United States           Office of                EPA/540/R-97Y506a
                           Environmental Protection    Research and Development    March 1998
                           Agency	  Cincinnati, OH 45268	
                                 x      _,    y ^ <••
        &EPA       "SITE Technology Capsule
                           Geotech Development
                           Corporationl^old Top  Ex-Situ
                           Vittif ication technology         ^
Introduction
In   1980,  the   U.S.  Congress  passed   the
Comprehensive  Environmental   Response,
Compensation, and Liability Act (CERCLA),  also
known  as  Superfund,  which  is  committed  to
protecting human health and the environment from
uncontrolled hazardous waste sites. CERCLA was
amended  by  the Superfund  Amendments  and
Reauthorization  Act  (SARA)   in  1986.   SARA
mandates cleaning up hazardous waste sites  by
implementing  permanent solutions  and  using
alternative treatment  technologies  or  resource
recovery technologies  to the maximum extent
possible.

State and federal agencies and private organizations
are exploring a growing number of innovative
technologies for treating hazardous wastes. These
new innovative technologies are needed to remediate
the more than 1,200 sites on the National Priorities
List, which involve a broad spectrum of  physical,
chemical,  and environmental conditions  requiring
diverse remedial approaches.

The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) has
focused on policy, technical, and informational issues
related to exploring and applying  new technologies to
Superfund site remediation. One  EPA initiative to
accelerate the development, demonstration, and use
of innovative technologies for site remediation is the
Superfund Innovative Technology Evaluation (SITE)
Program.

EPA  SITE Technology Capsules summarize  the
latest information available on selected innovative
treatment and site remediation technologies.  The
Technology Qapsules assist EPA remedial project
managers, EPA on-scene coordinators, contractors,
and other remedial managers in the evaluation of
site-specific chemical and physical characteristics to
determine a  technology's  applicability  for  site
remediation.

This Technology Capsule provides information on the
Cold Top ex-situ vitrification system, developed by
Geotech Development Corporation  (Geotech), of
King of Prussia, Pennsylvania. Geotech has targeted
vitrification   of  contaminated   soil  from
chromium-contaminated sites  in  northern New
Jersey as a potential application for its technology. To
test the system's potential effectiveness  on such
chromium-contaminated  soil,   the Cold  Top
technology was demonstrated at the Geotech pilot
facility in Niagara Falls, New York, using soil from two
of the New  Jersey chromium  sites.  The SITE
Program evaluated the technology's performance
during the demonstration.

This Technology Capsule describes the Cold  Top
technology and summarizes  results based on  the
                              I
                              SUPERFUND INNOVATIVE
                              TECHNOLOGY EVALUATION
                                                                Printed on Recycled Paper

