EPA/540/R-94/526 November 1994 SUPERFUND INNOVATIVE TECHNOLOG Y EVALUA TION PROGRAM Technology Profiles Seventh Edition Risk Reduction Engineering Laboratory Office of Research and Development U.S. Environmental Protection Agency Cincinnati, Ohio 45268 Printed on Recycled Paper ------- DISCLAIMER The development of this document was funded by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) under Contract No. 68-CO-0047, Work Assignment No. 0-58, to PRC Environmental Management, Inc. The document was subjected to the Agency's administrative and peer review and was approved for publication as an EPA document. Mention of trade names or commercial products does not constitute endorsement or recommendation for use at any particular hazardous waste site. 11 ------- FOREWORD The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency's (EPA) Risk Reduction Engineering Laboratory (RREL) is responsible for planning, implementing, and managing research, development, and demonstration programs that provide the scientific and engineering basis for EPA policies, programs, and regulations concerning drinking water, wastewater, pesticides, toxic substances, solid and hazardous wastes, and Superfund-related activities. The Superfund Innovative Technology Evaluation (SITE) Program, now in its ninth year, is an integral part of EPA's research into alternative cleanup methods for hazardous waste sites around the Nation. Under the SITE Program, EPA enters into cooperative agreements with technology developers. These developers research and refine their innovative technologies at bench- or pilot-scale and may demonstrate them, with support from EPA, at hazardous waste sites. The SITE Program demonstrates technologies that are ready for commercialization. EPA collects and publishes engineering, performance, and cost data to aid in future decision-making for hazardous waste site remediation. The successful implementation of innovative technologies requires a team approach. SITE Program staff work closely with EPA's regional offices, other federal agencies, state and local governments, technology developers, the Environmental Monitoring Systems Laboratory (EMSL), the Superfund Technology Assistance Response Team (START), and the Office of Solid Waste and Emergency Response (OSWER) to provide technology demonstrations and to disseminate information. The SITE Program also uses EPA research facilities, such as the Test and Evaluation (T&E) Facility and the Center Hill Facility in Cincinnati, Ohio, to evaluate innovative technologies. Si This Technology Profiles document is a product of the SITE Program. It provides a vital communication link between the researcher and the user community and is intended for environmental decision-makers and other individuals involved in hazardous waste site cleanup. This is the seventh edition of the Technology Profiles document. Distribution of the Technology Profiles has increased steadily as the SITE Program has grown. About 1,000 copies of the first edition were distributed in 1988; over 25,000 copies of the sixth edition, published in November 1993, have been distributed. This document profiles 198 demonstration, emerging, and monitoring and measurement technologies being evaluated under the SITE Program. Each profile describes the technology; discusses its applicability to various wastes; discusses its development or demonstration status and demonstration results, if available; and provides demonstration and technology contacts. E. Timothy Oppelt, Director Risk Reduction Engineering Laboratory in ------- ABSTRACT The Superfund Innovative Technology Evaluation (SITE) Program evaluates new and promising treatment and monitoring and measurement technologies for cleanup of hazardous waste sites. The program was created to encourage the development and routine use of innovative treatment technologies. As a result, the SITE Program provides environmental decision-makers with data on new, viable treatment technologies that may have performance or cost advantages compared to traditional treatment technologies. This document, prepared between June 1994 and October 1994, is intended as a reference guide for those interested in technologies under the SITE Demonstration, Emerging Technology, and Monitoring and Measurement Technologies Programs. The two-page profiles are organized into two sections for each program, completed and ongoing projects, and are presented in alphabetical order by developer name. Reference tables for SITE Program participants precede the sections and contain EPA and developer contacts. Inquiries about a SITE technology evaluation or the SITE Program should be directed to the EPA project manager; inquiries on the technology process should be directed to the technology developer contacts. Each technology profile contains (1) a technology developer and process name, (2) a technology description, including a schematic diagram or photograph of the process, (3) a discussion of waste applicability, (4) a project status report, and (5) EPA project manager and technology developer contacts. The profiles also include summaries of demonstration results if available. The technology description and waste applicability sections are written by the developer. EPA prepares the status and demonstration results sections. An Applicability Index is also included in the back of this document. The index is organized by the following media: (1) Air/Gas, (2) Fine Solids, (3) Groundwater, (4) Liquid, (5) Mine Tailings, (6) Mixed Waste, (7) Oily Waste, (8) Other Media, (9) Sediment, (10) Sludge, (11) Soil, (12) Wastewater/Leachate, and (13) Water. The following waste categories are represented in the index: (1) Aromatic Volatile Organic Compounds (VOC), (2) Cyanide, (3) Diesel, (4) Dioxins, (5) Explosives, (6) Furans, (7) Gasoline, (8) Halogenated VOCs, (9) Heavy Metals, (10) Heavy Minerals, (11) Herbicides, (12) Inorganic Elements, (13) Metals, (14) Mixed Waste, (15) Organics, (16) Other Wastes, (17) Particulates, (18) Polynuclear Aromatic Hydrocarbons, (19) Polychlorinated Biphenyls, (20) Pesticides, (21) Petroleum Hydrocarbons, (22) Radionuclides, (23) Semivolatile Organic Compounds (SVOC), (24) Uranium, (25) Volatile Inorganics, and (26) VOCs. IV ------- TABLE OF CONTENTS Section DISCLAIMER ii FOREWORD iii ABSTRACT iv ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS xiii SITE PROGRAM DESCRIPTION 1 SITE PROGRAM CONTACTS 5 DEMONSTRATION PROGRAM 7 Completed Demonstration Program Projects Accutech Remedial Systems, Inc. (Pneumatic Fracturing Extraction8" and Catalytic Oxidation) 20 Adanced Remediation Mixing, Inc. (Solidification and Stabilization) 22 American Combustion, Inc. (PYRETRON® Thermal Destruction) 24 AWD Technologies, Inc. (Integrated Vapor Extraction and Steam Vacuum Stripping) 26 Babcock & Wilcox Co. (Cyclone Furnace) 28 Bergmann USA (Soil and Sediment Washing) 30 Berkeley Environmental Restoration Center (In Situ Steam Enhanced Extraction Process) 32 Billings and Associates, Inc. (Subsurface Volatilization and Ventilation System [SWS®]) 34 BioGenesis Enterprises, Inc. (BioGenesisSM Soil and Sediment Washing Processes) 36 Bio-Rem, Inc. (Augmented In Situ Subsurface Bioremediation Process) 38 BioTrol, Inc. (Biological Aqueous Treatment System) 40 BioTrol, Inc. (Soil Washing System) 42 Brice Environmental Services Corporation (Soil Washing Plant) 44 Canonie Environmental Services Corporation (Low Temperature Thermal Aeration [LTTA®]) . 46 CF Systems Corporation (Liquified Gas Solvent Extraction [LG-SX] Technology) 48 COGNIS, Inc. (Chemical Treatment) 50 Dehydro-Tech Corporation (Carver-Greenfield Process® for Solvent Extraction of Wet, Oily Wastes) 52 E.I. DuPont de Nemours and Company, and Oberlin Filter Company (Membrane Microfiltration) 54 Dynaphore, Inc. (FORAGER® Sponge) 56 ECOVA Corporation (Bioslurry Reactor) 58 ELI Eco Logic International Inc. (Gas-Phase Chemical Reduction Process) 60 ELI Eco Logic International Inc. (Thermal Desorption Unit) 62 EPOC Water, Inc. (Precipitation, Microfiltration, and Sludge Dewatering) 64 Filter Flow Technology, Inc. (Heavy Metals and Radionuclide Polishing Filter) 66 Funderburk & Associates (Dechlorination and Immobilization) 68 ------- TABLE OF CONTENTS (Continued) Section Page Completed Demonstration Program Projects (continued) General Atomics (Circulating Bed Combustor) 70 Geo-Con, Inc. (In Situ Solidification and Stabilization Process) 72 Geosafe Corporation (In Situ Vitrification) 74 GIS/Solutions, Inc. (GIS/Key™ Environmental Data Management System) 76 GRACE Dearborn Inc. (DARAMEND™ Bioremediation Technology) 78 Gruppo Italimpresse (Infrared Thermal Destruction) 80 High Voltage Environmental Applications, Inc. (High-Energy Electron Irradiation) 82 Horsehead Resource Development Co., Inc. (Flame Reactor) 84 Hrubetz Environmental Services, Inc. (HRUBOUT® Process) 86 Hughes Environmental Systems, Inc. (Steam Enhanced Recovery Process) 88 IIT Research Institute/Brown and Root Environmental (Radio Frequency Heating) ..... 90 KAI Technologies, Inc./Brown and Root Environmental (Radio Frequency Heating) .... 92 Magnum Water Technology (CAV-OX® Process) 94 Maxymillian Technologies, Inc. (Mobile Thermal Desorption System) 96 North American Technologies Group, Inc. (Oleophilic Amine-Coated Ceramic Chip) 98 NOVATERRA, Inc. (In Situ Steam and Air Stripping) 100 Resources Conservation Company (B.E.S.T! Solvent Extraction Technology) 102 Retech, Inc. (Plasma Arc Vitrification) 104 Risk Reduction Engineering Laboratory (Base-Catalyzed Decomposition Process) 106 Risk Reduction Engineering Laboratory (Volume Reduction Unit) 108 Risk Reduction Engineering Laboratory and IT Corporation (Debris Washing System) 110 Risk Reduction Engineering Laboratory and USDA Forest Products Laboratory (Fungal Treatment Technology) . 112 Risk Reduction Engineering Laboratory, The University of Cincinnati, and FRX, Inc. (Hydraulic Fracturing) 114 Rochem Separationf Systems, Inc. (Rochem Disc Tube™ Module System) 116 RUST RemediaK Services, Inc. (X*TRAX™ Thermal Desorption) 118 SBP Technologies, Inc. (Membrane Filtration and Bioremediation) 120 J.R. Simplot (The SABRE™ Process) . 122 SoilTech ATP Systems, Inc. (Anaerobic Thermal Processor) 124 Soliditech, Inc. (Solidification and Stabilization) 126 Sonotech, Inc. (Frequency-Tunable Pulse Combustion System) 128 STC Omega, Inc. (Chemical Fixation/Solidification Treatment Technologies) .......... 130 Terra-Kleen Response Group, Inc. (Solvent Extraction Treatment System) 132 Terra Vac, Inc. (In Situ Vacuum Extraction) 134 Texaco Inc. (Entrained-Bed Gasification) 136 Toronto Harbour Commission (Soil Recycling) 138 VI ------- TABLE OF CONTENTS (Continued) Section Pag Completed Demonstration Program Projects (continued) Ultrox, A Division of Zimpro Environmental, Inc. (Ultraviolet Radiation and Oxidation) 140 United States Environmental Protection Agency (Excavation Techniques and Foam Suppression Methods) 142 Vulcan Peroxidation Systems, Inc. (perox-pure™ Chemical Oxidation Technology) 144 WASTECH, Inc. (Solidification and Stabilization) 146 Roy F. Weston, Inc. (Low Temperature Thermal Treatment [LT3®] System) . . . 148 Roy F. Weston, Inc./IEG Technologies (UVB - Vacuum Vaporizing Well) 150 Wheelabrator Clean Air Systems, Inc. (PO*WW*ER™ Technology) 152 Ongoing Demonstration Program Projects AlliedSignal Environmental Systems and Services (Immobilized Cell Bioreactor Biotreatment System) ..... ; 160 Andco Environmental Processes, Inc. (Electrochemical In Situ Chromate Reduction and Heavy Metal Immobilization) 162 Aprotek (Ion Conduction Agglomeration System) 164 ASI Environmental Technologies, Inc./Dames & Moore (Hydrolytic Terrestrial Dissipation) 166 Colorado Department of Public Health and Environment (Wetlands-Based Treatment) . . . 168 EET, Inc. (Extraction of Polychlorinated. Biphenyls from Porous Surfaces Using the TECHXTRACT™ Process) 170 Electrokinetics, Inc. (Electro-Klean™ Electrokinetic Soil Processing) 172 EnviroMetal Technologies Inc. (In Situ Metal Enhanced Abiotic Degradation of Dissolved Halogenated Organic Compounds in Groundwater) ........ 174 GEOCHEM, A Division of Terra Vac (In Situ Remediation of Chromium in Groundwater) 176 Hydrologies, Inc. (CURE®-Electrocoagulation Wastewater Treatment System) 178 IT Corporation (In Situ Groundwater Treatment System) .- 180 Matrix Photocatalytic Inc. (Photocatalytic Water Treatment) 182 Morrison Knudsen Corporation/Spetstamponazhgeologia Enterprises (High Clay Grouting Technology) 184 New York State Department of Environmental Conservation (NYSDEC) (Multi-Vendor Bioremediation) 186 North American Technologies Group, Inc. (BioTreat™ System) 188 Pintail Systems Incorporated (Spent Ore Bioremediation Process) 190 Praxis Environmental Technologies, Inc. (In Situ Thermal Extraction Process) 192 Process Technologies, Inc. (Photolytic Destruction for SVE Off-Gases) 194 Purus, Inc. (PurCycle™ Vapor Treatment Process) 196 Remediation Technologies, Inc. (Liquid and Solids Biological Treatment) 198 Risk Reduction Engineering Laboratory (Bioventing) 200 RKK, Ltd. (CYROCELL®) 202 vu ------- TABLE OF CONTENTS (Continued) Section Ongoing Demonstration Program Projects (continued) Separation and Recovery Systems, Inc. (SAREX Chemical Fixation Process) 204 Sevenson Environmental Services, Inc. (MAECTITE® Chemical Treatment Process) 206 SIVE Services (Steam Injection and Vacuum Extraction-Linear Flow [SIVE-LF] Process) 208' TechTran Environmental, Inc. (Combined Chemical Precipitation, Physical SepEiration, and Binding Process for Radionuclides and Heavy Metals) 210 Vortec Corporation (Oxidation and Vitrification Process) 212 Western Research Institute (Contained Recovery of Oily Wastes [CROW™]) 214 Wheelabrator Technologies, Inc. (WES-Phix Stabilization Process) 216 Xerox Corporation (Two-Phase Extraction Process) 218 Zenon Environmental Inc. (Cross-Flow Pervaporation System) . 220 Zenon Environmental Inc. (ZenoGem™ Process) • • 222 Zimpro Environmental, Inc. (PACT® Wastewater Treatment System) 224 EMERGING TECHNOLOGY PROGRAM i - 227 Completed Emerging Technology Program Projects ABB Environmental Services, Inc. (Two-Zone, Plume Interception, In Situ Treatment Strategy) 234 AEA Technology, National Environmental Technology Centre (Soil Separation and Washing Process) 236 Allis Mineral Systems (PYROKILN THERMAL ENCAPSULATION Process) 238 Aluminum Company of America (Bioscrubber) 240 ART International, Inc. (Low-Energy Extraction Process) 242 Atomic Energy of Canada, Limited (Chemical Treatment and Ultrafiltration) 244 Babcock & Wilcox Co. (Cyclone Furnace) 246 Battelle Memorial Institute (In Situ Electroacoustic Soil Decontamination) 248 Bio-Recovery Systems, Inc. (Biological Sorption [AlgaSORB©]) 250 BioTrol, Inc. (Methanotrophic Bioreactor System) 252 Center for Hazardous Materials Research (Acid Extraction Treatment System) 254 Center for Hazardous Materials Research (Smelting Lead-Containing Waste) 256 COGNIS, Inc. (Chemical Treatment) 258 Colorado School of Mines (Constructed Wetlands-Based Treatment) 260 Electrokinetics, Inc. (Electro-Klean™ Electrokinetic Soil Processing) 262 Electron Beam Research Facility, Florida International University, and University of Miami (High-Energy Electron Irradiation) 264 Electro-Pure Systems, Inc. (Alternating Current Electrocoagulation Technology) 266 Energy and Environmental Engineering, Inc. (PhotoCAT™ Process) 268 Energy and Environmental Research Corporation (Hybrid Fluidized Bed System) 270 viii ------- TABLE OF CONTENTS (Continued) Section Pas Completed Emerging Technology Program Projects (continued) Ferro Corporation (Waste Vitrification Through Electric Melting) 272 Hazardous Substance Management Research Center at New Jersey Institute of Technology (Pneumatic Fracturing/Bioremediation) 274 Institute of Gas Technology (Chemical and Biological Treatment) 276 Institute of Gas Technology (Fluid Extraction - Biological Degradation Process) ........ 278 IT Corporation (Batch Steam Distillation and Metal Extraction) 280 IT Corporation (Photolytic and Biological Soil Detoxification) . 282 Matrix Photocatalytic Inc. (Photocatalytic Water Treatment) 284 Membrane Technology and Research, Inc. (VaporSep™ Membrane Process) 286 Montana College of Mineral Science & Technology (Air-Sparged Hydrocyclone) 288 Montana College of Mineral Science & Technology (Campbell Centrifugal Jig) : 290 New Jersey Institute of Technology (GHEA Associates Process) 292 PSI Technologies (Metals Immobilization and Decontamination of Aggregate Solids) 294 Pulse Sciences, Inc. (X-Ray Treatment of Aqueous Solutions) . . .,. 296 Purus, Inc. (Photolytic Oxidation Process) 298 J.R. Simplot (The SABRE™ Process) 300 Trinity Environmental Technologies, Inc. (PCB- and Organochlorine-Contaminated Soil Detoxification) 302 University of Washington (Adsorptive Filtration) 304 Vortec Corporation (Oxidation and Vitrification Process) . . 306 Wastewater Technology Centre (Cross-Flow Pervaporation System) 308 Western Research Institute (Contained Recovery of Oily Wastes [CROW™]) 310 Ongoing Emerging Technology Program Projects ABB Environmental Services, Inc. (Anaerobic/Aerobic Sequential Bioremediation of PCE) 316 Arizona State University/IT Corporation (Photocatalytic Oxidation with Air Stripping) 318 Atomic Energy of Canada, Limited (Ultrasonic-Aided Leachate Treatment for Mixed Wastes) 320 Center for Hazardous Materials Research (Organics Destruction and Metals Stabilization) 322 COGNIS, Inc. (Biological/Chemical Treatment) 324 Davy International Energy and Environmental Division (Chemical Treatment) 326 M.L. ENERGIA, Inc. (Reductive Photo-Dechlorination Treatment) 328 M.L. ENERGIA, Inc. (Reductive Thermal and Photo-Thermal Oxidation Processes for Enhanced Conversion of Chlorocarbons) 330 Energy and Environmental Research Corporation (Reactor Filter System) 332 Environmental BioTechnologies, Inc. (Microbial Composting Process) 334 IX ------- TABLE OF CONTENTS (Continued) Ongoing Emerging Technology Program Projects (continued) General Atomics, Nuclear Remediation Technologies Division (Acoustic Barrier Particulate Separator) 336 Geo-Microbial Technologies, Inc. (Metals Release and Removal from Wastes) 338 Groundwater Technology Government Services, Inc. (Below-Grade Bioremediation of Chlorinated Cyclodiene Insecticides) 340 High Voltage Environmental Applications, Inc. (High Energy Electron Beam Irradiation) 342 Institute of Gas Technology (Fluidized-Bed Cyclone Agglomerating Combustor) 344 Institute of Gas Technology (Supercritical Extraction/Liquid Phase Oxidation) 346 IT Corporation (Chelation/Electrodeposition of Toxic Metals from Soils) 348 IT Corporation (Bunco BioLift™ Slurry Reactor) 350 IT Corporation (Mixed Waste Treatment Process) 352 Lewis Environmental Systems, Inc./Hickson Corporation (Chromated Copper Arsenate Soil Leaching Process) 354 Matrix Photocatalytic Lac. (TiO2 Photocatalytic Air Treatment) 356 Membran Corporation (Membrane Gas Transfer in Waste Remediation) 358 OHM Remediation Services Corporation (Oxygen Microbubble In Situ Bioremediation) 360 Pulse Sciences,, Inc. (X-Ray Treatment of Organically Contaminated Soils) 362 Remediation Technologies, Inc. (Chlorinated Gas Treatment Biofilm Reactor) 364 State University of New York at Oswego (Photocatalytic Degradation of PCB-Contaminated Sedimen|s and Waters) 366 Thermo Analytical (Segmented Gate System [SGS]) * 368 University of Dayton Research Institute (Photothermal Detoxification Unit) 370 University of Houston (Concentrated-Chloride Extraction and Recovery of Lead) 372 University of South Carolina (In Situ Mitigation of Acid Water) 374 Western Product Recovery Group, Inc. (CCBA Physical and Chemical Treatment) 376 Roy F. Weston, Inc. (Ambersorb® 563 Adsorbent) .; 378 MONITORING AND MEASUREMENT TECHNOLOGIES PROGRAM 381 Analytical and Remedial Technology, Inc. (Automated Volatile Organic Analytical System) 386 Asoma Instruments (Model 200 XRF Analyzer) 388 Bruker Instruments (Bruker Mobile Environmental Monitor) . . . 390 Dexsil Corporation (Environmental Test Kits) 392 Ensys, Inc. (Penta RISc Test System) 394 Geoprobe Systems (Geoprobe Conductivity Sensor) 396 Graseby Ionics;, Ltd., and PCP, Inc. (Ion Mobility Spectrometry) . 398 HNU Systems (HNU-Hanby PCP Test Kit) 400 ------- TABLE OF CONTENTS (Continued) Section Pas HNU Systems, Inc. (HNU Source Excited Fluorescence Analyzer-Portable [SEFA-P] XRF Analyzer) 402 HNU Systems, Inc. (Portable Gas Chromatograph) 404 Idetek, Inc. (Equate® Irnmunoassay) 406 MDA Scientific, Inc. (Fourier Transform Infrared Spectrometer) 408 Microsensor Systems, Incorporated (Portable Gas Chromatograph) 410 Millipore Corporation (EnviroGard™ PCB Irnmunoassay Test Kit) 412 Millipore Corporation (EnviroGard™ PCP Immunoassay Test Kit) 414 MTI Analytical Instruments (Portable Gas Chromatograph) 416 Ohmicron Corporation (Pentachlorophenol RaPID Assay) 418 Outokumpu Electronics, Inc. (Metorex X-MET 920P XRF Analyzer) 420 Photovac International, Inc. (Photovac 10S PLUS) 422 Scitec Corporation (Metal Analysis Probe [MAP®] Portable Assayer 424 Sentex Sensing Technology, Inc. (Scentograph Portable Gas Chromatograph) 426 SRI Instruments (Gas Chromatograph) 428 TN Technologies, Inc. (Spectrace 9000 X-Ray Fluorescence Analyzer) 430 Tri-Services (Site Characterization Analysis Penetrometer System [SCAPS]) 432 Unisys Corporation (Rapid Optical Screen Tool) 434 United States Eenvironmental Protection Agency (Field Analytical Screening Program PCB Method) 436 XonTech Incorporated (XonTech Sector Sampler) 438 INFORMATION REQUEST FORM AND REQUEST FOR PROPOSAL FORM . 441 DOCUMENTS AVAILABLE FROM THE U.S. EPA RISK REDUCTION ENGINEERING LABORATORY, SUPERFUND TECHNOLOGY DEMONSTRATION DIVISION 443 VIDEO REQUEST FORM 449 APPLICABILITY INDEX 451 XI ------- LIST OF FIGURES Figure 1 DEVELOPMENT OF INNOVATIVE TECHNOLOGIES 2 2 INNOVATIVE TECHNOLOGIES IN THE DEMONSTRATION PROGRAM 3 3 INNOVATIVE TECHNOLOGIES IN THE EMERGING TECHNOLOGY PROGRAM ...... 3 LIST OF TABLES Table £^ge 1 COMPLETED SITE DEMONSTRATION PROGRAM PROJECTS AS OF OCTOBER 1994 8 2 ONGOING SITE DEMONSTRATION PROGRAM PROJECTS AS OF OCTOBER 1994 154 3 COMPLETED SITE EMERGING TECHNOLOGY PROGRAM PROJECTS AS OF OCTOBER 1994 228 4 ONGOING SITE EMERGING TECHNOLOGY PROGRAM PROJECTS AS OF OCTOBER 1994 312 5 COMPLETED SITE MONITORING AND MEASUREMENT TECHNOLOGIES PROGRAM PROJECTS AS OF OCTOBER 1994 382 xn ------- ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS The project manager responsible for the preparation of this document is Richard G. Eilers of EPA's Risk Reduction Engineering Laboratory in Cincinnati, Ohio. This document was prepared under the direction of Robert Olexsey, Director of the Superfund Technology Demonstration Division. Key program area contributors for EPA include Stephen Billets, J. Lary Jack, Norma Lewis, and John Martin. Special acknowledgement is given to the individual EPA SITE project managers and technology developers who provided guidance and technical support. The contractor project manager responsible for the production of this document is Kelly L. Enwright of PRC Environmental Management, Inc. (PRC). Key PRC contributors to the development of this document are Robert Foster and Jonathan Lewis; special acknowledgement is given to PRC project managers for their technical support and to Kerry Carroll, Steve Curmode, Susan Holmberg Currie, and Karen Kirby, for their editorial, graphic, and production assistance. Xlll ------- ------- 1 TheU.S. Environmental Protection Agency's (EPA) Superfund Innovative Technology Evaluation (SITE) Program, now in its ninth year, encourages the development and implementation of (1) innovative treatment technologies for hazardous waste site remediation, and (2) monitoring and measurement technologies for evaluating the nature and extent of hazardous waste site contamination. The SITE Program was established by EPA's Office of Solid Waste and Emergency Response (OSWER) and the Office of Research and Development (ORD) in response to the 1986 Superfund Amendments and Reauthorization Act (SARA), which recognized a need for an "Alternative or Innovative Treatment Technology Research and Demonstration Program." The SITE Program is administered by ORD's Risk Reduction Engineering Laboratory (RREL), headquartered in Cincinnati, Ohio. The SITE Program includes the following component programs: • Demonstration Program - Conducts and evaluates demonstrations of promising innovative technologies to provide reliable performance, cost, and applicability information for site cleanup decision-making • Emerging Technology Program - Provides funding to developers to continue research efforts from the bench- and pilot-scale levels to promote the development of innovative technologies • Monitoring and Measurement Technologies Program - Develops technologies that detect, monitor, and measure hazardous and toxic substances to provide better, faster, and more cost-effective methods for producing real-tune data during site characterization and remediation • Technology Transfer Program - Disseminates technical information on innovative technologies to remove impediments for using alternative technologies This Technology Profiles document, a product of the Technology Transfer Program, describes completed and ongoing projects in the Demonstration, Emerging Technology, and Monitoring and Measurement Technologies Programs. Figure 1 depicts the process of technology development from initial concept to commercial use and shows the relationship among the programs. In the Demonstration Program, the technology is field-tested on hazardous waste materials. Engineering and cost data are gathered on the innovative technology so that potential users can assess the technology's applicability to a particular site. Data collected during the field demonstration are used to assess the performance of the technology, the potential need for pre- and post-processing of the waste, applicable types of wastes and waste matrices, potential operating problems, and approximate capital and operating costs. Page 1 ------- COMMERCIAUZA TION TECHNOLOGY TRANSFER TECHNOLOGY DEMONSTRATION Field-Scale Demonstration TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPED Pilot-Scale Testing Bench-Scale Studies CONCEPTUALIZA TION Figure 1: Development of Innovative Technologies At the conclusion of a SITE demonstration, EPA prepares an Innovative Technology Evaluation Report (ITER), Technology Capsule, and Demonstration Bulletin. These reports evaluate all available information on the technology and analyze its overall applicability to other site characteristics, waste types, and waste matrices. Testing procedures, performance and cost data, and quality assurance and quality control standards are also presented. ITERs, Technology Capsules, Demonstration Bulletins, other demonstration documents, and videotapes are distributed by EPA to provide reliable technical data for environmental decision-making and to promote the technology's commercial use. The Demonstration Program currently has 99 developers providing 111 demonstrations. Of these projects, 71 have completed demonstrations and 40 are ongoing. The projects are divided into the following categories: thermal destruction (12), biological degradation (18), physical/chemical treatment (47), solidification/stabilization (9), physical/chemical radioactive waste treatment (2), physical/chemical thermal desorption (18), materials handling (3), and other (2). Several technologies combine these treatment categories. Figure 2 shows the breakdown of technologies in the Demonstration Program. Page 2 ------- Physical/Chemical Treatment 47 Biological Degradation 18 Solidification/Stabilization 9 Thermal Destruction 12 Other 2 Materials Handling 3 Physical/Chemical Thermal Desorption 1 ° Physical/Chemical Radioactive Waste Treatment Figure 2: Innovative Technologies in the Demonstration Program Under the Emerging Technology Program, EPA provides technical and financial support to developers for bench- and pilot-scale testing and evaluation of innovative technologies that are at a minimum proven on the conceptual and bench-scale levels. The program provides an opportunity for a private developer to research and develop a technology for field application and possible evaluation under the Demonstration Program. A technology's performance is documented in a final report, journal article, project summary, and bulletin. EPA has provided technical and financial support to 72 projects in the Emerging Technology Program. Of these projects, 39 are completed, 32 are ongoing in the program, and one has exited the program. Fifteen Emerging Technology Program projects are participating in the Demonstration Program. The 72 technologies are divided into the following categories: thermal destruction (9), physical/chemical treatment (39), biological degradation (17), solidification/stabilization (2), and materials handling (5). Figure 3 displays the breakdown of technologies hi the Emerging Technology Program. Physical/Chemical Treatment 39 Thermal Destruction 9 Solidification/Stabilization 2 Materials Handling 5 Biological Degradation 17 Figure 3: Innovative Technologies in the Emerging Technology Program Page 3 ------- The Monitoring and Measurement Technologies Program's (MMTP) goal is to assess innovative and alternative monitoring, measurement, and site characterization technologies. During fiscal year 1994, five technologies were demonstrated. Additionally, the MMTP plans five demonstrations, each evaluating one or more monitoring and measurement technologies, in fiscal year 1995. To date, 98 technology demonstrations have been completed under the SITE Program (71 in the Demonstration Program and 27 in the MMTP); many reports have been published and others are in various stages of completion. In the Technology Transfer Program, technical information on innovative technologies in the Demonstration Program, Emerging Technology Program, and MMTP is disseminated through various activities. These activities increase the awareness and promote the use of innovative technologies for assessment and remediation at Superfund sites. The goal of technology transfer activities is to promote communication among individuals requiring up-to-date technical information. The Technology Transfer Program reaches the environmental community through many media, including: • Program-specific regional, state, and industry brochures • On-site Visitors' Days during SITE Demonstrations • Demonstration videotapes • Project-specific fact sheets to comply with site community relations plans • ITERs, Demonstration Bulletins, Technology Capsules, Project Summaries • The SITE Exhibit, displayed nationwide at conferences • Networking through forums, associations, regions, and states • Technical assistance to regions, states, and remediation cleanup contractors SITE information is available through the following on-line information clearinghouses: Alternative Treatment Technology Information Center (ATTIC) System operator: 703-908-2137 or 908-321-6677 Vendor Infoirmation System for Innovative Treatment Technologies (VISITT) Hotline: 800-245-4505 or 703-883-8448 Cleanup Information Bulletin Board System (CLU-IN) Help Desk: 301-589-8368; Modem: 301-589-8366 Technical reports may be obtained by completing the document order form at the back of this document or calling the Center for Environmental Research Information (CERI) in Cincinnati, Ohio. Additional SITE documents become available throughout the year. To find out about newly published documents or to be placed on the SITE mailing list, call 513-569-7562 or write to: CERI/ORD Publications 26 West Martin Luther King Drive (G72) Cincinnati, OH 45268 Page 4 ------- The SITE Program is administered by EPA's Office of Research and Development (ORD), specifically the Risk Reduction Engineering Laboratory (RREL). For further information on the SITE Program or its component programs contact: Bob Olexsey U.S. Environmental Protection Agency 26 West Martin Luther King Drive Cincinnati, Ohio 45268 513-569-7696 Fax: 513-569-7620 John Martin U.S. Environmental Protection Agency 26 West Martin Luther King Drive Cincinnati, Ohio 45268 513-569-7696 Fax: 513-569-7620 John Martin U.S. Environmental Protection Agency 26 West Martin Luther King Drive Cincinnati, Ohio 45268 513-569-7696 Fax: 513-569,7620 ^'^ir *j%£?f&!-:' t •'*!''*'''-'•'-=\ Norma Lewis U.S. Environmental Protection Agency 26 West Martin Luther King Drive Cincinnati, Ohio 45268 513-569-7665 Fax: 513-569-7620 Stephen Billets U.S. Environmental Protection Agency P. O. Box 93478 Las Vegas, Nevada 89193-3478 702-798-2232 Fax: 702-798-2261 Page 5 ------- ------- The SITE Demonstration Program develops reliable engineering, performance, and cost data on innovative, alternative technologies so that potential users can evaluate a technology's applicability for a specific waste site. Demonstrations are conducted at hazardous waste sites, such as National Priorities List (NPL) sites, non-NPL sites, and state sites, or under conditions that simulate actual hazardous wastes and site conditions. Technologies are selected for the SITE Demonstration Program through annual requests for proposals (RFP). EPA reviews proposals to determine the technologies with promise for use at hazardous waste sites. Several technologies have entered the program from current Superfund projects, in which innovative techniques of broad interest were identified for evaluation under the program. In addition, several Emerging Technology projects have moved to the Demonstration Program. To date, nine solicitations have been completed — SITE 001 in 1986 through SITE 009 in 1994. The RFP for SITE 010 is expected to be issued in January 1995. The SITE demonstration process typically consists of five steps: (1) matching an innovative technology with an appropriate site; (2) preparing a Demonstration Plan including the test plan, sampling and analysis plan, quality assurance project plan, and health and safety plan; (3) performing community relations activities; (4) conducting the demonstration (ranging in length from days to months); and (5) documenting results in an Innovative Technology Evaluation Report^ a Technology Capsule, other demonstration documents, and a demonstration videotape. Cooperative agreements between EPA and the developer set forth responsibilities for conducting the demonstration and evaluating the technology. Developers are responsible for operating their innovative systems at a selected site, and are expected to pay the costs to transport equipment to the site, operate the equipment on site during the demonstration, and remove the equipment from the site. EPA is responsible for project planning, waste collection and pretreatment (if needed), sampling and analysis, quality assurance and quality control, preparing reports, and disseminating information. Demonstration data are used to assess the technology's performance, the potential need for pre- and post-processing of the waste, applicable types of wastes and media, potential operating problems, and the approximate capital and operating costs. Demonstration data can also provide insight into long-term operating and maintenance costs and long-term risks. The Demonstration Program currently includes 99 developers and 111 projects. These projects are organized into two sections, completed projects and ongoing projects. The completed projects are presented in alphabetical order by developer name in Table 1 and in the profiles that follow; the ongoing projects are presented in Table 2 and in the profiles that follow. Page 7 ------- TABLE 1 < Completed SITE Demonstration Program Projects as of October 1994 Developer Accutech Remedial Systems, Inc., Keyport, NJ (005)' Demonstration Date: July - August 1992 Advanced Remediation Mixing, Inc. (formerly Chemfix Technologies/ CeTech Resources), Kenner, LA (002) Demonstration Date: March 1989 American Combustion, Inc., Norcross, GA (001) Demonstration Date: November 1987 - January 1988 AWD Technologies, Inc., San Francisco, CA (004) Demonstration Date: September 1990 Babcock & Wilcox Co.," Alliance, OH (006) Demonstration Date: November 1991 Bergmann USA, Gallatin, TN (007) Demonstration Date: May 1992 Technology/ Demonstration Location Pneumatic Fracturing Extraction™ and Catalytic Oxidation/New Jersey Environmental Cleanup Responsibility Act Site in Hillsborough, NJ Solidification and Stabilization/ Portable Equipment Salvage Company Site in Clackamas, OR PYRETRON® Thermal Destruction/EPA' s Incineration Research Facility in Jefferson, AR using soil from Stringfellow Acid Pit Superfund Site in Glen Avon, CA Integrated Vapor Extraction and Steam Vacuum Stripping/San Fernando Valley Groundwater Basin Superfund Site in Burbank, CA Cyclone Furnace/Developer's Facility in Alliance, OH Soil and Sediment Washing/ Saginaw Bay Confined Disposal Facility in Saginaw, MI Technology Contact John Liskowiiz 908-739-6444 Sam Pizzitola 504-461-0466 Gregory Gitman 404-564-4180 David Bluestein 415-227-0822 Dorothy Haidet 216-829-7395 Richard Traver 615-230-2217 EPA Project Manager Uwe Frank 908-321-6626 Edwin Earth 513-569-7669 Laurel Staley 513-569-7863 Gordon Evans 513-569-7684 Laurel Staley 513-569-7863 Jack Hubbard 513-569-7507 Waste Media Soil, Rock Soil, Sludge, Solids, Ash, Electroplating Wastes Soil, Sludge, Solid Waste Groundwater, Soil Solids, Soil, Sludge Soil, Sediment Applicable Waste Inorganic Not Applicable Heavy Metals Not Applicable Not Applicable Nonspecific, Low- • Level Radionuclides Heavy Metals Organic Haiogenated and Nonhalogenated VOCs and SVOCs High Molecular Weight Organics Nonspecific Organics VOCs Nonspecific Organics PCBs, Nonspecific Organics 00 Solicitation Number From Emerging Technology Program ------- TABLE 1 (continued) Completed SITE Demonstration Program Projects as of October 1994 Developer Berkeley Environmental Restoration Center (formerly Udell Technologies, Inc.), Berkeley, CA (005) Demonstration Date: December 1993 Billings and Associates, Inc., Albuquerque, NM (007) Demonstration Date: March 1993 - May 1994 BioGenesis Enterprises, Inc., Springfield, VA (005) Demonstration Date: November 1992 Bio-Rem, Inc., Butler, IN (006) Demonstration Date: May 1992 - June 1993 BioTrol, Inc., Eden Prairie, MN (003) Demonstration Date: July - September 1989 BioTrol, Inc., Eden Prairie, MN (003) Demonstration Date: September - October 1989 Brice Environmental Services Corporation, Fairbanks, AK (006) Demonstration Date: September 1992 Technology/ Demonstration Location In Situ Steam Enhanced Extraction Process/Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory in Altamont Hills, CA Subsurface Volatilization and Ventilation System (SWS®)/ Site in Buchanan, Michigan BioGenesis'" Soil and Sediment Washing Processes/Refinery Site in Minnesota Augmented In Situ Subsurface Bioremediation Process/ Williams AFB in Phoenix, AZ Biological Aqueous Treatment System/MacGillis and Gibbs Superfund Site in New Brighton, MN Soil Washing System/MacGillis and Gibbs Superfund Site in New Brighton, MN Soil Washing Plant/Alaskan Battery Enterprises Superfund Site in Fairbanks, AK Technology Contact Kent Udell 510-642-2928 Steve Collins 510-643-1300 Gale Billings 505-345-1116 Don Brenneman 713-575-4693 Thomas Rougeux 703-913-9700 David Mann 219-868-5823 800-428-4626 Sandra Clifford 612-942-8032 Sandra Clifford 612-942-8032 Craig Jones 907-452-2512 EPA Project Manager Paul dePercin 513-569-7797 Paul dePercin 513-569-7797 Annette Gatchett 513-569-7697 Teri Richardson 513-569-7949 Mary Stinson 908-321-6683 Mary Stinson 908-321-6683 Hugh Masters 908-321-6678 Waste Media Soil, Groundwater Soil, Sludge, Groundwater Soil Soil, Water Liquid Waste, Groundwater Soil Soil Applicable Waste Inorganic Not Applicable Not Applicable Not Applicable Not Applicable Nitrates Metals Radioactive and Heavy Metals Organic VOCs and SVOCs, Hydrocarbons, Solvents BTEX, VOCs, SVOCs Volatile and Nonvolatile Hydrocarbons, PCBs Hydrocarbons, Halogenated Hydrocarbons, and Chlorinated Compounds Chlorinated and Nonchlorinated - Hydrocarbons, Pesticides High Molecular Weight Organics, PAHs, PCP, PCBs, Pesticides Not Applicable (0 ------- TABLE 1 (continued) Completed SITE Demonstration Program Projects as of October 1994 Canonie Environmental Services Corporation, Porter, IN (006) Demonstration Date: September 1992 CF Systems Corporation, Woburn, MA (002) Demonstration Date: September 1988 COGNIS, Inc.," Santa Rosa, CA (009)/(E05) Demonstration Date: August 1994 Dehydro-Tech Corporation, East Hanover, NJ (004) Demonstration Date: August 1991 E.I. DuPont de Nemours and Co. and Oberlin Filter Co., Newark, DE (003) Demonstration Date: April - May 1990 Dynaphore, Inc., Richmond, VA (006) Demonstration Date: April 1994 Technology/ Low Temperature Thermal Aeration (LTTA®)/Pesticide Site in Phoenix, AZ Liquified Gas Solvent Extraction (LG-SX) Technology/New Bedford Harbor Superrand Site in New Bedford, MA Chemical Treatment/Twin Cities Army Ammunition Plant in New Brighton, MN Carver-Greenfield Process® for Solvent Extraction of Wet, Oily Wastes/EPA's Research Facility hi Edison, NJ Membrane Microfiltration/ Palmerton Zinc Superfund Site in Palmerton, PA FORAGER® Sponge/National Lead Industry Site hi Pedricktown, NJ Technology Contact inomas Froman 219-926-8651 Chris Shallice 617-937-0800 Bill Fristad 707-576-6235 Theodore Trowbridge 201-887-2182 Ernest Mayer 302-774-2277 . Norman Rainer 804-288-7109 EPA Project Manaqer Paul dePerein 513-569-7797 Mark Meckes 513-569-7348 Michael Royer 908-321-6633 Laurel Staley 513-569-7863 John Martin 513-569-7758 Carolyn Esposito 908-906-6895 Waste Media Soil, Sludge, Sediment Soil, Sludge, Wastewater Soil, Sludge, Sediment Soil, Sludge, Sediment Groundwater, Leachate, Wastewater, Electroplating Rinsewaters Industrial Discharge, Municipal Sewage Process Streams, Acid Mine Drainage Wastes Applicable Waste Inorganic Net Applicable Not Applicable Lead, Heavy Metals Not Applicable Heavy Metals, Cyanide, Uranium Metals Organic VOCs, SVOCs, OCPs, OPPs, TPHs VOCs, SVOCs, PAHs, PCBs, Dioxins, and Pentachlorophenol Not Applicable PCBs, Dioxins, Oil-Soluble Organics Organic Particulates, Volatile Organics Not Applicable ** From Emerging Technology Program ------- TABLE 1 (continued) Completed SITE Demonstration Program Projects as of October 1994 Developer ECOVA Corporation, Golden, CO (006) Demonstration Date: May - September 1991 ELI Eco Logic International Inc., Rockwood, Ontario, Canada (006) Demonstration Date: October - November 1992 ELI Eco Logic International Inc., Rockwood, Ontario, Canada (006) Demonstration Date: October - November 1992 EPOC Water, Inc., Fresno, CA (004) Demonstration Date: May - June 1992 Filter Flow Technology, Inc., League City, TX (006) Demonstration Date: September 1993 Funderburk & Associates (formerly HAZCON, Inc.), (001) Demonstration Date: October 1987 General Atomics, San Diego, CA (001) Demonstration Date: March 1989 Technology/ Demonstration Location Bioslurry Reactor/EPA's Test and Evaluation Facility in • Cincinnati, OH Gas-Phase Chemical Reduction Process/Middleground Landfill in Bay City, MI Thermal Desorption Unit/ Middleground Landfill in Bay City, MI. Precipitation, Microfiltration, and Sludge Dewatering/Iron Mountain Superfund Site in Redding, CA Heavy Metals and Radionuclide Polishing Filter/DOE's Rocky Flats Plant in Denver, CO Dechlorination and Immobilization/Former Oil Processing Plant in Douglassville, PA Circulating Bed Combustor/Developer's Facility in San Diego, CA using waste from McColl Superfund Site in Fullerton, CA Technology Contact William Mahaffey 303-273-7133 Jim Nash . 519-856-9591 Jim Nash 519-856-9591 Rodney Squires 209-291-8144 Tod Johnson 713-332-3438 Not Available Jeffrey Broido 619-455-4495 EPA Project Manager Ronald Lewis 513-569-7856 Gordon Evans 513-569-7684 Gordon Evans 513-569-7684 Jack Hubbard 513-569-7507 Annette Gatchett 513-569-7697 Paul dePercin 513-569-7797 Douglas Grosse 513-569-7844 Waste Media Soil Soil, Sludge, Liquids Soil, Sludge, Liquids Sludge, < Wastewater, Leachable Soil Groundwater, Industrial Wastewater Soil, Sludge, Sediment Soil, Sludge, Slurry, Liquids Applicable Waste Inorganic Not Applicable Not Applicable Not Applicable Heavy Metals Heavy Metals, Radionuclides Heavy Metals Metals, Cyanide Organic Creosote and Petroleum Wastes PCBs, PAHs, Chlorinated Dioxins and Dibenzofurans, Chlorinated Solvents and Chlorophenols PCBs, PAHs, Chlorinated Dioxins and Dibenzofurans, Chlorinated Solvents and Chlorophenols Pesticides, Oil, Grease Not Applicable Nonspecific Organics Halogenated and Nonhalogenated Organic Compounds, PCBs ------- TABLE 1 (continued) Completed SITE Demonstration Program Projects as of October 1994 Developer Geo-Con, Inc. Monroeville, PA (001) (2 Demonstrations) Demonstration Date: April - May 1988 Geosafe Corporation, Richland, WA (002) Demonstration Date: March - April 1994 GIS/Solutions, Inc., Concord, CA (007) Demonstration Dates: August 1993 (CA) and December 1993 (D.C.) GRACE Dearborn Inc., Mississauga, Ontario, Canada (008) Demonstration Date: September 1994 Gruppo Italimpresse (developed by Shirco Infrared Systems, Inc.), Rome, Italy (001) (2 Demonstrations) Demonstration Dates: August 1987 (PL) and November 1987 (MI) High Voltage Environmental Applications, Inc. (formerly Electron Beam Research Facility, Florida International University, and University of Miami),** Miami, FL (008)/(E03) Demonstration Date: September 1994 Technology/ Demonstration Location lu Situ Solidification and Stabilization Process/General Electric Service Shop Site in Hialeah, FL In Situ Vitrification/Parsons Chemical Site in Grand Ledge, MI GIS-Key™ Environmental Data Management System/ San Francisco, CA and Washington, D.C. DARAMEND™ Bioremediation Technology/Domtar Wood Preserving Site in Trenton, Ontario, Canada Infrared Thermal Destruction/Peak Oil Superfund Site in Brandon, FL and Rose Township Superfund Site in Oakland County, MI High-Energy Electron Irradiation/DOE's Savannah River Site in Aiken, SC Technology Contact Chris Ryan or Linda Ward 412-856-7700 James Hansen 509-375-0710 Charles Tupitza 510-602-9206 Alan Seech or Igor Marvan 905-279-2222 Rome 011-39-06-8802001 Padova 011-39-049-773490 William Cooper 305-593-5330 EPA Project Manager Mary Stinscn 908-321-6683 Teri Richardson 513-569-7949 Richard Eilers 513-569-7809 Teri Richardson 513-569-7949 Laurel Staley 513-569-7863 Franklin Alvarez 513-569-7631 Waste Media Soil, Sediment Soil, Sludge, Sediments Not Applicable Soil, Sediment Soil, Sediment Water Streams, Sludge Applicable Waste Inorganic Nonspecific Inorganics Nonspecific Inorganics Not Applicable Not Applicable Not Applicable Not Applicable Organic PCBs, PCP, Other Nonspecific Organics Nonspecific Organics Not Applicable PAHs, PCPs, Total Petroleum Hydrocarbons Nonspecific Organics Most Organics From Emerging Technology Program ------- TABLE 1 (continued) Completed SITE Demonstration Program Projects as of October 1994 Horsehead Resource Development Co., Inc., Monaca, PA (004) Demonstration Date: March 1991 •Irubetz Environmental Services, Inc., Dallas, TX (007) Demonstration Date: January - February 1993 Hughes Environmental Systems, Inc., (005) Demonstration Date: August 1991 - September 1993 IIT Research Institute/Brown and Root Environmental, Chicago, IL/Oak Ridge, TN (007) Demonstration Date: August 1993 KAI Technologies, Inc./Brown and Root Environmental, Woburn, MA/Oak Ridge, TN (008) Demonstration Date: January - March 1994 Magnum Water Technology, El Segundo, CA (007) Demonstration Date: March 1993 Maxymillian Technologies, Inc. (formerly Clean Berkshires Inc.), Pittsfield, MA (008) Demonstration Date: November - December 1993 •••^^M^MM^HM^ Technology/ 'lame Reactor/Developer's 'acility in Monaca, PA using waste from National Smelting and Refining Company Superfund Site in Atlanta, GA HRUBOUT* Process/Kelly Air 'orce Base in San Antonio, TX Steam Enhanced Recovery Process/Fuel Spill Site in Huntington Beach, CA Radio Frequency Heating/Kelly Air Force Base in San Antonio, TX Radio Frequency Heating/Kelly Air Force Base in San Antonio, TX CAV-OX® Process/Edwards Air Force Base, CA Mobile Thermal Desorption System/Niagara Mohawk Power Corporation's Harbor Point Site in Utica, NY i^HI^^^M^MMBM Technology Contact Regis Zagrocki 412-773-2289 Michael Hrubetz or Barbara Hrubetz 214-363-7833 Not Available Harsh Dev 312-567-4257 Paul Carpenter 904-283-6187 Clifton Blanchard 615-483-9900 Raymond Kasevich 617-932-3328 Paul Carpenter 904-283-6187 Clifton Blanchard 615-483-9900 Dale Cox 310-322-4143 Jack Simser 310-640-7000 James Maxymillian 413-499-3050 Neal Maxymillian 617-695-9770 800-695-7771 EPA Project Manager Donald Oberacker 513-569-7510 Vlarta K. Richards 513-569-7692 Gordon Evans 513-569-7684 Paul dePercin 513-569-7797 Laurel Staley 513-569-7863 Laurel Staley 513-569-7863 i * Richard Eilers 513-569-7809 Ronald Lewis 513-569-7856 Waste Media Soil, Sludge, industrial Solid Residues Soil Soil, Groundwater Soil Soil Groundwater, Wastewater Soil Applicable Waste Inorganic Metals Not Applicable Not Applicable Not Applicable Not Applicable Not Applicable Cyanide Organic Not Applicable Halogenated or Sfonhalogenated Volatiles or Semivolatiles VOCs and SVOCs Petroleum Hydrocarbons, VOCs, SVOCs Petroleum Hydrocarbons, VOCs, SVOCs Halogenated Solvents, Phenol, Pentachlorophenol , PCBs, BTEX VOCs, SVOCs, PAHs, and Coal Tars Co ------- TABLE 1 (continued) Completed SITE Demonstration Program Projects as of October 1994 North American Technologies Group, Inc., Sacramento, CA (008) Demonstration Date: June 1994 NOVATERRA, Inc. (formerly Toxic Treatments USA, Inc.), , Los Angeles, CA (003) Demonstration Date: September 1989 Resources Conservation Company, Ellicott City, MD (001) Demonstration Date: July 1992 Retech, Inc., Ukiah, CA (002) Demonstration Date: July 1991 Risk Reduction Engineering Laboratory, Cincinnati, OH, (005) Demonstration Date: August - September 1993 Risk Reduction Engineering Laboratory, Cincinnati, OH (007) Demonstration Date: November 1992 Risk Reduction Engineering Laboratory and IT Corporation, Cincinnati, OH (004) ^Demonstration Dates: 1 September 1988 (MI), December 1 1989 (KY), and August 1990 (GA • — •- Technology/ Oleophilic Amine-Coated Ceramic Chip/Petroleum 'roducts Corporation Site in !ort Lauderdale, FL n Situ Steam and Air Stripping/Annex Terminal in San Pedro, CA J.E.S.T. Solvent Extraction Technology /Grand Calumet River Site in Gary, EM Plasma Arc Vitrification/DOE's Component Development and Integration Facility in Butte, MT Base-Catalyzed Decomposition Process/Koppers Company Superfund Site in Morrisville, NC Volume Reduction Unit/ Escambia Treating Company Site in Pensacola, FL Debris Washing System/ Superfund Sites in Detroit, MI; Hopkinsville, KY; and Walker County, GA Technology Contact Cathryn Wimberly 916-366-6165 Philip LaMori 310-843-3190 Lanny Weimer 410-596-6066 Ronald Womack or Leroy Leland 707-462-6522 Carl Brunner 513-569-7655 Yei-Shong Shieh or G. Steven Detwiler 610-832-0700 Richard Griffiths 908-321-6629 Michael Taylor or Majid Dosani 513-782-4700 EPA Project Manager aurel Staley 513-569-7863 Paul dePercin 513-569-7797 Mark Meckes 513-569-7348 Laurel Staley 513-569-7863 Terrence Lyons 513-569-7589 Teri Richardson 513-569-7949 Donald Sanning 513-569-7875 Waste Media Groundwater. Marine Wastes Soil Soil, Sludge, Sediment Soil, Sludge Soil, Sediment, Sludge - Soil Debris Applicable Waste Inorganic Not Applicable Nonspecific Inorganics, Heavy Metals Not Applicable Metals Not Applicable Metals Nonspecific Inorganics Organic Gasoline, Crude Oil, Diesel Fuel, BTEX, PAHs, PCBs.PCP, rrichloroethene VOCs, SVOCs, Hydrocarbons Oil, PCBs, PAHs, Pesiticides, Herbicides Nonspecific Organics PCBs, PCPs, Halogenated Compounds Creosote, PCPs, PAHs, VOCs, SVOCs, Pesticides Nonspecific Organics, PCBs, Pesticides ------- TABLE 1 (continued) Completed SITE Demonstration Program Projects as of October 1994 Developer Risk Reduction Engineering Laboratory and USDA Forest Products Laboratory, Cincinnati, OH/Madison, WI (006) Demonstration Date: June - November 1992 Risk Reduction Engineering Laboratory, University of Cincinnati, and FRX, Inc., Cincinnati, OH (005) Demonstration Dates: July 1991 - September 1992 (IL) and August 1991 - September 1992 (OH) Rochem Separation Systems, Inc., Torrance, CA (006) Demonstration Date: August 1994 RUST Remedial Services, Inc. (formerly offered by Chemical Waste Management, Inc.), Palos Heights, IL (004) Demonstration Date: May 1992 SBP Technologies, Inc., Baton Rouge, LA (005) Demonstration Date: October 1991 Technology/ Demonstration Location Fungal Treatment Technology/ Brookhaven Wood Preserving Site in Brookhaven, MS Hydraulic Fracturing/Xerox Corporation Site in Oak Brook, IL and an underground storage spill site hi Dayton, OH Rochem Disc Tube™ Module System/Central Landfill Superfund Site in Johnston, RI X*TRAX™ Thermal Desorption/ Re-Solve, Inc., Superfund Site in North Dartmouth, MA Membrane Filtration and Bioremediation/ American Creosote Works in Pensacola, FL Technology Contact John Glaser 5.13-569-7568 Richard Lamar 608-231-9469 William Slack 513-556-2526 David LaMonica 310-370-3160 Chetan Trivedi 708-361-7520 708-361-8400 Clayton Page 504-753-5255 EPA Project Manager Teri Richardson 513-569-7949 Michael Roulier 513-569-7796 Douglas Grosse 513-569-7844 Paul dePercin 513-569-7797 John Martin 513-569-7758 Waste Media Soil Soil, Groundwater Liquids Soil, Sediment, Sludge Groundwater, Surface Water, Storm Water, Landfill Leachates, Industrial Process Wastewater Applicable Waste Inorganic Not Applicable Nonspecific Inorganics Nonspecific Inorganics Heavy Metals Not Applicable Organic PCPs, PAHs, Chlorinated Organics Nonspecific Organics Organic Solvents VOCs, SVOCs, PCBs, Dioxins Organic Compounds, PAHs, PCBs, TCE, PCP - ------- TABLE 1 (continued) Completed SITE Demonstration Program Projects as of October 1994 Developer J.R. Simplot," Pocatello, ID (006) (2 Demonstrations) Demonstration Dates: July 1993 (WA) and September 1993 - February 1994 (MO) SoilTech ATP Systems, Inc., Porter, IN (005) (2 Demonstrations) Demonstration Date: May 1991 (NY); June 1992 (IL) Soliditech, Inc. (002) Demonstration Date: December 1988 Sonotech, Inc., Atlanta, GA (007) Demonstration Date: May - July 1994 STC Omega, Inc. (formerly Silicate Technology Corporation), Scottsdale, AZ (003) Demonstration Date: November 1990 Terra-Kleen Response Group, Inc., Oklahoma City, OK (006) Demonstration Date: May - June 1994 Technology/ Demonstration Location The SABRE™ Process/Bowers Field in Ellensburg, WA and Weldon Spring Ordinance Works Site in Weldon Spring, MO Anaerobic Thermal Processor/ Wide Beach Superfund Site in Brant, NY and Waukegan Harbor Superfund Site in Waukegan, IL Solidification and Stabilization/ Imperial Oil Company/ Champion Chemical Company Superfund Site in Morganville, NJ Frequency-Tunable Pulse Combustion Sy stem/EPA' s Incineration Research Facility in Jefferson, AR Chemical Fixation/Solidification Treatment Technologies/Selma Pressure Treating Superfund Site in Selma, CA Solvent Extraction Treatment System/Naval Air Station North Island in San Diego, CA Technology Contact Russe! Kaake 208-234-5367 Alistair Montgomery 303-790-1747 Joseph Hutton 219-929-4343 Not Available Zin Plavnik 404-525-8530 Stephen Pelger or Scott Larsen 602-948-7100 Alan Cash 405-728-0001 EPA Project Manager Wendy Davis-Hoover 513-569-7206 Paul -dePercin 513-569-7797 Jack Hubbard 513-569-7507 Marta K. Richards 513-569-7692 Edward Bates 513-569-7774 Mark Meckes 513-569-7348 Waste Media Soil Soil, Sludge, Refinery Wastes Soil, Sludge Soil, Medical Waste Soil, Sludge, Wastewater Soil, Sludge, Sediment, Debris Applicable Waste Inorganic Not Applicable Not Applicable Metals, Nonspecific Inorganics Nonspecific Inorganics Metals, Cyanide, Fluorides, Arsenates, Chromates, Selenium Not Applicable Organic Nitrcarcinaties PCBs, Chlorinated Pesticides, VOCs, SVOCs Nonspecific Organics, Oil, Grease Nonspecific Organics High Molecular Weight Organics, PAHs PCBs, PCP, PAH, Creosote, Chlorinated Pesticides, PCDD, PCDF ** From Emerging Technology Program ------- TABLE 1 (continued) Completed SITE Demonstration Program Projects as of October 1994 DBVelODer Terra Vac, Inc., San Juan, PR (001) Demonstration Date: December 1987 - April 1988 Texaco Inc., White Plains, NY (006) Demonstration Date: January 1994 Toronto Harbour Commission, Toronto, Ontario, Canada (006) Demonstration Date: April - May 1992 Ultrox, A Division of Zimpro Environmental, Inc., Santa Ana, CA (003) Demonstration Date: March 1989 United States Environmental Protection Agency, San Francisco, CA (007) Demonstration Date: June - July 1990 Vulcan Peroxidation Systems, Inc. (formerly Peroxidation Systems, Inc.), Tucson, AZ (006) Demonstration Date: September 1992 WASTECH Inc., Oak Ridge, TN (004) Demonstration Date: August 1991 Technology/ Demonstration Location n Situ Vacuum Extraction/ Groveland Wells Superfund Site in Groveland, MA Entrained-Bed Gasification/ Developer's Montebello Research Laboratory using a mixture of soil from the Purity Oil Sales Superfund Site in Fresno, CA Soil Recycling/Toronto Port Industrial District in Toronto, Ontario, Canada Ultraviolet Radiation and Oxidation/Lorentz Barrel and Drum Company in San Jose, CA Excavation Techniques and Foam Suppression Methods/ McColl Superfund Site in Fullerton, CA perox-pure™ Chemical Oxidation Technology /Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory hi Altamont Hills, CA Solidification and Stabilization/ Robins Air Force Base in Warner Robins, GA Technology Contact 'ames Malot 809-723-9171 Richard Zang 914-253-4047 Carol Moore 416-863-2071 David Fletcher 714-545-5557 John Blevins 415-774-2400 Chris Giggy 602-790-8383 Benjamin Peacock 615-483-6515 EPA Project Manager Wary Stinson 908-321-6683 Marta K. Richards 513-569-7692 Teri Richardson 513-569-7949 Norma Lewis 513-569-7665 Jack Hubbard 513-569-7507 Norma Lewis 513-569-7665 Terrence Lyons 513-569-7589 Waste Media Soil Soil, Sludge, Sediment Soil Groundwater, Leachate, Wastewater Soil Groundwater, Wastewater Soil, Sludge, Liquid Waste Applicable Waste Inorganic Not Applicable Nonspecific Inorganics Nonspecific Inorganics Not Applicable Not Applicable Not Applicable Nonspecific Radioactive Inorganics Organic VOCs Nonspecific Organics Nonspecific Organics Halogenated Solvents, VOCs, Pesticides, PCBs, BTEX VOCs Fuel Hydrocarbons, Chlorinated Solvents, PCBs, VOCs, SVOCs Nonspecific Organics ------- TABLE 1 (continued) Completed SITE Demonstration Program Projects as of October 1994 Roy F. Weston, Inc., West Chester, PA (006) Demonstration Date: November - December 1991 Roy F. Weston, Inc./IEG Technologies, Woodland Hills, CA/Charlotte, N.C (008) Demonstration Date: May 1993 - May 1994 Wheelabrator Clean Air Systems, Inc. (formerly Chemical Waste Management, Inc.), Schaumburg, IL (005) Demonstration Date: September 1992 Technology/ Low Temperature Thermal Treatment (LT3*) System/ Anderson Development Company Superfund Site in Adrian, MI UVB - Vacuum Vaporizing Well/March Air Force Base, CA PO*WW*ER™ Technology/ Chemical Waste Management's Facility in Lake Charles, LA Technology Contact Mike Cosmos 610-701-7423 Jeff Bannon 818-596-6900 Eric Klingel 704-357-6090 Annamarie Connolly 708-706-6900 EPA Project Manager Paul dePercin 513-569-7797 Michelle Simon 513-569-7469 Randy Parker 513-569-7271 Waste Media Soil, Sludge Groundwater Wastewater, Leachate, Groundwater Applicable Waste Inorganic Not Applicable Heavy Metals Metals, Volatile Inorganic Compounds, Salts, Radionuclides Organic vucs, svuus, Petroleum Hydrocarbons, PAHs VOCs, SVOCs VOCs and Nonvolatile Organic Compounds ------- ------- Technology Profile DEMONSTRATION PROGRAM ACCUTECH REMEDIAL SYSTEMS, INC. (Pneumatic Fracturing Extraction™ and Catalytic Oxidation) TECHNOLOGY DESCRIPTION: Accutech Remedial Systems, Inc. (Accutech), and the Hazardous Substance Management Research Center located at the New Jersey Institute of Technology in Newark, New Jersey have jointly developed an integrated treatment system that combines Pneumatic Fracturing Extraction8" (PFESM) with hot gas injection (HGI). The system provides a cost-effective, accelerated approach for remediating less permeable formations contaminated with halo- genated and nonhalogenated volatile organic compounds (VOC) and semivolatile organic compounds (SVOC) (see photograph below). The system forces compressed gas into a forma- tion at pressures that exceed the natural in situ stresses present, creating a fracture network. These fractures allow subsurface air to circulate faster and more efficiently throughout the forma- tion, which can greatly improve contaminant mass removal rates. PFESM also increases the effective area that can be influenced by each extraction well, while intersecting new pockets of contamination that were previously trapped in the formation. Thus, VOCs can be removed faster and from a larger section of the formation. can combme with a catalytic oxidation unit equipped with special catalysts to destroy halogenated organics. The heat from the cata- lytic oxidation unit can be recycled to the forma- tion, significantly raising the vapor pressure of the contaminants. Thus, VOCs volatilize faster, which makes cleanup more efficient. Pneumatic Fracturing Extraction3" and Catalytic Oxidation Page 20 The SITE Program assesses but does not approve or endorse technologies. ------- November 1994 Completed Project can COUpie with HGI, an in situ thermal process, to further enhance VOC removal rates. HGI returns the energy generated during cata- lytic oxidation of the VOCs to the ground. The PFESM-HGI integrated treatment system is cost- effective for treating soil and rock formations where conventional in situ technologies have limited effectiveness due to less permeable geologic formations. Activated carbon is used when contaminant concentrations decrease to levels where catalytic oxidation is no longer cost-effective. WASTE APPLICABILITY: The system can remove halogenated and non- halogenated VOCs and SVOCs from both the vadose and saturated zones. The integrated treatment system is cost-effective for treating soils and rock when less permeable geologic formations limit the effectiveness of conventional in situ technologies. STATUS: This technology was accepted into the SITE Demonstration Program in December 1990. Phase 1 of the demonstration was conducted in summer 1992 at a New Jersey Department of Environmental Protection and Energy Environ- mental Cleanup Responsibility Act site in Hillsborough, New Jersey. During Phase 1, trichloroethene and other VOCs we're removed from a siltstone formation. Results of this demonstration were published in the following documents available from EPA: • Technology Evaluation Report (EPA/540/R-93/509) • Technology Demonstration Summary (EPA/540/SR-93/509) • Demonstration Bulletin (EPA/540/MR-93/509) • Applications Analysis Report (EPA/540/AR-93/509) DEMONSTRATION RESULTS: The demonstration results indicate that PFESM increased the effective vacuum radius of influ- ence nearly threefold. PFESM also increased the rate of mass removal up to 25 times over the rates measured using conventional extraction technology. The PFESM-HGI process is being demonstrated in a two-phase approach. The incremental benefit of each technology was evaluated in the first phase. In the second phase, the tech- nologies will be integrated with a groundwater recovery process and the catalytic technology to evaluate long-term cost benefits. A Phase 2 demonstration is planned for 1994. FOR FURTHER INFORMATION: EPA PROJECT MANAGER: Uwe Frank U.S. EPA Risk Reduction Laboratory Building 10, MS-104 2890 Woodbridge Avenue Edison, NJ 08837-3679 908-321-6626 Fax: 908-906-6990 TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPER CONTACT: John Liskowitz Accutech Remedial Systems, Inc. Cass Street at Highway 35 Keyport, NJ 07735 908-739-6444 Fax: 908-739-0451 The SITE Program assesses but does not approve or endorse technologies. Page 21 ------- Technology Profile DEMONSTRA TION PROGRAM ADVANCED REMEDIATION MIXING, INC. (iformerly Chemfix Technologies/CeTech Resources) (Solidification and Stabilization) TECHNOLOGY DESCRIPTION: In this solidification and stabilization process, pozzolanic materials react with polyvalent metal ions and other waste components to produce a chemically and physically stable solid material. Optional accelerators and precipitators may include soluble silicates, carbonates, phosphates, and borates. The end product may be similar to a clay-like soil, depending upon the characteris- tics of the raw waste and the properties desired in the end product. Typically, the wasite is first blended in a reaction vessel with pozzolanic materials that contain calcium hydroxides. This blend is then dispersed throughout an aqueous phase. The reagents react with one another and with toxic metal ions, forming both anionic and cationic metal comple- xes. Pozzolanic accelerators and metal precipi- tating agents can be added before or after the dry binder is initially mixed with the waste. When a water soluble silicate reacts with the waste and the pozzolanic binder system, colloi- dal silicate gel strengths are increased within the binder-waste matrix helping polyvalent metal cations. A large percentage of the heavy metals become part of the calcium silicate and alumi- nate colloidal structures formed by the pozzolans and calcium hydroxide. Some of the metals, such as lead, adsorb to the surface of the pozzolanic .structures. The entire pozzolanic matrix, when physically cured, decreases toxic metal mobility by reducing the incursion of leaching liquids into and out of the stabilized matrices. With modifications, the system (shown below) may be applied to wastes containing between 10 to 100 percent solids. REAGENTTRUCK. UNLOADING ,} REAGENT TRUCK* UNLOADING / WASTE INPUT WATER SUPPLY) REAGENT TRUCKx UNLOADING / LIQUID REAGENT #t .FEEDPUMP WATER TANK WATER TANK / FE /" LIQUID •/ REAGENT #21 TANK .TO CONTAINMENT AREA TRANSFER PUMP Process Flow Diagram Page 22 The SITE Program assesses but does not approve or endorse technologies. ------- November 1994 Completed Project WASTE APPLICABILITY: This process is suitable for contaminated soils, sludges, ashes, and other solid wastes.. The process is particularly applicable to electro- plating sludges, electric arc furnace dust, heavy metal contaminated soils, oil field drilling muds and cuttings, municipal sewage sludges, and residuals from other treatment processes. This process effectively treats heavy metals, such as antimony, arsenic, lead, cadmium, hexavalent chromium, mercury, copper, and zinc. In addition, when combined with specialized bind- ers and additives, this process can stabilize low-level nuclear wastes. STATUS: The solidification and stabilization process was demonstrated in March 1989 at the Portable Equipment Salvage Company site in Clackamas," Oregon. The Technology Evaluation Report was published in September 1990 (EPA/540/5-89/01 la). The Applications Analy- sis Report was completed hi May 1991 (EPA/540/A5-89/011). In addition, several full-scale' remediation projects have been completed since 1977, inclu- ding a high solids CHEMSET® reagent protocol designed to treat 30,000 cubic yards of hexava- lent chromium-contaminated, high solids waste. The average chromium level after treatment was less than 0.15 milligram per liter and met toxi- city characteristic leaching procedure (TCLP) criteria. The final product permeability was less than 1 x 10"4 centimeters per second (cm/sec). DEMONSTRATION RESULTS: The demonstration yielded the following results: • The technology effectively reduced copper and lead concentrations in the wastes. The concentrations in the TCLP extracts from the treated wastes were 94 to 99 percent less than those from the untreated wastes. Total lead concen- . trations in. the untreated waste ap- proached 14 percent. • ' The volume of excavated waste material increased between 20 to 50 percent after treatment. • During the durability tests, the treated wastes showed little or no weight loss after 12 cycles of wetting and drying or freezing and thawing. • The unconfined compressive strength of .the wastes varied between 27 and 307 pounds per square inch after 28 days, Hydraulic conductivity of the.treated" material ranged between 1 x 10'6 cm/sec and 6.4 x 10"7 cm/sec. " • Air monitoring data suggest there was no significant volatilization of polychlor- ,inated biphenyls during the treatment process. • Treatment costs were approximately $73 per ton, including mobilization, labor, reagents, and demobilization, but not disposal. FOR FURTHER INFORMATION: EPA PROJECT MANAGER: Edwin Earth U.S. EPA Center for Environmental Research Information 26 West Martin Luther King Drive Cincinnati, OH 45268 513-569-7669 Fax: 513-569-7585 TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPER CONTACT: Sam Pizzitola Advanced Remediation Mixing, Inc. 711 Oxley Street Kenner, LA 70062 504-461-0466 . Fax: 504-466-9032 The SITE Program assesses but does not approve or endorse technologies. Page 23 ------- Technology Profile DEMONSTRATION PROGRAM AMERICAN COMBUSTION, INC. (PYRETRON® Thermal Destruction) TECHNOLOGY DESCRIPTION: The PYRETRON® thermal destruction techno- logy controls the heat input during incineration using PYRETRON® oxygen-air-fuel burners to control excess oxygen available to oxidize hazardous waste (see figure below). The PYRETRON® cornbustor relies on a new techni- que for mixing auxiliary oxygen, air, and fuel to 1) provide the flame envelope with enhanced stability, luminosity, and flame core tempera- ture, and 2) increase the British thermal units (Btu) per volume of heat released. The technology is computer-controlled to auto- matically adjust the temperatures of the primary and secondary combustion chambers and the amount of excess oxygen. The system adjusts the amount of excess oxygen in response to sudden changes in contaminant volatilization rates in the waste. The technology fits any conventional incineration unit and can burn liquids, solids, and sludges. Solids and sludges can also be coincinerated when the burner is used with a rotary kiln or similar equipment. WASTE APPLICABILITY: The PYRETRON® technology treats high- and low-Btu solid wastes contaminated with rapidly- volatilized hazardous organics. In general, the technology treats any waste that can be incine- rated. It is not suitable for processing aqueous wastes, Resource Conservation and Recovery Act heavy metal wastes, or inorganic wastes. STATUS: The PYRETRON® technology was demonstrated at EPA's Incineration Research Facility in Jefferson, Arkansas, using a mixture of 40 Gas, air, and oxygen flows to the burners Ash Pit PYRETRON® Thermal Destruction System Page 24 The SITE Program assesses but does not approve or endorse technologies. ------- November 1994 Completed Project percent contaminated soil from the Stringfellow Acid Pit Superfund site in California and 60 percent decanter tank tar sludge (K087) from coking operations. The demonstration began in November 1987 and was completed at the end of January 1988. Both the Technology Evaluation Report (EPA/540/5-89/008) and Applications Analysis Report (EPA/540/A5-89/008) have been pub- lished. DEMONSTRATION RESULTS: Six polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons, naphtha- lene, acenaphthylene, fluorene, phenanthrene, anthracene, and fluoranthene, were selected as the principal organic hazardous constituents (POHC) for the test program. The PYRETRON® technology achieved greater than 99.99 percent destruction and removal efficiencies of all POHCs measured in all test runs performed. Other results are listed below: • The PYRETRON® technology with oxygen enhancement doubled the waste throughput possible with conventional incineration. • All particulate emission levels from the scrubber system discharge were sig- nificantly below the hazardous waste incinerator performance standard of 180 milligrams per dry standard cubic meter at 7 percent oxygen that existed until May 1993. • Solid residues were contaminant-free. • There were no significant differences in transient carbon monoxide level emis- sions between air-only incineration and PYRETRON® oxygen-enhanced opera- tion with doubled throughput rate. • Cost savings increase when operating and fuel costs are high and oxygen costs are relatively low. • The system can double the capacity of a conventional rotary kiln incinerator. This increase is more significant for wastes with low heating values. FOR FURTHER INFORMATION: EPA PROJECT MANAGER: Laurel Staley U.S. EPA Risk Reduction Engineering Laboratory 26 West Martin Luther King Drive Cincinnati, OH 45268 513-569-7863 Fax: 513-569-7620 TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPER CONTACT: Gregory Gitman American Combustion, Inc. 4476 Park Drive Norcross, GA 30093 404-564-4180 Fax: 404-564-4192 The SITE Program assesses but does not approve or endorse technologies. Page 25 ------- Technology Profile DEMONSTRA TION PROGRAM AWD TECHNOLOGIES, INC. (Integrated Vapor Extraction and Steam Vacuum Stripping) TECHNOLOGY DESCRIPTION: The integrated AquaDetox/soil gas vapor extraction/reinjection (SVE) system simul- taneously treats groundwater and soil contami- nated with volatile organic compounds (VOC). The integrated system consists of 1) an AquaDetox moderate vacuum stripping tower that uses low-pressure steam to treat con- taminated groundwater, and 2) an SVE process to treat contaminated soil. The two processes form a closed-loop system that simultaneously remediates contaminated groundwater and soil in situ with no air emissions. AquaDetox is a high-efficiency, countercurrent stripping technology developed by Dow Chemical Company. A single-stage unit typical- ly reduces VOCs hi water up to 99.99 percent. The SVE system uses a vacuum to treat VOC- contaminated soil, inducing a flow of air through the soil and removing vapor phase VOCs with the extracted soil gas. Carbon beds remove additional VOCs from the soil gas, which is then reinjected into the ground. The AquaDetox and SVE systems share a granulated activated carbon (GAC) unit that decontaminates the combined vapors from both systems (see photograph below). By-products of the system are a free- phase recyclable product and treated water. Mineral regenef able carbon will require disposal after about 3 years. A key element of the closed-loop system is the vent header unit. This unit collects the noncon- densable gases extracted from the groundwater or air that may leak into the part of the process operating below atmospheric pressure. Also, the AquaDetox system condenses and treats the steam used to regenerate the carbon beds. Zero Air Emissions Integrated AquaDetox/SVE System Page 26 The SITE Program assesses but does not approve or endorse technologies. ------- November 1994- Completed Project WASTE APPLICABILITY: This technology removes VOCs, including chlorinated hydrocarbons, in groundwater and soil. Sites with contaminated groundwater and soils containing trichloroethene (TCE), tetra- chloroethene (PCE), and other VOCs are suit- able for this on-site treatment process. STATUS: The AWD AquaDetox/SVE system has been treating groundwater and soil gas at the Lockheed Aeronautical Systems Company in Burbank, California, for over 3 years. The groundwater is contaminated with as much as 2,200 parts per billion (ppb) of TCE and 11,000 ppb PCE; the soil gas has a total VOC concen- tration of 6,000 parts per million. Contaminated groundwater is treated at a rate of up to 1,200 gallons per minute (gpm), while soil gas is removed and treated at a rate of 300 cubic feet per minute. The system occupies about 4,000 square feet. It has been operational 95 percent of the time, with 5 percent downtime due to scheduled or nonscheduled repairs. In September 1990, a SITE demonstration was conducted as part of ongoing remediation at the San Fernando Valley Groundwater Basin Super- fund site in Burbank, California. The Appli- cations Analysis Report (EPA/540/A5-91/002) was published in October 1991. DEMONSTRATION RESULTS: During testing at the San Fernando Valley Superfund site, the AquaDetox/SVE system achieved the following results: • The AWD technology successfully treated groundwater and soil gas con- taminated with VOCs. • Efficiencies were in the 99.92 to 99.99 percent range for removal of VOCs from contaminated groundwater. VOC removal efficiencies for soil gas ranged from 98.0 to 99.9 percent when the GAC beds were regenerated according to the AWD-specified frequency (8-hour shifts). VOC removal efficiencies dropped to as low as 93.4 percent when the GAC beds were regenerated less frequently. • The AWD technology produced effluent groundwater that complied with regula- tory discharge requirements for TCE and PCE (5 micrograms per liter for each compound). • The GAC beds effectively removed VOCs from contaminated soil gas even after 24 hours of continuous operation without steam regeneration. • The system's steam consumption dropped with decreasing tower pres- sures. During the demonstration, the system was more efficient at lower operating tower pressures. • The AWD system is estimated to cost approximately $3.2, $4.3, and $5.8 million for the 500-, 1,000-, and 3,000- gpm systems, respectively. The total annual operation and maintenance costs are approximately $410,000, $630,000 and $1,500,000 for the 500-, 1,000-, and 3,000-gpm systems, respectively. FOR FURTHER INFORMATION: EPA PROJECT MANAGER: Gordon Evans U.S. EPA Risk Reduction Engineering Laboratory 26 West Martin Luther King Drive Cincinnati, OH 45268 513-569-7684 Fax: 513-569-7620 TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPER CONTACT: David Bluestein AWD Technologies, Inc. 49 Stevenson Street, Suite 600 San Francisco, CA 94105 415-227-0822 Fax: 415-227-0842 The SITE Program assesses but does not approve or endorse technologies. Page 27 ------- Technology Profile DEMONSTRATION PROGRAM BABCOCK & WILCOX CO. (Cyclone Furnace) TECHNOLOGY DESCRIPTION: The Babcock & Wilcox Co. (Babcock & Wilcox) cyclone furnace is designed to combust high inorganic content (high-ash) coal. Through cofiring, the cyclone furnace can also accom- modate highly contaminated wastes containing heavy metals and organics in soil or sludge. High heat-release rates of 45,000 British thermal units (Btu) per cubic foot of coal and high turbulence in cyclones ensures the high tempera- tures required for melting the high-ash fuels. The inert ash exiits the cyclone furnace as a vitrified slag. The furnace is water-cooled and simulates the geometry of Babcock & Wilcox's single-cyclone, front-wall-fired cyclone boilers. The pilot-scale cyclone furnace, shown in the figure below, is a scaled-down version of a commercial coal-fired cyclone with a restricted exit (throat). The fur- nace geometry is a horizontal cylinder (barrel). Natural gas and preheated combustion air are heated to 820 degrees Fahrenheit (°F) and enter tangentially into the cyclone burner. For dry soil processing, the soil matrix and natural gas enter tangentially along the cyclone furnace bar- Combustion air rel. For wet soil processing, an atomizer uses compressed air to spray the soil paste directly into the furnace. The soil or sludge and inorga- nics are captured and melted, and organics are destroyed in the gas phase or in the molten slag layer. This slag layer is formed and retained on the furnace barrel wall by centrifugal action. The soil melts, exits the cyclone furnace from the tap at the cyclone throat, and drops into a water-filled slag tank where it solidifies. A small quantity of soil also exits as fly ash with the flue gas from the furnace and is collected in a baghouse. In principle, this fly ash can be recycled to the furnace to increase metal capture and to minimize the volume of the potentially hazardous waste stream. The energy requirements for vitrification are 15,000 Btu per pound of soil treated. Given the much larger surface-to-volume ratio of the rela- tively small pilot unit and its cool surface, a full- scale unit can be expected to have proportionally lower energy requirements. The cyclone furnace can be operated with gas, oil, or coal as the supplemental fuel. The waste may also supply a significant portion of the required heat input. Natural gas injectors Natural gas Soil injector In: ide furnace Slag tap , Cyclone sP°ut barrel Slag quenching tank Cyclone Furnace Page 28 The SITE Program assesses but does not approve or endorse technologies. ------- November 1934 Completed Project Particulates are controlled by a baghouse. To maximize the capture of metals, a heat exchan- ger is used to cool the stack gases to approxi- mately 200 °F before they enter the baghouse. WASTE APPLICABILITY: The cyclone vitrification technology is applicable to highly contaminated hazardous wastes, sludges, and soils that contain heavy metals and organic constituents. The wastes may be solid, a soil slurry (wet soil), or liquids. To be treated in the cyclone furnace, the ash or solid matrix must melt (with or without additives) and flow at cyclone furnace temperatures (2,400 to 3,000 °F). Because the technology captures heavy metals in the slag and renders them nonleach- able, it is an important treatment application for soils that contain lower-volatility radionuclides such as strontium and transuranics. STATUS: The cyclone vitrification technology was accept- ed into the SITE Demonstration Program in August 1991. A SITE demonstration occurred in November 1991 at the developer's facility. The process was demonstrated using an EPA- supplied, wet, synthetic soil matrix (SSM) spiked with heavy metals (lead, cadmium, and chromium), organics (anthracene and dimethyl- phthalate), and simulated radionuclides (bismuth, strontium, and zirconium). The SSM. was processed at a feed rate of 170 pounds per hour. Almost 3 tons of SSM were processed during the demonstration. The Applications Analysis Report (EPA/520/AR-92/017) and Technology Evaluation Report [Vol. 1 (EPA/504/R-92/017A), Vol. 2 (EPA/540/R-92/017B) are available from EPA. DEMONSTRATION RESULTS: The vitrified slag toxicity characteristic leaching procedure (TCLP) teachabilities were 0.29 milli- gram per liter (mg/L) for lead, 0.12 mg/L for cadmium, and 0.30 mg/L for chromium (all pass the EPA TCLP limits). Almost 95 percent of the noncombustible SSM was incorporated into the slag. Greater than 75 percent of the chromi- um, 88 percent of the strontium, and 97 percent of the zirconium were captured in the slag. Dry weight volume was reduced 28 percent. De- struction and removal efficiencies for anthracene and dimethylphthalate were greater than 99.997 percent and 99.998 percent, respectively. Stack particulates were 0.001 grains per dry standard cubic feet (gr/dscf) at 7 percent oxygen, which was below the Resource Conservation Recovery Act limit of 0.08 gr/dscf effective until May 1993. Carbon monoxide and total hydrocarbons in the flue gas were 6.0 parts per million (ppm) and 8.3 ppm, respectively. The simulated radio- nuclides were immobilized in the vitrified slag as measured using the American Nuclear Society 16.1 Method. An independent cost analysis was performed as part of the SITE demonstration. The cost to remediate 20,000 tons of contaminated soil using a 3.3-ton-per-hour unit is estimated at $465 per ton if the unit is on-line 80 percent of the time or $529 per ton if the unit is on-line 60 percent of the time. FOR FURTHER INFORMATION: EPA PROJECT MANAGER: Laurel Staley U.S. EPA Risk Reduction Engineering Laboratory 26 West Martin Luther King Drive Cincinnati, OH 45268 513-569-7863 Fax: 513-569-7620 TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPER CONTACT: Dorothy Haidet Babcock & Wilcox Co. 1562 Beeson Street Alliance, OH 44601-2196 216-829-7395 Fax: 216-829-7801 The SITE Program assesses but does not approve or endorse technologies. Page 29 ------- Technology Profile DEMONSTRATION PROGRAM BERGMANN USA (Soil and Sediment Washing) TECHNOLOGY DESCRIPTION: The Bergmann USA soil and sediment washing technology separates contaminated particles by density and grain size (see photograph below). The technology operates on the hypothesis that most contamination is concentrated in the fine particle fraction (-63 micron \jjrn] fines), and that contamination of larger particles is generally not extensive. After contaminated soil is screened to remove coarse rock and debris, water and chemical additives such as surfactants, acids, bases, and chelants, are added to the soil to produce a slurry feed. The slurry feed flows to an attrition scrubbing machine. A rotary trammel screen, dense media separators, cyclone separators, and other equipment create mechanical and fluid shear stress, removing contaminated silts and clays from granular soil particles. Different separation processes then create the following four output streams: 1) coarse clean fraction; 2) enriched firie fraction; 3) separated contaminated humic;, and 4) process wash water. The coarse clean fraction material, which measures 45 pm (greater than 325 mesh), can be used as backfill or recycled for concrete, masonry, or asphalt sand application. The enriched fine fraction, measuring less that 45 jitm is prepared for subse- quent treatment, immobilization, destruction or regulated disposal. Separated contaminated humic materials (leaves, twigs, roots, .grasses, wood chips) are dewatered and require' subse- quent treatment or disposal. The process wash water is treated by flocculation/sedimentation, oil/water separation, and/or dissolved air flotation to remove solubilized heavy metal Bergmann USA Soil and Sediment Washing Page 30 The SITE Program assesses but does not approve or endorse technologies. ------- /Vovemfier 1994 Completed Project fractions. The treated process wash water is then returned to the plant for re-use operations. Upflow classification and separation, also known as elutriation, separates light contaminated specific gravity materials such as contaminated leaves, twigs, roots, or wood chips. WASTE APPLICABILITY: This washing technology is suitable for treating soils and sediment contaminated withpolychlori- nated biphenyls (PCB). The soil and sediment technology has been applied to soils and sedi- ments contaminated with organics and heavy metals, including cadmium, chromium, lead, creosote, copper, cyanides, fuel residues, mercury, heavy petroleum, lead, nickel, PCBs, radionuclides, and zinc. STATUS: This technology was accepted into the SITE Demonstration Program in winter 1991. It v/as demonstrated in Toronto, Ontario, Canada, in April 1992 (see Toronto Harbour Commission- ers profile in this document), and Saginaw, Michigan, in May 1992. Twenty-eight commer- cial systems, ranging up to 350 tons per hour, have been applied at contaminated waste sites. The Applications Analysis Report and Tech- nology Evaluation Report for the demonstration in Saginaw, Michigan, will be available in late 1994. FOR FURTHER INFORMATION: EPA PROJECT MANAGER: Jack Hubbard U.S. Environmental Protection Agency Risk Reduction Engineering Laboratory 26 West Martin Luther King Drive Cincinnati, OH 45268 513-569-7507 Fax: 513-569-7620 TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPER CONTACT: Richard Traver Bergmann USA 1550 Airport Road Gallatin, TN 37066-3739 615-230-2217 Fax: 615-452-5525 The SITE Program assesses but does not approve or endorse technologies. Page 31 ------- Technology Profile DEMONSTRATION PROGRAM BERKELEY ENVIRONMENTAL RESTORATION CENTER (formerly Udell Technologies, Inc.) (In Situ Steam Enhanced Extraction Process) TECHNOLOGY DESCRIPTION: The in situ steam enhanced extraction (ISEE) process removes volatile organic compounds (VOC) and semivolatile organic compounds (SVOC) from contaminated soils above and below the water table (see figure below). Injec- tion wells force steam through the soil to ther- mally enhance the vapor and liquid extraction processes. The extraction wells have two purposes: 1) to pump and treat groundwater; and 2) to transport steam and vaporized contaminants under vacuum to the surface. Recovered contaminants are condensed and processed with the contaminated groundwater, or trapped by gas-phase activated carbon filters. The ISEE process uses readily available components such as injection, extrac- tion and monitoring wells; manifold piping; vapor and liquid separators; vacuum pumps; and gas emission control equipment. WASTE APPLICABILITY: The ISEE process extracts VOCs and SVOCs from contaminated soils and groundwater. The primary compounds suitable for treatment in- clude hydrocarbons such as gasoline, diesel, and jet fuel; solvents such as trichloroethene, trichlo- roethane, and dichlorobenzene; or a mixture of these compounds. The process may be applied to contaminants above or below the water table. After treatment is complete, subsurface condi- tions are excellent for biodegradation of residual contaminants, if necessary. The process cannot be applied to contaminated soil very near the surface unless a cap exists. Compounds denser Vapors From Extraction Wells Water . Supply Water Conditioner ^"*\ =oH Make-up Water Cooling Tower Pump Liquid Tap Steam \ Contaminant Water Steam to Injection Wells Contaminant Water In Situ Steam Enhanced Extraction Process Page 32 The SITE Program assesses but does not approve or endorse technologies. ------- November 1994 Completed Project than Water may be treated only in low concentra- tions, unless a barrier exists or can be created to prevent downward percolation of a separate phase. STATUS: In August 1988, a successful pilot-scale demon- stration of the ISEE process was completed at a site contaminated with a mixture of solvents. Contaminants amounting to 764 pounds were removed from the 10-foot-diameter, 12-foot-d.eep test region. After 5 days of steam injection, soil contaminant concentrations dropped by a factor of 10. A full-scale demonstration was completed at Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory in Altamont Hills, California, "in December 1993. Gasoline was dispersed both above and below groundwater due to a 25-foot rise hi the water table since the spill occurred. The lateral distribution of second liquid phase gasoline was within a region of 150 feet in diameter. In 26 weeks of operation, free product gasoline was recovered from regions both above and below the water table. Recovery rates were about 50 times greater than those that were achieved by vacuum extraction and groundwater pumping alone. The majority of the recovered gasoline came from the condenser as a separate phase liquid or in the effluent air steam. Over 7600 gallons of gasoline was recovered; the rates were highest during cyclic steam injection, after subsurface soils reached steam temperatures. Without further pumping, 1,2-dichloroethene, ethylbenzene, toluene, and xylene concentrations in sampled groundwater were decreased to below maximum contaminant levels (MCL) after 6 months. Benzene concentrations remain above the MCL, but are decreasing with time. Post- process soil sampling indicates that a thriving hydrocarbon-degrading microbial population exists in soils experiencing prolonged steam contact. A pilot-scale test of ISEE is now underway at Naval Air Station (NAS) Lemoore in Alameda; California. During 3 months of operation, over 100,000 gallons of JP-5 has been recovered from medium permeability, partially-saturated sand to a depth of 20 feet. Preliminary soil sampling shows reductions of JP-5 soil concentrations from several thousand parts per million (ppm) above the water table to values less than 25 ppm. Additional site demonstrations are planned at NAS Lemoore in the coming year. Potential sites include a shallow aviation gasoline spill and a small trichloroethene spill. For more information about this technology, see the Hughes Environmental Systems, Inc. (Com- pleted Projects) and the Praxis Environmental Technologies, Inc., (Ongoing Projects) profiles in the Demonstration Program section, FOR FURTHER INFORMATION: EPA PROJECT MANAGER: Paul dePercin U.S. EPA Risk Reduction Engineering Laboratory 26 West Martin Luther King Drive Cincinnati, OH 45268 513-569-7797 Fax: 513-569-7620 TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPER CONTACTS: Kent Udell Berkeley Environmental Restoration Center 3112A Etch. Hall #1750 Berkeley, CA 94720-1750 510-642-2928 Fax: 510-642-6163 Steve Collins Berkeley Environmental Restoration Center 3112A Etch. Hall #1750 Berkeley, CA 94720-1750 510-643-1300 Fax: 510-643-8982 The SITE Program assesses but does not approve or endorse technologies. Page 33 ------- Technology Profile DEMONSTRATION PROGRAM BILLINGS AND ASSOCIATES, INC. (Subsurface Volatilization and Ventilation System [SWS®]) TECHNOLOGY DESCRIPTION: The SWS®, developed by Billings and Asso- ciates, Inc. (BAI), and operated by several other firms under a licensing agreement, uses a net- work of injection and extraction wells (collec- tively, a reactor nest) to treat subsurface organic contamination through soil vacuum extraction combined with in situ biodegradation. Each system is custom-designed to meet site-specific conditions. A series of injection and extraction wells is installed at a site. One or more vacuum pumps create negative pressure to extract contaminant vapors, while an air compressor simultaneously creates positive pressure, sparging the subsurface treatment area. Control is maintained at a vapor control unit that houses pumps, control valves, gauges, and other process control hardware. At most underground storage tank (UST) sites, for example, extraction wells are placed above the water table and injection wells are placed .below the groundwater: This placement allows the gfoundwater to be used as a diffusion device. The number and spacing of the wells depends on the modeling results of applying a design param- eter matrix, as well as the physical, chemical, and biological characteristics of the site. The exact depth of the injection wells and screened intervals are additional design considerations. To enhance vaporization, 'solar panels are occa- sionally used to heat the injected air. Additional valves for limiting or increasing air flow and pressure are placed on individual reactor nest lines (radials) or, at some sites, on individual well points. Depending on groundwater depths and fluctuations, horizontal vacuum screens, air compressor vacuum pump Subsurface Volatilization and Ventilation System (SVVS) Page 34 The SITE Program assesses but does not approve or endorse technologies. ------- November 1994 Completed Project "stubbed" screens, or multiple-depth completions can be applied. The system is dynamic: posi- tive and negative air flow can be shifted to different locations at the site to place the most remediation stress on the areas requiring it. Negative pressure is maintained at a suitable level to prevent escape of vapors. Because it provides oxygen to the subsurface, the SWS® can enhance in situ bioremediation at a site. The technology, unlike most air sparging systems, is designed to enhance bioremediation. Thus, it can decrease remediation time signifi- cantly. These processes are normally monitored by measuring dissolved oxygen levels in the aquifer, recording carbon dioxide levels in transmission lines and at the emission point, and periodically sampling microbial populations. If air quality permits require, volatile organic compound emissions can be treated by a patent- pending biological filter that uses indigenous microbes from the site. BAI is focusing on increasing the microbiologi- cal effectiveness of the system and completing the testing of a mobile unit. The mobile unit will allow rapid field pilot tests to support the design process. This unit will also permit actual remediation of small sites and of small, recalci- trant areas on large sites. WASTE APPLICABILITY: The SWS® is applicable to sites with leaks or spills of gasoline, diesel fuels, and other hydro- carbons, including halogenated compounds. The system is very effective on benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene, andxylene (BTEX) contamination. It can also contain contaminant plumes through its unique vacuum and air injection techniques. The technology should be effective in treating soils contaminated with virtually any material that has some volatility or is biodegradable. The technology can be applied to contaminated soil, sludges, free-phase hydrocarbon product, and groundwater. By changing the injected gases to induce anaerobic conditions and by properly sup- porting the microbial population, the SWS® can remove nitrates from groundwater. The aerobic SWS® raises the redox potential of groundwater to precipitate and remove heavy metals. STATUS: This technology was accepted into the SITE Demonstration Program in winter 1991. A site in Buchanan, Michigan was selected for the demonstration, and initial drilling and construc- tion began in July 1992. The SWS® remedi- ated BTEX, tetrachloroethene (PCE), trichloro- ethene (TCE), and dichloroethene (DCE) at the site. The demonstration began in March 1993 and was completed in May 1994. Preliminary results will be available in early 1995. The SWS® has also been implemented at 75 UST sites in New Mexico, North Carolina, South Carolina, and Florida. FOR FURTHER INFORMATION: EPA PROJECT MANAGER: Paul dePercin U.S. Environmental Protection Agency Risk Reduction Engineering Laboratory 26 West Martin Luther King Drive Cincinnati, OH 45268 513-569-7797 Fax: 513-569-7620 TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPER CONTACTS: Gale Billings Billings and Associates, Inc. 3816 Academy Parkway N-NE Albuquerque, NM 87109 505-345-1116 Fax: 505-345-1756 Don Brenneman Brown and Root Environmental 10200 Bellaire Houston, TX 77072 713-575-4693 Fax: 713-575-4691 The SITE Program assesses but does not approve or endorse technologies. Page 35 ------- Technology Profile DEMONSTRATION PROGRAM BIOGENESIS ENTERPRISES, INC. (BioGenesisSM Soil and Sediment Washing Processes) TECHNOLOGY DESCRIPTION: The BioGenesis5" processes use specialized, patent pending equipment, complex surfactants, and water to clean soil, sediment, and sludge contaminated with organic and inorganic constituents. Two types of mobile equipment wash different sizes of soil particles (see figure below). A truck-mounted batch unit, processing 40 yards per hour,, washes soil particles 10 mesh and larger. A full-scale, mobile, continuous flow unit cleans sand, silt, clay, and sludge particles smaller than 10 mesh at a rate of 20 to 80 yards per hour. Auxiliary equipment in- cludes tanks, dewatering and water treatment equipment, and a bioreactor. Extraction effi- ciencies, per wash cycle, range from 85 to 99 percent. High contaminant levels require multi- ple washes. The principal components of the process include pretreatment equipment for particle sizing, a truck-mounted soil washer for larger particles, a sediment washing unit(s) for fine particles, and water treatment and reconditioning equipment. The Biogenesis8" soil washing system for larger particles consists of a trailer-mounted gondola plumbed for air mixing, water/chemical addi- tion, oil skimming, and liquid drainage. Water, BioGenesis™ cleaning chemicals, and soil are loaded into the gondola. Aeration nozzles feed compressed air to create a fluidized bed. The resulting slurry is agitated to release organic and inorganic contaminants from the soil particles. After mixing, a short settling period allows the soil particles to sink and the removed oil to rise to the water surface, where it is skimmed for reclamation or disposal. Following drainage of the wash water, the clean soil is evacuated by raising the unit's dump mechanism. Processed soil contains a moisture level of 10 to 20 percent depending on the soil matrix. A prototype BioGenesis™ sediment washing machine was tested in Environment Canada's Contaminated Sediment Treatment Technology Program. The sediment washing machine is a continuous flow unit (see figure on next page). Capacities of up to 80 to 100 cubic yards per hour are possible using full-scale, parallel pro- cessing equipment. Sediment is pretreated to form a slurry. The slurry passes to a shaker screen separator that sizes particles into two streams. Material great- er than 1 millimeter (mm) in diameter is divert- ed to the large particle soil washer. Material 1 mm and smaller continues to the sediment washer's feed hopper. From there the slurry is injected to the sediment cleaning chamber to loosen the bonds between the pollutant and the particle. Contaminated Soil Oil for Reclamation Oil for Reclamation Clear, Soil 351670 tons/hour Water Treatment Oily Water F Oil/Water Separation tecyde to Next Load — -J Oily Water Water Treatment J Clean Water Air BioGenesis Cleaner Water Soil Washing Process Page 36 The SITE Program assesses but does not approve or endorse technologies. ------- November 1994 Completed Project After the cleaning chamber, the slurry flows to the scrubber to further weaken the bonds between contaminants and particles. After the scrubber, the slurry passes through a buffer tank, where large particles separate by gravity. The slurry then flows through hydrocyclone banks to separate solids down to 3 to 5 microns in size. The free liquid routes to a centrifuge for final solid-liquid separation. All solids go to the clean soil pile; all liquid is routed to wastewater treatment to remove organic and inorganic contaminants. Decontaminated water is recycled back through the process. The BioGenesis™ cleaning chemical is a light alkaline mixture of ionic and non-ionic surfac- tants and bioremediating agents that act similarly to a biosurfactant. The proprietary cleaner contains no hazardous ingredients and its charac- teristics were reviewed during the EPA SITE demonstration. WASTE APPLICABILITY: This technology extracts many inorganics, volatile and nonvolatile hydrocarbons, chlori- nated hydrocarbons, pesticides, polychlorinated biphenyls, polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons, and most organics from nearly every soil type, including clay. STATUS: The BioGenesis™ soil washing technology was accepted into the SITE Demonstration Program in June 1990. The process was demonstrated at a refinery site in Minnesota. Results from the demonstration have been published in the Inno- vative Technology Evaluation Report (EPA/540/R-93/510) and the SITE Technology Capsule (EPA/540/SR-93/510). The reports are available from EPA. The BioGenesis8" sediment washing technology is scheduled for PCB testing under the SITE Demonstration Program in November 1994. FOR FURTHER INFORMATION: EPA PROJECT MANAGER: Annette Gatchett U.S. EPA Risk Reduction Engineering Laboratory 26 West Martin Luther King Drive Cincinnati, OH 45268 513-569-7697 Fax: 513-569-7620 .TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPER CONTACTS: Thomas Rougeux BioGenesis Enterprises, Inc. 7420 Alban Station Blvd., Suite B-208 Springfield, VA 22150-2320 703-913-9700 Fax: 703-913-9704 10 mesh partdes Sediment Washing Process The SITE Program assesses but does not approve or endorse technologies. Page 37 ------- Technology Profile DEMONSTRA T1ON PROGRAM BIO-REM, INC. (Augmented In Situ Subsurface Bioremediation Process) TECHNOLOGY DESCRIPTION: Bio-Rem, Inc.'s, Augmented In Situ Subsurface Bioremediation Process uses a proprietary blend (H-10) of microaerophilic bacteria and micro- nutrients for subsurface bioremediation of hydro- carbon contamina,tion in soil and water (see figure below). The insertion methodology is adaptable to site-specific situations. The bacteria are hardy and can. treat contaminants in a wide temperature range. The process does not require additional oxygen or oxygen-producing com- pounds, such as hydrogen peroxide. Degrada- tion products include carbon dioxide and water. The bioremediation process consists of four steps: 1) defining and characterizing the con- tamination plume; 2) selecting a site-specific application methodology; 3) initiating and propa- gating the bacterial culture; and 4) cleanup monitoring and reporting. WASTE APPLICABILITY: This technology treats soil and water con- taminated with hydrocarbons, halogenated hydrocarbons, and chlorinated compounds. This technology can successfully treat about 240 compounds. STATUS: This technology was accepted into the SITE Demonstration Program in winter 1991. The technology was demonstrated at Williams Air Force Base hi Phoenix, Arizona from May 1992 through June 1993. SITE Program final reports have not been published. Microaerophilic Bacteria Water Contaminated Soil H-10 ^»- Clean Soil Micronutrients Augmented In Situ Subsurface Bioremediation Process Page 38 The SITE Program assesses but does not approve or endorse technologies. ------- November 1994 Completed Project Bio-Rem, Inc., has remediated sites in Illinois, Michigan, Indiana, Texas, Kentucky, Ohio, Arizona, Connecticut, Florida, Georgia, Vermont, Oklahoma, Virginia, Nevada, California, Missouri, and Washington. FOR FURTHER INFORMATION: EPA PROJECT MANAGER: Teri Richardson U.S. EPA Risk Reduction Engineering Laboratory 26 West Martin Luther King Drive Cincinnati, OH 45268 513-569-7949 Fax: 513-569-7620 TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPER CONTACT: David Mann Bio-Rem, Inc. P.O. Box 116 Butler, IN 46721 219-868-5823 800-428-4626 Fax: 219-868-5851 The SITE Program assesses but does not approve or endorse technologies. Page 39 ------- Technology Profile DEMONSTRATION PROGRAM BIOTROL, INC. (Biological Aqueous Treatment System) TECHNOLOGY DESCRIPTION: The BioTrol aqueous treatment system (BATS) is a patented biological system that effectively treats contaminate groundwater and process water. The system uses naturally occurring microbes; in some instances, however, a specific microorganism may be added. This technique, known as microbial amendment, is important if a highly toxic or recalcitrant target compound is present. The amended microbial system re- moves both the target contaminant and the background organic carbon. The figure below is a schematic of the BATS. Contaminated water enters a mix tank, where the pH is adjusted and inorganic nutrients are added. If necessary, the water is heated to an optimum temperature with a heater and a heat exchanger, to minimize energy costs. The water then flows to the bioreactor, where the contaminants are biodegraded. The microorganisms that degrade the contami- nants are immobilized in a multiple-cell, sub- merged, fixed-film bioreactor. Each cell is filled with a highly porous packing material to which the microbes adhere. For aerobic condi- tions, air is supplied by fine bubble membrane diffusers mounted at the bottom of each cell. The system may also run under anaerobic condi- tions. As water flows through the bioreactor, the contaminants are degraded to biological end- products, predominantly carbon dioxide and water. The resulting effluent may be discharged to a publicly owned treatment works or reused BATS INLET INFLUENT SURGE TANK BLOWERS DIFFUSER AIR DISCHARGE CONTROLS RECIRCULATION LINE BioTrol Aqueous Treatment System (BATS) Page 40 The SITE Program assesses but does not approve or endorse technologies. ------- November 1994 Completed Project on site. In some cases, discharge with a Nation- al Pollutant Discharge Elimination System permit may be possible. WASTE APPLICABILITY: The BATS may be applied to a wide variety of wastewaters, including groundwater, lagoons, and process water. Contaminants amenable to treatment include pentachlorophenol (PCP), creosote components, gasoline and fuel oil components, chlorinated hydrocarbons, phenolics, and solvents. Other potential tairget waste streams include coal tar residues and organic pesticides. The BATS may also be effective for treating certain inorganic com- pounds such as nitrates; however, this applica- tion has not yet been demonstrated. The system does not treat metals. STATUS: During 1986 and 1987, BioTrol, Inc., performed a successful 9-month pilot field test of the BATS at a wood preserving facility. Since that time, the firm has installed more than 20 full-scale systems and has performed several pilot-scale demonstrations. These systems have successful- ly treated gasoline, mineral spirit solvent, phenol, and creosote-contaminated waters. The BATS was demonstrated under the SITE Program from July 24 to September 1, 1989 at the MacGillis and Gibbs Superfund site in New Brighton, Minnesota. The system operated continuously for 6 weeks at three different flow rates. The Applications Analysis Report (EPA/540/A5-91/001) has been published. The Technology Evaluation Report is available from National Technical Information Service, order No. PB92-110048/AS. DEMONSTRATION RESULTS: For the SITE demonstration, the BATS yielded the following results: • Reduced PCP concentrations from —45 to 1 parts per million (ppm) or less in a single pass • Removed 96 to 99 percent of the PCP « Produced minimal sludge and no PCP air emissions • Mineralized chlorinated phenolics « Eliminated groundwater biotoxicity • Appeared to be unaffected by low con- centrations of oil and grease ( ~ 50 ppm) and heavy metals in groundwater • Required minimal operator attention The treatment cost per 1,000 gallons was $3.45 for a 5-gallon-per-minute (gpm) unit (pilot-scale unit) and $2.43 for a 30-gpm unit. FOR FURTHER INFORMATION: EPA PROJECT MANAGER: * Mary Stinson U.S. EPA ' Risk Reduction Engineering Laboratory Building 10, MS-104 2890 Woodbridge Avenue Edison, NJ 08837-3679 908-321-6683 Fax: 908-321-6640 TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPER CONTACT: Sandra Clifford BioTrol, Inc. 10300 Valley View Road, Suite 107 Eden Prairie, MN 55344-3456 612-942-8032 Fax: 612-942-8526 The SITE Program assesses but does not approve or endorse technologies. Page 41 ------- Technology Profile DEMONSTRATION PROGRAM BIOTROL, INC. (Soil Washing System) TECHNOLOGY DESCRIPTION: The BioTrol Soil Washing System is a patented, water-based volume reduction process used to treat excavated soil. The system may be applied to contaminants concentrated in the fine-size soil fraction (silt, clay, and soil organic matter) or contamination associated with the coarse (sand , and gravel) soil fraction. As a part of the process, debris is removed from the soil, and the soil is mixed with water and subjected to various unit operations common to the mineral processing industry. These opera- tions can include mixing trammels, pug mills, vibrating screens, froth flotation cells, attrition scrubbing machines, hydrocyclones, screw classifiers, and various dewatering operations (see figure below). The core of the process is a multistage, counter- current, intensive scrubbing circuit with inter- stage classification. The scrubbing action disin- tegrates soil aggregates, freeing contaminated fine particles from the coarser material. In addition, surficial contamination is removed from the coarse fraction by the abrasive scouring action of the particles themselves. Contaminants may also be solubilized, as dictated by solubility characteristics or partition coefficients. Contaminated residual products can be treated by other methods. Process water is normally recycled after biological or physical treatment. Contaminated fines may be disposed of off site, incinerated, stabilized, and biologically treated. WASTE APPLICABILITY: This system was initially developed to clean soils contaminated with wood preserving wastes, such as polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH) and pentachlorophenol (PCP). The system may also apply to soils contaminated with petroleum hydrocarbons, pesticides, poly chlorinated biphenyls (PCB), various industrial chemicals, and metals. Recycle Contaminated Water BioTrol Soil Washing System Process Diagram Page 42 The SITE Program assesses but does not approve or endorse technologies. ------- November 7994 Completed Project STATUS: The soil washing system was demonstrated under the SITE Program between September and October 1989 at the MacGillis and Gibbs Superfund site in New Brighton, Minnesota. A pilot-scale unit with a treatment capacity of 500 pounds per hour operated 24 hours per day during the demonstration. Feed for the first phase of the demonstration (2 days) consisted of soil contaminated with 130 parts per million (ppm) PCP and 247 ppm total PAHs; feed for the second phase (7 days) consisted of soil con- taining 680 ppm PCP and 404 ppm total PAHs. Contaminated soil washing process water was treated biologically in a fixed-film reactor and recycled. A portion of the contaminated soil washing fines was treated biologically in a three- stage, pilot-scale EIMCO Biolift™ reactor system supplied by the EIMCO Process Equipment Company. The Applications Analysis Report (EPA/540/A5-91/003) has been published. The Technology Evaluation Report is available from National Technical Information Service (Volume I Order No. PB92-115 310 VI, Volume II Order No. PB92-115 328-V2-PtA, and PB92-115 336- V2-PtB). DEMONSTRATION RESULTS: Key findings from the BioTrol demonstration are summarized below: • Feed soil (dry weight basis) was suc- cessfully separated into 83 percent washed soil, 10 percent woody residues, and 7 percent fines. The washed soil retained about 10 percent of the feed soil contamination; 90 percent of this contamination was contained within the woody residues, fines, and process wastes. • The soil washer removed up to 89 per- cent PCP and 88 percent total PAHs, based on the difference between concen- tration levels in the contaminated (wet) feed soil and the washed soil. • The system degraded up to 94 percent PCP in the process water during soil washing. PAH removal could not be determined because of low influent concentrations. • Cost of a commercial-scale soil washing system, assuming use of all three tech- nologies, was estimated to be $168 per ton. Incineration of woody material accounts for 76 percent of the cost. FOR FURTHER INFORMATION: • v \ EPA PROJECT MANAGER: Mary Stinson U.S. EPA "Risk Reduction Engineering Laboratory Building 10, MS-104 2890 Woodbridge Avenue Edison, NJ 08837-3679 908-321-6683 Fax: 908-321-6640 TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPER CONTACT: Sandra Clifford BioTrol, Inc. 10300 Valley View Road, Suite 107 Eden Prairie, MN 55344-3456 612-942-8032 Fax: 612-942-8526 The SITE Program assesses but does not approve or endorse technologies. Page 43 ------- Technology Profile DEMONSTRATION PROGRAM BRICE ENVIRONMENTAL SERVICES CORPORATION (Soil Washing Plant) \ TECHNOLOGY DESCRIPTION: The Brice Environmental Services Corporation (BESCORP) soil washing plant is a portable, cost-effective, aboveground process that reduces the overall contaminated soil volume requiring treatment. BESCORP's soil washing process involves site-specific unit operations, the selection of which depends on soil and contami- nant characteristics, cleanup standards, cost, and client specifications. Soil washing in its most economic applications uses a volume reduction process, in which clean oversize soil is produced by intensive scrubbing, followed by density, magnetic, and size separations. During the volume reduction process, fine contaminants that exist as discrete or attrited particles are partitioned with the soil fines, while the process water is recirculated and treated to remove suspended and dissolved contaminants. BESCORP's small volume reduction plant, used for demonstration and pilot-testing, is contained on one trailer and has a variable process rate from 4 to 20 tons per hour, depending on soil and contaminant characteristics. A full-scale plant has operated successfully since 1993, averaging 600 tons per week during summer 1994 field activities. WASTE APPLICABILITY: The BESCORP technology can treat soils con- taminated with radioactive and heavy metals. BESCORP has also built a soil washing plant to remediate hydrocarbon-contaminated soil. STATUS: : The BESCORP soil washing plant was accepted into the SITE Demonstration Program in winter 1991. Under the program, the BESCORP system was demonstrated in late summer 1992 on lead-contaminated soil at the Alaskan Battery Enterprises (ABE) Superfund site hi Fairbanks, Alaska. Results from the demonstration are available from EPA in the Demonstration Bulle- tin (EPA/540/MR-93/503). The Applications Analysis Report and Technology Evaluation Report will be available in late 1994. BESCORP Soil Washing Plant Page 44 The SITE Program assesses but does not approve or endorse technologies. ------- November 7994 Completed Project Soil washing also works as part of a process train with chemical treatment for complete soil remediation. BESCORP's volume reduction and discrete metal recovery process is linked with an acid extraction process developed by COGNIS, Inc., to remove heavy metals from contaminated soil at the Twin Cities Army Ammunition Plant (TCAAP) in New Brighton, Minnesota. Site F, located within the four square mile TCAAP site, was originally an ordnance burning and burial area. The site is part of the Army's $370 million Installation Restoration Program, and. is undergoing remediation through TCAAP's Resource Conservation and Recovery Act (RCRA) permit. At Site F, BESCORP and COGNIS, Inc., are treating lead, copper, and several other heavy metals to RCRA cleanup criteria. The techno- logy is treating feed soils containing lead in concentrations from 3,000 to 10,000 parts per million (ppm) to under 300 ppm in a continuous 12- to 15-ton-per-hour process. The 5-trailer, full-scale soil washing system began processing 340 tons of excavated and stockpiled material at Site F in September 1993. Cleanup goals were met, and processing contin- ued until freezing temperatures halted cleanup until spring 1994. Operations began again in May 1994 and continued until October. The scope of work increased with the discovery of additional disposal areas at Site F, increasing the quantity of soil requiring treatment from 7,500 tons to approximately 13,000 tons. Heavy metals recovered from both the soil washing density recovery process and chemical treatment process are sent to a smelter for recycling. DEMONSTRATION RESULTS: The SITE demonstration of the ABE site consis- ted of three test runs, averaging 5 hours in dura- tion; 48 tons of soil were processed. Excavated soil differed greatly from the treatability test soils; as a result, the BESCORP system needed extensive modifications. Preliminary results from the demonstration include the following: • Feed soils averaged 4,500 ppm lead and the processed, separated fines fraction averaged 13,000 ppm lead. • The system's on-line reliability was 92 percent. • Lead removal from the combined gravel and sand fractions during the three runs were 61, 93, and 85 percent. • Large quantities of metallic lead discovered in the excavated soil made it necessary to modify the system. The processed sand and gravel hi Run 3 contained no metallic lead. • Gravel produced by all three runs met toxicity characteristic leaching procedure (TCLP) criteria, with average lead concentrations in the TCLP leachate at 1.0, 0.8, and 0;2 milligrams per liter. • Battery casings removal efficiencies during the three runs were 94, 100, and 90 percent. FOR FURTHER INFORMATION: EPA PROJECT MANAGER: Hugh Masters U.S. EPA Risk Reduction Engineering Laboratory Building 10, MS-104 2890 Woodbridge Avenue Edison, NJ 08837-3679 908-321-6678 Fax: 908-321-6640 TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPER CONTACT: Craig Jones BESCORP P.O. Box 73520 Fairbanks, AK 99707 909'-452-2512 Fax: 907-452-5018 The SITE Program assesses but does not approve or endorse technologies. Page 45 ------- Technology Profile DEMONSTRATION PROGRAM CANONIE ENVIRONMENTAL SERVICES CORPORATION (Low Temperature Thermal Aeration [LTTA®]) TECHNOLOGY DESCRIPTION: The Low Temperature Thermal Aeration (LTTA®) technology is a low-temperature de- sorption process (see figure below). The tech- nology removes organic contaminants from contaminated soils into a contained air stream, which is extensively treated to collect or ther- mally destroy the contaminants. A direct-fired rotary dryer heats an air stream which, by direct contact, desorbs water and organic contaminants from the soil. Soil can be heated to up to 800 degrees Fahrenheit. The processed soil is quenched to reduce tempera- tures and mitigate dust problems. The processed soil is then discharged into a stockpile. The hot air stream that contains vaporized water and organics is treated by one of two air pollution control systems. One treatment system removes the organic contaminants from the air stream by adsorption on granular activated carbon (GAC) and includes the following units in a series: 1) cyclones and baghouse for particulate remov- al; 2) wet scrubber for acid gas and some organ- ic vapor removal; and 3) GAC adsorption beds for organic removal. The second air stream treatment system can treat soils containing high concentrations of petroleum hydrocarbons. The system includes the follow- ing units in a series: 1) cyclones for particle removal; 2) thermal oxidizer-afterburner for destruction : of organics; 3) quench tower for cooling of air stream; 4) baghouse for additional particle removal; and 5) wet scrubber for acid gas removal. The LTTA® process generates no wastewater or waste soils. Cyclone fines and baghouse dust CONTROL-\ TRAILER v TREATED MATEFIIAL . xr ACTIVATED CARBON • TRAILER ., . IMPACTED MATERIAL .. Low Temperature Thermal Aeration Page 46 The SITE Program assesses but does not approve or endorse technologies. ------- November J994 Completed Project are combined with treated soil and quenched with treated scrubber water. The treated soil, once verified to meet the treatment criteria, is backfilled on site without restrictions. GAC beds used for air pollution control are regene- rated or incinerated when spent. WASTE APPLICABILITY: LTTA® can remove volatile organic compounds (VOC), semivolatile organic compounds (SVOC), organochlorine pesticides (OCP), organophosphorus pesticides (OPP), and total petroleum hydrocarbons (TPH) from soils, sediments, and some sludges. LTTA® has been used at full scale to remove VOCs such as benzene, toluene, tetrachloroethene, trichloro- ethene, and dichloroethene; SVOCs such as ace- naphthene, chrysene, naphthalene, and pyrene; OCPs such as dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (DDT); DDT metabolites, and toxaphene; OPPs such as ethyl parathion, methyl parathion, merphos, mevinphos; and TPHs. STATUS: The LTTA® technology was accepted into the SITE Demonstration Program in summer 1992. LTTA® was demonstrated on soils contaminated with OCPs during full-scale site remediation at a pesticide site in Arizona during September 1992. The full-scale LTTA® system has remediated contaminated soils at six sites, including three Superfund sites. The system has treated more than 100,000 tons of soil. DEMONSTRATION RESULTS: Key findings from the demonstration are summarized below: • The LTTA® process met the specified cleanup criteria for the site, a sliding scale criteria correlating the concen- trations of DDT family compounds (dichlorodiphenyldichloroethylene [DDE] or tetrachlorodiphenylethane, DDE, and DDT) with concentrations of toxaphene. The maximum allowable pesticide concentrations in the treated soil were 3.52 milligrams per kilogram (mg/kg) of DDT family compounds and 1.09 mg/kg of toxaphene. Residual levels of all the pesticides in the treated soil were generally below or close to the laboratory detection limit, with the exception of 4,4'-DDE, which was found at residual concentrations of 0.1 to 1.5 mg/kg. Removal efficiencies for pesticides found in the feed soil at quantifiable concentrations are summa- rized below: Compound 4,4'-DDD 4,4'-DDE 4,4'-DDT Endrin Toxaphene Endosulfan Efficiency > 99.97% 90.26% 99.97% > 99.85% > 99.83% > 99.98% • The LTTA® process did not generate dioxins or furans as products of incomplete combustion or thermal transformation. FOR FURTHER INFORMATION: EPA PROJECT MANAGER: Paul dePercin U.S. EPA Risk Reduction Engineering Laboratory 26 West Martin Luther King Drive Cincinnati, OH 45268 513-569-7797 Fax: 513-569-7620 TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPER CONTACT: Thomas Froman Canonie Environmental Services Corporation 800 Canonie Drive Porter, IN 46304 219-926-8651 Fax: 219-926-7169 The SITE Program assesses but does not approve or endorse technologies. Page 47 ------- Technology Profile DEMONSTRATION PROGRAM CF SYSTEMS CORPORATION (Liquified Gas Solvent Extraction [LG-SX] Technology) TECHNOLOGY DESCRIPTION: The CF Systems Corporation's LG-SX technolo- gy uses liquified gas solvents to extract organics from soils, sludges, sediments, andwastewaters. Gases, when liquified under pressure, have unique physical properties that enhance their use as solvents. The low viscosities, densities, and surface tensions of these gases result in significantly higher rates of extraction compared to conventional solvents. These enhanced physical properties also accelerate treated water's gravity settling rate following extraction. Due to their high volatility, gases are also easily recovered from the aqueous solids matrix, minimizing solvent losses. Liquified propane solvent is typically used to treat soils, sludges, and sediments, while liqui- fied carbon dioxide is typically used to treat wastewater. The extraction system uses a batch extractor-decanter design for solids and sludges, and a continuous trayed tower design for waste- waters and low solids wastes. Typical treatment costs for non-pumpable soils and sludges range from $80 to $300 per ton of feed, excluding excavation and disposal. Contaminated solids, slurries, or wastewaters are fed into the extraction system along with solvent (see figure below). Typically, more than 99 percent of the organics are extracted from the feed. After the solvent and organics are separat- ed from the treated feed, the solvent and organic mixture passes to the solvent recovery system. Once in the solvent recovery system, the solvent is vaporized and recycled as fresh solvent. The organics are drawn off and either reused or disposed of. Treated feed is discharged from the extraction system as a slurry in water. WASTE APPLICABILITY: The LG-SX technology can be applied to soils and sludges containing volatile and semivolatile organic compounds and other higher boiling complex organics, such as polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons, polychlorinated biphenyls (PCB), dioxins, and pentachlorophenol. This process can also treat refinery wastes and wastewater contaminated with organics. TREATED CAKE TO DISPOSAL Solvent Extraction Remediation Process Page 48 The SITE Program assesses but does not approve or endorse technologies. ------- November 1994 Completed Project STATUS: Under the SITE Program, a pilot-scale mobile demonstration unit was tested in 1988 on PCB- laden sediments from the New Bedford Harbor Superfund site in Massachusetts. PCB concen- trations in the harbor sediment ranged from 300 parts per million (ppm) to 2,500 ppm. The Technology Evaluation Report (EPA/540/5-90/002) and the Applications Analy- sis Report (EPA/540/A5-90/002) were published in August 1990. A pilot-scale treatability study was recently completed on a PCB-contaminated soil for a Michigan Superfund site. Initial analytical data shows that treatment achieved levels of residual PCBs well below the 1 ppm cleanup level required for site closure. CF Systems Corporation completed the first commercial on-site treatment operation at Star Enterprise, in Port Arthur, Texas. The propane- based solvent extraction unit processed listed refinery K- and F-wastes, producing Resource Conservation and Recovery Act treated solids that met EPA land-ban requirements. The unit operated continuously from March 1991 to March 1992 and was on-line more than 90 percent of the time. Following heavy metals fixation, the treated solids were disposed of in a Class I landfill. EPA Region 6 and the Texas Water Commission have selected the LG-SX technology on a sole- _ source basis to cleanup the 80,000 cubic yard United Creosoting site in Conroe, Texas. This Superfund site is heavily contaminated with wood treatment wastes. Detailed design is scheduled to begin in late 1994. DEMONSTRATION RESULTS: This technology was demonstrated concurrently with dredging studies managed by the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers. Contaminated sedi- ments were treated by the CF Systems Pit Clean up Unit, using a liquified propane and butane mixture as the extraction solvent. Extraction efficiencies were high, despite some operating difficulties during the tests. The demonstration at the New Bedford site yielded the following results: • Extracted sediments were at 90 to 98 percent efficiency for sediments contain- ing PCBs between 360 and 2,575 ppm. PCB concentrations were as low as 8 ppm in the treated sediment. • In the laboratory, volatile and semivolatile organics in aqueous and semisolid wastes were extracted with 99.9 percent efficiency. • Operating problems included solids retention hi the system hardware and foaming in receiving tanks. The prob- lems were corrected in the full-scale operations at Star Enterprises. 