay
Fourier Transform
Infrared Spectrometer
Portable Gas
Chromatograph
EnviroGard" PCB
Immunoassay Test Kit
EnviroGard" PCP
Immunoassay Test Kit
Portable Gas
Chromatograph
Pentachlorophenol
RaPID Assay
Metorex X-MET 920P
XRF Analyzer
Photovac 10S PLUS
Metal Analysis Probe
(MAP®) Portable
Assayer
Scentograph Portable
Gas Chromatograph
Technology
Contact
Richard Lankow
408-752-1353
Orman Simpson
404-242-0977
t
N. L. Jarvis
410-939-1089
Alan Weiss
617-275-9200
Alan Weiss
617-275-9200
Mark Brunf
510-490-0900
Mary Hayes
215-860-5115
James Pasmore
800-229-9209
Mark Collins
516-254-4199
Mike Mullin
800-466-5323
509-783-9850
Amos Linenberg
201-945-3694
EPA Project
Manager
Jeanette Van Emon
702-798-2154
William McClenny
919-541-3158
Richard Berkley
919-541-2439
J. Lary Jack
702-798-2373
J. Lary Jack
702-798-2373
Richard Berkley
919-541-2439
J. Lary Jack
702-798-2373
Harold Vincent
702-798-2129
Richard Berkley
919-541-2439
Harold Vincent
702-798-2129
Richard Berkley
919-541-2439
Waste
Media
Water
Air Streams
Air Streams
Soil, Water
Soil, Water
Air Streams
Soil, Water
Solids, Liquids,
Slurries, Powders,
Films
Air Streams
Soil, Sediment,
Filter and Wipe
Samples
Air Streams
Applicable Waste
Inorganic
Not Applicable
Nonspecific
Inorganics
Not Applicable
Not Applicable
Not Applicable
Nonspecific
Inorganics
Not Applicable
Nonspecific
Inorganics
Not Applicable
Nonspecific
Inorganics, Lead
Not Applicable
Organic
Aromatic Hydrocarbons
Nonspecific Organics
VOCs
PCBs
PCPs
Nonspecific Organics
PCPs
Not Applicable
VOCs
Non Applicable
VOCs

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                                 TABLE 5 (Continued)
Completed SITE Monitoring and Measurement Technologies Program Projects as of October 1994
Developer
SRI Instruments,
Torrance, CA
TN Technologies, Inc.,
Round Rock, TX
Tri-Services,
Aberdeen Proving Ground, MD
Unisys Corporation,
Eagon, MN
United States Environmental
Protection Agency,
Las Vegas, NV
XonTech Incorporated,
Van Nuys, CA
Technology
Gas Chromatograph
Spectrace 9000 X-Ray
Fluorescence Analyzer
Site Characterization
Analysis Penetrometer
System (SCAPS)
Rapid Optical Screen
Tool
Field Analytical
Screening' Program
PCB Method
XonTech Sector
Sampler
Technology
Contact
Dave Quinn
310-214-5092
Margo Meyers
512-388-9100
George Robitialle
410-671-1576
John Ballard
601-634-2446
David Bonne
612-456-2339
Garry Hubbard
612-456-3721
Howard Fribush
703-603-8831
Matt Young
818-787-7380
EPA Project
Manager
Richard Berkley
919-541-2439
Harold Vincent
702-798-2129
J. Lary lack
702-798-2373
J. Lary Jack
702-798-2373
J. Lary Jack
702-798-2373
Joachim Pleil
919-541-4680
Waste
Media
Air Streams
Soil, Sediment,
Filter and Wipe
Samples
Soil
Soil
Soil, Water
Air Streams
Applicable Waste
Inorganic
Not Applicable
Nonspecific
Inorganics, Lead
Not Applicable
Not Applicable
Not Applicable
Not Applicable
Organic
VOCs
Not Applicable
Petroleum, PAHs, VOCs
Petroleum, PAHs, VOCs
PCBs
VOCs


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Technology Profile
           MONITORING AND MEASUREMENT
                      TECHNOLOGIES PROGRAM
           ANALYTICAL AND REMEDIAL TECHNOLOGY, INC.
                    (Automated Volatile Organic Analytical System)
TECHNOLOGY DESCRIPTION:

The automated volatile organic analytical system
(AVOAS) permits continuous monitoring of a
water stream.   The instrument consists  of a
sampling manifold that automatically samples at
predetermined collection points (see photograph
below).  The samples are then shunted directly
into  a chamber where volatile organic com-
pounds  (VOC)  are purged from the sample.
These purged VOCs are collected on a sorbent
trap, which is then thermally desorbed. These
desorbed compounds are automatically injected
into a gas chromatograph, where individual com-
ponents  are separated.

The gas chromatograph can be equipped with a
variety of detectors that offer high sensitivity or
specificity depending on the application or data
               requirements.   The  entire system,  including
               report preparation, is under computer control;
               therefore, the operator is not directly involved in
               sample collection, transport, or analysis.  The
               instrument was designed  to meet the require-
               ments of standard EPApurge-and-trap methods.

               WASTE APPLICABILITY:

               The AVOAS system is designed for automated
               determination of volatile organic compounds in
               aqueous samples, such as those obtained from a
               treatment or process stream. Because the system
               contains  a  thermal  desorption  chamber, air
               samples collected on TENAX or charcoal tubes
               may  also be  analyzed.  The instrument  can
               provide real-tune analytical data during reme-
               diation and long-term  monitoring  phases at  a
               Superfund site.
                    Automated Volatile Organic Analytical System (AVOAS)
Page 386
The SITE Program assesses but does not
  approve or endorse technologies.

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                                                                        November 1994
                                                                      Completed Project
STATUS:

The AVOAS system was demonstrated in May
1991  at the Wells G and H Superfund site in
EPA  Region 1.  The demonstration was con-
ducted as part of a pilot-scale pump-and-treat
technology  study.     For purposes  of this
demonstration, the  AVOAS'  analytical results
were  compared to results obtained using EPA
Method 502.2.  The  system was  installed to
collect samples at six points in the treatment
train.   Duplicate samples were collected and
shipped  to a conventional  laboratory  for
confirmatory analysis.

A preliminary evaluation of the results indicates
a strong correlation between the laboratory and
field data.  A full report on this demonstration
was prepared in December 1991.   The results
were  presented at the 1992  Pittsburgh Con-
ference and Exposition on Analytical Chemistry
and Applied Spectroscopy. Additional studies
will be conducted to expand the scope of appli-
cation and to prepare detailed protocols based on
the conclusions and recommendations in the final
report.
FOR FURTHER INFORMATION:

EPA PROJECT MANAGERS:
Stephen Billets
U.S. EPA
Environmental Monitoring Systems Laboratory
944 East Harmon
P.O. Box 93478
Las Vegas, NV 89193-3478
702-798-2232
Fax: 702-798-2261

TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPER CONTACT
D. MacKay
Analytical  and Remedial Technology, Inc.
206 West O'Conner Street
Menlo Park,  CA 94025
415-324-2259
Fax: 415-324-2259 (call first)
                                The SITE Program assesses but does not
                                  approve or endorse technologies.
                              Page 387

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Technology Profile
           MONITORING AND MEASUREMENT
                      TECHNOLOGIES PROGRAM
                             ASOMA INSTRUMENTS
                               (Model 200 XRF Analyzer)
TECHNOLOGY DESCRIPTION:

The ASOMA Model 200 X-ray fluorescence
(XRF)  analyzer is a field portable bench-top
unit. It can simultaneously analyze six inorganic
elements ranging from aluminum to uranium.
The Model 200 XRF analyzer is compact and
lightweight, and does not require liquid nitro-
gen. The Model 200 XRF analyzer can operate
with a car battery or a battery pack, allowing the
XRF unit to be used at remote sites where elec-
tricity is not available.

The Model 200 XRF analyzer uses a propor-
tional counter detector to provide high elemental
resolution and low detection limits. Two radio-
isotope excitation sources  provide a broad range
of excitation energies to  identify and quantify
inorganic elements.

The Model 200 XRF analyzer provides high
sample throughput and is  reportedly easy to
               operate.  Analytical results  obtained by this
               instrument are reportedly comparable to  the
               results obtained by EPA-approved methods.

               WASTE APPLICABILITY:

               The Model 200 XRF analyzer can detect inor-
               ganic  elements  in solids,  liquids,  slurries,
               powders, pastes, and films, including air parti-
               culates on filters. The XRF analyzer can iden-
               tify inorganic elements at concentrations ranging
               from parts per million to percentage levels.

               STATUS:

               The ASOMA Model 200 XRF analyzer has been
               used at a number of Superfund sites across the
               country. A SITE demonstration of the ASOMA
               Model 200  XRF analyzer  is scheduled  for
               February 1995.
                                 Model 200 XRF Analyzer
 Page 388
The SITE Program assesses but does not
  approve or endorse technologies.

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                                                                   November 1994
                                                                 Completed Project
FOR FURTHER INFORMATION:

EPA PROJECT MANAGER:
Harold Vincent
U.S. EPA
Environmental Monitoring Systems Laboratory
944 East Harmon
P.O. Box 93478
Las Vegas, NV 89193-3478
702-798-2129
Fax: 702-798-2692

TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPER CONTACT:
Bob Friedl
ASOMA Instruments
12130 Cherrygrove Street
Moorpark, CA 93021
805-529-7123
Fax: 805-529-1911
                             The SITE Program assesses but does not
                                approve or endorse technologies.
Page 389

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Technology Profile
           MONITORING AND MEASUREMENT
                      TECHNOLOGIES PROGRAM
                             BRUKER INSTRUMENTS
                        (Bruker Mobile Environmental Monitor)
TECHNOLOGY DESCRIPTION:

The Bruker mobile environmental monitor is a
field transportable mass spectrometer designed to
identify and measure organic pollutants in vari-
ous  environmental  media  (see photograph
below).  The  spectrometer  uses a  quadruple
mass  analyzer similar  to  most  conventional
instruments.  Like conventional  mass  spectro-
meters, this instrument can identify and quantify
organic compounds on the basis of their reten-
tion time, molecular weight, and characteristic
fragment pattern.   The Bruker instrument's
design and electronics are specially designed for
field use.

The  instrument is designed to  operate with
battery power  and can be used in various  en-
vironmental  situations with  minimum support
               requirements. The integrated gas chromatograph
               allows introduction  of complex  extracts  for
               separation into individuarcomponents and sub-
               sequent analysis in the mass spectrometer.

               The instrument was originally designed for the
               military to detect and monitor chemical warfare
               agents.  Environmental samples may be  intro-
               duced  to the mass  spectrometer  through  the
               direct air  sampler or the gas  chromatograph.
               Results are collected and stored in a computer,
               where data is reduced and analyzed.  The com-
               puter provides reports within minutes of final
               data acquisition.

               WASTE APPLICABILITY:

               This instrument is designed to detect the  full
               range of volatile and semivolatile organic com-
                            Bruker Mobile Environmental Monitor
 Page 390
The SITE Program assesses but does not
  approve or endorse technologies.

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                                                                         November 1994
                                                                       Completed Project
pounds directly in air and in water, soil, sedi-
ment, sludge,  and hazardous waste  extracts.
The Bruker mobile environmental monitor pro-
vides  in-field,  real-time support during the
characterization  and remediation  phases  of
cleanup at a hazardous waste site.

STATUS:

This technology was demonstrated at the Re-
Solve, Inc., and Westborough Superfund site in
EPA Region 1.  The technology was used to
analyze  polychlorinated biphenyls and  poly-
nuclear aromatics in soil and the full range of
Superfund-targeted volatile organic compounds
in water.  Splits of all samples analyzed in the
field were shipped to a laboratory for confir-
matory analysis using standard Superfund ana-
lytical methods.

The  SITE demonstration  was  completed in
September 1990, and a  project report was pro-
vided to  the Superfund Program Office.  The
results of this study were presented at the Amer-
ican Society for Mass  Spectrometry (ASMS)
Conference in May 1991 and at the Superfund
Hazardous Waste Conference in  July 1991. A
recent survey of regional laboratories identified
additional testing of this technology as a priority
need.

The Environmental Monitoring Systems Labora-
tory-Las Vegas purchased this field portable gas
chromatograph/mass  spectrometer  system in
fiscal year 1992 to pursue other applications and
to expand the scope of this project.
FOR FURTHER INFORMATION:

EPA PROJECT MANAGERS:
Stephen Billets
U.S. EPA
Environmental Monitoring Systems Laboratory
944 East Harmon
P.O. Box 93478
Las Vegas, NV 89193-3478
702-798-2232
Fax: 702-798-2261

TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPER CONTACT:
John Wronka
Bruker Instruments
Manning Park
19 Fortune Drive
Billerica, MA  01821
508-667-9580
Fax: 508-663-9177
                                 The SITE Program assesses but does not
                                   approve or endorse technologies.
                                Page 391

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 Technology Profile
            MONITORING AND MEASUREMENT
                       TECHNOLOGIES PROGRAM
                              DEXSIL CORPORATION
                                 (Environmental Test Kits)
TECHNOLOGY DESCRIPTION:

The Dexsil Corporation (Dexsil) produces two
test  kits that detect polychlorinated biphenyls
(PCB) in soil:  the Dexsil  Clor-N-Soil PCB
Screening Kit, and the Dexsil L2000 PCB/
Chloride Analyzer.   The  Dexsil  Clor-N-Soil
PCB Screening Kit (see figure below) extracts
PCBs from soil and dissociates the PCBs with a
sodium reagent, freeing chloride ions.  These
ions then react with  mercuric ions to form
mercuric chloride compound.  The extract is
then  treated  with diphenylcarbazone,  which
reacts with free mercuric ions to form a purple
color.  The less purple the color, the greater the
concentration of PCBs hi the  extract.

The Dexsil L2000 PCB/Chloride Analyzer (see
figure on next page) also extracts PCBs from
                soil  and dissociates the PCBs  with  a  sodium
                reagent, freeing chloride ions.  The  extract is
                then analyzed with a calibrated chloride-specific
                electrode. The L2000 instrument then translates
                the output from the electrode into  parts per
                million (ppm) PCB concentration.

                These technologies produce analytical results at
                different data quality levels.  The Clor-N-Soil
                PCB Screening Kit identifies  samples above or
                below a single concentration, which is generally
                tied  to  regulatory action levels.   The Dexsil
                L2000 PCB/Chloride Analyzer quantifies speci-
                fic concentrations of PCBs in  a sample over the
                range of 2 to 2000 ppm.  The  applicability of
                these methods depends on the  data quality needs
                of a specific project.  Both technologies can be
                used on site for site characterization or removal
                action.
                            Dexsil Clor-N-Soil PCB Screening Kit
Page 392
The SITE Program assesses but does not
  approve or endorse technologies.

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                                                                       November 1994
                                                                     Completed Project
WASTE APPLICABILITY:

The Dexsil Clor-N-Soil PCB Screening Kit and
the Dexsil L2000 PCB/Chloride analyzer can
detect PCB concentrations in soil, sediment, and
transformer oils.

STATUS:

These test kits were demonstrated at  a PCB-
contaminated facility in EPA Region 7.  About
200 soil samples were collected and analyzed on
site using the Dexsil test kits. Soil samples were
not dried prior to analysis.  Split samples were
submitted to the off-site formal laboratory for
confirmatory analysis by SW-846 Method 8080.
Demonstration data were used to  evaluate the
accuracy and precision of the test kits,  relative
to internal quality control samples and to formal
laboratory  data.  These data were  also  used to
determine operating costs.

The sampling and field analyses for this tech-
nology demonstration were completed in August
1992.  The final report is undergoing peer
review and will be published in early 1995.
FOR FURTHER INFORMATION:

EPA PROJECT MANAGER:
J. Lary Jack
U.S. EPA
Environmental Monitoring Systems Laboratory
944 East Harmon
P.O. Box 93478
Las Vegas, NV  89193-3478
702-789-2373
Fax: 702-798-3146

TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPER CONTACT:
Steve Finch
Dexsil Corporation
One Hamden Park Drive
Hamden, CT 06517
203-288-3509
Fax: 203-248-6235
                            Dexsil L2000 PCB/Chloride Analyzer
                                The SITE Program assesses but does not
                                  approve or endorse technologies.
                              Page 393

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Technology Profile
           MONITORING AND MEASUREMENT
                      TECHNOLOGIES PROGRAM
                                     ENSYS, INC.
                                (Penta RISc Test System)
TECHNOLOGY DESCRIPTION:

The Penta RISc Test Systems are designed to
quickly  provide  semiquantitative  results  for
pentachlorophenol (PCP) concentrations in soil
and water samples.  The technology uses im-
munoassay  chemistry  to  produce  compound-
specific reactions that detect and quantify PCP.
Polyclonal antibodies fix to the inside wall of a
test tube, where they offer binding sites  for
PCP.  An enzyme conjugate containing a PCP
derivative is added to the test tube to compete
with sample PCP for antibody binding sites.
               Excess sample and enzyme conjugate are washed
               from the test tube.  Reagents are then added to
               the test tube to react with the enzyme conjugate,
               forming a color. After a designated time period,
               a solution is added to the test tube to stop color
               formation.  The sample color is compared to the
               color formed by a PCP standard.  A differential
               photometer compares the colors.   The results
               obtained from soil samples are compared against
               three calibrators  of 0.5, 5, and 50 parts  per
               million  (ppm).   The technology's three cali-
               brators for water are listed as 5, 500, and 5,000
               parts per billion (ppb).
                                   Penta RISc Test System
Page 394
The SITE Program assesses but does not
  approve or endorse technologies.

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                                                                         November 1994
                                                                       Completed Project
 The system can be affected by naturally occur-
 ring matrix effects such as humic acids, pH, or
 salinity.   Site-specific matrix effects that can
 affect the system include: PCP carriers such as
 petroleum hydrocarbons  or solvents; and other
 chemicals used in conjunction with PCP, inclu-
 ding  creosote, copper-chromium-arsenate,  or
 herbicides. Specific chemicals similar in struc-
 ture to PCP  can provide positive  results, or
 cross reactivity.

 WASTE APPLICABILITY:

 The PCP immunoassay measures PCP concen-
 trations in soil and water.  For soil analysis, the
 semiquantitative  ranges are:   greater than 50
 ppm, between 50 and 5 ppm, between 5 and 0.5
 ppm,  and less than 0.5 ppm.   For water analy-
 sis, the  ranges are  as follows:   greater than
 5,000 ppb, between 5,000 and 500 ppb, between
 500 and 5 ppb, and less than 5 ppb. Ensys, Inc.
 can customize these ranges to a user's needs.

 STATUS:

The SITE demonstration occurred at Morrisville,
North  Carolina.    Samples  collected   from
Winona,  Missouri  were  transported  to the
demonstration location for testing.   Samples
from both sites were analyzed to evaluate the
effects of different sample matrices, and dif-
ferent  PCP carriers such  as  diesel fuel  and
isopropyl ether-butane. The demonstration was
held during summer  1993 and consisted of ana-
lyzing  112 soil samples and 16 water samples.

The draft of the Technology Evaluation Report
for the PCP test was submitted to  EPA in spring
 1994. The draft of the report is undergoing peer
review and will be released in final report  form
in January 1995.
FOR FURTHER INFORMATION:

EPA PROJECT MANAGER:
J. Lary Jack
U.S. EPA
Environmental Monitoring Systems Laboratory
944 East Harmon
P.O. Box 93478
Las Vegas, NV 89193-3478
702-798-2373
Fax: 702-798-3146

TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPER CONTACT:
Aisling Scallan
Ensys, Inc.
P.O. Box 14063
Research Triangle Park, NC 27709
919-941-5509
Fax: 919-941-5519
                                The SITE Program assesses but does not
                                  approve or endorse technologies.
                               Page 395

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Technology Profile
            MONITORING AND MEASUREMENT
                       TECHNOLOGIES PROGRAM
                                GEOPROBE SYSTEMS
                              (Geoprobe Conductivity Sensor)
TECHNOLOGY DESCRIPTION:

The Geoprobe conductivity  sensor identifies
lithology and potential contamination by mea-
suring the electrical conductivity of soil, rock,
and hydrogeologic fluids. Overall, soil and rock
are resistant to current. Therefore, the ability of
a hydrogeologic section to conduct a current is
closely tied to the amount and types  of pore
fluids, and to the amount of dissolved solids in
these fluids.

The conductivity sensor uses an isolated array of
sensing rings to measure this conductivity. The
probe is principally designed to help determine
subsurface stratigraphy.  Since layers of pure
organic product,  including hydrocarbons, alter
the conductivity of a matrix, the probe may also
help characterize  subsurface contamination.
                The  principal  components  of the Geoprobe
                system are:

                   •  a Geoprobe hydraulic punch
                   •  standard sampling rods supplied with the
                     system
                   •  a cable threaded through the sampling
                     rod that introduces the current
                   •  the conductivity sensor
                   •  a data receiver connected to  a personal
                     computer to record the probe's measure-
                     ments

                The  hydraulic  punch uses  a combination of
                pushing and hammering to  advance 3-feet-long
                segments  of 2.54-centimeter-diameter hollow
                steel sampling rods. The conductivity  sensor is
                attached to the lead section of the sampling rod.
                  STRINGPDT
                  MEASURES DEPTH
                                                  PERCUSSION
                                                  PROBING MACHINE
                              DATA ACQUISITION SYSTEM VITH
                              REAL-TIME DISPLAY OF
                              CONDUCTIVITY VERSUS DEPTH
                                                                    RACK SYSTEM FDR
                                                                    PROBE ROD VITH
                                                                    CONTINUOUS CABLE
                                                 SENSING PROBE
                                                 MEASURES CONDUCTIVITY
                      Schematic Diagram of the Geoprobe Conductivity Sensor
 Page 396
The SITE Program assesses but does not
  approve or endorse technologies.

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                                                                          November 1994
                                                                        Completed Project
The conductivity sensor consists of four stainless
steel contact rings fitted around a central steel
shaft.  Plastic electronically isolates the contact
rings from the steel shaft, improving soil contact
with the stainless steel rings.  A hollow steel rod
extends above the uppermost stainless-steel ring,
housing a shielded signal cable that connects the
contact rings with an  external power source,
measurement system, and data logging system.

The conductivity sensor can be used in a Dipole
array or a Schlumberger  array.   The  Dipole
array  is  used  when  greater resolution  is
required.  The Schlumberger array is generally
used when optimal soil-to-probe contact cannot
be maintained.        ,  .'

Geoprobe offers a training course for operating
the conductivity sensor, but details are unavail-
able at this time.  No maintenance or cost infor-
mation is available for the technology  at this
time.

WASTE APPLICABILITY:

The Geoprobe conductivity sensor was designed
to determine subsurface  stratigraphy and  to
qualitatively indicate the presence or absence of
contamination in subsurface soils.
 STATUS:

 The Geoprobe conductivity sensor field demon-
 stration was conducted hi September 1994.

 After completing the demonstration, a Techno-
 logy Evaluation Report (TER) will be prepared.
 The TER will present the results of the demon-
 stration objectively and provide supporting docu-
 mentation.   In addition,  an innovative  tech-
 nology evaluation report  will be prepared and
 published that summarizes the findings presented
 in the TER. These reports will help data users
 and technology reviewers assess the performance
 of each technology for possible use on future
 site characterization or remediation projects at
 hazardous waste sites.

 FOR FURTHER INFORMATION:

 EPA PROJECT MANAGER:
 J. Lary Jack
 U.S. EPA
 Environmental Monitoring Systems Laboratory
 944 East Harmon
 P.O. Box 93478
 Las Vegas,  NV 89193-3478
 702-798-2373
 Fax: 702-798-3146

TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPER CONTACT:
Colliri Christy
Tom Christy
Geoprobe Systems
607 Barney Street
Salina, KS  67401
913-825-1842
Fax: 913-825-2097
                                 The SITE Program assesses but does not
                                   approve or endorse technologies.
                               Page 397

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Technology Profile
           MONITORING AND MEASUREMENT
                      TECHNOLOGIES PROGRAM
                   GRASEBY IONICS, LTD., and PCP, INC.
                               (Ion Mobility Spectrometry)
TECHNOLOGY DESCRIPTION:

Ion mobility spectrometry (IMS) is a technique
used to detect and characterize organic vapors in
air.  IMS involves the ionization of molecules
and their subsequent temporal drift through an
electric field. Analysis and characterization are
based on analyte separations resulting from ionic
mobilities rather than ionic masses; this dif-
ference  distinguishes IMS from mass spectro-
metry.  IMS operates at atmospheric pressure, a
characteristic that has practical advantages over
mass spectrometry, including smaller size, lower
power requirements, less weight,  and ease of
use.

WASTE APPLICABILITY:

The IMS units, which are intended  to be used in
a preprogrammed  fashion, can monitor chloro-
form, ethylbenzene,  and other volatile organic
               compounds (VOC), in a defined situation. IMS
               units  can  analyze air,  vapor,  soil, and water
               samples.   However, for analysis of liquid and
               solid materials, the contaminants must be intro-
               duced to  the  instrument in  the  gas  phase,
               requiring some sample preparation.

               STATUS:

               Graseby Ionics, Ltd. (Graseby), and PCP, Inc.,
               participated in a  laboratory demonstration  in
               summer and fall 1990. Graseby used a commer-
               cially available, self-contained instrument that
               weighs about 2 kilograms (kg) (see figure be-
               low).   PCP, Inc., used a larger (12 kg) trans-
               portable IMS.  This laboratory demonstration
               was the first opportunity to test the instruments,
               on environmental samples. Though IMS' poten-
               tial is known, the  results  of the laboratory
               demonstration highlighted, for the first time, the
               technology's limitations.  The following two
                                          ENVIRONMENTAL CAP
                              NOZZLE PROTECTIVE CAP-
                              (Poaltion when A.V.M. Is In use)
                                  Airborne Vapor Monitor
Page 398
The SITE Program assesses but does not
  approve or endorse technologies.

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                                                                     November 1994
                                                                   Completed Project
needs must be satisfied before IMS will be ready
for field applications:

  •  Additional development of sampling or
     sample  preparation strategies for  soil
     and water analysis
  •  Improvements in the design and perfor-
     mance of IMS inlets in conjunction with
     the development of sampling and presen-
     tation procedures
FOR FURTHER BVFORMATION:

EPA PROJECT MANAGER:
Eric Koglin
U.S. EPA
Environmental Monitoring Systems Laboratory
944 East: Harmon
P.O. Box 93478
Las Vegas, NV 89193-3478
702-798-2432
Fax: 702-798-3146

TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPER CONTACTS:
John Brokenshire
Graseby Ionics Ltd.
Analytical Division
Park Avenue, Bushey
Watford, Hertfordshire
WD2 2BW
England
011-44-923-816166

Martin Cohen
PCP, Inc.
2155 Indian Road
West Palm Beach, FL  33409-3287
407-683-0507
Fax: 407-683-0507 (call first)
                              The SITE Program assesses but does not
                                approve or endorse technologies.
                             Page 399

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Technology Profile
           MONITORING AND MEASUREMENT
                      TECHNOLOGIES PROGRAM
                                HNU SYSTEMS, INC.
                               (HNU-Hanby PCP Test Kit)
TECHNOLOGY DESCRIPTION:

The HNU-Hanby pentachlorophenol (PCP) test
kit rapidly analyzes for PCP  in soil samples.
The  test kit estimates  PCP concentrations in
samples when the carrier solvent is a petroleum
hydrocarbon. The test kit can  only detect those
PCP carriers that contain aromatic compounds.
The test kit estimates PCP concentrations hi soil
samples  indirectly  by  measuring petroleum
hydrocarbon carrier solvent for the PCP.  The
carrier solvent  concentration  to PCP concen-
tration ratio must be constant for the  test kit
results to be usable.

To quantify the PCP results, split samples  are
used for confirmatory laboratory determination
of PCP concentrations using EPA-approved
methods.  The  confirmatory laboratory  results
and test kit results can generate calibration data
               by correlating two sets of data.  As the number
               of samples and data points increase, the accuracy
               of the test kit results should improve.

               The test kit uses  the Friedel-Crafts alkylation
               reaction to detect aromatics and petroleum in
               soil samples.  An electrophile is formed by the
               reaction of a Lewis  acid catalyst, such as alu-
               minum chloride, with an alkyl halide.  Electro-
               phile aromatic substitution products are generally
               very large molecules  with a high degree of
               electron dislocation that causes intense coloring.
               When testing, the sample's color is compared to
               site-specific color standards for a semiquantita-
               tive assessment of PCP concentrations.  Alter-
               natively, the color  change can be read by a
               reflective photometer. The reflective photometer
               used with calibration charts can provide quanti-
               tative results for PCP.
                                   HNU-Hanby PCP Test Kit
 Page 400
The SITE Program assesses but does not
  approve or endorse technologies.

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                                                                        November 1994
                                                                      Completed Project
WASTE APPLICABILITY:

The PCP test kit measures PCP carriers that
contain aromatic and petroleum hydrocarbons in
soils. The method assumes a consistent ratio of
PCP to carrier solvent. The method indirectly
measures PCP concentrations with carrier sol-
vents at a detection level of 1.0 parts per million
for aromatic compounds.

STATUS:

The HNU-Hanby PCP test kit was used  to
screen and quantify PCP contamination in soils
for a SITE demonstration.  The screening kit
was demonstrated in Morrisville, North Carolina
in August 1993, with samples  collected from
Winona, Missouri.

The method  was found to produce Level 1
quality assurance data during the demonstration.
When PCP  was present  the test kit always
detected the PCP. However, this result may be
attributed to the abundance of petroleum carriers
in the samples.

HNU Systems  recently introduced a similar
method that could measure PCP more directly
by detecting chlorinated compounds in soil and
water. This method works on the same principle
as the method to detect aromatic compounds,
only the method is conducted in reverse.  The
chlorinated compounds are originally present in
the soil or water and an aromatic compound is
introduced as a catalyst to allow the Friedel-
Crafts reaction to proceed.  The new method is
also a colorimetric method.
The draft of the Technology Evaluation Report
for the PCP test was submitted to EPA in spring
1994. The draft of the report is undergoing peer
review and will be released in final report form
in January 1995.

FOR FURTHER INFORMATION:

EPA PROJECT MANAGER:
J. Lary Jack
U.S. EPA
Environmental Monitoring Systems Laboratory
944 East Harmon
P.O. Box 93478
Las Vegas, NV 89193-3478
702-798-2373
Fax:702-798-2373

TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPER CONTACT:
Jack Driscoll
HNU Systems, Inc.
160 Charlemont Street
Newton, MA  02161-9987
617-964-6690
Fax: 617-965-0056
                                The SITE Program assesses but does not
                                  approve or endorse technologies.
                              Page 401

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Technology Profile
           MONITORING AND MEASUREMENT
                     TECHNOLOGIES PROGRAM
                              HNU SYSTEMS, INC.
                           (HNU Source Excited Fluorescence
                      Analyzer-Portable [SEFA-P] XRF Analyzer)
TECHNOLOGY DESCRIPTION:

The   HNU   Source   Excited  Fluorescence
Analyzer-Portable (SEFA-P) X-ray fluorescence
(XRF) analyzer is a field portable unit. It can
simultaneously analyze a number of inorganic
elements ranging from sodium to uranium.  It
requires liquid nitrogen for detector operation;
but once filled can operate for over 8 hours.  A
rechargeable battery allows the XRF unit to be
used at  remote  sites  where electricity is not
available.

The HNU SEFA-P XRF analyzer uses a silicon-
lithium detector to provide high elemental  reso-
lution and low detection limits.  Three radio-
isotope excitation sources provide a broad range
of excitation energies to identify and quantify
inorganic elements.
               The HNU SEFA-P XRF analyzer provides high
               sample  throughput  and is  reportedly easy to
               operate.   Analytical  results obtained by  this
               instrument are  reportedly  comparable to the
               results obtained by EPA-approved methods.

               WASTE APPLICABILITY:

               The HNU SEFA-P XRF analyzer can detect
               inorganic elements  in solids, liquids, slurries,
               and powders.   The analyzer  can identify
               inorganic elements at concentrations ranging
               from parts per million to percentage levels.

               STATUS:

               The HNU SEFA-P XRF analyzer has been used
               at  a number  of Superfund sites  across the
               country.  A SITE  demonstration of the HNU
               SEFA-P XRF analyzer is scheduled for February
               1995.
 Page 402
The SITE Program assesses but does not
  approve or endorse technologies.

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                                                                  November J994
                                                                Completed Project
FOR FURTHER INFORMATION:

EPA PROJECT MANAGER:
Harold Vincent
U.S. EPA
Environmental Monitoring Systems Laboratory
944 East Harmon
P.O. Box 93478
Las Vegas, NV 89193-3478
702-798-2129
Fax: 702-798-2692

TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPER CONTACT:
Jack Driscoll
HNU Systems, Inc.
160 Charlemont Street
Newton,  MA  02161-9987
617-964-6690
Fax: 617-965-0056
                             The SITE Program assesses but does not
                               approve or endorse technologies.
Page 403

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Technology Profile
           MONITORING AND MEASUREMENT
                     TECHNOLOGIES PROGRAM
                               HNU SYSTEMS, INC.
                             (Portable Gas Chromatograph)
TECHNOLOGY DESCRIPTION:

The field-deployable HNU GC 311 portable iso-
thermal  gas chromatograph monitors volatile
organic  compound emissions from hazardous
waste sites  and other emissions  sources before
and during  remediation (see figure below).  It
has an internal carrier  gas supply, operates on
110-volt  line power,  and  is microprocessor-
controlled.  An internal printer plots chromato-
grams and prints data.  Data can also  be repor-
ted to an external computer, which is connected
through  an RS-232 outlet.  Either photoioni-
zation or electron-capture detectors can be used.
               Capillary columns of all sizes can be installed.
               The unit is capable of autosampling.

               WASTE APPLICABILITY:

               The  HNU  GC  311 portable isothermal  gas
               chromatograph is potentially applicable to a wide
               variety of vapor phase pollutants, but its field
               performance is  still under  evaluation.   The
               photoionization  detector is sensitive to com-
               pounds that ionize below  10.4 electron volts,
               such as aromatic compounds and unsaturated
               halocarbons.  The electron-capture detector is
               sensitive to compounds with  a high affinity for
               electrons, such as halocarbons.
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                                       HNU GC 311
 Page 404
The SITE Program assesses but does not
  approve or endorse technologies.

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                                                                      November 1994
                                                                    Completed Project
STATUS:

The instrument was evaluated at a Superfund site
under remediation in January 1992.  Results
from the demonstration are presented in a peer-
reviewed article entitled "Evaluation of Portable
Gas Chromatograph" in the Proceedings of the
1993  U.S.  EPA/Air and  Waste Management
Association International Symposium, VIP-33,
Vol. 2, 1993.   A  final  report  will not be
prepared.
FOR FURTHER INFORMATION:

EPA PROJECT MANAGER:
Richard Berkley
U.S. EPA
Atmospheric Research and Exposure
   Assessment Laboratory
MD-44
Research Triangle Park, NC 27711
919-541-2439
Fax: 919-541-0239

TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPER CONTACT:
Ed Lazaruck
HNU Systems, Inc.
160 Charlemont Street
Newton, MA  02161-9987
617-964-6690
Fax: 617-695-0056
                              The SITE Program assesses but does not
                                approve or endorse technologies.
                             Page 405

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Technology Profile
          MONITORING AND MEASUREMENT
                     TECHNOLOGIES PROGRAM
                                   IDETEK, INC.
                (formerly BINAX CORPORATION, ANTOX DIVISION)
                                (Equate® Immunoassay)
TECHNOLOGY DESCRIPTION:

The Equate® immunoassay uses an anti-benzene,
toluene, and xylene (BTX) polyclonal antibody
to facilitate analysis  of  BTX in water.   A
hapten-enzyme  conjugate mimics free BTX
hydrocarbons and competes for binding to the
polyclonal antibody immobilized on a test tube.
After washing to remove unbound conjugate, a
substrate chromogen mixture is  added and a
colored enzymatic reaction product is  formed.
The enzymatic reaction is stopped by adding a
few drops of sulfuric acid, which changes the
color to yellow.

As with other competitive enzyme-linked im-
munosorbent assays, the color intensity of the
               enzymatic product is inversely proportional to
               the sample analyte concentration.  Each sample
               is run with a reference sample  of deionized
               water.  The optical density of the colored en-
               zymatic product is read on a portable digital
               colorimeter equipped with  a filter that passes
               light at a peak wavelength of 450 nanometers.
               The ratio of the sample to the reference optical
               density values is used to estimate the aromatic
               hydrocarbon level in the low parts per million
               (ppm) range. The test  is sensitive to about 1
               ppm and requires 5 to 10 minutes per analysis.

               WASTE  APPLICABILITY:

               The immunoassay is designed to  measure aro-
               matic hydrocarbons in water.
                                 Equate® Immunoassay Kit
 Page 406
The SITE Program assesses but does not
  approve or endorse technologies.

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                                                                       November 1994
                                                                     Completed Project
STATUS:

The Environmental Monitoring System Labora-
tory-Las Vegas  evaluated several successful
versions of the immunoassay.  The evaluation
focused on  cross-reactivity  and  interference
testing and on analysis  of benzene,  toluene,
ethylbenzene, and xylene (BTEX) and gasoline
standard curves.

