United States Office of Research and Office of Solid Waste and
Environmental Protection Development Emergency Response
Agency Washington, DC 20460 Washington, DC 20460
EPA/540/R-95/501 September 1995
xvEPA The Bioremediation in the
Field Search System
Questionnaire
A cooperative effort of the U.S. EPA's Office of Research and Development,
Office of Solid Waste and Emergency Response, and regional offices, and
other federal agencies, state agencies, industry, and universities to expand
„„,„,...,-„,.,„,„ the nation's field experience in bioremediation technologies for Superfund
BiuRcmcDIAnON , / "
and other contaminated sites.- '
Fiald Initiative
Recycled/Recyclable
Printed on paper that contains at
least 20 percent recycled fiber
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BIOREMEDIATION IN THE FIELD QUESTIONNAIRE
The purpose of this questionnaire is to collect information about sites where bioremediation is being considered
or implemented, or has been completed. The following questions request information on the current status of
your site. This information will be added to a data base of site information being developed by the U.S.
Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) as a resource for EPA and other federal agencies, state project
managers, consulting engineers, academia, and industry personnel considering the use of bioremediation. The
data base currently contains information on 450 bioremediation sites—a number that is expected to increase
markedly over the next few years.
Information in the data base is accessible through the Bioremediation in the Field Search System (BFSS), a
software application available on EPA's Alternative Treatment Technology Clearinghouse (ATTIC) (703-908-
2138), Cleanup Information (CLU-IN) (301-589-8366), and Office of Research and Development (ORD)
(513-569-7610) electronic bulletin board systems. It also is available on diskette from EPA by calling 513-569-
7562. BFSS will allow theiiser to search for information on specific types of sites, such as those treating a
particular medium or contaminant or those using a particular treatment technology. A summary of information
in the data base also appears in EPA's Bioremediation in the Field bulletin, a periodic update on field
applications of bioremediation distributed to over 5,000 individuals.
The usefulness of both BFSS and the bulletin depends largely on the accuracy and
completeness of responses to this questionnaire.
Please answer all questions that apply to your site. For questions that do not apply, answer "NA" For
information that has not yet been established, please answer "NYE." If you have responded to previous
questionnaires, some answers already are completed. Please verify that the answers are correct and current If
anything is inaccurate or has changed, please supply the correct information. Refer to the glossary of terms if
necessary.
Site Report For:
Please Return To:
BFEQ Support Personnel
Eastern Research Group, Lie. (ERG)
110 Hartwell Avenue
Lexington, MA 02173
U.S.A.
Public reporting burden for this collection of information is estimated to average 5 hours for first time respondents and 0.5 hours for
respondents updating previous responses, including the time for reviewing instructions, searching existing data sources, gathering and
maintaining fee data needed, and completing and reviewing the collection of information. Send comments regarding these burden estimates
or any other aspect of this collection of information, including suggestions for reducing the burden, to Chief, Information Policy Branch,
PM-233, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 401 M Street, SW., Washington, DC 20460; and to Paperwork Reduction Project (OMB
#2040-0048), Office of Information and Regulatory Affairs, Office of Management and Budget, Washington, DC 20503.
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PART ONE: GENERAL SITE INFORMATION
Part one of this questionnaire (questions #1 through #11) requests general information about the site,
including the name and location of the site; names, addresses, and phone numbers of site contacts; the
regulatory authority or lead under which the site is being remediated; the predominant contaminant at the
site; and a brief site description.
*** T»T.T? ASTT TWYTir. ***
'PLEASE NOTE
If you have filled out a previous questionnaire, please check to make sure that all printed responses are
correct, current and complete. If the site has never used or tested bioremediation and is no longer
considering bioremediation, you do not need to fill out the rest of this questionnaire. In either case, we
need this information to update our site data base and bulletin, so please check the appropriate box below
and send the questionnaire back to us by the date indicated on the front page of the questionnaire.
Q All printed responses are correct, current, and complete.
Q This site has never used or tested bioremediation and is no longer considering bioremediation.
If the site has tested bioremediation at laboratory or pilot scale, please complete the questionnaire, even
if the tests were unsuccessful and full-scale bioremediation is not being considered.