8 Projected costs for PCB cleanup were estimated at $150 to $450 per ton, including material handling and pre- and posttreatment costs. These costs are highly dependent on the utilization factor and job size, which may result in lower costs for large cleanups. - FOR FURTHER INFORMATION: EPA PROJECT MANAGER: Mark Meckes U.S. EPA Risk Reduction Engineering Laboratory 26 West Martin Luther King Drive Cincinnati, OH 45268 513-569-7348 Fax: 513-569-7676 TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPER CONTACT: Chris Shallice CF Systems Corporation 3D Gill Street Woburn, MA 01801 617-937-0800, ext. 103 Fax: 617-937-5610 The SITE Program assesses but does not approve or endorse technologies. Page 49 ------- Technology Profile DEMONSTRATION PROGRAM DEHYDRO-TECH CORPORATION (Carver-Greenfield Process® for Solvent Extraction of Wet, Oily Wastes) TECHNOLOGY DESCRIPTION: The Carver-Greenfield Process® (C-G Process™) combines solvent extraction and dehydration technologies to separate wet, oily wastes into their constituent solid phase, water phase, and hydrocarbon-soluble indigenous oil phase. Waste is first mixed with a low cost hydro- carbon solvent, and the resultant slurry mixture is fed to an evaporator system that vaporizes water and initiates solvent extraction of the indigenous oil. Depending on the water content of the feed, single-effect or energy-saving multi- effect evaporators may be used. Next, the slurry of dried solids is treated in a multi-stage solvent extraction unit, where solids contact recycled solvent until the target amount of indigenous oil is removed. Finally, solids are centrifuged from the solvent, followed by^'desolventizing," a step where resi- dual solvent is evaporated. The final solids pro- duct typically contains less than two percent water and less than one percent solvent. The spent solvent, which contains the extracted indi- genous oil, is distilled to separate the solvent for reuse later, and the oil for recovery or disposal. The C-G Process yields 1) a clean dry solid, 2) a water product virtually free of solids, indige- nous oil, and solvent, and 3) the extracted indigenous oil which contains the hazardous hydrocarbon-soluble feed components. The C-G Process combination of water eva- poration and solvent extraction has the following advantages: 1) any emulsions initially present are broken and potential emulsion formation FEED OIL/SOIL/ SLUDGE EVAPORATED WATER SOLVENT+ EXTRACTED OIL SOLVENT* EXTRACTED OIL SOLVENT* EXTRACTED OIL TREATED SOLIDS Carver-Greenfield Process Schematic Diagram Page 52 The SITE Program assesses but does not • approve or endorse technologies. ------- November 1994 Completed Project prevented; 2) solvent extraction is more efficient than with water present; and 3) the dry solids product is stabilized more readily if metals contamination is a concern. WASTE APPLICABILITY: The C-G Process can treat sludges, soils, sediments, and other water-bearing wastes containing hydrocarbon-soluble hazardous com- pounds, including polychlorinated biphenyls, polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons, and dioxins. The process has been commercially applied to municipal wastewater sludge, paper mill sludge, rendering waste, pharmaceutical plant sludge, and other wastes. STATUS: The C-G Process was accepted into the SITE program in 1990. The pilot-scale SITE demon- stration of this technology was completed in August 1991 at EPA's research facility in Edi- son, New Jersey. Spent petroleum drilling fluids from the PAB oil site in Abbeville, Louisiana, were used as process feed. The Applications Analysis Report (EPA/540/AR-92/002), Technology Demonstra- tion Summary (EPA/540/SR-92/002), and Tech- nology Evaluation Report (EPA/540/SR-92/002) were issued in 1992. DEMONSTRATION RESULTS: Based on spent drilling fluids, the C-G Process yielded the following SITE demonstration results: • The process successfully separates a petroleum-oil contaminated sludge into its solid, indigenous oil, and water phases. No detectable levels of indige- nous total petroleum hydrocarbons are present in the final solid product. • The final solid product is a dry powder similar to bentonite. A food-grade solvent comprises the bulk of the residu- al hydrocarbons on the solid. • Values for all metals and organics are well below the Resource Conservation and Recovery Act toxicity characteristic leaching procedure limits for character- istic hazardous wastes. • The resulting water product requires treatment due to the presence of small amounts of light organics and solvent. Normally, it may be disposed of at a local publicly owned treatment works. • A full scale C-G Process can treat drilling fluid wastes at technology-spe- cific costs of $100 to $220 per ton of wet feed, exclusive of disposal costs for the residuals. Site-specific costs, which include the cost of residual disposal, are dependent on site characteristics and treatment objectives. FOR FURTHER INFORMATION: EPA PROJECT MANAGER: Laurel Staley U.S. EPA Risk Reduction Engineering Laboratory 26 West Martin Luther King Drive Cincinnati, OH 45268 513-569-7863 Fax: 513-569-7620 TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPER CONTACT: Theodore Trowbridge Dehydro-Tech Corporation 6 Great Meadow Lane East Hanover, NJ 07936 201-887-2182 Fax: 201-887-2548 The SITE Program assesses but does not approve or endorse technologies. Page 53 ------- Technology Profile DEMONSTRATION PROGRAM E,I. DUPONT DE NEMOURS AND COMPANY, and OBERLIN FILTER COMPANY (Membrane Microfiltration) TECHNOLOGY DESCRIPTION: This membrane microfiltration system is de- signed to remove solid particles from liquid wastes, forming filter cakes typically ranging from 40 to 60 percent solids. The system can be manufactured as an enclosed unit, requires little or no attention during operation, is mobile, and can be trailer-mounted. The membrane microfiltration system uses an automatic pressure filter (developed by Oberlin Filter Company), combined with a special Tyvek filter material (Tyvek T-980) made of spun- bonded olefin (invented by E.I. DuPont De Nemours and Company) (see figure below). The filter material is a thin, durable plastic fabric with tiny openings about 1 ten-millionth of a meter in diameter. These openings allow water or other liquids and solid particles smaller than the openings to flow through. Solids in the liquid stream that are too large to pass through the openings accumulate on the filter and can be easily collected for disposal. The automatic pressure filter has two chambers: an upper chamber for feeding waste through the filter, and a lower chamber for collecting the filtered liquid (filtrate). At the start of a filter cycle, the upper chamber is lowered to form a liquid-tight seal against the filter. The waste feed is then pumped into the upper chamber and through the filter. Filtered solids accumulate on the Tyvek surface, forming a filter cake, while filtrate collects in the lower chamber. Following filtration, air is fed into the upper chamber at a pressure of about 45 pounds per square inch. Air removes any liquid remaining hi the upper Air Cylinder Pressurized ~ Air Filter Cake Used Tyvek® Waste feed Air Bags Waste Feed Chamber Clean Tyvek® . i " , Filter Belt Filtrate Chamber Filtrate Discharge DuPont/Oberlin Microfiltration System Page 54 The SITE Program assesses but does not ' approve or endorse technologies. ------- November 1994 Completed Project chamber and further dries the filter cake. When the filter cake is dry, the upper chamber is lifted, and the filter cake is automatically dis- charged. Clean filter material is then drawn from a roll into the system for the next cycle. Both the filter cake and the filtrate can be col- lected and treated further before disposal, if necessary. WASTE APPLICABILITY: This membrane microfiltration system may be applied to 1) hazardous waste suspensions, particularly liquid heavy metal- and cyanide- bearing wastes (such as electroplating rinsewaters), 2) groundwater contaminated with heavy metals, 3) constituents such as landfill leachate, and 4) process wastewaters containing uranium. The technology is best suited for treating wastes with solid concentrations of less than 5,000 parts per million; otherwise, the cake capacity and handling become limiting factors. The system can treat any type of solids, includ- ing inorganics, organics, and oily wastes, with a wide variety of particle sizes. Moreover, because the unit is enclosed, the system can treat liquid wastes that contain volatile organics. STATUS: The membrane microfiltration system, accepted into the SITE Program in 1988, was demonstrated at the Palmerton Zinc Superfund site in Palmerton, Pennsylvania. Groundwater from the shallow aquifer at the site was con- taminated with dissolved heavy metals, including cadmium, lead, and zinc. This contaminated groundwater served as the feed waste for the demonstration. The system treated waste at a rate of about 1 to 2 gallons per minute. The demonstration was conducted over a 4-week period in April and May 1990. An Applications Analysis Report (EPA/540/A5-90/007), a Tech- nology Evaluation Report (EPA/540/5-90/007) and a videotape of the demonstration have been completed. Two commercial installations of the technology began operating in 1991. DEMONSTRATION RESULTS: During the demonstration at the Palmerton Zinc Superfund site, the DuPont/Oberlin microfil- tration system achieved the following results: • Removal efficiencies for zinc and total suspended solids ranged from 99.75 to 99.99 percent (averaging 99.95 percent). • Solids in the filter cake ranged from 30.5 to 47.1 percent. • Dry filter cake in all test runs passed the Resource Conservation and Recovery Act paint filter liquids test. • Filtrate met the applicable National Pollutant Discharge Elimination System standard for zinc. • A composite filter cake sample passed the extraction procedure toxicity -and toxicity characteristic leaching procedure tests for metals. FOR FURTHER INFORMATION: EPA PROJECT MANAGER: John Martin U.S. EPA Risk Reduction Engineering Laboratory 26 West Martin Luther King Drive Cincinnati, OH 45268 513-569-7758 Fax: 513-569-7620 TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPER CONTACT: Dr. Ernest Mayer E.I. DuPont de Nemours and Company Floor Location 6440 1007 Market Street Wilmington, DE 19898 302-774-2277 Fax: 302-774-2457 The SITE Program assesses but does not approve or endorse technologies. Page 55 ------- Technology Profile DEMONSTRATION PROGRAM DYNAPHORE, INC. (FORAGER® Sponge) TECHNOLOGY DESCRIPTION: The FORAGER® Sponge is an open-celled cellu- lose sponge with an amine-containing polymer that has a selective affinity for aqueous heavy metals in both cationic and anionic states. The polymer tends to form complexes with ions of transition-group heavy metals, providing ligand sites that surround the metal and form a coordi- nation complex. The polymer's order of affinity for metals is influenced by solution parameters such as pH, temperature, and total ionic content. In general, the following affinity sequence for several representative ions is expected: > Au+ + + > Mn++ Pb++ > Au(CN)2' > Ag+ Zn++ > Ni++ > Co++ Se04-2> As04-3> Hg++ Ca++>Mg++ During absorption, a cation is displaced from the polymer. The displaced cation may be H+ or a cation below the absorbed cation hi the affinity sequence. Anions are selectively absorbed by moving to an already absorbed cation. The anion absorption selectivity order is based upon the solubility product (K^) of the anion/cation compound. For example, polymer saturated with Fe"1"3 strongly absorbs arsenate anion be- cause ferric arsenate is highly insoluble. The removal efficiency for transition-group heavy metals is about 90 percent at a flow rate of 0.1 bed volume per minute. The Sponge's highly porous nature speeds diffusional effects, promoting high rates of ion absorption. The Sponge can be used in columns, fishnet-type enclosures, or rotating drums. When used in a column, flow rates of three bed volumes per minute can be obtained at hydrostatic pressures only 2 feet above the bed arid without additional pressurization. Therefore, sponge-packed col- umns are suitable for unattended field use (see photograph). Absorbed ions can be eluted from the Sponge using techniques typically employed to regener- ate ion exchange resins and activated carbons. Following elution, the Sponge can be used in the next absorption cycle. The number of useful cycles depends on the nature of the absorbed ions and the elution technique used. Alternative- ly, the metal-saturated Sponge can be incinerat- ed. In some instances, the Sponge may be dried and reduced in volume to facilitate disposal. A FORAGER® Sponge Page 56 The SITE Program assesses but does not approve or endorse technologies. ------- November J994 Completed Project trailer-mounted pump-and-treat apparatus can handle up to 10 gallons per minute with low pumping pressures of 4 to 10 pounds per square inch. The apparatus employs 4 or 6 series connected plexiglas columns with valving to expedite regeneration and staging. Each column accommodates a fishnet container of Sponge. Groundwater can be remediated in situ using elongated fishnet bags that confine the Sponge. The bags are placed in well or trenches, and removed when saturated. Alternatively, the groundwater can be treated above ground in a packed column configuration. WASTE APPLICABILITY: The Sponge can scavenge metals in concentration levels of parts per million and parts per billion from industrial discharges, municipal sewage, process streams, and acid mine drainage waters. STATUS: This technology was accepted into the SITE Demonstration Program in June 1991. The FORAGER® Sponge was demonstrated in April 1994 at the National Lead Industry site in Pedricktown, New Jersey. The Sponge has also effectively removed tra.ce heavy metals from acid mine drainage water at three locations in Colorado. In bench-scale tests, the FORAGER® Sponge reduced mercuiy, lead, nickel, cadmium, and chromium in groundwater from various Superfund locations to below detectable levels. The FORAGER® Sponge was also demonstrated in a field-scale installation at a photoprocessing operation. The process achieved 75 percent reductions of chro- mate and silver at a cost of $1,100 per month. DEMONSTRATION RESULTS: Treatment performance from the SITE demon- stration was as follows: Cadmium Copper Lead Chromium111 Aver. Influ. Cone, (jug/1) 537 917 578 426 Percent Removal 90 97 97 32 FOR FURTHER INFORMATION: EPA PROJECT MANAGER: Carolyn Esposito U.S. EPA Risk Reduction Engineering Laboratory Building 10, MS-106 2890 Woodbridge Avenue Edison, NJ 08837-3679 908-906-6895 Fax: 908-906-6990 TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPER CONTACTS: Norman Rainer Dynaphore, Inc. 2709 Willard Road Richmond, VA 23294 804-288-7109 Fax: 804-282-1325 The SITE Program assesses but does not approve or endorse technologies. Page 57 ------- Technology Profile DEMONSTRATION PROGRAM ECOVA CORPORATION (Bioslurry Reactor) TECHNOLOGY DESCRIPTION: ECOVA Corporation's slurry-phase bioremedia- tion (bioslurry) technology aerobically biodegrades creosote-contaminated materials. The technology uses batch and continuous flow bioreactors to process polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH)-contaminated soils, sedi- ments, and sludges. The bioreactors are sup- plemented with oxygen, nutrients, and a specific inoculum of enriched indigenous microorganisms to enhance the degradation process. Because site-specific environments influence biological treatment, all chemical, physical, and microbial factors are designed into the treatment process. The ultimate goal is to convert organic wastes into relatively harmless by-products of microbial metabolism, such as carbon dioxide, methane, and inorganic salts. Biological reac- tion rates are accelerated in a slurry system because oif the increased contact efficiency between contaminants and microorganisms. The photograph below shows the bioslurry reactor. WASTE APPLICABILITY: Slurry-phase bioremediation can treat highly contaminated creosote wastes. It can also treat other concentrated contaminants that can be aerobically biodegraded, such as petroleum wastes. The bioslurry reactor system must be engineered' to maintain parameters such as pH, temperature, and dissolved oxygen within ranges conducive to the desired microbial activity. Bioslurry Reactor Page 58 The SITE Program assesses but does not approve or endorse technologies. ------- November 1994 Completed Project STATUS: ECOVA Corporation conducted bench- and pilot-scale studies to evaluate bioremediation of PAHs in creosote-contaminated soil from the Burlington Northern Superfund site in Brainerd, Minnesota. Benchescale studies were conducted before pilot-scale evaluations to determine optimal treatment protocols. EIMCO Biolift slurry reactors were used for the pilot-scale processing. Data from the optimized pilot-scale program will be used to establish treatment standards for K001 wastes as part of EPA's Best Demonstrated Available Technology program. This technology was accepted into the SITE Demonstration Program in spring 1991. From May through September 1991, EPA conducted a SITE demonstration using six bioslurry reac- tors at EPA's Test and Evaluation Facility in Cincinnati, Ohio. DEMONSTRATION RESULTS: Slurry-phase biological treatment significantly unproved biodegradation rates of carcinogenic 4- to 6-ring PAHs. The pilot-scale bioslurry reactor reduced 82 + 15 percent of the total soil-bound PAHs in the first week. After 14 days, total PAHs had been biodegraded by 96 ± 2 percent. An overall reduction of 97 ± 2 percent was observed over a 12-week treatment period, indicating that almost all biodegradation occurred within the first 2 weeks of treatment. Carcinogenic PAHs were biode- graded by 93 ± 3.2 percent to 501 ± 103 milli- grams per kilogram (mg/kg) from levels of 5,081 + 1,530 mg/kg. FOR FURTHER INFORMATION: EPA PROJECT MANAGER: Ronald Lewis U.S. EPA Risk Reduction Engineering Laboratory 26 West Martin"Luther King Drive , Cincinnati, OH 45268 513-569-7856 Fax: 513-569-7620 TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPER CONTACT: William" Mahaffey ECOVA Corporation 800 Jefferson County Parkway Golden, CO 80401 303-273-7133 Fax: 303-279-9716 The SITE Program assesses but does not approve or endorse technologies. Page 59 ------- Technology Profile DEMONSTRATION PROGRAM ELI ECO LOGIC INTERNATIONAL INC. (Gas-Phase Chemical Reduction Process) TECHNOLOGY DESCRIPTION: The patented ELI Eco Logic International, Inc. (Eco Logic), process (see photograph below) uses a gas-phase xeduction reaction of hydrogen with organic and chlorinated organic compounds at elevated temperatures to convert aqueous and oily hazardous contaminants into a hydrocarbon- rich gas product. After passing through a scrubber, the gas product's primary components are hydrogen, nitrogen, methane, carbon monox- ide, water vapor, and other light hydrocarbons. Soils are handled within the thermal desorption unit (TDU), which is operated hi conjunction with the reduction reactor. For further informa- tion on the TDU, see the profile in the Demon- stration Program (Completed Projects Section). The gas-phase reduction reaction takes place within a specially-designed reactor. Separate nozzles inject gaseous atomized waste, steam, and hydrogen into the reactor. As the mixture swirls down between the outer reactor wall and a central ceramic tube, it passes a series of electric glo-bar heaters, raising the temperature to 850 degrees Celsius. The reduction reaction takes place as the gases enter the ceramic tube through inlets at the bottom of the tube and travel up toward the scrubber. The scrubber removes hydrogen chloride, heat, water, and particulate matter. Scrubber liquid is treated as Resource Conservation and Recovery Act waste or recycled through the system for additional treatment. When processing waste with a low organic content, approximately 95 percent of the hydrogen-rich gas recirculates to the reactor; the remaining 5 percent can be used as a supplemen- tary fuel for a propane fired boiler that produces steam. Processing waste with a high organic content produces excess gas product, which can be compressed and stored for later analysis and reuse as supplementary fuel. The unit is mounted on two standard, drop-deck, highway trailers. A computerized process control system allows the operator to monitor process variables such as temperature, pressure, hydrogen content, and oxygen levels. In addi- Gas-Phase Chemical Reduction Process Page 60 The SITE Program assesses but does not approve or endorse technologies. ------- November 7994 Completed Project tion, an on-line mass spectrometer is used to monitor selected organic compounds. WASTE APPLICABILITY: The Eco Logic reactor is designed to treat aqueous and oily waste streams and soil conta- minated with hazardous organic waste such as polychlorinated biphenyls (PCB), polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons, chlorinated dioxins and dibenzo-furans, chlorinated solvents, chlorobenzenes, andchlorophenols. Wastes with high water content can be easily handled by the process since water is a good source of hydro- gen. STATUS: In October and November 1992, a SITE demon- stration of the Eco Logic Process was conducted at the Middleground Landfill in Bay City, Michigan, under a Toxic Substances Control Act research and development permit. The test program was conducted in cooperation with Environment Canada and the Ontario Ministry of the Environment. The test was performed using PCB-contaminated wastewater and waste oil from the site. Since this demonstration, Eco Logic has con- structed a commercial-scale system (the SE25) which has a design capacity to treat 100-300 tons per day of contaminated soil or sediment and 20 tons per day of PCB liquid. The SE25 combines the reduction reactor, which treats PCB oils and aqueous wastes, with a redesigned TDU, which treats contaminated soils and sediments. The cost of processing these waste streams is estimated at $2,000 and $400 per tori, respectively. The first SE25 system has been exported to Australia where Works Approval has been granted by the Western Australia Environ- mental Protection Authority. Eco Logic was successful in winning 1.8 million Australian dollars in federal and state government funds for the destruction of 200 tons of obsolete pesticides. A second SE25 system will be con- structed to serve the North American market, and will be ready for commercial use by the end of 1994. DEMONSTRATION RESULTS: During testing in Bay City, Michigan, the Eco Logic Process achieved the following results: • At least 99.9999 percent destruction and removal efficiency for PCBs during all test runs • A 99.99 percent destruction efficiency for perchloroethylene, a tracer compound, during all test runs • Net destruction of trace feedstock dioxin and furan compounds during all test runs • Throughput rates as follows, in tons per day: Waste oil Wastewater Nominal Design 4 10 Demonstrated Rate 2.3 7.0 FOR FURTHER INFORMATION: EPA PROJECT MANAGER: Gordon Evans U.S. EPA Risk Reduction Engineering Laboratory 26 West Martin Luther King Drive Cincinnati, OH 45268 513-569-7684 Fax: 513-569-7620 TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPER CONTACT: Jim Nash ELI Eco Logic International Inc. 143 Dennis Street Rockwood, Ontario, Canada NOB 2KO 519-856-9591 " Fax: 519-856-9235 The SITE Program assesses but does not approve or endorse technologies. Page 61 ------- Techno/oav Profile DEMONSTRATION PROGRAM ELI ECO LOGIC INTERNATIONAL, INC. (Thermal Desorption Unit) TECHNOLOGY DESCRIPTION: ELI Eco Logic International, Inc.'s (Eco Logic), thermal desorption unit (TDU) is specially designed for use with Eco Logic's gas-phase chemical reduction reactor. For farther infor- mation on the reduction reactor, see the profile in the Demonstration Program (Completed Projects Section). The TDU consists of an externally-heated bath of molten tin metal (heated with propane) in a hydrogen gas atmosphere. Tin is used for several reasons: tin and hydrogen are non- reactive; tin's density allows soils to float on the molten bath; molten tin is a good fluid for heat transfer; tin is nontoxic in soil; and tin is used as a bath medium in the manufacture of plate glass. Contaminated soil is conveyed into the TDU feed hopper, where an auger feeds the soil into the TDU. A screw feeder provides a gas seal between the outside air and the hydrogen atmo- sphere inside the TDU. The auger's variable SITE SOILS PROPANE. AIR- n DESORBED GAS MOLTEN BATH TREATED SOILS TANK TDU speed drive provides feed rate control. Soil inside the TDU floats on top of the molten tin and is heated to 600 degrees Celsius, vaporizing the water and organic material. Decontaminated soil is removed from the tin bath into a water- filled quench tank. The water in the quench tank provides a gas seal between the TDU's hydrogen atmosphere and the outside air. A scraper mechanism removes desorbed soil from the quench tank into drums. After desorption from the soil, the organic contaminants are carried from the TDU to Eco Logic's proprietary gas-phase reduction reactor. In the reactor, the organic contaminants undergo gas-phase chemical reduction reactions with hydrogen at elevated temperatures. This reac- tion converts organic and chlorinated organic contaminants into a hydrocarbon-rich gas prod- uct. After passing through a scrubber, the gas product's primary components are hydrogen, nitrogen, methane, carbon monoxide, water vapor, and other lighter hydrocarbons. Most of this gas product recirculates into the process, while excess ga» can be used as supplemental : RECIRC. GAS 35°C 1 » \ CTOR 3-C -/ r \ ? \ S ! -, r • *" r I GAS BOOSTER SLUDGE AND DECANT WATER SLOWDOWN STACK GAS CLEAN STEAM HYDROCARBON GAS(5%) REACTOR SYSTEM Schematic Diagram of the Thermal Desorption Unit Page 62 The SITE Program assesses but does not approve or endorse technologies. ------- November 1994 Completed Project fuel or compressed for later analysis and reuse as supplemental fuel. Refer to the profile of the Eco Logic gas-phase reduction process for a more complete description. WASTE APPLICABILITY: The Eco Logic TDU, when used with the gas- phase chemical reduction reactor, is designed to desorb soils and sludges contaminated with hazardous organic contaminants such as poly- chlorinated biphenyls (PCB), polynuclear aro- matic hydrocarbons, chlorinated dioxins and dibenzofurans, chlorinated solvents, chloroben- zenes, and chlorophenols. The combined tech- nologies can easily handle wastes with high water content since water is a good source of hydrogen. STATUS: In October and November 1992, a SITE demon- stration of the Eco Logic Process, including the TDU, was conducted at the Middleground Land- fill in Bay City, Michigan, under a Toxic Sub- stances Control Act research and development permit. The formal test program consisted of processing soil containing an average 627 parts per million (ppm) PCBs. Further research and development over the last 18 months has focused on optimizing the process for commercial operations and improving the design of the soil/sediment processing unit. According to the vendor, the TDU design cur- rently under construction has achieved excellent results in laboratory-scale tests, with soils and sediments desorbed from high ppm to percent levels down to low parts per billion levels. A commercial-scale unit of the gas-phase chemi- cal reduction process, combining the reductive reactor and TDU (SE-25), has been constructed with a design capacity of 100-300 tons per day of contaminated soil or sediment and 20 tons per day of PCB askarel fluid. The cost of proces- sing these waste streams is estimated at $400 and $2,000 per ton, respectively. The first SE25 system has been exported to Australia for the destruction of 200 tons of obsolete pesti- ,-cides. A second SE25 system will be ready for commercial use in North America by the end of 1994. DEMONSTRATION RESULTS: During testing in Bay City, Michigan, the Eco Logic TDU achieved the following: • Destruction efficiencies (DE) for PCBs from the soil of 93.5 percent in run 1 and 98.8 percent in run 2.. • DE for hexachlorobenzene (a tracer corn-pound) from the soil of 72.13 percent in run 1 and 99.998 percent in run 2. • PCB destruction and removal efficiencies (DRE) for the combined TDU and reduction reactor system of 99.9999 percent for run 1 and 99.997 percent for run 2. PCB throughput for run 2 was below the target value, so a DRE of 99.9999 percent could not be achieved. FOR FURTHER INFORMATION: EPA PROJECT MANAGER: Gordon Evans U.S. EPA Risk Reduction Engineering Laboratory 26 West Martin Luther King Drive Cincinnati, OH 45268 513-569-7684 Fax: 513-569-7620 TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPER CONTACT: Jim Nash ELI Eco Logic International Inc. 143 Dennis Street Rockwood, Ontario, Canada NOB 2KO 519-856-9591 Fax: 519-856-9235 The'SITE Program assesses but does not approve or endorse technologies. Page 63 ------- Technology Profile DEMONSTRA TION PROGRAM EPOC WATER, INC. (Precipitation, Microfiltration, and Sludge Dewatering) TECHNOLOGY DESCRIPTION: The precipitation, microfiltration, and sludge dewatering treatment process uses a combination of processes to treat a variety of wastes. In the first step of the process, heavy metals are chemi- cally precipitated.. Precipitates and all particles larger than 0.2 micron are filtered through a unique tubular textile crossflow microfllter (EXXFLOW). The concentrate stream is then dewatered in an automatic tubular filter press of the same material (EXXPRESS). EXXFLOW microfllter modules are fabricated from a proprietary tubular woven polyester. Wastes pumped into the polyester tubes form a dynamic membrane, which produces a high quality filtrate and removes all particle sizes larger than 0.2 micron. The flow velocity continually maintains the membrane, maximizing treatment efficiency. Metals are removed via precipitation by adjust- ing the pH in the EXXFLOW feed tank. Metal hydroxides or oxides form a dynamic membrane with any other suspended solids. The EXXFLOW concentrate stream, which contains up to 5 percent solids, enters the EXXPRESS modules with the discharge valve closed. A semidry cake, up to 0.25 inch thick, is formed inside the tubular filter. When the discharge valve is opened, rollers on the outside of the tubes move to form a venturi within the tubes. The venturi creates an area of high velocity within the tubes, which aggressively cleans the cloth and discharges the cake in chip form onto a wedge wire screen. Discharge water is re- cycled to the feed tank. EXXPRESS filter cakes are typically 40 to 60 percent solids by weight. Other constituents can be removed using seeded slurry methods in EXXFLOW. Hardness can be removed by using lime. Oil and grease can be removed by adding adsorbents. Nonvolatile EXXFLOW/EXXPRESS Demonstration Unit Page 64 The SITE Program assesses but does not approve or endorse technologies. ------- November 1994 Completed Project organics and solvents can be removed using adsorbents, activated carbon or powdered ion-exchange results. -If the raw feed contains a high percentage of solids, EXXPRESS can be used first, with EXXFLOW acting as a final polish for the product water. The EXXFLOW/EXXPRESS demonstration unit is transportable and is mounted on skids. The unit is designed to process approximately 30 pounds of solids per hour and 10 gallon!? of wastewater per minute. WASTE APPLICABILITY: The EXXFLOW and EXXPRESS technologies have treated water containing heavy metals, silica, pesticides, ink, oil and grease, bacteria, suspended solids, and constituents that can be precipitated to particle sizes greater than 0.1 micron. The EXXPRESS system can handle waste streams containing up to 5 percent solids to produce a semidry cake of 40 to 60 percent solids by weight. Nonvolatile organics and solvents can also be removed from the water by adding powdered adsorbents. Soils and sludge can be decontaminated through acid leaching of the metals, followed by precipi- tation and microfiltration. Lime and alum sludges from municipal, industrial, and power plant clarifiers can also be treated. STATUS: This technology was accepted into the SITE Demonstration Program in 1989. Bench-scale tests were conducted in 1990. The SITE demon- stration was conducted during May and June 1992 on highly acidic mine drainage from the Old Number 8 mine seep at the Iron Mountain Superfund site in Redding, California. The system was successful in removing heavy met- als. In most cases, the system used sodium hydroxide, lime, or magnesium oxide as the precipitating chemicals to produce no detectable concentrations of metals in the treated water samples. Reports will be available in 1995. This technology was commercialized in 1988. Treatment systems have since been installed at over 45 sites worldwide. System capacities range from 1 gallon per minute to over 2 million gallons per day. Developer claims for metal removals on Old Number 8, when neutralizing with NaOH and Ca(OH)2, were generally met or exceeded except for aluminum. This was most likely due to the difficulty encountered when using NaOH and Ca(OH)2 to control thepH of this waste stream. The claims for all metals, including aluminum, were exceeded when MgO was used as the neutralizing agent. In most cases, there were no detectable concentrations of heavy metals in the permeate samples. Filter cake produced from the demonstration test contained approximately 12 percent, 31 percent, and 30 percent solids when NaOH, Ca(OH)2, and MgO were used as the treatment chemicals, respectively. Toxicity characteristic leaching procedure (TCLP) leaching tests performed on the filter cake showed that teachable levels of TCLP metals were below the regulatory limits for each of the treatment chemicals tested. FOR FURTHER INFORMATION: EPA PROJECT MANAGER: Jack Hubbard U.S. EPA Risk Reduction Engineering Laboratory 26 West Martin Luther King Drive Cincinnati, OH 45268 513-569-7507 Fax: 513-569-7620 TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPER CONTACT: Rodney Squires EPOC Water, Inc. 3065 North Sunnyside Fresno, CA 93727 209-291-8144 Fax: 209-291-4926 The SITE Program assesses but does not approve or endorse technologies. Page 65 ------- Technology Profile DEMONSTRATION PROGRAM FILTER FLOW TECHNOLOGY, INC. (Heavy Metals and Radionuclide Polishing Filter) TECHNOLOGY DESCRIPTION: The colloid polishing filter method (CPFM) uses an inorganic, oxide-based compound of granular pellets (Filter Flow 1000) to remove colloidal and ionic form heavy metals and nontritium radionuclides from water. Contaminants are removed through a combination of sorption, chemical complexing, and filtration. The CPFM effectively removes inorganic metallic pollutants from groundwater or wastewater, and can be used independently or subsequent to flocculation and bulk solids removal. The primary treatment and CPFM process involves five basic steps. If necessary, contaminated water is first pumped to an influent mixing tank for chemical preconditioning (pH adjustment or sodium sulfide addition) to induce formation of colloidal forms of pollutants. Second, suspended solids are removed by an incline plate mini-clarifier or filter. Next, microparticles are removed using overflow water. The low solids then pass through to the colloid filter press units, where heavy metals and radionuclides are removed by the sorption, chemical complexing, and filtration effects of Filter Flow 1000. Finally, the pH of treated water exiting the colloid filters is adjusted prior to discharge. Following treatment, sludge in the miniclarifier is dewatered. The filter packs are dewatered with compressed air to form a cake containing 60 to 70 percent solids. These two solid wastes may be combined for disposal. Optional single-use, disposable, and reusable bed material designs have been developed, with emphasis on, easy, safe handling and removal of the spent filter pack material. Both batch (up to 10,000 gallons per run) and continuous (5 to 100 gallons per minute) treatment systems have been designed for application in both mobile field equipment and fixed installations. Mobile Colloid Filter Unit, Including Mixing Tanks, Pumps, Filter Apparatus, and Other Equipment Page 66 The SITE Program assesses but does not approve or endorse technologies. ------- November 1994 Completed Project WASTE APPLICABILITY: The CPFM efficiently removes heavy metals and nontritium radionuclides from water to parts per million or parts per billion levels. This simple methodology can.be used separately to treat water with low total suspended solids; in a treatment train downstream from other techno- logies such as soil washing, organic oxidation, or as a conventional wastewater treatment that uses flocculation and solids removal. The CPFM's major advantage is high perfor- mance and lower cost to treat a wide range of inorganic metallic pollutants in water, including monovalent and divalent forms, multivalent and high valence forms existing as colloids, and ionic, chelated, and complexed forms. The same equipment can treat water at different sites, but the preconditioning chemistry and pH must be optimized for each site from bench and field test results. STATUS: This technology was accepted into the SITE Demonstration Program in July 1991. EPA and the U.S. Department of Energy (DOE) co-spon- sored the technology evaluation. The SITE demonstration occurred at DOE's Rocky Flats Plant (RFP), Denver, Colorado, in September 1993 under a cooperative understanding between EPA and DOE. The Demonstration Bulletin (EPA/540/MR-94/501) and Capsule Report (EPA/540/R-94/501a) are available from EPA. DEMONSTRATION RESULTS: The CPFM treated about 10,000 gallons of water that contained about 100 milligrams per liter of uranium and 100 picoCuries per liter of gross alpha-contaminated groundwater. The demonstration was comprised of three tests. The first test consisted of three runs of 4 hours each, treating about 5 gallons per minute (gpm). For the second test, also run for 4 hours at 5 gpm, the influent water was pre-treated with sodium sulfide. The third test was a 15-hour run de- signed to determine the amount of contamination each filter pack could treat. The CPFM system removed up to 95 percent uranium and 94 percent gross alpha contami- nation. However, due to the significant varia- tion in removal efficiencies between runs, aver- age removal efficiencies were significantly less: 80 percent for uranium, and 72 percent for gross alpha. Though removal is largely attributable to the colloid filter pack, uranium was significantly removed in runs 1 and 4 before the colloid filter unit. Significant gross alpha was also removed before colloid filter treatment in runs 1 and 3. At less than the maximum removal efficiency, effluent from the CPFM system did not meet the extremely strict Colorado Water Quality Control Commission standards for discharge of waters from RFP. FOR FURTHER INFORMATION: EPA PROJECT MANAGER: Annette Gatchett U.S. EPA Risk Reduction Engineering Laboratory 26 West Martin Luther King Drive Cincinnati, OH 45268 513-569-7697 Fax: 513-569-7620 TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPER CONTACT: Tod Johnson Filter Flow Technology, Inc. 122 Texas Avenue League City, TX 77573 713-332-3438 Fax: 713-332-3644 The SITE F'ro.gram assesses but does not approve or endorse technologies. Page 67 ------- Technology Profile DEMONSTRATION PROGRAM FUNDERBURK & ASSOCIATES (formerly HAZCON, INC.) (Dechlorination and Immobilization) TECHNOLOGY DESCRIPTION: This technology mixes hazardous wastes with cement (or fly ash), water, and one of 18 patent- ed reagents commonly known as "Chloranan" to immobilize heavy metals. The developers also claim that certain chlorinated organics are de- chlorinated by the treatment reagents. Soils, sludges, and sediments can be treated in situ or excavated and treated ex situ. Sediments can be treated under water. Treatment occurs in batches, with volumetric throughput rated at 120 tons per hour. In the finished product, metals are fixed to a veiy low solubility point. The treatment process begins by adding Chloranan and water to the blending unit (see figure below). Waste is then added and mixed for 2 minutes. Cement or fly ash is added and mixed for a similar tune. After 12 hours, the treated material hardens into a concrete-like mass that exhibits unconfined compressive strengths (UCS) ranging from 1,000 to 3,000 pounds per square inch (psi), with permeabilities of 10"9 centimeters per second (cm/sec). The hardened concrete-like mass can withstand several hundred freeze and thaw cycles. WASTE APPLICABILITY: The technology is applicable to wastes contain- ing heavy metals and organics. The developers claim that the technology has been refined since the 1987 SITE demonstration and can now dechlorinate certain chlorinated organics as well as immobilize other wastes, including those with high levels of metals. The wastes with organic and inorganic contaminants can be treated sepa- rately or together with no impact on the chemis- try of the process. The process can treat con- taminated material with high concentrations (up to 25 percent) of oil. CHLORANAN WASTE I POZZOLANIC COMPOUND WATER FIELD BLENDING UNIT FINISHED PRODUCT Dechlorination and Immobilization Treatment Process Page 68 The SITE Program assesses but does not approve or endorse technologies. ------- November 1994 Completed Project STATUS: This technology was demonstrated hi October 1987 at a former oil processing plant in Douglassville, Pennsylvania. The site soil contained high levels of oil and grease (250,000 parts per million [ppm]) and heavy metals (22,000 ppm lead), and low levels of volatile organic compounds (VOC) (100 ppm) and polychlorinated biphenyls (PCB) at 75 ppm. An Applications Analysis Report (EPA/540/A5-89/001) and a Technology Evalu- ation Report (EPA/540/5-89/001a) are available. A report on long-term monitoring may be ob- tained from EPA's Risk Reduction Engineering Laboratory. The technology has also been used to remediate a California Superfund site with zinc contamination as high as 220,000 ppm. Since the demonstration in 1987, the technology has been enhanced through the development of 17 additional reagent formulations that are claimed to dechlorinate many chlorinated organics, including PCBs, ethylene dichloride, trichloroethene, and pentachlorophenol. This technology is no longer available through a vendor. Contact the EPA Project Manager for further information. DEMONSTRATION RESULTS: Samples were taken after treatment at intervals of 7 days, 28 days, 9 months, and 22 months. Analytical results from these samples were generally favorable. The physical test results were good, with UCS between 220 and 1,570 psi. Very low permeabilities (10~9 cm/sec) were recorded, and the porosity of the treated wastes was moderate. Durability test results showed no change hi physical strength after the wet and dry and freeze and thaw cycles. The waste volume increased by about 120 percent. However, refinements of the technology now restrict volumetric increases to the 15 to 25 percent range. Using a smaller volume of additives reduces physical strength, but toxicity reduction is not affected. Data obtained since the 1987 SITE demonstration indicate that one or more of the reagents used in immobilizing heavy metals may be able to dechlorinate certain hazardous organics such as PCBs. The results of the leaching tests were mixed. The toxicity characteristic leaching procedure (TCLP) results of the stabilized wastes were very low; essentially, concentrations of metals, VOCs, and semivolatile organic compounds (SVOC) were below 1 ppm. Lead leachate concentrations decreased by a factor of 200 to below 100 parts per billion. VOC and SVOC concentrations in the TCLP leachate were not affected by treatment. Oil and grease concentra- tions were greater in the treated waste TCLP leachate (4 ppm) than in the untreated waste TCLP leachate (less than 2 ppm). The physical properties of the treated waste include high UCS, low permeabilities, and good weathering properties. FOR FURTHER INFORMATION: EPA PROJECT MANAGER: Paul dePercin U.S. EPA Risk Reduction Engineering Laboratory 26 West Martin Luther King Drive Cincinnati, OH 45268 513-569-7797 Fax: 513-569-7620 The SITE Program assesses but does not approve or endorse technologies. Page 69 ------- Technology Profile DEMONSTRATION PROGRAM GENERAL ATOMICS (Circulating Bed Combustor) TECHNOLOGY DESCRIPTION: General Atomics1' circulating bed combustor (CBC) uses high velocity air to entrain circulat- ing solids and create a highly turbulent combus- tion zone that destroys toxic hydrocarbons. The commercial-size, 36-inch combustion chamber can treat up to 150 tons of contaminated soil daily, depending on the heating value of the feed material. The CBC operates at relatively low temperatures (1,450 to 1,600 degrees Fahrenheit [°F]), reduc- ing operating costs and potential emissions of such gases as nitrogen oxide (NOJ and carbon monoxide (CO). Auxiliary fuel can be natural gas, fuel oil, or diesel. No auxiliary fuel is needed for waste streams with a net heating value greater than 2,900 British thermal units per pound. The CBC's high turbulence produces a uniform temperature around the combustion chamber and hot cyclone. The CBC also completely mixes the waste material during combustion. Effective (2) COMBUSTION CHAMBER SOLID FEED LIMESTONE FEED mixing and relatively low combustion tempera- ture also reduce emissions of NOX and CO. As shown in the figure below, waste material and limestone are fed into the combustion cham- ber along with the recirculating bed material from the hot cyclone. The limestone neutralizes acid gases. A conveyor transports the treated ash out of the system for proper disposal. Hot combustion gases pass through a cohvective gas cooler and baghouse before they are released to the atmosphere. WASTE APPLICABILITY: The CBC process can treat liquids, slurries, solids, and sludges contaminated with corro- sives, cyanides, dioxins and furans, inorganics, metals, organics, oxidizers, pesticides, poly- chlorinated biphenyls (PCB), phenols, and volatiles. Applications include industrial wastes from refineries, ammunition and chemical plants, manufacturing sites, and military sites. The CBC is permitted under the Toxic Substance ControlAct to burn PCBs in all 10 EPA re- (8) FLUE GAS (DUST) FILTER STACK FD FAN COOLING WATER CONVEYOR SYSTEM Circulating Bed Combustor (CBC) Page 7O The SITE Program assesses but does not approve or endorse technologies. ------- November 1994 Completed Project gions, having demonstrated a 99.9999 percent destruction removal efficiency (DRE). Waste feed for the CBC must be sized to less than 1 inch. Metals in the waste do not inhibit performance, and become less teachable after incineration. Treated residual ash can be re- placed on site or stabilized for landfill disposal if metals exceed regulatory limits. STATUS: The circulating bed combustor (formerly owned by Ogden Environmental Services) was accepted into the SITE Demonstration Program in March 1989. A treatability study and demonstration on wastes from the McColl Superfund site in Cali- fornia was conducted under the guidance of the SITE Program, EPA Region 9, and the California Department of Health Services. The pilot-scale demonstration was conducted at General Atomies' Research Facility in San Diego, California, using a 16-inch-diameter CBC. Several 36-inch-diameter CBCs have been built and successfully operated. At the Swanson River project in Alaska, over 100,000 tons of PCB-contaminated soil were successfully treated to limits of detectability that were far below allowable limits. The process took just over three years from mobilization of the transport- able unit to demobilization. The plant operated at over 85 percent availability all year, including the winter, when temperatures were below minus 50 °F. The soil was delisted and returned to the original site. The unit has subsequently been moved to a Canadian site. Another unit of similar size treated soils contam- inated with #6 fuel oil. Over 14,000 tons of soil were successfully treated and delisted. Upon completion, the site was upgraded to permit operation as a merchant facility treating a wide range of LUFT materials from other sites. Two other units of the same size are under construc- tion in Germany for treatment of munitions wastes consisting of slurried explosives and pro- pellant. These units will be operational in fall 1994, and they have been permitted under strin- gent German regulations. DEMONSTRATION RESULTS: The demonstration successfully achieved the following goals: • Achieved DRE values of 99.99 percent or greater for principal organic hazard- ous constituents • Minimized formation of products of incomplete combustion • Met Research Facility permit conditions and California South Coast Basin emis- sion standards • Controlled sulfur oxide emissions by -adding limestone and residual materials i (fly ash and bed ash); these emissions were nonhazardous. No significant levels of hazardous organic compounds were found in the system, the stack gas, or in.the bed and fly ash. The CBC minimized emissions of sulfur oxide, . NOX, and particulates. Other regulated pollutants were controlled to well below permit levels. FOR FURTHER INFORMATION: EPA PROJECT MANAGER: Douglas Grosse U.S. EPA Risk Reduction Engineering Laboratory 26 West Martin Luther King Drive Cincinnati, OH 45268^ 513-569-7844 Fax: 513-569-7676 TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPER CONTACT: Jeffrey Broido General Atomics 3550 General Atomics Court San Diego, CA 92121-1194 619-455-4495 Fax: 619-455-4111 The SITE Program assesses but does not approve or endorse technologies. Page 71 ------- Technology Profile DEMONSTRATION PROGRAM GEO-CON, INC. (In Situ Solidification and Stabilization Process) TECHNOLOGY DESCRIPTION: The in situ solidification and stabilization pro- cess technology immobilizes organic and inor- ganic compounds in wet or dry soils, using reagents (additives) to produce a cement-like mass. The basic components of this technology are: 1) Geo-Con, Inc.'s (GEO-CON), deep soil mixing system (DSM), to deliver and mix the chemicals with the soil hi situ; and 2) a batch mixing plant to supply International Waste Tech- nologies' (IWT) proprietary additives (see figure below). The proprietary additives generate a complex, crystalline, connective network of inorganic polymers hi a two-phase reaction. In the first phase, contaminants are complexed hi a fast- acting reaction. In the second phase, macro- molecules build over a long period of time in a slow-acting reaction. The DSM system involves mechanical mixing and injection. The system consists of one set of cutting blades and two sets of mixing blades attached to a vertical drive auger, which rotates at approximately 15 revolutions per minute. Two conduits hi the auger inject the additive slurry and supplemental water. Additives are injected on the downstroke; the slurry is further mixed upon auger withdrawal. The treated soil columns are 36 inches hi diameter and are positioned hi an overlapping pattern of alternat- ing primary and secondary soil columns. WASTE APPLICABILITY: The hi situ solidification and stabilization pro- cess treats soils, sediments, and sludge-pond bottoms contaminated with organic compounds and metals. The process has been laboratory- tested on soils containing polychlorinated biphenyls (PCB), pentachlorophenol, refinery wastes, and chlorinated and nitrated hydro- carbons. The process can treat any waste for which a physical or chemical reagent is applica- ble. STATUS: A SITE demonstration, using one-auger, was conducted at the General Electric Service Shop site in Hialeah, Florida hi April 1988. Two 10- by-20-foot areas were treated - one to a depth of 18 feet, and the other to a depth of 14 feet. Ten months after the demonstration, long-term monitoring tests were ^performed on the treated sectors. The Technology Evaluation Report (EPA/540/5-89/004a) and the Applications Analysis Report (EPA/540/A5-89/004) have been published. A four-auger process remedi- ated the PCB-contaminated Hialeah site during the whiter and spring of 1990. Geo-Con has used the process to complete over 40 hi situ stabilization projects throughout the United States. Several significant projects completed to date include: Roagent In Situ Solidification Batch Mixing Plant Process Flow Page 72 The SITE Program assesses but does not approve or endorse technologies. ------- November 1994 Completed Project • Construction of a 110,000 square foot, 60-feet deep soil-bentonite DSM wall to contain contaminated groundwater from a former waste pond. All DSM permea- bilities were less than 10~7 centimeters per second, a first for DSM construction • Shallow soil mixing and stabilization of 82,000 cubic yards of contaminated soils at a former manufactured gas plant site that was ultimately converted to a city park The equipment has been scaled up to diameters as large as 12 feet. Typical process costs are $40 to $50 per cubic yard plus reagent costs. To date, Geo-Con has utilized this process to treat over one million cubic yards of contami- nated soils and sludges. DEMONSTRATION RESULTS: The SITE demonstration yielded the following results: • PCB immobilization appeared likely, but could not be confirmed because of low PCB concentrations in the untreated soil. Leachate tests on treated and untreated soil samples showed mostly undetectable PCB levels. Leachate tests performed 1 year later on treated soil samples showed no increase in PCB concentra- tions, indicating immobilization. • Sufficient data were unavailable to evaluate the system's performance on metals or other organic compounds. • Each of the test samples showed high unconfined compressive strength (UCS), low permeability, and low porosity. These physical properties improved when retested one year later, indicating the potential for long-term durability. • The soil's bulk density increased 21 per- cent after treatment. This treatment in- creased the treated soil volume by 8.5 percent and caused a small ground rise of 1 inch per foot of treated soil. • The UCS of treated soil was satis- factory, with values up to 1,500 pounds per square inch. • The treated soil's permeability was satis- factory, decreasing to 10'6 and 10"7 centimeters per second (cps) compared to 10'2 cps for untreated soil. • The wet and dry weathering test on treated soil was satisfactory. • Data provided by Geo-Con indicated some immobilization of volatile and semivolatile organics, which may be due to organophilic clays present in the reagent. Data are insufficient to con- firm this immobilization. » Performance data are limited outside of the SITE Program. Geo-Con modifies the binding agent for different wastes. Treatability studies should be performed for specific wastes. • Process costs were $194 per ton for the 1-auger machine used in the demonstra- tion, and $111 per ton for a commercial 4-auger operation. More recent experi- ence with larger scale equipment reduced process costs to about $140 per cubic yard. FOR FURTHER INFORMATION: EPA PROJECT MANAGER: Mary Stinson U.S. EPA Risk Reduction Engineering Laboratory 2890 Woodbridge Avenue Edison, NJ 08837-3679 908-321-6683 Fax: 908-321-6640 TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPER CONTACTS: Chris Ryan or Linda Ward Geo-Con, Inc. 4075 Monroeville Boulevard Corporate One, .Building II, Suite 400 Monroeville, PA 15146 412-856-7700 Fax: 412-373-3357 The SITE Program assesses but does not approve or endorse technologies. Page 73 ------- Technology Profile DEMONSTRATION PROGRAM GEOSAFE CORPORATION (In Situ Vitrification) TECHNOLOGY DESCRIPTION: In situ vitrification (ISV) uses an electric current to melt soil or other earthen materials at high temperatures ranging from 1,600 to 2,000 degrees Celsius (°C), destroying organic pollut- ants by pyrolysis. Inorganic pollutants are incorporated within the vitrified glass and crys- talline mass. Water vapor and organic pyrolysis products are captured in a hood, which draws the off-gases into a treatment system that removes particulates and other pollutants. To begin the vitrification process, an array of four large electrodes is inserted into contami- nated zones containing enough soil for melting to occur (see photograph below). Because soil typically has low electrical conductivity until molten, flaked graphite and glass frit are placed on the soil surface between the electrodes to provide a starter path for the electric current. The electric current passes through the starter path and melts tibte soil at the surface. As power is applied, the melt continues downward and outward at an average rate of 1 to 2 inches per hour. The electrode array is lowered progressively, as the melt grows, to the desired treatment depth. After cooling, a vitrified monolith remains, with a glass and microcrystal- line structure. This monolith possesses high strength and excellent weathering and leaching properties. The large-scale ISV system melts soil at a rate of 4 to 6 tons per hour. Air flow through the hood is controlled to main- tain a negative pressure. Excess oxygen is supplied for combustion of any organic pyrolysis by-products. Off-gases are treated by quench- ing, pH-cohtrolled scrubbing, dewatering (mist elimination), heating (for dew point control), particulate filtration, and activated carbon ad- sorption. Thermal oxidation may be employed as a final off-gas polishing stage in place of carbon adsorption. Individual melt settings (each single placement of electrodes) may encompass a total melt mass of up to 1,400 tons and a maximum width of 40 feet. Single-setting depths as great as 22 feet below ground surface have been achieved. Special settings to reach deeper contamination are also possible. The void volume in earthen materials (30 to 50 percent for typical soils) and volatile materials are removed during proces- sing, greatly reducing the waste volume. In Situ Vitrification Process Equipment Page 74 The SITE Program assesses but does not approve or endorse technologies. ------- November 1994 Completed Project The mobile ISV system is mounted on three semi-trailers. Electric power is usually obtained from a utility distribution system at transmission voltages of 12.5 or 13.8 kilovolts. Typical power consumption ranges from 800 to 1,000 kilowatt-hours per ton of processed soil. A diesel generator may also provide power on site. The electrical supply system has an isolated ground circuit to provide safety. WASTE APPLICABILITY: The ISV process can destroy or remove organics and immobilize most inorganics in contaminated soils, sediments, sludges, or other earthen materials. The process has been tested on a broad range of volatile and semivolatile organic compounds, other organics including dioxins and polychlorinated biphenyls (PCB), and on most priority pollutant metals and heavy metal radionuclides. In wet soils or sludges, water is driven off at the 100 °C isotherm moving in advance of the melt. Water removal increases energy consumption and associated costs. Also, sludges, must contain enough glass-forming material (nonvolatile, nondestructive solids) to produce a molten mass that will destroy or remove organic pollutants and immobilize inorganic pollutants. Most natural soils can be processed without modifica- tion. In isolated cases, fluxing materials may be necessary to obtain the desired electrical conduc- tivity. The effectiveness of the large-scale ISV process is limited by 1) individual void volumes in excess of 150 cubic feet, 2) rubble exceeding 20 percent by weight, and 3) combustible organics in the soil or sludge exceeding 5 to 10 percent by weight, depending on the heating value. Contaminant processing below the water table may require some means to limit recharge. Site adaptions and/or process and equipment modifi- cation can be made to accommodate site condi- tions exceeding these limitations if desired. STATUS: The SITE demonstration of this technology occurred during March and April 1994 at the former Parsons Chemical site (Parsons). Par- sons is a Superfund site in Grand Ledge, Michigan, where the soil is contaminated with pesticides, metals, and low levels of dioxins and furans. A Demonstration Bulletin (EPA/540/MR-94/520) is available from EPA. The Innovative Technology Evaluation Report will be available in 1995. The ISV has treated a broad range of hazardous, radioactive, and mixed wastes, and over 30 different soil types from the United States, Canada, Japan, and Australia. The U.S. Depart- ment of Energy (DOE) Pacific Northwest Labo- ratory continues to research and develop the technology, including an upcoming large-scale treatability test on a radioactive liquid waste seepage pit at Oak Ridge, Tennessee. Geosafe recently completed a 3,100-ton Toxic Substance Control Act (TSCA) demonstration project on soils contaminated with PCBs up to 12,000 parts per million in support of its application for a National TSCA Operating Permit. FOR FURTHER INFORMATION: EPA PROJECT MANAGER: Teri Richardson U.S. EPA Risk Reduction Engineering Laboratory 26 West Martin Luther King Drive Cincinnati, OH 45268 513-569-7949 Fax: 513-569-7620 TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPER CONTACT: James Hansen Geosafe Corporation 2950 George Washington Way Richland, WA 99352 509-375-0710 Fax: 509-375-7721 The SITE: Program assesses but does not approve or endorse technologies. Page 75 ------- Technology Profile DEMONSTRATION PROGRAM GIS/SOLUTIONS, INC. (GIS/Key™ Environmental Data Management System) TECHNOLOGY DESCRIPTION: GIS/Key™ is a comprehensive environmental database management system that integrates site data and graphics, enabling the user to create geologic cross-sections, boring logs, potentio- metric maps, isopleth maps, structure maps, summary tables, hydrographs, chemical time series graphs, and numerous other maps and line graphs. The software is menu-driven, making it relatively simple to use. All system outputs meet Resource Conservation and Recovery Act (RCRA) and Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation and Liability Act (CERCLA) reporting requirements and are consistent with current industry practices. GIS/Key™ can be a cost-effective tool to help manage hazardous waste site environmental data more effectively and accurately. GIS/Key™ allows project managers to focus on problem solving, because less time is required to enter, evaluate, and report the supporting site data. It also provides project managers access to envi- ronmental databases traditionally available only to computer specialists. WASTE APPLICABILITY: The GIS/Key™ software can be used at any Superfund site to facilitate the collection, report ing, and analysis of site data. The software is designed with numerous checks to assure the quality of the data, including comprehensive quality assurance/quality control protocols. System outputs, listed in the table below, are presentation-quality and meet RCRA and CERCLA reporting requirements. With an electronic laboratory delivery ,GIS/Key™ can immediately show where the samples fall outside of historical data ranges along with federal, state, and local action levels. STATUS: The GIS/Key™ software is in use at two Superfund sites: the Crazyhorse site near Salinas, California, and the Moffett Field site near San Jose, California. This technology was accepted into the SITE Demonstration Program in summer 1992. The demonstration was held in August 1993 in San Isopleth maps of soil or water quality plan or section view Graphs Time series graphs - Chemical versus chemical and inter- well and intra-wsll Concentration vursus distance - Summary of statistics Trilinear Piper diagrams User alerts - When QA/QC results fall outside data quality objectives When sample results fall outside histo- rical ranges - When sample results exceed applicable regulatory standards Presentation-quality data tables Completely customizable boring logs Geologic cross-section maps Isopach maps Structure maps Modflow integration Density-corrected water level, floating product, hydraulic conductivity, and contour maps Water elevation and floating product thickness versus time graphs Flow versus time and chemical flux graphs Modflow integration Environmental Data Management System Outputs Page 76 The SITE Program assesses but does not approve or endorse technologies. ------- November 1994 Completed Project Francisco, California, and December 1993 in Washington, D.C. The Demonstration Bulletin (EPA/540/MR-94/505), SITE Technology Capsule (EPA/540/SR-94/505), and Innovative Technology Evaluation Report (EPA/540/R-94/505) are available from EPA. The U.S. Air Force's Environmental Data Management and Decision Support working group is testing the effectiveness of the GIS/Key™ technology at Norton Air Force Base. The technology is also being used by consultants at over 20 other U.S. Air Force bases. GIS/Solutions has developed a three-dimensional visualization system that minimizes the number of sampling locations required to lower maxi- mum uncertainty and assess the optimal location for additional monitoring wells, if needed. FOR FURTHER INFORMATION: EPA PROJECT MANAGER: Richard Eilers U.S. EPA Risk Reduction Engineering Laboratory 26 West Martin Luther King Drive Cincinnati, OH 45268 513-569-7809 Fax: 513-569-7620 TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPER CONTACT: Charles Tupitza GIS/Solutions, Inc. 1800 Sutter Street Suite 830 Concord, CA 94520 510-602-9206 Fax: 510-827-5467 A client server version of GIS/Key™ is available. 7/21/94 Action Level Check Constituent Name Name Action Level Result: Lab Matrix Spike Results Modified Method 602 Groundwater Sampling Program Third Quarter 1990 14797-55-3 Nitrate US-PMCL 10 mg/l 12 mg/l 1481 Sulfate US-SMCL 250 man 350 mg/l T-. LAB MATRIX SPIKE MATRIX SPIKE DUPLICATE RECOVERY (PR) PERCENT DIFFERENCE (RPD). 10*885 Toluene.US-PMCL^ 1 mg/r*TTr.p JVtene (toted) US-SMCL 20 ug/l 140 ^^BJ^SSSSSi^MllJ;^^^ 1160 1040 116 1Q4 »J^pv^gre»^ Table 4-9 Water Quality Data Volatile Organic Analyis Quarterly Groundwater Sampling Program 1989-1990 Results Geo-Chemical Cross Section SB-OS SB-01 MW-02A SB-O2 SB-O4 Chemical Isopleth " < * Not datectad at indicated repotting limits [) = Concentration is less than reporting limit ... = Notsar All values re Examples of GIS/Key™ Work Products The SITE Program assesses but does not approve or endorse technologies. Page 77 ------- Technology Profile DEMONSTRA TION PROGRAM GRACE DEARBORN INC. (DARAMEND™ Bioremediation Technology) TECHNOLOGY DESCRIPTION: GRACE Dearborn, Inc.'s organic amendment- enhanced bioremediation technology (DARAMEND™) is designed to degrade many organic contaminants, including penta- chlorophenol (PCP), polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH), and petroleum hydro- carbons in industrial soils and sediments. The technology treats batches of soil by incorporating DARAMEND™ soil amendments. These amend- ments are incorporated with conventional agri- cultural equipment, followed by regular tilling and irrigation. DARAMEND™ soil amendments are solid-phase products prepared from natural organic materials to have soil-specific particle size distribution, nutrient content, and nutrient release kinetics. Soil amendments sharply increase the ability of the soil matrix to supply water and nutrients to the microorganisms that degrade the hazardous compounds. The amend- ments can also transiently bind contaminants, reducing the acute toxicity of the soil aqueous phase. This reduction allows microorganisms to survive hi soils containing very high concentra- tions of toxic compounds. The technology has been applied to remediate soils both in situ and ex situ. In either case, soil may be treated in lifts up to two feet deep using available mixing equipment. DARAMEND™ treatment involves the following three fundamen- tal steps: • Preparation of the treatment area for the ex situ approach requires construction of a treatment cell that will contain any foreseeable free water. The in situ approach requires the treatment area to be cleared and ripped, to reduce soil compaction. « Soil pretreatment includes removing debris .larger than 10 inches, such as metal or rocks, that may damage the tilling equipment. Sediments undergoing treatment must be dewatered. • The DARAMEND™ soil amendment is incorporated, usually at 1 percent to 5 percent by weight, followed by regular tilling and irrigating. vtt Daramend™ Bioremediation Technology Page 78 The SITE Program assesses but does not approve or endorse technologies]. ------- NovembBr 1994 Completed Project Soil is tilled with a rotary tiller to reduce the variation in soil properties and contaminant concentrations. Tilling also incorporates the required soil amendments and helps deliver oxygen to contaminant-degrading microorgan- isms. A spray irrigation system is used to maintain soil moisture in the desired range. If heavy precipi- tation results in the creation of leachate or surface run-off waters, they are collected and. re- applied to the soil as needed. Equipment needed to implement this technology is readily available;' requirements include a rotary tiller, spray irrigation equipment, and excavation and screening equipment. Depending on site-specific factors such as con- taminant type and initial concentration, and project schedule and climate, a waterproof cover may be constructed over the treatment area. WASTE APPLICABILITY: The DARAMEND™ technology is applicable to soils and sediments with a wide range of organic contaminants. The technology has proven effec- tive on soils with total PAH concentrations of up to 20,000 milligrams per kilogram (mg/kg), total petroleum hydrocarbon contamination up to 6,300 mg/kg, and PCP concentrations up to 680 mg/kg. Total PAHs have been consistently reduced to below 100 mg/kg with many individ- ual PAHs reduced below 10 mg/kg. Chlorophe- nol species have been consistently reduced to below 5 mg/kg. This performance is often attained within a year; however, environmental and site-specific conditions may decrease or increase this treatment time. Bench- and pilot-scale investigations have dem- onstrated the technology's applicability to PAH- contaminated sediment. The technology's ability to treat chlorinated pesticide contamination is under evaluation. Based on the technology's success, the principal target markets are wood treating, manufactured gas, and petroleum industries. STATUS: This technology was accepted into the SITE Demonstration Program in spring 1993. An evaluation of the ex situ performance of the DARAMEND™ technology began at the Domtar Wood Preserving facility in Trenton, Ontario, Canada during fall 1993 and was completed in summer 1994. Detailed results will be available in early 1995. _. The demonstration is one component of a 5,000- ton remediation project underway at the industrial wood preserving site in Canada. Internal analyses of treated soil indicated signifi- cant reductions in the concentrations of both PAHs and chlorinated phenols. FOR FURTHER INFORMATION: EPA PROJECT MANAGER: Teri Richardson U.S. EPA Risk Reduction Engineering Laboratory 26 West Martin Luther King Drive Cincinnati, OH 45268 513-569-7949 Fax: 513-569-7620 TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPER CONTACTS: Alan Seech or Igor Marvan GRACE Dearborn Inc. 3451 Erindale Station Road Mississauga, Ontario, Canada L5A3T5 . 905-279-2222, ext. 390 Fax: 905-279-0020 The SITE Program assesses but does not approve or endorse technologies. Page 79 ------- Technology Profile DEMONSTRA TION PROGRAM GRUPPO ITALIMPRESSE (Developed by SHIRCO INFRARED SYSTEMS, INC.) (Infrared Thermal Destruction) TECHNOLOGY DESCRIPTION: The infrared thermal destruction technology is a mobile thermal processing system that uses electrically-powered silicon carbide rods to heat organic wastes to combustion temperatures. Any remaining combustibles are incinerated in an afterburner. One configuration for this mobile system (see figure below) consists of four components: 1) an electric-powered infrared primary chamber; 2) a gas-fired secondary combustion chamber; 3) an emissions control system; and 4) a control center. Waste is fed into the primary chamber and exposed to infrared radiant heat (up to 1,850 degrees Fahrenheit) provided by silicon carbide rods above the belt. A blower delivers air to selected locations along the belt to control the oxidation rate of the waste feed. The ash material in the primary chamber is quenched by using scrubber water effluent. The ash is then conveyed to the ash hopper, where it is removed;to a holding area and analyzed for organic contaminants, such as polychlorinated biphenyls (PCB). Volatile gases from the primary chamber flow into the secondary chamber, which uses higher temperatures, greater residence time, turbulence, and supplemental energy (if required) to destroy these gases. Gases from the secondary chamber are ducted through the emissions control system. In the emissions control system, the particulates are removed in a venturi scrubber. Acid vapor is neutralized in a packed tower scrubber. An induced draft blower draws the cleaned gases from the scrubber into the free-standing exhaust stack. The scrubber liquid effluent flows into a clarifier, where scrubber sludge settles out for disposal. The liquid then flows through an activated carbon filter for reuse or to a publicly owned treatment works for disposal. WASTE APPLICABILITY: This technology is suitable for soils or sediments with organic contaminants. Liquid organic wastes can be treated after mixing with sand or soil. Optimal waste characteristics are as follows: • Particle size, 5 microns to 2 niches • Moisture content, up to 50 percent by weight • Density, 30 to 130 pounds per cubic foot • Heating value, up to 10,000 British thermal units per pound • Chlorine content, up to 5 percent by weight • Sulfur content, up to 5 percent by weight • Phosphorus, 0 to 300 parts per million (ppm) • pH, 5 to 9 • Alkali metals, up to 1 percent by weight Mobile Thermal Processing System Page 8O The SITE Program assesses but does not approve or endorse technologies. ------- November 1994 Completed Project STATUS: EPA conducted two evaluations of the infrared system. A full-scale unit was evaluated during August 1987, at the Peak Oil Superfund site in Brandon, Florida. The system treated nearly 7,000 cubic yards of waste oil sludge containing PCBs and lead. A second pilot-scale demonstra- tion took place at the Rose Township-Demode Road Superfund site in Michigan, during November 1987. Organics, PCBs, and metals in soil were the target waste compounds to be im- mobilized. In addition, the technology has been .used to remediate PCB contamination at the Florida Steel Corporation and the LaSalle Elec- tric Superfund sites. Two Applications Analysis Reports (EPA/540/A5-89/010 and EPA/A5-89/007) and two Technology Evalua- tion Reports (EPA/540/5-88/002a and EPA/540/5-89/007a) are available from EPA. DEMONSTRATION RESULTS: The results from the two SITE demonstrations are summarized below. • PCBs were reduced to less than 1 ppm in the ash, with a destruction removal efficiency (DRE) for air emissions great- er than 99.99 percent (based on detec- tion limits). • In the pilot-scale demonstration, the Resource Conservation and Recovery Act (RCRA) standard for paniculate emissions (180 milligrams per dry stan- dard cubic meter) was achieved. In the full-scale demonstration, however, this standard was not met in all runs because of scrubber inefficiencies. • Lead was not immobilized; however, \\. remained in the ash, and significant amounts were not transferred to the scrubber water or emitted to the atmo- sphere. • The pilot test demonstrated satisfactory performance with high feed rate and reduced power consumption when fuel oil was added to the waste feed and the primary chamber temperature was re- duced. Results from the two demonstrations, plus eight other case studies, indicate the following: • The process is capable of meeting both RCRA and Toxic Substance Control Act (TSCA) DRE requirements for air emis- sions and particulate emissions. Restric- tions in chloride levels in the feed waste may be necessary. PCB remediation has consistently met the TSCA guidance level of 2 ppm in ash. • Economic analysis suggests an overall waste remediation cost up to $800 per ton. FOR FURTHER INFORMATION: EPA PROJECT MANAGER: Laurel Staley U.S. EPA Risk Reduction Engineering Laboratory 26 West Martin Luther King Drive Cincinnati, OH 45268 513-569-7863 Fax: 513-569-7620 TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPER CONTACT: Gruppo Italimpresse Rome, Italy 011-39-06-8802001 Padova, Italy 011-39-049-773490 Note: This technology is no longer available through vendors in the United States. The SITE Program assesses but does not approve or endorse technologies. Page 81 ------- Technology Profile DEMONSTRATION PROGRAM HIGH VOLTAGE ENVIRONMENTAL APPLICATIONS, INC. (formerly ELECTRON BEAM RESEARCH FACILITY, FLORIDA INTERNATIONAL UNIVERSITY, AND UNIVERSITY OF MIAMI) (High-Energy Electron Irradiation) TECHNOLOGY DESCRIPTION: High-energy electron irradiation of water solu- tions and sludges produces a large number of very reactive chemical species, including the aqueous electron (e'aq), the hydrogen radical (H-), and the hydroxyl radical (OH-). These short-lived intermediates react with organic contaminants, transforming them to nontoxic by- products. In the principal reaction, the e~aq ion transfers to halogen-containing compounds, breaking the halogen-carbon bond and liberating halogen anions such as chlorine (Cl~) or bromine (Br). The hydroxyl radical can undergo addition or hydrogen abstraction reactions, producing organ- ic free radicals that decompose in the presence of other hydroxyl radicals and water. In most cases, organics are converted to carbon dioxide, water, and salts. Lower molecular weight aldehydes and carboxylic acids form at low concentrations in some cases. These compounds are biodegradable end products. During the high-energy electron irradiation process, electricity generates high voltage elec- trons. The electrons are accelerated by the voltage to approximately 95 percent of the speed of light. They are then directed into a thin stream of water or sludge. All reactions are complete in less than 0.1 second. The electron beam and waste flow are adjusted to deliver the necessary dose of electrons. Although this is a form of ionizing radiation, there is no residual radioactivity. A full-scale facility in Miami, Florida, can treat more than 170,000 gallons per day. This facili- ty is equipped to handle tank trucks carrying up to 6,000 gallons of waste. High Voltage Envi- ronmental Applications, Inc., developed a mo- CONTROLROOM PUMPINQ SYSTEM ELECTRON ACCELERATOR OFFICE/LAB k L± /- : / (__ \ r [ i j (_ ~x \ ; \ V ] HVrtC UNIT _J 42'-0" (504") AIR DUGT [ JiSP AIR DUCT ± 3 LANDING LEGS 30" 30" <->! 1103/4" The Mobile Electron Beam Hazardous Waste Treatment System Page 82 The SITE Program assesses but does not approve or endorse technologies. ------- November 1994 Completed Project bile facility to demonstrate the treatment process (see figure previous page). WASTE APPLICABILITY: This treatment process can effectively treat more than 50 common organic compounds. These compounds include the following: trihalomethanes (such as chloroform), which are found in chlorinated drinking water; chlorinated solvents, including carbon tetrachloride, trichloroethane, tetra- chloroethene (PCE), trichloroethene (TCE), ethylene dibromide, dibromo- chloropropane, hexachlorobutadiene, and hexachloroethane; aromatics found hi gasoline, including benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene, and xy- lene; chlorobenzene and dichlorobenzenes; phenol; dieldrin, a persistent pesticide; polychlorinated biphenyls; and a variety of other organic compounds. The treatment process is appropriate for remov- ing various hazardous organic compounds from aqueous waste streams and sludges containing up to 8 percent solids. STATUS: The high-energy electron irradiation process was accepted into the SITE Emerging Technology Program in June 1990. Based on results from the Emerging Technology Program, the process was invited to participate in the Demonstration Program. The treatment process was demon- strated at the U.S. Department of Energy's Savannah River site in Aiken, South Carolina during September 1994. The demonstration took place on a portion of the Savannah River site known as M-Area. Chlorinated solvents from fuel and target manufacturing operations were discharged to an unlined basin at M-Area for almost 20 years. Detailed results from the demonstration will be available in 1995. Under the Emerging Technology Program, detailed studies were completed for eight organic compounds: TCE, PCE, chloroform, carbon tetrachloride, methylene chloride, benzene, toluene, and phenol. Removal efficiencies were determined at three solute concentrations and three pHs (representing varying carbonate/bicar- bonate concentrations), and in the presence and absence of 3 percent clay. Reaction by-products were determined for all six compounds. For the most part, the eight compounds were minera- lized. Trace quantities of formaldehyde and other low molecular weight aldehydes were detected. Formic acid was also detected at low concentrations; however, the eight compounds were not toxic at these concentrations. Papers are pending that summarize the study results. Additional studies are underway to determine destruction efficiencies with a higher concen- tration of solids and characterize carbon tetra- chloride and methylene chloride by-products. FOR FURTHER INFORMATION: EPA PROJECT MANAGER: Franklin Alvarez U.S. EPA Risk Reduction Engineering Laboratory 26 West Martin Luther King Drive Cincinnati, OH 45268 513-569-7631 Fax: 513-569-7787 TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPER CONTACT: William Cooper High Voltage Environmental Applications, Inc. 9562 Doral Boulevard Miami, PL 33178 305-593-5330 Fax: 305-593-0071 The SITE Program assesses but does not approve or endorse technologies. Page 83 ------- Technology Profile DEMONSTRATION PROGRAM HORSEHEAD RESOURCE DEVELOPMENT CO., INC. (Flame Reactor) TECHNOLOGY DESCRIPTION: The Horsehead Resource Development Co., Inc. (HRD), flame reactor system is a patented, hydrocarbon-fueled, flash-smelting system that treats residues iand wastes contaminated with metals (see figure below). The reactor processes wastes with hoi; (greater than 2,000 degrees Celsius) reducing gases produced by combusting solid or gaseous hydrocarbon fuels hi oxygen- enriched air. In a compact, low-capital cost reactor, the feed materials react rapidly, allowing a high waste throughput. The end products are a non-leachable, glass-like slag; a potentially recyclable, heavy metal-enriched oxide; and in some cases, a metal alloy. Volume reduction (of waste to slag plus oxide) depends on the chemical and physical properties of the waste. The volatile metals are fumed and captured in a product dust collection system; nonvolatile metals partition to the slag or may be separated as a molten alloy. Organic compounds are destroyed at the elevated temperature of the flame reactor technology. In general, the system requires that wastes be dry enough (less than 5 percent total moisture) to be pneumatically-fed, and fine enough (less than 200 mesh) to react rapidly. Larger particles (up to 20 mesh) can be processed; however, the efficiency of metals recovery is decreased. The test facility has a capacity of up to 3 tons per hour. Individual units can be scaled to a capacity of 7 tons per hour. WASTE APPLICABILITY: The flame; reactor system can be applied to granular solids, soil, flue dusts, slags, and sludges that contain heavy metals. The flame reactor technology has successfully treated the following wastes: 1) electric arc furnace dust, 2) lead blast furnace slag, 3) soil, 4) iron resi- dues, 5) primary copper flue dust, 6) lead smelter nickel matte, 7) zinc plant leach residues and purification residues, 8) brass mill dusts and fumes, t and 9) electroplating sludges. Natural Gas • Oxygen* Air RffJE \ / SEPARATOR Effluent Slag Sdld-WasieFeed Off Gas Oxide Product HRD Flame Reactor Process Flow Page 84 The SITE Program assesses but does not approve or endorse technologies. ------- November 1994 Completed Project The system has successfully treated the follow- ing metal-bearing wastes: zinc (up to 40 per- cent); lead (up to 10 percent); chromium (up to 4 percent); cadmium (up to 3 percent); arsenic (up to 1 percent); copper (up to 8 percent); cobalt; and nickel. The system can also treat soils that are contaminated with metals, with or without a variety of toxic organics. STATUS: This technology was accepted into the SITE Demonstration Program in summer 1990. Cur- rently, the prototype flame reactor technology system operates with a capacity of 1 to 3 tons per hour in a stationary mode at HKD's facility in Monaca, Pennsylvania. EPA and HRD believe that a mobile version of the system could be designed and constructed for on-site treatment at hazardous waste sites. The SITE demonstration was conducted from March 18 to 23, 1991, on secondary lead smelter-soda slag from the National Smelting and Refining Company (NSR) Superfund site in Atlanta, Georgia. The test was conducted at the Monaca, Pennsylvania facility under a Resource Conservation and Recovery Act research, devel- opment, and demonstration permit. This permit allows treatment of wastes containing high concentrations of metals, but only negligible concentrations of organics. The major objectives of the SITE technology demonstration were to investigate the reuse potential of the recovered metal oxides, evaluate the levels of contaminants in the residual slag and their leaching potential, and determine the efficiency and economics of processing. A 30,000-standard-tons-per-year commercial flame reactor plant processes steel mill baghouse dust (K061) exclusively at the North Star Steel Mini Mill near Beaumont, Texas. The plant was activated June 1, 1993, and is capable of performing as designed. DEMONSTRATION RESULTS: Approximately 72 tons of NSR waste material were processed during the demonstration. Partial test results are shown in the table below. Metal Concentration Ranges in Influent and Effluent Waste Effluent Oxide Feed Slag Product (mg/kg)* (mg/kg) (mg/kg) Arsenic 428-1040 92.1-1340 1,010-1,170 . Cadmium 356-512 <2.3-13.5 1,080-1,380 Copper 1,460-2,590 2,730-3,890 1,380-1,780 Iron 95,600-130,000 167,000-228,000 29,100-35,600 Lead 48,200-61,700 1,560-11,400 159,000-184,000 Zinc 3,210-6,810 711-1,680 10,000-16,200 * milligrams per kilogram All effluent slag passed toxicity characteristic leaching procedure criteria. Study of the reuse potential of the oxide product is ongoing. The Technology Evaluation Report (EPA/540/5-91/005) and the Applications Analy- sis Report (EPA/540/A5-91/005) are available from EPA. FOR FURTHER INFORMATION: EPA PROJECT MANAGERS: Donald Oberacker and Marta K. Richards U.S. EPA Risk Reduction Engineering Laboratory 26 West Martin Luther King Drive Cincinnati, OH 45268 513-569-7510 and 513-569-7692 Fax: 513-569-7549 TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPER CONTACT: Regis Zagrocki Horsehead Resource Development Co., Inc. 300 Frankfort Road Monaca, PA 15061 412-773-2289 Fax: 412-773-2273 The SITE Program assesses but does not approve or endorse technologies. Page 85 ------- Technology Profile DEMONSTRATION PROGRAM HRTJBETZ ENVIRONMENTAL SERVICES, INC. (HRUBOUT® Process) TECHNOLOGY DESCRIPTION: The HRUBOUT® process is a thermal, in situ and ex situ treatment process designed to remove volatile organic compounds (VOC) and semi- volatile organic compounds (SVOC) from conta- minated soils. As part of the in situ process, heated air is injected into the soil below the con- tamination zone, evaporating soil moisture and removing volatile and semivolatile hydrocarbons. As the water evaporates, soil porosity and permeability increase, further facilitating the air flow at higher temperatures. As the soil temper- ature increases further, the less volatile constitu- ents volatilize or are thermally oxidized. Injection wells are drilled hi a predetermined distribution pattern to depths below the conta- mination. The wells are equipped with steel casing, perforated at the bottom, and cemented into the hole above the perforations. Heated, compressed air is introduced at temperatures up to 1,200 degrees Fahrenheit (°F), and the pres- sure is slowly increased. As the air progresses upward through the soil, the moisture is evapo- rated, taking with it the VOCs and SVOCs. A surface collection system captures the exhaust gases under negative pressure. These gases are transferred to a thermal oxidizer, where the hydrocarbons are thermally destroyed at 1,500 °F. The air is heated in an adiabatic burner at 2.9 million British thermal units (MMBtu) per hour. The incinerator has a rating of 3.1 MMBtu/hour. The air blower can deliver up to 8,500 pounds per hour. The units employ a fully-modulating fuel train that is fueled by natural gas or pro- pane. All equipment is mounted on custom- designed mobile units and operates 24 hours per day. TO ATMOSPHERE HOT COH&RESSED AIR (250*-1200'F) VENT GAS COLLECTION CHANNELS HOT AIR INJECTION WELLS T-250--1200-F WATER TABLE HRUBOUT® Process Page 86 The SITE Program assesses but does not approve or endorse technologies. ------- November J994 Completed Project WASTE APPLICABILITY: The HRUBOUT® process can remediate soils contaminated with halogenated or nqn-halo- genated organic volatiles and semi-volatiles, such as gasoline, diesel oil, jet fuel, heating oil, chemical solvents or other hydrocarbon com- pounds. There is no residual output from the treatment site, eliminating any future liability. STATUS: The HRUBOUT® process was accepted into the SITE Demonstration Program in July 1992. The technology was demonstrated at Kelly Air Force Base in San Antonio, Texas, from January through February 1993. Preliminary demonstra- tion results were published in a demonstration bulletin (EPA/540/MR-93/524). This document is available from EPA. In 1988, approximately 80,000 gallons of JP-4 jet fuel spilled from a ruptured, high-pressure fuel pipeline on Kelly Air Force Base. A 30-by- 40-foot area of the spill site was chosen as the treatment area. Six heated air injection wells, spaced on a 3-by-2 grid 10 feet apart, were drilled to a depth of approximately 20 feet. In September 1993, an in situ project was com- pleted at the Canadian Forces military base in Ottawa, Ontario, Canada. Levels up to 1900 parts per million (ppm) of total petroleum hydro- carbons (TPH) were encountered over an area about 17-by-17-feet on the base. Five injection wells were drilled to a depth of 30 feet. After 12 days of treatment, borehole samples ranged from non-detect to 215 ppm TPH, successfully meeting closure requirements of 450 ppm TPH minimum. The new containerized version of the HRUBOUT® process was tested in July 1993 at a West Texas site contaminated with Varsol, or naphtha. The soil was excavated so it could be treated in Hrubetz's insulated container. The soil tested 1550 ppm of TPH before treat- ment. Three loads were treated for about 60-65 hours each. Post-treatment samples tested from non-detect to 7 ppm of TPH, meeting the Texas Water Commission's background target level of 37 ppm. Large-scale mobile container units, holding up to 40 cubic yards, and capable of treating a load in 8 hours, are now being devel- oped for ex situ application. Additional tests conducted by Hrubetz have shown that excavated contaminated soils may be treated by distributing the soils over a horizon- tal, perforated piping grid. The process injects the pressurized, heated air via the grid system, collects the resultant vapors beneath an imper- meable covering, and directs those vapors into the thermal oxidizer. Three patents have been granted, and additional patents are pending. The process was approved by the Texas Natural Resources Conservation Commission in 1991. FOR FURTHER INFORMATION: EPA PROJECT MANAGER: Gordon Evans U.S. EPA Risk Reduction Engineering Laboratory 26 West Martin Luther King Drive Cincinnati, OH 45268 513-569-7684 Fax:513-569-7620 TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPER CONTACTS: Michael Hrubetz or Barbara Hrubetz Hrubetz Environmental Services, Inc. 5949 Sherry Lane, Suite 525 Dallas, TX 75225 214-363-7833 Fax: 214-691-8545 The SITE Program assesses but does not approve or endorse technologies. Page 87 ------- Technology Profile DEMONSTRATION PROGRAM HUGHES ENVIRONMENTAL SYSTEMS, INC. (Steam Enhanced Recovery Process) TECHNOLOGY DESCRIPTION: The Steam Enhanced Recovery Process (SERF) removes most volatile organic compounds (VOC) and semivolatile organic compounds (SVOC) from contaminated soils in situ both above and below the water table (see figure below). The technology is applicable to the in situ remediation of contaminated soils below ground surface and below or around permanent structures. The process accelerates contaminant removal rates and can be effective in all soil types. Steam is forced through the soil by injection wells to thermally enhance the recovery process. Extraction wells are used for two purposes: to pump and treat groundwater, and to transport steam and vaporized contaminants to the surface. Recovered nonaqueous liquids are separated by gravity separation. Hydrocarbons are collected for recycling, and water is treated before being discharged to a storm drain or sewer. Vapors can be condensed and treated by any of several vapor treatment techniques (for example, ther- mal oxidation and catalytic oxidation). The technology uses readily available components such as extraction and monitoring wells, mani- fold piping, vapor and liquid separators, vacuum pumps, and!gas emission control equipment. WASTE APPLICABILITY: ', The process can extract VOCs and SVOCs from contaminated soils and perched groundwater. Compounds suitable for treatment are hydrocar- bons such as gasoline and diesel and jet fuel; solvents such as trichloroethene, trichloroethane, and dichlorobenzene; or a mixture of these compounds. After application of the process, subsurface conditions are excellent for biodegra- dation of residual contaminants. The process cannot be applied to contaminated soil very near the ground surface unless a cap exists. Denser- HYDROCARBON LIQUID LIQUIDS (HYDROCARBONS/ WATER) SOIL CONTAMINATED BY HYDROCARBONS Steam Enhanced Recovery Process Page 88 The SITE Program assesses but does not approve or endorse technologies. ------- November 1994 Completed Project than-water compounds can be treated only in low concentrations unless a geologic barrier exists to prevent downward percolation. STATUS: The SITE demonstration of this technology began in August 1991 and was completed in September 1993. Soil at the site in Huntington Beach, California was contaminated by a large diesel fuel spill. The Demonstration Bulletin (EPA/540/HR-94/510) is available from EPA. The Innovative Technology Evaluation Report will be available from EPA in late 1994. For more information regarding this technology, see the Berkeley Environmental Restoration Center (Completed Projects), or Praxis Environmental Technologies, Inc., (Ongoing Projects) profiles in the Demonstration Program section. This technology is no longer available through this vendor. Contact the EPA Project Manager for further information. DEMONSTRATION RESULTS: Preliminary evaluation of the posttreatment data suggests the following conclusions: • The geostatistical weighted average soil total petroleum hydrocarbons (TPH) concentration in the treatment area was 2,290 milligrams per kilogram (mg/kg). The 90 percent confidence interval for this average concentration is 996 mg/kg to 3,570 mg/kg, which shows that there is a high probability that the technology did not meet the cleanup criterion. Seven percent of soil samples had TPH concentrations in excess of 10,000 mg/kg. • The geostatistical weighted average soil total recoverable petroleum hydrocarbons (TRPH) concentration was 1,680 mg/kg with a 90 percent confidence interval of 676 mg/kg to 2,680 mg/kg. Levels of benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene, and xylenes (BTEX) were below the detection limit (6 micrograms per kilogram) in post- treatment soil samples; BTEX was detected at low mg/kg levels in a few pretreatment soil samples. • Analysis of triplicate samples showed marked variability in soil contaminant concentration over short distances. Analogous results for TPH and TRPH triplicate- samples suggest that the contaminant concentration variability exists within the site soil matrix and is not the result of analytical techniques. This variability is the reason that confidence intervals for the average concentrations are so large. • The data suggests that lateral or downward migration of contaminants did not occur during treatment. FOR FURTHER INFORMATION: EPA PROJECT MANAGER: Paul dePercin U.S. EPA Risk Reduction Engineering Laboratory 26 West Martin Luther King Drive Cincinnati, OH 45268 513-569-7797 Fax: 513-569-7620 The SITE Program assesses but does not approve or endorse technologies. Page 89 ------- Technology Profile DEMONSTRATION PROGRAM IIT RESEARCH INSTITUTE/ BROWN AND ROOT ENVIRONMENTAL (Radio Frequency Heating) TECHNOLOGY DESCRIPTION: Radio frequency heating (RFH) is an in situ process that uses electromagnetic energy to heat soil and enhance soil vapor extraction (SVE). Developed by IIT Research Institute (HTRI), the patented RFH technique heats a discrete volume of soil using rows of vertical electrodes embedded in the soil (or media). Heated soil volumes are bounded by two rows of ground electrodes with energy applied to a third row midway between, the ground rows. The three rows act as a buried triplate capacitor. When energy is applied, to the electrode array, heating begins in the top center and proceeds vertically downward and laterally outward through the soil volume. The technique has heated soil to well over 300 degrees Celsius. RFH enhances SVE for two reasons: 1) contaminant vapor pressures are increased by heating, and 2) the soil permeability is increased by drying. Extracted vapor can then be treated by a variety of existing technologies, such as granular activated carbon or incineration. WASTE APPLICABILITY: RFH enhanced SVE to remove petroleum hydro- carbons, volatile organic compounds (VOC), semivolatile organic compounds (SVOC), and pesticides from soils. The technology is most Adjusted in the Field to Match Contaminated Aluminum RFShield Exciter Electrode Row Vapor from Surface Expanded Metal RF Shield 8' ^ Vapor from 'Ground Row Electrodes Vapor Barrier and RF Shield on Surface Sheilding Electrode Rows Radio Frequency In Situ Heating System Page 90 The SITE Program assesses but does not approve or endorse technologies. ------- November 1994 Completed Project efficient in subsurface areas with low groundwater recharge. In theory, the tech- nology should be applicable to any polar com- pound in any non-metallic media. STATUS: The RFH technique was accepted into the SITE Demonstration Program in summer 1992. The technique was demonstrated in summer 1993 at Kelly Air Force Base (AFB), Texas, as part of a joint project with the U.S. Air Force. Brown and Root Environmental was the prime contrac- tor for the evaluation and implementation of .RFH for the U.S. Air Force. This technique and an alternative RFH technology developed by KAI were demonstrated and compared in June 1994 at Kelly AFB. Final technical reports will be available from Armstrong Laboratory and EPA in early 1995. The reports will contain engineering evaluation of this technique and. the KAI technology. For further information on the KAI technology, see the profile in the Demonstration Program Completed Project section. One additional field test of this technology will occur within the next year. The test will be conducted at Sandia National Laboratory (SNL) in Albuquerque, New Mexico. The SNL site is a former chemical waste landfill where silty sand is contaminated with VOCs and SVOCs. Two previous field tests were completed using in situ RFH. The technology was tested at a fire training pit, located at the Volk Air National Guard Base in Camp Douglas, Wisconsin. The sandy soil in the pit was contaminated with jet fuel. The second test was completed at Rocky Mountain Arsenal in Colorado, where clayey soil was contaminated by organochlorine- pesticides. FOR FURTHER INFORMATION: EPA PROJECT MANAGER: Laurel Staley U.S. EPA Risk Reduction Engineering Laboratory 26 West Martin Luther King Drive Cincinnati, OH 45268 513-569-7863 Fax: 513-569-7620 TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPER CONTACTS: Harsh Dev JIT Research Institute 10 West 35th Street Chicago, IL 60616-3799 312-567-4257 Fax: 312-567-4286 Paul Carpenter U.S. Air Force Armstrong Laboratory Site Remediation Division, AL/EQW 139 Barnes Drive, Suite 2 Tyndall AFB, FL 32043-5319 904-283-6187 Fax: 904-283-6064 Clifton Blanchard Brown and Root Environmental 800 Oak Ridge Turnpike Jackson Plaza, A-600 Oak Ridge, TN 37830 615-483-9900 Fax: 615-483-2014 The SITE Program assesses but does not approve or endorse technologies. Page 91 ------- Technology Profile DEMONSTRATION PROGRAM KAI TECHNOLOGIES, INC./ BROWN AND ROOT ENVIRONMENTAL (Radio Frequency Heating) TECHNOLOGY DESCRIPTION: Radio frequency heating (RFH) is an in situ process that uses electromagnetic energy to heat soil and enhance soil vapor extraction (SVE). The patented RFH technique, developed by KAI Technologies, Inc., uses an antenna-like applicator inserted, hi a single borehole to heat a volume of soil. Large volumes can be treated with arrays of antennas that are selected and sequentially positioned within their respective boreholes by the RFH control system. When energy is applied to the antenna, heating begins near the borehole and proceeds outward. The technique has heated soil to well over 250 degrees Celsius. RFH enhances SVE for two reasons: 1) contaminant vapor pressures are increased by heating; and 2) the soil permeability is increased by drying. Extracted vapor can then be treated by a variety of existing technologies. WASTE APPLICABILITY: The RFH technique has been tested on pilot- scale vertical and horizontal antenna orientations to remove petroleum hydrocarbons and volatile and semivolatile organics from soils. The technology is most efficient in subsurface areas with low groundwater recharge. In theory, the technology should be applicable to any polar compound in any non-metallic media. The CONTAMINATED SOIL ANTENNA BOREHOLE KAI Antenna System Page 92 The SITE Program assesses but does not approve or endorse technologies. ------- Novemtier 7994 Completed Project flexible design permits easy access for in situ treatment of organics and pesticides under buildings or fuel storage tanks. STATUS: The KAI RFH technique was accepted into the SITE Demonstration Program in summer 1992. The technique was demonstrated between January and March 1994 at Kelly Air Force Base, Texas, as part of a joint project with the U.S. Air Force Armstrong Laboratory. Brown and Root Environmental was the prime contractor for the evaluation and implementation of RFH for the U.S. Air Force. An earlier field demonstration of the IIT Research Institute RFH technology was completed in summer 1993 at the same site for comparison. Final technical reports will be available from Armstrong Laboratory and EPA in early 1995. The reports will contain engineering evaluations of both techniques. FOR FURTHER INFORMATION: EPA PROJECT MANAGER: Laurel Staley U.S. EPA Risk Reduction Engineering Laboratory 26 West Martin Luther King Drive Cincinnati, OH 45268 513-569-7863 Fax: 513-569-7620 TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPER CONTACTS: Raymond Kasevich KAI Technologies, Inc. 175 New Boston Street P.O. Box 3059 Woburn, MA 01801 617-932-3328 Fax: 617-932-0927 Paul Carpenter U.S. Air Force Armstrong Laboratory Site Remediation Division, AL/EQW 139 Barnes Drive, Suite 2 Tyndall AFB, PL 32043-5319 904-283-6187 Fax: 904-283-6064 Clifton Blanchard Brown and Root Environmental 800 Oak Ridge Turnpike Jackson Plaza, A-600 Oak Ridge, TN 37830 615-483-9900 Fax: 615-483-2014 The SITE Program assesses but does not approve or endorse technologies. Page 93 ------- Technology Profile DEMONSTRATION PROGRAM MAGNUM WATER TECHNOLOGY (CAV-OX® Process) TECHNOLOGY DESCRIPTION: The CAV-OX® process uses a synergistic combi- nation of hydrodyriamic cavitation and ultraviolet (UV) radiation to oxidize contaminants hi water. The process is designed to remove organic contaminants from wastewater and groundwater without releasing volatile organic compounds into the atmosphere. Contaminants hi aqueous waste streams often meet discharge limits at optimal conditions when treated with the pro- cess. The CAV-OX® process cannot handle free product or highly turbid waste streams, since these conditions tend to lower the UV reactors' efficiencies. However, the CAV-OX® cavitation chamber's efficiency is unaffected in such cases. Free radicals are generated and maintained by the system's combination of hydrodynamic cavitation, UV excitation, and, where necessary, addition of hydrogen peroxide and metal cata- lysts. Neither the cavitation chamber nor the UV lamp or hydrogen peroxide reaction gener- ates toxic by-products or air emissions. UV lamp output can be varied from 360 watts to over 20,000 watts, depending on the waste stream. Magnum Water Technology estimates the cost of using the CAV-OX® process to be about half the cost of other advanced UV oxidation systems, and substantially less expensive than carbon GROUND WATER HOLDING TANK INFLUENT adsorption, j In addition, because the process equipment has only one moving part, mainte- nance costs are minimal. The CAV-OX® process does not exhibit the quartz tube scaling common with other UV equipment. Langelier's Index of Scaling is shifted negative by the CAV-OX® process. WASTE APPLICABILITY: The process is designed to treat liquid waste, specifically groundwater or wastewater contami- nated with organic compounds. Contaminants such as halogenated solvents; phenol; pentachlo- rophenol; pesticides; polychlorinated biphenyls; explosives; benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene, and xylenes; methyl tertiary butyl ether; cyanide; and other organic compounds are suitable for this treatment process. Organics such as ben- zene can be treated to nondetectable levels; others, such as 1,1-dichloroethane, are typically reduced by 96 percent. Organisms such as Salmonella and E. Coli are also significantly reduced. STATUS: This technology was accepted into the SITE Demonstration Program in summer 1992, and was demonstrated for four weeks in March 1993 at Edwards Air Force Base Site 16 in California. The Demonstration Bulletin CAV-OX® II H.E. U.V. REACTOR (OPTIONAL) CAV-OX® I L.E. U.V. REACTOR The CAV-OX® Process Page 94 The SITE Program assesses but does not approve or endorse technologies. ------- November 1994 Completed Project (EPA/540/MR-93/524) is available from EPA. The Applications Analysis Report (EPA/540/AR-93/520) was published in May 1994. The CAV-OX® process has been tested at sever- al private and public sites, including the San Bernardino and Orange County Water Depart- ments in California. Tests at a Superfund site treated leachate containing 15 different contami- nants. Pentachlorophenol, one of the major contaminants, was reduced by 96 percent in one test series. In other tests, the process success- fully treated cyanide contamination. The pro- cess has remediated a former gasoline station site over a 2-year period. A second gasoline station site is currently being remediated using this process. Tests in Mexico on difficult pharmaceutical contaminants from a plant process stream were successful. The high chemical oxygen demand (approximately 120,000 parts per million) was reduced 86 percent. Tests at a California chemi- cal plant reduced process stream contaminants by 80 percent. DEMONSTRATION RESULTS: The CAV-OX® process achieved removal effi- ciencies of greater than 99.9 percent for tri- chloroethene, benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene, and xylenes. No quartz tubes scaling was observed. Preliminary demonstration results for the CAV-OX® process are shown in the table below. FOR FURTHER INFORMATION: EPA PROJECT MANAGER: Richard Eilers U.S. EPA Risk Reduction Engineering Laboratory 26 West Martin Luther King Drive Cincinnati, OH 45268 513-569-7809 Fax: 513-569-7620 TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPER CONTACTS: Dale Cox or Jack Simser Magnum Wetter Technology 600 Lairport Street El Segundo, CA 90245 310-322-4143 or 310-640-7000 Fax: 310-640-7005 H202' Concen- trations (mq/L)2 33.1 23.4 4.9 48.3 6.0 4.9 5.9 5.9 6.1 0 0 Flow (qpm)3 0.5 0.6 1.5 0.6 0.7 1.5 0.5 0.7 1.5 - - TCE 99.9 99.9 71.4 99.7 87.8 61.7 96.4 87.1 60.6 - - CAV-OX® I Removal Efficiencies (%) Benzene Toluene Xylene >99.9 >99.9 88.6 >99.9 96.9 81.6 99.4 96.5 86.1 - - 99.4 >99.9 87.4 >99.9 94.5 83.8 99.8 97.6 87.3 - '- 92.9 | >99.9 | 65.6 | >99.9 j 92.1 I 80.2 | 98.9 | 98.1 | >99.9 | ] I Flow loom) 1.5 2.0 4.0 1.4 1.9 3.9 1.4 1.9 4.0 1.6 1.8 TCE 5-kW 10-kW 99.6 99.7 87.7 99.8 98.4 85.1 99.6 97.8 86.3 94.1 80.6 99.2 99.7 98.1 99.7 99.3 97.1 99.4 99.2 98.9 99.2 97.6 CAV-OX® II Removal Efficiencies (%) Benzene Toluene 5-kW 10-kW 5-kW 10-kW 99.4 99.5 89.7 99.8 98.8 89.5 99.6 99.4 93.5 49.1 38.5 98.8 99.6 98.7 99.8 99.3 97.8 99.6 99.5 99.5 68.1 60.5 >99.9 >99.9 88.8 >99.9 96.9 91.8 99.8 99.5 94.5 20.7 48.6 98.6 >99.9 97.1 >99.9 98.6 97.9 99.8 99.7 99.6 54.7 75.2 Xylene 5-kW 10-kW >99.9 >99.9 78.7 98.7 93.6 90.4 99.5 99.2 95.4 43.3 56.9 >99.9 >99.9 87.2 >99.9 97.0 96.0 99.5 99.7 >99.9 46.7 83.8 ' hydrogen peroxide z milligrams per liter 3 gallons per minute * kilowatts Preliminary CAV-OX® Process Demonstration Results The SITE Program assesses but does not approve or endorse technologies. Page 95 ------- Technology Profile DEMONSTRATION PROGRAM MAXYMILLIAN TECHNOLOGIES, INC. (formerly CLEAN BERKSfflRES INC.) (Mobile Thermal Desorption System) TECHNOLOGY DESCRIPTION: Maxymillian Technologies, Inc.'s, Mobile Ther- mal Desorption System (TDS) uses rotary kiln technology to remove contaminants from soils. The TDS can remediate soils contaminated with volatile organic compounds (VOC), semivolatile organic compounds (SVOC), and polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH). The TDS is fully transportable, requires a footprint of 100- by-140 feet, and can be set up on site in 4 to 6 weeks. The system combines high throughput with the ability to remediate mixed consistency soil, including sands, silts, clays, and tars. The TDS consists of the following components (see figure below): • Waste feed system • Rotary kiln drum desorber • Cyclone • Afterburner Quench tower Baghoiise Fan arid exhaust stack Multistage dust suppression system Process control room Soil is first shredded, crushed, and screened to achieve a uniform particle size of less than 0.75 inch. Feed soils are also mixed to achieve uniform moisture content and heating value. The thermal treatment process involves two steps: contaminant volatilization followed by gas treatment. During the volatilization step, contaminated materials are exposed to tempera- tures ranging from 600 to 1,000 degrees Fahren- heit (°F) in a co-current flow rotary kiln drum desorber; contaminants volatilize to the gas phase. Clean soils are then discharged through a multi-stage dust suppression system for re- moisturization, and are then stockpiled for testing. ATOMIZING AIR KILN MAKE UP WATER MONITORING POINTS 1. Soil Feed Rate 6. Quench Water Flow 2. Klin Entry Pressure 7. Quench Exit Temperature 3. Win Gas Exit Temperature 8. Baghouse Differential Pressure 4. Soil Discharge Temperature 9. ID Fan Differential Pressure 5.AB Gas ExitTemperture 10. Stack Gas Flow Rate ' 11. GEM (CO, COz, Cfc, THC) Mobile Thermal Desorption System Page 96 The SITE Program assesses but does not approve or endorse technologies. ------- November 1994 Completed Project The gas and participate stream passes from the kiln to the cyclone, where coarse particles are removed. The stream then enters the afterburn- er, which destroys airborne contaminants at temperatures ranging from 1,600 to 2,000 °F. The gas stream is cooled by quenching before passing through a high-efficiency bag-house, where fine particles are removed. The clean gas is then released to the atmosphere through a 60- foot stack. Processed soil, after discharge from the dust suppression system, is stockpiled and allowed to cool prior to sampling. WASTE APPLICABILITY: The TDS is designed to remove a wide variety of contaminants from soil, including VOCs, SVOCs, PAHs, coal tars, and cyanide. STATUS: The TDS was accepted into the SITE Demon- stration Program in 1993. The demonstration was conducted in November and December 1993 at the Niagara Mohawk Power Corporation's Harbor Point site, a former gas plant in Utica, New York. During the demonstration, the TDS processed three replicate runs of four separate waste streams while measuring stack emissions and processed soil for cleanup levels. The TDS effectively remediated coal tar soils, purifier wastes, harbor sediments, and water gas plant soils while maintaining acceptable emis- sions. The TDS removed VOCs, PAHs, and cyanide from contaminated soils to below detec- tion limits and achieved destruction and removal efficiencies greater than 99.99 percent. Detailed results from the demonstration will be published in late 1994. Since the demonstration, the TDS was reconfig- ured and transported back to North Adams, Massachusetts, where it operates as Re-Soil, a soil recycler for petroleum contaminated soils. The TDS is available for commercial-scale soil remediation throughout the country. FOR FURTHER INFORMATION: EPA PROJECT MANAGER: Ronald Lewis U.S. EPA Risk Reduction Engineering Laboratory 26 West Martin Luther King Drive Cincinnati, OH 45268 513-569-7856 Fax: 513-569-7620 TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPER CONTACTS: James Maxymillian Maxymillian Technologies, Inc. 1801 East Street Pittsfield, MA 01201 413-499-3050 Fax: 413-443-0511 Neal Maxymillian Maxymillian Technologies, Inc. Ten Post Office Square Suite 600 South Boston, MA 02109 800-695-7771 617-695-9770 Fax: 617-695-9790 The SITE Program assesses but does not approve or endorse technologies. Page 97 ------- Technology Profile DEMONSTRATION PROGRAM NORTH AMERICAN TECHNOLOGIES GROUP, INC. (Oleophilic Amine-Coated Ceramic Chip) TECHNOLOGY DESCRIPTION: This hydrocarbon recovery technology is based on an oleophilic amine-coated ceramic chip that separates suspended and dissolved hydrocarbons, and mechanical snd some chemical emulsions from aqueous solutions. The oleophilic chip is manufactured by grafting a hydrophobic amine to a mineral support, hi this case a ceramic substrate. Each granule is 0.6 to 1 millimeter in diameter, but is very porous and thus has a large surface area. The hydrophobic property of the amine coating makes each granule more electro- chemically attractive to hydrocarbons in an unstable emulsion. The figure below illustrates the process. The pressure-sensitive filtering bed is regenerated by automatic backflushing. This automatic regener- ation eliminates the expense associated with regeneration of carbon and similar filtration media. Recovered hydrocarbons are coalesced and can thus be removed by simple gravity separation Treatment systems incorporating this technology have been designed for various applications, including the following: • Contaminated groundwater pump-and- treat systems • In-process oil and water separation • Filtration systems • Combined oil and water separator-filter- coalescer system for on-site waste reduc- tion and material recovery • Treatment of marine wastes (bilge and ballast! waters) This technology provides cost-effective oil and water separation, removes free and emulsified hydrocarbon contaminants, recovers up to 90 percent of ; the dissolved hydrocarbons, and significantly reduces hydrocarbon loading to air strippers and carbon systems. The technology can achieve a concentration of less than 7 parts per million oil and grease in the treated effluent. Oleofllter Pressurized Feed Pressurized Clean Water Out Backwash and Partial Draw Recycled Upstream of Primary Separator Backwash Air In Backwash Water In Heat When Viscous Hydrocarbons Handled Control Cabinet Schematic Diagram of the Oleofilter Technology Page 98 The SITE Program assesses but does not approve or endorse technologies. ------- November 1994 Completed Project WASTE APPLICABILITY: The amine-coated granules have proven effective • on a wide variety of hydrocarbons, including gasoline; crude oil; diesel fuel; benzene, tolu- ene, ethylbenzene and xylene compounds; and polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons. The unit removes chlorinated hydrocarbons such as pentachlorophenol, polychlorinated biphenyls, and trichloroethene, as well as vegetable and animal oils. STATUS: This technology was accepted into the SITE Demonstration Program in December 1992. The SITE demonstration was completed in June 1994 at the Petroleum Products Corporation site in Fort Lauderdale, Florida. Detailed demonstra- tion results will be available in late 1994. The technology has been used on several full- scale projects. Several separator-filter-coalescers are in use treating industrial process waters and oily washwaters. FOR FURTHER INFORMATION: EPA PROJECT MANAGER: Laurel Staley U.S. EPA Risk Reduction Engineering Laboratory 26 West Martin Luther King Drive Cincinnati, OH 45268 513-569-7863 Fax: 513-569-7620 TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPER CONTACT: Cathryn Wimberly Aprotek 3316 Corbin Way Sacramento, CA 95827 916-366-6165 Fax: 916-366-7873 Separator, Filter, and Coalescer The SITE Program assesses but does not approve or endorse technologies. Page 99 ------- Technology Profile DEMONSTRATION PROGRAM NOVATERRA, INC. (formerly Toxic TREATMENTS USA, INC.) (In Situ Steam and Air Stripping) TECHNOLOGY DESCRIPTION: This technology uses a transportable treatment unit called the Detoxifier™ for in situ steam and air stripping of volatile organic compounds (VOC) from contaminated soil. The two main components of the treatment unit are the process tower and process train (see figure below). The process tower contains two counter-rotating hollow-stem drills, each with a modified cutting bit 5 feet in diameter, capable of operating to a 33-foot depth. Each drill contains two concentric pipes. The inner pipe conveys steam to the rotating cutting blades. The steam is supplied by an oil- or natural gas-fired boiler at 450 degrees Fahrenheit (°F) and 450 pounds per square inch gauge (psig). The outer pipe conveys air at about 300 °F and 250 psig to the rotating blades. Steam and air are delivered to the top of the drills and injected into the soil through perforations in the cutting blades. The steam heats the soils, increasing the vapor pressure of the volatile .contaminants and the rate at which they can be stripped. Volatile and semivolatile organic compounds form low boiling point azeotropes with steam, which significantly increases removal efficiency. Both the air and steam convey these contami- nants to the surface. A metal box, called a shroud, seals the process area above the rotating cutter bladeis from the outside environment. A blower removes the contaminant-laden air and steam from the shroud, creating a vacuum that carries the air and steam to the process train. In the procfess train, the volatile contaminants and the water vapor are removed from the off- gas stream;by condensation. The condensed water is separated from the contaminants by distillation, then filtered through activated car- bon beds and subsequently used as make-up Kelly Bam Shrou Mixing Blades i r ii d — \ if ^: tro-a-cL 1 f '*' * i ' ^^^ h-trcra / r», iffar^ 7* ^ Bits rf 1 11 f ~ i Ror.yoleAir 1 \{ :nmpressnrsr^ 1 i 1 ' Steam Generator ; Return Water to Air Cooling Tower , A . ^ Process * Train r Condensed 1 Organios 'Collection i Tank — Auaers i Detoxifier™ Process Schematic Page 100 The SITE Program assesses but does not approve or endorse technologies. ------- November 1994 Completed Project water for a wet cooling tower. Steam regener- ates the activated carbon beds and provides heat for distilling the volatile contaminants from the condensed liquid stream. The recovered concen- trated organic liquid can be recycled or used as an incinerator fuel. The Detoxifier™ also treats contaminated soil in situ by injecting a wide range of reactive chemi- cals into the soil. Chemical injection processes include stabilization/solidification plus neutral- ization, oxidation, and bioremediation. The dual injection capabilities permit additional versatili- ty; each kelly bar can deliver two materials to the augers for injection into the soil. The injec- tion systems replace the process train and are mounted on the same chassis that supports the Detoxifier™ drilling tower. WASTE APPLICABILITY: This technology can treat VOCs, including hydrocarbons and solvents, with sufficient vapor pressure in the soil. The technology is not limited by soil particle size, initial porosity, chemical concentration, or viscosity. The technology also significantly reduces the concen- tration of semivolatile organic compounds (SVOC) in soil, primarily by forming steam- organic azeotropes. This technology also treats inorganics, heavy metals, and mixed wastes with stabilization and solidification. STATUS: A SITE demonstration was performed in Sep- tember 1989 at the Annex Terminal, San Pedro, California. Twelve soil blocks were treated for VOCs and SVOCs. Liquid samples were col- lected during the demonstration, and the operat- ing procedures were closely monitored and recorded. In January 1990, six blocks that had been previously treated in the saturated zone were analyzed by EPA methods 8240 and 8270. The Applications Analysis Report (EPA/540/A5-90/008) was published in June 1991. The technology has successfully been used at five other contaminated sites. DEMONSTRATION RESULTS: The SITE technology demonstration yielded the following results: • Removal efficiencies were greater than 85 percent for VOCs present in the soil. • Removal efficiencies were greater than 55 percent for SVOCs present in the soil. • Fugitive air emissions from the process were very low. • No downward migration of contaminants resulted from the soil treatment. • The process treated 3 cubic yards of soil per hour. FOR FURTHER INFORMATION: EPA PROJECT MANAGER: Paul dePercin U.S. EPA Risk Reduction Engineering Laboratory 26 West Martin Luther King Drive Cincinnati, OH 45268 513-569-7797 Fax: 513-569-7620 TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPER CONTACT: Phillip LaMori NOVATERRA, Inc. 1801 Avenue of the Stars Suite 640 Los Angeles, CA 90067 310-843-3190 Fax: 310-843-3195 The SITE Program assesses but does not approve or endorse technologies. Page 101 ------- Technology Profile DEMONSTRATION PROGRAM RESOURCES CONSERVATION COMPANY (B.E.S.T. Solvent Extraction Technology) TECHNOLOGY DESCRIPTION: Solvent extraction treats sludges, sediments, and soils contaminated with a wide range of hazard- ous contaminants including polychlorinated biphenyls (PCB), polynuclear aromatic hydrocar- bons (PAH), pesticides, and herbicides. The waste matrix is separated into three fractions: oil, water, and solids. As the fractions separate, organic contaminants are concentrated hi the oil fraction. For example, PCBs are concentrated in the oil fraction, while metals are separated into the solids fraction. The volume and toxicity of the original waste is thereby reduced, and the concentrated waste streams can be efficiently treated for disposal. The B.E.S.T. technology is a mobile solvent extraction system that uses amines (usually triethylamine) to separate organics from soils and sludges. Triethylamine is hydrophobic above 20 degrees; Celsius (°C) and hydrophilic below 20 °C. This property allows the process to extract both aqueous and nonaqueous com- pounds by simply changing the solvent's temper- ature. Because triethylamine is flammable in the pres- ence of oxygen, the treatment system must be sealed from the atmosphere and operated under a nitrogen blanket. Before treatment, the waste material's pH must be raised to greater than 10 so that triethylamine may be conserved and recycled. The pH may be adjusted by adding sodium hydroxide. Pretreatment also includes screening the waste to remove particles larger than 1 inch, in diameter. The B.E.S;T. process begins by mixing and agitating the cold solvent and waste hi a cold extraction tank (see figure below). Solids from the cold extraction tank are then transferred to the extractory dryer vessel. Hydrocarbons and water in the waste simultaneously solubilize with the triethylamine, creating a homogeneous mixture. As the solvent breaks the oil-water-solid emulsions in the waste, the solids are released and settle by gravity. The solvent PRIMARY EXTRACTION/ i DEWATERINQ 1 Soli SOLVENT RECOVERY B.E.S.T. Solvent Extraction Technology Page 102 The SITE Program assesses but does not approve or endorse technologies. ------- November 1994 Completed Project mixture is decanted from the solids and centri- fuged to remove fine particles. The solvent-oil-water mixture is then heated. As the mixture's temperature increases, the water separates from the organics and solvent. The organics-solvent fraction is decanted and sent to a solvent evaporator, where the solvent is recy- cled. The organics are discharged for recycling or disposal. The water passes to a steam strip- ping column where residual solvent is recovered for recycling. The water is typically discharged to a local wastewater treatment plant. The B.E.S.T. technology is modular, allowing for on-site treatment. The process significantly reduces the hydrocarbon concentration hi the solids. B.E.S.T. also concentrates the contami- nants into a smaller volume, allowing for effi- cient final treatment and disposal. WASTE APPLICABILITY: The B.E.S.T. technology can remove hydro- carbon contaminants, such as PCBs, PAHs, pesticides, and herbicides from sediments, sludges, or soils. System performance can be influenced by the presence of detergents and emulsifiers, low pH materials, and reactivity of the organics with the solvent. STATUS: The B.E.S.T. technology was accepted into the SITE Demonstration Program in 1987. The SITE demonstration was completed in July 1992 at the Grand Calumet River site in Gary, Indiana. The following reports are available from EPA: . • Applications Analysis Report (EPA/540/AR-92/079) • Technology Evaluation Report - Vol I (EPA/540/R-92/079a) • Technology Evaluation Report - Vol II, Part 1 (EPA/540/R-92/079b) • Technology Evaluation Report - Vol II, , Part 2 (EPA/540/R-92/079c) « Technology Evaluation Report - Vol n, Part 3 (EPA/540/R-92/079d) • Technology Demonstration Summary (EPA/540/SR-92/079) The first full-scale B.E.S.T. unit was used at the General Refining Superfund site in Garden City, Georgia. Solvent extraction is the selected remedial action at the Ewan Property site hi New Jersey, the Norwood PCBs site hi Massachusetts, and is also the preferred alternative at the F. O'Connor site in Maine. DEMONSTRATION RESULTS: The demonstration showed that the B.E.S.T. process could remove greater than 99 percent PCBs (treated solids contained less than 2 milli- grams per kilogram PCBs) found hi river sedi- ments without using mechanical dewatering equipment. Comparable removal efficiencies were noted for PAHs. FOR FURTHER INFORMATION: EPA PROJECT MANAGER: Mark Meckes U.S. EPA Risk Reduction Engineering Laboratory 26 West Martin Luther King Drive Cincinnati, OH 45268 513-569-7348 Fax: 513-569-7676 TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPER CONTACT: Lanny Weimer Resources Conservation Company 3630 Cornus Lane Ellicott City, MD 21042 410-596-6066 Fax:410-465-2887 The SITE Program assesses but does not approve or endorse technologies. Page 103 ------- Technology Profile DEMONSTRATION PROGRAM RETECH, INC. (Plasma Arc Vitrification) TECHNOLOGY DESCRIPTION: Plasma arc vitrification treatment occurs in a plasma arc centrifugal treatment (PACT) fur- nace, where heat from a transferred plasma arc torch creates a molten bath that detoxifies the feed material. Solids melt and are vitrified in the molten bath, while metals are retained in this phase. When cooled, the resulting product is a nonleachable, glassy residue which meets toxi- city characteristic leaching procedure (TCLP) criteria. Waste material is fed into a sealed centrifuge where solids are heated to approximately 3,200 degrees Fahrenheit (°F) and gas temperature is maintained at a minimum of 1,800 °F by a plasma torch. Organic material is evaporated and destroyed. Off-gases travel through a gas- slag separation chamber to a secondary combustion chamber, where the temperature is maintained at over 2,000 °F for about 2 seconds. The off-gases then flow through an off-gas treatment system. Loose Material or Drum Feeder Inorganic material is reduced to a molten phase that is uniformly heated and mixed by the centri- fuge and the plasma arc. Material can be added in-process to control slag quality. When the centrifuge slows, the molten material is dis- charged as a^homogeneous, nonleachable, glassy slag into a mold or drum in the slag collection chamber. The off-gas: treatment system removes particu- lates, organic vapors, and volatilized metals. Off-gas monitoring verifies that all applicable environmental regulations are met. The design of the off-gas treatment system depends on the waste material. The entire system is hermetically sealed and operated below atmospheric pressure to prevent leakage of process gases. Pressure relief valves connected to a closed surge tank provide relief if gas pressures in the furnace exceed safe levels. Vented gas is held in the tank and recycled into the furnace. Liquid Feed Lance Plasma Torch ^—Relief Valve Primary Chamber Gas/Slag Separation Chamber Off-Gas System Slag Collection Chamber Plasma Arc Centrifugal Treatment (PACT) Furnace Page 104 The SITE Program assesses but does not approve or endorse technologies. ------- November 7994 Completed Project WASTE APPLICABILITY: The technology can process organic and inorgan- ic wastes. It is most appropriate for mixed, transuranic, and chemical plant wastes; soil containing both heavy metals and organics; incinerator ash; and munitions, sludge, and hospital waste. Waste may be loose (shredded or flotation process) or contained in 55-gallon or 200-liter drums. It can be in almost any physical form: liquid, sludge, metal, rock, or sand. Mercury in the waste is recovered by the off-gas treatment system. STATUS: The PACT-6 furnace, formerly PCF-6, was demonstrated under the SITE Program in July 1991 at the Component Development and Inte- gration Facility of the U.S. Department of Energy in Butte, Montana. During the demon- stration, the furnace processed about 4,000 pounds of waste. The waste consisted of heavy metal-bearing soil from Silver Bow Creek Super- fund site spiked with 28,000 parts per million (ppm) zinc oxide, 1,000 ppm hexachloroben- zene, and a 90-to-10 weight ratio of No. 2 diesel oil. All feed and effluent streams were sampled. The Demonstration Bulletin (EPA/540/M5-91/007), Applications Analysis Report (EPA/540/A5-91/007), and Technology Evaluation Report (EPA/540/5-91/OOTb) are available from EPA. During subsequent testing at the Component Development and Integration Facility, the PACT-6 furnace achieved the following results: • Hexachlorobenzene was at or below detection limits in all off-gas samples. The minimum destruction removal efficiency ranged from 99.9968 percent to greater than 99.9999 percent. • The treated material met TCLP stan- dards for organic and inorganic constitu- ents. • The treated material contained a high percentage of metals in the feed soil. • Particulates hi the off-gas exceeded the regulatory standard. The off-gas treat- ment system is being modified accord- ingly. Particulate emissions from anoth- er PACT-8 furnace in Switzerland were measured at l/200th of the U.S. regula- tory limit. • Nitrous oxide (NOJ levels met U.S. requirements, but can meet stricter standards. The NOX concentration in the off-gas from the PACT-8 furnace in Switzerland was reduced to 19 ppm. FOR FURTHER INFORMATION: EPA PROJECT MANAGER: Laurel Staley U.S. EPA Risk Reduction Engineering Laboratory 26 West Martin Luther King Drive Cincinnati, OH 45268 513-569-7863 Fax: 513-569-7620 TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPER CONTACTS: Ronald Womack or Leroy Leland Retech, Inc. P.O. Box 997 100 Henry Station Road Ukiah, CA 95482 707-462-6522 Fax: 707-462-4103 The SITE Program assesses but does not approve or endorse technologies. Page 105 ------- Technology Profile DEMONSTRA TION PROGRAM RISK REDUCTION ENGINEERING LABORATORY (Base-Catalyzed Decomposition Process) TECHNOLOGY DESCRIPTION: The base-catalyzed decomposition (BCD) pro- cess is a chemical dehalogenation technology developed by the Risk Reduction Engineering Laboratory hi Cincinnati, Ohio. BCD is initiated hi a medium temperature thermal desorber (MTTD), at temperatures ranging from 600 to 950 degrees Fahrenheit (°F). Chemicals are added to contaminated soils, sediments, or sludge matrices containing hazardous chlorinated organics including polychlorinated biphenyls (PCB) and polychlorinated dioxins and furans. BCD then chemically detoxifies the condensed organic contaminants by removing chlorine from the contaminant and replacing it with hydrogen. Because the chlorinated organics have some volatility, there is a degree of volatilization that takes place in parallel with chemical dechlori- nation. The result is a clean, inexpensive, permanent remedy where all process residuals (including dehalogenated organics) are recyclable or recoverable. ETG Environmental, Inc. (ETG), and Separation and Recovery Systems (SRS) developed the THERM-O-DETOX® and SAREX® systems and combined them with the BCD process chemistry. The combined process begins by initiating solid phase dechlorination in the MTTD step (see figure below). Organics are thermally desorbed from the matrix, and are condensed and sent to the BCD liquid tank reactor. Reagents are then added and heated to 600 to 650 °F for 1 to 3 hours to dechlorinate the remaining organics. The treated residuals are recycled or disposed of using standard, commercially available methods, including solvent reuse and fuel substitution. Treated, clean soil can be recycled as on-site backfi!' i CONTAMINATED MATERIALS OR SCREENED SOILS VAPOR DISCHARGES BCD SOLIDS REACTOR MEDIUM TEMPERATURE THERMAL DESORPTION (MTTD) COOLING WATER VAPOR RECOVERY SYSTEM OIL WATER CONDENSING SCRUBBERS SCRUBBERS UNIT TO I ATMOSPHERE I ON-SITE BACKFILL OR -—- OFF-SITE DISPOSAL x „ :ONDENSER BCD LIQUID REACTOR (LTR) & ^* ^ RECYCLED OFF-SITE O : Base-Catalyzed Dechlorination (BCD) Process Page 106 The SITE Program assesses but does not approve or endorse technologies. ------- November 1994 Completed Project WASTE APPLICABILITY: The BCD process can treat soils, sediments, and sludges contaminated with the following chlori- nated compounds: • Halogenated volatile organic compounds • Halogenated semivolatile organic com- pounds, including herbicides and pesti- cides • PCBs • Pentachlorophenol (PCP) • Polychlorinated dioxins and furans STATUS: The combined BCD process was successfully demonstrated at the Koppers Company Superfund Site in Morrisville, North Carolina, from August through September 1993. The process removed PCP and polychlorinated dioxins and furans from clay soils to levels well below those specified in the Record of Decision. As a result, EPA Region 4 approved BCD for the full-scale site remediation. For information on the SAREX® system, see the SRS profile in this document. DEMONSTRATION RESULTS: The demonstration consisted of four replicate test runs in the MTTD and two replicate test runs in the liquid tank reactor (LTR). Feed soil consisted of a dry, clayey silt which was pro- cessed at a rate of 250 pounds per hour in the MTTD at 800 °F; retention time was approxi- mately one hour. The oil in each LTR test ran was batch-processed for six hours at 650 °F. Based on preliminary analytical results, key findings from the SITE demonstration are sum- marized as follows: • The MTTD removed 99 percent of penta-chlorophenol (PCP), and 92 percent of dioxins and furans in the soil. • Treated soil met the cleanup goals of 95 parts per million for PCP and 7 parts per billion for dioxins and furans. • All semivolatile organic compounds were well below toxicity characteristic leaching procedure limits in treated soil. • The LTR batch tests reduced PCP concen-trations by 97 percent, and dioxin and furan concentrations by 99 percent. FOR FURTHER INFORMATION: EPA PROJECT MANAGER: Terrence Lyons U.S. EPA Risk Reduction Engineering Laboratory 26 West Martin Luther King Drive Cincinnati, OH 45268 513-569-7589 Fax: 513-569-7676 TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPER CONTACTS: Carl Brunner U.S. EPA Risk Reduction Engineering Laboratory 26 West Martin Luther King Drive Cincinnati, OH 45268 513-569-7655 Fax: 513-569-7787 or 7677 Yei-Shong Shieh or Steven Detwiler ETG Environmental, Inc. 660 Sentry Parkway Blue Bell, PA 19422 610-832-0700 Fax: 610-828-6976 The SITE Program assesses but does not approve or endorse technologies. Page 107 ------- Technology Profile DEMONSTRA TION PROGRAM RISK REDUCTION ENGINEERING LABORATORY (Volume Reduction Unit) TECHNOLOGY DESCRIPTION: The volume reduction unit (VRU) is a pilot- scale, mobile soil washing system designed to remove organic contaminants from soil through particle size separation and solubilization. The VRU can process 100 pounds of soil (dry weight) per hour. The process subsystems include soil handling and conveying, soil washing and coarse screen- ing, fine particle separation, flocculation/ clarification, water treatment, and utilities. The VRU is controlled and monitored with conven- tional industrial process instrumentation and hardware.; WASTE APPLICABILITY: The VRU can treat soils that contain organics such as creosote, pentachlorophenol (PCP), pesticides, polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH), volatile organic compounds, semivolatile organic compounds, and metals. Storage Water Healer, Makeup Water Tank Office/Lab Decon traitor Electric Generator Floc-Clarllier Filler Pccfcaga "V\ Grialy Screened Soil Fractions Typical VRU Operational Setup Page 1O8 The SITE Program assesses but does not approve or endorse technologies. ------- No vember 1994 Completed Project STATUS: The VRU was accepted into the SITE Demon- stration Program in summer 1992. The demon- stration was conducted hi November 1992 at the former Escambia Treating Company in Pensacola, Florida. The facility used PCP and creosote PAHs to treat wood products from 1943 to 1982. The Applications Analysis Report (EPA/540/AR-93/508) is available from EPA. DEMONSTRATION RESULTS: During the demonstration, the VRU operated at a feed rate of approximately 100 pounds per hour and a wash water-to-feed ratio of about 6 to 1. The following physical wash water condi- tions were created by varying the surfactant, pH, and temperature: • Condition 1 - no surfactant, no pH adjustment, no temperature adjustment • Condition 2 - surfactant addition, no pH adjustment, no temperature adjustment • Condition 3 - surfactant addition, pH ad- justment, and temperature adjustment The table below summarizes the preliminary analytical data. FOR FURTHER INFORMATION: EPA PROJECT MANAGER: Teri Richardson U.S. EPA Risk Reduction Engineering Laboratory 26 West Martin Luther King Drive Cincinnati, OH 45268 513-569-7949 Fax: 513-569-7620 TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPER CONTACT: Richard Griffiths U.S. EPA Risk Reduction Engineering Laboratory Building 10, MS-104 2890 Woodbridge Avenue Edison, NJ 08837-3679 908-321-6629 Fax: 908-321-6640 Average PCP Removal Average PAH Removal Feed soil returned as washed soil Mass balance of total mass Mass balance of PCPs Mass balance of PAHs Condition (%) 1 80 79 96 104 108 87 2 93 84 96 113 60 60 3 97 96 81 98 24 17 Preliminary Data The SITE Program assesses but does not approve or endorse technologies. Page 109 ------- Technology Profile DEMONSTRATION PROGRAM RISK REDUCTION ENGINEERING LABORATORY AND IT CORPORATION (Debris Washing System) TECHNOLOGY DESCRIPTION: This technology was developed by EPA's Risk Reduction Engineering Laboratory (RREL) and IT Corporation (IT) for on-site decontamination of metallic and masonry debris at Comprehen- sive Environmental Response, Compensation and Liability Act sites. The full-scale debris wash- ing system (DWS) consists of dual 4,000-gallon spray-wash chambers that are connected to a detergent solution holding tank and rinse water holding tank. Debris is placed into one of two 1,200-pound baskets, which in turn is placed into one of the spray-wash chambers using a 5- ton crane integral to the DWS. If debris pieces are large enough, the crane places the debris directly into one of the two chambers. Process water is heated to 160 degrees Fahrenheit using a diesel-fired, 2,000,000-British-thermal-unit- Baiket per-hour (Btu/hr) water heater and is continuous- ly reconditioned using particulate filters, an oil/water separator, and other devices such as charcoal columns or ion exchange columns. About 8,000 to 10,000 gallons of water is required for the decontamination process. The system is controlled by an operator stationed in a trailer-mounted control room. The entire system is mounted on three 48-foot flatbed semi- trailers and can be readily transported from site to site. WASTE APPLICABILITY: The DWS can be applied on site to various types of debris (scrap metal, masonry, or other solid debris such as stones) contaminated with hazard- ous chemicals such as pesticides, dioxins, poly- chlorinated biphenyls (PCB), or hazardous metals. Basket Large Debris Loading Large Debris Loadhg ..