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                                                    This
                                                          trolledar;msion5pfdioxins,furanSj	trace;i metals,
                                                                                                   (4)
        capsule includes the following information:             particulate,  and  hydrogen   chloride;   (4)   the
        '" ' • ' "'" '  • IP'S, ill1""."1 	!"" 'l'i::>l!l!!iliHlr ; ' a-!!,	,: I'lHSl1 ' ^l"'?:," ':",',',,; 'i',;1;!: i'11!1:1"""1"!1!:1!!!1!:1!,!"1:!*	Ii	i:1,1!,1"!!!:,,'"'•:',"ft	ili'i'Wi'iNllii'iS11*1!! l!!l|!!sWlP:iM^	"'V	"'"•	"'"lli	"	'""?'	'''"•'' :	!	|1""" r' "ii"	'	 '  '• t " '   r'  ••	' "' '
i      lOTpilAbstract                                      uncontrolled air emissions of the oxides of nitrogen,
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Ijlnnil |||l||nnnndnnipi||nnnilhpnip|||l|||||nnpn|nipnnnd||||p||nn|nhni|pinnnh|l||llnipnn	^T*_ _l_ _ _ I _	. _I	_.-*	i? _	                        m ilri if  f*tts\\ft*~ts\   /"» r"»^l ^^*^ «"l-^^\v^  *-v% s\ tr* r\ \r i r* XN  f*s\w\  4-l-*xN
                       	:,!I,i,,,,:	::	I	;,,:;;!,,:i:,,!:,,,,,;	:
              |te requirements                             Demonstration results showed  that the Cold Top
              'erlbrrnahce daia                             system vitrified chrbmium-contaminated soil from the
              Ifl :, ',',||ti	,,|,	.ij,.,,',]	JH.,I, , 1,,| ^''rif "f'ili^ rfiilii1!1 i1,11"" :	lli!||IJ »"! I!iiiil||h!!lr 'tlf11' tl "f"1 if1,1!'1!' li'lii!"1 dilii'''^'!^!!!'!!;!! flii"	ll i i ii *'::» .'I!™	'/wniMnitP''^^^*'	i	m	u-r»n «IHI»II'»HI	ivrnpi "'»	i -'N/I M v  M" • , ''	"    ,-     ,   ,« "« , . '
              'gchnblogy'"status                             two New Jersey sites, yielding a product meeting the
              :!	!	!	"'""	:	"ll1	:	"	:	"	'	RCRA^' tpxicity	^characteristic  jeaching  procedure
                                                           sulfur"	9ioxT3e'rlan3	"	carbon'  monoxide  from "the
                                                           vitrification unit; and (5) the projected operating costs
                                                           of the technology per ton of soil.
              rcesslres"icluals
            ^,jurces,,pf,ifurthennfprni,ationi i	i(		ri	i	,j	,	tni	TIII	ri	r	r	,	i	_  .
            'll	'	•	::::	y±	2;;;1:	||	ilkl^	^filMii|Ji	1^^^
        SITE technology demonstration was conducted in
               nd .
                          JQS7 to, £Vjyu§tg,J&£ Eotentjaj
                                   .........  .......   ' .......        .......     .......
          caiiy ard efecyeness o the   eptech Cold
                                     " "            ..............  "
                                                             bottoms," that also met the RCRA TCLP chromium
                                                             Standard.  Demonstration results also showed that
             ©x-s/fu  ^ vitrification
        i/QJpfM,m^.njSm:maj^i
                                     technology   on    the total chromium content of the vitrified products did
                               us   f ge Hemonsfration    not differ s'9n'f'cant'yfrom tnat of tne untreated soils,
                                vitrification  'fcmace at    Dut that the baghouse dust from soils from both sites
     0eot§ch's, pilot plant in Niagara Falls' :New "York.""    were higher in chromium content than the untreated
  lit II!
    its
         ^lu'm^o^                                      soils-The baghouse dust is composed of small-sized
      ;is':"|n	II	''I'iley	Cityr	New"	leTsey!	"aria"	was"'	particulate produced when untreated soil is added to
      	isiiiiiii^
    filling                                        	"	a')5&llution contro1 system by its vacuum.  Hexavalent
    Iff!deraoniration^                                 chromium concentrations in the untreated soil were
    Tireran^bmeaciisijS!	MogeachlesC'sold	and	*''	'Ph'emifyribt	detected (reduced'at least two'to three
                       oHectedl	from	v"a"r-jou"s"	jocaBoris	in	orders of magnitude) in the vitrified  product and
               Top  system	arid	Ima!yzel3	for	several	ferrofurnace  bottoms.  The hexavalent chromium
             Ii9jJTg5ysica[	parameters;	In	"adclition;	Concentration   in  the   baghouse   dust
            od
                       ........ 8'afa ...... were'recorcfecT.' .............. During ....... the
                                                                            in   te    agouse    ust   was
                                                           approximately the same as that in the untreated soil.
!= ||l |.dernpn^trattpn,,	the	Cold,,,r Top   system  treated
1	'::	i:i;;i'^----'--i-'--  _ji5;6off	'	3^n.c[i..'.of'	!'	.^®source"
                               iro                       	i „ Y?.n,,^