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PART ONE: GENERAL SITE INFORMATION
Site Identification
1. Site Name:
2. City:
State (Province), Zip (Mail Code)
3. Country:
4. EPA Region (if U.S. site):
Site Contacts)
Information Supplied by:
Name:
Address:
Phone:
Fax:
E-Mail:
Affiliation:
Q Federal (or National) Organization
Q State (or Provincial) Organization
Municipal (or Local) Organization
Industry
Contractor/Engineering Firm
Technology Vendor
Other (specify): _
O
Q
Q
(providing the e-mail address will allow us to send you future questionnakes via the Internet If you do not have this
capability or prefer not to exercise it, you do not need to fill in this piece of information.)
Additional Government Agency Contact:
Name:
Address:
Phone:
Fax:
E-Mail:
Affiliation:
Q Federal (or National) Organisation
Q State (or Provincial) Organization
G Municipal (or Local) Organization
Q Other (specify):
7. Additional Private Sector Contact:
Name:
Address:
Phone:
Fax:
E-Mail:
Affiliation:
G Industry
Q Contractor/Engineering Finn
Q Technology Vendor
Q Other (specify):
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PART ONE: GENERAL SITE INFORMATION
8. Site Lead
[In most cases, check only one box. If there is more than one lead, please explain under comments below how the
authority is divided, e.g., ground-water contamination is under RCRA jurisdiction; soil contamination is under UST
jurisdiction.]
United States Sites:
Ql CERCIA Fund Lead: Covers Federal Lead.
Ql CERCLA Enforcement Lead: Covers PRP Lead, Enforcement Lead for RA, Federal Facility Enforcement Lead.
Q CERCLA State Lead: Covers State Lead Enforcement, State/Federal Lead.
Ql Federal Facility: Covers DIRP, DOE, other federal agency facilities conducting remedial activities.
Ql RCRA Lead (Federal): Federal RCRA enforcement
Ql RCRA Lead (State): State authority for RCRA enforcement
Q USTLead.
Ql TSCA Lead (Federal): Depends on whether the state is authorized for enforcement
Q TSCA Lead (State): See TSCA Lead (Federal).
Q Other (please specify) '.
International Sites:
Q Government Lead (please specify)
Ql Private Sector Lead (please specify).
Comments:
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FART ONE: GENERAL, SITE INFORMATION
Site Characterization/Description
9. How would you characterize the contamination being bioremediated or considered for bioremediation at this site?
Check all that apply.
G WoodPreserving
Q Petroleum
Q Pesticide/Herbicide
Q Solvent
Q Other (please specify)
(Please categorize the contamination using one of the named categories, whenever, possible, rather than listing an
individual contaminants). The purpose of the question is to allow a broad characterization of the site. You will have
an opportunity to list all individual contaminants to be treated in a later question.)
10. Please provide a short description of the facility or contaminated site (e.g., inactive wood preserving site, leaking
underground storage tank, RCRA land treatment facility to treat oil refinery sludges):
(If your site has a number of separate areas being treated or considered for treatment using the same or different
bioremediation processes, please list and describe the separate subsites here.)
Other Sites
11. If you are aware of other bioremediation sites not already in BFSS or listed in the "Field Applications of
Bioremediation" table in the Bioremediation in the Field bulletin, please specify the site(s) below.
Site Name: Site Name:
City/State: City/State:
Contact [ Contact: '
Phone: ^^ Phone:
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PART TWO: BIOTREATMENT PROCESS INFORMATION
Part two of this questionnaire (questions #12 through #31) requests information about a specific
biotreatment process being considered or implemented at the site, including the type of technology being
used; the laboratory-, pilot-, or full-scale status of the technology; the media and contaminants being
treated; the target cleanup levels; and the performance of the technology. If a biotreatment process is
being tested at laboratory or pilot scale, your answers to part two of the questionnaire should apply to
the current scale of the technology, not to anticipated full-scale activities.
Note that some questions are only applicable under certain circumstances. For example, question #31
is appropriate for cost information for full-scale biotreatment processes only. Please read carefully to
avoid questions that do not apply to a particular biotreatment process.
*** PLEASE NOTE***
If more than one biotreatment process is being considered or implemented at this site, or if the same
process is being used to treat separate areas of contamination, please photocopy and complete part two
of the questionnaire^^ each process or separate contaminated area.
Please enter the number of separate biotreatment processes at your site:
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VAB.T TWOs BIOTKEATMENT PROCESS _ OF _
Treatment Technology
12. Please identify one biotreatment process being considered or implemented at this site.
(In most cases, check only one technology. Checking more than one technology implies that the two or more
technologies are being used together in a single process treatment train. If this is the case, please explain in question
#19 how these technologies are used in conjunction with one another.)