As  a preliminary field evaluation, five well
samples and a creek sample were analyzed in
duplicate, both in the field and the laboratory,
by the immunoassay.  For confirmation, samples
were  also  analyzed  by  purge-and-trap  gas
chromatography with an electron capture detec-
tor, in parallel with a photoionization detector.

A SITE  demonstration of the Equate®  im-
munoassay was  conducted in  1992.  Results
from this demonstration were published in June
1994  in an  EPA report  entitled  "Superfund
Innovative  Technology   Evaluation   (SITE)
Program Evaluation Report for  Antox BTX
Water  Screen   (BTX   Immunoassay),"
(EPA540/R-93/518).
FOR FURTHER INFORMATION:

EPA PROJECT MANAGER:
Jeanette Van Emon
U.S. EPA
Environmental Monitoring Systems Laboratory
944 East Harmon
P.O. Box 93478
Las Vegas, NV 89193-3478
702-798-2154
Fax: 702-798-3146

TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPER CONTACT:
Richard Lankow
Idetek, Inc.
1245 Reamwood Avenue
Sunnyvale, CA 94089
408-752-1353
Fax: 408-745-0243
                               The SITE Program assesses but does not
                                  approve or endorse technologies.
                              Page 407

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Technology Profile
           MONITORING AND MEASUREMENT
                      TECHNOLOGIES PROGRAM
                             MDA SCIENTIFIC, INC.
                       (Fourier Transform Infrared Spectrometer)
TECHNOLOGY DESCRIPTION:

The field-deployable, long-path Fourier trans-
form infrared spectrometer measures infrared
absorption by infrared-active  molecules  (see
photograph below). An infrared beam is trans-
mitted  along  a  path  to a retroflector,  which
returns the beam to the detector. The total path
can be up to 1 kilometer long.  The system does
not need calibration in the field.

Results are analyzed with a reference spectrum
of known  concentration  and  classical   least
               squares fitting routines.  The spectrometer does
               not need a sample, thereby ensuring sample
               integrity.  A measurement requires only a few
               minutes, which allows determination of temporal
               profiles for pollutant gas concentrations.

               WASTE APPLICABILITY:

               The Fourier transform infrared spectrometer can
               measure various airborne vapors, including both
               organic  and inorganic compounds, especially
               those that are too volatile to  be  collected by
               preconcentrationmethods. The spectrometer can
                           Fourier Transform Infrared Spectrometer
Page 408
The SITE Program assesses but does not
  approve or endorse technologies.

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                                                                        November 1994
                                                                      Completed Project
monitor emissions from hazardous waste sites
during remediation. Under proper conditions, it
may be possible to estimate vapor emission rates
from the site.

STATUS:

The Fourier transform infrared spectrometer has
been evaluated in several  field studies and has
proven capable of detecting various significant
airborne atmospheric vapors.   Software that
identifies  and quantifies  compounds in the
presence of  background interference  is under
development.  Field-operating procedures and
quality control procedures are being established.
This instrument was evaluated at a Superfund
site in January 1992.  Results from this  field
evaluation are published  in  an EPA report
entitled  "Superfund  Innovative Technology
Evaluation,  The Delaware SITE Study, 1989"
(EPA/600/A3-91/071).
FOR FURTHER INFORMATION:

EPA PROJECT MANAGER:
William McClenny
U.S. EPA
Atmospheric Research and Exposure
  Assessment Laboratory
MD-44
Research Triangle Park, NC 27711
919-541-3158
Fax: 919-541-0239

TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPER CONTACT:
Orman Simpson
MDA Scientific, Inc.
3000 Northwoods Parkway
Norcross, GA  30071
404-242-0977
Fax: 404-242-1982
                                The SITE Program assesses but does not
                                  approve or endorse technologies.
                               Page 409

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Technology Profile
           MONITORING AND MEASUREMENT
                     TECHNOLOGIES PROGRAM
               MICROSENSOR SYSTEMS, INCORPORATED
                            (Portable Gas Chromatograph)
TECHNOLOGY DESCRIPTION:

The MSI-301A vapor monitor  is a portable,
temperature-controlled gas chromatograph with
a highly selective surface acoustic wave detector
and an on-board computer (see  figure below).
The MSI-301A  vapor  monitor performs the
following functions:

  • Preconcentrates samples and uses scrubbed
    ambient air as a carrier gas.
  • Analyzes a limited group  of preselected
    compounds, such as benzene, toluene, and
    xylenes, at part-per-billion levels.
                 •  Operates by battery  and  includes  an
                   RS-232 interface.
                 •  Operates automatically  as  a  stationary
                   sampler or manually as a mobile unit.

              WASTE APPLICABILITY:

              The  MSI-301A  vapor monitor  can monitor
              volatile  organic  compound  emissions  from
              hazardous waste sites and other sources before
              and during  remediation.   It can be applied to
              many kinds of vapor phase pollutants, but its
              performance characteristics in the field have not
              been evaluated.

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                                MSI-301A Vapor Monitor
 Page 410
The SITE Program assesses but does not
  approve or endorse technologies.

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                                                                      November  7994
                                                                    Completed Project
STATUS:

In January 1992, the MSI-301A vapor monitor
was evaluated in the field at a Superfund site.
Results from the demonstration are presented in
a peer-reviewed article entitled "Evaluation of
Portable Gas Chromatographs" in the Proceed-
ings  of the  1993  U.S.  EPA/Air and Waste
Management Association International Sym-
posium, VIP-33, Vol. 2, 1993.
FOR FURTHER INFORMATION:

EPA PROJECT MANAGER:
Richard Berkley
U.S. EPA
Atmospheric Research and Exposure
  Assessment Laboratory
MD-44
Research Triangle Park, NC 27711
919-541-2439
Fax: 919-541-0239

TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPER CONTACT:
N. L. Jarvis
Microsensor Systems, Incorporated
62 Corporate Court
Bowling Green, KY 42103
410-939-1089
Fax: 410-939-1168
                               The SITE Program assesses but does not
                                 approve or endorse technologies.
                              Page 411

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Technology Profile
           MONITORING AND MEASUREMENT
                      TECHNOLOGIES PROGRAM
                           MILLIPORE CORPORATION
                       (EnviroGard™ PCB Imimmoassay Test Kit)
TECHNOLOGY DESCRIPTION:

The  EnviroGard™  polychlorinated  biphenyl
(PCB) immunoassay test kit rapidly analyzes for
PCB concentrations in soils. The test kit proce-
dure is shown in the figure below.

Soil  sample extracts are added to test tubes
coated with antibodies that bind PCB molecules.
                The soil extracts  are washed away after incu-
                bation,  and the PCB conjugate, a horse radish
                peroxidase enzyme, mimics free PCB molecules
                and is added to the tubes.  Unoccupied antibody
                binding sites bind the PCB  conjugate.  Excess
                PCB  conjugate is washed away.   An enzyme
                substrate and a coloring agent are then added to
                the test tube.
               Incubation 1:
               Dilution of sample or
               calibrator is incubated in
               tube containing
               immobilized antibodies.
                                                        I
                          - PCB

                          - Non-PCB Material in Filtrate
                              or Calibrator

                          - PCB Antibody
               WasM:
               Non-PCB material is
               washed away, leaving only
               PCBs bound to antibodies.
               Incubation 2:
               PCB-HRP binds to free
               anti-PCB sites on
               Immobilized antibodies.
               Wash 2:
               Unbound PCB-HRP is
               washed away, leaving an
               amount of enzyme
               Inversely proportional to
               the PCB concentration in
               incubation 1.
               Incubation 3:
               Colorless substrate and
               chromogen become blue in
               proportion to amount of
               bound enzyme. Less color.
               means more PCB Stop
               solution inactivates the HRP,
               changes color to yellow, and
               stabilizes color.
                        E  - HRP (Horse Radish
                                    Peroxidase Enzyme)
              Blue
                         S - Substrate

                         C » Chromogen
                                     Test Kit Procedure
Page 412
The SITE Program assesses but does not
  approve or endorse technologies.

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                                                                            November 1994
                                                                          Completed Project
  The color intensity in the test tube is measured
  at  405 nanometers  using a  small,  portable
  spectrophotometer. The color intensity is inver-
  sely proportional to  PCS  concentration in the
  soil sample.  The results obtained from the soil
  samples are compared against three calibrators
  of 5,  10, and 50 parts per million (ppm).  This
  type of test  is called  a competitive enzyme-
  linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA).

 PCB  concentrations   are  semiquantitatively
 classified as below 5 ppm, between 5  and  10
 ppm, between 10 and 50 ppm, and greater than
 50 ppm.  Up to six sample analyses (in dupli-
 cate) can be performed in about 15 to 20 min-
 utes.    Millipore  Corporation  can  provide
 optional protocols to perform  more  detailed
 quantitative analysis.

 WASTE APPLICABILITY:

 The PCB immunoassay test kit measures PCB
 concentrations  in  soil.   The  test is sensitive
 equally to Aroclors 1016,  1232,  1242, 1248,
 1254,  and 1260, with moderate  sensitivity to
 Aroclor 1221. Test detection limits are reported
 to be 0.1 part per billion in water and 0.1 ppm
 in soils.   Millipore has also developed ELISA
 kits under  the EnviroGard™  trademark for
 triazine,   aldicarb,  2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic
 acid (2,4-D), carbofuran,  pentachlorophenol,
 cyclodienes, alachlor, and benomyl. These kits
 have been used to test for contaminants in food,
 water, soil, and contaminated surfaces, and are
 available for commercial distribution.

 STATUS:

 The EnviroGard™ PCB immunoassay test kit has
 been used to screen and quantify  PCB  conta-
 mination in soils at a SITE demonstration of a
 solvent extraction system in Washburn, Maine.
 The kit was also demonstrated at a U.S. Depart-
ment of  Energy (DOE)  site in  Kansas City,
Missouri.

Soil containing over 50 ppm PCB was required
for the demonstration tests at the Washburn,
 Maine site.  Calibrators  at the 5 and 50 ppm
 level were used to evaluate the kit's potential for
 segregating soils.   Additional tests were per-
 formed on dilutions of the soil extracts to evalu-
 ate quantitative performance.  Highly contami-
 nated soils  were easily identified, and quantita-
 tive tests provided correlation to  contaminant
 levels  obtained by  off-site laboratory analysis
 using EPA  Method 8080.

 Soils contaminated with Aroclor 1242 in ranges
 from non-detectable to greater than 1,000 ppm
 were analyzed  with the  test  kit at the DOE
 facility.  Over 200 assays  of environmental
 samples and calibrators  were  performed  to
 evaluate correlation with both on-site and off-site
 laboratory gas chromatograph data. Final evalu-
 ation of the data will be presented in the  Tech-
 nology Evaluation Report.

 Draft methods for the PCB test in soil were
 submitted for review by the  Office  of  Solid
 Waste methods  panel in  summer  1992.   The
 final report  is undergoing peer review and will
 be published in 1995.

 FOR FURTHER INFORMATION:

 EPA PROJECT  MANAGER:
 J.  Lary Jack
 U.S. EPA
 Environmental Monitoring Systems Laboratory
 944  East Harmon
 P.O. Box 93478
 Las Vegas, NV  89193-3478
 702-798-2373
 Fax: 702-798-3146

 TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPER CONTACT:
 Alan Weiss
 Analytical Division
Millipore Corporation
 80 Asby Road
Bedford, MA 01730
617-275-9200, ext. 2968
Fax: 617-535-3135
                                 The SITE Program assesses but does not
                                   approve or endorse technologies.
                                Page 413

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Technology Profile
           MONITORING AND MEASUREMENT
                     TECHNOLOGIES PROGRAM
                          MILLIPORE CORPORATION
                       (EnviroGard™ PCP Immimoassay Test Kit)
TECHNOLOGY DESCRIPTION:

The EnviroGard™ pentachlorophenol (PCP) test
can provide rapid semiquantitative and quanti-
tative results at sites where the soil and water
are contaminated by PCP.  The procedure is
performed by adding a water or soil sample
extract to test tubes and introducing an enzyme
conjugate. The PCPs from the sample and the
enzyme conjugate compete for immobilized anti-
pentachlorophenol antibody binding sites. The
antibodies then bind to the walls of the test
tubes.

The reaction of the enzyme conjugate with added
colorization reagents yields the results.  A small,
               portable spectrophotometer measures the color
               intensity, which is inversely proportional to PCP
               concentrations hi the sample.  The results are
               compared against three calibration standards: 25
               parts per billion (ppb), 250 ppb, and 5,000 ppb.
               This type of test is called competitive enzyme-
               linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA).

               PCP concentrations can be semiquantitatively
               classified for soil samples as follows: below 25
               ppb; between 25 and 250 ppb; between 250 and
               5,000 ppb; and greater than 5,000 ppb.  The
               PCP concentrations in water can be classified as
               follows: below 5 ppb; between 5 and 20 ppb;
               between 20 and 100 ppb; and greater than 100
               ppb. Different detection levels are achieved by
                           EnviroGard™ PCP Immunoassay Test Kit
 Page 414
The SITE Program assesses but does not
  approve or endorse technologies.

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                                                                          November  1994
                                                                        Completed Project
diluting the water sample or the solid sample
extract.

The test kit can be affected by naturally occur-
ring matrix effects such as humic acids, pH, or
salinity.   Site-specific  matrix  effects that can
affect the kits include:   PCP carriers, such as
petroleum hydrocarbons or solvents; and other
chemicals used in conjunction with PCP, inclu-
ding  creosote, copper-chromium-arsenate,  or
herbicides.    Specific   chemicals  similar  in
structure  to  PCP can provide false  positive
results, or chemical cross reactivity.

WASTE APPLICABILITY:

The PCP  immunoassay measures PCPs in soil
and water samples.  Detection limits are 25 ppb
for soil   and 5.0  ppb  for water  samples.
Millipore  has also developed ELISA kits under
the  EnviroGard™  trademark  for  triazine,
aldicarb,  2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic  acid (2,4-
D), carbofuran,  cyclodienes,  polychlorinated
biphenyls, alachlor, and benomyl.  These  kits
have been used to test for contaminants in food,
water, soil, and contaminated surfaces and are
available for commercial distribution.

STATUS:

The EnviroGard™ PCP Immunoassay test kit was
used to screen and quantify PCP contamination
in soil and groundwater during a SITE demon-
stration in Morrisville, North Carolina in August
1993.  The PCP carrier used at this  site was a
mixture of isopropyl ether and butane.   In
addition, soil and groundwater samples collected
from Winona, Missouri, were tested  during the
demonstration. These samples had a PCP diesel
fuel carrier.
The test kit did not meet acceptable accuracy
requirements during the demonstration; it did not
meet Level 1 criteria.  Millipore recognized the
need to improve the PCP test kit and has since
developed a revised protocol for PCP analysis.
Millipore believes the revisions will improve the
accuracy and reproducibility of the test.

The draft of the Technology Evaluation Report
for the PCP was submitted to EPA in spring
1994.  The draft of the report is undergoing peer
review and will be released in the final form at
a later date.

FOR FURTHER INFORMATION:

EPA PROJECT MANAGER:
J. Lary Jack
U.S. EPA
Environmental Monitoring Systems Laboratory
944 East Harmon
P.O. Box 93478
Las Vegas, NV 89193-3478
702-798-2373
Fax: 702-798-3146

TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPER CONTACT:
Alan Weiss
Analytical Division
Millipore Corporation
80 Asby Road
Bedford, MA  01730
617-275-9200,  ext. 2968
Fax: 617-533-3135
                                 The SITE Program assesses but does not
                                   approve or endorse technologies.
                                Page 4-15

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Technology Profile
           MONITORING AND MEASUREMENT
                     TECHNOLOGIES PROGRAM
                     MTI ANALYTICAL INSTRUMENTS
           (formerly MICROSENSOR TECHNOLOGY, INCORPORATED)
                           (Portable Gas Chromatograph)
TECHNOLOGY DESCRIPTION:

The MTI  Analytical Instruments  M200  gas
analyzer is a dual-channel portable isothermal
gas chromatograph (see figure below).  The
injection system and thermal conductivity detec-
tor are micromachined in silicon and connected
by a short length of microbore column.  Samples
are drawn through a sample loop with a vacuum
pump and placed hi line with the carrier stream.

The M200 gas analyzer can detect concentrations
as low as 1 part per million (ppm) for a wide
               variety of volatile organic compounds (VOC),
               without preconcentration.  Chromatograms are
               completed in less than 5 minutes. Analysis of
               concentrations below 1 ppm requires a precon-
               centrator.

               WASTE APPLICABILITY:

               The M200 gas analyzer can potentially monitor
               VOC emissions from hazardous waste sites
               before and during remediation.  Because of the
               universal sensitivity of its thermal conductivity
               detector,  the M200 gas analyzer is potentially
                                  M200 Gas Analyzer
Page 416
The SITE Program assesses but does not
  approve or endorse technologies.

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                                                                      November 1994
                                                                    Completed Project
applicable to many types of vapor phase com-
pounds, both organic and inorganic. However,
its performance characteristics in field operation
have not been  evaluated because a suitable
preconcentrator is unavailable.

STATUS:

The M200 gas analyzer  was evaluated in the
laboratory from 1990 to 1992.  Without precon-
centration,  the  instrument's  sensitivity  was
inadequate for field operation.
FOR FURTHER INFORMATION:

EPA PROJECT MANAGER:
Richard Berkley
U.S. EPA
Atmospheric Research and Exposure
  Assessment Laboratory
MD-44
Research Triangle Park, NC 27711
919-541-2439
Fax: 919-541-0239

TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPER CONTACT:
Mark Brunf
MTI Analytical Instruments
41762 Christy Street
Fremont, CA  94538
510-490-0900
Fax: 510-651-2498
                               The SITE Program assesses but does not
                                 approve or endorse technologies.
                              Page 417

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Technology Profile
           MONITORING AND MEASUREMENT
                     TECHNOLOGIES PROGRAM
                          OHMICRON CORPORATION
                            (Pentachlorophenol RaPID Assay)
TECHNOLOGY DESCRIPTION:

The RaPID Assay kit is  designed to quickly
provide quantitative  results  for  pentachloro-
phenol (PCP) concentrations in soil and water
samples.  The kit uses immunoassay chemistry
to  produce   detectable  and  quantifiable
compound-specific reactions for PCP.  Poly-
clonal antibodies bind to paramagnetic particles
and are introduced into a test tube where  they
offer binding sites for PCP. An enzyme conju-
gate containing a PCP derivative is added to the
test tube,  where it competes with PCP from
samples for antibody binding sites.  A magnetic
field is applied to each test tube to hold the para-
magnetic particles containing PCP and en2yme
conjugate, while  excess  sample  and enzyme
conjugate are washed from the test tube.
               Reagents are then added to the test tube, where
               they react with the enzyme conjugate and form
               a color.  The  color formed in the sample is
               compared to the color formed by PCP cali-
               bration standards. The comparison is made with
               a spectrophotometer.  Samples with PCP con-
               centrations above the calibration range can be
               diluted and reanalyzed.

               The RaPID Assay kit has several advantages and
               limitations when used  under  field conditions.
               The method is field portable, easy and fast to
               operate, and inexpensive.  The RaPID Assay kit
               is limited in that electricity is required to operate
               the spectrophotometer, the immunoassay method
               may be affected by temperature fluctuations, and
               cross-reactivity potential  exist for compounds
               similar to PCP.
               Legend
     O—(   Magnetic Particle with
                 Antibody Attached
     <—*   Pentachlorophenol
                 Enzyme Conjugate
      ^    Pentachlorophenol
       O     ChromogenfSubstrate
       •     Colored Product
                                                          1. Immunological Reaction
            2. Separation
                           3. Color Development
                                   Ohmicron RaPID Assay®
 Page 418
The SITE Program assesses but does not
  approve or endorse technologies.

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                                                                      November 1994
                                                                    Completed Project
WASTE APPLICABILITY:

The RaPID Assay kit can be used to identify and
quantify PCPs  in  soil  and  water samples.
Ohmicron Corporation reports the detection limit
for soils  at 0.1 parts  per million and water
samples at 0.06 parts per billion.

STATUS:

The RaPID Assay kit was evaluated during a
SITE field demonstration in Morrisville, North
Carolina in August 1993.  In addition, samples
collected from a location in Winona, Missouri
were analyzed to evaluate the effects of different
matrices and PCP carriers.

The draft of the Technology Evaluation Report
for the PCP test was submitted EPA in spring
1994.  The draft of the report is undergoing peer
review and will be released in final report form
at a later date.
FOR FURTHER INFORMATION:

EPA PROJECT MANAGER:
J. Lary Jack
U.S. EPA
Environmental Monitoring Systems Laboratory
944 East Harmon
P.O. Box 93478
Las Vegas, NV 89193-3478
702-798-2373
Fax: 702-798-3146

TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPER CONTACT:
Mary Hayes
Ohmicron Corporation
375 Pheasant Run
Newton, PA 18940
215-860-5115
Fax: 215-860-7156
                      RaPID Assay Used During the SITE Demonstration
                               The SITE Program assesses but does not
                                  approve or endorse technologies.
                              Page 419

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Technology Profile
           MONITORING AND MEASUREMENT
                     TECHNOLOGIES PROGRAM
                     OUTOKUMPU ELECTRONICS, INC.
                        (Metorex X-MET 920P XRF Analyzer)
TECHNOLOGY DESCRIPTION:

The Metorex X-MET 920P X-ray fluorescence
(XRF) analyzer is built to withstand the rigors of
the field.  It can simultaneously analyze 32
inorganic elements ranging from  aluminum to
uranium.  The X-MET 920P XRF analyzer is
compact and lightweight.   It requires liquid
               nitrogen for detector operation; but once filled
               can operate for over 8 hours with one fill.  A
               rechargeable battery allows the XRF unit to be
               used at remote  sites where electricity is not
               available.

               The X-MET 920P XRF analyzer uses a silicon-
               lithium detector  to provide high  elemental
                      Outokumpu Metorex X-MET 920P XRF Analyzer
Page 420
The SITE Program assesses but does not
  approve or endorse technologies.

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                                                                       November 1994
                                                                     Completed Project
resolution and  low detection limits.    Four
radioisotope excitation sources provide a broad
range of excitation energies to identify and
quantify inorganic elements.

The X-MET 920P XRF analyzer provides high
sample throughput,  and it is reportedly easy to
operate.  Analytical results obtained by this
instrument are reportedly comparable to results
obtained by EPA-approved methods.

WASTE APPLICABILITY:

The X-MET 920P XRF analyzer can be used to
detect inorganic elements in solids, liquids,
slurries, powders, and films, which includes air
particulates on filters. The analyzer can identify
inorganic elements  at  concentrations ranging
from parts per million to percentage levels.

STATUS:

The X-MET 920P XRF analyzer has been used
at a number  of Superfund  sites across the
country.  A SITE demonstration of the X-MET
920P XRF analyzer is scheduled for February
1995.
FOR FURTHER INFORMATION:

EPA PROJECT MANAGER:
Harold Vincent
U.S. EPA
Environmental Monitoring Systems Laboratory
944 East Harmon
P.O. Box 3478
Las Vegas, NV 89193-3478
702-798-2129
Fax: 702-798-2692

TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPER CONTACT:
James Pasmore
Outokumpu Electronics, Inc.
860 Town Center Drive
Langhorne, PA 19047
800-229-9209
Fax: 503-385-6750
                               The SITE Program assesses but does not
                                  approve or endorse technologies.
                              Page 421

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Technology Profile
                                      MONITORING AND MEASUREMENT
                                                TECHNOLOGIES PROGRAM
                     PHOTOVAC INTERNATIONAL, INC.
                                 (Photovac 10S PLUS)
TECHNOLOGY DESCRIPTION:

The Photovac 10S PLUS is a redesigned version
of the Photovac  10S70,  a battery-powered
portable isothermal gas chromatograph (see
figure below).  The 10S PLUS addresses the
following 10S70 design problems:
                    significantly  reduce
                    and  carryover  con-
All-steel  valves
memory  effect
tamination.
Autoranging permits operation at high
gain.
An on-board computer controls the unit
and manages data.
The 10.6-electron-volt (eV) photoioniza-
tion detector is limited to low tempera-
ture operation.
The 10S PLUS is more sensitive and
highly selective for a limited number of
compounds that ionize below 10.6 eV
and are volatile enough to  elute at 50
degrees Celsius or below.
This unit is capable of detecting ben-
zene, toluene, xylenes, and chlorinated
ethylenes  in preconcentration samples
that are small enough to be chromato-
graphed at concentrations well below 1
part per billion.
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                                   Photovac 10S PLUS
Page 422
                           The SITE Program assesses but does not
                             approve or endorse technologies.

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                                                                      November 1994
                                                                    Completed Project
WASTE APPLICABILITY:

The Photovac 10S PLUS can monitor volatile
organic  compound emissions from hazardous
waste sites and other emission sources before
and during remediation. The 10S PLUS is more
effective than the  10S70 for monitoring volatile
aromatic and chlorinated olefin  compounds at
ambient background levels.

STATUS:

The Photovac 10S PLUS was evaluated  at a
Superfund site under remediation in January
1992.   Results  from this demonstration  are
presented in a peer-reviewed article entitled
"Evaluation of Portable Gas Chromatographs" in
the Proceedings of the 1993 U.S. EPA/Air and
Waste Management  Association International
Symposium, VIP-33, Vol. 2, 1993.
FOR FURTHER INFORMATION:

EPA PROJECT MANAGER:
Richard Berkley
U.S. EPA
Atmospheric Research and Exposure
  Assessment Laboratory
MD-44
Research Triangle Park, NC 27711
919-541-2439
Fax: 919-541-0239

TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPER CONTACT:
Mark Collins
Photovac International, Inc.
25B Jefryn Boulevard West
Deer Park, NY 11729
516-254-4199
Fax: 516-254-4199
                                The SITE Program assesses but does not
                                  approve or endorse technologies.
                              Page 423

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Technology Profile
           MONITORING AND MEASUREMENT
                      TECHNOLOGIES PROGRAM
                            SCITEC CORPORATION
                    (Metal Analysis Probe [MAP®] Portable Assayer]
TECHNOLOGY DESCRIPTION:

The  SCITEC Metal Analysis Probe (MAP®)
Portable Assayer is a field portable X-ray fluore-
scence (XRF) analyzer.  This XRF analyzer can
simultaneously analyze inorganic elements. It is
compact,  lightweight,  and  does not require
liquid nitrogen. A rechargeable battery allows
the XRF  analyzer to be used at remote  sites
where electricity is not available.
               The MAP® Portable Assayer uses a silicon X-
               ray detector to provide high elemental resolution
               and low detection limits.  Three radioisotope
               excitation  sources provide  a broad  range of
               excitation  energies to  identify  and quantify
               inorganic elements.

               The MAP® Portable Assayer provides high
               sample throughput and is reportedly easy to
               operate.   Analytical  results obtained by this
                                 MAP® Portable Assayer
Page 424
The SITE Program assesses but does not
  approve or endorse technologies.

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                                                                     November 1994
                                                                   Completed Project
instrument are reportedly  comparable to the
results obtained by EPA-approved methods.

WASTE APPLICABILITY:

The MAP® Portable Assayer can detect inorga-
nic elements in soil and sediment samples and
filter and wipe samples, and can detect lead in
paint. The MAP® Portable Assayer can identify
inorganic elements  at concentrations ranging
from parts per million to percentage levels.

STATUS:

The MAP® Portable Assayer has been used at a
number of Superfund sites  across the country.
A  SITE demonstration of the  MAP® Portable
Assayer is scheduled for February 1995.
FOR FURTHER INFORMATION:

EPA PROJECT MANAGER:
Harold Vincent
U.S. EPA
Environmental Monitoring Systems Laboratory
944 East Harmon
P.O. Box 93478
Las Vegas, NV 89193-3478
702-798-2129
Fax: 702-798-2692

TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPER CONTACT:
Mike Mullin
SCITEC Corporation
415 North Quay
Kennewick,  WA 99336
800-466-5323
509-783-9850
Fax: 509-735-9696
                               The SITE Program assesses but does not
                                 approve or endorse technologies.
                             Page 425

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Technology Profile
           MONITORING AND MEASUREMENT
                      TECHNOLOGIES PROGRAM
                   SENTEX SENSING TECHNOLOGY, INC.
                      (Scentograph Portable Gas Chromatograph)
TECHNOLOGY DESCRIPTION:

The Scentograph Portable Gas Chromatograph
can operate for  several  hours  on  internal
batteries  and has  internal  carrier  gas  and
calibrant tanks  (see figure below).  It can be
fitted with a megabore capillary column or a
packed column. The instrument can be operated
isothermally at elevated temperatures or bal-
listically temperature-programmed. The portable
gas Chromatograph operates by  drawing  air
through a sorbent bed, followed by rapid ther-
mal desorption into the carrier stream.   The
               Chromatograph may operate  in either argon
               ionization or electron-capture modes. The 11.7-
               electron-volt  ioniza-tion  energy makes  the
               Chromatograph nearly universal, with a detection
               limit of about 1 part per billion. The instrument
               is controlled  by  an attached  IBM  PC/XT
               compatible laptop computer.

               WASTE APPLICABILITY:

               The scentograph portable gas Chromatograph can
               monitor volatile organic compound emissions
               from hazardous waste sites and other emission
                               Portable Gas Chromatograph
Page 426
The SITE Program assesses but does not
  approve or endorse technologies.

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                                                                      November 1994
                                                                    Completed Project
sources before and during remediation.  It has
been used for several years in water and soil
analyses and  can analyze all types of vapor
phase pollutants.

STATUS:

The Scentograph Portable Gas Chromatograph
was evaluated in January 1992 at a Super fund
Site  under remediation.   Results  from  this
demonstration are presented in a peer-reviewed
article  entitled  "Evaluation  of  Portable  Gas
Chromatographs" in the Proceedings of the 1993
U.S.  EPA/Air and Waste Management Associ-
ation International Symposium, VIP-33, Vol. 2,
1993.
FOE FURTHER INFORMATION:

EPA PROJECT MANAGER:
Richard Berkley
U.S. EPA
Atmospheric Research and Exposure
  Assessment Laboratory
MD-44
Research Triangle Park, NC 27711
919-541-2439
Fax: 919-541-0239

TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPER CONTACT:
Amos Linenberg
Sentex Sensing Technology, Inc.
553 Broad Avenue
Ridgefield, NJ  07657
201-945-3694
Fax: 201-941-6064
                                The SITE Program assesses but does not
                                  approve or endorse technologies.
                              Page 427

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r
              Technology Profile
               MONITORING AND MEASUREMENT
                         TECHNOLOGIES PROGRAM
                                            SRI INSTRUMENTS
                                             (Gas Chromatograph)
              TECHNOLOGY DESCRIPTION:

              The SRI Instruments (SRI) 8610 gas chromato-
              graph is a small, low-cost laboratory instrument
              that is field-deployable (see figure below). It is
              temperature-programmable and features a built-
              in purge-and-trap system. The column oven is
              designed to fit all standard packed and capillary
              columns.     Thermal  conductivity,   flame
              ionization,  nitrogen-phosphorus,   thermionic
                   ionization, photoionization,  electron  capture,
                   Hall, and flame photometric detectors can be
                   used.  Up to three detectors  may be simul-
                   taneously mounted in series.

                   WASTE APPLICABILITY:

                   The SRI  8610 gas chromatograph can monitor
                   airborne emissions from hazardous waste sites
                   and other emission sources before and during
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                       ooooooffoooooooooaaoooffoffoaoffffffaooaaao
                               o
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                                             8610 Gas Chromatograph
              Page 428
    The SITE Program assesses but does not
      approve or endorse technologies.

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                                                                      November 1994
                                                                    Completed Project
remediation.   It can be  applied to volatile
organic compounds, but its performance charac-
teristics in the field have not been evaluated.

STATUS:

The SRI 8610 gas chromatograph was evaluated
in January  1992 at a  Superfund Site  under
remediation.   Results from this demonstration
are presented in a peer-reviewed article entitled
"Evaluation of Portable Gas Chromatographs" in
the Proceedings of the 1993 U.S. EPA/Air and
Waste Management  Association  International
Symposium, VIP-33,  Vol. 2, 1993.
FOR FURTHER INFORMATION:

EPA PROJECT MANAGER:
Richard Berkley
U.S. EPA
Atmospheric Research and Exposure
  Assessment Laboratory
MD-44
Research Triangle Park, NC  27711
919-541-2439
Fax: 919-541-0239

TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPER CONTACT:
Dave Quinn
SRI Instruments
3870 Del Amo Boulevard, Suite 506
Torrance, CA 90503
310-214-5092
Fax: 310-214-5097
                                 The SITE Program assesses but does not
                                   approve or endorse technologies.
                                Page 429

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Technology Profile
           MONITORING AND MEASUREMENT
                      TECHNOLOGIES PROGRAM
                            TN TECHNOLOGIES,  INC.
                     (Spectrace 9000 X-Ray Fluorescence Analyzer)
TECHNOLOGY DESCRIPTION:

The Spectrace 9000 X-ray fluorescence (XRF)
analyzer  is a field  portable unit  capable of
simultaneously analyzing  inorganic elements,
from sulfur to uranium.  It is compact, light-
weight, and does not require liquid nitrogen. A
rechargeable battery allows the XRF unit to be
used at remote  sites  where electricity is not
available.

The Spectrace 9000 XRF analyzer uses a high
resolution mercuric iodide  detector to provide
high elemental  resolution  and low  detection
limits.   Three radioisotope excitation sources
provide a broad range of excitation energies for
identifying and quantifying 26 elements.

The Spectrace 9000 XRF analyzer provides high
sample throughput and is  reportedly easy to
               operate.   It can be used to achieve Quality
               Assurance (QA) Level 1  and QA Level 2 data
               quality objectives, and reportedly correlates well
               with EPA-approved methods.

               WASTE APPLICABILITY:

               The Spectrace 9000 XRF analyzer can detect
               inorganic elements in soil and sediment samples
               and filter and wipe samples, and can detect lead
               in paint.  The XRF analyzer can identify inor-
               ganic elements at concentrations ranging from
               parts per million to percentage levels.

               STATUS:

               The Spectrace 9000 XRF analyzer has been used
               at  a number  of Superfund  sites  across  the
               country. A SITE demonstration of the Spectrace
               XRF unit is scheduled for February 1995.
                  TN Technologies Spectrace 9000 X-Ray Fluorescence Analyzer
Page 430
The SITE Program assesses but does not
  approve or endorse technologies.

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                                                                  November 1994
                                                                Completed Project
FOR FURTHER INFORMATION:

EPA PROJECT MANAGER:
Harold Vincent
U.S. EPA
Environmental Monitoring Systems Laboratory
944 East Harmon
P.O. Box 93478
Las Vegas, NV 89193-3478
702-798-2129
Fax: 702-798-2692

TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPER CONTACT:
Margo Meyers
TN Technologies, Inc.
P.O. Box 800
Round Rock, TX  78680-0800
512-388-9100
Fax: 512-388-9200
                             The SITE Program assesses but does not
                               approve or endorse technologies.'
Page 431

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Technology Profile
           MONITORING AND MEASUREMENT
                      TECHNOLOGIES PROGRAM
                                    TRI-SERVICES
             (Site Characterization Analysis Penetrometer System [SCAPS])
TECHNOLOGY DESCRIPTION:

The Tri-Services Site Characterization Analysis
Penetrometer System (SCAPS) was developed by
the U.S. Army (U.S. Army Corps of Engineers,
Waterways Experiment Station [WES] and the
Army  Environmental  Center  [AEC]),  Navy
(Naval Command, Control and Ocean Surveil-
lance Center), and the Air  Force  (Armstrong
Laboratory). The U.S. Army holds a patent for
this application of laser sensors combined with
cone penetrometry.  The laser induced fluor-
escence (LIP) system used in the SCAPS system
was modified from a design developed by the
                Navy to detect petroleum, oil, and lubricant
                fluorescence in seawater.

                A  complete  cone penetrometer  truck  (CPT)
                system consists of a truck, hydraulic rams and
                associated controllers, and the CPT itself.  The
                weight of the truck provides a static reaction
                force, typically 20 tons,  to  advance the cone
                penetrometer.  The hydraulic system, working
                against the static reaction  on force, advances 1-
                meter-long segments of 3.57-centimeter-diameter
                threaded push rod into the ground.  The CPT,
                which is mounted on the end of the series of
                push rods, contains sensors that continuously log
                tip stress and sleeve friction.  The data from
                these sensors is used to map subsurface strati-
                graphy.  Conductivity or pore pressure sensors
                can be driven into the ground simultaneously.

                The core of the SCAPS LIF system is the pene-
                trometer unit mounted on a specially engineered
                20-ton  truck  designed with protected work
                spaces.  The SCAPS  system has been modified
                to  provide automatic grouting of the penetro-
                meter hole during retraction of the cone penetro-
                meter, and also decontaminates the push rods as
                they are retracted from the  soil.  The  20-ton
                CPT is capable of pushing standard push rods to
                depths of approximately 50 meters.