           primary  and five secondary objectives were   ~
                                                           Comparison of metal concentrations in the vitrified
                                                           fjRJduct to  NJDEP  interim soil  cleanup standards
                                                           indicates   that  antimony,   beryllium,  cadmium,
                                                           	—-	clrTOmlum	
                                                                              hexavalent chromium met these
                                                                        while tbtalchrbrniurn and nickel did not.
                                                             	ii!HViiPiailliiillnh,i<,'i,!'i:,Liii'PlUhiLiLiimihj III" llP'l"( 1,1 Ii !'i" ,i,,i! :m, !„:' \ •,' , ,i 	!, •    • '•;, ,•:   '»•, ' iii,, •',,1:' •
                                                             Results  of emissions  modeling  indicate that the
                                                                                                         ipirid	
     Jegjfiecj ........ for ....... the ...... SITE ........ j2gQ3gnsJratioru ........ ..The.^imary ................ concentratipnS| of metals m_ stack emissions .........
    jl-'S^                                             ............ ' .............. ........ on .......... ffie ........... cTiaTacteflstics ........... of ......... tfie ........... soil, ......... the ........ air ........... pollution
    ......... si'e waste 'and ..... prbSuct ........ strea rri I ........ from ....... tKe ..... Solcf Top ........ ..... ...... """ cbntroT "systeifn," an9 ..... trie detection limits of the various
     uijililjiiiiii .......... !l|iilliili|ll|i|iliiii||i|i||iliiiii||||||||ll|l|lliii| ..... |l||||||||ili|iinl ............ liiljii!,,,,^,,,,,,,, ....... ............................... , ....... .......... , ........ |TlllBjn ............ „ ........ , .......... , ....... , ....... n ..... ............ , ............... ............... ,, ................. „ ...... ,,i ........................ n ,r|| ...... ....................... ,,„ .......... ,,r|1||| ...... „ ........... ....... ',, ....... I||I|T|T ...... ........... , ..... „„, ..... ..... „ ........ ......... [[[ ' [[[ ,
       ;ificat!on system pilot giant were ^^ capable of rneeting    analytes. Emissions of dioxins, particulate, oxides of
        EPA R5RA "definitions' of a riohFazarBbils waste"    hrtrbgerii  sulfur  dibxide,  carbon monoxide,  and
       ' : „: V: ,afi:f;:?;. : ' ' i. y. .......... • "K, ..... :;: • , ......... , ............. ; : ;•) ........ , ."s:;;;,:",:!" ....... :.r, " ..... t ............ ;>t ...... j; ......... • ....... ",;- ...... - ......... ,:.u;r IL .......... us ,1. „/=' ..... • ...... ...... t >•• -^ ..... ........ ...............        '   "       '
             afi:f;:?;. : ' ' i. y. .......... • "K, ..... :;: • , ......... , ............. ; : ;•) ........ , ."s:;;;,:",:!" ....... :.r, " ..... t ............ ;>t ...... j; ......... • ....... ",;- ...... - ......... ,:.u;r IL .......... us ,. „/=' ..... • ...... ...... t >•• j -  ..... ........ ............... ..... "Q" ....... ' ..... * J '" ............. ....... " " ........ ..... i i i_ ' V   IL.  "       • ^  K i
             g ...... Jh§ ...... slream's ...... leachaJDle ....... chrornium ....... cgntent. ....................................... hydrpgen chjoridewere all below the appropriate New
                                                          '"'     .....     " ........     ' ......  '
p3$|:;||cpndgry'pbj^^                         fpllpwjn|':'"''	"" YorR"Iirmte^	ga"s"eg""o'n" appropriate measurement and
""''" fii'illpg^jgQpjpg'Q^                                  	""	"calculation p,:QCe(|Q|;e'g_
          corjiarninateg	soil	into Jhe,various, waste and

                                                           Ahalysis of 'operatingcosts indicates that Cpld Top
                                                          	!rea!rrienT	of	cTirornluTrHc^rrtaTnlrlated	soil1,"sirn'ilar	to	
 li,iii|ii	i	iiill
 , ,i, ,,,i ,,,,.,..i P!.
               ElS^^S^S^^^i^E^^-^^l^if^i	!n"M	!rl!§l?	?u"r"'Qi	fi®	^'^	dem6'ristratioi.s	is

                                                         	_p_---g--_                                    	
                                                     ...... ° .............................. ofTTSispsai ..... costs'an'd ...... potential ..... credits ...... for ..... sale ..... of the .........
      Wfe ' applicae cQpjancg                         vtre  prouc.