Ex Situ Processes
Treatments Involving a Reactor
G Activated Sludge Reactor
G Extended Aeration Reactor
G Contact Stabilization Reactor
G Attached Growth
G Fixed Film Reactor
G Fluidized Bed Reactor
G Sequencing Batch Reactor
G Slurry Reactor
Q Other (please specify)
Treatments Not Involving a Reactor
G Aerated Lagoon
SolidPhase
G Prepared Bed (Land Treatment)
G Pile Treatment
Q Other (please specify)
hi Situ Processes
G Natural Attenuation (hitrinsic Bioremediation)
G Air Sparging (Biosparging)
G Bioventing
G Confined Treatment Facility for Sediments
G In Situ Ground Water Bioremediation
G In Situ Sediment Bioremediation
G In Situ Soil Bioremediation
G Other (please specify)
13. If the technology is in situ, what amendments are used?
G Hydrogen Peroxide
G Oxygen
G Nutrients (please specify)
G Other (please specify)
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PART TWO: BIOTREATMENT PROCESS _ OF _
14. If the technology involves a reactor, does the reactor treat the material as a solid, liquid, or gas?
Q Solid
Q Liquid
Q Gas
15. If the technology involves a reactor, how would you describe the reactor flow?
Q Batch
Q Plug
Q Completely Mixed
16. What are the growth conditions for the microorganisms?
Q Aerobic
Q Anaerobic
17. What is the source of the microorganisms?
(Check exogenous only if the organisms are actually brought in from another site, cultured in the lab, or engineered.
If organisms are merely moved for application from one-part of the site to another or from a contaminated area to a
reactor or other treatment unit on site, then the source is still considered indigenous.)
Q Indigenous
Q Exogenous
Specify type(s) of exogenous organism:
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PART TWO-. BIOTKEATMENT PROCESS _ OF _
18. Please check any nonbiological technologies that are being tested or implemented at the site in conjunction with this
technology.
G Chemical Extraction
Q Chemical Treatment
Q In Situ Soil Flushing
G In Situ Vitrification
G Soil Washing
G Vacuum Extraction
G Thermal Desorption
G Other (please specify)
19. Please describe the treatment process in more detail.
(If the bioremediation process is used in conjunction with a nonbiological technology, or two distinct bioremediation
technologies are being used sequentially in the same treatment train, explain how the technologies are being used
together in a single process.)
20. Is migration of contaminants an issue with Ihe use of this technology at this site? If so, what containment or confinement
technology is being used?
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PART TWO: BIOTREAlfMENT PROCESS _ OF _
Contaminated Media
21. Please identify the contaminated medium or media being treated or considered for treatment by this biological
technology.
O Air Q Soil (please indicate zone below)
Q Sediments Q VadoseZone
Q Sludge Q Saturated Zone
Water (please indicate type below)
Q Ground Water
Q Surface Water
22&. What texture classification system are you using for soiR
Q United States Department of Agriculture (USDA)
Q ASTM/Unified Soil Classification System (USCS)
Q Canada Soil Survey Committee (CSSC)
Q International Soil Science Society (ISSS)
Q British Standards Institution (BS1)
Q Other (please specify)
(Please fill in the information for the corresponding texture classification system only.)
USDA Texture Class
Q Sand
Qj Loamy Sand
Q Sandy Loam
Q Loam
Q Silt
Q Silt Loam
Q Clay Loam
Q Silty Clay Loam
Q Sandy Clay
Q Silty Clay
Q Clay
Typical Particle Size Distribution
% Clay (<0.002 mm)
% Silt (0.002 to 0.05 mm)
% Sand (0.05 to 2.0 mm)
% Coarse Fragments (>2.0 mm)
ASTM/USCS Texture Class
Q CH
Q SP
Q
Q
CL
SW
Q MH
Q GC
Q ML
Q GM
Q SC
Q GP
Q
Q
SM
GW
CSSC Typical Particle Size Distribution
% Clay (O.002 mm)
% Silt (0.002 to 0.05 mm)
ISSS Typical Particle Size Distribution
% Clay(<0.002mm)
% Silt (0.002 to 0.02 mm)
BSI Typical Particle Size Distribution
% Clay (O.002 mm)
% Silt (0.002 to 0.06 mm)
Other Typical Particle Size Distribution
% Clay (< mm)
% Silt (_ to mm)
% Sand (0.05 to 2.0 mm)
% Coarse Fragments (>2.0 mm)
% Sand (0.02 to 2.0 mm)
% Coarse Fragments (>2.0 mm)
% Sand (0.06 to 2.0 mm)
% Coarse Fragments (>2.0 mm)
% Sand ( to mm)
% Coarse Fragments (> mm)
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PART TWO: BIOTREATMENT PROCESS _ OF
22b. What texture classification system are you using for sediments!