                The main LIF sensor components are:

                   • Nitrogen (N^ laser
                   • Fiber optic cable
                   • Monochromator to resolve the fluores-
                    cence emission  as a function of wave-
                    length
                   • Photodiode  array (PDA) to detect the
                    fluorescence emission   spectrum  and
                    transduce the  optical  signal  into an
                    electrical signal
                   • OMA to interface  between the  optic
                    system and the computer system
                   • Computer system
              Tri-Services SCAPS
Page 432
The SITE Program assesses but does not
  approve or endorse technologies.

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                                                                         November 1994
                                                                       Completed Project
 To operate the SCAPS LIF sensor, the CPT is
 positioned over a designated penetration point.
 The LIF  sensor response is  checked using a
 standard rhodamine solution  held  against  the
 sapphire window;  sensor response is checked
 before and after each penetration.   The cone
 penetrometer is then advanced into the soil.

 The SCAPS LIF system is operated with a N2
 laser.  The PDA accumulates the fluorescence
 emission response over 10 laser shots, and  the
 PDA retrieves an emission spectrum of the soil
 fluorescence and returns this information to  the
 OMA and computer system.  The  LIF sensor
 and stratigraphy data collection are interpreted
 by the on  board computer system.

 The spectral resolution of the LIF system under
 these operating conditions is 2 cm.  The fluore-
 scence intensity at peak emission wave-length
 for each stored spectrum is displayed along with
 the soil classification data.

 WASTE  APPLICABILITY:

 The Tri-Services SCAPS was designed to quali-
tatively  and quantitatively identify classes  of
petroleum, polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons,
 and volatile organic compound contamination in
subsurface soil samples.
 STATUS:

 The technology field demonstration was held in
 EPA Region 7 during September 1994.  After
 completing  the demonstration,  a Technology
 Evaluation Report (TER) will be prepared. The
 TER will present the results of the demonstra-
 tion objectively and provide supporting  docu-
 mentation.  In addition,  an Innovative  Tech-
 nology  Evaluation Report  (ITER)  will  be
 prepared  and published that  summarizes  the
 findings presented in the TER.  These reports
 will help  data users and technology  reviewers
 assess the performance of each technology  for
 possible use  on future  site  characterization or
 remediation projects at hazardous waste sites.

 FOR FURTHER INFORMATION:

 EPA PROJECT MANAGER:
 J. Lary Jack
 U.S. EPA
 Environmental Monitoring Systems Laboratory
 944 East Harmon
 P.O. Box 93478
 Las Vegas, NV 89193-3478
 702-798-2373
 Fax: 702-798-3146

 TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPER CONTACT:
 George Robitialle, SCAPS Director
 Army Environmental Center
 Building E 4435
 Aberdeen Proving Ground, MD 21010
 410-671-1576
 Fax: 410-671-1680

John H.  Ballard
 3909 Halls Ferry Road
Vicksburg, MS  39810
601-634-2446
Fax: 601-634-2732
                                The SITE Program assesses but does not
                                  approve or endorse technologies.
                               Page 433

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Technology Profile
           MONITORING AND MEASUREMENT
                      TECHNOLOGIES PROGRAM
                             UNISYS CORPORATION
                               (Rapid Optical Screen Tool)
TECHNOLOGY DESCRIPTION:

The Unisys Rapid Optical Screen Tool (ROST)
is a tunable dye laser system for an optical cone
penetrometer. The technology provides subsur-
face  information including aromatic contami-
nants in soils.

The Unisys ROST components consist of a cone
penetrometer (CPT), laser induced fluorescence
(LIF) sensor, ROST system,  detection system,
and  control computer.   A  complete ROST
system consists of a truck,  hydraulic rams and
associated controllers, and the CPT itself. The
weight of the truck provides a static reaction
force, typically 20 tons, to advance the CPT.
The  CPT, which is mounted  on the end  of the
series of push rods, contains  sensors that con-
tinuously log tip stress and sleeve friction. The
data  from these sensors is used to map subsur-
               face stratigraphy. Conductivity or pore pressure
               sensors  can  be  driven  into  the  ground
               simultaneously.

               The LIF sensor  can be deployed with any con-
               ventional CPT system and advanced along with
               other types of sensors.  The LIF sensor contains
               a sapphire window that is mounted flush with
               the outside of the stainless  steel LIF sensor.
               The sapphire window is mounted above the cone
               penetrometer tip. Light from an excitation laser
               passes  through  the  sapphire window and  is
               directed onto the soil through which the cone
               penetrometer is pushed. The aromatic contami-
               nants in the soil are fluoresced, and fiber  optics
               return this information to the surface.

               The main ROST system components are:

                 « Neodymium-doped  Yttrium Aluminum
                   Garnet (Nd:YAG) primary laser
                                  Rapid Optical Screen Tool
 Page 434
The SITE Program assesses but does not
  approve or endorse technologies.

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                                                                          November 1994
                                                                        Completed Project
   • Tunable  dye  laser  pumped  by  the
     Nd:YAG laser
   • Fiber optic cable
   • Monochromator to  resolve the  return
     fluorescence as a function of wavelength
   • Photomultiplier tube (PMT) to convert
     photons into electrical signals
   • Digital  storage oscilloscope to capture
     waveforms from the PMT
   • Control/analysis computer and software

The ROST system can be operated in both dyna-
mic (push) and static modes.  In the dynamic
mode, the cone penetrometer equipped with the
LIF sensor is advanced into  the soil.  In this
mode, which Unisys refers to as fluorescence
versus depth, the excitation laser wavelength and
fluorescence emission monitoring wavelength are
held constant. The fluorescence emission inten-
sity is plotted  as  a function of depth below
ground surface.   The  wave-length range has
been selected because  naphthalene,  a principal
polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH) con-
stituent of coal tar, fiuoresces strongly  under
these conditions. The emission monochromator
will be set at a wave-length determined during
the laboratory analysis of the pre-demonstration
samples and verified in the field.

Once areas  of significant contamination have
been identified in the dynamic mode, the ROST
system can be operated in the static mode  to
identify fuel types.  In this mode, the CPT is
held at a fixed depth.   The fluorescence tech-
nician, who is observing the fluorescence signal
visually, can simply signal the hydraulic opera-
tor to halt the push.  The ROST system also can
operate in the static mode  when additional push
rods are added to the string.

Three people are needed to operate  the Unisys
ROST. Currently, the technology is marketed as
a service, and is not for sale.

WASTE APPLICABILITY:

The Unisys ROST was designed to qualitatively
and quantitatively identify classes of petroleum,
 PAH, and volatile organic compound contami-
 nation in subsurface soil samples.

 STATUS:

 The technology demonstration occurred in EPA
 Region  7,  at sites  in Iowa,  Kansas,  and
 Nebraska.  The sampling and field analysis was
 conducted during September 1994.

 After completing the demonstration, a Techno-
 logy Evaluation Report (TER) will be prepared.
 The TER will objectively present the results of
 the demonstration and provide supporting docu-
 mentation.   In addition, an Innovative  Tech-
 nology  Evaluation Report  (ITER) will  be
 prepared and  published that summarizes the
 findings presented  in the TER.  These reports
 will help data users and technology reviewers
 assess the performance of each technology for
 possible use on future site characterization or
 remediation projects at hazardous waste sites.

 FOR FURTHER INFORMATION:

 EPA PROJECT MANAGER:
 J. Lary Jack
 U.S. EPA
 Environmental Monitoring Systems Laboratory
 P.O. Box 93478
 944 East Harmon
 Las Vegas, NV 89193-3478
 702-798-2373
 Fax: 702-798-3146

 TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPER CONTACT:
 David Bonne or
Garry Hubbard
 Unisys Government Systems
 3333 Pilot Knob Road
Eagon, MN 55121
612-456-2339 or 612-456-3721
Fax: 612-456-2193
                                 The SITE Program assesses but does not
                                   approve or endorse technolggies.
                               Page 435

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Technology Profile
           MONITORING AND MEASUREMENT
                     TECHNOLOGIES PROGRAM
     UNITED STATES ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY
                   (Field Analytical Screening Program PCB Method)
TECHNOLOGY DESCRIPTION:

The field analytical screening program (FASP)
polychlorinated biphenyl (PCB) method uses a
temperature-programmable gas chromatograph
(GC) equipped with an electron capture detector
(BCD) to identify and  quantify  PCBs.   Gas
chromatography is an EPA-approved method for
determining PCB concentrations.  The  FASP
PCB method is a modified version of EPA SW-
846 Method 8000.

To  perform  the  FASP  PCB method on  soil
samples, PCBs are extracted from the samples,
injected into a GC, and identified and quantified
with an BCD.  Chromatograms produced by this
equipment for each sample are compared to the
chromatograms of PCB standards.  Peak patterns
and retention tunes from the chromatograms are
used to identify and  quantify PCBs in the soil
sample extract.  In  addition to  the GC, the
operator may use an autosampler that automati-
cally injects equal amounts of the sample extract
into the GC column.  The autosampler ensures
that the correct amount of extract is used for
each  analysis  and allows  continual analysis
without an operator.
               The FASP PCB method has both advantages and
               limitations when used under field conditions.
               The method can 1) quickly provide results,  2)
               provide results that are comparable to formal
               laboratories in  terms  of statistical  accuracy,
               3) identify individual Aroclors, and 4) provide
               results with detection limits comparable to those
               of formal laboratories.

               Instrumentation and equipment required for the
               FASP PCB method  are  not highly portable.
               When mounted in  a mobile laboratory trailer,
               however, the method can operate on or near
               most sites relatively easily. Use of this method
               requires  electricity,   and Aroclor  standards
               require refrigeration.   An exhaust hood and
              ' carrier gases also are needed.  A trained and
               experienced operator is needed for the method to
               produce reliable results.  The operator should
               have at least 6 months of GC experience and 1
               month of PCB analysis experience.

               Soil samples must  be extracted before analysis
               begins.   Hexane and  sulfuric acid are  used
               during the extraction process,  which removes
               potential interferences from the soil sample.
 Page 436
The SITE Program assesses but does not
  approve or endorse technologies.

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                                                                      November 7994
                                                                    Completed Project
WASTE APPLICABILITY:

The FASP PCB method can identify and quan-
tify PCBs in soil and water samples.

STATUS:

The FASP PCB method was demonstrated under
the SITE Program at a well-characterized, PCB-
contaminated site.  During the demonstration,
112 soil samples,  32  field duplicates, and 2
performance evaluation samples were analyzed
with the FASP PCB  method.  A confirmatory
laboratory analyzed the samples using SW-846
Method  8080.  The accuracy and precision of
the FASP PCB method was evaluated by directly
comparing its data with the data from the confir-
matory laboratory.  In addition, the operational
characteristics and performance factors of the
FASP PCB method were evaluated.

The results  from this SITE demonstration are
included in a Technology Evaluation Report that
is undergoing peer review and will be published
in 1994.
FOR FURTHER INFORMATION:

EPA PROJECT MANAGER:
J. Lary Jack
U.S. EPA
Environmental Monitoring Systems Laboratory
944 East Harmon
P.O. Box 93478
Las Vegas, NV 89193-3478
702-798-2373
Fax: 702-798-2692

TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPER CONTACT:
Howard Fribush
U.S. EPA
Mail Code 5204G
401 M Street, SW
Washington, D.C.  20460
703-603-8831
                              The SITE Program assesses but does not
                                 approve or endorse technologies.
                             Page 437

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Technology Profile
          MONITORING AND MEASUREMENT
                    TECHNOLOGIES PROGRAM
                         XONTECH INCORPORATED
                              (XonTech Sector Sampler)
TECHNOLOGY DESCRIPTION:

The  XonTech sector  sampler collects  time-
integrated  whole air  samples  in Summa™-
polished canisters (see figure below). The terri-
tory surrounding the sampler is divided into two
sectors: an "in" sector, which lies in the general
              direction  of  a  suspected  pollutant-emitting
              "target"  and the "out"  sector, which encom-
              passes all territory not part of the "in" sector.
              When wind velocity  exceeds 0.37 meter per
              second (m/s) from the direction of the target, the
              first canister is filled. When the wind velocity
              exceeds 0.37 m/s from any other direction, the
                                       «rV
                                          ^5,;»*»«^3™~.^;«v:^*!
                                     Sector Sampler
 Page 438
The SITE Program assesses but does not
  approve or endorse technologies.

-------
                                                                        November 1994
                                                                      Completed Project
other canister is filled. When the wind velocity
falls below 0.37 m/s either canister or neither
canister may receive the sample.   Over an
extended period of time, a target sample and a
background sample are collected.

WASTE APPLICABILITY:

The XonTech sector sampler can monitor vola-
tile organic compound emissions from hazardous
waste sites and other emission sources before
and during remediation.  Short-term sampling
can determine which high concentration com-
pounds  are emitted  from a site.  Long-term
monitoring can  assess  an emission source's
effects on the local population.

STATUS:

The sector sampler's usefulness has been demon-
strated in two short-term field studies. Mathe-
matical methods for processing data have been
developed and shown to be appropriate.  Re-
maining issues include 1) wind field consistency
between source and receptor site, 2) treatment of
data taken during  stagnant  conditions,  and
3) applicability to a wider variety of compounds,
including polar and odorous compounds.
FOR FURTHER INFORMATION:

EPA PROJECT MANAGER:
Joachim Pleil
U.S. EPA
Atmospheric Research and Exposure
Assessment Laboratory
MD-44
Research Triangle Park, NC  27711
919-541-4680
Fax: 919-541-0239

TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPER CONTACT:
Matt Young
XonTech Incorporated
6862 Hayvenhurst Avenue
Van Nuys, CA 91406
818-787-7380
Fax: 818-787-8132
                                The SITE Program assesses but does not
                                  approve or endorse technologies.
                              Page 439

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                       INFORMATION REQUEST FORM

The EPA's Risk Reduction Engineering Laboratory is responsible for testing and evaluating technologies
used at Superfund site cleanups.  To receive publications about these activities, indicate your area of
interest by checking the appropriate box(es) below and mail the top half of this sheet to the following
address:
        U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
        Center for Environmental Research Information
        26 West Martin Luther King Drive
        Cincinnati, Ohio 45268
        Attention: ORD Publications Unit (MS-G72)

        (A9)     Q Superfund
        (A8)     r~\ Superfund Innovative Technology Evaluation (SITE) Program
Name	
Firm	
Address	
City, State, Zip Code.
                       REQUEST FOR PROPOSAL FORM

EPA plans to issue two requests for proposals (RFP) during the coming year; one in January 1995 for
the Demonstration Program  (SITE 010), and the other in July 1995 for the Emerging  Technology
Program, (E09). To receive these RFPs, indicate your area of interest by checking the appropriate box(es)
below and mail the bottom half of this sheet to the following address:
        U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
        Risk Reduction Engineering Laboratory
        26 West Martin Luther King Drive
        Cincinnati, Ohio 45268
        Attention:  RFPs (MS-215)

        (009)    n Demonstration Program RFP
        (EOS)    n Emerging Technology Program RFP
Name	
Firm	
Address	.	
City, State, Zip Code.
                                                                             Page 441

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 &EPA
            Documents Available from the
U.S. EPA Risk Reduction Engineering Laboratory
 Superfund Technology Demonstration Division1

                 General Publications
       Q       SITE Program: Annual Report to Congress 1993 (EPA/540/R-94/518)
       Q       SITE Profiles, Sixth Edition (EPA/540/R-93/526)
       Q       Survey of Materials Handling Technologies Used at Hazardous Waste
               Sites (EPA/540/2-91/010)

           Demonstration  Project Results
 Accutech Pneumatic Fracturing Extraction and Hot Gas
 Injection, Phase I
     Q  Technology Evaluation (EPA/540/R-93/509)
         PB93-216596
     Q  Technology Demo. Summary (EPA/540/SR-93/509)3
     . Q  Demonstration Bulletin (EPA/540/MR-93/509)3
     Q  Applications Analysis (EPA/540/AR-93/509)
         PB94-117439


 American Combustion—
 Oxygen Enhanced Incineration
     Q  Technology Evaluation (EPA/540/5-89/008)
     Q  Applications Analysis (EPA/540/A5-89/008)
     Q  Technology Demo. Summary (EPA/540/S5-89/008)3
     Q  Demonstration Bulletin (EPA/540/M5-89/008)3
Augmented In-Situ Subsurface Bioremediation Process, Bio-Rem,
Inc.
     O Demonstration Bulletin (EPA/540/MR-93/527)3

AWD Technologies, Inc.—
Integrated Vapor Extraction and Steam Vacuum Stripping
     Q Applications Analysis (EPA/540/A5-91/002)
        PB92-218379
     Q Demonstration Bulletin (EPA/540/M5-91/002)3

Babcock and Wilcox—Cyclone Furnace Vitrification
     Q Technology Evaluation Vol. I (EPA/540/R-92/017A)
        PB92-222215
     Q Technology Evaluation Vol. H (EPA/540/R-92/017B)
        PB92-222223
     Q Applications Analysis (EPA/540/AR-92/017)
        PB93-122315
     Q Technology Demo. Summary (EPA/540/SR-92/017)3
     Q Demonstration Bulletin (EPA/540/MR-92/011)

Bergmann USA—Soil/Sediment Washing System
     Q Demonstration Bulletin (EPA/540/MR-92/075)
                                Bescorp Soil Washing System Battery Enterprises Site—Brice
                                Environmental Services, Inc.
                                    Q Demonso-ation Bulletin (EPA/540/MR-93/503)

                                Biogenesis Soil Washing Technology
                                    Q Demonstration Bulletin (EPA/540/MR-93/510)
                                    Q Innovative Technology Evaluation Report
                                       (EPA/540/R-93/510)
                                    Q Site Technology Capsule (EPA/540/SR-93/510)3

                                Biotrol—BiotreatmentofGroundwater
                                    Q Technology Evaluation (EPA/540/5-91/001)
                                       PB92-110048
                                    Q Applications Analysis (EPA/540/A5-91/001)
                                    Q Technology Demo. Summary (EPA/540/S5-91/001)
                                    Q Demonstration Bulletin (EPA/540/M5-91/001)

                                Biotrol—Soil Washing System
                                    Q Technology Evaluation Vol. I (EPA/540/5-91/003a)
                                       PB92-115310
                                    Q Technology Evaluation Vol. n Part A
                                       (EPA/540/5-91/003b) PB92-115328
                                    Q Technology Evaluation Vol. n Part B
                                       (EPA/540/5-91/003c) PB92-115336
                                    Q Applications Analysis (EPA/540/A5-91/003)
                                    Q Technology Demo. Summary (EPA/540/S5-91/003)
                                    Q Demonstration Bulletin (EPA/540/M5-91/003)


                                CF Systems Corp.—Solvent Extraction
                                    Q Technology Evaluation Vol. I (EPA/540/5-90/002)
                                    Q Technology Evaluation Vol. n (EPA/540/5-90/002a)
                                       PB90-186503
                                    Q Applications Analysis (EPA/540/A5-90/002)
                                    Q Technology Demo. Summary (EPA/540/S5-90/002)

                               Chemfix Technologies, Inc.—
                               Chemical Fixation/Stabilization
                                    Q  Technology Evaluation Vol. I (EPA/540/5-89/01 la)
                                       PB91-127696
                                    Q  Technology Evaluation Vol. II (EPA/540/5-89/01 Ib)
                                       PB90-274127
1 Order documents free of charge by calling EPA's
 Center for Environmental Research Information
 (CERI) at 513-569-7562.
                               2 Documents with a PB number are out of stock in CERI and must be
                                ordered by that number at cost from
                                           National Technical Information Service
                                           5285 Port Royal Road
                                           Springfield VA 22161
                                           Telephone 703-487-4650.
                                                          Out of stock
                                                                                             Page  443

-------
                              Demonstration Project Results (continued)
     Q Applications Analysis (EPA/540/A5-89/011)
     Q Technology Demo. Summary (EPA/540/S5-89/011)3
     Q Demonstration Bulletin (EPA/540/M5-89/Q1I)3

Colloid Polishing Filter Method Filter Flow Technology, Inc.
     Q Demonstration Bulletin (EPA/540/MR-94/501)
     Q Capsule (EPA/540/R-94/501a)

Dehydro-Tech—Carver-Greenfield
     Q Technology Evaluation (EPA/540/R-92/002)
        PB92-217462
     Q Applications Analysis (EPA/540/AR-92/002)
     Q Technology Demo. Summary (EPA/540/SR-92/002)
     Q Demonstration Bulletin (EPA/540/MR-92/002)

Dupont/Oberlin—Micro/iltration System
     Q Technology Evaluation (EPA/540/5-90/007)
        PB92-153410
     Q Applications Analysis (EPA/540/A5-90/007)
     Q Technology Demo. Summary (EPA/540/S5-90/007)
     Q Demonstration Bulletin (EPA/540/M5-90/007)

Ex-Situ Anaerobic Bioremediation System, Dinoseb, JJt. Simplot
Company
     Q Demonstration Bulletin (EPA/540/MR-94/508)

Forager Sponge Technology
     Q Demonstration Bulletin (EPA/540/MR-94/522)
     Q Demonstration Bulletin (EPA/540/M5-89/001)3

Horsehead Resource Development
     Q Technology Evaluation Vol I (EPA/540/5-91/005)
        PB92-205855
     Q Applications Analysis (EPA/540/A5-91/005)
     Q Technology Demo. Summary (EPA/540/S5-91/005)
     Q Demonstration Bulletin (EPA/540/M5-91/005)   •

Hrubetz En vironmental Services, Site Demonstration Program
     Q Demonstration Bulletin (EPA/540/MR-93/524)

Hydraulic Fracturing of Contaminated Soil
     Q Demonstration Bulletin (EPA/540/MR-93/505)
     Q Technology Evaluation and Applications Analysis
        Combined (EPA/540/R-93/505)
     Q Technology Demo. Summary (EPA/540/SR-93/505)

In-Situ Steam Enhanced Recovery System—Hughes Environ-
mental Systems, Inc.
     Q Demonstration Bulletin (EPA/540/MR-94/510)

In-Situ Vitrification—Geosafe Corporation
     Q Demonstration Bulletin (EPA/540/MR-94/520)
Fungal Treatment Technology
     Q Demonstration Bulletin (EPA/540/MR-93/514)

Gas-Phase Chemical Reduction EcoLogic International, Inc
     Q Demonstration Bulletin (EPA/540/MR-93/522)
     Q Technology Evaluation—Vol. I (EPA/540/R-93/522a)
     Q Technology Evaluation—Appendices (EPA/540/R-93/
        522b)

GISIKEY En vironmental Data Management System
     Q Innovative Technology Evaluation Report
        (EPA/540/R-94/505)
     Q SITE Technology Capsule (EPA/540/SR-94/505)
     Q Demonstration Bulletin (EPA/540/MR-94/505)

Hazcon—Solidification
     Q Technology Evaluation Vol. I (EPA/540/5-89/001 a)
        PB89-158810
     Q Technology Evaluation Vol. H EPA/540/5-89/001b)
        PB89-158828
     Q Applications Analysis (EPA/540/A5-89/001)
     Q Technology Demo. Summary (EPA/540/S5-89/001)3
IWT/GeoCon In-Situ Stabilization
     Q Technology Evaluation Vol. I (EPA/540/5-89/004a)
     Q Technology Evaluation Vol. H (EPA/540/5-89/004b)
        PB89-194179
     Q Technology Evaluation Vol. IE (EPA/540/5-89/004c)
        PB90-269069
     Q Technology Evaluation Vol. IV (EPA/540/5-89/004d)
        PB90-269077
     Q Applications Analysis (EPA/540/A5-89/004)
     Q Technology Demo. Summary (EPA/540/S5-89/004)
     Q Technology Demo. Summary., Update Report
        (EPA/540/S5-89/004a)
     Q Demonstration Bulletin (EPA/540/M5-89/004)3

Low Temperature Thermal Aeration (LTTA) System, Canonie
Environmental Services, Inc.
     Q Demonstration Bulletin (EPA/540/MR-93/504)

Magnum Water Technology—CAV-OX Ultraviolet Oxidation
Process
     Q Demonstration Bulletin (EPA/540/MR-93/520)
     Q Applications Analysis (EPA/540/AR-93/520)
1  Order documents free of charge by calling EPA's
  Center for Environmental Research Information
  (CERI) at 513-569-7562.
      Page  444
2 Documents with a PB number are out of stock in CERI and must be
  ordered by that number at cost from
            National Technical Information Service
            5285 Port Royal Road
            Springfield VA 22161
            Telephone 703^87-4650.
3 Out of stock

-------
                              Demonstration Project Results (continued)
McColl Superfund Site—Demonstration of a Trial Excavation
     Q Technology Evaluation (EPA/540/R-92/015)
        PB92-226448
     Q Applications Analysis (EPA/540/AR-92/015)
     Q Technology Demo. Summary (EPA/540/SR-92/015)


Microfittration Technology EPOC Water, Inc.
     Q Demonstration Bulletin (EPA/540/MR-93/513)

Mobile Volume Reduction Unit at the Sand Creek Superfund Site
     Q TreatabSlity Study Bulletin (EPA/540/MR-93/512)


Mobile Volume Reduction Unit at the Escambia Superfund Site
     Q Treatability Study Bulletin (EPA/540/MR-93/511)


Ogden.Circulating Bed Combustor—McCott Superfund Site
     Q Technology Evaluation (EPA/540/R-92/001)
     Q Demonstration Bulletin (EPA/540/MR-92/001)

Outboard Marine Corporation Site—Soiltech Anaerobic Thermal
Processor
     Q Demonstration Bulletin (EPA/540/MR-92/078)

Perox-Pure™ Chemical Oxidation Treatment
     Q Demonstration Bulletin (EPA/540/MR-93/501)
     Q Applications Analysis (EPA/540/AR-93/501)
     Q Technology Evaluation (EPA/540/R-93/501)
        PB93-213528
     Q Technology Demo. Summary (EPA/540/SR-93/501)

Pilot-Scale Demonstration of Slurry-Phase Biological Reactor for
Creosote-Contaminated Wastewater
     Q Technology Demo. Summary (EPA/540/S5-91/009)
     Q Technology Evaluation Vol. I (EPA/540/5-91/009)
        PB93-205532
     Q Applications Analysis (EPA/540/A5-91/009)
     Q Demonstration Bulletin (EPA/540/M5-91/009)

PO*WW*ER™ Wastewater Treatment System Lake Charles
Treatment Center
     Q Applications Analysis (EPA/540/AR-93/506)
     Q Demonstration Bulletin (EPA/540/MR-93/506)
     Q Technology Evaluation Vol. I (EPA/540/R-93/506A)
        PB94-160637
     Q Technology Evaluation Vol. H (EPA/540/R-93/506B)
        PB94-160660
     Q Technology Demo. Summary (EPA/540/SR-93/506)
Resources Conservation Company—The Basic Extractive Sludge
Treatment (B.E.S.T.)
     Q Demonstration Bulletin (EPA/540/MR-92/079)
     Q Applications Analysis (EPA/540/AR-92/079)
     Q Technology Evaluation Vol. I (EPA/540/R-92/079a)
        PB93-227122
     Q Technology Evaluation Vol. n, Part 1
        (EPA/540/R-92/079b) PB93-227130
     Q Technology Evaluation Vol. H, Part 2
        (EPA/540/R-92/079c) PB93-227148
     Q Technology Evaluation Vol. n, Part 3
        (EPA/540/R-92/079d) PB93-227155
     Q Technology Demo. Summary (EPA/540/SR-92/079)

Retech Plasma Centrifugal Furnace
     Q Technology Evaluation Vol. I (EPA/540/5-9 l/007a)
        PB 92-216035
     Q Technology Evaluation Vol. H (EPA/540/5-91/007b)
        PB92-216043
     Q Applications Analysis (EPA/540/A5-91/007)
        PB92-218791
     Q Technology Demo. Summary (EPA/540/S5-91/007)
     Q Demonstration Bulletin (EPA/540/M5-91/007)

Roy F. Weston, Inc.—Low Temperature Thermal Treatment
(LT3) System
     Q Demonstration Bulletin (EPA/540/MR-92/019)
     Q Applications Analysis (EPA/540/AR-92/019)


SBP Technologies—Membrane Filtration
     Q Demonstration Bulletin (EPA/540/MR-92/014)
     Q Applications Analysis (EPA/540/AR-92/014)


Shirco—Infrared Incineration
     Q Technology Evaluation—Peake Oil
        (EPA/540/5-88/002a)
     Q Technology Evaluation—Rose Township
        (EPA/540/5-89/007a)
     Q Technology Evaluation—Rose Township Vol. n
        (EPA/540/5-89/007b),  PB89-167910
     Q Applications Analysis (EPA/540/A5-89/010)
     Q Technology Demo. Summary (EPA/540/S5-89/007)3
     Q Demonstration Bulletin (EPA/540/M5-88/002)3
     Q Technology Evaluation Report—-Peake Oil Vol. II
        (EPA/540/5-88/002B) PB89-116024

Silicate Technology Corporation—Solidification/Stabilization of
Organic/Inorganic Contaminants
     Q Demonstration Bulletin (EPA/540/MR-92/010)
     Q Applications Analysis (EPA/540/AR-92/010)
        PB93-172948
1 Order documents free of charge by calling EPA's
  Center for Environmental Research Information
  (CERI) at 513-569-7562.
2 Documents with a PB number are out of stock in CERI and must be
  ordered by that number at cost from
            National Technical Information Service
            5285 Port Royal Road
            Springfield VA 22161
            Telephone 703-487-4650.
                                                           3 Out of stock
                                                                                                  Page  445

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                              Demonstration Project Results (continued)
Soiltech ATP Systems—Aostra-Soil-Tech Anaerobic Thermal
Process
     Q Demonstration Bulletin (EPA/540/MR-92/008)

Soliditech, Inc.—Solidification
     Q Technology Evaluation Vol. I (EPA/540/5-89/005a)
     Q Technology Evaluation Vol. H (EPA/540/5-89/005b)
        PB90-191768
     Q Applications Analysis (EPA/540/A5-89/005)
     Q Technology Demo. Summary (EPA/540/S5-89/005)3
     Q Demonstration Bulletin (EPA/540/M5-89/005)

Terra Kleen Solvent Extraction Technology—Terra Kleen
Response Group, Inc.
     Q Demonstration Bulletin (EPA/540/MR-94/521)

Terra Vac—Vacuum Extraction
     Q Technology Evaluation Vol. I (EPA/540/5-89/003a)
        PB89-192025
     Q Technology Evaluation Vol. H (EPA/540/5-89/003b)
        PB89-192033
     Q Applications Analysis (EPA/540/A5-89/003)
     Q Technology Demo. Summary (EPA/540/S5-89/003)
     Q Demonstration Bulletin (EPA/540/M5-89/003)3

Texaco Gasification Process—Texaco, Inc.
     Q Demonstration Bulletin (EPA/540/MR-94/514)

Thermal Desorption System, Clean Berkshires, Inc.
     Q Demonstration Bulletin (EPA/540/MR-94/507)
     Q Capsule (EPA/540/R-94/507a)3

Thermal Desorption UnitEco Logic International, Inc.
     O Demonstration Bulletin (EPA/540/MR-94/504)

Thorneco, Inc.—Enzyme-Activated Cellulose Technology
     Q Trcatability Study BuUetin (EPA/540/MR-92/018)3
Toronto Harbour Commissioners—Soil Recycling Treatment
Train
     Q Demonstration Bulletin (EPA/540/MR-92/015)
     Q Applications Analysis (EPA/540/AR-93/517)
     Q Technology Evaluation (EPA/540/R-93/517)
        PB93-216067
     Q Technology Demo. Summary (EPA/540/SR-93/517)


Toxic Treatments (USA)—In-Situ Steam/Hot Air Stripping
     Q Applications Analysis (EPA/540/A5-90/008)
     Q Demonstration Bulletin (EPA/540/M5-90/003)

Vtirox International—UV Ozone Treatment for Liquid's
     Q Technology Evaluation (EPA/540/5-89/012)
        PB90-198177
     Q Applications Analysis (EPA/540/A5-89/012)
     Q Technology Demo. Summary (EPA/540/S5-89/012)
     Q Demonstration Bulletin (EPA/540/M5-89/012)

U.S. EPA—Design and Development of a Pilot-Scale Debris
Decontamination System
     Q Technical Evaluation (EPA/540/5-91/006a)
     Q Technical Evaluation Vol. II (EPA/540/5-9 l/006b)
        PB91-231464
     Q Technology Demo. Summary (EPA/540/S5-91/006)

U.S. EPA—Mobile Volume Reduction Unit
     Q Demonstration Bulletin (EPA/540/MR-93/508)
     Q Applications Analysis (EPA/540/AR-93/508)
     Q Technology Evaluation (EPA/540/R-93/508)
        PB94-136264
     Q Technology Demo. Summary (EPA/540/SR-93/508)

X-TRAX Model 100 Thermal Desorption System Chemical Waste
Management
     Q Demonstration Bulletin (EPA/540/MR-93/502)
1 Order documents free of charge by calling EPA's
  Center for Environmental Research Information
  (CERI) at 513-569-7562.
2 Documents with a PB number are out of stock in CERI and must be
  ordered by that number at cost from
            National Technical Information Service
            5285 Port Royal Road
            Springfield VA 22161
            Telephone 703-4874650.
3 Out of stock
     Page  446

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                               Emerging Technologies Program Reports
Acid Extraction Treatment System for Treatment of Metal-
Contaminated Soils
      Q  Emerging Tech. Report (EPA/540/R-94/513)


Aluminum Company of America—Bioscrubberfor Removing
Hazardous Organic Emission from Soil, Water, and Air Decon-
tamination Process
      Q  Emerging Tech. Report (EPA/540/R-93/521)
         PB93-227205
      Q  Emerging Tech. Bulletin (EPA/540/F-93/507)
      Q  Emerging Tech. Summary (EPA/540/SR-93/521)
      Q  Journal Article AWMA Vol. 44, No. 3, March 1994


Atomic Energy of Canada Limited—Chemical Treatment and
Ultrafiltration
      Q  Emerging Tech. Bulletin (EPA/540/F-92/002)

Babcock and Wilcox—Cyclone Furnace Soil Vitrification
      Q  Emerging Tech. Bulletin (EPA/540/F-92/010)
      Q  Emerging Tech. Report (EPA/540/R-93/507)
         PB93-163038
      Q  Emerging Tech. Summary (EPA/540/SR-93/507)

Battelle Memorial Institute—Development of Electro-Acoustic
Soil Decontamination (BSD) Process for In Situ Applications
      Q  Emerging Technology (EPA/540/5-90/004)
         PB90-204728
      Q  Emerging Tech. Summary (EPA/540/S5-90/004)3

Bio-Recovery Systems—Removal and Reco very of Metal Ions
from Groundwater
      Q  Emerging Technology (EPA/540/5-90/005a)
      Q  Emerging Tech.—Appendices (EPA/540/5-90/005b)  -
         PB90-252602
      Q  Emerging Tech. Summary (EPA/540/S5-90/005)
      Q  Emerging Tech. Bulletin (EPA/540/F-92/003)
      Q  Journal Article AWMA Vol. 41, No. 10, October 91

Biotrol, Inc.—Methanotrophic Bioreactor System
      Q  Emerging Tech. Bulletin (EPA/540/F-93/506)
      Q  Emerging Tech. Summary (EPA/540/SR-93/505)
      Q  Journal Article AWMA Vol. 43, No. 11, November 1993

Center for Hazardous Materials Research—Acid Extraction
Treatment System for Treatment of Metal Contaminated Soils
      Q  Emerging Tech. Report (EPA/540/R-94/513)
      Q  Emerging Tech. Summary (EPA/540/SR-94/513)

Colorado School of Mines—Constructed Wetlands Receiving Acid
Mine Drainage
      Q  Emerging Tech. Summary (EPA/540/SR-92/523)
       Q Emerging Tech. Report (EPA/540/R-93/523)
          PB93-233914
       Q Emerging Tech. Bulletin (EPA/540/F-92/001)


  Colorado School of Mines—Constructed Wetlands Treatment for
  Toxic Metal Contaminated Waters
       Q Emerging Tech. Bulletin (EPA/540/F-92/001)


  Electro-Pure Systems—Alternating Current Electrocoagulation
       Q Emerging Tech. Bulletin (EPA/540/F-92/011)
       Q Emerging Tech. Summary (EPA/540/S-93/504)
       Q Journal Article AWMA Vol. 43, No. 5, May 1993

  Energy and Environmental Engineering—Laser-Induced
  Photochemical Oxidative Destruction
       Q Emerging Tech. Bulletin (EPA/540/F-92/004)
       Q Emerging Tech. Report (EPA/540/R-92/080)
          PB93-131431
       Q Emerging Tech. Summary (EPA/540/SR-92/080)


  Energy and Environmental Research Corporation
       Q Emerging Tech. Bulletin (EPA/540/F-93/508)

  Florida International University
    — Electron Beam Treatment for Removal ofBenzene and
       Toluene from Aqueous Streams and Sludge
       Q Emerging Tech. Bulletin (EPA/540/F-93/502)

    — Electron Beam Treatment for the Trichloroethylene and
       Tetrachloroethylene from Aqueous Stream
       Q Emerging Tech. Bulletin (EPA/540/F-92/009)

    — Removal of Phenol from Aqueous Solutions Using High
       Energy Electron Beam Irradiation
       Q Emerging Tech. Bulletin (EPA/540/F-93/509)

  Ghea Associates Process
       Q , Emerging Tech. Bulletin (EPA/540/F-94/509)

  Institute of Gas Technology (CBT-Chemical and Biological
  Treatment)
       Q Emerging Tech. Bulletin (EPA/540/F-94/504)

  Institute of Gas Technology—Biological Degradation Process
       Q Emerging Tech. Bulletin (EPA/540/F-94/501)

  IT Corporation—Photolysis/Biodegradation of PCS and PCDDI
  PCDF Contaminated Soils
       Q Emerging Tech. Bulletin (EPA/540/F-94/502)
  Order documents free of charge by calling EPA's
  Center for Environmental Research Information
  (CERI) at 513-569-7562.
2 Documents with a PB number are out of stock in CERI and must be
  ordered by that number at cost from
            National Technical Information Service
            5285 Port Royal Road
            Springfield VA 22161
            Telephone 703-487^650.
                                                                                                  Page  447

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                       Emerging Technologies Program Reports (continued)
JJf. Simplot—Anaerobic Destruction ofNitroaromatics
     Q Journal Article App. Env. Micro, Vol. 58, pp. 1683-89


Matrix Photocatalytic—Tio3 UV Oxidation
     Q Journal Articles (EPA/540/A-93/282, EPA/540/J-93/297).