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The Cold Top technology evaluation, described in
detail in an Innovative Technology Evaluation Report,
was based on the nine decision-making criteria used
in the Superfund feasibility study process. Results of
the evaluation are summarized in Table 1.

Technology Description
The  Geotech  Cold Top technology is an ex-situ
vitrification   process   designed   to  transform
metal-contaminated  soils  into   a  nonleachable
product. The primary component of the technology is
a water-cooled, double-walled, steel vessel or furnace
with submerged-electrode resistance heating. The
vessel is designed to pourfrom the bottom while being
fed either manually or automatically from the top.
Geotech  has developed a procedure of maintaining
electrical balance such that the feed, melt, and pour
processes occur at the  same rates.  Figure  1 is a
schematic depiction of the furnace and associated
equipment.

Geotech   claims  that  this  technology   converts
quantities of contaminated soil from a large number of
particles into an essentially monolithic, vitrified mass.
According to Geotech, vitrification  will transform the
physical  state of contaminated soil from  assorted
crystalline matrices to a glassy,  amorphous solid
state  comprised  of interlaced polymeric chains.
These chains typically consist of alternating oxygen
and silicon atoms.  It is expected that chromium can
readily substitute for silicon in  the chains. According
to Geotech, such chromium should be  immobile to
leaching  by   aqueous  solvents   and,  therefore,
biologically unavailable and nontoxic. Geotech has
targeted  vitrification  of contaminated  soil  from
chromium-contaminated  sites  in  Northern  New
Jersey as a potential application for the system.  To
test its potential applicability  and effectiveness on
such  chromium-contaminated soil, the Cold Top
technology was demonstrated at the Geotech pilot
facility in Niagara Falls using  soil from two northern
New Jersey sites.

According to  Geotech, the furnace and associated
equipment  are  capable  of attaining  melting
temperatures of up to 5,200 °F. The technology has
been used to  vitrify chromium-contaminated soil,
municipal solid waste  incinerator ash,  fly ash,
asbestos  and  asbestos-containing   materials,
ceramic  minerals, and a range of other materials,
including soils contaminated with metals such as lead
and cadmium.  The vitrified product can be formed
into glassy blocks of up to 300 pounds or as granular,
nonporous solids of 3/8 inch or smaller. The vitrified
product has  potential economic value as  shore
erosion block, roadbed fill, aggregate for concrete or
asphalt, or other uses where a high-density, solid
material is needed.  The product can also be spun into
mineral or ceramic fiber, that may have economic
value as insulation, wall board, industrial furnace
linings, and ceramic fiber.

Geotech currently  operates a 50-ton-per-day Cold
Top vitrification pilot plant in Niagara Falls, New York.
This facility has been used for over 38 research and
customer  demonstrations,   including  the   SITE
demonstration.   Materials fused in this plant range
from high purity zirconia and magnesite, requiring
fusion  temperatures  in  excess  of 5,000  °F, to
contaminated soils that melt at 1,800 °F. Geotech has
also built  or assisted with  the  construction or
upgrading of five operating vitrification plants and
tentatively plans to build a commercial Cold Top
vitrification facility within 50 miles of the northern New
Jersey sites.  The planned capacity of this facility is
300 tons per day.  Geotech is  also evaluating the
building of a transportable system.