--. Slept-WashCyde _ _ Step 2-SprayCycle . Step 3-Rinse Cyde • Water Treatment Step rfj&Pump Pilot-Scale Debris Washing System Page 110 The SITE Program assesses but does not approve or endorse technologies. ------- Novembar 1994- Completed Project STATUS: The first pilot-scale tests were performed in September 1988 at the Carter Industrial Superfund site in Detroit, Michigan. PCB reductions averaged 58 percent in batch 1 and 81 percent in batch 2. Design changes based on these tests were made to the DWS before addi- tional field testing. An upgraded pilot-scale DWS was tested at a PCB-contaminated Superfund site in Hopkinsville, Kentucky, in December 1989. PCB levels on the surfaces of metallic trans- former casings were reduced to less than or equal to 10 micrograms PCB per 100 square centimeters (/Ltg/cm2). All 75 contaminated transformer casings on site were decontaminated to EPA cleanup criteria and sold to a scrap metal dealer. The DWS was also field tested in August 1990 at the Shaver's Farm Superfund site in Walker County, Georgia. The contaminants of concern were benzonitrile and Dicamba. After being cut into sections, 55-gallon drums were decon- taminated in the DWS. Benzonitrile and Dicam- ba levels on the drum surfaces were reduced from the average pretreatment concentrations; of 4,556 and 23 /ig/100 cm2 to average con- centrations of 10 and 1 /*g/100 cm2, respec- tively. Results have been published in a Technology EvaluationReport (EPA/540/5-91/006a), entitled "Design and Development of a Pilot-Scale Debris Decontamination System." A manual version of the full-scale DWS was used to treat PCB-contaminated scrap metal at the Summit Scrap Yard in Akron, Ohio. During the 4-month site remediation, 3,000 tons of PCB-contaminated scrap metal (motors, cast iron blocks) were cleaned on site. The target level of 7.7 /ig/100 cm2 or less was met, in most cases, after a single treatment with the DWS. The cleaned scrap was purchased by a scrap smelter for $52/ton. The net costs for the on- site debris decontamination ranged from $50 to $75 per ton. The automated, trailer-mounted DWS is sched- uled for deployment to a hazardous waste site in The Netherlands for an initial demonstration of the new system. RREL and IT estimate that the system can decontaminate 50 to 120 tons of typical debris per day. FOR FURTHER INFORMATION: EPA PROJECT MANAGER: Donald Sanning U.S. EPA Risk Reduction Engineering Laboratory 26 West Martin Luther King Drive Cincinnati, OH 45268 513-569-7875 Fax: 513-569-7620 TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPER CONTACTS: Michael Taylor or Majid Dosani IT Corporation 11499 Chester Road Cincinnati, OH 45246-4012 513-782-4700 Fax: 513-782-4807 The SITE Program assesses but does not approve or endorse technologies. Page 111 ------- Technology Profile DEMONSTRATION PROGRAM RISK REDUCTION ENGINEERING LABORATORY and USDA FOREST PRODUCTS LABORATORY (Fungal Treatment Technology) TECHNOLOGY DESCRIPTION: This biological treatment system uses white rot fungi to treat soils in situ. These lignin-degrad- ing fungi bioremediate certain organic con- taminants. Organic materials inoculated with the fungi are mechanically mixed into the contaminated soil. Using enzymes normally produced for wood degradation as well as other enzyme systems, the fungi break down soil contaminants. Because this technology uses a living organism, the greatest degree of success occurs with opti- mal growing conditions. Moisture control is necessary, and temperature and aeration may also be controlled. Organic nutrients such as peat may be added to soils deficient in organic carbon. WASTE APPLICABILITY: This biological treatment system was initially developed to treat soil contaminated with chemi- cals found in the wood preserving industry. These contaminants include chlorinated organics and polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH). The system may remediate different contami- nants and combinations of contaminants with varying degrees of success. In particular, the SITE Demonstration Program evaluated how well white rot fungi degrades pentachlorophenol (PCP) in combination with creosote PAHs. STATUS:1 This biological treatment system was accepted into the SITE Demonstration Program in April 1991. In September 1991, a treatability study was conducted at the Brookhaven Wood Preserv- ing site in Brookhaven, Mississippi. Site soils were contaminated with 700 parts per million (ppm) PCP and 4,000 ppm PAH. Study results showed that one lignin-degrading fungus re- moved 89 percent of PCP and 70 percent of total PAHs during a 2-month period. A full-scale demonstration of this fungus was completed in November 1992 to obtain economic data. The Demonstration Bulletin (EPA/540/MR-93/505) is available from EPA. i The full-scale project involved a 1/4-acre plot of contaminated soil and two smaller control plots. The soil was inoculated with Phanaerochaete sordida, a species of white rot fungus. No woodchips or other bulking agents were added to the prepared soil. Field activities included tilling and watering all plots. No nutrients were added. ', In Situ White Rot Fungal Treatment of Contaminated Soil Page 112 The SITE Program assesses but does not approve or endorse technologies. ------- November 1994 Completed Project Air emissions data showed no significant hazards to field technicians due to soil tilling activities. Contaminated soil, underlying sand, and leachate had no significant contamination. Initial results showed a 70 percent reduction in contaminants, both in the plot containing the fungal treatment and in the plot containing a nonfungal, organic amendment. Unidentified, indigenous fungal species may have significantly reduced contaminants in the nonfungal plot. About 13 percent of contamination was removed from the nonamended (soil-only) control plot. DEMONSTRATION RESULTS: Some key findings from the demonstration are as follows: • Levels of PCP and the target PAHs found in the underlying sand layer and the leachate from each of the plots were insignificant, indicating low teachability and loss of these contaminants due to periodic irrigation of the soil and heavy rainfall. • Levels of PCP, the target PAHs, and dioxins in the active air samples collected during the soil tilling events were insignificant, indicating a very low potential for airborne contaminant transport. FOR FURTHER INFORMATION: EPA PROJECT MANAGER: Teri Richardson U.S. EPA Risk Reduction Engineering Laboratory 26 West Martin Luther King Drive Cincinnati, OH 45268 513-569-7949 Fax: 513-569-7620 TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPER CONTACTS: John Glaser U.S. EPA Risk Reduction Engineering Laboratory 26 West Martin Luther King Drive Cincinnati, OH 45268 513-569-7568 Fax: 513-569-7105 Richard Lamar USDA Forest Products Laboratory One Gifford Pinchot Drive Madison, WI 53705-2398 608-231-9469 Fax: 608-231-9262 The SITE Program assesses but does not approve or endorse technologies. Page 113 ------- Technology Profile DEMONSTRATION PROGRAM RISK REDUCTION ENGINEERING LABORATORY, THE UNIVERSITY OF CINCINNATI, and FRX, INC. (Hydraulic Fracturing) TECHNOLOGY DESCRIPTION: Hydraulic fracturing is a physical process that creates fractures in soils to enhance fluid or vapor flow hi the subsurface. The technology places fractures at discreet depths with hydraulic pressurization at the base of a borehole. These fractures are placed at specific locations and depths to increase the effectiveness of treatment technologies such as soil vapor extraction, in situbioremediation, andpump-and-treat systems. The technology is designed to enhance remedi- ation in less permeable geologic formations. The fracturing process begins by injecting water into a sealed borehole until the water pressure exceeds a critical value and a fracture is nucleat- ed (see photograph below). A slurry composed of a coarse-grained sand, or other granular material, and guar gum gel is then injected as the fracture grows away from the well. After pumping, the grains hold the fracture open while an enzyme additive breaks down the viscous fluid. The thinned fluid is pumped from the fracture, forming a permeable subsurface chan- nel suitable for delivering or recovering a vapor or liquid. These fractures function as pathways for fluid movement, potentially increasing the effective area available for remediation. The hydraulic fracturing process is used in conjunction with soil vapor extraction tech- nology to enhance recovery of contaminated soil vapors. Hydraulic fractures have recently been used to improve recovery of light non-aqueous phase liquids by increasing recovery of free product and controlling the influence of under- lying water. Hydraulically-induced fractures are used as channels for fluids and nutrients during in situ bio-remediation. The technology has the potential to deliver solids useful in bioreme- diation to the subsurface. Solid nutrients or oxygen-releasing granules can be injected into the fractures. Real time techniques for measuring ground surface deformation have been developed to monitor the fracture positions in the subsurface. Hydraulic Fracturing Process (Well is at Center of Photograph) Page 114 The SITE Program assesses but does not approve or endorse technologies. , ------- November 7994 Completed Project WASTE APPLICABILITY: Hydraulic fracturing is appropriate for enhancing soil and groundwater remediation. The tech- nology can channel contaminants or wastes for soil vapor extraction, bioremediation, or pump- and-treat systems. STATUS: The hydraulic fracturing technology entered the SITE Demonstration Program in July 1991. Demonstrations have been conducted in Oak Brook, Illinois, and Dayton, Ohio. The hydrau- lic fracturing process has been integrated with soil vapor extraction at the Illinois site and with in situ bioremediation at the Ohio site. The project was completed in September 1992. The Technology Evaluation and Applications Analy- sis reports were published under one cover (EPA/540/R-93/505). The Technology Demon- stration Summary (EPA/540/SR-93/505) is also available. FRX, Inc., has conducted additional demonstrations of hydraulic fractures. DEMONSTRATION RESULTS: The first demonstration was conducted at a Xerox Corporation site in Oak Brook, Illinois, where a vapor extraction system has been oper- ating since early 1991. The site is contaminated with ethylbenzene, 1,1-dichloroethane, trichloroethene, tetrachloroethane, 1,1,1-trichlo- roethane, toluene, and xylene. In July 1991, hydraulic fractures were created in two of the four wells, at depths of 6, 10, and 15 feet below ground surface. The vapor flow rate, soil vacuum, and contaminant yields from the frac- tured and unfractured wells were monitored regularly. Results from this demonstration are as follows: • Over a one year period, the vapor yield from hydraulically fractured wells was one order of magnitude greater than from unfractured wells. • The hydraulically fractured wells enhanced remediation over an area 30 times greater than the unfractured wells. • The presence of pore water decreased the vapor yield from wells; therefore, water must be prevented from infiltrating areas where vapor extraction is underway. The technology was also demonstrated at a site near Dayton, Ohio, where in situ bioremediation was cleaning up an underground storage tank spill. The site is contaminated with benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene, and xylene (BTEX), and other petroleum hydrocarbons. In August 1991, hydraulic fractures were created in one of two wells at 4, 6, 8, and 10 feet below ground surface. Sampling was conducted before the demonstration and twice during the demon- stration at locations 5, 10, and 15 feet north of the fractured and unfractured wells. Results from this demonstration are as follows: • The flow of water into the fractured well was two orders of magnitude greater than in the unfractured well. • The bioremediation rate near the fractured well was 75 percent higher for BTEX and 77 percent higher for total petroleum hydrocarbons compared to the rates near the unfractured well. FOR FURTHER INFORMATION: EPA PROJECT MANAGER: Michael Roulier U.S. EPA Risk Reduction Engineering Laboratory 26 West Martin Luther King Drive Cincinnati, OH 45268 513-569-7796 Fax: 513-569-7620 TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPER CONTACT: William Slack FRX Inc. P.O. Box 37945 Cincinnati, OH 45222 513-556-2526 Fax: 513-556-2522 The SITE Program assesses but does not approve or endorse technologies. Page 115 ------- Technology Profile DEMONSTRATION PROGRAM ROCHEM SEPARATION SYSTEMS, INC. (Rochem Disc Tube™ Module System) TECHNOLOGY DESCRIPTION: The Rochem Disc Tube™ Module System uses membrane separation to treat aqueous solutions ranging from seawater to leachate contaminated with organic solvents. The system uses osmosis through a semipermeable membrane to separate pure water from contaminated liquids. Osmotic theory implies that a saline solution may be separated from pure water by a semiper- meable membrane. The higher osmotic pressure of the salt solution (because of its higher salt concentration) causes the water (and other compounds having high diffusion rates through the selected membrane) to diffuse through the membrane into the salt water. Water will con- tinue to permeate into the salt solution until the osmotic pressure of the salt solution equals the osmotic pressure of the pure water. At this point, the salt concentrations of the two solutions are equal, .eliminating any additional driving force for mass transfer across the membrane. However, if an external pressure is exerted on the salt solution, water will flow in the reverse direction from the salt solution into the pure water. This phenomenon, known as reverse osmosis (RO), can separate pure water from contaminat- CENTRIRJGAL PUMP PRE-FILTER SYSTEM "HIGH-PRESSURE FEED PUMP REVERSE bsMOSIS MODULE BLOCK -J ' LEGEND Indicates Permeate Row Path Indicates Brine Flow Path HIGH-PRESSURE BOOSTER PUMP HIGH PRESSURE R HIGH-PRESSURE BOOSTER PUMP 120 Bar REVERSE OSMOSIS MO DULE BLOCK PERMEATE TANK Three Stage Reverse Osmosis Flow Path Diagram Page 116 The SITE Program assesses but does not approve or endorse technologies. ------- November 7994 Completed Project ed matrices. RO can treat hazardous wastes by concentrating the hazardous chemical constitu- ents in an aqueous brine, while recovering pure water on the other side of the membrane. Fluid dynamics and system construction result in an open-channel, fully turbulent feed and water-flow system. This configuration prevents accumulation of suspended solids on the separa- tion membranes, ensuring high efficiency filtra- tion for water and contaminants. Also, the design of the disc tubes allows for easy cleaning of the filtration medium, providing a long ser- vice life for the system's membrane components. A general schematic of the RO equipment as it will be applied at the SITE demonstration is provided in the figure on the previous page. Waste feed, process permeate, and rinsewater are potential feed materials to the RO modules. The modules are skid-mounted and consist of a tank and a high-pressure feed system. The high- pressure feed system consists of a centrifugal feed pump, a prefilter cartridge housing, and a triplex plunger pump to feed the RO modules. The processing units are self-contained and need only electrical and interconnection process piping before operation. WASTE APPLICABILITY: Many types of waste material can be treated with this system, including sanitary and hazardous landfill leachate containing both organic and inorganic chemical species. STATUS: This technology was accepted into the SITE Demonstration Program in July 1991. A Demonstration was conducted in August 1994 at the Central Landfill Superfund Site in Johnston, Rhode Island. The system cleaned up landfill leachate from a hazardous waste landfill. During the demonstration, approximately 4 gallons per minute of contaminated waste was processed over a 3-week period. All feed and residual effluent streams were sampled to evaluate the performance of this technology. Results from the demonstration will be available in spring 1995. FOR FURTHER INFORMATION: EPA PROJECT MANAGER: Douglas Grosse U.S. EPA Risk Reduction Engineering Laboratory 26 West Martin Luther King Drive Cincinnati, OH 45268 513-569-7844 Fax: 513-569-7676 TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPER CONTACT: David LaMonica Rochem Separation Systems, Inc. 3904 Del Amo Boulevard, Suite 801 Torrance, CA 90503 310-370-3160 Fax: 310-370-4988 The SITE Program assesses but does not approve or endorse technologies. Page 117 ------- Technology Profile DEMONSTRATION PROGRAM RUST REMEDIAL SERVICES, INC. (formerly offered by CHEMICAL WASTE MANAGEMENT, INC.) (X*TRAX™ Thermal Desorption) TECHNOLOGY DESCRIPTION: The X*TRAX™ technology is a patented thermal desorption process that removes organic contam- inants from soils, sludges, and other solid media (see photograph below). X*TRAX™ is not, however, an incinerator or a pyrolysis system. Chemical oxidation and reactions are discour- aged by maintaining an inert environment and low treatment temperatures. Combustion by- products are riot formed hi X*TRAX™, as neither a flame nor combustion gases are present in the desorption chamber. The organic contaminants are removed as a condensed liquid, which is characterized by a high heat rating. This liquid may then be de- stroyed hi a permitted incinerator or used as a supplemental fuel. Because of low operating temperatures of 400 to 1,200 degrees Fahrenheit (°F) and low gas flow rates, this process offers cost effective treatment of contaminated media. An externally-fired rotary dryer volatilizes the water and organic contaminants from the conta- minated media into an inert carrier gas stream. The processed solids are then cooled with water to eliminate dusting. The solids can then be re- placed and compacted in their original locations. The inert' nitrogen carrier gas transports the organic contaminants and water vapor out of the dryer. It flows through a duct to the gas treatment system, where organic vapors, water vapors', and dust particles are removed and recovered. The gas first passes through a high- energy scrubber, which removes dust particles and 10 to 30 percent of the organic contami- nants. The gas then passes through two con- densers in series, where it is cooled to less than 40 °F. Full-Scale X*TRAX™ System Page 118 The SITE Program assesses but does not approve or endorse technologies. ------- November 1994 Completed Project Most of the carrier gas is reheated and recycled to the dryer. About 5 to 10 percent of the gas is separated from the main stream, passed through a particulate filter and a carbon adsorp- tion system, and then discharged to the atmo- sphere. This discharge allows addition of make- up nitrogen to the system to keep oxygen concentrations below 4 percent (typically below 1 percent). The discharge also helps maintain a small negative pressure within the system and prevents potentially contaminated gases from leaking. The volume of gas released from this process vent is approximately 700 times less than an equivalent capacity incinerator. WASTE APPLICABILITY: The X*TRAX™ process removes 1) chlorinated and non-chlorinated volatiles and semi-volatiles, such as solvents, polychlorinated biphenyls (PCB), and dioxins; 2) organics; and 3) heavy metals such as mercury, from soils, sludges, and sediments. X*TRAX™has successfully removed PCBs from soil in a full-scale demonstration; bench- and pilot-scale systems have removed a variety of contaminants from soils, sludges, aind sediments. In most cases, volatile organics are reduced to below 1 part per million (ppm), aind frequently to below the laboratory detection level. Semivolatile organics are typically reduced to less than 10 ppm and frequently below 1 ppm. Soils containing 120 to 24,000 ppm PCB have been reduced to less than 2 ppm. Removal efficiencies from 96 to over 99 percent have been demonstrated for soils contaminated with various organic pesticides. Mercury has been reduced from 5,100 ppm to 1.3 ppm. For most materials, the system can process 120 to 280 tons per day. STATUS: This technology was accepted into the SITE Demonstration Program in summer 1989. The full-scale X*TRAX™ system, Model 200, suc- cessfully remediated 53,000 tons of PCB-conta- minated soil at the Re-Solve, Inc., Superfund site in Massachusetts. The system has.treated up to 280 tons of soil per day to less than 2 ppm PCB; the site's treatment standard is 25 ppm. EPA conducted a SITE demonstration in May 1992, during this remediation. During the demonstration, the system operated reliably. Average PCB concentrations in the treated soils were 0.13 milligrams per kilogram; no dioxins or dibenzofurans were formed during treatment. The vent gas met all appropriate permit require- ments and emitted less than 0.4 grams of orga- nics per day to the atmosphere. The Applica- tions Analysis Report will be published in late 1994. RUST Remedial Services currently has laboratory-, pilot-, and full-scale X*TRAX™ systems. Two laboratory-scale, continuous pilot systems are available for treatability studies. Both systems are operated at RUST's Clemson Technical in South Carolina: one treats mixed Resource Conservation and Recovery Act (RCRA)/radioactive wastes; the other treats RCRA and Toxic Substances Control Act wastes. More than 108 tests have been completed since January 1988. FOR FURTHER INFORMATION: EPA PROJECT MANAGER: Paul dePercin U.S. EPA Risk Reduction Engineering Laboratory 26 West Martin Luther King Drive Cincinnati, OH 45268 513-569-7797 Fax: 513-569-7620 TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPER CONTACT: Chetan Trivedi RUST Remedial Services, Inc. 7250 West College Drive Palos Heights, IL 60463 708-361-7520/8400 Fax: 708-361-9545 The SITE Program assesses but does not approve or endorse technologies. Page 119 ------- Technology Profile DEMONSTRATION PROGRAM SBP TECHNOLOGIES, INC. (Membrane Filtration and Bioremediation) TECHNOLOGY DESCRIPTION: SBP Technologies, Inc. (SBP), has developed a hazardous waste treatment system consisting of 1) a membrane filtration unit that extracts and concentrates contaminants from groundwater, surface water, wash water, or slurries, and 2) a bioremediation system that treats concentrated groundwater, wash water, and soil slurries (see photograph below). These two systems treat a wide range of waste materials separately or as parts of an integrated waste handling system. The membrane filtration unit removes and con- centrates contaminants by pumping contaminated liquids through porous stainless-steel tubes coated with specifically formulated membranes. Contaminants are collected inside the tube membrane, while "clean" water permeates the membrane 'and tubes. Depending on local requirements and regulations, the clean permeate can be discharged to the sanitary sewer for further treatment at a publicly owned treatment works (POTW). The concentrated contaminants are collected in a holding tank and fed to the bioreactor system. Contaminated water or slurry can also feed directly into the bioreactor and be polished with the membrane filtration unit. The bioreactor, or series of bioreactors, are inoculated with special- ly-selected, usually indigenous microorganisms to produce effluent with low to nondetectable contaminant levels. Integrating the two units allows removal and destruction of many contam- inants. Membrane Filtration and Bioremediation Page 120 The SITE Program assesses but does not approve or endorse technologies. ------- November 1994 Completed Project WASTE APPLICABILITY: The membrane filtration system concentrates contaminants and reduces the volume of contam- inated materials from a number of waste streams, including contaminated groundwater, surface water, storm water, landfill leachates, and industrial process wastewater. The bioremediation system can treat a wide range of organic contamination, especially wood-preserving wastes and solvents. A modi- fied version can also treat polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH) such as creosote and coal tar; pentachlorophenol; petroleum hydrocarbons; and chlorinated aliphatics, such as trichloroethene. The two technologies can be used separately or combined, depending on site characteristics and waste treatment needs. For example, on waste- waters or slurries contaminated with inorganics or materials not easily bioremediated, the mem- brane filtration unit can separate the material for treatment by another process. Both the mem- brane filtration system and the bioremediation system can be used as part of a soil cleaning system to handle residuals and contaminated liquids. STATUS: The membrane filtration system, accepted into the SITE Program in 1990, was demonstrated in October 1991 at the American Creosote Works in Pensacola, Florida. A full-scale SITE Program demonstration of the bioremediation system was cancelled. However, a smaller-scale field study was conducted at the site; results are available through the developer. A demonstration bulletin describing the membrane filtration performance is available (EPA/540/MR-92/014) from EPA. SBP is marketing its bioremediation and mem- brane filtration systems to industrial and govern- mental clients for on-site treatment of contami- nated soil, sludge, and water. DEMONSTRATION RESULTS: Results from the SITE demonstration are summarized as follows: • The system effectively concentrated the PAHs into a smaller volume. • The process removed 95 percent of the PAHs found in creosote from the feed and produced a permeate stream that was acceptable for discharge to a publicly owned treatment works facility. • The membrane removed 25 to 35 percent of smaller phenolic compounds. • The system removed an average of about 80 percent of the total concentrations of creosote constituents (phenolics and PAHs) in the feedwater and permeate. FOR FURTHER INFORMATION: EPA PROJECT MANAGER: John Martin U.S. EPA Risk Reduction Engineering Laboratory " 26 West Martin Luther King Drive Cincinnati, OH 45268 513-569-7758 Fax: 513-569-7620 TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPER CONTACT: Clayton Page SBP Technologies, Inc. 6149 North Shore Drive Baton Rouge, LA 70817 504-753-5255 Fax: 504-753-5256 The SITE Program assesses but does not approve or endorse technologies. Page 121 ------- Technology Profile DEMONSTRATION PROGRAM J.R. SIMPLOT (The SABRE™ Process) TECHNOLOGY DESCRIPTION: Anaerobic microbial mixtures have been discov- ered that degrade both dinoseb (2-sec-butyl-4,6- dinitrophenol) and trinitrotoluene (TNT). These microbes completely degrade their target mole- cules to simple nonaromatic products within a few days. The Simplot Anaerobic Biological Remediation (SABRE™) process offers reduced liability from on-sitebioremediation of soils contaminated with the pesticide dinoseb or nitroaromatic explo- sives. The biodegradation process begins when contaminated soil is placed in a bioreactor with water hi a one-to-one ratio by weight. Small amounts of phosphorus buffers, a source of carbon (a J.R. Simplot potato waste by-product), and a consortium of enhanced nitro-aromatic- degrading anaerobic bacteria are introduced to the bioreactor. The developer continuously monitors the bioreactor temperature, pH, and redox potential. Mixing systems have been engineered to accommodate most soil types and bioreactor sizes. System design is site-specific and determined by treatability studies. WASTE APPLICABILITY: This technology is designed to treat soils con- taminated with nitroaromatic pollutants. STATUS: This technology was accepted into the SITE Emerging Technology Program in January 1990. Based on bench- and pilot-scale results from the Emerging Technology Program, this technology was accepted in the SITE Demonstration Pro- gram in winter 1992. The technology was demonstrated on TNT at The Weldon Spring Ordnance Works, an aban- doned explosives manufacturing site in Weldon Spring, Missouri. The demonstration began in late September 1993 and was completed in February 1994. Final results of the Weldon Spring demonstration will be available in late 1994. I . Preliminary results show reductions of TNT from average concentrations of 1507 parts per million (ppm) to an average of 11 ppm, for an average removal rate of 99.27 percent. The Weldon Spring demonstration shows the effec- The SABRE™ Process for Remediation of Dinoseb at Ellensburg, Washington Page 122 The SITE Program assesses but does not approve or endorse technologies. ------- November 1994 Completed Project tiveness of this process even in unfavorable conditions. The demonstration was delayed by unseasonably cool ambient temperatures; temperatures in the bioreactor were as low as 4 degrees Celsius (°C). Ideal temperatures for the Simplot process are from 35 to 37 °C. The technology was demonstrated on dinoseb at Bowers Field in Ellensburg, Washington, and was completed in July 1993. Detailed demon- stration results will be available in late 1994. In the field, dinoseb was reduced from 27.3 ppm to below the detection limit, or a greater than 99.8 percent removal.. Other pesticides were also degraded in this process, highlighting the effec- tiveness of the process even in the presence of co-contaminants. The process was completed in 23 days in spite of 18 °C temperatures. Toxi- city studies are being performed on the TNT soil; results are pending. FOR FURTHER INFORMATION: EPA PROJECT MANAGER: Wendy Davis-Hoover, Ph.D. U.S. EPA Risk Reduction Engineering Laboratory 26 West Martin Luther King Drive Cincinnati, OH 45268 513-569-7206 Fax: 513-569-7879 TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPER CONTACT: Russell Kaake J.R. Simplot P.O. Box 912 Pocatello, ID 83204 208-234-5367 Fax: 208-234-5339 Contaminated Soil i f Carbon Source Homogenization Water Vibrating Screen i f Contaminated Oversize Clean Oversize Contaminated Water Contaminated Soil >• Y v Bioreactor pH Buffer & Nutrient Supplements Schematic Diagram of the SABRE™ Process The SITE Program assesses but does not approve or endorse technologies. Page 123 ------- Technology Profile DEMONSTRATION PROGRAM SOILTECH ATP SYSTEMS, INC. (Anaerobic Thermal Processor) TECHNOLOGY DESCRIPTION: The SoilTech ATP Systems, Inc. (SoilTech), anaerobic thermal processor (ATP) uses a rotary kiln unit to desorb, collect, and recondense contaminants from feed material (see figure below). The ATP can also be used in conjunc- tion with a dehalogenation process to chemically destroy halogenated hydrocarbons at elevated temperatures. The proprietary kiln contains four separate inter- nal thermal zones: preheat, retort, combustion, and cooling. In the preheat zone, water and volatile organic compounds (VOC) are vaporiz- ed. The hot solids and heavy hydrocarbons then pass through a proprietary sand seal to the retort zone. The sand seal allows solids to pass and inhibits gas and contaminant movement from one zone to the other. Concurrently, hot treated soil from the combustion zone enters the retort zone through a second sand seal. This hot treated soil provides the thermal energy necessary to desorb the heavy organic contaminants. The vaporized contaminants are removed under slight vacuum to the gas handling system. After cyclones remove dust from the gases, the gases are cooled, and condensed oil and water are separat- ed into their various fractions. The coked soil passes through a third sand seal from the retort zone to the combustion zone. Some ofxthe hot treated soil is recycled to the retort zone through the second sand seal as previously described. The remainder of the soil enters the cooling zone. As the hot combusted soil enters the cooling zone, it is cooled in the annular space between the outside of the preheat zone and the kiln shell. Here, .the heat from the combusted soils is transferred indirectly to the soils in the preheat zone. The cooled, treated soil exiting the cooling zone is quenched with water and conveyed to a storage pile. Flue gases from the combustion zone pass through the cooling zone to an emission control system. The system consists of a cyclone and baghouse to remove particulates, a wet scrubber to remove acid gases, and a carbon adsorption bed to remove trace organic compounds. CLEAN STACK GAS DISCHARGE TO ATMOSPHERE CLEAN SOILTO BACKFILL OR OFF-SITE LANDFILL (NON-HAZARDOUS) FEED Anaerobic Thermal Processor (ATP) Page 124 The SITE Program assesses but does not approve or endorse technologies. ------- November 1994 Completed Project When the ATP system dechlorinates contami- nants, an oil mixture containing alkaline dehalogenation reagents is sprayed on the con- taminated soil as it enters the preheat zone. The reagents dehalogenate or chemically break down chlorinated compounds, including polychlori- nated biphenyls (PCS), in the ATP system. WASTE APPLICABILITY: The ATP system was originally developed to recover oil from tar sands and shales. The system is now also used to dechlorinate PCBs and chlorinated pesticides in soils and sludges; to separate oils and water from refinery wastes and spills; and, in general, to remove hazardous VOCs and semivolatile organic compounds (SVOC) from soils and sludges. The ATP technology has also been selected to remediate contaminated soil at two Superfund sites contam- inated with polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons, pesticides, dioxins, and furans. STATUS: The ATP system has been demonstrated at two sites. At the first demonstration, in May 1991, a full-scale unit dechlorinated PCB-contaminated soil at the Wide Beach Development Superfund site in Brant, New York. At the second demon- stration, completed in June 1992, a full-scale unit remediated soils and sediments at the Waukegan Harbor Superfund site in Waukegan, Illinois. The technology has since treated PCB, polychlorinated aromatic hydrocarbons, and pesticide-contaminated soils at two additional Superfund sites. Two additional Superfund sites have since been remediated by the ATP system in Ohio and Kentucky. DEMONSTRATION RESULTS: Test results from both SITE demonstrations indicate the following: • The SoilTech ATP system removed over 99 percent of the PCBs in the contaminated soil, resulting in PCB levels below 0.1 parts per million (ppm) at the Wide Beach Development site and averaging 2 ppm at the Waukegan Harbor Superfund site. • Dioxin and furan stack gas emissions were below the site-specific standards. .• PCB stack gas emissions were equivalent to 99.9999 percent destruction and removal efficiency at the Waukegan Harbor site. • No volatile or semivolatile organic degradation products were detected in the treated soil. Also, no leachable metals, VOCs, or SVOCs were detected in the treated soil. • For the Wide Beach Development and Waukegan Harbor remediation projects, soil treatment costs were approximately $265 and $155 per ton, respectively. The regulatory support, mobilization, startup, and demobilization costs totalled about $1,400,000 for each site. FOR FURTHER INFORMATION: EPA PROJECT MANAGER: Paul dePercin U.S. EPA Risk Reduction Engineering Laboratory 26 West Martin Luther King Drive Cincinnati, OH 45268 513-569-7797 Fax: 513-569-7620 TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPER CONTACTS: Alistair Montgomery Canonic Environmental Services Corp. 94 Inverness Terrace East, Suite 100 Englewood, CO 80112 303-790-1747 Fax: 303-799-0186 Joseph Hutton SoilTech ATP Systems, Inc. 800 Canonic Drive Porter, IN 46304 219-929-4343 Fax: 219-929-1776 The SITE Program assesses but does not approve or endorse technologies. Page 125 ------- Technology Profile DEMONSTRATION PROGRAM SOLIDITECH, INC. (Solidification and Stabilization) TECHNOLOGY DESCRIPTION: This solidification and stabilization process immobilizes contaminants in soils and sludges by binding them in a concrete-like, leach-resistant matrix. Contaminated waste materials are collected, screened to remove oversized materi- al, and introduced to the batch mixer (see figure below). The waste material is then mixed with water; Urrichem, a proprietary chemical re- agent; proprietary additives; and pozzolanic material (fly ash), kiln dust, or cement. After it is thoroughly mixed, the treated waste is dis- charged from the mixer. Treated waste is a solidified mass with significant unconfined compressive strength (UCS), high stability, and a rigid texture similar to that of concrete. WASTE APPLICABILITY: This process treats soils and sludges contaminat- ed with organic compounds, metals, inorganic compounds, and oil and grease. Batch mixers of various capacities can treat different volumes of waste. STATUS: The solidification and stabilization process was demonstrated in December 1988 at the Imperial Oil Company/Champion Chemical Company Superfund site in Morganville, New Jersey. This location formerly contained both chemical processing and oil reclamation facilities. Soils, filter cake, and oily wastes from an old storage INTERNAL VIEW OF MIXER FRONT END LOADER {LOADING CONTAMINATED SOIL) Soliditech Processing Equipment Page 126 The SITE Program assesses but does not approve or endorse technologies. ------- November 1994 Completed Project tank were treated during the demonstration. These wastes were contaminated with petroleum hydrocarbons, polychlorinated biphenyls (PCB), other organic chemicals, and heavy metals. A Technology Evaluation Report (EPA/540/5-89/005a), an Applications Analysis Report (EPA/540/A5-89/005), and a Demonstra- tion Bulletin (EPA/540/M5-89/005) are available from EPA. Long-term chemical and physical monitoring and mineralogic analyses are currently underway. This technology is no longer available through a vendor. Contact the EPA Project Manager for further information. DEMONSTRATION RESULTS: Key findings from the Soliditech demonstration are summarized below: • Extract and leachate analyses showed that heavy metals in the untreated waste were immobilized. • The process solidified both solid and liquid wastes with high organic content (up to 17 percent), as well as oil and grease. • Volatile organic compounds in the origi- nal waste were not detected in the treat- ed waste. • Physical test results of the solidified waste showed: 1) UCS ranging from 390 to 860 pounds per square inch (psi); 2) very little weight loss after 12 cycles of wet and dry and freeze and thaw durability tests; 3) low permeability of the treated waste; and 4) increased density after treatment. • The solidified waste increased in volume by an average of 22 percent. Because of solidification, the bulk density of the waste material increased by about 35 percent. • Semivolatile organic compounds (phe- nols) were detected in the treated waste and the toxicity characteristic leaching procedure (TCLP) extracts from the treated waste, but not in the untreated waste or its TCLP extracts. The pres- ence of these compounds is believed to result from chemical reactions in the waste treatment mixture. • The oil and grease content of the un- treated waste ranged from 2.8 to 17.3 percent (28,000 to 173,000 parts per million [ppm]). The oil and grease con- tent of the TCLP extracts from the solidified waste ranged from 2.4 to 12 ppm. • The pH of the solidified waste ranged from 11.7 to 12.0. The pH of the untreated waste ranged from 3.4 to 7.9. • PCBs were not detected in any extracts or leachates from the treated waste. « Visual observation of solidified waste revealed dark inclusions about 1 mil- limeter in diameter. Ongoing micro- structural studies are expected to con- firm that these inclusions are encap- sulated wastes. FOR FURTHER INFORMATION: EPA PROJECT MANAGER: Jack Hubbard U.S. EPA Risk Reduction Engineering Laboratory 26 West Martin Luther King Drive Cincinnati, OH 45268 513-569-7507 Fax: 513-569-7620 The SITE Program assesses but does not approve or endorse technologies. Page 127 ------- Technology Profile DEMONSTRATION PROGRAM SONOTECH, INC. (Frequency-Tunable Pulse Combustion System) TECHNOLOGY DESCRIPTION: Pulse combustion can potentially improve the performance of various incineration and energy- intensive processes. The Sonotech, Inc., fre- quency-tunable pulse combustion system (FTPC) can significantly improve batch- and continuous- mode incinerator performance by creating large- amplitude, resonant pulsations inside the incinerator. This technology can be applied to new or existing systems. The technology is proven and used hi fossil fuel combustion devices, residential natural gas furnaces, and industrial combustion systems. It should prove to be similarly beneficial to hazardous waste incineration and soil remediation applications. The FTPC is a burner system that consists of an air inlet, a combustion section or a tailpipe, a control panel, and a safety system (see photo- graph below). The FTPC improves an incin- erator's performance by 1) increasing mixing rates between the fuel and air, 2) increasing mixing rates between reactive gas pockets and ignition sources (for example, flamelets or hot gases), and 3) increasing rates of heat and mass transfer between the gas and the burning waste. These improvements should 1) reduce the amount of excess air required to completely burn the waste, 2) increase destruction and removal efficiencies of principal organic hazardous constituents, 3) minimize the formation of products of incomplete combustion, and 4) eliminate or minimize detrimental emissions or "puffs." The FTPC can excite axial, transverse, or three- dimensional acoustic mode oscillations within an Frequency-Tunable Pulse Combustion System Installed at EPA's Incineration Research Facility Page 128 The SITE Program assesses but does not approve or endorse technologies. ------- November 1394 Completed Project industrial enclosure. The FTPC has achieved amplitudes as high as 170 decibels and frequen- cies of 50 to 500 Hertz. The high frequencies and velocities of these gas oscillations help mix the gases in the chamber and reduce or eliminate stratification effects. The FTPC can function alone or as a supple- mental retrofit to an existing combustion system. In the latter application, the FTPC can supply between 2 to 10 percent of energy requirements. After retrofitting, the total fuel supplied to the main burner and the FTPC is generally less than the amount of fuel supplied to the main burner before retrofitting. WASTE APPLICABILITY: This technology can be used with any material that can be treated in a conventional incinerator. The technology has improved the incineration of hazardous solid wastes in an EPA small-scale rotary kiln incinerator in Research Triangle Park, North Carolina. Sonotech, Inc., believes that the technology is ready for incineration of contaminated soils and medical waste. STATUS: This technology was accepted into the SITE Demonstration Program in summer 1992. The 6-week demonstration tested whether the tech- nology could improve the performance of larger scale incineration systems. To meet this goal, a pulse combustion retrofit system for EPA's Incineration Research Facility (IRF) in Jefferson, Arkansas was developed, and testing began in summer 1994. Results from the demonstration will be available in early 1995. The IRF pilot-scale rotary kiln incinerator is larger than EPA's rotary kiln incinerator simula- tor unit that was previously tested with the FTPC burner. The retrofitted incinerator was used to treat coal-gasification wastes, traditional- ly incinerated with conventional, steady-state technology using air or oxygen enrichment. FOR FURTHER INFORMATION: EPA PROJECT MANAGER: Marta K. Richards U.S. EPA Risk Reduction Engineering Laboratory 26 West Martin Luther King Drive Cincinnati, OH 45268 513-569-7692 Fax: 513-569-7549 TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPER CONTACT: Zin Plavnik Sonotech, Inc. 575 Travis Street, NW Atlanta, GA 30318 404-525-8530 Fax: 404-525-8533 The SITE Program assesses but does not approve or endorse technologies. Page 129 ------- Technology Profile DEMONSTRATION PROGRAM STC OMEGA, INC. (formerly SILICATE TECHNOLOGY CORPORATION) (Chemical Fixation/Solidification Treatment Technologies) TECHNOLOGY DESCRIPTION: STC Omega, Inc. (STC Omega), has developed both chemical organic destruction and chemical fixation/solidification technologies that treat inorganic and organic solid hazardous wastes. STC Omega's chemical organic destruction technology oxidizes or dechlorinates selected organic compounds to reduce total contaminant concentrations by more than 95 percent. Leachable organic contaminant concentrations are also reduced to well below regulatory limits. STC Omega's inorganic contaminant chemical fixation/solidification technology forms insoluble chemical compounds, reducing leachable inor- ganic contaminant concentrations in soils and sludges. STC Omega's inorganic treatment technologies are more efficient and often less costly than generic cementitious processes. STC Omega's technology has been successfully implemented on numerous full-scale hazardous waste remediation projects involving up to 100,000 cubic yards of waste. These sites include Superfund sites and industrial sites across the United States and in Italy. STC Omega has evaluated various materials handling and mixing systems for use on full- scale remediation projects. Materials handling processes include pretreatment processes for screening and crushing contaminated soils, and placement and conveying systems for handling treated material. Mixing systems include various batching plants, pug mills, and high- shear batch mixing systems to properly meter and mix reagents with contaminated soils. STC Omega provides full on-site technical support to ensure effective application of the treatment technologies, documentation, and Treatment of Contaminated Soil Page 130 The SITE Program assesses but does not; approve or endorse technologies. ------- November 7994 Completed Project quality assurance/quality control procedures during the treatment process. WASTE APPLICABILITY: STC Omega's technology can treat a wide variety of hazardous soils, sludges, and wastewaters, including the following: • Soils and sludges contaminated with inorganics, including most metals, cyanides, fluorides, arsenates, chromates, and selenium • Soils and sludges contaminated with organics, including halogenated aromat- ics, polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH), and aliphatic compounds • Wastewaters contaminated with heavy metals and emulsified and dissolved organic compounds, excluding low- molecular-weight organic contaminants such as alcohols, ketones, and glycols STATUS: STC Omega's demonstration project was completed in November 1990 at the Selma Pressure Treating (SPT) Superfund site in Selma, California. STC Omega was subse- quently selected for the full-scale remediation of the SPT site, which is contaminated with organics, mainly pentachlorophenol (PCP), and inorganics, mainly arsenic, chromium, and copper. The SPT site was successfully remediated in 1993 using STC Omega's treat- ment process at a considerable cost savings over competing technologies. The Applications Anal- ysis Report (EPA/540/AR-92/010) and a demon- stration videotape are available. DEMONSTRATION RESULTS: The demonstration had the following results: • The STC Omega process reduced total PCP concentrations up to 97 percent. The STC Omega chemical fixation process stabilized the residual PCP concentrations to very low leachable levels (from 5 to less than 0.3 mil- ligrams per liter). • STC Omega's technology immobilized arsenic and copper, while chromium remained well within regulatory limits. • The treated wastes had moderately high unconfined compressive strength, averaging 300 pounds per square inch (psi) after 28 days, increasing to more than 700 psi after 18 months. • Permeability of the treated waste was low (less than 1.7 x 10"7 centimeters per second). The relative cumulative weight loss after 12 wet/dry and 12 freeze/thaw cycles was negligible (less than 1 per- cent). • The STC Omega technology's treatment costs depend on specific waste characteristics. FOR FURTHER INFORMATION: EPA PROJECT MANAGER: Edward Bates U.S. EPA Risk Reduction Engineering Laboratory 26 West Martin Luther King Drive Cincinnati, OH 45268 513-569-7774 Fax: 513-569-7676 TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPER CONTACTS: Stephen Pelger or Scott Larsen STC Omega, Inc. 7655 East Gelding Drive, Suite B-2 Scottsdale, AZ 85260 602-948-7100 Fax: 602-991-3173 The SITE Program assesses but does not approve or endorse technologies. Page 131 ------- Technology Profile DEMONSTRATION PROGRAM TERRA-KLEEN RESPONSE GROUP, INC. (Solvent Extraction Treatment System) TECHNOLOGY DESCRIPTION: The solvent extraction treatment system was developed by Terra-Kleen Response Group, Inc. (Terra-Kleen), to remove semivolatile and non- volatile organic contaminants from soil. This batch process system uses a proprietary solvent blend to separate hazardous constituents from soils, sediments, sludge, and debris. The U.S. EPA Office of Pesticides and Toxic Substances has made a written finding that the Terra-Kleen solvent is nontoxic. tanks and pumped into the sedimentation tanks. Suspended solids settle or are flocculated in the sedimentation tank, and are then removed. Following solvent extraction of the organic con- taminants, any residual solvent in the soil is removed using soil vapor extraction and biologi- cal treatment. Soil vapor extraction removes the majority of the residual solvent, while biological treatment reduces residual solvent to trace levels. The treated soils are then removed from the extraction tanks. A schematic diagram of the Terra-Kleen treat- ment system is shown below. Treatment begins after excavated soil is loaded into the extraction tanks. Clean solvent from the solvent storage tank is pumped into the extraction tanks. The soil and solvent mixture is held in the extraction tank for a tune period sufficient to solubilize organic contaminants into the solvent, separating them from the soil. The contaminant-laden solvent is then removed from the extraction The solvent regeneration process begins by pumping contaminant-laden solvent from the sedimentation tank through a microfiltration unit and a proprietary solvent purification station. The microfiltration unit first removes any fines remaining in the solvent. The solvent purifica- tion station separates organic contaminants from the solvent and concentrates them, reducing the amount of hazardous waste for off-site disposal. The regenerated solvent is pumped into the clean 1Ton Untreated Soil 1Ton Untreated Soil 1Ton Untreated Soil CONTMWANT4AOEN SOLVENT VACUy_M_BJT_RACTJ_qN_SYSJEM VENT _, TO <•••••» ATMOSPHERE LEC3END . Untreated Soil • Wash Solvent •••••}>• Air and Solvent Vapor MICROFILTRATION SOLVENT UNIT PURIFICATION STATION CLEAN SOLVENT STORAGE TANK Solvent Extraction Treatment System Page 132 The SITE Program assesses but does not approve or endorse technologies. ------- November 1994 Completed Project solvent storage tank for use in treating additional soil. WASTE APPLICABILITY: The Terra-Kleen solvent extraction treatment system is a waste minimization process designed to remove the following organic contaminants from soils: polychlorinated biphenyls (PCB), chlorinated pesticides, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH), pentachlorophenol, creo- sote, polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins (PCDD), and polychlorinated dibenzofurans (PCDF). The technology also has the capacity to remove organic contaminants, such as PCBs, from low- level radioactive wastes. The Terra-Kleen solvent extraction system does not require soil screening equipment to remove debris or large objects from the contaminated soil before treatment. The system is trams- portable and can be configured to treat small quantities of soil (1 to 1,000 cubic yards) as well as large volumes generated at remedial sites, STATUS: Terra-Kleen demonstrated its solvent extraction treatment system under the SITE Demonstration Program between May 16 and June 11, 1994. The technology was demonstrated at the Na.val Air Station North Island Site 4, in San Diego, California. Soils at Site 4 are contaminated with heavy metals, volatile organic compounds (VOC), semivolatile organic compounds (SVOC) (including PAHs), PCBs (Aroclor 1260), dioxins, and furans. DEMONSTRATION RESULTS: Preliminary findings from the Terra-Kleen SITE demonstration are summarized as follows: • PCB Aroclor 1260 concentrations were reduced from a maximum of 170 milli- grams per kilogram (mg/kg) in untreated soil to approximately 2 mg/kg in treated soil. The average removal efficiency was 98.39 percent. « The system can efficiently concentrate PCBs into a smaller waste volume for off-site disposal. • The treatment system's PCB removal efficiency was reproducible for all batches run during this demonstration. To provide additional information on the tech- nology's capabilities, samples were also collect- ed and analyzed for VOCs, SVOCs, PCDD, and PCDF. The analytical data from these samples are not yet available. All findings of the Terra-Kleen SITE demonstration, including sample analytical results, will be discussed in the SITE technology capsule and the innovative technology evaluation report. Additional data is being collected at the Naval Communication Station in Stockton, California. The system is treating soil contaminated with chlorinated pesticides at concentrations up to 600 mg/kg. Preliminary data indicates that target levels of 1 mg/kg are being achieved. FOR FURTHER INFORMATION: EPA PROJECT MANAGER: Mark Meckes U.S. EPA Risk Reduction Engineering Laboratory 26 West Martin Luther King Drive Cincinnati, OH 45268 513-569-7348 Fax: 513-569-7676 . TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPER CONTACT: Alan Cash Terra-Kleen Response Group, Inc. 7321 North Hammond Avenue Oklahoma City, OK 73132 405-728-0001 Fax: 405-728-0016 The SITE Program assesses but does not approve or endorse technologies. Page 133 ------- Technology Profile DEMONSTRATION PROGRAM TERRA VAC, INC. (In Situ Vacuum Extraction) TECHNOLOGY DESCRIPTION: In situ vacuum extraction is a process that removes volatile organic compounds (VOC) from the vadose, or unsaturated soil zone. These compounds can often be removed from the vadose zone before they contaminate ground- water. This extraction process is patented and licensed to Terra Vac, Inc. (Terra Vac), and others. The extraction process uses readily available equipment, including extraction and monitoring wells, manifold piping, a vapor and liquid separator, a vacuum pump, and an emission control device, such as an activated carbon adsorption filter. After the contaminated area is completely defined, extraction wells are installed and connected by piping to the vacuum extrac- tion and treatment system. First, a vacuum pump draws the subsurface con- taminants from the extraction wells to the liquid/ gas separator. The vapor-phase contaminants are then treated with an activated carbon adsorp- tion filter or a catalytic oxidizer before the gases are discharged to the atmosphere. Subsurface vacuum and soil vapor concentrations are moni- tored with vadose zone monitoring wells. The technology is effective in most hydrogeolog- ical settings, and can reduce soil contaminant levels from saturated conditions to nondetec- table. The process even works in less permeable soils (clays) with sufficient porosity. Dual vacuum extraction of groundwater and vapor quickly restores groundwater quality to drinking water standards. In addition, the technology is less expensive than other remediation methods, such as incineration. The figure below illus- trates the process. Typical contaminant recovery rates range from 20 to 2,500 pounds per day, depending on the degree of site contamination. WASTE APPLICABILITY: The vacuum extraction technology effectively treats soils containing virtually any VOC and has VAPOR PHASE CARBON CANISTERS TO ATMOSPHERE PRIMARY SECONDARY CARBON CARBON VAPOR EMISSIONS UNIT GROUNDWATER AND LIQUID DISPOSAL DUALVACUUM EXTRACTION WELLS In Situ Vacuum Extraction Process Page 134 The SITE Program assesses but does not approve or endorse technologies. ------- November 1994 Completed Project successfully removed over 40 types of chemicals from soils and groundwater, including solvents and gasoline- and diesel-range hydrocarbons. STATUS: The vacuum extraction process was first demon- strated at a Superfund site in Puerto Rico. Terra Vac has since applied the technology at fifteen additional Superfund sites and at more than 400 other waste sites throughout the United States, Europe, and Japan. The process was demonstrated under the SITE Demonstration Program at the Groveland Wells Superfund site in Groveland, Massachusetts, from December 1987 through April 1988. The technology successfully remediated soils con- taminated by trichloroethene (TCE). The Tech- nology Evaluation Report (EPA/540/5-89/003a) and Applications Analysis Report (EPA/540/A5-89/003) have been published. DEMONSTRATION RESULTS: During the Groveland Wells demonstration, four extraction wells pumped contaminants to the process system. During a 56-day operational period, 1,300 pounds of VOCs, mainly TCE, were extracted from both highly permeable strata and less permeable clays. The vacuum extrac- tion process achieved nondetectable VOC levels at some locations, and reduced the VOC concen- tration in soil gas by 95 percent. Average reductions were 92 percent for sandy soils and 90 percent for clays. Field evaluations have yielded the following conclusions: • VOCs can be reduced to nondetectable levels; however, some residual VOC concentrations usually remained in the treated soils. • Volatility of the contaminants and site soils is a major consideration when applying this technology. Ideal measured permeabilities are 10"4 to 10"8 centimeters per second. • Pilot demonstrations are necessary at sites with complex geology or contami- nant distributions. • Treatment costs are typically $40 per ton of soil, but can range from $10 to $150 per ton of soil, depending on requirements for gas effluent or waste- water treatment. • Contaminants should have a Henry's constant of 0.001 or higher. FOR FURTHER INFORMATION: EPA PROJECT MANAGER: Mary Stinson U.S. EPA Risk Reduction Engineering Laboratory Building 10, MS-104 2890 Woodbridge Avenue Edison, NJ 08837-3679 908-321-6683 Fax: 908-321-6640 TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPER CONTACT: James Malot Terra Vac, Inc. 356 Fortaleza Street P.O. Box 1591 San Juan, PR 00903 809-723-9171 Fax: 809-725-8750 The SITE Program assesses but does not approve or endorse technologies. Page 135 ------- Technology Profile DEMONSTRATION PROGRAM TEXACO INC. (Entrained-Bed Gasification) TECHNOLOGY DESCRIPTION: The Texaco entrained-bed gasification process is a noncatalytic, partial oxidation process in which carbonaceous substances react at elevated tem- peratures and pressures, producing a gas con- taining mainly carbon monoxide and hydrogen (see figure below). This product, called synthe- sis gas, can be used to produce other chemicals or burned as fuel. Feed ash melts and is re- moved as a glass-like slag. Applying this tech- nology to the treatment of hazardous waste is an extension of Texaco's conventional gasification technology, which has operated commercially for over 40 years with feedstocks such as natural gas, heavy oil, coal, and petroleum coke. The Texaco gasification process (TOP) treats waste material at pressures above 20 atmospheres and temperatures between 2,200 and 2,800 degrees Fahrenheit. Slurried wastes are pumped to a specially de- signed burner mounted at the top of a refractory- lined pressure vessel. The waste feed, contain- ing oxygen and ail auxiliary fuel such as coal, reacts and flows downward through the gasifier to a quench chamber that collects the slag. The slag is eventually removed through a lockhop- per. A scrubber farther cools and cleans the synthesis gas. Fine particulate matter removed by the scrubber may be recycled to the gasifier; a sulfur recovery system may also be added. After the TOP converts organic materials into synthesis gas, the cooled, water-scrubbed product gas, consisting mainly of hydrogen and carbon monoxide, should contain no hydro- carbons heavier than methane. Metals and other ash constituents become part of the glassy slag. Texaco is designing a transportable system to treat about 100 tons of hazardous waste per day. Oxldant Water.... Feed- Recycle Grinding Mill Slu Ta rry nk <= T => | Burner Solids-Free Slag to Disposal Purge Water to Treatment or Recycle Solids to Disposal or Recycle Entrained-Bed Gasification Process Page 136 The SITE Program assesses but does not approve or endorse technologies. ------- November 1394 Completed Project This system would produce about 6 million stan- dard cubic feet of usable synthesis gas per day with a heat content of 250 British thermal units per standard cubic foot. WASTE APPLICABILITY: Examples of wastes that the gasification system can treat are: • contaminated soils, sludges, and sediments that contain both organic and inorganic constituents • chemical wastes • petroleum residues Solids in the feed must be ground and pumped in a slurry containing 40 to 70 percent solids by weight and 30 to 60 percent liquid, usually water. Texaco has demonstrated gasification of coal liquefaction residues, petroleum production tank bottoms, municipal sewage sludge, and surrogate contaminated soil. Texaco plans to build a gasification power facility at its El Dorado, Kansas refinery that will convert about 170 tons of noncommercial petroleum coke and refinery wastes per day into clean synthesis gas. STATUS: The gasification system was accepted into the SITE Demonstration Program in July 1991. A demonstration was conducted in January 1994 at Texaco's Montebello Research Laboratory using a mixture of clean soil, coal, and soil from the Purity Oil Sales Superfund Site, located in Fresno, California. The mixture was slurried and spiked with lead, barium, and chloroben- zene. Forty tons of slurry were treated in preparation for and during three demonstration runs. Detailed demonstration results will be published in late 1994. DEMONSTRATION RESULTS: Preliminary findings from the demonstration are summarized below: • The average composition of the dry synthesis gas product from the TOP consisted of 37 percent hydrogen, 36 percent carbon monoxide, and 21 per- cent carbon dioxide. The only remain- ing organic contaminant greater than 0.1 parts per million (ppm) was methane at 55 ppm. • The destruction and removal efficiency for the volatile organic spike (chlorobenzene) was greater than the 99.99-percent goal. • Samples of the primary TGP solid product, coarse slag, averaged below the toxicity characteristic leaching procedure (TCLP) regulatory values for lead (5 milligrams per liter [mg/L]) and barium (100 mg/L). Volatile heavy metals tended to partition to and concentrate in the secondary TGP solid products, fine slag and clarifier solids., These secondary products were above the TCLP regulatory value for lead. FOR FURTHER INFORMATION: EPA PROJECT MANAGER: Marta K. Richards U.S. EPA Risk Reduction Engineering Laboratory 26 West Martin Luther King Drive Cincinnati, OH 45268 513-569-7692 Fax: 513-569-7549 TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPER CONTACT: Richard Zang, P.E. Texaco Inc. 2000 Westchester Avenue White Plains, NY 10650 914-253-4047 Fax: 914-253-7744 The SITE Program assesses but does not approve or endorse technologies. Page 137 ------- Technology Profile DEMONSTRATION PROGRAM TORONTO HARBOUR COMMISSION (Soil Recycling) TECHNOLOGY DESCRIPTION: The Toronto Harbour Commission's soil recycl- ing process removes inorganic and organic con- taminants from soil to produce a reusable fill material. The process involves three techno- logies operating in series. The first technology is a soil washing process that reduces the volume of treatable material by concentrating contaminants in a fine slurry mixture. The second technology removes heavy metals from the slurry by dissolving the metals with acid and selective chelation. The metal dissolution process recovers all metals in their pure forms. The third technology, chemical hydrolysis accompanied by bioslurry reactors, destroys organic contaminants concentrated in the slurry. The three integrated technologies are capable of cleaning contaminated soil for reuse on industrial sites. WASTE APPLICABILITY: This technology is applicable to soil contaminat- ed with inorganics and organics. STATUS: Toronto Harbour Commission's soil recycling process was accepted into the SITE Demonstra- tion Program in 1991. The soil recycling pro- cess was demonstrated at a site within the Toronto Port Industrial District that had been used for metals finishing and refinery products and petroleum storage. Demonstration sampling took place in April and May 1992. Soil Washing Plant (Metal Extraction Screwtubes in Foreground and Bioslurry Reactors in Background) Page 138 The SITE Program assesses but does not approve or endorse technologies. ------- November 1994 Completed Project The objective of the SITE demonstration was to evaluate the process' ability to achieve the modified Ontario Ministry of the Environment (MOE) criteria for commercial and industrial sites. Detailed results have been published in a Demonstration Bulletin (EPA/520-MR-92/015), an Applications Analysis Report (EPA/540-AR-93/517), a Technology Evaluation Report (EPA/540/R-93/517), and a Technology DemonstrationSummary(EPA/540/SR-93/517). These reports are available from EPA. DEMONSTRATION RESULTS: The demonstration results showed that soil washing effectively produced clean coarse soil fractions and concentrated the contaminants in the fine slurry (see Table 1). Table 1 - Soil Washing Process Oil & Grease Naphthalene Benzo(a)pyrene Feed .8 mg/kg* 1 1 mg/kg 2 mg/kg Clean Sand .2 mg/kg 2 mg/kg .5 mg/kg Contaminated Fine Slurry 4 mg/kg 52 mg/kg 1 0 mg/kg milligrams per kilogram The heavy metals process effectively treated samples of contaminated soil from the Port Industrial Area, lead-contaminated soil from a lead smelter site, contaminated harbour sedi- ments, municipal sewage sludge, and municipal sewage incinerator ash (see Table 2). Table 2 - Heavy Metals Process Metal Sample #1623 -Lead Sample #1631 -Lead Lead Smelter Soil Fines Input 2949 mg/kg 612 mg/kg Treated Fines Output 877 mg/kg 1 83 mg/kg The heavy metals process has been licensed to Metanetix Corporation for worldwide applica- tion. It is being applied commercially to selec- tive mine metals from acid mine drainage at the Anaconda copper mine in Butte, Montana. The chemical treatment process and bioslurry reactors achieved a 90 percent reduction in polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbon compounds such as naphthalene, but slightly exceeded the MOE criteria for benzo(a)pyrene (see Table 3). Table 3 - Chemical and Bioremediation Process Naphthalene Benzo(a)pyrene Contaminated Fine Slurry 52 mg/kg 10 mg/kg Treated Fine Slurry <5 mg/kg 2.6 mg/kg FOR FURTHER INFORMATION: EPA PROJECT MANAGER: Teri Richardson U.S. EPA Risk Reduction Engineering Laboratory 26 West Martin Luther King Drive Cincinnati, OH 45268 513-569-7949 Fax: 513-569-7620 TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPER CONTACT: Carol Moore The Toronto Harbour Commissioners 60 Harbour Street Toronto, Ontario, Canada M5J 1B7 416-863-2071 Fax: 416-863-4830 The SITE Program assesses but does not approve or endorse technologies. Page 139 ------- Technology Profile DEMONSTRATION PROGRAM ULTRO'X, A DIVISION OF ZIMPRO ENVIRONMENTAL, INC. (Ultraviolet Radiation and Oxidation) TECHNOLOGY DESCRIPTION: This ultraviolet (UV) radiation and oxidation process uses UV radiation, ozone (O3), and hydrogen peroxide (H2C>2) to destroy toxic organic compounds, particularly chlorinated hydrocarbons, in water. The process oxidizes compounds that are toxic or refractory (resistant to biological oxidation) to parts per million (ppm) or parts per billion (ppb) levels. The UV radiation and oxidation system consists of a treatment tank module, an air compressor and ozone generator module, and a hydrogen peroxide feed system (see figure below). The system is skid-mounted and portable, and per- mits on-site treatment of a wide variety of liquid wastes, such as industrial wastewater, groundwa- ter, and leachate. Treatment tank size is determined by the expected wastewater flow rate and the necessary hydraulic retention time needed to treat the contaminated water. The approximate UV intensity, and ozone and hydrogen peroxide doses, are determined by pilot-scale studies. Treatment tank influent is simultaneously ex- posed to UV radiation, ozone, and hydrogen peroxide to oxidize the organic compounds. Off-gas from the treatment tank passes through an ozone destruction Decompozon™ unit, which reduces ozone levels before air venting. The Decompozon™ unit also destroys volatile organic compounds (VOC) stripped off in the treatment tank. Effluent from the treatment tank is tested and analyzed before disposal. Treated Off-Gas Catalytic Ozone Decomposer Ozone Generator Compressed' Air Treated Effluent Dryer Groundwater ULTROX® UV/Oxidation Reactor Hydrogen Peroxide from Feed Tank Ultrox System (Isometric View) Page 140 The SITE Program assesses but does not approve or endorse technologies. ------- November 1994 Completed Project WASTE APPLICABILITY: The UV radiation and oxidation system treats contaminated groundwater, industrial waste- waters, and leachates containing halogenated solvents, phenol, pentachlorophenol, pesticides, polychlorinated biphenyls, explosives, benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene, xylene, methyl tertiary butyl ether, and other organic compounds. The system also treats low level total organic com- pounds, chemical oxygen demand, and biological oxygen demand. STATUS: A field-scale demonstration was completed in March 1989 at the Lorentz Barrel and Drum Company site in San Jose, California. The test program was designed to evaluate system performance for several combinations of five operating parameters: 1) influent pH, 2) retention time, 3) ozone dose, 4) hydrogen peroxide dose, and 5) UV radiation intensity. The Technology Evaluation Report v/as published in January 1990 (EPA/540/5-89/012). The Applications Analysis Report was published in September 1990 (EPA/540/A5-89/012). The technology is fully commercial, with over 30 systems installed. Flow rates ranging from 5 gallons per minute (gpm) to 1,050 gpm are in use at various industries and site remediations, including aerospace, U.S. Department of Ener- gy, U.S. Department of Defense, petroleum, pharmaceutical, automotive, woodtreating, and municipal facilities. UV oxidation technology has been included in Records of Decision for several Superfund sites where groundwater pump-and-treat remediation methods will be used. DEMONSTRATION RESULTS: Contaminated groundwater treated by the system met regulatory standards at the appropriate parameter levels. Out of 44 VOCs in the waste- water, trichloroethene, 1,1-dichloroethane, and 1,1,1-trichloroethane were chosen as indicator parameters. All three are relatively refractory to conventional oxidation. The Decompozon™ unit reduced ozone to less than 0.1 ppm, with efficiencies greater then 99.99 percent. VOCs present in the air within the treatment system were not detected after passing through the Decompozon™ unit. The Ultrox system produced no harmful air emis- sions. Total organic carbon removal was low, implying partial oxidation of organics without complete conversion to carbon dioxide and water. FOR FURTHER INFORMATION: EPA PROJECT MANAGER: Norma Lewis U.S. EPA Risk Reduction Engineering Laboratory 26 West Martin Luther King Drive Cincinnati, OH 45268 513-569-7665 Fax: 513-569-7620 TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPER CONTACT: David Fletcher Ultrox, A Division of Zimpro Environmental, Inc. 2435 South Anne Street Santa Ana, CA 92704-5308 714-545-5557 Fax: 714-557-5396 The SITE F'rogram assesses but does not approve or endorse technologies. Page 141 ------- Technology Profile DEMONSTRATION PROGRAM UNITED STATES ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY (Excavation Techniques and Foam Suppression Methods) TECHNOLOGY DESCRIPTION: These excavation techniques and foam suppres- sion methods were developed through a joint EPA effort involving the Risk Reduction Engi- neering Laboratory (Cincinnati, Ohio), Air and Energy Engineering Research Laboratory (Re- search Triangle Park, North Carolina), and EPA Region 9 to evaluate control technologies during excavation operations. In general, excavating soil contaminated with volatile organic compounds (VOC) results in fugitive air emissions. The area to be excavated is surrounded by a temporary enclosure (see photograph below). Air from the enclosure is vented through an emission control system before being released to the atmosphere. For example, in the case of hydrocarbon and sulfur dioxide emissions, a scrubber and a carbon adsorption unit would be used to treat emissions. As an additional emission control method, a vapor suppressant foam can be applied to the soil before and after excavation. WASTE APPLICABILITY: This technology is suitable for controlling VOC emissions during excavation of contaminated soil. STATUS: This technology was demonstrated at the McColl Superfund site in Fullerton, California, in June and July 1990. An enclosure 60 feet wide, 160 feet long, and 26 feet high was erected over an area contaminated with VOCs and sulfur Excavation Area Enclosure Page 142 The SITE Program assesses but does not approve or endorse technologies. ------- November 1994 Completed Project dioxide. A backhoe removed the overburden and excavated underlying waste. Three distinct types of waste were encountered during excava- tion: oily mud, tar, and hard coal-like char. The following documents contain results of the demonstration and are available from EPA: • Applications Analysis Report (EPA/540/AR-92/015) • Technology Evaluation Report (EPA/540/R-93/015) • Demonstration Summary (EPA/540/SR-92/015) DEMONSTRATION RESULTS: During excavation, the 5-minute average air concentrations within the enclosed area were up to 1,000 parts per million (ppm) for sulfur dioxide and up to 492 ppm for total hydrocar- bons (THC). The air pollution control system removed up to 99 percent of the sulfur dioxide and up to 70 percent of the THCs. The concentrations of air contaminants inside the enclosure were higher than expected. These high concentrations were due in part to the vapor suppressant foams' inability to form an impermeable membrane over the exposed wastes. The foam reacted with the highly acidic waste, causing the foam to degrade. Further- more, purge water from foaming activities made surfaces slippery for workers and equipment. A total of 101 cubic yards of overburden and 137 cubic yards of contaminated waste was excavated. The tar waste was solidified and stabilized by mixing it with fly ash, cement, and water in a pug mill. The char wastes did not require further processing. FOR FURTHER INFORMATION: EPA PROJECT MANAGER: Jack Hubbard U.S. EPA Risk Reduction Engineering Laboratory 26 West Martin Luther King Drive Cincinnati, OH 45268 513-569-7507 Fax: 513-569-7620 TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPER CONTACT: John Blevins U.S. EPA, Region 9 Mail Code H-7-1 75 Hawthorne Avenue San Francisco, CA 94105 415-744-2400 The SITE Program assesses but does not approve or endorse technologies. Page 143 ------- Technology Profile DEMONSTRA TION PROGRAM VULCAN PEROXIDATION SYSTEMS, INC. (formerly PEROXIDATION SYSTEMS, INC.) (perox-pure™ Chemical Oxidation Technology) TECHNOLOGY DESCRIPTION: The perox-pure™ treatment system is designed to destroy dissolved organic contaminants in groundwater or wastewater with an advanced chemical oxidation process that uses ultraviolet (UV) radiation and hydrogen peroxide. Hydro- gen peroxide is added to the contaminated water, and the mixture is then fed into the treatment system. The treatment system's oxidation chamber contains one or more compartments. Each compartment contains one high-intensity UV lamp mounted in a quartz tube. The contaminat- ed water flows in the space between the chamber wall and the quartz tube in which each UV lamp is mounted. The perox-pure™ equipment in- cludes circular wipers attached to the quartz tubes. These wipers periodically remove solids that may accumulate on the tubes, a feature designed to maintain treatment efficiency. UV light catalyzes chemical oxidation of organic contaminants in water by affecting the organics and reacting with hydrogen peroxide. Many perax-pure, ilWIS DESTOUCTraNlpROCESS perox-pure™ Model SSB-30 Page 144 The SITE Program assesses but does not approve or endorse technologies. ------- November 1994 Completed Project organic contaminants that absorb UV light change chemically or become more reactive with chemical oxidants. More importantly, UV light catalyzes hydrogen peroxide breakdown to produce hydroxyl radicals, which are powerful chemical oxidants. Hydroxyl radicals react with and destroy organic contaminants, ultimately producing harmless by-products such as carbon dioxide, halides, and water. The treatment system produces no hazardous by-products or air emissions. WASTE APPLICABILITY: The perox-pure™ technology treats groundwater and wastewater contaminated with chlorinated solvents, pesticides, polychlorinated biphenyls, phenolics, fuel hydrocarbons, and other organic compounds at concentrations ranging from a few thousand milligrams per liter to one microgrann per liter or lower. In some cases, the treatment system can combine with air stripping, steam stripping, or biological treatment to optimize treatment results. STATUS: The perox-pure™ technology was accepted into the SITE Demonstration Program in April 1991. A Model SSB-30 was demonstrated in Septem- ber 1992 at the Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory Site 300 Superfund site in California. The purpose of this demonstration was to mea- sure how well the perox-pure™ technology removed volatile organic compounds (VOC) from contaminated groundwater at the site. This technology has been successfully applied to over 80 sites throughout the United States, Canada, and Europe. The treatment units at these sites have treated contaminated groundwa- ter, industrial wastewater, landfill leachates, potable water, and industrial reuse streams. Equipment capacities range up to several thou- sand gallons per minute. DEMONSTRATION RESULTS: During the demonstration, the treatment system operated at a variety of operating parameters. Three reproducibility tests were performed at the optimum operating conditions, which were selected from the initial test runs. In most cases, the perox-pure™ technology reduced trichloroethene, tetrachloroethene, chloroform, trichloroethane, and dichloroethane to below analytical detection limits. For each organic contaminant, the perox-pure™ tech- nology complied with California action levels and federal drinking water maximum conta- minant levels at the 95 percent confidence level. The quartz tube wipers effectively cleaned the tubes and eliminated the interference caused by tube scaling. The Applications Analysis Report (EPA/540/AR-93/501), the Technology Evalua- tion Report (EPA/540/R-93/501) and the Tech- nology Demonstration Summary (EPA/540/SR- 93/501) are available from EPA. FOR FURTHER INFORMATION: EPA PROJECT MANAGER: Norma Lewis U.S. EPA Risk Reduction Engineering Laboratory 26 West Martin Luther King Drive Cincinnati, OH 45268 513-569-7665 Fax: 513-569-7620 TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPER CONTACT: Chris Giggy Vulcan Peroxidation Systems, Inc. 5151 East Broadway, Suite 600 Tucson, AZ 85711 602-790-8383 Fax: 602-790-8008 The SITE Program assesses but does not approve or endorse technologies. Page 145 ------- Technology Profile DEMONSTRATION PROGRAM WASTECH, INC. (Solidification and Stabilization) TECHNOLOGY DESCRIPTION: This solidification and stabilization technology applies proprietary bonding agents to soils, sludge, and liquid wastes contaminated with organic and inorganic contaminants. The tech- nology uses a reagent to chemically bond with contaminants hi wastes. The waste and reagent mixture is then mixed with pozzolanic, cemen- titious materials, which combine to form a stabilized matrix. Reagents are selected based on target waste characteristics. Treated material is a nonleaching, high-strength, stabilized end- product. WASTECH, Inc.'s (WASTECH), technology uses standard engineering and construction equipment. As the type and dose of reagents depend on waste characteristics, treatability studies and site investigations must be conducted to determine the proper treatment formula. Treatment usually begins with waste excavation. Large pieces of debris in the waste must be screened and removed. The waste is then placed into a high shear mixer, along with premeasured quantities of water and SuperSet®, WASTECH's proprietary reagent (see figure below). Next, pozzolanic, cementitious materials are added to the waste-reagent mixture, stabilizing the waste and completing the treatment process. WASTECH's treatment technology does not generate by-products. The process may also be applied in situ. WASTE APPLICABILITY: WASTECH's technology can treat a wide vari- ety of waste streams consisting of soils, sludges, and raw organic streams, including lubricating oil, aromatic solvents, evaporator bottoms, chelating agents, and ion exchange resins, with contaminant concentrations ranging from parts per million levels to 40 percent by volume. The technology can also treat wastes generated by the petroleum, chemical, pesticide, and wood-pre- serving industries, as well as wastes generated by many other chemical manufacturing and industrial processes. WASTECH's technology WASTE MATERIAL SIZING POZZOLANS PROCESSED MATERIALS PLACED TO SPECIFICATIONS WASTECH Solidification and Stabilization Process Page 146 The SITE Program assesses but does not approve or endorse technologies. ------- November 1994 Completed Project can also be applied to mixed wastes containing organic, inorganic, and radioactive contami- nants. STATUS: The technology was accepted into the SITE Demonstration Program in spring 1989. A field demonstration at Robins Air Force Base in Warner Robins, Georgia was completed in August 1991. The WASTECH technology treated high level organic and inorganic wastes at an industrial sludge pit. WASTECH subse- quently conducted a bench-scale study under glovebox conditions to develop a detailed mass balance of volatile organic compounds in late 1992. The technology is being commercially applied to treat hazardous wastes contaminated with various organics, inorganics, and mixed wastes. The Innovative Technology Evaluation Report will be available in 1995. FOR FURTHER INFORMATION: EPA PROJECT MANAGER: Terrence Lyons U.S. EPA Risk Reduction Laboratory 26 West Martin Luther King Drive Cincinnati, OH 45268 513-569-7589 Fax: 513-569-7676 TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPER CONTACT: Benjamin Peacock WASTECH, Inc. P.O. Box 4638 1021 D Alvin Weinberg Drive Oak Ridge, TN 37831-4638 615-483-6515 Fax: 615-483-4239 The SITE Program assesses but does not approve or endorse technologies. Page 14-7 ------- Technology Profile DEMONSTRATION PROGRAM ROY F. WESTON, INC. (Low Temperature Thermal Treatment [LT3®] System) TECHNOLOGY DESCRIPTION: The Roy F. Weston, Inc. (Weston), low temper- ature thermal treatment (LT3®) system thermally desorbs organic compounds from contaminated soil without heating the soil to combustion temperatures. The transportable system is assembled on three flat-bed trailers and requires an area of about 5,000 square feet, including ancillary and support equipment. The LT3® system consists of three segments: soil treat- ment, emissions control, and water treatment (see figure below). The LT3® thermal processor consists of two jacketed troughs, one above the other. Each trough houses four intermeshed, hollow screw conveyors. A front-end loader feeds soil or sludge onto a conveyor that discharges into a surge hopper above the thermal processor. Hot oil circulating through the troughs and screws heats the soil to 400 to 500 degrees Fahrenheit, removing contaminants. Soil is discharged from the thermal processor into a conditioner where a water spray cools the soil and minimizes dust emissions. A fan draws desorbed organics from the thermal processor through a fabric filter baghouse. Depending on contaminant characteristics, dust collected on the fabric filter may be retreated, combined with treated material, or drummed separately for off-site disposal. Exhaust gas from the fabric filter is drawn into an air-cooled condenser to remove most of the water vapor and organics. The gas is then passed through a second, refrigerated condenser and treated by carbon adsorption. Low Temperature Thermal Treatment System Page 148 The SITE Program assesses but does not approve or endorse technologies. ------- November 1994 Completed Project Condensate streams are typically treated in a three-phase oil-water separator to remove light and heavy organic phases from the water phase, which is then treated in the carbon adsorption system to remove residual organic contaminants. Treated condensate is often used for soil condi- tioning, and only the organic phases are dis- posed of off site. WASTE APPLICABILITY: This system treats soils contaminated with volatile and semivolatile organic compounds (VOC and SVOC). Bench-, pilot-, and full- scale LT3® systems have treated soil contaminat- ed with the following wastes: coal tar, drill cut- tings (oil-based mud), No. 2 diesel fuel, JP-4 jet fuel, leaded and unleaded gasoline, petroleum hydrocarbons, halogenated and nonhalogenated solvents, VOCs, SVOCs, and polynuclear aro- matic hydrocarbons. STATUS: The LT3® system was accepted into the SITE Demonstration Program in September 1991. In November and December 1991, the LT3® system was demonstrated under the SITE Program as part of a proof-of-process test for full-scale remediation of the Anderson Development Company (ADC) Superfund site in Adrian, Michigan. The system was tested on lagoon sludge from the ADC site. This sludge was contaminated with VOCs and SVOCs, including 4,4-methylene bis(2-chloroaniline) (MBOCA). DEMONSTRATION RESULTS: The SITE demonstration yielded the following results: • The LT3® system removed VOCs to below method detection limits (less than 0.060 milligrams per kilogram [mg/kg] for most compounds). • The LT3® system achieved MBOCA removal efficiencies greater than 88 percent; MBOCA concentrations in the treated sludge ranged from 3.0 to 9.6 mg/kg. • The LT3® system decreased the con- centrations of all SVOCs in the sludge, with the exception of phenol, which increased as a result of the chloroben- zene decrease. • Stack emissions of non-methane total hydrocarbons increased from 6.7 to 11 parts per million by volume during the demonstration; the maximum emission rate was 0.2 pounds per day (ppd). The maximum particulates emission rate was 0.02 ppd, and no chlorides were mea- sured in stack gases. The Demonstration Bulletin (EPA/540/MR-92/019) and Applications Analy- sis Report (EPA/540/AR-92/019) are available from EPA. The Technology Evaluation Report will be available in late 1994. FOR FURTHER INFORMATION: EPA PROJECT MANAGER: Paul dePercin U.S. EPA Risk Reduction Engineering Laboratory 26 West Martin Luther King Avenue Cincinnati, OH 45268 513-569-7797 Fax: 513-569-7620 TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPER CONTACT: Mike Cosmos Roy F. Weston, Inc. 1 Weston Way West Chester, PA 19380-1499 610-701-7423 Fax: 610-701-5035 The SITE Program assesses but does not approve or endorse technologies. Page 149 ------- Technology Profile DEMONSTRATION PROGRAM ROY F. WESTON, INC./IEG TECHNOLOGIES (UVB - Vacuum Vaporizing Well) TECHNOLOGY DESCRIPTION: The Unterdruck-Verdampfer Brunnen (UVB) vacuum vaporizing well is an in situ system for remediating contaminated aquifers, especially those contaminated with volatile organic com- pounds. The UVB system uses a combination of chemical, physical and biological processes. A UVB system consists of a specially adapted groundwater well, a negative pressure stripping reactor, an aboveground mounted blower, and a waste air decontamination system such as dispos- able activated carbon beds (see figure below). The water level rises about 1 foot inside the well due to negative pressure generated by a blower. Fresh air is drawn into the system through a pipe leading to the stripping reactor and passes up through the raised water. The rising air bubbles enhance the suction effect at the bottom of the well, creating an air-lift pump. A specific flow direction can be induced by adding a support pump to produce an up or down vertical flow either upward or downward within the well. As a result of the concentration gradient, the contaminants vaporize into the air bubbles and are removed from the well by the air flow. The oscillating hydraulic pressure forces the water horizontally into the aquifer through the top screened well segment. In the surrounding aquifer, a circulation system develops, water enters at the well base and leaves through the upper screened segment, or vice versa, depend- ing on the desired flow direction. Activated Carbon Filter Blower Ambient Air Resting GW Level Negative Pressure Working GW Level ;••:„••..•.•-.•.•"•.••:•."•/ ft.;:;.A:;;^'Arti'fioiai'pack' UVB Standard Circulation Page 150 The SITE Program assesses but does not approve or endorse technologies. ------- November 1994 Completed Project A flow pattern with a calculable horizontal and vertical component is produced in the aquifer to compensate for the directed water flow within the UVB well. Thus, treated groundwater circulates through the sphere of influence within the aquifer before returning to the well. The UVB technology can extract soil gas during groundwater treatment. The amount of soil gas and groundwater passing through the decontami- nation system can be adjusted according to the type of contamination and the well construction. WASTE APPLICABILITY: The UVB technology is designed to remove volatile organic compounds from groundwater. Depending on the circumstances, the UVB system may also remediate semivolatile com- pounds and heavy metals. STATUS: This technology was accepted into the SITE Demonstration Program in 1993. The 6-month demonstration at March Air Force Base, California was extended for one year, and was completed in May 1994. DEMONSTRATION RESULTS: Demonstration results indicate that trichloro- ethene (TCE) was reduced on average by greater than 94 percent in groundwater discharged from the UVB treatment system. The mean TCE concentration in the discharged groundwater was approximately 3 micrograms per liter (pg/L), with only one event above 5 j^g/L. The UVB system's ability to remove dichloroethene (DCE) could not be established due to the low (less than 4 Mg/L) influent concentration of DCE. Based on the dye-tracer study, the radius of influence was measured to be at least 40 feet. Modeling of the radius of influence by Roy F. Weston, Inc., suggests that it may extend to a distance of approximately 83 feet; however, site- specific data obtained from aquifer testing indicate that the radius of influence is probably between 60 and 80 feet. In general, TCE and DCE in the shallow and intermediate screen wells showed a concentration reduction both vertically and horizontally over the duration of the pilot study. Target com- pound concentrations in these zones appeared to homogenize as indicated by the convergence and stabilization of TCE and DCE concentrations. Variations in target compound concentrations were noted in the deep screened wells; however, there was no evidence of reduction or homogeni- zation of the TCE or DCE in these wells. This may be due to the limited duration of well monitoring. FOR FURTHER IPflFORMATION: EPA PROJECT MANAGER: Michelle Simon U.S. EPA Risk Reduction Engineering Laboratory 26 West Martin Luther King Drive Cincinnati, OH 45268 513-569-7469 Fax: 513-569-7676 TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPER CONTACTS: Jeff Bannon Roy F. Weston, Inc. 6400 Canoga Avenue, Suite 100 Woodland Hills, CA 91367-2425 818-596-6900 Fax: 818-556-6895 Eric Klingel IEG Technologies 1833-D Crossbeam Drive Charlotte, NC 28217 704-357-6090 Fax:704-357-6111 The SITE Program assesses but does not approve or endorse technologies. Page 151 ------- Technology Profile DEMONSTRATION PROGRAM WHEELABRATOR CLEAN AIR SYSTEMS, INC. (formerly CHEMICAL WASTE MANAGEMENT, INC.) (PO*WW*ER™ Technology) TECHNOLOGY DESCRIPTION: The PO*WW*ER™ technology is used to treat and reduce complex industrial and hazardous wastewaters containing mixtures of inorganic salts, metals, volatile and nonvolatile organics, volatile inorganics, and radionuclides. The proprietary technology combines evaporation with catalytic oxidation to concentrate and destroy contaminants, producing a high-quality product condensate. Wastewater is first pumped into an evaporator where most of the water and contaminants are vaporized and removed, concentrating the con- taminants into a small volume for further treat- ment or disposal. The contaminant vapors then pass over a bed of proprietary robust catalyst, where the pollutants are oxidized and destroyed. Depending upon the composition, effluent vapors from the oxidizer may be treated in a scrubber. The vapors are then condensed to produce water (condensate) that can be used as either boiler or cooling tower make-up water, if appropriate. Hazardous wastewater is thus sepa- rated into a small contaminant stream and a large clean water stream without using expensive reagents or increasing the volume of the total stream. The photograph below illustrates a PO*WW*ER™-basedwastewatertreatmentplant. WASTE APPLICABILITY: The PO*WW*ER™ technology can treat waste- waters containing a mixture of the following contaminants: Organic « Halogenated volatiles • Halogenated semivolatiles * Nonhalogenated volatiles « Nonhalogenated semi- volatiles • Organic pesticides/ herbicides « Solvents • Benzene, toluene, ethyl- benzene, and xylene • Organic cyanides • Nonvolatile organics Inorganic Heavy metals Nonmetallic toxic elements Cyanides Ammonia Nitrates Salts Radioactive Plutonium Americium Uranium Technetium Thorium Radium Barium PO*WW*ER™-Based Wastewater Treatment Plant Page 152 The SITE Program assesses but does not approve or endorse technologies. ------- November 1994 Completed Project Suitable waste-waters include landfill leachates, contaminated groundwaters, process waste- waters, and low-level radioactive mixed wastes. STATUS: The technology was accepted into the SITE Demonstration Program in 1991, and was tested on landfill leachate in September 1992 at the developer's pilot plant in Lake Charles, Louisiana (see photograph below). The Applica- tions Analysis Report (EPA/540/AR-93/506) and the Technology Evaluation Report (EPA/540/R93/506) are available from EPA. A commercial system (50 gallons per minute capacity) is in operation at Ysing Yi Island, Hong Kong. A pilot-scale unit (1 to 1.5 gallons per hour) is available at RUST Remedial Services' Clemson Technical Center in South Carolina and can treat both radioactive, hazard- ous, and mixed waste streams. FOR FURTHER INFORMATION: EPA PROJECT MANAGER: Randy Parker U.S. EPA Risk Reduction Engineering Laboratory 26 West Martin Luther King Drive Cincinnati, OH 45268 513-569-7271 Fax: 513-569-7620 TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPER CONTACT: Annamarie Connolly Wheelabrator Clean Air Systems, Inc. 1501 East Woodfield Road, Suite 200 West Schaumberg, IL 60173 708-706-6900 Fax: 708-706-6996 PO*WW*ER™ Pilot Plant at Chemical Waste Management's Lake Charles, Louisiana Facility The SITE Program assesses but does not approve or endorse technologies. Page 153 ------- TABLE 2 Ongoing SITE Demonstration Program Projects as of October 1994 Developer Accutech Remedial Systems, Inc.,* Keyport, NJ (005)" AlliedSignal Environmental Systems and Services, Des Plaines, IL (003) Andco Environmental Processes, Inc., Buffalo, NY (007) Aprotek, Sacramento, CA (008) ASI Environmental Technologies, Inc./ Dames & Moore, Brandon, FL (005) BioGenesis Enterprises, Inc.,* Springfield, VA (009) CF Systems Corporation,* Woburn, MA (008) Colorado Department of Public Health and Environment (developed by Colorado School of Mines),*" Denver, CO (005)/(E01) Technology 'neumatic Fracturing Extraction™ and Catalytic Oxidation immobilized Cell Bioreactor Biotreatment System alectrochemical In Situ Chromate Reduction and Heavy Metal Immobilization [on Conduction Agglomeration System Hydrolytic Terrestrial Dissipation BioGenesis3" Soil and Sediment Washing Process Liquified Gas Solvent Extraction (LG-SX) Technology Wetlands-Based Treatment Technology Contact fohn Liskowitz 908-739-6444 P. Stephen Lupton 708-391-3224 Conrad Kempton 201-455-5531 Michael Laschinger 716-691-2100 Cathryn Wimberly 916-366-6165 Stoddard Pickrell 813-653-3376 Thomas Rougeux 703-913-9700 Chris Shallice 617-937-0800 Rick Brown 303-692-3383 EPA Project Manager Jwe Frank 908-321-6626 lonald Lewis 513-569-7856 Douglas Grosse 513-569-7844 Jack Hubbard 513-569-7507 Ronald Lewis 513-569-7856 Annette Gatchett 513-569-7697 Mark Meckes 513-569-7348 Edward Bates 513-569-7774 Waste Media Soil, Rock Groundwater, Wastewater Groundwater Groundwater, Wastewaster, Mining Effluents Soil Soil Soil, Sludge, Wastewater Acid Mine Drainage Applicable Waste Inorganic Not Applicable Not Applicable Heavy Metals, Hexavalent Chromium Metals Not Applicable Not Applicable Not Applicable Metals Organic Halogenated and Nonhalogenated VOCs and SVOCs Readily Biodegradable Organic Compounds, PAHs, Diesel Fuel, Chlorobenzene Not Applicable Not Applicable Toxaphene and Other Pesticides Volatile and Nonvolatile Hydrocarbons, PCBs VOCs, SVOCs, PAHs, PCBs, Dioxins, Pentachlorophenol Not Applicable An additional demonstration is planned for this technology. Refer to the profile in the Demonstration Program (completed projects) section for more information. Solicitation Number From Emerging Technology Program ------- TABLE 2 (continued) Ongoing SITE Demonstration Program Projects as of October 1994 Developer EET, Inc., Bellaire, TX (009) Electrokinetics Inc., Baton Rouge, LA (009)/(E03) EnviroMetal Technologies Inc., Guelph, Ontario, Canada (008) GEOCHEM, A Division of Terra Vac, Lakewood, CO (007) Horsehead Resource Development Co., Inc.,* Monaca.PA (008) Hydrologies, Inc., Englewood, CO (008) IT Corporation, San Bernardino, CA (007) Matrix Photolytic Inc. (formerly Nutech Environmental),"* London, Ontario, Canada (009)/(E05) Technology Extraction of PCBs from Porous Surfaces Using the TECHXTRACT™ Process Electro-Klean™ Electrokinetic Soil Processing In Situ Metal Enhanced Abiotic Degradation of Dissolved Halogenated Organic Compounds in Groundwater In Situ Remediation of Chromium in Groundwater Flame Reactor CURE®- Electrocoagulation Wastewater Treatment System In Situ Groundwater Treatment System Photocatalytic Water Treatment Technology Contact Tim Tarrillion 713-662-0727 Yalcin Acar and Robert Marks 504-388-3992 John Vogan 519-824-0432 Jim Rouse 303-988-8902 Regis Zagrocki 412-773-2289 Carl Dalrymple 303-761-6960 Walter Grinyer 909-799-6869 Bob Henderson 519-660-8669 EPA Project Manager Richard Eilers 513-569-7809 Randy Parker 513-569-7271 Chien Chen 908-906-6985 Douglas Grosse 513-569-7844 Donald Oberacker 513-569-7510 Marta K. Richards 513-569-7692 Annette Gatchett 513-569-7697 Michelle Simon 513-569-7469 Richard Eilers 513-569-7809 Waste Media Solids Soil Groundwater Groundwater Soil, Sludge, Industrial Solid Residues Water Groundwater Wastewater, Groundwater, 3rocess Water Applicable Waste Inorganic Heavy Metals, Radionuclides Heavy Metals and Other Inorganics, Radionuclides Not Applicable Hexavalent Chromium, Uranium, Selenium, Arsenic Metals Aluminum, Arsenic, Barium, Cadmium, Chromium, Cyanide, Lead, Nickel, Uranium, and Zinc Mot Applicable Nonspecific Inorganics Organic PCBs, Hydrocarbons Nonspecific Organics Halogenated Organic Compounds Not Applicable Not Applicable Mot Applicable VOCs PCBs, PCDDs, PCDFs, Chlorinated Alkenes, Chlorinated Phenols 01 An additional demonstration is planned for this technology. Refer to the profile in the Demonstration Program (completed projects) section for more information. ' From Emerging Technology Program ------- 8 TABLE 2 (continued) Ongoing SITE Demonstration Program Projects as of October 1994 Developer viorrison Knudsen Corporation/ Spetstamponazhgeologia Enterprises (STG), Boise, ID (009) New York State Department of Environmental Conservation, Mbany, NY (009) <[orth American Technologies Group, Inc., Sacramento, CA (008) Pintail Systems Incorporated, Aurora, CO (009) Praxis Environmental Technologies, Inc., Burlingame, CA (008) Process Technologies, Inc., Boise, ID (009) Purus, Inc., San Jose, CA (006) Remediation Technologies, Inc. Seattle, WA (002) Technology High Clay Grouting 'echnology Multi-Vendor Jioremediation BioTreat™ System Spent Ore Bioremediation Process In Situ Thermal Extraction Process Photolytic Destruction fo SVE Off-Gases PurCycle™ Vapor Treatment Process Liquid and Solids Biological Treatment Technology Contact Cathryn Levihn or R. Mac Hartley 208-386-6115 Nick Kolak 518-485-8792 Cathryn Wimberly 916-366-6165 ^eslie Thompson 303-367-8843 Lloyd Stewart 415-548-9288 Paul Carpenter 904-283-6187 Mike Swan 208-385-0900 Steve Hodge 916-643-0830 Bart Mass 408-955-1000 Merv Cooper 206-624-9349 EPA Project Manager ack Hubbard 513-569-7507 Annette Gatchett 513-569-7697 Mary Stinson 908-321-6683 Jack Hubbard 513-569-7507 Paul dePercin 513-569-7797 Laurel Staley 513-569-7863 Norma Lewis 513-569-7665 Ronald Lewis 513-569-7856 Waste Media Groundwater Soil Soil, Sludge, Mixed Media Spent Ore Heaps, Waste Rock Dumps, Mine Tailings, Process Water Soil, Groundwater Air, Gases Soil, Groundwater Air Soil, Sediment, Sludge Applicable Waste Inorganic Heavy Metals Not Applicable Not Applicable Cyanide Not Applicable Not Applicable Not Applicable Not Applicable Organic Nonspecific Organics VOCs Gasoline, Jet Fuel, Diesel Fuel, Motor Oil, Crude Oil, PAHs, BTEX, Methyl Isobutyl Ketone, TCE, PCP, Creosotes Not Applicable VOCs and SVOCs, Hydrocarbons, Solvents VOCs, Chlorinated VOCs, CFCs Fuel Hydrocarbons, VOCs, SVOCs, Chlorinated Solvents Biodegradable Organics, Creosote, PCP, PAHs ------- TABLE 2 (continued) Ongoing SITE Demonstration Program Projects as of October 1994 Developer Risk Reduction Engineering Laboratory,* Cincinnati, OH (009) Risk Reduction Engineering Laboratory, Cincinnati, OH (006) RKK, Ltd., Arlington, WA (009) Sandia National Laboratory,* " Albuquerque, NM (009) Separation and Recovery Systems, Inc., Irvine, CA (002) Sevenson Environmental Services, Inc., Munster, IN (009) SIVE Services, Dixon, CA (009) TechTran Environmental, Inc., Houston, TX (005) MWaste Reduction Services, Inc.,**" Calgary, Alberta, Canada (009) Technology Base-Catalyzed Decomposition Process Bioventing CYROCELL™ Electrokinetic Extraction in Unsaturated Soils SAREX Chemical Fixation Process MAECTITE® Chemical Treatment Process Steam Injection and Vacuum Extraction- Linear Flow (SIVE-LF) Process Combined Chemical Precipitation, Physical Separation, and Binding Process for Radionuclides and Heavy Metals Thermal Phase Separator and TRACE Soil Washing Unit Technology Contact Carl Brunner 513-569-7655 Yei-Shong Shieh or G. Steven Detwiler 610-832-0700 Paul McCauley 513-569-7444 Christopher Reno 206-653-4844 Eric Lindgren 505-844-3820 Brad Miller 714-261-8860 Karl Yost 219-836-0116 Douglas Dieter 916-678-8358 E.B. (Ted) Daniels 713-680-8833 Phil Carson 403-234-3229 EPA Project Manager Terrence Lyons 513-569-7589 Jack Hubbard 513-569-7507 Annette Gatchett 513-569-7697 Randy Parker 513-569-7271 Jack Hubbard 513-569-7507 Jack Hubbard 513-569-7507 Michelle Simon 513-569-7469 Annette Gatchett 513-569-7697 Gordon Evans 513-569-7684 Waste Media Soil, Sediment, Sludge Soil Soil, Groundwater, Leachate Soil Soil, Sludge Soil, Sludge, Sediment, Solids Soil Water, Soil, Sludge Soil Applicable Waste Inorganic Not Applicable Not Applicable Non-specific Inorganics Hexavalent Chromium Low-Level Metals Lead, Other Heavy Metals Not Applicable Heavy Metals, Radionuclides Copper, Lead, Zinc Organic PCBs, PCPs, Halogenated Compounds Biodegradable Organics Non-specific Organics Not Applicable Nonspecific Organics Not Applicable VOCs, SVOCs Not Applicable Chlorinated Compounds, PCBs, Hydrocarbons ^ additional demonstration is planned for this technology. Refer to the profile in the Demonstration Program (completed projects) section for more information. From Emerging Technology Program This technology is not profiled in this document. For further information, please contact the Technology Contact or the EPA Project Manager. ------- I S3 0) TABLE 2 (continued) Ongoing SITE Demonstration Program Projects as of October 1994 Developer Vortec Corporation,"* Collegeville, PA (009)/(E04) Western Research Institute,*" ' Laramie, WY (005)/(E01) Wheelabrator Technologies Inc., Hampton, NH (008) Xerox Corporation, Webster, NY (009) Zenon Environmental Inc.,"* Burlington, Ontario, Canada (007)/(E02) Zenon Environmental Inc., Burlington, Ontario, Canada (007) Zimpro Environmental, Inc., Rothschild, WI (002) Technology Oxidation and Vitrification Process Contained Recovery of Oily Wastes (CROW™) WES-PHix Stabilization Process Two-Phase Extraction Process Cross-Flow Pervaporation System ZenoGem™ Process PACT® Wastewater Treatment System Technology Contact fames Hnat 610-489-2255 Lyle Johnson 307-721-2281 Mark Lyons 603-929-3000 Ron Hess 716-422-3694 Bud Hoda 916-643-1742 Philip Canning 905-639-6320 Tony Tonelli 905-639-6320 William Copa 715-359-7211 EPA Project Manager Ten Richardson 513-569-7949 Bugene Harris 513-569-7862 Chien Chen 908-321-6985 Laurel Staley 513-569-7863 Ronald Turner 513-569,7775 Daniel Sullivan 908-321-6677 John Martin 513-569-7758 Waste Media Soil, Sludge, Sediment, Mill Tailings Soil, Water Municipal Waste Combustion Ash, Soil, Sludge Groundwater, Soil Groundwater, Lagoons, Leachate, Rinsewater Groundwater, Leachate Groundwater, Industrial Wastewater, Leachate Applicable Waste Inorganic Metals, Other Nonspecific Inorganics Not Applicable Heavy Metals, Lead, Cadmium, Copper, Zinc Not Applicable Not Applicable Not Applicable Not Applicable Organic Nonspecific Organics Coal Tar Derivatives, Petroleum By-products, PCP Not Applicable VOCs Solvents, Degreasers, Gasoline, VOCs Nonspecific Biodegradable Organics Biodegradeable VOCs and SVOCs From Emerging Technology Program ------- ------- Technology Profile DEMONSTRATION PROGRAM ALLBEDSIGNAL ENVIRONMENTAL SYSTEMS AND SERVICES (Immobilized Cell Bioreactor Biotreatment System) TECHNOLOGY DESCRIPTION: The immobilized cell bioreactor (ICB) bio- treatment system is an aerobic, anaerobic, or combined aerobic/anaerobic fixed-filmbioreactor system designed to remove organic contaminants (including nitrogen-containing compounds -and chlorinated solvents) from process wastewater, contaminated groundwater, and other aqueous streams. This biotreatment system offers un- proved treatment efficiency by using 1) a uni- que, proprietary reactor medium that maximizes biological activity in the reactor, and 2) a pro- prietary reactor design that maximizes contact between the biofilm and the contaminants. These features result in quick, complete degrada- tion of target contaminants to carbon dioxide, water, and biomass. Additional advantages include 1) high treatment capacity, 2) compact system design, and 3) reduced operations and maintenance costs resulting from simplified operation and low sludge production. Basic system components include the bioreac- tor(s), media, mixing tanks and pumps, feed pump, recirculation pump, and a blower to provide air to the aerobic bioreactor. The figure below is a schematic of the system. Depending on the specifics of the influent streams, some standard pretreatments, such as pH adjustment or oil and water separation, may be required. Effluent clarification is not re- quired for the system to operate, but may be required, to meet specific discharge requirements. The system is designed to treat 10 million gallons per day of contaminated aqueous streams. WASTE APPLICABILITY: The ICB biotreatment system has been success- fully applied to industrial wastewater and groundwater containing a wide range of organic pH System Nutrients System Anaerobic ICB Cometabolic Substrates Dual Anaerobic/Aerobic ICB Flow Diagram Page 160 The SITE Program assesses but does not approve or endorse technologies. ------- November 1994 Ongoing Project contaminants, including polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH), phenols, gasoline, chlori- nated solvents, diesel fuel, and chlorobenzene. Industrial streams amenable to treatment include wastewaters generated from chemical manufac- turing, petroleum refining, wood treating, tar and pitch manufacturing, food processing, and textile fabricating. AlliedSignal, Inc., has obtained organic chemical removal efficiencies of greater than 99 percent. The ICB biotreat- ment system, because of its proprietary medium, is also very effective in remediating contaminat- ed groundwater streams containing trace organic contaminants. The ICB biotreatment system can be provided as a complete customized facility for specialized treatment needs or as a packaged modular unit. The technology can be retrofitted to existing bioreactors by adding the necessary internal equipment and proprietary media. The table below summarizes recent applications. This biotreatment system has a completely enclosed headspace, eliminating the possibility of air stripping of volatile organics or intermedi- ates. The process was tested both in the labora- tory and at pilot scale and reduced high levels of TCE (greater than 100 ppm) to low parts-per- billion levels. A Demonstration Plan will be developed in 1994; the demonstration will be conducted at a later date. FOR FURTHER INFORMATION: EPA PROJECT MANAGER: Ronald Lewis U.S. EPA Risk Reduction Engineering Laboratory 26 West Martin Luther King Drive Cincinnati, OH 45268 513-569-7856 Fax: 513-569-7620 Applications Pipeline Terminal Waste- water Specialty Chemical Wastewater Groundwater Coal Tar Distillation Plant Wastewater Wood Treating Waste- water Contaminants Chemical oxygen demand, Benzene, Methyl Tertiary Butyl Ether (MTBE), Xylenes Cresols, MTBE, PAH, Phenolics Chlorobenzene, TCE Phenol, Cyanide, Ammonia Phenolics, Creo- sote • Commercial • Commercial • Pilot • Commercial • Commercial STATUS: A dual ICB anaerobic/aerobic system for biore- mediation of chlorinated solvents will be demon- strated in the near future at a site,contaminated with trichloroethene (TCE) in St. Joseph, Michigan. TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPER CONTACT: Stephen Lupton AlliedSignal Environmental Systems and Services 50 East Algonquin Road P.O. Box 5016 Des Plaines, IL 60017-5016 708-391-3224 800-462-4544 Fax: 708-391-3291 TECHNOLOGY VENDOR CONTACT: Conrad Kempton AlliedSignal Environmental Systems and Services P.O. Box 1053 Morristown, NJ 07962-1053 201-455-5531 800-626-4974 Fax: 201-455-5722 The SITE Program assesses but does not approve or endorse technologies. Page 161 ------- Technology Profile DEMONSTRATION PROGRAM ANDCO ENVIRONMENTAL PROCESSES, INC. (Electrochemical In Situ Chromate Reduction and Heavy Metal Immobilization) TECHNOLOGY DESCRIPTION: The electrochemical in situ chromate reduction and heavy metal immobilization process uses electrochemical reactions that generate ions for removal of hexavalent chromium and other metals from groundwater. With regard to hexa- valent chromium, as contaminated water is pumped from an aquifer though the treatment cell (see figure below), electrical current passes from electrode to electrode through the process water. The electrical exchange induces the release of ferrous and hydroxyl ions from oppo- site sides of each electrode. A small gap size, coupled with the electrode potentials of hexavalent chromium and ferrous ion, cause an almost instantaneous reduction of hexavalent chromium. Depending on the groundwater's pH, various solids may form. These solids include chromi- um hydroxide, hydrous ferric oxide, and a chromium-substituted hydrous iron complex. For in situ chromate reduction to occur, a slight excess of ferrous iron must be provided. This ferrous iron concentration is determined based on 1) the hexavalent chromium concentration in the groundwater, 2) site-specific hydraulics, and 3) the target rate of site cleanup. Dilution is avoided by introducing ferrous ions in situ and using the aquifer's water to convey them. Following injection, soluble ferrous ions circulate until they contact chromate containing solids or chromate ions. In conventional pump- and-treat schemes, chromate dragout results in long treatment tunes. Through in situ reduction of chromates that are adsorbed on the soil matrix and contained in precipitates, treatment times should be reduced by more than 50 percent. If implemented properly under favorable pH conditions, chromate can be completely reduced without producing sludge. As chromate reduc- tion occurs, iron and chromium solids are fil- tered out and stabilized in the soil. When r-rl ANDCO ELECTROCHEMICAL PROCESS GROUND SURFACE UNCONFINED AQUIFIER CONFINED AQUIFIER Electrochemical In Situ Chromate Reduction and Heavy Metal Immobilization Process Page 162 The SITE Program assesses but does not approve or endorse technologies. ------- November 1994 Ongoing Project precipitates do not form due to unfavorable pH, the system can easily be operated as part of a pump-and-treat process until chromium removal goals are achieved. Eliminating dragout short- ens cleanup time and minimizes sludge handling. Another option is to combine a pump-and-treat scheme with in situ chromate reduction to maxi- mize the cleanup rate, reduce aquifer contami- nant loads, and provide water for irrigation or industry. Another benefit of this reduction method is that hydrous iron oxide adsorbs heavy metals. When iron solids are immobilized in the soil, concen- trations of other metallic contaminants in the groundwater decrease significantly due to adsorption and coprecipitation. WASTE APPLICABILITY: A pilot-scale process unit has been designed to treat groundwater contaminated with hexavalent chromium ranging from 1 to 50 parts per million (ppm) and other heavy metals (2 to 10 pprn), including zinc, copper, nickel, lead, and antimo- ny. A full-scale system can be engineered to handle any flow rate as well as elevated contami- nant loads. Each system will be designed to achieve all site-specific remediation objectives. STATUS: This technology was accepted into the SITE Demonstration Program hi June 1992. Sites are being screened for the demonstration in EPA Regions 2 and 10. Although the process can remediate both confined and unconfined aquifers, water from an unconfined source will be treated during the demonstration. FOR FURTHER INFORMATION: EPA PROJECT MANAGER: Douglas Grosse U.S. EPA Risk Reduction Engineering Laboratory 26 West Martin Luther King Drive Cincinnati, Ohio 45268 513-569-7844 Fax: 513-569-7676 TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPER CONTACT: Michael Laschinger Andco Environmental Processes, Inc. 595 Commerce Drive Buffalo, NY 14228-2380 716-691-2100 Fax: 716-691-2880 The ISITE Program assesses but does not approve or endorse technologies. Page 163 ------- Technology Profile DEMONSTRATION PROGRAM APROTEK (Ion Conduction Agglomeration System) TECHNOLOGY DESCRIPTION: The high tension Ion Conduction Agglomeration (INCA) system is an electrolytic recovery pro- cess that removes or recovers soluble and partic- ulate metals from aqueous solutions such as mining effluents, process waters, and waste- waters. Each INCA module is individually configured to recover a desired element or series of elements in a separate stream. This adaptabil- ity is particularly important when the waste stream contains a combination of valuable and hazardous materials, common in mining effluent. The standard flow-through system is a modular unit that can process up to 2,000 gallons per minute. Larger volumes can be processed by increasing unit size or adding additional mod- ules. The INCA system includes an ion destabilizer that features a unique anode and cathode config- uration. Unlike other types of electrolytic technologies in which the cathodes are made of stainless steel, INCA system cathodes are made of a specially-coated material. Proprietary coatings are grafted on the tubular collection units; these coatings are specific to the metals to be collected by the system. When power is applied, the applicable metallic ions in the solution destabilize and agglomerate to the tubes. The metals are collected on a special plate system, where they are consolidated into a sludge and fall into a collection vessel. The sludges, which contain approximately 66 percent water, are drained and dried in a drum dryer. The remaining metal powder is sent for process- ing or disposal as appropriate. The INCA system can process aqueous solutions efficiently and greatly reduces costs for two major reasons: 1) the technology costs much less than traditional treatment methods, and 2) the value of precious metals recovered during the process may offset the cost of remediation Influent Clean effluent water Reclaimed metal sludga collection trays INCA System Page 164 The SITE Program assesses but does not approve or endorse technologies. ------- November 1994 Ongoing Project and could turn the treatment system into a profit center. WASTE APPLICABILITY: The INCA system can recover virtually any target metal in any aqueous waste stream con- taining up to 60 percent solids. Applications include on-site remediation for mining effluents and contaminated groundwater. The INCA system can also be used as an in-process treat- ment system for manufacturing processes where metals in solution are a problem. The modular unit can easily be used in tandem with other technologies, such as those that remove hydro- carbons, to constitute a total treatment train. STATUS: This technology was accepted into the SITE Demonstration Program in February 1993. A SITE demonstration is scheduled for late 1994. The location of the demonstration has not been identified. FOR FURTHER INFORMATION: EPA PROJECT MANAGER: Jack Hubbard U.S. EPA Risk Reduction Engineering Laboratory 26 West Martin Luther King Drive Cincinnati, OH 45268 513-569-7507 Fax: 513-569-7620 TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPER CONTACT: Cathryn Wirnberly Aprotek 3316 Corbin Way Sacramento, CA 95827 916-366-6165 Fax: 916-366-7873 The SITE Program assesses but does not approve or endorse technologies. Page 165 ------- Technology Profile DEMONSTRATION PROGRAM ASI ENVIRONMENTAL TECHNOLOGIES, INC./ DAMES & MOORE (Hydrolytic Terrestrial Dissipation) TECHNOLOGY DESCRIPTION: The Hydrolytic Terrestrial Dissipation (HTD) process was developed for use at the Chemairspray site in Palm Beach County, Florida. An estimated 11,500 cubic yards of surface soils at the site are contaminated with toxaphene (a chlorinated pesticide) and metal fungicides, primarily copper. After excavation, the HTD process mixes and grinds soils to uniformly distribute metal com- plexes and organic chemicals. During mixing, caustics are added to raise the soil pH to 8.0 or greater, although slower reactions should still occur at lower pHs. Soil moisture levels are maintained during mixing to prevent adsorption and fugitive dust. The prepared mixture is then distributed in a thin veneer (4 to 7 centimeters) over a soil bed and exposed to heat and ultraviolet (UV) light from the sun to facilitate dissipation. Sodium metabisulfite (a reducing agent), caustics, and moisture are added at intervals to maintain the reactions and ensure that metal catalysts are available to further the hydrolysis. As hydroly- sis proceeds, toxaphene with 5 to 11 chlorine atoms per molecule transforms to lower molecu- lar weights through dechlorination and other processes. UV light within the visible spectrum is also known to cleave the carbon-chloride bond as well as other chemical bonds. As lower weight toxaphene moieties occur at the surface of the soil mixture, the molecular structure should further degrade to still lower weight compounds. HTD uses metal-catalyzed alkaline hydrolysis reactions with a reducing agent to liberate chlo- rine ions from the toxaphene's molecular struc- ture. Depending on numerous factors, including the nature of the contaminated media, liberated chlorine ions probably mineralize in the soil. HTD is a slowly occurring process that should degrade toxaphene to camphene (C10H16) or ADDITIVES HEAT AND ULTRAVIOLET LIGHT ADDITIVE REPLACEME BED STERILIZATION HEATAND ULTRAVIOLET LIGHT AGRICULTURAL PRODUCTION Hydrolytic Terrestrial Dissipation Page 166 The SITE Program assesses but does not approve or endorse technologies. ------- November Ongoing Project similar innocuous compounds, which ultimately break down to water and other carbon oxides (COx). The figure on the previous page illustrates the process. Soils in the distribution bed are periodically sampled to evaluate any residual contamination. Also, the quality of underlying groundwater is monitored during operation. After treated soils meet established criteria, the land may be returned to beneficial use. One staging unit can treat about 5,000 to 6,000 cubic yards per year. WASTE APPLICABILITY: HTD is a process designed around the physical chemistry of the contaminant and its environ- ment. Depending upon the site and contami- nant, metal catalysts, reducing (or perhaps oxidizing) compounds, conditions of the process, and other parameters may be altered within the HTD design to provide effective treatment under a wider range of applications. HTD's current design can treat large amounts of soil conta- minated by small amounts (less than 1 percent) of toxaphene and other pesticides. The physical chemistry of the target contaminants dictates modifications for other applications; however, the process should only be designed with suffi- cient time for reactions to occur. Although set- up for HTD implementation may be reasonably inexpensive compared with other remedial programs, the process can require large amounts of land for its distribution bed. Of its potential applications, agricultural or other large land uses are currently preferable sites. HTD may also have applications when coupled with other passive technologies, such as bioremediation, to provide an integrated remedial activity. STATUS: The HTD process was accepted into the SITE Demonstration Program in spring 1991. A simulation tank has been constructed to evaluate hydrolysis under laboratory conditions. A quality control program validated laboratory results. Soil moisture may play a major role in releasing toxaphene from its bound state and allowing degradation. Treatability studies were conducted with soil moisture at about 50 percent, soil pH at 8.5, air temperature at 102 to 105 degrees Fahrenheit, and a UV wavelength of 356 nano- meters (nm). Under simulated conditions, these studies also show that HTD methods slowly degrade organo- chlorine and other pesticides in contaminated soils. Additional studies under similar condi- tions that include a reducing agent and slightly higher frequency UV light (256 nm), show that it is possible to enhance and accelerate toxa- phene's degradation reactions. FOR FURTHER INFORMATION: EPA PROJECT MANAGER: Ronald Lewis U.S. EPA Risk Reduction Engineering Laboratory 26 West Martin Luther King Drive Cincinnati, OH 45268 513-569-7856 Fax: 513-569-7620 TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPER CONTACT: Stoddard Pickrell, Jr. HydroScience, Inc. P.O. Box 2856 Brandon, PL 33509-2856 813-653-3376 Fax: 813-684-3384 The SITE Program assesses but does not approve or endorse technologies. Page 167 ------- Technology Profile DEMONSTRATION PROGRAM COLORADO DEPARTMENT OF PUBLIC HEALTH AND ENVIRONMENT (Developed by COLORADO SCHOOL OF MINES) (Wetlands-Based Treatment) TECHNOLOGY DESCRIPTION: The constructed wetlands-based treatment tech- nology uses natural geochemical and biological processes inherent in a man-made wetland ecosystem to accumulate and remove metals from influent waters (see figure below). The treatment system incorporates principal eco- system components found in wetlands, including organic materials (substrate), microbial fauna, and algae. Influent waters, with low pH and contaminated with high metal concentrations, flow through the aerobic and anaerobic zones of the wetland ecosystem. Metals are removed by ion exchange, adsorption, absorption, and precipi- tation by geochemical and microbial oxidation and reduction. Ion exchange occurs as metals in the water contact humic or other organic sub- stances in the soil medium. Oxidation and reduction reactions that occur in the aerobic and anaerobic zones, respectively, precipitate metals 7oz. GEOFABRIC GEOGRID 7oz. GEOFABRIC PERF EFFLUENT PIPING TIE TO GEOGRID PERF. INFLUENT PIPING as hydroxides and sulfides. Precipitated and adsorbed metals settle in quiescent ponds, or are filtered out as the water percolates through the soil or substrate. WASTE APPLICABILITY: The wetlands-based treatment process is suitable for acid mine drainage from metal or coal mining activities. These wastes typically contain high metals concentrations and low pH. Wet- lands treatment has been applied with some success to wastewater in the eastern United States. The process may have to be adjusted to account for differences in geology, terrain, trace metal composition, and climate in the metal mining regions of the western United States. STATUS: Based on the SITE Emerging Technology Pro- gram results, this process has been selected for the SITE Demonstration Program. SUBSTRATE- 7oz. GEOFABRIC GEONET HOPE LINER GEOSYNTHETIC, CLAY LINER 16oz. GEOFABRIC- Schematic Cross Section of Upflow Pilot Cell Page 168 The SITE Program assesses but does not approve or endorse technologies. ------- November 1994 Ongoing Project The project's final year under the Emerging Technology Program was 1991. Study results of drainage from the Big Five Tunnel near Idaho Springs, Colorado indicated that removal effi- ciency of heavy metals can approach the removal efficiency of chemical precipitation treatment plants. A final goal of the Emerging Technology Pro- gram project was developing a manual that discusses design and operating criteria for con- structing a full-scale wetland to treat acid mine discharges. The "Wetland Designs for Mining Operations" manual is available from the Nation- al Technical Information Service. The Demonstration Program is currently evaluat- ing the effectiveness and biogeochemical pro- cesses at the Burleigh Tunnel mine discharge, near Silver Plume, Colorado. Treatment of the Burleigh Tunnel is part of the remedy for the Clear Creek Central City Superfund site. Con- struction of a pilot treatment system began in summer 1993 and was completed in October 1993. The pilot treatment system is approximately 4200 square-feet and consists of an upflow (see figure on previous page) and downflow cell. Each cell is treating about 10 gallons per minute of flow. Preliminary results indicate high removal efficiency (greater than 90 percent) for zinc, the primary contaminant in the discharge. FOR FURTHER INFORMATION: EPA PROJECT MANAGER: Edward Bates U.S. EPA Risk Reduction Engineering Laboratory 26 West Martin Luther King Drive Cincinnati, OH 45268 513-569-7774 Fax: 513-569-7676 TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPER CONTACT: Rick Brown Colorado Department of Health 4300 Cherry Creek Drive South HMWMD-RP-B2 Denver, CO 80220-1530 303-692-3383 Fax: 303-759-5355 The SITE Program assesses but does not approve or endorse technologies. Page 169 ------- Technology Profile DEMONSTRATION PROGRAM EET, INC. (Extraction of Polychlorinated Biphenyls from Porous Surfaces Using the TECHXTRACT™ Process) TECHNOLOGY DESCRIPTION: The TECHXTRACT™ process employs proprietary chemical formulations hi successive steps to remove polychlorinated biphenyls (PCB), toxic hydrocarbons, heavy metals, and radionuclides from the subsurface of porous materials such as concrete, brick, steel, and wood. Each formulation consists of chemicals from up to 14 separate chemical groups, and can be specifically tailored to each contaminated site. The process is performed in multiple cycles, and each cycle includes three stages: surface preparation, extraction, and rinsing. Each stage employs a specific chemical mix. The surface preparation step uses a solution that contains buffered organic and inorganic acids, sequestering agents, wetting agents, and special hydrotrope chemicals. The extraction formula includes macro- and microemulsifiers in addition to electrolyte, flotation, wetting, and seques- tering agents. The rinsing formula is pH-bal- anced and contains wetting and complexing agents. Emulsifiers in all the formulations help eliminate fugitive releases of volatile organic compounds or other vapors. The formulation in each stage is sprayed on the contaminated surface as a fine mist and worked into the surface with a stiff bristle brush or floor scrubber. The chemicals are allowed to pene- I . EET's proprietary blends are applied in sequence. 5. Contaminants entrained in spent solution are vacuumed and drumed for disposal. Chemicals penetrate through pores and capillaries. Contaminants are released from substrate and drawn to surface. Electrochemical bonds holding contaminants to substrate are attacked and broken. Schematic Diagram of the TECHXTRACT™ Process Page 170 The SITE Program assesses but does not approve or endorse technologies. ------- November 1994 Ongoing Project trate into the subsurface, and are then rinsed or vacuumed from the surface with a high-efficien- cy particulate air-filtered barrel-vacuum. No major capital equipment is required. Contaminant levels can be reduced from 60 to 90 percent per cycle. One cycle can take up to 24 hours. The total number of cycles is deter- mined from initial contaminant concentrations and final concentration target levels. WASTE APPLICABILITY: The TECHXTRACT™ process is designed to treat porous solid materials contaminated with PCBs; toxic hydrocarbons; heavy metals, including lead and arsenic; and radionuclides. By extracting the contaminants from the surface, the materials can be left in place, reused, or recycled. After treatment, the contaminants are concentrated hi a small volume of liquid waste. In commercial applications, the process has reduced PCS concentrations from 1,000,000 micrograms per one hundred square centimeters (jug/100 cm2), to concentrations less than 0.2 jKg/100 cm2. TECHXTRACT™ has been used on concrete floors, walls, and ceilings, tools and machine parts, internal piping, valves, and lead shielding. TECHXTRACT™ has removed lead, arsenic, technetium, uranium, cesium, tritium, and thorium. STATUS: This technology was accepted into the SITE Demonstration Program in summer 1994, with an expected demonstration date of December 1994. The demonstration should verify PCB extraction depth from concrete surfaces and quantify contaminant removal from the subsur- face. The technology has been used in over 200 successful decontamination projects for the U.S. Department of Energy, U.S. Department of Defense, electric utility industry, heavy manu- facturing industry, steel industry, aluminum industry, and other applications. Further re- search is underway to apply the technology on soil, gravel, and other loose material. Addition- al research is planned to remove or concentrate metals in the extracted liquids. FOR FURTHER INFORMATION: EPA PROJECT MANAGER: Richard Eilers U.S. EPA Risk Reduction Engineering Laboratory 26 West Martin Luther King Drive Cincinnati, OH 45268 513-569-7809 Fax: 513-569-7620 TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPER CONTACT: Tim Tarrillion EET, Inc. 4710 Bellaire, Suite 300 Bellaire, TX 77401 713-662-0727 Fax: 713-662-2322 The SITE Program assesses but does not approve or endorse technologies. Page 171 ------- Technology Profile DEMONSTRATION PROGRAM ELECTROKINETICS INC. (Electro-KIean™ Electrokinetic Soil Processing) TECHNOLOGY DESCRIPTION: The Electro-KIean™ electrokinetic soil process separates and extracts heavy metals and organic contaminants from soils. Electro-KIean™ can be applied in situ or ex situ, and uses direct cur- rents with electrodes placed on each side of the contaminated soil mass. Conditioning fluids such as suitable acids may be used for electrode (cathode) depolarization to enhance the process. The figure below illustrates the field processing scheme and the flow of ions to respective bore boles (or trenches). Conditioning pore fluids may be added or circulated at the electrodes to control process electrochemistry. Contaminants are electroplated oh the electrodes or separated in a posttreatment unit. An acid front migrates towards the negative electrode (cathode) and contaminants are extract- ed through electrosrriosis (EO) and electro- migration (EM). The concurrent mobility of the ions and pore fluid decontaminates the soil mass. The EO and EM supplement or replace conven- tional pump-and-treat technologies. Bench-scale results show that the process works in both unsaturated and saturated soils. Pore fluid flow moves from the positive electrodes (anodes) to the cathodes under the effect of the EO and EM forces. Electrode selection is important, since many metal or carbon anodes will rapidly dissolve from attack of strong oxidants. ASE FRONT and/or CATHODIC ROCESS FLUID ACID FRONT and/or ANODIC PROCESS FLUID Electrokinetic Remediation Process Page 172 The SITE Program assesses but does not approve or endorse technologies. ------- November 1994 Ongoing Project WASTE APPLICABILITY: Electro-Klean™ extracts heavy metals, radio- nuclides, and other inorganic contaminants below their solubility limit. Bench-scale tests have removed arsenic, benzene, cadmium, chromium, copper, ethylbenzene, lead, nickel, phenol, trichloroethene, toluene, xylene, and zinc from soils. Bench-scale studies under the SITE Program demonstrated the feasibility of removing uranium and thorium from kaolinite. Limited pilot-scale field tests resulted in zinc and arsenic removal from clays and saturated and unsaturated sandy clay deposits. Lead and copper were also removed from dredged sedi- ments. Treatment efficiency depended on the specific chemicals, their concentrations, and the buffering capacity of the soil. The technique proved 85 to 95 percent efficient when removing phenol at concentrations of 500 parts per mil- lion. In addition, the removal efficiency for lead, chromium, cadmium, and uranium at levels up to 2,000 micrograms per gram (/tg/g), ranged between 75 and 95 percent. STATUS: Bench-scale laboratory studies investigating heavy metal, radionuclide, and organic contami- nant removal are complete, and radionuclide removal studies are complete under the SITE Emerging Technology Program. A pilot-scale laboratory study investigating removal of 2,000 /tg/g lead loaded onto kaolinite was completed in May 1993. Removal efficiencies of 90 to 95 percent were obtained. The electrodes were placed 3 feet apart in a 2-ton kaolinite specimen for 4 months, at an energy cost of about $15 per ton. The results of a second pilot-scale labora- tory study using 5000 /*g/g of lead adsorbed on kaolinite showed similar efficiency results as the earlier study. Bench-scale treatability studies and process enhancement schemes using condi- tioning fluids continue. Ongoing pilot-scale studies and a field study demonstrating lead removal from a military firing range will be conducted during 1994 and 1995; a new elec- trical separation process of extractive electrolysis will be pilot-tested for removal of multiple heavy metals. Based on results from the Emerging Technology Program, the Electro-Klean™ soil process was invited to participate in the SITE Demonstration Program. A suitable demonstration site is being sought. FOR FURTHER INFORMATION: EPA PROJECT MANAGER: Randy Parker U.S. EPA Risk Reduction Engineering Laboratory 26 West Martin Luther King Drive Cincinnati, OH 45268 513-569-7271 Fax: 513-569-7620 TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPER CONTACTS: Yalcin Acar or Robert Marks Electrokinetics Inc. Louisiana Business and Technology Center Louisiana State University, Suite 155 South Stadium Drive Baton Rouge, LA 70803-6100 504-388-3992 Fax: 504-388-3928 The SITE Program assesses but does not approve or endorse technologies. Page 173 ------- Technology Profile DEMONSTRATION PROGRAM ENVIROMETAL TECHNOLOGIES INC. (In Situ Metal Enhanced Abiotic Degradation of Dissolved Halogenated Organic Compounds in Groundwater) TECHNOLOGY DESCRIPTION: This remedial technology, developed by the Waterloo Center for Groundwater Research and EnviroMetal Technologies, Inc., dehalogenates dissolved halogenated organic compounds in groundwater with an in situ permeable wall containing reactive metal (iron) that is installed across a contaminant plume (see figure below). As the water passes through the wall, the halo- genated organics are degraded, preventing contaminants from migrating further downstream. Recent research has indicated that certain zero- valence metals, notably iron, can help degrade a wide variety of dissolved halogenated solvents. The permeable reaction wall contains a specially prepared mixture of iron and an inert support material. Observed degradation rates are several tunes higher than those reported for natural abiotic degradation processes. In most in situ applications of this technology, groundwater moves through the permeable wall naturally or is directed by flanking impermeable sections such as sheet piles or slurry walls (see figure on next page). This passive remediation method is a cost-effective alternative to conven- tional pump-and-treat methods. Process residuals may include dissolved ethane, ethene, methane, hydrogen gas, and small amounts of chloride and dissolved ferrous iron. Because contaminants are degraded in situ and not transferred to another medium, this process eliminates the need for waste treatment or dis- posal. Future applications are expected to in- clude aboveground reactor vessels, which may replace or add to conventional pump-and-treat systems. WASTE APPLICABILITY: The process was developed to treat dissolved halogenated organic compounds in groundwater. The technology has degraded a wide variety of chlorinated alkanes and alkenes, including trichloiroethene (TCE), tetrachlorethene (PCE), vinyl chloride, 1,1,1,-trichloroethane, and 1,2- dichloroethene (DCE). The technology also degrades other organic contaminants, including Freon-113, ethylene dibromide, certain nitro- aromatics, and N-nitrosodimethylamine. VOC-beanng Groundwater Permeable Treatment Wall Schematic View of an In Situ Permeable Treatment Wall Page 174 The SITE Program assesses but does not approve or endorse technologies. ------- November 1394 Ongoing Project STATUS: This technology was accepted into the SITE Demonstration Program in spring 1993. A pilot-scale demonstration of the aboveground reactor technology is scheduled for fall 1994 at an industrial facility in New Jersey, once the groundwater collection system is constructed. The overburden and shallow fractured bedrock beneath the facility contain dissolved TCE and PCE. The flow system prevents installation of a "standard" in situ reactive wall; consequently, groundwater collected in trenches installed in the shallow bedrock will pass through a treatment unit containing a high percentage of iron at a velocity of 5 feet per day. A second SITE demonstration project is scheduled to begin in New York in winter 1994 or spring 1995. An in situ permeable wall will be installed in a shallow sand aquifer containing TCE, DCE, and 1,1,1-trichloroethane. A successful permeable in situ wall was installed at the Canadian Forces Base Borden test site in June 1991. Approximately 90 percent of TCE and PCE was removed from groundwater pas- sing through the wall. Over 20 successful bench-scale feasibility tests simulating flow in situ conditions have been completed using groundwater from industrial and government facilities in the United States and Canada. FOR FURTHER INFORMATION: EPA PROJECT MANAGER: Chien Chen U.S. EPA Risk Reduction Engineering Laboratory 2890 Woodbridge Avenue Building 10, MS-104 Edison, NJ 08837-3679 908-906-6985 Fax: 908-321-6640 TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPER CONTACT: John Vogan EnviroMetal Technologies Inc. 42 Arrow Road Guelph, Ontario, Canada NIK 1S6 519-824-0432 Fax: 519-763-2378 Permeable Treatment Section Impermable Sheet Piling/ Slurry Wall Schematic View of In Situ Permeable Treatment Section Installed in Conjunction with an Impermeable Barrier The SITE Program assesses but does not approve or endorse technologies. Page 175 ------- Technology Profile DEMONSTRATION PROGRAM GEOCHEM, A Division of Terra Vac (In Situ Remediation of Chromium in Groundwater) TECHNOLOGY DESCRIPTION: The GEOCHEM treatment process removes chromium from contaminated groundwater using a variation of traditional pump-and-treat methods. As part of GEOCHEM's approach, contaminated groundwater is brought to the surface and treated using conventional treatment systems, such as ferrous ion (see figure below). Next, a reductant is added to the treated water, which is reinjected around the plume margin. Here it reacts with and reduces residual levels of chromium, forming a precipitate. Such rein- jection creates a "barrier" of elevated water levels around the plume, enhancing the gradient and associated hydraulic control. The rein- jection also allows for in situ reduction and subsequent fixation of residual chromium. Most aquifer solids naturally contain chromium (primarily trivalent) at levels of 15 parts per million (pPm) or more- The precipitation of residual chromium from the water does not materially add to the concentration of chromium in the aquifer solids since most contaminated zones contain only a few ppm of chromium, and the precipitation of such material onto the aquifer solids does not change the overall chromium concentration in the aquifer. Geochemical conditions will be evaluated under the SITE Program to ensure that the precipitated chromium does not become remobilized. Data from two different soil treatment approaches are shown on the next page, indicating that using a reductant dosed water is more effective than using demineralized water. WASTE APPLICABILITY: The GEOCHEM process is capable of treating dissolved hexavalent chromium in groundwater at concentrations ranging from the detection limit to several hundred ppm. The process is applicable to wood preserving and chromium chemicals manufacturing sites, as well as plating REDUCTANT TREATED WATER CONTAMINATED GROUND WATER ? TREATMENT PLANT CONTAMINATION SOURCE PUMPING WATER TABLE ORIGINAL WATER TABLE IN-SITU Cr +3 FIXATION Cr+6 CONTAMINATED GROUNDWATER ADVANCING FRONT REDUCTANT TREATED WATER In Situ Remediation of Chromium in Groundwater Page 176 The SITE Program assesses but does not approve or endorse technologies. ------- November 1994 Ongoing Project and other facilities using hexavalent chromium. In addition, treatment of such groundwater contaminants as uranium, selenium, and arsenic is possible. The technology also has an operational history at mine sites. STATUS: GEOCHEM was accepted into the SITE Demon- stration Program in summer 1992. Numerous sites were evaluated for demonstrating GEOCHEM's technology. The technique has been accepted by the Indiana Department of Environmental Management for a voluntary full- scale site remediation. Arrangements are being made to demonstrate the technology in early 1995 at the Valley Wood Treating site in Turlock, California. EPA Region 9 has issued notice of intent to apply the technique over the entire Valley Wood site. FOR FURTHER INFORMATION: EPA PROJECT MANAGER: Douglas Grosse U.S. EPA Risk Reduction Engineering Laboratory 26 West Martin Luther King Drive Cincinnati, OH 45268 513-569-7844 Fax: 513-569-7676 TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPER CONTACT: Jim Rouse GEOCHEM, A Division of Terra Vac 12596 West Bayaud, Suite 205 Lakewood, CO 80228 303-988-8902 Fax: 303-988-0288 {Chromium, ppm | 10000.00 1000.00 100.00 10.00 1.00 Chromium Cleanup Standard 0.05 ppm »e.