                   X
Membrane Technology and Research, Inc.—Volatile Organic
Compound Removal from Air Streams by Membrane Separation
     Q Emerging Tech. Bulletin (EPA/540/F-94/503)

MJL Energia, Inc.—Reductive Photo-Dechlorination Process for
Safe Conversion of Hazardous Chlorocarbon Waste Streams
     Q Emerging Tech. Bulletin (EPA/540/F-94/509)

New Jersey Institute of Technology—Reversible Adsorption on
Surface-Active Componds
     Q Emerging Tech. Bulletin (EPA/540/F-94/508)

PURUS, Inc.—Destruction of Organic Contaminants in Air
Using Advanced Ultraviolet Flashlamps
     Q  Emerging Tech. Bulletin (EPA/540/F-93/501)
     Q  Emerging Tech. Summary (EPA/540/SR-93/516)
     Q  Emerging Tech. Report (EPA/540/R-93/516)
         PB93-205383

Reductive Photo-Dechlorination Process for Safe Conversion of
Hazardous Chlorocarbon Waste Streams Into Saleable Hydrocar-
 bon Fuel
      Q  Emerging Tech. Bulletin (EPA/540/F-94/508)
SITE Emerging Technologies—Laser-Induced Photochemical
Oxidative Destruction of Toxic Organics in Leachates and
Ground-water
     Q Emerging Tech. Report (EPA/540/R-92/080)
        PB93-131431
     Q Emerging Tech. Summary (EPA/540/SR-92/080

Superfund Innovative Technology Evaluation Program: Innova-
tion Making a Difference
     Q Emerging Tech. Brochure (EPA/540/F-94/505)

Superfund Innovative Technology Evaluation Program: Technol-
ogy with an Impact
     Q Emerging Tech. Brochure (EPA/540/F-93/500)

University of Washington—Metals Treatment at Superfund Sites
by Adsorptive Filtration
     Q Emerging Tech. Bulletin (EPA/540/F-92/008)
     Q Emerging Tech. Report (EPA/540/R-93/515)
        PB93-231165
     Q Emerging Tech. Summary (EPA/540/SR-93/515)


Wastewater Technology Centre—A Cross-Flow Pervaporation
System for Removal of VOCs from Contaminated Soil
     Q Emerging Tech. Bulletin (EPA/540/F-93/503)
     Q Emerging Tech. Report (EPA/540/R-94/512)
        PB94-170230
     Q Emerging Tech. Summary (EPA/540/SR-94/512)

 Volatile Organic Compound Removal from Air Streams by
Membrane Separation
     Q  Emerging Tech. Bulletin (EPA/540/F-94/503)
  1 Order documents free of charge by calling EPA's
   Center  for Environmental Research Information
   (CERI) at 513-569-7562.
 2 Documents with a PB number are out of stock in CERI and must be
   ordered by that number at cost from
             National Technical Information Service
             5285 Port Royal Road
             Springfield VA 22161
             Telephone 703-487^650.
 3 Out of stock
      Page  448

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Q
(0
0)
                            CO
                            CO
                           d
                            CO
                            9=
                            5:
                                                              RREL/SITE
                                        SUPERFUND VIDEOTAPE LIBRARY
         SITE VIDEOTAPES


These composite videotapes contain a num-
ber of EPA-produced documentaries on spe-
cific Superfund Innovative Technology
Evaluation (SITE) Program demonstrations.

S1   SITE PROGRAM
     (6 technology demonstrations)

     ECOVA (SHIRCO) Infrared Incineration
        System, Brandon, FL - 8/87

     ECOVA (SHIRCO) Infrared Incineration
        System, Rose Twp., Ml - 3/89

     EMTECH (HAZCON) Solidification Process,
        Douglassville, PA-10/87

     IWT/GEO-CON In Situ Stabilization/Solidifica-
        tion, Hialeah, FL - 4/88

     TERRA VAC Vacuum Extraction System,
        Groveland, MA -1/88

     CF SYSTEMS Solvent Extraction Unit, New
        Bedford, MA - 3/89

S2   SITE PROGRAM
     (4 technology demonstrations):

     ULTROX Ultraviolet Radiation and Oxidation,
        San Jose, CA - 3/89

     BIOTROL Biological Aqueous Treatment, New
        Brighton, MN 9/89
     ORDERING INSTRUCTIONS


   To obtain your choice of tapes, complete the
   order form on the opposite side of this page.
   Enclose the form with your check in prepay-
   ment of the order made out to Foster Wheeler
   Environmental Services.and mail to the fol-
   lowing address:

             Foster Wheeier
       Environmental Services Division
           Foster Wheeler USA
          Attn: Ms. Marilyn Avery
          8 Peach Tree Hill Road
          Livingston, NJ 07039.


      ONLY PREPAID ORDERS
       WILL BE ACCEPTED.


   For further information, contact Ms. Avery at
             (201)535-2219.
S3
     BIOTROL Soil Washing System, New
        Brighton, MN 9/89

     IT/RREL Debris Washing System,
        Hopkinsville.KY-12/89
SITE PROGRAM
(4 technology demonstrations):

SOLIDITECH Solidification and Stabilization,
   Morganville, NJ -12/88
                                                                                                    nn nnnncf/o

-------
  I
S4
S5
                           RREL/SITE
     SUPERFUND VIDEOTAPE LIBRARY
     CHEMFIX Solidification and Stabilization,
        Clackamas, OR - 3/89

     NOVATERRA (TTUSA) In Situ Steam and Air
        Stripping, San Pedro, CA - 9/89

     AWD Integrated Vapor Extraction/Steam
        Vacuum Stripping, Burbank, CA - 9/90
SITE PROGRAM
(4 technology demonstrations):

E.I. DUPONT/OBERLIN FILER Membrane
   Microfiltration, Palmerton, PA- 5/90

HORSEHEAD Flame Reactor, Atlanta, GA -
   3/91

RETECH Plasma Centrifugal Furnace, Butte,
   MT-7/91

BABCOCK & WILCOX Cyclone Furnace,
   Alliance, OH-11/91

SITE PROGRAM
(4 technology demonstrations):

STC Immobilization of Organic/Inorganic
   Contaminants in Soils, Selma, CA-11/90

THC Soil Recycle Treatment Train at Toronto
   Harbor, Toronto, Ont., Canada - 5/92

R.C.C. Basic Extractive Sludge Treatment
   (B.E.S.T.), Grand Calumet River,
   Gary, IN - 7/92
     Peroxidation Systems, Inc. Purox-Pure
        Chemical Oxidation Treatment,
         Altamont Hills, CA-9/92

S6   SITE PROGRAM
     (4 technology demonstrations):

     Bergmann Soil/Sediment Washing Techno-
        logy, Saginaw Bay, Ml - 2/93

     BESCORP Soil Washing System, Fairbanks,
        AK-8/92

     ELI Eco Logic International Inc. Hydrogen
        Reduction Gas-Phase Chemical Reduction
        Process, Bay City, Ml -11/93

     Magnum Water Technology CAV-OX
        Ultraviloet Oxidation Process, Edwards
        AFB.CA-1/94

R1   RREL/RCB  RESEARCH
     PROGRAMS

This composite videotape  contains five
documentaries on research  projects con-
ducted under the auspices of the  Risk Re-
duction Engineering Laboratory's Releases
Control Branch:

     Synthetic Soils Matrix (SSM) Program

     Dioxin and the Mobile Incineration System

     Mobile Carbon Regeneration System
     Mobile Soils Washing System
     Mobile In Situ Containment/Treatment Unit
                                          Wall this form (with check) to
                                               Foster Wheeler Environmental Services
                                               A Dtvldon of Foster Wheeter USA Corp.
                                               Attn: Ms. Marilyn Avery
                                               8 Peach Tree Hill Road
                                               Livingston, NJ 07039
VIDEOTAPE REQUEST FORM
Number
of
Copies








Shipping
and
Handling



S1
S2
S3
S4
S5
S6
R1





Videotape Title
SITE Program Tape
SITE Program Tape
SITE Program Tape
SITE Program Tape
SITE Program Tape
SITE Program Tape
RREL/RCB Research
Program Tape
••
Multiply number of
tapes by $5.00 charge
International surcharge
per tape
TOTAL COST
Cost
per
Tape
$30.00
$30.00
$30.00
$30.00
$30.00
$30.00
$30.00

$5.00
$10.00

Sub-
Total











'
SHIP TO ADDRESS:
Name
Company
Address
Suite/Floor
City/ST/Zip


Telephone

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                                APPLICABILITY INDEX

Air/Gas
  Aromatic VOCs
     Demonstration Program - Ongoing Projects
       Purus, Inc. (PurCycle™ Vapor Treatment Process)  	  196
     Emerging Technology Program - Completed Projects
       Aluminum  Company of America (Bioscrubber)   	,	240
     Emerging Technology Program - Ongoing Projects
       M.L. ENERGIA, Inc. (Reductive Thermal and Photo-Thermal Oxidation Processes for
          Enhanced Conversion  of Chlorocarbons)	 . .	  330
       Institute of Gas Technology (Fluidized-Bed Cyclone Agglomerating Combustor)	  344
       University of Dayton Research Institute (Photothermal Detoxification Unit) 	  370
     Measurement and Monitoring Technology Program
       Bruker Instruments (Bruker Mobile Environmental Monitor)  	  390
       MTI Analytical Instruments (Portable Gas Chromatograph) 	  416
       Photovac International, Inc. (Photovac 10S PLUS)	422
       Sentex Sensing Technology, Inc. (Scentograph Portable Gas Chromatograph)	  426
       SRI Instruments (Gas Chromatograph)	428
  Dioxins
     Emerging Technology Program - Ongoing Projects
       Institute of Gas Technology (Fluidized-Bed Cyclone Agglomerating Combustor)  	  344
       University of Dayton Research Institute (Photothermal Detoxification Unit) 	  370
     Measurement and Monitoring Technology Program
       Bruker Instruments (Bruker Mobile Environmental Monitor)  	  390
  Furans
     Emerging Technology Program - Ongoing Projects
       Institute of Gas Technology (Fluidized-Bed Cyclone Agglomerating Combustor)	  344
       University of Dayton Research Institute (Photothermal Detoxification Unit) 	  370
     Measurement and Monitoring Technology Program
       Bruker Instruments (Bruker Mobile Environmental Monitor)  	  390
  Halogenated VOCs
     Demonstration Program - Ongoing Projects
       Process Technologies, Inc. (Photolytic Destruction for SVE Off-Gases)	  194
       Purus, Inc.  (PurCycle™ Vapor Treatment Process)  	  196
     Emerging Technology Program - Completed Projects
       Membrane Technology and Research, Inc. (VaporSep™ Membrane Process)   	  286
     Emerging Technology Program - Ongoing Projects
       M.L. ENERGIA, Inc. (Reductive Photo-Dechlorination Treatment)	  328
       M.L. ENERGIA, Inc. (Reductive Thermal and Photo-Thermal Oxidation Processes for
          Enhanced Conversion  of Chlorocarbons)   	  330
       Institute of  Gas Technology (Fluidized-Bed Cyclone Agglomerating Combustor)	  344
       Remediation Technologies, Inc. (Chlorinated Gas Treatment Biofilm Reactor)	  364
       University of Dayton Research Institute (Photothermal Detoxification Unit) 	  370
     Measurement and Monitoring Technology Program
       Bruker Instruments (Bruker Mobile Environmental Monitor)  	  390
       MTI Analytical Instruments (Portable Gas  Chromatograph) 	  416
       Photovac International, Inc. (Photovac 10S PLUS)  	  422
       Sentex Sensing Technology, Inc. (Scentograph Portable Gas Chromatograph)	,	  426
       SRI Instruments (Gas Chromatograph)	  428
  Herbicides
     Emerging Technology Program  - Ongoing Projects
       Institute of  Gas Technology (Fluidized-Bed Cyclone Agglomerating Combustor)  	  344
       University of Dayton Research Institute (Photothermal Detoxification Unit) 	  370
                                                                                       Page 451

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Air/Gas (continued)
   Herbicides (continued)
     Measurement and Monitoring Technology Program
        Bruker Instruments (Bruker Mobile Environmental Monitor)	  390
   Inorganic Elements
     Measurement and Monitoring Technology Program
        Asoma Instruments (Model 200 XRF Analyzer)  	  388
        OutoKumpu Electronics, Inc. (Metorex X-MET 920P XRF Analyzer)   	  420
   Metals
     Emerging Technology Program - Ongoing Projects
        Institute of Gas Technology (Fluidized-Bed Cyclone Agglomerating Combustor)	  344
     Measurement and Monitoring Technology Program
        MDA Scientific, Inc. (Fourier Transform Infrared Spectrometer)  	  408
   Particulates
     Emerging Technology Program - Ongoing Projects
        General Atomics, Nuclear Remediation Technologies Division (Acoustic Barrier Particulate
           Separator)	336
   PCBs
     Emerging Technology Program - Ongoing Projects
        Institute of Gas Technology (Fluidized-Bed Cyclone Agglomerating Combustor)  	  344
        University of Dayton Research Institute (Photothermal Detoxification Unit)  .	  370
     Measurement and Monitoring Technology Program
        Bruker Instruments (Bruker Mobile Environmental Monitor)  	  390
   Pesticides
     Emerging Technology Program - Ongoing Projects
        Institute of Gas Technology (Fluidized-Bed Cyclone Agglomerating Combustor)  	  344
        University of Dayton Research Institute (Photothermal Detoxification Unit)  	  370
     Measurement and Monitoring Technology Program
        Bruker Instruments (Bruker Mobile Environmental Monitor)	  390
   Petroleum Hydrocarbons
     Emerging Technology Program - Completed Projects
        Aluminum Company of America (Bioscrubber)	240
   SVOCs
     Emerging Technology Program - Ongoing Projects
        Institute of Gas Technology (Fluidized-Bed Cyclone Agglomerating Combustor)  	  344
        University of Dayton Research Institute (Photothermal Detoxification Unit)	  370
     Measurement and Monitoring Technology Program
        Bruker Instruments (Bruker Mobile Environmental Monitor)  	  390
   VOCs
     Demonstration Program - Completed Projects
        United States Environmental Protection Agency (Excavation Techniques and Foam Supression
           Methods)	142
     Demonstration Program - Ongoing Projects
        Matrix Photocatalytic Inc. (Photocatalytic Water Treatment)   	  182
        Process Technologies, Inc. (Photolytic Destruction for SVE Off-Gases)	  194
        Purus, Inc. (PurCycle™ Vapor Treatment Process)  	  196
     Emerging Technology Program - Completed Projects
        Matrix Photocatalytic, Inc. (Photocatalytic Water Treatment)	  284
        Membrane Technology and Research, Inc. (VaporSep™ Membrane Process)   	  286
     Emerging Technology Program - Ongoing Projects
        M.L. ENERGIA, Inc. (Reductive Thermal and Photo-Thermal Oxidation Processes for
           Enhanced Conversion of Chlorocarbons)	 .  330
        Institute of Gas Technology (Fluidized-Bed Cyclone Agglomerating Combustor)	  344
        Matrix Photocatalytic Inc. (TiO2 Photocatalytic Air Treatment)	  356
Page 452

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Air/Gas (continued)
   VOCs (continued")
     Emerging Technology Program - Ongoing Projects (continued)
        University of Dayton Research Institute (Photothennal Detoxification Unit)  	  370
     Measurement and Monitoring Technology Program
        Bruker Instruments (Bruker Mobile Environmental Monitor)   	  390
        Graseby Ionics, Ltd., and PCP, Inc.  (Ion Mobility Spectrometry)  	  398
        HNU Systems, Inc.  (Portable Gas Chromatograph)  	404
        MDA Scientific, Inc. (Fourier Transform Infrared Spectrometer)	  408
        Microsensor Systems, Incorporated (Portable Gas Chromatograph)  	  410
        MTI Analytical Instruments (Portable Gas Chromatograph)	  416
        Photovac International, Inc. (Photovac 10S PLUS)	422
        Sentex Sensing Technology, Inc. (Scentograph Portable Gas Chromatograph)	  426
        SRI Instruments (Gas Chromatograph)	428
        XonTech, Incorporated (XonTech Sector Sampler)	438

Fine Solids
   Heavy Metals
     Demonstration Program -  Ongoing Projects
        EET, Inc. (Extraction of Polychlorinated Biphenyls from Porous Surfaces Using the
          TECHXTRACT™ Process)	  170
   Inorganic Elements
     Measurement and Monitoring Technology Program
        Asoma Instruments (Model 200 XRF Analyzer)	  388
        OutoKumpu Electronics, Inc. (Metorex X-MET 920P XRF Analyzer)   	  420
   Metals
     Demonstration Program -  Completed Projects
        Risk Reduction Engineering Laboratory and IT Corporation (Debris Washing System)  	  110
     Demonstration Program -  Ongoing Projects
        Sevenson Environmental Services, Inc. (MAECTITE® Chemical Treatment Process)   	  206
        Wheelabrator Technologies, Inc. (WES-PHix Stabilization Process)	216
     Emerging Technology Program - Completed Projects
        Center for Hazardous Materials Research  (Smelting Lead-Containing Waste)   	  256
   Organics
     Measurement and Monitoring Technology Program
        Geoprobe Systems (Geoprobe Conductivity System)  	  396
   PCBs
     Demonstration Program -  Completed Projects
        Risk Reduction Engineering Laboratory and IT Corporation (Debris Washing System)  	  110
     Demonstration Program -  Ongoing Projects
        EET, Inc. (Extraction of Polychlorinated Biphenyls from Porous Surfaces Using the
          TECHXTRACT™ Process)	  170
   Pesticides
     Demonstration Program -  Completed Projects
       Risk,Reduction Engineering Laboratory and IT Corporation (Debris Washing System)  	  110
   Petroleum Hydrocarbons
     Demonstration Program -  Ongoing Projects
       EET, Inc. (Extraction of Polychlorinated Biphenyls from Porous Surfaces Using the
          TECHXTRACT™ Process)	 .	  170
   Radionuclides
     Demonstration Program -  Ongoing Projects
       EET, Inc. (Extraction of Polychlorinated Biphenyls from Porous Surfaces Using the
          TECHXTRACT™ Process)	  170
                                                                                        Page 453

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Groundwater
  Aromatic VOCs
     Demonstration Program - Completed Projects
       AWD Technologies, Inc. (Integrated Vapor Extraction and Steam Vacuum Stripping)   	26
       Billings & Associates, Inc. (Subsurface Volatilization and Ventilation System [SWS®])  	34
       Bio-Rem, Inc. (Augmented In Situ Subsurface Bioremediation Process)	38
       BioTrol, Inc. (Biological Aqueous Treatment System)		40
       CF Systems Corporation (Liquified Gas Solvent Extraction [LG-SX] Technology)  	48
       ELI Eco Logic International, Inc. (Gas-Phase Chemical Reduction Process)	60
       General Atomics (Circulating Bed Combustor)	70
       Hughes Environmental Systems, Inc. (Steam Enhanced Recovery Process)	 ,	88
       Magnum Water Technology (CAV-OX® Process)  	.94
       North American Technologies Group, Inc.  (Oleophilic Amine-Coated Ceramic Chip)	98
       Retech, Inc. (Plasma Arc Vitrification)  	  104
       SBP Technologies, Inc. (Membrane Filtration and Bioremediation)   	  120
     Demonstration Program - Ongoing Projects
       AlliedSignal Environmental Systems and Services (Immobilized Cell Bioreactor Biotreatment
          System)	  160
     Emerging Technology Program - Completed Projects
       ABB Environmental Services, Inc. (Two-Zone, Plume Interception, In Situ Treatment
          Strategy)	•	234
     Emerging Technology Program - Ongoing Projects
       Institute of Gas Technology (Fluidized-Bed Cyclone Agglomerating Combustor)	  344
     Measurement and Monitoring Technology Program
       Analytical and Remedial Technology, Inc.  (Automated Volatile Organic Analytical System)  ....  386
       Broker Instruments (Bruker Mobile Environmental Monitor)  	  390
       Idetek, Lie. (Equate® Immunoassay)	406
       Sentex Sensing Technology, Inc. (Scentograph Portable Gas Chromatograph)	  426
       SRI Instruments (Gas Chromatograph)	428
  Cyanide
     Demonstration Program - Completed Projects
       E.I. DuPont de Nemours and Company,  and Oberlin Filter Company (Membrane
          Microfiltration)  	•	54
  Diesel
     Demonstration Program - Ongoing Projects
       AlliedSignal Environmental Systems and Services (Immobilized Cell Bioreactor Biotreatment
          System)	•	160
  Dioxins
     Demonstration Program - Completed Projects
       Babcock & Wilcox Co. (Cyclone Furnace)  	28
       CF Systems Corporation (Liquified Gas Solvent Extraction [LG-SX] Technology) 	48
       ELI Eco Logic International, Inc. (Gas-Phase Chemical Reduction Process)	60
       General Atomics (Circulating Bed Combustor)	70
       Retech, Inc. (Plasma Arc Vitrification)  	  104
     Demonstration Program - Ongoing Projects
       RKK, Ltd. (CYROCELL®)  	202
     Emerging Technology Program - Completed Projects
       Babcock & Wilcox Co. (Cyclone Furnace)  	246
     Emerging Technology Program - Ongoing Projects
       Institute of Gas Technology (Fluidized-Bed Cyclone Agglomerating Combustor) 	  344
     Measurement and Monitoring Technology Program
       Bruker Instruments (Bruker Mobile Environmental Monitor)  	  390
Page 454

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Groundwater (continued)
  Explosives
     Demonstration Program - Completed Projects
        Ultrox, A Division of Zimpro Environmental, Inc. (Ultraviolet Radiation and Oxidation)   	  140
     Emerging  Technology Program - Completed Projects
        New Jersey Institute of Technology (GHEA Associates Process)	  292
  Furans
     Demonstration Program - Completed Projects
        Babcock & Wilcox Co. (Cyclone Furnace)  	28
        ELI Eco Logic International, Inc. (Gas-Phase Chemical Reduction Process)	60
        General Atomics (Circulating Bed Combustor)   	70
        Retech, Inc. (Plasma Arc Vitrification)	  104
     Emerging  Technology Program - Completed Projects
        Babcock & Wilcox Co. (Cyclone Furnace)  	246
     Emerging  Technology Program - Ongoing Projects
        Institute of Gas Technology (Fluidized-Bed Cyclone Agglomerating Combustor)  	  344
     Measurement and Monitoring Technology Program
        Bruker  Instruments (Bruker Mobile Environmental Monitor)  	  390
  Gasoline
     Demonstration Program - Ongoing Projects
        AlliedSignal Environmental Systems and Services (Immobilized Cell Bioreactor Biotreatment
          System)	160
  Halogenated VOCs
     Demonstration Program - Completed Projects
        AWD Technologies, Inc. (Integrated Vapor Extraction and Steam Vacuum Stripping)   	26
        Billings & Associates, Inc. (Subsurface Volatilization and Ventilation System [SVVS®])   .	34
        Bio-Rem, Inc. (Augmented In Situ Subsurface Bioremediation Process)  	38
        BioTrol, Inc. (Biological Aqueous Treatment System)	 40
        CF Systems Corporation (Liquified Gas Solvent Extraction [LG-SX] Technology)  	48
        ELI Eco Logic International, Inc. (Gas-Phase Chemical Reduction Process)	60
        General Atomics (Circulating Bed Combustor)	'... 70
        High Voltage Environmental Applications, Inc. (High-Energy Electron Irradiation)  	82
        Hughes Environmental Systems, Inc. (Steam Enhanced Recovery Process)   	88
        Magnum Water Technology (CAV-OX® Process)	94
        North American Technologies Group, Inc. (Oleophilic Amine-Coated Ceramic Chip)	98
        Retech, Inc. (Plasma Arc Vitrification)	  104
        SBP Technologies, Inc. (Membrane Filtration and Bioremediation)	.- . . .  120
        Ultrox, A Division of Zimpro Environmental, Inc. (Ultraviolet Radiation and Oxidation)   	  140
     Demonstration Program - Ongoing Projects
        AlliedSignal Environmental Systems and Services (Immobilized Cell Bioreactor Biotreatment
          System)	  160
        EnviroMetal Technologies, Inc. (In Situ Metal Enhanced Abiotic Degradation of Dissolved
          Halogenated Organic Compounds in Groundwater)   	  174
     Emerging  Technology Program - Completed Projects
        ABB Environmental Services, Inc. (Two-Zone, Plume Interception, In Situ Treatment
          Strategy)	  234
        Energy and Environmental Engineering, Inc. (PhotoCAT™ Process)	  268
        New Jersey Institute of Technology (GHEA Associates Process)	  292
        Pulse Sciences, Inc. (X-Ray Treatment of Aqueous Solutions)  	  296
        Purus, Inc. (Photolytic Oxidation Process)	298
     Emerging  Technology Program - Ongoing Projects
        ABB Environmental Services, Inc. (Anaerobic/Aerobic Sequential Bioremediation of PCE)   ....  316
        Arizona State University/IT Corporation (Photocataly tic Oxidation with Air Stripping)  	  318
        Center for Hazardous Materials Research (Organics Destruction and Metals Stabilization)	  322
                                                                                         Page 455

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Groundwater (continued)
  Halogenated VOCs (continued)
     Emerging Technology Program - Ongoing Projects (continued)
       Institute of Gas Technology (Fluidized-Bed Cyclone Agglomerating Combustor)  	  344
       Membran Corporation (Membrane Gas Transfer in Waste Remediation)  	  358
     Measurement and Monitoring Technology Program
       Analytical and Remedial Technology, Inc. (Automated Volatile Organic Analytical System)  ....  386
       Bruker Instruments (Bruker Mobile Environmental Monitor)  	  390
       Sentex Sensing Technology,  Inc. (Scentograph Portable Gas Chromatograph)	  .  426
       SRI Instruments (Gas Chromatograph)	428
  Heavy Metals
     Demonstration Program - Completed Projects
       E.I. DuPont de Nemours and Company, and Oberlin Filter Company (Membrane
          Microfiltration)  	54
     Demonstration Program - Ongoing Projects
       GEOCHEM,  A Division of Terra Vac (In Situ Remediation of Chromium in Groundwater)  ....  176
       Morrison Knudsen Corporation/Spetstamponazhgeologia Enterprises (High Clay Grouting
          Technology)	  184
     Emerging Technology Program - Completed Projects
       New Jersey Institute of Technology (GHEA Associates Process)	  292
  Herbicides
     Demonstration Program - Completed Projects
       Babcock & Wilcox Co.  (Cyclone Furnace) 	28
       General Atomics (Circulating Bed Combustor)  	70
       Retech, Inc. (Plasma Arc Vitrification)  	  104
       Rochem Separation Systems, Inc. (Rochem Disc Tube™ Module System)   	  116
     Emerging Technology Program - Completed Projects
       Babcock & Wilcox Co.  (Cyclone Furnace) 	246
     Emerging Technology Program - Ongoing Projects
       Institute of Gas Technology (Fluidized-Bed Cyclone Agglomerating Combustor)  	  344
     Measurement and Monitoring Technology Program
       Bruker Instruments (Bruker Mobile Environmental Monitor)  	  390
  Metals
     Demonstration Program - Completed Projects
       Babcock & Wilcox Co.  (Cyclone Furnace)	28
       Dynaphore, Inc. (FORAGER® Sponge) 	56
       Filter Flow Technology, Inc. (Heavy Metals and Radionuclide Polishing Filter)  	66
       Retech, Inc. (Plasma Arc Vitrification)  	  104
       Rochem Separation Systems, Inc. (Rochem Disc Tube™ Module System)   	  116
       Roy F. Weston, Inc./IEG Technologies (UVB - Vacuum Vaporizing Well)	  150
       Wheelabrator Clean Air Systems, Inc. (PO*WW*ER™ Technology)	  152
     Demonstration Program - Ongoing Projects
       Andco Environmental Processes, Inc. (Electrochemical In  Situ Chromate Reduction and Heavy
          Metal Immobilization)	  162
       Aprotek (Ion Conduction Agglomeration System)  	  164
       Colorado Department of Public Health and Environment (Wetlands-Based Treatment)   	  168
       GEOCHEM, A Division of Terra Vac (In Situ Remediation of Chromium in Groundwater)  ....  176
       Hydrologies, Inc. (CURE®-Electrocoagulation Wastewater Treatment System)  	  178
       RKK, Ltd. (CYROCELL®)   	202
       TechTran Environmental, Inc.  (Combined Chemical Precipitation, Physical Separation, and
          Binding Process for Radionuclides and  Heavy Metals)	  210
     Emerging Technology Program -  Completed  Projects
       Atomic Energy of Canada, Limited (Chemical Treatment and Ultrafiltration)	244
       Babcock & Wilcox Co. (Cyclone Furnace) 	246
Page 456

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Groundwater (continued)
  Metals (continued')
     Emerging Technology Program - Completed Projects (continued)
        Bio-Recovery Systems, Inc. (Biological Sorption [AlgaSORB®])	  250
        Colorado School of Mines (Constructed Wetlands-Based Treatment)  	  260
        Electro-Pure Systems, Inc. (Alternating Current Electrocoagulation Technology)	  266
        New Jersey Institute of Technology (GHEA Associates Process)	  292
        University of Washington (Adsorptive Filtration)  	  304
     Emerging Technology Program - Ongoing Projects
        Center for Hazardous Materials Research (Organics Destruction and Metals Stabilization)	  322
        Institute of Gas Technology (Fluidized-Bed Cyclone Agglomerating Combustor) 	  344
  Mixed Waste
     Demonstration Program  - Completed Projects
        Retech, Inc.  (Plasma Arc Vitrification)  	  104
  Organics
     Demonstration Program  - Completed Projects
        E.I. DuPont de Nemours and Company, and Oberlin Filter Company (Membrane
          Microfiltration)	54
        High Voltage Environmental Applications, Inc. (High-Energy Electron Irradiation)  	82
        Wheelabrator Clean Air Systems, Inc. (PO*WW*ER™ Technology)  	  152
     Demonstration Program  - Ongoing Projects
        Morrison Knudsen Corporation/Spetstamponazhgeologia Enterprises (High Clay Grouting
          Technology)	  184
     Emerging Technology Program - Completed Projects
        Electron Beam Research Facility, Florida International University, and University of Miami
          (High-Energy Electron Irradiation)  	264
        Energy and Environmental Engineering, Inc. (PhotoCAT* Process)  	  268
     Emerging Technology Program - Ongoing Projects
        High Voltage Environmental Applications, Inc. (High Energy Electron Beam Irradiation)  	  342
  PCBs
     Demonstration Program  - Completed Projects
        Babcock & Wilcox Co. (Cyclone Furnace)	28
        CF Systems Corporation (Liquified Gas Solvent Extraction [LG-SX] Technology)  	48
        ELI Eco Logic International, Inc. (Gas-Phase Chemical Reduction Process)	60
        High Voltage Environmental Applications, Inc. (High-Energy Electron Irradiation)  	82
        Magnum Water Technology (CAV-OX® Process)	94
        Retech, Inc.  (Plasma Arc Vitrification)	  104
        Rochem Separation  Systems, Inc. (Rochem Disc Tube™ Module System)   	  116
        SBP Technologies, Inc. (Membrane Filtration and Bioremediation)  	  120
        Ultrox, A Division of Zimpro Environmental, Inc. (Ultraviolet Radiation and Oxidation)   	  140
        Vulcan Peroxidation Systems, Inc. (perox-pure™ Chemical Oxidation Technology)  	  144
     Emerging Technology Program - Completed Projects
        Babcock & Wilcox Co. (Cyclone Furnace)  	246
        New Jersey Institute of Technology (GHEA Associates Process)  .	  292
     Emerging Technology Program - Ongoing Projects
        Center for Hazardous Materials Research (Organics Destruction and Metals Stabilization)	  322
        Institute of Gas Technology (Fluidized-Bed Cyclone Agglomerating Combustor) 	  344
>     Measurement and Monitoring Technology Program
        Bruker Instruments (Bruker Mobile Environmental Monitor)  	  390
        Millipore Corporation (EnviroGard™ PCB Immunoassay Test Kit)	  412
  Pesticides
     Demonstration Program  - Completed Projects
        Babcock & Wilcox Co. (Cyclone Furnace)  .-	28
        ELI Eco Logic International, Inc. (Gas-Phase Chemical Reduction Process)	60
                                                                                         Page 457

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Groundwater (continued)
  Pesticides (continued)
     Demonstration Program - Completed Projects (continued)
        General Atomics (Circulating Bed Combustor)	70
        Magnum Water Technology (CAV-OX® Process)	94
        North American Technologies Group, Inc. (Oleophilic Amine-Coated Ceramic Chip)	98
        Retech, Inc. (Plasma Arc Vitrification)	  104
        Rochem Separation Systems, Inc. (Rochem Disc Tube™ Module System)  	  116
        SBP Technologies, Inc. (Membrane Filtration and Bioremediation)  	  120
        Ultrox, A Division of Zimpro Environmental, Inc. (Ultraviolet Radiation and Oxidation)  	  140
        Vulcan Peroxidation Systems, Inc. (perox-pure™ Chemical Oxidation Technology)  	144
     Emerging Technology Program - Completed Projects
        Babcock & Wilcox Co. (Cyclone Furnace)	246
     Emerging Technology Program - Ongoing Projects
        Institute of Gas Technology (Fluidized-Bed Cyclone Agglomerating Combustor)  	  344
     Measurement and Monitoring Technology Program
        Bruker Instruments (Bruker Mobile Environmental Monitor)	390
  Petroleum Hydrocarbons
     Demonstration Program - Completed Projects
        BioTrol, Inc. (Biological Aqueous Treatment System)   	40
        SBP Technologies, Inc. (Membrane Filtration and Bioremediation)	  120
        Vulcan Peroxidation Systems, Inc. (perox-pure™ Chemical Oxidation Technology)  	  144
     Demonstration Program - Ongoing Projects
        Hydrologies, Inc. (CURE®-Electrocoagulation Wastewater Treatment System)   	  178
        Zenon Environmental Inc.  (ZenoGem™  Process)  	222
     Emerging Technology Program - Completed Projects
        Electro-Pure Systems, Inc. (Alternating Current Electrocoagulation Technology)	  266
        New Jersey Institute of Technology (GHEA Associates Process)	,	  292
     Emerging Technology Program - Ongoing Projects
        Membran Corporation (Membrane Gas Transfer in Waste Remediation)  	  358
     Measurement and Monitoring Technology Program
        Analytical and Remedial Technology, Inc. (Automated Volatile Organic Analytical System)  ....  386
  Radionuclides
     Demonstration Program - Completed Projects
        Babcock & Wilcox Co. (Cyclone Furnace)	28
        Retech, Inc. (Plasma Arc Vitrification)	  104
     Demonstration Program - Ongoing Projects
        RKK, Ltd. (CYROCELL®)  	202
        TechTran Environmental, Inc. (Combined Chemical Precipitation, Physical Separation, and
          Binding Process for Radionuclides and Heavy Metals)  	210
     Emerging Technology Program - Completed Projects
        Babcock & Wilcox Co. (Cyclone Furnace)	246
  SVOCs
     Demonstration Program - Completed Projects
        AWD Technologies, Inc. (Integrated Vapor Extraction and Steam Vacuum Stripping)   	26
        Babcock & Wilcox Co. (Cyclone Furnace)   	28
        Berkeley Environmental Restoration Center  (In Situ Steam Enhanced Extraction Process)  	32
        BioTrol, Inc. (Biological Aqueous Treatment System)	40
        CF Systems Corporation (Liquified Gas Solvent Extraction [LG-SX] Technology)  	48
        ELI Eco Logic International, Inc. (Gas-Phase Chemical Reduction Process)	60
        General Atomics (Circulating Bed Combustor)   	70
        Magnum Water Technology (CAV-OX® Process) 	94
        North American Technologies Group, Inc. (Oleophilic Amine-Coated Ceramic Chip)	98
        Retech, Inc. (Plasma Arc Vitrification)   	  104
Page 458