Technology Applicability
The Cold Top process can be applied to soils, sludge
ashes, and other solid materials contaminated with
chromium,  lead,  cadmium,  other  metals,  and
asbestos after the  material to be treated has been
prepared, such as by drying, crushing, and amending,
as necessary. Laboratory- and pilot-scale Cold Top
systems have been used to treat solid  materials
contaminated   with   trivalent   and   hexavalent
chromium,  municipal  solid  waste  residue,  and
asbestos and asbestos-containing materials.  Other
materials that have been vitrified include both granite
and blast  furnace slag  to  make mineral wool
insulation, alumina and silica  to make  mineral wool
fiber and vacuum cast shapes;  coal fly ash and
incinerated sewage-sludge residue to form  glass
fiber; and oil  ash residue containing metals to form
high-strength glass blocks.

Technology  Limitations
Geotech claims the  Cold Top  ex-situ vitrification
process can be used to vitrify any solid material with
a few limitations. Vitrification requires a significant
amount of energy; therefore, the technology is usually
limited to dried solids that are relatively low in total
organic content. The energy required to heat and

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                                                                                            fern New Jersey area. Currently,
                                  :^                    does not operate a transportable system, so only transportation of the
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                                                                           [scenarios.evaluated .in the economic analysis
                                                                                        ivaluation Report, costs ranged from
                                              /Sk$77 to $207 per ton.
 it'	""	|i"	8'' State Acceptance
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                                                                             TO AIR POLLUTION
                                                                             CONTROL SYSTEM
   PRETREATED
  CONTAMINATED
      SOIL
                                SAND
                                  MOLTEN PRODUCTTAP
                                                                  MOLD CONTAINING
                                                                  VITRIFIED PRODUCT
Figure 1.  A Schematic Depiction of the Furnace and Associated Equipment
evaporate water or organics would raise the cost of
the technology, and it would produce such a large
amount of steam and organic vapors, that an off-gas
treatment system would  need to be configured to
handle this material.  The ideal  water and organic
content of untreated waste material should each be
less than 5 percent.   If the  water content of the
untreated waste is greater than 5 percent, the waste
will require drying, possibly using heat  scavenged
from the vitrified material.  If the organic content of the
untreated waste is greater than 5 percent, it may be
necessary  to  blend   that  material  with   less
contaminated  material.  Vitrification  occurs  most
efficiently, producing a better glass product, when the
waste particle size is small; therefore, waste material
should be sized to a diameter of 0.12 to 0.25 inch by
sieving, crushing, or grinding.

Certain waste materials require the addition of small
amounts of carbon to facilitate  reduction  of  metal
oxides, such as ferric oxide to elemental iron,  in the
furnace.   Sand also may be added  to the waste
material prior to vitrification to facilitate vitrification and
improve the physical strength and characteristics of
the vitrified product. These additives must be mixed
with the untreated waste material  prior to vitrification.
Process Residuals
During  the SITE  demonstration,  the  Cold  Top
vitrification  process  produced  several  types  of
residual material: vitrified product, baghouse dust,
and stack emissions. The vitrified product is expected
to be  nonleaching  and  saleable  as sand-sized,
material or larger aggregate. The baghouse dust can
be recycled back through the vitrification process.
The stack emissions are controlled  with various air
pollution control devices.

Certain types of untreated wastes may also produce
a metallic product referred to as ferrofurnace bottoms.
This material is a potentially saleable product, as it is
usually composed  of  iron  and  other  metals.
Depending  on  the  off-gas  treatment-system
configuration, scrubber water also may be produced.
This water may have low levels of contamination and
can be recycled or possibly treated and disposed of
through a publicly owned treatment works. If a cyclone
separator or electrostatic precipitator is  used, the
paniculate material collected from these air pollution
control  devices  can  be  recycled  through the
vitrification furnace.  Although not evaluated in this
demonstration, when the vitrified product is quickly
quenched in water, producing a sand, the cooling