**^ Chromium Reduction as a Function of Water Flush Method and Pore Volume Throughput The SITE Program assesses but does not approve or endorse technologies. Page 177 ------- Technology Profile DEMONSTRATION PROGRAM HYDROLOGICS, INC. (CURE®-EIectrocoagulation Wastewater Treatment System) TECHNOLOGY DESCRIPTION: The CURE®-Electrocoagulation (CURE®) system is designed to remove ionic metal species and other charged particles from water (see figure below). Because many toxic metal ions includ- ing nickel, lead, and chromates are held in solution by electrical charges, they will precipi- tate out of solution if they are neutralized with oppositely-charged ions. The CURE® system is effective at breaking oily emulsions and remov- ing suspended solids. The CURE® system is an improvement over previous electrocoagulation methods because of a unique geometrical config- uration. The CURE® system patented geometry maximiz- es liquid surface contact between the anode and concentric cathode electrocoagulation tubes, thus minimizing the power requirements for efficient operation. The CURE® system allows the con- taminated water to flow continuously through the cathode tube, enabling a direct current to pass uniformly through a water stream. The conta- minated water then passes through the annular space between the cathode and anode tubes and is exposed to sequential positive and negative electrical fields. Typical retention time is less than 20 seconds. Water characteristics such as pH, redox potential, and conductivity can be adjusted to achieve maximum removal efficien- cies for specific contaminants. After the treated water exits the electrocoagu- lation tubes, the destabilized colloids are allowed to flocculate and are then separated with an integrated clarifier system. Polymers can be added to enhance flocculation, but in most cases they are not required. The sludge produced by this process is usually very stable and acid- resistant. Tests have shown that sludges pro- duced by the CURE® system pass the toxicity characteristic leaching procedure and are often disposed of as nonhazardous waste. CURE TUBES INFLUENT ft k^ I- S"^ V J CLARIFIER £=A SLUDQE PUMP EFFLUENT *? Schematic Diagram of the CURE®-Electrocoagulation System Page 178 The SITE Program assesses but does not approve or endorse technologies. ------- November 1994 Ongoing Project WASTE APPLICABILITY: The CURE® system is applicable to an extreme- ly broad range of dissolved metals, including aluminum, arsenic, barium, cadmium, chromium, cyanide, lead, nickel, uranium, and zinc. Because electrocoagulation can also remove other suspended materials from solution, this technology can also treat mining, electro- plating, industrial wastewaters, and contaminated groundwater. The system can also pretreat water for reverse osmosis systems since it reduces silica, calcium, and suspended solids. STATUS: This technology was accepted into the SITE Demonstration Program in summer 1993. Bench-testing has been completed for a specific site. Negotiations are underway to use this site for the demonstration. FOR FURTHER INFORMATION: EPA PROJECT MANAGER: Annette Gatchett U.S. EPA Risk Reduction Engineering Laboratory 26 West Martin Luther King Drive Cincinnati, OH 45268 513-569-7697 Fax: 513-569-7620 TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPER CONTACT: Carl Dalrymple Hydrologies, Inc. 3101 South Platte River Drive Englewood, CO 80110 303-761-6960 Fax: 303-761-0146 The SITE Program assesses but does not approvEi or endorse technologies. Page 179 ------- Technology Profile DEMONSTRATION PROGRAM IT CORPORATION (In Situ Groundwater Treatment System) TECHNOLOGY DESCRIPTION: IT Corporation's in situ groundwater treatment system removes volatile organic compounds (VOC) from groundwater by transferring them to a vapor phase and destroying them with a photocatalytic oxidation (PCO) unit. The halo- genated or non-halogenated VOCs may also be additionally treated with granular activated carbon. The groundwater treatment system consists of three stages: 1) an airlift pumping technique, 2) an in situ vapor stripping method, and 3) air sparging (see figure below). An extraction unit well is installed to the bottom of the conta- minated aquifer. Air is injected into an eductor pipe, lifting the contaminated groundwater up through the pipe. The lifting action displaces groundwater from the lower section of the well, replacing it with contaminated groundwater from the lower aquifer. In the first stage, air bubbles and water mix as they move up the eductor pipe. As the bubbles travel upward, some of the chlorinated VOCs transfer from the water phase to the vapor phase. The vacuum system then removes these vaporized VOCs. In the second stage, groundwater that has been lifted to the top of the well is sprayed as fine 75 teet—>| 100 feet—H125 feet->) (a) Depth to water: 55.5 feet (b) Depth to bedrock: 155 to 161 feet v-1 set at 75-fest from system well, screened at 15 to 25 feet (bgs) FW-1 screened from 48.7 to 68.7 feet (bgs) PW-2 screened from 114 to 124 feet (bgs) PW-3 scrooend from 140 to 155 feet (bgs) PW-4 screened from 50.3 to 70.3 feet (bgs) PW-5 screened from 120 to 130 feet (bgs) PW-6 screened from 150 to 165 feet (bgs) AH cluster wells are set 5 feet apart NOT TO SCALE Schematic Diagram of In Situ Groundwater Treatment System Page 180 The SITE Program assesses but does not approve or endorse technologies. ------- November 1994 Ongoing Project droplets inside the well casing. Countercurrent air flow strips additional chlorinated VOCs from the water, similar to standard air stripping systems. Water is sparged as it collects in the upper well, at the water table. A packer separates the upper well from the lower, forcing water to recharge at the water table. Fine bubble aerators transfer large volumes of air through the water, aerating and stripping off remaining VOCs. Throughout this process, a slight vacuum in the upper well draws stripped VOCs to the PCO unit. Water from the lower portion of the aquifer flows into the well to replace the air-lifted water, causing drawdown. Thus, water is circulated from the lower portion of the aquifer into the well and then back to the upper portion of the aquifer, establishing a recirculating treat- ment zone. Multiple treatment stages are used to achieve maximum cleanup efficiencies. The system is designed to remove chlorinated VOCs below maximum contaminant levels in the first pass. Therefore, water reihtroduced to the upper aquifer should not degrade water quality. WASTE APPLICABILITY: The in situ groundwater treatment system is designed to remove VOCs, including trichloro- ethene, benzene, and chloroform, from groundwater. STATUS: This technology was accepted into the SITE Demonstration Program in 1993. The demon- stration is on hold pending selection of a new location at Site 2 of March Air Force Base, California. FOR FURTHER INFORMATION: EPA PROJECT MANAGER: Michelle Simon U.S. EPA Risk Reduction Engineering Laboratory 26 West Martin Luther King Drive Cincinnati, Ohio 45268 513-569-7469 Fax: 513-569-7676 TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPER CONTACT: Walter Grinyer IT Corporation 1425 South Victoria Court, Suite A San Bernardino, CA 92408-2923 909-799-6869 Fax: 909-799-7604 The SITE Program assesses but does not approve or endorse technologies. Page 181 ------- Technology Profile DEMONSTRATION PROGRAM MATRIX PHOTOCATALYTIC INC. (formerly NUTECH ENvmoNMENTAL) (Photocatalytic Water Treatment) TECHNOLOGY DESCRIPTION: The Matrix Photocatalytic Inc. (Matrix), former- ly Nutech Environmental, photocatalytic oxida- tion system, shown in the photograph below, efficiently removes and destroys dissolved organic contaminants from water in a continuous flow process at ambient temperatures. When excited by light, the titanium dioxide (TiG^) semiconductor catalyst generates hydroxyl radi- cals that oxidatively break the carbon bonds of hazardous organic compounds. The catalyst also generates electron holes, which are powerful reducing species. The Matrix system, when given sufficient time, converts organics such as polychlorinated biphenyls (PCB); phenols; benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene, and xylene (BTEX); and others to carbon dioxide and water. Typically, efficient destruction occurs between 30 seconds and 2 minutes actual exposure tune. Total organic carbon removal takes longer, depending on the other organic molecules and their molecular weights. The Matrix system was initially designed to destroy organic pollutants or to remove total organic carbon hi drinking water, groundwater, and plant process water. The Matrix system also destroys organic pollutants such as PCBs, polychlorinated dibenzodioxins, polychlorinated dibenzofurans, chlorinated alkenes, chlorinated phenols, chlorinated benzenes, alcohols, ketones, 10-gpm TiO2 Photocatalytic System Treating BTEX in Water Page 182 The SITE Progrem assesses but does not approve or endorse technologies. ------- November 1994 Ongoing Project aldehydes, and amines. Inorganic pollutants such as cyanide, sulphite, and nitrite ions can be oxidized to cyanate ion, sulphate ion, and nitrate ion, respectively. WASTE APPLICABILITY: The Matrix system can treat a wide range of concentrations of organic pollutants in industrial wastewater, and can be applied to the ultrapure water industry and the drinking water industry. The Matrix system can also remediate ground- water. STATUS: The Matrix system was accepted into the SITE Emerging Technology Program in May 1991. Based on results from the Emerging Technology Program, the technology was invited to partici- pate in the Demonstration Program. A demon- stration site at DOE's Oak Ridge, Tennessee complex has been established. Technological advances since that time include the following: • The Matrix system has treated effluents with contaminants, such as solvents and alcohols, as high as 30,000 parts per million (ppm), and has achieved effluent qualities as low as 5 parts per trillion. • Performance has quadrupled over 1992 standards. • Numerous extended field trials have been conducted on raw effluent conta- minated with a variety of organics, mainly BTEX, trichloroethene, and methyl tertiary butyl ether. Average treatment time was 60 seconds at a direct operating cost of $1 to $2 per 1,000 gallons. • The technology was used for 6 months in a sustained field operation on ground- water contaminated with 1 ppm ferrous ion (Fe+2) with no appreciable iron fouling. • Modular systems have been developed for high flow rates with capacity incre- ments of 5 gallons per minute. Capital costs are highly competitive with ultravi- olet/hydrogen peroxide technologies while operating costs are usually one- fifth to one-third less. • Matrix has successfully designed and field tested support systems for unat- tended operation. « The Matrix system has successfully treated highly turbid effluents and dyes in plant operations. The research under the Emerging Technology Program was completed in September 1993. Two peer-reviewed journal articles are available through National Technical Information Services (NTIS), document Nos. PB93-222883 and PB93-130184. For a comprehensive biblio- graphy of TiO2 research, please obtain NTIS document No. DE94-006906. FOR FURTHER INFORMATION: EPA PROJECT MANAGER: Richard Eilers U.S. EPA Risk Reduction Engineering Laboratory 26 West Martin Luther King Drive Cincinnati, OH 45268 513-569-7809 Fax: 513-569-7620 TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPER CONTACT: Bob Henderson Matrix Photocatalytic Inc. 22 Pegler Street ,-:. London, Ontario, Canada N5Z2B5 519-660-8669 Fax: 519-660-8525 The SITE Program assesses but does not approve or endorse technologies. Page 183 ------- Technology Profile DEMONSTRATION PROGRAM MORRISON KNUDSEN CORPORATION/ SPETSTAMPONAZHGEOLOGIA ENTERPRISES (STG) (High Clay Grouting Technology) TECHNOLOGY DESCRIPTION: Morrison Knudsen Corporation (MK) is working under a joint venture agreement with Spetstamponazhgeologia Enterprises (STG) of Ukraine to demonstrate the effectiveness of a clay-based grouting technology. This technology uses clay slurries as a base for grout solutions which are injected into fissures, fractures, or intergranular spaces in rock to inhibit or elimi- nate groundwater flow in these pathways. The clay slurries may also be used as a base for slurry wall construction. The MK/STG clay-based grouting technology is an integrated method involving three primary phases: obtaining detailed information about site characteristics; developing a site-specific grout formulation; and placing the grout. The first phase, site characterization, includes obtaining geophysical, geochemical, mineralogi- cal, and hydrogeological information about the target area. The second phase, grout formu- lation, follows the characterization/investigation phase. The overall properties of clay-based grouts depend on the physical and mechanical properties of the clay, cement, and chemical reagents added. Formulated clay-based grouts are viscoplastic systems comprised primarily of structure-forming cement and clay mineral mortar. The clay is a kaolin/illite obtained from a local source, and the other additives are chem- ically analyzed and laboratory-tested to deter- mine their reactions and suitabilities. Through- out the stabilization period, the clay-based grout retains its plasticity and does not crystallize, unlike cement-based grouts. PULVERIZED CLAY SUPPLY ADDmVE(S) BIN Y ADDmVE(S)| I CLAY BIN Y CLAY D FEEDER & WEIGH BATCHER Y WATER SUPPLY PUMP SODIUM SIUOATE SUPPLY CEMENT SUPPLY CEMENT FEEDER Schematic Diagram of the High Clay Grouting Technology Page 184 The SITE Program assesses but does not approve or endorse technologies. ------- November 7994 Ongoing Project The third phase is grout placement. The bore- holes drilled during the geological/hydrological study may be used for grout placement, along with any additional required holes. A quality assurance program ensures that placement and project objectives are met. WASTE APPLICABILITY: This technology is suitable for providing a barrier to groundwater flows contaminated with both heavy metals and organics, and can be formulated, to withstand detrimental conditions such as low pH. The technology will be demon- strated on a stream and associated groundwater flowing into a disused mine site that produces acid mine drainage. Other potential applications include liquid effluent control from landfills, containment of chemically-or-radioactively contaminated groundwater, and reduction of brine inflows. STATUS: This technology was accepted into the SITE Demonstration Program in winter 1993. It will be evaluated at the abandoned Mike Horse Mine site in Montana in fall 1994. FOR FURTHER INFORMATION: EPA PROJECT MANAGER: Jack Hubbard U.S. EPA Risk Reduction Engineering Laboratory 26 West Martin Luther King Drive Cincinnati, OH 45268 513-569-7507 Fax: 513-569-7620 TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPER CONTACT: Kathryn Levihn R. Mac Hartley Morrison Knudsen/STG P.O. Box 73 Boise, ID 83729 208-386-6115 Fax: 208-386-6669 The SITE Program assesses but does not approve or endorse technologies. Page 185 ------- Technology Profile DEMONSTRATION PROGRAM NEW YORK STATE DEPARTMENT OF ENVIRONMENTAL CONSERVATION (Multi-Vendor Bioremediation) TECHNOLOGY DESCRIPTION: This project will demonstrate the effectiveness of three similar innovative bioremediation technologies at an inactive hazardous waste site in Sweden, New York. The pilot-scale, multi- vendor treatability demonstration (MVTD) is jointly sponsored by the New York State Department of Environmental Conservation (NYSDEC), the New York State Center for Hazardous Waste Management (NYS Center), and the SITE Program. The three vendors and technologies that will be demonstrated are: • SBP Technologies, Inc. (SBP), and Environmental Laboratories, Inc., Vacuum-Vaporized Well (UVB) system • R.E. Wright Associates, Inc., In Situ Field Bioremediation Treatment System • ENSR Consulting and Engineering and Larson Engineers Ex Situ Biovault Monlanng W*U« The SBP and Environmental Laboratories, Inc., process consists of a specially adapted groundwater well, a negative pressure stripping reactor, an in situ bioreactor, and an above- ground vapor-phase bioreactor. The process removes volatile contaminants from the soil above the watertable and from groundwater. The contaminants are then treated biologically. The R.E. Wright Associates, Inc., process uses a bioventing technology where injection and extraction wells allow the developer to regulate oxygen and nutrient levels to stimulate the native bacteria in the soil into biodegrading the contaminants of concern. ENSR Consulting and Engineering and Larson Engineers process is based on construction of two identical biovaults. Contaminated soils are placed in each biovault where nutrient, moisture, and oxygen levels can be controlled. The first biovault is operated under aerobic conditions. The second, biovault is operated back and forth between aerobic and anaerobic conditions. The objectives of the MVTD are to generate field data to simultaneously compare three biological processes, and evaluate the perfor- Water Phase Carbon Units" Water Row Amendment Injection Port Extraction/ /Injection Unit Air Flow Adjust Valve (TYP.) Water: Carbon Units J f Atmospheric Intake ' Injection ManHold- Bloventlng ^ Manifold"^1 Vacuum-Vaporized Well (UVB) System Standard Circulation Schematic Diagram of the In Situ Field Bioremediation Treatment System Page 186 The SITE Program assesses but does not approve or endorse technologies. ------- November 1994 Ongoing Project mance of each biological approach in meeting the cleanup goals. WASTE APPLICABILITY: All three technologies can treat soil contaminated with volatile organic compounds. STATUS: The MVTD is occurring at the Sweden 3- Chapman site in Sweden, New York. The demonstration is coinciding with the on-going remediation at the site, where approximately 2,500 drums of hazardous waste and contamina- ted soil have already been removed. Field work began in July 1994 and is expected to be com- pleted by December 1994. Final reports from the demonstration will be available in July 1995. Water Piping (Top) FOR FURTHER INFORMATION: EPA PROJECT MANAGER: Annette Gatchett Risk Reduction Engineering Laboratory U.S. EPA 26 West Martin Luther Drive Cincinnati, OH 45268 513-569-7697 Fax: 513-569-7620 NYSDEC CONTACT: Nick Kolak NYSDEC Technology Section 50 Wolf Road, Room 208 Albany, NY 12233-7010 518-485-8792 Fax: 518-457-7743 TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPER CONTACTS: Richard Desrosiers Environmental Laboratories, Inc. 142 Temple Street New Haven, CT 06510 203-789-1260 Fax: 203-789-8261 Richard Cronce R.E. Wright Associates, Inc. 3240 Schoolhouse Road Middletown, PA 17057-3595 717-944-5501 Fax: 717-944-5642 Gil Long ENSR Consulting and Engineering 3000 Richmond Avenue Houston, TX 77098 713-520-9900 Fax: 713-520-6802 L Air Piping (Bottom and Top) Schematic Diagram of the Ex Situ Biovault System The SITE Program assesses but does not approve or endorse technologies. Page 187 ------- Technology Profile DEMONSTRATION PROGRAM NORTH AMERICAN TECHNOLOGIES GROUP, INC. (BioTreat™ System) TECHNOLOGY DESCRIPTION: The proprietary BioTreat™ System features a series of multicomponent, functional, and bio- chemical systems that provide for customized treatment of organic contaminants in a wide variety of host environments. Each system consists of a contaminant-specific microbial ecosystem. Treatment bacteria are dispersed in a custom-blended nutrient mixture which is delivered by an enhanced polyphasic colloidal emulsifier when conditions require. The BioTreat™ System is designed to accelerate the naturally-occurring biodegradation process. It can be used hi fixed biocells or applied direct- ly as an in situ treatment method. The system overcomes traditional bioremedial limitations by using indigenous bacteria with specially-selected enzymes. The enzymes first break down the physical and chemical bonds between clay lenses by neutra- lizing inherent electrical charges. This step drastically improves permeability and releases trapped contaminants. Second, the enzymes chemically bind to the hydrocarbons, resulting in enzyme-catalyzed metabolic remediation that significantly reduces treatment times. In most projects completed to date, contamination was reduced to below action levels within 30 days. The figure below illustrates remediation tunes for the BioTreat™ System compared to land- farming and conventional bioremediation tech- niques. The BioTreat™ System is designed to destroy on site contaminants through biological oxidation. Four proprietary bioremedial agents assist biotreatment; each of these agents is specific to individual soil and contaminant characteristics 100000 TPH in ppm Lag Phase LANDFARMING (Passive Bioremediation) Low Performance CONVENTIONAL BIOREMEDIATION IHiph Performance BIO-TREAI b (Enzyme Catalyzed Remediation) 1 5 10 100 Remediation Time (v/eeks) 1000 BioTreat™ System Remediation Times Page 188 The SITE Program assesses but does not approve or endorse technologies. ------- November 1994 Ongoing Project such as size, depth, density, and concentration. In each case, indigenous bacteria are cultivated for remediation. WASTE APPLICABILITY: The BioTreat™ System can treat most organic contaminants in a variety of media, including sludges, soils and mixed media. Soils with high clay content traditionally represent the most difficult treatment matrix; however, the BioTreat™ System has proved most effective in clays. The BioTreat™ System can remediate hydrocarbons such as gasoline, jet fuel, diesel fuel, motor oil, crude oil, polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons, and single-ring aromatic com- pounds such as benzene, toluene, xylene, and ethylbenzene. Other compounds amenable to treatment include methyl isobutyl ketone, trichloroethene, pentachlorophenol, and creo- sotes. Treatment of chlorinated compounds requires an additional step in the bioremediation process, increasing the total treatment tune by 60 or more days. STATUS: This technology was accepted into the SITE Demonstration Program in early 1993. EPA is seeking a suitable site for the demonstration. FOR FURTHER INFORMATION: EPA PROJECT MANAGER: Mary Stinson U.S. EPA Risk Reduction Engineering Laboratory 2890 Woodbridge Avenue Edison, NJ 08837 908-321-6683 Fax: 908-321-6640 TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPER CONTACT: Cathryn Wimberly Aprotek 3316CorbinWay Sacramento, CA 95827 916-366-6165 Fax: 916-366-7873 The SITE Program assesses but does not approve or endorse technologies. Page 189 ------- Technology Profile DEMONSTRATION PROGRAM PINTAIL SYSTEMS INCORPORATED (Spent Ore Bioremediation Process) TECHNOLOGY DESCRIPTION: This technology uses microbial detoxification of cyanide hi heap leach processes to reduce cya- nide levels hi spent ore and process solutions. The biotreatment populations of natural soil bacteria are grown to elevated concentrations and applied to spent ore hi a drip or spray irrigation. Process solutions are treated with bacteria concentrates hi continuous or batch applications. This method may also enhance metal remineralization, reducing acid rock drainage and enhancing precious metal recovery to offset treatment costs. Biotreatment of cyanide hi spent ore and ore processing solutions is developed by identifying some of the bacteria that will grow hi the waste source, and that use the cyanide for normal cell building reactions. Native isolates are ideally adapted to the spent ore environment, the avail- able nutrient pool, and potential toxic compo- nents of the heap environment. The cyanide- detoxifying bacteria are typically a small fraction of the overall population of cyanide-tolerant species. For this reason, native bacteria isolates are extracted from the ore and tested for cyanide detoxification potential as individual species. Any natural detoxification potentials demon- strated in flask cyanide decomposition tests are preserved and submitted for bioaugmentation. Bioaugmentation of the cyanide detoxification population eliminates non-working species of bacteria and enhances the natural detoxification potential by growth in waste infusions and chemically defined media. Pintail Systems Incorporated (PSI) maintains a bacterial library of some 2,5000 strains of microorganisms and a database of their characteristics. The working population of treatment bacteria is grown in spent ore infusion broths and process solutions to adapt to field operating conditions. The cyanide in the spent ore serves as the prima- ry carbon and/or nitrogen source for bacteria nutrition. Other required trace nutrients are provided in the chemically defined broths. The bacterial consortium is then tested on spent ore in a 6 inch by 10 foot column in the field or in the laboratory. By mimicking leach pile condi- / ' /\ Cyanide-Leached Ore Residue Sump Application Bacteria Leachate Solution Collection Spent Ore Bioremediation Process Page 190 The SITE Program assesses but does not approve or endorse technologies. ------- November 1994 Ongoing Project tions, detoxification rates, process completion, and effluent quality can be verified. Following column tests, a field test may be conducted to verify column results. The remediation of spent ore is accomplished by setting up a stage culturing system to establish working populations of cyanide-degrading bacte- ria at the mine site. Bacteria solutions are then applied directly to the heap using the same system originally designed to deliver cyanide solutions to the heap leach pads (see figure on previous page). Cyanide concentrations and leachable metals are then measured in heap leach solutions. This method of cyanide degradation in spent ore leach pads has the advantage of treating the cyanide at the source of contami- nation, the leach pad, resulting in a much faster rate of cyanide degradation than methods which treat only rinse solutions from the pad. In addition to cyanide degradation, biological treatment of heap leach pads has also shown a significant biomineralization and reduction of leachable metals in heap leachate solutions. WASTE APPLICABILITY: The PSI biotreatment process is applicable to the treatment of spent ore heaps, waste rock dumps, mine tailings, and process water from gold and silver mining operations. STATUS: This technology was accepted into the SITE Demonstration Program in May 1994. PSI has completed two full-scale cyanide detoxification projects. A SITE Demonstration is planned at the Summitville Mine Superfund Site in Colora- do for spring 1995. FOR FURTHER INFORMATION: EPA PROJECT MANAGER: Jack Hubbard U.S. EPA 26 West Martin Luther King Drive Cincinnati, OH 45268 513-569-7507 Fax: 513-569-7620 TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPER CONTACT: Leslie Thompson Pintail Systems Incorporated 11801 East 33rd Avenue, Suite C Aurora, CO 80010 303-367-8443 Fax: 303-364-2120 The SITE Program assesses but does not approve or endorse technologies. Page 191 ------- Technology Profile DEMONSTRATION PROGRAM PRAXIS ENVIRONMENTAL TECHNOLOGIES, INC. (In Situ Thermal Extraction Process) TECHNOLOGY DESCRIPTION: The in situ thermal extraction process enhances pump-and-treat and soil vapor extraction pro- cesses used to treat volatile organic compounds (VOC) and semivolatile organic compounds (SVOC). Heating the soil with steam injection is an effective and relatively inexpensive tech- nique to raise a target soil volume to a nearly uniform temperature. As illustrated in the figure below, steam is introduced to the soil through injection wells screened in contaminated zones both above and below the water table. The steam flow sweeps contaminants to extraction wells. Groundwater and liquid contaminants are pumped from the extraction wells; steam, air, and vaporized contaminants are then extracted under vacuum. After the soil is heated by steam injection, the injection wells can introduce additional agents to facilitate the cleanup. Recovered vapors pass through a condenser. The resulting condensate is combined with pumped liquids for processing in separation equipment. Separated nonaqueous phase liquids (NAPL) can be recycled or disposed of, and the water is treated prior to discharge. The non- condensible gases are directed to a vapor treat- ment system consisting of 1) oxidation equip- ment, 2) activated carbon filters, or 3) treated on site in a catalytic destruction process. The in situ thermal extraction process uses conventional injection, extraction and monitoring wells, off- the-shelf piping, steam generators, condensers, heat exchangers, separation equipment, vacuum pumps, and vapor emission control equipment. VACUUM PUMP WATER FUEL STEAM TO INJECTION WELLS •>• WATER NAPL STEAM TO INJECTION WELLS CLAY CLAY In Situ Thermal Extraction Process Page 192 The SITE Program assesses but doss not approve or endorse technologies. ------- November 1994 Ongoing Project WASTE APPLICABILITY: The in situ thermal extraction process removes VOCs and SVOCs from contaminated soils and groundwater. The process primarily treats chlorinated solvents such as trichloroethene (TCE), perchloroethene(PCE), anddichloroben- zene; hydrocarbons such as gasoline, diesel, and jet fuel; and mixtures of these compounds. The process can be applied to rapid cleanup of source areas such as dense NAPL pools below the water table surface, light NAPL pools float- ing on the water table surface, and NAPL conta- mination remaining after conventional pumping techniques. Subsurface conditions are amenable to biodegradation of residual contaminants, if necessary, after application of the thermal process. A cap must exist to implement the process near the surface. For dense NAPL compounds in high concentrations, a barrier must be present or created to prevent downward percolation of the NAPL. The process is applicable in less permeable soils using novel delivery systems such as horizontal wells. STATUS: This technology was accepted into the SITE Demonstration Program in August 1993. Through a cooperative effort with EPA, Ogden Air Logistics Center Environmental Management Office, and Armstrong Laboratory at Tyndall Air Force Base (AFB), Florida, the demonstra- tion will occur at Hill AFB, Utah in spring 1995. During the period 1967-1979, unknown quan- tities of various chlorinated solvents including TCE and PCE were disposed of in two unlined trenches at Hill AFB. These dense NAPL com- pounds migrated down through the soil and shallow groundwater. The NAPL pooled on top of a natural clay layer about 50 to 60 feet below the surface. The technology demonstration will be performed in this area after the NAPL recovery by conventional pumping diminishes. For more information about this technology, see the Hughes Environmental Systems, Inc., or the Berkeley Environmental Restoration Center profiles in the Demonstration Program (Completed Projects) section. FOR FURTHER INFORMATION: EPA PROJECT MANAGER: Paul dePercin U.S. EPA Risk Reduction Engineering Laboratory 26 West Martin Luther King Drive Cincinnati, OH 45268 513-569-7797 Fax: 513-569-7620 TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPER CONTACT: Lloyd Stewart Praxis Environmental Technologies, Inc. 1440 Rollins Road Burlingame, CA 94010 415-548-9288 Fax: 415-548-9287 Paul Carpenter U.S. Air Force Armstrong Laboratory Site Remediation Division (AL/EQW) 139 Barnes Drive Tyndall AFB, FL 32403-5319 904-283-6187 Fax: 904-283-6064 The SITE Program assesses but does not approve or endorse technologies. Page 193 ------- Technology Profile DEMONSTRATION PROGRAM PROCESS TECHNOLOGIES, INC. (Photolytic Destruction for SVE Off-Gases) TECHNOLOGY DESCRIPTION: Process Technologies, Inc.'s (PTI), halocarbon and volatile organic compound (VOC) destruc- tion technology photolyzes vapor-phase halo- gens. The resulting radicals react with cementi- tious liners to produce a clean air stream. One of the key features and advantages of the tech- nology is its simplicity - there are no moving parts, and its modular design allows for easy scale-up. During the demonstration, off-gas from an existing soil vapor extraction system (SVE) will be treated by the PTI photolytic process. PTI's equipment operates using low pressure mercury lamps. High intensity UV light at 185 and 254 nanometers generated by the mercury lamps destabilizes and facilitates the breakdown of VOC contamination in the SVE exhaust gas stream. A proprietary liner material present in the light zone captures and neutralizes the resulting process by-products. Extensive testing has proven that the use of the cementitious liner material prevents the formation of undesirable species, such as chlorine, phosgene, and hydro- chloric acid. This design is unique to PTI's photolytic process. The gaseous products exiting the system include air, water vapor, and carbon dioxide. The liners are replaced as needed and PTI claims that the cementitious material can be recycled as an ingredient in cement or disposed of as nonhazardous waste, regulations permitting. UNER PANEL DILUTION AIR PIPE DILUTION AIR PIPE VOC-S FROM DEEP SVE WELLS TO CATALYTIC OXIDIZERAND SCRUBBER AIR/WATER SEPARATOR Simplified Schematic Process Flow Diagram of Photolytic Destruction Page 194 The SITE Program assesses but does not approve or endorse technologies. ------- November 1994 Ongoing Project WASTE APPLICABILITY: The PTI technology treats air and gases conta- minated with VOCs, including chlorinated VOCs, and chlorofluorocarbons. STATUS: The PTI technology was accepted into the SITE Demonstration Program hi summer 1994. The demonstration began in September 1994 at McClellan Air Force Base, in Sacramento, California. FOR FURTHER INFORMATION: EPA PROJECT MANAGER: Laurel Staley U.S. EPA Risk Reduction Engineering Laboratory 26 West Martin Luther King Drive Cincinnati, OH 45268 513-569-7863 Fax: 513-569-7620 TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPER CONTACT: Mike Swan Process Technologies, Inc. P.O. Box 476 Boise, ID 83701-0476 208-385-0900 Fax: 208-385-0994 Steve Hodge SM-ALC/EMR 5050 Dudley Boulevard Suite 3 McClellan AFB, CA 95652-1389 916-643-0830 Fax: 916-643-0827 The SITE Program assesses but does not approve or endorse technologies. Page 195 ------- Technology Profile DEMONSTRATION PROGRAM PURUS, INC. (PurCycle™ Vapor Treatment Process) TECHNOLOGY DESCRIPTION: The Purus, Inc. (Purus), PurCycle™ vapor treatment process purifies air streams contami- nated with volatile organic compounds (VOC). PurCycle™ works directly from soil extraction wells or from groundwater (or wastewater) air strippers. The PurCycle™ process traps the contaminants using filter beds that contain a proprietary resin. This regenerative adsorption method involves one on-line treatment bed for influent air, while another bed undergoes a desorption cycle (see figure below). An on-board controller system automatically switches between adsorption and desorption cycles. The desorption cycle uses a combination of temperature, pressure, and purge gas (Nj) to desorb VOCs trapped in the adsor- bent bed. The contaminants are removed, condensed, and transferred as a liquid to a storage tank. Thus, the recovered material can be easily reclaimed. Historically, activated carbon has been the principal medium for separating organic com- pounds from an air stream. However, because the carbon beds are difficult to regenerate on site, most treatment technologies use a passive carbon system that requires hauling the spent carbon off site for disposal or treatment. Another problem with activated carbon is decreased treatment efficiency resulting from moisture in the waste stream. Moisture in CLEAN AIR PADRE™ TO STACK ASTE PRODUCT STORAGETANK SOIL VAPOR GROUNDWATER INLET INLET NOTE: EXACT SCHEMATIC SUBJECT TO SITE REQUIREMENTS PurCycle™ Vapor Treatment Process Page 196 The SITE Program assesses but does not approve or endorse technologies. ------- November 7994 Ongoing Project humid contaminated air dramatically reduces the carbon's ability to adsorb organic contaminants; treatment efficiency declines to 30 percent of original efficiency as the relative humidity (RH) exceeds 75 percent. Adsorbent beds used in the PurCycle™ process have been recycled on a test stand more than 1,000 times with no measurable loss of ad- sorption capacity. In addition, the PurCycle™ resin has a relatively high tolerance for water vapor, allowing efficient treatment of air streams with an RH greater than 90 percent. These two capabilities make on-site treatment of VOCs possible with substantially lower operating costs. WASTE APPLICABILITY: The PurCycle™ vapor treatment process controls VOC emissions at site remediation projects, industrial wastewater facilities, and industrial air processing sites. Site remediation usually in- volves vacuum extraction of solvents or fuels from soils, as well as the pumping and treatme:nt of groundwater by air stripping. The PurCycle™ process has also treated industrial waste contain- ing solvents using an emission-free, closed-loop air stripping process. For the Demonstration Program, the PurGycle™ vapor treatment process will simultaneously treat vapors from soil vacu- um extraction wells and a groundwater air stripper. STATUS: Purus, Inc., has over 18 PurCycle™ systems in the field for various applications. Under the SITE demonstration, operating data will be collected from a combined, closed loop, air stripper/soil vacuum extractor system. A suit- able demonstration site is being selected. FOR FURTHER INFORMATION: EPA PROJECT MANAGER: Norma Lewis U.S. EPA Risk Reduction Engineering Laboratory 26 West Martin Luther King Drive Cincinnati, OH 45268 513-569-7665 Fax: 513-569-7620 TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPER CONTACT: Bart Mass Purus, Inc. 2713 North First Street San Jose, CA 95134-2010 408-955-1000 Fax: 408-955-1010 The SITE Program assesses but does not approve or endorse technologies. Page 197 ------- Technology Profile DEMONSTRATION PROGRAM REMEDIATION TECHNOLOGIES, INC (Liquid and Solids Biological Treatment) TECHNOLOGY DESCRIPTION: Liquid and solids biological treatment (LST) is a process that remediates soils and sludges contaminated with biodegradable organics (see figure below). The process is similar to activated sludge treatment of municipal and industrial wastewaters, but it treats suspended solids concentrations greater than 20 percent. First, an aqueous slurry of the waste material is prepared, and environmental conditions such as nutrient concentrations, temperature, andpH are optimized for biodegradation. The slurry is then mixed and aerated for a sufficient tune to de- grade the target waste constituents. Several physical process configurations are possible depending on site- and waste-specific conditions. Waste can be treated continuously or in batches in impoundment-based reactors. This configuration is sometimes the only practi- cal option for very large projects (greater than 10,000 cubic yards). Alternatively, tank-based systems may be constructed. Constituent losses due to volatilization must be controlled during LST operations. The poten- tial for emissions is greatest in batch treatment systems and lowest in continuously stirred tank reactor systems, particularly those with long residence tunes. Technologies such as carbon adsorption and biofiltration can control emis- sions. LST may require pre- and posttreatment opera- tions. However, in situ applications that store treated sludge residues do not require multiple unit operations. Overall bioremediation in a hybrid system con- sisting of LST and land treatment systems can provide an alternative to landfilling treated solids. This combination rapidly degrades volatile constituents in a contained system, rendering the waste suitable for landfilling. Remediation Technologies, Inc. (ReTeC), has constructed a mobile LST pilot system for field Contaminated Soil Water Nutrients Microbes Cleaned Soil Dewaterincj Return Soils to Site Air Liquid and Solids Biological Treatment Page 198 The SITE Program assesses but does not approve or endorse technologies. ------- November 1994- Ongoing Project demonstrations. The system consists of two reactors, two 2,000-gallon holding tanks, and associated process equipment. The reactors are aerated using coarse bubble diffusers and mixed using axial flow turbine mixers. The reactors can operate separately, or as batch or continuous systems. Oxygen and pH are continuously monitored and recorded. Additional features include antifoaming and temperature control systems. WASTE APPLICABILITY: The technology treats sludges, sediments, and soils containing biodegradable organic materials. To date, the process has mainly treated sludges containing petroleum and wood preservative organics such as creosote and pentachlorophenol (PCP). LST has successfully treated polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons, PCP, and a broad range of petroleum hydrocarbons hi the laboratory and the field. STATUS: This technology was accepted into the SITE Demonstration Program in 1987. A 50,000 gallon slurry bioreactor system will be construct- ed next spring at Utica, New York to treat sediments from the barge harbor contaminated with polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons from municipal town gas wastes. ReTeC has applied the technology in the field over a dozen tunes to treat wood preservative sludges with impoundment-type LST systems. In addition, LST has treated petroleum refinery impoundment sludges in two field-based pilot demonstrations and several laboratory treatability studies. FOR FURTHER INFORMATION: EPA PROJECT MANAGER: Ronald Lewis U.S. EPA Risk Reduction Engineering Laboratory 26 West Martin Luther King Drive Cincinnati, OH 45268 513-569-7856 Fax: 513-569-7620 TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPER CONTACT: Merv Cooper Remediation Technologies, Inc. 1011 S.W. Klickitat Way, Suite 207 Seattle, WA 98134 206-624-9349 Fax: 206-624-2839 The SITE Program assesses but does not approve or endorse technologies. Page 199 ------- Technology Profile DEMONSTRATION PROGRAM RISK REDUCTION ENGINEERING LABORATORY (Bioventing) TECHNOLOGY DESCRIPTION: Lack of oxygen in contaminated soil often limits aerobic microbial growth. The bioventing biological system treats contaminated soil in situ by injecting atmospheric air. This air provides a continuous oxygen source, which enhances the growth of microorganisms naturally present in the soil. Additional additives, such as ozone or nutrients, may also be added to stimulate micro- bial growth. Bioventing technology uses an air pump attached to one of a series of air injection probes (see figure below). The air pump operates at ex- tremely low pressures, providing inflow of oxygen without significantly volatilizing soil contaminants. The treatment capacity depends on the number of injection probes, the size of the air pump, and site characteristics such as soil porosity. WASTE APPLICABILITY: Bioventing is typically used to treat soil contami- nated by industrial processes, and can treat any contamination subject to aerobic microbial degradation. Bioventing treats contaminants and Pressure Gauge Air Pump Row Control Rotometer Pressure Gauge 3-Way Ball Valve - Stainless Steel Probe 1 cm ID 2cmOD .Screened Section _L a Bioventing System Page 200 The SITE Program assesses but does not approve or endorse technologies. ------- November 1994 Ongoing Project combinations of contaminants with varying de- grees of success. The SITE Demonstration Program is testing bioventing's effectiveness at degrading polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons. STATUS: This technology was accepted into the SITE Demonstration Program in July 1991. The demonstration of this process began in Novem- ber 1992 at the Reilly Tar site in St. Louis Park, Minnesota. Preliminary findings after 27 months of bioventing indicated higher than predicted microbial respiration rates. The project will be completed in November 1995. FOR FURTHER INFORMATION: EPA PROJECT MANAGER: Jack Hubbard U.S. EPA Risk Reduction Engineering Laboratory 26 West Martin Luther King Drive Cincinnati, OH 45268 513-569-7507 Fax: 513-569-7620 TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPER CONTACT: Paul McCauley U.S. EPA Risk Reduction Engineering Laboratory 26 West Martin Luther King Drive Cincinnati, OH 45268 513-569-7444 Fax: 513-569-7105 The SITE Program assesses but does not approve or endorse technologies. Page 201 ------- Technology Profile DEMONSTRATION PROGRAM RKK, Ltd. (CRYOCELL®) TECHNOLOGY DESCRIPTION: CRYOCELL® is a frozen soil barrier that com- pletely contains waste migration to the soil or isolates a contaminated area during an in situ remediation program. The CRYOCELL® design involves installing freeze pipes hi an array outside and beneath the contaminated zone to completely surround the waste source or ground- water plume. Standard well drilling equipment is used to drill or drive the freeze pipes into place. Once installed, the array of pipes is connected to a freeze plant by a distributive manifold. The pipes carry a cooled brine' in a completely closed system, which freezes the entire inner volume between the pipes, and the adjacent earth to the outside of the row(s) of pipes. The barrier thickness and temperature may be varied to suit site conditions. RKK, Ltd. (RKK), reports that barriers can be established at depths of 1,000 feet or more and may vary in thickness from 15 to 50 feet. CRYOCELL® engineering is site-specific and considers many factors, including waste type, topography, soil condition, thermal conductivity, and groundwater movement. A computer pro- gram incorporates all site characteristics into a three-dimensional model that planners use to design and estimate costs of CRYOCELL® costs for a specific site. A, thick ice barrier offers a number of advan- tages for confining hazardous waste. The ice does not degrade or weaken over time and is reparable in situ. If ground movement fractures the barrier, the fissures can be filled and resealed. quickly. Maintenance costs are extremely low, allowing continued use for extended periods. In addition, the frozen barrier is environmentally benign. When the site is decontaminated, tiie ice is allowed to melt and the pipes are removed. The technique is an alternative to conventional containment systems using steel, concrete, slurry walls, or grout curtains. The figure below provides an illus- tration of a typical containment system. Brtnolonk Refrtgorotton Ptanh Manifold ft Bonn* a Schematic Diagram of CRYOCELL® Page 202 The SITE Program assesses but does not approve or endorse technologies. ------- November 1994 Ongoing Project WASTE APPLICABILITY: RKK reports that CRYOCELL® can provide subsurface containment for a variety of sites and wastes, including underground tanks; nuclear waste sites; hazardous or mixed-waste sites; plume control; burial trenches, pits, and ponds; in situ waste treatment areas; chemically-contam- inated sites; and spent fuel storage ponds. CRYOCELL® is designed to contain all known biological, chemical, or radioactive contami- nants. Design criteria (for example, barrier thickness and temperature) are site specific and depend upon factors such as type of waste involved, overall site hydrogeology, soil mois- ture content, and soil types. Frozen soil barriers are adaptable to any geometry; drilling technolo- gy presents the only constraint. RKK reports that the technology can isolate sensitive areas within large active operations (for example, sites within chemical and nuclear facilities), smaller raw material and waste man- agement unites (for example, tank farms, land- fills, and waste treatment lagoons), and former or operational chemically contaminated sites, such as chemical plants, refineries, and substa- tions. The technology can also contain new waste storage areas and subsurface contamina- tion during a remediation project. The technolo- gy can also provide a redundant barrier for other cutoff containment processes, and reduces flow of groundwater into a contaminated zone. Contaminants are contained in situ, with native soils serving as the containment medium. Thick ice barriers are impervious to chemical attack and are virtually impermeable at subzero tem- peratures. In addition, ice barriers have great inertia, so they can remain frozen for as long as two years without refrigeration. CRYOCELL® is economically favorable for intermediate and long term containment at large sites, and mainte- nance costs are extremely low. CRYOCELL® generates no waste streams or residues. STATUS: This technology was accepted into the SITE Demonstration Program in summer 1994. EPA is seeking a suitable site for this demonstration. RKK technologies are being considered by the U.S. Department of Energy (DOE) for many hazardous waste sites including containment of Hanford's single-shell tanks, the nation's most costly waste site. RKK receives academic, tech- nical, and scientific support through a coopera- tive and licensing agreement with the University of Washington. RKK has an agreement with Scientific Ecology Group, Inc. (SEG), a subsidi- ary of the Westinghouse Electric Corporation. This agreement encompasses DOE weapons complex sites. FOR FURTHER INFORMATION: EPA PROJECT MANAGER: Annette Gatchett U.S. EPA Risk Reduction Engineering Laboratory 26 West Martin Luther King Drive. Cincinnati, OH 45268 513-569-7697 Fax: 513-569-7620 TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPER CONTACT: Christopher Reno RKK, Ltd. 16404 Smokey Point Boulevard, Suite 303 Arlington, WA 98223 206-653-4844 Fax: 206-653-7456 The SITE Program assesses but does not approve or endorse technologies. Page 203 ------- Technology Profile DEMONSTRATION PROGRAM SEPARATION AND RECOVERY SYSTEMS, INC. (SAREX Chemical Fixation Process) TECHNOLOGY DESCRIPTION: The SAREX chemical fixation process (CFP), developed by Separation and Recovery Systems, Inc. (SRS), is a thermal and chemical reactive (fixation) process that removes volatile organic compounds (VOC) and selected semivolatile organic compounds (SVOC), and stabilizes the remaining organic and inorganic constituents in sludges or soils (see figure below). The SAREX CFP uses specially-prepared lime and propri- etary, nontoxic chemicals (a reagent blend) mixed proportionally to catalyze and control the reactions. The treated product displays chemical properties which conform to EPA standards for resource recovery and site restoration. The pro- duct also exhibits high structural integrity, with a fine, granular, soil-like consistency, of limited solubility. The treated product is free-flowing until compacted (50 to 80 pounds per square inch), isolating the remaining constituents from environmental influences. The treated product can be easily backfilled and compacted on site. Depending on the characteristics of the waste material, the waste may be covered with a liquid neutralizing reagent that initiates the chemical reactions and helps prevent vapor emissions. If required, the waste material may be moved to the neutralization (blending) tank, where a make-up reagent slurry is added, depending on material characteristics. The waste is then placed in the feed hopper. The reagent is measured and placed on the transfer conveyor so that the reagent and waste mixture would advance to the single-screw homogenizer, where the waste components are thoroughly blended to a uniform consistency. The reagent blend reacts exothermically with the hazardous constituents to begin removing the lighter organics. The process, now about 70 percent complete, continues in the multi-screw, jacketed, noncontacting processor for curing (a predetermined curing time allows reactions to occur within a controlled environment). In the processor, the mixture can be thermally processed at a high temperature to complete the process and meet stringent cleanup standards. The processed material exits the processor onto a conveyor for discharge into sealed storage containers. Contaminant loss into the air during processing is eliminated by use of a specially designed EXCAVATOR #1 NEUTRALIZATION TANK V4" PLATE 16' DIA. X B1 INSETS TREATED PRODUCT CONTAINER HQHSl 1. EXCAVATION/NEUTRALIZATION/VAPOR CONTROL 2. PRE-PROCESS BLENDING/NEUTRALIZATION 3. WASTE FEED TO PROCESSOR 4. HOMOGENIZING 5. PROCESSING 8. DISCHARGE CONVEYOR 7. VAPOR RECOVERY SYSTEM (ra) SAREX Chemical Fixation Process Page 204 The SITE Program assesses but does not approve or endorse technologies. ------- November 7994 Ongoing Project SAREX vapor recovery system. Dust particles can be removed in a baghouse, and vapors are routed through a series of water scrubbers, which cool the vapors (below 120 degrees Fahrenheit [°FJ) and remove any condensates. The vapors then pass through two demisters to remove water vapor, and a positive displacement blower to remove additional condensates. If needed, a freon chilling unit (37 °F) cools the remaining vapors, which are sent to a storage tank. The final noncondensible vapor stream is treated using two charcoal vapor packs or a thermal oxidizer before release. WASTE APPLICABILITY: The SAREX CFP may be applied to a wide vari- ety of organic and inorganic materials. These materials include sludges that contain high con- centrations of hazardous constituents, with no upper limit of oil or organic content. No con- stituents interfere with the fixation reactions, and water content is not an obstacle, although the exothermic reactions may cause steaming. The following material types can be processed by the SAREX CFP: Large crude oil spills Refinery sludges Hydrocarbon-contaminated soils Lube oil acid sludges Tars Halocarbon-contaminated sludges or soils In addition, metals are captured within the treated matrix and pass the toxicity characteristic leaching procedure. This is advantageous be- cause most on-site cleanup programs focus on sludge ponds, impoundments, and underlying soils which have received many different types of compounds and debris over several years. STATUS: SRS has completed at least five full-scale pro- jects using the SAREX CFP. These projects included stabilizing 2,000- to 20,000- cubic-yard quantities of lubricating oil acid sludges, petro- leum hydrocarbon-impacted soils, and oil pro- duction wastes. Additionally, SRS has conducted numerous pilot- scale field demonstrations. In 1987, SRS con- ducted pilot testing for stabilizing hazardous refining sludges at a Superfund site in Oklahoma. Over 400 cubic yards of sludges were stabilized during these tests. Results were favorable, and a Record of Decision was recently issued for the use of chemical fixation as the remedial technology. SRS expects to conduct a SITE demonstration in fall 1994 at a Superfund site in New Jersey. This site has numerous sludge lagoons contain- ing elevated levels of organics (principally benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene, and xylene; chlorobenzenes; andpolynuclear aromatic hydro- carbons) and heavy metals (lead, zinc, and chro- mium). SRS has completed bench-scale testing on samples collected from three lagoons. The test results were favorable. FOR FURTHER INFORMATION: EPA PROJECT MANAGER: Jack Hubbard U.S. EPA Risk Reduction Engineering Laboratory 26 West Martin Luther King Drive Cincinnati, OH 45268 513-569-7507 Fax: 513-569-7620 TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPER CONTACT: Brad Miller -, Separation and Recovery Systems, Inc. 1762 McGaw Avenue Irvine, CA 92714-4962 714-261-8860 Fax: 714-261-6010 The SITE Program assesses but does not approve or endorse technologies. Page 205 ------- Technology Profile DEMONSTRATION PROGRAM SEVENSON ENVIRONMENTAL SERVICES, INC. (MAECTITE® Chemical Treatment Process) TECHNOLOGY DESCRIPTION: The patented MAECTITE® chemical treatment process for lead and other heavy metals utilizes reagents and processing equipment to render soils, waste and other materials nonhazardous for the characteristic definition of toxicity under Resource Conservation and Recovery Act. The MAECTITE® process reduces teachable lead to below treatment standards for listed waste treatment limits required for land-ban regulations (September 19, 1994 40 CFR Parts 268, Final Rule). Lead in treated material complies with leach limits established by EPA as determined by approved methods in SW-846, including, but not limited to toxicity characteristic leaching procedure (TCLP), EP Toxicity test, and the Multiple Extraction Procedure. 500-Ton Per Day MAECTITE® Processing System Chemical treatment by the MAECTITE® process converts leachable lead into insoluble minerals and mixed mineral forms within the material or waste matrix. MAECTITE® reagents stimulate the nucleation of crystals by chemical bonding to yield mineral compounds in molecular forms. These are resistant to leaching and physical degradation from environmental forces. Dura- bility of traditional monolithic solidification/ stabilization process end-products is often measured by geotechnical tests such as wet/dry, freeze/thaw, permeability, and unconfined compressive strength. Sinpe the MAECTITE® process does not use physical binders, is not pozzolanic or siliceous, and does not rely on the formation of metallic hydroxides using hydration mechanisms, these tests are not relevant to MAECTITE® product chemical stability. MAECTITE® does not utilize adsorption, absorption, entrapment, lattice containment, encapsulation, or other physical binding principles for treatment success. Effective treatment is not pH dependent and is a true chemical reaction process where the treated material is altered in structure and properties yielding stable compounds. The MAECTITE® process uses water as a mixing lubricant. However, the dehydration characteristic of the process liberates water present in waste prior to treatment (absorbed and hydrated forms) to a free state where it can be removed from the waste matrix by evaporation and capillary drying principles. The ability of treated material to readily lose water, the formation of dense mineral crystals, and the restructuring of the material as a result of MAECTITE® treatment (where interstitial space is minimized), all contribute to reduced waste volume and weight. Ex situ MAECTITE® processing equipment generally utilizes material screening and sizing components, liquid and solid reagent storage delivery subsystems, and a mixing unit such as Page 206 The SITE Program assesses but does not approve or endorse technologies. ------- November 1994 Ongoing Project a pugmill. Equipment is mobile, but can be modified for fixed system operations. In situ MAECTITE® processing equipment is also available with system selection largely dictated by contaminant plume configuration, soil characteristics, and site space limitations. WASTE APPLICABILITY: By selecting proper MAECTITE® treatment chemicals from families of reagents, varying their dosage, and applying appropriate material handling procedures, all material matrices historically subjected to the MAECTITE® process have been successfully treated. Materials including soils, sludges, sediments, battery contents including casings, foundry sands, filtercake, furnace slag and matte, debris and construction rubble, carbon dross, wire fluff and chop, shooting range sand with spent projec- tiles, blasting sand with lead-based paint chips, auto fluff, bird and buck shot, electronic compo- nents, glass, fire brick, coatings, and oxide pigments have been rendered nonhazardous. Oversize material can be treated with the process as debris (best demonstrated achievable techno- logy for lead, i.e., chemical treatment), but size reduction often makes processing more efficient. To date, no material has been found resistant to treatment by the MAECTITE® process. Even sludges with free liquids (as determined by the paint filter test) have been treated to TCLP compliance when excess fluids are present. The range of lead levels effectively treated has not been fully determined; however, soil with total lead as high as 30 percent (weight) with TCLP values over 4,000 milligrams per liter (mg/1) was not problematic. Common lead levels encountered have averaged from 200 milligrams per kilogram (mg/kg) to 6500 mg/kg with TCLP averaging 20 to 400 mg/1. Material geochemistry most often dictates final MAECTITE® treatment designs. Furthermore, correlation-ships between total lead and regu- lated leachable lead levels are inconsistent, with ^treatment efforts more strongly related to waste/material geochemical characteristics. STATUS: The patented MAECTITE® chemical treatment technology was initially accepted into the SITE Demonstration Program in March 1992. Sevenson Environmental Services, Inc. acquired the MAECTITE® technology in 1993. Com- bining ex situ and in situ quantities treated, over 250,000 tons of material have been successfully processed. Treatability studies have been con- ducted on over 50 different materials (including all types of soils) in over 20 states, Canada, Italy, and Mexico. MAECTITE® has been applied at full-scale demonstration and remedial projects in 14 states. MAECTITE® chemical treatment is a cost- effective technology when compared to traditional offsite options or to other onsite treatment alternatives. With its MAECTITE® process, Sevenson has been formally accepted in the EPA's PQOPS program for the fixation/ stabilization of inorganic species. FOR FURTHER INFORMATION: EPA PROJECT MANAGER: Jack Hubbard U.S. EPA Risk Reduction Engineering Laboratory 26 West Martin Luther King Drive Cincinnati, OH 45268 513-569-7507 Fax: 513-569-7620 TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPER CONTACT: Karl Yost Director of Treatment Services Sevenson Environmental Services, Inc. 9425 Calumet Avenue, Suite 101 Munster, IN 46321 219-836-0116 Fax: 219-836-2838 The SITE Program assesses but does not approve or endorse technologies. Page 2O7 ------- Technology Profile DEMONSTRATION PROGRAM SIVE Services (Steam Injection and Vacuum Extraction-Linear Flow [SIVE-LF] Process) TECHNOLOGY DESCRIPTION: SIVE-LF is an enhanced steam injection and vacuum extraction method especially designed for in situ treatment of contaminated soil at relatively shallow depths. Steam is forced to flow horizontally and uniformly from one trench, through the contaminated zone to another trench, where it is then extracted. The large open area of the trench faces allow for high injection and extraction rates, which promote low treatment duration. The trenches also allow for installa- tion of an impermeable barrier, such as a poly- ethylene liner, against one face of the open trench before the trench is backfilled. Thus, reducing the flow of injected or extracted fluid outside the area of the targeted zones. A surface covering for the treatment area prevents short- circuiting the injected steam to the atmosphere, and prevents atmospheric air from entering the extraction trench. The injected steam strips contaminants from the soil as it is forced across the contaminated zone. The steam raises the soil temperature, which increases mass transfer and phase change rates, reduces liquid viscosities, and accelerates desorption of contaminants from the soil. The moisture and warmth of the steam also acceler- ates biodegradation of residual contaminants. As a result, contaminants are extracted or degraded at increased rates, compared to conventional isothermal vapor and liquid extraction systems. Surface equipment for the SIVE-LF process includes the steam generation and a delivery system and the vacuum extraction system. The steam generation and delivery system consists of standard steam heating equipment, related steam piping, and monitoring equipment. The extrac- tion system is a solvent recovery system that includes a vacuum blower, steam condenser, other cooling equipment, and carbon filters. The condensate requires further treatment or off- site disposal. Injection Optional Side Wall Schematic Diagram of the SIVE-LF Process Page 208 The SITE Program assesses but does not approve or endorse technologies. ------- November 1994 Ongoing Project The reliability of the equipment and automatic controls allows the SIVE-LF process to operate without constant direct supervision. WASTE APPLICABILITY: The SIVE-LF process is designed to treat soils contaminated with semivolatile and volatile organic compounds to depths of 30 feet. Be- cause highly volatile contaminants are readily air-stripped without the added effects of steam, the steam-stripping effect will be greatest on the heavier, less volatile contaminants. Soils with contaminant concentrations as low as 100 parts per million can be effectively stripped. SIVE-LF can also remove second phase liquids, such as fuels and oils, from the tops of under- ground water tables. STATUS: This technology was accepted into the SITE Demonstration Program in summer 1994. A suitable site for the demonstration is being sought. FOR FURTHER INFORMATION: EPA PROJECT MANAGER: Michelle Simon U.S. EPA Risk Reduction Engineering Laboratory 26 West Martin Luther King Drive Cincinnati, OH 45268 513-569-7469 Fax: 513-569-7676 TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPER CONTACT: Douglas Dieter SIVE Services 555 Rossi Drive Dixon, CA 95620 916-678-8358 Fax: 916-678-8358 (call first) The SITE Program assesses but does not approve or endorse technologies. Page 209 ------- Technoloav Profile DEMONSTRA TION PROGRAM TECHTRAN ENVIRONMENTAL, INC. (Combined Chemical Precipitation, Physical Separation, and Binding Process for Radionuclides and Heavy Metals) TECHNOLOGY DESCRIPTION: This technology removes heavy metals and radionuclides from contaminated waters. The process combines the proprietary RHM-1000 powder, as well as a complex mixture of oxides, silicates, and other reactive binding agents, with a contaminated water stream. Selectively enhanced complexing and sorption processes form flocculants and colloids, which are removed through precipitation and physical filtration. ThepH, mixing dynamics, processing rates, and powder constituents are optimized through chemical modeling studies and labora- tory tests. The contaminants are concentrated in a stabilized filter and precipitate sludge, which is then dewatered. The dewatered sludge meets toxicity characteristic leaching procedure criteria and may, depending on the contaminant, be classified as nonhazardous. The figure below illustrates the skid-mounted field pilot unit which consists of four main components: 1) pump unit, 2) feed and eductor unit, 3) mixing tank, and 4) clarifier tank. The centrifugal pump unit can deliver up to 50 gallons per minute (gpm) to the system. Water from the pump passes through a restrictor nozzle in the feed and eductor unit, reducing the air pressure at the outlet of an attached hopper unit. RHM-1000 powder is placed in the upper hopper, which is powered by compressed air. The upper hopper delivers a controlled and very low volume of RHM-1000 to the lower hopper. Reduced air pressure draws it into the water stream. The water passes through a two-stage mixing process and is then sent to the mixing tank. A diaphragm pump, driven by compressed air, draws water from the tank's base and rein- jects it through a jet nozzle which also draws surrounding water through holes in its base. PUMP UNIT TechTran RHM-1000 Pilot Plant Page 210 The SITE Program assesses but does not approve or endorse technologies. ------- November 1994 Ongoing Project The mixed water and RHM-1000 powder pass over a weir into the clarifier tank and through a block of inclined coalescing tubes. Precipitates collect in the tank's base and are drained off. Additional conventional filters can be added to the system outflow as required. The process is designed for continuous operation and can be expanded from 25 to 1,500 gpm. This process removes heavy metals and radionu- clides to drinking water standards. It can also treat trace levels of naturally occurring radio- active materials (NORM) and low-level radio- active wastes, as well as more heavily contami- nated waters. WASTE APPLICABILITY: This technology can be used to 1) remediate water, sludges and soils contaminated with radionuclides and heavy metals, 2) restore groundwater from mining operations, 3) treat NORM in water or scale from petroleum opera- tions, and 4) remediate manmade radionuclides stored in tanks, pits, barrels, or other containers. STATUS: The process was accepted into the SITE Demon- stration Program in July 1991. The demonstra- tion is scheduled for late 1994 at a uranium mine facility in Texas. FOR FURTHER INFORMATION: EPA PROJECT MANAGER: Annette Gatchett U.S. EPA Risk Reduction Engineering Laboratory 26 West Martin Luther King Drive Cincinnati, OH 45628 513-569-7697 Fax: 513-569-7620 TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPER CONTACT: E.B. (Ted) Daniels TechTran Environmental, Inc. 9800 Northwest Freeway, Suite 302 Houston, TX 77092 713-680-8833 Fax: 713-683-8820 The SITE Program assesses but does not apprpve or endorse technologies. Page 211 ------- Technology Profile DEMONSTRATION PROGRAM VORTEC CORPORATION (Oxidation and Vitrification Process) TECHNOLOGY DESCRIPTION: Vortec Corporation (Vortec) has developed an oxidation and vitrification process for remedia- ting soils, sediments, sludges, and mill tailings that have organic, inorganic, and heavy metal contamination. The process can oxidize and vitrify materials introduced as dry granulated materials or slurries. The figure below illustrates the Vortec oxidation and vitrification process. The basic elements of this system include: 1) a combustion and melt- ing system (CMS); 2) a material handling, storage, and feeding subsystem; 3) a vitrified product separation and reservoir assembly; 4) a waste heat recovery air preheater (recuperator); 5) a flue gas cleanup subsystem; and 6) a vitri- fied product handling subsystem. The Vortec CMS is the primary thermal process- ing system and consists of two major assemblies; a counter-rotating vortex in-flight suspension preheater, and a cyclone melter. First, slurried or dry contaminated soil is introduced into the counter rotating vortex (CRV) combustor. The CRV does the following: 1) burns the auxiliary fuel introduced directly into the CRV combus- tor; 2) preheats the suspended waste materials along with any glass-forming additives mixed with oil; and 3) oxidizes any organic constituents in the soil. The average temperature of materi- als leaving the CRV combustion chamber is between 2,200 and 2,800 degrees Fahrenheit, depending on the processed soils' melting characteristics. The preheated solid materials exit the CRV combustor and enter the cyclone melter, where they are dispersed to the chamber walls to form a molten glass product. The vitrified, molten glass product and the exhaust gases exit the cyclone melter through a tangential exit channel and enter a glass- and gas-separation chamber. The exhaust gases then enter an air preheater for waste heat recovery and are subsequently deli- vered to an air pollution control subsystem for particulate and acid gas removal. The molten glass product exits the glass- and gas-separation chamber through the tap, and is delivered to a water quench assembly for subsequent disposal. Unique features of the Vortec oxidation and vitrification process include the following: RECVOH) RESCUE I IVCflTEC I 1 CMS Vortec Oxidation and Vitrification Process Page 212 The SITE Program assesses but does not approve or endorse technologies. ------- November 7994 Ongoing Project • Processes solid waste contaminated with both organic and heavy metal contami- nants • Uses various fuels, including gas, oil, coal, and waste • Handles waste quantities ranging from 5 tons per day to more than 400 tons per day • Recycles particulate residue collected in the air pollution control subsystem back into the CMS process. These recycled. materials are incorporated into the glass product, resulting in zero solid waste discharge • Produces a vitrified product that is nontoxic according to the EPA's toxicity characteristic leaching procedure (TCLP) standards, immobilizes heavy metals, and has long-term stability WASTE APPLICABILITY: The Vortec oxidation and vitrification system treats soils, sediments, sludges, and mill tailings containing organic, inorganic, and heavy metal contamination. Organic materials included with the waste are successfully oxidized by the high temperatures in the combustor. The inorganic constituents in the waste material will determine the amount and type of glass-forming additives required to produce a vitrified product. This process can be modified to produce a glass cullet that consistently meets TCLP requirements. STATUS: The Vortec technology was accepted into the SITE Emerging Technology Program in May 1991. Research was completed in winter 1994 and the technology has been invited to participate in the SITE Demonstration Program. The research results will be published in the Journal of Air and Waste Management article entitled "Vitrification of Soils Contaminated by Hazardous and/or Radioactive Waste." An Emerging Technology Summary is available from EPA. The technology has been under development by the U.S. Department of Energy (DOE) and others since 1985. A 20-ton-per-day pilot-scale test facility has been processing nonhazardous industrial waste material since 1988; the vitrified product generated in these tests passes TCLP standards. A preliminary system with a treat- ment rate of up to 400 tons per day has also been designed. The pilot-scale facility processed a surrogate soil spiked with arsenic, cadmium, chromium, copper, lead, nickel, and zinc com- pounds . Pilot-testing with a dry, granulated feed stream was completed in June 1992, and the glass product successfully passed TCLP tests. Additional testing with a slurry feedstock was completed in 1993. Transportable systems are being designed for DOE soil remediation. A transportable demonstration unit for treating contaminated soil will be designed in 1994; construction is scheduled for 1995. Vortec is offering commercial systems and licenses for the CMS technology. FOR FURTHER INFORMATION: EPA PROJECT MANAGER: Teri Richardson U.S. EPA Risk Reduction Engineering Laboratory 26 West Martin Luther King Drive Cincinnati, OH 45268 513-569-7949 Fax: 513-569-7620 TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPER CONTACT: James Hnat Vortec Corporation 3770 Ridge Pike Collegeville, PA 19426-3158 610-489-2255 Fax: 610-489-3185 The SITE Program assesses but does not approve or endorse technologies. Page 213 ------- Technolociv Profile DEMONSTRATION PROGRAM WESTERN RESEARCH INSTITUTE (Contained Recovery of Oily Wastes [CROW™]) TECHNOLOGY DESCRIPTION: The contained recovery of oily wastes (CROW™) process recovers oily wastes from the ground by adapting a technology presently used for secon- dary petroleum recovery and primary production of heavy oil and tar sand bitumen. Steam or hot water displacement moves accumulated oily wastes and water to production wells for above- ground treatment. Injection and production wells are first installed in soil contaminated with oily wastes (see figure below). If contamination has penetrated into or below the aquifer, low-quality steam can be injected below the organic liquids to dislodge and sweep them upward into the more permeable aquifer soil regions. Hot water is injected above the impermeable soil regions to heat and mobi- lize the oil waste accumulation. The mobilized wastes are then recovered by hot water displace- ment. When the organic wastes are displaced, organic liquid saturation in the subsurface pore space increases, forming a free-fluid bank. The hot water injection displaces the free-fluid bank to the production well. Behind the free-fluid bank, the contaminant saturation is reduced to an immobile residual saturation in the subsurface pore space. The extracted contaminant and water are treated for reuse or discharge. In situ biological treatment may follow the displacement, which continues until groundwater contaminants are.no longer detected in water samples from the site. During treatment, all mobilized organic liquids and -water-soluble contaminants are contained within the original boundaries of waste accumulation. Hazardous Steam-Stripped Water Low-Quality Steam Injection Well Production Well Oil and Water Production Steam Injection CROW™ Subsurface Development Page 214 The SITE Program assesses but does not approve or endorse technologies. ------- November 1994 Ongoing Project materials are contained laterally by groundwater isolation and vertically by organic liquid flota- tion. Excess water is treated in compliance with discharge regulations. The CROW™ process removes large portions of contaminant accumulations; stops the downward and lateral migration of organic contaminants; immobilizes any remaining organic wastes as a residual saturation; and reduces the volume, mobility, and toxicity of the contaminants. The process can be used for shallow and deep areas, and can recover light and dense nonaqueous phase liquids. The system uses readily available mobile equipment. Contaminant removal can be increased by adding small quantities of selected biodegradable chemicals in the hot water injec- tion. WASTE APPLICABILITY: The CROW™ process can be applied to manufac- tured gas plant sites, wood treating sites, petro- leum-refining facilities, and other areas with soils and aquifers containing light to dense organic liquids such as coal tars, pentachloro- phenol (PCP) solutions, chlorinated solvents, creosote, and petroleum by-products. Depth to the contamination is not a limiting factor. STATUS: The CROW™ process was tested hi the labora- tory and at pilot scale under the SITE Emerging Technology Program. The process demonstrated the effectiveness of hot water displacement and the benefits of including chemicals with the hot water. Based on these results, the CROW™ process was invited to participate in the SITE Demonstration Program. The process is being demonstrated at the Pennsylvania Power and •Light (PP&L) Brodhead Creek Superfund site at Stroudsburg, Pennsylvania. The site contains an area with high concentrations of by-products from past operations. The demonstration began in September 1994 and will last for 4 months. Sponsors for this program, in addition to EPA and PP&L, are the Gas Research Institute, the Electric Power Research Institute, and the U.S. Department of Energy. Remediation Technolo- gies, Inc., is assisting Western Research Institute with the demonstration, with emphasis on bio- logical treatment of the produced fluids. A pilot-scale technology demonstration was completed at a wood treatment site in Minneso- ta. Over 80 percent of nonaqueous phase liquids were removed in the pilot test, as predicted by treatability studies, and PCP concentrations decreased 500 percent. The full-scale remedi- ation for this site is underway and will include a progressive series of individual but interconnect- ed well patterns. Several other sites are being evaluated. FOR FURTHER INFORMATION: EPA PROJECT MANAGER: Eugene Harris U.S. EPA Risk Reduction Engineering Laboratory 26 West Martin Luther King Drive Cincinnati, OH 45268 513-569-7862 Fax: 513-569-7676 TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPER CONTACT: Lyle Johnson Western Research Institute 365 North 9th Laramie, WY 82070-3380 307-721-2281 Fax: 307-721-2233 The SITE Program assesses but does not approve or endorse technologies. Page 215 ------- Technology Profile DEMONSTRATION PROGRAM WHEELABRATOR TECHNOLOGIES INC. (WES-Phix Stabilization Process) TECHNOLOGY DESCRIPTION: WES-Phix is a patented stabilization process that significantly reduces the solubility of certain heavy metals in solid waste streams by altering the chemical composition of the waste material. The process does not produce a solidified mass, unlike most other stabilization technologies. In the first step of the process, waste is fed at a controlled rate into a mixing device, such as a pug mill. The full-scale WES-Phix process uses a pug mill with a capacity of 40 to 200 tons per hour. The stabilization reagent is then added to and mixed with the waste for about 1 minute. Once stabilized, the waste is removed by a conveyor from the end of the mixer. For some wastes containing cadmium, small amounts of lime must also be added. The WES-Phix process uses a proprietary form of soluble phosphate to form insoluble and highly stable metal phosphate minerals. An important innovative feature of this process is that reaction kinetics are rapid; thus, no curing step is necessary. As a result, treated waste will immediately pass toxicity characteristic leaching procedure (TCLP) requirements for the targeted metals. In addition, using small quantities of liquid phosphate reagent does not increase the stabilized waste volume. Equipment requirements include a metering device for measuring waste stream delivery rates, a mixer, and a storage tank for the liquid reagent (see figure below). Oversized items such as boulders or wood debris require crush- ing or screening before treatment. No posttreat- ment is necessary with this process other than transporting the treated material from the mixer to a staging area. Treated residuals can be transported for final disposal with dump trucks or roll-off container vehicles. WASTE APPLICABILITY: This process was originally developed to treat municipal waste combustion ash containing heavy metals. The commercial-scale process has successfully treated over 3 million tons of ash. Pump Contaminated Waste Storage Bin Treatment Unit Treated Waste Discharge WES-Phix Stabilization Process Page 216 The SITE Program assesses but does not approve or endorse technologies. ------- November 7994 Ongoing Project However, data indicate that the technology can also treat contaminated soils, sludges, and baghouse dusts. Recent research indicates that the process is particularly effective at stabilizing lead, cadmium, copper, and zinc in a variety of media, as measured by TCLP and other labora- tory leaching tests. STATUS: The WES-Phix process was accepted into the SITE Demonstration Program in spring 1993. A suitable demonstration site is being selected. FOR FURTHER INFORMATION: EPA PROJECT MANAGER: Chien Chen U.S. EPA Risk Reduction Engineering Laboratory Building 10, MS-104 2890 Woodbridge Avenue Edison, NJ 00837-3679 908-321-6985 Fax: 908-321-6640 TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPER CONTACT: Mark Lyons Wheelabrator Technologies Inc. Liberty Lane Hampton, NH 03842 603-929-3000 Fax: 603-929-3123 The SITE Program assesses but does not approve or endorse technologies. Page 217 ------- Technology Profile DEMONSTRATION PROGRAM XEROX CORPORATION (Two-Phase Extraction Process) TECHNOLOGY DESCRIPTION: The two-phase extraction process was developed as an alternative to conventional pump-and-treat technology, particularly in low conductivity formations such as silts and clays that are im- pacted by volatile organic compounds (VOC). Two-phase extraction uses a high-vacuum source applied to an extraction tube within a water well to increase groundwater removal rates (conse- quently the dissolved phase of contamination) and to volatilize and extract that portion of contaminant from the sorbed or free product phases. Vacuum lift of water is not a limiting factor in the application of the technology. Since a mixed vapor/liquid column is extracted from the well, the two-phase extraction tech- nology allows a single piece of equipment (a high-vacuum source) to remove contaminants in both the liquid and vapor phases. To extract both groundwater and soil vapor from a single extraction well, the two-phase extraction system uses a vacuum pump to apply a high Extracted Groundwater & Soil Vapor Extracted Water to Existing Treatment System LEGEND Sample Port for Extracted Water Sample Port for Extracted Vapor Two Phase Extraction Well Static Water Level Screened Interval Water Stream Combined Water and Vapor Stream Vapor Stream *. Vapor. Phase Carbon Treatment Process Schematic of the 2-Phase Extraction System Page 218 The SITE Program assesses but does not approve or endorse technologies. ------- November 1994 Ongoing Project vacuum through a central extraction tube, which extends down the well. Soil vapor drawn into the well by the vacuum provides for a high- velocity vapor stream at the bottom tip of the extraction tube, which entrains the contaminated groundwater and lifts it to the ground surface. As the groundwater moves ,up the tube, more than 90 percent of the VOCs in the water phase are reportedly transferred to the vapor phase. The vapor and water phases are then separated at the surface in a knockout tank. The water phase then requires only carbon polishing prior to discharge, provided that the compounds are adsorbable. The vapor phase is then subjected to carbon treatment, bioremediation, resin regeneration, catalytic oxidation, or other vapor phase treatment (based on contaminant character- istics, mass loadings, and economics), prior to release to the atmosphere. A kick start system can induce flow and help de- water the well. The flow of atmospheric air can be regulated by adjustment of the gate valve to: 1) optimize the air-to-water flow ratio to mini- mize water "slug" production .at start-up (the term "slug" refers to an irregular pulsation of water through the extraction tube which indicates irregular water flow); 2) maximize tube penetra- tion into the saturated zone; and 3) maximize the groundwater flow rate by optimizing the applied vacuum to the well's annular space. Typical installation activities require connection of a power supply, piping and vacuum system leveling, connection to the extraction well(s) and connection of vapor-and liquid-phase discharge connections to final treatment process(es). WASTE APPLICABILITY: This technology removes VOCs from ground- water and/or soils. STATUS: The Xerox two-phase extraction process was accepted into the SITE Demonstration Program in summer 1994. The demonstration began in August 1994 at a contaminated groundwater site at McClellan Air Force Base hi Sacramento, California. The demonstration is expected to continue for 2 to 6 months. FOR FURTHER INFORMATION: EPA PROJECT MANAGER: Laurel Staley U.S. EPA Risk Reduction Engineering Laboratory 26 West Martin Luther King Drive Cincinnati, OH 45268 513-569-7863 Fax: 513-569-7620 TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPER CONTACT: Ron Hess Xerox Corporation 800 Phillips Road Building 304-13S Webster, NY 14580 716-422-3694 Fax: 716-422-9211 Bud Hoda SM-ALC/EMR 5050 Dudley Boulevard Suite 3 McClellan AFB, CA 95652-1389 916-643-1742, ext. 355 Fax: 916-643-0827 The SITE Program assesses but does not approve or endorse technologies. Page 219 ------- Technology Profile DEMONSTRATION PROGRAM ZENON ENVIRONMENTAL INC. (Cross-Flow Pervaporation System) TECHNOLOGY DESCRIPTION: Pervaporation is a membrane process for remov- ing volatile organic compounds (VOC) from contaminated water. Permeable membranes selectively remove VOCs from the contaminated water. VOCs diffuse from the membrane-water interface through the membrane. A condenser traps and contains the permeating vapors, con- densing vapors to liquid, and alleviating fugitive emissions. The condensed organic materials represent only a very small fraction of the initial wastewater volume and may be subsequently disposed of at significant cost savings. This process may also treat industrial waste streams and recover organics for later use. Zenon Environmental Inc. (Zenon) has deve- loped and built a pilot-scale pervaporation system for Environment Canada's Emergencies Engineering Division that is skid-mounted and compact. The membrane modules in this system consist of hollow fibers that are configured for maximum mass transfer efficiency. Removal to Pilot Cross-Flow Pervaporation System Page 220 The SITE Program assesses but does not approve or endorse technologies. ------- November 1994 Ongoing Project levels less than one part per billion {ppb) has been demonstrated. For flow rates of less than 1 gallon per minute, this unit can remove 99.99 percent of VOCs. This high removal capacity, plus containment of fugitive emissions and minimal pretreatment requirements, are the primary advantages of this technology when compared with air stripping followed by gas- phase carbon adsorption. WASTE APPLICABILITY: Pervaporation can be applied to aqueous waste streams such as groundwater, lagoons, leachate, and rinsewaters that are contaminated with VOCs like solvents, degreasers, and gasoline. The technology is applicable to the types of aqueous wastes currently treated by carbon adsorption, air stripping, and steam stripping. STATUS: This technology was accepted into the SITE Emerging Technology Program in January 1989. Based on results from the Emerging Technology Program, Zenon was invited to demonstrate the technology in the Demonstration Program. Under the 1992 SITE Emerging Technology Program, Wastewater Technology Centre com- pared costs for Zenon's technology versus air stripping and activated carbon. The comparison showed that pervaporation can be competitive with air stripping and activated carbon. The cost competitiveness of pervaporation increases with VOC concentration. A pilot-scale pervaporation unit was field tested in late 1993, near Burlington, Ontario, Canada, at a site containing groundwater contaminated with low concentrations of petroleum hydrocar- bons. The unit's contaminant removal efficiency was better than 99 percent. A full-scale SITE demonstration is scheduled for fall 1994 at Naval Air Station North Island in San Diego, California. The technology will treat 100,000 gallons of groundwater contami- nated with waste solvents, waste paint materials, electroplating wastes, and various petroleum hydrocarbons. FOR FURTHER INFORMATION: EPA PROJECT MANAGER: Ronald Turner U.S. EPA Risk Reduction Engineering Laboratory 26 West Martin Luther King Drive Cincinnati, OH 45268 513-569-7775 Fax: 513-569-7787 TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPER CONTACT: Philip Canning Zenon Environmental Inc. 845 Harrington Court Burlington, Ontario, Canada L7N 3P3 9Q5-639-6320 Fax: 905-639-1812 The SITE Program assesses but does not approve or endorse technologies. Page 221 ------- Technology Profile DEMONSTRATION PROGRAM ZENON ENVIRONMENTAL INC. (ZenoGem™ Process) TECHNOLOGY DESCRIPTION: ZenonEnvironmental Inc. 's, ZenoGem™Process consists of a bioreactor combined with an ultra- filtration membrane system (see photograph below). Combining these technologies yields a system that treats high strength wastes at long sludge retention time but very short hydraulic residence time. As a result, the bioreactor's size is significantly reduced. Membrane filtration reduces the turbidity of the treated waste to less than 1 nephelometric turbidity unit. During the ZenoGem™ Process, wastewater contaminated with organic compounds first enters the bioreactor, where contaminants are biologically degraded. Next, the process pump circulates the biomass through the ultrafiltration membrane system, or ultrafilter. The ultrafilter separates treated water from biological solids and soluble materials with higher molecular weights, including emulsified oil. The solids and soluble materials are then recycled to the bioreactor. The ZenoGem™ Process captures higher molecular weight materials that would otherwise pass through conventional clarifiers and filters. The ZenoGem™ Process mobile unit is mounted on a 48-foot trailer and consists of the following seven components: • Pretreatment system: reduces contami- nants to limits required for optimum ultrafilter performance. • Polyethylene equalization tank: reduces the normal flow concentration fluctu- ations in the system. ZenoGem™ Process Page 222 The SITE Program assesses but does not approve or endorse technologies. ------- November 1994 Ongoing Project • Polyethylene bioreactor tank: contains the bacterial culture that breaks down organic contaminants. Air may be parti- ally recycled to the reactor to reduce volatile organic emissions, when necessary. • Process pump: ensures proper flow and pressure for optimum system performance. • Ultrafiltration system: contains rugged, clog-free, tubular membrane modules. • Clean-in-place tank: includes all the necessary valves, instrumentation, and controls to clean the membrane filters. • Control panel and computer: monitors remote and local data and alarms. The system's capacity is about 500 to 1,000 gallons of wastewater per day. The capacity depends on the ultrafilters' flux rates and the required hydraulic retention time for the bioreactor. WASTE APPLICABILITY: The ZenoGem™ Process is designed to remove biodegradable materials, including most organic contaminants, from wastewater to produce a high quality effluent. The process consistently nitrifies organics, and can also denitrify organics with the addition of an anoxic bioreactor. The process is limited to aqueous media and may be used to treat leachates and contaminated ground- water. Soils can be treated indirectly by treating the effluents from soil washing operations. STATUS: The ZenoGem™ Process was accepted into the SITE Demonstration Program in summer 1992. The demonstration is underway at the Nascolite Superfund site hi Millville, New Jersey and will be completed in November 1994. FOR FURTHER INFORMATION: EPA PROJECT MANAGER: Daniel Sullivan U.S. EPA Risk Reduction Engineering Laboratory Building 10, MS-104 2890 Woodbridge Avenue Edison, NJ 08837-3679 908-321-6677 Fax: 908-321-6640 TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPER CONTACT: F.A. (Tony) Tonelli Zenon Environmental Inc. 845 Harrington Court Burlington, Ontario, Canada L7N 3P3 905-639-6320 Fax: 905-639-1812 The SITE Program assesses but does not approve or endorse technologies. Page 223 ------- Technology Profile DEMONSTRATION PROGRAM ZIMPRO ENVIRONMENTAL, INC. (PACT® Wastewater Treatment System) TECHNOLOGY DESCRIPTION: Zimpro Environmental, Inc. (Zimpro), has adapted the PACT® wastewater treatment system to treat contaminated groundwaters encountered at many Superfund sites. The system combines biological treatment and powdered activated carbon (PAC) adsorption to achieve treatment standards not readily attainable with conven- tional technologies. The mobile, trailer-mounted system can treat 2,500 to 10,000 gallons of wastewater per day. Larger stationary systems, treating up to 53 million gallons per day, are already in operation. Living microorganisms (biomass) and PAC contact the wastewater in the aeration tank. The biomass removes biodegradable organic contami- nants, while PAC enhances the adsorption of toxic organic compounds. The figure below depicts a flow diagram of a single-stage PACT® wastewater treatment system. The system's removal efficiency depends on the influent waste characteristics and the system's operating parameters. Important characteristics include biodegradability, adsorbability, and concentrations of-toxic inorganic compounds, such as heavy metals. The technology adjusts to the specific waste stream by controlling the flow rate of the influ- ent .waste, recycle streams, and air. The system is controlled by varying the concentration of PAC in the system, adjusting the retention tune of the PAC-biomass mixed liquid, and adjusting the waste to biomass ratio. If necessary, the temperature and pH of incoming waste can be adjusted and nutrients added. VIRGIN CARBON STORAGE POLYELECTROLYTE STORAGE FILTRATION (OPTIONAL) INFLUENT WASTEWATER EFFLUENT .CARBON TO REGENERATION OR DISPOSAL PACT® Wastewater Treatment System Page 224 The SITE Program assesses but does not approve or endorse technologies. ------- November T994 Ongoing Project After the aeration cycle is completed, PAC with adsorbed organics, biomass, and inert solids are removed from the settling tank. A portion of the removed solids are returned to the contact- aeration tank. Excess solids are diverted to the thickener, where the solids are concentrated. Overflow from the thickener is returned to the contact-aeration tank, and the concentrated solids are removed. Dewatered solids may be regener- ated to recover PAC. A two-stage PACT® system can be used where environmental regulations require virtual elimi- nation of organic priority pollutants or toxicity in the treated effluent. In the first stage contact- aeration tank, a high concentration of biomass and PAC removes most of the contaminants. The second-stage contact-aeration tank polishes the first-stage effluent. Virgin PAC is added just ahead of the second stage and solids are returned to the first stage to increase overall process efficiency. Excess solids removed from the first stage are treated as described in the single-stage PACT® system. Zimpro has also developed anaerobic and multi-staged anaerobic- aerobic PACT® systems. WASTE APPLICABILITY: The PACT® system can be applied to municipal and industrial wastewaters, as well as ground- water and leachates containing hazardous organic pollutants. The PACT® has successfully treated various industrial wastewaters, including chemi- cal plant, dye production, pharmaceutical, refinery, and synthetic fuel wastewaters, in ad- dition to contaminated groundwater and mixed industrial and municipal wastewater. In general, the system can treat liquid wastes with a chemical oxygen demand of up to 60,000 parts per million (ppm), including toxic volatile organic compounds up to 1,000 ppm. Treat- ability studies indicate that the system can re- duce the organics in contaminated groundwater from several hundred ppm to below detection limits (parts per billion range). STATUS: The PACT® system was accepted into the SITE Program in 1987. Contaminated groundwater from several sites has been tested and found suitable for treatment. A treatability study report has been prepared. Site-specific condi- tions have prevented demonstration testing in several instances; however, additional sites are now being evaluated for a full-scale demonstra- tion of the PACT® system. FOR FURTHER INFORMATION: EPA PROJECT MANAGER: John Martin U.S. EPA Risk Reduction Engineering Laboratory 26 West Martin Luther King Drive Cincinnati, OH 45268 513-569-7758 Fax: 513-569-7620 TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPER CONTACT: William Copa Zimpro Environmental, Inc. 301 West Military Road Rothschild, WI 54474 715-359-7211 Fax: 715-355-3219 The SITE Program assesses but does not approve or endorse technologies. Page 225 ------- ------- TEOHH0M)GV 1 The Emerging Technology Program provides an opportunity to research and develop technologies at bench- and pilot-scale levels. The goal is to promote and support the development of alternative technologies for field applications at Superfund site remediations. Technologies are solicited yearly for the Emerging Technology Program through Requests for Preproposals. After a technical review of the preproposals, selected candidates are invited to submit a Cooperative Agreement Application and detailed project proposal that undergoes another full technical review. The Cooperative Agreement between EPA and the technology developer requires cost sharing. Projects are considered for either a 1- or 2-year developmental effort, providing awards of up to $150,000 per year, with a maximum of $300,000 over 2 years. Second-year funding depends on achieving significant progress during the first year. After the second year or significant progress, emerging technologies may be considered for the SITE Demonstration Program. To enable EPA to accept additional technologies into the Emerging Technology Program, Interagency Agreements have been made between EPA and the U.S. Department of Energy (DOE) and the U.S. Air Force (USAF). DOE has helped fund 21 projects, and USAF has helped fund eight projects. Eight solicitations have been issued: November 1987 (E01), July 1988 (E02), July 1989 (E03), July 1990 (E04), July 1991 (EOS), July 1992 (E06), and July 1993 (E07), and July 1994 (EOS). Thirty-nine Emerging Technology projects have been completed, and several more will be completed in 1995. Four technologies, Babcock & Wilcox Co.'s Cyclone Furnace, Cognis, Inc.'s, Chemical Treatment, High Voltage Environmental Applications, Inc.'s, High-Energy Electron Beam Irradiation technology, and J.R. Simplot's SABRE™ Process, have been demonstrated under the SITE Demonstration Program. Fifteen more Emerging Technology projects are participating in the Demonstration Program. Completed Emerging Technology Program participants are presented in alphabetical order in Table 3 and in the technology profiles that follow; ongoing program participants are presented in alphabetical order in Table 4 and in the profiles that follow. Page 227 ------- TABLE 3 Completed SITE Emerging Technology Program Projects as of October 1994 Develooer ABB Environmental Services, Inc., Wakefield, MA (E03)* ABA Technology, National Environmental Technology • Centre (formerly Warren Spring Laboratory), Abingdon, England (E04) Allis Mineral Systems, Waukesha, WI (EOS) Aluminum Company of America (formerly ALCOA Separation Technology, Inc.)," Pittsburgh, PA (EOS) ART International, Inc. (formerly Enviro-Sciences, Inc.), Denville, NJ (EOS) Atomic Energy of Canada, Limited, Chalk River, Ontario, Canada (HOI) Babcock & Wilcox Co.," Alliance, OH (E02) Battelle Memorial Institute, Columbus, OH (E01) Bio-Recovery Systems, Inc.," Las Graces, NM (E01) Technoloav Two-Zone, Plume Interception, In Situ Treatment Technology Soil Separation and Washing Process PYROKILN THERMAL ENCAPSULATION Process Bioscrubber Low-Energy Extraction Process Chemical Treatment and Ultrafiltration Cyclone Furnace In Situ Electroacoustic Soil Decontamination Biological Sorption Technology Contact Jaret Johnson 617-245-6606 Peter Wood 011-44-235-463194 John Lees 414-798-6265 Glenn Heian 414-762-1190 Paul Liu 412-826-3711 Werner Sterner 201-627-7601 Leo Buckley 613-584-3311 Phil Campbell 800-872-2325 Dorothy Haidet 2.16-829-7395 Satya Chauhan 614-424-4812 Mike Hosea 505-523-0405 800-697-2001 EPA Project Manaqer Ronald Lewis 513-569-7856 Mary Stinson 908-321-6683 Marta K. Richards 513-569-7692 Paul dePercin 513-569-7797 Jack Hubbard 513-569-7507 John Martin 513-569-7758 Laurel Staley 513-569-7863 Jonathan Herrmann 513-569-7839 Ronald Lewis 513-569-7856 Waste Media Groundwater, Wastewater, Soil Soil, Sludge, Sediment Soil, Sludge Airstreams from Soil, Water, and Air Decontamina- tion Processes Soil, Sludge, Sediment Groundwater, Leachate, Wastewater Solids, Soil, Sludge Soil Groundwater, Leachate, Wastewater Applicable Waste Inorganic Inorganic Chloride Metals Most Metallic Compounds Not Applicable Not Applicable Heavy Metals Heavy Metals, Radionuclides Nonspecific Metals Heavy Metals, Uranium Organic Chlorinated and Nonchlorinated Solvents Petroleum Hydrocarbons, PAHs Halogenated and Nonhalogenated Organics, Petroleum Products Most Volatile Organics Tar, Creosote, PCBs, Chlorinated Hydrocarbons,. PAHs, Pesticides Not Applicable Nonspecific Organics Nonspecific Hydrocarbons Not Applicable IS 03 Solicitation Number Invited to participate in the SITE Demonstration Program ------- TABLE 3 (continued) Completed SITE Emerging Technology Program Projects as of October 1994 Developer BioTrol, Inc., Eden Prairie, MN (EOS) Center for Hazardous Materials Research, Pittsburgh, PA (E03) Center for Hazardous Materials Research, Pittsburgh, PA (E04) Cognis, Inc.," Santa Rosa, CA (EOS) Colorado School of Mines," Golden, CO (E01) Electrokinetics Inc.," Baton Rouge, LA (EOS) Electron Beam Research Facility, Florida International University, and University of Miami," Miami, FL (EOS) Electro-Pure Systems, Inc., Amherst, NY (E02) Energy and Environmental Engineering, Inc., East Cambridge, MA (E01) Energy and Environmental Research Corporation, Irvine, CA (EOS) Technoloqv Methanotrophic Bioreactor System Acid Extraction Treatment System Smelting Lead- Containing Waste Chemical Treatment Constructed Wetlands-Based Treatment Electro-Klean™ Electrokinetic Soil Processing High-Energy Electron Irradiation Alternating Current Electrocoagulation Technology PhotoCAT™ Process Hybrid Fluidized Bed System Technology Contact Durrell Dobbins 612-942-8032 Stephen Paff 412-826-5321 Stephen Paff 412-826-5321 Bill Fristad 707-576-6235 Thomas Wildeman 303-273-3642 Yalcin Acar and Robert Marks 504-388-3992 William Cooper 305-348-3049 Charles Kurucz 305-284-6595 Thomas Waite 305-593-5330 James LaDue 716-691-2610 716-691-2613 James Porter 617-666-5500 Richard Koppang 714-859-8851 EPA Project Manaqer David Smith 303-293-1475 George Moore 513-569-7991 Laurel Staley 513-569-7863 Michael Royer 908-321-6633 Edward Bates 513-569-7774 Randy Parker 513-569-7271 Franklin Alvarez 513-569-7631 Randy Parker 513-569-7271 Ronald Lewis 513-569-7856 Teri Richardson 513-569-7949 Waste Media Water Soil Solids, Lead- Containing Waste Soil, Sludge, Sediment Acid Mine Drainage Soil Water Streams, Sludge Ground water, Wastewater, Leachate Groundwater, Wastewater Solids, Sludge Applicable Waste Inorganic Not Applicable Heavy Metals Lead Heavy Metals, Lead Metals Heavy Metals and Other Inorganics, Radionuclides Not Applicable Heavy Metals Not Applicable Volatile Inorganics Organic Halogenated Hydrocarbons Not Applicable Not Applicable Not Applicable Not Applicable Nonspecific Organics Most Organics Petroleum By-products, Coal-Tar Derivatives Various Organics, PCP, PCBs, Dioxins, Pesticides Nonspecific Organics Jo <0 ** Invited to participate in the SITE Demonstration Program ------- ! TABLE 3 (continued) Completed SITE Emerging Technology Program Projects as of October 1994 Ferro Corporation, Independence, OH (E03) Hazardous Substance Management Research Center at New Jersey Institute of Technology, Newark, NJ (E04) Institute of Gas Technology," Des Plaines, IL (E04) Institute of Gas Technology," Des Plaines, IL (E03) IT Corporation, Knoxville, TN (E02) IT Corporation, Knoxville, TN (EOS) Matrix Photocatalytic Inc. (formerly Nutech Environmental),** London, Ontario, Canada (E05) Membrane Technology and Research, Inc., Menlo Park, CA (E02) Montana College of Mineral Science & Technology, Butte, MT (EOS) ^^^^^^^^^K^^HI^^^^^^Hl Waste Vitrification Through Electric Melting Pneumatic Fracturing/ Bioremedation Chemical and Biological Treatment Fluid Extraction - Biological Degradation Process Batch Steam Distillation and Metal Extraction Photolytic and Biological Soil Detoxification Photocatalytic Water Treatment VaporSep™ Membrane Process Air-Sparged Hydrocyclone ^^•^^•i^^^^^M Technology Contact imilio Spinosa 216-641-8580 Fohn Semiring 201-596-5849 Robert Kelley 708-768-0722 Robert Paterek 708-768-0500 Robert Fox 615-690-3211 Robert Fox 615-690-3211 Bob Henderson 519-660-8669 David Dortmundt or Marc Jacobs 415-328-2228 Theodore Jordan 406-496-4112 406496-1473 I^^^MB^^HBiM EPA Project Manaaer Randy Parker 513-569-7271 Uwe Frank 908-321-6626 Ronald Lewis 513-569-7856 Annette Gatchett 513-569-7697 Ronald Lewis 513-569-7856 Randy Parker 513-569-7271 John Ireland 513-569-7413 Paul dePercin 513-569-7797 Euguene Harris 513-569-7862 Waste Media Soil, Sludge, Sediment Soil Soil, Sludge, Groundwater, Surface Water Soil, Solids Soil, Sludge Soil Wastewater, Groundwater, Process Water Gaseous Waste Streams Aqueous Solutions Applicable Waste Inorganic Nonspecific Inorganics Not Applicable Not Applicable Not Applicable Heavy Metals, Nonspecific Inorganics Not Applicable Nonspecific Inorganics Not Applicable Low-Concentration Metals Organic Nonspecific Organics Petroluem Hydrocarbons, Benzene, Toluene, Xylene Most Organics Hydrocarbons, Nonhalogenated Aliphatic Hydrocarbons, PAHs Nonspecific Organics PCBs, Dioxins, PAHs, Other Nonspecific Organics PCBs, PCDDs, PCDFs, Chlorinated Alkenes, Chlorinated Phenols Halogenated and Nonhalogenated Organics Not Applicable " Invited to participate in the SITE Demonstration Program ------- TABLE 3 (continued) Completed SITE Emerging Technology Program Projects as of October 1994 Developer Montana College of Mineral Science and Technology, Butte, MT (EOS) New Jersey Institute of Technology, Newark, NJ (EOS) PSI Technologies, A Division of Physical Sciences Inc., Andover, MA (E04) Pulse Sciences, Inc., San Leandro, CA (E04) Purus, Inc.," San Jose, CA (E04) J.R. Simplot," Pocatello, ID (E03) Trinity Environmental Technologies, Inc., Mound Valley, KS (EOS) University of Washington, Seattle, WA (E02) Vortec Corporation," Collegeville, PA (E04) Wastewater Technology Centre," Burlington, Ontario, Canada (E02) Technoloov Campbell Centrifugal Jig GHEA Associates Process Metals Immobilization and Decontamination of Aggregate Solids X-Ray Treatment of Aqueous Solutions Photolytic Oxidation Process The SABRE™ Process PCB- and Organochlorine- Contaminated Soil Detoxification Adsorptive Filtration Oxidation and Vitrification Process Cross-Flow Pervaporation System Technology Contact Gordon Ziesing 406-496-4112 406-496-1473 Itzhak Gotlieb 201-596-5862 Joseph Morency 508-689-0003 Vernon Bailey 510-632-5100 Bart Mass 408-955-1000 Russell Kaake 208-234-5367 Duane Koszalka 316-328-3222 Mark Benjamin 206-543-7645 James Hnat 610-489-2255 Rob Booth 905-336-4689 R. Philip Canning 905-639-6320 EPA Project Manaqer Jack Hubbard 513-569-7507 Annette Gatchett 513-569-7697 Mark Meckes 513-569-7348 Esperanza Piano Renard 908-321-4355 Norma Lewis 513-569-7665 Wendy Davis-Hoover 513-569-7206 Paul dePercin 513-569-7797 Norma Lewis 513-569-7665 Ten Richardson 513-569-7949 John Martin 513-569-7758 Waste Media Soil, Mine Tailings Soil, Sludge, Sediment, Water, Industrial Effluent Soil, Sludge, Sediment Water Soil, Groundwater Soil, Sludge Solids, Sludge Aqueous Waste Streams Soil, Sludge, Sediment, Mill Tailings Groundwater, Leachate, Wastewater Applicable Waste Inorganic Heavy Metals Heavy Metals Heavy Metals, Volatile Metals Not Applicable Not Applicable Not Applicable Not Applicable Metals, Other Nonspecific Inorganics Metals, Other Nonspecific Inorganics Not Applicable Organic Not Applicable Most Organics, VOCs, SVOCs Low Volatile Organics, Organometallics VOCs, SVOCs VOCs Nitroaromatics PCBs, PCP, and Other Chlorinated Hydrocarbon Compounds Not Applicable Nonspecific Organics VOCs, Solvents, Petroleum Hydrocarbons , 18 t! " Invited to participate in the SITE Demonstration Program ------- TABLE 3 (continued) Completed SITE Emerging Technology Program Projects as of October 1994 Develc Technology Technology Contact EPA Project Manager Waste Media Applicable Waste Inorganic Organic Western Research Institute;" Laramie, WY (E01) Contained Recovery of Oily Wastes (CROW™) Lyle Johnson 307-721-2281 Eugene Harris 513-569-7862 Soil, Water Not Applicable Coal Tar Derivatives, Petroleum By-products, Pentachlorophenol Solutions, Chlorinated Solvents, Creosote Invited to participate in the SITE Demonstration Program ------- ------- Technology Profile EMERGING TECHNOLOGY PROGRAM ABB ENVIRONMENTAL SERVICES, INC. (Two-Zone, Plume Interception, In Situ Treatment Strategy) TECHNOLOGY DESCRIPTION: The two-zone, plume interception, in situ treat- ment strategy is designed to treat chlorinated and nonchlorinated organic compounds in saturated soils and groundwater under sequencing anaerobic/aerobic conditions. An in situ anaero- bic/aerobic system will be applied to constitute a treatment tram that biodegrades a wide assort- ment of chlorinated and nonchlorinated com- pounds. Anaerobic and aerobic conditions are produced in two distinct hydraulically-controlled saturated soil zones. Groundwater passes through each zone as it is recirculated through the treatment area. The first zone, the anaerobic zone, is designed to partially dechlorinate highly chlori- nated solvents such as tetrachlorethene (PCE), trichloroethene (TCE), and 1,1,1-trichloro- ethane (TCA) with natural biological processes. The second zone, the aerobic zone, is designed to biologically oxidize the partially dechlorinated products from the first zone, as well as other compounds that were not susceptible to the anaerobic treatment phase. The first stage of the two-zone, plume intercep- tion, in situ treatment strategy encourages anaer- obic (reducing) conditions in the aquifer. An- aerobic conditions are produced or enhanced in the target treatment zone by introducing a prima- ry carbon source, such as glucose or acetate, and mineral nutrients, such as nitrogen and phosphorus. When proper anaerobic conditions are attained in the anaerobic zone, the target contaminants are reduced. For example, PCE is dechlorinated to TCE, and TCE is dechlorinated to dichloroethene (DCE) and vinyl chloride. The second stage of the treatment strategy is designed to promote aerobic biodegradation in the aquifer. Aerobic conditions are produced or enhanced in the target treatment zone by intro- ducing oxygen, mineral nutrients such as nitro- gen and phosphorus, and possibly an additional NUTRIiOTS, GLUCOSE CONTAMINANT SOURCE Two-Zone Plume Interception In Situ Treatment Strategy Page 234- The SITE Program assesses but does not approve or endorse technologies. ------- November 1994 Completed Project carbon source., such as methane. When proper aerobic conditions are attained in the aerobic zone, partially dechlorinated products and other target compounds from the first zone will be oxidized. For example, less-chlorinated ethenes such as DCE and vinyl chloride will be cometabolized during the aerobic microbiological degradation of methane. The treatment strategy is designed to biologically remediate subsoils ,by enhancing indigenous microorganism activity. In the event that indige- nous bacteria populations do not provide the adequate anaerobic or aerobic results, specially- adapted cultures can be introduced to the aqui- fer. These cultures are introduced using media- filled trenches that can support added microbial growth. WASTE APPLICABILITY: The two-zone, plume interception, in situ treat- ment strategy treats groundwater and saturated soils containing chlorinated and nonchlorinated organic compounds, biomass, and inorganic chloride. STATUS: The two-zone, plume interception, in situ treat- ment strategy was accepted into the SITE Emerging Technology Program in July 1989. Optimal treatment parameters for field testing were investigated in bench-scale soil aquifer simulators. The bench-scale tests' objectives were to 1) determine factors affecting the devel- opment of each zone, 2) evaluate indigenous bacterial communities, 3) demonstrate treatment of chlorinated and nonchlorinated solvent mix- tures, and 4) develop a model for the field remediation design. A final report on the bench- scale testing results will be available from EPA in early 1995. The developer is currently evaluating several sites for a field demonstration of this technology. FOR FURTHER INFORMATION: EPA PROJECT MANAGER: Ronald Lewis U.S. EPA Risk Reduction Engineering Laboratory 26 West Martin Luther King Drive Cincinnati, OH 45268 513-569-7856 Fax: 513-569-7620 TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPER CONTACT: Jaret Johnson ABB Environmental Services, Inc. Corporate Place 128 107 Audubon Road Wakefield, MA 01880 617-245-6606 Fax: 617-246-5060 The SITE Program assesses but does not approve or endorse technologies. Page 235 ------- Technology Profile EMERGING TECHNOLOGY PROGRAM AEA TECHNOLOGY, NATIONAL ENVIRONMENTAL TECHNOLOGY CENTRE (formerly WARREN SPRING LABORATORY) (Soil Separation and Washing Process) TECHNOLOGY DESCRIPTION: The National Environmental Technology Centre of AEA Technology is investigating potential mineral processing techniques for soil separation and washing. The process can be used 1) as a stand alone volume reduction process where contaminated products are disposed of in land- fills; or 2) as a pretreatment technology before secondary treatment or disposal. The process is based on mineral processing equipment; a sche- matic diagram of the process is shown hi the figure below. The process combines equipment for size fractionation, density separation, and froth flotation. The exact combination and sequence of equipment depends on the nature of the specific material to be treated and contaminant distribution. Material content and contaminant distribution are determined by customized labo- ratory characterization procedures. A typical operation involves wet screening at 50 millimeters (mm) with high pressure water jets. Material measuring less than 50 mm enters a washing mill containing a scrubbing medium. High Pressure Water Feed Soil 50mm Screening >50mm Debris 1050mm oversize 1-IOmm (batched lor jigging) Slimes lor Flocculalion and *- Sedimentation ^ > O.Smm Contaminated Product Schematic Diagram of the Soil Separation and Washing Process Page 236 The SITE Program assesses but does not approve or endorse technologies. ------- November 1994 Completed Project The mill overflow is screened at 1 mm, again under a water jet. Material measuring 1 to 50 mm is further screened at 10 mm. Material measuring less than 1 mm enters a hydro- cyclone operating to separate at approximately 10 micrometers (jum). The fraction measuring 10 mm to less than 1 mm is partially dewatered using a spiral classifier prior to a separation stage based on the combined parameters of size and density. A hydrosizer, or alternatively a spiral, can be used for this process. The silice- ous course product from the hydrosizer is de- watered and stockpiled without further treat- ment. The medium product from the hydrosizer is screened at 500 jwn prior to entering a mag- netic separator, while the fine/light product is hydrocycloned prior to entering the magnetic separator. Following magnetic separation, the material enters one or more froth flotation stages, or alternatively a gravity separation stage using a multi-gravity separator. These stages produce a contaminant concentrate and leave the remaining material relatively contaminant free. WASTE APPLICABILITY: The technology is being developed to remove metals, petroleum hydrocarbons, and poly- nuclear aromatic hydrocarbons from soil. Sedi- ments and certain industrial wastes such as sludges may also be candidates for treatment. The soil selected for a pilot-scale operation is from a gasworks; other applications include soils from petrochemical plants, pickling plants, industrial chemical plants, coke manufacturers, iron and steel manufacturing plants and foundries. STATUS: The technology was accepted into the SITE Emerging Technology Program in July 1991. The project consisted of the initial characteri- zation in the laboratory of contaminated soils from three different locations. One soil, from a gasworks, was then selected for a pilot-scale operation using a circuit designed to exploit differences in contamination distribution identified in the soil during the laboratory characterization. The pilot-scale operation was conducted on about 30 tons of soil at a throughput of about 0.5-1 ton per hour. Several test runs were conducted to permit a comparison of the effec- tiveness of different equipment combinations. FOR FURTHER INFORMATION: EPA PROJECT MANAGER: Mary Stinson U.S. EPA Risk Reduction Engineering Laboratory Building 10, MS-104 2890 Woodbridge Avenue Edison, NJ 08837-3679 908-321-6683 Fax: 908-321-6640 TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPER CONTACT: Peter Wood AEA Technology, National Environmental Technology Centre Culham Abingdon, Oxfordshire OX143DB England 011-44-235-463194 Fax: 011-44-235-463010 The SITE Program assesses but does not approve or endorse technologies. Page 237 ------- Technology Profile EMERGING TECHNOLOGY PROGRAM ALLIS MINERAL SYSTEMS fPYROKILN THERMAL ENCAPSULATION Process) TECHNOLOGY DESCRIPTION: The PYROKILN THERMAL ENCAPSU- LATION Process is designed to improve con- ventional rotary kiln hazardous waste incinera- tion by introducing inorganic additives (fluxing agents) with the waste to promote incipient slagging or "thermal encapsulating" reactions near the kiln discharge end. The thermal encap- sulation is augmented using other additives in either the kiln or in the air pollution control baghouse to stabilize the metals in the fly ash. The process is designed to thermally treat soils and sludges contaminated with both organics and- metals. The advantages of this process include 1) immobilizing the metals remaining in the kiln ash, 2) producing an easily handled nodular form of ash, and 3) stabilizing metals in the fly ash, while avoiding the problems normally experienced with higher temperature "slagging kiln" operations (see figure below). The basis of this process is thermal encapsu- lation. Thermal encapsulation traps metals in a controlled melting process operating in the temperature range between slagging and nonslagging modes, producing ash nodules that are 0.25 to 0.75 inch hi diameter. Wastes containing organic and metallic contami- nants are incinerated in a rotary kiln. Metals (in particular, those with high melting points) are trapped in the bottom ash from the kiln through the use of fluxing agents that promote agglomer- ation with "controlled nodulizing." The PYROKILN THERMAL ENCAPSU- LATION Process may reduce metals leaching to levels below EPA limits as proved by toxicity characteristic leaching procedure tests. Metals with low melting and vaporization temperatures, such as arsenic, lead, and zinc, are expected to partially volatilize, partitioning themselves be- tween the bottom ash and the fly ash. Those that are concentrated in the fly ash may be stabilized, if necessary, by adding reagents to the kiln and to the air pollution control system to reduce metals leaching to below EPA limits. Clean Gas to Stack Contaminated Bulk Materials Secondary Combustion Chamber Reagent Addition and Feed-Stock Preprocessing Fuel Rotary Kiln PYROKILN THERMAL ENCAPSULATION Process Decontaminated Materials Page 238 The SITE Program assesses but does not approve or endorse technologies. ------- November 1994 Completed Project This process may also reduce the total dust load to the air pollution control system and the amount of particulate emissions from the stack. The use of fluxing reagents is a key element in this technology. The fluxing agents are intro- duced into the kiln in the proper amount and type to lower the ash's softening temperature. Proper kiln design is required to allow the kiln outlet to function as an ash agglomerator. Good temperature control is required to keep the agglomerates at the correct particle size, yielding the desired 0.25- to 0.75-inch nodules. By producing nodules, rather than a molten slag, the process is expected to prevent operating prob- lems such as ash quenching, overheating, and premature refractory failure. The process should also simplify cooling, handling, and conveying of the ash. The controlled nodulizing process should immo- bilize metals with high boiling points. Lead, zinc, and other metals with lower vaporization temperatures tend to leave the kiln as a fine fume and can be removed in the air pollution control system. Reagents can be injected into the kiln, the air pollution control devices, or a final solids mixer to stabilize fines collected from the gas stream. WASTE APPLICABILITY: The technology is intended for soils and sludges. As with other rotary kiln systems, the process is expected""I6~~desffoy 'aTbroacl range of organic species, including halogenated and nonhalo- genated organics and petroleum products. Metallic compounds that may be encapsulated or stabilized include antimony, arsenic, barium, beryllium, cadmium, chromium, copper, lead, nickel, selenium, silver, thallium, and zinc. STATUS: This technology was accepted into the SITE Emerging Technology Program in March 1990. Allis Mineral System's Synthetic Soil, a synthet- ic soil matrix, was created for the batch rotary kiln tests. These tests yielded nodules with appropriate crush strength. Feed preparation was a key element in nodule production. A correlation was found of decreasing toxicity characteristic leaching procedure metal leachate levels with increasing crush strength. An analytical procedure was selected that uses microwave-aided digestion to evaluate samples produced hi a,second batch kiln test prograrn. This method provided excellent, consistent results, indicating leachability below EPA limits. A final report has been prepared. A technical paper summarizing the project was presented at the Air and Waste Management Association 87th Annual Meeting and Exhibition in Cincinnati, Ohio, June 19-24, 1994. FOR FURTHER INFORMATION: EPA PROJECT MANAGER: Marta K. Richards U.S. EPA Risk Reduction Engineering Laboratory 26 West Martin Luther King Drive Cincinnati, OH 45268 513-569-7692 Fax: 513-569-7549 TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPER CONTACTS: John Lees Allis Mineral Systems 20965 Crossroads Circle Waukesha, WI 53186 414-798-6265 Fax: 414-798-6211 Glenn Heian Allis Mineral Systems Process Research and Test Center 9180 Fifth Avenue Oak Creek, WI 53154 414-762-1190 Fax: 414-764-3443 The SITE Program assesses but does not approve or endorse technologies. Page 239 ------- Techno/oav Profile EMERGING TECHNOLOGY PROGRAM ALUMINUM COMPANY OF AMERICA (formerly ALCOA SEPARATION TECHNOLOGY, INC.) (Bioscrubber) TECHNOLOGY DESCRIPTION: This bioscrubber technology digests hazardous organic emissions generated by soil, water, and air decontamination processes. The bioscrubber consists of a filter with an activated carbon medium that supports microbial growth. This unique medium, with increased microbial popu- lation and enhanced bioactivity, converts diluted organics into carbon dioxide, water, and other nonhazardous compounds. The filter removes biomass, supplies nutrients, and adds moisture. A pilot-scale unit with a 4-cubic-foot-per-minute capacity is being field-tested (see figure below). In addition to efficient degradation, the bioscrub- ber provides an effective sink to mitigate feed fluctuations. During an 11-month bench-scale test, the bioscrubber consistently removed contaminants such as petroleum hydrocarbons, alcohol, and key tone amines from the waste feed at levels ranging from less than 5 to 40 parts per million (ppm). The bioscrubber provides several advantages over conventional activated carbon adsorbers. First, bioregeneration keeps the maximum adsorption capacity constantly available; thus, the mass transfer zone remains stationary and relatively short. The carbon does not require refrigeration and the required bed length is greatly reduced. These features reduce capital and operating expenses. The bioscrubber's advantages would be fully utilized when the off- gas contains weakly adsorbed contaminants, such as chromethylene chloride, or adsorbates com- peting with moisture in the stream. Finally the chromatographic effect (premature desorption) House Air Mass Row /\ , Mass Row Controllers — i i — Strip Chart Recorder Bioscrubber Pilot-Scale Unit Page 240 The SITE Program assesses but does not approve or endorse technologies. ------- November 1994 Completed Project common in an adsorber is eliminated because the maximum capacity is available constantly. The bioscrubber may replace activated carbon in some applications. WASTE APPLICABILITY: The bioscrubber technology removes organic contaminants in airstreams from soil, water, or air decontamination processes. The technology is especially suited to treat streams containing aromatic solvents, such as benzene, toluene, xylene, alcohols, ketones, hydrocarbons, and others. The technology will have a wide spec- trum of applications to Superfund sites, includ- ing 1) organic emission control for groundwater decontamination using air strippers, 2) emission control for biological treatment of ground and surface water, and 3) emission control for soil decontamination. These primary treatment processes have not been designed to prevent volatile organic compound discharges into the atmosphere. The proposed technology is an ideal posttreatment for these processes because it handles trace organic volatiles economically and effectively. STATUS: This technology was accepted into the SITE Emerging Technology Program in July 1990. Bench-scale bioscrubbers operated continuously for more than 11 months to treat an air stream with trace concentrations of toluene at about 10 to 20 ppm. The bioscrubbers accomplished a removal efficiency of greater than 95 percent. The filter had a biodegradation efficiency 40 to 80 times greater than existing filters. The project was completed in June 1993. Demonstration results have been published in the report "Bioscrubber for Removing Hazardous Organic Emissions from Soil, Water and Air Decontamination Processes" (EPA540/R-93/521). This report is available from the National Technical Information Ser- vice. Other reports available are the Technology Bulletin (EPA/540/F-93/507) and the Technolo- gy Summary (EPA/540/SR-93/521). An article was also published in the Journal of Air and Waste Management, Vol. 44, March 1994, pp. 299-303. The pilot unit has been tested by treating 2 standard cubic feet per minute of discharge containing from less than 10 ppm up to 200 ppm toluene from an air stripping tower. The unit demonstrated the effectiveness, efficiency and reliability of its design. Additional tests are underway to confirm results at higher flow rates and with other contaminants. FOR FURTHER INFORMATION: EPA PROJECT MANAGER: Paul dePercin U.S. EPA Risk Reduction Engineering Laboratory 26 West Martin Luther King Drive Cincinnati, OH 45268 513-569-7797 Fax: 513-569-7620 TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPER CONTACT: Paul Liu Media and Process Technology, Inc. 1155 William Pitt Way Pittsburgh, PA 15238 412-826-3711 Fax: 412-826-3720 The SITE Program assesses but does not approve or endorse technologies. Page 241 ------- Technoloav Profile EMERGING TECHNOLOGY PROGRAM ART INTERNATIONAL, INC. (formerly ENvmo-SciENCES, INC.) (Low-Energy Extraction Process) TECHNOLOGY DESCRIPTION: The patented Low-Energy Extraction Process (LEEP®) uses common organic solvents to concentrate and extract organic pollutants from soil, sediments, and sludges. LEEP® can treat contaminated solids to the stringent cleanup levels mandated by regulatory agencies. LEEP® includes pretreatment, washing, and concentration processes. During pretreatment, particles measuring up to 8 inches in diameter are removed in a gravity settle-floater. The settler-floater includes a metal detector and remover, a crusher, and a metering feeder. Floating material often found at remediation sites, such as wood chips, grass, or root material, is also removed. After pretreatment, the solid matrix is washed in a unique, dual solvent process that uses both hydrophilic and hydrophobic solvents. The combination of these proprietary solvents guar- antees efficient contaminant removal. The extracted pollutants are then concentrated in a sacrificial solvent by liquid-liquid extraction or by distillation, and are removed from the pro- cess for off-site disposal or recycling. The treated solids can be returned to the site as clean fill. The LEEP® technology is a low-pressure process operated under a nitrogen blanket at near ambient conditions. It is designed as a closed- loop, self-contained, mobile unit consisting of proven heavy-duty equipment. The relatively inexpensive solvents used in the process are internally recycled. The solvents are applicable to almost every type of organic contaminant, and their physical properties enhance clay and silt particle settling. WASTE APPLICABILITY: LEEP® can treat most contaminants in soil, sediment, and sludge, including tar, creosote, chlorinated hydrocarbons, polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons, pesticides, and wood preserving DEBRIS (CONTAMINATE™ *• VSOUDS/ PRETREATMENT HYDROPHILIC & HYDROPHOBIC LEACHING I ' i^ RESIDUAL SOLVENT RECOVERY 1 Clean Solvent /'S /" CLEAN "\ J SOLIDS ) / SACRIFICIAL I SOLVENT /CONCENTRATED^ TAMINANTS/ LEEP® Technology Schematic Page 242 The SITE Program assesses but does not approve or endorse technologies. ------- November 1994 Completed Project chlorophenol formulations. Bench- and pilot- scale experiments have shown that LEEP® effectively treats tar-contaminated solids from manufactured gas plant