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Groundwater (continued)
  SVOCs ('continued')           .
     Demonstration Program - Completed Projects (continued)
       Rochem Separation Systems, Inc. (Rochem Disc Tube™ Module System)   	  116
       SBP Technologies, Inc.  (Membrane Filtration and Bioremediation)  	  120
       Ultrox, A Division of Zimpro Environmental, Inc. (Ultraviolet Radiation and Oxidation)   	  140
       Roy F. Weston, Inc./IEG Technologies (UVB - Vacuum Vaporizing Well)  	  150
     Demonstration Program - Ongoing Projects
       AlliedSignal Environmental Systems and Services (Immobilized Cell Bioreactor Biotreatment
          System)   	,	160
       RKK, Ltd.  (CYROCELL®)	202
       Zenon Environmental Inc. (Cross-Flow Pervaporation System)	  220
       Zenon Environmental Inc. (ZenoGem™ Process)  	222
       Zimpro Environmental, Inc. (PACT® Wastewater Treatment System)   	  224
     Emerging Technology Program - Completed Projects
       ABB Environmental Services, Inc. (Two-Zone, Plume Interception, In Situ Treatment
          Strategy)	234
       Babcock &  Wilcox Co. (Cyclone Furnace)	 .  246
       New Jersey Institute of Technology (GHEA Associates Process) .  . .	  292
       Wastewater Technology Centre (Cross-Flow Pervaporation System)  	  308
     Emerging Technology Program - Ongoing Projects
       Environmental BioTechnologies, Inc. (Microbial Composting Process)	  334
       Institute of Gas Technology (Fluidized-Bed Cyclone Agglomerating Combustor)	  344
       Membran Corporation (Membrane Gas Transfer in Waste Remediation)	  358
     Measurement and Monitoring Technology Program
       Bruker Instruments (Bruker Mobile Environmental Monitor)  	  390
  Uranium
     Demonstration Program - Completed Projects
       E.I. DuPont de Nemours and Company, and Oberlin Filter Company (Membrane
          Microfiltration)	             54
     Demonstration Program - Ongoing Projects
       GEOCHEM, A Division of Terra Vac (In Situ Remediation of Chromium in Groundwater)         176
  VQCs
     Demonstration Program - Completed Projects
       AWD Technologies, Inc. (Integrated Vapor Extraction and Steam Vacuum Stripping)   	26
       Berkeley Environmental  Restoration Center (In Situ Steam Enhanced Extraction Process)  	32
       Bio-Rem, Inc. (Augmented In Situ Subsurface Bioremediation Process)   	38
       CF Systems Corporation (Liquified Gas Solvent Extraction [LG-SX] Technology)	48
       ELI Eco Logic International, Inc. (Gas-Phase Chemical Reduction Process)	  60
       General Atomics (Circulating Bed Combustor)	70
       Hughes Environmental Systems, Inc. (Steam Enhanced Recovery Process)	88
       Magnum Water Technology (CAV-OX® Process)  	94
       North American Technologies Group, Inc. (Oleophilic Amine-Coated Ceramic Chip)	98
       Retech, Inc. (Plasma Arc Vitrification)		  104
       Risk Reduction Engineering Laboratory, The University of Cincinnati, and FRX, Inc.
          (Hydraulic Fracturing)	  H4
       Rochem Separation Systems, Inc. (Rochem DiscTube™ Module System)  	  116
       Ultrox, A Division of Zimpro Environmental, Inc. (Ultraviolet Radiation and Oxidation)  	  140
       Roy F. Weston, Inc./IEG Technologies (UVB - Vacuum Vaporizing Well)   	  150
       Wheelabrator Clean Air Systems, Inc.  (PO*WW*ER™ Technology)   	  152
    Demonstration  Program - Ongoing Projects
       IT Corporation (In Situ Groundwater Treatment System)  	         180
       RKK, Ltd. (CYROCELL®)	 202
       Xerox Corporation (Two-Phase  Extraction Process)	 218
                                                                                      Page 459

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Groundwater (continued)
  VOCs (continued)
     Demonstration Program - Ongoing Projects (continued)
        Zenon Environmental Inc. (Cross-Flow Pervaporation System)	  220
        Zenon Environmental Inc. (ZenoGem™ Process)  	222
        Zimpro Environmental, Lie. (PACT® Wastewater Treatment System)	  224
     Emerging Technology Program - Completed Projects
        BioTrol, Inc. (Methanotrophic Bioreactor System)  	•  252
        Energy and Environmental Engineering, Inc. (PhotoCAT™ Process)  	  268
        New Jersey Institute of Technology (GHEA Associates Process)	  292
        Pulse Sciences, Inc. (X-Ray Treatment of Aqueous Solutions)		296
        Wastewater Technology Centre (Cross-Flow Pervaporation System)  	  308
     Emerging Technology Program - Ongoing Projects
        Institute of Gas Technology (Fluidized-Bed Cyclone Agglomerating Combustor)	344
        Roy F. Weston, Inc. (Ambersorb® 563 Adsorbent)  . .	378
     Measurement and Monitoring Technology Program
        Analytical and Remedial Technology,  Inc. (Automated Volatile Organic Analytical System)  ....  386
        Bruker Instruments (Bruker Mobile Environmental Monitor)	390
        Sentex Sensing Technology, Inc. (Scentograph Portable Gas Chromatograph)	  426
        SRI Instruments (Gas Chromatograph)  	428
   Volatile Inorganic Compounds
     Demonstration Program - Completed Projects
        Wheelabrator Clean Air Systems, Inc. (PO*WW*ER™ Technology)	  152

Liquid
   Aromatic VOCs
     Demonstration Program - Completed Projects
        AWD Technologies, Inc. (Integrated Vapor Extraction and Steam Vacuum Stripping)	26
        Billings & Associates, Inc. (Subsurface Volatilization and Ventilation System [SVVS®])   	34
        Bio-Rem, Inc. (Augmented In Situ Subsurface Bioremediation Process)   	38
        BioTrol, Inc. (Biological Aqueous Treatment System)  	40
        CF Systems Corporation (Liquified Gas Solvent Extraction [LG-SX] Technology)  	48
        ELI Eco Logic International, Inc.  (Gas-Phase Chemical Reduction Process)	 60
        General Atomics (Circulating Bed Combustor)    	70
        Hughes Environmental Systems, Inc.  (Steam Enhanced Recovery Process)	88
        Magnum Water Technology (CAV-OX® Process)	94
        North American Technologies Group, Inc. (Oleophilic Amine-Coated Ceramic Chip)	98
        Retech, Inc. (Plasma Arc Vitrification)	  104
        SBP Technologies, Inc. (Membrane Filtration and Bioremediation)   	  120
     Demonstration Program  - Ongoing Projects
        AlliedSignal Environmental Systems and Services (Immobilized Cell Bioreactor Biotreatment
           System)	16°
     Emerging Technology Program - Ongoing Projects
        Institute of Gas Technology (Fluidized-Bed Cyclone Agglomerating Combustor)  	  344
     Measurement and Monitoring Technology Program
        Analytical and Remedial Technology, Inc. (Automated Volatile Organic Analytical System)  ....  386
        Bruker Instruments (Bruker Mobile Environmental Monitor)	  390
        Idetek, Inc. (Equate® Immunoassay)  	406
        Sentex Sensing Technology, Inc. (Scentograph Portable Gas Chromatograph)	  426
        SRI Instruments (Gas Chromatograph)	428
   Cyanide
     Demonstration Program - Completed Projects
        E.I. DuPont de Nemours and Company, and Oberlin Filter Company (Membrane
           Microfiltration)	^4
 Page 460

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Liquid (continued)
   Diesel
     Demonstration Program - Ongoing Projects
        AlliedSignal Environmental Systems and Services (Immobilized Cell Bioreactor Biotreatment
          System)	  160
   Dioxins
     Demonstration Program - Completed Projects
        Babcock & Wilcox Co. (Cyclone Furnace)	28
        CF Systems Corporation (Liquified Gas Solvent Extraction [LG-SX] Technology) 	48
        ELI Eco Logic International, Inc. (Gas-Phase Chemical Reduction Process)	60
        General Atomics (Circulating Bed Combustor)	70
        Retech, Inc. (Plasma Arc Vitrification)	  104
     Demonstration Program - Ongoing Projects
        RKK, Ltd. (CYROCELL®)  	-.		202
     Emerging Technology Program - Completed Projects
        Babcock & Wilcox Co. (Cyclone Furnace)	246
     Emerging Technology Program - Ongoing Projects
        Institute of Gas Technology (Fluidized-Bed Cyclone Agglomerating Combustor)  	  344
     Measurement and Monitoring Technology Program
        Bruker Instruments (Bruker Mobile Environmental Monitor)	  390
   Explosives
     Demonstration Program - Completed Projects
        Ultrox, A Division of Zimpro Environmental, Inc.  (Ultraviolet Radiation and Oxidation)   	  140
     Emerging Technology Program - Completed Projects
        New Jersey Institute of Technology (GHEA Associates Process)	  292
   Furans
     Demonstration Program - Completed Projects
        Babcock & Wilcox Co. (Cyclone Furnace)	28
        ELI Eco Logic International, Inc. (Gas-Phase Chemical Reduction Process)	60
        General Atomics (Circulating Bed Combustor)	70
        Retech, Inc. (Plasma Arc Vitrification)	  104
     Emerging Technology Program - Completed Projects
        Babcock & Wilcox Co. (Cyclone Furnace)	246
     Emerging Technology Program - Ongoing Projects
        Institute of Gas Technology (Fluidized-Bed Cyclone Agglomerating Combustor)  . . .	  344
     Measurement and Monitoring Technology Program
        Bruker Instruments (Bruker Mobile Environmental Monitor)  	  390
   Gasoline
     Demonstration Program - Ongoing Projects
        AlliedSignal Environmental Systems and Services (Immobilized Cell Bioreactor Biotreatment
          System)   .	  160
   Halogenated VOCs
     Demonstration Program - Completed Projects
        AWD Technologies, Inc. (Integrated Vapor Extraction and Steam Vacuum Stripping)   	26
        Billings & Associates, Inc. (Subsurface Volatilization and Ventilation System [SVVS®])  	34
        Bio-Rem, Inc. (Augmented In Situ Subsurface Bioremediation Process)	38
        BioTrol, Inc. (Biological Aqueous Treatment  System)  	40
        CF Systems Corporation (Liquified Gas Solvent Extraction [LG-SX] Technology) 	48
        ELI Eco Logic International, Inc. (Gas-Phase Chemical Reduction Process)	60
        General Atomics (Circulating Bed Combustor)	70
        High Voltage Environmental Applications, Inc. (High-Energy Electron Irradiation)	82
        Hughes Environmental Systems, Inc. (Steam Enhanced Recovery Process)   	88
        Magnum Water Technology (CAV-OX® Process)	94
        North American Technologies Group, Inc. (Oleophilic Amine-Coated Ceramic Chip)	98
                                                                                         Page 461

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r
               Liquid (continued)
                  Halogenated VOCs (continued)
                    Demonstration Program - Completed Projects (continued)
                       Retech, Inc.  (Plasma Arc Vitrification)  	r	
                       SBP Technologies, Inc. (Membrane Filtration and Bioremediation)	  120
                       Ultrox, A Division of Zimpro Environmental, Inc. (Ultraviolet Radiation and Oxidation)   	  140
                    Demonstration Program - Ongoing Projects
                       AlliedSignal Environmental Systems and Services (Immobilized Cell Bioreactor Biotreatment
                          System)   	16°
                       EnviroMetal Technologies, Inc. (In Situ Metal Enhanced Abiotic Degradation of Dissolved
                          Halogenated Organic Compounds in Groundwater)	  174
                    Emerging Technology Program - Completed Projects
                       Energy and Environmental Engineering, Inc. (PhotoCAT™ Process)	  268
                       New Jersey Institute of Technology (GHEA Associates Process)	  292
                       Pulse Sciences, Inc.  (X-Ray Treatment of Aqueous Solutions)  	  296
                    Emerging Technology Program - Ongoing Projects
                       ABB Environmental Services, Inc. (Anaerobic/Aerobic Sequential Bioremediation of PCE)  ....  316
                       Arizona State University/IT Corporation (Photocatalytic Oxidation with Air Stripping)  	  318
                       Center for Hazardous Materials Research (Organics Destruction and Metals Stabilization)  	  322
                       Institute of Gas Technology (Fluidized-Bed Cyclone Agglomerating Combustor) 	  344
                       Membran Corporation (Membrane Gas Transfer in Waste Remediation)	  358
                    Measurement and Monitoring Technology Program
                       Analytical and Remedial Technology, Inc. (Automated Volatile Organic Analytical System) ....  386
                       Bruker Instroments (Broker Mobile Environmental Monitor)  	  390
                       Sentex Sensing Technology, Inc. (Scentograph Portable Gas Chromatograph)	  426
                       SRI Instroments (Gas Chromatograph)   	428
                  Heavy Metals
                    Demonstration  Program - Completed Projects
                       E.I. DuPont de Nemours and Company, and Oberlin Filter Company (Membrane
                          Microfiltration)   	54
                       EPOC Water, Inc. (Precipitation, Microfiltration, and Sludge Dewatering)		64
                    Emerging Technology Program - Completed Projects
                       New Jersey  Institute of Technology (GHEA Associates Process)	  292
                  Herbicides
                    Demonstration  Program - Completed Projects
                       Babcock & Wilcox Co. (Cyclone Furnace) 	28
                       General Atomics (Circulating Bed Combustor)	70
                       Retech, Inc. (Plasma Arc Vitrification)  .	  104
                       Rochem Separation Systems, Inc. (Rochem Disc Tube™ Module System)	  116
                     Emerging Technology Program - Completed Projects
                       Babcock & Wilcox Co. (Cyclone Furnace) 	246
                     Emerging Technology Program - Ongoing Projects
                       Institute of Gas Technology (Fluidized-Bed Cyclone Agglomerating Combustor)	  344
                     Measurement and Monitoring Technology Program
                       Broker Instroments (Broker Mobile Environmental Monitor)  	  390
                  Inorganic Elements
                     Measurement and Monitoring Technology Program
                       Asoma Instroments (Model 200 XRF Analyzer)  	  388
                       HNU Systems, Inc. (HNU Source Excited plourescence Analyzer-Portable [SEFA-P] XRF
                          Analyzer)	402
                        OutoKumpu Electronics, Inc. (Metorex X-MET 920P XRF Analyzer)  	  420
                  Metals
                     Demonstration Program - Completed Projects
                        Babcock &  Wilcox Co. (Cyclone Furnace)  	• •	28
                Page 462

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Liquid (continued)
   Metals (continued)
     Demonstration Program - Completed Projects (continued)
        Dynaphore, Inc. (FORAGER® Sponge)  . -	.55
        Filter Flow Technology, Inc. (Heavy Metals and Radionuclide Polishing Filter)	 66
        Retech, Inc. (Plasma Arc Vitrification)	  104
        Rochem Separation Systems, Inc. (Rochem Disc Tube™ Module System)   	  116
        Wheelabrator Clean Air Systems, Inc. (PO*WW*ER™ Technology)	  152
     Demonstration Program - Ongoing Projects
        Aprotek (Ion Conduction Agglomeration System)	  164
        Colorado Department of Public Health and Environment (Wetlands-Based Treatment)   	  168
        Hydrologies, Inc. (CURE®-Electrocoagulation Wastewater Treatment System)  	             178
        RKK, Ltd. (CYROCELL®)	  202
        TechTran  Environmental, Inc. (Combined Chemical Precipitation, Physical Separation, and
          Binding Process for Radionuclides and Heavy Metals)  	  210
     Emerging Technology Program - Completed Projects
        Atomic Energy of Canada, Limited (Chemical Treatment and Ultrafiltration)	   244
        Babcock & Wilcox Co. (Cyclone Furnace) 	246
        Bio-Recovery Systems, Inc.  (Biological Sorption [AlgaSORB®])	   250
        Colorado School of Mines (Constructed Wetlands-Based Treatment)	   260
        Electro-Pure Systems, Inc. (Alternating Current Electrocoagulation Technology)	   266
        New Jersey Institute of Technology (GHEA Associates Process)	   292
        University of Washington (Adsorptive Filtration)	  304
     Emerging Technology Program - Ongoing Projects
        Center for Hazardous Materials Research (Organics Destruction and Metals Stabilization)	   322
        Institute of Gas Technology (Fluidized-Bed Cyclone Agglomerating Combustor)   	   344
  Mixed Waste
     Demonstration Program -  Completed Projects
        Retech, Inc. (Plasma Arc Vitrification)	   104
  Organics
     Demonstration Program -  Completed Projects
        E.I. DuPont de Nemours and Company, and Oberlin Filter Company (Membrane
          Microfiltration)	 54
       EPOC Water, Inc. (Precipitation, Microfiltration, and Sludge Dewatering)	64
       High Voltage Environmental Applications, Inc. (High-Energy Electron Irradiation)  	82
       Wheelabrator Clean Air Systems, Inc.  (PO*WW*ER™ Technology)	 .  152
     Emerging Technology Program - Completed Projects
       Electron Beam Research Facility, Florida International University, and University of Miami
          (High-Energy Electron Irradiation)	264
       Energy and Environmental Engineering, Inc. (PhotoCAT™ Process)	  268
     Emerging Technology Program - Ongoing Projects
       High Voltage Environmental Applications, Inc. (High Energy Electron Beam Irradiation)   	   342
  PCBs
     Demonstration Program - Completed Projects
       Babcock & Wilcox Co.  (Cyclone Furnace)	28
       CF Systems Corporation (Liquified Gas Solvent Extraction [LG-SX] Technology) 	48
       ELI Eco Logic International, Inc. (Gas-Phase Chemical Reduction Process)	60
       High Voltage Environmental Applications, Inc. (High-Energy Electron Irradiation)  	82
       Magnum Water Technology (CAV-OX® Process)	94
       Retech, Inc. (Plasma Arc Vitrification)   	    104
       Rochem Separation Systems, Inc. (Rochem Disc Tube™ Module System)  	   116
       SBP Technologies, Inc.  (Membrane Filtration and Bioremediation)  	   120
       Ultrox, A Division of Zimpro Environmental, Inc.  (Ultraviolet Radiation and Oxidation)   	   140
       Vulcan Peroxidation Systems, Inc. (perox-pure™  Chemical Oxidation Technology)  	   144
                                                                                       Page 463

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I
                                                                                                               246
                                                                                                               292
                                                                                                                70

Liquid (continued)
   PCBs (continued)
     Emerging Technology Program - Completed Projects
        Babcock & Wilcox Co. (Cyclone Furnace)  	
        New Jersey Institute of Technology (GHEA Associates Process)	
     Emerging Technology Program - Ongoing Projects
        Center for Hazardous Materials Research (Organics Destruction and Metals Stabilization)  . . .
        Institute of Gas Technology (Fluidized-Bed Cyclone Agglomerating Combustor) 	  344
     Measurement and Monitoring Technology Program
        Bruker Instruments (Bruker Mobile Environmental Monitor)	  390
        United States Environmental Protection Agency (Field Analytical Screening Program PCB
           Method)	..436
   Pesticides
     Demonstration Program - Completed Projects
        Babcock & Wilcox Co. (Cyclone Furnace) 	28
        ELI Eco Logic International, Inc. (Gas-Phase Chemical Reduction Process)	60
        General Atomics (Circulating Bed Combustor)   	
        Magnum Water Technology (CAV-OX® Process)	•	
        North American Technologies Group, Inc. (Oleophilic Amine-Coated Ceramic Chip)	
        Retech,  Inc. (Plasma Arc Vitrification)   	•	
        Rochem Separation Systems, Inc. (Rochem Disc Tube™ Module System)	   H6
        SBP Technologies, Inc. (Membrane Filtration and Bioremediation)   	   120
        Ultrox,  A Division of Zimpro Environmental, Inc. (Ultraviolet Radiation and Oxidation)  	   140
        Vulcan Peroxidation Systems, Inc.  (perox-pure™ Chemical Oxidation Technology)  	   144
      Emerging Technology Program - Completed Projects
        Babcock & Wilcox Co. (Cyclone Furnace)  	
      Emerging Technology Program - Ongoing Projects
        Institute of Gas Technology (Fluidized-Bed Cyclone Agglomerating Combustor)	
      Measurement and Monitoring Technology Program
        Bruker Instruments (Bruker Mobile Environmental Monitor)   	
    Petroleum Hydrocarbons
      Demonstration Program - Completed Projects
        BioTrol, Inc. (Biological Aqueous Treatment System) 	4U
        SBP Technologies, Inc. (Membrane Filtration and Bioremediation)  	  120
        Vulcan Peroxidation Systems, Inc. (perox-pure™ Chemical Oxidation Technology)  	  144
      Demonstration Program - Ongoing Projects
        Hydrologies, Inc. (CURE®-Electrocoagulation Wastewater Treatment System)  	  1/8
         Zenon Environmental Inc.  (ZenoGem™ Process)    	222
      Emerging  Technology Program - Completed Projects
         Electro-Pure Systems, Inc. (Alternating Current  Electrocoagulation Technology)	  266
         New Jersey Institute of Technology (GHEA Associates Process)	•  292
      Emerging Technology Program - Ongoing Projects
         Membran Corporation (Membrane Gas Transfer in Waste Remediation)  	  358
      Measurement and Monitoring Technology Program
         Analytical and  Remedial Technology, Inc. (Automated Volatile Organic Analytical System)  .
    Radionuclides
      Demonstration Program - Completed Projects
         Babcock & Wilcox Co. (Cyclone Furnace)	2°
         Retech, Inc.  (Plasma Arc Vitrification)   	  104
      Demonstration Program  - Ongoing Projects
         RKK, Ltd. (CYROCELL®)  	: •	2U2
         TechTran Environmental,  Inc.  (Combined Chemical Precipitation, Physical Separation, and
            Binding Process for Radionuclides and Heavy Metals)	  21°
                                                                                                                386
                 Page 464

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Liquid (continued)
   Radionuclides (continued)
     Emerging Technology Program - Completed Projects
        Babcock & Wilcox Co. (Cyclone Furnace)	246
   SVOCs
     Demonstration Program - Completed Projects
        AWD Technologies, Lac. (Integrated Vapor Extraction and Steam Vacuum Stripping)   .	26
        Babcock & Wilcox Co. (Cyclone Furnace)		28
        Berkeley Environmental Restoration Center (In Situ Steam Enhanced Extraction Process)  	32
        BioTrol, Inc. (Biological Aqueous Treatment System)	40
        CF Systems Corporation (Liquified Gas Solvent Extraction. [LG-SX] Technology)  	48
        ELI Eco Logic International, Inc. (Gas-Phase Chemical Reduction Process)  . .  ,	60
        General Atomics (Circulating Bed Combustor)	70
        Magnum Water Technology (CAV-OX® Process)	94
        North American Technologies Group, Inc. (Oleophilic Amine-Coated Ceramic Chip)	98
        Retech, Inc. (Plasma Arc Vitrification)	 104
        Rochem Separation Systems, Inc. (Rochem Disc Tube™ Module System)  	 116
        SBP Technologies, Inc. (Membrane Filtration and Bioremediation)	 120
        Ultrox, A Division of Zimpro Environmental, Inc.  (Ultraviolet Radiation and Oxidation)  	 140
     Demonstration Program - Ongoing Projects
        AlliedSignal Environmental Systems and Services (Immobilized Cell Bioreactor Biotreatment
          System)	160
        RKK, Ltd. (CYROCELL®)	 202
        Western Research Institute (Contained Recovery of Oily Wastes [CROW™])	 214
        Zenon Environmental Inc. (Cross-Flow Pervaporation System)	 220
        Zenon Environmental Inc. (ZenoGem™ Process)	222
        Zimpro Environmental, Inc. (PACT®  Wastewater Treatment System)    . ,	 224
     Emerging Technology Program - Completed Projects
        Babcock & Wilcox Co. (Cyclone Furnace)	246
        New Jersey Institute of Technology (GHEA Associates Process)	 292
        Wastewater Technology Centre (Cross-Flow Pervaporation System)   	, 308
        Western Research Institute (Contained Recovery of Oily Wastes [CROW™])	 310
     Emerging Technology Program - Ongoing Projects
        Environmental BioTechnologies, Inc.  (Microbial Composting Process)	 334
        Institute of Gas Technology (Fluidized-Bed Cyclone Agglomerating Combustor)  	 344
        Membran  Corporation (Membrane Gas Transfer in Waste Remediation)	 358
     Measurement and Monitoring Technology Program
        Bruker Instruments (Bruker Mobile Environmental Monitor)  	 390
        EnSys, Inc. (Penta RISc Test System)	394
        Ohmicron Corporation (Pentachlorophenol RaPID Assay)	 418
   Uranium
     Demonstration Program - Completed Projects
        E.I. DuPont de Nemours and Company, and Oberlin Filter Company  (Membrane
          Microfiltration)  	54
   VOCs       .
     Demonstration Program - Completed Projects
        AWD Technologies, Inc. (Integrated Vapor Extraction and Steam Vacuum Stripping)    	26
        Berkeley Environmental Restoration Center (In Situ Steam Enhanced Extraction Process)  	32
        Bio-Rem,  Inc. (Augmented In Situ Subsurface Bioremediation Process)   	38
        CF Systems Corporation (Liquified Gas Solvent Extraction [LG-SX] Technology)  	48
        ELI Eco Logic International, Inc. (Gas-Phase Chemical Reduction Process)  .	60
        General Atomics (Circulating Bed Combustor)	70
        Hughes Environmental Systems, Inc. (Steam Enhanced Recovery Process)   	88
        Magnum Water Technology (CAV-OX® Process)	94
                                                                                       Page 465

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Liquid (continued)
   VOCs ('continued')
     Demonstration Program - Completed Projects (continued)
        North American Technologies Group, Inc. (Oleophilic Amine-Coated Ceramic Chip)	98
        Retech, Inc. (Plasma Arc Vitrification)  	•	  10*
        Risk Reduction Engineering Laboratory, The University of Cincinnati, and FRX, Inc.
          (Hydraulic Fracturing)   	  114
        Rochem Separation Systems, Inc. (Rochem Disc Tube™ Module System)	  116
        Ultrox, A Division of Zimpro Environmental, Inc. (Ultraviolet Radiation and Oxidation)   	  140
        Wheelabrator Clean Air Systems, Inc. (PO*WW*ER™ Technology)	  152
     Demonstration Program - Ongoing Projects
        RKK, Ltd. (CYROCELL®)	202
        Xerox Corporation (Two-Phase Extraction Process)  	218
        Zenon Environmental Inc. (Cross-Flow Pervaporation System)	  220
        Zenon Environmental Inc. (ZenoGem™ Process)   	222
        Zimpro Environmental, Inc. (PACT® Wastewater Treatment System)   	  224
     Emerging  Technology Program - Completed Projects
        BioTrol, Inc. (Methanotrophic Bioreactor System)  	•  •  252
        Energy and Environmental Engineering, Inc. (PhotoCAT™ Process)  	  268
        New Jersey Institute of Technology (GHEA Associates Process)	  292
        Pulse Sciences, Inc. (X-Ray Treatment of Aqueous Solutions)	  296
        Wastewater Technology Centre (Cross-Flow Pervaporation System)  	  308
     Emerging  Technology Program - Ongoing Projects
        Institute of Gas Technology (Fluidized-Bed Cyclone Agglomerating Combustor) 	  344
        Roy F. Weston, Inc. (Ambersorb® 563 Adsorbent) 	  378
     Measurement and Monitoring Technology Program
        Analytical and Remedial Technology, Inc. (Automated Volatile Organic Analytical System) ....  386
        Bruker Instruments (Bruker Mobile Environmental Monitor)	  390
        Sentex  Sensing Technology, Inc. (Scentograph Portable Gas Chromatograph)	  426
        SRI Instruments (Gas Chromatograph)   	428
   Volatile Inorganic Compounds
     Demonstration Program - Completed Projects
        Wheelabrator Clean Air Systems, Inc. (PO*WW*ER™ Technology)   	  152

 Mine Tailings
   Heavy Metals
     Demonstration Program - Ongoing Projects
        Pintail Systems Incorporated (Spent Ore Bioremediation Process)	  190
   Metals
     Emerging Technology Program - Completed Projects
        Montana College of Mineral Science & Technology (Air-Sparged Hydrocyclone)   	  288
                                                                                               s
 Mixed Waste
   Dioxins
     Demonstration Program - Ongoing Projects
        RKK, Ltd. (CYROCELL®)   	202
   Metals
     Demonstration Program - Ongoing Projects
         RKK, Ltd. (CYROCELL®)	202
   Radionuclides
     Demonstration Program - Ongoing Projects
         RKK, Ltd. (CYROCELL®)   	• •  • •	202
 Page 466

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 Mixed Waste (continued)
    SVOCs
      Demonstration Program - Ongoing Projects
         RKK, Ltd. (CYROCELL®)   	
    VOCs	'
      Demonstration Program - Ongoing Projects
         RKK, Ltd. (CYROCELL®)   	_                 202

 Oily Waste
    Aromatic VOCs
      Demonstration Program - Completed Projects
         ELI Eco Logic International, Inc. (Gas-Phase Chemical Reduction Process)	   60
    Dioxins                                                                  ,
      Demonstration Program - Completed Projects
         ELI Eco Logic International, Inc. (Gas-Phase Chemical Reduction Process)	60
    Furans
      Demonstration Program - Completed Projects
         ELI Eco Logic International, Inc. (Gas-Phase Chemical Reduction Process) ...                   60
   Halogenated VOCs
     Demonstration Program - Completed Projects
        ELI Eco Logic International, Inc. (Gas-Phase Chemical Reduction Process) .                      60
   PCBs
     Demonstration Program - Completed Projects
        ELI Eco Logic International, Inc. (Gas-Phase Chemical Reduction Process)		60
     Measurement and Monitoring Technology Program
        Dexsil Corporation (Environmental Test Kits)  	    392
   Pesticides
     Demonstration Program - Completed Projects
        ELI Eco Logic International, Inc. (Gas-Phase Chemical Reduction Process)	60
     Measurement and Monitoring Technology Program
        Dexsil Corporation (Environmental Test Kits)  .                                             QQO
   SVOCs                                               	"	    y/
     Demonstration Program - Completed Projects
        ELI Eco Logic International, Inc. (Gas-Phase Chemical Reduction Process)                        60
   VOCs                                                                   	
     Demonstration Program - Completed Projects
        ELI Eco Logic International, Inc. (Gas-Phase Chemical Reduction Process)	60

Sediment
   Aromatic VOCs
     Demonstration Program - Completed Projects
        American Combustion, Inc. (PYRETRON® Thermal Destruction)	24
        Bio-Rem, Inc.  (Augmented In Situ Subsurface Bioremediation Process)  	38
        CF Systems Corporation (Liquified Gas Solvent Extraction [LG-SX] Technology)	  48
        ELI Eco  Logic International, Inc. (Thermal Desorption Unit)	 62
        General Atomics (Circulating Bed Combustor)	 . ! !      70
        Resources Conservation Company (B.E.S.T. Solvent Extraction Technology)	  102
        Retech, Inc. (Plasma Arc Vitrification)	  104
        Sonotech, Inc.  (Frequency-Tunable Pulse Combustion System)	    128
        Texaco Inc.  (Entrained-Bed Gasification)	  136
        Roy F. Weston, Inc. (Low Temperature Thermal Treatment [LT3®] System) 	  148
     Demonstration Program  - Ongoing Projects
        North American Technologies Group, Inc. (BioTreat™ System)	  188
                                                                                      Page 467

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Sediment (continued)
   Aromatic VOCs (continued)
     Emerging Technology Program - Completed Projects
        Allis Mineral Systems rPYRQKILN THERMAL ENCAPSULATION Process)   .		  238
        Institute of Gas Technology (Fluid Extraction - Biological Degradation Process)  	  278
     Emerging Technology Program - Ongoing Projects
        Energy and Environmental Research Corporation (Reactor Filter System)  	  332
        Institute of Gas Technology (Fluidized-Bed Cyclone Agglomerating Combustor)  .	  344
        OHM Remediation Services Corporation (Oxygen Microbubble In Situ Bioremediation)   	  360
     Measurement and Monitoring Technology Program
        Bruker Instruments (Bruker Mobile Environmental Monitor)	  39°
   Cyanide
     Demonstration Program - Completed Projects
        RUST Remedial Services, Inc. (XTRAX™ Thermal Desorption)	  118
   Di'oxins
     Demonstration Program - Completed Projects
        Babcock & Wilcox Co. (Cyclone Furnace)  	28
        CF Systems Corporation (Liquified Gas Solvent Extraction [LG-SX] Technology) 	48
        Dehydro-Tech Corporation (Carver-Greenfield Process® for Solvent Extraction of Wet,  Oily
           Wastes)	f2
        ELI Eco Logic International, Inc. (Thermal Desorption Unit)   	' " '  '	
        General Atomics (Circulating Bed Combustor)   	70
        Geosafe Corporation (In Situ Vitrification)	74
        Horsehead Resource Development Co., Inc. (Flame Reactor)	• • • 84
        Retech, Inc. (Plasma Arc Vitrification)	  *04
        RUST Remedial Services, Inc. (X*TRAX™ Thermal Desorption)	  118
        SoilTech ATP Systems, Inc.  (Anaerobic Thermal Processor) .	  124
        Sonotech, Inc. (Frequency-Tunable Pulse Combustion System)    	  128
        Texaco Inc. (Entrained-Bed Gasification)	  I36
      Demonstration Program - Ongoing Projects
        Vortec Corporation (Oxidation and Vitrification Process)	  212
      Emerging Technology Program - Completed Projects
        Allis Mineral Systems fPYROKILN THERMAL ENCAPSULATION Process)  	  238
        Babcock & Wilcox Co. (Cyclone Furnace) 	• • • •	.246
        Energy and Environmental Research Corporation (Hybrid Fluidized Bed System)	  270
        PSI Technologies (Metals Immobilization and Decontamination of Aggregate Solids)   	  294
        Vortec Corporation (Oxidation and Vitrification Process)  	  3°6
      Emerging Technology Program - Ongoing Projects
        Energy and Environmental Research Corporation (Reactor Filter  System)  	  332
        Institute of Gas Technology  (Fluidized-Bed Cyclone Agglomerating Combustor) . . .	  344
      Measurement and Monitoring Technology Program
        Bruker Instruments (Bruker  Mobile Environmental Monitor)  	  39°
    Explosives
      Demonstration Program - Completed Projects
        J. R. Simplot (The SABRE™ Process)  	  122
      Emerging Technology Program - Completed. Projects
         New Jersey Institute of Technology (GHEA Associates Process)	•	  292
         J. R. Simplot (The SABRE™ Process)	  300
    Furans
      Demonstration Program - Completed Projects
         Babcock & Wilcox Co. (Cyclone Furnace)	28
         ELI Eco Logic International, Inc. (Thermal Desorption Unit)	•  •  62
         General Atomics (Circulating Bed Combustor)	70
         Geosafe Corporation (In Situ Vitrification)  	74
  Page 468

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Sediment (continued)
  Furans (continued')
     Demonstration Program - Completed Projects (continued)
       Horsehead Resource Development Co., Inc. (Flame Reactor)   	84
       Retech, Inc. (Plasma Arc Vitrification)	  104
       SoilTech ATP Systems, Inc. (Anaerobic Thermal Processor)	  124
       Sonotech, Inc. (Frequency-Tunable Pulse Combustion System)	  128
       Texaco Inc. (Entrained-Bed Gasification)  	  136
     Demonstration Program - Ongoing Projects
       Vortec Corporation (Oxidation and Vitrification Process)   	„	212
     Emerging Technology Program - Completed Projects
       Allis Mineral Systems (PYROKILN THERMAL ENCAPSULATION Process)    	  238
       Babcock & Wilcox Co. (Cyclone Furnace)  	246
       Energy and Environmental Research Corporation (Hybrid Fluidized Bed System)	  270
       PSI Technologies (Metals Immobilization and Decontamination of Aggregate Solids)  	  294
       Vortec Corporation (Oxidation and Vitrification Process)		  306
     Emerging Technology Program - Ongoing Projects
       Energy and Environmental Research Corporation (Reactor Filter System)  	  332
       Institute of Gas Technology (Fluidized-Bed Cyclone Agglomerating Combustor)  	  344
     Measurement and Monitoring Technology Program
       Broker Instruments (Bruker Mobile Environmental Monitor)  	       390
  Halogenated VOCs
     Demonstration Program - Completed Projects
       Bio-Rem, Inc. (Augmented In Situ Subsurface Bioremediation Process)	38
       CF Systems Corporation (Liquified Gas Solvent Extraction [LG-SX] Technology)	  48
       ELI Eco Logic International, Inc. (Thermal  Desorption Unit)  	62
       General Atomics (Circulating Bed Combustor)   	70
       Retech, Inc. (Plasma Arc Vitrification)	  104
       RUST Remedial Services, Inc. (X*TRAX™ Thermal Desorption)	  118
       Sonotech, Inc. (Frequency-Tunable Pulse Combustion System)   	  128
       Texaco Inc. (Entrained-Bed Gasification)  	       136
       Roy F. Weston, Inc.  (Low Temperature Thermal Treatment [LT3®] System)	  148
    Demonstration Program - Ongoing Projects
       North  American Technologies Group, Inc. (BioTreat™ System)   	  188
    Emerging Technology Program - Completed Projects
       Allis Mineral Systems (PYROKILN THERMAL ENCAPSULATION Process)  	 238
       New Jersey Institute of Technology (GHEA Associates Process)	 292
    Emerging Technology Program - Ongoing Projects
       Center for Hazardous Materials Research (Organics Destruction and Metals Stabilization)	  322
       Davy International  Energy and Environmental Division (Chemical Treatment)  	  326
       Energy and Environmental Research Corporation (Reactor Filter System)  	  332
       Institute of Gas Technology (Fluidized-Bed Cyclone Agglomerating Combustor)  	  344
    Measurement and Monitoring Technology Program
       Bruker Instruments (Bruker Mobile Environmental Monitor) 	  390
 Heavy Metals
    Demonstration Program  - Completed Projects
       Bergmann USA (Soil and Sediment Washing)	30
       RUST  Remedial Services, Inc. (X*TRAX™ Thermal Desorption)   	  118
    Emerging Technology  Program - Completed Projects
       New Jersey Institute of Technology (GHEA Associates Process)	  292
    Emerging Technology  Program - Ongoing Projects
       Western Product Recovery Group, Inc. (CCBA Physical and Chemical Treatment)   	  376
                                                                                      Page 469