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       r	||i||ii	|	idMairtheco^	The foljowjng "key findings of the Cold Top technology
       !w levels of contamination that need tobe'evafualey."    'slTE''^em-b?rstfatib"ri  are  listed in  the  following
       jy, 	|	,	Jinny	jJM	ii	|	|	iljijjj.	|||i||||,||||||||||;	liiiiJU	jlJIHiljlJJUiy,,	i	ilJiJiiiiim	Hi	'J^	!i||||i||,|iii||il!iil!li|]|i;iiiii;ii,i,i,ii,,,;ii|,||i|,,||,ilii|	ilBiiBi'liiiil!!	liiniililiJIiliSiillJIIIIIiiiiiiilllllililllElilE                  	iillllllliiiniillliliiiiiiiiiilillilillliililEiiilillliii	Illll	l!	i	imiililli	iilni'ilmi	iiiuli	minni	iifrl	"	•i,iii,i,i,-»nr' '	iniiirnir	!	rainj	niiMiii	ill	Sin-'	llnl	II	
                   bgrecycjed thru the process or can be    paracjraphs.   Readers desiring more" detail "are	
            prior to"'treatment 'arid"''disposal'"th"rough'	a	refeirreB	to	the	Sold Top "Innovative Technology
          owned treatment works.
                                                          Evaluation
       ite
             remerits
                                      ''^jJainlei'Tlii;!"111 ,11	flu	!i!!'
                                                                           B*ij*M*-jr*p	-	:,;:
                                                               lansaitimrrmmfSKKmitir.	I-JTT::;:,^—.:,,;•[   :
                                                               FCLP Chromium Standard
                                                       iiii	i	siiiiiii	iiiiiiii!	'mm	i	mmm	m	'mm	
     t^r^e.n^|ie;j3|pi(|ehrCpJd.Topbpijcj:-plantp£erates    The  Cold  Top  technology  vitrified  chromium-
IE	illlJ^Jjvii'lgara1 TFafis, "New"7b'^'ahd'afuli-sc^le'''^!^''!^	cpntaminafed' soil	from"" two "New  Jersey sites,
   ^r^^pgg^ptfjg'pp^eir^ew^
   I	/New	York' area."	K '	'	"'	'""
   .«•• ,i trill •'..•.,: '". Illti 'X "• I'"',!'''!"!1;;.!, ,'i'"!"""
                                               tern   producing a product meeting the RCRA TCl_P total
                                  i'unit "is'currently	chrpmium standard £seeTabies 2 and 3). Vitrification
Ir^lavailable..Thereforejhe only sjte'reguiremerite to	of	soil	from	"one	of"the" two''sites also produced
             ttielfecrmpljog^	arejfiose	typical	of	spif"'	""	ferrpfurnace	b^pm's^	"	a""	pptentialTy	recyclaSle"
                                      	the'''£rpper	metalfic	proSfuct	thai also met the RCRA TCL.P total
                         .............. ancf ..... [arc^^to ...... ^exo^tejK^*^ ...... chrqmium^^
                                        '    ...............  .............. "  ' ....... " ............. '"' .................
                                                    a n
           	ii
                                                      Chrprniurrf Partitioning
                                  ISi'SteS'^^          	the"	SlceSJcin'ot	the"	ttaSriouse	''dTi'st'"^^^"!^"