sites, soils and sediments contaminated with polychlorinated biphenyls, refinery waste sludges, and soils contaminated with petroleum hydrocarbons. STATUS: LEEP® was accepted into the Emerging Tech- nology Program in July 1989. Bench-scale studies for process development have been completed. In addition, ART International, Inc., routinely conducts bench-scale treatability studies for government and industrial clients, and has obtained Toxic Substances Control Act, Re- source Conservation and Recovery Act, and air permits for the technology. Other developments include the following: • Construction of a 200-pound-per-hour pilot plant • Completion of pilot-plant tests indicated that LEEP® can treat soil from manufac- tured gas plant sites containing up to 5 percent tar • Completion of pilot-plant tests for scaling up to a commercial plant « Completion of commercial design cri- teria and a turnkey bid package • Commercialization activities for a full- scale unit are underway FOR FURTHER INFORMATION: EPA PROJECT MANAGER: Jack Hubbard U.S. EPA Risk Reduction Engineering Laboratory 26 West Martin Luther King Drive Cincinnati, OH 46268 513-569-7507 Fax: 513-569-7620 TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPER CONTACTS: Werner Steiner ART International, Inc. 100 Ford Road, Suite C-4 Denville, NJ 07834 201-627-7601 Fax: 201-627-6524 The SITE Program assesses but does not approve or endorse technologies. Page 243 ------- Technology Profile EMERGING TECHNOLOGY PROGRAM ATOMIC ENERGY OF CANAJDA, LIMITED (Chemical Treatment and Ultrafiltration) TECHNOLOGY DESCRIPTION: The Atomic Energy of Canada, Limited (AECL), process uses chemical pretreatment and ultrafiltration to remove trace concentrations of dissolved metals from wastewater, contaminated groundwater, and leachate. The process selec- tively removes metal contaminants and produces a volume-reduced water stream for further treatment and disposal. The installed unit's overall dimensions are 5 feet wide by 7 feet long by 6 feet high. The skid- mounted unit consists of 1) a bank of 5-micron cartridge prefilters, 2) a feed conditioning sys- tem with polyelectrolytes and chemicals for pH adjustment, 3) two banks of hollow-fiber ultrafilters, 4) a backflush system for cleaning the membrane unit, and 5) associated tanks and instrumentation. Wastewater enters the prefilter through the feed tank, where suspended particles are removed from the feed. The filtered waste stream is then routed to conditioning tanks where the solution pH is adjusted. Water-soluble macromolecular compounds are then added to the wastewater to form complexes with heavy metal ions. Next, a relatively high molecular weight polymer, generally a commercially available polyelectro- lyte, is added to the wastewater to form selective metal-polymer complexes at the desired pH and temperature. The necessary polyelectrolyte quantities depend on the metal ion concentration. Therefore, separated metal ions should generally be in the parts per million (ppm) range. The treated waste stream then passes through a cross-flow ultrafiltration membrane system by way of a recirculation loop. The ultrafiltration system provides a total membrane surface area of 265 square feet and a permeate rate of about 6 gallons per minute (gpm). The membranes retain the metal complexes (concentrate), while allowing uncomplexed ions to pass through the membrane with the filtered water. The filtered water is continuously withdrawn, while the con- centrate stream, containing most of the conta- minants, is recycled through the recirculation loop until it meets the target concentration. pH CHEMICAL ADDITION |PREFILTRATION[- POLYELECTROLYTE ADDITION CIRCULATION LOOP METAL DOMPLEXATION REACTION TANK <100to150L/m!n CIRCULATION PUMP = 20L/min HJ FEED PUMP ULTRAFILTRATION SYSTEM (265 sq ft Bank) ' 20 L/min PERMRATE «0.2 to 1.0 L/min BLEED CONCENTRATE Srngle-Stage Chemical Treatment and Ultrafiltration Process Page 244 The SITE Program assesses but does not approve or endorse technologies. ------- November 1994 Completed Project After reaching the target concentration, the con- centrate stream is withdrawn for further treat- ment, such as solidification. It can then be safely disposed of. The clean filtered water is discharged. WASTE APPLICABILITY: The process treats groundwater, leachate, and surface runoff water contaminated with trace levels of toxic heavy metals. The process also treats effluents from 1) industrial processes, 2) production and processing of base metals, 3) smelters, 4) electrolysis operations, and 5) battery manufacturing. Potential applications include removal of metals such as cadmium, lead, mercury, uranium, manganese, nickel, chromium, and silver. The process can treat influent with dissolved metal concentrations from several ppm up to about 100 ppm. In addition, the process removes other inorganic and organic materials present as suspended or colloidal solids. The sole residue is the ultrafiltration concentrate, which generally constitutes 5 to 20 percent of the feed volume. STATUS: The AECL process was accepted into the SITE Program in 1988. During initial bench-scale and pilot-scale tests, the AECL process successfully removed cadmium, lead, and mercury. These results were used to design and construct the mobile unit. The mobile unit has been tested at the Chalk River Laboratories and a uranium mine tailings site in Ontario, Canada. The field demonstra- tion indicated that process water characteristics needed further study; pretreatment schemes are being evaluated. The mobile unit, which is capable of treating influent flows ranging from 1,000 to 5,000 gallons per day, is available for treatability tests and on-site applications. A technology bulletin (EPA/540/F-92/002) is available. FOR FURTHER INFORMATION: EPA PROJECT MANAGER: John Martin U.S. EPA Risk Reduction Engineering Laboratory 26 West Martin Luther King Drive Cincinnati, OH 45268 513-569-7758 Fax: 513-569-7676 TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPER CONTACTS: Leo Buckley Atomic Energy of Canada, Limited Waste Management Systems Chalk River Laboratories Chalk River, Ontario, Canada KOJ no 613-584-3311 Fax: 613-584-1438 Phil Campbell AECL Technologies 9210 Corporate Blvd, Suite 410 Rockville, MD 20850 800-872-2325 Fax: 301-417-0746 . The SITE Program assesses but does not approve or endorse technologies. Page 245 ------- Technoloav Profile EMERGING TECHNOLOGY PROGRAM BABCOCK & WILCOX CO. (Cyclone Furnace) TECHNOLOGY DESCRIPTION: The Babcock & Wilcox Co. (Babcock & Wilcox) cyclone furnace is designed to combust high inorganic (high-ash) coal. Through cofiring, the cyclone furnace can also accom- modate highly contaminated wastes containing heavy metals and organics hi soil or sludge. High heat-release rates of 45,000 British thermal units (Btu) per foot of coal ensure the high temperatures required to melt the high-ash fuels. The inert ash exits the cyclone furnace as a vitrified slag. The furnace is water-cooled and simulates the geometry of Babcock & Wilcox's single-cyclone, ftont-wall-fired cyclone boilers. The pilot cyclone furnace, shown hi the figure below, is a scaled-down version of a commercial coal-fired cyclone with a restricted exit (throat). The fur- nace geometry is a horizontal cylinder (barrel). Natural gas and preheated combustion air are heated to 820 degrees Fahrenheit (°F) and enter tangentially into the cyclone burner. For dry Combustion air soil processing, the soil matrix and natural gas enter tangentially along the cyclone furnace bar- rel. For wet soil processing, an atomizer uses compressed air to spray the soil paste directly into the furnace. The soil or sludge and inorga- nics are captured and melted, and organics are destroyed in the gas phase or in the molten slag layer. This slag layer is formed and retained on the furnace barrel wall by centrifugal action. The soil melts, exits the cyclone furnace from the tap at the cyclone throat, and drops into a water-filled slag tank where it solidifies. A small quantity of soil also exits as fly ash with the flue gas from the furnace and is collected in a baghouse. In principle, this fly ash can be recycled to the furnace to increase the capture of metals, and to minimize the volume of the potentially hazardous waste stream. The energy requirements for vitrification are 15,000 Btu/pound (Ib) of soil treated. Given the much larger surface-to-volume ratio of the relatively small pilot unit and its cool surface, a full-scale unit can be expected to have proper- Natural gas Injectors Natural gas Soil Injector Cyclone barre| Slag quenching tank Cyclone Furnace Page 246 The SITE Program assesses but does not approve or endorse technologies. ------- November 1994 Completed Project tionally lower energy requirements. The cy- clone furnace can be operated with gas, oil, or coal as the supplemental fuel. The waste may also supply a significant portion of the required heat input. Particulates are controlled by a baghouse. To maximize the capture of metals, a heat exchang- er is used to cool the stack gases to approximate- ly 200 °F before they enter the baghouse. WASTE APPLICABILITY: The cyclone vitrification technology is applicable to highly contaminated inorganic hazardous wastes, sludges, and soils that contain heavy metals and organic constituents. The wastes may be solid, a soil slurry (wet soil), or liquid. To be treated in the cyclone furnace, the ash or solid matrix must melt (with or without addi- tives) and flow at cyclone furnace temperatures (2,400 to 3,000 °F). Because of the techno- logy's ability to capture heavy metals in the slag and render them nonleachable, the technology is an important treatment application for soils that contain lower-volatility radionuclides such as strontium and transuranics. STATUS: The 6-million-Btu/hour (hr) cyclone furnace was successfully used in a 2-year SITE Emerging Technology Program project to melt and vitrify an EPA-supplied synthetic soil matrix (SSM) spiked with 7,000 parts per million (ppm) lead, 1,000 ppm cadmium, and 1,500 ppm chromium. In addition to destroying organic wastes, vitrifi- cation products capture and do not leach heavy metals; other thermal treatments do. When operated at 50 to 150 pounds per hour (Ib/hr) of dry SSM feed and 100 to 300 Ib/hr of wet SSM feed, the cyclone fcmace produced a nonleach- able product (as measured by the toxicity charac- teristic leaching procedure) for lead, cadmium, and chromium. From 95 to 97 percent of the dry SSM was incorporated within the slag. Cyclone operation stabilized during the two projects, and processed over 6 tons of clean, unspiked SSM and 5 tons of spiked SSM. During the thermal vitrification process, the heavy metals partitioned between the vitrified slag and the stack fly ash. Retained metal percentages for vitrified slag at 200 Ib/hr were 12 to 23 percent for cadmium, 38 to 54 percent for lead, and 78 to 95 percent for chro- mium. Heavy metal captured in the slag in- creased with feed rate and decreased with metal volatility. These results suggest that the cyclone vitrifica- tion process will show a high capture rate for * very low volatility contaminants, such as many radionuclides (for example, uranium and thori- um). The SSM treatment resulted in a dry volume reduction of 25 to 35 percent. Vitrifica- tion yields hi an easily-crushed, glassy product. EPA has published a bulletin (EPA/540/F-92/010), a final report (EPA/540/R-93/501), and a summary (EPA/540/SR-93/507) detailing results from this project. FOR FURTHER INFORMATION: EPA PROJECT MANAGER: Laurel Staley U.S. EPA Risk Reduction Engineering Laboratory 26 West Martin Luther King Drive Cincinnati, OH 45268 513-569-7863 Fax: 513-569-7620 TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPER CONTACT: Dorothy Haidet Babcock & Wilcox Co. 1562 Beeson Street Alliance, OH 44601-2196 216-829-7395 Fax: 216-829-7801 The SITE Program assesses but does not approve or endorse technologies. Page 247 ------- Technology Profile EMERGING TECHNOLOGY PROGRAM BATTELLE MEMORIAL E^STTTUTE (In Situ Electroacoustic Soil Decontamination) TECHNOLOGY DESCRIPTION: The patented in situ electroacoustic soil decon- tamination (BSD) technology treats soils contain- ing hazardous organics by applying direct cur- rent electrical and acoustic fields. Direct current facilitates liquid transport through soils. The technology consists of electrodes, an anode and a cathode, and an acoustic source (see figure below). The double-layer boundary theory is important when an electric potential is applied to soils. For soil particles, the double layer consists of a fixed layer of negative ions that are firmly held to the solid phase, and a diffuse layer of cations and anions that are more loosely held. Applying an electric potential to the double layer displaces the loosely held ions to their respective elec- trodes. The cations take water with them as they move toward the cathode. Besides BSD water transport through wet soils, the direct current produces other effects, such as ion transfer, pH gradients development, electro- lysis, oxidation and reduction, and heat genera- tion. Heavy metals present in contaminated soils can be leached or precipitated out of solution by electrolysis, oxidation and reduction reactions, or ionic migration. The soil contaminants may be 1) cations, such as cadmium, chromium, and lead; or 2) anions, such as cyanide, chromate, and dichromate. The existence of these ions in their respective oxidation states depends on soil pH and concentration gradients. Direct current is expected to increase the leaching rate and precipitate the heavy metals out of solution by establishing appropriate pH and osmotic gradi- ents. When properly applied in conjunction with an electric field and water flow, an acoustic field can enhance waste dewatering or leaching. This phenomenon is not fully understood. Another possible application involves unclogging recov- ery wells. Since contaminated particles are driven to the recovery well, the pores and interstitial spaces in the soil can close. This Contaminants Water (Optional) Profile In Situ Electroacoustic Soil Decontamination (BSD) Process Page 248 The SITE Program assesses but does not approve or endorse technologies. ------- November 1994 Completed Project technology could be used to clear these clogged spaces. WASTE APPLICABILITY: The technology's potential for improving non- aqueous phase liquid contaminant recovery and in situ removal of heavy metals needs to be tested on a pilot scale using clay soils. STATUS: Phase I results indicate that BSD is technically feasible to remove inorganic species such as zinc and cadmium from clay soils, and only margin- ally effective for hydrocarbon removal. A modified BSD process for more effective hydro- carbon removal has been developed but not tested. An EPA report (EPA/540/5-90/004) for the 1-year investigation can be purchased through the National Technical Information Service, document No. PB 90-204 728/AS. A summary (EPA/540/S5-90/004) is also available. FOR FURTHER INFORMATION: EPA PROJECT MANAGER: Jonathan Herrmann U.S. EPA Risk Reduction Engineering Laboratory 26 West Martin Luther King Drive Cincinnati, OH 45268 513-569-7839 Fax: 513-569-7787 TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPER CONTACT: Satya Chauhan Battelle Memorial Institute 505 King Avenue Columbus, OH 43201 614-424-4812 Fax: 614-424-3431 The SITE Program assesses but does not approve or endorse technologies. Page 249 ------- Technology Profile EMERGING TECHNOLOGY PROGRAM BIO-RECOVERY SYSTEMS, INC. (Biological Sorption) TECHNOLOGY DESCRIPTION: The AlgaSORB® sorption process uses algae to remove heavy metal ions from aqueous solu- tions. The process takes advantage of the natu- ral affinity for heavy metal ions exhibited by algal cell structures. The photograph below shows a prototype por- table effluent treatment equipment (PETE) unit, consisting of two columns operating in series or in parallel. Each column contains 0.25 cubic foot of AlgaSORB®, the treatment matrix. The PETE unit shown below can treat waste at a flow rate of approximately 1 gallon per minute (gpm). Larger systems have been designed and manufactured to treat waste at flow rates greater than 100 gpm. The AlgaSORB® medium consists of dead algal cells immobilized in a silica gel polymer. This immobilization serves two purposes: 1) it protects the algal cells from decomposition by other microorganisms, and 2) it produces a hard material that can be packed into chromatographic columns that, when pressurized, still exhibit good flow characteristics. The system functions as a biological ion- exchange resin to bind both metallic cations (positively charged ions, such as mercury, Hg+2) and metallic oxoanions (negatively charged, large, complex, oxygen-containing ions, such as selenium oxide [SeO4~2]). Anions such as chlorides or sulfates are only weakly bound or not bound at all. Like ion-exchange resins, the algae-silica system can be recycled. However, in contrast to cur- rent ion-exchange technology, divalent cations typical of hard water, such as calcium (Ca+2) and magnesium (Mg+2), or monovalent cations, Portable Effluent Treatment Equipment (PETE) Unit Page 250 The SITE Program assesses but does not approve or endorse technologies. ------- November 1994 Completed Project such as sodium (Na+) and potassium (K+), do not significantly interfere with the binding of toxic heavy metal ions to the algae-silica matrix. After the matrix is saturated, the metals are stripped from the algae with acids, bases, or other suitable reagents. This stripping process generates a small volume of solution containing highly concentrated metals that must undergo treatment. WASTE APPLICABILITY: This technology can remove metal ions from groundwater or surface leachates that are "hard" or contain high levels of dissolved solids. The process can also treat rinse waters from electro- •plating, metal finishing, and printed circuit board manufacturing industries. The system can remove heavy metals, such as aluminum, cadmium, chromium, cobalt, copper, gold, iron, lead, manganese, mercury, molybdenum, nickel, platinum, silver, uranium, vanadium, and zinc. STATUS: Under the Emerging Technology Program, the AlgaSORB® sorption process was tested on mercury-contaminated groundwater at a haz- ardous waste site in Oakland, California, in fall 1989. Testing was designed to determine optimum flow rates, binding capacities, and the efficiency of stripping agents. The Final Report (EPA/540/5-90/005a), a Summary (EPA/540/S5-90/005), and a Bulletin (EPA/540/F-92/003) are available from EPA. An article was also published in the Journal of Air and Waste Management, Vol. 41, No. 10, October 1991. Based on results from the Emerging Technology Program, Bio-Recovery Systems, Inc., was invited to participate in the SITE Demonstration Program. A suitable site is being sought. The process is being commercialized for ground- water treatment and industrial point source treatment. FOR FURTHER INFORMATION: EPA PROJECT MANAGER: Ronald Lewis U.S. EPA Risk Reduction Engineering Laboratory 26 West Martin Luther King Drive Cincinnati, OH 45268 513-569-7856 Fax: 513-569-7620 TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPER CONTACT: Mike Hosea Bio-Recovery Systems, Inc. 2001 Copper Avenue Las Cruces, NM 88005 505-523-0405 800-697-2001 Fax: 505-523-1638 The SITE Program assesses but does not approve or endorse technologies. Page 251 ------- Technology Profile EMERGING TECHNOLOGY PROGRAM BIOTROL, INC. (Methanotrophic Bioreactor System) TECHNOLOGY DESCRIPTION: The methanotrophic bioreactor system is an aboveground remedial technology for water contaminated with halogenated hydrocarbons. Trichloroethene (TCE) and related compounds pose a new and difficult challenge to biological treatment. Unlike aromatic hydrocarbons, for example, TCE cannot serve as a primary sub- strate for bacterial growth. Degradation depends on cometabolism, which is attributed to the broad substrate specificity of certain bacterial enzyme systems (see figure below). Although many aerobic enzyme systems reportedly cooxidize TCE and related compounds, BioTrol, Inc. (BioTrol), claims that the methane monooxygenase (MMO) of methanotrophic bacteria is the most promising. Methanotrophs are bacteria that can use methane as a sole source of carbon and energy. Although certain methanotrophs can express MMO in either a soluble or particulate (mem- brane-bound) form, BioTrol-sponsored research has discovered that the soluble form induces extremely rapid TCE degradation rates. Two patents have been obtained and an additional patent is pending on the process. BioTrol has also developed a colorimetric assay that verifies the desired enzyme's presence in the bioreactor culture. Results from experiments with Methylosinus trichosporiumOB3b indicate that the maximum specific TCE degradation rate is 1.3 grams of TCE per gram of cells (dry weight) per hour, which is 100 to 1,000 times faster than reported TCE degradation rates for nonmethanotrophs. This species of methano- trophic bacteria reportedly removes various chlorinated aliphatic compounds by more than 99.9 percent. Carbon Dioxide Carbon Dioxide, Chloride Water Methanotroph Oxygen Methane Trichloroethene Cometabolism of TCE Page 252 The SITE Program assesses but does not approve or endorse technologies. ------- November 7994 Completed Project WASTE APPLICABILITY: The bioreactor system can treat water contami- nated with halogenated aliphatic hydrocarbons, including TCE, dichloroethene isomers, vinyl chloride, dichloroethane isomers, chloroform, dichloromethane (methylene chloride), and others. In the case of groundwater treatment, bioreactor effluent can either be reinjected or discharged to a sanitary sewer or a National Pollutant Discharge Elimination System. STATUS: This technology was accepted into the SITE Emerging Technology Program in July 1990. Both bench- and pilot-scale tests were conducted using a continuous-flow, dispersed-growth system. As shown in the figure below, the pilot-scale reactor displayed first-order TCE degradation kinetics. An article on the pilot-scale demonstration is expected to appear in the Journal of the Air and Waste Management Association in late 1994. A Technology Bulletin (EPA/540/F-93/506) and a Technology Sum- mary (EPA/540/SR-93/505) are available from EPA. FOR FURTHER INFORMATION: EPA PROJECT MANAGER: David Smith U.S. EPA Region 8 999 18th Street Denver, CO 80202 303-293-1475 Fax: 303-294-1198 TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPER CONTACT: Durell Dobbins BioTrol, Inc. 10300 Valley View Road, Suite 107 Eden Prairie, MN 55344-3546 612-942-8032 Fax: 612-942-8526 y s 2000 1500 1000 — 500 — I I I I I 10 20 30 40 50 60 HRT(mln) Pilot-Scale Continuous-Flow Results The SITE Program assesses but does not approve or endorse technologies. Page 253 ------- Technology Profile EMERGING TECHNOLOGY PROGRAM CENTER FOR HAZARDOUS MATERIALS RESEARCH (Acid Extraction Treatment System) TECHNOLOGY DESCRIPTION: The acid extraction treatment system (AETS) uses hydrochloric acid to extract heavy metal contaminants from soils. Following treatment, the clean soil may be returned to the site or used as fill. A simplified block flow diagram of the AETS is given in the figure below. First, soils are screened to remove coarse solids. These solids, typically greater than 4 millimeters hi size, are relatively clean and require at most a simple rinse with water or detergent to remove smaller attached particles. After coarse particle removal, the remaining soil is scrubbed in an attrition scrubber to break up agglomerates and cleanse surfaces. Hydrochlo- ric acid is then introduced into the soil in the extraction unit. The residence time in the unit varies depending on the soil type, contaminants, and contaminant concentrations, but generally ranges between 10 and 40 minutes. The soil- extractant mixture is continuously pumped out of the mixing tank, and the soil and extractant are separated using hydrocyclones. When extraction is complete, the solids are transferred to the rinse system. The soils are rinsed with water to remove entrained acid and metals. The extraction solution and rinsewaters are regenerated using a proprietary technology that removes the metals and reforms the acid. The heavy metals are concentrated in a form potentially suitable for recovery. During the final step, the soils are mixed with lime and fertilizer to neutralize any residual acid. No wastewater streams are generated by the process. WASTE APPLICABILITY: The main application of AETS is extraction of heavy metals from soils. The system has been tested using a variety of soils, containing one or more of the following: arsenic, cadmium, chro- mium, copper, lead, nickel, and zinc. The treat- ment capacity is expected to range up to 30 tons per hour. AETS can treat all soil fractions, including fines. The major residuals from AETS treatment in- clude the cleaned soil, which is suitable for fill or for return to the site, and the heavy metal concentrate. Depending on the concentration of heavy metals, the mixtures of heavy metals found at the site, and the presence of other com- pounds (calcium, sodium) with the metals, heavy metals may be reclaimed from the concentrate. STATUS: Under the Emerging Technology Program, lab- oratory-scale and bench-scale tests were conduct- ed to develop the AETS technology. The bench- scale pilot system was constructed to process between 20 and 100 kilograms of soil per hour. SCREENING 1 EXTRACTION UNIT 1 RINSE 1 NEUTRALIZATION COARSE SOIL ^ .._ PARTICLES REGENERATED ACID BCTRACTANT 1 ACID RINSATE REGENERATION EHTTWINE5 < ..S*» __l 1 1 HEAVY METALS *- TREATED SOIL Acid Extraction Treatment System (AETS) Process Page 254 The SITE Program assesses but does not approve or endorse technologies. ------- November 1994 Completed Project Five soils were tested, including an EPA syn- thetic soil matrix (SSM), and soils from four Superfund sites, including NL Industries in Pedricktown, New Jersey; King of Prussia site in Winslow Township, New Jersey; a smelter site in Butte, Montana; and Palmerton Zinc site in Palmerton, Pennsylvania. These soils con- tained elevated concentrations of some or all of the following: arsenic, cadmium, chromium, copper, lead, nickel, and zinc. The table below summarizes soil treatability results based on the EPA Resource Conservation and Recovery Act (RCRA) hazardous waste requirements for toxi- city characteristic leaching procedure (TCLP) and the California standards for total metal concentrations. Detailed results from the study have been published by EPA hi a Final Report (EPA/540/R-94/513) and a Summary (EPA/540/SR-94/513). The results of the study are summarized below: • AETS can treat a wide range of soils containing a wide range of heavy metals to reduce the TCLP below the RCRA limit. AETS can also reduce the total metals concentrations below the Califor- nia-mandated total metals limitations. • In most cases, AETS can treat the entire soil, without separate stabilization and disposal for fines or clay particles, to the required TCLP and total metal lim- its. The only exception was the SSM, which may require separate stabilization and disposal of 20 percent of the soil to reduce the total TCLP lead concentra- tions appropriately. However, AETS successfully treated arsenic, cadmium, chromium, copper, nickel, and zinc in the soil. • Treatment costs under expected process conditions range from $100 to $180 per cubic yard of soil, depending on the site size, soil types and contaminant concen- trations. Operating costs ranged from $50 to $80 per cubic yard. These costs are competitive with alternative tech- nologies. The Center for Hazardous Materials Research is looking for additional partners interested hi finding a suitable site to demonstrate the technol- ogy. FOR FURTHER INFORMATION: EPA PROJECT MANAGER: George Moore U.S. EPA Risk Reduction Engineering Laboratory 26 West Martin Luther King Drive Cincinnati, OH 45268 513-569-7991 Fax: 513-569-7276 TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPER CONTACT: Stephen Paff Center for Hazardous Materials Research 320 William Pitt Way Pittsburgh, PA 15238 412-826-5321, ext. 233 Fax: 412-826-5552 Metal As Cd Cr Cu Nl Pb Zn SS*1 *, T, L *, T *, T, L *, T, L *, T, L # *,T, L ™ .• ' ~', ; - &•««. *, T, L *. T. L *, T, L *, T, L soit ""'"' ^' King of &ix$st& *.T, L *, T, L *, T, L « Pedncktovstt *, T, L *, T, L *, T, L Palmerton *, T, L *, T, L *, T, L *, T, L Key: * — Metal is present in that soil T — Successful treatment for total metals L -- Reduction in teachability to below standards Boldface and larger fonts indicate high initial metals concentration (at least double the regulatory standards) The SITE Program assesses but does not approve or endorse technologies. Page 255 ------- Technology Profile EMERGING TECHNOLOGY PROGRAM CENTER FOR HAZARDOUS MATERIALS RESEARCH (Smelting Lead-Containing Waste) TECHNOLOGY DESCRIPTION: Secondary lead smelting is a proven technology that reclaims lead from lead-acid battery waste sites. The Center for Hazardous Materials Research (CHMR) and Exide Corporation (Exide) have demonstrated the use of secondary lead smelting to reclaim usable lead from various types of waste materials. Reclamation of lead from Superfund and other lead-containing sites is based on existing lead smelting procedures and basic pyrometallurgy. A general schematic for the technology is pro- vided in the figure below. Waste material is first excavated from Superfund sites or collected from other sources. The waste is then prepro- cessed to reduce particle size and to remove rocks, soil, and other debris. Next, the waste is transported to the smelter. At the smelter, waste is fed to reverberatory or blast furnaces, depending on particle size or lead content. The two reverberatory furnaces nor- mally treat lead from waste lead-acid batteries, as well as other lead-containing material. The furnaces are periodically tapped to remove slag, which contains 60 to 70 percent lead, and a soft pure lead product. The two blast furnaces treat slag generated from the reverberatory furnaces, as well as larger- sized lead-containing waste. These furnaces are tapped continuously for lead and tapped intermit- tently to remove slag, which is transported off- site for disposal. The reverberatory and blast furnace combination at Exide can reclaim lead from batteries and waste with greater than 99 percent efficiency. WASTE APPLICABILITY: The process has been demonstrated to reclaim lead from a variety of solid materials, including rubber battery case material, lead dross, iron shot abrasive blasting material, and wood from demolition of houses coated with lead paint. The technology is applicable to solid wastes containing more than 2 percent lead, provided that they do not contain excessive amounts of calcium., silica, aluminum, or other similar constituents. Explosive and flammable liquids cannot be processed in the furnace. As tested, this technology is not applicable to soil remediation. EXCAVATION OR COLLECTION PREPROCESSING TRANSPORT OF MATERIAL ROCKS, SOILS, DEBRIS \-SQ Q SLAG TO ; LEAD TO BATTERY «r .... PLANT NV \S ii^pn^Al •** ; ; SMELTEF REVEERB Cl IDKI Af^C rUHNAUt LAGJ. T BLAST CI IRMAPP rUrllMML/C * DR i 1 1 Smelting Lead-Containing Waste Process Page 256 The SITE Program assesses but does not approve or endorse technologies. ------- November 7994 Completed Project STATUS: This technology was accepted into the SITE Emerging Technology Program in July 1991. Field work for the project was completed in February 1993. Reports are available for many of the demonstrations, and CHMR is completing the final technology report. An article about the technology will be published by the Journal of Hazardous Materials in fall 1994. The process was tested at three Super fund sites. Materials obtained from two additional sites were also used for these tests. Results from the Emerging Technology Pro- gram, presented in the table below, show that the process is applicable to waste materials at each site and economically feasible for all but the demolition material from the Laurel House site. Specific technical problems encountered included 1) loss of furnace production due to material buildup within the furnaces, 2) breakdowns in the feed system due to mechanical overloads, and 3) increased oxygen demands inside the furnaces. All of these problems were solved by adjusting material feed rates or furnace parame- ters. Based on these tests, CHMR has concluded that secondary lead smelting is an economical method of reclaiming lead from lead-containing waste material collected at Superfund sites and other sources. FOR FURTHER INFORMATION: EPA PROJECT MANAGER: Laurel Staley U.S. EPA Risk Reduction Engineering Laboratory 26 West Martin Luther King Drive Cincinnati, OH 45268 513-569-7863 Fax: 513-569-7620 TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPER CONTACT: Stephen Paff Center for Hazardous Materials Research 320 William Pitt Way Pittsburgh, PA 15238 412-826-5321, ext. 233 Fax: 412-826-5552 Source of Material Type of Material Tested Tonolli Superfund site (PA) Battery Cases Hebalka Superfund Site (PA) Battery Cases Pedricktown Superfund Site (NJ) Battery Cases; lead containing dross, residue and debris Laurel House Women's Shelter (PA) Demolition material contaminated with lead-based paint. PennDOT Abrasive Bridge Blasting Material % Lead 3 to 7 10 45 1 3 to 5 Economical* Yes Yes Yes No Yes Test Results Lead can be reclaimed in secondary lead smelter. Incorporate into regular blast furnace feed stock. Lead can be reclaimed in secondary lead smelter. Reduce in size and incorporate into regular reverbera- tory furnace feed stock. Lead can be reclaimed in secondary lead smelter. Screen and incorporate into regular reverberatory and blast furnace feed stocks. Lead can be reclaimed in secondary lead smelter. However, the cost of processing the material was estimated to be very high. Lead can be reclaimed in secondary lead smelter. Incorporate into regular blast furnace feed stock. ' Economical compared to stabilization or landfilling. Results from Field Tests of the Smelting Lead-Containing Waste Technology The SITE Program assesses but does not approve or endorse technologies. Page 257 ------- Technology Profile EMERGING TECHNOLOGY PROGRAM COGNIS, INC. (Chemical Treatment) TECHNOLOGY DESCRIPTION: The COGNIS, Inc. (COGNIS), TERRAMET® soil remediation system leaches and recovers lead and other metals from contaminated soil, dust, sludge, or sediment. The system uses a propri- etary aqueous leachant that is optimized through treatability tests for the soil and the contaminant. The TERRAMET® system can treat most types of lead contamination, including metallic lead, soluble ions, and insoluble lead oxides and salts. These contaminants are often tightly bound by fine soil constituents such as clay, manganese, iron oxides, and humus. During the first processing stage, dry screening removes oversized material. Next, solids are separated by wet particle size classification. If the contamination resides in the soil fines (silt, clay, and humus), gravel and sand are quickly cleaned and separated from the fines, which require different leaching conditions to remove the metals. A fines-only leaching example is illustrated in the figure below. When the conta- mination is distributed throughout the soil frac- tions, all of the soil is leached. After the lead contaminants are dissolved, lead ions are recovered from the aqueous leachate by liquid ion exchange, resin ion exchange, or reduction. The aqueous leaching solution can then be reused. If a liquid or resin ion exchange agent is used, it is stripped of the bound lead, fully regenerated, and recycled. The lead is recovered in concentrated form as solid metal or a metal salt suitable for recycling. The lead recovery method depends on the lead concentra- tion and other metals present. Leachant Soil Clean Soil Recovered Metal TERRAMET® Lead Removal Process (Fines Leaching Example) Page 258 The SITE Program assesses but does not approve or endorse technologies. ------- November 1994 Completed Project Important characteristics of the leachant and extractant combination are as follows: • The leachant is tailored to the substrate and the contaminant • The leachant is fully reusable • Leachant materials are readily available • The process uses commercially proven metals recovery techniques WASTE APPLICABILITY: The COGNIS TERRAMET® metals leaching system can treat soil, sediment, and sludge con- taminated with lead and other heavy metals, or metal mixtures. Appropriate sites include conta- minated battery recycling centers, scrapyards, metal plating shops, and chemical manufacturing facilities. The system can treat metallic lead as well as soluble and insoluble salts and oxides. Certain lead compounds, such as lead sulfide, are not amenable to treatment. The process can be modified to leach and recover other metals, such as cadmium, zinc, copper, and mercury. End products include clean soil and recycled metal or metal salts. No wastewater streams are generated. STATUS: The COGNIS TERRAMET® metals leaching system was accepted into the SITE Emerging Technology Program in August 1992. COGNIS conducted bench-scale testing to enter the SITE Demonstration Program, and pilot-scale equip- ment has been assembled that will treat 250 kilograms of soil per batch. To date, lead- contaminated soil samples at concentrations of 17,000 parts per million (ppm) have been treated to less than 300 ppm residual lead. The system has also removed metals to below background concentrations; for example, from greater than 400 ppm lead to less than 8 ppm lead. Bench- scale leaching has been conducted with several samples from state Superfund sites. Reports detailing study results are underway. A full- scale unit was constructed and operated at Twin Cities Army Ammunition Plant, New Brighton, Minnesota. For further information on the full- scale system, see the profile in the Demon- stration Section (completed projects). FOR FURTHER INFORMATION: EPA PROJECT MANAGER: Michael Royer U.S. EPA Risk Reduction Engineering Laboratory 2890 Woodbridge Avenue Building #10, MS-104 Edison, NJ 08837-3679 908-321-6633 Fax: 908-321-6640 TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPER CONTACT: Bill Fristad COGNIS, Inc. 2330 Circadian Way Santa Rosa, CA 95407 707-576-6235 Fax: 707-575-7833 The SITE Program assesses but does not approve or endorse technologies. Page 259 ------- Technology Profile EMERGING TECHNOLOGY PROGRAM COLORADO SCHOOL OF MINES (Constructed Wetlands-Based Treatment) TECHNOLOGY DESCRIPTION: The constructed wetlands-based treatment tech- nology uses natural geochemical and biological processes inherent in an artificial wetland ecosystem to accumulate and remove metals and other contaminants from influent waters (see figure below). Although these treatment systems incorporate principal ecosystem components found hi wetlands, including organic soils, microbial fauna, algae, and vascular plants, microbial activity is responsible for most of the remediation. Influent waters with high metal concentrations and low pH flow through the aerobic and anaer- obic zones of the wetland ecosystem. Metals are removed through ion exchange, adsorption, absorption, and precipitation with geochemical and microbial oxidation and reduction. Ion exchange occurs as metals hi the water contact humic or other organic substances in the soil medium. Oxidation and reduction reactions catalyzed by bacteria that occur in the aerobic and anaerobic zones, respectively, play a major role hi precipitating metals as hydroxides and sulfides. Precipitated and adsorbed metals settle in quiescent ponds or are filtered out as water percolates through the soil or the plant substrate. WASTE APPLICABILITY: The wetlands-based treatment process has been developed for acid mine drainage generated by metal or coal mining activities. These wastes typically contain high metals concentrations and are acidic. The process can be adapted to treat neutral and basic tailings solutions. Wetlands treatment has been applied with some success to wastewater in the eastern United States. The process has been adjusted to account for dif- ferences in geology, terrain, trace metal compo- sition, and climate in the metal mining regions of the western United States. Anaerobic Zone /-• '.r'.* •&* ^'. , •-. ^V~fe^<^ V',i>'.^ > ^ ^/^'. Typical Wetland Ecosystem Page 260 The SITE Program assesses but does not approve or endorse technologies. ------- November 7994 Completed Project STATUS: Based on the results from the SITE Emerging Technology Program, this process has been selected to participate in the SITE Demonstration Technology. The final year of funding for the project under the Emerging Technology Program was completed in 1991. The funding was used to build, operate, monitor, and assess the effec- tiveness of a constructed wetlands in treating a portion of acid mine drainage from the Big Five Tunnel site near Idaho Springs, Colorado. A final report (EPA/540/R-93/523), a Summary (EPA/540/SR-92/523), and a Bulletin (EPA/540/F-92/001) are available. Study results indicated that heavy metal removal efficiency can approach the removal efficiency of chemical precipitation treatment plants. Some of the optimum results from the 3 years of operation are listed below. • pH was raised from 2.9 to 6.5 • Dissolved aluminum, cadmium, chromi- um, copper, and zinc concentrations were reduced by 99 percent or more • Iron was reduced by 99 percent • Lead was reduced by 94 percent or more • Nickel was reduced by 84 percent or more • Manganese removal was relatively low, with reduction between 9 and 44 percent • Biotoxicity to fathead minnows and water fleas was reduced by factors of 4 to 20 Because wetland removal processes are primarily microbial, the technology can be developed with traditional process engineering approaches. Laboratory studies can indicate whether remedia- tion is possible, while bench-scale experiments can determine the proper loading and reactor design. Using this approach, five laboratory proof-of-principle studies and three bench-scale studies have been performed, and at least four successful demonstration reactors have been built to remove heavy metals from different types of water. A final project goal was to develop a manual that discusses design and operating criteria for constructing a full-scale wetland to treat acid mine discharges. The "Wetland Designs for Mining Operations" manual is available from the National Technical Information Service. The demonstration program is currently evalu- ating the effectiveness of biogeochemical proces- ses at the Burleigh Tunnel mine discharge, near Silver Plume, Colorado. Treatment of Burleigh Tunnel discharge is part of the remedy for the Clear Creek Central City Superfund site. Construction of a pilot treatment system began in summer 1993 and was completed in October 1993. The pilot treatment system is approximately 4200 square feet and consists of an upflow and downflow cell (see figure on previous page). Each cell treats about 10 gallons per minute of flow. Preliminary results show a removal efficiency of greater than 90 percent for zinc, the primary contaminant in the discharge. FOR FURTHER INFORMATION: EPA PROJECT MANAGER: Edward Bates U.S. EPA Risk Reduction Engineering Laboratory 26 West Martin Luther King Drive Cincinnati, OH 45268 513-569-7774 Fax: 513-569-7676 TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPER CONTACT: Thomas Wildeman Department of Chemistry and Geochemistry Colorado School of Mines 14th and Illinois Streets Golden, CO 80401 303-273-3642 Fax: 303-273-3629 The SITE Program assesses but does not approve or endorse technologies. Page 261 ------- Technology Profile EMERGING TECHNOLOGY PROGRAM ELECTROKINETICS INC. (Electro-Klean™ Electrokinetic Soil Processing) TECHNOLOGY DESCRIPTION: The Electro-Klean™ electrokinetic soil process separates and extracts heavy metals and organic contaminants from soils. Electro-Klean™ can be applied in situ or ex situ, and uses direct cur- rents with electrodes placed on each side of the contaminated soil mass. Conditioning fluids such as suitable acids may be used for electrode (cathode) depolarization to enhance the process. The figure below illustrates the field processing scheme and the flow of ions to respective bore boles (or trenches). Conditioning pore fluids may be added or circulated at the electrodes to control process electrochemistry. Contaminants are electroplated on the electrodes or separated in a posttreatment unit. An acid front migrates towards the negative electrode (cathode) and contaminants are extract- ed through electrosmosis (EO) and electro- migration (EM). The concurrent mobility of the ions and pore fluid decontaminates the soil mass. The EO and EM supplement or replace conven- tional pump-and-treat technologies. Bench-scale results show that the process works in both unsaturated and saturated soils. Pore fluid flow moves from the positive electrodes (anodes) to the cathodes under the effect of the EO and EM forces. Electrode selection is important, since many metal or carbon anodes will rapidly dissolve from attack of strong oxidants. WASTE APPLICABILITY: Electro-Klean™ extracts heavy metals, radio- nuclides, and other inorganic contaminants below their solubility limits. Bench-scale tests have removed arsenic, benzene, cadmium, ASEFRONT nd/orCATHODIC PROCESS FLUID ACID FRONT and/or ANODIC PROCESS FLUID Electrokinetic Remediation Process Page 262 The SITE Program assesses but does not approve or endorse technologies. ------- November 1994 Completed Project chromium, copper, ethylbenzene, lead, nickel, phenol, trichloroethene, toluene, xylene, and zinc from soils. Bench-scale studies under the SITE Program demonstrated the feasibility of removing uranium and thorium from kaolinite. Limited pilot-scale field tests resulted in zinc and arsenic removal from clays and saturated and unsaturated sandy clay deposits. Lead and copper were also removed from dredged sedi- ments. Treatment efficiency depended on the specific chemicals, their concentrations, and the buffering capacity of the soil. The technique proved 85 to 95 percent efficient when removing phenol at concentrations of 500 parts per mil- lion. In addition, the removal efficiency for lead, chromium, cadmium, and uranium at levels up to 2,000 micrograms per gram 0*g/g), ranged between 75 and 95 percent. STATUS: Bench-scale laboratory studies investigating heavy metal, radionuclide, and organic contami- nant removal are complete, and radionuclide removal studies are complete under the SITE Emerging Technology Program. A pilot-scale laboratory study investigating removal of 2,000 jttg/g lead loaded onto kaolinite was completed in May 1993. Removal efficiencies of 90 to 95 percent were obtained. The electrodes were placed 3 feet apart in a 2-ton kaolinite specimen for 4 months, at an energy cost of about $15 per ton. The results of a second pilot-scale laborato- ry study using 5000 (ig/g of lead adsorbed on kaolinite showed similar efficiency results as the earlier study. Bench-scale treatability studies and process enhancement schemes using condi- tioning fluids continue. Ongoing pilot-scale studies and a field demonstration of removing lead from a military firing range will be con- ducted during 1994 and 1995; a new electrical separation process of extractive electrolysis will be pilot-tested for removal of multiple heavy metals. FOR FURTHER INFORMATION: EPA PROJECT MANAGER: Randy Parker U.S. EPA Risk Reduction Engineering Laboratory 26 West Martin Luther King Drive Cincinnati, OH 45268 513-569-7271 Fax: 513-569-7620 TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPER CONTACTS: Yalcin Acar or Robert Marks Electrokinetics Inc. Louisiana Business and Technology Center Louisiana State University, Suite 155 South Stadium Drive Baton Rouge, LA 70803-6100 504-388-3992 Fax: 504-388-3928 The SITE Program assesses but does not approve or endorse technologies. Page 263 ------- Technology Profile EMERGING TECHNOLOGY PROGRAM ELECTRON BEAM RESEARCH FACILITY, FLORIDA INTERNATIONAL UNIVERSITY, and UNIVERSITY OF MIAMI (High-Energy Electron Irradiation) TECHNOLOGY DESCRIPTION: High-energy electron irradiation of water solu- tions and sludges produces a large number of very reactive chemical species, including the aqueous electron (e-aq), the hydrogen radical (H-), and the hydroxyl radical (OH-). These short-lived intermediates react with organic contaminants, transforming them to nontoxic by- products. In the principal reaction, the e'aq ion transfers to halogen-containing compounds, breaking the halogen-carbon bond and liberating halogen anions, such as chloride (Cl~) or bromide (Br). The hydroxyl radical can undergo addition or hydrogen abstraction reactions, producing organ- ic free radicals that decompose hi the presence of other hydroxyl radicals and water. In most cases, organics are converted to carbon dioxide, water, and salts. Lower molecular weight aldehydes and carboxylic acids form at low concentrations in some cases. These compounds are biodegradable end products. During the high-energy electron irradiation process, electricity generates high voltage elec- trons. The electrons are accelerated by the voltage to approximately 95 percent of the speed of light. They are then directed into a thin stream of water or sludge. All reactions are complete in less than 0.1 second. The electron beam and waste flow are adjusted to deliver the necessary dose of electrons. Although this is a form of ionizing radiation, there is no residual radioactivity. A full-scale facility can treat more than 170,000 gallons per day. This facility is equipped to handle tank trucks carrying up to 6,000 gallons of waste. The figure below is a schematic of the Electron Beam Research Facility in Miami, Florida. WASTE APPLICABILITY: This treatment process can effectively treat in excess of 50 common organic compounds. These compounds include the following: Window Exhaust Fan Vault Exhaust Fan I——m- v- Voltage Regulator 5-Ton Crane Vault Exhaust Duct Electron Beam Research Facility Page 264 The SITE Program assesses but does not approve or endorse technologies. ------- November 1994 Completed Project Trihalomethanes (such as chloroform), which are found in chlorinated drinking water Chlorinated solvents, including carbon tetrachloride, trichloroethane, tetra- chloroethene (PCE), trichloroethene (TCE), ethylene dibromide, dibro- mochloropropane, hexachlorobutadiene, and hexachloroethane Aromatics found in gasoline, including benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene, and xylene Chlorobenzene and dichlorobenzenes Phenol Dieldrin, a persistent pesticide Pentachlorophenol Polychlorinated biphenyls A variety of other organic compounds The treatment process is appropriate for remov- ing various hazardous organic compounds from aqueous waste streams.and sludges containing up to 8 percent solids. STATUS: The high-energy electron irradiation process was accepted into the SITE Emerging Technology Program in June 1990. Studies have now been completed for six organic compounds: TCE, PCE, chloroform, benzene, toluene, and phenol. Removal efficiencies have been determined at three solute concentrations and three pHs (repre- senting varying carbonate/bicarbonate concentra- tions), and in the presence and absence of 3 percent clay. Reaction by-products have been determined for all six compounds. Trace quanti- ties of formaldehyde and other low molecular weight aldehydes have been detected. Formic acid has also been detected at low concentra- tions. However, none of these compounds are toxic at these concentrations. Final reports titled "Removal of Phenol from Aqueous Solutions Using High Energy Electron Beam Irradiation" (EPA/540/F-93/509), "ElectronBeamTreatment for Trichlorethylene and Tetrachloroethyle from Aqueous Streams" (EPA/540/F-92/009), and "Electron Beam Treatment for Removal of Benzene and Toluene from Aqueous Streams and Sludges" (EPA/540/F-93/502) are available from EPA. Additional studies are underway to determine destruction efficiencies and to characterize reaction by-products of carbon tetrachloride and methylene chloride. Based on results from the Emerging Technology Program, this technology has been invited to participate in the SITE Demonstration Program under the company name of High Voltage Environmental Applications, Inc. FOR FURTHER INFORMATION: EPA PROJECT MANAGER: Franklin Alvarez U.S. EPA Risk Reduction Engineering Laboratory 26 West Martin Luther King Drive Cincinnati, OH 45268 513-569-7631 Fax: 513-569-7787 TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPER CONTACTS: William Cooper Drinking Water Research Center Florida International University Miami, FL 33199 305-348-3049 Fax: 305-348-3894 Charles Kurucz Management Science University of Miami Coral Gables, FL 33124 305-284-6595 Fax: 305-284-2321 Thomas Waite High Voltage Environmental Applications, Inc. 9562 Doral Boulevard Miami, FL 33178 305-593-5330 Fax:305-593-0071 The SITE Program assesses but does not approve or endorse technologies. Page 265 ------- Technology Profile EMERGING TECHNOLOGY PROGRAM ELECTRO-PURE SYSTEMS, INC. (Alternating Current Electrocoagulation Technology) TECHNOLOGY DESCRIPTION: The alternating current electrocoagulation (ACE) technology offers an alternative to metal salts or polymer and polyelectrolyte addition for break- ing stable emulsions and suspensions. The tech- nology also removes certain metals and other soluble pollutants in the polishing step of effluent treatment. Electrocoagulation introduces highly charged polyhydroxide aluminum species that prompt flocculation of colloidal particles and destabilize oil-in-water emulsions. The resulting sludges, achieving liquid-liquid and solid-liquid phase separations, can be filtered and dewatered more readily than those formed by adding chemical flocculents. ACE can break stable aqueous suspensions containing submicron-sized particles of up to 10 percent total solids, and stable aqueous emulsions containing up to 5 percent oil. The figure below depicts the basic ACE tech- nology process. Electrocoagulation occurs in either a batch or continuous (one-pass) mode in an ACE Separator™ apparatus of one of two designs: 1) cylindrical chambers containing fluidized beds of aluminum alloy pellets entrained between a series of noble metal elec- trodes, or 2) an upright box containing alumi- num plate electrodes spaced at 0.5- to 2-inch intervals. The working volume of the parallel plate unit is 70 liters, and that of the fluidized bed cell, excluding the external plumbing, is 1.5 liters. Neither apparatus has moving parts, and each can be easily integrated into a process treatment train for effluent, pretreatment, or polishing. Coagulation and flocculation occur simultaneous- ly within the ACE Separator™ as the effluent is exposed to the electric field and aluminum dissolves from the electrodes. This activity usually occurs within 30 seconds for most aqueous suspensions. After charges are neutral- ized and coagulation begins, the gravity flow transfers the suspension and emulsion to the product separation step. Product separation occurs in conventional gra- vity-separation, decant vessels, or through pressure or vacuum filtration. Coagulation and flocculation continue until the phases are com- Vent or Treat Gas Aqueous Suspension or Emulsion A.C. COAGULATOR Solid Air for Turbulence Alternating Current Electrocoagulation (ACE) Page 266 The SITE Program assesses but does not approve or endorse technologies. ------- November 1994 Completed Project pletely separated. Each oil, water, and solid phase is removed for reuse, recycling, further treatment, or disposal. Waste is removed by surface skimming, bottom scraping, and decant- ing. The ACE technology can be used with conven- tional water treatment systems, including those relying on metal precipitation, membrane separa- tion technologies, mobile dewatering and incin- eration units, and soil extraction systems. A typical decontamination application, for exam- ple, would produce a water phase that could be discharged directly to a stream or local waste- water treatment plant for further treatment. The solid phase would be shipped off site for dispos- al, and the dewatering filtrate would be recy- cled. Any floatable material would be re- claimed, refined, or disposed of. The prototype system can treat 700 gallons of contaminated liquid per minute. WASTE APPLICABILITY: The ACE technology treats aqueous-based suspensions and emulsions such as contaminated groundwater, surface runoff, landfill leachate, truck wash, scrubber solutions, treated effluents, and extract solutions. The suspensions include solids such as inorganic and organic pigments, clays, metallic powders, metal ores, and natural colloidal matter. The emulsions include a variety of organic solid and liquid contaminants, including petroleum-based by-products. The technology reduced aqueous clay, latex, and titanium dioxide suspension loadings over 90 percent. The chemical oxygen demand and total organic carbon contents of diesel fuel-spiked slurries have been reduced by over 80 percent. The technology has also removed up to 56 percent lead, 96 percent copper, 91 percent zinc, 97 percent phosphate, and 56 percent fluoride. ACE technology has recovered fine-grained products such as latex, titanium dioxide, and edible oil solids (animal fats and vegetable oils) from industrial process streams that would otherwise have been discharged to the sewer system. STATUS: The ACE technology was accepted into the SITE Emerging Technology Program in July 1988. The second year of laboratory-scale testing and development is complete. The Bulletin (EPA/540/F-92/011) and Emerging Technology Summary (EPA/540/S-93/504) have been submitted to EPA. The research results are described in the Journal of Air and Waste Man- agement, Vol. 43, May 1993, pp. 784-789, "Alternating Current Electrocoagulation for Superfund Site Remediation." Experiments on end-member metals and complex synthetic soil slurries have defined major oper- ating parameters for broad classes of effluents. The technology has been modified to both minimize electric power consumption and maxi- mize effluent throughput rates. Results indicate that electrocoagulation produces aqueous and solid separations comparable to those produced by chemical flocculent addition, but with reduced filtration times and sludge volumes. FOR FURTHER INFORMATION: EPA PROJECT MANAGER: Randy Parker U.S. EPA Risk Reduction Engineering Laboratory 26 West Martin Luther King Drive Cincinnati, OH 45268 513-569-7271 Fax: 513-569-7620 TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPER CONTACT: James LaDue Electro-Pure Systems, Inc. 10 Hazelwood Drive, Suite 106 Amherst, NY 14228-2298 Office: 716-691-2610 Laboratory: 716-691-2613 Fax: 716-691-2617 The SITE Program assesses but does not approve or endorse technologies. Page 267 ------- Technology Profile EMERGING TECHNOLOGY PROGRAM ENERGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING, INC. (PhotoCAT™ Process) TECHNOLOGY DESCRIPTION: The PhotoCAT™ Process technology photo- chemically oxidizes organic compounds in wastewater using a chemical oxidant, ultraviolet (UV) radiation, and a photocatalyst. The photo- chemical reaction reduces saturated concentra- tions of organics hi water to nondetectable levels. The energy is predominantly absorbed by the organic compound and the oxidant, making both species reactive. The process can be used as a final treatment step to reduce organic contamination hi industrial wastewater and groundwater to acceptable discharge limits. The existing bench-scale system treats solutions containing up to several hundred parts per million (ppm) of total organic carbon at a rate of 3 gallons per minute. The bench-scale system consists of a photochemical reactor, where oxidation occurs, and associated tanks, pumps, and controls. The UV lamps are high intensity lamps that penetrate the wastewater more effec- tively. The portable, skid-mounted system's design depends on the chemical composition of the wastewater or groundwater being treated. Typically, the contaminated wastewater is pumped through a filter unit to remove suspend- ed particles. Next, the filtrate is mixed with stoichiometric quantities of hydrogen peroxide. Finally, this mixture is fed to the photochemical reactor and irradiated. The overall reaction is as follows: [2a + 0.5(b - 1)JH202 -* aC02 + [2a+ (b- 1)]H2O HX where CaHt,X represents a halogenated contami- nant in the aqueous phase. Reaction products are carbon dioxide, water, and the appropriate halogen acid. Reaction kinetics depend on 1) contaminant concentration, 2) peroxide concentration, 3) irradiation dose, and 4) radiation spectral frequency. WASTE APPLICABILITY: The PhotoCAT™ process treats industrial wastewater and groundwater containing organics at concentrations up to several hundred parts per million (ppm). Destruction efficiencies greater than two orders of magnitude have been ob- tained for chlorobenzene, chlorophenol, and phenol, with low to moderate dose rates and initial concentrations of 200 ppm. Destruction efficiencies of three orders of magnitude have been demonstrated on simulated industrial waste streams representative of textile dying opera- tions, with higher dose rates and an initial concentration of 200 ppm. Representative results from recent trials using the UV lamp system are summarized in the table on the previous page. Results from the dye decontami- nation runs are shown in the figure below. Contaminant Molecular Species Weight Chlorobenzene Benzene/Toluene Yellow 106 Yellow 49 Blue 41 Red 83 112 78/93 1374 438 463 1025 Feed Cone (ppm)7 50 100/100 110 110 115 140 Equivalence Ratio 3.3 3.5 4.2 1.0 0.6 1.0 Residence Time (seconds) 3.7 3.8 7.7 23.0 11.5 7.7 Product Cone C/GO 0.04 0.4/0.4 0.08 0.007 0.001 0.008 parts per million by weight Representative Results from Recent Trials Using the UV Lamp System Page 268 The SITE Program assesses but does not approve or endorse technologies. ------- November 1994 Completed Project STATUS: The PhotoCAT™ process was accepted into the SITE Emerging Technology Program and has been invited to participate in the SITE Demon- stration Program. A Final Report (EPA/540/SR-92/080), a Bulletin (EPA/540/F-92/004), and a Summary (EPA/540/SR-92/080) are available from the EPA. Subsequent work, based upon an ultravio- let lamp source for ultraviolet energy, is currently underway under EPA Small Business Industry Research Phase II funding. Energy and Environmental Engineering, Inc., has made significant improvements on the tech- nology from that presented in the earlier EPA report. These improvements include the follow^ ing: • Using the ultraviolet lamp as the energy source • Improving the photochemical reactor de- sign • Improving the lamp's design, including lamp intensity and spectral characteristics • Fixing the catalyst This unproved technology is called the PhotoCAT™ process. A cost competitive system that completes mineralization can be designed and built to treat industrial strength wastewater at 10 to 1000 ppm contaminant concentration levels. Energy and Environmental Engineering, Inc., has formed a new company, UV technologies, inc., to commercialize the technology. Energy and Environmental Engineering, Inc., will conduct treatability studies for prospective clients, and is seeking funding to commercialize the venture. FOR FURTHER INFORMATION: EPA PROJECT MANAGER: Ronald Lewis U.S. EPA Risk Reduction Engineering Laboratory 26 West Martin Luther King Drive Cincinnati, OH 45268 513-569-7856 Fax: 513-569-7620 TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPER CONTACT: James Porter Energy and Environmental Engineering, Inc. P.O. Box 410215 East Cambridge, MA 02141-0002 617-666-5500 Fax: 617-666-5802 \x Radiation Dose (kwhr/gmolo of contaminant) » Y10e,E4,1IOp ...Y49.E1.110p . B41.E0.6,116p ® R83, E1, WOp I Experimental Results - Simulated Dye Solutions The SITE Program assesses but does not approve or endorse technologies. Page 269 ------- Technology Profile EMERGING TECHNOLOGY PROGRAM ENERGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH CORPORATION (Hybrid Fluidized Bed System) TECHNOLOGY DESCRIPTION: The Hybrid Fluidized Bed (HFB) system treats contaminated solids and sludges by incinerating organic compounds and extracting and detoxify- ing volatile metals. The system consists of three stages: a spouted bed, a fluidized afterburner, and a high-temperature particulate soil extraction system. First, the spouted bed rapidly heats solids and sludges to allow extraction of volatile organic and inorganic compounds. The spouted bed retains larger soil clumps until they are reduced in size, but allows fine material to quickly pass through. This segregation process is beneficial because organic contaminants in fine particles vaporize rapidly. The decontamination time for large particles is longer due to heat and mass transfer limitations. The central spouting region is operated with an inlet gas velocity of greater than 150 feet per second. This velocity creates an abrasion and grinding action, rapidly reducing the size of the feed materials through attrition. The spouted bed operates between 1,500 and 1,700 degrees Fahrenheit, under oxidizing conditions. Organic vapors, volatile metals, and fine soil particles are carried from the spouted bed through an open-hole type distributor, which forms the bottom of the second stage, the fluid- ized bed afterburner. The afterburner provides sufficient retention tune and mixing to incinerate the organic compounds that escape the spouted bed, resulting in a destruction and removal efficiency greater than 99.999 percent. In addition, the afterburner contains bed materials that absorb metal vapors, capture fine particles, and promote formation of insoluble metal sili- cates. A slightly sticky bed is advantageous because of its particle retention properties. In the third stage, the high temperature parti- culate soil extraction system removes clean processed soil from the effluent gas stream with one or two hot cyclones. The clean soil is extracted hot to prevent unreacted volatile metal species from condensing in the soil. Off-gases are then quenched and passed through a conven- tional baghouse to capture the condensed metal vapors. Generally, material handling problems create major operational difficulties for soil cleanup devices. The HFB uses a specially designed auger feed system. Solids and sludges are dropped through a lock hopper system into an auger shredder, which is a rugged, low-revolu- tions per minute feeding-grinding device. Standard augers are simple and reliable, but are susceptible to clogging from feed compression in the auger. In the HFB system, the auger shred- der is close-coupled to the spouted bed to reduce compression and clump formation during feed- ing. The close couple arrangement locates the tip of the auger screw several inches from the internal surface of the spouted bed, preventing soil plugs formation. Page 270 The SITE Program assesses but does not approve or endorse technologies. ------- November 1994 Completed Project WASTE APPLICABILITY: This technology is applicable to soils and sludges contaminated with organic and volatile inorganic contaminants. Nonvolatile inorganics are not affected. STATUS: This technology was accepted into the SITE Emerging Technology Program in January 1990. Design and construction of the commercial prototype HFB and a limited shakedown are completed. An Emerging Technology Bulletin (EPA/540/F-93/508) is available from EPA. FOR FURTHER INFORMATION: EPA PROJECT MANAGER: Teri Richardson U.S. EPA Risk Reduction Engineering Laboratory 26 West Martin Luther King Drive Cincinnati, OH 45268 513-569-7949 Fax: 513-569-7620 TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPER CONTACT: Richard Koppang Energy and Environmental Research Corporation 18 Mason Street Irvine, CA 92718 714-859-8851 Fax: 714-859-3194 The SITE Program assesses but does not approve or endorse technologies. Page 271 ------- Technology Profile EMERGING TECHNOLOGY PROGRAM FERRO CORPORATION (Waste Vitrification Through Electric Melting) TECHNOLOGY DESCRIPTION: Vitrification technology converts contaminated soils, sediments, and sludges into oxide glasses, chemically rendering them nontoxic and suitable for landfilling as nonhazardous materials. Successful vitrification of soils, sediments, and sludges requires 1) development of glass com- positions tailored to a specific waste, and 2) glass melting technology that can convert the waste and additives into a stable glass without producing toxic emissions. Because of its low toxic emission rate, an electric melter may be more beneficial than a fossil fuel melter for vitrifying toxic wastes. In an electric melter, glass — an ionic conductor of relatively high electrical resistivity — stays molten with joule heating. Such melters process waste under a relatively thick blanket of feed material, which forms a counterflow scrubber that limits volatile emissions (see figure below). In contrast, fossil fuel melters have large, ex- posed molten glass surface areas from which hazardous constituents can volatilize. Commer- cial electric melters have significantly reduced the loss of inorganic volatile constituents such as boric anhydride (B2O3) or lead oxide (PbO). Because of its low emission rate and small volume of exhaust gases, electric melting is a promising technology for incorporating waste into a stable glass. GLASS-MAKING MATERIALS Electrode Steel | FRIT. MARBLES, etc. Jm> DISPOSAL Electric Furnace Vitrification Page 272 The SITE Program assesses but does not approve or endorse technologies. ------- November 1994 Completed Project WASTE APPLICABILITY: Vitrification stabilizes inorganic components found in hazardous waste. In addition, the high temperature involved in glass production (about 1,500 degrees Celsius) decomposes anthracene, bis(2-ethylhexyl phthalate), and pentachloro- phenol in the waste. The decomposition prod- ucts can easily be removed from the low volume of melter off-gas. STATUS: Several glass compositions suitable for proces- sing synthetic soil matrix IV (SSM-IV) have been developed and subjected to toxicity charac- teristic leaching procedure testing (TCLP). Ten independent replicates of the preferred composition produced the following results: Metal As Cd Cr Cu Pb Ni Zn 1TCLP analyte concentration, parts per million Remediation Limit 5 1 5 5 5 5 5 Mean of Glass Replicates <0.100 <0.010 0.019 0.355 0.130 <0.010 0.293 SSM-IV and additives (sand, soda ash, and other minerals) required to convert SSM-IV to the preferred glass composition have been processed in a laboratory-scale electric melter. Three separate campaigns have produced glass at 17 pounds per hour at a fill of 67 percent SSM-IV and 33 percent glass-making additives. Ferro Corporation's experience indicates that an equivalent rate would be 1 ton per hour in an electric melter used to treat wastes at a Superfund site. FOR FURTHER INFORMATION: EPA PROJECT MANAGER: Randy Parker U.S. EPA Risk Reduction Engineering Laboratory 26 West Martin Luther King Drive Cincinnati, OH 45268 513-569-7271 Fax: 513-569-7620 TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPER CONTACT: Emilio Spinosa Ferro Corporation Corporate Research 7500 East Pleasant Valley Road Independence, OH 44131 216-641-8580 Fax: 216-524-0518 The mean analyte concentrations were less than 10 percent of the remediation limit at a statistical confidence of 95 percent. The SITE Program assesses but does not approve or endorse technologies. Page 273 ------- Technology Profile EMERGING TECHNOLOGY PROGRAM HAZARDOUS SUBSTANCE MANAGEMENT RESEARCH CENTER at NEW JERSEY INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY (Pneumatic Fracturing/Bioremediation) TECHNOLOGY DESCRIPTION: This technology integrates two innovative tech- niques — pneumatic fracturing and bioremedia- 'tion — to enhance in situ remediation of soils contaminated with petroleum contaminants. For pneumatic fracturing, high pressure air or gas is injected into soil formations at controlled flow rates and pressures. In less permeable soils, pneumatic fracturing creates conductive channels in soil formations. These channels increase soil permeability and exposed surface area, accel- erating contaminant treatment and removal. In more permeable soils, pneumatic fracturing provides a means for rapidly aerating the soil formation. Pneumatic fracturing enhances microbial pro- cesses by staggering spatial distribution for maximum effectiveness (see figure below). Aerobic processes dominate at the fracture interfaces and for a limited distance away from the fracture. Oxygen depletion during aerobic biodegradation allows methanogenic and denitrifying populations to form at greater distances from the fractures. Contaminants diffuse toward the fracture, serving as a sub- strate for various microbial populations. This stacking arrangement enhances growth of aero- bic microbial populations by reducing substrate concentrations in the denitrifying and methanogenic zones (see figure on next page). .Injection (nutrients, air, etc.) Supplemental Nutrients Vadose Zone Detail "A" Aquifer Vadose Zone Biodegradation With Fracturing and Vapor Stripping Page 274 The SITE Program assesses but does not approve or endorse technologies. ------- November 1994 Completed Project WASTE APPLICABILITY: This technology remediates soil contaminated with petroleum hydrocarbons, benzene, toluene, and xylene. STATUS: This technology was accepted into the SITE Emerging Technology Program in July 1991, and will be demonstrated at Marcus Hook, Pennsylvania. Site characterization is complete; pilot-scale field testing is underway and is scheduled for completion in July 1994. FOR FURTHER INFORMATION: EPA PROJECT MANAGER: Uwe Frank U.S. EPA Risk Reduction Engineering Laboratory Building 10, MS-104 2890 Woodbridge Avenue Edison, NJ 08837-3679 908-321-6626 Fax: 908-960-6990 TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPER CONTACT: John Schuring Hazardous Substance Management Research Center New Jersey Institute of Technology 138 Warren Street Newark, NJ 07102 201-596-5849 Fax: 201-802-1946 Bulk Convection — Nutrients X-0 Contaminant Aerobic Denitrifying Methanogenlc Contaminant, Oxygen, Nutrient, and Reaction Product Fluxes The SITE Program assesses but does not approve or endorse technologies. Page 275 ------- Technology Profile EMERGING TECHNOLOGY PROGRAM INSTITUTE OF GAS TECHNOLOGY (Chemical and Biological Treatment) TECHNOLOGY DESCRIPTION: The Institute of Gas Technology's (IGT) chem- ical and biological treatment (CBT) process remediates sludges and soils contaminated with organic pollutants, such as polyaromatic hydro- carbons (PAHs) and polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs). The treatment system combines two remedial techniques: 1) chemical oxidation as pretreatment, and 2) biological treatment using aerobic and anaerobic biosystems in sequence or alone, depending on the waste (see figure be- low). The CBT process uses mild chemical treatment to produce intermediates that are biologically degraded, reducing the cost and risk associated with a more severe treatment process, such as incineration. The contaminated material is treated with a chemical reagent that degrades the organo- pollutants to carbon dioxide, water, and more biodegradable partially-oxidized intermediates. In the second stage of the CBT process, biological systems degrade the hazardous residu- al materials and the partially-oxidized material from the first stage. Chemically-treated wastes are subject to cycles of aerobic and anaerobic degradation if aerobic or anaerobic treatment alone is not sufficient. Several cycles of chemi- cal and biological treatment are also used for extremely recalcitrant contaminants. WASTE APPLICABILITY: The CBT process can be applied to 1) soils and sludges containing high waste concentrations that would typically inhibit bioremediation, and 2) low waste concentrations when bioremediation alone is too slow. The process is not adversely affected by radionuclides or heavy metals. Depending on the types of heavy metals present, these metals will either bioaccumulate in the biomass, complex with organic or inorganic material in the soil slurries, or solubilize in the recycled water. The CBT process can be applied to a wide range of organic pollutants, including alkenes, chlorinated alkenes, aromat- ics, substituted aromatics, and complex Contaminated Soil Biological Treatment Clean Soil Chemical and Biological Treatment (CBT) Process Page 276 The SITE Program assesses but does not approve or endorse technologies. ------- November 1994 Completed Project aromatics. Applicable matrices include soil, sludge, groundwater, and surface water. STATUS: IGT evaluated the CBT process under the SITE Emerging Technology Program for two years. This evaluation included bench-scale studies of important operational parameters for applying the CBT technology to soils and sludges conta- minated with PCBs. Results indicated that this technology can treat various PCB-contaminated matrices with modifications to the original treat- ment protocol that increases the availability of the PCBs. Results are available in the Emerging Technology Bulletin (EPA/540/F-94/504). The standard reagent concentration of 2.5 per- cent H2O2 and ferrous sulfate resulted in the greatest degradation in both the lower and high chlorinated compounds. When compared to the control, 40 percent of total PCBs were removed by chemical degradation and as much as 90 percent of some PCB congeners were removed. As the reagent concentration increases, the degradation of PCBs increases; however, the PCBs with less than five chlorine groups are more susceptible than PCBs with greater than five chlorine groups. This pattern complements the anaerobic and aerobic biodegradation of PCBs in that it aggressively attacks the inter- mediate biphenyl compounds with three to five chlorine groups, anaerobic biodegradation effec- tively reduces the concentration of higher chlori- nated biphenyls (four to eight chlorine groups) by 44 to 70 percent and aerobic biodegradation efficiently removes mono- and di-chlorinated biphenyls. Experiments conducted using actual contaminated soil demonstrated greater than 50 percent removal of all congeners with a single cycle of the integrated chemical/biological degradation. IGT's CBT technology continues to be successfully applied to PAH-contaminated soils. The CBT process consistently outperforms con- ventional bioremediation, especially with multi- ring (four to six) PAH compounds. The CBT process increases both the rate and extent of contaminant removal from various types of soils. Two successful field tests, one solid-phase land treatment and one soil slurry treatment, have been conducted under other gas industry-sup- ported programs. The field experiment showed that the integrated treatment system removed about 50 percent more total PAHs and 90 per- cent more carcinogenic PAHs than those conven- tionally biotreated. The integrated system's results exceed the treatment goals which had been established and were reached in 42 days. This field study verified the effectiveness of the integrated biological-chemical treatment process on a large-scale demonstration. Also, the field data show that the integrated process results in higher cleanup levels at faster rates compared with biological treatment alone. IGT was invited to participate in the SITE Demonstration Program based on results from the Emerging Technology Program. IGT is evaluating possible sites for a full-scale demon- stration. FOR FURTHER INFORMATION: EPA PROJECT MANAGER: Ronald Lewis U.S. EPA Risk Reduction Engineering Laboratory 26 West Martin Luther King Drive Cincinnati, OH 45268 513-569-7856 Fax: 513-569-7620 TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPER CONTACT: Robert Kelley Institute of Gas Technology 1700 South Mount Prospect Road Des Plaines, IL 60018-1804 708-768-0722 Fax: 708-768-0546 The SITE Program assesses but does not approve or endorse technologies. Page 277 ------- Technology Profile EMERGING TECHNOLOGY PROGRAM INSTITUTE OF GAS TECHNOLOGY (Fluid Extraction-Biological Degradation Process) TECHNOLOGY DESCRIPTION: The fluid extraction-biological degradation (FEED) process is a three-step process that remediates organic contaminants from soil (see figure below). The process combines three distinct technologies: 1) fluid extraction, which removes the organics from contaminated solids; 2) separation, which transfers the pollutants from the extract to a biologically-compatible solvent or activated carbon carrier; and 3) biological degradation, which destroys the pollutants and leaves innocuous end-products. In the fluid extraction step, excavated soils are placed in a pressure vessel and extracted with a recirculated stream of supercritical or near- supercritical carbon dioxide. An extraction co- solvent may be added to enhance the removal of additional contaminants. During separation, organic contaminants are transferred to a biologically-compatible separa- tion solvent such as water or a water-methanol mixture. The separation solvent is then sent to the final stage of the process, where bacteria degrade the waste to carbon dioxide and water. Clean extraction solvent is then recycled for use in the extraction stage. Organic contaminants are biodegraded in above- ground aerobic bioreactors, using mixtures of bacterial cultures capable of degrading the contaminants. Selection of cultures is based on site characteristics. For example, if a site is contaminated mainly with polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH), cultures able to metabolize or co-metabolize these hydrocarbons are used. The bioreactors can be configured to enhance the rate and extent of biodegradation. Pressure Reducing Valve Contaminated Sediments Extraction Solvent with Contaminants Stage 1 EXTRACTION Decontaminated Sediments Extraction Solvent Compressor Separation Solvent Stage 2 SEPARATION Recycled or Cleaned Extraction Solvent Make-up Extraction Solvent Separation Solvents with Contaminants Stage 3 BIOLOGICAL DEGRADATION Water, Carbon Dioxide, and Biomass Fluid Extraction-Biological Degradation Process Page 278 The SITE Program assesses but does not approve or endorse technologies. ------- November 1994 Completed Project Research continues on using bound activated carbon in a carrier system during the separation step. Bound activated carbon should allow high pressure conditions to be maintained in the fluid extraction step, enhancing extraction efficiency and decreasing extraction time. Bound activated carbon should also limit the loss of carbon dioxide, thereby decreasing costs. The activated carbon containing the bound PAHs could then be treated in the biodegradation step by converting the carrier system to a biofilm reactor. These activated carbon carrier systems could then be recycled back into the high pressure system of the extraction and separation steps. WASTE APPLICABILITY: This technology removes organic compounds from contaminated solids. It is more effective on some classes of organics, such as hydro- carbons (for example, gasoline and fuel oils), than on others, such as halogenated solvents and polychlorinated biphenyls. The process has also been effective in treating nonhalogenated aliphatic hydrocarbons and PAHs. STATUS: This technology was accepted into the SITE Emerging Technology Program in June 1990. The Institute of Gas Technology has evaluated all three stages of the technology with soils from a Superfund site and from three town gas sites. These soils exhibited a variety of physical and chemical characteristics. Approximately 85 to 99 percent of detectable PAHs, including two- to six-ring compounds, were removed from the soils. The measurable PAHs were biologically con- verted in both batch-fed and continuously-fed, constantly stirred tank reactors. The conversion rate and removal efficiency were high in all systems. The PAHs were biologically removed or transformed at short hydraulic retention times. All PAHs, including four- to six-ring compounds, were susceptible to biological removal. Results from this project were published in an Emerging Bulletin (EPA/540/F-94/501), which is available from EPA. An article was submit- ted to the Journal of Air and Waste Manage- ment. Potential users of this technology have expressed interest in continuing research. This technology will be considered for the SITE Demonstration Program for application to town gas sites, wood treatment sites, and other contaminated soils and sediments. FOR FURTHER INFORMATION: EPA PROJECT MANAGER: Annette Gatchett U.S. EPA Risk Reduction Engineering Laboratory 26 West Martin Luther King Drive Cincinnati, OH 45268 513-569-7697 Fax: 513-569-7620 TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPER CONTACT: J. Robert Paterek Institute of Gas Technology 1700 South Mount Prospect Road Des Plaines, IL 60018-1804 708-768-0500 Fax: 708-768-0501 The SITE Program assesses but does not approve or endorse technologies. Page 279 ------- Technology Profile EMERGING TECHNOLOGY PROGRAM IT CORPORATION (Batch Steam Distillation and Metal Extraction) TECHNOLOGY DESCRIPTION: The batch steam distillation and metal extraction treatment process is a two-stage system that treats soils contaminated with organics and inorganics. This system uses conventional, readily available process equipment, and does not produce hazardous combustion products. Hazardous materials are separated from soils as concentrates, which can then be disposed of or recycled. The treated soil can be returned to the site. During treatment, waste soil is slurried in water and heated to 100 degrees Celsius. This heat vaporizes volatile organic compounds (VOC) and produces an amount of steam equal to 5 to 10 percent of the slurry volume. Resulting vapors are condensed and decanted to separate organic contaminants from the aqueous phase. Condensed water from this step can be recycled through the system after further treatment to remove soluble organics. The soil is then trans- ferred as a slurry to the metals extraction step. In the metals extraction step, the soil slurry is washed with hydrochloric acid. Subsequent countercurrent batch washing with water removes residual acid from the soil. The solids are then separated from the final wash solution by gravimetric sedimentation. Most heavy metals are converted to chloride salts in this step. The acid extract stream is then routed to a batch distillation system, where excess hydro- chloric acid is recovered (see figure below). Bottoms from the still, which contain heavy metals, are precipitated as hydroxide salts and drawn off as a sludge for off-site disposal or recovery. As a batch process, this treatment technology is targeted at sites with less than 5,000 tons of soil requiring treatment. Processing tune depends on equipment size and batch cycle times; roughly Recycle water from extraction step Contaminated Soil Steam A Off-site disposal Steam stripper To recycle water Soil slurry to metal extraction or dewatering vessel Batch distillation vessel Batch Steam Distillation Step Page 280 The SITE Program assesses but does not approve or endorse technologies. ------- November 1994 Completed Project one batch of soil can be treated every four hours. Estimated treatment costs per ton, in- cluding capital recovery, for the two treatment steps are as follows: Batch Steam Distillation 500-ton site 2,500-ton site Metals Extraction (including acid recovery) 500-ton site 2,500-ton site $299-393/ton $266-350/ton $447-619/ton $396-545/ton WASTE APPLICABILITY: This process may be applied to soils and sludges contaminated with organics, inorganics, and heavy metals. STATUS: The batch steam distillation and metal extraction process was accepted into the SITE Emerging Technology Program in January 1988. Under the program, three pilot-scale tests have been completed on three soils, for a total of nine tests. The removal rates for benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene, and xylene were greater than 99 percent. The removal rates for chlorinated solvents ranged from 97 percent to 99 percent. One acid extraction and two water washes resulted in a 95 percent removal rate for heavy metals. Toxicity characteristic leaching proce- dure tests on the treated soils showed that soils from eight of the nine tests met leachate criteria. Data were also collected on the recovery rate for excess acid and the removal rate for precipita- tion of heavy metals into a concentrate. FOR FURTHER INFORMATION: EPA PROJECT MANAGER: Ronald Lewis U.S. EPA Risk Reduction Engineering Laboratory 26 West Martin Luther King Drive Cincinnati, OH 45268 513-569-7856 Fax: 513-569-7620 TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPER CONTACT: Robert Fox IT Corporation 312 Directors Drive Knoxville, TN 37923-4709 615-690-3211 Fax: 615-690-3626 The SITE Program assesses but does not approve or endorse technologies. Page 281 ------- Technology Profile EMERGING TECHNOLOGY PROGRAM IT CORPORATION (Photolytic and Biological Soil Detoxification) TECHNOLOGY DESCRIPTION: This technology is a two-stage, in situ photolytic and biological detoxification process for shallow soil contamination. The first step in the process degrades the organic contaminants with ultravio- let (UV) radiation. The photolytic degradation rate is several times faster with artificial UV light than with natural sunlight. The degradation process is enhanced by adding detergent-like chemicals (surfactants) to mobilize the contami- nants. Photolysis of the contaminants converts them to more easily degraded compounds. Periodic sampling and analysis determines when photolysis is complete. Biodegradation, the second step, further destroys organic contami- nants and detoxifies the soil. When sunlight is used to treat shallow soil con- tamination, the soil is first tilled with a power tiller and sprayed with surfactant. The soil is tilled frequently to expose new surfaces and often sprayed. Water may also be added to maintain soil moisture. When UV lights are used, parabolic reflectors suspended over the soil increase the amount of UV irradiation (see figure below). After photol- ysis is complete, biodegradation is enhanced by adding microorganisms and nutrients and further tilling the soil. When these techniques are applied to soils with deep contamination, excavated soil is treated in a specially constructed shallow treatment basin Photolytic Degradation Process Using UV Lights Page 282 The SITE Program assesses but does not approve or endorse technologies. ------- November 7994 Completed Project that meets Resource Conservation and Recovery Act requirements. When soil contamination is shallow, photolysis and housing prevent conta- minants from moving down to groundwater. The only treatment residuals are soil contami- nated with surfactants and the end metabolites of the biodegradation processes. The end metabo- lites depend on the original contaminants. The surfactants are common materials used in agri- cultural formulations. WASTE APPLICABILITY: This photolytic and biological soil detoxification process destroys organics, particularly dioxins such as tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD), polychlorinated biphenyls (PCB), other polychlorinated aromatics, and polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons. STATUS: Bench-scale tests conducted on about 5,000 cubic yards of PCB- or dioxin-contaminated soil showed that the effectiveness of surface irradia- tion to destroy TCDDs or PCBs is strongly influenced by soil type. Early tests on sandy soils showed greater than 90 percent removals for both TCDDs and PCBs. However, a high humic content decreased the effectiveness of the UV photolysis. Soil contaminated with PCBs in the bench-scale tests had a high clay content. The highest removal rate for these soils was 30 percent, measured over a 16-hour irradiation time. The bench-scale tests used a medium-pressure mercury UV lamp; sunlight was ineffective. No significant improvement in PCB destruction was achieved using a pulsed UV lamp. The process was also tested with Fenton's Reagent chemistry as an alternate method of degrading PCBs to more easily biodegraded compounds. PCB destruction ranged from nondetectable to 35 percent. Preliminary data indicate that no significant change in PCB chlor- ine level distribution occurred during treatment. Other studies examined PCB biodegradability in 1) soil treated with a surfactant and UV radi- ation, 2) untreated soil, and 3) soil known to have PCB-degrading organisms. Study results were as follows: • PCB removal in the UV-treated soil, un- treated soil, and soil with known biological activity was higher when augmented with an isolated PCB degrader (microorganism). • In the untreated soil, biphenyl was more efficient at inducing PCB degradation than 4-bromobiphenyl. • For the treated soil, surfactant treatment may have inhibited microbial activity due to high total organic carbon and low pH. Isolation and enrichment techniques have made it possible to isolate microorganisms capable of biodegrading PCBs hi contaminated soil. A bulletin (EPA/540/F-94/502), containing results from the study, is available from EPA. FOR FURTHER INFORMATION: EPA PROJECT MANAGER: Randy Parker U.S. EPA Risk Reduction Engineering Laboratory 26 West Martin Luther King Drive Cincinnati, OH 45268 513-569-7271 Fax: 513-569-7620 TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPER CONTACT: Robert Fox IT Corporation 312 Directors Drive Knoxville, TN 37923-4709 615-690-3211 Fax: 615-694-3626 The SITE Program assesses but does not approve or endorse technologies. Page 283 ------- Technology Profile EMERGING TECHNOLOGY PROGRAM MATRIX PHOTOCATALYTIC INC. (formerly NUTECH ENVIRONMENTAL) (Photocatalytic Water Treatment) TECHNOLOGY DESCRIPTION: The Matrix Photocatalytic Inc. (Matrix), former- ly Nutech Environmental, photocatalytic oxida- tion system, shown in the photograph below, efficiently removes and destroys dissolved organic contaminants from water in a continuous flow process at ambient temperatures. When excited by light, the titanium dioxide (TiOj) semiconductor catalyst generates hydroxyl radi- cals that oxidatively break the carbon bonds of hazardous organic compounds. The catalyst also generates electron holes, which are powerful reducing species. The Matrix system, when given sufficient time, converts organics such as polychlorinated biphenyls (PCB); phenols; benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene, and xylene (BTEX); and others to carbon dioxide and water. Typically, efficient destruction occurs between 30 seconds and 2 minutes actual exposure time. Total organic carbon removal takes longer, depending on the other organic molecules and their molecular weights. The Matrix system was initially designed to destroy organic pollutants or to remove total organic carbon in drinking water, groundwater, and plant process water. The Matrix system also destroys organic pollutants such as PCBs, polychlorinated dibenzodioxins, polychlorinated dibenzofurans, chlorinated alkenes, chlorinated phenols, chlorinated benzenes, alcohols, ketones, l6-gallon-per-minute TiO2 Photocatalytic System Treating BTEX in Water Page 284 The SITE Program assesses but does not approve or endorse technologies. ------- November 1994 Completed Project aldehydes, and amines. Inorganic pollutants such as cyanide, sulphite, and nitrite ions can be oxidized to cyanate ion, sulphate ion, and nitrate ion, respectively. WASTE APPLICABILITY: The Matrix system can treat a wide range of concentrations of organic pollutants in industrial wastewater, and can be applied to the ultrapure water industry and the drinking water industry. The Matrix system can also remediate ground- water. STATUS: The Matrix system was accepted into the SITE Emerging Technology Program in May 1991. Technological advances since that time include the following: • The Matrix system has treated effluents with contaminants, such as solvents and alcohols, as high as 30,000 parts per million (ppm), and has achieved effluent qualities as low as 5 parts per trillion. • Performance has quadrupled over 1992 standards. • Numerous extended field trials have been conducted on raw effluent conta- minated with a variety of organics, mainly BTEX, trichloroethene, and methyl tertiary butyl ether. Average treatment time was 60 seconds at a direct operating cost of $1 to $2 per 1,000 gallons. • The technology was used for 6 months in a sustained field operation on ground- water contaminated with 1 ppm ferrous ion (Fe+2) with no appreciable iron fouling. • Modular systems have been developed , for high flow rates with capacity incre- ments of 5 gallons per minute. Capital costs are highly competitive with ultravi- olet/hydrogen peroxide technologies while operating costs are usually one- fifth to one-third less. • Matrix has successfully designed and field tested support systems for unat- tended operation. • The Matrix system has successfully treated highly turbid effluents and dyes in plant operations. The research was completed in September 1993. Two peer-reviewed journal articles are available through National Technical Information Services (NTIS), document Nos. PB93-222883 and PB93-130184. For a comprehensive biblio- graphy of TiO2 research, please obtain NTIS document No. DE94-006906. FOR FURTHER INFORMATION: EPA PROJECT MANAGER: John Ireland U.S. EPA Risk Reduction Engineering Laboratory 26 West Martin Luther King Drive Cincinnati, OH 45268 513-569-7413 Fax: 513-569-7185 TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPER CONTACT: Bob Henderson Matrix Photocatalytic Inc. 22 Pegler Street London, Ontario, Canada N5Z 2B5 519-660-8669 Fax: 519-660-8525 The SITE Program assesses but does not approve or endorse technologies. Page 285 ------- Techno/oav Profile EMERGING TECHNOLOGY PROGRAM MEMBRANE TECHNOLOGY AND RESEARCH, INC. (VaporSep™ Membrane Process) TECHNOLOGY DESCRIPTION: Membrane Technology and Research, Inc.'s, VaporSep™ system uses synthetic polymer membranes to remove organic vapors from con- taminated air streams (see photograph below). The process generates a clean air stream and a liquid organic stream for reuse or disposal. Air laden with organic vapor contacts one side of a membrane that is 10 to 100 tunes more permeable to the organic compound than to air. The membrane separates the gas into two streams: a permeate stream containing most of the organic vapor, and a clean* residual air stream. The organic vapor is condensed and removed as a liquid; the purified air stream may be vented or recycled. The VaporSep™ system maintains a lower vapor pressure on the permeate side of the membrane to drive the permeation process. This pressure difference can be created by either compressing the feed stream or using a vacuum pump on the permeate stream- Over 40 VaporSep™ systems have been built or are under construction. These systems range in capacity from 1 to 100 standard cubic feet per minute. VaporSep™ systems are significantly smaller than carbon adsorption systems of similar capacity, and can be configured to treat a wide range of feed flow rates and compo- sitions. The VaporSep™ system has been tested on air streams contaminated with a wide range of organic compounds at concentrations of 100 to over 100,000 parts per million. A VaporSep™ Membrane Organic Vapor Recovery System Page 286 The SITE Program assesses but does not approve or endorse technologies. ------- November 1994 Completed Project WASTE APPLICABILITY: VaporSep™ systems can treat most air streams containing flammable or nonflammable halogen- ated and nonhalogenated organic compounds, including chlorinated hydrocarbons, chloro- fluorocarbons (CFC), and fuel hydrocarbons. Typical applications include the following: • Reduction of process vent emissions, such as those regulated by EPA's source. performance standards for the synthetic organic chemical manufacturing industry • Treatment of air stripper exhaust before discharge to the atmosphere • Recovery of, CFCs and hydrochloro- fluorocarbons The VaporSep™ system removes between 90 and 99 percent of the organic vapor, depending on the class of organic compound and the system design. The system does not produce any secondary wastes, and only produces a small volume of organic condensate. The concentra- tion of organics in the purified air stream is generally low enough for discharge to the atmo- sphere. STATUS: This technology was accepted into the SITE Emerging Technology Program in January 1990. The process, demonstrated at both the bench- and pilot-scales, achieved removal efficiencies of over 99.5 percent for selected organic com- pounds. Over twenty VaporSep™ systems have been successfully installed for the following industrial processes: • CFC and halocarbon recovery from pro- cess vents and transfer operations • CFC recovery from refrigeration systems • Vinyl chloride monomer recovery from polyvinyl chloride manufacturing opera- tions • CFC-12/ethylene oxide recovery from sterilizer emissions The VaporSep™ system successfully treated an air stream from a soil vacuum extraction opera- tion at a U.S. Department of Energy site. FOR FURTHER INFORMATION: EPA PROJECT MANAGER: Paul dePercin U.S. EPA Risk Reduction Engineering Laboratory 26 West Martin Luther King Drive Cincinnati, OH 45268 513-569-7797 Fax: 513-569-7620 TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPER CONTACTS: David Dortmundt or Marc Jacobs Membrane Technology and Research, Inc. 1360 Willow Road, Suite 103 Menlo Park, CA 94025-1516 415-328-2228 Fax: 415-328-6580 The SITE Program assesses but does not approve or endorse technologies. Page 287 ------- Technology Profile EMERGING TECHNOLOGY PROGRAM MONTANA COLLEGE OF MINERAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY (Air-Sparged Hydrocyclone) TECHNOLOGY DESCRIPTION: The air-sparged hydrocyclone (ASH) was devel- oped at the University of Utah during the early 1980s to achieve fast flotation of fine particles in a centrifugal field. The ASH consists of two concentric right-vertical tubes with a convention- al cyclone header at the top and a froth pedestal at the bottom (see figure below). The inner tube is a porous tube through which air is sparged. The outer tube serves as an air jacket to evenly distribute air through the porous inner tube. Slurry is fed tangentially through the convention- al cyclone header to develop a swirl flow of a certain thickness in the radial direction (the swirl-layer thickness). The swirl is discharged through an annular opening between the porous tube wall and the froth pedestal. Air is sparged through the porous inner tube wall and is sheared into small bubbles. These bubbles are then radially transported, together with attached hydrophobic particles, into a froth phase that forms on the cyclone axis. The froth phase is stabilized and constrained by the* froth pedestal at the underflow, moved toward the vortex finder of the cyclone header, and discharged as an overflow product. Water-wetted hydrophilic particles generally remain in the slurry phase and are discharged as an underflow product through the annulus created by the froth pedes- tal. During the past decade, large mechanical flota- tion cells, such as aeration-stirred tank reactors, have been designed, installed, and operated for mineral processing. In addition, considerable effort has been made to develop column flotation technology in the United States and elsewhere; a number have been installed in industries. Nevertheless, for both mechanical and column cells, the specific flotation capacity is generally Overflow Vortex Finder Overflow Froth Porous Cylinder Air-Sparged Hydrocyclone Page 288 The SITE Program assesses but does not approve or endorse technologies. ------- November 7994 Completed Project limited to 1 to 2 tons per day (tpd) per cubic foot of cell volume. In contrast, the ASH has a specific flotation capacity of at least 100 tpd per cubic foot of cell volume. WASTE APPLICABILITY: Standard flotation techniques used in industrial mineral processing are effective ways of con- centrating materials. However, metal value recovery is never complete. The valuable material escaping the milling process is frequent- ly concentrated in the very fine particle fraction. The ASH can remove fine mineral particles that are amenable to the froth flotation process. These particles are generally sulfide minerals, such as galena (lead sulfide), sphalerite (zinc sulfide) and chalcopyrite (copper-iron-sulfide). Finely-divided mining wastes containing these minerals oxidize and release the metallic ele- ments as dissolved sulfates into the groundwater. Particularly applicable are tailings from older operations conducted before the development of froth flotation. Earlier operations recovered minerals by gravity concentration, which did not effectively capture fine particles, and left tailings with relatively large concentrations of fine sulfide minerals. STATUS: This technology was accepted into the SITE Emerging Technology Program in June 1990. A pilot plant has operated for the past 4 years. The most recent pilot plant trials on tailings generated by gravity concentration have con- firmed both the device's ability1 to recover sulfide minerals and the high throughput capa- city claimed by proponents of the ASH. The SITE-sponsored test program was completed on August 12, and a journal article is pending. The pilot plant is still intact and the investigators are in search of waste sites to which the technology might be applied. FOR FURTHER INFORMATION: EPA PROJECT MANAGER: Eugene Harris U.S. EPA Risk Reduction Engineering Laboratory 26 West Martin Luther King Drive Cincinnati, OH 45268 513-569-7862 Fax: 513-569-7676 TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPER CONTACT: Theodore Jordan Montana College of Mineral Science & Technology West Park Street Butte, MT 57901 406-496-4112 406-496-1473 Fax: 406-496-4133 The SITE Program assesses but does not approve or endorse technologies. Page 289 ------- Technology Profile EMERGING TECHNOLOGY PROGRAM MONTANA COLLEGE OF MINERAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY (Campbell Centrifugal Jig) TECHNOLOGY DESCRIPTION: The Campbell Centrifugal Jig (CCJ) is a mechanical device that uses centrifugal force to separate fine heavy mineral and metal particles from waste materials. The CCJ combines jigging and centrifuging to separate these parti- cles from a fluid slurry. TransMar, Inc., owns the patents and rights to the CCJ technology. Standard jigs separate solids of different specific gravities by differential settling hi a pulsating bed and gravitational field. Jigs operating in this mode can recover solids larger than about 150 mesh (105 microns). Centrifuges are effec- tive in separating solids from liquids but are not effective in separating solids from solids. The CCJ, shown in the figure below, combines the continuous flow and pulsating bed of the standard jig with the high acceleration forces of a centrifuge to segregate and concentrate heavy particles from the waste. The CCJ can recover particles ranging in size from 1 to about 500 microns, depending on whether the particles are sufficiently disaggregated from the host material. The disaggregated particle should have a specific gravity at least 50 percent greater than the waste material. The CCJ does not need chemicals to separate the solids. Appropriately-sized, slurried material is fed into the CCJ through a hollow shaft inlet at the top of the machine. The slurried material discharges from the shaft onto a diffuser plate, which has Slurry Inlet Bull Wheel Pulse Water Inlet Cone Shroud Hutch Area Pulse Water Outlet1 Tails Outlet Discharge Access Doors -Con Outlet Campbell Centrifugal Jig (CCJ) Page 290 The SITE Program assesses but does not approve or endorse technologies. ------- November 1994 Completed Project vanes that distribute the material radially to the jig bed. The jig bed's surface is composed of stainless-steel shot ragging that is slightly coars- er than the screen aperture. The jig bed is pulsated by pressurized water admitted through a screen by four rotating pulse blocks. The pulsing water intermittently fluidizes the bed, causing heavier particles to move through the ragging and screen to the concentrate port, while lighter particles continue across the face of the jig bed to the tailings port. The separation's effectiveness depends on how well the original solids are disaggregated from the waste material, and the specific gravity of each solid. The slurried feed material may require grinding to ensure disaggregation of the heavy metals. Operating parameters include pulse pressure, rotation speed or g-load, screen aperture, ragging type and size, weir height, and feed percent solids. The CCJ process produces heavy mineral or metal concentrates which, depending upon the waste material, may be further processed for extraction or sale. A clean tailings stream may be returned to the environment. WASTE APPLICABILITY: The CCJ can separate and concentrate a wide variety of materials, ranging from base metals to fine coal ash and fine (1 micron) gold particles. Applications include 1) remediation of heavy metal-contaminated soils, tailings, or harbor areas containing spilled concentrates; 2) removal of pyritic sulfur and ash from fine coal; and 3) treatment of some sandblasting grit. STATUS: The CCJ was accepted into the SITE Emerging Technology Program in May 1992. The CCJ has been evaluated at the Montana College of Mineral Science and Technology Research Center (Montana Tech). Montana Tech has equipped a pilot plant to evaluate the Series 12 CCJ, which has a capacity of 1 to 3 tons per hour. Tests were completed in August 1994 on base-metal mine tailings from various locations in western Montana. A report on these tests is pending. In addition, under the U.S. Department of Energy (DOE) Integrated Demonstration Pro- gram, the CCJ was tested on clean Nevada test site soil spiked with bismuth as a surrogate for plutonium oxide. These tests occurred at the University of Nevada, Reno, during August and September 1994. In the future, the CCJ will be tested for its capability to remove radioactive contamination from soils from several DOE sites. FOR FURTHER INFORMATION: EPA PROJECT MANAGER: Jack Hubbard U.S. EPA Risk Reduction Engineering Laboratory 26 West Martin Luther King Drive Cincinnati, OH 45268 513-569-7507 Fax: 513-569-7620 TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPER CONTACT: Gordon Ziesing Montana College of Mineral Science and Technology West Park Street Butte, MT 59701 406-496-4112 406-496-1473 Fax: 406-496-4133 The SITE Program assesses but does not approve or endorse technologies. Page 291 ------- Technology Profile EMERGING TECHNOLOGY PROGRAM NEW JERSEY INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY (GHEA Associates Process) TECHNOLOGY DESCRIPTION: The GHEA Associates Process applies surfac- tants and additives to soil washing and waste- water treatment to make organic and metal contaminants soluble. In soil washing, soil is first excavated, washed, and rinsed to produce clean soil. Wash and rinse liquids are then combined and treated to separate surfactants and contaminants from the water. Next, conta- minants are separated from the surfactants by desorption and isolated as a concentrate. Desorption regenerates the surfactants for repeat- ed use in the process. The liquid treatment consists of a sequence of steps involving phase separation, ultrafiltration, and air flotation. The treated water meets all National Pollutant Discharge Elimination System groundwater discharge criteria, allowing it to be 1) discharged without further treatment, and 2) reused in the process itself or reused as a source of high quality water for other users. In wastewater treatment applications, surfactants added to the wastewater adsorb contaminants. The mixture is then treated in the same manner as described above for 1) water purification, 2) separation of the contaminants, and 3) re- covery of the surfactants. The treatment process yields clean soil, clean water, and a highly con- centrated fraction of contaminants. No other residues, effluents, or emissions are produced. The figure below illustrates the GHEA process. WASTE APPLICABILITY: This technology can be applied to soil, sludges, sediments, slurries, groundwater, surface water, end-of-pipe industrial effluents, and in situ soil flushing. Contaminants that can be treated include both organics and heavy metals, non- Contaminated Soil Surfactant Extraction t Liquid Rinse ^ Clean Soil Recycle Recycle i Clean Water Contaminant GHEA Process for Soil Washing Page 292 The SITE Program assesses but does not approve or endorse technologies. ------- November Completed Project volatile and volatile compounds, and highly toxic refractory compounds. STATUS: The technology was accepted into the SITE Emerging Technology Program in June 1990. Treatability tests were conducted on various matrices, including soils with high clay contents, industrial oily sludges, industrial wastewater effluents, and contaminated groundwater (see table below). In situ soil flushing tests have shown a 20-fold enhancement of contaminant removal rates. Tests using a 25-gallon pilot- plant have also been conducted. A Bulletin (EPA/540/F-94/509) is available from EPA; a final report will be available in late 1994. Costs for treatment range from $50 to $80 per ton. FOR FURTHER INFORMATION: EPA PROJECT MANAGER: Annette Gatchett U.S. EPA Risk Reduction Engineering Laboratory 26 West Martin Luther King Drive Cincinnati, OH 45268 513-569-7697 Fax: 513-569-7620 TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPER CONTACT: Itzhak Gotlieb New Jersey Institute of Technology Department of Chemical Engineering Newark, NJ 07102 201-596-5862 Fax: 201-802-1946 SUMMARY Of- TRfiATABEITY TEST RESULTS MATRIX: Volatile Organic Compounds (VOC): trichloroethylene; 1 ,2-dichloroethylene; Benzene; Toluene Soil, parts per million (ppm) Water, parts per billion (ppb) Total Petroleum Hydrocarbons (TPH): Soil, ppm Polychlorinated Biphenyls (PCB): Soil, ppm Water, ppb Trinitrotoluene in Water, ppm Coal Tar Contaminated Soil (ppm): Benzo[a]pyrene Benzo[k]fluoranthene Chrysene Benzanthracene Pyrene Anthracene Phenanthrene Fluorene Dibenzofuran 1 -Methylnaphthalene 2-Methylnaphthalene Heavy Metals In Soil: Chromium, ppm Iron (III) in Water, ppm: UNTREATED SAMPLE 20.13 109.0 13,600 380.00 6,000.0 180.0 28.8 24.1 48.6 37.6 124.2 83.6 207.8 92.7 58.3 88.3 147.3 21,000 30.8 TREATED SAMPLE 0.05 2.5 80 0.57 <0.1 <.08 <0.1 4.4 <0.1 <0.1 <0.1 <0.1 <0.1 <0.1 <0.1 1.3 <0.1 640 0.3 PERCENT REMOVAL 99.7% 97.8% 99.4% 99.8% >99.9% >99.5% >99.7% 81.2% >99.8% >99.7% >99.9% >99.8% >99.9% >99.9% >99.8% 98.5% >99.9% 96.8% 99.0% The SITE Program assesses but does not approve or endorse technologies. Page 293 ------- Technology Profile EMERGING TECHNOLOGY PROGRAM PSI TECHNOLOGIES, A Division of Physical Sciences Inc. (Metals Immobilization and Decontamination of Aggregate Solids) TECHNOLOGY DESCRIPTION: PSI Technologies has developed a metals immobilization and decontamination of aggregate solids (MelDAS) process (see figure below). The technology involves a modified incineration process in which high temperatures destroy organic contaminants hi soil and concentrate metals into fly ash. The bulk of the soil ends up as bottom ash and is rendered nonleachable. The fly ash is then treated with a sorbent to immobilize the metals, as determined by the toxicity characteristic leaching procedure. The MelDAS process requires a sorbent fraction of less than 5 percent by soil weight. Standard air pollution control devices clean the effluent gas stream. Hydrogen chloride and sulfur dioxide, which may be formed from the oxidation of chlorinated organics and sulfur compounds in the waste, are cleaned by alkaline scrubbers. Fly ash is captured by a particulate removal device, such as an electrostatic precipitator or baghouse. The only solid resi- dues exiting the process are treated,soils, which no longer contain organics and will not leach toxic metals. WASTE APPLICABILITY: The MelDAS process treats organics and heavy metals in soils, sediments and sludges. The process has been effective in treating arsenic, cadmium, chromium, lead, nickel, and zinc. The MelDAS process is applicable to wastes contaminated with a combination of volatile metals and complex organic mixtures of low volatility. Possible MelDAS process appli- cations include battery waste sites and urban (1) PAHTICULATE REMOVAL (2) ACID-GAS SCRUBBER BURNER AIR POLLUTION CONTROL EQUIPMENT TREATED SOIL/FLY ASH DISCHARGE MelDAS Process Page 294 The SITE Program assesses but does not approve or endorse technologies. ------- November 1994 Completed Project sites containing lead paint or leaded gasoline, or a site contaminated with organometallics from disposal practices at chemical or pesticide manu- facturing facilities. STATUS: This technology was accepted into the SITE Emerging Technology Program in July 1991. Initial testing, conducted under an EPA Small Business Innovative Research program, has demonstrated the feasibility of treating wastes containing arsenic, cadmium, lead, and zinc. Bench-scale testing under the SITE Program was completed in July 1992. This study demonstrat- ed that organic, lead, and arsenic wastes could be successfully treated with less sorbent (1 to 10 percent of the soil by weight) than previously anticipated. Pilot-scale testing occurred October 1992 and was completed in May 1993. A demonstration of the MelDAS Process is in the planning stage. FOR FURTHER INFORMATION: EPA PROJECT MANAGER: Mark Meckes U.S. EPA Risk Reduction Engineering Laboratory 26 West Martin Luther King Drive Cincinnati, OH 45268 513-569-7348 Fax: 513-569-7676 TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPER CONTACT: Joseph Morency PSI Technologies A Division of Physical Sciences Inc. 20 New England Business Center Andover, MA 01810 508-689-0003 Fax: 508-689-3232 The SITE Program assesses but does not approve or endorse technologies. Page 295 ------- Technology Profile EMERGING TECHNOLOGY PROGRAM PULSE SCIENCES, INC. (X-Ray Treatment of Aqueous Solutions) TECHNOLOGY DESCRIPTION: X-ray treatment of organically contaminated aqueous solutions is based on the in-depth deposition of ionizing radiation. X-rays collide with matter, generating a shower of lower energy secondary electrons within the contami- nated waste material. The secondary electrons ionize and excite the atomic electrons, break up the complex contaminant molecules, and form radicals. These radicals react with the volatile organic compounds (VOC) and semi-volatile organic compounds (SVOC) to form nontoxic by-products such as water, carbon dioxide, and oxygen. High energy X-rays and electrons transfer their energy to the background media by similar interactions, which makes X-ray processing similar to direct electron beam processing, a highly effective method used to destroy organic contaminants hi aqueous solutions. The X-ray's effective penetration, however, is much deeper than that of an electron of the same energy. X- ray treatment alleviates material handling problems and allows treatment of much thicker waste volumes. A high-power linear induction accelerator (LIA) plus X-ray converter generates the X-rays used in the treatment process (see figure below). The LIA energy is between 1 million electron volts (MeV) and 10 MeV; the upper limit depends on the application and is chosen small enough to avoid activation. A pulse of electrons 50 to 100 nanoseconds long is directed onto a cooled converter of high atomic number to efficiently generate X-rays. The X-rays then penetrate the container and waste material. Based on coupled electron/photon Monte Carlo transport code calculations, the effective pene- tration depth of X-rays produced by converting 10 MeV electrons is predicted to be 32 centi- meters when passed through the side of a rotating 55-gallon drum filled with water. Therefore, large contaminant volumes can be easily treated without absorbing a significant fraction of the ionizing radiation in the container walls. Either flowing waste or contaminated waste can be treated. No additives are required for the process, and in situ treatment is also feasible. Moreover, electron accelerators offer a high level of safety; the X-ray output of the LIA is easily turned off by disconnecting the electrical power. The cost of high throughput X-ray processing is estimated to be competitive with alternative processes. WASTE APPLICABILITY: X-ray processing can treat a large number of contaminants without expensive waste extraction or preparation. The technology has successfully treated the following contaminants: Waste Treatment Area Conveyor Waste Storage UA 1-10 MeV Electron Beam X-Ray Converter (Ta) X-Rays Disposal X-Ray Treatment Process Page 296 The SITE Program assesses but does not approve or endorse technologies. ------- November 1994 Completed Project trichloroethylene (TCE) tetrachloroethylene (PCE) chloroform methylene chloride trans and cis-1,2 dichloroethene 1,1,1-trichloroethane carbon tetrachloride benzene toluene ethylbenzene xylene 1,1-dichloroethane 1,1-dichloroethene 1,2- dichloroethane Freon The X-ray's deep penetration and high flux allow waste to be treated in containers, flowing systems, or in situ. STATUS: This technology was accepted into the SITE Emerging Technology Program in May 1991 and demonstrated in April 1994. A 1.2 MeV, 800 ampere, 55 nanosecond LIA operating at one pulse per second gave a dose rate of 5-10 rads per second. Twelve different VOCs and SVOCs found in Superfund sites were irradiated in 21 aqueous matrices. The matrices were prepared with a neat solution of the contaminant in reagent grade water. All VOC and SVOC contaminant concentrations were significantly reduced during X-ray irradiation. Contamina- tion concentrations of 200 to 10,000 parts per billion (ppb) were reduced to less than 0.1 to 1 ppb by X-ray doses of 5 to 70 kilorads for con- taminants that react strongly with the hydroxyl radical. For contaminants that did not react as strongly with the hydroxyl radical, doses of 100 to 200 kilorads were required to destroy initial concentrations of 180 to 2,000 ppb. Two sets of experiments were completed with contaminated well water from a Superfund site located at the Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory (LLNL). Samples contaminated with 10 to 3,400 ppb were reduced to less than 2 ppb '. by an X-ray dose of 150 kilorads. For the more highly contaminated LLNL well water samples (10 to 5000 ppb), the dose to reduce all conta- minants to less than 5 ppb was estimated to be 500 kilorads, based on experimental data. Analysis of experiments with high concentrations of TCE and PCE (10,000 to 64,000 ppb) showed no evidence of chlorinated hydrocarbons or aldehydes during remediation of TCE and PCE. However, analysis showed formation of formic acid, which was subsequently decom- posed after destruction of high concentrations of TCE and PCE. The rate coefficients which were determined from the data, can in principle, be used to estimate the dose level required to destroy mixtures of multiple VOC contaminants and hydroxyl radical scavengers. However, based on the results of this and other programs, these estimates should be applied judiciously. Only the experimentally determined destruction cur- ves, based on the remediation of test samples of actual mixtures, can be used with confidence at the present. FOR FURTHER INFORMATION: EPA PROJECT MANAGER: Esperanza Piano Renard U.S. EPA Risk Reduction Engineering Laboratory Building 10, MS-104 2890 Woodbridge Avenue Edison, NJ 08837-3679 908-321-4355 Fax: 908-321-6640 TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPER CONTACT: Vernon Bailey Pulse Sciences, Inc. 600 McCormick Street San Leandro, CA 94577 510-632-5100 ' Fax: 510-632-5300 The SITE Program assesses but does not approve or endorse technologies. Page 297 ------- Technology Profile EMERGING TECHNOLOGY PROGRAM PURUS, INC. (Photolytic Oxidation Process) TECHNOLOGY DESCRIPTION: The Purus, Inc. (Purus), photolytic oxidation process indirectly destroys volatile organic compounds (VOC) in soil and groundwater. The process uses a xenon pulsed-plasma flash- lamp that emits short wavelength ultraviolet (UV) light at very high intensities. The process strips the contaminants into the vapor phase, and the UV treatment converts the VOCs into less hazardous compounds. Contaminants are directly photolyzed when they absorb sufficient UV light energy, transforming electrons to higher energy states and breaking molecular bonds (see figure below). Hydroxyl radicals, however, are not formed. The process requires the UV light source to emit wavelengths in the regions absorbed by the contaminant. An innovative feature of this technology is its ability to shift the UV spectral output to optimize the photolysis. The process uses vacuum extraction or air stripping to volatilize VOCs from soils or groundwater, respectively. VOCs then enter the photolysis reactor, where a xenon flashlamp generates UV light. The plasma is produced by pulse discharge of electrical energy across two electrodes hi the lamp. Ninety-nine percent destruction occurs within seconds, allowing continuous operation. Because organics are destroyed in the vapor phase, the process uses less energy than a system treating dissolved organics. WASTE APPLICABILITY: The Purus photolytic oxidation process is de- signed to destroy VOCs, including dichloro- ethene (DCE), tetrachloroethene (PCE), trichloroethene (TCE), and vinyl chloride volati- lized from soil or groundwater. Destruction of other VOCs, such as benzene, carbon tetra- chloride, and 1,1,1-trichloroethane, is under investigation. STATUS: The photolytic oxidation process was accepted into the SITE Emerging Technology Program in March 1991. Field testing of a full-scale proto- type began in October 1991. The test was con- ducted at the Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory Superfund site in Livermore, California. The site contains soil zones highly contaminated with TCE. A vacuum extraction system delivered contaminated air to the Purus unit at air flows up to 500 cubic feet per minute (cfm). Initial TCE concentrations in the air were approximately 250 parts per million by volume. The contaminant removal goal for the treatment was 99 percent. Vapor phase carbon filters were placed downstream of the Purus unit to satisfy California Air Quality emission control requirements during the field test. Test results ci \( CI/ pi H TCE UV CO2+ HCI Purus Advanced UV.Photolysis Page 298 The SITE Program assesses but does not approve or endorse technologies. ------- November 1994 Completed Project are shown in the table below. The Final Report (EPA/540/R-93/516), a Summary (EPA/540/SR-93/516), and a Bulletin (EPA/540/F-93/501) have been published. The low-wavelength UV emissions allowed direct photolysis of many VOCs, particularly chlorinated compounds and freons, that would not have been possible with commercial mercury vapor lamps. TCE, PCE, and DCE were quick- ly destroyed. To be rapidly photolyzed, some VOCs require photosensitization or an even lower-wavelength light source. TCE removal yielded undesirable intermediates. Greater than 85 percent of the TCE chain photo- oxidation product is dichloroacetyl chloride (DCAC). Further oxidation of DCAC is about 100 times slower than TCE photolysis, and forms dichlorocarbonyl (DCC) at about 20 percent yield. At this treatment level, the DCC concentration may be excessive, requiring addi- tional treatment. Further studies should focus on 1) the effectiveness of dry or wet scrubbers for removing acidic photo-oxidation products, 2) developing thermal or other methods for post- treatment of products such as DCAC, and 3) examining the use of shorter-wavelength UV lamps or catalysts to treat a broader range of VOCs. Purus will examine several of these issues with Argonne National Laboratory in continued demonstrations at the U.S. Depart- ment of Energy Savannah River site in Aiken, South Carolina. FOR FURTHER INFORMATION: EPA PROJECT MANAGER: Norma Lewis U.S EPA Risk Reduction Engineering Laboratory 26 West Martin Luther King Drive Cincinnati, OH 45268 513-569-7665 Fax: 513-569-7620 TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPER CONTACT: Bart Mass Purus, Inc. 2713 North First Street San Jose, CA 95134-2010 408-955-1000 Fax:408-955-1010 TCE PHOTOLYSIS FIELD TEST RESULTS Freq. (Hz) 30 30 30 30 15 15 5 5 1 1 No. of chambers 4 4 4 2 4 2 4 2 4 2 Flow (cfm) 103 97 95 106 97 103 95 103 106 103 Res. time (sec) 9.6 10.1 10.4 4.6 10.1 4.8 10.4 4.8 9.3 4.8 TCE input (ppmv) 78.4 108.5 98.3 91.7 106.8 101.3 104.9 101.4 101.7 98.5 TCE output (ppmv) dl dl dl 0.07 dl dl dl dl 0.85 13.23 TCE destruction (%) >99.99 Si 99.99 2:99.99 99.92 3:99.99 3>99.99 >99.99 3:99.9 99.16 86.57 DCC yield (ppmv) nd 21.3 25.6 15.9 22.8 12.6 8.7 9.4 12.5 6.8 DCAC yield (ppmv) 20.2 26.5 34 49.2 nd 65.3 75.7 76.3 83.2 84.9 Chlorine balance (Mole%) 78.8 106.2 114.5 91.1 nd 86.2 90.0 88.8 90.3 93.3 Notes: Hz = Hertz cfm = cubic feet per minute sec = seconds ppmv = parts per million volume dl = detection limit nd = not detected The SITE Program assesses but does not approve or endorse technologies. Page 299 ------- Technology Profile EMERGING TECHNOLOGY PROGRAM J.R. SIMPLOT (The SABRE™ Process) TECHNOLOGY DESCRIPTION: The J.R. Simplot Company (Simplot) Simplot Anaerobic Biological Remediation (SABRE™) Process offers a bioremediation alternative to cleaning soils and water contaminated with nitroaromatics. Nitroaromatics have become serious environmental contaminants at both private and military locations nationwide. Nitroaromatic contaminants include nitrotoluene explosives and many pesticides, including dino- seb, an herbicide banned for health concerns. Researchers recently discovered that anaerobic microbial mixtures can completely destroy many chemicals. These chemicals include chloroform, benzene, and chlorophenols, that had been considered nonbiodegradable under such condi- tions. The SABRE™ Process begins when contaminated soil is placed in a bioreactor with specially prepared water in a one-to-one weight ratio. A pH buffer, a carbon source (a Simplot potato starch by-product), and a consortium of enhanced dinoseb-degrading anaerobic bacteria are introduced into the bioreactor. Research indicates that these bacteria can completely mineralize nitroaromatic contaminants. The University of Idaho has developed anaerobic microbial mixtures for Simplot to treat the pesticide dinoseb(2-sec-buty!4,6-dinitro-phenol) and trinitrotoluene (TNT). This mixture consists of a variety of microbial genera, including clostridia. The mixture activates a redox potential of -200 millivolts or lower. The initial step in nitroaromatic compound metabolism is a reduction of the nitrosubsti- tuents to amino groups, producing diaminonitro isomers. Reduction of the third nitro group occurs only under strictly anaerobic conditions. These intermediates are further degraded to simple organic compounds such as methyl- phloroglucinol and p-cresol. These compounds can be subsequently mineralized by indigenous aerobic bacteria. WASTE APPLICABILITY: The SABRE™ Processes designed to treat soils contaminated with nitroaromatic contaminants. Anaerobic microbial mixtures have been deve- loped for the pesticide dinoseb and for TNT. These contaminants can be reduced to less than 1 part per million in most soils. §L:: a3~at--3&. .^g-.v.a,--;s-b.--.V:.!. ^ .^^^.