Q United States Department of Agriculture (USDA)
Q ASTM/Unified Soil Classification System (USCS)
G Canada Soil Survey Committee (CSSC)
Q International Soil Science Society (ISSS)
Q British Standards Institution (BSI)
Q Other (please specify) _
(Please fill in the information for the corresponding texture classification system only.)
USDA Texture Class
Q Sand
Q Loamy Sand
Q Sandy Loam
Q Loam
Q Silt
Q Silt Loam
Typical Particle Size Distribution
% Clay (O.002 mm)
% Silt (0.002 to 0.05 mm)
Clay Loam
Silty Clay Loam
Sandy Clay
Q Silty Clay
Q Clay
% Sand (0.05 to 2.0 mm)
% Coarse Fragments (>2.0 mm)
ASTM/USCS Texture Class
Q CH
Q SP
Q CL
Q SW
Q MH Q ML Q SC Q SM
Q GC Q GM Q GP Q GW
CSSC Typical Particle Size Distribution
_ % Clay (O.002 mm)
% Silt (0.002 to 0.05 mm)
% Sand (0.05 to 2.0 mm)
% Coarse Fragments (>2.0 mm)
ISSS Typical Particle Size Distribution
% Clay (O.002 mm)
% Silt (0.002 to 0.02 mm)
% Sand (0.02 to 2.0 mm)
% Coarse Fragments (>2.0 mm)
BSI Typical Particle Size Distribution
% Clay (O.002 mm)
% Silt (0.002 to 0.06 mm)
% Sand (0.06 to 2.0 mm)
% Coarse Fragments (>2.0 mm)
Other Typical Particle Size Distribution
% Clay (< mm)
% Silt (_ to _ mm)
% Sand ( to mm)
% Coarse Fragments (> mm)
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PART TWO: BIOTREATMENT PROCESS _ OF _
23. Please indicate the volume of contaminated media being treated or considered/or treatment by this technology, the
total volume of these contaminated media at the site, and the percent of the total being treated or considered for
treatment with this process. (The first row has been completed as an example.)
Medium
Example:
Soil (vadose)
•
Volume Under
Bioremediation
2,000 cubic yards
Total Volume at Site
10,000 cubic yards
Percent of Total
Volume at Site
20%
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PART TWO: BIOTREATMENT PROCESS _ OF _
Contaminants and Cleanup Level Data
24. For each medium, please specify the contaminants being treated or considered for treatment by this bwtreatment process and fill in any available information
pertaining to original contaminant concentrations, cleanup levels, and technology performance. Do not fill in information on contaminants not undergoing
bioremediation (see question #25). If you need more space, please photocopy the table. (One row has been completed as an example.)
The data included in this table for rate of reaction, lowest concentration achieved, and time to achieve cleanup level should be based on whatever scale of testing or
remediation you are currently undergoing, e.g., if you are doing pilot-scale testing, these data should reflect pilot-scale results.)
Medium
(Please select from
list In question #21)
Example:
soil (vadose)
Contaminant
carcinogenic PAHs
Maximum Original
Concentration
1,500 mg/kg
Target or Required
Cleanup Level
160 mg/kg
Basis for Cleanup Level
Risk-based
Rate of
Reaction
2 mg/kg/day
Lowest
Concen-
tration
Achieved
100 mg/kg
Time to
Achieve
Cleanup
Level
2 years
•
25a. What other contaminants are present that will not undergo bioremediation?
b. Does the presence of the other contaminants affect the performance of the biological technology at the site? If so, how?
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PART TWO: BIOTKEATMENT PROCESS _ OF _
Status
26. Are LABORATORY-SCALE treatabilily or feasibility studies of this biotreatment process being considered, being
conducted, or completed on material from the site?
Q Yes, being considered.
Q Yes, being conducted.
Q Yes, completed.
Q No.
If so, provide the expected or actual dates for start and completion of laboratory-scale activity:
Start: Completion:
27. Are PILOT-SCALE treatability orfeasibility studies of this biotreatment process being considered, being conducted,
or completed at the site?
Q Yes, being considered.
Q Yes, being conducted.
Q Yes, completed.
Q No.