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Sediment (continued)
   Heavy Minerals
     Emerging Technology Program - Completed Projects
        Montana College of Mineral Science & Technology (Campbell Centrifugal Jig)  	  290
   Herbicides
     Demonstration Program - Completed Projects
        American Combustion, Inc. (PYRETRON® Thermal Destruction)	24
        Babcock & Wilcox Co. (Cyclone Furnace)	28
        General Atomics (Circulating Bed Combustor)   	70
        Horsehead Resource Development Co., Inc. (Flame Reactor)   	84
        Resources  Conservation Company (B.E.S.T. Solvent Extraction Technology)	  102
        Retech, Inc. (Plasma Arc Vitrification)	•  • •  1°4
        SoilTech ATP Systems, Inc. (Anaerobic Thermal Processor)  	  124
        Sonotech, Inc. (Frequency-Tunable Pulse Combustion System)	  128
        Texaco Inc. (Entrained-Bed Gasification)  	  136
        Roy F. Weston, Inc. (Low Temperature Thermal Treatment [LT3®] System)	  148
     Demonstration Program - Ongoing Projects
        Vortec Corporation (Oxidation and Vitrification Process)   	  212
     Emerging Technology Program - Completed Projects
        Allis Mineral Systems (PYROKILN THERMAL ENCAPSULATION Process)	  238
        Babcock & Wilcox Co. (Cyclone Furnace)  	246
        Energy and Environmental Research Corporation (Hybrid Fluidized Bed System)  	  270
        PSI Technologies (Metals Immobilization and Decontamination of Aggregate Solids)  	  294
        Vortec Corporation (Oxidation and Vitrification Process)   	  306
     Emerging Technology Program - Ongoing Projects
        Energy and Environmental Research Corporation (Reactor Filter System)  	  332
        Institute of Gas Technology (Fluidized-Bed Cyclone Agglomerating Combustor)  	  344
     Measurement and Monitoring Technology Program
        Bruker Instruments (Bruker Mobile Environmental Monitor)	  390
   Inorganic Elements
     Measurement and Monitoring Technology Program
        Scitec Corporation (Metal Analysis Probe [MAP®] Portable Assayer)	  424
        TN Technologies, Inc. (Spectrace 9000 X-Ray Flourescence Analyzer)   	  430
   Metals
     Demonstration Program - Completed Projects
        Advanced Remediation Mixing, Inc. (Solidification and Stabilization)  	•	22
        Babcock & Wilcox Co. (Cyclone Furnace)   	28
        Funderburk & Associates (Dechlorination and Immobilization)	68
        Geo-Con,  Inc. (In Situ Solidification and Stabilization Process)	72
        Geosafe Corporation (In  Situ Vitrification)   	:	74
        Horsehead Resource Development Co., Inc. (Flame Reactor)  	• •  •  84
        Retech, Inc. (Plasma Arc Vitrification)	   104
        Soliditech, Inc.  (Solidification and Stabilization)	   126
        STC Omega,  Inc. (Chemical Fixation/Solidification Treatment Technologies)	   130
        Texaco Inc. (Entrained-Bed Gasification)  	  136
        Toronto Harbour Commission (Soil Recycling)	   138
        WASTECH, Inc. (Solidification and Stabilization)   	  146
     Demonstration Program - Ongoing Projects
         Separation and Recovery Systems, Inc. (SAREX Chemical Fixation Process) 	   204
        Sevenson Environmental Services, Inc. (MAECTITE® Chemical Treatment Process)	   206
         Vortec Corporation (Oxidation and Vitrification Process)	  212
        Wheelabrator Technologies, Inc. (WES-PHix Stabilization Process)	  216
 Page 470

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Sediment (continued)
   Metals (continued)
     Emerging Technology Program - Completed Projects
        AEA Technology, National Environmental Technology Centre (Soil Separation and Washing
          Process)   	236
        Allis Mineral Systems (PYROKILN THERMAL ENCAPSULATION Process)   	 238
        Babcock & Wilcox Co. (Cyclone Furnace)  	246
        Center for Hazardous Materials Research (Acid Extraction Treatment System)  	 254
        Energy and Environmental Research Corporation (Hybrid Fluidized Bed System)  	 270
        Ferro Corporation (Waste Vitrification Through Electric Melting)	 272
        Montana College of Mineral Science & Technology (Air-Sparged Hydrocyclone)  	 288
        Montana College of Mineral Science & Technology (Campbell Centrifugal Jig)   	 290
        New Jersey Institute of Technology (GHEA Associates Process)	 292
        PSI Technologies (Metals Immobilization and Decontamination of Aggregate Solids)  	 294
        Vortec Corporation (Oxidation and Vitrification Process)   ...	 306
     Emerging Technology Program - Ongoing Projects
        Center for Hazardous Materials Research (Organics Destruction and Metals Stabilization)	 322
        Davy International Energy and Environmental Division (Chemical Treatment)  	 326
        Energy and Environmental Research Corporation (Reactor Filter System)  	 332
        Geo-Microbial Technologies, Inc. (Metals Release and Removal from Wastes)  	 338
        Institute of Gas Technology (Fluidized-Bed Cyclone Agglomerating Combustor)	 344
        IT Corporation (Chelation/Electrodeposition of Toxic Metals from Soils)	 348
        University of Houston (Concentrated-Chloride Extraction and Recovery of Lead)  	 372
        University of South Carolina (In Situ Mitigation of Acid Water)	 374
   Mixed Waste
     Demonstration Program - Completed Projects
        Retech, Inc. (Plasma Arc Vitrification)  	 104
   Organics
     Demonstration Program - Completed Projects
        Gruppo Italimpresse (Infrared Thermal Destruction)   .	80
     Emerging Technology Program - Completed Projects
        Electron Beam Research Facility, Florida International University, and University of Miami
          (High-Energy Electron Irradiation)	264
     Emerging Technology Program - Ongoing Projects
        High Voltage Environmental Applications, Inc. (High  Energy Electron Beam Irradiation)  	 342
   PAHs
     Demonstration Program - Completed Projects
        Dehydro-Tech Corporation (Carver-Greenfield Process® for Solvent Extraction of Wet, Oily
          Wastes)	52
     Emerging Technology Program - Ongoing Projects
        IT Corporation (Eimco BioLift™ Slurry Reactor)  	 350
        OHM Remediation Services Corporation (Oxygen Microbubble In Situ Bioremediation)  	  360
   PCBs
     Demonstration Program - Completed Projects
        American Combustion, Inc. (PYRETRON® Thermal Destruction)	24
        Babcock & Wilcox Co. (Cyclone Furnace)  	28
        Bergmann USA (Soil and Sediment Washing)	30
        BioTrol, Inc. (Soil Washing System)   	42
        CF Systems Corporation (Liquified Gas Solvent Extraction [LG-SX] Technology)	48
        Dehydro-Tech Corporation (Carver-Greenfield Process® for Solvent Extraction of Wet, Oily
          Wastes) T	52
        ELI Eco Logic International, Inc. (Thermal Desorption Unit)	62
        Funderburk & Associates (Dechlorination and Immobilization)	68
        Geo-Con, Inc. (In Situ Solidification and Stabilization  Process)   	72
                                                                                        Page 471

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Sediment (continued)
  PCBs (continued)
     Demonstration Program - Completed Projects (continued)
       Geosafe Corporation (In Situ Vitrification)  	74
       Horsehead Resource Development Co., Inc. (Flame Reactor)  	84
       Resources Conservation Company (B.E.S.T. Solvent Extraction Technology)	  102
       Retech, Inc. (Plasma Arc Vitrification)  	  104
       RUST Remedial Services, Inc. (XTRAX™ Thermal Desorption)  	  118
       SoilTech ATP Systems, Inc. (Anaerobic Thermal Processor)  	  124
       SolidStech, Inc. (Solidification and Stabilization)   	  126
       Sonotech, Inc. (Frequency-Tunable Pulse Combustion System)   	  128
       STC Omega, Inc. (Chemical Fixation/Solidification Treatment Technologies)	  130
       Texaco Inc. (Entrained-Bed Gasification)   	  136
       WASTECH, Inc. (Solidification and Stabilization)	  146
       Roy F. Weston, Inc. (Low Temperature Thermal Treatment [LT3®] System)  	  148
     Demonstration Program - Ongoing Projects
       Vortec Corporation (Oxidation and Vitrification Process)  	  212
     Emerging Technology Program - Completed Projects
       Allis Mineral Systems (PYROKILN THERMAL ENCAPSULATION Process)   	  238
       ART International, Inc. (Low-Energy Extraction Process)   	  242
       Babcock & Wilcox Co. (Cyclone Furnace)	246
       Energy and Environmental Research  Corporation (Hybrid Fluidized Bed System)   ..........  270
       Institute of Gas Technology (Chemical and Biological Treatment)	  276
       New Jersey Institute of Technology (GHEA Associates Process)	  292
       PSI Technologies (Metals Immobilization and Decontamination of Aggregate Solids)	  294
       J. R. Simplot (The SABRE™ Process)	300
       Trinity Environmental Technologies, Inc. (PCB- and  Organochlorine-Contaminated Soil
          Detoxification)  	302
       Vortec Corporation (Oxidation and Vitrification Process)	  306
     Emerging Technology Program - Ongoing Projects
        Center for Hazardous  Materials Research (Organics Destruction and Metals Stabilization)	  322
       Davy International Energy and Environmental Division (Chemical Treatment)   	  326
        Energy and Environmental Research Corporation (Reactor Filter System)   	  332
        Institute of Gas Technology (Fluidized-Bed Cyclone Agglomerating Combustor) 	  344
        State University of New York at  Oswego (Photocatalytic Degradation of PCB-Contaminated
          Sediments and Waters)   	366
     Measurement and Monitoring Technology Program
        Bruker Instruments (Bruker Mobile Environmental Monitor)  	, •	  390
        Dexsil Corporation (Environmental Test Kits)  	  392
   Pesticides
     Demonstration Program  - Completed Projects
        American Combustion, Inc. (PYRETRON® Thermal  Destruction)	24
        Babcock & Wilcox Co. (Cyclone Furnace)	28
        BioTrol, Lie. (Soil Washing System)   	42
        Canonie Environmental Services  Corporation (Low Temperature Thermal Aeration [LTTA®])  ... 46
        ELI Eco Logic International, Inc. (Thermal Desorption Unit)   	62
        Funderburk & Associates (Dechlorination and Immobilization)	68
        General Atomics (Circulating Bed Combustor)  	70
        Geosafe Corporation (In Situ Vitrification)  	74
        Horsehead Resource Development Co., Inc. (Flame Reactor)   	84
        Resources Conservation Company (B.E.S.T. Solvent Extraction Technology)	   102
        Retech, Inc. (Plasma Arc Vitrification)	   104
        SoilTech ATP Systems, Inc. (Anaerobic Thermal Processor)  	   124
        Soliditech, Inc.  (Solidification and Stabilization)   	   126
 Page 472

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Sediment (continued)
  Pesticides (continued)
     Demonstration Program - Completed Projects (continued)
        Sonotech, Inc. (Frequency-Tunable Pulse Combustion System)   	  128
        STC Omega, Inc. (Chemical Fixation/Solidification Treatment Technologies)	  130
        Texaco Inc. (Entrained-Bed Gasification) 	  136
        WASTECH, Inc. (Solidification and Stabilization)   	  146
        Roy F. Weston, Inc. (Low Temperature Thermal Treatment [LT3®] System)  	  148
     Demonstration Program - Ongoing Projects
        Vortec Corporation (Oxidation and Vitrification Process)  	212
     Emerging Technology Program - Completed Projects
        Allis Mineral Systems (PYROKILN THERMAL ENCAPSULATION Process)   	  238
        ART International, Inc. (Low-Energy Extraction Process)   	  242
        Babcock & Wilcox Co. (Cyclone Furnace)	246
        Energy and Environmental Research Corporation (Hybrid Fluidized Bed System)   .	  .  270
        Institute of Gas Technology (Chemical and Biological Treatment)   	  276
        PSI Technologies (Metals Immobilization and Decontamination of Aggregate Solids)  	  294
        J. R. Simplot (The SABRE™ Process)   	300
        Vortec Corporation (Oxidation and Vitrification Process)	  306
     Emerging Technology Program - Ongoing Projects
        Davy International Energy and Environmental Division (Chemical Treatment)   	  326
        Energy and Environmental Research Corporation (Reactor Filter System)   	  332
        Groundwater Technology Government Services, Inc.  (Below-Grade Bioremediation of
          Chlorinated Cyclodiene Insecticides)  	340
        Institute of Gas Technology (Fluidized-Bed Cyclone Agglomerating Combustor)	  344
        State University of New York at Oswego (Photocatalytic Degradation of PCB-Contaminated
          Sediments and Waters)   	366
     Measurement and Monitoring Technology Program
        Bruker Instruments (Bruker Mobile Environmental Monitor)	  390
        Dexsil Corporation (Environmental Test Kits)	392
  Petroleum Hydrocarbons
     Demonstration Program - Completed Projects
        Bergmann USA (Soil and Sediment Washing)   	30
        BioTrol, Inc. (Soil Washing System)    	42
        Dehydro-Tech Corporation (Carver-Greenfield Process® for Solvent Extraction of Wet,  Oily
          Wastes)	52
        ECOVA Corporation (Bioslurry Reactor) 	58
        GRACE Dearborn, Inc. (DARAMEND™ Bioremediation Technology)   	78
        Soliditech, Inc. (Solidification and Stabilization)   	  126
        Roy F. Weston, Inc. (Low Temperature Thermal Treatment [LT3®] System)  	  148
     Demonstration Program - Ongoing Projects
        North  American Technologies Group, Inc. (BioTreat™ System)   	  188
        Remediation Technologies, Inc. (Liquid and Solids Biological Treatment)   	  198
     Emerging Technology Program - Completed Projects
        AEA Technology, National Environmental Technology Centre (Soil Separation and Washing
          Process)   	236
        Allis Mineral Systems (PYROKILN THERMAL ENCAPSULATION Process)   	  238
        Institute of Gas Technology (Fluid Extraction - Biological Degradation Process)	  278
        New Jersey Institute of Technology (GHEA Associates Process)	292
  Radionuclides
     Demonstration Program - Completed Projects
        Advanced Remediation Mixing, Inc. (Solidification and Stabilization)   	22
        Babcock & Wilcox Co. (Cyclone Furnace)	•	28
        Geosafe Corporation (In Situ Vitrification)	 74
                                                                                        Page 473

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Sediment (continued)
  Radionuclides (continued)
     Demonstration Program - Completed Projects (continued)
        Retech, Inc. (Plasma Arc Vitrification)  	  104
        RUST Remedial Services, Inc. (X*TRAX™ Thermal Desorption)	  118
     Emerging Technology Program - Completed Projects
        Babcock & Wilcox Co.  (Cyclone Furnace)	  246
  SVOCs
     Demonstration Program - Completed Projects
        American Combustion, Inc. (PYRETRON® Thermal Destruction)	24
        Babcock & Wilcox Co.  (Cyclone Furnace)	28
        BioTrol, Inc. (Soil Washing System)   	,	42
        Canonie Environmental Services Corporation (Low Temperature Thermal Aeration [LTTA®])   ...  46
        CF Systems Corporation (Liquified Gas Solvent Extraction [LG-SX] Technology)  	48
        Dehydro-Tech Corporation (Carver-Greenfield Process® for Solvent Extraction of Wet, Oily
          Wastes)	52
        ECOVA Corporation (Bioslurry Reactor)	58
        ELI Eco Logic International,  Inc.  (Thermal Desorption Unit)  	62
        General Atomics (Circulating Bed Combustor)   	70
        GRACE Dearborn, Inc. (DARAMEND™ Bioremediation Technology)	78
        Horsehead Resource Development Co., Inc. (Flame Reactor)	84
        Retech, Inc. (Plasma Arc Vitrification)	• • •  104
        Risk Reduction Engineering Laboratory (Base-Catalyzed Decomposition Process)  ..........  106
        RUST Remedial Services, Inc. (X*TRAX™ Thermal Desorption)	  118
        SoilTech ATP Systems, Inc. (Anaerobic Thermal Processor)  	  124
        Sonotech, Inc. (Frequency-Tunable Pulse Combustion System)   	• • • •  I28
        STC Omega, Inc. (Chemical  Fixation/Solidification Treatment Technologies)	  130
        Texaco Inc. (Entrained-Bed Gasification)	  136
        Toronto Harbour Commission (Soil Recycling)   	  138
        WASTECH, Inc.  (Solidification and Stabilization)	  146
        Roy F. Weston, Inc. (Low Temperature Thermal Treatment [LT3®] System)  	  148
     Demonstration Program -  Ongoing Projects
        North American Technologies Group, Inc. (BioTreat™ System)   	  188
        Remediation Technologies, Inc. (Liquid and Solids Biological Treatment)  	  198
        Separation and Recovery Systems, Inc. (SAREX Chemical Fixation Process)  	  204
        Vortec Corporation (Oxidation and Vitrification Process)	212
     Emerging Technology Program  - Completed Projects
        Allis Mineral Systems (PYROKILN THERMAL ENCAPSULATION Process)	  238
        ART International, Inc. (Low-Energy Extraction Process)   .	  242
        Babcock & Wilcox Co. (Cyclone Furnace) 	246
        Energy and Environmental Research  Corporation (Hybrid Fluidized Bed System)	  270
        Institute of Gas Technology (Chemical and Biological Treatment)	 .	  276
        Institute of Gas Technology (Fluid Extraction - Biological Degradation Process)	  278
        New Jersey Institute of Technology (GHEA Associates Process)	  292
        PSI Technologies (Metals Immobilization and Decontamination of Aggregate Solids)  	  294
        Vortec Corporation (Oxidation and Vitrification Process)	  306
     Emerging Technology Program  - Ongoing Projects
        Energy and Environmental Research  Corporation (Reactor Filter System)  	  332
        Environmental BioTechnologies, Inc. (Microbial Composting Process)	  334
        Institute of Gas Technology (Fluidized-Bed Cyclone Agglomerating Combustor)	  344
        IT Corporation (Eimco BioLift™ Slurry Reactor)	  350
        OHM Remediation Services Corporation (Oxygen Microbubble In Situ Bioremediation)  	  360
     Measurement and Monitoring Technology Program
        Bruker Instruments (Bruker Mobile Environmental Monitor)	  390
 Page 474

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Sediment (continued)
   VOCs
     Demonstration Program - Completed Projects
        American Combustion, Inc. (PYRETRON® Thermal Destruction)	24
        Bio-Rem, Inc. (Augmented In Situ Subsurface Bioremediation Process)   	38
        Canonie Environmental Services Corporation (Low Temperature Thermal Aeration [LTTA®])  ...  46
        CF Systems Corporation (Liquified Gas Solvent Extraction [LG-SX] Technology)  	48
        ECOVA Corporation (Bioslurry Reactor)	58
        ELI Eco Logic International,  Inc. (Thermal Desorption Unit)  	62
        General Atomics (Circulating Bed Combustor)   	70
        Geosafe Corporation (In Situ  Vitrification)	74
        Horsehead Resource Development Co., Inc.  (Flame Reactor)	84
        Retech, Inc. (Plasma Arc Vitrification)	  104
        RUST Remedial Services, Inc. (X*TRAX™ Thermal Desorption)  	  118
        SoilTech ATP Systems, Inc. (Anaerobic Thermal Processor)	  124
        Sonotech, Inc. (Frequency-Tunable Pulse Combustion System)  	  128
        Texaco Inc. (Entrained-Bed Gasification)	  136
        Roy F. Weston, Inc. (Low Temperature Thermal Treatment [LT3®] System)  	  148
     Demonstration Program - Ongoing Projects
        Separation and Recovery Systems, Inc.  (SAREX Chemical Fixation Process)  	  204
        Vortec Corporation (Oxidation and Vitrification Process)	  212
     Emerging Technology Program - Completed Projects                                     ;
        Allis Mineral Systems (PYROKILN THERMAL ENCAPSULATION Process't  	  238
        Energy and Environmental Research Corporation (Hybrid Fluidized Bed System)   	  270
        New Jersey Institute of Technology (GHEA Associates Process)	  292
        PSI Technologies (Metals Immobilization and Decontamination of Aggregate Solids)   	  294
        Vortec Corporation (Oxidation and Vitrification Process)   	  306
     Emerging Technology Program - Ongoing Projects
        Energy and Environmental Research Corporation (Reactor Filter System)	  332
        Institute of Gas Technology (Fluidized-Bed Cyclone Agglomerating Combustor)	  344
     Measurement and Monitoring Technology Program
        Bruker Instruments (Bruker Mobile Environmental Monitor)	  390

Sludge
   Aromatic VOCs
     Demonstration Program - Completed Projects
        American Combustion, Inc. (PYRETRON® Thermal Destruction)	24
        Bio-Rem, Inc. (Augmented In Situ Subsurface Bioremediation Process)	38
        CF Systems Corporation (Liquified Gas Solvent Extraction [LG-SX] Technology)  	48
        ELI Eco Logic International,  Inc. (Thermal Desorption Unit)  	62
        General Atomics (Circulating Bed Combustor)	70
        Resources Conservation Company (B.E.S.T. Solvent Extraction Technology)	  102
        Retech, Inc. (Plasma Arc Vitrification)   	  104
        Sonotech, Inc. (Frequency-Tunable Pulse Combustion System)	  128
        Texaco Inc. (Entrained-Bed Gasification)	  136
        Roy F. Weston, Inc. (Low Temperature Thermal Treatment [LT3®] System)  	  148
     Demonstration Program - Ongoing Projects
        North  American Technologies Group, Inc. (BioTreat™ System)	  188
     Emerging Technology Program - Completed Projects
        Allis Mineral Systems (PYROKILN THERMAL ENCAPSULATION Process)  	  238
        Institute of Gas Technology (Fluid Extraction - Biological Degradation Process)  	  278
     Emerging Technology Program - Ongoing Projects
        Energy and Environmental Research Corporation (Reactor Filter System)  	  332
        Institute of Gas Technology (Fluidized-Bed Cyclone Agglomerating Combustor) 	  344
                                                                                       Page 475

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Sludge (continued)
   Aromatic VOCs (continued)
     Emerging Technology Program - Ongoing Projects (continued)
        OHM Remediation Services Corporation (Oxygen Microbubble In Situ Bioremediation)	  360
     Measurement and Monitoring Technology Program
        Bruker Instruments (Bruker Mobile Environmental Monitor)	  390
   Cyanide
     Demonstration Program - Completed Projects
        RUST Remedial Services, Inc. (X*TRAX™ Thermal Desorption)  	  118
   Dioxins
     Demonstration Program - Completed Projects
        Babcock & Wilcox Co. (Cyclone Furnace)  	28
        CF Systems Corporation (Liquified Gas Solvent Extraction [LG-SX] Technology)  	48
        Dehydro-Tech Corporation (Carver-Greenfield Process® for Solvent Extraction of Wet, Oily
           Wastes)	5?
        ELI Eco Logic International, Inc. (Thermal Desorption Unit)	  . 62
        General Atomics (Circulating Bed Combustor)   	70
        Geosafe Corporation (In Situ Vitrification)	74
        Horsehead Resource Development Co., Inc. (Flame Reactor)	84
        Retech, Inc. (Plasma Arc Vitrification)	  104
        RUST Remedial Services, Inc. (X*TRAXm Thermal Desorption)  	  118
        SoilTech ATP Systems, Inc. (Anaerobic Thermal Processor)	  124
        Sonotech, Inc. (Frequency-Tunable Pulse  Combustion System)   	  128
        Texaco Inc. (Entrained-Bed Gasification)	  136
     Demonstration Program - Ongoing Projects
        Vortec Corporation (Oxidation and Vitrification Process)	212
     Emerging Technology Program - Completed Projects
        Allis Mineral Systems (PYROKILN THERMAL ENCAPSULATION Process)	  238
        Babcock & Wilcox Co. (Cyclone Furnace)  	246
        Energy and Environmental Research Corporation (Hybrid Fluidized Bed System)  	  270
        PSI Technologies (Metals Immobilization and Decontamination of Aggregate Solids)  	  294
        Vortec Corporation (Oxidation and Vitrification Process)   	  306
     Emerging Technology Program - Ongoing Projects
        Energy and Environmental Research Corporation (Reactor Filter System)   	  332
        Institute of Gas Technology (Fluidized-Bed Cyclone Agglomerating Combustor)  	  344
     Measurement and Monitoring Technology Program
        Bruker Instruments (Bruker Mobile Environmental Monitor)  	  390
   Explosives
     Demonstration Program - Completed Projects
        J. R. Simplot (The SABRE™ Process)  	  122
     Emerging Technology Program - Completed Projects
        New Jersey Institute of Technology (GHEA Associates Process)	'.	  292
        J. R. Simplot (The SABRE™ Process)	300
   Furans
     Demonstration Program - Completed Projects
        Babcock & Wilcox Co. (Cyclone Furnace)  	28
        ELI Eco Logic International, Inc. (Thermal Desorption Unit)   	62
        General  Atomics (Circulating Bed Combustor)	 .  70
        Geosafe Corporation (In Situ Vitrification)  	74
        Horsehead Resource Development Co., Inc. (Flame Reactor)	84
        Retech, Inc. (Plasma Arc Vitrification)	  1°4
        SoilTech ATP Systems, Inc. (Anaerobic Thermal Processor) 	  124
        Sonotech, Inc. (Frequency-Tunable Pulse Combustion System)   	  128
        Texaco Inc. (Entrained-Bed Gasification)  	  136
 Page 476

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Sludge (continued)
   Furans (continued)
     Demonstration Program - Ongoing Projects
        Vortec Corporation (Oxidation and Vitrification Process)  	  212
     Emerging Technology Program - Completed Projects
        Allis Mineral Systems (PYROKILN THERMAL ENCAPSULATION Process)   	  238
        Babcock & Wilcox Co. (Cyclone Furnace)  	246
        Energy and Environmental Research Corporation (Hybrid. Fluidized Bed System)   	  270
        PSI Technologies (Metals Immobilization and Decontamination of Aggregate Solids)  	  294
        Vortec Corporation (Oxidation and Vitrification Process)  	  306
     Emerging Technology Program - Ongoing Projects
        Energy and Environmental Research Corporation (Reactor Filter System)  	  332
        Institute of Gas Technology (Fluidized-Bed Cyclone Agglomerating Combustor)  	  344
     Measurement and Monitoring Technology Program
        Bruker Instruments (Bruker Mobile Environmental Monitor)  	  390
   Halogenated VOCs
     Demonstration Program - Completed Projects
        Bio-Rem, Inc. (Augmented In Situ Subsurface Bioremediation Process)	38
        CF Systems Corporation (Liquified Gas Solvent Extraction [LG-SX] Technology)  	48
        ELI Eco Logic International, Inc. (Thermal Desorption Unit)   	62
        General Atomics (Circulating Bed Combustor)	70
        High Voltage Environmental Applications, Inc. (High-Energy Electron Irradiation)  	82
        Retech, Inc. (Plasma Arc Vitrification)	  104
        RUST Remedial Services, Inc. (X*TRAX™ Thermal Desorption)  	  118
        Sonotech, Inc. (Frequency-Tunable Pulse Combustion System)   	.•	  128
        Texaco Inc. (Entrained-Bed Gasification)	  136
        Roy F. Weston, Inc.  (Low Temperature Thermal Treatment [LT3®] System)  	  148
     Demonstration Program - Ongoing Projects
        North American Technologies Group,  Inc. (BioTreat™ System)	  188
     Emerging Technology Program - Completed Projects
        Allis Mineral. Systems (PYROKILN THERMAL ENCAPSULATION Process)	  238
        New Jersey Institute of Technology (GHEA Associates  Process)	  292
     Emerging Technology Program - Ongoing Projects
        Center for Hazardous Materials Research (Organics Destruction  and Metals Stabilization)  	  322
        Davy International Energy and Environmental Division (Chemical Treatment)   	  326
        Energy and Environmental Research Corporation (Reactor Filter System)  	  332
        Institute of Gas Technology (Fluidized-Bed Cyclone Agglomerating Combustor)  	  344
     Measurement and Monitoring Technology Program
        Bruker Instruments (Bruker Mobile Environmental Monitor)  	  390
   Heavy Metals
     Demonstration Program - Completed Projects
        RUST Remedial Services, Inc. (X*TRAX™ Thermal Desorption)  	  118
     Emerging Technology Program - Completed Projects
        New Jersey Institute of Technology (GHEA Associates  Process)	  292
     Emerging Technology Program - Ongoing Projects
        Western Product Recovery Group, Inc. (CCBA Physical and Chemical Treatment)  	  376
   Heavy Minerals
     Emerging Technology Program - Completed Projects
        Montana College of Mineral Science & Technology (Campbell Centrifugal Jig)   	  290
   Herbicides
     Demonstration Program - Completed Projects
        American Combustion, Inc. (PYRETRON® Thermal Destruction)	24
        Babcock & Wilcox Co. (Cyclone Furnace)  	28
        General Atomics  (Circulating Bed Combustor)   	70
                                                                                        Page 477

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Sludge (continued)
   Herbicides (continued)
     Demonstration Program - Completed Projects (continued)
        Horsehead Resource Development Co., Inc. (Flame Reactor)   	84
        Resources Conservation Company (B.E.S.T. Solvent Extraction Technology)	   102
        Retech, Inc. (Plasma Arc Vitrification)  	   104
        SoilTech ATP Systems, Inc. (Anaerobic Thermal Processor)  	   124
        Sonotech, Inc. (Frequency-Tunable Pulse Combustion System)  	   128
        Texaco Inc. (Entrained-Bed Gasification)  	   136
        Roy F. Weston, Inc. (Low Temperature Thermal Treatment [LT3®] System)  	i.	   148
     Demonstration Program - Ongoing Projects
        Vortec Corporation (Oxidation and Vitrification Process)	212
     Emerging Technology Program - Completed Projects
        Allis Mineral Systems (PYROKILN THERMAL ENCAPSULATION Process)	238
        Babcock & Wilcox Co. (Cyclone Furnace)  	i ......   246
        Energy and Environmental Research  Corporation (Hybrid Fluidized Bed System)	270
        PSI Technologies (Metals Immobilization and Decontamination of Aggregate Solids)  	   294
        Vortec Corporation (Oxidation and Vitrification Process)	   306
     Emerging Technology Program - Ongoing Projects
        Energy and Environmental Research  Corporation (Reactor Filter System)  	   332
        Institute of Gas Technology (Fluidized-Bed Cyclone Agglomerating Combustor)  	   344
     Measurement and Monitoring Technology Program
        Bruker Instruments (Bruker Mobile Environmental Monitor)	   390
   Metals
     Demonstration Program - Completed Projects
        Advanced Remediation Mixing, Inc.  (Solidification and Stabilization)	 . 22
        Babcock & Wilcox Co. (Cyclone Furnace)	28
        Funderburk & Associates (Dechlorination and Immobilization) ,	68
        Geo-Con, Inc. (In Situ Solidification and Stabilization Process)  	72
        Geosafe Corporation (In Situ Vitrification)  	74
        Horsehead Resource Development Co., Inc. (Flame Reactor)	84
        Retech, Inc. (Plasma Arc Vitrification)	   104
        Soliditech, Inc. (Solidification and Stabilization)   	   126
        STC  Omega, Inc. (Chemical Fixation/Solidification Treatment Technologies)	   130
        Texaco Inc. (Entrained-Bed Gasification)  	   136
        Toronto Harbour Commission (Soil Recycling)   	   138
        WASTECH, Inc. (Solidification and  Stabilization)	   146
     Demonstration Program - Ongoing Projects
        Separation and Recovery Systems, Inc. (SAREX Chemical Fixation Process)	   204
        Sevenson Environmental Services, Inc. (MAECTITE® Chemical Treatment Process)  	   206
        Vortec Corporation (Oxidation and Vitrification Process)   	   212
        Wheelabrator Technologies, Inc. (WES-PHix Stabilization Process)	   216
     Emerging Technology Program - Completed Projects
        AEA Technology, National Environmental Technology Centre (Soil Separation and Washing
          Process)   	236
        Allis Mineral Systems (PYROKILN THERMAL ENCAPSULATION Process")   	   238
        Babcock & Wilcox Co. (Cyclone Furnace)	246
        Center for Hazardous Materials Research (Acid Extraction Treatment  System)  	   254
        Energy and Environmental Research  Corporation (Hybrid Fluidized Bed System)	   270
        Ferro Corporation (Waste Vitrification Through Electric Melting)	   272
        Montana College of Mineral Science & Technology (Air-Sparged Hydrocyclone)	   288
        Montana College of Mineral Science & Technology (Campbell Centrifugal Jig)   	   290
        New  Jersey Institute of Technology (GHEA Associates Process)	   292
        PSI Technologies (Metals Immobilization and Decontamination of Aggregate Solids)  	   294
Page 478

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Sludge (continued)
   Metals (continued)
     Emerging Technology Program - Completed Projects (continued)
        Vortec Corporation (Oxidation and Vitrification Process)   	  306
     Emerging Technology Program - Ongoing Projects
        Center for Hazardous Materials  Research (Organics Destruction and Metals Stabilization)	  322
        Davy International Energy and Environmental Division (Chemical Treatment)  	  326
        Energy and Environmental Research Corporation (Reactor Filter System)  	  332
        Geo-Microbial Technologies, Inc. (Metals Release and Removal from Wastes)  	  338
        Institute of Gas Technology (Fluidized-Bed Cyclone Agglomerating Combustor)  	  344
        IT Corporation (Chelation/Electrodeposition of Toxic Metals from Soils)   	  348
        University of Houston (Concentrated-Chloride Extraction and Recovery of Lead)	  372
        University of South Carolina (In Situ Mitigation of Acid Water)	  374
   Mixed Waste
     Demonstration Program - Completed Projects
        Retech, Inc. (Plasma Arc Vitrification)   	  104
   Organics
     Demonstration Program - Completed Projects
        High Voltage Environmental Applications, Inc. (High-Energy Electron Irradiation)   	82
     Emerging Technology Program - Completed Projects
        Electron Beam Research Facility, Florida International University, and University of Miami
          (High-Energy Electron Irradiation)	264
     Emerging Technology Program - Ongoing Projects
        High Voltage Environmental Applications, Inc. (High Energy Electron Beam Irradiation)  	  342
   PAHs
     Demonstration Program - Completed Projects
        Dehydro-Tech Corporation (Carver-Greenfield Process® for Solvent Extraction of Wet, Oily
          Wastes)	52
     Emerging Technology Program - Ongoing Projects
        Institute of Gas Technology (Supercritical Extraction/Liquid Phase Oxidation)  	  346
        IT Corporation (Eimco BioLift™ Slurry Reactor)   	  350
        OHM Remediation Services Corporation  (Oxygen Micfobubble In Situ Bioremediation)   	  360
   PCBs
     Demonstration Program - Completed Projects
        American Combustion, Inc. (PYRETRON® Thermal Destruction)	24
        Babcock & Wilcox Co. (Cyclone Furnace)  .	28
        BioTrol, Inc. (Soil Washing  System)	  42
        CF Systems Corporation (Liquified Gas Solvent Extraction [LG-SX] Technology)  	48
        Dehydro-Tech Corporation (Carver-Greenfield Process® for Solvent Extraction of Wet, Oily
          Wastes)	52
        ELI Eco Logic International, Inc. (Thermal Desorption Unit)   	62
        Funderburk & Associates (Dechlorination and Immobilization)	68
        Geo-Con, Inc. (In Situ Solidification and Stabilization Process)   	72
        Geosafe Corporation (In Situ Vitrification)  	74
        High Voltage Environmental Applications, Inc. (High-Energy Electron Irradiation)   	82
        Horsehead Resource Development Co., Inc. (Flame Reactor)	  84
        Resources Conservation Company (B.E.S.T. Solvent Extraction Technology)	  102
        Retech, Inc. (Plasma Arc Vitrification)   	  104
        RUST Remedial Services, Inc. (X*TRAX™ Thermal Desorption)  	  118
        SoilTech ATP Systems, Inc.  (Anaerobic Thermal Processor)	  124
        Soliditech, Inc. (Solidification, and Stabilization)	  126
        Sonotech, Inc. (Frequency-Tunable Pulse Combustion System)	  128
        STC Omega, Inc. (Chemical Fixation/Solidification Treatment Technologies)	  130
        Texaco Inc. (Entrained-Bed Gasification)  	,	  136
                                                                                         Page 479