                                             9^^^^^         	liCSiSlyffliiii	iiilnSSPiffli'	§a«m,2le,j  ^ne, Ma' £nrom'urn
    JSfpe	performance	(^tFe'CpldrTpjD	ex^uyfirjfiratip'n	OTntent'oTti^^^ri^           	h'bfd iffe rsighifica ritly"	
,	^	'"	,;*"""'	was 'evaluated'	at""the	Caebtech 'pilbt-pjant in	' from "that	of the" untreated soil.' The concentration of'
      ^ebruary and 'March .1.997.' ''Chrdmium^bntaminMed                  iri ,'the vitrification  baghouse dust and
  ll^jillpcplgc^'lrpm^"^                                                              were aPProximatelyi	
  	TO^IWIIJ wtate^Park,	in Jersey City, New Jersey, was    two and five times greater, respectively, than those
  SE^g^f	ifor"tfi£.test'rM                                                               	  These  data are',,"'
     ^-"-'-''---""	one	Semohsiraiton''	'"test""	run""	was"	summarizeidfln	fables 2 and""3.
               »	i	ft*.; ",:!ip	!,!ii!,;!!i!!,i,,ii!i!,"i!!,",!ii	BIIBlBl	ir^niBiLh,;;	il7iniiMi,«iK;,ih;:i	ttiHhliHii,::;	aaiilillliiSlvihrrUi	:'4;3EEi|s an"3 treated pfodluclswere'ahatyzeH in tnp'iicateT
                                                                                      not  detected in the
   f	:.
  :§tac,k oases were cpj]ec|efl,,and,,,analyzed for both of    ferrpfurnace bottoms samples and was only detected
               ™]g^!^o§sy^^w^'o2erS^	ait"	in	one	of	six	"vitrified	product	samples.	The	
                                                       hexavalerif cTirbrnium "concentrations ranged from
         averac
         ch of soil and 3,000 pounds per hour for the    one-half to
                                                       baghouse dust  as  in  the untreated  soil.
                                                                                     same in the vitrifjcation
                                                                                               	The	
WB'Cpntaminant
             :  :r;  , ,      . •     •  > •                 -                            •   . •   „•   •
            ?  Average Contaminant Concentrations in SITE Demonstratipn Samples from Site 1 30
                  . ;, 'x sf" ,it.; I*!, f f teij*^ ....... k* ! ...... I N ..... IS ..... $f!M*i ...... m.^S < &•• -'.;i '*» '*.• f' ,:   , ' , •  '
                 ™ipHiiift ..... iiiiiiii ..... iiiiiiiii .....   ii ........                                         FerrofurnacG
                              ........ ' ...... " .......... ";s: ........         ....... u ............... ' .....
                                   Feed Soil

                                                                                    Vitrified Product
                                   Qp
                                                 i ;'8oo
                                                                                      <0.412

     ^^!^|^Bl^4ED^^|,'!	"	'	1"*°°	'!'	'	VJ$$P',
     'EESE53553fflgJB.^	!"r'J§
                                                 23.7
                                                                                      5,530
                                                                                     	b".3i	
                                                                                                       JiJiil1 :iii!i!niiiiitiF!'< ''iiiliiiiiiilllji'i:ii
     : Notes;
                                    '•Him	
                                                         	((ill
                                                                                                      	•	--'	H	!
                       i	!	j	!	mil	miff,	S	B	!SM^^^^         	!!M^^^^^^^^^^   	SSlBStf*	!H^^^^      	mH	

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Table 3. Average Contaminant Concentrations in SITE Demonstration Samples from Liberty State Park

                                                              Ferrofurnace
Contaminant                 Feed Soil     Baghouse Dust      Bottoms         Vitrified Product
Total Hexavalent
Chromium  (mg/kg)
897
360
<4.0
1.8to<0.391
Total Chromium (mg/kg)
TCLP Chromium (mg/L)2
6,900
29.3
16,000
11.3
35,900
2.4
10,300
1.04
Notes:

 '•  Hexavalent chromium was detected in one of three samples. The range of values reported is the concentration in the sample
    where it was detected and the lowest detection limit.
 2-  The RCRA TCLP standard for chromium is 5.0 mg/L.
bag house dust was presumed to be mainly fine-
sized, untreated soil that was generated when soil
was added to the vitrification furnace and then carried
through the air pollution,control system.

Cost
Cold Top treatment of chromium-contaminated soil,
similar to that treated during the SITE demonstration,
is estimated to cost from $77 to  $207  per ton,
depending on disposal costs and potential credits for
the vitrified product.  The three scenarios evaluated
included (1) use of the vitrified product as aggregate,
(2) backfilling of  the  aggregate  on  site,  and
(3) landfilling of the aggregate. Costs for these three
scenarios were  $77,  $97,  and  $207 per  ton,
respectively.   Because of the  uncertainty of their
formation, potential credits for ferrofurnace bottoms
was not considered in this economic analysis.