-^^S^^SSl^j^tf^^^g^J^^^ The SABRE™ Process for Remediation of Dinoseb at Ellensburg, Washington Page 300 The SITE Program assesses but does not approve or endorse technologies. ------- November Completed Project STATUS: FOR FURTHER INFORMATION: The SABRE™ Process was accepted into the SITE Emerging Technology Program in January 1990. Under the program, bench-scale processes have been developed for both dinoseb and TNT. A pilot-scale system treated a total of 11.5 cubic yards of dinoseb-contaminated soils from a site in Idaho. An initial field test was performed on 25 kilograms of dinoseb-contaminated soil from a spill site in Ellensburg, Washington. During bench-scale tests, soil contaminated with percent quantities of TNT was treated to below detectable limits. Degradation intermediates were monitored by liquid chromatography. EPA PROJECT MANAGER: Wendy Davis-Hoover, Ph.D. U.S. EPA Risk Reduction Engineering Laboratory 26 West Martin Luther King Drive Cincinnati, OH 45268 513-569-7206 Fax: 513-569-7879 TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPER CONTACT: Russell Kaake, Ph.D. J.R. Simplot P.O. Box 912 Pocatello, ID 83204 208-234-5367 Fax: 208-234-5339 Based on these results, this technology was accepted into the SITE Demonstration Program in winter 1992. Contaminated Soil Vibrating Screen Carbon Source Homogenization Water Contaminated Oversize Clean Oversize Contaminated Water Contaminated Soil Bioreactor pH Buffer & Nutrient Supplements Schematic Diagram of the SABRE™ Process The SITE Program assesses but does not approve or endorse technologies. Page 301 ------- Technology Profile EMERGING TECHNOLOGY PROGRAM TRINITY ENVIRONMENTAL TECHNOLOGIES, INC. (PCB- and Organochlorine-Contaminated Soil Detoxification) TECHNOLOGY DESCRIPTION: This technology uses an aptotic solvent, other reagents, and heat to dehalogenate polychlorin- ated biphenyls (PCB) to inert biphenyl and chloride salts. First, solid material is sized to allow better contact between the reagents and PCBs. In a continuous flow reactor, the soils are heated to drive off excess water. Reagents are then added to destroy the PCBs. The reagent, consisting of a solvent and an inorganic alkali material, completely strips chlorine from the PCB molecule. Excess alkali can be easily neutralized. The solvent has a higher boiling point than water and is reusable hi the process. Treated soil can be returned to the excavation once analytical results show that PCBs have been destroyed. Moderate proces- sing temperatures ensure that the soil's physical structure is not appreciably changed. Gas chromatography/mass spectroscopy analyses of processed PCB materials show that the pro- cess produces no toxic or hazardous products. A chlorine balance confirms that PCBs are completely dehalogenated. To further confirm chemical dehalogenation, inorganic and total chloride analyses are also used. The average total chloride recovery for treated soils is greater than 90 percent. The commercial process is expected to be less costly than incineration but more expensive than land disposal. Since no stack emissions are produced, permitting the process for a remedia- tion would be easier than incineration. WASTE APPLICABILITY: The process has treated PCB Aroclor mixtures, specific PCB congeners, pentachlorophenol, and individual chlorinated dioxin isomers. However, other chlorinated hydrocarbons such as pes- ticides, herbicides, and polychlorinated diben- zofurans could also be treated by this tech- nology. The process can treat many different solid and sludge-type materials, provided they are compatible with the solvent. PCB- Contamlnated Soil Soil Particle Sizing 1 Particle Screening > i Caustic Reagent 1 Soil Heated to Remove Moisture 1 PCBs Removed From Water i PCB Solids Into Process Aprotic Solvent 1 Heat Maintained to Promote Dehalogenation Reaction Solvent Purified to Remove Any Soil Fines T Solvent Recovered from Non-PCB Soil Excess Caustic in Non-PCB Soil — > is Neutralized Water Acidified T Acid Acidified Water PCB Soil Detoxification Process Page 302 The SITE Program assesses but does not approve or endorse technologies. ------- November 1994 Completed Project STATUS: This technology was accepted into the SITE Emerging Technology Program in July 1990. The current system was developed by research- ers in early 1991, after the original, aqueous, caustic-based system proved ineffective at de- stroying PCBs. In bench-scale studies, synthetically contaminat- ed materials have been processed to eliminate uncertainties in initial PCB concentration. This chemical process has reduced PCB concentra- tions from 2,000 parts per million (ppm) to less than 2 ppm in about 30 minutes using moderate power input. Further laboratory experiments are underway to isolate the reaction mechanism and to enhance PCB destruction. Through additional experimentation, Trinity Environmental Technol- ogies, Inc., expects to reduce processing time through better temperature control, more effi- cient mixing, and possibly more aggressive reagents. A modular pilot-scale processor has been planned that uses several heating zones to pre- heat and dry the contaminated soil, followed by PCB destruction. The pilot process would be capable of processing 1 ton per hour initially. Additional modules could be added to increase process capacity, as needed. Contaminated soils from actual sites will be used for these tests instead of the synthetically contaminated soils used in bench-scale testing. The SITE project terminated in 1992. The developer is investigating further improvements to the technology. Due to cost limitations, no commercialization of the investigated process is expected. A final report will not be published. FOR FURTHER INFORMATION: EPA PROJECT MANAGER: Paul dePercin U.S. EPA Risk Reduction Engineering Laboratory 26 West Martin Luther King Drive Cincinnati, OH 45268 513-569-7797 Fax: 513-569-7620 TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPER CONTACT: Duane Koszalka Trinity Environmental Technologies, Inc. 62 East First Street Mound Valley, KS 67354 316-328-3222 Fax:316-328-2033 The SITE Program assesses but does not approve or endorse technologies. Page 303 ------- Techno/oc/v Profile EMERGING TECHNOLOGY PROGRAM UNIVERSITY OF WASHINGTON (Adsorptive Filtration) TECHNOLOGY DESCRIPTION: Adsorptive filtration removes inorganic contami- nants (metals) from aqueous waste streams. An adsorbent ferrihydrite is applied to the surface of an inert substrate such as sand, which is then placed in a vertical column (see figure below). The contaminated waste stream is adjusted to a pH of 9 to 10 and passed through the column. The iron-coated sand grains in the column act simultaneously as a filter and adsorbent. When the column's filtration capacity is reached (indi- cated by particulate breakthrough or column blockage), the column is backwashed. When the adsorptive capacity of the column is reached (indicated by breakthrough of soluble metals), the metals are removed and concentrated for subsequent recovery with a pH-induced desorption process. Sand can be coated with either iron nitrate or iron chloride salt, and in some cases sodium hydroxide. The resulting ferrihydrite-coated sand is insoluble at pH above about 1; thus, acidic solutions can be used in the regeneration step to ensure complete metal recovery. The system does not appear to lose treatment effi- ciency after numerous regeneration cycles. Anionic metals such as arsenate, chromate, and selenite can be removed from the solution by treating it at a pH near 4 and regenerating it at a high pH. The system has an empty bed reten- tion time of 2 to 5 minutes. This technology's advantages over conventional treatment technologies include its,ability to 1) remove both dissolved and suspended contami- nants from the waste stream, 2) remove a variety of complex metals, 3) work in the Influent p) PUMP ^, To Metal Recovery Effluent to Discharge or Recycle Adsorptive Filtration Treatment System Page 304 The SITE Program assesses but does not approve or endorse technologies. ------- November 1994 Completed Project presence of high concentrations of background ions, and 4) remove anions. WASTE APPLICABILITY: This adsorptive filtration process removes inor- ganic contaminants, consisting mainly of metals, from aqueous waste streams. It can be applied to aqueous waste streams with a wide range of contaminant concentrations and pH values. STATUS: This technology was accepted into the SITE Emerging Technology Program in January 1988. Synthetic solutions containing cadmium, copper, or lead at concentrations of 0.5 part per million (ppm) were treated in packed columns using 2- minute retention tunes. After approximately 5,000 bed volumes were treated, effluent con- centrations were about 0.025 ppm for each metal, or a 95 percent removal efficiency. The tests were stopped, although the metals were still being removed. In other experiments, the media adsorbed about 7,000 milligrams per liter (mg/L) copper. The first batch of regenerant solutions contained cadmium and lead at concentrations of about 500 ppm. With initial concentrations of 0.5 ppm, this represents a concentration factor of about 1,000 to 1. Data for the copper removal test have not been analyzed. At a flow rate yielding a 2-minute retention time, the test would have taken about 7 days of continuous flow operation to treat 5,000 bed volumes. Regeneration took about 2 hours. The system has also been tested for treatment of rinse waters from a copper-etching process at a printed circuit board shop. The coated sand was effective in removing mixtures of soluble, complexed, and particulate copper, as well as zinc and lead, from these waters. When two columns were used in series, the treatment system was able to handle fluctuations in influent copper concentration from less than 10 mg/L up to several hundred mg/L. Groundwater from Western Processing, a Super- fund site near Seattle, Washington, was treated successfully to remove both soluble and par- ticulate zinc. The Final Report (EPA/540/R-93/515), Summary (EPA/540/SR-93/515), and Bulletin (EPA/540/F-92/008) are available from EPA. FOR FURTHER INFORMATION: EPA PROJECT MANAGER: Norma Lewis U.S. EPA Risk Reduction Engineering Laboratory 26 West Martin Luther King Drive Cincinnati, OH 45268 513-569-7665 Fax: 513-569-7620 TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPER CONTACT: Mark Benjamin University of Washington Department of Civil Engineering Seattle, WA 98195 206-543-7645 Fax: 206-543-1543 The SITE Program assesses but does not approve or endorse technologies. Page 305 ------- Tf>nhnoloav Profile EMERGING TECHNOLOGY PROGRAM VORTEC CORPORATION (Oxidation and Vitrification Process) TECHNOLOGY DESCRIPTION: Vortec Corporation (Vortec) has developed an oxidation and vitrification process for remedia- ting soils, sediments, sludges, and mill tailings that have organic, inorganic, and heavy metal contamination. The process can oxidize and vitrify materials introduced as dry granulated materials or slurries. The figure below illustrates the Vortec oxidation and vitrification process. The basic elements of this system include 1) a combustion and melting system (CMS); 2) a material handling, storage, and feeding subsystem; 3) a vitrified product separation and reservoir assembly; 4) a waste heat recovery air preheater (recuperator); 5) a flue gas cleanup subsystem; and 6) a vitrified product handling subsystem. The Vortec CMS is the primary thermal process- ing system and consists of two major assemblies: a counter-rotating vortex in-flight suspension preheater, and a cyclone melter. First, slurried or dry contaminated soil is introduced into the counter-rotating vortex (CRV) combustor. The CRV 1) burns the auxiliary fuel introduced directly into the CRV combustor; 2) preheats the suspended waste materials along with any glass- forming additives mixed with oil; and 3) oxidizes any organic constituents in the soil. The average temperature of materials leaving the CRV combustion chamber is between 2,200 and 2,800 degrees Fahrenheit, depending on the processed soils' melting characteristics. The preheated solid materials exit the CRV combustor and enter the cyclone melter, where they are dispersed to the chamber walls to form a molten glass product. The vitrified, molten glass product and the exhaust gases exit the cyclone melter through a tangential exit channel and enter a glass- and gas-separation chamber. The exhaust gases then enter an air preheater for waste heat recovery and are subsequently deli- vered to an air pollution control subsystem for particulate and acid gas removal. The molten glass product exits the glass- and gas-separation chamber through the tap, and is delivered to a water quench assembly for subsequent disposal. Unique features of the Vortec oxidation and vitrification process include the following: RUE GAS CLEANUP SUB-SYSTEM RECTOED BESCUE | 1 VORTEC I I CMS Vortec Oxidation and Vitrification Process Page 306 The SITE Program assesses but does not approve or endorse technologies. ------- November 1994 Completed Project • Processes solid waste contaminated with both organic and heavy metal contami- nants • Uses various fuels, including gas, oil, coal, and waste • Handles waste quantities ranging from 5 tons per day to more than 400 tons per day • Recycles particulate residue collected in the air pollution control subsystem back into the CMS process. These recycled materials are incorporated into the glass product, resulting hi zero solid waste discharge • Produces a vitrified product that is nontoxic according to the EPA's toxicity characteristic leaching procedure (TCLP) standards, immobilizes heavy metals, and has long-term stability WASTE APPLICABILITY: The Vortec oxidation and vitrification system treats soils, sediments, sludges, and mill tailings containing organic, inorganic, and heavy metal contamination. Organic materials included with the waste are successfully oxidized by the high temperatures in the combustor. The inorganic constituents in the waste material will determine the amount and type of glass-forming additives required to produce a vitrified product. This process can be modified to produce a glass cullet that consistently meets TCLP requirements. STATUS: The Vortec Technology was accepted into the SITE Emerging Technology Program in May 1991. Research was completed in winter 1994 and the technology has been invited to participate in the SITE Demonstration Program. The research results will be published in the Journal of Air and Waste Management article entitled "Vitrification of Soils Contaminated by Hazardous and/or Radioactive Waste." An Emerging Technology Summary is available from EPA. The technology has been under development by the U.S. Department of Energy (DOE) and others since 1985. A 20-ton-per-day pilot-scale test facility has been processing nonhazardous industrial waste material since 1988; the vitrified product generated in these tests passes TCLP standards. A preliminary system with a treat- ment rate of up to 400 tons per day has also been designed. The pilot-scale facility processed a surrogate soil spiked with arsenic, cadmium, chromium, copper, lead, nickel, and zinc com- pounds. Pilot-testing with a dry, granulated feed stream was completed in June 1992, and the glass product successfully passed TCLP tests. Additional testing with a slurry feedstock was completed in 1993. Transportable systems are being designed for DOE soil remediation. A transportable demonstration unit for treating contaminated soil will be designed in 1994; construction is scheduled for 1995. Vortec is offering commercial systems and licenses for the CMS technology. FOR FURTHER INFORMATION: EPA PROJECT MANAGER: Teri Richardson U.S. EPA Risk Reduction Engineering Laboratory 26 West Martin Luther King Drive Cincinnati, OH 45268 513-569-7949 Fax: 513-569-7620 TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPER CONTACT: James Hnat Vortec Corporation 3770 Ridge Pike Collegeville, PA 19426-3158 610-489-2255 Fax: 610-489-3185 The SITE Program assesses but does not approve or endorse technologies. Page 307 ------- Techno/oav Profile EMERGING TECHNOLOGY PROGRAM WASTEWATER TECHNOLOGY CENTRE (Cross-Flow Pervaporation System) TECHNOLOGY DESCRIPTION: Pervaporation is a process for removing volatile organic compounds (VOC) from contaminated water. Permeable membranes that preferentially adsorb VOCs are used to partition VOCs from the contaminated water. VOCs diffuse from the membrane-water interface through the membrane by vacuum. Upstream of the system's vacuum vent, a condenser traps and contains the perme- ating vapors, condensing the vapor to liquid while alleviating fugitive emissions. The con- densed organic materials represent only a frac- tion of the initial wastewater volume and may be subsequently disposed of at significant cost savings. Industrial waste streams may also be treated with this process, and solvents may be recovered for reuse. The membrane modules consist of hollow fibers with well-defined alignment that results in high mass transfer efficiencies, minimal pressure drop, and low operating costs per 1,000 gallons of treated wastewater. VOC removals have been demonstrated to less than 5 parts per billion, or better than 99.99 percent removal efficiency. High removal capacity and containment of fugitive emissions are the primary advantages of this technology, as compared to air stripping followed by gas-phase carbon adsorption. WASTE APPLICABILITY: Pervaporation can be applied to aqueous waste streams such as groundwater, lagoons, leachate, and rinsewater that are contaminated with VOCs such as solvents, degreasers, and gasoline. The technology is applicable to the types of wastes currently treated by carbon adsorption, air stripping, and steam stripping. STATUS: This technology was accepted into the SITE Emerging Technology Program in January 1989. A cost comparison performed by the Wastewater Technology Centre in 1992 showed that perva- poration can be competitive with air stripping Module(s) Contaminated Water Treated Water Vacuum Pump VOC-Rich Condensate Cross-Flow Pervaporation System Page 308 The SITE Program assesses but does not approve or endorse technologies. ------- November 1994 Completed Protect and activated carbon to treat low VOC concen- trations. Based on results from the Emerging Technology Program, the cross-flow pervaporation system was invited to participate in the SITE Demon- stration Program. A pilot system built by Zenon Environmental Inc. for Emergencies Engineering Division of Environment Canada was evaluated in-house and field tested in late 1993 in the preliminary phase of the SITE demonstration. The system removed more than 99 percent of VOCs from the wastewater. A full-scale demon- stration is scheduled for 1994 at Naval Air Station North Island in San Diego, California. A Bulletin (EPA/540/F-93/503), Summary (EPA/540/SR-94/512), and Final Report (EPA/540/R-94/512), and National Technical Information Service (PB94-170230) are available. FOR FURTHER INFORMATION: EPA PROJECT MANAGER: John Martin U.S. EPA Risk Reduction Engineering Laboratory 26 West Martin Luther King Drive Cincinnati, OH 45268 513-569-7758 Fax: 513-569-7676 TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPER CONTACTS: Rob Booth Wastewater Technology Centre 867 Lakeshore Road, Box 5068 Burlington, Ontario, Canada L7R 4L7 905-336-4689 Fax: 905-336-4765 R. Philip Canning Zenon Environmental Inc. 845 Harrington, Court Burlington, Ontario, Canada L7N 3P3 905-639-6320 Fax: 905-639-1812 The SITE Program assesses but does not approve or endorse technologies. Page 309 ------- Technofoav Profile EMERGING TECHNOLOGY PROGRAM WESTERN RESEARCH INSTITUTE (Contained Recovery of Oily Wastes [CROW™]) TECHNOLOGY DESCRIPTION: The Contained Recovery of Oily Wastes (CROW™) process recovers oily wastes from the ground by adapting a technology used for sec- ondary petroleum recovery and primary produc- tion of heavy oil and tar sand bitumen. Steam and hot water displacement move accumulated oily wastes and water to production wells for aboveground treatment. Injection and production wells are first installed in soil contaminated with oily wastes (see figure below). Low-quality steam is then injected below the waste. The steam condenses, causing rising hot water to dislodge the waste upward into the more permeable soil regions. Hot water is injected above the impermeable soil regions to heat and mobilize the oil waste accumulations, which are recovered by hot water displacement. The displaced oily wastes form an oil bank that the hot water injection displaces to the production well. Behind the oil bank, the oil saturation becomes immobile in the subsurface pore space. The oil and water are treated for reuse or discharge. In situ biological treatment may follow the displacement and is continued until groundwater contaminants are no longer detected. During treatment, all mobilized organic liquids and water-soluble contaminants are contained within the original boundaries of the oily waste. Haz- ardous materials are contained laterally by groundwater isolation and vertically by organic liquid flotation. Excess water is treated in compliance with discharge regulations. Injection Well Production Well Steam-Stripped Water Low-Quality Steam Oil and Water Production Original Oil Accumulation ttx'ivttttK'ttx Hot Water: ••••••••••••••••••:•:•:•:•:•:•:• Flotation ' Steam Injection CROW™ Subsurface Development Page 310 The SITE Program assesses but does not approve or endorse technologies. ------- November J994 Completed Project The process 1) removes large portions of oily waste, 2) stops the downward migration of organic contaminants, 3) immobilizes residual oily waste, and 4) reduces the volume, mobility, and toxicity of oily waste. It can be used for shallow and deep contaminated areas. The process uses mobile equipment. WASTE APPLICABILITY: This technology can treat wastes from manufac- tured gas plant sites, wood-treating sites, and other sites with soils and aquifers containing light to dense organic liquids, such as coal tars, pentachlorophenol solutions, chlorinated solvents, creosote, and petroleum by-products. Depth to the contamination is not a limiting factor. STATUS: This technology was tested both at the labora- tory- and pilot-scale under the SITE Emerging Technology Program. These tests showed the effectiveness of the hot water displacement and displayed the benefits of including chemicals with the hot water. Evaluation under the Emerging Technology Program is complete, and the final report has been submitted to EPA. Based on the results of the Emerging Technolo- gy Program, this technology was invited to participate in the SITE Demonstration Program. The technology is being demonstrated at the Pennsylvania Power and Light (PP&L) Brodhead Creek site in Stroudsburg, Pennsylvania. The project should be completed in early 1995. Remediation Technologies, Inc., is participating in the project. Other sponsors, in addition to EPA and PP&L, are the Gas Research Institute, the Electric Power Research Institute, and the U.S. Department of Energy. This technology has been demonstrated at the pilot scale at a wood treatment site in Minnesota outside of the SITE Program. A 2-year full- scale remediation program is presently underway at this site. The developer is conducting screening studies for additional sites and is investigating the use of chemicals with the hot water displacement. Nonaqueous phase liquid removal rates of 60 to over 80 percent have been achieved with hot water injection. Chemical addition significantly increased recov- ery. FOR FURTHER INFORMATION: EPA PROJECT MANAGER: Eugene Harris U.S. EPA Risk Reduction Engineering Laboratory 26 West Martin Luther King Drive Cincinnati, OH 45268 513-569-7862 Fax: 513-569-7676 TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPER CONTACT: Lyle Johnson Western Research Institute 365 North 9th Laramie, WY 82070-3380 307-721-2281 Fax: 307-721-2233 The SITE Program assesses but does not approve or endorse technologies. Page 311 ------- GO •«* NJ TABLE 4 Ongoing SITE Emerging Technology Program Projects as of October 1994 ' — — "- "• •"- Developer ABB Environmental Services, Inc., Wakefield, MA (EOT)* Arizona State University/ IT Corporation, Tempe, AZ/KnoxvUle, TN (E06) Atomic Energy of Canada Limited, Chalk River, Ontario, Canada (E06) Center for Hazardous Materials Research, Pittsburgh, PA (EOS) COGNIS, Inc., Santa Rosa, CA (EOS) Davy International Energy and Environmental Division (formerly Davy Research and Development, Limited), Stockton-on-Tees, England (E04) M,L. ENERGIA, Inc., Princeton, NJ (EOS) M.L. ENERGIA, Inc., Princeton, NJ (E07) ======= Technology Anaerobic/Aerobic Sequential Bioremediation of PCE 'hotocatalytic Oxidation with Air Stripping Ultrasonic-Aided Leachate Treatment for Mixed Wastes Organics Destruction and Metals Stabilization Biological/Chemical Treatment Chemical Treatment Reductive Photo- Dechlorination Treatment Reductive Thermal and Photo-Thermal Oxidation Processes for Enhanced Conversion of Chlorocarbons — Technology Contact Willard Murray 617-245-6606 Gregory Raupp 602-965-2828 Richard Miller 615-690-3211 S. Vijayan and L. A. Moschuk 613-584-3311 Phil Campbell 800-872-2325 Bruce King 412-826-5320 Ron Wilson 707-576-6231 Graham Wightman OH-44-642-602221 Moshe Lavid 609-799-7970 Moshe Lavid 609-799-7970 EPA Project Manager Ronald Lewis 513-569-7856 Norma Lewis 513-569-7665 Joan Mattox 513-569-7624 Randy Parker 513-569-7271 Steven Rock 513-569-7149 Mary Stinson 908-321-6683 Michelle Simon 513-569-7469 Michelle Simon 513-569-7469 — — • Waste Media Groundwater Air Streams Acid Mine Drainage Soil, Sediment Soil Soil, Sediment Liquid, Gas Air Applicable Waste Inorganic Not Applicable Not Applicable Heavy Metals, Eladionuclides Heavy Metals Heavy Metals Heavy Metals Not Applicable Not Applicable Organic PCE, TCE, Vinyl Chloride VOCs Not Applicable Nonspecific Organics PAHs, Petroleum Hydrocarbons Chlorinated Solvents, Pesticides, PCBs Volatile Chlorinated Wastes Volatile Hydrocarbons * Solicitation Number ------- TABLE 4 (continued) Ongoing SITE Emerging Technology Program Projects as of October 1994 Developer Energy and Environmental Research Corporation, Irvine, CA (E06) Environmental BioTechnologies, Inc., Menlo Park, CA (E06) General Atomics, Nuclear Remediation Technologies Division, San Diego, CA (E06) Geo-Microbial Technologies, Inc., Ochelata, OK (E07) Groundwater Technology Government Services, Inc., Concord, CA (E04) High Voltage Environmental Applications, Inc., Miami, PL (E06) Institute of Gas Technology, Des Plaines, IL (E03) Institute of Gas Technology, Des Plaines, IL (E07) IT Corporation, Cincinnati, OH (E07) IT Corporation, San Bernardino, CA (E06) IT Corporation, Knoxville, TN (E04) Technology Reactor Filter System Microbial Composting Process Acoustic Barrier Paniculate Separator Metals Release and Removal from Wastes Below-Grade Bioremediation of Chlorinated Cyclodiene Insecticides High Energy Electron Beam Irradiation Fluidized-Bed Cyclonic Agglomerating Combustor Supercritical Extraction/Liquid Phase Oxidation Chelation/Electro- deposition of Toxic Metals from Soils Eimco Biolift™ Slurry Reactor Mixed Waste Treatment Process Technology Contact Wm. Randall Seeker 714-859-8851 Douglas Munnecke 415-462-6712 Robert Goforth 619-455-2499 Donald Hitzman 918-535-2281 Rod Venterea 510-671-2116 William Cooper 305-593-5330 Amir Rehmat 708-768-0588 Michael Mensinger 708-768-0602 Michael Mensinger 708-768-0602 E. Radha Krishnan 513-782-4700 Kandi Brown 909-799-6869 Ed Alperin 615-690-3211 EPA Project Manager Joyce Perdek 908-321-4380 Ronald Lewis 513-569-7856 Laurel Staley 513-569-7863 Jack Hubbard 513-569-7507 Ronald Lewis 513-569-7856 Mary Stinson 908-321-6683 Teri Richardson 513-569-7949 Annette Gatchett 513-569-7697 George Moore 513-569-7991 Brunilda Davila 513-569-7849 Douglas Grosse 513-569-7844 Waste Media Gas Streams Soil, Sediment Gas Streams Soil, Sludge, Sediment Soil, Sludge, Sediment Soil, Sediment, Sludge Solid, Liquid, Gas, Soil, Sludge Soil, Sludge Soil, Sludge Soil, Sludge Soil Applicable Waste Inorganic Volatile Toxic Metals Not Applicable Radioactive Particles Metals Not Applicable Not Applicable Nonvolatile Inorganics Not Applicable Metals Not Applicable Nonspecific Inorganics, Radioactive Material Organic Condensed-Phase Organics Coal Tar Wastes, PAHs SVOCs, PCBs Hydrocarbons, Other Organic Pollutants Biodegradable Organic Compounds Pesticides, Insecticides, Petroleum Residues, PCBs Nonspecific Organics PAHs, PCBs Not Applicable PAHs Nonspecific Organics CO «* Co ------- TABLE 4 (continued) Ongoing SITE Emerging Technology Program Projects as of October 1994 Developer Lewis Environmental Services, Inc./Hickson Corporation, Pittsburgh, PA (E06) Matrix Photocatalytic Inc. (formerly Nutech Environmental)," London, Ontario, Canada (EOS) Merabran Corporation, Minneapolis, MN (E07) OHM Remediation Services Corporation, Findlay, OH (E05) Pulse Sciences, Inc., San Leandro, CA (E06) Remediation Technologies, Inc., Seattle, WA (E05) State University of New York at Oswego, Oswego, NY (E06) Thermo Analytical, Oak Ridge, TN (E07) University of Dayton Research Institute, Dayton, OH (EOS) Technology Chromated Copper Arsenate Soil Leaching Process Ti02 Photocatalytic Air Treatment Membrane Gas Transfer in Waste Remediation Oxygen Microbubble In Situ Bioremediation X-Ray Treatment of Organically Contaminated Soils Chlorinated Gas Treatment Biofilm Reactor Photocatalytic Degradation of PCB- Contaminated Sediments and Waters Segmented Gate System (SGS) Photothermal Detoxification Unit Technology Contact Tom Lewis III 412-322-8100 Bob Henderson 519-660-8669 Charles Gantzer 612-378-2160 Douglas Jerger 419-424-4932 Vernon Bailey 510-632-5100 Hans Stroo 206-624-9349 Ronald Scrudato and Jeffrey Chiarenzelli 315-341-3639 Jeffrey Brown 615-481-0683 Barry Dellinger and John Graham 513-229-2846 EPA Project Manager Randy Parker 513-569-7271 John Ireland 513-569-7413 Paul dePercin 513-569-7797 Ronald Lewis 513-569-7856 George Moore 513-569-7991 Ronald Lewis 513-569-7856 Hector Moreno 513-569-7882 Joan Mattox 513-569-7624 Chien Chen 908-906-6985 Waste Media Soil Air Air Groundwater Soil Gas Soil, Sludge, Sediment Soil, Sludge, Sediment, Sand Soil, Sludge, Sand, Aqueous Streams Applicable Waste Inorganic Heavy Metals, Nonspecific Inorganics Not Applicable Not Applicable Not Applicable Not Applicable Not Applicable Not Applicable Radionuclides Not Applicable Organic Nonspecific Organics VOCs Petroleum Hydrocarbons, Chlorinated Solvents Petroleum Hydrocarbons, Organic Solvents, Creosote, PCP Benzene, Toluene, Xylene, TCA, TCE, Carbon Tetrachloride, Chloroform, PCBs Chlorinated Volatile Hydrocarbons PCBs, Other Chlorinated Organics, VOCs, SVOCs Not Applicable PCBs, PCDDs, PCDFs, Aromatic and Aliphatic Ketones, Aromatic and Chlorinated Solvents CO Invited to participate in the SITE Demonstration Program ------- TABLE 4 (continued) Ongoing SITE Emerging TechnoJogy Program Projects as of October 1994 Developer University of Houston, Houston, TX (E07) University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC (E03) Western Product Recovery Group, Inc., Houston, TX (E04) Roy F. Weston, Inc., West Chester, PA (E06) =^=^==^=^== Technology Concentrated-Chloride Extraction and Recovery of Lead In Situ Mitigation of Acid Water CCBA Physical and Chemical Treatment Ambersorb® 563 Adsorbent ^=^=^=^= Technology Contact Dennis Clifford 713-743-4266 Tun Newed 713-743-4292 Frank Caruccio 803-777-4512 Donald Kelly 713-493-9321 Russ Turner 610-701-3097 Deborah Plantz 215-641-7478 ===== EPA Project Manager Eugene Harris 513-569-7862 Roger Wilmoth 513 569 7509 Mark Meckes 513-569-7348 Ronald Turner 513-569-7775 ===== Waste Media Soil Acid Mine Drainage Wastewater, Soil, Sludge, Sediment Water — 1 Applicable Waste Inorganic Lead Most Metals Heavy Metals Not Applicable Organic Not Applicable Not Applicable Nonspecific Mixed Organics VOCs CO ------- Technoloav Profile EMERGING TECHNOLOGY PROGRAM ABB ENVIRONMENTAL SERVICES, INC. (Anaerobic/Aerobic Sequential Bioremediation of PCE) TECHNOLOGY DESCRIPTION: ABB Environmental Services, Inc.'s (ABB-ES), research has demonstrated that sequential anaer- obic/aerobic biodegradation of tetrachloroethyl- ene (PCE) is feasible if the proper conditions can be established. The anaerobic process can potentially completely dechlorinate PCE. However, conversion of vinyl chloride (VC) to ethylene is the slowest step in this process. Of the chlorinated ethenes, VC is the most amen- able to treatment by aerobic methanotrophic processes. Therefore, a two-step process is thought to be the most efficient. The first step is anaerobic, which rapidly dechlorinates PCE and trichloroethylene (TCE) to breakdown products 1,2-dichloroethylene (DCE) and VC. Since the anaerobic dechlorination of DCE and VC to ethylene can be quite slow, a second aerobic step is implemented that can more quickly complete the remediation process. The schematic diagram below illustrates this technology. The goal of this project is to field test the effectiveness of creating and maintaining the proper in situ conditions for chlorinated ethene degradation in an aquifer. To achieve this goal, ABB-ES will test methods of carbon and mineral nutrient injection and delivery into an aquifer contaminated with PCE or TCE. Groundwater chemical conditions will be monitored within and downgradient of the anaerobic treatment zone to gauge the efficiency of the anaerobic process. If volatile organic compound analyses show that the resulting downgradient breakdown products include TCE, DCE, or VC, oxygen and methane will be added to the groundwater to stimulate aerobic degradation by indigenous methanotrophic bacteria. WASTE APPLICABILITY: This technology removes PCE, TCE, DCE, and VC from groundwater. NUTRIEOTS, COHTAMINANr SOURCE NUTRIENTS, OXYOEN (METHANE) Schematic Diagram of the Anaerobic/Aerobic • Sequential Bioremediation of PCE Page 316 The SITE Program assesses but does not approve or endorse technologies. ------- November 1994 Ongoing Project STATUS: This technology was accepted into the SITE Emerging Technology Program in July 1994. FOR FURTHER INFORMATION: EPA PROJECT MANAGER: Ronald Lewis U.S. EPA Risk Reduction Engineering Laboratory 26 West Martin Luther King Drive Cincinnati, OH 45268 513-569-7856 Fax: 513-569-7620 TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPER CONTACT: Willard Murray ABB Environmental Services, Inc. Corporate Place 128 107 Audubon Road Wakefield, MA 01880 617-245-6606 Fax: 617-246-5060 The SITE Program assesses but does not approve or endorse technologies. Page 317 ------- Technology Profile EMERGING TECHNOLOGY PROGRAM ATOMIC ENERGY OF CANADA LIMITED (Ultrasonic-Aided Leachate Treatment for Mixed Wastes) TECHNOLOGY DESCRIPTION: The ultrasonic-aided leachate treatment process involves enhanced chemical treatment of acidic soil leachate solutions. These solutions, also known as acid mine drainage, are caused by the oxidation and dissolution of sulfide-bearing wastes, which produces sulfuric acid. The resulting acidic water leaches metal contaminants from the exposed waste rock and tailings, creat- ing large volumes of acidic leachates. The ultrasonic-aided leachate treatment uses an ultrasonic field to improve contaminant removal through precipitation, coprecipitation, oxidation, ion scavenging, and sorption (see figure below). These processes are followed by solid-liquid separation by filtration equipment using a filter press and a cross-flow microfilter connected in series. The time required for treatment depends on 1) the nature of acidic waste to be treated, 2) the treated water quality with respect to contami- nant concentration, and 3) the rate at which the physical and chemical processes occur. The treatable leachate volume is scalable. The major difference between this technology and conventional processes is the use of ultra- sonic mixing instead of mechanical agitation in large tanks. Research indicates that an ultra- sonic field significantly increases the conversion rate of dissolved contaminants to precipitates and the rate of oxidation and ion exchange. Earlier studies by Atomic Energy of Canada Limited Chemical Reagents Addition pH Chemical Oxidant Precipitant Concentrate (1 To 2% Solids) \ Suspended Solids) Wet Cake (20 To 35% Solids) Addle Sou Leachate Feed Percent Dissolved Solids: 5.000 To 10,000 ppm Primary Contaminants: (Heavy Metals & Radionudides) 1,000 To 2,000 ppm To Disposal Ultrasonic-Aided Leachate Treatment for Acidic Soil Leachate Solutions Page 320 The SITE Program assesses but does not approve or endorse technologies. ------- November 1994 Ongoing Project (AECL) revealed that the time required to precipitate heavy metals from aqueous solutions decreased by an order of magnitude in the presence of an ultrasonic field. The ultrasonic-aided leachate treatment process is compact, portable, and energy-efficient. Safety and process controls are built in as neces- sary for handling mixed radioactive solutions. This process also generates minimal fugitive emissions and produces a treated effluent that meets applicable discharge limits. The process may be able to treat waste containing small amounts of dissolved or suspended organics. WASTE APPLICABILITY: The ultrasonic-aided leachate treatment process treats acid mine drainage contaminated with heavy metals and radionuclides. The process can also combine with soil and groundwater remediation technologies. STATUS: The ultrasonic-aided leachate treatment process was accepted into the SITE Emerging Technolo- gy Program in 1993. Under this program, AECL plans to develop and test a pilot-scale unit to treat acidic soil leachate solutions containing low levels of metals and radionuclides. AECL plans to use waste from the Nordic Mine Tailings site near Elliot Lake, Ontario, Canada, and the Berkeley Pit near Butte, Montana in its research. FOR FURTHER INFORMATION: EPA PROJECT MANAGER: Joan Mattox U.S. EPA Risk Reduction Engineering Laboratory 26 West Martin Luther King Drive Cincinnati, OH 45268 513-569-7624 Fax: 513-569-7620 TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPER CONTACTS: S. Vijayan and L.A. Moschuk Atomic Energy of Canada Limited Chalk River Laboratories Chalk River, Ontario, Canada KOJUO 613-584-3311, ext. 3220/6057 Fax: 613-584-1438 Phil Campbell AECL Technologies 9210 Corporate Blvd. Suite 410 Rockville, MD 20850 800-872-2325 Fax: 301-417-0746 The SITE Program assesses but does not approve or endorse technologies. Page 327 ------- Technology Profile EMERGING TECHNOLOGY PROGRAM CENTER FOR HAZARDOUS MATERIALS RESEARCH (Organics Destruction and Metals Stabilization) TECHNOLOGY DESCRIPTION: This technology is designed to destroy hazardous organics in soils while simultaneously stabilizing metals and metal ions (see figure below). The technology causes contaminated liquids, soils, and sludges to react with elemental sulfur at elevated temperatures, since all organic com- pounds react with sulfur. Hydrocarbons are converted to an inert carbon-sulfur powdered residue and hydrogen sulfide gas. Treated chlorinated hydrocarbons also produce hydro- chloric acid gas. These acid gases are recovered from the off-gases, and sulfur recovered for reuse by oxidation of the hydrogen sulfide in a conventional acid gas treating unit (such as ARI Technologies LO-CAT™). In addition to destroying organic compounds, the technology converts heavy metals to sulfides, which are rendered less leachable. If required, the sulfides can be further stabilized before disposal. Thus, this process offers the potential to stabilize heavy metals in the same process step as the organics destruction. Treated Gas LO-CAT-II Makeup Sulfur Treated * Soil Organics Destruction and Metals Stabilization Page. 322 The SITE Program assesses but does not approve or endorse technologies. ------- November 1994 Ongoing Project The technology's main process components include the following: • A prereaction mixer where the solid and reagent are mixed • An indirectly heated, enclosed reactor that includes a preheater section to drive off water, and two integrated reactor sections to react liquid sulfur with the solids and further react desorbed orga- nic compounds with vapor phase sulfur » An acid gas treatment system that removes the acid gases and recovers sulfur by oxidizing the hydrogen sulfide • A treated solids processing unit that recovers excess reagent and prepares the treated product to comply with on-site disposal requirements Initial pilot-scale testing of the technology has demonstrated that organic contaminants can be destroyed in the vapor phase with elemental sulfur. Tetrachlorethene, trichloroethene, and polychlorinated biphenyls were among the organic compounds destroyed. Batch treatability tests of contaminated soil mixtures have demonstrated organics destruction and immobilization of various heavy metals. Immobilization of heavy metals is determined by the concentration of the metals in leachate compared to the EPA toxicity characteristic leaching procedure (TCLP) regulatory limits. Following treatment, cadmium, copper, lead, nickel, and zinc were significantly reduced compared to TCLP values. In treatability tests with approximately 700 parts per million of Aroclor 1260, destruction levels of 99.0 to 99.95 percent were achieved. The experimental program currently in progress is providing a more detailed definition of the process limits, metal concentrations, and soil types for stabilization of various heavy metals to meet the limits specified by TCLP. In addition, several process enhancements have been identi- fied and are being evaluated to expand the range of applicability. WASTE APPLICABILITY: The technology is applicable to soils and sediments contaminated with both organics and heavy metals. STATUS: This technology was accepted into the SITE Emerging Technology Program and work began in January 1993. Bench-scale testing in batch reactors was completed in 1993. The current pilot-scale program is directed at integrating the process concepts and obtaining process data in a continuous unit. This program is scheduled to be completed in early 1995. FOR FURTHER INFORMATION: EPA PROJECT MANAGER: Randy Parker U.S. EPA Risk Reduction Engineering Laboratory 26 West Martin Luther King Drive Cincinnati, OH 45268 513-569-7271 Fax: 513-569-7620 TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPER CONTACT: A. Bruce King Center for Hazardous Materials Research 320 William Pitt Way Pittsburgh, PA 15238 412-826-5320 Fax: 412-826-5552 The SITE Program assesses but does not approve or endorse technologies. Page 323 ------- Technology Profile EMERGING TECHNOLOGY PROGRAM COGNIS, INC. (Biological/Chemical Treatment) TECHNOLOGY DESCRIPTION: COGNIS, Inc.'s, biological/chemical treatment is a two-stage process that treats contaminated soils, sediments, and other media containing both metals and organics. Metals are first removed from the contaminated matrix by a chemical leaching process. The organics are then removed by bioremediation. Although metals removal usually occurs in the first stage, bioremediation may be performed first if organic contamination levels are found to inhibit the metals extraction process. Bioremedi- ation is more effective if the metal concentra- tions in the soil are sufficiently low so as not to inhibit the microbial population. However, even in the presence of inhibitory metal concentra- tions, a microbe population may be enriched to perform the necessary bioremediation. The soil handling requirements for both stages are similar, so the unit operations are fully reversible. The final treatment products are a recovered metal or metal salt, biodegraded organic compounds, and clean soil. The contaminated soil is first exposed to a leachant solution and classified by particle size (see figure below). Size classification allows oversized rock, gravel, and sand to be quickly cleaned and separated from the sediment fines (silt, clay, and humus), which require longer leaching times. Typically, organic pollutants are also attached to the fines. After dissolution of the metal compounds, the metal ions, such as zinc, lead, and cadmium, are removed from the aqueous leachate by liquid ion exchange, resin ion exchange, or reduction. At this point, the aqueous leaching solution is freed of metals, and can be reused to leach additional metal from the contaminated soil. If an extrac- tion agent is used, it is later stripped of the bound metal under conditions in which the agent is fully regenerated and recycled. The heavy metals are recovered in a saleable, concentrated form as solid metal or a metal salt. The method of metals recovery depends on the metals present and their concentrations. Leachant Leachant Recycle Contaminated Sol > Metal Bloaugment Fertilizer pH Adjust Bioremediation Metal Leaching and Bioremediation Process Page 324 The SITE Program assesses but does not approve or endorse technologies. ------- November 1994 Ongoing Project After metals extraction is complete, the "mud" slurry settles and is neutralized. Liquids are returned to the classifier, and the partially treated soil is transferred to a slurry bioreactor, a slurry-phase treatment lagoon, or a closed land treatment cell for bioremediation. This soil and residual leachate solution are treated to maxi- mize contaminant biodegradation. Micro-nutri- ents are added to support microbial growth, and the most readily biodegradable organic com- pounds are aerobically degraded. Bench-scale tests indicate that this process can remediate a variety of heavy metals and organic pollutants. The combined process is less expen- sive than separate metal removal and organic remediation. WASTE APPLICABILITY: This remediation process can treat combined- waste soils contaminated by heavy metals and organic pollutants. The process can treat con- taminants including lead, cadmium, zinc, and copper, as well as petroleum hydrocarbons and polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons that are subject to aerobic microbial degradation. The combined process can also be modified to extract mercury and other metals, and degrade more recalcitrant halogenated hydrocarbons. STATUS: This remediation process was accepted into the SITE Emerging Technology Program hi August 1992. Bench- and pilot-scale testing of the bioremediation process is under way. A full- scale field test of the metals extraction process is in progress. FOR FURTHER INFORMATION: EPA PROJECT MANAGER: Steven Rock U.S. EPA Risk Reduction Engineering Laboratory 26 West Martin Luther King Drive Cincinnati, OH 45208 513-569-7149 Fax: 513-569-7620 TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPER CONTACT: Ron Wilson COGNIS, Inc. 2330 Orcadian Way Santa Rosa, CA 95407 707-576-6231 Fax: 707-575-7833 The SITE Program assesses but does not approve or endorse technologies. Page 325 ------- Technology Profile EMERGING TECHNOLOGY PROGRAM DAVY INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL DIVISION (formerly DAVY RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT, LIMITED) (Chemical Treatment) TECHNOLOGY DESCRIPTION: This treatment employs resin-in-pulp (RIP) or carbon-in-pulp (CIP) technologies to treat soils, sediments, dredgings, and solid residues con- taminated with organic and inorganic material. These technologies are based on resin ion exchange and resin or carbon adsorption of con- taminants from a leached soil-slurry mixture. RIP and CIP processes are used on a commer- cial scale to recover metals from ores. The RIP process is well established in the recovery of uranium and uses anion exchange resins to adsorb uranium ions leached from ore. The CIP process is commonly used to recover precious metals. In this process, activated carbon adsorbs gold and silver leached as cyanide complexes. The figure below illustrates the process for metals and other inorganically contaminated soils. Incoming material is screened, and over- sized material is crushed. The two fractions are then combined and leached in an agitated tank, where the contaminants are extracted. The leached solids are then passed to cyclones that separate coarse and fine material. The coarse material is washed free of contaminants, and the wash liquors containing the contaminants are passed to the contaminant recovery section. The leached fine fraction passes to the RIP or CIP contactor, where ion exchange resins or activated carbon remove the contaminants. The difficult fines washing step is thereby eliminated. The resins and carbons are eluted and recycled in the extraction step, and the concentrated contaminants in the eluate pass to the recovery section. In the recovery section, precipitation recovers contaminants from the wash and eluate solutions. The precipitation yields a concen- trated solid material and can be disposed of or Contaminated Soil Wash Water Lsach_ Reagent Decontaminated Fines Fraction Chemical Treatment Process Page 326 The SITE Program assesses but does not approve or endorse technologies. ------- November 1994 Ongoing Project treated to recover metals or other materials. The liquid effluent from the recovery section can be recycled to the process. For organically contaminated feeds, the in-pulp or slurry process treats the whole leached solid. Organic contaminants eluted from the resin or carbon should be treated appropriately. Both the RIP and CIP commercial scale process- es operate in multistage, continuous, countercur- rent contactors arranged horizontally. WASTE APPLICABILITY: This chemical treatment technology treats soils and other materials contaminated with inorganic and organic wastes. Inorganics include heavy metals such as copper, chromium, zinc, mercu- ry, and arsenic. Potential applications include treatment of materials containing organics such as chlorinated solvents, pesticides, and poly- chlorinated biphenyls by selecting appropriate extractant reagents and sorbent materials. STATUS: Davy International Energy and Environmental Division has developed proprietary RIP and CIP processes that are more compact and easier to use than conventional equipment. The size of a plant can be reduced about 80 percent. This technology was accepted into the SITE Emerging Technology Program in July 1991. Laboratory studies have been underway since January 1991. Bench-scale tests have suc- cessfully met targets for removal of several heavy metal contaminants. Arsenic and mercury have proved more difficult to remove; however, laboratory tests have reduced arsenic to below 30 milligrams per kilogram (mg/kg) in soil and mercury to 0.5 mg/kg in soil in the major fraction of the soil. A location to demonstrate a small pilot plant is being sought. FOR FURTHER INFORMATION: EPA PROJECT MANAGER: Mary Stinson U.S. EPA Risk Reduction Engineering Laboratory Building 10, MS-104 2890 Woodbridge Avenue Edison, NJ 08837-3679 908-321-6683 Fax: 908-321-6640 TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPER CONTACT: Graham Wightman Davy International Energy and Environmental Division Ashmore House Richardson Road Stockton-on-Tees Cleveland TS18 3RE England 011-44-642-602221 Fax: 011-44-642-341001 The SITE Program assesses but does not approve or endorse technologies. Page 327 ------- Technology Profile EMERGING TECHNOLOGY PROGRAM M. L. ENERGIA, INC. (Reductive Photo-Dechlorination Treatment) TECHNOLOGY DESCRIPTION: The Reductive Photo-Dechlorination (RPD) treatment uses ultraviolet (UV) light hi a reduc- ing atmosphere and at moderate temperatures to treat waste streams containing chlorinated hydro- carbons (C1HC). Because ClHCs are destroyed in a reducing environment, the only products are hydrocarbons and hydrogen chloride (HC1). The RPD process is schematically depicted hi the figure below. The RPD process consists of five main units: 1) input/mixer; 2) photo-thermal chamber; 3) HC1 scrubber; 4) separator; and 5) product storage and recycling. Chlorinated wastes may be introduced into the process hi one of three ways: as a vapor, a liquid, or bound to an adsorbent, such as activated carbon. Air laden with chlorocarbon vapors is first passed through a separator, which removes chlorinated materials as a liquid. Chlorocarbon liquids are fed into a vaporizer, mixed'with a reducing gas, and passed into the photo-thermal chamber. Chlorinated contaminants adsorbed onto activated carbon are purged with reducing gas and mildly heated to induce vaporization. The ensuing vapors are then fed into the photo- thermal chamber. The photo-thermal chamber is the heart of the RPD process because all reactions central to the process occur in this chamber. Saturated, olefinic, or aromatic chlorocarbons with one or more carbon-chlorine bonds are exposed to UV light, heat, and a reducing atmosphere, such as hydrogen gas or methane (natural gas). Carbon- chlorine bonds are broken, resulting in chain- propagating hydrocarbon reactions. Chlorine atoms are eventually stabilized as HC1. Hydro- carbons may hold their original structures, rearrange, cleave, couple, or go through addi- tional hydrogenation. Hydrocarbons produced from the dechlorination of wastes include ethane, acetylene, ethylene, and methane; Valuable hydrocarbon products are stored or sold. Op- tionally, the hydrocarbons may be recycled as auxiliary fuel to heat the photo-thermal chamber. Reducing Gas Recycle Chlorocarbons >». ^ Waste Stream I Input/ Mixer UV ,JUgM ^ Photo-thermal Chamber >, HCI Scrubber >_. * t Separator 1 t Reducing Gas Make-up Hydrocarbons < keductive Photo-Dechlorination (RPD) Treatment Page 328 The SITE Program as.sesses but does not approve or endorse technologies. ------- November 1994 Ongoing Project WASTE APPLICABILITY: The RPD process is designed specifically to treat volatile chlorinated wastes in the liquid or gaseous state. The RPD process was tested for trichlorethylene, trichloroethane (TCA), di- chloroethylene, dichloroethane, vinyl chloride, ethyl chloride, dichloromethane, and chloro- form. The process may also be applicable to tetrachloroethylene, carbon tetrachloride, and chlorinated aromatics, which will be tested under the Emerging Technology Program. Field applications include treatment of organic wastes, discharged soil venting operations, and contaminants adsorbed on activated carbon. The process can be used for treatment of gas streams containing chlorinated hydrocarbons, and to pre- treat gas streams entering catalytic oxidation systems, reducing chlorine content and protec- ting the catalyst against poisoning. STATUS: The RPD technology was accepted into the SITE Emerging Technology Program in summer 1992. Since then, the RPD technology has successfully completed the bench-scale developmental stage, from which a pilot-scale prototype unit is under construction. Experimental results on a repre- sentative chlorocarbon contaminant (for example, TCA) have demonstrated greater than 99 percent conversion and dechlorination, with high selectivity towards two valuable hydro- carbon products (C2H6 and CH4). Similar favorable results have been obtained for other saturated and unsaturated chlorocarbons treated by the RPD process. Preliminary cost analysis shows that the process is extremely cost- competitive with other remedial processes; the estimated cost is less than $1 per pound of treated chloro-carbon. A SITE demonstration is scheduled, after which the RPD technology will be available for commercialization. FOR FURTHER INFORMATION: EPA PROJECT MANAGER: Michelle Simon U.S. EPA Risk Reduction Engineering Laboratory 26 West Martin Luther King Drive Cincinnati, OH 45268 513-569-7469 Fax: 513-569-7676 TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPER CONTACT: Moshe Lavid M. L. ENERGIA, Inc. P.O. Box 470 Princeton, NJ 08542-0470 609-799-7970 Fax: 609-799-0312 The SITE Program assesses but does not approve or endorse technologies. Page 329 ------- Technology Profile EMERGING TECHNOLOGY PROGRAM M.L. ENERGIA, INC. (Reductive Thermal and Photo-Thermal Oxidation Processes for Enhanced Conversion of Chlorocarbons) TECHNOLOGY DESCRIPTION: Two innovative processes, Reductive Thermal Oxidation (RTO) and Reductive Photo-Thermal Oxidation (RPTO), safely and cost-effectively convert chlorinated hydrocarbons (C1HC) into environmentally benign and useful materials. Both processes treat air streams laden with ClHCs. RTO converts ClHCs at moderate tem- peratures by cleaving C-C1 bond in the absence of ultraviolet light. RPTO operates under similar conditions in the presence of ultra-violet light. Subsequent reactions between ensuing radicals and the reducing gas results hi chain-propagation reactions. The presence of air (oxygen) during the conversion process accelerates the overall reaction rate without significant oxidation. The final products are useful hydrocarbons and environmentally-safe materials including hydrogen chloride, carbon dioxide, and water. A schematic of the RTO/RPTO processes is shown in the figure below. The process consists of six main units: 1) input/mixer; 2) photo- thermal chamber; 3) scrubber; 4) separator; 5) storage/sale; and 6) conventional catalytic oxida- tion unit. Air laden with ClHCs is mixed with reducing gas and passed into a photo-thermal chamber, which is the heart of the RTO/RPTO technology. In this chamber, the mixture is heated to moderate temperatures to sustain the radical chain reactions. Depending on the physical/chemical characteristics of the particular ClHCs treated, conversion can take place in two ways: the RTO process is pure thermal, and the RPTO process is photo-thermal. After suitable residence time, HC1 is removed by passing the stream through an aqueous scrubber. The stream can then be treated in an optional second storage, or separated and sent to storage. Excess reducing gas is recycled, and residual (sub parts per million) ClHCs, HCs, and CO are treated by catalytic oxidation. Volatile hydro- carbons can also be recycled as an energy source for process heating, if partial oxidation at the Reducing Gas Recycle Laden with Chlorocarbons -^ UV Light -- — ' ^- Photo-thermal Chamber Separator «ir ^_ Residuals Conventional Catalytic Oxidation Unit ^ Exhaust Reducing Gas Make-up Hydrocarbons(Optional) ENERGIA's Reductive Thermal Oxidation (RTO) and Photo-Thermal Oxidation (RPTO) Processes Page 330 The SITE Program assesses but does not approve or endorse technologies. ------- November 1994 Ongoing Project photo-thermal chamber does not generate enough heat. WASTE APPLICABILITY: This technology removes volatile hydrocarbons from air streams. Field applications include direct treatment (no air separation) of air streams contaminated with chlorocarbons, wastes dis- charged from soil vapor extraction or vented from industrial hoods and stacks, and those adsorbed on granular activated carbon. The process can also be applicable for in situ treat- ment of sites containing contaminated ground and surface waters. STATUS: This technology was accepted into the SITE Emerging Technology Program hi July 1994. Laboratory-scale tests have been conducted on two representatives of saturated ClHCs (dichloromethane and trichloroethane), and on two representatives of unsaturated ClHCs (1,2- dichloroethylene and trichloroethylene). The RTO and RPTO processes have demonstrated 99 percent or more conversion/dechlorination with high selectivity towards valuable hydrocarbon products (CH4 and C2H6). FOR FURTHER INFORMATION: EPA PROJECT MANAGER: Michelle Simon U.S. EPA Risk Reduction Engineering Laboratory 26 West Martin Luther King Drive Cincinnati, OH 45268 513-569-7469 Fax: 513-569-7676 TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPER CONTACT: Moshe Lavid M.L. ENERGIA, Inc. P.O. Box 470 Princeton, NJ 08542-0470 609-799-7970 Fax: 609-799-0312 The SITE Program assesses but does not approve or endorse technologies. Page 331 ------- Technology Profile EMERGING TECHNOLOGY PROGRAM ENERGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH CORPORATION (Reactor Filter System) TECHNOLOGY DESCRIPTION: The Reactor Filter System (RFS) technology controls gaseous and entrained participate matter emissions generated from the primary thermal treatment of sludges, soils, and sediments. Most Superfund sites are contaminated with toxic organic chemicals and metals. Currently avail- able thermal treatment systems for detoxifying these materials release products of incomplete combustion (PIC) and volatile toxic metals. Also, large air pollution control devices (APCD), often required to control PICs and metals, are generally not suited for transport to remote Superfund sites. Energy and Environ- mental Research Corporation (EER) is currently developing the RFS to avoid some of the logisti- cal problems associated with conventional APCD. The RFS uses a fabric filter immediately down- stream of the thermal treatment process to control toxic metals, particulates, and unburned organic species. The RFS involves the fol- lowing three steps: • First, solids are treated with a primary thermal process, such as a rotary kiln, fluidized bed, or other system. • Next, a low-cost, aluminosilicate sor- bent such as kaolinite is injected into the flue gases at temperatures near 1,300 degrees Celsius (°C) (2,370 degrees Fahrenheit [°F]). The sorbent reacts with volatile metal species such as lead, cadmium, and arsenic in the gas stream and chemically adsorbs onto the surfaces of the sorbent particles. This reaction forms insoluble, nonleachable alumino- Reactor Filter System abric Filter BagsJ JIOOCTC) Exhaust Example Application of RFS Equipment Page 332 The SITE Program assesses but does not approve or endorse technologies. ------- November 1994 Ongoing Project silicate complexes similar to cementi- tious species. • Finally, high-temperature fabric filtra- tion up to 1,000 °C (1,830 °F) provides additional residence time for the sorbent/ metal reaction to produce nonleachable by-products. This step also provides additional time for destruction of organ- ic compounds in particulate matter, reducing ash toxicity. Because of the established link between PIC formation and gas-particle chemistry, this process can also virtually eliminate potential. polychlorinated dioxin formation. The RFS can dramatically improve the perfor- mance of existing thermal treatment systems for Superfund wastes that contain metals and organics. During incineration, hazardous organics are often attached to the particulate matter that escapes burning in the primary zone. The RFS provides sufficient residence time at sufficiently high temperatures to destroy such organics. Also, the-system can decrease metal emissions by increasing gas-solid contact para- meters, and preventing the release of metals as vapors or as retained material on entrained particles. The figure on the previous page shows the RFS installed immediately downstream of the primary thermal treatment zone at EER's Spouted Bed Combustion Facility. Because the spouted bed generates a highly particulate-laden gas stream, a high temperature cyclone removes coarse parti- culate matter upstream of the RFS. Sorbent is injected into the flue gas upstream of the high temperature fabric filter. A conventional bag- house is available to compare RFS performance during the demonstration, but is not needed in typical RFS applications. WASTE APPLICABILITY: The RFS is designed to remove entrained particulates, volatile toxic metals, and con- densed-phase organics generated by thermal treatment of contaminated soils, sludges, and sediments from high temperature (800 to 1,000 °C) gas streams. Many conventional treatments can be combined with the RFS technology. Process residuals consist of nonleachable particu- late that is essentially free of organic compounds, thus reducing toxicity, handling risks, and landfill disposal. STATUS: The RFS was accepted into the Emerging Tech- nology Program in 1993. The pilot-scale RFS will be designed and demonstrated during the two-year program. EER developed the pilot- scale process through a series of screening studies, completed in September 1994, which guided the sorbent selection and operating conditions for the pilot-scale demonstration. The pilot-scale RFS demonstration is scheduled for early 1995. FOR FURTHER INFORMATION: EPA PROJECT MANAGER: Joyce Perdek U.S. EPA Risk Reduction Engineering Laboratory Building 10, MS-106 2890 Woodbridge Avenue Edison, NJ 08837-3679 908-321-4380 Fax: 908-906-6990 TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPER CONTACT: Wm. Randall Seeker Energy and Environmental Research Corporation 18 Mason Street Irvine, CA 92718 714-859-8851 Fax: 714-859-3194 The SITE Program assesses but does not approve or endorse technologies. Page 333 ------- Technology Profile EMERGING TECHNOLOGY PROGRAM ENVIRONMENTAL BIOTECHNOLOGIES, INC. (Microbial Composting Process) TECHNOLOGY DESCRIPTION: Environmental BioTechnologies, Inc. (EBT), investigated the bioremediation of contaminants associated with former manufactured gas plant (MGP) sites in programs sponsored by the Electric Power Research Institute (EPRI). In EBT's program, initial screening of over 15,000 fungi of the Basidiomycetes class (mostly brown and white rot fungi) led to 500 cultures that were selected for a laboratory-automated screen- ing program. This program tested these diverse fungi for metabolic activity against a wide range of organ- ic pollutants associated with the utilities indus- try. The program also examined the effects of environmental conditions (pH and nutrients) on fungal metabolic activities. Well-studied cultures such as Phanerochaete chrysosporium and Coriolus versicolor were used to determine which fungal cultures displayed potential for environmental applications. Another EPRI contractor, Michigan Biotech- nology Institute (MBI), developed a method to treat soils contaminated withpolycyclic aromatic wastes from MGP sites. This method involves providing the proper environmental conditions to allow proliferation of fungi, which were selected based on their ability to degrade coal tar compo- nents. Selected cultures from the EBT screening program performed well in MBI's soil treatment bioreactors. This process is focused on treat- ment in prepared bed systems and in situ treat- ment. Due to the wide variability hi environmental conditions and the structure and partitioning of organic contaminants, no single microorganism exists that is applicable to every site. Therefore, EBT and MBI have developed a relatively rapid method to screen for a group of organisms with the desired traits and degradation capabilities. One or several appropriate organisms can then be selected for a development program. The Computer Screening of over 15,000 Fungal Cultures Culture Selection Laboratory Robotics Testing of 500 Cultures for Specific Chemicals/Conditions Testing of Bioreators in 1 -Liter Soil Samples Optimization Process Design/Development Identification of Top 25 cultures for Specific Chemicals/Conditions Optimization of Culture and Process Conditions Process Scaleup at Laboratory Level 1 yd' Field Implementation Full Scale Demonstration of Microbial Process Pathway of Fungal Technology Development Program Page 334 The SITE Program assesses but does not approve or endorse technologies. ------- November 1994 Ongoing Project overall strategy involves culture screening and development along with process optimization and design, as shown in the figure on the previous page. As process development proceeds, fungal and bacterial consortia are evaluated and process conditions optimized to support the desired degradative function. During the screening program, EBT identified top fungal cultures for polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) degradation. Selected cul- tures tested in bench-scale bioreactors indicated that fungi selected based on screening assays performed better than other well-studied fungi. PAH degradation significantly improved when three fungi were added to contaminated soil along with lignocellulosic co-substrates and humic-based fertilizer. However, more informa- tion is needed on factors such as optimal cultures for specific applications, aeration, mixing re- quirements, timing of microbial and nutrient augmentation, and bioavailability of hazardous compounds. These parameters will help develop fungal composting as a reliable method for degrading PAHs. Also, different types of soil may impact fungal activity. WASTE APPLICABILITY: This technology is being developed to treat soil and sediment contaminated with coal tar wastes (PAHs) from former MGP sites. The program results and technology will also be applicable to aqueous systems. STATUS: EBT was accepted into the SITE Emerging Technology Program in 1993, and started laboratory studies in 1994. The overall objec- tives of testing under this program are to 1) identify fungal and bacterial cultures capable of efficiently degrading coal tar wastes, and 2) develop and demonstrate a pilot-scale process that can be commercialized for utility industry applications. EBT will initially work with PAH-spiked water and soils. EBT will then test selected soil cultures from several MGP sites under optimized conditions, as identified by New England Elec- tric Services, a utility company sponsor. Cur- rent testing has identified several possibly supe- rior fungal cultures to degrade PAHs. Cultures identified exhibited degradative preferences for either lower molecular-weight or higher molecu- lar-weight PAHs, suggesting a consortia as a possible best approach. These cultures are now being examined in nutrient-supplemented sys- tems to determine optimal PAH degradation rates. A bench-scale composter system will determine optimal moisture content, soil amendment re- quirements, and inoculation procedures for accelerating degradation of PAHs in these coal tar-contaminated soils. In the second year, small (less than one cubic yard) plots of MGP-site soil will test the optimized process in laboratory studies before a field demonstration is conduct- ed. FOR FURTHER INFORMATION: EPA PROJECT MANAGER: Ronald Lewis U.S. EPA Risk Reduction Engineering Laboratory 26 West Martin Luther King Drive Cincinnati, OH 45268 513-569-7856 Fax: 513-569-7620 TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPER CONTACT: Douglas Munnecke Environmental BioTechnologies, Inc. 4040 Campbell Avenue Memo Park, CA 94025 415-462-6712 Fax: 415-462-6710 The SITE Program assesses but does not approve or endorse technologies. Page 335 ------- Technology Profile EMERGING TECHNOLOGY PROGRAM GENERAL ATOMICS, NUCLEAR REMEDIATION TECHNOLOGIES DIVISION (Acoustic Barrier Particulate Separator) TECHNOLOGY DESCRIPTION: The acoustic barrier particulate separator sepa- rates particulates in a high temperature gas flow. The separator produces an acoustic waveform directed against the gas flow, causing particu- lates to move opposite the flow. Eventually, the particulates drift to the wall of the separator, where they aggregate with other particulates and precipitate into a collection hopper. The acous- tic barrier separator differs from other separators by combining both high efficiency and high temperature capabilities. The figure below presents a conceptual design. High temperature gas flows through a muffler chamber and an agglomeration segment before entering the separation chamber. In the separa- tion chamber, particulates stagnate due to the acoustic force and drift to the chamber wall, where they collect as a dust cake that falls into a collection hopper. The solids are transported from the collection hopper against a clean purge gas counterflow. The purge gas cools the solids as the gas is heated and guards against contami- nation of particulates by volatiles in the process stream. A screw-type conveyor helps transport the solids. The gas flows past an acoustic horn and leaves the chamber through an exit port. The gas then passes through another muffler chamber and flows through sections where it is cooled and gas-borne particulate samples are collected. Finally, the gas is further scrubbed or filtered as necessary before it is discharged. The separator can remove the entire range of particle sizes; it has a removal efficiency of greater than 90 percent for submicron particles and an overall removal efficiency of greater than 99 percent. Due to the large diameter of the separator, the system is not prone to fouling. WASTE APPLICABILITY: This technology can treat off-gas streams from thermal desorption, pyrolysis, and incineration of soil, sediment, sludges, other solid wastes, and liquid wastes. The acoustic barrier partic- OUTLET GAS • SEPARATOR INLET GAS" PURGE GAS SOLIDS Schematic Diagram of the Acoustic Barrier Particulate Separator Page 336 The SITE Program assesses but does not approve or endorse technologies. ------- November 1994 Ongoing Project ulate separator is a high temperature, high throughput process with a high removal efficien- cy for fine dust and fly ash. The acoustic barrier separator is particularly suited for ther- mal processes where high temperatures must be maintained to prevent condensation onto particu- lates. Applications include removal of gas-borne solids during thermal treatment of semivolatile organics, such as polychlorinated biphenyls, and gas-phase separation of radioactive particles from condensible hazardous materials. STATUS: The acoustic barrier particulate separator was accepted into the SITE Emerging Technology Program hi 1993. The principal objective of this project will be to design, construct, and test a pilot-scale acoustic barrier separator that is suitable for parallel arrangement into larger systems. The separator will be designed for a flow of 300 cubic feet per minute and will be tested using a simulated flue gas composed of heated gas and injected dust. FOR FURTHER INFORMATION: EPA PROJECT MANAGER: Laurel Staley U.S. EPA Risk Reduction Engineering Laboratory 26 West Martin Luther King Drive Cincinnati, OH 45268 513-569-7863 Fax: 513-569-7620 TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPER CONTACT: Robert Goforth Nuclear Remediation Technologies Division General Atomics MS 2/633 P.O. Box 85608 San Diego, CA 92186-9784 619-455-2499 Fax: 619-455-3233 The SITE Program assesses but does not approve or endorse technologies. Page 337 ------- Technology Profile EMERGING TECHNOLOGY PROGRAM GEO-MICROBIAL TECHNOLOGIES, INC. (Metals Release and Removal from Wastes) TECHNOLOGY DESCRIPTION: A novel anaerobic biotreatment technology has been developed by Geo-Microbial Technologies, Inc., to release metals from spent coal lique- faction catalyst wastes that are also contaminated with complex organic compounds. This new biotreatment technology may be adapted to treat other wastes that are contaminated by toxic metals. The objective of this project is to dem- onstrate the capabilities of this anaerobic process to release toxic metal from contaminated soil. Biological treatment diversity offers the oppor- tunity to select the biological system that is most effective for the targeted pollutant. This technology targets wastes including toxic metal- contaminated soils, sludges, and sediments contaminated with other wastes, including hy- drocarbons and organic pollutants. While metals are the primary pollutant that will be treated, the biological system is also designed to degrade and remove associated organic contaminants. Current prominent biohydrometallurgy systems use aerobic acidophilic bacteria, which are capable of oxidizing mineral sulfides while solubilizing metals and forming copious amounts of acid. This aerobic process can lead to the production of acidic drainage from natural sources of metal sulfides. For example, acido- philic bacteria convert the pyrite and iron-con- taining minerals hi coal into oxidized iron and sulfuric acid. The acid then further solubilizes the pyrite and other sulfide minerals. The result is contamination of streams and lakes due to acidification and an increase in soluble heavy metals. Geo-Microbial Technologies, Inc., has dis- covered and developed a new and different approach to release and remove toxic metals. This system operates anaerobically and at a near neutral pH, employing anaerobic Thiobacillus cultures in consortium with heterotrophic denitrifying cultures. Controlled manipulations of the anaerobic environment by addition of simple alternate electron acceptor nutrients stimulates the denitrifying microbial populations. The diversity of the ubiquitous denitrifers allows multiple carbon sources, including some organic pollutants, to be utilized and treated. The elimination of the requirements for oxygen and aerobic conditions offers the potential for in situ, heap leaching, and bioslurry operations. A greater range of treatment applications is offered for environmental waste situations that previous- ly were considered difficult to treat. The bio- treatment action releases no acid or toxic gases, thus offering an environmentally benign process. WASTE APPLICABILITY: This technology treats soils, sludges, and sediments contaminated with metals, hydro- carbons, and organic pollutants. STATUS: This technology was accepted into the SITE Emerging Technology Program in July 1994. Page 338 The SITE Program assesses but does not approve or endorse technologies. ------- November 1994 Ongoing Project FOR FURTHER INFORMATION: EPA PROJECT MANAGER: Jack Hubbard U.S. EPA Risk Reduction Engineering Laboratory 26 West Martin Luther King Drive Cincinnati, OH 45268 513-569-7507 Fax: 513-569-7620 TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPER CONTACT: Donald Hitzman Geo-Microbial Technologies, Inc. East Main Street P.O. Box 132 Ochelata, OK 74051 918-535-2281 Fax: 918-535-2564 The SITE Program assesses but does not approve or endorse technologies. Page 339 ------- Technology Profile EMERGING TECHNOLOGY PROGRAM GROUNDWATER TECHNOLOGY GOVERNMENT SERVICES, INC. (Below-Grade Bioremediation of Chlorinated Cyclodiene Insecticides) TECHNOLOGY DESCRIPTION: This technology adds strains of naturally-occur- ring fungus to pesticide-contaminated soil, which is then treated in a below-grade active aeration bioremediation cell. Cyclodiene insecticides, such as chlordane and heptachlor, have been applied for years to pro- tect wood frame structures against termites. This compound group is one of the top 50 most frequently found contaminants at Superfund sites. Because of the high stability in soils, low aqueous solubility and relatively low volatility of this compound group, there is a great need to develop effective and cost-efficient remediation technologies. Several species of lignin- degrading fungi degrade recalcitrant organic contaminants, including chlorinated aromatic hydrocarbons, under select conditions. Apparently, these fungi generate enzymes that metabolize naturally occurring complex polymers such as lignin. This study will examine the ability of certain fungal strains to metabolize chlordane and heptachlor in a soil matrix. Phase I of the study was designed to select a fungal strain which demonstrated the best performance in laboratory microcosm tests. A comparative evaluation of three lignin-degrading fungi was performed in soil microcosm experi- ments using Phanerochaete chrysosporium, Trametes versicolor, or Bjerckendera adusta. During Phase II, the chemical and physical conditions required for optimum growth and degradation will be determined for the selected strain. In Phase III, a small pilot-scale treatment system will be tested, using the fungal strain applied to a simulated below-grade bioreme- diation cell, with the goal of demonstrating the effectiveness of fungal bioremediation under Treated Contaminated Soils Aeration and Vapor Abatement System ^L *» >vvv>;™w'-'-'-'-'J •XvXv: ' •'.''.^''.^•'.'^'^'V'V'V'V'^'V'V'V'N'N'N .^m »>>VA .- •<'>>>>>>>'"'£'£'X ' v&&. • s s • - - * , . , . VN v \ ;$;:-$;-;-; -%;»«:«^ ••^m ^m** . \. \ *>. \ ,,mf Surface Grade Excavated and Lined Reactor Cell Below-Grade Bioremediation Cell Page 340 The SITE Program assesses but does not approve or endorse technologies. ------- November 1994 Ongoing Project field conditions. The figure on the previous page' illustrates the technology. WASTE APPLICABILITY: Applicable waste media include soil, sludge, and sediment impacted with chlordane and/or hepta- chlor. Technical-grade chlordane is actually a mixture of over 20 chemicals, including hepta- chlor. This study will examine the treatability of the predominant individual constituents as well as the mixture taken as a whole, since it is in this form that the environmental contamina- tion is most often found. Because of the sensitivity of certain fungal strains to chemical and physical conditions, properties of the particular waste matrix are expected to have a significant influence on the technology's effec- tiveness. STATUS: This technology was accepted into the SITE Emerging Technology Program in summer 1991. Results of Phase I tests demonstrated greater , than 87 percent removal of heptachlor and 70 percent removal of fnms-chlordane after 90 days of treatment. Removal efficiencies of 40 to 60 percent were observed for cw-chlordane. Reductions in control microcosms amended with sterilized inoculum and subjected to the same aeration schedule were 30 percent for the chlor- dane isomers and 50 percent for heptachlor. T, versicolor removed the greatest amount of the two chlordane isomers and total chlordane constituents, while P. chrysosporium removed the greatest aiftount of heptachlor. Additional observations were made regarding differences in macroscopic growth characteristics and growth durability between fungal strains once inoculated to soil. These traits may have important implications with respect to full-scale soil treatment. P. chrysosporium grew primarily in concentrated areas within the soil mass. B. adusta was well-distributed throughout the soil surface, with some penetration into the depths of the soil mass. The growth pattern of T. versicolor was intermediate between the two extremes, with some growth occurring in discrete areas and some diffusion and connection between these areas. Differences in growth persistence between fungal strains were also observed, with P. chrysosporium and T. versicolor showing much greater persistence than B. adusta when provided with regular additions of carbon and mineral nutrients. Based on these observations and the degradation data, T. versicolor, was selected for use in subsequent optimization and pilot-scale experimentation. FOR FURTHER INFORMATION: EPA PROJECT MANAGER: Ronald Lewis U.S. EPA Risk Reduction Engineering Laboratory 26 West Martin Luther King Drive Cincinnati, OH 45268 513-569-7856 Fax: 513-569-7620 TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPER CONTACT: Rod Venterea Groundwater Technology Government Services, Inc. 4080 Pike Lane Concord, CA 94520 510-671-2116 Fax: 510-687-0843 The SITE Program assesses but does not approve or endorse technologies. Page 341 ------- Technology Profile EMERGING TECHNOLOGY PROGRAM fflGH VOLTAGE ENVIRONMENTAL APPLICATIONS, INC. (High Energy Electron Beam Irradiation) TECHNOLOGY DESCRIPTION: The high energy electron beam irradiation technology is a low temperature method for destroying complex mixtures of hazardous organic chemicals in solutions containing solids. These solutions include slurried soils, river or harbor sediments, and sludges. The technology can also treat contaminated soils and groundwa- ter. The figure below illustrates the mobile electron beam treatment system. The system consists of a computer-automated, portable electron beam accelerator and a delivery system. The 500- kilovolt electron accelerator produces a continu- ously variable beam current from 0 to 40 milli- amperes. At full power, the system is rated at 20 kilowatts. The flow rate can be adjusted up to 50 gallons per minute. The flow rate and beam current can be varied to obtain doses of up to 2,000 kilorads in a one-pass, flow-through mode. The system is trailer-mounted and is completely self-contained, including a 100 kilowatt gene- rator for remote locations or line connectors where power is available. The system requires only a mixing tank to slurry the treatable solids. The system also includes all necessary safety checks. The computerized control system continuously monitors the flow rate, absorbed dose, accelerator potential, beam current, and all safety shutdown features. The flow rate is monitored with a calibrated flow valve. The absorbed dose is estimated based on the dif- ference in the temperature of the waste stream before and after irradiation. The system is PUMPING SYSTEM ELECTRON ACCELERATOR CONTROLROOM OFFICE/LAB ( [ [ } ! T3 ^\ 1 \ i \\Vkt. UNIT ^ VJ M r 42-0° (504") v J _jftlrl_UUL>l. ± LANDING LEGS 1103/4" Mobile Electron Beam Hazardous Waste Treatment System Page 342 The SITE Program assesses but does not approve or endorse technologies. ------- November 1994 Ongoing Project equipped with monitoring devices that measure the waste stream temperature before and after irradiation. Both the accelerating potential and the beam current are obtained directly from the transformer. Except for slurrying, this tech- nology does not require pretreatment of wastes. WASTE APPLICABILITY: This technology treats a variety of organic compounds, including wood treating chemicals, pesticides, insecticides, petroleum residues, and polychlorinated biphenyls (PCB) in slurried soils, sediments, and sludges. STATUS: High Voltage Environment Applications, Inc. (HVEA), was accepted into the SITE Emerging Technology Program in 1993. Under this program, HVEA will demonstrate its mobile pilot plant on soils, sediments or sludges at various hazardous waste sites. Candidate sites are being identified. On-site studies will last up to 2 months. Initial studies by HVEA have shown that elec- tron beam irradiation removes greater than 99 percent of trichloroethene, tetrachloroethene, chloroform, benzene, toluene, and phenol in aqueous streams. HVEA has also demonstrated effective removal of 2,4,6-trinitrotoluene from soil slurries. In a recent bench-scale study, a multisource hazardous waste leachate containing 1 percent dense nonaqueous phase liquid was successfully treated. In another bench-scale study, a leachate containing a light nonaqueous phase liquid contaminated with PCBs was treated to F039 standards. FOR FURTHER INFORMATION: EPA PROJECT MANAGER: Mary Stinson U.S. EPA Risk Reduction Engineering Laboratory MS-104, Building 10 2890 Woodbridge Avenue Edison, NJ 08837-3679 908-321-6683 Fax: 908-321-6640 TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPER CONTACT: William Cooper High Voltage Environmental Applications, Inc. 9562 Doral Boulevard Miami, FL 33178 305-593-5330 Fax: 305-593-0071 The SITE Program assesses but does not approve or endorse technologies. Page 343 ------- Technology Profile EMERGING TECHNOLOGY PROGRAM INSTITUTE OF GAS TECHNOLOGY (Fluidized-Bed Cyclonic Agglomerating Combustor) TECHNOLOGY DESCRIPTION: The Institute of Gas Technology (IGT) has developed a two-stage, fiuidized-bed cyclonic agglomerating combustor based on a combina- tion of IGT technologies (see figure below). In the combined system, solid, liquid, and gaseous organic wastes can be efficiently destroyed. Solid, nonvolatile, inorganic contaminants are combined within a glassy matrix consisting of discrete pebble-sized agglomerates that are suitable for disposal in a landfill. The first stage of the combustor is an agglo- merating fluidized-bed reactor, which can operate under substoichiometric conditions or with excess air. This system can operate from low temperature (desorption) to high temperature (agglomeration). This system can also gasify materials with high calorific values (for exam- ple, municipal solid wastes). With a unique fuel and air distribution, most of the fluidized bed is maintained at 1,500 to 2,000 degrees Fahrenheit (°F), while the central spout temperature can be varied between 2,000 and 3,000 °F. When contaminated soils and sludges are fed into the fluidized bed, the combustible fraction of the waste is rapidly gasified and combusted. The solid fraction, containing inorganic and metallic contaminants, undergoes a chemical transformation in the hot zone and is agglome- rated into glassy pellets. These pellets are essentially nonleachable under the conditions of the toxicity characteristic leaching procedure (TCLP). The product gas from the fluidized bed may contain unburned hydrocarbons, furans, dioxins, and carbon monoxide as well as carbon NATURAL GAS, OXIDANT AND COFIRED GASEOUS WASTE SOUD, SLUDGE, AND LIQUID WASTE' FLUIDIZED-BED COMBUSTOR 1500°-2000°F AGGLOMERATED RESIDUE FLUE GAS TO HEAT RECOVERY OR TREATMENT CYCLONIC COMBUSTOR 1800°-2400°F CYCLONE FINES FOR RECIRCULATION OR DISPOSAL HOT ZONE 2000° - 3000°F — FLUIDEING GAS CLASSIFICATION ZONE GAS NATURAL GAS + OXIDANT Two-Stage Fluidized-Bed/Cyclonic Agglomerating Combustor Page 344 The SITE Program assesses but does not approve or endorse technologies. ------- November 1994 Ongoing Project dioxide and water, the products of complete combustion. The product gas from the fluidized bed is fed into the second stage of the combustor, where it is further combusted at a temperature of 1,800 to 2,400 °F. The second stage is a cyclonic combustor and separator that provides sufficient residence time (0.25 seconds) to oxidize carbon monoxide and organic compounds to carbon dioxide and water vapor. This stage has a combined destruction and removal efficiency greater than 99.99 percent. Volatilized metals are collected downstream in the flue gas scrub- ber condensate. The two-stage fluidized-bed cyclonic agglom- erating combustor is based on IGT's experience with other fluidized-bed and cyclonic combustion systems. The patented sloping-grid design and ash discharge port in this process were initially developed for IGT's U-GAS coal gasification process. The cyclonic combustor and separator is a modification of IGT's low emissions com- bustor. WASTE APPLICABILITY: This two-stage combustor can destroy organic contaminants in gaseous, liquid, and solid wastes, including soils and sludges. Gaseous wastes can be fired directly into the cyclonic combustor. Liquid, sludge, and solid wastes can be co-fired directly into the fluidized bed. The solids particle size must be less than about 6 millimeters to support fluidized bed operation; therefore, certain wastes may require grinding or pulverization prior to remediation. Because the solid components in the waste are heated above fusion temperature during the agglomeration process, metals and other inor- ganic materials are encapsulated and immobi- lized within the glassy matrix. STATUS: This technology was accepted into the SITE Emerging Technology Program in July 1990. Since then, tests conducted in the batch 6-inch diameter fluidized-bed unit have demonstrated that agglomerates can be formed from the soil. The agglomerates, produced at several different operating conditions, exhibit low teachability; however, the TCLP test results were inconclu- sive. A pilot-plant combustor with a capacity of 6 tons per day has been constructed and testing is underway. Initial pilot plant tests have produced samples of agglomerated soil. The focus of future testing will be the sustained and continu- ous operation of the pilot plant. Tests with organic and inorganic hazardous waste surro- gates admixed with the feed soilwill also be conducted. FOR FURTHER INFORMATION: EPA PROJECT MANAGER: Teri Richardson U.S. EPA Risk Reduction Engineering Laboratory 26 West Martin Luther King Drive Cincinnati, OH 45268 513-569-7949 Fax: 513-569-7620 TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPER CONTACTS: Amir Rehmat or Michael Mensinger Institute of Gas Technology 1700 South Mount Prospect Road Des Plaines, IL 60018-1804 708-768-0588 or 708-768-0602 Fax: 708-768-0600 The SITE Program assesses but does not approve or endorse technologies. Page 345 ------- Technology Profile EMERGING TECHNOLOGY PROGRAM INSTITUTE OF GAS TECHNOLOGY (Supercritical Extraction/Liquid Phase Oxidation) TECHNOLOGY DESCRIPTION: The Institute of Gas Technology's (IGT) Super- critical Extraction/Liquid Phase Oxidation (SELPhOx) process removes organic contami- nants from soils and sludges and destroys them. SELPhOx combines two processing steps: 1) supercritical fluid extraction (SCE) of organic contaminants, and 2) wet air oxidation (WAO) destruction of the contaminants. The two-step process, linked by a phase separation stage, offers great flexibility for removing and destroying both high and low concentrations of organic contaminants. IGT's primary objectives are to 1) evaluate SCE's contaminant removal efficiency, 2) deter- mine the potential for carbon dioxide (COz) recovery and reuse, and 3) determine destruction efficiencies of extracted contaminants in the WAO process. Analytical results from the project will provide the necessary information for the full-scale process design. Combining SCE and WAO in a single two-step process allows development of a highly efficient and economical process for remediating contami- nated soils. Supercritical extraction with CO2 can remove organic contaminants and leave much of the original soil organic matrix in place. The contaminants can then be collected and transported in an aqueous stream and fed to a WAO reactor for destruction. Concentrating the organic contaminants in water provides the proper matrix for a WAO feed stream, and improves process economics by decreasing the WAO reactor's size. RECIRCULATING CO2LOOP RECIRCULATING WATER LOOP CONTAMINATED SOIL MODIFIER. MAKEUP "CARBON DIOXIDE MAKEUP WATER IVESSELHEATERS IGT's Supercritical Extraction/Liquid Phase Oxidation (SELPhOx) Process Page 346 The SITE Program assesses but does not approve or endorse technologies. ------- November 1994 Ongoing Project The SELPhOx process requires only water, air, and the extractant (CO;j). Primary treatment products include cleaned soil, water, nitrogen (from the air fed to the WAO step), and CO2. Organic sulfur, nitrogen, and chloride com- pounds that may be present in the original soil or sludge matrix are transformed to relatively innocuous compounds in the product water. These compounds include sulfuric acid and hydrogen chloride, or their salts. The treated soil can be returned to the original site, and the water can be safely discharged after thermal energy recovery and minor secondary treatment. The gas can be depressurized by a turbo expand- er for energy recovery and then vented through a filter. WASTE APPLICABILITY: The SELPhOx process removes organic contaminants from soils and sludges, including chlorinated and nonchlorinated polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons, polychlorinated biphenyls, and other organic contaminants. STATUS: The SELPhOx process was accepted into the SITE Emerging Technology Program in July 1994. FOR FURTHER INFORMATION: EPA PROJECT MANAGER: Annette Gatchett U.S. EPA Risk Reduction Engineering Laboratory 26 West Martin Luther King Drive Cincinnati, OH 45268 513-569-7697 Fax: 513-569-7620 TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPER CONTACT: Michael Mensinger Institute of Gas Technology 1700 South Mount Prospect Road Des Plaines, IL 60018-1804 708-768-0602 Fax: 708-568-0600 The SITE Program assesses but does not approve or endorse technologies. Page 347 ------- Technology Profile EMERGING TECHNOLOGY PROGRAM IT CORPORATION (Chelation/Electrodeposition of Toxic Metals from Soils) TECHNOLOGY DESCRIPTION: IT Corporation has conducted laboratory-scale research on an innovative process that removes heavy metals from contaminated soils and sludges by forming a soluble chelate. The metal and chelating compound are then separated from the soils and recovered. Soils are screened before the chelation step to remove large particles such as wood, metal scrap, and large rocks. The treatment employs two key steps: 1) using a water soluble chelating agent, such as ethylene-diaminetetra- acetic acid, to bond with heavy metals and form a chelate; and 2) recovering the heavy metals from the chelate and regenerating the chelating agent in an electromembrane reactor (EMR). Dewatering is performed to separate the water soluble chelate that contains heavy metals from the solid phase. The resulting liquid is treated hi an EMR, consisting of an electrolytic cell with a cation transfer membrane separating the cathode and anode chambers (see figure below). This demonstration will establish appropriate conditions for removal of specific metals from various types of hazardous wastes. Previous research has focused primarily on the technology's applicability for treating and re- moving lead from contaminated soils and sludges. Limited work has also been conducted to determine the applicability for removing cadmium from soils and sludges. WASTE APPLICABILITY: The technology is potentially applicable for treating a wide variety of metal-contaminated hazardous wastes, including soils and sludges. STATUS: This technology was accepted into the SITE Emerging Technology Program in July 1994. Contaminated Soil SCREENING/ CLASSIFICATION >, Regenerated Chelating Agent ELECTROMEMBRANE REACTORfEMR) "Clean" Soil (Solid Phase) T Wastewater Plated Metal(s) Simplified Process Flow Diagram of Overall Proposed Treatment Process Page 348 The SITE Program assesses but does not approve or endorse technologies. ------- November 1994 Ongoing Project FOR FURTHER INFORMATION: EPA PROJECT MANAGER: George Moore U.S. EPA Risk Reduction Engineering Laboratory 26 West Martin Luther King Drive Cincinnati, OH 45268 513-569-7991 Fax:513-569-7620 TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPER CONTACT: E. Radha Krishnan IT Corporation 11499 Chester Road Cincinnati, OH 45246-4012 513-782-4700 Fax: 513-782-4807 The SITE Program assesses but does not approve or endorse technologies. Page 349 ------- Technology Profile EMERGING TECHNOLOGY PROGRAM IT CORPORATION (Eimco Biolift™ Slurry Reactor) TECHNOLOGY DESCRIPTION: IT Corporation (IT) has used the Eimco Biolift™ Slurry Reactor (developed by Eimco Process Equipment Company, Salt Lake City, Utah) to successfully treat polynuclear aromatic hydro- carbons (PAH) in soil. Traditional biological treatments, such as landfarming and in situ bioremediation, may not reduce PAHs in soil to target levels in a timely manner. Slurry reactors are more efficient for bioremediation and more economical than thermal desorption and incineration. During the project, IT will operate two 60-liter Eimco Biolift™ reactors (see figure below) and a 10-liter fermentation unit in semicontinuous, plug-flow mode. The first 60-liter reactor will receive fresh feed daily and supplements of salicylate and succinate. Salicylate induces the naphthalene degradation operon on PAH plasmids. This system has been shown to degrade phenanthrene and anthracene. The naphthalene pathway may also play a role in carcinogenic PAH (CPAH) metabolism. Succinate is a by-product of naphthalene metabolism and serves as a general carbon source. The first reactor hi series will remove easily degradable carbon and increase biological activity against more recalcitrant PAHs (i.e., three-ring compounds and higher). MANUAL ADJUSTMENT ATMOSPHERE EFFLUENT PROCESS WATEB (MANUAL TRANSFERRING) LEGEND: fT\ SAMPLE PORT (PR) PRESSURE REGULATOR (^PRESSURE INDICATOR (S) TIMER M-1 FEED MIXER B-1 AIR BLOWER H-2ABC R-1 AIR ROTAMETER MKER (SOIL) T-1 p.1 S-1 FEED FEED PUMP AIR CONTAINER (121VDAY) FILTER (SOL) T-6 T-8 BIOREACTOR1 BIOREACTOR3 (SOIL) (SOIL) Z-1 BIOREACTOR BIOREACTOR2 CARBON ADSORPTION PUMP P-5 Z-2 EFFLUENT AIR P-6 SLURRY PUMP T-2 CLARIFIER SAMPLING DEVICE T-5 EFFLUENT CONTAINER (20L) Eimco Biolift™ Slurry Reactor System Page 350 The SITE Program assesses but does not approve or endorse technologies. ------- November 1994 Ongoing Project Effluent from the first reactor will overflow to the second 10-liter reactor in series, where Fenton's reagent will be added to accelerate oxidation for four- to six-ring PAHs. Fenton's reagent (hydrogen peroxide in the presence of iron salts) produces a free radical that can effectively oxidize multi-ring aromatic hydrocar- bons. The third 60-liter reactor in series will be used as a polishing reactor to remove any partially- oxidized contaminants remaining after Fenton's reagent is added. Slurry will be removed from this reactor and clarified using gravity settling techniques. Operation of the reactors as described will increase the rate and extent of PAH biodegrada- tion, making bioslurry treatment of impacted soils and sludges a more effective and economi- cally attractive remediation option. WASTE APPLICABILITY: This technology is applicable to PAH-con- taminated soils and sludges that can be readily excavated for slurry reactor treatment. Soils from coal gasification sites, wood treating facilities, petrochemical facilities, and coke plants are typically contaminated with PAHs. STATUS: IT's slurry reactor system was accepted into the SITE Emerging Technology Program in 1993. Under this program, IT will conduct a pilot- scale investigation of three slurry reactors operated in series. A suitable soil will be obtained and screened on site during summer 1994. The primary objective of the investigation is to achieve CPAH removal greater than 80 percent. FOR FURTHER INFORMATION: EPA PROJECT MANAGER: Brunilda Davila U.S. EPA Risk Reduction Engineering Laboratory 26 West Martin Luther King Drive Cincinnati, OH 45268 513-569-7849 Fax: 513-569-7879 TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPER CONTACT: Kandi Brown IT Corporation 1425 South Victoria Court, Suite A San Bernardino, CA 92408-2923 909-799-6869 Fax: 909-799-7604 The SITE Program assesses but does not approve or endorse technologies. Page 351 ------- Technology Profile EMERGING TECHNOLOGY PROGRAM IT CORPORATION (Mixed Waste Treatment Process) TECHNOLOGY DESCRIPTION: The mixed waste treatment process treats soils contaminated with hazardous and radioactive constituents. The process separates these contaminants into distinct organic and inorganic phases. The separated streams can then be further minimized, recycled, or destroyed at commercial disposal facilities, and the decon- taminated soil can be returned to the site. This process integrates thermal desorption, gravity separation, water treatment, and chelant extraction technologies. Each of these technolo- gies has been individually demonstrated on selected contaminated materials. The process flow diagram below shows how the technologies have been integrated to treat mixed waste streams. During the initial treatment step, feed is pre- pared with standard techniques and bulk contam- inated soil is processed by crushing and grinding oversized material. Thermal treatment removes volatile and semi- volatile organics from the soil. Soil is indirectly heated in a rotating chamber, volatilizing the organic contaminants and any moisture in the soil. The soil passes through the chamber and is collected as a dry solid. The volatilized organics and water are condensed into separate liquid phases. The organic phase is decanted and removed for disposal. The contaminated aqueous phase is passed through activated car- bon, which removes soluble organics before combining with the thermally treated soil. Inorganic contaminants are removed by three physical and chemical separation techniques: 1) gravity separation of high density particles; 2) chemical precipitation of soluble metals; and 3) chelant extraction of chemically bound metals. Gravity separation is used to separate higher density particles from common soil. Radio- nuclide contaminants are typically found in this Organic Phase Water and Conditioning Agents Radionuclldes on Resin Mixed Waste Treatment Process Page 352 The SITE Program assesses but does not approve or endorse technologies. ------- November 1994 Ongoing Project fraction. The gravity separation device (shaker table, jig, cone, or spiral) depends on contami- nant distribution and the thermally treated soil's physical properties. Many radionuclides and other heavy metals are dissolved or suspended in the aqueous separation media. These contaminants are separated from the soils and are precipitated. A potassium ferrate formulation precipitates radionuclides. The" resulting microcrystalline precipitant is removed, allowing the aqueous stream to be recycled. Some insoluble radionuclides remain with the soil through the gravity separation process. These radionuclides are removed by chelant extraction. The chelant solution then passes through an ion exchange resin to remove the radionuclides and is recycled to the soil extrac- tion step. The contaminants are collected as concentrates from all waste process streams for recovery or off-site disposal at commercial hazardous waste or radiological waste facilities. The deconta- minated soil is then returned to the site as clean fill. WASTE APPLICABILITY: This process treats soils contaminated with organic, inorganic, and radioactive material. STATUS: The mixed waste treatment process was selected for the SITE Emerging Technology Program in October 1991. Bench- and pilot-scale testing is planned for late 1994. Individual components of the treatment process have been demonstrated on various wastes from U.S. Department of Energy (DOE), U.S. Department of Defense, and com- mercial sites. Thermal separation has removed and recovered PCBs from soils contaminated with uranium and technetium. These soils were from two separate DOE gaseous diffusion plants. Gravity separation of radionuclides has been demonstrated at the pilot scale on Johnston Atoll, Guam. Gravity separation successfully removed plutonium from native coral soils. Water treatment using the potassium ferrate formulations has been demonstrated at several DOE facilities in laboratory and full-scale tests. This treatment reduced cadmium, copper, lead, nickel, plutonium, silver, uranium, and zinc to dischargeable levels. Chelant extraction has successfully treated surface contamination in the nuclear industry for more than 20 years. Similar results are expected for subsurface contamination. FOR FURTHER INFORMATION: EPA PROJECT MANAGER: Douglas Grosse U.S. EPA Risk Reduction Engineering Laboratory 26 West Martin Luther King Drive Cincinnati, OH 45268 513-569-7844 Fax: 513-569-7676 TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPER CONTACT: Ed Alperin IT Corporation 312 Directors Drive Knoxville, TN 37923-4709 615-690-3211 Fax: 615-694-9573 The SITE Program assesses but does not approve or endorse technologies. Page 353 ------- Technology Profile EMERGING TECHNOLOGY PROGRAM LEWIS ENVIRONMENTAL SERVICES, INC./ fflCKSON CORPORATION (Chromated Copper Arsenate Soil Leaching Process) TECHNOLOGY DESCRIPTION: Lewis Environmental Services, Inc. (Lewis), has developed a soil leaching process to remediate soils contaminated with heavy metals including chromium, copper, cadmium, mercury, arsenic, and lead. This process can treat soils conta- minated with inorganics, some organics, heavy metal hydroxide sludges, and sediments. The soil leaching process consists of leaching contaminated soil in a countercurrent stirred reactor system (see figure below). A screw feeder delivers the soil into the reactor, where it is leached with sulfuric acid for 30 to 60 min- utes. The sulfuric acid solubilizes the inorganics and heavy metals into the leaching solution. The processed soil is then separated and washed with water and air-dried. Any organic contami- nants are separated and decanted from the leach- ing acid, using strong acid leachate, space separation, and skimming. The wash water is then treated with Lewis' ENVIRO-CLEAN process, which consists of a granulated activated carbon system followed by an electrolytic recovery system. The ENVIRO-CLEAN process recovers the heavy metals from the leaching stream and wash water and produces an effluent that meets EPA-dis- charge limits for heavy metals. The treated wash water can then be reused in the soil wash- ing step. The leaching solution can also be treated by the ENVIRO-CLEAN process or can be returned directly to the stirred reactor system, depending on its metals concentration. Contaminated soil must be properly sized and screened to facilitate leaching in the stirred reactor system. Large pieces of debris such as rocks, wood, and bricks must be removed before treatment. Standard screening and classification equipment, such as that used in municipal waste treatment plants, is suitable for this purpose. Soil Contaminated with Heavy Metals Extraction Solution Countercurrent Processing Unit Metal Loaded Extraction Solution Recycled/Reuse Extraction Solution Reprocessed Activated Carbon Heavy-Metal By-Product Chromated Copper Arsenate Soil Leaching Process Page 354 The SITE Program assesses but does not approve or endorse technologies. ------- November 1994 Ongoing Project The soil leaching process does not generate appreciable quantities of treatment by-products or waste streams containing heavy metals. The treated soil meets toxicity characteristic leaching procedure (TCLP) criteria, and can be returned to the site or disposed of at a nonhazardous landfill. The granular activated carbon requires disposal after about 20 to 30 treatment cycles and should also pass TCLP criteria, simplifying disposal. WASTE APPLICABILITY: The soil leaching process can treat solid wastes generated by the wood preserving and metal plating industries, battery waste sites, and urban lead sites. The advantages of this process over traditional waste treatment schemes for chromated copper arsenate (CCA) wastes are as follows: • Treated soils pass TCLP criteria and can be reapplied on site. • Treatment by-products do not require disposal as hazardous waste. • Land disposal of large volumes of soil is eliminated. • Heavy metals are recovered by the ENVIRO-CLEAN process and can be reused by industry. STATUS: The Soil Leaching Process was accepted into the Emerging Technology Program in 1993. Labor- atory-scale tests have shown that the process successfully treats soil contaminated with CCA. In 1992, Lewis treated a 5-gallon sample of CCA-contaminated soil from Hickson Corpora- tion (Hickson), a major CCA chemical manufac- turer. The treated soil passed TCLP criteria, with chromium and arsenic, the two main leach constituents, averaging 0.8 milligrams per kilogram (mg/kg) and 0.9 mg/kg, respectively. Analysis also revealed 3,330 milligrams per liter (mg/L) of chromium, 13,300 mg/L of copper, and 22,990 mg/L of iron in the leaching solu- tion. In addition, analysis indicated 41.4 mg/L of chromium, 94.8 mg/L of copper, and 3.0 mg/L of arsenic present in the wash water. After treatment, the wash water contained metals levels below 0.1 mg/L for copper and chromium. Lewis plans further laboratory-scale testing at its Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania facility, followed by bench- or pilot-scale testing at Hickson's facility in Conley, Georgia. FOR FURTHER INFORMATION: EPA PROJECT MANAGER: Randy Parker U.S. EPA Risk Reduction Engineering Laboratory 26 West Martin Luther King Drive Cincinnati, OH 45268 513-569-7271 Fax: 513-569-7620 TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPER CONTACT: Tom Lewis HI Lewis Environmental Services, Inc. R.J. Casey Industrial Park Preble and Columbus Streets Pittsburgh, PA 15233 412-322-8100 Fax: 412-322-8109 The SITE Program assesses but does not approve or endorse technologies. Page 355 ------- Technology Profile EMERGING TECHNOLOGY PROGRAM MATRIX PHOTOCATALYTIC INC. (formerly NUTECH ENVIRONMENTAL) (TiO2 Photocatalytic Air Treatment) TECHNOLOGY DESCRIPTION: Matrix Photocatalytic Inc., formerly Nutech Environmental, is developing a titanium dioxide' (TiO^ photocatalytic air treatment technology that removes and destroys volatile organic com- pounds (VOC) and semivolatile organic com- pounds from air streams. During treatment, contaminated air at ambient temperatures flows through a fixed TiO2 catalyst bed activated by light. Typically, organic contaminants are destroyed hi fractions of a second. Major technology advantages include the fol- lowing: Very robust equipment No residual toxins No ignition source Unattended operation Low direct treatment cost The technology has been tested on benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene, and xylene; trichloro- ethene(TCE); tetrachlorethene(PCE); isopropyl alcohol; acetone; chloroform; methanol; and methyl ethyl ketone. Some full-scale and field- scale systems are shown in the figures below and on the next page, respectively. WASTE APPLICABILITY: The TiO2 photocatalytic air treatment technology can effectively treat dry or moist air. The technology has been demonstrated to purify steam directly, thus eliminating the need to condense. Systems of 100 cubic feet per minute have been successfully tested on vapor extraction operations, air stripper emissions, steam from desorption processes, and VOC emissions from manufacturing facilities. Other potential ap- plications include odor removal, stack gas Full-Scale Photocatalytic Air Treatment System Page 356 The SITE Program assesses but does not approve or endorse technologies. ------- November 1994 Ongoing Project treatment, soil venting, and manufacturing ultra- pure air for residential, automotive, instrument, and medical needs. Systems up to about 1000 cubic foot per meter can be cost competitive with thermal destruction systems. STATUS: The TiO2 photocatalytic air technology was accepted into SITE Emerging Technology Pro- gram in October 1992. Program advancements include the following: • Ability to destroy carbon tetrachloride and other saturated compounds • Sustained destruction of PCE and TCE of high concentration without generating phosgene • Effective destruction of oxygenates (ketones, alcohols) FOR FURTHER INFORMATION: EPA PROJECT MANAGER: John Ireland U.S. EPA Risk Reduction Engineering Laboratory 26 West Martin Luther King Drive Cincinnati, OH 45268 513-569-7413 Fax: 513-569-7185 TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPER CONTACT: Bob Henderson Matrix Photocatalytic Inc. 22 Pegler Street London, Ontario, Canada N5Z 2B5 519-660-8669 Fax: 519-660-8525 '• \ Field-Scale Photocatalytic Air Treatment System Treating TCE and PCE on a Soil Vapor Extraction Site at Savannah River The SITE Program assesses but does not approve or endorse technologies. Page 357 ------- Technology Profile EMERGING TECHNOLOGY PROGRAM MEMBRAN CORPORATION (Membrane Gas Transfer in Waste Remediation) TECHNOLOGY DESCRIPTION: Oxygen dissolution is a fundamental process in the design of aerobic biological treatment pro- cesses. Conventional gas dissolution devices produce a large quantity of small bubbles. These bubbles provide a large surface area across which gas transfer can take place. The limitations of bubble technologies include poor gas transfer efficiencies, poor performance control, and atmospheric release of volatile organic compounds. Membrane technology can dissolve gases without bubbles, eliminating many of the problems associated with conventional gas transfer devices. A fluidized, hollow-fiber membrane technology can dissolve high concentrations of oxygen, methane, or hydrogen into water by exploiting the high gas permeabilities of hollow-fiber microporous membranes. Direct, bubble-free gas dissolution occurs in pipes, called modules, that contain thousands of sealed, hollow, gas- permeable fibers filled with pressurized pure gases (see figure below). The upstream ends of the fibers are potted into a manifold that distrib- utes the pressurized gas to the inside of each hollow fiber. The downstream ends of the fibers are individually sealed so they can move freely in the turbulent waterflow inside the pipe. Gas diffuses across the fiber walls and dissolves directly into the flowing water. Gas-dissolution is controlled by changing the water flow rate and the gas pressure. The membrane module's ability to dissolve high concentrations of gaseous substrates without using bubbles has several operational and economic advantages. First, bubble-free gas dissolution means that all of the gas applied to the device is dissolved, eliminating gas wastage. Second, since many hazardous compounds are volatile, the ability to supply oxygen to an aerobic bioreactor without bubbles means no emissions and no need for installation of costly air pollution control equipment. Third, combus- tible gases such as hydrogen and methane dis- solve into water without bubbles and without a subsequent release of the bubbles into confined spaces. Consequently, the economic advantage Pressurized Gas Supplied to Fibers Sealed Hollow-Fiber Membranes Standard Union Schematic Diagram of a Membrane Bubbleless Gas-dissolution Device Page 358 The SITE Program assesses but does not approve or endorse technologies. ------- November 1994 Ongoing Project offered by these gaseous substrates can now be safely exploited. The project has two major objectives. The first objective is to quantify the long-term gas trans- fer performance of various untreated and treated sealed hollow-fiber membranes in different adverse environments. The second objective is to determine the performance of the membrane devices in emission-free bioreactors that use oxygen, methane and oxygen, and hydrogen as gaseous substrates. These gases will be used in the bioreactors, because they offer substantial cost savings compared to alternative substrates in the biological treatment of petroleum hydrocar- bons and chlorinated solvents. WASTE APPLICABILITY: The bubbleless gas-dissolution technology may be applied to the on-site biological treatment of various wastewaters, including contaminated groundwater, and to the in situ bioremediation of contaminated aquifers. The gas dissolved by the membrane technology determines the types of organic and inorganic contaminants that can be biodegraded. With oxygen, treatable biological contaminants include gasoline, creosote compo- nents, phenolics, and other petroleum hydrocar- bons. With oxygen and methane, treatable biological contaminants include various haloge- nated aliphatic hydrocarbons such as trichloroethene (TCE), dichloroethene isomers, vinyl chloride, dichloroethane isomers, chloro- form, and dichloromethane (methylene chloride). The biological processes that can be supported with hydrogen include denitrification (nitrate removal) of ground and surface waters and reductive dehalogenation of chlorinated com- pounds in contaminated water. Biological reductive dehalogenation treats tetrachloro- ethene, TCE, carbon tetrachloride, chloroform, and various polychlorinated biphenyl congeners. STATUS: / This technology was accepted into the SITE Emerging Technology Program in July 1994. FOR FURTHER INFORMATION: EPA PROJECT MANAGER: Paul dePercin U.S. EPA Risk Reduction Engineering Laboratory 26 West Martin Luther King Drive Cincinnati, OH 45268 513-569-7797 Fax: 513-569-7620 TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPER CONTACT: Charles Gantzer Membran Corporation 1037 10th Avenue, SE Minneapolis, MN 55414 612-378-2160 Fax: 612-378-6091 The SITE Program assesses but does not approve or endorse technologies. Page 359 ------- Technology Profile EMERGING TECHNOLOGY PROGRAM OHM REMEDIATION SERVICES CORPORATION (Oxygen Microbubble In Situ Bioremediation) TECHNOLOGY DESCRIPTION: This process uses oxygen microbubbles for in situbioremediation of contaminated groundwater in the saturated zone. The difficulty with bioremediation lies in the delivery of oxygen, nutrients, and microorganisms to the treatment zone. Oxygen microbubbles can be continuously generated by mixing a concentrated surfactant stream with clean water under pressure to pro- duce a 125- to 150-parts-per-million solution. This solution is then mixed with a continuous supply of oxygen under pressure. After passing through the generator, the resulting 65 percent dispersion of bubbles hi the size range of 45 ± 40 microns can be delivered and injected into a saturated soil matrix under pressure. The microbubble dispersion is pumped through a slotted, porous well delivery section into a laminated coarse sand or clay layer treatment zone. The oxygen microbubbles tend to flow into areas with high permeability, such as the coarser zones. Contaminated groundwater flows through the treatment zone and is bioremediated using the available oxygen. Indigenous microor- ganisms and indigenous or introduced nutrients provide the environment for in situ biodegrada- tion of contaminants in groundwater or soil. WASTE APPLICABILITY: The process has successfully treated groundwater contaminated with a number of organic com- pounds including petroleum hydrocarbons, organic solvents, creosote, and pentachlorophenol. WATER TABLE SEPARATE EXYGEN MICROBUBBLE INJECTORS (HORIZONTAL) (VERTICAL) TREATED GROUNDWATER Oxygen Microbubble In Situ Bioremediation of Groundwater Page 360 The SITE Program assesses but does not approve or endorse technologies. ------- November 1994 Ongoing Project STATUS: The Oxygen Microbubble In Situ Bioremediation process was accepted into the SITE Demon- stration Program in summer 1992. This process will be demonstrated at a jet fuel spill site at Tyndall Air Force Base in Panama City, Florida. FOR FURTHER INFORMATION: EPA PROJECT MANAGER: Ronald Lewis U.S. EPA Risk Reduction Engineering Laboratory 26 West Martin Luther King Drive Cincinnati, OH 45268 513-569-7856 Fax: 513-569-7620 TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPER CONTACT: Douglas Jerger OHM Remediation Services Corporation 16406 U.S. Route 224 East P.O. Box 551 Findlay, OH 45840 419-424-4932 Fax: 419-425-6031 The SITE Program assesses but does not approve or endorse technologies. Page 361 ------- Technology Profile EMERGING TECHNOLOGY PROGRAM PULSE SCIENCES, INC. (X-Ray Treatment of Organically Contaminated Soils) TECHNOLOGY DESCRIPTION: X-ray technology treatment of organically conta- minated soils is based on in-depth deposition of ionizing radiation. Energetic photons (X-rays) collide with matter to generate a shower of lower energy secondary electrons within the contaminated waste material. These secondary electrons ionize and excite the atomic electrons, breaking up the complex contaminant molecules, and form radicals that react with contaminants to form compounds such as water, carbon dioxide, and oxygen. Other sources of ionizing radia- tion, such as ultraviolet radiation or direct electron processing, do not penetrate the treat- able material deeply enough. Ultraviolet radia- tion heats only the surface layer, while a 1.5 million electron volt (MeV) electron penetrates about 4 millimeters into soil. X-rays, however, penetrate up to 20 centimeters, allowing treat- ment of thicker samples. In situ treatment, which reduces material handling requirements, may also be possible with X-ray treatment. A high power linear induction accelerator (LIA) plus X-ray converter, shown in the figure below, generates the X-rays used in the treatment pro- cess. The LIA energy is between 1 MeV and 10 MeV; the upper limit depends on the application and is small enough to avoid activation. A pulse of electrons 50 to 100 nanoseconds long is directed onto a cooled high atomic number converter to efficiently generate X-rays. The X- rays penetrate and treat the organically conta- minated soils. The physical mechanism by which volatile organic compounds (VOC) and semivolatile organic compounds (SVOC) are removed pri- marily depends on the contaminant present. Because of the moisture in contaminated soil, sludge, and sediments, the shower of secondary electrons resulting from X-ray deposition pro- duces both highly oxidizing hydroxyl radicals and highly reducing aqueous electrons. While hazardous by-products may form during X-ray treatment, contaminants and by-products may be Waste Treatment Area Conveyor Waste Storage LJA 1-10 MeV Electron Beam X-Ray Converter (Ta) X-rays Disposal X-Ray Treatment Process Page 362 The SITE Program assesses but does not approve or endorse technologies. ------- November 1994 Ongoing Project completely converted at sufficiently high dose levels without undesirable waste residuals or air pollution. Since X-rays penetrate about 20 centimeters into soil, they can more easily treat large soil vol- umes, and standard container walls will not absorb a significant fraction of the ionizing radiation. X-rays can treat solid waste on a conveyor or waste contained in disposal barrels. Pulse Sciences, Inc., estimates that the cost of high throughput X-ray processing is competitive with alternative processes. WASTE APPLICABILITY: X-ray treatment of organically contaminated soils technology can potentially treat large num- bers of contaminants with minimum waste hand- ling or preparation. Treatable organic con- taminants include benzene, toluene, xylene, trichloroethylene, tetrachloroethylene, carbon tetrachloride, chloroform, and polychlorinated biphenyls. STATUS: The X-ray treatment of organically contaminated soils technology was accepted into the SITE Emerging Technology Program in 1993. A 1.2 MeV, 800-amp, 50 watt LIA and a 10.8 MeV, 0.2 amp, 10,000 watt radio frequency (RF) linac will be used in the program. The program's primary objective is to demonstrate that X-ray treatment can reduce VOC and SVOC levels hi soils to acceptable levels, and determine any hazardous by-product that may be produced. Samples with identical initial contaminant con- centration levels will be irradiated at increasing dose levels to determine 1) the rate (concentra- tion versus dose) at which the contaminants are being destroyed, and 2) the X-ray dose required 'to reduce organic contamination to acceptable levels. The 10.8 MeV RF linac, which produc- es more penetrating X-rays, should provide information on the optimum X-ray energy for the treatment process. Increasing the accelerator energy allows a more efficient conversion from electrons to X-rays in the converter, but an upper limit (about 10 MeV) restricts the energy treatment, since higher energy activates the soil. The experimental database will develop a con- ceptual design and cost estimate for a high throughput X-ray treatment system. FOR FURTHER INFORMATION: EPA PROJECT MANAGER: George Moore U.S. EPA Risk Reduction Engineering Laboratory 26 West Martin Luther King Drive Cincinnati, OH 45268 513-569-7991 Fax: 513-569-7620 TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPER CONTACT: Vernon Bailey Pulse Sciences, Inc. 600 McCormick Street San Leandro, CA 94577 510-632-5100 Fax: 510-632-5300 The SITE Program assesses but does not approve or endorse technologies. Page 363 ------- Technology Profile EMERGING TECHNOLOGY PROGRAM REMEDIATION TECHNOLOGIES, INC. (Chlorinated Gas Treatment Biofilm Reactor) TECHNOLOGY DESCRIPTION: The Remediation Technologies, Inc., biological treatment technology uses aerobic cometabolic organisms in fixed-film biological reactors to treat gases contaminated with volatile chlorinated hydrocarbons. Contaminated gases enter the bottom of the 6-foot tall reactor column and flow up through a medium that has a high surface area and favorable porosity for gas distribution. Both methanotrophic and phenol- degrading organisms may be evaluated within the reactor (see figure below). In methanotrophic columns, methane and nutri- ents are added to grow the organisms capable of degrading volatile chlorinated hydrocarbons. The organisms degrade these compounds into acids and chlorides that can be subsequently degraded to carbon dioxide and chloride. Because of intermediate toxicity and competitive inhibition, methane-volatile organic compound (VOC) feeding strategies are critical to obtain optimum VOC degradation over the long term. Methanotrophic bacteria from various soils were tested to determine potential VOC compound degradation. The optimal culture from this testing was isolated and transferred to a bench- scale biofilm reactor, where substrate degra- dation rates per unit of biofilm surface area were determined. Four pilot-scale biofilters were then Gas Effluent I > Nutrients Column Ht - 6' Dia-5" Methane Toxic Humidified Air I A A4 Sample Taps 3' media T YDiain 4" gravel Methanotrophic BioFilm Reactor Page 364 The SITE Program assesses but does not approve or endorse technologies. ------- November 1994 Ongoing Project established, with feeding strategies and retention times based on earlier testing. The following issues are investigated in the methanotrophic biofilters: • Comparison of different media types • Trichloroethylene (TCE) removal across the columns • TCE degradation rates In addition to studies of the methanotrophic bio- filters, a column was seeded with a filamentous phenol-degrading consortia that grows well on phenol in a nitrogen-limited solution. Phenol also induces enzymes capable of rapid cometa- bolic degradation of TCE. WASTE APPLICABILITY: This technology can treat gaseous streams of chlorinated volatile hydrocarbons. These waste streams may result from air stripping of conta- minated groundwater or industrial process streams, or extracted gas from in situ site remediation by vacuum extraction. STATUS: This technology was accepted into the SITE Emerging Technology Program in summer 1992. TCE degradation rates in the pilot-scale biofilter have been well below those previously measured in laboratory testing or those reported in the literature for pure cultures. The phenol-fed column was started on a eelite medium. TCE removal was superior to the methanotrophic columns, even with sub-optimal biomass development. Further testing is underway to determine optimal phenol-feeding strategies, TCE removal, degradation of other VOCs, and the effect of mixtures. FOR FURTHER INFORMATION: EPA PROJECT MANAGER: Ronald Lewis U.S. EPA Risk Reduction Engineering Laboratory 26 West Martin Luther King Drive Cincinnati, OH 45268 513-569-7856 Fax: 513-569-7620 TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPER CONTACT: Hans Stroo Remediation Technologies, Inc. 1011 S.W. Klickitat Way, Suite 207 Seattle, WA 98134 206-624-9349 Fax: 206-624-2839 The SITE Program assesses but does not approve or endorse technologies. Page 365 ------- Technology Profile EMERGING TECHNOLOGY PROGRAM STATE UNIVERSITY OF NEW YORK AT OSWEGO (Photocatalytic Degradation of PCB-Contammated Sediments and Waters) TECHNOLOGY DESCRIPTION: The State University of New York at Oswego (SUNY) has developed a photocatalytic system that treats sediments contaminated with poly- chlorinated biphenyls (PCB) and other chlori- nated organic contaminants. This system in- cludes a reactor that consists of three chambers connected in series (see figure below). Each of the chambers is covered with a transparent material that allows sunlight and artificial light penetration. In Chamber A, the sediment is continuously agi- tated to allow separation of the suspended and bottom sediment fractions, and a titanium diox- ide (TiOz) catalyst is added. As agitation pro- ceeds, the suspended fraction is irradiated at the slurry-air surface to promote photocatalysis. The suspended sediment fraction is then slowly discharged to Chamber B, exposing the bottom sediments in Chamber A to the light sources. A tank baffle in Chamber A agitates the bottom sediments to maximize contact with the catalyst, promoting catalytic degradation. Following continued treatment hi Chamber B, the suspended sediment fraction is gravity-dis- charged to Chamber C, where additional TiO2 is added for continued treatment and eventual discharge. The sediment can be recirculated through Chamber B if additional treatment is needed. When treatment is complete, the sedi- ment is discharged to a settling tank or disposed of. Make-up water can be pumped back to Chamber A if needed. Once the bottom sedi- ments hi Chamber A are adequately treated, they are also removed for further treatment or dispos- al. Any gases produced during treatment are trapped with a vacuum system, which draws volatiles through a carbon filter. This technology offers the following benefits over extraction, solidification/stabilization, and decomposition: • The reactor can operate at ambient pressure and temperature without organ- ic solvents additions. • The catalyst, TiO2, is environmentally inert. • The photocatalytic process can use sunlight or artificially produced ultraviolet light. • The technology requires little energy and may be applied in situ. • The technology can also treat contaminated dredge materials by subjecting the contaminated sediments to the photocatalytic process as an integral part of the dredging operation. (G) [»- TO DISPOSAL PCB Treatment System Page 366 The SITE Program assesses but does not approve or endorse technologies. ------- November 1994 Ongoing Project WASTE APPLICABILITY: This technology is designed to treat sediment contaminated with PCBs and other chlorinated organic contaminants on site. The technology may reduce levels of PCBs to below detection limits, or it may be used as a pretreatment in conjunction with technologies like microbial degradation. Although this technology was developed to de- grade PCB-contaminated sediments, the process can also treat a host of other organically contam- inated solids, including volatile and semivolatile organic compounds. The technology can also pretreat inorganically contaminated solids such as soils and sludges. STATUS: SUNY was accepted into the SITE Emerging Technology Program in 1993. During experi- ments conducted from June to September 1992, the photocatalytic technology reduced PCBs in sediment by 62 and 68 percent after 4 and 6 hours of sunlight irradiation, respectively. SUNY also conducted experiments on PCB- contaminated sediments from a Massena, New York area federal Superfund Site. The technolo- gy degraded more than 90 percent of the PCBs in a 48-hour period. In August 1994, a second generation pilot-scale photoreactor was con- structed at a state Superfund Site. This reactor is self-contained, mobile, and capable of treating up to 2 tons of contaminated soils and/or sedi- ments hi batch mode (see figure below). The second generation photoreactor uses a mixing motor to agitate sediment. Contaminants and the catalyst are exposed to artificial lights immedi- ately below the reactor cover at the slurry-air interface. In October 1994, the pilot-scale photoreactor degraded PCB-contaminated casting sands at a state Superfund Site. FOR FURTHER INFORMATION: EPA PROJECT MANAGER: Hector Moreno U.S. EPA Risk Reduction Engineering Laboratory 26 West Martin Luther King Drive Cincinnati, OH 45268 513-569-7882 Fax: 513-569-7879 TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPER CONTACTS: Ronald Scrudato Jeffrey Chiarenzelli Environmental Research Center 319 Piez Hall State University of New York at Oswego Oswego, NY 13126 315-341-3639 Fax: 315-341-5346 I Coarse Sediment Cross-Sectional Schematic of Three-Phased Treatment of Contaminated Sediments The SITE Program assesses but does not approve or endorse technologies. Page 367 ------- Technology Profile EMERGING TECHNOLOGY PROGRAM THERMO ANALYTICAL (Segmented Gate System [SGS]) TECHNOLOGY DESCRIPTION: TMA has conducted many radiological surveys of soil contaminated with low and intermediate levels of radioactivity. Cleanup of these sites is a highly labor-intensive process requiring numerous personnel to conduct radiological surveys with portable hand-held instruments. When contamination is encountered, an attempt is made to manually excise it. When surveys disclose larger areas of contamination, heavy equipment is used to remove the contaminated material. Since it is difficult to perform pinpoint excision with earthmoving equipment, large amounts of uncontaminated soil are removed along with the contaminant. Few sites have been characterized to be uniformly and/or homo- geneously contaminated above release criteria over the entire site area. As a result, TMA developed the Segmented Gate System (SGS) to physically separate and segre- gate radioactive material from otherwise "clean" soil. The SGS removes only a minimal amount of clean soil with the radioactive particles, significantly reducing the overall amount of material requiring disposal. The SGS works by conveying radiologically-contaminated feed Contaminated Material TMA's Segmented Gate System Page 368 The SITE Program assesses but does not approve or endorse technologies. ------- November 1994 Ongoing Project material on moving conveyor belts under an array of sensitive radiation detectors. The moving material is assayed, and radioactivity content is logged. Copyrighted computer software tracks the radioactive material as it is transported by the conveyor, and triggers a diversion by one or more of the Segmented Gate chutes when the material reaches the end of the conveyor. Clean soil goes in one direction, and contaminated material in another. The key advantage to this system is automation, which affords a much higher degree of accuracy compared to manual methods. Contaminants can be isolated and removed by locating small particles of radioactive material dispersed throughout the soil. All of the soil is analyzed continuously during processing to document the level of radioactivity in the waste and to demonstrate that cleaned soil meets release criteria. This automation and analysis results in a significant cost reduction for special handling, packaging, and disposal of the site's radioactive waste. WASTE APPLICABILITY: The SGS locates, analyzes, and removes gamma- ray emitting radionuclides from soil, sand, dry sludge, or any host matrix that can be trans- ported by conveyor belts. The SGS can identify hot particles, which are assayed in units of picoCuries, and can quantify distributed radio- activity, which is assayed in units of picoCuries per gram (pCi/g) of host material. The lower limit of detection (LLD) for the system is depen- dent on the ambient radiation background, conveyor belt speed, thickness of host material on conveyor, and contaminant gamma-ray energy and abundance. However, LLDs for americium-241 of 2 pCi/g and for radium-222 of 5 Pci/g have been successfully demonstrated. STATUS: This technology was accepted into the SITE Emerging Technology Program in July 1994. A similar system has been used on Johnston Atoll, Guam since January 1, 1992, and is currently under contract to the Defense Nuclear Agency to process coral soil contaminated with plutonium and americium. Pilot- and field-scale tests using TMA-owned mobile equipment are planned for federal and commercial sites in the continental U.S. beginning January 1995. These tests will demonstrate the technology's applicability to other radionuclides and other host matrices. FOR FURTHER INFORMATION: EPA PROJECT MANAGER: Joan Mattox U.S. EPA Risk Reduction Engineering Laboratory 26 West Martin Luther King Drive Cincinnati, OH 45268 513-569-7624 Fax: 513-569-7620 TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPER CONTACT: Jeffrey Brown Thermo Analytical 601 Scarboro Road Oak Ridge, TN 37830 615-481-0683 Fax: 615-483-4621 The SITE Program assesses but does not approve or endorse technologies. Page 369 ------- Technology Profile EMERGING TECHNOLOGY PROGRAM UNIVERSITY OF DAYTON RESEARCH INSTITUTE (Photothermal Detoxification Unit) TECHNOLOGY DESCRIPTION: Photolytic reactions (reactions induced by ex- posure to ultraviolet (UV) light) can destroy certain hazardous organic wastes at relatively low temperatures. Unfortunately, attempts to exploit these reactions for large-scale hazardous waste remediation have experienced only limited success. Specifically, most photochemical pro- cesses offer relatively limited throughput rates and exhibit an inability to completely mineralize the targeted wastes. For special cases, such as aqueous waste streams, these problems have been partially addressed by using indirect photo- chemical reactions involving a highly reactive photolytic initiator such as hydrogen peroxide or heterogeneous catalysts. Recently, the University of Dayton Research Institute deve- loped a photolytic detoxification process that is clean and efficient and offers the speed and general applicability of a combustion process. The photothermal detoxification unit (PDU) uses photothermal reactions conducted at tempera- tures higher than those used in conventional photochemical processes (200 to 500 degrees Celsius [°C] versus 20 °C), but lower than com- bustion temperatures (typically greater than 1,000 °C). At these elevated temperatures, photothermal reactions are energetic enough to destroy wastes quickly and efficiently without producing complex and potentially hazardous by- products. The PDU is a relatively simple device, consis- ting of an insulated reactor vessel illuminated with high-intensity UV lamps. As shown in the figure below, the lamps are mounted externally for easy maintenance and inspection. Site remediation technologies that generate high temperature gas streams, such as thermal desorp- tion or in situ steam stripping, can incorporate the PDU with only slight equipment modifica- tions. The PDU can be equipped with a pre- heater for use with low temperature extraction technologies. Furthermore, the PDU can be equipped with conventional air pollution control devices for removal of acids and suspended particulates from the treated process stream. The PDU shown in the figure is also equipped Thermally Insulated Reaction Vessel Mounting Range External Lamp Assemblies (3) Gas Inlet Exhaust Sampling Ports (4) Support/Transportation Pallet Sampling Ports (4) Photothermal Detoxification Unit (PDU) Page 370 The SITE Program assesses but does not approve or endorse technglogies. ------- November 1994 Ongoing Project with built-in sampling ports for monitoring and quality assurance and quality control. WASTE APPLICABILITY: The PDU has proven extremely effective at destroying the vapors of polychlorinated biphenyls, polychlorinated dibenzodioxins, polychlorinated dibenzofurans, aromatic and aliphatic ketones, and aromatic and chlorinated solvents, as well as brominated and nitrous wastes found in soil, sludges, and aqueous streams. The PDU can be incorporated with most existing and proposed remediation process- es for clean, efficient, on-site destruction of the off-gases. More specifically, high-temperature processes can directly incorporate the PDU; low-temperature vapor extraction technologies can use the PDU fitted with a preheater; and groundwater remediation processes can use the PDU in conjunction with air stripping. STATUS: The technology was accepted into the Emerging Technology Program in August 1992, and development work began in December 1992. Through prior programs with the U.S. Depart- ment of Energy, the process's effectiveness has been thoroughly investigated using relatively long wavelength UV light, which is concentrated sunlight with wavelengths greater than 300 nano- meters). Limited data have also been generated at shorter wavelengths (higher energy) using available industrial UV illumination systems. Emerging Technology Program data indicated that the technology performs as expected for chlorinated aromatic wastes, such as dichloro- benzene and tetrachlorodibenzodioxin, and better than expected for relatively light chlorinated solvents, such as trichloroethylene (TCE) and tetrachloroethylene. Further tests with selected mixtures, including benzene, toluene, ethyl- benzene, xylene, TCE, dichlorobenzene, and water vapor, show that the process is effective at treating wastes typically found in many remedi- ation sites. Adequate scaling and performance data are now available to proceed with the design and development of prototype full-scale units for field testing and evaluation. FOR FURTHER INFORMATION: EPA PROJECT MANAGER: Chien Chen U.S. EPA Risk Reduction Engineering Laboratory Building 10, MS-104 2890 Woodbridge Avenue Edison, NJ 08837-3679 908-906-6985 Fax: 908-321-6640 TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPER CONTACT: Barry Dellinger or John Graham Environmental Sciences and Engineering Group University of Dayton Research Institute 300 College Park Dayton, OH 45469-0132 513-229-2846 Fax: 513-229-3433 The SITE Program assesses but does not approve or endorse technologies. Page 371 ------- Tf>chno/oav Profile EMERGING TECHNOLOGY PROGRAM UNIVERSITY OF HOUSTON (Concentrated-Chloride Extraction and Recovery of Lead) TECHNOLOGY DESCRIPTION: This technology is designed to recover lead from soils using an aqueous solvent extraction pro- cess. The extraction process takes advantage of the high solubility of chloro-complexes of lead. The figure below depicts a counter-current extraction process that may be used in a pilot- scale unit. First, soil is sieved to remove particles greater than 4 millimeters in diameter. The soil is then placed in the chloride extraction tank and ex- tracted with concentrated (greater than 4 molar) chloride solution with a residence time of less than 1 hour (perhaps less than 15 minutes). This slurry then enters a thickener. The bottoms of the thickener are sent by a sand pump to the second chloride extraction tank, where they contact fresh solvent. After contacting fresh solvent for less than one hour, the solution exiting the second chloride extraction tank is sent to the second thickener. The bottoms of the second thickener are sent to the soil rinse system to remove excess salt before the clean soil is placed back on site. The overflows from the second thickener are sent to the first chloride extraction tank, and the over- flows from the first thickener are sent to the lead precipitation system. After lead hydroxide is removed, the spent chloride solution is sent to the solvent makeup unit, where it is prepared for reuse. This system will operate in a continuous fashion and is expected to treat up to 10 kilo- grams per hour (kg/hr) of soil at pilot-scale. Concentrated-chloride extraction has been used on actual lead battery waste site (LEWS) soil at laboratory scale. Lead removals of greater than 97 percent were achieved on LEWS soil conta- Contaminated Soil (sieved to remove large particles) Concentrated Chloride Extraction and Recovery of Lead Process for Soil Treatment Page 372 The SITE Program assesses but does not approve or endorse technologies. ------- November 1994 Ongoing Project minated with up to 20 percent lead using only a single-step sodium chloride (NaCl) batch extrac- tion. Following these NaCl extraction tests, the treated soils consistently passed the toxicity characteristic leaching procedure test. This project's main objective is to scale up the extraction process to a mobile, pilot-scale unit after optimizing the process at laboratory scale. Four preliminary project goals are to 1) optimize the technology at laboratory scale by deter- mining the effects of varying several process parameters, 2) determine the extraction process mechanism, 3) examine the ability of the process to decontaminate lead-contaminated soils of different soil types, and 4) determine the ability to recycle and reuse the lead-saturated chloride solution. The pilot-scale unit will be designed, constructed, and demonstrated after the project goals have been achieved. WASTE APPLICABILITY: This technology removes lead from soil, particu- larly at battery waste sites. However, this project will also study the feasibility of remov- ing lead from other wastes and removing metals such as cadmium, mercury, silver, copper, and zinc from contaminated soil. STATUS: This technology was accepted into the SITE Emerging Technology Program in July 1994. The University of Houston will conduct bench- scale experiments to determine the optimum operating parameters for a pilot-scale unit. Once optimum operating conditions are deter- mined, a mobile pilot-scale unit will be con- structed to treat up to 10 kg/hr of soil. Two LEWS in the Houston are being considered for the pilot-scale tests. FOR FURTHER INFORMATION: EPA PROJECT MANAGER: Eugene Harris U.S. EPA Risk Reduction Engineering Laboratory 26 West Martin Luther King Drive Cincinnati, OH 45268 513-569-7862 Fax: 513-568-7676 TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPER CONTACT: Dennis Clifford or Tim Newed Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering University of Houston Houston, TX 77204-4791 713-743-4266 or 713-743-4292 Fax: 713-743-4260 The SITE Program assesses but does not approve or endorse technologies. Page 373 ------- Technology Profile EMERGING TECHNOLOGY PROGRAM UNIVERSITY OF SOUTH CAROLINA (In Situ Mitigation of Acid Water) TECHNOLOGY DESCRIPTION: The in situ acid water mitigation process ad- dresses the acid drainage problem associated with exposed sulfide-bearing minerals from sources including mine waste rock and aban- doned metallic mines. Acid drainage forms under natural conditions when iron disulfides are exposed to the atmosphere and water, spon- taneously oxidizing them to produce a complex of highly soluble iron sulfates and salts. These salts hydrolyze to produce an acid-, iron-, and sulfate-enriched drainage that adversely affects the environment. The in situ mitigation strategy modifies the hydrology and geochemical conditions of the site through land surface reconstruction and selective placement of limestone. Limestone is used as the alkaline source material because it has long-term availability, is generally inexpensive, and is safe to handle. For the chemical balances to be effective, the site must receive enough rainfall to produce seeps or drainages that continually contact the limestone. Rainfall, therefore, helps to remediate the site, rather than increasing the acid drainage. f:'.!5«'^-.".;'~J-.r w< -sJfij? •;-.