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Sludge (continued)
  PCBs (continued)                                                                     ,
     Demonstration Program - Completed Projects (continued)
       WASTECH, Inc. (Solidification and Stabilization)   	  146
       Roy F. Weston, Inc. (Low Temperature Thermal Treatment [LT3®] System)  	  148
     Demonstration Program - Ongoing Projects
       Vortec Corporation (Oxidation and Vitrification Process)	212
     Emerging Technology Program - Completed Projects
       Allis Mineral Systems (PYROKILN THERMAL ENCAPSULATION Process)   	  238
       ART International, Inc. (Low-Energy Extraction Process)	  242
       Babcock & Wilcox Co. (Cyclone Furnace)  	246
       Energy and Environmental Research Corporation (Hybrid Fluidized Bed System)  	  270
       Institute of Gas Technology (Chemical and Biological Treatment)	  276
       New Jersey Institute of Technology (GHEA Associates Process)	 . . .  .  292
       PSI Technologies (Metals Immobilization and Decontamination of Aggregate Solids)	  294
       J. R. Simplot (The SABRE™  Process)  	300
       Trinity Environmental Technologies, Inc. (PCB- and Organochlorine-Contaminated Soil
          Detoxification)   	302
       Vortec Corporation (Oxidation and Vitrification Process)  	  306
     Emerging Technology Program  - Ongoing Projects
       Center for Hazardous Materials Research (Organics Destruction and Metals Stabilization)  .....  322
       Davy International Energy and Environmental Division (Chemical Treatment)	  326
       Energy and Environmental Research Corporation (Reactor Filter System)   	  332
       Institute of Gas Technology (Fluidized-Bed Cyclone Agglomerating Combustor)  	  344
       Institute of Gas Technology (Supercritical Extraction/Liquid Phase Oxidation)   	  346
       State University of New York at Oswego (Photocatalytic Degradation of PCB-Contaminated
          Sediments and Waters)  	•	366
     Measurement and Monitoring Technology Program
       Bruker Instruments (Bruker Mobile Environmental Monitor)	  390
   Pesticides
     Demonstration Program - Completed Projects
        American Combustion, Inc. (PYRETRON® Thermal Destruction)	24
       Babcock & Wilcox Co. (Cyclone Furnace)  	28
        BioTrol, Inc. (Soil Washing  System)   	42
        Canonie Environmental Services Corporation (Low Temperature Thermal Aeration [LTTA®])   ... 46
        ELI Eco Logic International, Inc. (Thermal Desorption Unit)   	62
        Funderburk & Associates (Dechlorination and Immobilization)	68
        General  Atomics (Circulating Bed  Combustor)	70
        Geosafe Corporation (In Situ Vitrification)	74
        Horsehead Resource Development Co., Inc. (Flame Reactor)   	84
        Resources Conservation Company (B.E.S.T. Solvent Extraction Technology)	  102
        Retech, Inc. (Plasma Arc Vitrification)  	  104
        SoilTech ATP Systems, Inc.  (Anaerobic Thermal Processor)  	  124
        Soliditech, Inc. (Solidification and Stabilization)   	  126
        Sonotech,  Inc. (Frequency-Tunable Pulse Combustion System)  	  128
        STC Omega, Inc.  (Chemical Fixation/Solidification Treatment Technologies)	  130
        Texaco Inc. (Entrained-Bed Gasification)  .	  136
        WASTECH, Inc. (Solidification and Stabilization)  	  146
        Roy F. Weston, Inc. (Low Temperature Thermal Treatment [LT3®] System)   	  148
     Demonstration Program - Ongoing Projects
        Vortec Corporation (Oxidation and Vitrification Process)  	  212
     Emerging Technology Program - Completed Projects
        Allis Mineral Systems (TYROKILN THERMAL ENCAPSULATION Process)	  238
        ART International, Inc. (Low-Energy Extraction Process)  	  242
 Page 480

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Sludge (continued)
  Pesticides (continued')
     Emerging Technology Program - Completed Projects (continued)
       Babcock & Wilcox Co. (Cyclone Furnace)  	246
       Energy and Environmental Research Corporation (Hybrid Fluidized Bed System)   .	  270
       Institute of Gas Technology (Chemical and Biological Treatment)	276
       PSI Technologies (Metals Immobilization and Decontamination of Aggregate Solids)	  294
       J. R. Simplot (The SABRE™ Process)   	300
       Vortec Corporation (Oxidation and Vitrification Process)	  306
     Emerging Technology Program - Ongoing Projects
       Davy International Energy and Environmental Division (Chemical Treatment)   	  326
       Energy and Environmental Research Corporation (Reactor Filter System)  	  332
       Groundwater Technology Government Services, Inc.  (Below-Grade Bioremediation of
          Chlorinated Cyclodiene Insecticides)	      340
       Institute of Gas Technology (Fluidized-Bed Cyclone Agglomerating Combustor)  	  344
       State University of New York at Oswego (Photocatalytic Degradation of PCB-Contaminated
          Sediments and Waters)	355
     Measurement and Monitoring Technology Program
       Bruker Instruments (Bruker Mobile Environmental Monitor)	  390
  Petroleum Hydrocarbons
     Demonstration Program - Completed Projects
       BioTrol,  Inc. (Soil Washing System)	42
       Dehydro-Tech Corporation (Carver-Greenfield Process® for Solvent Extraction of Wet, Oily
          Wastes)	52
       ECOVA  Corporation (Bioslurry Reactor)	58
       GRACE Dearborn, Inc. (DARAMEND™ Bioremediation Technology)	78
       Soliditech, Inc. (Solidification and Stabilization)   	  126
       Roy F. Weston, Inc. (Low Temperature Thermal Treatment [LT3®] System)   	  148
     Demonstration Program - Ongoing Projects
       North American Technologies  Group, Inc. (BioTreat™ System)   	  188
       Remediation Technologies, Inc. (Liquid and Solids Biological Treatment)  . .  .	  198
     Emerging Technology Program -  Completed Projects
       AEA Technology, National Environmental Technology Centre (Soil Separation and Washing
          Process)	236
       Allis Mineral Systems (PYROKILN THERMAL ENCAPSULATION Process)   	  238
       Institute of Gas Technology (Fluid Extraction - Biological Degradation Process)  . .	  278
       New Jersey Institute of Technology (GHEA Associates Process)	  292
  Radionuclides
     Demonstration Program - Completed Projects
       Advanced Remediation Mixing, Inc. (Solidification and  Stabilization)   .	22
       Babcock & Wilcox Co. (Cyclone Furnace)	28
       Geosafe Corporation (In Situ Vitrification)	 74
       Retech, Inc.  (Plasma Arc Vitrification)	  104
       RUST Remedial Services, Inc. (X*TRAX™ Thermal Desorption)  	  118
     Emerging Technology Program -  Completed Projects
       Babcock & Wilcox Co. (Cyclone Furnace)  . . .  . <•	246
  SVOCs
     Demonstration Program - Completed Projects
       American Combustion, Inc. (PYRETRON® Thermal Destruction)	24
       Babcock & Wilcox Co. (Cyclone Furnace)	28
       BioTrol, Inc. (Soil Washing System)	42
       Canonic Environmental Services Corporation (Low Temperature Thermal Aeration [LTTA®])   ...  46
       CF Systems Corporation (Liquified Gas Solvent Extraction [LG-SX] Technology)  	48
                                                                                       Page 481

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r
                Sludge (continued)
                  SVOCs (continued)
                     Demonstration Program - Completed Projects (continued)
                       Dehydro-Tech Corporation (Carver-Greenfield Process® for Solvent Extraction of Wet, Oily
                         Wastes)	 52
                       ECOVA Corporation (Bioslurry Reactor)  	58
                       ELI Eco Logic International, Inc. (Thermal Desorption Unit)	62
                       General Atomics (Circulating Bed Combustor)	 70
                       GRACE Dearborn, Inc. (DARAMEND™ Bioremediation Technology)	78
                       Horsehead Resource Development Co., Inc. (Flame Reactor)   	84
                       Retech, Inc. (Plasma Arc Vitrification)	  104
                       Risk Reduction Engineering Laboratory (Base-Catalyzed Decomposition Process)  	; . . .  106
                       RUST Remedial Services, Inc. (X*TRAX™ Thermal Desorption)	  118
                       SoilTech ATP Systems, Inc. (Anaerobic Thermal Processor)	  124
                       Sonotech, Inc. (Frequency-Tunable Pulse Combustion System)   	  128
                       STC Omega, Inc. (Chemical Fixation/Solidification Treatment Technologies)	  130
                       Texaco Inc. (Entrained-Bed Gasification)	  136
                       Toronto Harbour Commission (Soil Recycling)  	  138
                       WASTECH, Inc. (Solidification and Stabilization)	  146
                       Roy F. Weston, Inc. (Low Temperature Thermal Treatment [LT3®] System)  	  148
                     Demonstration Program - Ongoing Projects
                       North American Technologies Group, Inc. (BioTreat™ System)	  188
                       Remediation Technologies, Inc. (Liquid and Solids Biological Treatment)  	  198
                       Separation and Recovery Systems, Inc. (SAREX Chemical Fixation Process)  	  204
                       Vortec Corporation (Oxidation and Vitrification Process)  	  212
                     Emerging Technology Program - Completed Projects
                       Allis Mineral Systems (PYROKILN THERMAL ENCAPSULATION Process)   	  238
                       ART International, Inc. (Low-Energy Extraction Process)   . .	  242
                       Babcock & Wilcox Co. (Cyclone Furnace)  . .	246
                       Energy and Environmental Research Corporation (Hybrid Fluidized Bed System)  „	  270
                       Institute of Gas Technology (Chemical and Biological Treatment)  	• • • •	  2^6
                       Institute of Gas Technology (Fluid Extraction - Biological Degradation Process)  ....._	  278
                       New Jersey Institute of Technology (GHEA Associates Process)	  292
                       PSI Technologies (Metals Immobilization and Decontamination of Aggregate Solids)  	  294
                       Vortec Corporation (Oxidation and Vitrification Process)	  306
                     Emerging Technology Program - Ongoing Projects
                       Energy and Environmental Research Corporation (Reactor Filter System)	  332
                       Institute of Gas Technology (Fluidized-Bed Cyclone Agglomerating Combustor)  	  344
                       IT  Corporation (Eimco BioLift™ Slurry Reactor)	  350
                       OHM Remediation Services Corporation (Oxygen Microbubble In Situ Bioremediation)   	  360
                     Measurement and Monitoring Technology Program
                       Bruker Instruments (Bruker Mobile Environmental Monitor)  	  390
                   VOCs
                     Demonstration Program - Completed Projects
                       American Combustion, Inc.  (PYRETRON® Thermal Destruction)	24
                       Bio-Rem, Inc. (Augmented In Situ Subsurface Bioremediation Process)  	38
                       Canonie Environmental Services Corporation (Low Temperature Thermal Aeration [LTTA®])   ...  46
                       CF Systems Corporation (Liquified Gas Solvent Extraction [LG-SX] Technology) 	48
                       ECOVA Corporation (Bioslurry Reactor)	58
                       ELI Eco Logic International, Inc. (Thermal Desorption Unit)   	62
                       General Atomics (Circulating Bed Combustor)	70
                       Geosafe Corporation (In Situ Vitrification)	74
                       Horsehead Resource Development Co., Inc. (Flame Reactor)   	84
                       Retech, Inc.  (Plasma Arc Vitrification)	  104
                Page 482

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 Sludge (continued)
   VOCs (continued)
     Demonstration Program - Completed Projects (continued)
        RUST Remedial Services, Inc. (X*TRAX™ Thermal Desorption)	  118
        SoilTech ATP Systems, Inc. (Anaerobic Thermal Processor)  	  124
        Sonotech, Inc. (Frequency-Tunable Pulse Combustion System)	  128
        Texaco Inc. (Entrained-Bed Gasification)  	  136
        Roy F. Weston, Inc. (Low Temperature Thermal Treatment [LT3®] System)   	  148
     Demonstration Program - Ongoing Projects
        Separation and Recovery  Systems, Inc. (SAREX Chemical Fixation Process)  	  204
        Vortec  Corporation (Oxidation and Vitrification Process)	  212
     Emerging  Technology Program - Completed Projects
        Allis Mineral Systems (PYROKILN THERMAL ENCAPSULATION Process)	  238
        Energy and  Environmental Research Corporation (Hybrid Fluidized Bed System)   	  270
        New Jersey  Institute of Technology (GHEA Associates Process)	  292
        PSI. Technologies (Metals Immobilization and Decontamination of Aggregate Solids)   	  294
        Vortec  Corporation (Oxidation and Vitrification Process)	306
     Emerging  Technology Program - Ongoing Projects
        Energy and  Environmental Research Corporation (Reactor Filter System)	  332
        Institute of Gas Technology (Fluidized-Bed Cyclone Agglomerating Combustor)  .  . .	  344
     Measurement and Monitoring Technology Program
        Bruker  Instruments (Bruker Mobile Environmental Monitor)  	  390

Soil
   Aromatic VOCs
     Demonstration  Program -  Completed Projects
•r.       American Combustion,  Inc.  (PYRETRON® Thermal Destruction)		24
        AWD Technologies, Inc.  (Integrated Vapor Extraction and Steam Vacuum Stripping)   	26
        Billings & Associates, Inc. (Subsurface Volatilization and Ventilation System [SVVS®])  	34
        Bio-Rem, Inc. (Augmented In Situ Subsurface Bioremediation Process)   	38
        CF Systems  Corporation (Liquified Gas Solvent Extraction [LG-SX] Technology)   	48
        ELI Eco Logic International, Inc. (Thermal Desorption Unit)  	62
        General Atomics (Circulating Bed Combustor)   	70
        Hrubetz Environmental Services, Inc. (HRUBOUT® Process)	86
        Hughes Environmental Systems, Inc. (Steam Enhanced Recovery Process)	  88
        ITT Research Institute/Brown and Root Environmental (Radio Frequency Heating)	90
       KAI Technologies, Inc./Brown and Root Environmental (Radio Frequency Heating)  	92
       Maxymillian Technologies, Inc. (Mobile Thermal Desorption System)   	96
       NOVATERRA, Inc. (In Situ Steam and Air Stripping)	  100
       Resources Conservation Company (B.E.S.T. Solvent Extraction Technology)	  102
       Retech, Inc.  (Plasma Arc  Vitrification)  	  104
        Sonotech, Inc. (Frequency-Tunable Pulse Combustion System)   	  128
       Texaco  Inc.  (Entrained-Bed Gasification)  	  136
       Roy F. Weston, Inc. (Low Temperature Thermal Treatment [LT3®] System)  	  148
     Demonstration Program - Ongoing Projects
       North American Technologies Group, Inc. (BioTreat™ System)   ,	  188
       Praxis Environmental Technologies, Inc. (In Situ Thermal Extraction Process)  	  192
       SIVE Services (Steam Injection and Vacuum Extraction-Linear Flow [SIVE-LF] Process)  	 208
     Emerging Technology Program - Completed Projects
       ABB Environmental Services, Inc.  (Two-Zone,  Plume Interception, In Situ Treatment
          Strategy)	234
       Allis Mineral Systems (PYROKILN THERMAL ENCAPSULATION Process)  	 238
       Hazardous Substance Management Research Center at New Jersey Institute of Technology
          (Pnuematic Fracturing/Bioremediation)   	274
                                                                                       Page 483

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r
                 Soil (continued)
                   Aromatic VOCs (continued)
                      Emerging Technology Program - Completed Projects (continued)
                        Institute of Gas Technology (Fluid Extraction - Biological Degradation Process)	  278
                        IT Corporation (Batch Steam Distillation and Metal Extraction)  	  280
                      Emerging Technology Program - Ongoing Projects
                        Energy and Environmental Research Corporation (Reactor Filter System)  	  332
                        Institute of Gas Technology (Fluidized-Bed Cyclone Agglomerating Combustor)  	  344
                        OHM Remediation Services Corporation (Oxygen Microbubble In Situ Bioremediation)  	  360
                      Measurement and Monitoring Technology Program
                        Bruker Instruments (Bruker Mobile Environmental Monitor)  	  390
                        Sentex Sensing Technology, Inc. (Scentograph Portable Gas Chromatograph)	  426
                        SRI Instruments (Gas Chromatograph)   	428

                      Demonstration Program - Completed Projects
                        Maxymillian Technologies, Inc. (Mobile Thermal Desorption System)	96
                        RUST Remedial Services, Inc. (X*TRAX™ Thermal Desorption)  	  118
                   Diesel
                      Demonstration Program - Ongoing Projects
                        Praxis Environmental Technologies, Inc. (In Situ Thermal Extraction Process)  	  192
                   Dioxins
                      Demonstration Program - Completed Projects
                        Babcock & Wilcox Co.  (Cyclone Furnace)  	28
                        CF Systems Corporation (Liquified Gas Solvent Extraction [LG-SX] Technology)  	48
                        Dehydro-Tech Corporation (Carver-Greenfield Process® for Solvent Extraction of Wet, Oily
                           Wastes)	52
                        ELI Eco Logic International, Inc. (Thermal Desorption Unit)	62
                        General Atomics (Circulating Bed Combustor)	70
                        Geosafe Corporation (In Situ Vitrification)  	74
                        Horsehead Resource Development Co., Inc. (Flame Reactor)   	84
                        Retech,  Inc. (Plasma Arc Vitrification)	  104
                        RUST Remedial Services, Inc. (XTRAX™ Thermal Desorption)	  118
                        SoilTech ATP Systems, Inc. (Anaerobic Thermal Processor)	  124
                        Sonotech, Inc. (Frequency-Tunable Pulse Combustion System)	  128
                        Texaco Inc. (Entrained-Bed Gasification) 	  136
                      Demonstration Program - Ongoing Projects
                        RKK, Ltd. (CYROCELL®)	202
                        Vortec Corporation (Oxidation and Vitrification Process)   	  212
                      Emerging Technology Program - Completed Projects
                        Allis Mineral Systems (PYROKILN THERMAL ENCAPSULATION Process)   	  238
                        Babcock & Wilcox Co.  (Cyclone Furnace)  	246
                        Energy and Environmental Research Corporation (Hybrid Fluidized Bed System)	  270
                        IT Corporation (Photolytic and Biological Soil Detoxification)	282
                        PSI Technologies (Metals Immobilization and Decontamination of Aggregate Solids)   	  294
                        Vortec Corporation (Oxidation and Vitrification Process)   	  306
                      Emerging Technology Program - Ongoing Projects
                        Energy and Environmental Research Corporation (Reactor Filter System)	  332
                        Institute of Gas Technology (Fluidized-Bed Cyclone Agglomerating Combustor)  	  344
                      Measurement and Monitoring Technology Program
                        Bruker Instruments (Bruker Mobile Environmental Monitor) 	  390
                   Explosives
                      Demonstration Program - Completed Projects
                        J. R.  Simplot (The SABRE™ Process) 	  122
                 Page 484

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Soil (continued)
  Explosives (continued')
     Emerging Technology Program - Completed Projects
       New Jersey Institute of Technology (GHEA Associates Process)	  292
       J. R. Simplot (The SABRE™ Process)  	. .	  300
  Furans
     Demonstration Program - Completed Projects
       Babcock & Wilcox Co. (Cyclone Furnace)  	28
       ELI Eco Logic International, Inc. (Thermal Desorption Unit)	62
       General Atomics (Circulating Bed Combustor)   	      70
       Geosafe Corporation (In Situ Vitrification)  	74
       Horsehead Resource Development Co., Inc. (Flame Reactor)   	84
       Retech, Inc. (Plasma Arc Vitrification)		  104
       SoilTech ATP Systems, Lac. (Anaerobic Thermal Processor)  	  124
       Sonotech, Inc. (Frequency-Tunable Pulse Combustion System)   	  128
       Texaco Lac. (Entrained-Bed Gasification)	  136
     Demonstration Program - Ongoing Projects
       Vortec Corporation (Oxidation and Vitrification Process)	212
     Emerging Technology Program - Completed Projects
       Allis Mineral Systems (PYROKILN THERMAL ENCAPSULATION Process)   	 238
       Babcock & Wilcox Co. (Cyclone Furnace)  	246
       Energy and Environmental Research Corporation (Hybrid Fluidized Bed System)   	 270
       PSI Technologies (Metals Immobilization and Decontamination of Aggregate Solids)   	 294
       Vortec Corporation (Oxidation and Vitrification Process)   	 306
     Emerging Technology Program - Ongoing Projects
       Energy and Environmental Research Corporation (Reactor Filter System)   	 332
       Institute of Gas Technology (Fluidized-Bed Cyclone Agglomerating Combustor)   . . .	 344
     Measurement and Monitoring Technology Program
       Bruker Instruments (Bruker Mobile Environmental Monitor)  	 390
  Gasoline
    Demonstration Program - Ongoing Projects
       Praxis Environmental Technologies, Inc. (In Situ Thermal Extraction Process)  	  192
  Halogenated VOCs
    Demonstration Program - Completed Projects
       Accutech Remedial Systems, Inc. (Pneumatic Fracturing Extraction3*  and Catalytic Oxidation)  ...  20
       AWD Technologies, Inc. (Integrated Vapor Extraction and Steam Vacuum Stripping)   	26
       Billings & Associates, Inc.  (Subsurface Volatilization and Ventilation System [SWS®])  	34
       Bio-Rem, Inc. (Augmented In Situ Subsurface Bioremediation Process)   	38
       CF Systems Corporation (Liquified Gas Solvent Extraction [LG-SX] Technology)	48
       ELI Eco Logic International, Inc. (Thermal Desorption Unit)	62
       General Atomics (Circulating Bed Combustor)    	70
       Hughes Environmental Systems, Inc. (Steam Enhanced Recovery Process)	  88
       IIT Research Institute/Brown and Root Environmental (Radio Frequency Heating) '.	90
       KAI Technologies, Inc./Brown and Root Environmental (Radio Frequency Heating)  	92
       NOVATERRA, Inc.  (In Situ Steam and Air Stripping)	  100
       Retech, Inc. (Plasma Arc Vitrification)   	  104
       RUST Remedial Services, Inc. (X*TRAX™ Thermal Desorption)  	  118
       Sonotech, Inc. (Frequency-Tunable Pulse Combustion System)    	  128
       Texaco Inc. (Entrained-Bed Gasification)  	  136
       Roy F. Weston, Inc.  (Low Temperature Thermal Treatment [LT3®] System)  	  148
    Demonstration Program - Ongoing Projects
       North American Technologies Group, Inc. (BioTreat™ System)    	  188
       Praxis Environmental Technologies, Inc.  (In Situ  Thermal  Extraction Process) 	  192
       SIVE Services (Steam Injection and Vacuum Extraction-Linear  Flow [SIVE-LFj Process)  	 208
                                                                                       Page 485

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Soil (continued)
  Haloeenated VOCs (continued')
     Emerging Technology Program - Completed Projects
        ABB Environmental Services, Inc. (Two-Zone, Plume Interception, In Situ Treatment
          Strategy)	 234
        Allis Mineral Systems (PYROKILN THERMAL ENCAPSULATION Process)   	  238
        IT Corporation (Batch Steam Distillation and Metal Extraction)   	  280
        New Jersey Institute of Technology (GHEA Associates Process)	  292
        Purus, Inc. (Photolytic Oxidation Process)   	298
     Emerging Technology Program - Ongoing Projects
        Center for Hazardous Materials Research (Organics Destruction and Metals Stabilization)  	  322
        Davy International Energy and Environmental Division (Chemical Treatment)  	  326
        Energy and Environmental Research Corporation (Reactor Filter System)   	  332
        Institute of Gas Technology (Fluidized-Bed Cyclone Agglomerating Combustor)	  344
     Measurement and Monitoring Technology Program
        Bruker Instruments (Bruker Mobile Environmental Monitor)	 390
        Sentex Sensing Technology, Inc. (Scentograph Portable Gas Chromatograph)	  426
        SRI Instruments (Gas Chromatograph)	428
  Heavy Metals
     Demonstration Program - Completed Projects
        Bergmann USA (Soil and Sediment Washing)  	30
        Brice Environmental Services Corporation (Soil Washing Plant)  	44
        RUST Remedial Services, Inc. (X*TRAX™ Thermal Desorption)  	 118
     Emerging Technology Program - Completed Projects
        IT Corporation (Batch Steam Distillation and Metal Extraction)	 280
        New Jersey Institute of Technology (GHEA Associates Process)	 292
     Emerging Technology Program - Ongoing Projects
        Western Product Recovery Group, Inc. (CCBA Physical and Chemical Treatment)   	  376
  Heavy Minerals
     Emerging Technology Program - Completed Projects
        Montana College of Mineral Science & Technology (Campbell Centrifugal Jig)   	 290
  Herbicides
     Demonstration Program - Completed Projects
        American Combustion, Inc.  (PYRETRON® Thermal Destruction)	24
        Babcock & Wilcox Co. (Cyclone Furnace)  	28
        General Atomics (Circulating Bed Combustor)	70
        Horsehead Resource Development Co., Inc. (Flame Reactor)    	84
        Resources Conservation Company (B.E.S.T. Solvent Extraction Technology)	  102
        Retech, Inc. (Plasma Arc Vitrification)	 104
        SoilTech ATP Systems, Inc. (Anaerobic  Thermal Processor)	 124
        Sonotech, Inc. (Frequency-Tunable Pulse Combustion System)   	 128
        Texaco Inc. (Entrained-Bed Gasification)  	 136
        Roy F. Weston, Inc. (Low Temperature  Thermal Treatment [LT3®]  System)  	 148
     Demonstration Program - Ongoing Projects
        Praxis Environmental Technologies, Inc. (In Situ Thermal Extraction Process)	 192
        Vortec Corporation (Oxidation and Vitrification Process)  	 212
     Emerging Technology Program - Completed Projects
        Allis Mineral Systems (PYROKILN THERMAL ENCAPSULATION Process)   	 238
        Babcock & Wilcox Co. (Cyclone Furnace)  	246
        Energy and Environmental Research Corporation (Hybrid Fluidized Bed System)   	 270
        PSI Technologies (Metals Immobilization and Decontamination of Aggregate Solids)  	 294
        Vortec Corporation (Oxidation and Vitrification Process)  	 306
     Emerging Technology Program - Ongoing Projects
        Energy and Environmental Research Corporation (Reactor Filter System)   	 332
Page 486

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Soil (continued)
  Herbicides (continued)
     Emerging Technology Program - Ongoing Projects (continued)
        Institute of Gas Technology (Fluidized-Bed Cyclone Agglomerating Combustor)  	  344
     Measurement and Monitoring Technology Program
        Bruker Instruments (Bruker Mobile Environmental Monitor)  	  390
  Inorganic Elements
     Measurement and Monitoring Technology Program
        HNU Systems, Inc. (HNU Source Excited Flourescence Analyzer-Portable [SEFA-P] XRF
          Analyzer)  	402
        Scitec Corporation (Metal Analysis Probe [MAP®] Portable Assayer)    	  424
        TN Technologies, Inc. (Spectrace 9000 X-Ray Flourescence Analyzer)   	  430
  Metals
     Demonstration Program - Completed Projects
        Advanced Remediation Mixing, Inc. (Solidification and Stabilization)   .	22
        Babcock & Wilcox Co. (Cyclone Furnace)  	28
        COGNIS, Inc. (Chemical Treatment)  	.  . . .	50
        Funderburk & Associates (Dechlorination and Immobilization)	68
        Geo-Con, Inc. (In Situ Solidification and Stabilization Process)   	72
        Geosafe Corporation (In Situ Vitrification)  	74
        Horsehead Resource Development Co., Inc. (Flame Reactor)   	84
        NOVATERRA, Inc. (In Situ Steam and Air Stripping)   	  100
        Retech, Inc. (Plasma Arc Vitrification)	  104
        Risk Reduction Engineering Laboratory (Volume Reduction Unit)	  108
        Soliditech, Inc. (Solidification and Stabilization)	  126
        STC  Omega, Inc. (Chemical Fixation/Solidification Treatment Technologies)	  130
        Texaco Inc. (Entrained-Bed Gasification)	  136
        Toronto Harbour Commission (Soil Recycling)   	•	  138
        WASTECH, Inc. (Solidification and Stabilization)  	  146
     Demonstration Program - Ongoing Projects
        Electrokinetics, Inc. (Electro-Klean™ Electrokinetic Soil Processing)	  172
        RKK, Ltd. (CYROCELL®)	202
        Separation and Recovery Systems, Inc. (SAREX Chemical Fixation Process)	  204
        Sevenson Environmental Services, Inc. (MAECTITE® Chemical Treatment Process)  ........  206
        Vortec Corporation (Oxidation and Vitrification Process)  	  212
        Wheelabrator Technologies, Inc. (WES-PHix Stabilization Process)	  216
     Emerging Technology Program - Completed.Projects
        ABA Technology, National  Environmental Technology Centre (Soil Separation and Washing
          Process)   	236
        Allis  Mineral Systems (PYROKILN THERMAL ENCAPSULATION Process)   	  238
        Babcock & Wilcox Co. (Cyclone Furnace)  	246
        Battelle Memorial Institute (In Situ Electroacoustic Soil Decontamination)	  248
        Center for Hazardous Materials Research (Acid Extraction Treatment System) 	  254
        COGNIS, Inc. (Chemical Treatment)	258
        Electrokinetics, Inc. (Electro-Klean™ Electrokinetic Soil Processing)  	  262
        Energy and Environmental Research Corporation (Hybrid Fluidized Bed System)  	  270
        Ferro Corporation (Was'te Vitrification Through Electric Melting)	  272
        IT Corporation (Batch Steam Distillation and Metal Extraction)   	  280
        Montana College of Mineral Science & Technology (Air-Sparged Hydrocyclone)  	  288
        Montana College of Mineral Science & Technology (Campbell Centrifugal Jig)   	  290
        New Jersey Institute of Technology (GHEA Associates Process)	  292
        PSI Technologies (Metals Immobilization and Decontamination of Aggregate Solids)	  294
        Vortec Corporation (Oxidation and Vitrification Process)  	  306
                                                                                         Page 487

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r
               Soil (continued)
                  Metals (continued)
                    Emerging Technology Program - Ongoing Projects
                       Center for Hazardous Materials Research (Organics Destruction and Metals Stabilization)  	  322
                       COGNIS, Inc. (Biological/Chemical Treatment)	  324
                       Davy International Energy and Environmental Division (Chemical Treatment)  	  326
                       Energy and Environmental Research Corporation (Reactor Filter System)	  332
                       Geo-Microbial Technologies, Inc. (Metals Release and Removal from Wastes)  	  338
                       Institute of Gas Technology (Fluidized-Bed Cyclone Agglomerating Combustor)  	  344
                       IT Corporation (Chelation/Electrodeposition of Toxic Metals from Soils)   	  348
                       IT Corporation (Mixed Waste Treatment Process)  	  352
                       Lewis Environmental Systems, Inc./Hickson Corporation (Chromated Copper Arsenate Soil
                          Leaching Process)  	354
                       University of Houston (Concentrated-Chloride Extraction and Recovery of Lead)	372
                       University of South Carolina  (In Situ Mitigation of Acid Water)	  374
                  Mixed Waste
                    Demonstration Program - Completed Projects
                       Retech, Inc. (Plasma Arc Vitrification)	  104
                  Organics
                    Demonstration Program - Completed Projects
                       Gruppo Italimpresse (Infrared Thermal Destruction)  	80
                    Emerging Technology Program - Completed Projects
                       Electron Beam Research Facility, Florida International University, and University of Miami
                          (High-Energy Electron Irradiation)  	264
                    Emerging Technology Program - Ongoing Projects
                       High Voltage Environmental Applications, Inc.  (High Energy Electron Beam Irradiation)  	  342
                    Measurement and Monitoring Technology Program
                       Geoprobe Systems (Geoprobe Conductivity System)   	  396
                  PAHs
                    Demonstration Program - Completed Projects
                       Dehydro-Tech Corporation (Carver-Greenfield Process® for Solvent Extraction of Wet, Oily
                          Wastes)	52
                       Maxymillian Technologies, Inc. (Mobile Thermal Desorption System)  	96
                    Emerging Technology Program - Ongoing Projects
                       Institute of Gas Technology (Supercritical Extraction/Liquid Phase Oxidation)	  346
                       IT Corporation (Eimco BioLift™ Slurry Reactor)	350
                       OHM Remediation Services Corporation (Oxygen Microbubble In Situ Bioremediation)  ......  360
                    Measurement and Monitoring Technology Program
                       Tri-Services (Site Characterization Analysis Penetrometer System [SCAPS])  	  432
                       Unisys Corporation (Rapid Optical Screen Tool)	434
                  PCBs
                    Demonstration Program - Completed Projects
                       American Combustion, Inc. (PYRETRON® Thermal Destruction)	24
                       Babcock & Wilcox Co. (Cyclone Furnace)   	28
                       Bergmann USA (Soil and Sediment Washing)  	30
                       BioGenesis Enterprises, Inc.  (BioGenesis3" Soil and Sediment Washing Processes)	36
                       BioTrol, Inc. (Soil Washing System)   	42
                       CF Systems Corporation (Liquified Gas Solvent Extraction [LG-SX] Technology)  	48
                       Dehydro-Tech Corporation (Carver-Greenfield Process® for Solvent Extraction of Wet, Oily
                         Wastes)	52
                       ELI Eco Logic International, Inc. (Thermal Desorption Unit)	62
                       Funderburk & Associates (Dechlorination and Immobilization)	68
                       Geo-Con, Inc.  (In Situ Solidification and Stabilization Process)   	72
                       Geosafe Corporation (In Situ Vitrification)	74
               Page 488

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Soil (continued)
  PCBs (continued")
     Demonstration Program - Completed Projects (continued)
       Horsehead Resource Development Co., Inc. (Flame Reactor)	  84
       IIT Research Institute/Brown and Root'Environmental (Radio Frequency Heating)	90
       KAI Technologies, Inc./Brown and Root Environmental (Radio Frequency Heating)   	92
       Resources Conservation Company (B.E.S.T. Solvent Extraction Technology)	  102
       Retech, Inc. (Plasma Arc Vitrification)  	•	104
       RUST Remedial Services, Inc. (X*TRAX™ Thermal Desorption)  	  118
       SoilTech ATP Systems, Inc. (Anaerobic Thermal Processor)	  124
       Soliditech, Inc. (Solidification and Stabilization)   	  126
       Sonotech, Inc. (Frequency-Tunable Pulse Combustion System)    	  128
       STC Omega, Inc. (Chemical Fixation/Solidification Treatment Technologies)	  130
       Terra-Kleen Response Group, Inc. (Solvent Extraction Treatment System)  	  132
       Texaco Inc. (Entrained-Bed Gasification)  	". ,	  136
       WASTECH, Inc. (Solidification and Stabilization)  	  146
       Roy F. Weston, Inc. (Low Temperature Thermal Treatment [LT3®] System)  	  148
     Demonstration Program - Ongoing Projects
       Praxis Environmental Technologies, Inc. (In Situ Thermal Extraction Process)  	  192
       Vortec Corporation (Oxidation and Vitrification Process)	  212
     Emerging Technology Program - Completed Projects
       Allis Mineral Systems (PYROKILN THERMAL ENCAPSULATION Process)   	  238
       ART International, Inc. (Low-Energy Extraction Process)   	  242
       Babcock & Wilcox Co. (Cyclone  Furnace)  		246
       Energy and Environmental Research Corporation (Hybrid Fluidized Bed System)  	  270
       Institute of Gas Technology (Chemical and Biological Treatment)	  276
       IT Corporation (Photoiytic and Biological Soil Detoxification)  	  282
       New Jersey Institute of Technology (GHEA Associates Process)	292
       PSI Technologies (Metals Immobilization and Decontamination of Aggregate Solids)  	  294
       J. R. Simplot (The SABRE™ Process)	300
       Trinity Environmental Technologies, Inc. (PCB- and Organochlorine-Contaminated Soil
          Detoxification)	302
       Vortec Corporation (Oxidation and Vitrification Process)  	  306
     Emerging Technology Program - Ongoing Projects
       Center for Hazardous Materials Research (Organics Destruction and Metals Stabilization)	  322
       Davy International Energy and Environmental Division (Chemical Treatment)  	  326
       Energy and Environmental Research Corporation (Reactor Filter System)	 .  332
       Institute of Gas Technology (Fluidized-Bed Cyclone Agglomerating Combustor)  	  344
       Institute of Gas Technology (Supercritical Extraction/Liquid Phase Oxidation)	  346
       Pulse Sciences, Inc. (X-Ray Treatment of Organically Contaminated Soils)  	  362
     Measurement and Monitoring Technology Program
       Bruker Instruments (Bruker Mobile Environmental Monitor)  	  390
       Dexsil Corporation (Environmental Test Kits)  	  392
       Millipore Corporation (EnviroGard™ PCB Immunoassay  Test Kit)  	  412
       United States Environmental Protection Agency (Field Analytical Screening Program PCB
          Method)	436
  Pesticides
     Demonstration Program - Completed Projects
       American Combustion, Inc. (PYRETRON® Thermal Destruction)	24
       Babcock & Wilcox Co. (Cyclone  Furnace)	28
       BioGenesis Enterprises, Inc. (BioGenesis3" Soil and Sediment Washing Processes)	36
       BioTrol, Inc. (Soil Washing System)	42
       Canonie Environmental Services Corporation (Low Temperature Thermal Aeration [LTTA®])  ...  46
       ELI Eco Logic International, Inc.  (Thermal Desorption Unit)   	62
                                                                                        Page 489