NJDEP Interim Cleanup Standards
Comparison of metal concentrations in the vitrified
product to the NJDEP interim cleanup standards
indicated that the vitrified product met  the interim
standard  for  antimony,  beryllium,  cadmium,
vanadium, and hexavalent chromium, but did not for
nickel and total chromium.

Stack Emissions
Although the  Cold Top  technology  is not  an
incineration technology, the stack emissions from the
demonstration were  compared  to  Subpart  O
incinerator regulations, and the results were mixed.
The data collected during the SITE demonstration
were  input into  complex  modeling calculations
supplied by New York State. The modeling required
                      site- and  waste-specific analyses to assess the
                      impact of the Cold Top stack emissions. Results of
                      emissions modeling indicate that the concentrations
                      of metals  in stack  emissions  depend  on  the
                      characteristics of the  soil, the air pollution control
                      system, and the  detection  limits of the various
                      analytes. Emissions of dioxins, particulate, oxides of
                      nitrogen,  sulfur  dioxide,  carbon  monoxide, and
                      hydrogen  chloride were all below the  appropriate
                      New York limits, based on appropriate measurement
                      and calculation procedures.

                      Technology Status
                      Geotech owns a 50-ton-per-day Cold Top vitrification
                      pilot-plant in Niagara Falls, New York. This facility was
                      used   for   over  38   research   and  customer
                      demonstrations,  including the SITE demonstration.
                      Geotech claims that this plant is capable of melting
                      any mineral  or combination of minerals present in a
                      relatively dry condition.

                      Geotech has built or assisted with the construction or
                      upgrading of five operating vitrification plants. Plants
                      are located in (1) Teplice, Czechoslovakia, where the
                      capacity exists to produce 800  pounds per hour of
                      alumina silica ceramic  fiber from the vitrified material;
                      (2)  Atella, Italy, where  approximately  the  same
                      capacity exists to produce ceramic fiber; (3) Lorete,
                      France, where   Geotech supplied molten  stream
                      control, high speed spinning,  and fiber collection
                      equipment;  (4)  Nagano,  Japan, where Geotech
                      furnished a melting furnace, electrical controls, high
                      speed spinning  equipment,  and  fiber collection
                      equipment for a  plant  that produces ceramic fibers;
                      and (5) Nagoya, Japan, where Geotech  installed
                      mineral fusion and fiber formation equipment in  a

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iiri,.  ,\,taste^ateri^s'ind^^^                                         	Richards"
        |sh residue, coal-ash residue, and municipal  solid    EPA Project Manager
	'	'J''1T	"	waste ash.           ( ^  '         ;         (   ^    ^ ^  u.S.	gp^	National	Risk	Management	Research	I

        	I  has tentative plans to build a commercial    i:3. ,°,rato!?(   .   ,   ,
        Cold fop.'yM^n^^v^ln 50 miles of the    26 West Martin Luther King Drive
iiMsfi9iSJ§Si	l§w Jersey sfesT.The.planned	capacity of;;	"' 2m,cm™ L   ,1 Z?g?g

                                                                               1-7676
                     s 3oo ton
                                                           be
                     „  ,  ,	_,	,	_	,_,„,	,_	
                   	to receive, dry,'vitrify,"'and'disgose of the ^
                    roduct  'from	trie	cnVomium	sites'	and'
                  product
          IriunlcipaT solid waste incinerators, as well as otRer   Thomas R. Tate
          producers of hazardous and nonhazardous waste.     President

                                                             i	i	i	in	Geotech	Development Corporation
          •i ii^ii ijrfi 11 Irri                                             i 1 ^\f I i—ifGT uwoni 10 ^*i IIT^ K^ii

          The  data  and  concusions  presented   in  this    King of Prussia'! "PA"19406
                                ae
                                              Sviewed by tne   TelleRno,,n,e,:       ,
                                                                 FAX:'(6TOJ ...... 7B55533
'I';	Nil	i?i^SH§i^surance^g	                 FAX:" (6JO) 768=5244	



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