If so, provide the expected or actual dates for start and completion of pilot-scale activity:
Start: Completion:
28. Is FULL-SCALE remediation using this biotreatment process being considered, being conducted, or completed at the
site?
Q Yes, being considered.
Q Yes, being conducted.
G Yes, completed.
Q No. (Please elaborate in question #30.)
If so, please check the current stage of full-scale remediation and provide the expected or actual date for the start of
each stage:
Q Predesign
Q Design
Q Installation
Q Operational
Q Completed
29. Please identify any problems or obstacles associated with bioremediation or other significant information on the status
of bioremediation. (These might include technical, cost-related, or regulatory obstacles.)
30. If full-scale bioremediation has not been considered or is no longer being considered at this site, please explain why.
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PART TWO: BIOTREATMENT PROCESS _ OF _
Costs
31. Please indicate the capital costs (startup and construction) and operation and maintenance (O&M) costs associated
•with the FULL-SCALE application of this technology. If separate figures for capital and O&M costs are not available,
enter the total incurred and expected costs. If this biotreatmerit process is currently operating at laboratory or pilot
scale, you do not need to fill in this informatioa
Costs
Capital
O&M
Total
Per Year
NA
Incurred
Total Expected
Please indicate the monetary units used:
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GLOSSARY OF BIGREMEDIATION TERMS
Site Lead
Agency or program having jurisdiction over site cleanup.
Ex Situ Treatment Processes
Treatments Involving a Reactor
Ex Situ Process
Reactor
Activated Sludge Reactor
Extended Aeration
Reactor
Contact Stabilization
Reactor
Fixed Film Reactor
Fluidtzed Bed Reactor
Sequencing Batch Reactor
Slurry Reactor
Process that involves the removal of the contaminated medium or media from its
original location to another area for treatment. Processes that involve removal of
the contaminated material, mixing, and then replacement at the original site are
also considered ex situ.
A contained vessel in which biological treatment takes place.
Technology in which biomass is suspended in liquid, captured in the clarifier, and
recycled to the reactor, the contact time between the waste and the biomass is
controlled by wasting excess biomass.
Technology in which biomass is suspended in liquid, captured in the clarifier, and
recycled to the reactor, a long contact time is created by enlarging the aeration
basin.
Technology in which waste contacts the biomass suspended in liquid in the first
aeration tank and contaminants are adsorbed to the clarified biomass; then they are
digested in the second aeration tank.
Technology in which biomass is retained in the system by using static support
media (e.g., a trickling filter).
Technology in which bacteria are attached to a support medium, which is fluidized
in the reactor.
A self-contained treatment system that incorporates equalization, aeration, and
clarification using a draw and fill approach on wastewater sludges.
Technology in which contaminants are treated in a soil slurry (a thin mixture of
soil and water), with nutrients and oxygen added as needed; water and soil must be
separated after treatment, but clean soil is left on site.
Treatments Not Involving a Reactor
Aerated Lagoon
Prepared Bed
Pile Treatment
Treatment in which soil, sludge, or sediment is mixed with water to form a slurry.
The slurry is placed in a lagoon and mechanically agitated so that the biomass is
kept suspended in liquid with aeration. Nutrient, oxygen, pH, and temperature
conditions are controlled. After the process is completed, the slurry is dewatered
and the treated material is disposed of.
Process in which waste is applied onto or incorporated into the soil surface in a
facility or lined treatment bed. Contaminants are treated by microorganisms
typically indigenous to the existing soil matrix; nutrients, moisture, and oxygen can
be added to optimize growth conditions. If the waste remains at the facility after •
closure, the land treatment facility becomes a disposal facility.
Process in which a noncontainerized accumulation of solid, nonflowing waste is
treated or stored under controlled nutrient, oxygen, pH, and temperature
conditions.
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In Situ Treatment Processes
In Situ Process
NaturalAttenuadon
(Intrinsic Bioremediation)
Air Sparging
(Biosparging)
Bioventing
Confined Treatment
Facility for Sediments
In Situ Ground Water
Treatment
In Situ Sediment
Treatment
In Situ Soil Treatment
(Land Treatment)
Amendment
Process that leaves contaminated medium or media in place for treatment
Natural attenuation is the biodegradation, dispersion, dilution, sorption,
volatilization, and/or chemical and biochemical stabilization of contaminants to
effectively reduce contaminant toxicity, mobility, or volume to levels that are
protective of human health and the ecosystem.
Air is injected below the water table, creating bubbles in contaminated ground
water. The air bubbles contact dissolved and adsorbed contaminants in the aquifer,
increasing oxygen concentrations and stimulating indigenous microbial activity.