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Soil (continued)
   Pesticides (continued)
     Demonstration Program - Completed Projects (continued)
        Funderburk & Associates (Dechlorination and Immobilization)	68
        General Atomics (Circulating Bed Combustor)  	70
        Geosafe Corporation (In Situ Vitrification)  	74
        Horsehead Resource Development Co., Inc. (Flame Reactor)	 84
        ITT Research Institute/Brown and Root Environmental (Radio Frequency Heating)	90
        KAI Technologies, Inc./Brown and Root Environmental (Radio Frequency Heating)   	92
        Resources Conservation Company (B.E.S.T. Solvent Extraction Technology)	  102
        Retech, Inc. (Plasma Arc Vitrification)  	  104
        SoilTech ATP Systems, Inc. (Anaerobic Thermal Processor) 	  124
        Soliditech, Inc. (Solidification and Stabilization)	  126
        Sonotech, Inc. (Frequency-Tunable Pulse Combustion System)	  128
        STC Omega, Inc. (Chemical Fixation/Solidification Treatment Technologies)	  130
        Terra-Kleen Response Group, Inc. (Solvent Extraction Treatment System)   	  132
        Texaco Inc. (Entrained-Bed Gasification)	  136
        WASTECH, Inc. (Solidification and Stabilization)	  146
        Roy F. Weston, Inc. (Low Temperature Thermal Treatment [LT3®] System)		  148
     Demonstration Program - Ongoing Projects
        ASI Environmental Technologies, Inc./Dames & Moore (Hydrolytic Terrestrial Dissipation)   . .  .  166
        Praxis Environmental Technologies, Inc. (In Situ Thermal Extraction Process)  	  192
        Vortec Corporation (Oxidation and Vitrification Process)   ;	  212
     Emerging Technology Program - Completed Projects
        Allis Mineral Systems (PYROKILN THERMAL ENCAPSULATION Process)  	  238
        ART International, Inc. (Low-Energy Extraction Process)   	  242
        Babcock & Wilcox Co. (Cyclone Furnace)  	246
        Energy and Environmental Research Corporation (Hybrid Fluidized Bed System)	  270
        Institute of Gas Technology (Chemical and Biological Treatment)	276
        PSI Technologies (Metals Immobilization and Decontamination of Aggregate Solids)   ........  294
        J. R. Simplot (The SABRE™ Process)	 . .	300
        Vortec Corporation (Oxidation and Vitrification Process)	306
     Emerging Technology Program - Ongoing Projects
        Davy International Energy and Environmental Division (Chemical Treatment)	  326
        Energy and Environmental Research Corporation (Reactor Filter System)	  332
        Groundwater Technology Government Services, Inc.  (Below-Grade Bior&mediation of
          Chlorinated Cyclodiene Insecticides)	  340
        Institute of Gas Technology (Fluidized-Bed Cyclone Agglomerating Combustor)  	  344
        Pulse Sciences, Inc. (X-Ray Treatment of Organically Contaminated Soils)  	,	  362
     Measurement and Monitoring Technology Program
        Bruker Instruments (Bruker Mobile Environmental Monitor) 	  390
        Dexsil Corporation (Environmental Test Kits)  	  392
   Petroleum Hydrocarbons
     Demonstration Program - Completed Projects
        Bergmann USA (Soil and Sediment Washing)	30
        BioTrol, Inc. (Soil Washing System)	 42
        Dehydro-Tech Corporation (Carver-Greenfield Process® for Solvent Extraction of Wet, Oily
          Wastes)	52
        ECOVA Corporation (Bioslurry Reactor)	58
        GRACE Dearborn, Inc. (DARAMEND™ Bioremediation Technology)  	78
        Soliditech, Inc. (Solidification and Stabilization)   	  126
        Roy F. Weston, Inc. (Low Temperature Thermal Treatment [LT3®] System)	  148
     Demonstration Program - Ongoing Projects
        North American Technologies Group, Inc. (BioTreat™ System)	  188
Page 490

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Soil (continued)
  Petroleum Hydrocarbons (continued)
     Demonstration Program - Ongoing Projects (continued)
        Praxis Environmental Technologies, Inc. (In Situ Thermal Extraction Process)  	  192
        Remediation Technologies, Inc. (Liquid and Solids Biological Treatment)  	  198
        Risk Reduction Engineering Laboratory (Bioventing)	  200
     Emerging Technology Program - Completed Projects
        AEA Technology, National Environmental Technology Centre (Soil Separation and Washing
          Process)   	236
        Allis Mineral Systems (PYROKILN THERMAL ENCAPSULATION Process)   	  238
        Hazardous Substance Management Research Center at New Jersey Institute of Technology
          (Pnuematic Fracturing/Bioremediation)	  274
        Institute of Gas Technology (Fluid Extraction - Biological Degradation Process)  	  278
        New Jersey Institute of Technology (GHEA Associates Process)	  292
  Radionuclides
     Demonstration Program - Completed Projects
        Advanced Remediation Mixing, Inc. (Solidification and Stabilization)	22
        Babcock & Wilcox Co. (Cyclone Furnace)	28
        Brice Environmental Services Corporation (Soil Washing Plant)	w  44
        Geosafe Corporation (In Situ Vitrification)	74
        Retech, Inc. (Plasma Arc Vitrification)	  104
        RUST Remedial Services, Inc. (X*TRAX™ Thermal Desorption)  	  118
        Terra-Kleen Response Group, Inc. (Solvent Extraction Treatment  System)   	  132
     Demonstration Program - Ongoing Projects
        RKK,  Ltd. (CYROCELL®)	202
     Emerging Technology Program - Completed Projects
        Babcock & Wilcox Co. (Cyclone Furnace)  	  246
     Emerging Technology Program - Ongoing Projects
        Thermo Analytical (Segmented Gate System [SGS])	368
  SVOCs
     Demonstration Program - Completed Projects
        Accutech Remedial Systems, Inc.  (Pneumatic Fracturing Extraction™ and Catalytic Oxidation)  ...  20
        American Combustion, Inc. (PYRETRON® Thermal Destruction)	24
        AWD  Technologies, Inc. (Integrated Vapor Extraction and Steam Vacuum Stripping)	26
        Babcock & Wilcox Co. (Cyclone Furnace)	28
        Berkeley Environmental Restoration Center (In Situ Steam Enhanced Extraction Process)   	32
        BioGenesis Enterprises, Inc. (BioGenesis3* Soil and Sediment Washing Processes)	36
        BioTrol, Inc.  (Soil Washing System)	42
        Canonie Environmental Services Corporation (Low Temperature Thermal Aeration [LTTA®])   ...  46
        CF Systems Corporation (Liquified Gas Solvent Extraction [LG-SX] Technology)  	48
        Dehydro-Tech Corporation (Carver-Greenfield Process® for Solvent Extraction of Wet, Oily
          Wastes)	52
        ECOVA Corporation (Bioslurry Reactor)	58
        ELI Eco Logic International, Inc.  (Thermal Desorption Unit)   	62
        General Atomics (Circulating Bed Combustor)	  70
        GRACE Dearborn, Inc. (DARAMEND™ Bioremediation Technology)	78
        Horsehead Resource Development Co., Inc. (Flame Reactor)	  84
        Hrubetz Environmental Services, Inc. (HRUBOUT® Process)	86
        UT Research Institute/Brown and Root Environmental (Radio Frequency Heating)	90
        KAI Technologies, Inc./Brown and Root Environmental (Radio Frequency Heating)   	92
        Maxymillian Technologies, Inc. (Mobile Thermal Desorption System)   	96
        NOVATERRA, Inc. (In Situ Steam and Air Stripping)   	  100
        Retech, Inc. (Plasma Arc Vitrification)  .	  104
        Risk Reduction  Engineering Laboratory (Base-Catalyzed Decomposition Process)   	  106
                                                                                       Page 491

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I
                Soil (continued)
                  SVQCs ('continued')
                    Demonstration Program - Completed Projects (continued)
                       Risk Reduction Engineering Laboratory (Volume Reduction Unit)	.	  108
                       Risk Reduction Engineering Laboratory and USDA Forest Products Laboratory (Fungal
                          Treatment Technology)  	  112
                       RUST Remedial Services, Inc. (X*TRAX™ Thermal Desorption)  	  118
                       SoilTech ATP  Systems, Inc. (Anaerobic Thermal Processor)	  124
                       Sonotech, Inc.  (Frequency-Tunable Pulse Combustion System)  	  128
                       STC Omega, Inc.  (Chemical Fixation/Solidification Treatment Technologies)	  130
                       Terra-Kleen  Response Group, Inc. (Solvent Extraction Treatment System)  	  132
                       Texaco Inc.  (Entrained-Bed Gasification)  	  136
                       Toronto Harbour Commission (Soil Recycling)	  138
                       WASTECH, Inc. (Solidification and Stabilization)	  146
                       Roy F. Weston, Inc. (Low Temperature Thermal Treatment [LT3®] System)  	  148
                    Demonstration Program - Ongoing Projects
                       North American Technologies Group, Inc. (BioTreat™ System)  	  188
                       Praxis Environmental Technologies, Inc. (In Situ Thermal Extraction Process)  	  192
                       Remediation Technologies, Inc. (Liquid and Solids Biological Treatment)  	  198
                       Risk Reduction Engineering Laboratory (Bioventing)	200
                       RKK, Ltd. (CYROCELL®)  	202
                       Separation and Recovery Systems, Inc. (SAREX Chemical Fixation Process)  	  204
                       SIVE Services  (Steam Injection and Vacuum Extraction-Linear Flow [SIVE-LF] Process)  	  208
                       Vortec Corporation (Oxidation and Vitrification Process)	212
                       Western Research  Institute (Contained Recovery of Oily Wastes [CROW™])	  214
                    Emerging Technology Program - Completed Projects
                       ABB Environmental Services, Inc. (Two-Zone, Plume Interception, In Situ Treatment
                          Strategy)	234
                       Allis Mineral Systems (PYROKILN THERMAL ENCAPSULATION Process)   	  238
                       ART International, Inc.  (Low-Energy Extraction Process)	242
                       Babcock & Wilcox Co.  (Cyclone Furnace)  	246
                       Energy and Environmental Research Corporation (Hybrid Fluidized Bed System)  	  270
                       Institute of Gas Technology (Chemical and Biological Treatment)	  276
                       Institute of Gas Technology (Fluid Extraction - Biological Degradation Process)   	  278
                       IT Corporation (Photolytic and Biological Soil Detoxification)  	  282
                       New Jersey Institute of Technology (GHEA Associates Process)	  292
                       PSI Technologies (Metals Immobilization and Decontamination of Aggregate Solids)   	  294
                       Vortec Corporation (Oxidation and Vitrification Process)	306
                       Western Research  Institute (Contained Recovery of Oily Wastes [CROW™])  	  310
                    Emerging Technology Program - Ongoing Projects
                       COGNIS, Inc.  (Biological/Chemical Treatment)	324
                       Energy and Environmental Research Corporation (Reactor Filter System)  	  332
                       Environmental  BioTechnologies, Inc. (Microbial Composting Process)	  334
                       Institute of Gas Technology (Fluidized-Bed Cyclone Agglomerating Combustor)   	  344
                       IT Corporation (Eimco BioLift™ Slurry Reactor)   	  350
                       OHM Remediation Services Corporation (Oxygen Microbubble In Situ Bioremediation)   	  360
                    Measurement and Monitoring Technology Program
                       Bruker Instruments (Bruker Mobile Environmental Monitor)  	  390
                       EnSys, Inc. (Penta RISc Test System)	394
                       HNU Systems, Inc. (HNU-Hanby PCP Test Kit)  	400
                       Millipore Corporation (EnviroGard™ PCP Immunoassay Test Kit)	  414
                       Ohmicron Corporation (Pentachlorophenol RaPID Assay)  	  418
                       Tri-Services  (Site Characterization Analysis Penetrometer System [SCAPS])	432
                       Unisys Corporation (Rapid Optical Screen Tool)	434
               Page 492

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Soil (continued)
   VOCs
     Demonstration Program - Completed Projects
        Accutech Remedial Systems, Inc. (Pneumatic Fracturing Extraction™ and Catalytic Oxidation)   ... 20
        American Combustion, Inc. (PYRETRON® Thermal Destruction)	24
        AWD Technologies, Inc. (Integrated Vapor Extraction and Steam Vacuum Stripping)  	26
        Berkeley Environmental Restoration Center (In Situ Steam Enhanced Extraction Process)   	32
        Bio-Rem, Inc. (Augmented In Situ Subsurface Bioremediation Process)   	38
        Canonie Environmental Services Corporation (Low Temperature Thermal Aeration [LTTA®])   ... 46
        CF Systems Corporation (Liquified Gas Solvent Extraction [LG-SX] Technology)	48
        ECOVA Corporation (Bioslurry Reactor)	„	58
        ELI Eco Logic International, Inc. (Thermal Desorption Unit)   	62
        General Atomics (Circulating Bed Combustor)   	70
        Geosafe Corporation (In Situ Vitrification)	74
        Horsehead Resource Development Co., Inc. (Flame Reactor)	 84
        Hrubetz Environmental Services, Inc. (HRUBOUT® Process)   	;	86
        Hughes Environmental Systems, Inc. (Steam Enhanced Recovery Process)  	88
        IIT Research Institute/Brown and Root Environmental (Radio Frequency Heating)	90
        KAI Technologies, Inc./Brown and Root Environmental (Radio Frequency Heating)   	92
        Maxymillian Technologies, Inc. (Mobile Thermal Desorption System)  	96
        NOVATERRA, Inc. (In Situ Steam and Air Stripping)	  100
        Retech, Inc. (Plasma Arc Vitrification)  	,	  104
        Risk Reduction Engineering Laboratory (Volume Reduction Unit)	  108
        Risk Reduction Engineering Laboratory, The University of Cincinnati, and FRX, Inc.
          (Hydraulic Fracturing)   	  114
        RUST Remedial Services, Inc.  (XTRAX1* Thermal Desorption)  	  118
        SoilTech ATP Systems, Inc. (Anaerobic Thermal Processor)	  124
        Sonotech, Inc. (Frequency-Tunable Pulse Combustion System)   	  128
        Terra Vac, Inc. (In Situ Vacuum Extraction)    	  134
        Texaco Inc.  (Entrained-Bed Gasification)  	  136
        United States Environmental Protection Agency (Excavation Techniques and Foam Supression
          Methods)	142
        Roy F. Weston, Inc. (Low Temperature Thermal Treatment [LT3®] System)  	  148
     Demonstration Program - Ongoing Projects
        Electrokinetics, Inc. (Electro-Klean™ Electrokinetic Soil Processing)	  172
        New York State Department of Environmental Conservation (NYSDEC) (Multi-Vendor
          Bioremediation)	  186
        Praxis Environmental Technologies, Inc. (In Situ Thermal Extraction Process)  	  192
        Risk Reduction Engineering Laboratory (Bioventing)	  200
        RKK, Ltd. (CYROCELL®)	202
        Separation and Recovery Systems, Inc. (SAREX Chemical Fixation Process)	  204
        SIVE Services (Steam  Injection and Vacuum Extraction-Linear Flow [SIVE-LF] Process)   	208
        Vortec Corporation (Oxidation and Vitrification Process)  	  212
     Emerging Technology Program - Completed Projects
        Allis Mineral Systems  (PYROKILN THERMAL ENCAPSULATION Process)	238
        Electrokinetics, Inc. (Electro-Klean™  Electrokinetic Soil Processing)   	  262
        Energy and Environmental Research Corporation (Hybrid Fluidized Bed System)   	  270
        IT Corporation (Batch Steam Distillation and Metal Extraction)  	  280
        New Jersey Institute of Technology (GHEA Associates Process)  .  .	  292
        PSI Technologies (Metals Immobilization and Decontamination of Aggregate Solids)   	  294
        Vortec Corporation (Oxidation and Vitrification Process)	  306
     Emerging Technology Program - Ongoing Projects
        Energy and Environmental Research Corporation (Reactor Filter System)  	  332
        Institute of Gas Technology (Fluidized-Bed Cyclone Agglomerating Combustor) 	  344
                                                                                        Page 493

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 Soil (continued)
   VOCs (continued')
     Emerging Technology Program - Ongoing Projects (continued)
        IT Corporation (Mixed Waste Treatment Process)   	  352
        Pulse Sciences, Inc. (X-Ray Treatment of Organically Contaminated Soils)  	  362
     Measurement and Monitoring Technology Program
        Broker Instruments (Broker Mobile Environmental Monitor)	  390
        Sentex Sensing Technology, Inc. (Scentograph Portable Gas Chromatograph)	  426
        SRI Instruments (Gas Chromatograph)	  428
        Tri-Services (Site Characterization Analysis Penetrometer System [SCAPS])   	  432
        Unisys Corporation (Rapid Optical Screen Tool)   	434

 Wastewater/Leachate
   Aromatic VOCs
     Demonstration Program - Completed Projects
        BioTrol, Inc. (Biological Aqueous Treatment System)   	;	40
        CF Systems Corporation (Liquified Gas Solvent Extraction [LG-SX] Technology)  .....'	48
        ELI Eco Logic International, Inc. (Gas-Phase Chemical Reduction Process)	60
        General Atomics (Circulating Bed Combustor)  	70
        Magnum Water Technology (CAV-OX® Process)  	94
        North American Technologies Group, Inc.  (Oleophilic Amine-Coated Ceramic Chip) .	98
        Retech, Inc. (Plasma Arc Vitrification)	  104
        SBP Technologies, Inc.  (Membrane Filtration and Bioremediation)	  120
     Demonstration Program - Ongoing Projects
        AlliedSignal Environmental Systems and Services (Immobilized Cell Bioreactor Biotreatment
          System)   	  160
     Emerging Technology Program - Ongoing Projects
        Institute of Gas Technology (Fluidized-Bed Cyclone Agglomerating Combustor) 	  344
     Measurement and Monitoring Technology Program
        Analytical and Remedial Technology, Inc. (Automated Volatile Organic Analytical System)  ....  386
        Broker Instruments (Broker Mobile Environmental Monitor)  	":	390
        Idetek, Inc. (Equate® Immunoassay) 	:	406
   Cyanide
     Demonstration Program - Completed Projects
        E.I. DuPont de Nemours and Company, and Oberlin Filter Company (Membrane
          Microfiltration)	54
        RUST Remedial Services, Inc. (X*TRAX™ Thermal Desorption)  	  118
   Diesel
     Demonstration Program - Ongoing Projects
        AlliedSignal Environmental Systems and Services (Immobilized Cell Bioreactor Biotreatment
          System)   	  160
   Dioxins
     Demonstration Program - Completed Projects
        Babcock & Wilcox Co. (Cyclone Furnace)	 . . •;	  28
        CF Systems Corporation (Liquified Gas Solvent Extraction [LG-SX] Technology)  	48
        ELI Eco Logic International, Inc. (Gas-Phase Chemical Reduction Process)	60
        General Atomics (Circulating Bed Combustor)   	70
        Retech, Inc. (Plasma Arc Vitrification)	  104
        RUST Remedial Services, Inc. (X*TRAX™ Thermal Desorption)	  118
     Emerging  Technology Program - Completed Projects
        Babcock & Wilcox Co. (Cyclone Furnace)   . . .	246
     Emerging  Technology Program - Ongoing Projects
        Institute of Gas Technology (Fluidized-Bed Cyclone Agglomerating Combustor)  	  344
Page 494

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Wastewater/Leachate (continued)
   Dioxins ("continued)
     Measurement and Monitoring Technology Program
        Bruker Instruments (Bruker Mobile Environmental Monitor)  	  390
   Explosives
     Demonstration Program - Completed Projects
        Ultrox, A Division of Zimpro Environmental, Inc. (Ultraviolet Radiation and Oxidation)   	  140
     Emerging Technology Program - Completed Projects
        New Jersey Institute of Technology (GHEA Associates Process)	  292
   Furans
     Demonstration Program - Completed Projects
        Babcock  & Wilcox Co. (Cyclone Furnace)  	28
        ELI Eco  Logic International, Inc. (Gas-Phase Chemical Reduction Process) . . .	60
        General Atomics (Circulating Bed Combustor)	70
        Retech, Inc. (Plasma Arc Vitrification)  	  104
     Emerging Technology Program - Completed Projects
        Babcock  & Wilcox Co. (Cyclone Furnace)	246
     Emerging Technology Program - Ongoing Projects
        Institute of Gas Technology (Fluidized-Bed Cyclone Agglomerating Combustor)  	  344
     Measurement and Monitoring Technology Program
        Bruker Instruments (Bruker  Mobile Environmental Monitor)	  390
  Gasoline
     Demonstration Program - Ongoing Projects
        AlliedSignal Environmental  Systems and Services (Immobilized Cell Bioreactor Biotreatment
          System)	  160
  Halogenated VOCs
     Demonstration Program - Completed Projects
       BioTrol,  Inc. (Biological Aqueous Treatment System)   	40
       CF Systems Corporation (Liquified Gas Solvent Extraction [LG-SX] Technology)  	48
       ELI Eco  Logic International, Inc. (Gas-Phase Chemical Reduction Process)	60
       General Atomics (Circulating Bed Combustor)	70
       High Voltage Environmental Applications, Inc. (High-Energy Electron Irradiation)  	82
       Magnum  Water Technology (CAV-OX® Process)	94
       North American Technologies Group, Inc.  (Oleophilic Aniline-Coated Ceramic Chip)	98
       Retech, Inc. (Plasma Arc Vitrification)	  104
       RUST Remedial Services, Inc. (X*TRAX™ Thermal Desorption)	  118
       SBP Technologies, Inc. (Membrane Filtration and Bioremediation)  . .	  120
       Ultrox, A Division of Zimpro Environmental, Inc. (Ultraviolet Radiation and Oxidation)   	  140
    Demonstration Program - Ongoing Projects
       AlliedSignal Environmental Systems and Services (Immobilized Cell Bioreactor Biotreatment
         System)	  160
    Emerging Technology Program - Completed Projects
       Energy and Environmental Engineering, Inc. (PhotoCAT™ Process)   	  268
       New Jersey Institute of Technology (GHEA Associates Process)	  292
       Pulse Sciences, Inc. (X-Ray Treatment of Aqueous Solutions)  	  296
    Emerging  Technology Program - Ongoing Projects
       Center for Hazardous Materials Research (Organics Destruction and Metals Stabilization)  .....  322
       Institute of Gas Technology (Fluidized-Bed Cyclone Agglomerating Combustor)	  344
       Membran Corporation (Membrane Gas Transfer in Waste Remediation)   	  358
    Measurement and Monitoring Technology Program
       Analytical and Remedial Technology, Inc.  (Automated Volatile Organic Analytical System)  ....  386
       Bruker Instruments (Bruker Mobile Environmental Monitor)  	  390
                                                                                       Page 495

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                                                                                              "0


Wastewater/Leachate (continued)
   Heavy Metals
     Demonstration Program - Completed Projects
        E.I. DuPont de Nemours and Company, and Oberlin Filter Company (Membrane
          Microfiltration)
        RUST Remedial Services, Inc.  (XTRAX1* Thermal Desorption)
     Emerging Technology Program - Completed Projects
        New Jersey Institute of Technology (GHEA Associates Process)
     Emerging Technology Program - Ongoing Projects
        Western Product Recovery Group, Inc. (CCBA Physical and Chemical Treatment)
   Herbicides
     Demonstration Program - Completed Projects
        Babcock & Wilcox Co. (Cyclone Furnace)
        General Atomics (Circulating Bed Combustor)   .......... ...........
        Retech, Inc. (Plasma Arc Vitrification)
        Rochem Separation Systems, Inc. (Rochem Disc Tube™ Module System)  ..... .
     Emerging Technology Program -  Completed Projects
        Babcock & Wilcox Co. (Cyclone Furnace)
     Emerging Technology Program -  Ongoing Projects
        Institute of Gas Technology (Fluidized-Bed Cyclone Agglomerating Combustor)
     Measurement and Monitoring Technology Program
        Bruker Instruments (Bruker Mobile Environmental Monitor)  .......................
   Metals
     Demonstration Program - Completed Projects
        Babcock & Wilcox Co. (Cyclone Furnace)  ......                                           ~
        Dynaphore, Inc. (FORAGER® Sponge)  ............... •  •
        Retech, Inc. (Plasma Arc Vitrification)  ..............................
        Rochem Separation Systems, Inc. (Rochem Disc Tube™ Module System)
        Wheelabrator Clean Air Systems, Inc. (PO*WW*ER™ Technology)
      Demonstration Program - Ongoing Projects
         Aprotek (Ion Conduction Agglomeration System)  ........... .............
         Colorado Department  of Public Health and Environment (Wetlands-Based Treatment)   .......  168
         Hydrologies, Inc. (CURE®-Electrocoagulation Wastewater Treatment System)  .......... • •  178
      Emerging Technology Program - Completed Projects
         Atomic Energy of Canada, Limited (Chemical Treatment and Ultrafiltration)  .......
         Babcock & Wilcox Co. (Cyclone Furnace)  . . . .
         Bio-Recovery Systems, Inc. (Biological Sorption [AlgaSORB®])
         Colorado School of Mines (Constructed Wetlands-Based Treatment)   ..................  260
         Electro-Pure Systems, Inc. (Alternating  Current Electrocoagulation Technology)  ...........  266
         New Jersey Institute of Technology (GHEA Associates Process) ...............
         University of Washington (Adsorptive Filtration)
      Emerging Technology Program - Ongoing  Projects
         Atomic Energy of Canada, Limited (Ultrasonic-Aided Leachate Treatment for Mixed Wastes)
         Center for Hazardous Materials Research  (Organics Destruction and Metals Stabilization) .....  322
         Institute of Gas Technology (Fluidized-Bed Cyclone Agglomerating Combustor)  ..... ......  344
    Mixed Waste
      Demonstration Program - Completed Projects
         Retech, Inc. (Plasma  Arc Vitrification)
    Organics
       Demonstration Program - Completed Projects
         E.I. DuPont de Nemours and Company, and Oberlin Filter Company (Membrane
            Microfiltration) ................................ •  • • ' ; ' '
         High Voltage Environmental  Applications, Inc. (High-Energy Electron Irradiation)  ..........  »-£
         Wheelabrator Clean Air Systems, Inc. (PO*WW*ER™ Technology)   ..................  I52
                                                                                               *

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                                                                                               320


Page 496

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Wastewater/Leachate (continued)
   Organics (continued)
     Emerging Technology Program - Completed Projects
        Electron Beam Research Facility, Florida International University, and University of Miami
          (High-Energy Electron Irradiation)  	,	,  264
        Energy and Environmental Engineering, Inc. (PhotoCAT1™ Process)	  268
     Emerging Technology Program - Ongoing Projects
        High Voltage Environmental Applications, Inc. (High Energy Electron Beam Irradiation)  	  342
   PCBs
     Demonstration Program - Completed Projects
        Babcock & Wilcox Co. (Cyclone Furnace)	28
        CF Systems Corporation (Liquified Gas Solvent Extraction [LG-SX] Technology)  	48
        ELI Eco Logic International, Inc. (Gas-Phase Chemical Reduction Process)	60
        High Voltage Environmental Applications, Inc. (High-Energy Electron Irradiation)	82
        Magnum Water Technology (CAV-OX® Process)	94
        Retech, Inc. (Plasma Arc Vitrification)	  104
        Rochem Separation Systems, Inc. (Rochem Disc Tube™ Module System)	 .  116
        RUST Remedial Services, Inc. (X*TRAX™ Thermal Desorption)  	  118
        SBP Technologies, Inc. (Membrane Filtration and Bioremediation)  	  120
        Ultrox, A Division of Zimpro Environmental, Inc. (Ultraviolet Radiation and Oxidation)  	  140
        Vulcan Peroxidation Systems, Inc. (perox-pure™ Chemical Oxidation Technology)  	  144
     Emerging Technology Program - Completed Projects
        Babcock & Wilcox Co. (Cyclone Furnace)	246
        New Jersey Institute of Technology (GHEA Associates Process)	  292
     Emerging Technology Program - Ongoing Projects
        Center for Hazardous Materials Research (Organics Destruction and Metals Stabilization)	  322
       Institute of Gas Technology (Fluidized-Bed Cyclone Agglomerating Combustor)  	  344
     Measurement and Monitoring Technology Program
       Bruker Instruments (Bruker Mobile Environmental Monitor)	  390
  Pesticides
     Demonstration Program - Completed Projects
       Babcock & Wilcox Co. (Cyclone Furnace)	28
     — ELI Eco Logic International, Inc. (Gas-Phase Chemical Reduction Process)	60
       General Atomics (Circulating Bed Combustor)   	70
       Magnum Water Technology (CAV-OX® Process)  	94
       North American Technologies Group, Inc.  (Oleophilic Amine-Coated Ceramic Chip)	98
       Retech, Inc. (Plasma Arc Vitrification)   	 104
       Rochem Separation Systems, Inc. (Rochem Disc Tube™ Module System)	  116
       SBP Technologies, Inc. (Membrane Filtration and Bioremediation)   	  120
       Ultrox, A Division of Zimpro Environmental, Inc.  (Ultraviolet Radiation and Oxidation)   	  140
       Vulcan Peroxidation Systems, Inc. (perox-pure™ Chemical Oxidation Technology)  	  144
     Emerging Technology Program - Completed Projects
       Babcock & Wilcox Co. (Cyclone Furnace)   	246
     Emerging Technology Program - Ongoing Projects
       Institute of Gas Technology (Fluidized-Bed Cyclone Agglomerating Combustor)  	  344
     Measurement and Monitoring  Technology Program
       Bruker Instruments (Bruker Mobile Environmental Monitor)  	  390
  Petroleum Hydrocarbons
     Demonstration Program - Completed Projects
       BioTrol, Inc. (Biological Aqueous Treatment System)  	40
       SBP Technologies, Inc. (Membrane Filtration and Bioremediation)  	  120
       Vulcan Peroxidation Systems, Inc. (perox-pure™ Chemical Oxidation Technology)	  144
     Demonstration Program - Ongoing Projects
       Hydrologies, Inc. (CURE®-Electrocoagulation Wastewater Treatment System)  	  178
                                                                                       Page 497

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                                                                                                              386
                                                                                                              104

Wastewater/Leachate (continued)
   Petroleum Hydrocarbons (continued)
     Demonstration Program - Ongoing Projects (continued)
        Zenon Environmental Inc. (ZenoGem™ Process)
     Emerging Technology Program - Completed Projects
        Electro-Pure Systems, Inc. (Alternating Current Electrocoagulation Technology)
        New Jersey Institute of Technology (GHEA Associates Process)
     Emerging Technology Program - Ongoing Projects                    ^
        Membran Corporation (Membrane Gas Transfer in Waste Remediation)
     Measurement and Monitoring Technology Program
        Analytical and Remedial Technology, Inc. (Automated Volatile Organic Analytical System)  ..
   Radionuclides
     Demonstration Program - Completed Projects
        Babcock & Wilcox Co. (Cyclone Furnace) .....
        Retech, Inc. (Plasma Arc Vitrification)
        RUST Remedial Services, Inc. (X*TRAX™ Thermal Desorption)
      Emerging Technology Program - Completed  Projects
        Babcock & Wilcox Co. (Cyclone Furnace)

      Demonstration Program - Completed Projects                                                    2g
        Babcock & Wilcox Co. (Cyclone Furnace)  ............................. ......  4Q
        BioTrol, Inc. (Biological Aqueous Treatment System)   ............ • •  • • ........... •
         CF Systems Corporation (Liquified Gas Solvent Extraction [LG-SX] Technology)  ....... • •  • •  «
         ELI Eco Logic International, Inc. (Gas-Phase Chemical Reduction Process) .........
         General Atomics (Circulating Bed Combustor)   .........
         Magnum Water Technology (CAV-OX® Process) ...... ;  ---- . • •  • • •  • • • • ----
         North American Technologies Group, Inc. (Oleophilic Amme-Coated Ceramic Chip)
         Retech, Inc. (Plasma Arc Vitrification)
         Rochem Separation Systems, Inc. (Rochem Disc Tube™ Module System)
         RUST Remedial Services, Inc. (XTRAX™ Thermal Desorption)
         SBP Technologies, Inc.  (Membrane Filtration and Bioremediation)   ........ ' /. ' \'
         Ultrox, A Division of Zimpro Environmental, Inc. (Ultraviolet Radiation and  Oxidation)
      Demonstration Program - Ongoing Projects
         AlliedSignal Environmental Systems and  Services (Immobilized Cell Bioreactor Biotreatment
            System)
         Zenon Environmental Inc. (Cross-Flow Pervaporation System)
         Zenon Environmental Inc. (ZenoGem1" Process)
         Zimpro Environmental, Inc. (PACT® Wastewater Treatment System)  ........... •
       Emerging Technology Program - Completed Projects
         Babcock  & Wilcox Co. (Cyclone Furnace)  ............................ •
         New Jersey Institute of Technology (GHEA Associates Process) .....................  &
         Wastewater Technology Centre (Cross-Flow Pervaporation System)   ..................
       Emerging Technology Program - Ongoing Projects
         Environmental BioTechnologies, Inc. (Microbial Composting Process)  ---- . ......
         Institute  of Gas Technology (Fluidized-Bed Cyclone Agglomerating Combustor)
         Membran Corporation (Membrane Gas Transfer in Waste Remediation)   ...... . ---- .....
       Measurement and Monitoring Technology Program                                  -
         Bruker Instruments (Bruker Mobile Environmental Monitor)
     Uranium
       Demonstration Program - Completed Projects
          E.I. DuPont de Nemours and Company, and Oberlin Filter Company (Membrane
             Microfiltration)  ...........................................
                                                                                                               270



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 Wastewater/Leachate (continued)
    VOCs
      Demonstration Program - Completed Projects
         CF Systems Corporation (Liquified Gas Solvent Extraction [LG-SX] Technology)	48
         ELI Eco Logic International, Inc. (Gas-Phase Chemical Reduction Process)	 60
         General Atomics (Circulating Bed Combustor)   	70
         Magnum Water Technology (CAV-OX® Process)	 94
         North American Technologies Group, Inc. (Oleophilic Amine-Coated Ceramic Chip)	98
         Retech, Inc. (Plasma Arc Vitrification)	  104
         Rochem Separation Systems, Inc. (Rochem Disc Tube™ Module System)  	   116
         RUST Remedial Services, Inc. (X*TRAX™ Thermal Desorption)  	'.'.'.'.  118
         Ultrox, A Division of Zimpro Environmental, Inc. (Ultraviolet Radiation and Oxidation)  	  140
         Wheelabrator Clean Air Systems, Inc. (PO*WW*ER™ Technology)	  152
      Demonstration Program -  Ongoing Projects
         Xerox Corporation (Two-Phase Extraction Process)   	218
         Zenon Environmental Inc. (Cross-Flow Pervaporation System)   	  220
         Zenon Environmental Inc. (ZenoGem™ Process)	222
         Zimpro Environmental, Inc. (PACT® Wastewater Treatment System)   	  224
      Emerging Technology Program - Completed Projects
         BioTrol, Inc. (Methanotrophic Bioreactor System)  	252
         Energy and Environmental Engineering, Inc. (PhotoCAT™ Process)   	  268
         New Jersey Institute of Technology (GHEA Associates Process)	  292
         Pulse Sciences, Inc.  (X-Ray Treatment of Aqueous Solutions)  	  296
	—».,Wastewater Technology Centre (Cross-Flow Pervaporation System)   	  308
      Emerging Technology Program - Ongoing Projects
         Institute of Gas Technology (Fluidized-Bed Cyclone Agglomerating Combustor) 	  344
      Measurement and Monitoring Technology Program
         Analytical and Remedial Technology, Inc. (Automated Volatile Organic Analytical System)  ....  386
         Bruker Instruments (Bruker Mobile Environmental Monitor)   	  390
   Volatile Inorganic Compounds
      Demonstration Program - Completed Projects
         Wheelabrator Clean Air Systems, Inc. (PO*WW*ER™ Technology)	  152

 Other Media
   Metals
      Emerging Technology Program - Completed Projects
         Center for Hazardous Materials Research (Smelting Lead-Containing Waste)   .	  256
   Other Wastes
      Demonstration Program - Completed Projects
         GIS/Solutions, Inc. (CIS/Key™ Environmental Data Management System)	76
                    "tl U.S. GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE: 1995 — 6 5 !•  -709
Page 499

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