--•• «.,M -_•.. /-~/- • . Overview of Site Lysimeters Page 374 The SITE Program assesses but does not approve or endorse technologies. ------- November 1994 Ongoing Project During mine construction, surface depressions and limestone chimneys are installed to collect surface runoff and funnel it into the waste rock dump. Acidic material is capped with imper- meable material to divert water from the acid cores. With this design, the net acid load will be lower than the alkaline load, resulting in benign, nonacid drainage. WASTE APPLICABILITY: The technology mitigates acid drainage from abandoned waste dumps and mines. It can be applied to any site in a humid area where lime- stone is available. STATUS: This technology was accepted into the SITE Emerging Technology Program in March 1990. Six large-scale lysimeters (12 feet wide, 8 feet high, and 16 feet deep) were constructed and lined with 20-mil polyvinyl chloride plastic (see photograph on previous page). The lysimeters drained through an outlet pipe into 55-gallon collection barrels. Piezometers in the lysimeter floor monitored the hydrology and chemistry of the completed lysimeter. During June 1991, 50 tons of acid-producing mine waste rock were packed into each lysimeter. The effluent from each lysimeter was monitored for 1 year to establish a quality baseline. In the second phase of the study, selected lysimeters were topically treated, maintaining two lysi- meters as controls to compare the efficacy of the acid abatement strategy. In addition, a rain gauge was installed at the site for mass balance measurements. An ancillary study correlating laboratory and field results is complete. In the last phase of the 3-year study, little if any leachate was collected due to drought conditions in the Southeast. With the return of normal rainfall, sufficient leachate was collected to compare the treated cells against the controls to evaluate the treatment's effectiveness. The treated cells, in general, showed a 20 to 25 percent reduction in acid formation. The acidities measured about 10,000 milligrams per liter (mg/L) for the untreated bins, while acidities from the treated bins measured about 7,000 mg/L. This study was conducted on a very high acid-producing waste rock, representing almost a worst-case situation. The process should be more successful on milder acid sources. FOR FURTHER INFORMATION: EPA PROJECT MANAGER: Roger Wilmoth U.S. EPA Risk Reduction Engineering Laboratory 26 West Martin Luther King Drive Cincinnati, OH 45268 513-569-7509 Fax: 513-569-7787 TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPER CONTACT: Frank Caruccio Department of Geological Sciences University of South Carolina Columbia, SC 29208 803-777-4512 Fax: 803-777-6610 The SITE Program assesses but does not approve or endorse technologies. Page 375 ------- Technology Profile EMERGING TECHNOLOGY PROGRAM WESTERN PRODUCT RECOVERY GROUP, INC. (CCBA Physical and Chemical Treatment) TECHNOLOGY DESCRIPTION: The coordinate, chemical bonding and ad- sorption (CCBA) process converts heavy metals in soils, sediments, and sludges to nonleaching silicates. The process can also oxidize organics in the waste stream and incorporate the ash into the ceramic pellet matrix (see figure below). The solid residual consistency varies from a soil and sand density and size distribution to a con- trolled size distribution ceramic aggregate form. The residue can be placed back in its original location, or used as a substitute for conventional aggregate. The process uses clays with specific cation exchange capacity as sites for physical and chemical bonding of heavy metals to the clay. The process is designed for continuous flow. The input sludge and soil stream are carefully ratioed with specific clays and then mixed in a high intensity mechanical mixer. The mixture is then densified and formed into green or.unfired pellets of a desired size. The green pellets are then direct-fired hi a rotary kiln for approxi- mately 30 minutes. The pellet temperature slowly rises to 2,000 degrees Fahrenheit (°F), creating the fired pellet's ceramic nature. Organics on the pellet's surface are oxidized, and organics inside the pellet are pyrolyzed as the temperature rises. As the pellets reach 2,000 °F, the available silica sites in the clay chemically react with the heavy metals in the soil and sludge to form the final metal silicate product. The process residue is an inert ceramic product, free of organics, with metal silicates providing the molecular bonding structure to preclude leaching. The kiln off-gas is processed in an afterburner and wet scrub system before it is released into the atmosphere. Excess scrub To Slack Recycled Scrub Solution Soils/ Sludges/ ^ Sediments MIXER PELLET FORMER ROTARY KILN 1 Residual Product CCBA Process Page 376 The SITE Program assesses but does not approve or endorse technologies. ------- November 1994 Ongoing Project solution is recycled to the front-end mixing process. WASTE APPLICABILITY: The CCBA process has been demonstrated commercially on metal hydroxide sludges at a throughput of 70 wet tons per month, based on an 8-hour day, at 25 percent by solid weight. This process can treat wastewater sludges, sediments, and soils contaminated with most mixed organic and heavy metal wastes. STATUS: The CCBA process was accepted into the SITE Emerging Technology Program hi January 1991. Under this program, the CCBA technology will be modified to include soils contaminated with both heavy metals and most organics. The initial SITE studies will be completed at a pilot facility with a capacity of 10 pounds per hour; the resulting data will then be used to design a transportable production unit. FOR FURTHER INFORMATION: EPA PROJECT MANAGER: Mark Meckes U.S. EPA Risk Reduction Engineering Laboratory 26 West Martin Luther King Drive Cincinnati, OH 45268 513-569-7348 Fax: 513-569-7676 TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPER CONTACT: Donald Kelly Western Product Recovery Group, Inc. P.O. Box 79728 Houston, TX 77279 713-493-9321 Fax: 713-493-9434 The SITE Program assesses but does not approve or endorse technologies. Page 377 ------- Technology Profile EMERGING TECHNOLOGY PROGRAM ROY F. WESTON, INC. (Ambersorb® 563 Adsorbent) TECHNOLOGY DESCRIPTION: The Ambersorb® 563 adsorbent is a regenerable adsorbent that treats groundwater contaminated with hazardous organics (see figure below). Ambersorb 563 adsorbent has 5 to 10 times the capacity of granular activated carbon (GAG) for low concentrations of volatile organic com- pounds (VOC). Current GAG adsorption techniques are well established for groundwater remediation, but require either disposal or thermal regeneration of the spent carbon. In these cases, the GAG must be removed from the site and shipped as a hazardous material to the disposal or regenera- tion facility. Ambersorb 563 adsorbent has unique properties that result in several key performance benefits: • Ambersorb 563 adsorbent can be regen- erated on site using steam, thus elimi- nating the liability and cost of off-site regeneration or disposal associated with GAG treatment. Condensed contami- nants are recovered through phase separation. • Because Ambersorb 563 adsorbent has a much higher capacity for volatile organics than GAG (at low concentra- tions), the process can operate for sig- nificantly longer service cycle times before regeneration is required. STEAM SUPPLY- (REGENERATION CYCLE) Vs.-1 h—--n AMBERSORB if ADSORBENT ii COLUMNS | t_ TREATED WATER SATURATED AQUEOUS PHASE CONDENSER CONTAMINATED GROUNDWATER CONCENTRATED ORGANIC PHASE Ambersorb® 563 Adsorbent Page 378 The SITE Program assesses but does not approve or endorse technologies. ------- November 1994 Ongoing Project • Ambersorb 563 adsorbent can operate at higher flow rate loadings compared with GAC, which translates into a smaller, more compact system. • Ambersorb 563 adsorbents are hard, nondusting, spherical beads with excel- lent physical integrity, eliminating han- dling problems and attrition losses typi- cally associated with GAC. • Ambersorb 563 adsorbent is not prone to bacterial fouling. • Ambersorb 563 adsorbents have extremely low ash levels. In addition, the Ambersorb 563 carbonaceous adsorbent-based remediation process could eliminate the need to dispose of. by-products. Organics can be recovered in a form potentially suitable for immediate reuse. For example, removed organics could be burned for energy in a power plant. Reclamation of waste organics is an important benefit, as recovered materials could be used as resources instead of disposed of as wastes. This combination of benefits may result in a more cost-effective alternative to currently available treatment technologies for low-level VOC-contaminated groundwater. WASTE APPLICABILITY: Ambersorb 563 adsorbent is applicable to any water stream containing contaminants that can be treated with GAC, such as 1,2-dichloroethane, 1,1,1-trichloroethane, tetrachloroethene, vinyl chloride, xylene, toluene, and other VOCs. STATUS: This technology was accepted into the SITE Emerging Technology Program in 1993. Field demonstration testing was conducted in spring and summer 1994. Results will be available in late 1994. FOR FURTHER INFORMATION: EPA PROJECT MANAGER: Ronald Turner U.S. EPA Risk Reduction Engineering Laboratory 26 West Martin Luther King Drive Cincinnati, OH 45268 513-569-7775 Fax: 513-569-7787 •TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPER CONTACT: Russ Turner Roy F. Weston, Inc. 1 Weston Way West Chester, PA 19380-1499 610-701-3097 Fax: 610-701-3158 Deborah Plantz Business Development Manager Rohm and Haas Company 727 Norristown Road P.O. Box 904 Spring House, PA 19477-0904 215-641-7478 Fax: 215-619-1613 Note: Ambersorb® is a registered trademark of the Rohm and Haas Company. The SITE Program assesses but does not approve or endorse technologies. Page 379 ------- ------- TECHNOLOQIES The purpose of the Monitoring and Measurement Technologies Program (MMTP) is to accelerate the development, demonstration, and use of innovative monitoring, measurement, and characterization technologies at Superfund sites. These technologies are used to assess the nature and extent of contamination and evaluate the progress and effectiveness of remedial actions. The MMTP places high priority on technologies that provide cost-effective, faster, and safer methods than conventional technologies for producing real-tune or near-real-time data. TheMMTP is interested in new or modified technologies that can detect, monitor, and measure hazardous and toxic substances in the surface (soil and sediment), subsurface (saturated and vadose zones), air, biological tissues, wastes, and surface waters, as well as technologies that characterize the physical properties of sites. Technologies of interest include chemical sensors for in situ measurements; groundwater sampling devices; soil and core sampling devices; soil gas sampling devices; fluid sampling devices for the vadose zone; in situ and field-portable analytical methods; and other systems that support field sampling or data acquisition and analysis. The identification of candidate technologies is ongoing; therefore, technology developers are encouraged to submit new and updated information at any time. This information is reviewed, cataloged, and incorporated into a technology matrix, from which EPA makes a preliminary determination of possible candidates for participation. Developers interested in participating should contact Stephen Billets at 703-798-2232. Evaluations or demonstrations have been completed for 27 projects in the MMTP. These technologies are presented in alphabetical order in Table 4, and are included in the technology profiles that follow. Page 381 ------- I po N) TABLE 5 Completed SITE Monitoring and Measurement Technologies Program Projects as of October 1994 Developer Analytical and Remedial Technology, Inc., Menlo Park, CA Asoma Instruments, Moorpark, CA Bruker Instruments, Billerica, MA Dexsil Corporation, Hamden, CT (2 Demonstrations) EnSys, Inc., Research Triangle Park, NC (2 Demonstrations) Geoprobe Systems, Salina, KS Graseby Ionics, Ltd., and PCP, Inc., Watford, Hertsfordshire, England/West Palm Beach, PL (2 Demonstrations) HNU Systems, Inc., Newton, MA HNU Systems, Inc., Newton, MA HNU Systems, Inc., Newton, MA Technology Automated Volatile Organic Analytical System Model 200 XRF Analyzer Bruker Mobile Environmental Monitor Environmental Test Kits Penta RISc Test System Geoprobe Conductivity Sensor Ion Mobility Spectrometry HNU-Hanby PCP Test Kit HNU Source Excited Fluorescence Analyzer- Portable (SEFA-P) XRF Analyzer Portable Gas Chromatograph Technology Contact D. MacKay 415-324-2259 Bob Friedl 805-529-7123 John Wronka 508-667-9580 Steve Finch 203-288-3509 Aisling Scallan 919-941-5509 Collin Christy or Tom Christy 913-825-1842 John Brokenshire 011-44-923-816166 Martin Cohen 407-683-0507 Jack Driscoll 617-964-6690 Jack Driscoll 617-964-6690 Ed Lazaruck 617-964-6690 EPA Project Manager Stephen Billets 702-798-2272 Harold Vincent 702-798-2129 Stephen Billets 702-798-2272 J. Lary Jack 702-798-2373 J. Lary Jack 702-798-2373 J. Lary Jack 702-798-2373 Eric Koglin 702-798-2432 J. Lary Jack 702-798-2373 Harold Vincent 702-798-2272 Richard Berkley 919-541-2439 Waste Media Water, Air Streams Solids, Liquids, Slurries, Powders, Pastes, Films Air Streams, Water, Soil, Sludge, Sediment Soil, Sediment, Transformer Oils Groundwater, Soil Soil, Rock, Hydrogeologic Fluids Air Streams, Vapor, Soil, Water Soil Solids, Liquids, Slurries, Powders Air Streams Applicable Waste Inorganic Not Applicable Nonspecific Inorganics Not Applicable Not Applicable ' Not Applicable Nonspecific Inorganics Not Applicable Not Applicable Nonspecific Inorganics Not Applicable Organic VOCs Not Applicable VOCs, SVOCs, PCBs, and PAHs PCBs PCP Nonspecific Organics VOCs PCPs Not Applicable VOCs, Aromatic Compounds, Halocarbons ------- TABLE 5 (Continued) Completed SITE Monitoring and Measurement Technologies Program Projects as of October 1994 Developer Idetek, Inc. (formerly Binax Corporation, Antox Division), Sunnyvale, CA MDA Scientific, Inc. Norcross, GA Microsensor Systems, Incorporated, Bowling Green, KY Millipore Corporation, Bedford, MA Millipore Corporation, Bedford, MA MTI Analytical Instruments (formerly Microsensor Technology, Incorporated), Fremont, CA Ohmicron Corporation, Newtown, PA Outokumpu Electronics, Inc., Langhorne, PA Photovac International, Inc., Deer Park, NY SCITEC Corporation, Kennewick, WA Sentex Sensing Technology, Inc., Ridgefield, NJ Technology Equate® Immunoassay Fourier Transform Infrared Spectrometer Portable Gas Chromatograph EnviroGard" PCB Immunoassay Test Kit EnviroGard" PCP Immunoassay Test Kit Portable Gas Chromatograph Pentachlorophenol RaPID Assay Metorex X-MET 920P XRF Analyzer Photovac 10S PLUS Metal Analysis Probe (MAP®) Portable Assayer Scentograph Portable Gas Chromatograph Technology Contact Richard Lankow 408-752-1353 Orman Simpson 404-242-0977 t N. L. Jarvis 410-939-1089 Alan Weiss 617-275-9200 Alan Weiss 617-275-9200 Mark Brunf 510-490-0900 Mary Hayes 215-860-5115 James Pasmore 800-229-9209 Mark Collins 516-254-4199 Mike Mullin 800-466-5323 509-783-9850 Amos Linenberg 201-945-3694 EPA Project Manager Jeanette Van Emon 702-798-2154 William McClenny 919-541-3158 Richard Berkley 919-541-2439 J. Lary Jack 702-798-2373 J. Lary Jack 702-798-2373 Richard Berkley 919-541-2439 J. Lary Jack 702-798-2373 Harold Vincent 702-798-2129 Richard Berkley 919-541-2439 Harold Vincent 702-798-2129 Richard Berkley 919-541-2439 Waste Media Water Air Streams Air Streams Soil, Water Soil, Water Air Streams Soil, Water Solids, Liquids, Slurries, Powders, Films Air Streams Soil, Sediment, Filter and Wipe Samples Air Streams Applicable Waste Inorganic Not Applicable Nonspecific Inorganics Not Applicable Not Applicable Not Applicable Nonspecific Inorganics Not Applicable Nonspecific Inorganics Not Applicable Nonspecific Inorganics, Lead Not Applicable Organic Aromatic Hydrocarbons Nonspecific Organics VOCs PCBs PCPs Nonspecific Organics PCPs Not Applicable VOCs Non Applicable VOCs ------- TABLE 5 (Continued) Completed SITE Monitoring and Measurement Technologies Program Projects as of October 1994 Developer SRI Instruments, Torrance, CA TN Technologies, Inc., Round Rock, TX Tri-Services, Aberdeen Proving Ground, MD Unisys Corporation, Eagon, MN United States Environmental Protection Agency, Las Vegas, NV XonTech Incorporated, Van Nuys, CA Technology Gas Chromatograph Spectrace 9000 X-Ray Fluorescence Analyzer Site Characterization Analysis Penetrometer System (SCAPS) Rapid Optical Screen Tool Field Analytical Screening' Program PCB Method XonTech Sector Sampler Technology Contact Dave Quinn 310-214-5092 Margo Meyers 512-388-9100 George Robitialle 410-671-1576 John Ballard 601-634-2446 David Bonne 612-456-2339 Garry Hubbard 612-456-3721 Howard Fribush 703-603-8831 Matt Young 818-787-7380 EPA Project Manager Richard Berkley 919-541-2439 Harold Vincent 702-798-2129 J. Lary lack 702-798-2373 J. Lary Jack 702-798-2373 J. Lary Jack 702-798-2373 Joachim Pleil 919-541-4680 Waste Media Air Streams Soil, Sediment, Filter and Wipe Samples Soil Soil Soil, Water Air Streams Applicable Waste Inorganic Not Applicable Nonspecific Inorganics, Lead Not Applicable Not Applicable Not Applicable Not Applicable Organic VOCs Not Applicable Petroleum, PAHs, VOCs Petroleum, PAHs, VOCs PCBs VOCs ------- ------- Technology Profile MONITORING AND MEASUREMENT TECHNOLOGIES PROGRAM ANALYTICAL AND REMEDIAL TECHNOLOGY, INC. (Automated Volatile Organic Analytical System) TECHNOLOGY DESCRIPTION: The automated volatile organic analytical system (AVOAS) permits continuous monitoring of a water stream. The instrument consists of a sampling manifold that automatically samples at predetermined collection points (see photograph below). The samples are then shunted directly into a chamber where volatile organic com- pounds (VOC) are purged from the sample. These purged VOCs are collected on a sorbent trap, which is then thermally desorbed. These desorbed compounds are automatically injected into a gas chromatograph, where individual com- ponents are separated. The gas chromatograph can be equipped with a variety of detectors that offer high sensitivity or specificity depending on the application or data requirements. The entire system, including report preparation, is under computer control; therefore, the operator is not directly involved in sample collection, transport, or analysis. The instrument was designed to meet the require- ments of standard EPApurge-and-trap methods. WASTE APPLICABILITY: The AVOAS system is designed for automated determination of volatile organic compounds in aqueous samples, such as those obtained from a treatment or process stream. Because the system contains a thermal desorption chamber, air samples collected on TENAX or charcoal tubes may also be analyzed. The instrument can provide real-tune analytical data during reme- diation and long-term monitoring phases at a Superfund site. Automated Volatile Organic Analytical System (AVOAS) Page 386 The SITE Program assesses but does not approve or endorse technologies. ------- November 1994 Completed Project STATUS: The AVOAS system was demonstrated in May 1991 at the Wells G and H Superfund site in EPA Region 1. The demonstration was con- ducted as part of a pilot-scale pump-and-treat technology study. For purposes of this demonstration, the AVOAS' analytical results were compared to results obtained using EPA Method 502.2. The system was installed to collect samples at six points in the treatment train. Duplicate samples were collected and shipped to a conventional laboratory for confirmatory analysis. A preliminary evaluation of the results indicates a strong correlation between the laboratory and field data. A full report on this demonstration was prepared in December 1991. The results were presented at the 1992 Pittsburgh Con- ference and Exposition on Analytical Chemistry and Applied Spectroscopy. Additional studies will be conducted to expand the scope of appli- cation and to prepare detailed protocols based on the conclusions and recommendations in the final report. FOR FURTHER INFORMATION: EPA PROJECT MANAGERS: Stephen Billets U.S. EPA Environmental Monitoring Systems Laboratory 944 East Harmon P.O. Box 93478 Las Vegas, NV 89193-3478 702-798-2232 Fax: 702-798-2261 TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPER CONTACT D. MacKay Analytical and Remedial Technology, Inc. 206 West O'Conner Street Menlo Park, CA 94025 415-324-2259 Fax: 415-324-2259 (call first) The SITE Program assesses but does not approve or endorse technologies. Page 387 ------- Technology Profile MONITORING AND MEASUREMENT TECHNOLOGIES PROGRAM ASOMA INSTRUMENTS (Model 200 XRF Analyzer) TECHNOLOGY DESCRIPTION: The ASOMA Model 200 X-ray fluorescence (XRF) analyzer is a field portable bench-top unit. It can simultaneously analyze six inorganic elements ranging from aluminum to uranium. The Model 200 XRF analyzer is compact and lightweight, and does not require liquid nitro- gen. The Model 200 XRF analyzer can operate with a car battery or a battery pack, allowing the XRF unit to be used at remote sites where elec- tricity is not available. The Model 200 XRF analyzer uses a propor- tional counter detector to provide high elemental resolution and low detection limits. Two radio- isotope excitation sources provide a broad range of excitation energies to identify and quantify inorganic elements. The Model 200 XRF analyzer provides high sample throughput and is reportedly easy to operate. Analytical results obtained by this instrument are reportedly comparable to the results obtained by EPA-approved methods. WASTE APPLICABILITY: The Model 200 XRF analyzer can detect inor- ganic elements in solids, liquids, slurries, powders, pastes, and films, including air parti- culates on filters. The XRF analyzer can iden- tify inorganic elements at concentrations ranging from parts per million to percentage levels. STATUS: The ASOMA Model 200 XRF analyzer has been used at a number of Superfund sites across the country. A SITE demonstration of the ASOMA Model 200 XRF analyzer is scheduled for February 1995. Model 200 XRF Analyzer Page 388 The SITE Program assesses but does not approve or endorse technologies. ------- November 1994 Completed Project FOR FURTHER INFORMATION: EPA PROJECT MANAGER: Harold Vincent U.S. EPA Environmental Monitoring Systems Laboratory 944 East Harmon P.O. Box 93478 Las Vegas, NV 89193-3478 702-798-2129 Fax: 702-798-2692 TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPER CONTACT: Bob Friedl ASOMA Instruments 12130 Cherrygrove Street Moorpark, CA 93021 805-529-7123 Fax: 805-529-1911 The SITE Program assesses but does not approve or endorse technologies. Page 389 ------- Technology Profile MONITORING AND MEASUREMENT TECHNOLOGIES PROGRAM BRUKER INSTRUMENTS (Bruker Mobile Environmental Monitor) TECHNOLOGY DESCRIPTION: The Bruker mobile environmental monitor is a field transportable mass spectrometer designed to identify and measure organic pollutants in vari- ous environmental media (see photograph below). The spectrometer uses a quadruple mass analyzer similar to most conventional instruments. Like conventional mass spectro- meters, this instrument can identify and quantify organic compounds on the basis of their reten- tion time, molecular weight, and characteristic fragment pattern. The Bruker instrument's design and electronics are specially designed for field use. The instrument is designed to operate with battery power and can be used in various en- vironmental situations with minimum support requirements. The integrated gas chromatograph allows introduction of complex extracts for separation into individuarcomponents and sub- sequent analysis in the mass spectrometer. The instrument was originally designed for the military to detect and monitor chemical warfare agents. Environmental samples may be intro- duced to the mass spectrometer through the direct air sampler or the gas chromatograph. Results are collected and stored in a computer, where data is reduced and analyzed. The com- puter provides reports within minutes of final data acquisition. WASTE APPLICABILITY: This instrument is designed to detect the full range of volatile and semivolatile organic com- Bruker Mobile Environmental Monitor Page 390 The SITE Program assesses but does not approve or endorse technologies. ------- November 1994 Completed Project pounds directly in air and in water, soil, sedi- ment, sludge, and hazardous waste extracts. The Bruker mobile environmental monitor pro- vides in-field, real-time support during the characterization and remediation phases of cleanup at a hazardous waste site. STATUS: This technology was demonstrated at the Re- Solve, Inc., and Westborough Superfund site in EPA Region 1. The technology was used to analyze polychlorinated biphenyls and poly- nuclear aromatics in soil and the full range of Superfund-targeted volatile organic compounds in water. Splits of all samples analyzed in the field were shipped to a laboratory for confir- matory analysis using standard Superfund ana- lytical methods. The SITE demonstration was completed in September 1990, and a project report was pro- vided to the Superfund Program Office. The results of this study were presented at the Amer- ican Society for Mass Spectrometry (ASMS) Conference in May 1991 and at the Superfund Hazardous Waste Conference in July 1991. A recent survey of regional laboratories identified additional testing of this technology as a priority need. The Environmental Monitoring Systems Labora- tory-Las Vegas purchased this field portable gas chromatograph/mass spectrometer system in fiscal year 1992 to pursue other applications and to expand the scope of this project. FOR FURTHER INFORMATION: EPA PROJECT MANAGERS: Stephen Billets U.S. EPA Environmental Monitoring Systems Laboratory 944 East Harmon P.O. Box 93478 Las Vegas, NV 89193-3478 702-798-2232 Fax: 702-798-2261 TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPER CONTACT: John Wronka Bruker Instruments Manning Park 19 Fortune Drive Billerica, MA 01821 508-667-9580 Fax: 508-663-9177 The SITE Program assesses but does not approve or endorse technologies. Page 391 ------- Technology Profile MONITORING AND MEASUREMENT TECHNOLOGIES PROGRAM DEXSIL CORPORATION (Environmental Test Kits) TECHNOLOGY DESCRIPTION: The Dexsil Corporation (Dexsil) produces two test kits that detect polychlorinated biphenyls (PCB) in soil: the Dexsil Clor-N-Soil PCB Screening Kit, and the Dexsil L2000 PCB/ Chloride Analyzer. The Dexsil Clor-N-Soil PCB Screening Kit (see figure below) extracts PCBs from soil and dissociates the PCBs with a sodium reagent, freeing chloride ions. These ions then react with mercuric ions to form mercuric chloride compound. The extract is then treated with diphenylcarbazone, which reacts with free mercuric ions to form a purple color. The less purple the color, the greater the concentration of PCBs hi the extract. The Dexsil L2000 PCB/Chloride Analyzer (see figure on next page) also extracts PCBs from soil and dissociates the PCBs with a sodium reagent, freeing chloride ions. The extract is then analyzed with a calibrated chloride-specific electrode. The L2000 instrument then translates the output from the electrode into parts per million (ppm) PCB concentration. These technologies produce analytical results at different data quality levels. The Clor-N-Soil PCB Screening Kit identifies samples above or below a single concentration, which is generally tied to regulatory action levels. The Dexsil L2000 PCB/Chloride Analyzer quantifies speci- fic concentrations of PCBs in a sample over the range of 2 to 2000 ppm. The applicability of these methods depends on the data quality needs of a specific project. Both technologies can be used on site for site characterization or removal action. Dexsil Clor-N-Soil PCB Screening Kit Page 392 The SITE Program assesses but does not approve or endorse technologies. ------- November 1994 Completed Project WASTE APPLICABILITY: The Dexsil Clor-N-Soil PCB Screening Kit and the Dexsil L2000 PCB/Chloride analyzer can detect PCB concentrations in soil, sediment, and transformer oils. STATUS: These test kits were demonstrated at a PCB- contaminated facility in EPA Region 7. About 200 soil samples were collected and analyzed on site using the Dexsil test kits. Soil samples were not dried prior to analysis. Split samples were submitted to the off-site formal laboratory for confirmatory analysis by SW-846 Method 8080. Demonstration data were used to evaluate the accuracy and precision of the test kits, relative to internal quality control samples and to formal laboratory data. These data were also used to determine operating costs. The sampling and field analyses for this tech- nology demonstration were completed in August 1992. The final report is undergoing peer review and will be published in early 1995. FOR FURTHER INFORMATION: EPA PROJECT MANAGER: J. Lary Jack U.S. EPA Environmental Monitoring Systems Laboratory 944 East Harmon P.O. Box 93478 Las Vegas, NV 89193-3478 702-789-2373 Fax: 702-798-3146 TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPER CONTACT: Steve Finch Dexsil Corporation One Hamden Park Drive Hamden, CT 06517 203-288-3509 Fax: 203-248-6235 Dexsil L2000 PCB/Chloride Analyzer The SITE Program assesses but does not approve or endorse technologies. Page 393 ------- Technology Profile MONITORING AND MEASUREMENT TECHNOLOGIES PROGRAM ENSYS, INC. (Penta RISc Test System) TECHNOLOGY DESCRIPTION: The Penta RISc Test Systems are designed to quickly provide semiquantitative results for pentachlorophenol (PCP) concentrations in soil and water samples. The technology uses im- munoassay chemistry to produce compound- specific reactions that detect and quantify PCP. Polyclonal antibodies fix to the inside wall of a test tube, where they offer binding sites for PCP. An enzyme conjugate containing a PCP derivative is added to the test tube to compete with sample PCP for antibody binding sites. Excess sample and enzyme conjugate are washed from the test tube. Reagents are then added to the test tube to react with the enzyme conjugate, forming a color. After a designated time period, a solution is added to the test tube to stop color formation. The sample color is compared to the color formed by a PCP standard. A differential photometer compares the colors. The results obtained from soil samples are compared against three calibrators of 0.5, 5, and 50 parts per million (ppm). The technology's three cali- brators for water are listed as 5, 500, and 5,000 parts per billion (ppb). Penta RISc Test System Page 394 The SITE Program assesses but does not approve or endorse technologies. ------- November 1994 Completed Project The system can be affected by naturally occur- ring matrix effects such as humic acids, pH, or salinity. Site-specific matrix effects that can affect the system include: PCP carriers such as petroleum hydrocarbons or solvents; and other chemicals used in conjunction with PCP, inclu- ding creosote, copper-chromium-arsenate, or herbicides. Specific chemicals similar in struc- ture to PCP can provide positive results, or cross reactivity. WASTE APPLICABILITY: The PCP immunoassay measures PCP concen- trations in soil and water. For soil analysis, the semiquantitative ranges are: greater than 50 ppm, between 50 and 5 ppm, between 5 and 0.5 ppm, and less than 0.5 ppm. For water analy- sis, the ranges are as follows: greater than 5,000 ppb, between 5,000 and 500 ppb, between 500 and 5 ppb, and less than 5 ppb. Ensys, Inc. can customize these ranges to a user's needs. STATUS: The SITE demonstration occurred at Morrisville, North Carolina. Samples collected from Winona, Missouri were transported to the demonstration location for testing. Samples from both sites were analyzed to evaluate the effects of different sample matrices, and dif- ferent PCP carriers such as diesel fuel and isopropyl ether-butane. The demonstration was held during summer 1993 and consisted of ana- lyzing 112 soil samples and 16 water samples. The draft of the Technology Evaluation Report for the PCP test was submitted to EPA in spring 1994. The draft of the report is undergoing peer review and will be released in final report form in January 1995. FOR FURTHER INFORMATION: EPA PROJECT MANAGER: J. Lary Jack U.S. EPA Environmental Monitoring Systems Laboratory 944 East Harmon P.O. Box 93478 Las Vegas, NV 89193-3478 702-798-2373 Fax: 702-798-3146 TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPER CONTACT: Aisling Scallan Ensys, Inc. P.O. Box 14063 Research Triangle Park, NC 27709 919-941-5509 Fax: 919-941-5519 The SITE Program assesses but does not approve or endorse technologies. Page 395 ------- Technology Profile MONITORING AND MEASUREMENT TECHNOLOGIES PROGRAM GEOPROBE SYSTEMS (Geoprobe Conductivity Sensor) TECHNOLOGY DESCRIPTION: The Geoprobe conductivity sensor identifies lithology and potential contamination by mea- suring the electrical conductivity of soil, rock, and hydrogeologic fluids. Overall, soil and rock are resistant to current. Therefore, the ability of a hydrogeologic section to conduct a current is closely tied to the amount and types of pore fluids, and to the amount of dissolved solids in these fluids. The conductivity sensor uses an isolated array of sensing rings to measure this conductivity. The probe is principally designed to help determine subsurface stratigraphy. Since layers of pure organic product, including hydrocarbons, alter the conductivity of a matrix, the probe may also help characterize subsurface contamination. The principal components of the Geoprobe system are: • a Geoprobe hydraulic punch • standard sampling rods supplied with the system • a cable threaded through the sampling rod that introduces the current • the conductivity sensor • a data receiver connected to a personal computer to record the probe's measure- ments The hydraulic punch uses a combination of pushing and hammering to advance 3-feet-long segments of 2.54-centimeter-diameter hollow steel sampling rods. The conductivity sensor is attached to the lead section of the sampling rod. STRINGPDT MEASURES DEPTH PERCUSSION PROBING MACHINE DATA ACQUISITION SYSTEM VITH REAL-TIME DISPLAY OF CONDUCTIVITY VERSUS DEPTH RACK SYSTEM FDR PROBE ROD VITH CONTINUOUS CABLE SENSING PROBE MEASURES CONDUCTIVITY Schematic Diagram of the Geoprobe Conductivity Sensor Page 396 The SITE Program assesses but does not approve or endorse technologies. ------- November 1994 Completed Project The conductivity sensor consists of four stainless steel contact rings fitted around a central steel shaft. Plastic electronically isolates the contact rings from the steel shaft, improving soil contact with the stainless steel rings. A hollow steel rod extends above the uppermost stainless-steel ring, housing a shielded signal cable that connects the contact rings with an external power source, measurement system, and data logging system. The conductivity sensor can be used in a Dipole array or a Schlumberger array. The Dipole array is used when greater resolution is required. The Schlumberger array is generally used when optimal soil-to-probe contact cannot be maintained. , .' Geoprobe offers a training course for operating the conductivity sensor, but details are unavail- able at this time. No maintenance or cost infor- mation is available for the technology at this time. WASTE APPLICABILITY: The Geoprobe conductivity sensor was designed to determine subsurface stratigraphy and to qualitatively indicate the presence or absence of contamination in subsurface soils. STATUS: The Geoprobe conductivity sensor field demon- stration was conducted hi September 1994. After completing the demonstration, a Techno- logy Evaluation Report (TER) will be prepared. The TER will present the results of the demon- stration objectively and provide supporting docu- mentation. In addition, an innovative tech- nology evaluation report will be prepared and published that summarizes the findings presented in the TER. These reports will help data users and technology reviewers assess the performance of each technology for possible use on future site characterization or remediation projects at hazardous waste sites. FOR FURTHER INFORMATION: EPA PROJECT MANAGER: J. Lary Jack U.S. EPA Environmental Monitoring Systems Laboratory 944 East Harmon P.O. Box 93478 Las Vegas, NV 89193-3478 702-798-2373 Fax: 702-798-3146 TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPER CONTACT: Colliri Christy Tom Christy Geoprobe Systems 607 Barney Street Salina, KS 67401 913-825-1842 Fax: 913-825-2097 The SITE Program assesses but does not approve or endorse technologies. Page 397 ------- Technology Profile MONITORING AND MEASUREMENT TECHNOLOGIES PROGRAM GRASEBY IONICS, LTD., and PCP, INC. (Ion Mobility Spectrometry) TECHNOLOGY DESCRIPTION: Ion mobility spectrometry (IMS) is a technique used to detect and characterize organic vapors in air. IMS involves the ionization of molecules and their subsequent temporal drift through an electric field. Analysis and characterization are based on analyte separations resulting from ionic mobilities rather than ionic masses; this dif- ference distinguishes IMS from mass spectro- metry. IMS operates at atmospheric pressure, a characteristic that has practical advantages over mass spectrometry, including smaller size, lower power requirements, less weight, and ease of use. WASTE APPLICABILITY: The IMS units, which are intended to be used in a preprogrammed fashion, can monitor chloro- form, ethylbenzene, and other volatile organic compounds (VOC), in a defined situation. IMS units can analyze air, vapor, soil, and water samples. However, for analysis of liquid and solid materials, the contaminants must be intro- duced to the instrument in the gas phase, requiring some sample preparation. STATUS: Graseby Ionics, Ltd. (Graseby), and PCP, Inc., participated in a laboratory demonstration in summer and fall 1990. Graseby used a commer- cially available, self-contained instrument that weighs about 2 kilograms (kg) (see figure be- low). PCP, Inc., used a larger (12 kg) trans- portable IMS. This laboratory demonstration was the first opportunity to test the instruments, on environmental samples. Though IMS' poten- tial is known, the results of the laboratory demonstration highlighted, for the first time, the technology's limitations. The following two ENVIRONMENTAL CAP NOZZLE PROTECTIVE CAP- (Poaltion when A.V.M. Is In use) Airborne Vapor Monitor Page 398 The SITE Program assesses but does not approve or endorse technologies. ------- November 1994 Completed Project needs must be satisfied before IMS will be ready for field applications: • Additional development of sampling or sample preparation strategies for soil and water analysis • Improvements in the design and perfor- mance of IMS inlets in conjunction with the development of sampling and presen- tation procedures FOR FURTHER BVFORMATION: EPA PROJECT MANAGER: Eric Koglin U.S. EPA Environmental Monitoring Systems Laboratory 944 East: Harmon P.O. Box 93478 Las Vegas, NV 89193-3478 702-798-2432 Fax: 702-798-3146 TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPER CONTACTS: John Brokenshire Graseby Ionics Ltd. Analytical Division Park Avenue, Bushey Watford, Hertfordshire WD2 2BW England 011-44-923-816166 Martin Cohen PCP, Inc. 2155 Indian Road West Palm Beach, FL 33409-3287 407-683-0507 Fax: 407-683-0507 (call first) The SITE Program assesses but does not approve or endorse technologies. Page 399 ------- Technology Profile MONITORING AND MEASUREMENT TECHNOLOGIES PROGRAM HNU SYSTEMS, INC. (HNU-Hanby PCP Test Kit) TECHNOLOGY DESCRIPTION: The HNU-Hanby pentachlorophenol (PCP) test kit rapidly analyzes for PCP in soil samples. The test kit estimates PCP concentrations in samples when the carrier solvent is a petroleum hydrocarbon. The test kit can only detect those PCP carriers that contain aromatic compounds. The test kit estimates PCP concentrations hi soil samples indirectly by measuring petroleum hydrocarbon carrier solvent for the PCP. The carrier solvent concentration to PCP concen- tration ratio must be constant for the test kit results to be usable. To quantify the PCP results, split samples are used for confirmatory laboratory determination of PCP concentrations using EPA-approved methods. The confirmatory laboratory results and test kit results can generate calibration data by correlating two sets of data. As the number of samples and data points increase, the accuracy of the test kit results should improve. The test kit uses the Friedel-Crafts alkylation reaction to detect aromatics and petroleum in soil samples. An electrophile is formed by the reaction of a Lewis acid catalyst, such as alu- minum chloride, with an alkyl halide. Electro- phile aromatic substitution products are generally very large molecules with a high degree of electron dislocation that causes intense coloring. When testing, the sample's color is compared to site-specific color standards for a semiquantita- tive assessment of PCP concentrations. Alter- natively, the color change can be read by a reflective photometer. The reflective photometer used with calibration charts can provide quanti- tative results for PCP. HNU-Hanby PCP Test Kit Page 400 The SITE Program assesses but does not approve or endorse technologies. ------- November 1994 Completed Project WASTE APPLICABILITY: The PCP test kit measures PCP carriers that contain aromatic and petroleum hydrocarbons in soils. The method assumes a consistent ratio of PCP to carrier solvent. The method indirectly measures PCP concentrations with carrier sol- vents at a detection level of 1.0 parts per million for aromatic compounds. STATUS: The HNU-Hanby PCP test kit was used to screen and quantify PCP contamination in soils for a SITE demonstration. The screening kit was demonstrated in Morrisville, North Carolina in August 1993, with samples collected from Winona, Missouri. The method was found to produce Level 1 quality assurance data during the demonstration. When PCP was present the test kit always detected the PCP. However, this result may be attributed to the abundance of petroleum carriers in the samples. HNU Systems recently introduced a similar method that could measure PCP more directly by detecting chlorinated compounds in soil and water. This method works on the same principle as the method to detect aromatic compounds, only the method is conducted in reverse. The chlorinated compounds are originally present in the soil or water and an aromatic compound is introduced as a catalyst to allow the Friedel- Crafts reaction to proceed. The new method is also a colorimetric method. The draft of the Technology Evaluation Report for the PCP test was submitted to EPA in spring 1994. The draft of the report is undergoing peer review and will be released in final report form in January 1995. FOR FURTHER INFORMATION: EPA PROJECT MANAGER: J. Lary Jack U.S. EPA Environmental Monitoring Systems Laboratory 944 East Harmon P.O. Box 93478 Las Vegas, NV 89193-3478 702-798-2373 Fax:702-798-2373 TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPER CONTACT: Jack Driscoll HNU Systems, Inc. 160 Charlemont Street Newton, MA 02161-9987 617-964-6690 Fax: 617-965-0056 The SITE Program assesses but does not approve or endorse technologies. Page 401 ------- Technology Profile MONITORING AND MEASUREMENT TECHNOLOGIES PROGRAM HNU SYSTEMS, INC. (HNU Source Excited Fluorescence Analyzer-Portable [SEFA-P] XRF Analyzer) TECHNOLOGY DESCRIPTION: The HNU Source Excited Fluorescence Analyzer-Portable (SEFA-P) X-ray fluorescence (XRF) analyzer is a field portable unit. It can simultaneously analyze a number of inorganic elements ranging from sodium to uranium. It requires liquid nitrogen for detector operation; but once filled can operate for over 8 hours. A rechargeable battery allows the XRF unit to be used at remote sites where electricity is not available. The HNU SEFA-P XRF analyzer uses a silicon- lithium detector to provide high elemental reso- lution and low detection limits. Three radio- isotope excitation sources provide a broad range of excitation energies to identify and quantify inorganic elements. The HNU SEFA-P XRF analyzer provides high sample throughput and is reportedly easy to operate. Analytical results obtained by this instrument are reportedly comparable to the results obtained by EPA-approved methods. WASTE APPLICABILITY: The HNU SEFA-P XRF analyzer can detect inorganic elements in solids, liquids, slurries, and powders. The analyzer can identify inorganic elements at concentrations ranging from parts per million to percentage levels. STATUS: The HNU SEFA-P XRF analyzer has been used at a number of Superfund sites across the country. A SITE demonstration of the HNU SEFA-P XRF analyzer is scheduled for February 1995. Page 402 The SITE Program assesses but does not approve or endorse technologies. ------- November J994 Completed Project FOR FURTHER INFORMATION: EPA PROJECT MANAGER: Harold Vincent U.S. EPA Environmental Monitoring Systems Laboratory 944 East Harmon P.O. Box 93478 Las Vegas, NV 89193-3478 702-798-2129 Fax: 702-798-2692 TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPER CONTACT: Jack Driscoll HNU Systems, Inc. 160 Charlemont Street Newton, MA 02161-9987 617-964-6690 Fax: 617-965-0056 The SITE Program assesses but does not approve or endorse technologies. Page 403 ------- Technology Profile MONITORING AND MEASUREMENT TECHNOLOGIES PROGRAM HNU SYSTEMS, INC. (Portable Gas Chromatograph) TECHNOLOGY DESCRIPTION: The field-deployable HNU GC 311 portable iso- thermal gas chromatograph monitors volatile organic compound emissions from hazardous waste sites and other emissions sources before and during remediation (see figure below). It has an internal carrier gas supply, operates on 110-volt line power, and is microprocessor- controlled. An internal printer plots chromato- grams and prints data. Data can also be repor- ted to an external computer, which is connected through an RS-232 outlet. Either photoioni- zation or electron-capture detectors can be used. Capillary columns of all sizes can be installed. The unit is capable of autosampling. WASTE APPLICABILITY: The HNU GC 311 portable isothermal gas chromatograph is potentially applicable to a wide variety of vapor phase pollutants, but its field performance is still under evaluation. The photoionization detector is sensitive to com- pounds that ionize below 10.4 electron volts, such as aromatic compounds and unsaturated halocarbons. The electron-capture detector is sensitive to compounds with a high affinity for electrons, such as halocarbons. aaaa a a a aaaaa a a a anoaa HNU GC 311 Page 404 The SITE Program assesses but does not approve or endorse technologies. ------- November 1994 Completed Project STATUS: The instrument was evaluated at a Superfund site under remediation in January 1992. Results from the demonstration are presented in a peer- reviewed article entitled "Evaluation of Portable Gas Chromatograph" in the Proceedings of the 1993 U.S. EPA/Air and Waste Management Association International Symposium, VIP-33, Vol. 2, 1993. A final report will not be prepared. FOR FURTHER INFORMATION: EPA PROJECT MANAGER: Richard Berkley U.S. EPA Atmospheric Research and Exposure Assessment Laboratory MD-44 Research Triangle Park, NC 27711 919-541-2439 Fax: 919-541-0239 TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPER CONTACT: Ed Lazaruck HNU Systems, Inc. 160 Charlemont Street Newton, MA 02161-9987 617-964-6690 Fax: 617-695-0056 The SITE Program assesses but does not approve or endorse technologies. Page 405 ------- Technology Profile MONITORING AND MEASUREMENT TECHNOLOGIES PROGRAM IDETEK, INC. (formerly BINAX CORPORATION, ANTOX DIVISION) (Equate® Immunoassay) TECHNOLOGY DESCRIPTION: The Equate® immunoassay uses an anti-benzene, toluene, and xylene (BTX) polyclonal antibody to facilitate analysis of BTX in water. A hapten-enzyme conjugate mimics free BTX hydrocarbons and competes for binding to the polyclonal antibody immobilized on a test tube. After washing to remove unbound conjugate, a substrate chromogen mixture is added and a colored enzymatic reaction product is formed. The enzymatic reaction is stopped by adding a few drops of sulfuric acid, which changes the color to yellow. As with other competitive enzyme-linked im- munosorbent assays, the color intensity of the enzymatic product is inversely proportional to the sample analyte concentration. Each sample is run with a reference sample of deionized water. The optical density of the colored en- zymatic product is read on a portable digital colorimeter equipped with a filter that passes light at a peak wavelength of 450 nanometers. The ratio of the sample to the reference optical density values is used to estimate the aromatic hydrocarbon level in the low parts per million (ppm) range. The test is sensitive to about 1 ppm and requires 5 to 10 minutes per analysis. WASTE APPLICABILITY: The immunoassay is designed to measure aro- matic hydrocarbons in water. Equate® Immunoassay Kit Page 406 The SITE Program assesses but does not approve or endorse technologies. ------- November 1994 Completed Project STATUS: The Environmental Monitoring System Labora- tory-Las Vegas evaluated several successful versions of the immunoassay. The evaluation focused on cross-reactivity and interference testing and on analysis of benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene, and xylene (BTEX) and gasoline standard curves. As a preliminary field evaluation, five well samples and a creek sample were analyzed in duplicate, both in the field and the laboratory, by the immunoassay. For confirmation, samples were also analyzed by purge-and-trap gas chromatography with an electron capture detec- tor, in parallel with a photoionization detector. A SITE demonstration of the Equate® im- munoassay was conducted in 1992. Results from this demonstration were published in June 1994 in an EPA report entitled "Superfund Innovative Technology Evaluation (SITE) Program Evaluation Report for Antox BTX Water Screen (BTX Immunoassay)," (EPA540/R-93/518). FOR FURTHER INFORMATION: EPA PROJECT MANAGER: Jeanette Van Emon U.S. EPA Environmental Monitoring Systems Laboratory 944 East Harmon P.O. Box 93478 Las Vegas, NV 89193-3478 702-798-2154 Fax: 702-798-3146 TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPER CONTACT: Richard Lankow Idetek, Inc. 1245 Reamwood Avenue Sunnyvale, CA 94089 408-752-1353 Fax: 408-745-0243 The SITE Program assesses but does not approve or endorse technologies. Page 407 ------- Technology Profile MONITORING AND MEASUREMENT TECHNOLOGIES PROGRAM MDA SCIENTIFIC, INC. (Fourier Transform Infrared Spectrometer) TECHNOLOGY DESCRIPTION: The field-deployable, long-path Fourier trans- form infrared spectrometer measures infrared absorption by infrared-active molecules (see photograph below). An infrared beam is trans- mitted along a path to a retroflector, which returns the beam to the detector. The total path can be up to 1 kilometer long. The system does not need calibration in the field. Results are analyzed with a reference spectrum of known concentration and classical least squares fitting routines. The spectrometer does not need a sample, thereby ensuring sample integrity. A measurement requires only a few minutes, which allows determination of temporal profiles for pollutant gas concentrations. WASTE APPLICABILITY: The Fourier transform infrared spectrometer can measure various airborne vapors, including both organic and inorganic compounds, especially those that are too volatile to be collected by preconcentrationmethods. The spectrometer can Fourier Transform Infrared Spectrometer Page 408 The SITE Program assesses but does not approve or endorse technologies. ------- November 1994 Completed Project monitor emissions from hazardous waste sites during remediation. Under proper conditions, it may be possible to estimate vapor emission rates from the site. STATUS: The Fourier transform infrared spectrometer has been evaluated in several field studies and has proven capable of detecting various significant airborne atmospheric vapors. Software that identifies and quantifies compounds in the presence of background interference is under development. Field-operating procedures and quality control procedures are being established. This instrument was evaluated at a Superfund site in January 1992. Results from this field evaluation are published in an EPA report entitled "Superfund Innovative Technology Evaluation, The Delaware SITE Study, 1989" (EPA/600/A3-91/071). FOR FURTHER INFORMATION: EPA PROJECT MANAGER: William McClenny U.S. EPA Atmospheric Research and Exposure Assessment Laboratory MD-44 Research Triangle Park, NC 27711 919-541-3158 Fax: 919-541-0239 TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPER CONTACT: Orman Simpson MDA Scientific, Inc. 3000 Northwoods Parkway Norcross, GA 30071 404-242-0977 Fax: 404-242-1982 The SITE Program assesses but does not approve or endorse technologies. Page 409 ------- Technology Profile MONITORING AND MEASUREMENT TECHNOLOGIES PROGRAM MICROSENSOR SYSTEMS, INCORPORATED (Portable Gas Chromatograph) TECHNOLOGY DESCRIPTION: The MSI-301A vapor monitor is a portable, temperature-controlled gas chromatograph with a highly selective surface acoustic wave detector and an on-board computer (see figure below). The MSI-301A vapor monitor performs the following functions: • Preconcentrates samples and uses scrubbed ambient air as a carrier gas. • Analyzes a limited group of preselected compounds, such as benzene, toluene, and xylenes, at part-per-billion levels. • Operates by battery and includes an RS-232 interface. • Operates automatically as a stationary sampler or manually as a mobile unit. WASTE APPLICABILITY: The MSI-301A vapor monitor can monitor volatile organic compound emissions from hazardous waste sites and other sources before and during remediation. It can be applied to many kinds of vapor phase pollutants, but its performance characteristics in the field have not been evaluated. (1 4 7 * 2 5 8 0 [3j 6 9 # . MSI-301A Vapor Monitor Page 410 The SITE Program assesses but does not approve or endorse technologies. ------- November 7994 Completed Project STATUS: In January 1992, the MSI-301A vapor monitor was evaluated in the field at a Superfund site. Results from the demonstration are presented in a peer-reviewed article entitled "Evaluation of Portable Gas Chromatographs" in the Proceed- ings of the 1993 U.S. EPA/Air and Waste Management Association International Sym- posium, VIP-33, Vol. 2, 1993. FOR FURTHER INFORMATION: EPA PROJECT MANAGER: Richard Berkley U.S. EPA Atmospheric Research and Exposure Assessment Laboratory MD-44 Research Triangle Park, NC 27711 919-541-2439 Fax: 919-541-0239 TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPER CONTACT: N. L. Jarvis Microsensor Systems, Incorporated 62 Corporate Court Bowling Green, KY 42103 410-939-1089 Fax: 410-939-1168 The SITE Program assesses but does not approve or endorse technologies. Page 411 ------- Technology Profile MONITORING AND MEASUREMENT TECHNOLOGIES PROGRAM MILLIPORE CORPORATION (EnviroGard™ PCB Imimmoassay Test Kit) TECHNOLOGY DESCRIPTION: The EnviroGard™ polychlorinated biphenyl (PCB) immunoassay test kit rapidly analyzes for PCB concentrations in soils. The test kit proce- dure is shown in the figure below. Soil sample extracts are added to test tubes coated with antibodies that bind PCB molecules. The soil extracts are washed away after incu- bation, and the PCB conjugate, a horse radish peroxidase enzyme, mimics free PCB molecules and is added to the tubes. Unoccupied antibody binding sites bind the PCB conjugate. Excess PCB conjugate is washed away. An enzyme substrate and a coloring agent are then added to the test tube. Incubation 1: Dilution of sample or calibrator is incubated in tube containing immobilized antibodies. I - PCB - Non-PCB Material in Filtrate or Calibrator - PCB Antibody WasM: Non-PCB material is washed away, leaving only PCBs bound to antibodies. Incubation 2: PCB-HRP binds to free anti-PCB sites on Immobilized antibodies. Wash 2: Unbound PCB-HRP is washed away, leaving an amount of enzyme Inversely proportional to the PCB concentration in incubation 1. Incubation 3: Colorless substrate and chromogen become blue in proportion to amount of bound enzyme. Less color. means more PCB Stop solution inactivates the HRP, changes color to yellow, and stabilizes color. E - HRP (Horse Radish Peroxidase Enzyme) Blue S - Substrate C » Chromogen Test Kit Procedure Page 412 The SITE Program assesses but does not approve or endorse technologies. ------- November 1994 Completed Project The color intensity in the test tube is measured at 405 nanometers using a small, portable spectrophotometer. The color intensity is inver- sely proportional to PCS concentration in the soil sample. The results obtained from the soil samples are compared against three calibrators of 5, 10, and 50 parts per million (ppm). This type of test is called a competitive enzyme- linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). PCB concentrations are semiquantitatively classified as below 5 ppm, between 5 and 10 ppm, between 10 and 50 ppm, and greater than 50 ppm. Up to six sample analyses (in dupli- cate) can be performed in about 15 to 20 min- utes. Millipore Corporation can provide optional protocols to perform more detailed quantitative analysis. WASTE APPLICABILITY: The PCB immunoassay test kit measures PCB concentrations in soil. The test is sensitive equally to Aroclors 1016, 1232, 1242, 1248, 1254, and 1260, with moderate sensitivity to Aroclor 1221. Test detection limits are reported to be 0.1 part per billion in water and 0.1 ppm in soils. Millipore has also developed ELISA kits under the EnviroGard™ trademark for triazine, aldicarb, 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D), carbofuran, pentachlorophenol, cyclodienes, alachlor, and benomyl. These kits have been used to test for contaminants in food, water, soil, and contaminated surfaces, and are available for commercial distribution. STATUS: The EnviroGard™ PCB immunoassay test kit has been used to screen and quantify PCB conta- mination in soils at a SITE demonstration of a solvent extraction system in Washburn, Maine. The kit was also demonstrated at a U.S. Depart- ment of Energy (DOE) site in Kansas City, Missouri. Soil containing over 50 ppm PCB was required for the demonstration tests at the Washburn, Maine site. Calibrators at the 5 and 50 ppm level were used to evaluate the kit's potential for segregating soils. Additional tests were per- formed on dilutions of the soil extracts to evalu- ate quantitative performance. Highly contami- nated soils were easily identified, and quantita- tive tests provided correlation to contaminant levels obtained by off-site laboratory analysis using EPA Method 8080. Soils contaminated with Aroclor 1242 in ranges from non-detectable to greater than 1,000 ppm were analyzed with the test kit at the DOE facility. Over 200 assays of environmental samples and calibrators were performed to evaluate correlation with both on-site and off-site laboratory gas chromatograph data. Final evalu- ation of the data will be presented in the Tech- nology Evaluation Report. Draft methods for the PCB test in soil were submitted for review by the Office of Solid Waste methods panel in summer 1992. The final report is undergoing peer review and will be published in 1995. FOR FURTHER INFORMATION: EPA PROJECT MANAGER: J. Lary Jack U.S. EPA Environmental Monitoring Systems Laboratory 944 East Harmon P.O. Box 93478 Las Vegas, NV 89193-3478 702-798-2373 Fax: 702-798-3146 TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPER CONTACT: Alan Weiss Analytical Division Millipore Corporation 80 Asby Road Bedford, MA 01730 617-275-9200, ext. 2968 Fax: 617-535-3135 The SITE Program assesses but does not approve or endorse technologies. Page 413 ------- Technology Profile MONITORING AND MEASUREMENT TECHNOLOGIES PROGRAM MILLIPORE CORPORATION (EnviroGard™ PCP Immimoassay Test Kit) TECHNOLOGY DESCRIPTION: The EnviroGard™ pentachlorophenol (PCP) test can provide rapid semiquantitative and quanti- tative results at sites where the soil and water are contaminated by PCP. The procedure is performed by adding a water or soil sample extract to test tubes and introducing an enzyme conjugate. The PCPs from the sample and the enzyme conjugate compete for immobilized anti- pentachlorophenol antibody binding sites. The antibodies then bind to the walls of the test tubes. The reaction of the enzyme conjugate with added colorization reagents yields the results. A small, portable spectrophotometer measures the color intensity, which is inversely proportional to PCP concentrations hi the sample. The results are compared against three calibration standards: 25 parts per billion (ppb), 250 ppb, and 5,000 ppb. This type of test is called competitive enzyme- linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). PCP concentrations can be semiquantitatively classified for soil samples as follows: below 25 ppb; between 25 and 250 ppb; between 250 and 5,000 ppb; and greater than 5,000 ppb. The PCP concentrations in water can be classified as follows: below 5 ppb; between 5 and 20 ppb; between 20 and 100 ppb; and greater than 100 ppb. Different detection levels are achieved by EnviroGard™ PCP Immunoassay Test Kit Page 414 The SITE Program assesses but does not approve or endorse technologies. ------- November 1994 Completed Project diluting the water sample or the solid sample extract. The test kit can be affected by naturally occur- ring matrix effects such as humic acids, pH, or salinity. Site-specific matrix effects that can affect the kits include: PCP carriers, such as petroleum hydrocarbons or solvents; and other chemicals used in conjunction with PCP, inclu- ding creosote, copper-chromium-arsenate, or herbicides. Specific chemicals similar in structure to PCP can provide false positive results, or chemical cross reactivity. WASTE APPLICABILITY: The PCP immunoassay measures PCPs in soil and water samples. Detection limits are 25 ppb for soil and 5.0 ppb for water samples. Millipore has also developed ELISA kits under the EnviroGard™ trademark for triazine, aldicarb, 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4- D), carbofuran, cyclodienes, polychlorinated biphenyls, alachlor, and benomyl. These kits have been used to test for contaminants in food, water, soil, and contaminated surfaces and are available for commercial distribution. STATUS: The EnviroGard™ PCP Immunoassay test kit was used to screen and quantify PCP contamination in soil and groundwater during a SITE demon- stration in Morrisville, North Carolina in August 1993. The PCP carrier used at this site was a mixture of isopropyl ether and butane. In addition, soil and groundwater samples collected from Winona, Missouri, were tested during the demonstration. These samples had a PCP diesel fuel carrier. The test kit did not meet acceptable accuracy requirements during the demonstration; it did not meet Level 1 criteria. Millipore recognized the need to improve the PCP test kit and has since developed a revised protocol for PCP analysis. Millipore believes the revisions will improve the accuracy and reproducibility of the test. The draft of the Technology Evaluation Report for the PCP was submitted to EPA in spring 1994. The draft of the report is undergoing peer review and will be released in the final form at a later date. FOR FURTHER INFORMATION: EPA PROJECT MANAGER: J. Lary Jack U.S. EPA Environmental Monitoring Systems Laboratory 944 East Harmon P.O. Box 93478 Las Vegas, NV 89193-3478 702-798-2373 Fax: 702-798-3146 TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPER CONTACT: Alan Weiss Analytical Division Millipore Corporation 80 Asby Road Bedford, MA 01730 617-275-9200, ext. 2968 Fax: 617-533-3135 The SITE Program assesses but does not approve or endorse technologies. Page 4-15 ------- Technology Profile MONITORING AND MEASUREMENT TECHNOLOGIES PROGRAM MTI ANALYTICAL INSTRUMENTS (formerly MICROSENSOR TECHNOLOGY, INCORPORATED) (Portable Gas Chromatograph) TECHNOLOGY DESCRIPTION: The MTI Analytical Instruments M200 gas analyzer is a dual-channel portable isothermal gas chromatograph (see figure below). The injection system and thermal conductivity detec- tor are micromachined in silicon and connected by a short length of microbore column. Samples are drawn through a sample loop with a vacuum pump and placed hi line with the carrier stream. The M200 gas analyzer can detect concentrations as low as 1 part per million (ppm) for a wide variety of volatile organic compounds (VOC), without preconcentration. Chromatograms are completed in less than 5 minutes. Analysis of concentrations below 1 ppm requires a precon- centrator. WASTE APPLICABILITY: The M200 gas analyzer can potentially monitor VOC emissions from hazardous waste sites before and during remediation. Because of the universal sensitivity of its thermal conductivity detector, the M200 gas analyzer is potentially M200 Gas Analyzer Page 416 The SITE Program assesses but does not approve or endorse technologies. ------- November 1994 Completed Project applicable to many types of vapor phase com- pounds, both organic and inorganic. However, its performance characteristics in field operation have not been evaluated because a suitable preconcentrator is unavailable. STATUS: The M200 gas analyzer was evaluated in the laboratory from 1990 to 1992. Without precon- centration, the instrument's sensitivity was inadequate for field operation. FOR FURTHER INFORMATION: EPA PROJECT MANAGER: Richard Berkley U.S. EPA Atmospheric Research and Exposure Assessment Laboratory MD-44 Research Triangle Park, NC 27711 919-541-2439 Fax: 919-541-0239 TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPER CONTACT: Mark Brunf MTI Analytical Instruments 41762 Christy Street Fremont, CA 94538 510-490-0900 Fax: 510-651-2498 The SITE Program assesses but does not approve or endorse technologies. Page 417 ------- Technology Profile MONITORING AND MEASUREMENT TECHNOLOGIES PROGRAM OHMICRON CORPORATION (Pentachlorophenol RaPID Assay) TECHNOLOGY DESCRIPTION: The RaPID Assay kit is designed to quickly provide quantitative results for pentachloro- phenol (PCP) concentrations in soil and water samples. The kit uses immunoassay chemistry to produce detectable and quantifiable compound-specific reactions for PCP. Poly- clonal antibodies bind to paramagnetic particles and are introduced into a test tube where they offer binding sites for PCP. An enzyme conju- gate containing a PCP derivative is added to the test tube, where it competes with PCP from samples for antibody binding sites. A magnetic field is applied to each test tube to hold the para- magnetic particles containing PCP and en2yme conjugate, while excess sample and enzyme conjugate are washed from the test tube. Reagents are then added to the test tube, where they react with the enzyme conjugate and form a color. The color formed in the sample is compared to the color formed by PCP cali- bration standards. The comparison is made with a spectrophotometer. Samples with PCP con- centrations above the calibration range can be diluted and reanalyzed. The RaPID Assay kit has several advantages and limitations when used under field conditions. The method is field portable, easy and fast to operate, and inexpensive. The RaPID Assay kit is limited in that electricity is required to operate the spectrophotometer, the immunoassay method may be affected by temperature fluctuations, and cross-reactivity potential exist for compounds similar to PCP. Legend O—( Magnetic Particle with Antibody Attached <—* Pentachlorophenol Enzyme Conjugate ^ Pentachlorophenol O ChromogenfSubstrate • Colored Product 1. Immunological Reaction 2. Separation 3. Color Development Ohmicron RaPID Assay® Page 418 The SITE Program assesses but does not approve or endorse technologies. ------- November 1994 Completed Project WASTE APPLICABILITY: The RaPID Assay kit can be used to identify and quantify PCPs in soil and water samples. Ohmicron Corporation reports the detection limit for soils at 0.1 parts per million and water samples at 0.06 parts per billion. STATUS: The RaPID Assay kit was evaluated during a SITE field demonstration in Morrisville, North Carolina in August 1993. In addition, samples collected from a location in Winona, Missouri were analyzed to evaluate the effects of different matrices and PCP carriers. The draft of the Technology Evaluation Report for the PCP test was submitted EPA in spring 1994. The draft of the report is undergoing peer review and will be released in final report form at a later date. FOR FURTHER INFORMATION: EPA PROJECT MANAGER: J. Lary Jack U.S. EPA Environmental Monitoring Systems Laboratory 944 East Harmon P.O. Box 93478 Las Vegas, NV 89193-3478 702-798-2373 Fax: 702-798-3146 TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPER CONTACT: Mary Hayes Ohmicron Corporation 375 Pheasant Run Newton, PA 18940 215-860-5115 Fax: 215-860-7156 RaPID Assay Used During the SITE Demonstration The SITE Program assesses but does not approve or endorse technologies. Page 419 ------- Technology Profile MONITORING AND MEASUREMENT TECHNOLOGIES PROGRAM OUTOKUMPU ELECTRONICS, INC. (Metorex X-MET 920P XRF Analyzer) TECHNOLOGY DESCRIPTION: The Metorex X-MET 920P X-ray fluorescence (XRF) analyzer is built to withstand the rigors of the field. It can simultaneously analyze 32 inorganic elements ranging from aluminum to uranium. The X-MET 920P XRF analyzer is compact and lightweight. It requires liquid nitrogen for detector operation; but once filled can operate for over 8 hours with one fill. A rechargeable battery allows the XRF unit to be used at remote sites where electricity is not available. The X-MET 920P XRF analyzer uses a silicon- lithium detector to provide high elemental Outokumpu Metorex X-MET 920P XRF Analyzer Page 420 The SITE Program assesses but does not approve or endorse technologies. ------- November 1994 Completed Project resolution and low detection limits. Four radioisotope excitation sources provide a broad range of excitation energies to identify and quantify inorganic elements. The X-MET 920P XRF analyzer provides high sample throughput, and it is reportedly easy to operate. Analytical results obtained by this instrument are reportedly comparable to results obtained by EPA-approved methods. WASTE APPLICABILITY: The X-MET 920P XRF analyzer can be used to detect inorganic elements in solids, liquids, slurries, powders, and films, which includes air particulates on filters. The analyzer can identify inorganic elements at concentrations ranging from parts per million to percentage levels. STATUS: The X-MET 920P XRF analyzer has been used at a number of Superfund sites across the country. A SITE demonstration of the X-MET 920P XRF analyzer is scheduled for February 1995. FOR FURTHER INFORMATION: EPA PROJECT MANAGER: Harold Vincent U.S. EPA Environmental Monitoring Systems Laboratory 944 East Harmon P.O. Box 3478 Las Vegas, NV 89193-3478 702-798-2129 Fax: 702-798-2692 TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPER CONTACT: James Pasmore Outokumpu Electronics, Inc. 860 Town Center Drive Langhorne, PA 19047 800-229-9209 Fax: 503-385-6750 The SITE Program assesses but does not approve or endorse technologies. Page 421 ------- Technology Profile MONITORING AND MEASUREMENT TECHNOLOGIES PROGRAM PHOTOVAC INTERNATIONAL, INC. (Photovac 10S PLUS) TECHNOLOGY DESCRIPTION: The Photovac 10S PLUS is a redesigned version of the Photovac 10S70, a battery-powered portable isothermal gas chromatograph (see figure below). The 10S PLUS addresses the following 10S70 design problems: significantly reduce and carryover con- All-steel valves memory effect tamination. Autoranging permits operation at high gain. An on-board computer controls the unit and manages data. The 10.6-electron-volt (eV) photoioniza- tion detector is limited to low tempera- ture operation. The 10S PLUS is more sensitive and highly selective for a limited number of compounds that ionize below 10.6 eV and are volatile enough to elute at 50 degrees Celsius or below. This unit is capable of detecting ben- zene, toluene, xylenes, and chlorinated ethylenes in preconcentration samples that are small enough to be chromato- graphed at concentrations well below 1 part per billion. EPS— 4. 'SS? ^fX-"*!?!- _ iss. ras E .SIS ue i.vi '-a -v = 1 ft a BS BB3BBBBBB eSSS B3 SSSSSSSSSQSSSQ Q SSSBS Photovac 10S PLUS Page 422 The SITE Program assesses but does not approve or endorse technologies. ------- November 1994 Completed Project WASTE APPLICABILITY: The Photovac 10S PLUS can monitor volatile organic compound emissions from hazardous waste sites and other emission sources before and during remediation. The 10S PLUS is more effective than the 10S70 for monitoring volatile aromatic and chlorinated olefin compounds at ambient background levels. STATUS: The Photovac 10S PLUS was evaluated at a Superfund site under remediation in January 1992. Results from this demonstration are presented in a peer-reviewed article entitled "Evaluation of Portable Gas Chromatographs" in the Proceedings of the 1993 U.S. EPA/Air and Waste Management Association International Symposium, VIP-33, Vol. 2, 1993. FOR FURTHER INFORMATION: EPA PROJECT MANAGER: Richard Berkley U.S. EPA Atmospheric Research and Exposure Assessment Laboratory MD-44 Research Triangle Park, NC 27711 919-541-2439 Fax: 919-541-0239 TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPER CONTACT: Mark Collins Photovac International, Inc. 25B Jefryn Boulevard West Deer Park, NY 11729 516-254-4199 Fax: 516-254-4199 The SITE Program assesses but does not approve or endorse technologies. Page 423 ------- Technology Profile MONITORING AND MEASUREMENT TECHNOLOGIES PROGRAM SCITEC CORPORATION (Metal Analysis Probe [MAP®] Portable Assayer] TECHNOLOGY DESCRIPTION: The SCITEC Metal Analysis Probe (MAP®) Portable Assayer is a field portable X-ray fluore- scence (XRF) analyzer. This XRF analyzer can simultaneously analyze inorganic elements. It is compact, lightweight, and does not require liquid nitrogen. A rechargeable battery allows the XRF analyzer to be used at remote sites where electricity is not available. The MAP® Portable Assayer uses a silicon X- ray detector to provide high elemental resolution and low detection limits. Three radioisotope excitation sources provide a broad range of excitation energies to identify and quantify inorganic elements. The MAP® Portable Assayer provides high sample throughput and is reportedly easy to operate. Analytical results obtained by this MAP® Portable Assayer Page 424 The SITE Program assesses but does not approve or endorse technologies. ------- November 1994 Completed Project instrument are reportedly comparable to the results obtained by EPA-approved methods. WASTE APPLICABILITY: The MAP® Portable Assayer can detect inorga- nic elements in soil and sediment samples and filter and wipe samples, and can detect lead in paint. The MAP® Portable Assayer can identify inorganic elements at concentrations ranging from parts per million to percentage levels. STATUS: The MAP® Portable Assayer has been used at a number of Superfund sites across the country. A SITE demonstration of the MAP® Portable Assayer is scheduled for February 1995. FOR FURTHER INFORMATION: EPA PROJECT MANAGER: Harold Vincent U.S. EPA Environmental Monitoring Systems Laboratory 944 East Harmon P.O. Box 93478 Las Vegas, NV 89193-3478 702-798-2129 Fax: 702-798-2692 TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPER CONTACT: Mike Mullin SCITEC Corporation 415 North Quay Kennewick, WA 99336 800-466-5323 509-783-9850 Fax: 509-735-9696 The SITE Program assesses but does not approve or endorse technologies. Page 425 ------- Technology Profile MONITORING AND MEASUREMENT TECHNOLOGIES PROGRAM SENTEX SENSING TECHNOLOGY, INC. (Scentograph Portable Gas Chromatograph) TECHNOLOGY DESCRIPTION: The Scentograph Portable Gas Chromatograph can operate for several hours on internal batteries and has internal carrier gas and calibrant tanks (see figure below). It can be fitted with a megabore capillary column or a packed column. The instrument can be operated isothermally at elevated temperatures or bal- listically temperature-programmed. The portable gas Chromatograph operates by drawing air through a sorbent bed, followed by rapid ther- mal desorption into the carrier stream. The Chromatograph may operate in either argon ionization or electron-capture modes. The 11.7- electron-volt ioniza-tion energy makes the Chromatograph nearly universal, with a detection limit of about 1 part per billion. The instrument is controlled by an attached IBM PC/XT compatible laptop computer. WASTE APPLICABILITY: The scentograph portable gas Chromatograph can monitor volatile organic compound emissions from hazardous waste sites and other emission Portable Gas Chromatograph Page 426 The SITE Program assesses but does not approve or endorse technologies. ------- November 1994 Completed Project sources before and during remediation. It has been used for several years in water and soil analyses and can analyze all types of vapor phase pollutants. STATUS: The Scentograph Portable Gas Chromatograph was evaluated in January 1992 at a Super fund Site under remediation. Results from this demonstration are presented in a peer-reviewed article entitled "Evaluation of Portable Gas Chromatographs" in the Proceedings of the 1993 U.S. EPA/Air and Waste Management Associ- ation International Symposium, VIP-33, Vol. 2, 1993. FOE FURTHER INFORMATION: EPA PROJECT MANAGER: Richard Berkley U.S. EPA Atmospheric Research and Exposure Assessment Laboratory MD-44 Research Triangle Park, NC 27711 919-541-2439 Fax: 919-541-0239 TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPER CONTACT: Amos Linenberg Sentex Sensing Technology, Inc. 553 Broad Avenue Ridgefield, NJ 07657 201-945-3694 Fax: 201-941-6064 The SITE Program assesses but does not approve or endorse technologies. Page 427 ------- r Technology Profile MONITORING AND MEASUREMENT TECHNOLOGIES PROGRAM SRI INSTRUMENTS (Gas Chromatograph) TECHNOLOGY DESCRIPTION: The SRI Instruments (SRI) 8610 gas chromato- graph is a small, low-cost laboratory instrument that is field-deployable (see figure below). It is temperature-programmable and features a built- in purge-and-trap system. The column oven is designed to fit all standard packed and capillary columns. Thermal conductivity, flame ionization, nitrogen-phosphorus, thermionic ionization, photoionization, electron capture, Hall, and flame photometric detectors can be used. Up to three detectors may be simul- taneously mounted in series. WASTE APPLICABILITY: The SRI 8610 gas chromatograph can monitor airborne emissions from hazardous waste sites and other emission sources before and during ffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffff aoooDooooooooooDoaoooaaoooaaoaffooDDaa ooffaffoffoffaffoffoffffffoaaaooaaoffoaaaoaoaaa aoooaaoaooaoaffoaooaaffffooaoapooooaoooa ooooooffoooooooooaaoooffoffoaoffffffaooaaao o o 8610 Gas Chromatograph Page 428 The SITE Program assesses but does not approve or endorse technologies. ------- November 1994 Completed Project remediation. It can be applied to volatile organic compounds, but its performance charac- teristics in the field have not been evaluated. STATUS: The SRI 8610 gas chromatograph was evaluated in January 1992 at a Superfund Site under remediation. Results from this demonstration are presented in a peer-reviewed article entitled "Evaluation of Portable Gas Chromatographs" in the Proceedings of the 1993 U.S. EPA/Air and Waste Management Association International Symposium, VIP-33, Vol. 2, 1993. FOR FURTHER INFORMATION: EPA PROJECT MANAGER: Richard Berkley U.S. EPA Atmospheric Research and Exposure Assessment Laboratory MD-44 Research Triangle Park, NC 27711 919-541-2439 Fax: 919-541-0239 TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPER CONTACT: Dave Quinn SRI Instruments 3870 Del Amo Boulevard, Suite 506 Torrance, CA 90503 310-214-5092 Fax: 310-214-5097 The SITE Program assesses but does not approve or endorse technologies. Page 429 ------- Technology Profile MONITORING AND MEASUREMENT TECHNOLOGIES PROGRAM TN TECHNOLOGIES, INC. (Spectrace 9000 X-Ray Fluorescence Analyzer) TECHNOLOGY DESCRIPTION: The Spectrace 9000 X-ray fluorescence (XRF) analyzer is a field portable unit capable of simultaneously analyzing inorganic elements, from sulfur to uranium. It is compact, light- weight, and does not require liquid nitrogen. A rechargeable battery allows the XRF unit to be used at remote sites where electricity is not available. The Spectrace 9000 XRF analyzer uses a high resolution mercuric iodide detector to provide high elemental resolution and low detection limits. Three radioisotope excitation sources provide a broad range of excitation energies for identifying and quantifying 26 elements. The Spectrace 9000 XRF analyzer provides high sample throughput and is reportedly easy to operate. It can be used to achieve Quality Assurance (QA) Level 1 and QA Level 2 data quality objectives, and reportedly correlates well with EPA-approved methods. WASTE APPLICABILITY: The Spectrace 9000 XRF analyzer can detect inorganic elements in soil and sediment samples and filter and wipe samples, and can detect lead in paint. The XRF analyzer can identify inor- ganic elements at concentrations ranging from parts per million to percentage levels. STATUS: The Spectrace 9000 XRF analyzer has been used at a number of Superfund sites across the country. A SITE demonstration of the Spectrace XRF unit is scheduled for February 1995. TN Technologies Spectrace 9000 X-Ray Fluorescence Analyzer Page 430 The SITE Program assesses but does not approve or endorse technologies. ------- November 1994 Completed Project FOR FURTHER INFORMATION: EPA PROJECT MANAGER: Harold Vincent U.S. EPA Environmental Monitoring Systems Laboratory 944 East Harmon P.O. Box 93478 Las Vegas, NV 89193-3478 702-798-2129 Fax: 702-798-2692 TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPER CONTACT: Margo Meyers TN Technologies, Inc. P.O. Box 800 Round Rock, TX 78680-0800 512-388-9100 Fax: 512-388-9200 The SITE Program assesses but does not approve or endorse technologies.' Page 431 ------- Technology Profile MONITORING AND MEASUREMENT TECHNOLOGIES PROGRAM TRI-SERVICES (Site Characterization Analysis Penetrometer System [SCAPS]) TECHNOLOGY DESCRIPTION: The Tri-Services Site Characterization Analysis Penetrometer System (SCAPS) was developed by the U.S. Army (U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, Waterways Experiment Station [WES] and the Army Environmental Center [AEC]), Navy (Naval Command, Control and Ocean Surveil- lance Center), and the Air Force (Armstrong Laboratory). The U.S. Army holds a patent for this application of laser sensors combined with cone penetrometry. The laser induced fluor- escence (LIP) system used in the SCAPS system was modified from a design developed by the Navy to detect petroleum, oil, and lubricant fluorescence in seawater. A complete cone penetrometer truck (CPT) system consists of a truck, hydraulic rams and associated controllers, and the CPT itself. The weight of the truck provides a static reaction force, typically 20 tons, to advance the cone penetrometer. The hydraulic system, working against the static reaction on force, advances 1- meter-long segments of 3.57-centimeter-diameter threaded push rod into the ground. The CPT, which is mounted on the end of the series of push rods, contains sensors that continuously log tip stress and sleeve friction. The data from these sensors is used to map subsurface strati- graphy. Conductivity or pore pressure sensors can be driven into the ground simultaneously. The core of the SCAPS LIF system is the pene- trometer unit mounted on a specially engineered 20-ton truck designed with protected work spaces. The SCAPS system has been modified to provide automatic grouting of the penetro- meter hole during retraction of the cone penetro- meter, and also decontaminates the push rods as they are retracted from the soil. The 20-ton CPT is capable of pushing standard push rods to depths of approximately 50 meters. The main LIF sensor components are: • Nitrogen (N^ laser • Fiber optic cable • Monochromator to resolve the fluores- cence emission as a function of wave- length • Photodiode array (PDA) to detect the fluorescence emission spectrum and transduce the optical signal into an electrical signal • OMA to interface between the optic system and the computer system • Computer system Tri-Services SCAPS Page 432 The SITE Program assesses but does not approve or endorse technologies. ------- November 1994 Completed Project To operate the SCAPS LIF sensor, the CPT is positioned over a designated penetration point. The LIF sensor response is checked using a standard rhodamine solution held against the sapphire window; sensor response is checked before and after each penetration. The cone penetrometer is then advanced into the soil. The SCAPS LIF system is operated with a N2 laser. The PDA accumulates the fluorescence emission response over 10 laser shots, and the PDA retrieves an emission spectrum of the soil fluorescence and returns this information to the OMA and computer system. The LIF sensor and stratigraphy data collection are interpreted by the on board computer system. The spectral resolution of the LIF system under these operating conditions is 2 cm. The fluore- scence intensity at peak emission wave-length for each stored spectrum is displayed along with the soil classification data. WASTE APPLICABILITY: The Tri-Services SCAPS was designed to quali- tatively and quantitatively identify classes of petroleum, polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons, and volatile organic compound contamination in subsurface soil samples. STATUS: The technology field demonstration was held in EPA Region 7 during September 1994. After completing the demonstration, a Technology Evaluation Report (TER) will be prepared. The TER will present the results of the demonstra- tion objectively and provide supporting docu- mentation. In addition, an Innovative Tech- nology Evaluation Report (ITER) will be prepared and published that summarizes the findings presented in the TER. These reports will help data users and technology reviewers assess the performance of each technology for possible use on future site characterization or remediation projects at hazardous waste sites. FOR FURTHER INFORMATION: EPA PROJECT MANAGER: J. Lary Jack U.S. EPA Environmental Monitoring Systems Laboratory 944 East Harmon P.O. Box 93478 Las Vegas, NV 89193-3478 702-798-2373 Fax: 702-798-3146 TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPER CONTACT: George Robitialle, SCAPS Director Army Environmental Center Building E 4435 Aberdeen Proving Ground, MD 21010 410-671-1576 Fax: 410-671-1680 John H. Ballard 3909 Halls Ferry Road Vicksburg, MS 39810 601-634-2446 Fax: 601-634-2732 The SITE Program assesses but does not approve or endorse technologies. Page 433 ------- Technology Profile MONITORING AND MEASUREMENT TECHNOLOGIES PROGRAM UNISYS CORPORATION (Rapid Optical Screen Tool) TECHNOLOGY DESCRIPTION: The Unisys Rapid Optical Screen Tool (ROST) is a tunable dye laser system for an optical cone penetrometer. The technology provides subsur- face information including aromatic contami- nants in soils. The Unisys ROST components consist of a cone penetrometer (CPT), laser induced fluorescence (LIF) sensor, ROST system, detection system, and control computer. A complete ROST system consists of a truck, hydraulic rams and associated controllers, and the CPT itself. The weight of the truck provides a static reaction force, typically 20 tons, to advance the CPT. The CPT, which is mounted on the end of the series of push rods, contains sensors that con- tinuously log tip stress and sleeve friction. The data from these sensors is used to map subsur- face stratigraphy. Conductivity or pore pressure sensors can be driven into the ground simultaneously. The LIF sensor can be deployed with any con- ventional CPT system and advanced along with other types of sensors. The LIF sensor contains a sapphire window that is mounted flush with the outside of the stainless steel LIF sensor. The sapphire window is mounted above the cone penetrometer tip. Light from an excitation laser passes through the sapphire window and is directed onto the soil through which the cone penetrometer is pushed. The aromatic contami- nants in the soil are fluoresced, and fiber optics return this information to the surface. The main ROST system components are: « Neodymium-doped Yttrium Aluminum Garnet (Nd:YAG) primary laser Rapid Optical Screen Tool Page 434 The SITE Program assesses but does not approve or endorse technologies. ------- November 1994 Completed Project • Tunable dye laser pumped by the Nd:YAG laser • Fiber optic cable • Monochromator to resolve the return fluorescence as a function of wavelength • Photomultiplier tube (PMT) to convert photons into electrical signals • Digital storage oscilloscope to capture waveforms from the PMT • Control/analysis computer and software The ROST system can be operated in both dyna- mic (push) and static modes. In the dynamic mode, the cone penetrometer equipped with the LIF sensor is advanced into the soil. In this mode, which Unisys refers to as fluorescence versus depth, the excitation laser wavelength and fluorescence emission monitoring wavelength are held constant. The fluorescence emission inten- sity is plotted as a function of depth below ground surface. The wave-length range has been selected because naphthalene, a principal polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH) con- stituent of coal tar, fiuoresces strongly under these conditions. The emission monochromator will be set at a wave-length determined during the laboratory analysis of the pre-demonstration samples and verified in the field. Once areas of significant contamination have been identified in the dynamic mode, the ROST system can be operated in the static mode to identify fuel types. In this mode, the CPT is held at a fixed depth. The fluorescence tech- nician, who is observing the fluorescence signal visually, can simply signal the hydraulic opera- tor to halt the push. The ROST system also can operate in the static mode when additional push rods are added to the string. Three people are needed to operate the Unisys ROST. Currently, the technology is marketed as a service, and is not for sale. WASTE APPLICABILITY: The Unisys ROST was designed to qualitatively and quantitatively identify classes of petroleum, PAH, and volatile organic compound contami- nation in subsurface soil samples. STATUS: The technology demonstration occurred in EPA Region 7, at sites in Iowa, Kansas, and Nebraska. The sampling and field analysis was conducted during September 1994. After completing the demonstration, a Techno- logy Evaluation Report (TER) will be prepared. The TER will objectively present the results of the demonstration and provide supporting docu- mentation. In addition, an Innovative Tech- nology Evaluation Report (ITER) will be prepared and published that summarizes the findings presented in the TER. These reports will help data users and technology reviewers assess the performance of each technology for possible use on future site characterization or remediation projects at hazardous waste sites. FOR FURTHER INFORMATION: EPA PROJECT MANAGER: J. Lary Jack U.S. EPA Environmental Monitoring Systems Laboratory P.O. Box 93478 944 East Harmon Las Vegas, NV 89193-3478 702-798-2373 Fax: 702-798-3146 TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPER CONTACT: David Bonne or Garry Hubbard Unisys Government Systems 3333 Pilot Knob Road Eagon, MN 55121 612-456-2339 or 612-456-3721 Fax: 612-456-2193 The SITE Program assesses but does not approve or endorse technolggies. Page 435 ------- Technology Profile MONITORING AND MEASUREMENT TECHNOLOGIES PROGRAM UNITED STATES ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY (Field Analytical Screening Program PCB Method) TECHNOLOGY DESCRIPTION: The field analytical screening program (FASP) polychlorinated biphenyl (PCB) method uses a temperature-programmable gas chromatograph (GC) equipped with an electron capture detector (BCD) to identify and quantify PCBs. Gas chromatography is an EPA-approved method for determining PCB concentrations. The FASP PCB method is a modified version of EPA SW- 846 Method 8000. To perform the FASP PCB method on soil samples, PCBs are extracted from the samples, injected into a GC, and identified and quantified with an BCD. Chromatograms produced by this equipment for each sample are compared to the chromatograms of PCB standards. Peak patterns and retention tunes from the chromatograms are used to identify and quantify PCBs in the soil sample extract. In addition to the GC, the operator may use an autosampler that automati- cally injects equal amounts of the sample extract into the GC column. The autosampler ensures that the correct amount of extract is used for each analysis and allows continual analysis without an operator. The FASP PCB method has both advantages and limitations when used under field conditions. The method can 1) quickly provide results, 2) provide results that are comparable to formal laboratories in terms of statistical accuracy, 3) identify individual Aroclors, and 4) provide results with detection limits comparable to those of formal laboratories. Instrumentation and equipment required for the FASP PCB method are not highly portable. When mounted in a mobile laboratory trailer, however, the method can operate on or near most sites relatively easily. Use of this method requires electricity, and Aroclor standards require refrigeration. An exhaust hood and ' carrier gases also are needed. A trained and experienced operator is needed for the method to produce reliable results. The operator should have at least 6 months of GC experience and 1 month of PCB analysis experience. Soil samples must be extracted before analysis begins. Hexane and sulfuric acid are used during the extraction process, which removes potential interferences from the soil sample. Page 436 The SITE Program assesses but does not approve or endorse technologies. ------- November 7994 Completed Project WASTE APPLICABILITY: The FASP PCB method can identify and quan- tify PCBs in soil and water samples. STATUS: The FASP PCB method was demonstrated under the SITE Program at a well-characterized, PCB- contaminated site. During the demonstration, 112 soil samples, 32 field duplicates, and 2 performance evaluation samples were analyzed with the FASP PCB method. A confirmatory laboratory analyzed the samples using SW-846 Method 8080. The accuracy and precision of the FASP PCB method was evaluated by directly comparing its data with the data from the confir- matory laboratory. In addition, the operational characteristics and performance factors of the FASP PCB method were evaluated. The results from this SITE demonstration are included in a Technology Evaluation Report that is undergoing peer review and will be published in 1994. FOR FURTHER INFORMATION: EPA PROJECT MANAGER: J. Lary Jack U.S. EPA Environmental Monitoring Systems Laboratory 944 East Harmon P.O. Box 93478 Las Vegas, NV 89193-3478 702-798-2373 Fax: 702-798-2692 TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPER CONTACT: Howard Fribush U.S. EPA Mail Code 5204G 401 M Street, SW Washington, D.C. 20460 703-603-8831 The SITE Program assesses but does not approve or endorse technologies. Page 437 ------- Technology Profile MONITORING AND MEASUREMENT TECHNOLOGIES PROGRAM XONTECH INCORPORATED (XonTech Sector Sampler) TECHNOLOGY DESCRIPTION: The XonTech sector sampler collects time- integrated whole air samples in Summa™- polished canisters (see figure below). The terri- tory surrounding the sampler is divided into two sectors: an "in" sector, which lies in the general direction of a suspected pollutant-emitting "target" and the "out" sector, which encom- passes all territory not part of the "in" sector. When wind velocity exceeds 0.37 meter per second (m/s) from the direction of the target, the first canister is filled. When the wind velocity exceeds 0.37 m/s from any other direction, the «rV ^5,;»*»«^3™~.^;«v:^*! Sector Sampler Page 438 The SITE Program assesses but does not approve or endorse technologies. ------- November 1994 Completed Project other canister is filled. When the wind velocity falls below 0.37 m/s either canister or neither canister may receive the sample. Over an extended period of time, a target sample and a background sample are collected. WASTE APPLICABILITY: The XonTech sector sampler can monitor vola- tile organic compound emissions from hazardous waste sites and other emission sources before and during remediation. Short-term sampling can determine which high concentration com- pounds are emitted from a site. Long-term monitoring can assess an emission source's effects on the local population. STATUS: The sector sampler's usefulness has been demon- strated in two short-term field studies. Mathe- matical methods for processing data have been developed and shown to be appropriate. Re- maining issues include 1) wind field consistency between source and receptor site, 2) treatment of data taken during stagnant conditions, and 3) applicability to a wider variety of compounds, including polar and odorous compounds. FOR FURTHER INFORMATION: EPA PROJECT MANAGER: Joachim Pleil U.S. EPA Atmospheric Research and Exposure Assessment Laboratory MD-44 Research Triangle Park, NC 27711 919-541-4680 Fax: 919-541-0239 TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPER CONTACT: Matt Young XonTech Incorporated 6862 Hayvenhurst Avenue Van Nuys, CA 91406 818-787-7380 Fax: 818-787-8132 The SITE Program assesses but does not approve or endorse technologies. Page 439 ------- ------- INFORMATION REQUEST FORM The EPA's Risk Reduction Engineering Laboratory is responsible for testing and evaluating technologies used at Superfund site cleanups. To receive publications about these activities, indicate your area of interest by checking the appropriate box(es) below and mail the top half of this sheet to the following address: U.S. Environmental Protection Agency Center for Environmental Research Information 26 West Martin Luther King Drive Cincinnati, Ohio 45268 Attention: ORD Publications Unit (MS-G72) (A9) Q Superfund (A8) r~\ Superfund Innovative Technology Evaluation (SITE) Program Name Firm Address City, State, Zip Code. REQUEST FOR PROPOSAL FORM EPA plans to issue two requests for proposals (RFP) during the coming year; one in January 1995 for the Demonstration Program (SITE 010), and the other in July 1995 for the Emerging Technology Program, (E09). To receive these RFPs, indicate your area of interest by checking the appropriate box(es) below and mail the bottom half of this sheet to the following address: U.S. Environmental Protection Agency Risk Reduction Engineering Laboratory 26 West Martin Luther King Drive Cincinnati, Ohio 45268 Attention: RFPs (MS-215) (009) n Demonstration Program RFP (EOS) n Emerging Technology Program RFP Name Firm Address . City, State, Zip Code. Page 441 ------- ------- &EPA Documents Available from the U.S. EPA Risk Reduction Engineering Laboratory Superfund Technology Demonstration Division1 General Publications Q SITE Program: Annual Report to Congress 1993 (EPA/540/R-94/518) Q SITE Profiles, Sixth Edition (EPA/540/R-93/526) Q Survey of Materials Handling Technologies Used at Hazardous Waste Sites (EPA/540/2-91/010) Demonstration Project Results Accutech Pneumatic Fracturing Extraction and Hot Gas Injection, Phase I Q Technology Evaluation (EPA/540/R-93/509) PB93-216596 Q Technology Demo. Summary (EPA/540/SR-93/509)3 . Q Demonstration Bulletin (EPA/540/MR-93/509)3 Q Applications Analysis (EPA/540/AR-93/509) PB94-117439 American Combustion— Oxygen Enhanced Incineration Q Technology Evaluation (EPA/540/5-89/008) Q Applications Analysis (EPA/540/A5-89/008) Q Technology Demo. Summary (EPA/540/S5-89/008)3 Q Demonstration Bulletin (EPA/540/M5-89/008)3 Augmented In-Situ Subsurface Bioremediation Process, Bio-Rem, Inc. O Demonstration Bulletin (EPA/540/MR-93/527)3 AWD Technologies, Inc.— Integrated Vapor Extraction and Steam Vacuum Stripping Q Applications Analysis (EPA/540/A5-91/002) PB92-218379 Q Demonstration Bulletin (EPA/540/M5-91/002)3 Babcock and Wilcox—Cyclone Furnace Vitrification Q Technology Evaluation Vol. I (EPA/540/R-92/017A) PB92-222215 Q Technology Evaluation Vol. H (EPA/540/R-92/017B) PB92-222223 Q Applications Analysis (EPA/540/AR-92/017) PB93-122315 Q Technology Demo. Summary (EPA/540/SR-92/017)3 Q Demonstration Bulletin (EPA/540/MR-92/011) Bergmann USA—Soil/Sediment Washing System Q Demonstration Bulletin (EPA/540/MR-92/075) Bescorp Soil Washing System Battery Enterprises Site—Brice Environmental Services, Inc. Q Demonso-ation Bulletin (EPA/540/MR-93/503) Biogenesis Soil Washing Technology Q Demonstration Bulletin (EPA/540/MR-93/510) Q Innovative Technology Evaluation Report (EPA/540/R-93/510) Q Site Technology Capsule (EPA/540/SR-93/510)3 Biotrol—BiotreatmentofGroundwater Q Technology Evaluation (EPA/540/5-91/001) PB92-110048 Q Applications Analysis (EPA/540/A5-91/001) Q Technology Demo. Summary (EPA/540/S5-91/001) Q Demonstration Bulletin (EPA/540/M5-91/001) Biotrol—Soil Washing System Q Technology Evaluation Vol. I (EPA/540/5-91/003a) PB92-115310 Q Technology Evaluation Vol. n Part A (EPA/540/5-91/003b) PB92-115328 Q Technology Evaluation Vol. n Part B (EPA/540/5-91/003c) PB92-115336 Q Applications Analysis (EPA/540/A5-91/003) Q Technology Demo. Summary (EPA/540/S5-91/003) Q Demonstration Bulletin (EPA/540/M5-91/003) CF Systems Corp.—Solvent Extraction Q Technology Evaluation Vol. I (EPA/540/5-90/002) Q Technology Evaluation Vol. n (EPA/540/5-90/002a) PB90-186503 Q Applications Analysis (EPA/540/A5-90/002) Q Technology Demo. Summary (EPA/540/S5-90/002) Chemfix Technologies, Inc.— Chemical Fixation/Stabilization Q Technology Evaluation Vol. I (EPA/540/5-89/01 la) PB91-127696 Q Technology Evaluation Vol. II (EPA/540/5-89/01 Ib) PB90-274127 1 Order documents free of charge by calling EPA's Center for Environmental Research Information (CERI) at 513-569-7562. 2 Documents with a PB number are out of stock in CERI and must be ordered by that number at cost from National Technical Information Service 5285 Port Royal Road Springfield VA 22161 Telephone 703-487-4650. Out of stock Page 443 ------- Demonstration Project Results (continued) Q Applications Analysis (EPA/540/A5-89/011) Q Technology Demo. Summary (EPA/540/S5-89/011)3 Q Demonstration Bulletin (EPA/540/M5-89/Q1I)3 Colloid Polishing Filter Method Filter Flow Technology, Inc. Q Demonstration Bulletin (EPA/540/MR-94/501) Q Capsule (EPA/540/R-94/501a) Dehydro-Tech—Carver-Greenfield Q Technology Evaluation (EPA/540/R-92/002) PB92-217462 Q Applications Analysis (EPA/540/AR-92/002) Q Technology Demo. Summary (EPA/540/SR-92/002) Q Demonstration Bulletin (EPA/540/MR-92/002) Dupont/Oberlin—Micro/iltration System Q Technology Evaluation (EPA/540/5-90/007) PB92-153410 Q Applications Analysis (EPA/540/A5-90/007) Q Technology Demo. Summary (EPA/540/S5-90/007) Q Demonstration Bulletin (EPA/540/M5-90/007) Ex-Situ Anaerobic Bioremediation System, Dinoseb, JJt. Simplot Company Q Demonstration Bulletin (EPA/540/MR-94/508) Forager Sponge Technology Q Demonstration Bulletin (EPA/540/MR-94/522) Q Demonstration Bulletin (EPA/540/M5-89/001)3 Horsehead Resource Development Q Technology Evaluation Vol I (EPA/540/5-91/005) PB92-205855 Q Applications Analysis (EPA/540/A5-91/005) Q Technology Demo. Summary (EPA/540/S5-91/005) Q Demonstration Bulletin (EPA/540/M5-91/005) • Hrubetz En vironmental Services, Site Demonstration Program Q Demonstration Bulletin (EPA/540/MR-93/524) Hydraulic Fracturing of Contaminated Soil Q Demonstration Bulletin (EPA/540/MR-93/505) Q Technology Evaluation and Applications Analysis Combined (EPA/540/R-93/505) Q Technology Demo. Summary (EPA/540/SR-93/505) In-Situ Steam Enhanced Recovery System—Hughes Environ- mental Systems, Inc. Q Demonstration Bulletin (EPA/540/MR-94/510) In-Situ Vitrification—Geosafe Corporation Q Demonstration Bulletin (EPA/540/MR-94/520) Fungal Treatment Technology Q Demonstration Bulletin (EPA/540/MR-93/514) Gas-Phase Chemical Reduction EcoLogic International, Inc Q Demonstration Bulletin (EPA/540/MR-93/522) Q Technology Evaluation—Vol. I (EPA/540/R-93/522a) Q Technology Evaluation—Appendices (EPA/540/R-93/ 522b) GISIKEY En vironmental Data Management System Q Innovative Technology Evaluation Report (EPA/540/R-94/505) Q SITE Technology Capsule (EPA/540/SR-94/505) Q Demonstration Bulletin (EPA/540/MR-94/505) Hazcon—Solidification Q Technology Evaluation Vol. I (EPA/540/5-89/001 a) PB89-158810 Q Technology Evaluation Vol. H EPA/540/5-89/001b) PB89-158828 Q Applications Analysis (EPA/540/A5-89/001) Q Technology Demo. Summary (EPA/540/S5-89/001)3 IWT/GeoCon In-Situ Stabilization Q Technology Evaluation Vol. I (EPA/540/5-89/004a) Q Technology Evaluation Vol. H (EPA/540/5-89/004b) PB89-194179 Q Technology Evaluation Vol. IE (EPA/540/5-89/004c) PB90-269069 Q Technology Evaluation Vol. IV (EPA/540/5-89/004d) PB90-269077 Q Applications Analysis (EPA/540/A5-89/004) Q Technology Demo. Summary (EPA/540/S5-89/004) Q Technology Demo. Summary., Update Report (EPA/540/S5-89/004a) Q Demonstration Bulletin (EPA/540/M5-89/004)3 Low Temperature Thermal Aeration (LTTA) System, Canonie Environmental Services, Inc. Q Demonstration Bulletin (EPA/540/MR-93/504) Magnum Water Technology—CAV-OX Ultraviolet Oxidation Process Q Demonstration Bulletin (EPA/540/MR-93/520) Q Applications Analysis (EPA/540/AR-93/520) 1 Order documents free of charge by calling EPA's Center for Environmental Research Information (CERI) at 513-569-7562. Page 444 2 Documents with a PB number are out of stock in CERI and must be ordered by that number at cost from National Technical Information Service 5285 Port Royal Road Springfield VA 22161 Telephone 703^87-4650. 3 Out of stock ------- Demonstration Project Results (continued) McColl Superfund Site—Demonstration of a Trial Excavation Q Technology Evaluation (EPA/540/R-92/015) PB92-226448 Q Applications Analysis (EPA/540/AR-92/015) Q Technology Demo. Summary (EPA/540/SR-92/015) Microfittration Technology EPOC Water, Inc. Q Demonstration Bulletin (EPA/540/MR-93/513) Mobile Volume Reduction Unit at the Sand Creek Superfund Site Q TreatabSlity Study Bulletin (EPA/540/MR-93/512) Mobile Volume Reduction Unit at the Escambia Superfund Site Q Treatability Study Bulletin (EPA/540/MR-93/511) Ogden.Circulating Bed Combustor—McCott Superfund Site Q Technology Evaluation (EPA/540/R-92/001) Q Demonstration Bulletin (EPA/540/MR-92/001) Outboard Marine Corporation Site—Soiltech Anaerobic Thermal Processor Q Demonstration Bulletin (EPA/540/MR-92/078) Perox-Pure™ Chemical Oxidation Treatment Q Demonstration Bulletin (EPA/540/MR-93/501) Q Applications Analysis (EPA/540/AR-93/501) Q Technology Evaluation (EPA/540/R-93/501) PB93-213528 Q Technology Demo. Summary (EPA/540/SR-93/501) Pilot-Scale Demonstration of Slurry-Phase Biological Reactor for Creosote-Contaminated Wastewater Q Technology Demo. Summary (EPA/540/S5-91/009) Q Technology Evaluation Vol. I (EPA/540/5-91/009) PB93-205532 Q Applications Analysis (EPA/540/A5-91/009) Q Demonstration Bulletin (EPA/540/M5-91/009) PO*WW*ER™ Wastewater Treatment System Lake Charles Treatment Center Q Applications Analysis (EPA/540/AR-93/506) Q Demonstration Bulletin (EPA/540/MR-93/506) Q Technology Evaluation Vol. I (EPA/540/R-93/506A) PB94-160637 Q Technology Evaluation Vol. H (EPA/540/R-93/506B) PB94-160660 Q Technology Demo. Summary (EPA/540/SR-93/506) Resources Conservation Company—The Basic Extractive Sludge Treatment (B.E.S.T.) Q Demonstration Bulletin (EPA/540/MR-92/079) Q Applications Analysis (EPA/540/AR-92/079) Q Technology Evaluation Vol. I (EPA/540/R-92/079a) PB93-227122 Q Technology Evaluation Vol. n, Part 1 (EPA/540/R-92/079b) PB93-227130 Q Technology Evaluation Vol. H, Part 2 (EPA/540/R-92/079c) PB93-227148 Q Technology Evaluation Vol. n, Part 3 (EPA/540/R-92/079d) PB93-227155 Q Technology Demo. Summary (EPA/540/SR-92/079) Retech Plasma Centrifugal Furnace Q Technology Evaluation Vol. I (EPA/540/5-9 l/007a) PB 92-216035 Q Technology Evaluation Vol. H (EPA/540/5-91/007b) PB92-216043 Q Applications Analysis (EPA/540/A5-91/007) PB92-218791 Q Technology Demo. Summary (EPA/540/S5-91/007) Q Demonstration Bulletin (EPA/540/M5-91/007) Roy F. Weston, Inc.—Low Temperature Thermal Treatment (LT3) System Q Demonstration Bulletin (EPA/540/MR-92/019) Q Applications Analysis (EPA/540/AR-92/019) SBP Technologies—Membrane Filtration Q Demonstration Bulletin (EPA/540/MR-92/014) Q Applications Analysis (EPA/540/AR-92/014) Shirco—Infrared Incineration Q Technology Evaluation—Peake Oil (EPA/540/5-88/002a) Q Technology Evaluation—Rose Township (EPA/540/5-89/007a) Q Technology Evaluation—Rose Township Vol. n (EPA/540/5-89/007b), PB89-167910 Q Applications Analysis (EPA/540/A5-89/010) Q Technology Demo. Summary (EPA/540/S5-89/007)3 Q Demonstration Bulletin (EPA/540/M5-88/002)3 Q Technology Evaluation Report—-Peake Oil Vol. II (EPA/540/5-88/002B) PB89-116024 Silicate Technology Corporation—Solidification/Stabilization of Organic/Inorganic Contaminants Q Demonstration Bulletin (EPA/540/MR-92/010) Q Applications Analysis (EPA/540/AR-92/010) PB93-172948 1 Order documents free of charge by calling EPA's Center for Environmental Research Information (CERI) at 513-569-7562. 2 Documents with a PB number are out of stock in CERI and must be ordered by that number at cost from National Technical Information Service 5285 Port Royal Road Springfield VA 22161 Telephone 703-487-4650. 3 Out of stock Page 445 ------- Demonstration Project Results (continued) Soiltech ATP Systems—Aostra-Soil-Tech Anaerobic Thermal Process Q Demonstration Bulletin (EPA/540/MR-92/008) Soliditech, Inc.—Solidification Q Technology Evaluation Vol. I (EPA/540/5-89/005a) Q Technology Evaluation Vol. H (EPA/540/5-89/005b) PB90-191768 Q Applications Analysis (EPA/540/A5-89/005) Q Technology Demo. Summary (EPA/540/S5-89/005)3 Q Demonstration Bulletin (EPA/540/M5-89/005) Terra Kleen Solvent Extraction Technology—Terra Kleen Response Group, Inc. Q Demonstration Bulletin (EPA/540/MR-94/521) Terra Vac—Vacuum Extraction Q Technology Evaluation Vol. I (EPA/540/5-89/003a) PB89-192025 Q Technology Evaluation Vol. H (EPA/540/5-89/003b) PB89-192033 Q Applications Analysis (EPA/540/A5-89/003) Q Technology Demo. Summary (EPA/540/S5-89/003) Q Demonstration Bulletin (EPA/540/M5-89/003)3 Texaco Gasification Process—Texaco, Inc. Q Demonstration Bulletin (EPA/540/MR-94/514) Thermal Desorption System, Clean Berkshires, Inc. Q Demonstration Bulletin (EPA/540/MR-94/507) Q Capsule (EPA/540/R-94/507a)3 Thermal Desorption UnitEco Logic International, Inc. O Demonstration Bulletin (EPA/540/MR-94/504) Thorneco, Inc.—Enzyme-Activated Cellulose Technology Q Trcatability Study BuUetin (EPA/540/MR-92/018)3 Toronto Harbour Commissioners—Soil Recycling Treatment Train Q Demonstration Bulletin (EPA/540/MR-92/015) Q Applications Analysis (EPA/540/AR-93/517) Q Technology Evaluation (EPA/540/R-93/517) PB93-216067 Q Technology Demo. Summary (EPA/540/SR-93/517) Toxic Treatments (USA)—In-Situ Steam/Hot Air Stripping Q Applications Analysis (EPA/540/A5-90/008) Q Demonstration Bulletin (EPA/540/M5-90/003) Vtirox International—UV Ozone Treatment for Liquid's Q Technology Evaluation (EPA/540/5-89/012) PB90-198177 Q Applications Analysis (EPA/540/A5-89/012) Q Technology Demo. Summary (EPA/540/S5-89/012) Q Demonstration Bulletin (EPA/540/M5-89/012) U.S. EPA—Design and Development of a Pilot-Scale Debris Decontamination System Q Technical Evaluation (EPA/540/5-91/006a) Q Technical Evaluation Vol. II (EPA/540/5-9 l/006b) PB91-231464 Q Technology Demo. Summary (EPA/540/S5-91/006) U.S. EPA—Mobile Volume Reduction Unit Q Demonstration Bulletin (EPA/540/MR-93/508) Q Applications Analysis (EPA/540/AR-93/508) Q Technology Evaluation (EPA/540/R-93/508) PB94-136264 Q Technology Demo. Summary (EPA/540/SR-93/508) X-TRAX Model 100 Thermal Desorption System Chemical Waste Management Q Demonstration Bulletin (EPA/540/MR-93/502) 1 Order documents free of charge by calling EPA's Center for Environmental Research Information (CERI) at 513-569-7562. 2 Documents with a PB number are out of stock in CERI and must be ordered by that number at cost from National Technical Information Service 5285 Port Royal Road Springfield VA 22161 Telephone 703-4874650. 3 Out of stock Page 446 ------- Emerging Technologies Program Reports Acid Extraction Treatment System for Treatment of Metal- Contaminated Soils Q Emerging Tech. Report (EPA/540/R-94/513) Aluminum Company of America—Bioscrubberfor Removing Hazardous Organic Emission from Soil, Water, and Air Decon- tamination Process Q Emerging Tech. Report (EPA/540/R-93/521) PB93-227205 Q Emerging Tech. Bulletin (EPA/540/F-93/507) Q Emerging Tech. Summary (EPA/540/SR-93/521) Q Journal Article AWMA Vol. 44, No. 3, March 1994 Atomic Energy of Canada Limited—Chemical Treatment and Ultrafiltration Q Emerging Tech. Bulletin (EPA/540/F-92/002) Babcock and Wilcox—Cyclone Furnace Soil Vitrification Q Emerging Tech. Bulletin (EPA/540/F-92/010) Q Emerging Tech. Report (EPA/540/R-93/507) PB93-163038 Q Emerging Tech. Summary (EPA/540/SR-93/507) Battelle Memorial Institute—Development of Electro-Acoustic Soil Decontamination (BSD) Process for In Situ Applications Q Emerging Technology (EPA/540/5-90/004) PB90-204728 Q Emerging Tech. Summary (EPA/540/S5-90/004)3 Bio-Recovery Systems—Removal and Reco very of Metal Ions from Groundwater Q Emerging Technology (EPA/540/5-90/005a) Q Emerging Tech.—Appendices (EPA/540/5-90/005b) - PB90-252602 Q Emerging Tech. Summary (EPA/540/S5-90/005) Q Emerging Tech. Bulletin (EPA/540/F-92/003) Q Journal Article AWMA Vol. 41, No. 10, October 91 Biotrol, Inc.—Methanotrophic Bioreactor System Q Emerging Tech. Bulletin (EPA/540/F-93/506) Q Emerging Tech. Summary (EPA/540/SR-93/505) Q Journal Article AWMA Vol. 43, No. 11, November 1993 Center for Hazardous Materials Research—Acid Extraction Treatment System for Treatment of Metal Contaminated Soils Q Emerging Tech. Report (EPA/540/R-94/513) Q Emerging Tech. Summary (EPA/540/SR-94/513) Colorado School of Mines—Constructed Wetlands Receiving Acid Mine Drainage Q Emerging Tech. Summary (EPA/540/SR-92/523) Q Emerging Tech. Report (EPA/540/R-93/523) PB93-233914 Q Emerging Tech. Bulletin (EPA/540/F-92/001) Colorado School of Mines—Constructed Wetlands Treatment for Toxic Metal Contaminated Waters Q Emerging Tech. Bulletin (EPA/540/F-92/001) Electro-Pure Systems—Alternating Current Electrocoagulation Q Emerging Tech. Bulletin (EPA/540/F-92/011) Q Emerging Tech. Summary (EPA/540/S-93/504) Q Journal Article AWMA Vol. 43, No. 5, May 1993 Energy and Environmental Engineering—Laser-Induced Photochemical Oxidative Destruction Q Emerging Tech. Bulletin (EPA/540/F-92/004) Q Emerging Tech. Report (EPA/540/R-92/080) PB93-131431 Q Emerging Tech. Summary (EPA/540/SR-92/080) Energy and Environmental Research Corporation Q Emerging Tech. Bulletin (EPA/540/F-93/508) Florida International University — Electron Beam Treatment for Removal ofBenzene and Toluene from Aqueous Streams and Sludge Q Emerging Tech. Bulletin (EPA/540/F-93/502) — Electron Beam Treatment for the Trichloroethylene and Tetrachloroethylene from Aqueous Stream Q Emerging Tech. Bulletin (EPA/540/F-92/009) — Removal of Phenol from Aqueous Solutions Using High Energy Electron Beam Irradiation Q Emerging Tech. Bulletin (EPA/540/F-93/509) Ghea Associates Process Q , Emerging Tech. Bulletin (EPA/540/F-94/509) Institute of Gas Technology (CBT-Chemical and Biological Treatment) Q Emerging Tech. Bulletin (EPA/540/F-94/504) Institute of Gas Technology—Biological Degradation Process Q Emerging Tech. Bulletin (EPA/540/F-94/501) IT Corporation—Photolysis/Biodegradation of PCS and PCDDI PCDF Contaminated Soils Q Emerging Tech. Bulletin (EPA/540/F-94/502) Order documents free of charge by calling EPA's Center for Environmental Research Information (CERI) at 513-569-7562. 2 Documents with a PB number are out of stock in CERI and must be ordered by that number at cost from National Technical Information Service 5285 Port Royal Road Springfield VA 22161 Telephone 703-487^650. Page 447 ------- Emerging Technologies Program Reports (continued) JJf. Simplot—Anaerobic Destruction ofNitroaromatics Q Journal Article App. Env. Micro, Vol. 58, pp. 1683-89 Matrix Photocatalytic—Tio3 UV Oxidation Q Journal Articles (EPA/540/A-93/282, EPA/540/J-93/297). X Membrane Technology and Research, Inc.—Volatile Organic Compound Removal from Air Streams by Membrane Separation Q Emerging Tech. Bulletin (EPA/540/F-94/503) MJL Energia, Inc.—Reductive Photo-Dechlorination Process for Safe Conversion of Hazardous Chlorocarbon Waste Streams Q Emerging Tech. Bulletin (EPA/540/F-94/509) New Jersey Institute of Technology—Reversible Adsorption on Surface-Active Componds Q Emerging Tech. Bulletin (EPA/540/F-94/508) PURUS, Inc.—Destruction of Organic Contaminants in Air Using Advanced Ultraviolet Flashlamps Q Emerging Tech. Bulletin (EPA/540/F-93/501) Q Emerging Tech. Summary (EPA/540/SR-93/516) Q Emerging Tech. Report (EPA/540/R-93/516) PB93-205383 Reductive Photo-Dechlorination Process for Safe Conversion of Hazardous Chlorocarbon Waste Streams Into Saleable Hydrocar- bon Fuel Q Emerging Tech. Bulletin (EPA/540/F-94/508) SITE Emerging Technologies—Laser-Induced Photochemical Oxidative Destruction of Toxic Organics in Leachates and Ground-water Q Emerging Tech. Report (EPA/540/R-92/080) PB93-131431 Q Emerging Tech. Summary (EPA/540/SR-92/080 Superfund Innovative Technology Evaluation Program: Innova- tion Making a Difference Q Emerging Tech. Brochure (EPA/540/F-94/505) Superfund Innovative Technology Evaluation Program: Technol- ogy with an Impact Q Emerging Tech. Brochure (EPA/540/F-93/500) University of Washington—Metals Treatment at Superfund Sites by Adsorptive Filtration Q Emerging Tech. Bulletin (EPA/540/F-92/008) Q Emerging Tech. Report (EPA/540/R-93/515) PB93-231165 Q Emerging Tech. Summary (EPA/540/SR-93/515) Wastewater Technology Centre—A Cross-Flow Pervaporation System for Removal of VOCs from Contaminated Soil Q Emerging Tech. Bulletin (EPA/540/F-93/503) Q Emerging Tech. Report (EPA/540/R-94/512) PB94-170230 Q Emerging Tech. Summary (EPA/540/SR-94/512) Volatile Organic Compound Removal from Air Streams by Membrane Separation Q Emerging Tech. Bulletin (EPA/540/F-94/503) 1 Order documents free of charge by calling EPA's Center for Environmental Research Information (CERI) at 513-569-7562. 2 Documents with a PB number are out of stock in CERI and must be ordered by that number at cost from National Technical Information Service 5285 Port Royal Road Springfield VA 22161 Telephone 703-487^650. 3 Out of stock Page 448 ------- Q (0 0) CO CO d CO 9= 5: RREL/SITE SUPERFUND VIDEOTAPE LIBRARY SITE VIDEOTAPES These composite videotapes contain a num- ber of EPA-produced documentaries on spe- cific Superfund Innovative Technology Evaluation (SITE) Program demonstrations. S1 SITE PROGRAM (6 technology demonstrations) ECOVA (SHIRCO) Infrared Incineration System, Brandon, FL - 8/87 ECOVA (SHIRCO) Infrared Incineration System, Rose Twp., Ml - 3/89 EMTECH (HAZCON) Solidification Process, Douglassville, PA-10/87 IWT/GEO-CON In Situ Stabilization/Solidifica- tion, Hialeah, FL - 4/88 TERRA VAC Vacuum Extraction System, Groveland, MA -1/88 CF SYSTEMS Solvent Extraction Unit, New Bedford, MA - 3/89 S2 SITE PROGRAM (4 technology demonstrations): ULTROX Ultraviolet Radiation and Oxidation, San Jose, CA - 3/89 BIOTROL Biological Aqueous Treatment, New Brighton, MN 9/89 ORDERING INSTRUCTIONS To obtain your choice of tapes, complete the order form on the opposite side of this page. Enclose the form with your check in prepay- ment of the order made out to Foster Wheeler Environmental Services.and mail to the fol- lowing address: Foster Wheeier Environmental Services Division Foster Wheeler USA Attn: Ms. Marilyn Avery 8 Peach Tree Hill Road Livingston, NJ 07039. ONLY PREPAID ORDERS WILL BE ACCEPTED. For further information, contact Ms. Avery at (201)535-2219. S3 BIOTROL Soil Washing System, New Brighton, MN 9/89 IT/RREL Debris Washing System, Hopkinsville.KY-12/89 SITE PROGRAM (4 technology demonstrations): SOLIDITECH Solidification and Stabilization, Morganville, NJ -12/88 nn nnnncf/o ------- I S4 S5 RREL/SITE SUPERFUND VIDEOTAPE LIBRARY CHEMFIX Solidification and Stabilization, Clackamas, OR - 3/89 NOVATERRA (TTUSA) In Situ Steam and Air Stripping, San Pedro, CA - 9/89 AWD Integrated Vapor Extraction/Steam Vacuum Stripping, Burbank, CA - 9/90 SITE PROGRAM (4 technology demonstrations): E.I. DUPONT/OBERLIN FILER Membrane Microfiltration, Palmerton, PA- 5/90 HORSEHEAD Flame Reactor, Atlanta, GA - 3/91 RETECH Plasma Centrifugal Furnace, Butte, MT-7/91 BABCOCK & WILCOX Cyclone Furnace, Alliance, OH-11/91 SITE PROGRAM (4 technology demonstrations): STC Immobilization of Organic/Inorganic Contaminants in Soils, Selma, CA-11/90 THC Soil Recycle Treatment Train at Toronto Harbor, Toronto, Ont., Canada - 5/92 R.C.C. Basic Extractive Sludge Treatment (B.E.S.T.), Grand Calumet River, Gary, IN - 7/92 Peroxidation Systems, Inc. Purox-Pure Chemical Oxidation Treatment, Altamont Hills, CA-9/92 S6 SITE PROGRAM (4 technology demonstrations): Bergmann Soil/Sediment Washing Techno- logy, Saginaw Bay, Ml - 2/93 BESCORP Soil Washing System, Fairbanks, AK-8/92 ELI Eco Logic International Inc. Hydrogen Reduction Gas-Phase Chemical Reduction Process, Bay City, Ml -11/93 Magnum Water Technology CAV-OX Ultraviloet Oxidation Process, Edwards AFB.CA-1/94 R1 RREL/RCB RESEARCH PROGRAMS This composite videotape contains five documentaries on research projects con- ducted under the auspices of the Risk Re- duction Engineering Laboratory's Releases Control Branch: Synthetic Soils Matrix (SSM) Program Dioxin and the Mobile Incineration System Mobile Carbon Regeneration System Mobile Soils Washing System Mobile In Situ Containment/Treatment Unit Wall this form (with check) to Foster Wheeler Environmental Services A Dtvldon of Foster Wheeter USA Corp. Attn: Ms. Marilyn Avery 8 Peach Tree Hill Road Livingston, NJ 07039 VIDEOTAPE REQUEST FORM Number of Copies Shipping and Handling S1 S2 S3 S4 S5 S6 R1 Videotape Title SITE Program Tape SITE Program Tape SITE Program Tape SITE Program Tape SITE Program Tape SITE Program Tape RREL/RCB Research Program Tape •• Multiply number of tapes by $5.00 charge International surcharge per tape TOTAL COST Cost per Tape $30.00 $30.00 $30.00 $30.00 $30.00 $30.00 $30.00 $5.00 $10.00 Sub- Total ' SHIP TO ADDRESS: Name Company Address Suite/Floor City/ST/Zip Telephone ------- APPLICABILITY INDEX Air/Gas Aromatic VOCs Demonstration Program - Ongoing Projects Purus, Inc. (PurCycle™ Vapor Treatment Process) 196 Emerging Technology Program - Completed Projects Aluminum Company of America (Bioscrubber) , 240 Emerging Technology Program - Ongoing Projects M.L. ENERGIA, Inc. (Reductive Thermal and Photo-Thermal Oxidation Processes for Enhanced Conversion of Chlorocarbons) . . 330 Institute of Gas Technology (Fluidized-Bed Cyclone Agglomerating Combustor) 344 University of Dayton Research Institute (Photothermal Detoxification Unit) 370 Measurement and Monitoring Technology Program Bruker Instruments (Bruker Mobile Environmental Monitor) 390 MTI Analytical Instruments (Portable Gas Chromatograph) 416 Photovac International, Inc. (Photovac 10S PLUS) 422 Sentex Sensing Technology, Inc. (Scentograph Portable Gas Chromatograph) 426 SRI Instruments (Gas Chromatograph) 428 Dioxins Emerging Technology Program - Ongoing Projects Institute of Gas Technology (Fluidized-Bed Cyclone Agglomerating Combustor) 344 University of Dayton Research Institute (Photothermal Detoxification Unit) 370 Measurement and Monitoring Technology Program Bruker Instruments (Bruker Mobile Environmental Monitor) 390 Furans Emerging Technology Program - Ongoing Projects Institute of Gas Technology (Fluidized-Bed Cyclone Agglomerating Combustor) 344 University of Dayton Research Institute (Photothermal Detoxification Unit) 370 Measurement and Monitoring Technology Program Bruker Instruments (Bruker Mobile Environmental Monitor) 390 Halogenated VOCs Demonstration Program - Ongoing Projects Process Technologies, Inc. (Photolytic Destruction for SVE Off-Gases) 194 Purus, Inc. (PurCycle™ Vapor Treatment Process) 196 Emerging Technology Program - Completed Projects Membrane Technology and Research, Inc. (VaporSep™ Membrane Process) 286 Emerging Technology Program - Ongoing Projects M.L. ENERGIA, Inc. (Reductive Photo-Dechlorination Treatment) 328 M.L. ENERGIA, Inc. (Reductive Thermal and Photo-Thermal Oxidation Processes for Enhanced Conversion of Chlorocarbons) 330 Institute of Gas Technology (Fluidized-Bed Cyclone Agglomerating Combustor) 344 Remediation Technologies, Inc. (Chlorinated Gas Treatment Biofilm Reactor) 364 University of Dayton Research Institute (Photothermal Detoxification Unit) 370 Measurement and Monitoring Technology Program Bruker Instruments (Bruker Mobile Environmental Monitor) 390 MTI Analytical Instruments (Portable Gas Chromatograph) 416 Photovac International, Inc. (Photovac 10S PLUS) 422 Sentex Sensing Technology, Inc. (Scentograph Portable Gas Chromatograph) , 426 SRI Instruments (Gas Chromatograph) 428 Herbicides Emerging Technology Program - Ongoing Projects Institute of Gas Technology (Fluidized-Bed Cyclone Agglomerating Combustor) 344 University of Dayton Research Institute (Photothermal Detoxification Unit) 370 Page 451 ------- Air/Gas (continued) Herbicides (continued) Measurement and Monitoring Technology Program Bruker Instruments (Bruker Mobile Environmental Monitor) 390 Inorganic Elements Measurement and Monitoring Technology Program Asoma Instruments (Model 200 XRF Analyzer) 388 OutoKumpu Electronics, Inc. (Metorex X-MET 920P XRF Analyzer) 420 Metals Emerging Technology Program - Ongoing Projects Institute of Gas Technology (Fluidized-Bed Cyclone Agglomerating Combustor) 344 Measurement and Monitoring Technology Program MDA Scientific, Inc. (Fourier Transform Infrared Spectrometer) 408 Particulates Emerging Technology Program - Ongoing Projects General Atomics, Nuclear Remediation Technologies Division (Acoustic Barrier Particulate Separator) 336 PCBs Emerging Technology Program - Ongoing Projects Institute of Gas Technology (Fluidized-Bed Cyclone Agglomerating Combustor) 344 University of Dayton Research Institute (Photothermal Detoxification Unit) . 370 Measurement and Monitoring Technology Program Bruker Instruments (Bruker Mobile Environmental Monitor) 390 Pesticides Emerging Technology Program - Ongoing Projects Institute of Gas Technology (Fluidized-Bed Cyclone Agglomerating Combustor) 344 University of Dayton Research Institute (Photothermal Detoxification Unit) 370 Measurement and Monitoring Technology Program Bruker Instruments (Bruker Mobile Environmental Monitor) 390 Petroleum Hydrocarbons Emerging Technology Program - Completed Projects Aluminum Company of America (Bioscrubber) 240 SVOCs Emerging Technology Program - Ongoing Projects Institute of Gas Technology (Fluidized-Bed Cyclone Agglomerating Combustor) 344 University of Dayton Research Institute (Photothermal Detoxification Unit) 370 Measurement and Monitoring Technology Program Bruker Instruments (Bruker Mobile Environmental Monitor) 390 VOCs Demonstration Program - Completed Projects United States Environmental Protection Agency (Excavation Techniques and Foam Supression Methods) 142 Demonstration Program - Ongoing Projects Matrix Photocatalytic Inc. (Photocatalytic Water Treatment) 182 Process Technologies, Inc. (Photolytic Destruction for SVE Off-Gases) 194 Purus, Inc. (PurCycle™ Vapor Treatment Process) 196 Emerging Technology Program - Completed Projects Matrix Photocatalytic, Inc. (Photocatalytic Water Treatment) 284 Membrane Technology and Research, Inc. (VaporSep™ Membrane Process) 286 Emerging Technology Program - Ongoing Projects M.L. ENERGIA, Inc. (Reductive Thermal and Photo-Thermal Oxidation Processes for Enhanced Conversion of Chlorocarbons) . 330 Institute of Gas Technology (Fluidized-Bed Cyclone Agglomerating Combustor) 344 Matrix Photocatalytic Inc. (TiO2 Photocatalytic Air Treatment) 356 Page 452 ------- Air/Gas (continued) VOCs (continued") Emerging Technology Program - Ongoing Projects (continued) University of Dayton Research Institute (Photothennal Detoxification Unit) 370 Measurement and Monitoring Technology Program Bruker Instruments (Bruker Mobile Environmental Monitor) 390 Graseby Ionics, Ltd., and PCP, Inc. (Ion Mobility Spectrometry) 398 HNU Systems, Inc. (Portable Gas Chromatograph) 404 MDA Scientific, Inc. (Fourier Transform Infrared Spectrometer) 408 Microsensor Systems, Incorporated (Portable Gas Chromatograph) 410 MTI Analytical Instruments (Portable Gas Chromatograph) 416 Photovac International, Inc. (Photovac 10S PLUS) 422 Sentex Sensing Technology, Inc. (Scentograph Portable Gas Chromatograph) 426 SRI Instruments (Gas Chromatograph) 428 XonTech, Incorporated (XonTech Sector Sampler) 438 Fine Solids Heavy Metals Demonstration Program - Ongoing Projects EET, Inc. (Extraction of Polychlorinated Biphenyls from Porous Surfaces Using the TECHXTRACT™ Process) 170 Inorganic Elements Measurement and Monitoring Technology Program Asoma Instruments (Model 200 XRF Analyzer) 388 OutoKumpu Electronics, Inc. (Metorex X-MET 920P XRF Analyzer) 420 Metals Demonstration Program - Completed Projects Risk Reduction Engineering Laboratory and IT Corporation (Debris Washing System) 110 Demonstration Program - Ongoing Projects Sevenson Environmental Services, Inc. (MAECTITE® Chemical Treatment Process) 206 Wheelabrator Technologies, Inc. (WES-PHix Stabilization Process) 216 Emerging Technology Program - Completed Projects Center for Hazardous Materials Research (Smelting Lead-Containing Waste) 256 Organics Measurement and Monitoring Technology Program Geoprobe Systems (Geoprobe Conductivity System) 396 PCBs Demonstration Program - Completed Projects Risk Reduction Engineering Laboratory and IT Corporation (Debris Washing System) 110 Demonstration Program - Ongoing Projects EET, Inc. (Extraction of Polychlorinated Biphenyls from Porous Surfaces Using the TECHXTRACT™ Process) 170 Pesticides Demonstration Program - Completed Projects Risk,Reduction Engineering Laboratory and IT Corporation (Debris Washing System) 110 Petroleum Hydrocarbons Demonstration Program - Ongoing Projects EET, Inc. (Extraction of Polychlorinated Biphenyls from Porous Surfaces Using the TECHXTRACT™ Process) . 