Sparging also causes contaminants to volatilize and be transported to the vadose
zone, where they can be treated by another technology, such as bioventing or soil
vapor extraction.
Injection or extraction wells are used to induce a dynamic flow of air through
contaminated soil above the water table. Air flow rates are adjusted to increase soil
oxygen concentrations and stimulate indigenous microbial activity without
releasing volatile emissions. In some bioventing systems, a nutrient solution is
injected with the air or percolated through the soil.
Caissons are constructed to contain the sediments in the environment in which they
are found. Stirring mechanisms then can be used to agitate the contaminated
material, and incorporate microorganisms, nutrients, and electron acceptors.
Injection wells can be used to circulate nutrients and electron acceptors through
contaminated aquifers. In most systems, ground water is pumped through a
recovery well down gradient of the contaminated area, treated to some extent, then
reinjected up gradient of the contaminated area with additives that enhance
biodegradation. The effectiveness of in situ ground water bioremediation depends
on maintaining contact between contaminants and injected amendments.
Biodegradable contaminants are treated by microorganisms within the
environment in which they are found. This process usually is anaerobic and
involves the delivery of electron acceptors and other appropriate amendments to
the contaminated sediments.
Biodegradable contaminants are treated by microorganisms within the
environment in which they are found. This process usually is aerobic and involves
injection of oxygen, other electron acceptors, and other appropriate amendments to
the contaminated soil. Permeable soils with high moisture content are most
appropriate for in situ treatment.
Chemical additions such as electron acceptors or nutrients to enhance
bioprocesses.
Media
Sediments
Soil
Sediments refer to aquifer materials including gravelly sand, clayey sand, and
sandy clay originating from sedimentary rock. Sediments also are accumulations
of such materials as sand and volcanic ash from Ihe atmosphere; of stream gravel,
sand, and mud on the lands; and of gravels, sand, clay, and organic remains on the
sea floor.
Soil is the loose surface material of the earth in which plants grow.
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Media (continued)
VadoseZone
Saturated Zone
Ground Water
The vadose zone is the region extending from tine ground surface of the earth to the
upper surface of the principal water-bearing formation.
The saturated zone extends from the upper surface of saturation down to
underlying impermeable rock. Generally, the water table forms the upper surface
of the zone of saturation. This is defined as the surface of atmospheric pressure
and appears as the level at which water stands in a well penetrating the aquifer.
Groundwater is water occurring in the zone of saturation.
Microorganism Growth Conditions
Aerobic
Anaerobic
In the presence of oxygen. Aerobic metabolism involves energy-yielding oxidation
reactions in which hydrogen is transferred to oxidized pyridine nucleotides (NAD
andNADP).
In the absence of oxygen. Anaerobic metabolism involves energy-yielding
reactions in which the final electron acceptor is a compound other than molecular
oxygen, such as sulfate or nitrate.
Microorganism Source
Indigenous
Exogenous
Occurring naturally at a site. Organisms that are moved from one location at the
site to another (e.g. to a reactor) to facilitate treatment of the original contaminated
medium are still considered indigenous.
Not native to a site. These include organisms that are brought in from another site,
cultured in a lab, or engineered.
Contaminants and Cleanup Level Data
Maximum Original
Concentration
Basis for Cleanup Level
Rate of Reaction
Lowest Concentration
Achieved
lime to Achieve Cleanup
Level
Maximum level of contamination detected prior to start of bioremediation.
Regulatory or other standard that establishes cleanup levels.
Reduction of contaminant concentration per unit time (mg/L/day).
Lowest contaminant concentration at current scale of remediation, or final
concentration if full-scale bioremediation has been completed.
Time required to achieve cleanup goals for the entire contaminated area being
treated or tested.
Treatment Status
Laboratory Scale
Treatability or Feasibility
Studies
POotScale
Full-Scale Remediation
Undertaken in the laboratory under controlled conditions.
Studies to test the effectiveness of specific techniques for remediating specific
media and contaminants. These studies also identify existing site problems and
examine potential remedial alternatives, considering technical, regulatory,
environmental, public health, and cost issues:
Performed on test plots and control plots under field conditions. If a contaminated
area is small enough, pilot-scale treatment may be able to achieve cleanup level
goals.
Remediation employing a specific technology or technologies to clean up
contaminants over an entire site or contaminated area. Full-scale remediation often
is preceded by treatability or feasibility studies.
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