170 Radionuclides Demonstration Program - Ongoing Projects EET, Inc. (Extraction of Polychlorinated Biphenyls from Porous Surfaces Using the TECHXTRACT™ Process) 170 Page 453 ------- Groundwater Aromatic VOCs Demonstration Program - Completed Projects AWD Technologies, Inc. (Integrated Vapor Extraction and Steam Vacuum Stripping) 26 Billings & Associates, Inc. (Subsurface Volatilization and Ventilation System [SWS®]) 34 Bio-Rem, Inc. (Augmented In Situ Subsurface Bioremediation Process) 38 BioTrol, Inc. (Biological Aqueous Treatment System) 40 CF Systems Corporation (Liquified Gas Solvent Extraction [LG-SX] Technology) 48 ELI Eco Logic International, Inc. (Gas-Phase Chemical Reduction Process) 60 General Atomics (Circulating Bed Combustor) 70 Hughes Environmental Systems, Inc. (Steam Enhanced Recovery Process) , 88 Magnum Water Technology (CAV-OX® Process) .94 North American Technologies Group, Inc. (Oleophilic Amine-Coated Ceramic Chip) 98 Retech, Inc. (Plasma Arc Vitrification) 104 SBP Technologies, Inc. (Membrane Filtration and Bioremediation) 120 Demonstration Program - Ongoing Projects AlliedSignal Environmental Systems and Services (Immobilized Cell Bioreactor Biotreatment System) 160 Emerging Technology Program - Completed Projects ABB Environmental Services, Inc. (Two-Zone, Plume Interception, In Situ Treatment Strategy) • 234 Emerging Technology Program - Ongoing Projects Institute of Gas Technology (Fluidized-Bed Cyclone Agglomerating Combustor) 344 Measurement and Monitoring Technology Program Analytical and Remedial Technology, Inc. (Automated Volatile Organic Analytical System) .... 386 Broker Instruments (Bruker Mobile Environmental Monitor) 390 Idetek, Lie. (Equate® Immunoassay) 406 Sentex Sensing Technology, Inc. (Scentograph Portable Gas Chromatograph) 426 SRI Instruments (Gas Chromatograph) 428 Cyanide Demonstration Program - Completed Projects E.I. DuPont de Nemours and Company, and Oberlin Filter Company (Membrane Microfiltration) • 54 Diesel Demonstration Program - Ongoing Projects AlliedSignal Environmental Systems and Services (Immobilized Cell Bioreactor Biotreatment System) • 160 Dioxins Demonstration Program - Completed Projects Babcock & Wilcox Co. (Cyclone Furnace) 28 CF Systems Corporation (Liquified Gas Solvent Extraction [LG-SX] Technology) 48 ELI Eco Logic International, Inc. (Gas-Phase Chemical Reduction Process) 60 General Atomics (Circulating Bed Combustor) 70 Retech, Inc. (Plasma Arc Vitrification) 104 Demonstration Program - Ongoing Projects RKK, Ltd. (CYROCELL®) 202 Emerging Technology Program - Completed Projects Babcock & Wilcox Co. (Cyclone Furnace) 246 Emerging Technology Program - Ongoing Projects Institute of Gas Technology (Fluidized-Bed Cyclone Agglomerating Combustor) 344 Measurement and Monitoring Technology Program Bruker Instruments (Bruker Mobile Environmental Monitor) 390 Page 454 ------- Groundwater (continued) Explosives Demonstration Program - Completed Projects Ultrox, A Division of Zimpro Environmental, Inc. (Ultraviolet Radiation and Oxidation) 140 Emerging Technology Program - Completed Projects New Jersey Institute of Technology (GHEA Associates Process) 292 Furans Demonstration Program - Completed Projects Babcock & Wilcox Co. (Cyclone Furnace) 28 ELI Eco Logic International, Inc. (Gas-Phase Chemical Reduction Process) 60 General Atomics (Circulating Bed Combustor) 70 Retech, Inc. (Plasma Arc Vitrification) 104 Emerging Technology Program - Completed Projects Babcock & Wilcox Co. (Cyclone Furnace) 246 Emerging Technology Program - Ongoing Projects Institute of Gas Technology (Fluidized-Bed Cyclone Agglomerating Combustor) 344 Measurement and Monitoring Technology Program Bruker Instruments (Bruker Mobile Environmental Monitor) 390 Gasoline Demonstration Program - Ongoing Projects AlliedSignal Environmental Systems and Services (Immobilized Cell Bioreactor Biotreatment System) 160 Halogenated VOCs Demonstration Program - Completed Projects AWD Technologies, Inc. (Integrated Vapor Extraction and Steam Vacuum Stripping) 26 Billings & Associates, Inc. (Subsurface Volatilization and Ventilation System [SVVS®]) . 34 Bio-Rem, Inc. (Augmented In Situ Subsurface Bioremediation Process) 38 BioTrol, Inc. (Biological Aqueous Treatment System) 40 CF Systems Corporation (Liquified Gas Solvent Extraction [LG-SX] Technology) 48 ELI Eco Logic International, Inc. (Gas-Phase Chemical Reduction Process) 60 General Atomics (Circulating Bed Combustor) '... 70 High Voltage Environmental Applications, Inc. (High-Energy Electron Irradiation) 82 Hughes Environmental Systems, Inc. (Steam Enhanced Recovery Process) 88 Magnum Water Technology (CAV-OX® Process) 94 North American Technologies Group, Inc. (Oleophilic Amine-Coated Ceramic Chip) 98 Retech, Inc. (Plasma Arc Vitrification) 104 SBP Technologies, Inc. (Membrane Filtration and Bioremediation) .- . . . 120 Ultrox, A Division of Zimpro Environmental, Inc. (Ultraviolet Radiation and Oxidation) 140 Demonstration Program - Ongoing Projects AlliedSignal Environmental Systems and Services (Immobilized Cell Bioreactor Biotreatment System) 160 EnviroMetal Technologies, Inc. (In Situ Metal Enhanced Abiotic Degradation of Dissolved Halogenated Organic Compounds in Groundwater) 174 Emerging Technology Program - Completed Projects ABB Environmental Services, Inc. (Two-Zone, Plume Interception, In Situ Treatment Strategy) 234 Energy and Environmental Engineering, Inc. (PhotoCAT™ Process) 268 New Jersey Institute of Technology (GHEA Associates Process) 292 Pulse Sciences, Inc. (X-Ray Treatment of Aqueous Solutions) 296 Purus, Inc. (Photolytic Oxidation Process) 298 Emerging Technology Program - Ongoing Projects ABB Environmental Services, Inc. (Anaerobic/Aerobic Sequential Bioremediation of PCE) .... 316 Arizona State University/IT Corporation (Photocataly tic Oxidation with Air Stripping) 318 Center for Hazardous Materials Research (Organics Destruction and Metals Stabilization) 322 Page 455 ------- Groundwater (continued) Halogenated VOCs (continued) Emerging Technology Program - Ongoing Projects (continued) Institute of Gas Technology (Fluidized-Bed Cyclone Agglomerating Combustor) 344 Membran Corporation (Membrane Gas Transfer in Waste Remediation) 358 Measurement and Monitoring Technology Program Analytical and Remedial Technology, Inc. (Automated Volatile Organic Analytical System) .... 386 Bruker Instruments (Bruker Mobile Environmental Monitor) 390 Sentex Sensing Technology, Inc. (Scentograph Portable Gas Chromatograph) . 426 SRI Instruments (Gas Chromatograph) 428 Heavy Metals Demonstration Program - Completed Projects E.I. DuPont de Nemours and Company, and Oberlin Filter Company (Membrane Microfiltration) 54 Demonstration Program - Ongoing Projects GEOCHEM, A Division of Terra Vac (In Situ Remediation of Chromium in Groundwater) .... 176 Morrison Knudsen Corporation/Spetstamponazhgeologia Enterprises (High Clay Grouting Technology) 184 Emerging Technology Program - Completed Projects New Jersey Institute of Technology (GHEA Associates Process) 292 Herbicides Demonstration Program - Completed Projects Babcock & Wilcox Co. (Cyclone Furnace) 28 General Atomics (Circulating Bed Combustor) 70 Retech, Inc. (Plasma Arc Vitrification) 104 Rochem Separation Systems, Inc. (Rochem Disc Tube™ Module System) 116 Emerging Technology Program - Completed Projects Babcock & Wilcox Co. (Cyclone Furnace) 246 Emerging Technology Program - Ongoing Projects Institute of Gas Technology (Fluidized-Bed Cyclone Agglomerating Combustor) 344 Measurement and Monitoring Technology Program Bruker Instruments (Bruker Mobile Environmental Monitor) 390 Metals Demonstration Program - Completed Projects Babcock & Wilcox Co. (Cyclone Furnace) 28 Dynaphore, Inc. (FORAGER® Sponge) 56 Filter Flow Technology, Inc. (Heavy Metals and Radionuclide Polishing Filter) 66 Retech, Inc. (Plasma Arc Vitrification) 104 Rochem Separation Systems, Inc. (Rochem Disc Tube™ Module System) 116 Roy F. Weston, Inc./IEG Technologies (UVB - Vacuum Vaporizing Well) 150 Wheelabrator Clean Air Systems, Inc. (PO*WW*ER™ Technology) 152 Demonstration Program - Ongoing Projects Andco Environmental Processes, Inc. (Electrochemical In Situ Chromate Reduction and Heavy Metal Immobilization) 162 Aprotek (Ion Conduction Agglomeration System) 164 Colorado Department of Public Health and Environment (Wetlands-Based Treatment) 168 GEOCHEM, A Division of Terra Vac (In Situ Remediation of Chromium in Groundwater) .... 176 Hydrologies, Inc. (CURE®-Electrocoagulation Wastewater Treatment System) 178 RKK, Ltd. (CYROCELL®) 202 TechTran Environmental, Inc. (Combined Chemical Precipitation, Physical Separation, and Binding Process for Radionuclides and Heavy Metals) 210 Emerging Technology Program - Completed Projects Atomic Energy of Canada, Limited (Chemical Treatment and Ultrafiltration) 244 Babcock & Wilcox Co. (Cyclone Furnace) 246 Page 456 ------- Groundwater (continued) Metals (continued') Emerging Technology Program - Completed Projects (continued) Bio-Recovery Systems, Inc. (Biological Sorption [AlgaSORB®]) 250 Colorado School of Mines (Constructed Wetlands-Based Treatment) 260 Electro-Pure Systems, Inc. (Alternating Current Electrocoagulation Technology) 266 New Jersey Institute of Technology (GHEA Associates Process) 292 University of Washington (Adsorptive Filtration) 304 Emerging Technology Program - Ongoing Projects Center for Hazardous Materials Research (Organics Destruction and Metals Stabilization) 322 Institute of Gas Technology (Fluidized-Bed Cyclone Agglomerating Combustor) 344 Mixed Waste Demonstration Program - Completed Projects Retech, Inc. (Plasma Arc Vitrification) 104 Organics Demonstration Program - Completed Projects E.I. DuPont de Nemours and Company, and Oberlin Filter Company (Membrane Microfiltration) 54 High Voltage Environmental Applications, Inc. (High-Energy Electron Irradiation) 82 Wheelabrator Clean Air Systems, Inc. (PO*WW*ER™ Technology) 152 Demonstration Program - Ongoing Projects Morrison Knudsen Corporation/Spetstamponazhgeologia Enterprises (High Clay Grouting Technology) 184 Emerging Technology Program - Completed Projects Electron Beam Research Facility, Florida International University, and University of Miami (High-Energy Electron Irradiation) 264 Energy and Environmental Engineering, Inc. (PhotoCAT* Process) 268 Emerging Technology Program - Ongoing Projects High Voltage Environmental Applications, Inc. (High Energy Electron Beam Irradiation) 342 PCBs Demonstration Program - Completed Projects Babcock & Wilcox Co. (Cyclone Furnace) 28 CF Systems Corporation (Liquified Gas Solvent Extraction [LG-SX] Technology) 48 ELI Eco Logic International, Inc. (Gas-Phase Chemical Reduction Process) 60 High Voltage Environmental Applications, Inc. (High-Energy Electron Irradiation) 82 Magnum Water Technology (CAV-OX® Process) 94 Retech, Inc. (Plasma Arc Vitrification) 104 Rochem Separation Systems, Inc. (Rochem Disc Tube™ Module System) 116 SBP Technologies, Inc. (Membrane Filtration and Bioremediation) 120 Ultrox, A Division of Zimpro Environmental, Inc. (Ultraviolet Radiation and Oxidation) 140 Vulcan Peroxidation Systems, Inc. (perox-pure™ Chemical Oxidation Technology) 144 Emerging Technology Program - Completed Projects Babcock & Wilcox Co. (Cyclone Furnace) 246 New Jersey Institute of Technology (GHEA Associates Process) . 292 Emerging Technology Program - Ongoing Projects Center for Hazardous Materials Research (Organics Destruction and Metals Stabilization) 322 Institute of Gas Technology (Fluidized-Bed Cyclone Agglomerating Combustor) 344 > Measurement and Monitoring Technology Program Bruker Instruments (Bruker Mobile Environmental Monitor) 390 Millipore Corporation (EnviroGard™ PCB Immunoassay Test Kit) 412 Pesticides Demonstration Program - Completed Projects Babcock & Wilcox Co. (Cyclone Furnace) .- 28 ELI Eco Logic International, Inc. (Gas-Phase Chemical Reduction Process) 60 Page 457 ------- Groundwater (continued) Pesticides (continued) Demonstration Program - Completed Projects (continued) General Atomics (Circulating Bed Combustor) 70 Magnum Water Technology (CAV-OX® Process) 94 North American Technologies Group, Inc. (Oleophilic Amine-Coated Ceramic Chip) 98 Retech, Inc. (Plasma Arc Vitrification) 104 Rochem Separation Systems, Inc. (Rochem Disc Tube™ Module System) 116 SBP Technologies, Inc. (Membrane Filtration and Bioremediation) 120 Ultrox, A Division of Zimpro Environmental, Inc. (Ultraviolet Radiation and Oxidation) 140 Vulcan Peroxidation Systems, Inc. (perox-pure™ Chemical Oxidation Technology) 144 Emerging Technology Program - Completed Projects Babcock & Wilcox Co. (Cyclone Furnace) 246 Emerging Technology Program - Ongoing Projects Institute of Gas Technology (Fluidized-Bed Cyclone Agglomerating Combustor) 344 Measurement and Monitoring Technology Program Bruker Instruments (Bruker Mobile Environmental Monitor) 390 Petroleum Hydrocarbons Demonstration Program - Completed Projects BioTrol, Inc. (Biological Aqueous Treatment System) 40 SBP Technologies, Inc. (Membrane Filtration and Bioremediation) 120 Vulcan Peroxidation Systems, Inc. (perox-pure™ Chemical Oxidation Technology) 144 Demonstration Program - Ongoing Projects Hydrologies, Inc. (CURE®-Electrocoagulation Wastewater Treatment System) 178 Zenon Environmental Inc. (ZenoGem™ Process) 222 Emerging Technology Program - Completed Projects Electro-Pure Systems, Inc. (Alternating Current Electrocoagulation Technology) 266 New Jersey Institute of Technology (GHEA Associates Process) , 292 Emerging Technology Program - Ongoing Projects Membran Corporation (Membrane Gas Transfer in Waste Remediation) 358 Measurement and Monitoring Technology Program Analytical and Remedial Technology, Inc. (Automated Volatile Organic Analytical System) .... 386 Radionuclides Demonstration Program - Completed Projects Babcock & Wilcox Co. (Cyclone Furnace) 28 Retech, Inc. (Plasma Arc Vitrification) 104 Demonstration Program - Ongoing Projects RKK, Ltd. (CYROCELL®) 202 TechTran Environmental, Inc. (Combined Chemical Precipitation, Physical Separation, and Binding Process for Radionuclides and Heavy Metals) 210 Emerging Technology Program - Completed Projects Babcock & Wilcox Co. (Cyclone Furnace) 246 SVOCs Demonstration Program - Completed Projects AWD Technologies, Inc. (Integrated Vapor Extraction and Steam Vacuum Stripping) 26 Babcock & Wilcox Co. (Cyclone Furnace) 28 Berkeley Environmental Restoration Center (In Situ Steam Enhanced Extraction Process) 32 BioTrol, Inc. (Biological Aqueous Treatment System) 40 CF Systems Corporation (Liquified Gas Solvent Extraction [LG-SX] Technology) 48 ELI Eco Logic International, Inc. (Gas-Phase Chemical Reduction Process) 60 General Atomics (Circulating Bed Combustor) 70 Magnum Water Technology (CAV-OX® Process) 94 North American Technologies Group, Inc. (Oleophilic Amine-Coated Ceramic Chip) 98 Retech, Inc. (Plasma Arc Vitrification) 104 Page 458 ------- Groundwater (continued) SVOCs ('continued') . Demonstration Program - Completed Projects (continued) Rochem Separation Systems, Inc. (Rochem Disc Tube™ Module System) 116 SBP Technologies, Inc. (Membrane Filtration and Bioremediation) 120 Ultrox, A Division of Zimpro Environmental, Inc. (Ultraviolet Radiation and Oxidation) 140 Roy F. Weston, Inc./IEG Technologies (UVB - Vacuum Vaporizing Well) 150 Demonstration Program - Ongoing Projects AlliedSignal Environmental Systems and Services (Immobilized Cell Bioreactor Biotreatment System) , 160 RKK, Ltd. (CYROCELL®) 202 Zenon Environmental Inc. (Cross-Flow Pervaporation System) 220 Zenon Environmental Inc. (ZenoGem™ Process) 222 Zimpro Environmental, Inc. (PACT® Wastewater Treatment System) 224 Emerging Technology Program - Completed Projects ABB Environmental Services, Inc. (Two-Zone, Plume Interception, In Situ Treatment Strategy) 234 Babcock & Wilcox Co. (Cyclone Furnace) . 246 New Jersey Institute of Technology (GHEA Associates Process) . . . 292 Wastewater Technology Centre (Cross-Flow Pervaporation System) 308 Emerging Technology Program - Ongoing Projects Environmental BioTechnologies, Inc. (Microbial Composting Process) 334 Institute of Gas Technology (Fluidized-Bed Cyclone Agglomerating Combustor) 344 Membran Corporation (Membrane Gas Transfer in Waste Remediation) 358 Measurement and Monitoring Technology Program Bruker Instruments (Bruker Mobile Environmental Monitor) 390 Uranium Demonstration Program - Completed Projects E.I. DuPont de Nemours and Company, and Oberlin Filter Company (Membrane Microfiltration) 54 Demonstration Program - Ongoing Projects GEOCHEM, A Division of Terra Vac (In Situ Remediation of Chromium in Groundwater) 176 VQCs Demonstration Program - Completed Projects AWD Technologies, Inc. (Integrated Vapor Extraction and Steam Vacuum Stripping) 26 Berkeley Environmental Restoration Center (In Situ Steam Enhanced Extraction Process) 32 Bio-Rem, Inc. (Augmented In Situ Subsurface Bioremediation Process) 38 CF Systems Corporation (Liquified Gas Solvent Extraction [LG-SX] Technology) 48 ELI Eco Logic International, Inc. (Gas-Phase Chemical Reduction Process) 60 General Atomics (Circulating Bed Combustor) 70 Hughes Environmental Systems, Inc. (Steam Enhanced Recovery Process) 88 Magnum Water Technology (CAV-OX® Process) 94 North American Technologies Group, Inc. (Oleophilic Amine-Coated Ceramic Chip) 98 Retech, Inc. (Plasma Arc Vitrification) 104 Risk Reduction Engineering Laboratory, The University of Cincinnati, and FRX, Inc. (Hydraulic Fracturing) H4 Rochem Separation Systems, Inc. (Rochem DiscTube™ Module System) 116 Ultrox, A Division of Zimpro Environmental, Inc. (Ultraviolet Radiation and Oxidation) 140 Roy F. Weston, Inc./IEG Technologies (UVB - Vacuum Vaporizing Well) 150 Wheelabrator Clean Air Systems, Inc. (PO*WW*ER™ Technology) 152 Demonstration Program - Ongoing Projects IT Corporation (In Situ Groundwater Treatment System) 180 RKK, Ltd. (CYROCELL®) 202 Xerox Corporation (Two-Phase Extraction Process) 218 Page 459 ------- Groundwater (continued) VOCs (continued) Demonstration Program - Ongoing Projects (continued) Zenon Environmental Inc. (Cross-Flow Pervaporation System) 220 Zenon Environmental Inc. (ZenoGem™ Process) 222 Zimpro Environmental, Lie. (PACT® Wastewater Treatment System) 224 Emerging Technology Program - Completed Projects BioTrol, Inc. (Methanotrophic Bioreactor System) • 252 Energy and Environmental Engineering, Inc. (PhotoCAT™ Process) 268 New Jersey Institute of Technology (GHEA Associates Process) 292 Pulse Sciences, Inc. (X-Ray Treatment of Aqueous Solutions) 296 Wastewater Technology Centre (Cross-Flow Pervaporation System) 308 Emerging Technology Program - Ongoing Projects Institute of Gas Technology (Fluidized-Bed Cyclone Agglomerating Combustor) 344 Roy F. Weston, Inc. (Ambersorb® 563 Adsorbent) . . 378 Measurement and Monitoring Technology Program Analytical and Remedial Technology, Inc. (Automated Volatile Organic Analytical System) .... 386 Bruker Instruments (Bruker Mobile Environmental Monitor) 390 Sentex Sensing Technology, Inc. (Scentograph Portable Gas Chromatograph) 426 SRI Instruments (Gas Chromatograph) 428 Volatile Inorganic Compounds Demonstration Program - Completed Projects Wheelabrator Clean Air Systems, Inc. (PO*WW*ER™ Technology) 152 Liquid Aromatic VOCs Demonstration Program - Completed Projects AWD Technologies, Inc. (Integrated Vapor Extraction and Steam Vacuum Stripping) 26 Billings & Associates, Inc. (Subsurface Volatilization and Ventilation System [SVVS®]) 34 Bio-Rem, Inc. (Augmented In Situ Subsurface Bioremediation Process) 38 BioTrol, Inc. (Biological Aqueous Treatment System) 40 CF Systems Corporation (Liquified Gas Solvent Extraction [LG-SX] Technology) 48 ELI Eco Logic International, Inc. (Gas-Phase Chemical Reduction Process) 60 General Atomics (Circulating Bed Combustor) 70 Hughes Environmental Systems, Inc. (Steam Enhanced Recovery Process) 88 Magnum Water Technology (CAV-OX® Process) 94 North American Technologies Group, Inc. (Oleophilic Amine-Coated Ceramic Chip) 98 Retech, Inc. (Plasma Arc Vitrification) 104 SBP Technologies, Inc. (Membrane Filtration and Bioremediation) 120 Demonstration Program - Ongoing Projects AlliedSignal Environmental Systems and Services (Immobilized Cell Bioreactor Biotreatment System) 16° Emerging Technology Program - Ongoing Projects Institute of Gas Technology (Fluidized-Bed Cyclone Agglomerating Combustor) 344 Measurement and Monitoring Technology Program Analytical and Remedial Technology, Inc. (Automated Volatile Organic Analytical System) .... 386 Bruker Instruments (Bruker Mobile Environmental Monitor) 390 Idetek, Inc. (Equate® Immunoassay) 406 Sentex Sensing Technology, Inc. (Scentograph Portable Gas Chromatograph) 426 SRI Instruments (Gas Chromatograph) 428 Cyanide Demonstration Program - Completed Projects E.I. DuPont de Nemours and Company, and Oberlin Filter Company (Membrane Microfiltration) ^4 Page 460 ------- Liquid (continued) Diesel Demonstration Program - Ongoing Projects AlliedSignal Environmental Systems and Services (Immobilized Cell Bioreactor Biotreatment System) 160 Dioxins Demonstration Program - Completed Projects Babcock & Wilcox Co. (Cyclone Furnace) 28 CF Systems Corporation (Liquified Gas Solvent Extraction [LG-SX] Technology) 48 ELI Eco Logic International, Inc. (Gas-Phase Chemical Reduction Process) 60 General Atomics (Circulating Bed Combustor) 70 Retech, Inc. (Plasma Arc Vitrification) 104 Demonstration Program - Ongoing Projects RKK, Ltd. (CYROCELL®) -. 202 Emerging Technology Program - Completed Projects Babcock & Wilcox Co. (Cyclone Furnace) 246 Emerging Technology Program - Ongoing Projects Institute of Gas Technology (Fluidized-Bed Cyclone Agglomerating Combustor) 344 Measurement and Monitoring Technology Program Bruker Instruments (Bruker Mobile Environmental Monitor) 390 Explosives Demonstration Program - Completed Projects Ultrox, A Division of Zimpro Environmental, Inc. (Ultraviolet Radiation and Oxidation) 140 Emerging Technology Program - Completed Projects New Jersey Institute of Technology (GHEA Associates Process) 292 Furans Demonstration Program - Completed Projects Babcock & Wilcox Co. (Cyclone Furnace) 28 ELI Eco Logic International, Inc. (Gas-Phase Chemical Reduction Process) 60 General Atomics (Circulating Bed Combustor) 70 Retech, Inc. (Plasma Arc Vitrification) 104 Emerging Technology Program - Completed Projects Babcock & Wilcox Co. (Cyclone Furnace) 246 Emerging Technology Program - Ongoing Projects Institute of Gas Technology (Fluidized-Bed Cyclone Agglomerating Combustor) . . . 344 Measurement and Monitoring Technology Program Bruker Instruments (Bruker Mobile Environmental Monitor) 390 Gasoline Demonstration Program - Ongoing Projects AlliedSignal Environmental Systems and Services (Immobilized Cell Bioreactor Biotreatment System) . 160 Halogenated VOCs Demonstration Program - Completed Projects AWD Technologies, Inc. (Integrated Vapor Extraction and Steam Vacuum Stripping) 26 Billings & Associates, Inc. (Subsurface Volatilization and Ventilation System [SVVS®]) 34 Bio-Rem, Inc. (Augmented In Situ Subsurface Bioremediation Process) 38 BioTrol, Inc. (Biological Aqueous Treatment System) 40 CF Systems Corporation (Liquified Gas Solvent Extraction [LG-SX] Technology) 48 ELI Eco Logic International, Inc. (Gas-Phase Chemical Reduction Process) 60 General Atomics (Circulating Bed Combustor) 70 High Voltage Environmental Applications, Inc. (High-Energy Electron Irradiation) 82 Hughes Environmental Systems, Inc. (Steam Enhanced Recovery Process) 88 Magnum Water Technology (CAV-OX® Process) 94 North American Technologies Group, Inc. (Oleophilic Amine-Coated Ceramic Chip) 98 Page 461 ------- r Liquid (continued) Halogenated VOCs (continued) Demonstration Program - Completed Projects (continued) Retech, Inc. (Plasma Arc Vitrification) r SBP Technologies, Inc. (Membrane Filtration and Bioremediation) 120 Ultrox, A Division of Zimpro Environmental, Inc. (Ultraviolet Radiation and Oxidation) 140 Demonstration Program - Ongoing Projects AlliedSignal Environmental Systems and Services (Immobilized Cell Bioreactor Biotreatment System) 16° EnviroMetal Technologies, Inc. (In Situ Metal Enhanced Abiotic Degradation of Dissolved Halogenated Organic Compounds in Groundwater) 174 Emerging Technology Program - Completed Projects Energy and Environmental Engineering, Inc. (PhotoCAT™ Process) 268 New Jersey Institute of Technology (GHEA Associates Process) 292 Pulse Sciences, Inc. (X-Ray Treatment of Aqueous Solutions) 296 Emerging Technology Program - Ongoing Projects ABB Environmental Services, Inc. (Anaerobic/Aerobic Sequential Bioremediation of PCE) .... 316 Arizona State University/IT Corporation (Photocatalytic Oxidation with Air Stripping) 318 Center for Hazardous Materials Research (Organics Destruction and Metals Stabilization) 322 Institute of Gas Technology (Fluidized-Bed Cyclone Agglomerating Combustor) 344 Membran Corporation (Membrane Gas Transfer in Waste Remediation) 358 Measurement and Monitoring Technology Program Analytical and Remedial Technology, Inc. (Automated Volatile Organic Analytical System) .... 386 Bruker Instroments (Broker Mobile Environmental Monitor) 390 Sentex Sensing Technology, Inc. (Scentograph Portable Gas Chromatograph) 426 SRI Instroments (Gas Chromatograph) 428 Heavy Metals Demonstration Program - Completed Projects E.I. DuPont de Nemours and Company, and Oberlin Filter Company (Membrane Microfiltration) 54 EPOC Water, Inc. (Precipitation, Microfiltration, and Sludge Dewatering) 64 Emerging Technology Program - Completed Projects New Jersey Institute of Technology (GHEA Associates Process) 292 Herbicides Demonstration Program - Completed Projects Babcock & Wilcox Co. (Cyclone Furnace) 28 General Atomics (Circulating Bed Combustor) 70 Retech, Inc. (Plasma Arc Vitrification) . 104 Rochem Separation Systems, Inc. (Rochem Disc Tube™ Module System) 116 Emerging Technology Program - Completed Projects Babcock & Wilcox Co. (Cyclone Furnace) 246 Emerging Technology Program - Ongoing Projects Institute of Gas Technology (Fluidized-Bed Cyclone Agglomerating Combustor) 344 Measurement and Monitoring Technology Program Broker Instroments (Broker Mobile Environmental Monitor) 390 Inorganic Elements Measurement and Monitoring Technology Program Asoma Instroments (Model 200 XRF Analyzer) 388 HNU Systems, Inc. (HNU Source Excited plourescence Analyzer-Portable [SEFA-P] XRF Analyzer) 402 OutoKumpu Electronics, Inc. (Metorex X-MET 920P XRF Analyzer) 420 Metals Demonstration Program - Completed Projects Babcock & Wilcox Co. (Cyclone Furnace) • • 28 Page 462 ------- Liquid (continued) Metals (continued) Demonstration Program - Completed Projects (continued) Dynaphore, Inc. (FORAGER® Sponge) . - .55 Filter Flow Technology, Inc. (Heavy Metals and Radionuclide Polishing Filter) 66 Retech, Inc. (Plasma Arc Vitrification) 104 Rochem Separation Systems, Inc. (Rochem Disc Tube™ Module System) 116 Wheelabrator Clean Air Systems, Inc. (PO*WW*ER™ Technology) 152 Demonstration Program - Ongoing Projects Aprotek (Ion Conduction Agglomeration System) 164 Colorado Department of Public Health and Environment (Wetlands-Based Treatment) 168 Hydrologies, Inc. (CURE®-Electrocoagulation Wastewater Treatment System) 178 RKK, Ltd. (CYROCELL®) 202 TechTran Environmental, Inc. (Combined Chemical Precipitation, Physical Separation, and Binding Process for Radionuclides and Heavy Metals) 210 Emerging Technology Program - Completed Projects Atomic Energy of Canada, Limited (Chemical Treatment and Ultrafiltration) 244 Babcock & Wilcox Co. (Cyclone Furnace) 246 Bio-Recovery Systems, Inc. (Biological Sorption [AlgaSORB®]) 250 Colorado School of Mines (Constructed Wetlands-Based Treatment) 260 Electro-Pure Systems, Inc. (Alternating Current Electrocoagulation Technology) 266 New Jersey Institute of Technology (GHEA Associates Process) 292 University of Washington (Adsorptive Filtration) 304 Emerging Technology Program - Ongoing Projects Center for Hazardous Materials Research (Organics Destruction and Metals Stabilization) 322 Institute of Gas Technology (Fluidized-Bed Cyclone Agglomerating Combustor) 344 Mixed Waste Demonstration Program - Completed Projects Retech, Inc. (Plasma Arc Vitrification) 104 Organics Demonstration Program - Completed Projects E.I. DuPont de Nemours and Company, and Oberlin Filter Company (Membrane Microfiltration) 54 EPOC Water, Inc. (Precipitation, Microfiltration, and Sludge Dewatering) 64 High Voltage Environmental Applications, Inc. (High-Energy Electron Irradiation) 82 Wheelabrator Clean Air Systems, Inc. (PO*WW*ER™ Technology) . 152 Emerging Technology Program - Completed Projects Electron Beam Research Facility, Florida International University, and University of Miami (High-Energy Electron Irradiation) 264 Energy and Environmental Engineering, Inc. (PhotoCAT™ Process) 268 Emerging Technology Program - Ongoing Projects High Voltage Environmental Applications, Inc. (High Energy Electron Beam Irradiation) 342 PCBs Demonstration Program - Completed Projects Babcock & Wilcox Co. (Cyclone Furnace) 28 CF Systems Corporation (Liquified Gas Solvent Extraction [LG-SX] Technology) 48 ELI Eco Logic International, Inc. (Gas-Phase Chemical Reduction Process) 60 High Voltage Environmental Applications, Inc. (High-Energy Electron Irradiation) 82 Magnum Water Technology (CAV-OX® Process) 94 Retech, Inc. (Plasma Arc Vitrification) 104 Rochem Separation Systems, Inc. (Rochem Disc Tube™ Module System) 116 SBP Technologies, Inc. (Membrane Filtration and Bioremediation) 120 Ultrox, A Division of Zimpro Environmental, Inc. (Ultraviolet Radiation and Oxidation) 140 Vulcan Peroxidation Systems, Inc. (perox-pure™ Chemical Oxidation Technology) 144 Page 463 ------- I 246 292 70 Liquid (continued) PCBs (continued) Emerging Technology Program - Completed Projects Babcock & Wilcox Co. (Cyclone Furnace) New Jersey Institute of Technology (GHEA Associates Process) Emerging Technology Program - Ongoing Projects Center for Hazardous Materials Research (Organics Destruction and Metals Stabilization) . . . Institute of Gas Technology (Fluidized-Bed Cyclone Agglomerating Combustor) 344 Measurement and Monitoring Technology Program Bruker Instruments (Bruker Mobile Environmental Monitor) 390 United States Environmental Protection Agency (Field Analytical Screening Program PCB Method) ..436 Pesticides Demonstration Program - Completed Projects Babcock & Wilcox Co. (Cyclone Furnace) 28 ELI Eco Logic International, Inc. (Gas-Phase Chemical Reduction Process) 60 General Atomics (Circulating Bed Combustor) Magnum Water Technology (CAV-OX® Process) • North American Technologies Group, Inc. (Oleophilic Amine-Coated Ceramic Chip) Retech, Inc. (Plasma Arc Vitrification) • Rochem Separation Systems, Inc. (Rochem Disc Tube™ Module System) H6 SBP Technologies, Inc. (Membrane Filtration and Bioremediation) 120 Ultrox, A Division of Zimpro Environmental, Inc. (Ultraviolet Radiation and Oxidation) 140 Vulcan Peroxidation Systems, Inc. (perox-pure™ Chemical Oxidation Technology) 144 Emerging Technology Program - Completed Projects Babcock & Wilcox Co. (Cyclone Furnace) Emerging Technology Program - Ongoing Projects Institute of Gas Technology (Fluidized-Bed Cyclone Agglomerating Combustor) Measurement and Monitoring Technology Program Bruker Instruments (Bruker Mobile Environmental Monitor) Petroleum Hydrocarbons Demonstration Program - Completed Projects BioTrol, Inc. (Biological Aqueous Treatment System) 4U SBP Technologies, Inc. (Membrane Filtration and Bioremediation) 120 Vulcan Peroxidation Systems, Inc. (perox-pure™ Chemical Oxidation Technology) 144 Demonstration Program - Ongoing Projects Hydrologies, Inc. (CURE®-Electrocoagulation Wastewater Treatment System) 1/8 Zenon Environmental Inc. (ZenoGem™ Process) 222 Emerging Technology Program - Completed Projects Electro-Pure Systems, Inc. (Alternating Current Electrocoagulation Technology) 266 New Jersey Institute of Technology (GHEA Associates Process) • 292 Emerging Technology Program - Ongoing Projects Membran Corporation (Membrane Gas Transfer in Waste Remediation) 358 Measurement and Monitoring Technology Program Analytical and Remedial Technology, Inc. (Automated Volatile Organic Analytical System) . Radionuclides Demonstration Program - Completed Projects Babcock & Wilcox Co. (Cyclone Furnace) 2° Retech, Inc. (Plasma Arc Vitrification) 104 Demonstration Program - Ongoing Projects RKK, Ltd. (CYROCELL®) : • 2U2 TechTran Environmental, Inc. (Combined Chemical Precipitation, Physical Separation, and Binding Process for Radionuclides and Heavy Metals) 21° 386 Page 464 ------- Liquid (continued) Radionuclides (continued) Emerging Technology Program - Completed Projects Babcock & Wilcox Co. (Cyclone Furnace) 246 SVOCs Demonstration Program - Completed Projects AWD Technologies, Lac. (Integrated Vapor Extraction and Steam Vacuum Stripping) . 26 Babcock & Wilcox Co. (Cyclone Furnace) 28 Berkeley Environmental Restoration Center (In Situ Steam Enhanced Extraction Process) 32 BioTrol, Inc. (Biological Aqueous Treatment System) 40 CF Systems Corporation (Liquified Gas Solvent Extraction. [LG-SX] Technology) 48 ELI Eco Logic International, Inc. (Gas-Phase Chemical Reduction Process) . . , 60 General Atomics (Circulating Bed Combustor) 70 Magnum Water Technology (CAV-OX® Process) 94 North American Technologies Group, Inc. (Oleophilic Amine-Coated Ceramic Chip) 98 Retech, Inc. (Plasma Arc Vitrification) 104 Rochem Separation Systems, Inc. (Rochem Disc Tube™ Module System) 116 SBP Technologies, Inc. (Membrane Filtration and Bioremediation) 120 Ultrox, A Division of Zimpro Environmental, Inc. (Ultraviolet Radiation and Oxidation) 140 Demonstration Program - Ongoing Projects AlliedSignal Environmental Systems and Services (Immobilized Cell Bioreactor Biotreatment System) 160 RKK, Ltd. (CYROCELL®) 202 Western Research Institute (Contained Recovery of Oily Wastes [CROW™]) 214 Zenon Environmental Inc. (Cross-Flow Pervaporation System) 220 Zenon Environmental Inc. (ZenoGem™ Process) 222 Zimpro Environmental, Inc. (PACT® Wastewater Treatment System) . , 224 Emerging Technology Program - Completed Projects Babcock & Wilcox Co. (Cyclone Furnace) 246 New Jersey Institute of Technology (GHEA Associates Process) 292 Wastewater Technology Centre (Cross-Flow Pervaporation System) , 308 Western Research Institute (Contained Recovery of Oily Wastes [CROW™]) 310 Emerging Technology Program - Ongoing Projects Environmental BioTechnologies, Inc. (Microbial Composting Process) 334 Institute of Gas Technology (Fluidized-Bed Cyclone Agglomerating Combustor) 344 Membran Corporation (Membrane Gas Transfer in Waste Remediation) 358 Measurement and Monitoring Technology Program Bruker Instruments (Bruker Mobile Environmental Monitor) 390 EnSys, Inc. (Penta RISc Test System) 394 Ohmicron Corporation (Pentachlorophenol RaPID Assay) 418 Uranium Demonstration Program - Completed Projects E.I. DuPont de Nemours and Company, and Oberlin Filter Company (Membrane Microfiltration) 54 VOCs . Demonstration Program - Completed Projects AWD Technologies, Inc. (Integrated Vapor Extraction and Steam Vacuum Stripping) 26 Berkeley Environmental Restoration Center (In Situ Steam Enhanced Extraction Process) 32 Bio-Rem, Inc. (Augmented In Situ Subsurface Bioremediation Process) 38 CF Systems Corporation (Liquified Gas Solvent Extraction [LG-SX] Technology) 48 ELI Eco Logic International, Inc. (Gas-Phase Chemical Reduction Process) . 60 General Atomics (Circulating Bed Combustor) 70 Hughes Environmental Systems, Inc. (Steam Enhanced Recovery Process) 88 Magnum Water Technology (CAV-OX® Process) 94 Page 465 ------- Liquid (continued) VOCs ('continued') Demonstration Program - Completed Projects (continued) North American Technologies Group, Inc. (Oleophilic Amine-Coated Ceramic Chip) 98 Retech, Inc. (Plasma Arc Vitrification) • 10* Risk Reduction Engineering Laboratory, The University of Cincinnati, and FRX, Inc. (Hydraulic Fracturing) 114 Rochem Separation Systems, Inc. (Rochem Disc Tube™ Module System) 116 Ultrox, A Division of Zimpro Environmental, Inc. (Ultraviolet Radiation and Oxidation) 140 Wheelabrator Clean Air Systems, Inc. (PO*WW*ER™ Technology) 152 Demonstration Program - Ongoing Projects RKK, Ltd. (CYROCELL®) 202 Xerox Corporation (Two-Phase Extraction Process) 218 Zenon Environmental Inc. (Cross-Flow Pervaporation System) 220 Zenon Environmental Inc. (ZenoGem™ Process) 222 Zimpro Environmental, Inc. (PACT® Wastewater Treatment System) 224 Emerging Technology Program - Completed Projects BioTrol, Inc. (Methanotrophic Bioreactor System) • • 252 Energy and Environmental Engineering, Inc. (PhotoCAT™ Process) 268 New Jersey Institute of Technology (GHEA Associates Process) 292 Pulse Sciences, Inc. (X-Ray Treatment of Aqueous Solutions) 296 Wastewater Technology Centre (Cross-Flow Pervaporation System) 308 Emerging Technology Program - Ongoing Projects Institute of Gas Technology (Fluidized-Bed Cyclone Agglomerating Combustor) 344 Roy F. Weston, Inc. (Ambersorb® 563 Adsorbent) 378 Measurement and Monitoring Technology Program Analytical and Remedial Technology, Inc. (Automated Volatile Organic Analytical System) .... 386 Bruker Instruments (Bruker Mobile Environmental Monitor) 390 Sentex Sensing Technology, Inc. (Scentograph Portable Gas Chromatograph) 426 SRI Instruments (Gas Chromatograph) 428 Volatile Inorganic Compounds Demonstration Program - Completed Projects Wheelabrator Clean Air Systems, Inc. (PO*WW*ER™ Technology) 152 Mine Tailings Heavy Metals Demonstration Program - Ongoing Projects Pintail Systems Incorporated (Spent Ore Bioremediation Process) 190 Metals Emerging Technology Program - Completed Projects Montana College of Mineral Science & Technology (Air-Sparged Hydrocyclone) 288 s Mixed Waste Dioxins Demonstration Program - Ongoing Projects RKK, Ltd. (CYROCELL®) 202 Metals Demonstration Program - Ongoing Projects RKK, Ltd. (CYROCELL®) 202 Radionuclides Demonstration Program - Ongoing Projects RKK, Ltd. (CYROCELL®) • • • • 202 Page 466 ------- Mixed Waste (continued) SVOCs Demonstration Program - Ongoing Projects RKK, Ltd. (CYROCELL®) VOCs ' Demonstration Program - Ongoing Projects RKK, Ltd. (CYROCELL®) _ 202 Oily Waste Aromatic VOCs Demonstration Program - Completed Projects ELI Eco Logic International, Inc. (Gas-Phase Chemical Reduction Process) 60 Dioxins , Demonstration Program - Completed Projects ELI Eco Logic International, Inc. (Gas-Phase Chemical Reduction Process) 60 Furans Demonstration Program - Completed Projects ELI Eco Logic International, Inc. (Gas-Phase Chemical Reduction Process) ... 60 Halogenated VOCs Demonstration Program - Completed Projects ELI Eco Logic International, Inc. (Gas-Phase Chemical Reduction Process) . 60 PCBs Demonstration Program - Completed Projects ELI Eco Logic International, Inc. (Gas-Phase Chemical Reduction Process) 60 Measurement and Monitoring Technology Program Dexsil Corporation (Environmental Test Kits) 392 Pesticides Demonstration Program - Completed Projects ELI Eco Logic International, Inc. (Gas-Phase Chemical Reduction Process) 60 Measurement and Monitoring Technology Program Dexsil Corporation (Environmental Test Kits) . QQO SVOCs " y/ Demonstration Program - Completed Projects ELI Eco Logic International, Inc. (Gas-Phase Chemical Reduction Process) 60 VOCs Demonstration Program - Completed Projects ELI Eco Logic International, Inc. (Gas-Phase Chemical Reduction Process) 60 Sediment Aromatic VOCs Demonstration Program - Completed Projects American Combustion, Inc. (PYRETRON® Thermal Destruction) 24 Bio-Rem, Inc. (Augmented In Situ Subsurface Bioremediation Process) 38 CF Systems Corporation (Liquified Gas Solvent Extraction [LG-SX] Technology) 48 ELI Eco Logic International, Inc. (Thermal Desorption Unit) 62 General Atomics (Circulating Bed Combustor) . ! ! 70 Resources Conservation Company (B.E.S.T. Solvent Extraction Technology) 102 Retech, Inc. (Plasma Arc Vitrification) 104 Sonotech, Inc. (Frequency-Tunable Pulse Combustion System) 128 Texaco Inc. (Entrained-Bed Gasification) 136 Roy F. Weston, Inc. (Low Temperature Thermal Treatment [LT3®] System) 148 Demonstration Program - Ongoing Projects North American Technologies Group, Inc. (BioTreat™ System) 188 Page 467 ------- Sediment (continued) Aromatic VOCs (continued) Emerging Technology Program - Completed Projects Allis Mineral Systems rPYRQKILN THERMAL ENCAPSULATION Process) . 238 Institute of Gas Technology (Fluid Extraction - Biological Degradation Process) 278 Emerging Technology Program - Ongoing Projects Energy and Environmental Research Corporation (Reactor Filter System) 332 Institute of Gas Technology (Fluidized-Bed Cyclone Agglomerating Combustor) . 344 OHM Remediation Services Corporation (Oxygen Microbubble In Situ Bioremediation) 360 Measurement and Monitoring Technology Program Bruker Instruments (Bruker Mobile Environmental Monitor) 39° Cyanide Demonstration Program - Completed Projects RUST Remedial Services, Inc. (XTRAX™ Thermal Desorption) 118 Di'oxins Demonstration Program - Completed Projects Babcock & Wilcox Co. (Cyclone Furnace) 28 CF Systems Corporation (Liquified Gas Solvent Extraction [LG-SX] Technology) 48 Dehydro-Tech Corporation (Carver-Greenfield Process® for Solvent Extraction of Wet, Oily Wastes) f2 ELI Eco Logic International, Inc. (Thermal Desorption Unit) ' " ' ' General Atomics (Circulating Bed Combustor) 70 Geosafe Corporation (In Situ Vitrification) 74 Horsehead Resource Development Co., Inc. (Flame Reactor) • • • 84 Retech, Inc. (Plasma Arc Vitrification) *04 RUST Remedial Services, Inc. (X*TRAX™ Thermal Desorption) 118 SoilTech ATP Systems, Inc. (Anaerobic Thermal Processor) . 124 Sonotech, Inc. (Frequency-Tunable Pulse Combustion System) 128 Texaco Inc. (Entrained-Bed Gasification) I36 Demonstration Program - Ongoing Projects Vortec Corporation (Oxidation and Vitrification Process) 212 Emerging Technology Program - Completed Projects Allis Mineral Systems fPYROKILN THERMAL ENCAPSULATION Process) 238 Babcock & Wilcox Co. (Cyclone Furnace) • • • • .246 Energy and Environmental Research Corporation (Hybrid Fluidized Bed System) 270 PSI Technologies (Metals Immobilization and Decontamination of Aggregate Solids) 294 Vortec Corporation (Oxidation and Vitrification Process) 3°6 Emerging Technology Program - Ongoing Projects Energy and Environmental Research Corporation (Reactor Filter System) 332 Institute of Gas Technology (Fluidized-Bed Cyclone Agglomerating Combustor) . . . 344 Measurement and Monitoring Technology Program Bruker Instruments (Bruker Mobile Environmental Monitor) 39° Explosives Demonstration Program - Completed Projects J. R. Simplot (The SABRE™ Process) 122 Emerging Technology Program - Completed. Projects New Jersey Institute of Technology (GHEA Associates Process) • 292 J. R. Simplot (The SABRE™ Process) 300 Furans Demonstration Program - Completed Projects Babcock & Wilcox Co. (Cyclone Furnace) 28 ELI Eco Logic International, Inc. (Thermal Desorption Unit) • • 62 General Atomics (Circulating Bed Combustor) 70 Geosafe Corporation (In Situ Vitrification) 74 Page 468 ------- Sediment (continued) Furans (continued') Demonstration Program - Completed Projects (continued) Horsehead Resource Development Co., Inc. (Flame Reactor) 84 Retech, Inc. (Plasma Arc Vitrification) 104 SoilTech ATP Systems, Inc. (Anaerobic Thermal Processor) 124 Sonotech, Inc. (Frequency-Tunable Pulse Combustion System) 128 Texaco Inc. (Entrained-Bed Gasification) 136 Demonstration Program - Ongoing Projects Vortec Corporation (Oxidation and Vitrification Process) „ 212 Emerging Technology Program - Completed Projects Allis Mineral Systems (PYROKILN THERMAL ENCAPSULATION Process) 238 Babcock & Wilcox Co. (Cyclone Furnace) 246 Energy and Environmental Research Corporation (Hybrid Fluidized Bed System) 270 PSI Technologies (Metals Immobilization and Decontamination of Aggregate Solids) 294 Vortec Corporation (Oxidation and Vitrification Process) 306 Emerging Technology Program - Ongoing Projects Energy and Environmental Research Corporation (Reactor Filter System) 332 Institute of Gas Technology (Fluidized-Bed Cyclone Agglomerating Combustor) 344 Measurement and Monitoring Technology Program Broker Instruments (Bruker Mobile Environmental Monitor) 390 Halogenated VOCs Demonstration Program - Completed Projects Bio-Rem, Inc. (Augmented In Situ Subsurface Bioremediation Process) 38 CF Systems Corporation (Liquified Gas Solvent Extraction [LG-SX] Technology) 48 ELI Eco Logic International, Inc. (Thermal Desorption Unit) 62 General Atomics (Circulating Bed Combustor) 70 Retech, Inc. (Plasma Arc Vitrification) 104 RUST Remedial Services, Inc. (X*TRAX™ Thermal Desorption) 118 Sonotech, Inc. (Frequency-Tunable Pulse Combustion System) 128 Texaco Inc. (Entrained-Bed Gasification) 136 Roy F. Weston, Inc. (Low Temperature Thermal Treatment [LT3®] System) 148 Demonstration Program - Ongoing Projects North American Technologies Group, Inc. (BioTreat™ System) 188 Emerging Technology Program - Completed Projects Allis Mineral Systems (PYROKILN THERMAL ENCAPSULATION Process) 238 New Jersey Institute of Technology (GHEA Associates Process) 292 Emerging Technology Program - Ongoing Projects Center for Hazardous Materials Research (Organics Destruction and Metals Stabilization) 322 Davy International Energy and Environmental Division (Chemical Treatment) 326 Energy and Environmental Research Corporation (Reactor Filter System) 332 Institute of Gas Technology (Fluidized-Bed Cyclone Agglomerating Combustor) 344 Measurement and Monitoring Technology Program Bruker Instruments (Bruker Mobile Environmental Monitor) 390 Heavy Metals Demonstration Program - Completed Projects Bergmann USA (Soil and Sediment Washing) 30 RUST Remedial Services, Inc. (X*TRAX™ Thermal Desorption) 118 Emerging Technology Program - Completed Projects New Jersey Institute of Technology (GHEA Associates Process) 292 Emerging Technology Program - Ongoing Projects Western Product Recovery Group, Inc. (CCBA Physical and Chemical Treatment) 376 Page 469 ------- Sediment (continued) Heavy Minerals Emerging Technology Program - Completed Projects Montana College of Mineral Science & Technology (Campbell Centrifugal Jig) 290 Herbicides Demonstration Program - Completed Projects American Combustion, Inc. (PYRETRON® Thermal Destruction) 24 Babcock & Wilcox Co. (Cyclone Furnace) 28 General Atomics (Circulating Bed Combustor) 70 Horsehead Resource Development Co., Inc. (Flame Reactor) 84 Resources Conservation Company (B.E.S.T. Solvent Extraction Technology) 102 Retech, Inc. (Plasma Arc Vitrification) • • • 1°4 SoilTech ATP Systems, Inc. (Anaerobic Thermal Processor) 124 Sonotech, Inc. (Frequency-Tunable Pulse Combustion System) 128 Texaco Inc. (Entrained-Bed Gasification) 136 Roy F. Weston, Inc. (Low Temperature Thermal Treatment [LT3®] System) 148 Demonstration Program - Ongoing Projects Vortec Corporation (Oxidation and Vitrification Process) 212 Emerging Technology Program - Completed Projects Allis Mineral Systems (PYROKILN THERMAL ENCAPSULATION Process) 238 Babcock & Wilcox Co. (Cyclone Furnace) 246 Energy and Environmental Research Corporation (Hybrid Fluidized Bed System) 270 PSI Technologies (Metals Immobilization and Decontamination of Aggregate Solids) 294 Vortec Corporation (Oxidation and Vitrification Process) 306 Emerging Technology Program - Ongoing Projects Energy and Environmental Research Corporation (Reactor Filter System) 332 Institute of Gas Technology (Fluidized-Bed Cyclone Agglomerating Combustor) 344 Measurement and Monitoring Technology Program Bruker Instruments (Bruker Mobile Environmental Monitor) 390 Inorganic Elements Measurement and Monitoring Technology Program Scitec Corporation (Metal Analysis Probe [MAP®] Portable Assayer) 424 TN Technologies, Inc. (Spectrace 9000 X-Ray Flourescence Analyzer) 430 Metals Demonstration Program - Completed Projects Advanced Remediation Mixing, Inc. (Solidification and Stabilization) • 22 Babcock & Wilcox Co. (Cyclone Furnace) 28 Funderburk & Associates (Dechlorination and Immobilization) 68 Geo-Con, Inc. (In Situ Solidification and Stabilization Process) 72 Geosafe Corporation (In Situ Vitrification) : 74 Horsehead Resource Development Co., Inc. (Flame Reactor) • • • 84 Retech, Inc. (Plasma Arc Vitrification) 104 Soliditech, Inc. (Solidification and Stabilization) 126 STC Omega, Inc. (Chemical Fixation/Solidification Treatment Technologies) 130 Texaco Inc. (Entrained-Bed Gasification) 136 Toronto Harbour Commission (Soil Recycling) 138 WASTECH, Inc. (Solidification and Stabilization) 146 Demonstration Program - Ongoing Projects Separation and Recovery Systems, Inc. (SAREX Chemical Fixation Process) 204 Sevenson Environmental Services, Inc. (MAECTITE® Chemical Treatment Process) 206 Vortec Corporation (Oxidation and Vitrification Process) 212 Wheelabrator Technologies, Inc. (WES-PHix Stabilization Process) 216 Page 470 ------- Sediment (continued) Metals (continued) Emerging Technology Program - Completed Projects AEA Technology, National Environmental Technology Centre (Soil Separation and Washing Process) 236 Allis Mineral Systems (PYROKILN THERMAL ENCAPSULATION Process) 238 Babcock & Wilcox Co. (Cyclone Furnace) 246 Center for Hazardous Materials Research (Acid Extraction Treatment System) 254 Energy and Environmental Research Corporation (Hybrid Fluidized Bed System) 270 Ferro Corporation (Waste Vitrification Through Electric Melting) 272 Montana College of Mineral Science & Technology (Air-Sparged Hydrocyclone) 288 Montana College of Mineral Science & Technology (Campbell Centrifugal Jig) 290 New Jersey Institute of Technology (GHEA Associates Process) 292 PSI Technologies (Metals Immobilization and Decontamination of Aggregate Solids) 294 Vortec Corporation (Oxidation and Vitrification Process) ... 306 Emerging Technology Program - Ongoing Projects Center for Hazardous Materials Research (Organics Destruction and Metals Stabilization) 322 Davy International Energy and Environmental Division (Chemical Treatment) 326 Energy and Environmental Research Corporation (Reactor Filter System) 332 Geo-Microbial Technologies, Inc. (Metals Release and Removal from Wastes) 338 Institute of Gas Technology (Fluidized-Bed Cyclone Agglomerating Combustor) 344 IT Corporation (Chelation/Electrodeposition of Toxic Metals from Soils) 348 University of Houston (Concentrated-Chloride Extraction and Recovery of Lead) 372 University of South Carolina (In Situ Mitigation of Acid Water) 374 Mixed Waste Demonstration Program - Completed Projects Retech, Inc. (Plasma Arc Vitrification) 104 Organics Demonstration Program - Completed Projects Gruppo Italimpresse (Infrared Thermal Destruction) . 80 Emerging Technology Program - Completed Projects Electron Beam Research Facility, Florida International University, and University of Miami (High-Energy Electron Irradiation) 264 Emerging Technology Program - Ongoing Projects High Voltage Environmental Applications, Inc. (High Energy Electron Beam Irradiation) 342 PAHs Demonstration Program - Completed Projects Dehydro-Tech Corporation (Carver-Greenfield Process® for Solvent Extraction of Wet, Oily Wastes) 52 Emerging Technology Program - Ongoing Projects IT Corporation (Eimco BioLift™ Slurry Reactor) 350 OHM Remediation Services Corporation (Oxygen Microbubble In Situ Bioremediation) 360 PCBs Demonstration Program - Completed Projects American Combustion, Inc. (PYRETRON® Thermal Destruction) 24 Babcock & Wilcox Co. (Cyclone Furnace) 28 Bergmann USA (Soil and Sediment Washing) 30 BioTrol, Inc. (Soil Washing System) 42 CF Systems Corporation (Liquified Gas Solvent Extraction [LG-SX] Technology) 48 Dehydro-Tech Corporation (Carver-Greenfield Process® for Solvent Extraction of Wet, Oily Wastes) T 52 ELI Eco Logic International, Inc. (Thermal Desorption Unit) 62 Funderburk & Associates (Dechlorination and Immobilization) 68 Geo-Con, Inc. (In Situ Solidification and Stabilization Process) 72 Page 471 ------- Sediment (continued) PCBs (continued) Demonstration Program - Completed Projects (continued) Geosafe Corporation (In Situ Vitrification) 74 Horsehead Resource Development Co., Inc. (Flame Reactor) 84 Resources Conservation Company (B.E.S.T. Solvent Extraction Technology) 102 Retech, Inc. (Plasma Arc Vitrification) 104 RUST Remedial Services, Inc. (XTRAX™ Thermal Desorption) 118 SoilTech ATP Systems, Inc. (Anaerobic Thermal Processor) 124 SolidStech, Inc. (Solidification and Stabilization) 126 Sonotech, Inc. (Frequency-Tunable Pulse Combustion System) 128 STC Omega, Inc. (Chemical Fixation/Solidification Treatment Technologies) 130 Texaco Inc. (Entrained-Bed Gasification) 136 WASTECH, Inc. (Solidification and Stabilization) 146 Roy F. Weston, Inc. (Low Temperature Thermal Treatment [LT3®] System) 148 Demonstration Program - Ongoing Projects Vortec Corporation (Oxidation and Vitrification Process) 212 Emerging Technology Program - Completed Projects Allis Mineral Systems (PYROKILN THERMAL ENCAPSULATION Process) 238 ART International, Inc. (Low-Energy Extraction Process) 242 Babcock & Wilcox Co. (Cyclone Furnace) 246 Energy and Environmental Research Corporation (Hybrid Fluidized Bed System) .......... 270 Institute of Gas Technology (Chemical and Biological Treatment) 276 New Jersey Institute of Technology (GHEA Associates Process) 292 PSI Technologies (Metals Immobilization and Decontamination of Aggregate Solids) 294 J. R. Simplot (The SABRE™ Process) 300 Trinity Environmental Technologies, Inc. (PCB- and Organochlorine-Contaminated Soil Detoxification) 302 Vortec Corporation (Oxidation and Vitrification Process) 306 Emerging Technology Program - Ongoing Projects Center for Hazardous Materials Research (Organics Destruction and Metals Stabilization) 322 Davy International Energy and Environmental Division (Chemical Treatment) 326 Energy and Environmental Research Corporation (Reactor Filter System) 332 Institute of Gas Technology (Fluidized-Bed Cyclone Agglomerating Combustor) 344 State University of New York at Oswego (Photocatalytic Degradation of PCB-Contaminated Sediments and Waters) 366 Measurement and Monitoring Technology Program Bruker Instruments (Bruker Mobile Environmental Monitor) , • 390 Dexsil Corporation (Environmental Test Kits) 392 Pesticides Demonstration Program - Completed Projects American Combustion, Inc. (PYRETRON® Thermal Destruction) 24 Babcock & Wilcox Co. (Cyclone Furnace) 28 BioTrol, Lie. (Soil Washing System) 42 Canonie Environmental Services Corporation (Low Temperature Thermal Aeration [LTTA®]) ... 46 ELI Eco Logic International, Inc. (Thermal Desorption Unit) 62 Funderburk & Associates (Dechlorination and Immobilization) 68 General Atomics (Circulating Bed Combustor) 70 Geosafe Corporation (In Situ Vitrification) 74 Horsehead Resource Development Co., Inc. (Flame Reactor) 84 Resources Conservation Company (B.E.S.T. Solvent Extraction Technology) 102 Retech, Inc. (Plasma Arc Vitrification) 104 SoilTech ATP Systems, Inc. (Anaerobic Thermal Processor) 124 Soliditech, Inc. (Solidification and Stabilization) 126 Page 472 ------- Sediment (continued) Pesticides (continued) Demonstration Program - Completed Projects (continued) Sonotech, Inc. (Frequency-Tunable Pulse Combustion System) 128 STC Omega, Inc. (Chemical Fixation/Solidification Treatment Technologies) 130 Texaco Inc. (Entrained-Bed Gasification) 136 WASTECH, Inc. (Solidification and Stabilization) 146 Roy F. Weston, Inc. (Low Temperature Thermal Treatment [LT3®] System) 148 Demonstration Program - Ongoing Projects Vortec Corporation (Oxidation and Vitrification Process) 212 Emerging Technology Program - Completed Projects Allis Mineral Systems (PYROKILN THERMAL ENCAPSULATION Process) 238 ART International, Inc. (Low-Energy Extraction Process) 242 Babcock & Wilcox Co. (Cyclone Furnace) 246 Energy and Environmental Research Corporation (Hybrid Fluidized Bed System) . . 270 Institute of Gas Technology (Chemical and Biological Treatment) 276 PSI Technologies (Metals Immobilization and Decontamination of Aggregate Solids) 294 J. R. Simplot (The SABRE™ Process) 300 Vortec Corporation (Oxidation and Vitrification Process) 306 Emerging Technology Program - Ongoing Projects Davy International Energy and Environmental Division (Chemical Treatment) 326 Energy and Environmental Research Corporation (Reactor Filter System) 332 Groundwater Technology Government Services, Inc. (Below-Grade Bioremediation of Chlorinated Cyclodiene Insecticides) 340 Institute of Gas Technology (Fluidized-Bed Cyclone Agglomerating Combustor) 344 State University of New York at Oswego (Photocatalytic Degradation of PCB-Contaminated Sediments and Waters) 366 Measurement and Monitoring Technology Program Bruker Instruments (Bruker Mobile Environmental Monitor) 390 Dexsil Corporation (Environmental Test Kits) 392 Petroleum Hydrocarbons Demonstration Program - Completed Projects Bergmann USA (Soil and Sediment Washing) 30 BioTrol, Inc. (Soil Washing System) 42 Dehydro-Tech Corporation (Carver-Greenfield Process® for Solvent Extraction of Wet, Oily Wastes) 52 ECOVA Corporation (Bioslurry Reactor) 58 GRACE Dearborn, Inc. (DARAMEND™ Bioremediation Technology) 78 Soliditech, Inc. (Solidification and Stabilization) 126 Roy F. Weston, Inc. (Low Temperature Thermal Treatment [LT3®] System) 148 Demonstration Program - Ongoing Projects North American Technologies Group, Inc. (BioTreat™ System) 188 Remediation Technologies, Inc. (Liquid and Solids Biological Treatment) 198 Emerging Technology Program - Completed Projects AEA Technology, National Environmental Technology Centre (Soil Separation and Washing Process) 236 Allis Mineral Systems (PYROKILN THERMAL ENCAPSULATION Process) 238 Institute of Gas Technology (Fluid Extraction - Biological Degradation Process) 278 New Jersey Institute of Technology (GHEA Associates Process) 292 Radionuclides Demonstration Program - Completed Projects Advanced Remediation Mixing, Inc. (Solidification and Stabilization) 22 Babcock & Wilcox Co. (Cyclone Furnace) • 28 Geosafe Corporation (In Situ Vitrification) 74 Page 473 ------- Sediment (continued) Radionuclides (continued) Demonstration Program - Completed Projects (continued) Retech, Inc. (Plasma Arc Vitrification) 104 RUST Remedial Services, Inc. (X*TRAX™ Thermal Desorption) 118 Emerging Technology Program - Completed Projects Babcock & Wilcox Co. (Cyclone Furnace) 246 SVOCs Demonstration Program - Completed Projects American Combustion, Inc. (PYRETRON® Thermal Destruction) 24 Babcock & Wilcox Co. (Cyclone Furnace) 28 BioTrol, Inc. (Soil Washing System) , 42 Canonie Environmental Services Corporation (Low Temperature Thermal Aeration [LTTA®]) ... 46 CF Systems Corporation (Liquified Gas Solvent Extraction [LG-SX] Technology) 48 Dehydro-Tech Corporation (Carver-Greenfield Process® for Solvent Extraction of Wet, Oily Wastes) 52 ECOVA Corporation (Bioslurry Reactor) 58 ELI Eco Logic International, Inc. (Thermal Desorption Unit) 62 General Atomics (Circulating Bed Combustor) 70 GRACE Dearborn, Inc. (DARAMEND™ Bioremediation Technology) 78 Horsehead Resource Development Co., Inc. (Flame Reactor) 84 Retech, Inc. (Plasma Arc Vitrification) • • • 104 Risk Reduction Engineering Laboratory (Base-Catalyzed Decomposition Process) .......... 106 RUST Remedial Services, Inc. (X*TRAX™ Thermal Desorption) 118 SoilTech ATP Systems, Inc. (Anaerobic Thermal Processor) 124 Sonotech, Inc. (Frequency-Tunable Pulse Combustion System) • • • • I28 STC Omega, Inc. (Chemical Fixation/Solidification Treatment Technologies) 130 Texaco Inc. (Entrained-Bed Gasification) 136 Toronto Harbour Commission (Soil Recycling) 138 WASTECH, Inc. (Solidification and Stabilization) 146 Roy F. Weston, Inc. (Low Temperature Thermal Treatment [LT3®] System) 148 Demonstration Program - Ongoing Projects North American Technologies Group, Inc. (BioTreat™ System) 188 Remediation Technologies, Inc. (Liquid and Solids Biological Treatment) 198 Separation and Recovery Systems, Inc. (SAREX Chemical Fixation Process) 204 Vortec Corporation (Oxidation and Vitrification Process) 212 Emerging Technology Program - Completed Projects Allis Mineral Systems (PYROKILN THERMAL ENCAPSULATION Process) 238 ART International, Inc. (Low-Energy Extraction Process) . 242 Babcock & Wilcox Co. (Cyclone Furnace) 246 Energy and Environmental Research Corporation (Hybrid Fluidized Bed System) 270 Institute of Gas Technology (Chemical and Biological Treatment) . 276 Institute of Gas Technology (Fluid Extraction - Biological Degradation Process) 278 New Jersey Institute of Technology (GHEA Associates Process) 292 PSI Technologies (Metals Immobilization and Decontamination of Aggregate Solids) 294 Vortec Corporation (Oxidation and Vitrification Process) 306 Emerging Technology Program - Ongoing Projects Energy and Environmental Research Corporation (Reactor Filter System) 332 Environmental BioTechnologies, Inc. (Microbial Composting Process) 334 Institute of Gas Technology (Fluidized-Bed Cyclone Agglomerating Combustor) 344 IT Corporation (Eimco BioLift™ Slurry Reactor) 350 OHM Remediation Services Corporation (Oxygen Microbubble In Situ Bioremediation) 360 Measurement and Monitoring Technology Program Bruker Instruments (Bruker Mobile Environmental Monitor) 390 Page 474 ------- Sediment (continued) VOCs Demonstration Program - Completed Projects American Combustion, Inc. (PYRETRON® Thermal Destruction) 24 Bio-Rem, Inc. (Augmented In Situ Subsurface Bioremediation Process) 38 Canonie Environmental Services Corporation (Low Temperature Thermal Aeration [LTTA®]) ... 46 CF Systems Corporation (Liquified Gas Solvent Extraction [LG-SX] Technology) 48 ECOVA Corporation (Bioslurry Reactor) 58 ELI Eco Logic International, Inc. (Thermal Desorption Unit) 62 General Atomics (Circulating Bed Combustor) 70 Geosafe Corporation (In Situ Vitrification) 74 Horsehead Resource Development Co., Inc. (Flame Reactor) 84 Retech, Inc. (Plasma Arc Vitrification) 104 RUST Remedial Services, Inc. (X*TRAX™ Thermal Desorption) 118 SoilTech ATP Systems, Inc. (Anaerobic Thermal Processor) 124 Sonotech, Inc. (Frequency-Tunable Pulse Combustion System) 128 Texaco Inc. (Entrained-Bed Gasification) 136 Roy F. Weston, Inc. (Low Temperature Thermal Treatment [LT3®] System) 148 Demonstration Program - Ongoing Projects Separation and Recovery Systems, Inc. (SAREX Chemical Fixation Process) 204 Vortec Corporation (Oxidation and Vitrification Process) 212 Emerging Technology Program - Completed Projects ; Allis Mineral Systems (PYROKILN THERMAL ENCAPSULATION Process't 238 Energy and Environmental Research Corporation (Hybrid Fluidized Bed System) 270 New Jersey Institute of Technology (GHEA Associates Process) 292 PSI Technologies (Metals Immobilization and Decontamination of Aggregate Solids) 294 Vortec Corporation (Oxidation and Vitrification Process) 306 Emerging Technology Program - Ongoing Projects Energy and Environmental Research Corporation (Reactor Filter System) 332 Institute of Gas Technology (Fluidized-Bed Cyclone Agglomerating Combustor) 344 Measurement and Monitoring Technology Program Bruker Instruments (Bruker Mobile Environmental Monitor) 390 Sludge Aromatic VOCs Demonstration Program - Completed Projects American Combustion, Inc. (PYRETRON® Thermal Destruction) 24 Bio-Rem, Inc. (Augmented In Situ Subsurface Bioremediation Process) 38 CF Systems Corporation (Liquified Gas Solvent Extraction [LG-SX] Technology) 48 ELI Eco Logic International, Inc. (Thermal Desorption Unit) 62 General Atomics (Circulating Bed Combustor) 70 Resources Conservation Company (B.E.S.T. Solvent Extraction Technology) 102 Retech, Inc. (Plasma Arc Vitrification) 104 Sonotech, Inc. (Frequency-Tunable Pulse Combustion System) 128 Texaco Inc. (Entrained-Bed Gasification) 136 Roy F. Weston, Inc. (Low Temperature Thermal Treatment [LT3®] System) 148 Demonstration Program - Ongoing Projects North American Technologies Group, Inc. (BioTreat™ System) 188 Emerging Technology Program - Completed Projects Allis Mineral Systems (PYROKILN THERMAL ENCAPSULATION Process) 238 Institute of Gas Technology (Fluid Extraction - Biological Degradation Process) 278 Emerging Technology Program - Ongoing Projects Energy and Environmental Research Corporation (Reactor Filter System) 332 Institute of Gas Technology (Fluidized-Bed Cyclone Agglomerating Combustor) 344 Page 475 ------- Sludge (continued) Aromatic VOCs (continued) Emerging Technology Program - Ongoing Projects (continued) OHM Remediation Services Corporation (Oxygen Microbubble In Situ Bioremediation) 360 Measurement and Monitoring Technology Program Bruker Instruments (Bruker Mobile Environmental Monitor) 390 Cyanide Demonstration Program - Completed Projects RUST Remedial Services, Inc. (X*TRAX™ Thermal Desorption) 118 Dioxins Demonstration Program - Completed Projects Babcock & Wilcox Co. (Cyclone Furnace) 28 CF Systems Corporation (Liquified Gas Solvent Extraction [LG-SX] Technology) 48 Dehydro-Tech Corporation (Carver-Greenfield Process® for Solvent Extraction of Wet, Oily Wastes) 5? ELI Eco Logic International, Inc. (Thermal Desorption Unit) . 62 General Atomics (Circulating Bed Combustor) 70 Geosafe Corporation (In Situ Vitrification) 74 Horsehead Resource Development Co., Inc. (Flame Reactor) 84 Retech, Inc. (Plasma Arc Vitrification) 104 RUST Remedial Services, Inc. (X*TRAXm Thermal Desorption) 118 SoilTech ATP Systems, Inc. (Anaerobic Thermal Processor) 124 Sonotech, Inc. (Frequency-Tunable Pulse Combustion System) 128 Texaco Inc. (Entrained-Bed Gasification) 136 Demonstration Program - Ongoing Projects Vortec Corporation (Oxidation and Vitrification Process) 212 Emerging Technology Program - Completed Projects Allis Mineral Systems (PYROKILN THERMAL ENCAPSULATION Process) 238 Babcock & Wilcox Co. (Cyclone Furnace) 246 Energy and Environmental Research Corporation (Hybrid Fluidized Bed System) 270 PSI Technologies (Metals Immobilization and Decontamination of Aggregate Solids) 294 Vortec Corporation (Oxidation and Vitrification Process) 306 Emerging Technology Program - Ongoing Projects Energy and Environmental Research Corporation (Reactor Filter System) 332 Institute of Gas Technology (Fluidized-Bed Cyclone Agglomerating Combustor) 344 Measurement and Monitoring Technology Program Bruker Instruments (Bruker Mobile Environmental Monitor) 390 Explosives Demonstration Program - Completed Projects J. R. Simplot (The SABRE™ Process) 122 Emerging Technology Program - Completed Projects New Jersey Institute of Technology (GHEA Associates Process) '. 292 J. R. Simplot (The SABRE™ Process) 300 Furans Demonstration Program - Completed Projects Babcock & Wilcox Co. (Cyclone Furnace) 28 ELI Eco Logic International, Inc. (Thermal Desorption Unit) 62 General Atomics (Circulating Bed Combustor) . 70 Geosafe Corporation (In Situ Vitrification) 74 Horsehead Resource Development Co., Inc. (Flame Reactor) 84 Retech, Inc. (Plasma Arc Vitrification) 1°4 SoilTech ATP Systems, Inc. (Anaerobic Thermal Processor) 124 Sonotech, Inc. (Frequency-Tunable Pulse Combustion System) 128 Texaco Inc. (Entrained-Bed Gasification) 136 Page 476 ------- Sludge (continued) Furans (continued) Demonstration Program - Ongoing Projects Vortec Corporation (Oxidation and Vitrification Process) 212 Emerging Technology Program - Completed Projects Allis Mineral Systems (PYROKILN THERMAL ENCAPSULATION Process) 238 Babcock & Wilcox Co. (Cyclone Furnace) 246 Energy and Environmental Research Corporation (Hybrid. Fluidized Bed System) 270 PSI Technologies (Metals Immobilization and Decontamination of Aggregate Solids) 294 Vortec Corporation (Oxidation and Vitrification Process) 306 Emerging Technology Program - Ongoing Projects Energy and Environmental Research Corporation (Reactor Filter System) 332 Institute of Gas Technology (Fluidized-Bed Cyclone Agglomerating Combustor) 344 Measurement and Monitoring Technology Program Bruker Instruments (Bruker Mobile Environmental Monitor) 390 Halogenated VOCs Demonstration Program - Completed Projects Bio-Rem, Inc. (Augmented In Situ Subsurface Bioremediation Process) 38 CF Systems Corporation (Liquified Gas Solvent Extraction [LG-SX] Technology) 48 ELI Eco Logic International, Inc. (Thermal Desorption Unit) 62 General Atomics (Circulating Bed Combustor) 70 High Voltage Environmental Applications, Inc. (High-Energy Electron Irradiation) 82 Retech, Inc. (Plasma Arc Vitrification) 104 RUST Remedial Services, Inc. (X*TRAX™ Thermal Desorption) 118 Sonotech, Inc. (Frequency-Tunable Pulse Combustion System) .• 128 Texaco Inc. (Entrained-Bed Gasification) 136 Roy F. Weston, Inc. (Low Temperature Thermal Treatment [LT3®] System) 148 Demonstration Program - Ongoing Projects North American Technologies Group, Inc. (BioTreat™ System) 188 Emerging Technology Program - Completed Projects Allis Mineral. Systems (PYROKILN THERMAL ENCAPSULATION Process) 238 New Jersey Institute of Technology (GHEA Associates Process) 292 Emerging Technology Program - Ongoing Projects Center for Hazardous Materials Research (Organics Destruction and Metals Stabilization) 322 Davy International Energy and Environmental Division (Chemical Treatment) 326 Energy and Environmental Research Corporation (Reactor Filter System) 332 Institute of Gas Technology (Fluidized-Bed Cyclone Agglomerating Combustor) 344 Measurement and Monitoring Technology Program Bruker Instruments (Bruker Mobile Environmental Monitor) 390 Heavy Metals Demonstration Program - Completed Projects RUST Remedial Services, Inc. (X*TRAX™ Thermal Desorption) 118 Emerging Technology Program - Completed Projects New Jersey Institute of Technology (GHEA Associates Process) 292 Emerging Technology Program - Ongoing Projects Western Product Recovery Group, Inc. (CCBA Physical and Chemical Treatment) 376 Heavy Minerals Emerging Technology Program - Completed Projects Montana College of Mineral Science & Technology (Campbell Centrifugal Jig) 290 Herbicides Demonstration Program - Completed Projects American Combustion, Inc. (PYRETRON® Thermal Destruction) 24 Babcock & Wilcox Co. (Cyclone Furnace) 28 General Atomics (Circulating Bed Combustor) 70 Page 477 ------- Sludge (continued) Herbicides (continued) Demonstration Program - Completed Projects (continued) Horsehead Resource Development Co., Inc. (Flame Reactor) 84 Resources Conservation Company (B.E.S.T. Solvent Extraction Technology) 102 Retech, Inc. (Plasma Arc Vitrification) 104 SoilTech ATP Systems, Inc. (Anaerobic Thermal Processor) 124 Sonotech, Inc. (Frequency-Tunable Pulse Combustion System) 128 Texaco Inc. (Entrained-Bed Gasification) 136 Roy F. Weston, Inc. (Low Temperature Thermal Treatment [LT3®] System) i. 148 Demonstration Program - Ongoing Projects Vortec Corporation (Oxidation and Vitrification Process) 212 Emerging Technology Program - Completed Projects Allis Mineral Systems (PYROKILN THERMAL ENCAPSULATION Process) 238 Babcock & Wilcox Co. (Cyclone Furnace) i ...... 246 Energy and Environmental Research Corporation (Hybrid Fluidized Bed System) 270 PSI Technologies (Metals Immobilization and Decontamination of Aggregate Solids) 294 Vortec Corporation (Oxidation and Vitrification Process) 306 Emerging Technology Program - Ongoing Projects Energy and Environmental Research Corporation (Reactor Filter System) 332 Institute of Gas Technology (Fluidized-Bed Cyclone Agglomerating Combustor) 344 Measurement and Monitoring Technology Program Bruker Instruments (Bruker Mobile Environmental Monitor) 390 Metals Demonstration Program - Completed Projects Advanced Remediation Mixing, Inc. (Solidification and Stabilization) . 22 Babcock & Wilcox Co. (Cyclone Furnace) 28 Funderburk & Associates (Dechlorination and Immobilization) , 68 Geo-Con, Inc. (In Situ Solidification and Stabilization Process) 72 Geosafe Corporation (In Situ Vitrification) 74 Horsehead Resource Development Co., Inc. (Flame Reactor) 84 Retech, Inc. (Plasma Arc Vitrification) 104 Soliditech, Inc. (Solidification and Stabilization) 126 STC Omega, Inc. (Chemical Fixation/Solidification Treatment Technologies) 130 Texaco Inc. (Entrained-Bed Gasification) 136 Toronto Harbour Commission (Soil Recycling) 138 WASTECH, Inc. (Solidification and Stabilization) 146 Demonstration Program - Ongoing Projects Separation and Recovery Systems, Inc. (SAREX Chemical Fixation Process) 204 Sevenson Environmental Services, Inc. (MAECTITE® Chemical Treatment Process) 206 Vortec Corporation (Oxidation and Vitrification Process) 212 Wheelabrator Technologies, Inc. (WES-PHix Stabilization Process) 216 Emerging Technology Program - Completed Projects AEA Technology, National Environmental Technology Centre (Soil Separation and Washing Process) 236 Allis Mineral Systems (PYROKILN THERMAL ENCAPSULATION Process") 238 Babcock & Wilcox Co. (Cyclone Furnace) 246 Center for Hazardous Materials Research (Acid Extraction Treatment System) 254 Energy and Environmental Research Corporation (Hybrid Fluidized Bed System) 270 Ferro Corporation (Waste Vitrification Through Electric Melting) 272 Montana College of Mineral Science & Technology (Air-Sparged Hydrocyclone) 288 Montana College of Mineral Science & Technology (Campbell Centrifugal Jig) 290 New Jersey Institute of Technology (GHEA Associates Process) 292 PSI Technologies (Metals Immobilization and Decontamination of Aggregate Solids) 294 Page 478 ------- Sludge (continued) Metals (continued) Emerging Technology Program - Completed Projects (continued) Vortec Corporation (Oxidation and Vitrification Process) 306 Emerging Technology Program - Ongoing Projects Center for Hazardous Materials Research (Organics Destruction and Metals Stabilization) 322 Davy International Energy and Environmental Division (Chemical Treatment) 326 Energy and Environmental Research Corporation (Reactor Filter System) 332 Geo-Microbial Technologies, Inc. (Metals Release and Removal from Wastes) 338 Institute of Gas Technology (Fluidized-Bed Cyclone Agglomerating Combustor) 344 IT Corporation (Chelation/Electrodeposition of Toxic Metals from Soils) 348 University of Houston (Concentrated-Chloride Extraction and Recovery of Lead) 372 University of South Carolina (In Situ Mitigation of Acid Water) 374 Mixed Waste Demonstration Program - Completed Projects Retech, Inc. (Plasma Arc Vitrification) 104 Organics Demonstration Program - Completed Projects High Voltage Environmental Applications, Inc. (High-Energy Electron Irradiation) 82 Emerging Technology Program - Completed Projects Electron Beam Research Facility, Florida International University, and University of Miami (High-Energy Electron Irradiation) 264 Emerging Technology Program - Ongoing Projects High Voltage Environmental Applications, Inc. (High Energy Electron Beam Irradiation) 342 PAHs Demonstration Program - Completed Projects Dehydro-Tech Corporation (Carver-Greenfield Process® for Solvent Extraction of Wet, Oily Wastes) 52 Emerging Technology Program - Ongoing Projects Institute of Gas Technology (Supercritical Extraction/Liquid Phase Oxidation) 346 IT Corporation (Eimco BioLift™ Slurry Reactor) 350 OHM Remediation Services Corporation (Oxygen Micfobubble In Situ Bioremediation) 360 PCBs Demonstration Program - Completed Projects American Combustion, Inc. (PYRETRON® Thermal Destruction) 24 Babcock & Wilcox Co. (Cyclone Furnace) . 28 BioTrol, Inc. (Soil Washing System) 42 CF Systems Corporation (Liquified Gas Solvent Extraction [LG-SX] Technology) 48 Dehydro-Tech Corporation (Carver-Greenfield Process® for Solvent Extraction of Wet, Oily Wastes) 52 ELI Eco Logic International, Inc. (Thermal Desorption Unit) 62 Funderburk & Associates (Dechlorination and Immobilization) 68 Geo-Con, Inc. (In Situ Solidification and Stabilization Process) 72 Geosafe Corporation (In Situ Vitrification) 74 High Voltage Environmental Applications, Inc. (High-Energy Electron Irradiation) 82 Horsehead Resource Development Co., Inc. (Flame Reactor) 84 Resources Conservation Company (B.E.S.T. Solvent Extraction Technology) 102 Retech, Inc. (Plasma Arc Vitrification) 104 RUST Remedial Services, Inc. (X*TRAX™ Thermal Desorption) 118 SoilTech ATP Systems, Inc. (Anaerobic Thermal Processor) 124 Soliditech, Inc. (Solidification, and Stabilization) 126 Sonotech, Inc. (Frequency-Tunable Pulse Combustion System) 128 STC Omega, Inc. (Chemical Fixation/Solidification Treatment Technologies) 130 Texaco Inc. (Entrained-Bed Gasification) , 136 Page 479 ------- Sludge (continued) PCBs (continued) , Demonstration Program - Completed Projects (continued) WASTECH, Inc. (Solidification and Stabilization) 146 Roy F. Weston, Inc. (Low Temperature Thermal Treatment [LT3®] System) 148 Demonstration Program - Ongoing Projects Vortec Corporation (Oxidation and Vitrification Process) 212 Emerging Technology Program - Completed Projects Allis Mineral Systems (PYROKILN THERMAL ENCAPSULATION Process) 238 ART International, Inc. (Low-Energy Extraction Process) 242 Babcock & Wilcox Co. (Cyclone Furnace) 246 Energy and Environmental Research Corporation (Hybrid Fluidized Bed System) 270 Institute of Gas Technology (Chemical and Biological Treatment) 276 New Jersey Institute of Technology (GHEA Associates Process) . . . . 292 PSI Technologies (Metals Immobilization and Decontamination of Aggregate Solids) 294 J. R. Simplot (The SABRE™ Process) 300 Trinity Environmental Technologies, Inc. (PCB- and Organochlorine-Contaminated Soil Detoxification) 302 Vortec Corporation (Oxidation and Vitrification Process) 306 Emerging Technology Program - Ongoing Projects Center for Hazardous Materials Research (Organics Destruction and Metals Stabilization) ..... 322 Davy International Energy and Environmental Division (Chemical Treatment) 326 Energy and Environmental Research Corporation (Reactor Filter System) 332 Institute of Gas Technology (Fluidized-Bed Cyclone Agglomerating Combustor) 344 Institute of Gas Technology (Supercritical Extraction/Liquid Phase Oxidation) 346 State University of New York at Oswego (Photocatalytic Degradation of PCB-Contaminated Sediments and Waters) • 366 Measurement and Monitoring Technology Program Bruker Instruments (Bruker Mobile Environmental Monitor) 390 Pesticides Demonstration Program - Completed Projects American Combustion, Inc. (PYRETRON® Thermal Destruction) 24 Babcock & Wilcox Co. (Cyclone Furnace) 28 BioTrol, Inc. (Soil Washing System) 42 Canonie Environmental Services Corporation (Low Temperature Thermal Aeration [LTTA®]) ... 46 ELI Eco Logic International, Inc. (Thermal Desorption Unit) 62 Funderburk & Associates (Dechlorination and Immobilization) 68 General Atomics (Circulating Bed Combustor) 70 Geosafe Corporation (In Situ Vitrification) 74 Horsehead Resource Development Co., Inc. (Flame Reactor) 84 Resources Conservation Company (B.E.S.T. Solvent Extraction Technology) 102 Retech, Inc. (Plasma Arc Vitrification) 104 SoilTech ATP Systems, Inc. (Anaerobic Thermal Processor) 124 Soliditech, Inc. (Solidification and Stabilization) 126 Sonotech, Inc. (Frequency-Tunable Pulse Combustion System) 128 STC Omega, Inc. (Chemical Fixation/Solidification Treatment Technologies) 130 Texaco Inc. (Entrained-Bed Gasification) . 136 WASTECH, Inc. (Solidification and Stabilization) 146 Roy F. Weston, Inc. (Low Temperature Thermal Treatment [LT3®] System) 148 Demonstration Program - Ongoing Projects Vortec Corporation (Oxidation and Vitrification Process) 212 Emerging Technology Program - Completed Projects Allis Mineral Systems (TYROKILN THERMAL ENCAPSULATION Process) 238 ART International, Inc. (Low-Energy Extraction Process) 242 Page 480 ------- Sludge (continued) Pesticides (continued') Emerging Technology Program - Completed Projects (continued) Babcock & Wilcox Co. (Cyclone Furnace) 246 Energy and Environmental Research Corporation (Hybrid Fluidized Bed System) . 270 Institute of Gas Technology (Chemical and Biological Treatment) 276 PSI Technologies (Metals Immobilization and Decontamination of Aggregate Solids) 294 J. R. Simplot (The SABRE™ Process) 300 Vortec Corporation (Oxidation and Vitrification Process) 306 Emerging Technology Program - Ongoing Projects Davy International Energy and Environmental Division (Chemical Treatment) 326 Energy and Environmental Research Corporation (Reactor Filter System) 332 Groundwater Technology Government Services, Inc. (Below-Grade Bioremediation of Chlorinated Cyclodiene Insecticides) 340 Institute of Gas Technology (Fluidized-Bed Cyclone Agglomerating Combustor) 344 State University of New York at Oswego (Photocatalytic Degradation of PCB-Contaminated Sediments and Waters) 355 Measurement and Monitoring Technology Program Bruker Instruments (Bruker Mobile Environmental Monitor) 390 Petroleum Hydrocarbons Demonstration Program - Completed Projects BioTrol, Inc. (Soil Washing System) 42 Dehydro-Tech Corporation (Carver-Greenfield Process® for Solvent Extraction of Wet, Oily Wastes) 52 ECOVA Corporation (Bioslurry Reactor) 58 GRACE Dearborn, Inc. (DARAMEND™ Bioremediation Technology) 78 Soliditech, Inc. (Solidification and Stabilization) 126 Roy F. Weston, Inc. (Low Temperature Thermal Treatment [LT3®] System) 148 Demonstration Program - Ongoing Projects North American Technologies Group, Inc. (BioTreat™ System) 188 Remediation Technologies, Inc. (Liquid and Solids Biological Treatment) . . . 198 Emerging Technology Program - Completed Projects AEA Technology, National Environmental Technology Centre (Soil Separation and Washing Process) 236 Allis Mineral Systems (PYROKILN THERMAL ENCAPSULATION Process) 238 Institute of Gas Technology (Fluid Extraction - Biological Degradation Process) . . 278 New Jersey Institute of Technology (GHEA Associates Process) 292 Radionuclides Demonstration Program - Completed Projects Advanced Remediation Mixing, Inc. (Solidification and Stabilization) . 22 Babcock & Wilcox Co. (Cyclone Furnace) 28 Geosafe Corporation (In Situ Vitrification) 74 Retech, Inc. (Plasma Arc Vitrification) 104 RUST Remedial Services, Inc. (X*TRAX™ Thermal Desorption) 118 Emerging Technology Program - Completed Projects Babcock & Wilcox Co. (Cyclone Furnace) . . . . <• 246 SVOCs Demonstration Program - Completed Projects American Combustion, Inc. (PYRETRON® Thermal Destruction) 24 Babcock & Wilcox Co. (Cyclone Furnace) 28 BioTrol, Inc. (Soil Washing System) 42 Canonic Environmental Services Corporation (Low Temperature Thermal Aeration [LTTA®]) ... 46 CF Systems Corporation (Liquified Gas Solvent Extraction [LG-SX] Technology) 48 Page 481 ------- r Sludge (continued) SVOCs (continued) Demonstration Program - Completed Projects (continued) Dehydro-Tech Corporation (Carver-Greenfield Process® for Solvent Extraction of Wet, Oily Wastes) 52 ECOVA Corporation (Bioslurry Reactor) 58 ELI Eco Logic International, Inc. (Thermal Desorption Unit) 62 General Atomics (Circulating Bed Combustor) 70 GRACE Dearborn, Inc. (DARAMEND™ Bioremediation Technology) 78 Horsehead Resource Development Co., Inc. (Flame Reactor) 84 Retech, Inc. (Plasma Arc Vitrification) 104 Risk Reduction Engineering Laboratory (Base-Catalyzed Decomposition Process) ; . . . 106 RUST Remedial Services, Inc. (X*TRAX™ Thermal Desorption) 118 SoilTech ATP Systems, Inc. (Anaerobic Thermal Processor) 124 Sonotech, Inc. (Frequency-Tunable Pulse Combustion System) 128 STC Omega, Inc. (Chemical Fixation/Solidification Treatment Technologies) 130 Texaco Inc. (Entrained-Bed Gasification) 136 Toronto Harbour Commission (Soil Recycling) 138 WASTECH, Inc. (Solidification and Stabilization) 146 Roy F. Weston, Inc. (Low Temperature Thermal Treatment [LT3®] System) 148 Demonstration Program - Ongoing Projects North American Technologies Group, Inc. (BioTreat™ System) 188 Remediation Technologies, Inc. (Liquid and Solids Biological Treatment) 198 Separation and Recovery Systems, Inc. (SAREX Chemical Fixation Process) 204 Vortec Corporation (Oxidation and Vitrification Process) 212 Emerging Technology Program - Completed Projects Allis Mineral Systems (PYROKILN THERMAL ENCAPSULATION Process) 238 ART International, Inc. (Low-Energy Extraction Process) . . 242 Babcock & Wilcox Co. (Cyclone Furnace) . . 246 Energy and Environmental Research Corporation (Hybrid Fluidized Bed System) „ 270 Institute of Gas Technology (Chemical and Biological Treatment) • • • • 2^6 Institute of Gas Technology (Fluid Extraction - Biological Degradation Process) ....._ 278 New Jersey Institute of Technology (GHEA Associates Process) 292 PSI Technologies (Metals Immobilization and Decontamination of Aggregate Solids) 294 Vortec Corporation (Oxidation and Vitrification Process) 306 Emerging Technology Program - Ongoing Projects Energy and Environmental Research Corporation (Reactor Filter System) 332 Institute of Gas Technology (Fluidized-Bed Cyclone Agglomerating Combustor) 344 IT Corporation (Eimco BioLift™ Slurry Reactor) 350 OHM Remediation Services Corporation (Oxygen Microbubble In Situ Bioremediation) 360 Measurement and Monitoring Technology Program Bruker Instruments (Bruker Mobile Environmental Monitor) 390 VOCs Demonstration Program - Completed Projects American Combustion, Inc. (PYRETRON® Thermal Destruction) 24 Bio-Rem, Inc. (Augmented In Situ Subsurface Bioremediation Process) 38 Canonie Environmental Services Corporation (Low Temperature Thermal Aeration [LTTA®]) ... 46 CF Systems Corporation (Liquified Gas Solvent Extraction [LG-SX] Technology) 48 ECOVA Corporation (Bioslurry Reactor) 58 ELI Eco Logic International, Inc. (Thermal Desorption Unit) 62 General Atomics (Circulating Bed Combustor) 70 Geosafe Corporation (In Situ Vitrification) 74 Horsehead Resource Development Co., Inc. (Flame Reactor) 84 Retech, Inc. (Plasma Arc Vitrification) 104 Page 482 ------- Sludge (continued) VOCs (continued) Demonstration Program - Completed Projects (continued) RUST Remedial Services, Inc. (X*TRAX™ Thermal Desorption) 118 SoilTech ATP Systems, Inc. (Anaerobic Thermal Processor) 124 Sonotech, Inc. (Frequency-Tunable Pulse Combustion System) 128 Texaco Inc. (Entrained-Bed Gasification) 136 Roy F. Weston, Inc. (Low Temperature Thermal Treatment [LT3®] System) 148 Demonstration Program - Ongoing Projects Separation and Recovery Systems, Inc. (SAREX Chemical Fixation Process) 204 Vortec Corporation (Oxidation and Vitrification Process) 212 Emerging Technology Program - Completed Projects Allis Mineral Systems (PYROKILN THERMAL ENCAPSULATION Process) 238 Energy and Environmental Research Corporation (Hybrid Fluidized Bed System) 270 New Jersey Institute of Technology (GHEA Associates Process) 292 PSI. Technologies (Metals Immobilization and Decontamination of Aggregate Solids) 294 Vortec Corporation (Oxidation and Vitrification Process) 306 Emerging Technology Program - Ongoing Projects Energy and Environmental Research Corporation (Reactor Filter System) 332 Institute of Gas Technology (Fluidized-Bed Cyclone Agglomerating Combustor) . . . 344 Measurement and Monitoring Technology Program Bruker Instruments (Bruker Mobile Environmental Monitor) 390 Soil Aromatic VOCs Demonstration Program - Completed Projects •r. American Combustion, Inc. (PYRETRON® Thermal Destruction) 24 AWD Technologies, Inc. (Integrated Vapor Extraction and Steam Vacuum Stripping) 26 Billings & Associates, Inc. (Subsurface Volatilization and Ventilation System [SVVS®]) 34 Bio-Rem, Inc. (Augmented In Situ Subsurface Bioremediation Process) 38 CF Systems Corporation (Liquified Gas Solvent Extraction [LG-SX] Technology) 48 ELI Eco Logic International, Inc. (Thermal Desorption Unit) 62 General Atomics (Circulating Bed Combustor) 70 Hrubetz Environmental Services, Inc. (HRUBOUT® Process) 86 Hughes Environmental Systems, Inc. (Steam Enhanced Recovery Process) 88 ITT Research Institute/Brown and Root Environmental (Radio Frequency Heating) 90 KAI Technologies, Inc./Brown and Root Environmental (Radio Frequency Heating) 92 Maxymillian Technologies, Inc. (Mobile Thermal Desorption System) 96 NOVATERRA, Inc. (In Situ Steam and Air Stripping) 100 Resources Conservation Company (B.E.S.T. Solvent Extraction Technology) 102 Retech, Inc. (Plasma Arc Vitrification) 104 Sonotech, Inc. (Frequency-Tunable Pulse Combustion System) 128 Texaco Inc. (Entrained-Bed Gasification) 136 Roy F. Weston, Inc. (Low Temperature Thermal Treatment [LT3®] System) 148 Demonstration Program - Ongoing Projects North American Technologies Group, Inc. (BioTreat™ System) , 188 Praxis Environmental Technologies, Inc. (In Situ Thermal Extraction Process) 192 SIVE Services (Steam Injection and Vacuum Extraction-Linear Flow [SIVE-LF] Process) 208 Emerging Technology Program - Completed Projects ABB Environmental Services, Inc. (Two-Zone, Plume Interception, In Situ Treatment Strategy) 234 Allis Mineral Systems (PYROKILN THERMAL ENCAPSULATION Process) 238 Hazardous Substance Management Research Center at New Jersey Institute of Technology (Pnuematic Fracturing/Bioremediation) 274 Page 483 ------- r Soil (continued) Aromatic VOCs (continued) Emerging Technology Program - Completed Projects (continued) Institute of Gas Technology (Fluid Extraction - Biological Degradation Process) 278 IT Corporation (Batch Steam Distillation and Metal Extraction) 280 Emerging Technology Program - Ongoing Projects Energy and Environmental Research Corporation (Reactor Filter System) 332 Institute of Gas Technology (Fluidized-Bed Cyclone Agglomerating Combustor) 344 OHM Remediation Services Corporation (Oxygen Microbubble In Situ Bioremediation) 360 Measurement and Monitoring Technology Program Bruker Instruments (Bruker Mobile Environmental Monitor) 390 Sentex Sensing Technology, Inc. (Scentograph Portable Gas Chromatograph) 426 SRI Instruments (Gas Chromatograph) 428 Demonstration Program - Completed Projects Maxymillian Technologies, Inc. (Mobile Thermal Desorption System) 96 RUST Remedial Services, Inc. (X*TRAX™ Thermal Desorption) 118 Diesel Demonstration Program - Ongoing Projects Praxis Environmental Technologies, Inc. (In Situ Thermal Extraction Process) 192 Dioxins Demonstration Program - Completed Projects Babcock & Wilcox Co. (Cyclone Furnace) 28 CF Systems Corporation (Liquified Gas Solvent Extraction [LG-SX] Technology) 48 Dehydro-Tech Corporation (Carver-Greenfield Process® for Solvent Extraction of Wet, Oily Wastes) 52 ELI Eco Logic International, Inc. (Thermal Desorption Unit) 62 General Atomics (Circulating Bed Combustor) 70 Geosafe Corporation (In Situ Vitrification) 74 Horsehead Resource Development Co., Inc. (Flame Reactor) 84 Retech, Inc. (Plasma Arc Vitrification) 104 RUST Remedial Services, Inc. (XTRAX™ Thermal Desorption) 118 SoilTech ATP Systems, Inc. (Anaerobic Thermal Processor) 124 Sonotech, Inc. (Frequency-Tunable Pulse Combustion System) 128 Texaco Inc. (Entrained-Bed Gasification) 136 Demonstration Program - Ongoing Projects RKK, Ltd. (CYROCELL®) 202 Vortec Corporation (Oxidation and Vitrification Process) 212 Emerging Technology Program - Completed Projects Allis Mineral Systems (PYROKILN THERMAL ENCAPSULATION Process) 238 Babcock & Wilcox Co. (Cyclone Furnace) 246 Energy and Environmental Research Corporation (Hybrid Fluidized Bed System) 270 IT Corporation (Photolytic and Biological Soil Detoxification) 282 PSI Technologies (Metals Immobilization and Decontamination of Aggregate Solids) 294 Vortec Corporation (Oxidation and Vitrification Process) 306 Emerging Technology Program - Ongoing Projects Energy and Environmental Research Corporation (Reactor Filter System) 332 Institute of Gas Technology (Fluidized-Bed Cyclone Agglomerating Combustor) 344 Measurement and Monitoring Technology Program Bruker Instruments (Bruker Mobile Environmental Monitor) 390 Explosives Demonstration Program - Completed Projects J. R. Simplot (The SABRE™ Process) 122 Page 484 ------- Soil (continued) Explosives (continued') Emerging Technology Program - Completed Projects New Jersey Institute of Technology (GHEA Associates Process) 292 J. R. Simplot (The SABRE™ Process) . . 300 Furans Demonstration Program - Completed Projects Babcock & Wilcox Co. (Cyclone Furnace) 28 ELI Eco Logic International, Inc. (Thermal Desorption Unit) 62 General Atomics (Circulating Bed Combustor) 70 Geosafe Corporation (In Situ Vitrification) 74 Horsehead Resource Development Co., Inc. (Flame Reactor) 84 Retech, Inc. (Plasma Arc Vitrification) 104 SoilTech ATP Systems, Lac. (Anaerobic Thermal Processor) 124 Sonotech, Inc. (Frequency-Tunable Pulse Combustion System) 128 Texaco Lac. (Entrained-Bed Gasification) 136 Demonstration Program - Ongoing Projects Vortec Corporation (Oxidation and Vitrification Process) 212 Emerging Technology Program - Completed Projects Allis Mineral Systems (PYROKILN THERMAL ENCAPSULATION Process) 238 Babcock & Wilcox Co. (Cyclone Furnace) 246 Energy and Environmental Research Corporation (Hybrid Fluidized Bed System) 270 PSI Technologies (Metals Immobilization and Decontamination of Aggregate Solids) 294 Vortec Corporation (Oxidation and Vitrification Process) 306 Emerging Technology Program - Ongoing Projects Energy and Environmental Research Corporation (Reactor Filter System) 332 Institute of Gas Technology (Fluidized-Bed Cyclone Agglomerating Combustor) . . . 344 Measurement and Monitoring Technology Program Bruker Instruments (Bruker Mobile Environmental Monitor) 390 Gasoline Demonstration Program - Ongoing Projects Praxis Environmental Technologies, Inc. (In Situ Thermal Extraction Process) 192 Halogenated VOCs Demonstration Program - Completed Projects Accutech Remedial Systems, Inc. (Pneumatic Fracturing Extraction3* and Catalytic Oxidation) ... 20 AWD Technologies, Inc. (Integrated Vapor Extraction and Steam Vacuum Stripping) 26 Billings & Associates, Inc. (Subsurface Volatilization and Ventilation System [SWS®]) 34 Bio-Rem, Inc. (Augmented In Situ Subsurface Bioremediation Process) 38 CF Systems Corporation (Liquified Gas Solvent Extraction [LG-SX] Technology) 48 ELI Eco Logic International, Inc. (Thermal Desorption Unit) 62 General Atomics (Circulating Bed Combustor) 70 Hughes Environmental Systems, Inc. (Steam Enhanced Recovery Process) 88 IIT Research Institute/Brown and Root Environmental (Radio Frequency Heating) '. 90 KAI Technologies, Inc./Brown and Root Environmental (Radio Frequency Heating) 92 NOVATERRA, Inc. (In Situ Steam and Air Stripping) 100 Retech, Inc. (Plasma Arc Vitrification) 104 RUST Remedial Services, Inc. (X*TRAX™ Thermal Desorption) 118 Sonotech, Inc. (Frequency-Tunable Pulse Combustion System) 128 Texaco Inc. (Entrained-Bed Gasification) 136 Roy F. Weston, Inc. (Low Temperature Thermal Treatment [LT3®] System) 148 Demonstration Program - Ongoing Projects North American Technologies Group, Inc. (BioTreat™ System) 188 Praxis Environmental Technologies, Inc. (In Situ Thermal Extraction Process) 192 SIVE Services (Steam Injection and Vacuum Extraction-Linear Flow [SIVE-LFj Process) 208 Page 485 ------- Soil (continued) Haloeenated VOCs (continued') Emerging Technology Program - Completed Projects ABB Environmental Services, Inc. (Two-Zone, Plume Interception, In Situ Treatment Strategy) 234 Allis Mineral Systems (PYROKILN THERMAL ENCAPSULATION Process) 238 IT Corporation (Batch Steam Distillation and Metal Extraction) 280 New Jersey Institute of Technology (GHEA Associates Process) 292 Purus, Inc. (Photolytic Oxidation Process) 298 Emerging Technology Program - Ongoing Projects Center for Hazardous Materials Research (Organics Destruction and Metals Stabilization) 322 Davy International Energy and Environmental Division (Chemical Treatment) 326 Energy and Environmental Research Corporation (Reactor Filter System) 332 Institute of Gas Technology (Fluidized-Bed Cyclone Agglomerating Combustor) 344 Measurement and Monitoring Technology Program Bruker Instruments (Bruker Mobile Environmental Monitor) 390 Sentex Sensing Technology, Inc. (Scentograph Portable Gas Chromatograph) 426 SRI Instruments (Gas Chromatograph) 428 Heavy Metals Demonstration Program - Completed Projects Bergmann USA (Soil and Sediment Washing) 30 Brice Environmental Services Corporation (Soil Washing Plant) 44 RUST Remedial Services, Inc. (X*TRAX™ Thermal Desorption) 118 Emerging Technology Program - Completed Projects IT Corporation (Batch Steam Distillation and Metal Extraction) 280 New Jersey Institute of Technology (GHEA Associates Process) 292 Emerging Technology Program - Ongoing Projects Western Product Recovery Group, Inc. (CCBA Physical and Chemical Treatment) 376 Heavy Minerals Emerging Technology Program - Completed Projects Montana College of Mineral Science & Technology (Campbell Centrifugal Jig) 290 Herbicides Demonstration Program - Completed Projects American Combustion, Inc. (PYRETRON® Thermal Destruction) 24 Babcock & Wilcox Co. (Cyclone Furnace) 28 General Atomics (Circulating Bed Combustor) 70 Horsehead Resource Development Co., Inc. (Flame Reactor) 84 Resources Conservation Company (B.E.S.T. Solvent Extraction Technology) 102 Retech, Inc. (Plasma Arc Vitrification) 104 SoilTech ATP Systems, Inc. (Anaerobic Thermal Processor) 124 Sonotech, Inc. (Frequency-Tunable Pulse Combustion System) 128 Texaco Inc. (Entrained-Bed Gasification) 136 Roy F. Weston, Inc. (Low Temperature Thermal Treatment [LT3®] System) 148 Demonstration Program - Ongoing Projects Praxis Environmental Technologies, Inc. (In Situ Thermal Extraction Process) 192 Vortec Corporation (Oxidation and Vitrification Process) 212 Emerging Technology Program - Completed Projects Allis Mineral Systems (PYROKILN THERMAL ENCAPSULATION Process) 238 Babcock & Wilcox Co. (Cyclone Furnace) 246 Energy and Environmental Research Corporation (Hybrid Fluidized Bed System) 270 PSI Technologies (Metals Immobilization and Decontamination of Aggregate Solids) 294 Vortec Corporation (Oxidation and Vitrification Process) 306 Emerging Technology Program - Ongoing Projects Energy and Environmental Research Corporation (Reactor Filter System) 332 Page 486 ------- Soil (continued) Herbicides (continued) Emerging Technology Program - Ongoing Projects (continued) Institute of Gas Technology (Fluidized-Bed Cyclone Agglomerating Combustor) 344 Measurement and Monitoring Technology Program Bruker Instruments (Bruker Mobile Environmental Monitor) 390 Inorganic Elements Measurement and Monitoring Technology Program HNU Systems, Inc. (HNU Source Excited Flourescence Analyzer-Portable [SEFA-P] XRF Analyzer) 402 Scitec Corporation (Metal Analysis Probe [MAP®] Portable Assayer) 424 TN Technologies, Inc. (Spectrace 9000 X-Ray Flourescence Analyzer) 430 Metals Demonstration Program - Completed Projects Advanced Remediation Mixing, Inc. (Solidification and Stabilization) . 22 Babcock & Wilcox Co. (Cyclone Furnace) 28 COGNIS, Inc. (Chemical Treatment) . . . . 50 Funderburk & Associates (Dechlorination and Immobilization) 68 Geo-Con, Inc. (In Situ Solidification and Stabilization Process) 72 Geosafe Corporation (In Situ Vitrification) 74 Horsehead Resource Development Co., Inc. (Flame Reactor) 84 NOVATERRA, Inc. (In Situ Steam and Air Stripping) 100 Retech, Inc. (Plasma Arc Vitrification) 104 Risk Reduction Engineering Laboratory (Volume Reduction Unit) 108 Soliditech, Inc. (Solidification and Stabilization) 126 STC Omega, Inc. (Chemical Fixation/Solidification Treatment Technologies) 130 Texaco Inc. (Entrained-Bed Gasification) 136 Toronto Harbour Commission (Soil Recycling) • 138 WASTECH, Inc. (Solidification and Stabilization) 146 Demonstration Program - Ongoing Projects Electrokinetics, Inc. (Electro-Klean™ Electrokinetic Soil Processing) 172 RKK, Ltd. (CYROCELL®) 202 Separation and Recovery Systems, Inc. (SAREX Chemical Fixation Process) 204 Sevenson Environmental Services, Inc. (MAECTITE® Chemical Treatment Process) ........ 206 Vortec Corporation (Oxidation and Vitrification Process) 212 Wheelabrator Technologies, Inc. (WES-PHix Stabilization Process) 216 Emerging Technology Program - Completed.Projects ABA Technology, National Environmental Technology Centre (Soil Separation and Washing Process) 236 Allis Mineral Systems (PYROKILN THERMAL ENCAPSULATION Process) 238 Babcock & Wilcox Co. (Cyclone Furnace) 246 Battelle Memorial Institute (In Situ Electroacoustic Soil Decontamination) 248 Center for Hazardous Materials Research (Acid Extraction Treatment System) 254 COGNIS, Inc. (Chemical Treatment) 258 Electrokinetics, Inc. (Electro-Klean™ Electrokinetic Soil Processing) 262 Energy and Environmental Research Corporation (Hybrid Fluidized Bed System) 270 Ferro Corporation (Was'te Vitrification Through Electric Melting) 272 IT Corporation (Batch Steam Distillation and Metal Extraction) 280 Montana College of Mineral Science & Technology (Air-Sparged Hydrocyclone) 288 Montana College of Mineral Science & Technology (Campbell Centrifugal Jig) 290 New Jersey Institute of Technology (GHEA Associates Process) 292 PSI Technologies (Metals Immobilization and Decontamination of Aggregate Solids) 294 Vortec Corporation (Oxidation and Vitrification Process) 306 Page 487 ------- r Soil (continued) Metals (continued) Emerging Technology Program - Ongoing Projects Center for Hazardous Materials Research (Organics Destruction and Metals Stabilization) 322 COGNIS, Inc. (Biological/Chemical Treatment) 324 Davy International Energy and Environmental Division (Chemical Treatment) 326 Energy and Environmental Research Corporation (Reactor Filter System) 332 Geo-Microbial Technologies, Inc. (Metals Release and Removal from Wastes) 338 Institute of Gas Technology (Fluidized-Bed Cyclone Agglomerating Combustor) 344 IT Corporation (Chelation/Electrodeposition of Toxic Metals from Soils) 348 IT Corporation (Mixed Waste Treatment Process) 352 Lewis Environmental Systems, Inc./Hickson Corporation (Chromated Copper Arsenate Soil Leaching Process) 354 University of Houston (Concentrated-Chloride Extraction and Recovery of Lead) 372 University of South Carolina (In Situ Mitigation of Acid Water) 374 Mixed Waste Demonstration Program - Completed Projects Retech, Inc. (Plasma Arc Vitrification) 104 Organics Demonstration Program - Completed Projects Gruppo Italimpresse (Infrared Thermal Destruction) 80 Emerging Technology Program - Completed Projects Electron Beam Research Facility, Florida International University, and University of Miami (High-Energy Electron Irradiation) 264 Emerging Technology Program - Ongoing Projects High Voltage Environmental Applications, Inc. (High Energy Electron Beam Irradiation) 342 Measurement and Monitoring Technology Program Geoprobe Systems (Geoprobe Conductivity System) 396 PAHs Demonstration Program - Completed Projects Dehydro-Tech Corporation (Carver-Greenfield Process® for Solvent Extraction of Wet, Oily Wastes) 52 Maxymillian Technologies, Inc. (Mobile Thermal Desorption System) 96 Emerging Technology Program - Ongoing Projects Institute of Gas Technology (Supercritical Extraction/Liquid Phase Oxidation) 346 IT Corporation (Eimco BioLift™ Slurry Reactor) 350 OHM Remediation Services Corporation (Oxygen Microbubble In Situ Bioremediation) ...... 360 Measurement and Monitoring Technology Program Tri-Services (Site Characterization Analysis Penetrometer System [SCAPS]) 432 Unisys Corporation (Rapid Optical Screen Tool) 434 PCBs Demonstration Program - Completed Projects American Combustion, Inc. (PYRETRON® Thermal Destruction) 24 Babcock & Wilcox Co. (Cyclone Furnace) 28 Bergmann USA (Soil and Sediment Washing) 30 BioGenesis Enterprises, Inc. (BioGenesis3" Soil and Sediment Washing Processes) 36 BioTrol, Inc. (Soil Washing System) 42 CF Systems Corporation (Liquified Gas Solvent Extraction [LG-SX] Technology) 48 Dehydro-Tech Corporation (Carver-Greenfield Process® for Solvent Extraction of Wet, Oily Wastes) 52 ELI Eco Logic International, Inc. (Thermal Desorption Unit) 62 Funderburk & Associates (Dechlorination and Immobilization) 68 Geo-Con, Inc. (In Situ Solidification and Stabilization Process) 72 Geosafe Corporation (In Situ Vitrification) 74 Page 488 ------- Soil (continued) PCBs (continued") Demonstration Program - Completed Projects (continued) Horsehead Resource Development Co., Inc. (Flame Reactor) 84 IIT Research Institute/Brown and Root'Environmental (Radio Frequency Heating) 90 KAI Technologies, Inc./Brown and Root Environmental (Radio Frequency Heating) 92 Resources Conservation Company (B.E.S.T. Solvent Extraction Technology) 102 Retech, Inc. (Plasma Arc Vitrification) • 104 RUST Remedial Services, Inc. (X*TRAX™ Thermal Desorption) 118 SoilTech ATP Systems, Inc. (Anaerobic Thermal Processor) 124 Soliditech, Inc. (Solidification and Stabilization) 126 Sonotech, Inc. (Frequency-Tunable Pulse Combustion System) 128 STC Omega, Inc. (Chemical Fixation/Solidification Treatment Technologies) 130 Terra-Kleen Response Group, Inc. (Solvent Extraction Treatment System) 132 Texaco Inc. (Entrained-Bed Gasification) ". , 136 WASTECH, Inc. (Solidification and Stabilization) 146 Roy F. Weston, Inc. (Low Temperature Thermal Treatment [LT3®] System) 148 Demonstration Program - Ongoing Projects Praxis Environmental Technologies, Inc. (In Situ Thermal Extraction Process) 192 Vortec Corporation (Oxidation and Vitrification Process) 212 Emerging Technology Program - Completed Projects Allis Mineral Systems (PYROKILN THERMAL ENCAPSULATION Process) 238 ART International, Inc. (Low-Energy Extraction Process) 242 Babcock & Wilcox Co. (Cyclone Furnace) 246 Energy and Environmental Research Corporation (Hybrid Fluidized Bed System) 270 Institute of Gas Technology (Chemical and Biological Treatment) 276 IT Corporation (Photoiytic and Biological Soil Detoxification) 282 New Jersey Institute of Technology (GHEA Associates Process) 292 PSI Technologies (Metals Immobilization and Decontamination of Aggregate Solids) 294 J. R. Simplot (The SABRE™ Process) 300 Trinity Environmental Technologies, Inc. (PCB- and Organochlorine-Contaminated Soil Detoxification) 302 Vortec Corporation (Oxidation and Vitrification Process) 306 Emerging Technology Program - Ongoing Projects Center for Hazardous Materials Research (Organics Destruction and Metals Stabilization) 322 Davy International Energy and Environmental Division (Chemical Treatment) 326 Energy and Environmental Research Corporation (Reactor Filter System) . 332 Institute of Gas Technology (Fluidized-Bed Cyclone Agglomerating Combustor) 344 Institute of Gas Technology (Supercritical Extraction/Liquid Phase Oxidation) 346 Pulse Sciences, Inc. (X-Ray Treatment of Organically Contaminated Soils) 362 Measurement and Monitoring Technology Program Bruker Instruments (Bruker Mobile Environmental Monitor) 390 Dexsil Corporation (Environmental Test Kits) 392 Millipore Corporation (EnviroGard™ PCB Immunoassay Test Kit) 412 United States Environmental Protection Agency (Field Analytical Screening Program PCB Method) 436 Pesticides Demonstration Program - Completed Projects American Combustion, Inc. (PYRETRON® Thermal Destruction) 24 Babcock & Wilcox Co. (Cyclone Furnace) 28 BioGenesis Enterprises, Inc. (BioGenesis3" Soil and Sediment Washing Processes) 36 BioTrol, Inc. (Soil Washing System) 42 Canonie Environmental Services Corporation (Low Temperature Thermal Aeration [LTTA®]) ... 46 ELI Eco Logic International, Inc. (Thermal Desorption Unit) 62 Page 489 ------- Soil (continued) Pesticides (continued) Demonstration Program - Completed Projects (continued) Funderburk & Associates (Dechlorination and Immobilization) 68 General Atomics (Circulating Bed Combustor) 70 Geosafe Corporation (In Situ Vitrification) 74 Horsehead Resource Development Co., Inc. (Flame Reactor) 84 ITT Research Institute/Brown and Root Environmental (Radio Frequency Heating) 90 KAI Technologies, Inc./Brown and Root Environmental (Radio Frequency Heating) 92 Resources Conservation Company (B.E.S.T. Solvent Extraction Technology) 102 Retech, Inc. (Plasma Arc Vitrification) 104 SoilTech ATP Systems, Inc. (Anaerobic Thermal Processor) 124 Soliditech, Inc. (Solidification and Stabilization) 126 Sonotech, Inc. (Frequency-Tunable Pulse Combustion System) 128 STC Omega, Inc. (Chemical Fixation/Solidification Treatment Technologies) 130 Terra-Kleen Response Group, Inc. (Solvent Extraction Treatment System) 132 Texaco Inc. (Entrained-Bed Gasification) 136 WASTECH, Inc. (Solidification and Stabilization) 146 Roy F. Weston, Inc. (Low Temperature Thermal Treatment [LT3®] System) 148 Demonstration Program - Ongoing Projects ASI Environmental Technologies, Inc./Dames & Moore (Hydrolytic Terrestrial Dissipation) . . . 166 Praxis Environmental Technologies, Inc. (In Situ Thermal Extraction Process) 192 Vortec Corporation (Oxidation and Vitrification Process) ; 212 Emerging Technology Program - Completed Projects Allis Mineral Systems (PYROKILN THERMAL ENCAPSULATION Process) 238 ART International, Inc. (Low-Energy Extraction Process) 242 Babcock & Wilcox Co. (Cyclone Furnace) 246 Energy and Environmental Research Corporation (Hybrid Fluidized Bed System) 270 Institute of Gas Technology (Chemical and Biological Treatment) 276 PSI Technologies (Metals Immobilization and Decontamination of Aggregate Solids) ........ 294 J. R. Simplot (The SABRE™ Process) . . 300 Vortec Corporation (Oxidation and Vitrification Process) 306 Emerging Technology Program - Ongoing Projects Davy International Energy and Environmental Division (Chemical Treatment) 326 Energy and Environmental Research Corporation (Reactor Filter System) 332 Groundwater Technology Government Services, Inc. (Below-Grade Bior&mediation of Chlorinated Cyclodiene Insecticides) 340 Institute of Gas Technology (Fluidized-Bed Cyclone Agglomerating Combustor) 344 Pulse Sciences, Inc. (X-Ray Treatment of Organically Contaminated Soils) , 362 Measurement and Monitoring Technology Program Bruker Instruments (Bruker Mobile Environmental Monitor) 390 Dexsil Corporation (Environmental Test Kits) 392 Petroleum Hydrocarbons Demonstration Program - Completed Projects Bergmann USA (Soil and Sediment Washing) 30 BioTrol, Inc. (Soil Washing System) 42 Dehydro-Tech Corporation (Carver-Greenfield Process® for Solvent Extraction of Wet, Oily Wastes) 52 ECOVA Corporation (Bioslurry Reactor) 58 GRACE Dearborn, Inc. (DARAMEND™ Bioremediation Technology) 78 Soliditech, Inc. (Solidification and Stabilization) 126 Roy F. Weston, Inc. (Low Temperature Thermal Treatment [LT3®] System) 148 Demonstration Program - Ongoing Projects North American Technologies Group, Inc. (BioTreat™ System) 188 Page 490 ------- Soil (continued) Petroleum Hydrocarbons (continued) Demonstration Program - Ongoing Projects (continued) Praxis Environmental Technologies, Inc. (In Situ Thermal Extraction Process) 192 Remediation Technologies, Inc. (Liquid and Solids Biological Treatment) 198 Risk Reduction Engineering Laboratory (Bioventing) 200 Emerging Technology Program - Completed Projects AEA Technology, National Environmental Technology Centre (Soil Separation and Washing Process) 236 Allis Mineral Systems (PYROKILN THERMAL ENCAPSULATION Process) 238 Hazardous Substance Management Research Center at New Jersey Institute of Technology (Pnuematic Fracturing/Bioremediation) 274 Institute of Gas Technology (Fluid Extraction - Biological Degradation Process) 278 New Jersey Institute of Technology (GHEA Associates Process) 292 Radionuclides Demonstration Program - Completed Projects Advanced Remediation Mixing, Inc. (Solidification and Stabilization) 22 Babcock & Wilcox Co. (Cyclone Furnace) 28 Brice Environmental Services Corporation (Soil Washing Plant) w 44 Geosafe Corporation (In Situ Vitrification) 74 Retech, Inc. (Plasma Arc Vitrification) 104 RUST Remedial Services, Inc. (X*TRAX™ Thermal Desorption) 118 Terra-Kleen Response Group, Inc. (Solvent Extraction Treatment System) 132 Demonstration Program - Ongoing Projects RKK, Ltd. (CYROCELL®) 202 Emerging Technology Program - Completed Projects Babcock & Wilcox Co. (Cyclone Furnace) 246 Emerging Technology Program - Ongoing Projects Thermo Analytical (Segmented Gate System [SGS]) 368 SVOCs Demonstration Program - Completed Projects Accutech Remedial Systems, Inc. (Pneumatic Fracturing Extraction™ and Catalytic Oxidation) ... 20 American Combustion, Inc. (PYRETRON® Thermal Destruction) 24 AWD Technologies, Inc. (Integrated Vapor Extraction and Steam Vacuum Stripping) 26 Babcock & Wilcox Co. (Cyclone Furnace) 28 Berkeley Environmental Restoration Center (In Situ Steam Enhanced Extraction Process) 32 BioGenesis Enterprises, Inc. (BioGenesis3* Soil and Sediment Washing Processes) 36 BioTrol, Inc. (Soil Washing System) 42 Canonie Environmental Services Corporation (Low Temperature Thermal Aeration [LTTA®]) ... 46 CF Systems Corporation (Liquified Gas Solvent Extraction [LG-SX] Technology) 48 Dehydro-Tech Corporation (Carver-Greenfield Process® for Solvent Extraction of Wet, Oily Wastes) 52 ECOVA Corporation (Bioslurry Reactor) 58 ELI Eco Logic International, Inc. (Thermal Desorption Unit) 62 General Atomics (Circulating Bed Combustor) 70 GRACE Dearborn, Inc. (DARAMEND™ Bioremediation Technology) 78 Horsehead Resource Development Co., Inc. (Flame Reactor) 84 Hrubetz Environmental Services, Inc. (HRUBOUT® Process) 86 UT Research Institute/Brown and Root Environmental (Radio Frequency Heating) 90 KAI Technologies, Inc./Brown and Root Environmental (Radio Frequency Heating) 92 Maxymillian Technologies, Inc. (Mobile Thermal Desorption System) 96 NOVATERRA, Inc. (In Situ Steam and Air Stripping) 100 Retech, Inc. (Plasma Arc Vitrification) . 104 Risk Reduction Engineering Laboratory (Base-Catalyzed Decomposition Process) 106 Page 491 ------- I Soil (continued) SVQCs ('continued') Demonstration Program - Completed Projects (continued) Risk Reduction Engineering Laboratory (Volume Reduction Unit) . 108 Risk Reduction Engineering Laboratory and USDA Forest Products Laboratory (Fungal Treatment Technology) 112 RUST Remedial Services, Inc. (X*TRAX™ Thermal Desorption) 118 SoilTech ATP Systems, Inc. (Anaerobic Thermal Processor) 124 Sonotech, Inc. (Frequency-Tunable Pulse Combustion System) 128 STC Omega, Inc. (Chemical Fixation/Solidification Treatment Technologies) 130 Terra-Kleen Response Group, Inc. (Solvent Extraction Treatment System) 132 Texaco Inc. (Entrained-Bed Gasification) 136 Toronto Harbour Commission (Soil Recycling) 138 WASTECH, Inc. (Solidification and Stabilization) 146 Roy F. Weston, Inc. (Low Temperature Thermal Treatment [LT3®] System) 148 Demonstration Program - Ongoing Projects North American Technologies Group, Inc. (BioTreat™ System) 188 Praxis Environmental Technologies, Inc. (In Situ Thermal Extraction Process) 192 Remediation Technologies, Inc. (Liquid and Solids Biological Treatment) 198 Risk Reduction Engineering Laboratory (Bioventing) 200 RKK, Ltd. (CYROCELL®) 202 Separation and Recovery Systems, Inc. (SAREX Chemical Fixation Process) 204 SIVE Services (Steam Injection and Vacuum Extraction-Linear Flow [SIVE-LF] Process) 208 Vortec Corporation (Oxidation and Vitrification Process) 212 Western Research Institute (Contained Recovery of Oily Wastes [CROW™]) 214 Emerging Technology Program - Completed Projects ABB Environmental Services, Inc. (Two-Zone, Plume Interception, In Situ Treatment Strategy) 234 Allis Mineral Systems (PYROKILN THERMAL ENCAPSULATION Process) 238 ART International, Inc. (Low-Energy Extraction Process) 242 Babcock & Wilcox Co. (Cyclone Furnace) 246 Energy and Environmental Research Corporation (Hybrid Fluidized Bed System) 270 Institute of Gas Technology (Chemical and Biological Treatment) 276 Institute of Gas Technology (Fluid Extraction - Biological Degradation Process) 278 IT Corporation (Photolytic and Biological Soil Detoxification) 282 New Jersey Institute of Technology (GHEA Associates Process) 292 PSI Technologies (Metals Immobilization and Decontamination of Aggregate Solids) 294 Vortec Corporation (Oxidation and Vitrification Process) 306 Western Research Institute (Contained Recovery of Oily Wastes [CROW™]) 310 Emerging Technology Program - Ongoing Projects COGNIS, Inc. (Biological/Chemical Treatment) 324 Energy and Environmental Research Corporation (Reactor Filter System) 332 Environmental BioTechnologies, Inc. (Microbial Composting Process) 334 Institute of Gas Technology (Fluidized-Bed Cyclone Agglomerating Combustor) 344 IT Corporation (Eimco BioLift™ Slurry Reactor) 350 OHM Remediation Services Corporation (Oxygen Microbubble In Situ Bioremediation) 360 Measurement and Monitoring Technology Program Bruker Instruments (Bruker Mobile Environmental Monitor) 390 EnSys, Inc. (Penta RISc Test System) 394 HNU Systems, Inc. (HNU-Hanby PCP Test Kit) 400 Millipore Corporation (EnviroGard™ PCP Immunoassay Test Kit) 414 Ohmicron Corporation (Pentachlorophenol RaPID Assay) 418 Tri-Services (Site Characterization Analysis Penetrometer System [SCAPS]) 432 Unisys Corporation (Rapid Optical Screen Tool) 434 Page 492 ------- Soil (continued) VOCs Demonstration Program - Completed Projects Accutech Remedial Systems, Inc. (Pneumatic Fracturing Extraction™ and Catalytic Oxidation) ... 20 American Combustion, Inc. (PYRETRON® Thermal Destruction) 24 AWD Technologies, Inc. (Integrated Vapor Extraction and Steam Vacuum Stripping) 26 Berkeley Environmental Restoration Center (In Situ Steam Enhanced Extraction Process) 32 Bio-Rem, Inc. (Augmented In Situ Subsurface Bioremediation Process) 38 Canonie Environmental Services Corporation (Low Temperature Thermal Aeration [LTTA®]) ... 46 CF Systems Corporation (Liquified Gas Solvent Extraction [LG-SX] Technology) 48 ECOVA Corporation (Bioslurry Reactor) „ 58 ELI Eco Logic International, Inc. (Thermal Desorption Unit) 62 General Atomics (Circulating Bed Combustor) 70 Geosafe Corporation (In Situ Vitrification) 74 Horsehead Resource Development Co., Inc. (Flame Reactor) 84 Hrubetz Environmental Services, Inc. (HRUBOUT® Process) ; 86 Hughes Environmental Systems, Inc. (Steam Enhanced Recovery Process) 88 IIT Research Institute/Brown and Root Environmental (Radio Frequency Heating) 90 KAI Technologies, Inc./Brown and Root Environmental (Radio Frequency Heating) 92 Maxymillian Technologies, Inc. (Mobile Thermal Desorption System) 96 NOVATERRA, Inc. (In Situ Steam and Air Stripping) 100 Retech, Inc. (Plasma Arc Vitrification) , 104 Risk Reduction Engineering Laboratory (Volume Reduction Unit) 108 Risk Reduction Engineering Laboratory, The University of Cincinnati, and FRX, Inc. (Hydraulic Fracturing) 114 RUST Remedial Services, Inc. (XTRAX1* Thermal Desorption) 118 SoilTech ATP Systems, Inc. (Anaerobic Thermal Processor) 124 Sonotech, Inc. (Frequency-Tunable Pulse Combustion System) 128 Terra Vac, Inc. (In Situ Vacuum Extraction) 134 Texaco Inc. (Entrained-Bed Gasification) 136 United States Environmental Protection Agency (Excavation Techniques and Foam Supression Methods) 142 Roy F. Weston, Inc. (Low Temperature Thermal Treatment [LT3®] System) 148 Demonstration Program - Ongoing Projects Electrokinetics, Inc. (Electro-Klean™ Electrokinetic Soil Processing) 172 New York State Department of Environmental Conservation (NYSDEC) (Multi-Vendor Bioremediation) 186 Praxis Environmental Technologies, Inc. (In Situ Thermal Extraction Process) 192 Risk Reduction Engineering Laboratory (Bioventing) 200 RKK, Ltd. (CYROCELL®) 202 Separation and Recovery Systems, Inc. (SAREX Chemical Fixation Process) 204 SIVE Services (Steam Injection and Vacuum Extraction-Linear Flow [SIVE-LF] Process) 208 Vortec Corporation (Oxidation and Vitrification Process) 212 Emerging Technology Program - Completed Projects Allis Mineral Systems (PYROKILN THERMAL ENCAPSULATION Process) 238 Electrokinetics, Inc. (Electro-Klean™ Electrokinetic Soil Processing) 262 Energy and Environmental Research Corporation (Hybrid Fluidized Bed System) 270 IT Corporation (Batch Steam Distillation and Metal Extraction) 280 New Jersey Institute of Technology (GHEA Associates Process) . . 292 PSI Technologies (Metals Immobilization and Decontamination of Aggregate Solids) 294 Vortec Corporation (Oxidation and Vitrification Process) 306 Emerging Technology Program - Ongoing Projects Energy and Environmental Research Corporation (Reactor Filter System) 332 Institute of Gas Technology (Fluidized-Bed Cyclone Agglomerating Combustor) 344 Page 493 ------- Soil (continued) VOCs (continued') Emerging Technology Program - Ongoing Projects (continued) IT Corporation (Mixed Waste Treatment Process) 352 Pulse Sciences, Inc. (X-Ray Treatment of Organically Contaminated Soils) 362 Measurement and Monitoring Technology Program Broker Instruments (Broker Mobile Environmental Monitor) 390 Sentex Sensing Technology, Inc. (Scentograph Portable Gas Chromatograph) 426 SRI Instruments (Gas Chromatograph) 428 Tri-Services (Site Characterization Analysis Penetrometer System [SCAPS]) 432 Unisys Corporation (Rapid Optical Screen Tool) 434 Wastewater/Leachate Aromatic VOCs Demonstration Program - Completed Projects BioTrol, Inc. (Biological Aqueous Treatment System) ; 40 CF Systems Corporation (Liquified Gas Solvent Extraction [LG-SX] Technology) .....' 48 ELI Eco Logic International, Inc. (Gas-Phase Chemical Reduction Process) 60 General Atomics (Circulating Bed Combustor) 70 Magnum Water Technology (CAV-OX® Process) 94 North American Technologies Group, Inc. (Oleophilic Amine-Coated Ceramic Chip) . 98 Retech, Inc. (Plasma Arc Vitrification) 104 SBP Technologies, Inc. (Membrane Filtration and Bioremediation) 120 Demonstration Program - Ongoing Projects AlliedSignal Environmental Systems and Services (Immobilized Cell Bioreactor Biotreatment System) 160 Emerging Technology Program - Ongoing Projects Institute of Gas Technology (Fluidized-Bed Cyclone Agglomerating Combustor) 344 Measurement and Monitoring Technology Program Analytical and Remedial Technology, Inc. (Automated Volatile Organic Analytical System) .... 386 Broker Instruments (Broker Mobile Environmental Monitor) ": 390 Idetek, Inc. (Equate® Immunoassay) : 406 Cyanide Demonstration Program - Completed Projects E.I. DuPont de Nemours and Company, and Oberlin Filter Company (Membrane Microfiltration) 54 RUST Remedial Services, Inc. (X*TRAX™ Thermal Desorption) 118 Diesel Demonstration Program - Ongoing Projects AlliedSignal Environmental Systems and Services (Immobilized Cell Bioreactor Biotreatment System) 160 Dioxins Demonstration Program - Completed Projects Babcock & Wilcox Co. (Cyclone Furnace) . . •; 28 CF Systems Corporation (Liquified Gas Solvent Extraction [LG-SX] Technology) 48 ELI Eco Logic International, Inc. (Gas-Phase Chemical Reduction Process) 60 General Atomics (Circulating Bed Combustor) 70 Retech, Inc. (Plasma Arc Vitrification) 104 RUST Remedial Services, Inc. (X*TRAX™ Thermal Desorption) 118 Emerging Technology Program - Completed Projects Babcock & Wilcox Co. (Cyclone Furnace) . . . 246 Emerging Technology Program - Ongoing Projects Institute of Gas Technology (Fluidized-Bed Cyclone Agglomerating Combustor) 344 Page 494 ------- Wastewater/Leachate (continued) Dioxins ("continued) Measurement and Monitoring Technology Program Bruker Instruments (Bruker Mobile Environmental Monitor) 390 Explosives Demonstration Program - Completed Projects Ultrox, A Division of Zimpro Environmental, Inc. (Ultraviolet Radiation and Oxidation) 140 Emerging Technology Program - Completed Projects New Jersey Institute of Technology (GHEA Associates Process) 292 Furans Demonstration Program - Completed Projects Babcock & Wilcox Co. (Cyclone Furnace) 28 ELI Eco Logic International, Inc. (Gas-Phase Chemical Reduction Process) . . . 60 General Atomics (Circulating Bed Combustor) 70 Retech, Inc. (Plasma Arc Vitrification) 104 Emerging Technology Program - Completed Projects Babcock & Wilcox Co. (Cyclone Furnace) 246 Emerging Technology Program - Ongoing Projects Institute of Gas Technology (Fluidized-Bed Cyclone Agglomerating Combustor) 344 Measurement and Monitoring Technology Program Bruker Instruments (Bruker Mobile Environmental Monitor) 390 Gasoline Demonstration Program - Ongoing Projects AlliedSignal Environmental Systems and Services (Immobilized Cell Bioreactor Biotreatment System) 160 Halogenated VOCs Demonstration Program - Completed Projects BioTrol, Inc. (Biological Aqueous Treatment System) 40 CF Systems Corporation (Liquified Gas Solvent Extraction [LG-SX] Technology) 48 ELI Eco Logic International, Inc. (Gas-Phase Chemical Reduction Process) 60 General Atomics (Circulating Bed Combustor) 70 High Voltage Environmental Applications, Inc. (High-Energy Electron Irradiation) 82 Magnum Water Technology (CAV-OX® Process) 94 North American Technologies Group, Inc. (Oleophilic Aniline-Coated Ceramic Chip) 98 Retech, Inc. (Plasma Arc Vitrification) 104 RUST Remedial Services, Inc. (X*TRAX™ Thermal Desorption) 118 SBP Technologies, Inc. (Membrane Filtration and Bioremediation) . . 120 Ultrox, A Division of Zimpro Environmental, Inc. (Ultraviolet Radiation and Oxidation) 140 Demonstration Program - Ongoing Projects AlliedSignal Environmental Systems and Services (Immobilized Cell Bioreactor Biotreatment System) 160 Emerging Technology Program - Completed Projects Energy and Environmental Engineering, Inc. (PhotoCAT™ Process) 268 New Jersey Institute of Technology (GHEA Associates Process) 292 Pulse Sciences, Inc. (X-Ray Treatment of Aqueous Solutions) 296 Emerging Technology Program - Ongoing Projects Center for Hazardous Materials Research (Organics Destruction and Metals Stabilization) ..... 322 Institute of Gas Technology (Fluidized-Bed Cyclone Agglomerating Combustor) 344 Membran Corporation (Membrane Gas Transfer in Waste Remediation) 358 Measurement and Monitoring Technology Program Analytical and Remedial Technology, Inc. (Automated Volatile Organic Analytical System) .... 386 Bruker Instruments (Bruker Mobile Environmental Monitor) 390 Page 495 ------- "0 Wastewater/Leachate (continued) Heavy Metals Demonstration Program - Completed Projects E.I. DuPont de Nemours and Company, and Oberlin Filter Company (Membrane Microfiltration) RUST Remedial Services, Inc. (XTRAX1* Thermal Desorption) Emerging Technology Program - Completed Projects New Jersey Institute of Technology (GHEA Associates Process) Emerging Technology Program - Ongoing Projects Western Product Recovery Group, Inc. (CCBA Physical and Chemical Treatment) Herbicides Demonstration Program - Completed Projects Babcock & Wilcox Co. (Cyclone Furnace) General Atomics (Circulating Bed Combustor) .......... ........... Retech, Inc. (Plasma Arc Vitrification) Rochem Separation Systems, Inc. (Rochem Disc Tube™ Module System) ..... . Emerging Technology Program - Completed Projects Babcock & Wilcox Co. (Cyclone Furnace) Emerging Technology Program - Ongoing Projects Institute of Gas Technology (Fluidized-Bed Cyclone Agglomerating Combustor) Measurement and Monitoring Technology Program Bruker Instruments (Bruker Mobile Environmental Monitor) ....................... Metals Demonstration Program - Completed Projects Babcock & Wilcox Co. (Cyclone Furnace) ...... ~ Dynaphore, Inc. (FORAGER® Sponge) ............... • • Retech, Inc. (Plasma Arc Vitrification) .............................. Rochem Separation Systems, Inc. (Rochem Disc Tube™ Module System) Wheelabrator Clean Air Systems, Inc. (PO*WW*ER™ Technology) Demonstration Program - Ongoing Projects Aprotek (Ion Conduction Agglomeration System) ........... ............. Colorado Department of Public Health and Environment (Wetlands-Based Treatment) ....... 168 Hydrologies, Inc. (CURE®-Electrocoagulation Wastewater Treatment System) .......... • • 178 Emerging Technology Program - Completed Projects Atomic Energy of Canada, Limited (Chemical Treatment and Ultrafiltration) ....... Babcock & Wilcox Co. (Cyclone Furnace) . . . . Bio-Recovery Systems, Inc. (Biological Sorption [AlgaSORB®]) Colorado School of Mines (Constructed Wetlands-Based Treatment) .................. 260 Electro-Pure Systems, Inc. (Alternating Current Electrocoagulation Technology) ........... 266 New Jersey Institute of Technology (GHEA Associates Process) ............... University of Washington (Adsorptive Filtration) Emerging Technology Program - Ongoing Projects Atomic Energy of Canada, Limited (Ultrasonic-Aided Leachate Treatment for Mixed Wastes) Center for Hazardous Materials Research (Organics Destruction and Metals Stabilization) ..... 322 Institute of Gas Technology (Fluidized-Bed Cyclone Agglomerating Combustor) ..... ...... 344 Mixed Waste Demonstration Program - Completed Projects Retech, Inc. (Plasma Arc Vitrification) Organics Demonstration Program - Completed Projects E.I. DuPont de Nemours and Company, and Oberlin Filter Company (Membrane Microfiltration) ................................ • • • ' ; ' ' High Voltage Environmental Applications, Inc. (High-Energy Electron Irradiation) .......... »-£ Wheelabrator Clean Air Systems, Inc. (PO*WW*ER™ Technology) .................. I52 * 292 320 Page 496 ------- Wastewater/Leachate (continued) Organics (continued) Emerging Technology Program - Completed Projects Electron Beam Research Facility, Florida International University, and University of Miami (High-Energy Electron Irradiation) , , 264 Energy and Environmental Engineering, Inc. (PhotoCAT1™ Process) 268 Emerging Technology Program - Ongoing Projects High Voltage Environmental Applications, Inc. (High Energy Electron Beam Irradiation) 342 PCBs Demonstration Program - Completed Projects Babcock & Wilcox Co. (Cyclone Furnace) 28 CF Systems Corporation (Liquified Gas Solvent Extraction [LG-SX] Technology) 48 ELI Eco Logic International, Inc. (Gas-Phase Chemical Reduction Process) 60 High Voltage Environmental Applications, Inc. (High-Energy Electron Irradiation) 82 Magnum Water Technology (CAV-OX® Process) 94 Retech, Inc. (Plasma Arc Vitrification) 104 Rochem Separation Systems, Inc. (Rochem Disc Tube™ Module System) . 116 RUST Remedial Services, Inc. (X*TRAX™ Thermal Desorption) 118 SBP Technologies, Inc. (Membrane Filtration and Bioremediation) 120 Ultrox, A Division of Zimpro Environmental, Inc. (Ultraviolet Radiation and Oxidation) 140 Vulcan Peroxidation Systems, Inc. (perox-pure™ Chemical Oxidation Technology) 144 Emerging Technology Program - Completed Projects Babcock & Wilcox Co. (Cyclone Furnace) 246 New Jersey Institute of Technology (GHEA Associates Process) 292 Emerging Technology Program - Ongoing Projects Center for Hazardous Materials Research (Organics Destruction and Metals Stabilization) 322 Institute of Gas Technology (Fluidized-Bed Cyclone Agglomerating Combustor) 344 Measurement and Monitoring Technology Program Bruker Instruments (Bruker Mobile Environmental Monitor) 390 Pesticides Demonstration Program - Completed Projects Babcock & Wilcox Co. (Cyclone Furnace) 28 — ELI Eco Logic International, Inc. (Gas-Phase Chemical Reduction Process) 60 General Atomics (Circulating Bed Combustor) 70 Magnum Water Technology (CAV-OX® Process) 94 North American Technologies Group, Inc. (Oleophilic Amine-Coated Ceramic Chip) 98 Retech, Inc. (Plasma Arc Vitrification) 104 Rochem Separation Systems, Inc. (Rochem Disc Tube™ Module System) 116 SBP Technologies, Inc. (Membrane Filtration and Bioremediation) 120 Ultrox, A Division of Zimpro Environmental, Inc. (Ultraviolet Radiation and Oxidation) 140 Vulcan Peroxidation Systems, Inc. (perox-pure™ Chemical Oxidation Technology) 144 Emerging Technology Program - Completed Projects Babcock & Wilcox Co. (Cyclone Furnace) 246 Emerging Technology Program - Ongoing Projects Institute of Gas Technology (Fluidized-Bed Cyclone Agglomerating Combustor) 344 Measurement and Monitoring Technology Program Bruker Instruments (Bruker Mobile Environmental Monitor) 390 Petroleum Hydrocarbons Demonstration Program - Completed Projects BioTrol, Inc. (Biological Aqueous Treatment System) 40 SBP Technologies, Inc. (Membrane Filtration and Bioremediation) 120 Vulcan Peroxidation Systems, Inc. (perox-pure™ Chemical Oxidation Technology) 144 Demonstration Program - Ongoing Projects Hydrologies, Inc. (CURE®-Electrocoagulation Wastewater Treatment System) 178 Page 497 ------- r 386 104 Wastewater/Leachate (continued) Petroleum Hydrocarbons (continued) Demonstration Program - Ongoing Projects (continued) Zenon Environmental Inc. (ZenoGem™ Process) Emerging Technology Program - Completed Projects Electro-Pure Systems, Inc. (Alternating Current Electrocoagulation Technology) New Jersey Institute of Technology (GHEA Associates Process) Emerging Technology Program - Ongoing Projects ^ Membran Corporation (Membrane Gas Transfer in Waste Remediation) Measurement and Monitoring Technology Program Analytical and Remedial Technology, Inc. (Automated Volatile Organic Analytical System) .. Radionuclides Demonstration Program - Completed Projects Babcock & Wilcox Co. (Cyclone Furnace) ..... Retech, Inc. (Plasma Arc Vitrification) RUST Remedial Services, Inc. (X*TRAX™ Thermal Desorption) Emerging Technology Program - Completed Projects Babcock & Wilcox Co. (Cyclone Furnace) Demonstration Program - Completed Projects 2g Babcock & Wilcox Co. (Cyclone Furnace) ............................. ...... 4Q BioTrol, Inc. (Biological Aqueous Treatment System) ............ • • • • ........... • CF Systems Corporation (Liquified Gas Solvent Extraction [LG-SX] Technology) ....... • • • • « ELI Eco Logic International, Inc. (Gas-Phase Chemical Reduction Process) ......... General Atomics (Circulating Bed Combustor) ......... Magnum Water Technology (CAV-OX® Process) ...... ; ---- . • • • • • • • • • ---- North American Technologies Group, Inc. (Oleophilic Amme-Coated Ceramic Chip) Retech, Inc. (Plasma Arc Vitrification) Rochem Separation Systems, Inc. (Rochem Disc Tube™ Module System) RUST Remedial Services, Inc. (XTRAX™ Thermal Desorption) SBP Technologies, Inc. (Membrane Filtration and Bioremediation) ........ ' /. ' \' Ultrox, A Division of Zimpro Environmental, Inc. (Ultraviolet Radiation and Oxidation) Demonstration Program - Ongoing Projects AlliedSignal Environmental Systems and Services (Immobilized Cell Bioreactor Biotreatment System) Zenon Environmental Inc. (Cross-Flow Pervaporation System) Zenon Environmental Inc. (ZenoGem1" Process) Zimpro Environmental, Inc. (PACT® Wastewater Treatment System) ........... • Emerging Technology Program - Completed Projects Babcock & Wilcox Co. (Cyclone Furnace) ............................ • New Jersey Institute of Technology (GHEA Associates Process) ..................... & Wastewater Technology Centre (Cross-Flow Pervaporation System) .................. Emerging Technology Program - Ongoing Projects Environmental BioTechnologies, Inc. (Microbial Composting Process) ---- . ...... Institute of Gas Technology (Fluidized-Bed Cyclone Agglomerating Combustor) Membran Corporation (Membrane Gas Transfer in Waste Remediation) ...... . ---- ..... Measurement and Monitoring Technology Program - Bruker Instruments (Bruker Mobile Environmental Monitor) Uranium Demonstration Program - Completed Projects E.I. DuPont de Nemours and Company, and Oberlin Filter Company (Membrane Microfiltration) ........................................... 270 ------- Wastewater/Leachate (continued) VOCs Demonstration Program - Completed Projects CF Systems Corporation (Liquified Gas Solvent Extraction [LG-SX] Technology) 48 ELI Eco Logic International, Inc. (Gas-Phase Chemical Reduction Process) 60 General Atomics (Circulating Bed Combustor) 70 Magnum Water Technology (CAV-OX® Process) 94 North American Technologies Group, Inc. (Oleophilic Amine-Coated Ceramic Chip) 98 Retech, Inc. (Plasma Arc Vitrification) 104 Rochem Separation Systems, Inc. (Rochem Disc Tube™ Module System) 116 RUST Remedial Services, Inc. (X*TRAX™ Thermal Desorption) '.'.'.'. 118 Ultrox, A Division of Zimpro Environmental, Inc. (Ultraviolet Radiation and Oxidation) 140 Wheelabrator Clean Air Systems, Inc. (PO*WW*ER™ Technology) 152 Demonstration Program - Ongoing Projects Xerox Corporation (Two-Phase Extraction Process) 218 Zenon Environmental Inc. (Cross-Flow Pervaporation System) 220 Zenon Environmental Inc. (ZenoGem™ Process) 222 Zimpro Environmental, Inc. (PACT® Wastewater Treatment System) 224 Emerging Technology Program - Completed Projects BioTrol, Inc. (Methanotrophic Bioreactor System) 252 Energy and Environmental Engineering, Inc. (PhotoCAT™ Process) 268 New Jersey Institute of Technology (GHEA Associates Process) 292 Pulse Sciences, Inc. (X-Ray Treatment of Aqueous Solutions) 296 —».,Wastewater Technology Centre (Cross-Flow Pervaporation System) 308 Emerging Technology Program - Ongoing Projects Institute of Gas Technology (Fluidized-Bed Cyclone Agglomerating Combustor) 344 Measurement and Monitoring Technology Program Analytical and Remedial Technology, Inc. (Automated Volatile Organic Analytical System) .... 386 Bruker Instruments (Bruker Mobile Environmental Monitor) 390 Volatile Inorganic Compounds Demonstration Program - Completed Projects Wheelabrator Clean Air Systems, Inc. (PO*WW*ER™ Technology) 152 Other Media Metals Emerging Technology Program - Completed Projects Center for Hazardous Materials Research (Smelting Lead-Containing Waste) . 256 Other Wastes Demonstration Program - Completed Projects GIS/Solutions, Inc. (CIS/Key™ Environmental Data Management System) 76 "tl U.S. GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE: 1995 — 6 5 !• -709 Page 499 ------- ------- |